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VOLUME XXIX, PART I PRICE FIVE SHILLINGS 


195-4 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


Bristol Naturalists’ Society 


Epirep BY SCOTT SIMPSON 
ASSISTED BY A COMMITTEE 


a? mt \ 


Me 


e f 


“Rerum cognocere causas.’’—Virgil 


PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY 
AT THE BURLEIGH PRESS, BRISTOL 
; 


Issued August 25th, 1955 


we! 
ot 


All matter for inclusion in the next issue of the Proceedings 
should be sent to :-— 
Dr. ScoTr Siena 
THE UNIVERSITY, 
BRIsTOL, 8 


NOT LATER THAN FEB. 28. 
Other instructions for authors appear on Contents page. 


All Books, Pamphlets, Reports of Proceedings sent by way 
of exchange, gift or otherwise, and all correspondence relating 
thereto and to purchases of the Society’s publications should be 
addressed to :— 

Hon. LiBRARIAN, BristoL Nat. Soc., 
THe City Museum, 
BRIsTOL, 8 


Applications for membership of the Society should be addressed 
to the Hon Treasurer :— 
A. H. Peacu, Esq., 
5 Hansury Roan, 
BRISTOL, 8 


Enquiries concerning Field Meetings should be made of the 
Hon Secretary, Field Committee :— 
Miss I. M. Jaco, B.Sc., 
- 51 WestBury Roap, 
BRISTOL 


All other communications should be addieueda to the Hon. 
Secretary :— 
C. S. Garren, Esq. 
HILLCROFT, 
Lone ASHTON, 
BRISTOL 


The SOCIETY’S LIBRARY in the City Museum is open 
to members as under :— 
Weekdays - - - - 10.0 a.m. to 6.0 p.m. 
Sundays - - - - 2.30 p.m. to 5.0 p.m. 
and at other times as announced in monthly circulars. 


moO. XIX, PART I, 1954 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 
Council .. 2 
New Members .. 3 
Report of Council 6 
Hon. Librarian’s Report aa oes a as a a a 6 
Hon. Treasurer’s Statement of Accounts 7 
Report of Botanical Section .. 8 
Report of Entomological Section 9 
Report of Geological Section he we bs te ee i 10 
Report of Ornithological Section .. sus ot a s me 12 
Account of the General Meetings .. a as ass Bs Ss 13 
Obituary: H. F. Barke oe ze ie. bid at: i ». 16 
Sir Lewis L. Fermor .. s 33 we 16 
Bristol Botany in 1954, by Cecil I. and N. y. SandWiitt a 17 
Ornithological Notes, Bristol District, 1954 by H. H. Dave and P. J 
Chadwick .. : 25 
Lepidoptera Notes, Bristol ees 1954, a C. H. S. BN s 47 
Some Results of Marking Gulls on Steep Holm, by R. H. Poulding .. 49 
The Triassic Sandstones of the Bristol Region, by C. Ollier .. : 57 
A Review of Past Research on the Lower Palaeozoic Rocks of the Torso 
and Eastern Mendip Inliers, by M. L. K. Curtis... i = 7 


Poe Ree 


INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS 


a) 


All matter offered for publication in the “‘ PROcEEDINGS’”’ must be sent as 


directed on p. 2 of cover of current issue. 


To ensure consideration for inclusion in the next issue, contributions must 
be received not later than February 28. 


All copy must be type-written (preferably double-spaced) or in very clear 
manuscript and, in either case, with good margins. 


Copy submitted is not returnable and authors are advised to keep a duplicate, 


At the discretion of the Hon. Editors, contributors may be required to furnish 
short abstracts of their communications, for printing as summaries. 


Photos and drawings supplied for illustrations will be returned. 


The copyright of all published matter shall be the property of the Society. 
whose Council has power to permit reproduction. 

Authors shall be entitled to 25 copies of their papers (without covers), free 
of charge. 


N.B.—AUTHORS ALONE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ACCURACY OF THEIR ARTICLES 
THE SOCIETY Is A SIGNATORY TO THE Fair CopyinG DECLARATION, DETAILS OF 
WHICH MAY BE:‘OBTAINED FROM THE ROYAL SocieTy, BURLINGTON Housg, W.1. 


1 


COUNCIL 
1954 
OFFICERS : 


PRESIDENT : 
J. H. SAVORY 


PAST PRESIDENTS : 
H. WOMERSLEY, F.R.E.S.,A.L.S.  F. S. WALLIS, DSc., Ph.D., F.G.S. 


Prof. MACGREGOR SKENE, F. W. EVENS. 
D.Sc., F.L.S. Prof. W. F. WHITTARD, D.Sc., 
H. H. DAVIS, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Ph.D., F.G.S. 
VICE-PRESIDENTS : 
Miss M. H. ROGERS, M.A. A. C. LEACH, M.A. 


HON. TREASURER : 
A. H, PEACH 


HON. AUDITOR: 
F. W.- EVENS, A.C-A, 


HON. SECRETARY : 
Cc. S. CARLILE 


HON. SECRETARY FIELD COM.: 
Miss I. M. JAGO, B.Sc. 


HON. LIBRARIAN : 
J. H. DAVIE, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.L.S. 


HON. EDITOR: 
SCOTT SIMPSON, M.A., Dr. rer. nat., F.G.S. 


CHAIRMAN FIELD COMMITTEE : 
fT. EL PAYNE 


OFFICERS OF SECTIONS : 


BOTANICAL : 
President—Prof. MACGREGOR SKENE, D.Sc., F.L.S. 
Hon. Secretary—Mrs. H. H. DAVIS, J.P., Little Stoke Farm, Patchway, nr. Bristol 


ENTOMOLOGICAL : 
President—N. WATKINS, M.A., F.R.E.S. 
Hon. Secretary—C. L. BELL, F.R.E.S., 23 Harcourt Road, Bristol, 6. 
GEOLOGICAL : 
President—F. STENHOUSE ROSS 
Hon. Secretary—I. S. LOUPEKINE, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S., The University, Bristol, 8 
ORNITHOLOGICAL : 
President—H. H. DAVIS, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. 
Hon. Secretary—P. J. CHADWICK, 6 Goldney Avenue, Clifton, Bristol, 8 


OTHER MEMBERS OF COUNCIL : 


R. BASSINDALE, M.Sc. H. DUNNICLIFF, M.A. 

P. F. BIRD, B.Sc. I. W. EVANS 

Cc. H.S. BLATHWAYT, M.A., F.R.E.S. Prof. J. E. HARRIS, M.A., Ph.D. 
CG. E. CLOTHIER H. E. HINTON, B.Sc., Ph.D. 


F, COLES PHILLIPS, M.A., Ph.D. H. W. TURNER, M.A. 


pays 


NEW MEMBERS 


From Marcu 1, 1954, TO May 1, 1955 


A = Associate Member. C = Country Member. 


Angles, R. A., A.M.I.Mash.E., 


Ber ROAsand S,  .....0... 3 Grove Mansions, Queen’s Road, Weston- 
super-Mare, Som. 

TRS eel A ee 15 Nibley Road, Shirehampton, Bristol. 

Balch, Muss P.M. ........ 580 Wells Road, Knowle, Bristol. 

Barefoot, Mrs. V. G. ...... 7 Holland House, South Road, Weston- 
super-Mare, Som. 

Bennett, Miss A. E., B.Sc. .. 17 Caledonia Place, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 

Bewen, Miss A, .......... Tudor Cottage, Redland Hill, Bristol, 6. 

Perigiabs ECG fh 73 Bryants Hill, St. George, Bristol, 5. 

Bought Mis: FG. ........ Do. 

Brooke, irs. By K.-....... ** Ambrea’”’, Staunton Lane, Whitchurch, 
Bristol, 4. 

@amacne Ke Vig. iss. 5's 668 Portway, Avonmouth, Bristol. 

Garlton; Miss L., M.A....... 6 Frederick Place, Bristol, 8. 

Challenger, S., B.Sc., F.L.S., 

INTe¢ DLs 1S) oR een Horticultural Science Labors., Leigh Woods, 

Bristol, 8. 

Challenger, Mirs.S......... Do. 

Chatterton, Miss B......... 19 Richmond Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 

Chatterton, Mrs. I. E. ...... 37 Greystone Gardens, Westbury-on-Trym, 

Bristol, 9. 

Clay, S., M.A., Ph.D. .... Merlin, Cadbury Lane, Clapton-in-Gor- 
dano, Bristol. 

lay MESS ode wires Scie ee Do. 

Clement, Mrs..E..-S. .--..... 2 Effingham Road, St. Andrews, Bristol, 6. 

Clements, Miss E. M. ...... 149 Queens Road, Bishopsworth, Bristol, 3. 

Collins, Miss M. A. ...... 22 Park Road, Shirehampton, Bristol. 

Gookw NMisseS2 5 he ce ne ss g Blenheim Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 

Cowley Geo 33s. es 37 Avon Park, Redfield, Bristol, 5. 

Cowls,, Miss Rv eee ns os 37 Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 

Davey. Miss. ID. ........ 16 West Dene, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9. 

Wawies, Miss Ee so)... ss ss 54 Wellington Walk, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9. 

Davis Wlisse fe Es cpio es 5c as 40 Churchways Avenue, Bristol, 7. 

Dawe WiissG Mot 2... cee School House, Tickenham, Clevedon, Som, 

Dennison, V. D., B.Sc.(Econ.) 12 Newlyn Avenue, Bristol, 9. 

ivanswron Des (fs. e cvs. 17 Mortimer Road, Filton, Bristol, 7. 

Barner, Miss P. E. ........ 44 College Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 

Flook, Miss DK. ......5..'.. 23 The Park, Kingswood, Bristol. 


lhes. (Cals i aaa ara Sidcot School, Winscombe, Som, 


AS SS SS 


AQ 


ps 


NEW MEMBERS 


GaleoMiss'S NL 2. eee Chew Hill House, Chew Magna, nr. Bristol. 

Gayer, Wilssuicy 2o. o ae Rayne Hatch, Leigh Woods, Bristol, 8. 

Grandiield Ve js sata 216 Stapleton Road, Bristol, 5 

Groves, Miss’@.3) 53.42 eee 21 Bayswater Avenue, Redland, Bristol, 6. 

Pl arris sb yey: ast Ape tnenene ae 2 Cecil Avenue, St. George, Bristol, 5. 

Parris At Raa os stes oeneeeee Do. 

ickamans Mis aE. lee ae 45 Grove Road, Coombe Dingle, Bristol, g. 

lickimansy ORE, «os gcetear eels 57 Westbury Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9. 

locke yes Cr Gian, Soh. te ene sche Regina, Station Road, Worle, Weston- 
super-Mare, Som. 

Teo limes WV A osc cite een sa 4 Hyland Grove, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9 

lowell VIR ee ea eee 101 Belmont Road, St. Andrews, Bristol, 6 

Pilbara en ececce ce ease tae *“Lamorna”’, Easter Compton, nr. Bristol. 


ipa berthe Vins. Re. ocr coe Do. 
Humphries, Mrs. C. M. .... The Paddocks, Chew Stoke, nr. Bristol. 


Jennings, JiEie: jet a ales 37 Avon Park, Redfield, Bristol, 5 

Johnson, "Do Abs wae ae 153 Cheltenham Road, Bristol, 6 

Hinios Miss Ei. 4 ove freee ees Mayfield, Uplands Road, Saltford, nr. 
Bristol 

Lawson, Miss J. L., B.Sc..... Y.W.C.A., 15 Berkeley Square, Bristol, 8 

Lewis; Muss 4D. cje5 oh. i ok 9g Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8 

Lillico; Missa}: OW eta. ee Blaise Castle House, Henbury, Bristol 

Lippiatt, Miss E. M. ...... Amber-Leigh, Rudgeway, nr. Bristol 

Merrie, TD. El gee Inglenook Cottage, Alveston Hill, Thorn- 
bury, Glos. 

Milward, Mr. M. W. ...... Bonneval, Station Road, Nailsea, Som. 

Mosgford, E. Eis Wy. ..b 3A Southfield Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9 

Morgan, El ate ee oe Dodmore Crossing, Westerleigh, nr. 
Bristol. 

Morris, MrsiiP. Mini... ae 103 Passage Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9 

Mountstevens, Miss E....... 102 Falcondale Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9 

INaylor,; Miss 2X. dase octets Grey Hollow, West Harptree, Bristol 

Nelson, Miss J. Min eo. ae. 7 Harcourt Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 

Nightingale, K aR gece. oe 20 Hadrian Close, Sea Mills, Bristol, 9 

Owen, Eheim 13 Wells Road, Bristol, 4 

Rares; W.- U2, Lit=Coln ome cae Crofters, Blagdon, Som. 

Bayne.) Virsa) Eee ere 2 ae Merrywood, West Harptree, nr. Bristol 

Pearce.. Miss-P: Ga Var Sunny Meads, West Town, nr. Bristol 

Poplett,. Miss Fie Tv rest. oi 2 Cotham Road, Bristol, 6 

Popplestones ©. a ae 29 Burlington Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 

Popplestone, Mrs. C. .,.... Do. 

Popplestone, Miss L. J. T. .. Do. 

Pitenany Res bo 4c et eect cane 20 Tuffley Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9 

Pryces Ie tne ie ace ee. gate ate 141 Cromwell Road, St. Andrews, Bristol, 6 

Quick, Mrs. O. E., B.Sc. .... 129 Stoke Lane, Westbury-on-Trym, 


Bristol, 9. 
Quick, M. C. Do. 


> Opp 


NEW MEMBERS 5 


TOs vs oes Lo 


Rosling, Mrs. H. N. 
Saltmarsh, Miss B. I. 


pavage, R. J. G., B.Sc., Ph.D., 
Peto EG.S., F:Z.5. ...- 


Savory, C. J. 


Scadding, Miss M. P. ...... 
Se? 06. Cea ea ee 


Shepherd, Miss J. E. 


Silloove ce 0) DN 5 Sa ae ra 


Spiers, 
A.Mem., A.O.U. 
Stowell, Miss J. R. 


Stowell, Miss I. BE. «..:.... 


Taylor, Mrs. S. M. 
Templar, P. 
Thompson, Miss M. D. 


Vance, Mrs. R. D. 


\V'2 NCC DS" (a 


Vance, Miss M. 
Vowles, J. H. 


Webb, N. R. 


Wilson, Mrs. M. ih 


“Withers, Miss K. E. ........ 


Wostenholm, Miss M. 


Yeniumy; Mrs. M., B.A. ...... 


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see ee ee ee we oe 


5 Kenneth Road, Brislington, Bristol, 4 
Do. 


Red Maids 
Bristol, 9 


School, Westbury-on-Trym, 


Dept. of Geology, University, Bristol, 8 
61 Lower Redland Road, Bristol, 6 
‘“* Westover ”’, 13 Croomes Hill, Downend, 


Bristol 

22 Woodleigh Gardens, Whitchurch, 
Bristol, 4 

54 Wellington Walk, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9 


Branksome, Beach Road, Kewstoke, Weston- 
super-Mare, Som. 


The Dower House, Elmore, Glos. 
21 Victoria Square, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Do. 


15 Limerick Road, Bristol, 6 
18 Howard Avenue, St. George, Bristol, 5 
3 Pembroke Vale, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 


The Post Office, Nailsea, Som. 
Do. 
Do. 
4 Brymore Close, Wembdon, Bridgwater, 
Som. 
45 Egerton Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 
18 Dennyview Road, Abbots Leigh, nr. 
Bristol 
12 Upper Berkeley Place, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
21 Florence Park, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6 
Stuart House, Royal Fort, Bristol, 6 
St. Audries, 14 Queens Road, Bishopsworth, 
Bristol. 
2 Lower Hanham Road, Hanham, Bristol. 


Stoneleigh, Long Ashton, nr. Bristol. 


AFFILIATED SOCIETIES 


Bath Natural History Society, 8 Pulteney Street, Bath. 
St. Ursula’s High School Natural History Society, Brecon Road, Westbury- 


on-Trym, Bristol, 9. 


REPORT OF COUNCIL 
LM BE 


10 Affiliated Societies. 

At the Annual General Meeting the officers and members of Council 
were duly elected with Mr. Harry Savory as President in place of the retiring 
President, Professor W. F. Whittard. Mr. H. W. Turner was elected an Honorary 
Member in appreciation of his services to the Society which included editing 
the “‘ Proceedings’ for over 19 years. 

A programme arranged by. Mr. J. W. Cowie in connection with the visit 
of the South Western Naturalists’ Union to Bristol was approved by Council. The 
arrangements included a reception given by the Lord Mayor. 

It was decided that no General Exhibition should be held in 1954 but that 
four General Meetings would be arranged before Christmas. 

A formal invitation was extended to the Society of British Entomology in 
connection with their proposed Congress in Bristol in 1955. 

The Society learned of the award of C.B.E. to Professor C. M. Yonge of 
Glasgow University with much satisfaction. 

The deaths of Sir Lewis Fermor, a Past President of the Society, Mr. and 
Mrs. H. F. Barke and Mr. G. S. Maunder were noted with regret. 

C. S. CARLILE, Hon. Secretary 


[oe Membership of the Society at the end of the year was 413 including 


HON. LIBRARIAN’ S“REPee 
Eat 


books were borrowed by a wide range of members, and over a wide 

range of subjects. Thirteen new books were bought and 11 were 
presented. Our thanks have been tendered to the donors. ‘Two new Journals 
have been acquired, one German, and one from Australasia. A large number 
of loose copies of periodicals have been bound, and a small number of ‘ out of 
condition ’ and valuable journals have been rebound. It is hoped that by the 
end of 1955 all binding of periodicals will be completed except for the current 
numbers. ‘Then the Hon. Librarian will proceed with the replacement of certain 
missing numbers of important Journals. We are most grateful to Dr. Wallis 
for providing 12 much needed new bookshelves. It is hoped that in 1955 we 
shall be able to overhaul the Catalogue. When all this work has been completed 
we should have a first class library, and its maintenance should then be a relatively 
simple matter. 


[) reais” the year 1954 the B.N.S. Library was used extensievly. 327 


J. H. DAVIE, Hon. Librarian 


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OISTIg 94} YM JUNODDY UI JoInsest], “UOF{T IU], 


HE meetings arranged for the Autumn and Winter Session were well 
attended, but the indoor Spring and Summer meetings have not attracted 
many members. The Annual Business Meeting was held in January and 
the following officers were elected : President, Prof. Macgregor Skene ; Chairman, 
Mr. F. W. Evens ; Hon. Secretary, Mrs. M. L. Davis ; Assistant Hon. Sectetary, 
Mr. W. H. Hale ; Committee Members: Miss D. Shaw, Mrs. G. S. Wakefield, 
Dr. A. F. Devonshire, Mr. I. W. Evans, with the Chairman and Hon. Secretaries 
as members ex officio. After the business part of the meeting Mr. I. W. Evans 
described a visit he had made the previous summer to the Forres district of Moray 
in company with members of the Botanical Society of the British Isles, exhibiting 
some remarkable photographs of some of the rarer plants seen, and herbarium 
specimens of others. 
At the February meeting Mr. Peter Bell gave his experiences of a Botanical 
expedition to the tropics of the New World, illustrating his talk with colour slides. 
Mr. C. E. Hubbard was unable to come in March to lecture on the structure 
and classification of British grasses, and Mr. I. W. Evans brought a comprehensive 
collection of British and Alien species from his Herbarium and described the 
construction of the different families. To conclude the meeting the Secretary 
showed some colour transparencies of Alpine plants. The October meeting 
consisted of a series of short Papers by members of the Section :— 


Miss D. Shaw—A walk from Clevedon to Portishead. 


Mrs. D. Bunce—Pollen loads of the honey bee (a brief description of the book 
by D. Hodges). 
Dr. A. F. Devonshire—A holiday at Perth. 

Mr. C. H. Cummins—Some plants of S. Cornwall. 


Mr. I. W. Evans—A description of some interesting local plants, and others, 
from his Herbarium. 


The talk arranged for November was cancelled by the proposed speaker and 
the Section was indebted to Mr. I. W. Evans for coming forward at short notice 
on a second occasion to fill the gap, this time with some Botanical Recollections. . 

At the last meeting of the year the Forestry Commission film—The Culbin 
Story—was shown, followed by a documentary film concerning the New Forest. 

During the spring and summer a number of field walks were arranged and 
led by members as follows :— 

April—Whitchurch to Keynsham and Compton Dando. Mr. I. W. Evans. 


May—Bath and Bathford. Mr. I. W. Evans. 
June—Churchill and Lower Mendip. Mr. W. H. Hale. 
July—Alveston to Tockington. Mrs. G. S. Wakefield. 
35 —Hanham and R. Avon. Mr. I. W. Evans. 
Aug.—Clevedon to Portishead. Miss D. Shaw. 
Sept.—Lansdown, nr. Bath. Dr. A. F. Devonshire. 
The University Botanic Garden was visited during the summer, also the 
gardens at the Royal Fort. 
The Section has agreed to help the Botanical Society of the British Isles 
in their task of compiling distribution maps of the British Flora. Dr. A. F. 
Devonshire is in charge of this work for the section. 


We regret to report the death of Major J. G. MacGeorge, who, until recently, 


was a member of our section and a keen recorder of plants. 
M. L. DAVIS, Hon. Secretary 


T 
ENTOMOLOGICA 


REPOR OF 
be LG FON 
Lg) 4 


HE goth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on January 4, 

Mr. N. A. Watkins, M.A., F.R.E.S., was elected President, and Mr. C. L. 

Bell, F.R.E.S., Secretary. Mr. A. H. Peach and Mr. C. S. H. Blathwayt, 
M.A., F.R.E.S., the retiring President and Secretary, did not stand for re-election 
The retiring President then gave a most interesting talk on “‘ Reminiscences of 
40 years collecting’ and a discussion followed. 

Apart from the above Meeting 4 ordinary meetings were held during the year 


as follows : 


hep. I. 
Mar. 2 
Oct: 5. 
INov.., 1. 
the year. 


Mr. R. Henderson: ‘‘ Mimicry in exotic butterflies.” 
Dr, FS. Wallis, PhD:, D.Sc:, F.G.S.: “‘ Insects of early ages.” 
Short talks by members on the year’s collecting. 


Several members exhibited interesting specimens caught during 
The following notes have been supplied by Mr. I. R. P. Heslop 


on his exhibit at this meeting. 


I. 


Apatura iris. Linn (Purple Emperor) 
Specimens all taken in 1954 as follows :— 
Male bred on July to from a larva collected by the exhibitor 
in Sussex on May 17. 


Male caught by the exhibitor in Wilts on July 22. This specimen 
came in at the window of exhibitor’s car and was secured with 
a killing bottle. 


Male caught by exhibitor in Wilts July 22. 
Male caught by Mrs. E. A. Heslop in Wilts July 27. 


Four cards illustrating the life history of the bred specimen. 
The horns of the larva were remarkably asymmetrical, as 
could be seen from the preserved cast larval skin mounted 
on one of the cards. 


. Limenitis camilla Linn. (White Admiral) 


An extreme example of ab nigrina Weym, caught by Mrs. E. A. 
Heslop in Somerset July 4, 1925. 


Aphantopus hyperanthus Linn. (Common Ringlet) 
An ab. lanceolata Shipp, caught by exhibitor in Wilts on August 


16, 1954. 
Thecla betulae Linn. (Brown Hairstreak) 


Two sets of six specimens (three male and three female) bred by 
the exhibitor. One set from Somerset (1954) and the other from 
Huntingdonshire (1927). The specimens selected from long series 
from each county showed the range of variation in size and 
colouration. 


The size of the Somerset specimens range from three to four milli- 
metres more than that of the Hunts ones in the male and 
from five to six millimetres more in the female. Both series re- 
presented were reared on Plum. 


CECIL L. BELL, Hon. Secretary 


10 


Officers were elected : Mr. H. Homeshaw, President ; Dr. F. Coles Phillips, 

Vice-President ; Dr. I. S. Loupekine, Hon. Secretary ; Dr. D. T. Donovan, 
Recorder. Mr. T. R. Fry, Dr. A. Marsden, Mrs. M. M. Perkins, Mr. F. 
Stenhouse Ross, Mr. H. S. Shinner, Dr. Scott Simpson, Dr. Stanley Smith, 
Mr. H. W. Turner, Mrs. G. S. Wakefield, Dr. F. S. Wallis and Professor W. F. 
Whittard were appointed Committee Members. The formal business was 
followed by an Exhibition of Members’ collections and displays contributed 
by the City Museum and the University which was held at the City Museum 
ey kind permission of the Director). The more notable exhibits were as 
ollows :— 


City Museum: Selected ammonites from the Tutcher Collection. 
Geology Department: X-ray radiography of fossils. 


Geological Section (arranged by Mr. F. J. Holwill) : Minerals, rocks and 
fossils collected at the Summer Field Meetings, 1953. 


Geological Section: Fossils, books and photographs from Miss Theodora 
Shaw’s Collection. 


Mr. F. S. Clements : Recent temporary exposure of Middle Lias at Dundry. 
Mr. E. H. Day: Pyrite vein in coal from Radstock. 

Mr. B. Frost: Fossils and minerals. 

Mr. T. R. Fry: Fossils from the Avonian of the Bristol District. 

Mr. R. Goldring : Geological maps of N. Devon and W. Somerset. 

Mr. H. Homeshaw: Pre-Cambrian rocks from North Wales. 


Dr. I. S. Loupekine : Specimens and photographs illustrating the desert 
phenomena of (i) Western Sahara, Algeria, (ii) Libyan and Western 
Deserts, Egypt (collected 1952). 


Dr. F. Coles Phillips : Rocks collected in Australia, 1953 (including uranium 
ore from Radium Hill under test by radioactivity detector set up by 
Mr. I. H. Ford). 


Mr. F. Stenhouse Ross: Ammonites from the Lower and Upper Jurassic, 
first collected in 1936. 


Mrs. G. S. Wakefield : Minerals from the Trelease Collection. 


Mr. A. G. Wright: Glacial erratics and Norwich Crag specimens from 
Norfolk. 


Ac the Annual Business Meeting, which was held on January 19, the following 


On February 18 Dr. D. T. Donovan gave an illustrated account of “A 
Geological Journey to Italy”, in which he described the expedition which took 
place in July-August, 1954, with the purpose of collecting fossils from the Lias 
formation in order to effect a comparison with North European developments. 

On March 16 Mr. R. D. Russell (National Agricultural Advisory Service) 
introduced an entertaining coloured sound-film entitled ‘‘ The Formation of 
Soils”? and, by means of Kodachrome transparencies, gave a general account 
of soils with special reference to the geological formations of the West of England. 

Six field-meetings were held during the Summer. On April 14 the Section 
visited the Harry Stoke Coal Mine under the guidance of the Manager, Mr. 


GEOLOGICAL SECTION 11 


W. D. Lytham. On May 8 a day was spent on the Malvern Hills where 
Pre-Cambrian and Lower Palaeozoic rocks were examined under the leadership 
of Professor W. F. Whittard. On June 9 Mr. T. R. Fry led an evening excursion 
to Dyrham and Horton where collecting was carried out from the Inferior Oolite 
and Fuller’s Earth formations. On July 10 the Section visited the Bratton and 
Westbury districts, Wilts., where, under the guidance of Mr. H. W. Turner, Upper 
_ Jurassic and Cretaceous formations were seen. On August II an evening meeting 
was held on Messrs. Lewis’ site in the Horsfair where excavations in the Trias 
were inspected and the engineering problems kindly explained by members of 
the City Engineer’s Department. Finally, on September 11 a joint meeting with 
the University of Bristol Tutorial Class in Geology took place when Dr. F. S. 
Wallis guided a coach party to examine the old manganese and iron workings at 
Higher Pitts Farm, the geology and scenery of Ebbor Rocks and the cave at 
Wookey Hole. 

On October 21 Mr. S. W. F. Patching (Atomic Energy Research Establish- 
ment) delivered a lecture on ‘‘ Geology and Nuclear Energy ”’ in which he re- 
viewed the applications of atomic power to industrial and civilian purposes 
and described the occurrence of uranium-bearing deposits, the prospecting 
methods that are used in their discovery and the subsequent treatment and 
handling of the ores. 

On November 16 Dr. F. Coles Phillips gave an illustrated account of “A 
Geological Tour of Australia’? in which he described some of the more striking 
geological features of the Continent which he visited in 1953 at the invitation 
of the Australian universities. 

It is with the deepest regret that the Section records the deaths of the 
President, Mr. H. Homeshaw, and of Mr. H. F. Barke, Mrs. E. W. Barke, Mr. 
B. F. Brueton, Sir Lewis Fermor, Mr. G. S. Maunder and Mr. E. L. Smith. 


I. S. LOUPEKINE, Aon. Secretary 


12 


SECTION 


T the 31st Annual Business Meeting on January 22 
Mr. H. H. Davis, the Hon. Secretary since 1937, 
was elected President in succession to Mr. A. C. 
Cae: Leach who had completed his full term of office ; 
A Mr. P. J. Chadwick was elected Hon. Secretary, Mr. 
G. E. Clothier Assistant Hon. Secretary, and Mrs. J. 
Lance and Mr. P. F. Bird were elected to serve on the 
General Committee. At a subsequent meeting Mrs. 
| M. Taylor and Mr. B. King were co-opted. 
DF RCAVREN IE Saesine ter tt Seven other meetings, listed below, were held 
THE wREN Tf, Aut siRos."_ = during the winter and autumn months and were well 
supported, the average attendance being 93. 


Feb. 17. Mr. W. Higham: Birds of the Scottish Highlands. 
Mar. 19. Mr. P. E. Brown: The breeding cycle of the Marsh Warbler. 
Apr. 2. Summer Field-programme Meeting. 


Sept. 29. Exhibits and communications by Members. 


Oct. 22. Mr. H. Savory: The art of George E. Lodge—sportsman and 
naturalist. 


Nov. 17. Dr. N. Tinbergen: Field studies of the behaviour of Gulls. 
Dec. 10. Mr. R. M. Lockley: Gannets, Puffins and Atlantic Seals. 


Field work organised by the Committee was also well supported and included 
sample Buzzard Surveys in South Gloucestershire and North Somerset, a Wood 
Warbler Distribution Enquiry covering 55 sq. miles of South-West Gloucestershire, 
a census of Heronries and the compilation of Roost and Nest Record cards (278) 
on behalf of the British Trust for Ornithology, and Diurnal Migration Watches 
in October and November in conjunction with the Mid-Somerset Naturalists’ 
and Dursley and District Bird Watching and Preservation Societies on behalf 
of the British Naturalists’ Association. 

Other activities carried out by members included the ringing of 2,362 birds, 
and 20 members assisted with the duck counting programme arranged by Mr. 
King, the regional organiser for Somerset, as part of the International Wildfowl 
Enquir 

i Three evening field-walks were arranged: two on May 13 at Saltford 
and Leigh Woods were attended by 25 and 30 members respecttively, but at the 
third on May 28 over Barrow Hill and Bourton Combe, the attendance was 
adversely affected by inclement weather and only 6 members participated. 

Twenty-one members took part in an all-day excursion on May 16 to Stanway 
in the N. Cotswolds, where the party was met and taken on a conducted tour 
by the Hon. Guy Charteris. 

The membership at the close of the year totalled 145. 


P. J. CHADWICK, Hon. Secretary 


13 


ACCOUNT OF THE 
GENERAL MEETINGS 


oO) Sy: 


HE gist Annual General Meeting was held on January 14th, when the 
election of Officers and Council for the ensuing year took place. The 
retiring President, Professor W. F. Whittard, gave his Presidential address 
entitled ‘‘ Rare Fossils”’, during the course of which many slides were shown. 
The process of fossilisation was explained and it was pointed out that under 
certain conditions even the soft parts of animals have persisted as carbonaceous 
films. The origin of these and other unusual fossils was explained. At this 
Meeting Mr. Harry Savory was unanimously elected as President. 

At the General Meeting on February 4th, Dr. H. W. Miles, Professor of 
Entomology at Wye College, gave a talk of much local interest on “‘ Some Insects 
of a Somerset Garden ”’, during which attention was drawn to the effect of 
climate and vegetation on insect life. 

During October two General Meetings were held, as it had been decided 
that there should be no Exhibition. The first of these meetings was held on 
October 7th when Mr. K. Brown, the Fishery Officer of the Bristol Water Works 
Company, introduced his film, “‘ Blagdon Trout’, and Mr. K. Roberts, the 
Resident Engineer of the Chew Valley Lake, gave a talk on the history of its 
development. The second October General Meeting, held on the 28th, was the 
occasion of the visit of Dr. A. T. Dollar of Birkbeck College, London, who gave 
an illustrated lecture on Lundy in which he dealt with the Geological, 
Archaeological and Historical aspects of the island. 

On November 18th at the General Meeting the speaker was Professor R, 
Milnes Walker, whose interesting talk, ““Mammals and Birds of East Africa’’. 
was illustrated by two excellent films and slides in colour. 

At the last General Meeting of the Year on December gth, the visiting 
lecturer was Mr. Peter Scott who introduced his film ‘‘ The High Andes ’’, which 
dealt with bird life on Lake Titicaca and a tributary of the Amazon. Mr. Scott 
commented on the journey which he had made and the rare birds he had seen, 
especially the beautiful Torrent Duck in Bolivia. The lecturer contributed still 
further to the success of the Meeting by his remarkable sketches. 

Throughout the year, the attendance at General Meetings ranged from 22 


to 265 with an average of 89. General Field Meetings were held during the 
Summer. 


C. S. GARLILE, Hon. Secretary 


14 GENERAL MEETINGS 
FIELD MEETINGS 


Date District Leaders 
24 April Hillesley, Hawkesbury and Horton Dr. A. F. Devonshire 
22 May A Mendip Tour Mr. T. H. Payne 

19 June Sand Bay and Goblin Combe Mrs. R. Millard ai 


Miss B. Cooper 
Mrs. M. M. Perkins 


17 July Brean Down Mr. Ivor Evans 


7 August Vale of Pewsey Mr. R. S. Barrow 
Mr. Goldstraw 
Mr. Ivor Evans 


4 Sept. Steep Holm Miss M. E. Habgood 
also 
Iron Acton, Tortworth and Damery Dr, M. L. K. Curtis 


In April a visit was made to localities in the adjacent parishes of Hawkesbury 
and Horton on the Cotswold escarpment. In the afternoon, members walked 
from Starveall to Kilcot Woods, and thence to the tumulus known as Nan Tow’s 
Tump. Later the Church at Hawkesbury and an Iron Age Camp at Horton 
were inspected. The most interesting plants seen were Helleborus viridis, growing 
abundantly at Kilcot, Draba muralis by Hawkesbury church and Trachystemon 
orientale at Horton. 

The May meeting was a whole day spent in the Mendips. On the outward 
journey members went to see Compton Martin church, the history of which 
was told in a short talk by the Rev. A. Stevens. Then followed a walk through 
Ubley woods to Nordrach. Paris quadrifolia and Listera ovata were found as well 
as many other interesting botanical specimens. At Priddy the swallet known 
as St. Swildon’s hole was seen and an exposure of Millstone Grit examined where 
the Ebbor road was being widened. Next the Fairy quarries and Edford wood — 
were explored. Members heard the woodlark and night jars and found large 
beds of Geum rivale, also specimens of Ranunculus lingua, Aconitum napellus, Polygonatum 
multiflorum and Mimulus guttatus. 

The June meeting was held at Sandpoint and in the evening there was a 
walk through Goblin Combe. Among’ the birds seen were oyster catchers, 
shelduck, a raven, a kestrel, wheatears and rock pipits. The most interesting 
plants found were Trinia glauca, Onopordon acanthium, Cynoglossum officinale, Rucus 
aculeatus. Geologists visited the raised beach and examined the outcrop of 
volcanic rock which occurs there. A further outcrop was examined at Goblin 
Combe. 

In July, all arrangements were made for an expedition to Steep Holm, 
which unfortunately had to be cancelled owing to bad weather and.members 
went to Brean Down instead. Sea coast flora was examined and amongst other 
plants, the rare grass Kocleria vallesiana and the local milk thistle, Cardus marianus, 
were found. 

A whole day joint Field meeting with about 30 members of the Bath Natural 
History Society was held on August 7th. In the morning the Bristol Naturalists 
went to Polechurch Common and studied aquatic plant associations. A large 
patch of the small Fleabane, Jnula pulicaria, was seen. 

The two parties from each Society met at Seend, five miles west of Devizes, 


GENERAL MEETINGS 15 


on a hill rising to 400 feet on an outlier of Lower Greensand which rests on Jurassic 
Kimmeridge clay and Corallian. An old quarry in the Corallian was inspected 
before lunch and afterwards the two coaches made their way across the wide 
end of Pewsey Vale. As it was rzining heavily a visit to Edington Church was 
made and later Salisbury plain was crossed at Tinhead. After looking at a 
large exposure of Upper Greensand, a suitable place was chosen in which to study 
chalk flora. Here among other plants of interest, Thesium humifusum was seen. 
Then followed a walk to a view point of Pewsey Vale where Mr. Barron pointed 
out all the geological features of the landscape. 

In September two separate meetings were held on the same day ; one on 
Steep Holm and one to the Tortworth area. Birds seen on the island that day 
were robin, hedge sparrow, wren, blackbird, song thrush, cormorant, swallow, 
house marten, wheatear, peregrine, kestrel, rock pipit, willow warbler, grey 
wagtail, whitethroat, berring gull, lesser black-backed gull, great black-backed 
gull, curlew and raven. Plants recorded by the Botanists were Lycopsis arvensis, 
Hyoscyamus niger, Anagallis arvensis, Calamintha officinalis. Meanwhile those who went 
with Dr. Curtis examined quartz-coglomerates belonging to the Upper Old Red 
Sandstone at Brook Farm near Falfield. After tea members went via Woodford 
to Damery ; here they saw basaltic lavas of the Silurian age in the large Damery 
quarry and collected fossils from the Llandovery sandstones near Damery Bridge. 
Then a visit to Tortworth Park was made and the trees in Tortworth Court 
studied. Finally came a walk along the lakeside to Cromhall noting exposures 
in Chrboniferous limestone on the way. 


I. M. JAGO, Hon. Field Secretary 


16 het 
OBITUARIES 
H. F. BAarKkeE 


ERBERT Frederick Barke died suddenly in Bristol on March 

31, 1954, at the age of 76. By profession a chemist he was 

a Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry and served with the firm 

of Messrs. Cook and Barke in Bristol and Bath as a public analyst 
from about 1925 to his retirement in 1951. 

He was elected to the Society in 1907 and was a keen and active 
member. Shunning publicity he served mainly as a committee 
member and was on Council in the years 1914-1918, 1922-1923, 
1933-1942. He led numerous excursions, often in collaboration 
with Mrs. Barke. In the field he worked with many noted Bristol 
geologists such as Arthur Vaughan, S. H. Reynolds and J. W. 
Tutcher, who in their many published works gave well-deserved 
praise to his careful and detailed collecting. Barke was one of 
the earlier school of naturalists who rather avoiding specialisation 
loved and understood the whole countryside and few matters of 
natural history escaped his keen powers of observation. It was a 
joy to accompany him in the field. An apparently rather brusque 
manner really belied his intense kindness and loyalty to his friends. 


Sir Lewis L. FERmMor, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. 


T was a very fortunate event for our Society when, on account 

of Lady Fermor’s connections with the West Country, Sir 
Lewis and Lady Fermor came to live in Bristol at the outbreak 
of the war. He was a most distinguished geologist who had held 
the post of Director of the Geological Survey of India from 1922 
till his retirement in 1935. After his retirement he went on an 
important mission to Malaya to report on its tin industry in 1938, 
and between 1945 and 1947 he took part in other missions to 
India, Egypt and Rhodesia. 

Sir Lewis joined our Society in 1940 and was an active member — 
of the Geological Section throughout his stay in Bristol, serving 
on the committee of the Section from 1941 till 1952. He was a 
member of Council from 1942 to 1947 and was President from 
1945 to 1947. His lectures on India’s mineral resources and on 
Gondwanaland are well remembered as well as his two Presidential 
Addresses on India and Rhodesia. 

All who worked with Sir Lewis in the running of our Society 
will recall his keen interest in all its affairs and his ready devotion 
of his time and attention to its problems. When in 1953 he left 
Bristol for his new home in Surrey his distinguished figure and 
unassuming personality were missed. He died in Woking on 
May 24, 1954, at the age of 74. 

The Society’s sincere sympathy is extended to Lady Fermor 
in her loss. 


17 


Piolo TOL BOTANY IN 1954 


By Crat I. anp N. Y. SANDWITH 
(Read in title to Council, May 5, 1955. Received Feb. 10, 1955.) 


INCE the last meeting in Bristol of the British Association in 
S 1930 we have passed through a period of transition in the 
study of the British flora, accompanied by changes in the flora 
itself and in the face of our countryside. These changes have 
been active in our district. Mr. J. W. White, who had fathered 
the Bristol flora for so many years, died in October, 1932, and 
after a gap of a few years (during which Miss I. M. Roper also 
died, after presenting her herbarium to Leeds University) we tried 
to carry on his work of recording with these annual notes and 
have prepared a card index of all records published since 1g1g2. 
In the meantime, the Flora of Gloucestershire (1948) and the new 
Flora of the British Isles (1952) have appeared, and the Distribution 
Maps scheme for plotting the occurrence of all the higher plants 
has been sponsored by the Botanical Society of the British Isles 
and deserves the support of local workers. Vast changes have 
taken place in the nomenclature of our species and, more important, 
a number of critical plants which were unknown in Mr. White’s 
day have become properly understood, while the stock of others 
has fallen. The Mveracium and Rubus lists will have to be revised 
when the time is ripe, and a supplement to the Adventive Flora 
of the Port of Bristol (1933) might well be issued since so many 
‘species have been added. 

Since 1930 there have been remarkable discoveries of native 
plants new to the Bristol district, the most interesting being Potertum 
officinale, Gentiana anglica, Centaurium capitatum, Salix undulata, 
Epipactis purpurata, E. leptochila, Potamogeton trichoides, Kannichellia 
gibberosa, Carex laevigata, Parapholis incurva, Poa subcaerulea, Glyceria 
declinata and Equisetum lttorale.  Polygala calcarea and Prunella 
laciniata have been added to the Gloucestershire, and Carex vesicaria 
to the Somerset, side of the area, while Callitriche truncata has been 
rediscovered. Mr. A. J. Wilmott distinguished the Sorbus latifolia 
of the Avon Gorge as a new endemic species of hybrid origin 
and named it S. bristoliensis, the first flowering plant to commemorate 
our city. Introductions such as Epilobium adenocaulon and Impatiens 
capensis have arrived and extended their range while others, such 
as Erigeron canadensis, Senecio squalidus and Lactuca serriola, are in- 
creasing. ‘Total losses are few, but we fear that Andromeda may 
have gone for ever, and Euphorbia pilosa at Bath and Dianthus 


B 


18 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


deltoides at Keynsham have not (we believe) been seen for many 
years. ‘The records of four species, Callitriche palustris, Hypochoeris 
glabra, Orobanche Picridis and Rhinanthus major, were probably all 
based on misidentifications ; on the other hand, the occurrence 
of Aceras has been established. 

A number of new Hepatics have been discovered on the Somerset 
side, the best being the saprophytic Cryptothallus mirabilis, which 
is now known in two widely separated areas on the peat moors. 
Dr. Lilian Hawker’s admirable monographic study of the British 
Hypogeous Fungi (truffles), published in the Philosophical 
Transactions of the Royal Society in February, 1954, was based 
on her own collections in the woods of our district where she and 
her fellow-workers discovered a species new to science and made 
several first records for Britain. Mention must also be made of 
Dr. T. A. Sprague’s list of the Rust Fungi of Gloucestershire, 
which has just been published in the Proceedings of the Cotteswold 
Naturalists’ Field Club. 

Mr. White would have welcomed all these discoveries and re- 
searches, as well as the advances made in the study and accurate 
determination of British plants. He would have accepted the 
name-changes (apart from ill-advised splitting of genera) with 
philosophic chuckles, but would have been saddened by the 
defacing of so much of the countryside and the submergence of 
so many happy hunting-grounds in the “‘ overspill ’’ of Bristol. 


The year 1954 was disastrous and cannot be enlarged upon. 
After a dry April there was little sun and continuous rain, cold 
winds, gales, blizzards and floods. People ask if our climate is 
changing, a question to which there is no satisfactory answer. 

Once again, we have to thank Messrs. C. E. Hubbard and E. 
Nelmes for determining Grasses and Sedges, while Dr. C. West 
and Mr. E. P. Sell kindly named a number of Mieracia and Mr. 
G. M. Ash some Epilobia. Mr. V. S. Summerhayes spent two days 
here in August, examining the species of Hpipactis in the woods at 
Wickwar, Wotton-under-Edge and Dursley. On one of these, 
a perfect summer day, the party was conducted by Mr. E. P. 
Bury, who most kindly showed us several interesting colonies of 
the orchids, including the beautiful colour form which is mentioned 
below. 

As in past years we have abbreviated as “‘ G.W.G.” the name 
of Mr. G. W. Garlick, who continues to send us many valuable 
records from the Gloucestershire side of the district. 


Ranunculus hederaceus L. Lyde Green, and Dodington Park, G., 
G.W.G. 


Barbarea intermedia Bor. Engine Common, Yate, G., G.W.G. 


BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1954. 19 


Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Cogmill Quarry, Iron Acton ; and 
(var. integrifolia Koch) Cattybrook Brickworks, Shortwood, 
G., G.W.G. 


Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. var. letocarpum DC. Yate and Iron 
Acton, G., G.W.G. 


Viola hirta L. ssp. calcarea (Greg.) E. F. Warburg. Loxton Hill, 
S., C. H. Cummins. 


Polygala calcarea F. Schultz. ‘Two small colonies in calcareous 
pasture N. E. of Hawkesbury Upton, G., G.W.G. An 
excellent find, new to the Gloucestershire side of our area 
and to district 5 of Fl. Glos. 


Saponaria officinalis L. Edge of Sodbury Quarry, G., a garden 
escape, G.W.G. 


Sagina ciliata Fr. Parkfield Colliery, Pucklechurch, G., G.W.G. 


Hypericum dubium Leers. Wood-borders on Stinchcombe Hill, G., 
NOS. 


Rubus laciniatus (Weston) Willd. Summit of Blackdown on Mendip, 
S., Dr. David Prowse. ‘This is evidently the ‘‘ American 
Blackberry well established on the summit ridge of Blackdown 
on the Mendips”’ reported by Ff. R. Browning in Rep. Bot. Sect. 
Som. Arch. and Nat. Mist. Soc. for 1950. RR. laciniatus is a garden 
escape, but not American in origin. 


Cotoneaster microphyllus Lindl. Summit of Stinchcombe Hill, G., 
NYS. 


Sedum Telephium L. Railway embankment south of Yate Station, 
G., G.W.G. 


Callitriche obtusangula Le Gall. Pond, Totteroak, Horton, G., 
G.W.G. Pool below Stone-edge Batch, Tickenham, S., 1934, 
CLS. 


C’. intermedia G. F. Hoffm. Pool by the Mells brook,’ Stoke Lane 
Valley, Edford, 1941 ; and pond on Beacon Hill, S., 1953, 
Ces. and JVt.S. 

Epilobium montanum L. xX roseum Schreb. Wall, Bowling Hill, 
podbury, G., G.W.G., det. G. M. Ash. 

i. adenocaulon Hausskn. Several localities at Winterbourne, 
Dodington Park, Yate, Sodbury, Horton and Lower Woods, 
G., G.W.G. Woods above Wotton-under-Edge and on 
Breakheart Hill, Dursley, G., N.YV.S. 

Cinanthe Lachenali C.C. Gmel. Lyde Green, G., G.W.G. 

Anthemis nobilis L. Still in very small quantity on Siston Common, 
G., C.I.S. First found here by AH. 7. Gibbons, see “ Bristol 
Botany in 1926.” This important record was somehow 


20 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


omitted from Fl. Glos. Said to be introduced here, but the | 
plant looks wild enough on this typical goose-green. 


Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth et Hook. fil. In five distinct spots 
in Westridge Wood, Wotton-under-Edge, 1952, and subse- 
quently ; and in Priest Wood, Cromhall, G., EF. P. Bury. 


Doronicum Pardalianches L. Quarry under Tytherington Hill, G., 
G.W.G. 


Picris hieracioides L. Railway cutting between Nibley and Iron 
Acton, G., G.W.G. 


Crepis bienns L. For several yards by the road from Wick to 
Pucklechurch, G., J. W. Evans. 


Feracium anglorum (Ley) Pugsl. Westerleigh, Engine Common, 
Yate Court and Chipping Sodbury, G., G.W.G., det. C. West 
and P. D. Sell. Much of what Mr. White reteured to A, 
sciaphilum var. transiens (also the Rodway Hill “‘ H. diaphan- 
oides ’’) comes under this species, which has smaller heads with 
less floccose phyllaries than the common H. Lachenalit. 


Sonchus arvensis L. var. glabrescens Guenth., Grab. et Wimm. Waste 
ground by the Ridge Estate, Yate, G., G.W.G. 


Monotropa Hypopithys L. Under beeches in Dodington Park, G., 
G.W.G. 


Gentiana Amarella L. Many plants with some or all of the flowers 
converted into dense little tufts of pale greenish purple or 
purple leafy organs were found by us last September on old 
mining ground at Charterhouse-on-Mendip, §S. More than 
a century ago, in the Gardener’s Chronicle for 1843, p. 628, 
Charles Darwin described very similar specimens which he had 
found on a bare, dry, chalky bank (the locality was not 
stated). 


Mentha alopecuroides Hull. Disused allotment near Westerleigh | 
North Signal Box, G., G.W.G. A first record for the Glos. 
side Of the district: 


Stachys X ambigua Sm. Hedgerow, Westerleigh Road, Yate, G., 
G.W.G. 


S. sylvatica L. forma monstrosa Druce. Hedgerow, Frampton 
Cotterell, G., G.W.G. Roadside between Butcombe and 
Nempnett Thrubwell, S., 1953-1954, Miss M. V. Westcott. 


Galeopsis angustifolia Ehrh. Dwarf plants on scree in Goblin Combe, 
Cleeve Ss OC. . Cummins. 


Salix triandra L. Bank of River Frome under Bury Hill, Winter- 
bourne Down, G., G.W.G. 


Populus balsamifera L. Dyrham Wood, G., G.W.G. 


BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1954 21 


Orchis praetermissa Druce. Damp meadow, Codrington; and 
Seven Springs, Dodington Park, G., G.W.G. 


O. ericetorum (E. F. Linton) E. S. Marshall. Cromhall Common, 
G., G.W.G. 


Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Reichb. Frenchpiece Wood, 
Dodington Park, G., G.W.G. 


Cephalanthera Damasonium (Mill.) Druce. Jbid., td. 


Epipactis Helleborine (L.) Crantz. ‘Two localities near Westerleigh, 
and in Dodington Park, G., G.W.G. 


E. purpurata Sm. Stickstey Wood near Kilcot, G., EH. P. Bury. 
A spectacular colony of most unusual plants of this species 
has been observed in two successive seasons in the Lower 
Woods, east of Wickwar, G., by Mr. EF. P. Bury. In this 
colony the plants show excess of anthocyanin, being entirely 
pinkish purple from the base up to the inflorescence, the 
colour being more or less that of the perianth of Colchicum 
autumnale. Specimens of the typical form are growing near by. 
Later on last year Mr. Bury found another fine specimen 
of his “‘ Pink Orchid ”’ in another part of these woods. Mr. 
V.S. Summerhayes, who has seen the original colony, hopes 
to write a report on it for publication in Watsonia. 


E. leptochila (Godf.) Godf. Westridge Wood and Conygre Wood, 
Wotton-under-Edge, G., #. P. Bury. 


Allium oleraceum L. Field-border near Ridge Estate, Yate, G., 
G.W.G. 


Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Roadside between Radstock and Mells, 
S., J. W. Evans. 


Juncus conglomeratus L. var. subuliflorus Drejer. Westridge Wood, 
Wotton-under-Edge, G., G.W.G. A form with a more diffuse 
inflorescence, not previously recorded. 


J. Kochi Schultz. Boggy ground in Stoke Lane Valley between 
Edford and Nettlebridge, S., 1941, C.L.S. and N.Y.S. Con- 
firmed by Mr. P. M. Benoit, who is making a special study 
of this group. 7. Kochi has usually been treated as a variety 
of 7. bulbosus L., from which it differs in its six stamens and in 
characters of the perianth and capsule. 


Potamogeton trichoides Cham. and Schl. When this addition to our 
flora was recorded in “ Bristol Botany in 1936’, we quoted 
from Rep. Bot. Soc. and Exch. Club Brit. Isles, 1934, p. 845 (1935), 
giving the locality as “‘ near Weston-super-Mare, S., 1934” 
and the finder as ‘“‘ Miss M. Taylor’’, and this locality was 
repeated by Messrs. Dandy and Taylor in their paper on the 
British distribution of P. trichoides, in Journ. Bot. 1938, p. 168. 


22 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


We have since learned that, in fact, the locality was Blagdon 
Lake, S., and the finder was Miss E. Claydon. It is hoped 
that- P. trichoides will be rediscovered at Blagdon. Messrs. 
Dandy and ‘Taylor have verified that the specimens collected 
were correctly identified. 


Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. Seven Springs, Dodington Park, 
G., G.W.G. This must be the Tormarton locality, from a 
school list, given in Fl. Glos. 


Scirpus sylvaticus L. By river, Great Elm, S., 1. W. Evans. 
S. lacustris L. Pond on Inglestone Common, Wickwar, G., G.W.G. 
S. setaceus L. Seven Springs, Dodington Park, G., G.W.G. 


Carex Pairaei F. Schultz. Mr. Garlick has verified that the C. 
Leerstt recorded in White Fl. (and repeated in Fl. Glos., under 
C’. polyphylla) from the common near Leap Bridge beyond 
Downend, G., is, as would be expected on the soil of this 
locality, C.. Pairaez. 


C’. strygosa Huds. Roadside ditch between Sodbury and Dodington, 
and in Dyrham Wood, G., G.W.G. 


C. lepidocarpa Tausch. Marsh, Seven Springs, Dodington Park, 
G., G.W.G. 


Melica uniflora Retz. forma albida Erick. Lane leading from East 
Clevedon to Clapton-in-Gordano, S., 1944, Miss E. S. Todd. 
A rare and very pretty form, not previously recorded. 


Poa subcaerulea Sm. Yate Common, G., 1953, G.W.G., det. C. E. 
Hubbard. This is the true plant of Smith, with acuminate 
glumes, which has hitherto been known to most authors as 
P. wrigata Lindm. The first verified record for the Bristol 
district, since the P. pratensis L. var. subcaerulea (Sm.) Hook. | 
of White Fl. and Fl. Glos. may refer only to forms of P. pratensis. 


P. angustifolia L. Wall top, foot of Bowling Hill, Chipping Sodbury, 
G.,G.W.G. This has been overlooked and was not mentioned, 
even as a variety of P. pratensis, in White Fl. 


Bromus lepidus Holmberg. Roadside, Mayshill to Nibley, G., G.W.G. 


Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. x Hordeum secalinum Schreb. 
(x Agrohordeum Langer (Richt.) G. Camus). This rare 
intergeneric hybrid was discovered by C.J.S. in August, 1945, 
in brackish pasture by the Avon near Shirehampton, G., and 
was refound by us last August when a single large patch 
was noted, growing with the parents. This hybrid is © 
new to the British flora and has been previously recorded 
only from Denmark. Specimens were shown at the autumn 
Exhibition Meeting of the Botanical Society of the British 


BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1954 23 


Isles and Mr. C. E. Hubbard, who identified them, has written 
a note on the plant which will be published in the Proceedings 
of that Society. 


A. caninum (L.) Beauv. Two localities near Yate Rocks, G., G.W.G. 


Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv. Dodington Park, and slope 
above Dyrham Wood, G., G.W.G. A large patch has been 
known to us for many years by the upper Clevedon road near 
the entrance to Charlton Woods, beyond Failand, S. 


Dryopteris Borrerr Newm. Wooded quarries inthe Frome gorge, 
Winterbourne Down ; Martin Croft Brake, Coalpit Heath ; 
and between Leechpool and Goose Green, Yate, G., G.W.G. 


Chara delicatula Agardh. var. barbata (Gant.) Groves and B.-Webster. 
Shapwick, S., A. 7. Dodd, det. G. O. Allen, see Proc. B.S.B.I., 


vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 185 (1954). 


Tolypella intricata Leonh. Pond, Little Sodbury End, Sodbury 
Common, G., G.W.G. 


ALIENS. It was a barren season at Avonmouth Dock, G., and 
we found only two species worth noting, Stsymbrium septulatum 
DC. and Avena sterilis L. Other collectors fared no better 
there: Mr. C. -C. -Townsend had an interesting find at 
Avonmouth in 1953, viz., Medicago rigidula (L.) Desr. var. 
minor (S r.) Thell., which he grew from seed. Geranium 
pusillum L., which was not recorded in the Adventive Flora, 
was gathered by us both at Avonmouth and Ashley Hill, G., 
in 1934. Mr. I. W. Evans found Victa bithynica L. last summer 
on waste ground at Horsefair, Bristol, G. 


Saxifraga Cymbalaria L. var. Huetiana (Boiss.) Engl. Established 
in an open wood on a private estate near Tockington, G., 
Mrs. W. Cummins. An interesting note on this delicate little 
golden-flowered Saxifrage appeared in the N.W. Naturalist, 
vol. 21, 39-41 (1946) ; see also B.E.C. 1946-47 Rep., 262 
(1948). It is a native of N. Asia Minor and Armenia. 


Symphytum grandiflorum DC., Trachystemon orientalis D.Don and 
Arum italicum Mill. were found established in woodland at 
Horton, G., by members of the Botanical Section of this Society 
on one of the spring excursions. 


Verbascum speciosum Schrad. Railway bank, Wickwar, G., EL. P. 
Bury. 

Bromus madritensis L. Quarry, Winterbourne, G., 1941, J, W, 
Evans. 


Hepatics. Fossombronia pusilla (L.) Dum. Parkfield Colliery ; 
and Cogmill Quarry, Frampton Cotterell, G., G.W.G. 


24 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


Lophozia excisa (Dicks.) Dum. Quarry near Cogmill, Iron Acton, 
G., G.W.G. 


Gymnocolea inflata (Huds.) Dum. and Scapania compacta (Roth) 
Dum. Heathy ground on Siston Common, G., C.J.S. and 
NUYS. 


ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF STEEP Houm, 8. Mrs. M. L. Davis 
led a party of botanists to the island on May 15th, when 
tiny plants of Potentilla reptans L. were observed for the first 
time on the summit plateau. WN.Y.S. added three Hepatics, 
Reboulia hemisphaerica (L.) Raddi, Plagtochila spinulosa (Dicks.) 
Dum. and Lophocolea bidentata (L.) Dum. ; and two Mosses, 
Fissidens cristatus Wils. and Mnium rostratum Schrad. ‘These 
were kindly identified at Kew by Miss 7. Taylor. The 
Reboulia had already been found on the island by Dr. W. 
Watson, as he has added, in writing, the note “‘ Steep Holm ”’ 
(without date) to the printed records of this species in the copy 
he gave us of his “‘ Liverworts of Somerset.’’ In the same way, 
he has recorded Marchesinia Mackaw (Hook.) Gray from 
Steep Holm, a further addition to the flora of the island. 
The fresh-water Alga, Prasiola crispa (Lightf.) Menegh. (det. 
Miss C. I. Dickinson), was found by Mr. O. Buckle in water 
among abandoned military buildings. 


MRNITHOLOGICAL NOTES, 
Bebo rOL DISTRIGT, 1954 


COMPILED FROM REPORTS OF MEMBERS OF THE 
B.N.S. ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION 


By H. H. Davis and P. J. GHapwicxk 
(Read in title to Council, May 5, 1955. Received March 20, 1955) 


HE Severn Estuary, the reservoirs, and other favoured haunts 
have again been under frequent review, and records for 1954 
show a greater proportion of highly interesting occurrences than 
in any previous year. Thanks are due to all who have forwarded 
their observations, and especially to the Bristol Waterworks 
Company for allowing access to the site of the Chew Valley scheme, 
where the new, and partially filled, reservoir! has been the constant 
resort of an immense population of birds, and from time to time 
has attracted species seldom met with beforehand in the District. 
Outstanding records from Chew Valley include those of Greylag 
Geese in March-April ; a Spoonbill, a Little Ringed Plover and 
a Turnstone—all in May ; Black ‘Terns in unprecedented numbers 
in early August; and Marsh Harriers in August-September. 
From Chew Valley, too, there are reports of the successful breeding 
of Shoveler and Tufted Duck, and the attempted breeding of 
Black-headed Gulls. Among autumn waders at the same reservoir 
were Black-tailed Godwits, Wood Sandpipers, Greenshanks, a 
Knot, Little Stints, a Temminck’s Stint, Sanderlings and Ruffs. 
At Blagdon reservoir Ruffs were seen in January ; Gadwall in 
January, March and December ; and a Shag in November, while 
the most important record from Barrow Gurney is of an Iceland 
Gull in December. From Cheddar reservoir there are reports of 
Gadwall in January-February ; a Bittern in February ; a Roseate 
Tern in May; a Grey Phalarope in September; and Black- 
throated Divers and a Red-throated Diver in December. 

From coastal areas are records of a Sabine’s Gull at Weston- 
super-Mare in August and a Grey Phalarope at Clevedon as late 
as December. In higher reaches of the Estuary an exceptionally 
large passage of Black Terns was seen at Sheperdine and the New 
Grounds in May ; a party of fifteen Little Terns was reported from 
Purton in September ; and Spotted Redshanks were identified at 


1 Quoted in Ornith Notes, 1953. as Chew Stoke reservoir, but here referred to 
throughout as Chew Valley reservoir. 


26 H. H. DAVIS AND P. J. CHADWICK 


Sheperdine in November. Among records of special note from 
the New Grounds are those of Whooper Swans and Ruffs in 
February ; a Common Scoter in March; Avocets in August ; 
two Glaucous Gulls in December ; and a Long-tailed Duck on 
the canal, November—December. From January to March several 
Lesser White-fronts, up to four Barnacle Geese and a Red-breasted 
Goose were visitors of particular interest among common White- 
fronts at the New Grounds and, at the same place, Pink-footed 
Geese, with a peak total of 120, were again at maximum strength 
in early November. 

Noteworthy observations from other localities are of Crossbills 
at Wrington in January ; an Iceland Gull on the R. Avon in 
March ; a Hoopoe at Ubley in May; and a Short-eared Owl 
on Mendip in September. A Golden Oriole—the first to be 
reported for more than half a century was heard and seen in Leigh 
Woods in May, and two visited Littleton-on-Severn in June, 
while a Wryneck was trapped at Long Ashton, and another 
found dead at Wrington, in August, and a Willow Tit was twice 
observed at Little Stoke in December. 

Unless otherwise stated the records below refer only to 1954 and, 
for the most part, are the result of contributions by the following 
members—R. Angles, Miss B. M. Bigg, A. E. Billett, P. F. Bird, H. J. 
Boyd, Col. G. A. Bridge, B. K. Brooke, M.A. Bullen, G. C. Buxton, 
Mrs. S. I. Buxton, Miss K. M. Cary, P. J. Chadwick, Miss G. G. 
Clement, G. E. Clothier, D. M. Cormack, R. 8S. Cormack, Miss 
D. Crampton, R. V. Culverwell, H. H. Davis, E. E. Dunn, H. 
Dunnicliff, D. R. Hamblett, R. G. Hamilton, W. A. Holmes, 
B. King, H. R. H. Lance, Mrs. J. M. Lance, A. C. Leach, G. Mogg, 
H. W. Neal, P. J. M. Nethercott, Mrs. B. CG. Palmer, Miss E. M. 
Palmer, W. T. Pares, Canon E. W. Plowright, R. H. Poulding, 
J. A. Pryce, W. L. Roseveare, J. H. Savory, Peter Scott, T. Ba 
Silcocks, M. Tucker, Miss C. A. L. Wareham, Miss F. Wareham, 
H. F. Webb, N. Webb and M. A. Wright. Observations are 
followed by the appropriate initials, with names of non-member 
contributors in full. 

The area covered is that part of Gloucestershire (G.) lying 
east of the Severn and south of a line from the New Grounds 
to the county boundary at Tetbury, and Somerset (S.) north of 
the R. Axe from Brean Down to Wells and a line thence to the 
county boundary near Frome. For the purpose of this Report 
the area extends westward into the Channel and Estuary to include 
the islands of Steep Holm and the Denny (cf. Sketch Map, Proc. 
BONDS... 1047 a 225) 

BLACK-THROATED Diver Colymbus arcticus 

S. Two, evidently immatures, watched in good sunlight with 

30 X telescope, Cheddar res., Dec. 17; birds, described as being 


ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 27 


a little larger than a nearby Red-throated Diver, first identified 
by B.K. and W.L.R., who have supplied full details. Seen also 
on 18th (C.A.L.W. ef al.) but not subsequently. First record for 
Cheddar and third only for the District. 


RED-THROATED DivER Colymbus stellatus 

S. One, sometimes two, reported from Cheddar res., various 
Mates, Dec. 5-19 (B.K.B., K.M.C., N.W. e al.). B.K.- records 
that, as with most examples in recent years, both birds showed 
evidence of being oiled. 


GREAT CRESTED GREBE Podiceps cristatus 

S. Bred as usual, Blagdon res.—at least three pairs with young 
noted, Aug. 1 (P.J.C.). May have bred, Chew Valley res., where 
twelve seen, including pair with almost fully grown young, Aug. 15 
(B.K.), 
RED-NECKED GREBE Podiceps griseigena 

S. One, Cheddar res., Jan. 8, 1953 (cf. Rep. Som. Birds, 1953, 
p. 6). 
SLAVONIAN GREBE Podiceps auritus 

S. Single bird, Cheddar res., several dates, Jan. 31-Feb. 14, 
and two, Feb. 21, 28 (W. B. Alexander, P.J.C., H.H.D.). 


BLACK-NECKED GREBE Podiceps nigricollis 

S. Two, Cheddar res., Sept. 6 (G. Boyle) and up to three, 
various occasions, Dec. 5-31 (K.M.C., W.A.H., H.R.H.L., E.W.P. 
et al.). One, Barrow Gurney resrs., Dec. 12 (P.J.C.). 


LitTLE GREBE Podiceps ruficollis 

G. Ad. and two young at clay pits, Littleton-on-Severn, June 26 
(A.C.L.). 

S. Two pairs bred, Litton res. (A. Tyte per P.J.C.). 


MANX SHEARWATER Puffinus puffinus 
G. Remains of dead bird, Severn Beach, Sept. 21 (H.W.N.). 


GaANNET Sula bassana 

G. One, evidently in its second year, found exhausted, Coalpit 
Heath, July 18 ; subsequently recovered and was released in the 
Estuary at Aust (R. M. McCready per P.J.C.). Remains, probably 
third year bird, Severn Beach, Aug. 26 (P.J.C.). 


Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 

G. Records from the Estuary include those of four in flight 
over Aust Cliff, Nov. 11 (P.J.C.) and one, Sheperdine, on 24th 
(E.E.D., H.F.W.). 

S. Highest number noted at _ reservoirs—eleven, Cheddar, 
Mar. 7 (P.J.C., B.K.). First records from Chew Valley res. are 
of two, May 9g (D.C.) and one or two on various dates, Sept.-Oct. 
(B.K.B., B.K., R.H.P. ef al.). Four, Blagdon res., Nov. 14 (G.C.B., 
».1-B.). 


28 H. H. DAVIS AND P. J. CHADWICK 


SHAG Phalacrocorax aristotelis 

S. One, immature, Blagdon res., Nov. 14; this, or another, 
found dead, same place, on 21st had been ringed at Bardsey Is. 
Observatory, June 27 (B.K.B.). Close views of immature bird, 
evidently storm driven, on Marine Lake, Weston-super-Mare, 
Dec. 4 (B.M.B., H.R.H.L.). 


HERON Ardea cinerea 


G. Nest with two fledged young, Lower Almondsbury, June 22 
(ACE Bae 

S. ‘Twenty-nine occupied nests (28 in four ash trees and one 
in oak), Brockley Combe, May 1 (B.K., B.K.B., N.W. eé al.). 
22 occupied nests in 20 trees (including ash, oak, beech, poplar, 
chesnut and fir), Uphill Grange, Mar.-May (W.L.R.). Records 
of occupied nests at other heronries are of three, Warleigh Wood, 
nr. Bath, Apr. 21 (Miss C. J. H. Rogers) and three, Orchardleigh, 
nr. Frome, on 22nd (Miss E. D. Overend). 


BitTERN’ Botaurus stellaris 


S. One, first seen in reed bed and afterwards in flight, at 
claypits, Cheddar res., Feb. 17 (M. Chard per B.K.). 


SPOONBILL Platalea leucorodia 


S. Adult seen at 150 yards range, Chew Valley res., May 2 ; 
bird feeding in usual style, with bill immersed and side to side 
motion of head (B.K.). 


Ma.xiarp Anas platyrhyncha 


S. Coastal returns of 140 off Brean Down, Feb. 14, and same 
number off Clevedon, Sept. 5; ¢. 100, Axe Estuary, Oct. 10 
(P.J.C.). Max. count, Blagdon res. : 330, Jan. 31, and at Cheddar 
res.—125, Feb. 7 (P.J.C., B.K.). Exceptional mid-summer totals 
of 220, June 3, and 600, July 18, at Chew Valley res. ; several 
counts of 500 or more, same place, early Aug.—late Oct., while 
total of 1,000, Dec. 17, is largest inland count yet returned (B.K.). 
Various breeding records from Chew Valley include a note for 
May 15 of three females with broods of twelve, eleven and six 
respectively (B.K.). 


TEAL Anas crecca 

G. Party of twelve, R. Avon above Sea Mills, Feb. 2 (A.C.L.). 
At least 1,600 on Estuary, New Grounds, Dec. 3 (H.J.B.). 

S. Reservoir totals include those of 380, Blagdon, Jan. 31 ; 
330, Barrow Gurney, Jan. 30, and 820, same place, Dec. 27 (G.E.C., 
B.K.). Exceptional spring count of at least 800, Chew Valley, 
Mar. 21, and minimum counts at same reservoir of 1,300, Dec. 17, 
and 1,050 on 26th (B.K.). Max. total for coastal areas—227 off 
Brean Down, Dec. 27 (T.B.5.). 


ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 29 


GARGANEY Anas querquedula 
G. Two, New Grounds, Mar. 20, and two, Sept. 11-14 (H.J.B.). 
S. A male, Chew Valley res., May 2, 14 (B.K.) and two males, 
Aus. 3 {P.J.C., H.H.D., B.K.). 


GADWALL_ Anas Strepera 

Sup Male, Cheddar res., Jan. 3, 10, Feb. 7 (P.J.C., B.K., E. G. 
Richards) and male and two females, Feb. 27 (CQ. H. Fry). Up 
i three, Blagdon res., various dates, Jan. 3-31 (P.J.C., B.K.), 
and a pair Mar. 31 (B.K.B.) and Dec. 4 (T.B.S.). 


WicEon Anas penelope 

G. About 75, Severn Beach, Jan. 11 (H.D.) and at least 700, 
New Grounds, on 12th (H.J.B.). 

S'S) viax. totals, Blagdon res:: 478, Jan. 31; 363, Feb. 7; 
and 257, Mar. 7 (P.J.C., B.K.). Several very large counts from 
Chew Valley res., including those of 760 or more, Mar. 14, 21 
(B.K.) and 785, Dec. 19 (G.C.B., S.I.B.) ;_ pair close in to reservoir 
bank, same place, on unusual date of July 18 (B.K.). Highest 
coastal count—120, Yeo Estuary, Feb. 10 (W.L.R.). 


PINTAIL Anas acuta 

G. Several exceptionally high totals reported from the Estuary, 
New Grounds, including 200, Feb. 8; 112, Mar. 7; 223, Dec. 15 
(H.J-B.) ; and 273 males (females not counted) on 28th (P.S.). 

S. Small numbers, Blagdon and Cheddar resrs., various 
occasions, Jan.-Mar. and Nov.-Dec. (B.K.B., P.J.C. et ai.). 
Twenty-eight, Chew Valley res., Feb. 27, and 70 (largest total yet 
from the reservoirs), same place, Mar. 21 (B.K.). Coastal record 
of 62 off Brean Down, Jan. 12 (A.G. Dixon). 


SHOVELER Spatula clypeata 

S. A few, Barrow Gurney resrs., Jan. (A.C.L., H.R.H.L. eé¢ al.), 
but not more than one or two at any time, Cheddar, while from 
Blagdon the only noteworthy total is that of 46, Jan. 3 (P.J.C., 
B.K.). From Chew Valley res. are counts of 60, Mar. 21 ; 30 as 
late as June 13 (B.K.); 116, Dec. 19 (G.C.B., S.I.B.) and 145 
on 28th (P.J.C.). At least three pairs bred successfully, same 
reservoir (B.K.). Thirty-one on flooded fields, Long Ashton, 
Nov. 28 (P.J.G.). 


scAup Aythya marila 

S. A female, Cheddar res., Jan. 3, and another (or same), 
Mar. 7 (P.J.C., B.K.). Records from Blagdon are of an ad. male 
found dead, Feb. 6 (P.J.C.), and of females—one, Feb. 7; two, 
Apr. 4; and one, Oct. 31 (B.K.).. A male, Clevedon bathing pool, 
Beb. ro (G.C.B., S.1.B.). Single female, Chew Valley res., 
Dec. 5, 8 (B.K.). 


30 H. H. DAVIS AND P. J. CHADWICK 


TurteD Duck Aythya fuligula 

_ §. Max. counts at reservoirs—Blagdon: 180, Jan. 3 (P.J.C., 
B.K.) and c. 300, Nov. 13 (H.R.H.L., J.M.L.) and Dec. 3 (G.C.B., 
S.1.B.) ; Barrow Gurney: 60, Jan. 17, and, 65; Dec. Wai(F. j:C:) 4 
Cheddar: 128, Jan. 24 (P.J.C., B.K.) ; Chew Walleyeea. Apr of 
(D.C.) and 340, Dec. 19 (G.C.B., S.I.B.). Highest total, Orchard- 
leigh, 52, Mar. 7 (Miss E. D. Overend). At least three pairs bred 
successfully, Chew Valley res. (P.J.C., H.H.D., B.K.). 


PocHARD A)ythya ferina 

S. Noteworthy reservoir totals include 340 (227 males), 
Cheddar, Jan. 3, and 318, Feb. 7 (P.J.C., B.K.) ; and 300-400, 
Blagdon, various dates, Nov.—Dec. (G.C.B., H.R.H.L. e al.). 
Several counts of 800 or more, Chew Valley res., Nov.—Dec. 
(G.C.B., B.K.) ; at least 1,200, same place, Wee, 17.(B. 1). Party 
of six in flight over Brean Down, Nov. 7 (P.J.C.). 


GOLDENEYE Bucephala clangula 

S. Reported from the reservoirs in small numbers, various 
dates, Jan.-Apr. and Nov.—Dec. Max. returns of 22, Cheddar, 
Jan. 31, and 39, Blagdon, Mar. 10 (B.K.). Records from Chew 
Valley res. are of single birds, Apr. 17 (B-K.), Dec. 28 (P.}.Cig 
and of two, Nov. 14 (B.K.). 


LonG-TAILED Duck Clangula hyemalis 

G. A first winter male visited the ship canal, Slimbridge, about 
Nov. 13, and remained till Dec. 10, when it was unfortunately 
shot (S. T. Johnstone et al. per H.J.B.). 


Common ScoTER Melanitta nigra 

G. One, a female, New Grounds, Mar. 20, 21 ; bird seen ata 
watercourse on pasture land between W.T. enclosures and the 
saltings (D. Scarles). 


Emer Somateria mollisima 

S. A female off Brean Down, Jan. 28, Feb. 14, and Mar. 18 
(P.J.C., B.K., W.L.R.) may have been the bird reported from 
same place in previous Dec. (cf. Proc. B.N.S., 1659,"ps gor): 
GOOSANDER Mergus merganser 

G. Two on Estuary, New Grounds, Jan. 22 (D. Scarles per 
Jets | fale.) 

: ee from the reservoirs : one or two, Barrow Gurney, 
various dates, Jan.-Feb. (M.A.B., A.C.L. e¢ al.) ; up to four, 
Blagdon, various dates, Jan.-Apr. (B.K.B;, GG.C., J.-A Pa 
C.A.L.W. ef al.) and single bird, Dec. 4 (T.B.S.) ; two, Chew 
Valley, Feb. 27, Dec. 26 (B.K.) ; while records from Cheddar 
include those of eight (3 ad. males), Jan. 31 (B.K.) ; eight (4 ad. 
males), Feb. 4 (W.L.R.) ; nine (4 ad. males) on 7th; eight (alll 
redheads) on 2ist; and five, Mar. 7 (P.J.C., B.K.). Party of 


ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 31 


eight (3 ad. males) settled in Axe Estuary, flying in from direction of 
Sieddar res., Feb. 14 (P.J.C., B.K.). 


SmMew Mergus albellus 

G. Single redhead, R. Avon, above Sea Mills, Feb. 2 (A.C.L.). 

S. Most records from Blagdon res., where birds frequently 
noted, early Jan. to third week of March, with max. totals of 
fourteen (6 ad. males), Feb. 21 (B.K.); thirteen (3 ad. males) 
Feb. 27 (C.A.L.W., F.W.) ; and fourteen (3 ad. males), Mar. 7 
(P.J.C.). Ad. male, Barrow Gurney resrs., Feb. 7 (R.V.C.), and 
single redheads, same place, Jan. 30 (P.J.C., B.K.) ; Cheddar, 
mam. 24 (B.K.), Feb. 4 (W.L.R.) and 21 (P.J.C.); and Chew 
palley, Feb. 27 (B.K.). 


SHELD Duck Tadorna tadorna 

S. Max. totals in coastal areas: 124 off Brean Down, Feb. 7 
(Miss L. Garrard per B.K.); c¢. 450, Axe Estuary, Oct. 2, 10 
ae ., 9.1.5., P.J.C.) ; ¢. 230, Weston Bay, Oct. 27 (W.L.R.) ; 
and 200 or more, Sand Bay, Nov. 11-28 (H.R.H.L., J.M.L., 
T.B.S.). The only reservoir records are from Chew Valley, where 
up to five seen, various dates, Apr.—June (D.C., B.K.) and single 
birds on three occasions, Oct.—Dec. (B.K.). 


GREYLAG GOOosE Anser anser 

G. Three, first reported from New Grounds in previous Dec., 
remained in the vicinity of the Wildfowl Trust enclosures till 
Mar. 30, but were not seen subsequently (H.J.B.). 

S. Party of three visited Chew Valley res. in early spring and 
stayed several weeks. First noted, Mar. 21 (B.K.) and observed 
on subsequent dates to Apr. 13 (B.K.B., G.C.B. et al.) ; seen also 
by P.S., who pronounced them a family party of two adults and 
an immature. 


WHITE-FRONTED GoosE Anser albifrons 
_ G. New Grounds: Jan. numbers lower than usual, not reaching 
2,000 until 22nd, and rising to 2,250 by Feb. 8 (H.J.B.). Sub- 
sequent rapid build-up, actual counts of c. 3,900 being returned on 
eb. 20, 21 (H.J.B., B.K.) and 3,600 on 24th (H.J.B.). At least 
3,250 still present, Mar. 2, and 2,500 on morning of 7th, but only 
1,450 that evening. About 750 counted Mar. 20, thereafter rapid 
decrease ; last seen, party of five, on 27th (H.J.B.). Autumn 
arrivals later than usual and numbers relatively small. First 
reported, party of thirteen, Oct. 9, while not more than 80 to end 
of Nov. Count of 394, Dec. 3, after which a steady increase to 
¢. 1,000 at close of year (H.J.B.). Records from elsewhere are of 
: Hambrook, Jan. 27 (R.H.P.) and 70 over Stoke Bishop, Feb. 7 
m.C.L.). 

B: About 30 over Long Ashton, Jan. 30. (P.J.C.) and ¢. 200 

over Chilcompton, Feb. 8 (Miss E. D. Overend). Thirty on 


32 H. H. DAVIS AND P. J. CHADWICK 


water, Barrow Gurney resrs., Jan. 26 (ranger per B.K.) and 35, : 


same place, Feb. 8 (M.A.W.). ‘Twenty-two over Cheddar res., 
Jan. 28, and 43 in nearby field, Feb. 14 (R. E. Jones per B.K.) ; 
skeins of 28 and 26 over same reservoir; Feb. 7aP3)-Gu, B.Ko Ee 


Seen, Chew Valley res. on various occasions, the follayang being 


recorded—24 Feb. 13, 20 (D.C.) and 16 vompo7 tannin): 16, 
Mar. 7, 14 (G.C.B., B.K.), and seven on 21st (B.K.). 


LessER WHITE-FRONTED GOOSsE Anser erythropus 

G. Adult, first reported at New Grounds in previous Oct., 
remained to Feb. 15 or later. Another ad., same place, Jan. 25- 
Mar. 5; a third on Feb. 25 only, and a first-winter bird, Jan. 16- 
Miars2 (iH. )-B.): 
BEAN GoosE Anser fabalis 

G. First winter bird, New Grounds, Feb. 7-13 (H.J.B.). 


PINK-FOOTED GoosE Anser brachyrhynchus 

G. Up to eight, New Grounds, various dates, Jan.—early Mar., 
seven staying as late as Mar. 17 (H.J.B.). First autumn arrivals, 
same place—fifteen, Sept. 19 (P.J.C., H.H.D.), increasing to 109, 
Oct. 7, and max. of 120, Nov. 6; 84 still remaining, Dec. 19, and 
55 on 20th, but thereafter only one or two to end of year (H.J.B.). 
Brent Goose Branta bernicla 

G. Immature bird of dark-breasted form, B. b. bernicla, first 
seen, New Grounds, in previous Nov., remained to Jan. 25 or 
later (Ei): BB: P.-C: El Be eival): 


BARNACLE GoosE Branta leucopsis 

G. Two, New Grounds, Feb. 8, and up to four, various occasions, 
to Mar. 17 (H.J.B., P.J.C., B.K.). One, same placey Wee. am 
tOmerst (bt) be). 
RED-BREASTED GoosE Branta ruficollis 

G. One, first winter bird, seen among White-fronts at New 
Grounds, frequent intervals, Jan. 8-25, and again Feb. 13 -to 
Mar. 5 (H.J.B., P.J.C., H.H.D., B.K., P.S. eé al.) ; third Gloucesters 
shire record (cf. Brit. Birds, XXXV, p. 833° GEN son 20) 


MuTE Swan) Cygnus olor 
S. Sixty-four on R. Avon, Bath, June 3 (B.K.). Highest 


reservoir totals: 55, Blagdon, July 22 (W.L.R.) and 52, Aug. 29° 


(C.A.L.W., F.W.). Forty-three on flooded fields, Long Ashton, 
Oct: 24.30 (MA W.).. 


WHOOPER SWAN Cygnus cygnus 
G. Two ads. on saltings, New Grounds, Feb. 9-12 (H.J.B.). 


BuzzArRD- Buteo buteo 

G. Two over New Grounds, Jan. 16 (B.K.) and two, Codrington, 
on 18th (G.M.). One, sometimes two, Wotton-under-Edge area, 
various dates, Mar.-May and Aug.—Nov. (H.F.W.). Inconclusive 


ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 33 


report of a pair nesting, Tortworth (A.E.B.), but no further 
breeding information (survey of c. 400 sq. kms. by 18 members). 
Single birds, Cromhall, Apr. 25 (A.E.B.) ; Little Stoke, May 15 
(H.H.D.) ; Aust, Sept. 6 (H.W.N.) and Charfield on 15th (M.A.B.). 

S. One, Steep Holm, Apr. 6, heading for Brean Down from 
direction of Welsh coast (P.J.C., R.H.P.). Nine pairs believed 
breeding in area of 80 sq. kms. of northern section of Mendip Hills 
from Uphill to Blagdon, but only five nests located—Blagdon, 
Cheddar (2), Churchill and Hutton (survey by 10 members). 
Other breeding season records include: pair with nest, Butcombe 
Creek, and second pair over nearby wood, Apr. 18 (P. J.C.) ; pair, 
Bourton Combe, May 28 (G.A.B., G.E.C.) ; and single birds, 
Ebbor Gorge, nr. Wells, Apr. 1 (H.D.) ; Chewton Mendip and 
East Harptree, Apr. 24, and Batcombe, Cheddar, May 8 (P.J.M.N.). 
Pairs probably bred in two localities near Wells (C. H. Fry). 


MarsH HarriER Circus aeruginosus 

S. One, a juvenile in dark chocolate-brown plumage, with 
small amount of cream on crown and nape, Chew Valley res., 
various dates, Aug. 16-31 or later (B.K.B., G.C.B., D.C., H.W.N.). 
What was evidently asecond bird, described as female or immature, 
with light buff shoulder markings and cream on crown extending 
to mantle, reported from same place, Sept. 19 (B.K., R.H.P.). 
Hossy Falco subbuteo 

G. Single birds overhead, Little Stoke, May 20, June 28 

S. One, Whitchurch, Aug. 6 (B.K.B.) and Chew Valley res. 
Sn 24th (B.K.). 


PEREGRINE Falco peregrinus 

G. Ad. shot, Northwoods, Winterbourne, Mar. 13 (Dr. J. 
Cates per H.H.D.). Single birds, Tockington, July 25 (A.E.B.) ; 
must Cliff, Oct. 31 (J.A.P.); and Sheperdine, Nov. 24 (Rev. 
G. W. H. Moule, H.F.W.). 

S. One, Steep Holm, Apr. 3, and a pair Sept. 4, but no direct 
evidence of breeding (G.E.C., P.J.C., R.H.P.). Probably bred 
Brean Down, where pair seen, May 27, June 26, and a juvenile 
watched in flight on 29th (W.L.R.). Other coastal records are of 
single birds, Sand Point at frequent intervals (B.K., W.L.R. 
@B.S.); Yeo Estuary, Aug. 26, Dec. 18 (B.K.B., T.B.S.) ; and 
Blevedon, Feb. 10 (H.R.H.L.). Reservoir records are of one, 
Blagdon, Jan. 31 (P.J.C., B.K.) and Chew Valley, Aug. 29, Sept. 19 
(R.H.P.). 


MeErtin-) Falco columbarius 

S. ‘Twice reported—a male, Weston-super-Mare, Oct. 29 
(H.R.H.L.) and a female or immature, Chew Valley res., Nov. 14 
(B.K.). 


Cc 


34 H. H. DAVIS AND P. J} CHADWICK 


KeEstTREL Falco tinnunculus 
G. One over Broad Plain, Old Market, Bristol, Dec. 19 (R.H.P.). 
S. Two flying eastwards off Steep Holm, Sept. 4 (G.E.C., 
PoC. REP): 


RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE Alectoris rufa 
S. Injured bird beneath telegraph wires, Claverton Down, 
Bath, Mar. 16 (E. Smith per B.K.). Pair, Saltford, May 13 (B.K.). 


WaTER Rait Rallus aquaticus 

G. Again seen at small pond, Wick, where single bird noted 
daily, Jan. 21-27 (D.R.H.). 

S. One, Ubley, Jan. 17, and two, various dates, Feb.—Mar. 
(G.G.C., K.M.C:, C.A.L.W., F.W.). One, (Monkton Combeg 
several occasions, Feb. 18-Mar. 11 (A .G. Dixon). Three or more 
in large bed of spartina grass on mud-flats, north end of Sand Bay, 
Mar. 6, and single birds seen or heard, same place, Nov. 13, 
Dec. 11 ; observations in present year, and in Oct., 1953, show 
that when disturbed by unusually high tides the birds fly to the 
cover of bramble bushes on adjoining slopes of Sand Point and 
return later to the spartina bed (R.A.). One calling, Cheddar 
clay-pits, Dec. 5 (B.K.). 


Coot Fulica atra 

S. At least 40 nests, Chew Valley res., May 30 (B.K.). Count 
of 400 or more birds, same place, Oct. 17—number rising to 
¢. 2,000 by Dec=17 (B.K.). 


OYSTERCATCHER Haematopus ostralegus 

G. One, Sea Mills, R. Avon, Feb. 25 (W.A.H.). One on 
pasture, Oldbury-on-Severn, Oct. 2 (R.H.P.). 

S. Coastal records include those of 50 or more, Brean Sands, 
Feb. 14 (P.J.C., B.K.) and Mar. 18 (W.L.R.) ; 50, Sand Bay, 
Aug. 25 (E.E.D., H.F.W.) and 41, Nov. 7 (7-B:3.) 5) 75,,¥V estom 
Bay, Oct.. 21 (T.B.S.) and 1060, Nov. 19 (HIRE JME. 
Twice reported from the reservoirs—three in flight, Chew Valley, 
Aug. 3 (P.J.C., H.H.D., B.K.) and three on mud-bank, same place, 
Sept. 26 (G.C.B., S.I.B.). 


Lapwinc Vanellus vanellus 
G. Count of 300 or more, New Grounds, Aug. 22 (E.E.D. 
S. About 1,500 over Weston Airport, Jan. 22 (W.L.R.). 
Abundant, Chew Valley res., mid-Aug. to end of year; max. 
total of at least 1,000, Dec. 17 (B.K.). 


RINGED PLOVER Charadrius Maticula 

G. Highest figures from the Estuary: c. 300, New Grounds, 
May 23 (H.F.W.) and 275, Severn Beach, Aug. 26 (P.J.C.). 

S. Coastal reports of 80, Sand Bay, Aug. 25 (E.E.D., H.F.W.) 


ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 35 


Bac 50, Weston Bay, Dec. 1 (H.R.H.L., J.M.L.). Up to 14, 
Chew Valley res., various occasions, May-Sept. (G.C.B., D.C., 
BK. ¢ al.). 


LitTLE RINGED PLOVER Charadrius dubius 

S$. One clearly identified, Chew Valley res., May g; bird, in 
close company with four Ringed Plover, under intermittent 
observation with binoculars and telescope for more than an hour, 
at ranges down to 25 yards. Second record for the County and 
first for the Bristol area (B.K.) (for confirmatory details see Rep. 
Som. Birds, 1954). 


Grey PLovER Squatarola squatarola 

G. Four, New Grounds, Jan. 17 (R.H.P.) and five, Sheperdine, 
Mov. 7 (E.E.D., H.F.W.). 

S. One spring record—four, Yeo Estuary, May 9 (B.K.B.). 
Up to six, Sand Bay and Yeo Estuary, various dates, Aug. to end 
mevear (R.A., H.R.H.L., T.B.S. e al.). 


TURNSTONE Arenaria interpres 
G. Counts of 180, Severn Beach, Aug. 26, and 195, Sept. 16 
(P.J.C.). Reported also from Oldbury-on-Severn—35, Mar. 28 
(H.F.W.) and Sheperdine—15 or more, Oct. 2 (R.H.P.), Nov. 7 
S. Single bird on rocks, Steep Holm, Apr. 5; first record for 
the island (D.M.C., R.H.P., M.T. e¢ al.). One inland, Chew 
Valley res., May 14, 23 (B.K.). 


Common SNIPE Capella gallinago 

_ §. Seventy put up from marsh land, Cheddar res., Mar. 7 
(P.J.C., B.K.). At least 100 flushed from marshy ground, Chew 
Valley res., Aug. 15 (B.K.) ; several small groups seen to combine 
in flight into one flock of 76, same place, Nov. 28 (P.J.C.). 


jack SnirpE Lymnocryptes minimus 

G. Two, Wotton-under-Edge, Feb. 21 (H.F.W.) and one, New 
Grounds, Nov. 6 (H.J.B.). 

S. Single bird, Chew Valley res., Nov. 14, and two, Dec. 5 
(B.K.). 


Woopcock Scolopax rusticola 

G. One, Stinchcombe Hill, Nov. 7 (D.R.H.). Two or more, 
Wolfridge Wood, Alveston, Dec. 27 (H.H.D.). 

S. About 20 in a covert nr. Radstock, Jan. 2 (E. G. Holt). 
Single birds, Hutton Wood, Feb. 26 (W.L.R.) and Kewstoke 
Woods, Nov. 7 (R.A.). 


WHIMBREL Numenius phaeopus 


S. Inland records of up to three, Cheddar res., several occasions, 
May 5-9 (G. Boyle, B.K.) ; five, Kenn Moor, May 8 (B.K.B.) ; 
two, Chew Valley res., May 9, 14, and one, Aug. 7 (B.K.). 


36 H. H. DAVIS AND P. J. GHADWICK 


BLACK-TAILED Gopwit Limosa limosa 

G. ‘Two on Estuary, New Grounds, July 31 (D.R.H.) ; up to 
20, same place, various dates, Aug.-Oct. (H.J.B.). 

S. Fourteen, Chew Valley res., Apr. 3 (B.K.B.) ; single bird, 
same place, May 20 (B.K.) and one or two, several occasions, 
July-Aug. (R.H.P., B.K.). One, mouth of Avon, Sept. 17 
(W.A.H.). 


BAR-TAILED Gopwitr Limosa lapponica 

G. One, mouth of Avon, Jan. 31 (R.H.P.), Sept. 5 (J.A.P.)s 
Two on Estuary, Sheperdine, Sept. 5 (R.H.P.) and three, Severn 
Beach, on 7th (W.A.H.). 

S. Single birds, Sand Bay, Feb. 6 (R.A.), and Axe Estuary, 
Apr. 10 (H.H.D.). Small numbers, Sand Bay and Yeo Estuary, 
at frequent intervals, Sept.-Oct. (various observers), with max. 


of 20, Sand Bay, Sept. 26 (T.B.S.). 


GREEN SANDPIPER Tringa ochropus 

G. One, New Grounds, Jan. 1 (H.J.B.) and one at farmyard 
pool, Little Stoke, Aug. 18 (H.H.D.). Single birds, Sheperdine, 
Aug. 8 (R.H.P.), Oct. 2 (Rev. G. W. H. Moule) ; and Berkeley 
Pill and Oldbury-on-Severn, Oct. 2 (R.H.P.). 

S. Frequent, Chew Valley res., July-Oct.—usually up to three 
or four, but max. of seven, Aug. 15 (various observers) ; single 
birds, same place, Mar. 14, Nov. 21, Dec. 8, 28 (PB: )-C., BKge 
Two, Litton res., mid-Nov. (A. Tyte per P.J.C.) and one, Dec. @ 
(B.K.). One put up from tide-line (exceptional in such habitat), 
Sand Bay, Sept. 18 (R.A.). 


Woop SANDPIPER Tringa glareola 
S. Two, sometimes three, Chew Valley res., several occasions, 
Auge 7-28 (G:C-B., S:l- Bs Bake): 


COMMON SANDPIPER Actitis hypoleuca 

S. Count of 59, Cheddar res., Apr. 25. (B.K.). At least 1599 
Sand Point, July 29 (W.L.R.). One, evidently wintering, Chew 
Valley res., Dec. 28 (B.K.). 


REDSHANK Tringa totanus 

G. Nesting proved, Oldbury-on-Severn, July 4, when half-grown 
young bird found on river-bank and two or three pairs seen, 
evidently holding breeding territories (R.H.P.). Max. figures for 
organised counts on Estuary: 127, New Passage, Aug. 8; 142, 
Aust, Sept. 5; and 107, Oldbury-on-Severn, Oct. 2 (R.H.P.). 

S. Five nests located, Portbury, May 23 (G. Bright). Reservoir 
records of two, Blagdon, Jan. 10 (W.L.R.) and up to eight, Chew 
Valley res. (where one or two pairs probably bred), various occa- 
sions, Apr.—Sept. (G.C.B., D.C., B.K.). Max. figures for organised 
coastal counts, Clevedon—Portishead : 140, Sept. 5 ; 86, Oct. 3 ; 
and 95, Dec. 5 (P.J.C.). Total of 205, mouth of Avon, Sept. 12 


ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES ot 


(R.H.P.). Ninety on Marine Lake, Weston-super-Mare, Nov. 10 
faR.H.L., J.M.L.) and 85 on 16th (T.B.S.). Counts of 164, 
Sand Bay, Dec. 1 (T.B.S.) and 60, Kewstoke, on 15th (B.C.P.). 


SPOTTED REDSHANK Tringa erythropus 

G. Two on Estuary, Sheperdine, on late date of Nov. 17; 
birds seen, in flight and on mud-banks, by Rev. G. W. H. Moule, 
who has forwarded conclusive details. 


GREENSHANK Tringa nebularia 

G. Atleast six on Estuary, Purton, Oct. 6 (Rev. G. W. H. Moule). 

S. The only spring notice is of one, Chew Valley res., May 9g 
(B.K.). Autumn records from the reservoirs of up to five, Chew 
Valley, various dates, July-Sept. (B.K.B., R.H.P. e¢ al.) ; up to 
three, Barrow Gurney, various dates, Aug.—Sept. (P.J.C., A. G, 
Dixon) ; and single birds, Cheddar, Sept. 7, Oct. 3 (A. G. Dixon 
B.K.). Coastal report of two, Sand Bay, Aug. 16 (T.B.S.). 


Knot Calidris canutus 

G. Records include those of 20 on Avon, above Sea Mills, 
Feb. 2 (A.C.L.) ; three, Oldbury-on-Severn, Mar. 28 (E.E.D 
H.F.W.) ; and six, New Passage, Aug. 29 (H.W.N.). 

S. Reported chiefly from Sand Bay, where three seen, Feb. 6, 7 
(R.A., T.B.S.) and up to 13, several dates, Aug.-Sept. (R.A.). 
One, very tame or exhausted, Chew Valley res., Aug. 31 (B.K.B.). 


PURPLE SANDPIPER Calidris maritima 
G. One, Severn Beach, Feb. 28 (W. B. Alexander). 
S. One, Brean Down, Feb. 7, 1953 (G. Bright). 


Lirtte Stint Calidris minuta 

G. Two, Severn Beach, Aug. 26 (P.J.C.). 

S. One, Chew Valley res., Aug. 11, 15 (B.K.) and two, Sept. 11 
(B.K.B.). One, with Grey Plover, on tide-line, Sand Bay, Oct. 30 
GR.A.). 


TEMMINCK’s STINT Calidris temmincki 

S. Single bird, with two Sanderlings, at water’s edge, Chew 
Valley res., Aug. 29, viewed with telescope at 45 yds. range by 
R.H.P., who has supplied full and conclusive details ; third record 
for the District (cf. also Proc. B.N.S., 1947, p. 257). 


Dunun Calidris alpina 

G. About 100 on Avon mud-banks, Sea Mills, Feb. 2 (A.C.L.). 
Many, probably 1,000, on saltings, New Grounds, Dec. 12 (B.K.). 

S. Coastal records of c. 500, Sand Bay, Aug. 28 (R.A.) and 
Weston Bay, Nov. 10 (H.R.H.L., J.M.L.) ; and c. 1,000, Brean 
Sands, Dec. 30 (W.L.R.). Varying numbers, Chew Valley res., 
Apr.—July, with max. of 35, May 9 (D.C., B.K.) ; increase in Aug. 
to unusually high iniand totals of 83 on 3rd (P.J.C., H.H.D., B.K,’ 
and 80 on 7th (G CB., S.I.B.). 


38 H. H. DAVIS AND P. J. CHADWICK 


CuRLEW SANDPIPER Calidris testacea 
S. Single bird identified, Chew Valley res., Sept. 19; third 
inland record for the District (B.K.). 


SANDERLING Crocethia alba 

S. Coastal reports of 23, Brean Sands, Feb. 14 (P.J.C., B.K.) ; 
20, Sand Bay, May 20 (T.B.S.) ; and 13, same place, Sept. 11 
(R.A.). Inland records of nine, Cheddar res., May 23 (B.K.) 
and two, Chew Valley res., Aug. 1, 29 (P.J(C:) RoE Pe): } 


Rurr Philomachus pugnax 

G. Two, evidently wintering, New Grounds, Feb. 10, and 
eleven, same place, Oct. 2 (H.J.B.). 

S. Winter record of three, Blagdon res., Jan. 17 (G.G.C.,, 
P.J.C., GA.L.W., F.W.). Several spring notices from Chew 
Valley res., where the male of a pair on May g was in advanced 
stage of breeding plumage (B.K.) ; up to four, same reservoir, 
various dates, Aug.-Sept. (G. Boyle, S.I.B., R.H.P.). One, 
mouth of Avon, Sept. 12-€P.J:C., R.H.P.). 


Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta 

G. Five on Estuary, New Grounds, Aug. 2; three on 11th 
and five on 13th were doubtless birds of the same party (H.J.B.). 
First recorded occurrence since that of four seen, apparently in 


same area, March, 1913 (cf. Proc. B.N.S.; 1949, p.200): 


Grey PHALAROPE Phalaropus fulicarius 

S. One, Cheddar res., Sept. 21 (S. Say per BK.) ‘and one 
probably same, on 26th (B.K.). Winter record from the coast 
of one, feeding with party of Black-headed Gulls, Clevedon, 
Dec: 45, (E.G): 


GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL Larus marinus 

G. Bird found dead, New Passage, July 1, had been ringed 
as a juvenile, Steep Holm, June 23, 1951 (R.H.P.). Max. winter 
count, New Grounds—54, mostly ads., Dec. 12 (B.K.). 

S. Reservoir records of three, Blagdon, Jan. 24 (P.J.C.) ; up 
to five, Cheddar, various dates, Jan.-Apr. (P.J.C., B.K.) ; and 
up to five, Chew Valley, several dates, Feb.-Mar. (B.K.). Breeding 
reported from the Denny (2 miles off Portishead but in county of 
Monmouthshire), where a pair seen and nest with three eggs 
photographed, June 4; first record for the island (J.H.S.). 


L&EssER BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus fuscus graellsi 

G. Winter count of 32 ads. and one third-year bird on Avon, 
Cumberland Basin-Sea Mills, Dec. 26 (R.H.P.). 

S. One recovered, Ogmore-by-Sea, Glam., Mar. 13, ringed as 
ad., Steep Holm, Mar. 14, 1953 (R.H.P.). Numbers varying from 
20 or 30 to 150 or more, frequently noted, Chew Valley res., 
Mar.-—July (B.K.) ; observations at dusk, same reservoir, from 


ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 39 


early Aug. showed that very large numbers were remaining to 
roost, the following counts being returned : 500, Aug. 3 ; 600 on 
moth, and at least 700 on 24th; 525, Sept. 19; 400 or more, 
Nov. 21, Dec. 17; and the quite exceptional winter totals of 630 
Or more, Dec. 26, and 720 on 28th (P.J.C. and B.K., who record 
that the birds were almost all adults). Other winter counts of 50 
in grassfield, Hinton Blewett, Nov. 28, and 40, Barrow Gurney 
merc, Wec. 24 (P.J.C.). 
SCANDINAVIAN LEssER BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus fuscus fuscus 
G.and §S. Twice reported—one, having deep grey-black mantle, 
with other gulls, including three typical ads. of L. f. graellsii, in 
car park, Eastville, Bristol, Jan. 31 (R.H.P.) and another with 
uniformly dark upper-parts, Chew Valley res., May 14 (B.K.) ; 
both identified as belonging to form L. f. fuscus, but these, and 
other examples recorded in recent years, may perhaps have been 
birds in intermediate plumage. 


HERRING GuLu Larus argentatus 

S. Up to 300, occasionally many more, Chew Valley res., 
various dates, Mar.—July or later; birds, mostly immatures, usually 
at max. strength in late afternoons or evenings (D.C., B.K.). 
Highest totals—c. 600, May 14, and at least 750 at 10.10 p.m. on 
20th, when they were evidently remaining to roost; c. 600 at 
9.15 p.m., July 13, also appeared to be roosting (B.K.). Recoveries 
of birds ringed on Steep Holm by R.H.P. include: two, ringed 
as juvs., 24/6/51 and 10/7/52, recovered Merthyr Tydvil, Glam., 
and Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, c. 24/6/54 and early Oct. /54 
respectively ; one ringed as ad., 6/10/53, recovered in “‘crow’s 
nest’ of the “‘ Ivor Isobelle’’, Barry Docks, 5/3/54; and two, 
ringed as ads., 17/3/53 and 17/3/54, recovered near Taunton, 
23/10/54, and Aberthaw, Glam., 1/8/54 respectively. 


Giaucous GuLL Larus hyperboreus 
G. Two, third year birds or older, New Grounds, Dec. 17 (H.J.B.). 


IcELAND GuLL Larus glaucoides 

G. and §. One, identified as a fourth year bird, with Herring 
Gulls, on Avon, nr. Bedminster Bridge, Bristol, several occasions, 
Mar. 1-4, and a first year bird, with Herring and Black-headed 
Gulls, Barrow Gurney resrs., Dec. 26 ; reported by P. J. C., who, 
in both cases, has supplied conclusive details. 


BLACK-HEADED GuLL Larus ridibundus 

S. Large numbers, Chew Valley res., frequent intervals, Feb. 
to end of year ; peak totals of up to 900 or more, Mar.-Apr., and 
of c. 1,000, mid-Dec.; observations at dusk on various dates 
showed that many were staying to roost (P.J.C., H.H.D., B.K. 
et al.). Inconclusive evidence of successful breeding, same place, 
June 2, when two pairs under close observation, and empty nest 


40 H. H. DAVIS AND P. J. CHADWICK 


found (P.J.C.). A count, on Dec. 12, of birds flying in to roost 
on mud-banks at mouth of Avon yielded a total (c. 15,500) almost 
identical with that obtained in Jan., 1953 (cf. Proc. B.N.S., 1953, 
p: 398) (P2-C:). 
SABINE’S GuLL Xema sabini 

S. Adult in breeding plumage seen, and photographed, at 
close range off Old Pier, Weston-super-Mare, Aug. 12 (H.R.H.L., 
J.M.L.) (cf. Brit. Birds, XLVIII, p. 83). 


KiTTIWAKE Rissa tridactyla 

G. Second-year bird, evidently storm driven and ailing, on 
mudbanks, Sea Mills, Nov. 26 (R.H.P.). 

S. Ad. found dead, mouth of Avon, Mar: 14 (R]E-P.): 
Immature bird, in poor condition, flying off Tower Rock, Steep 
Holm, and later seen on cliff ledge, Apr. 5 (D.M.C., P.J.C., R.S.C. 
etal.). ‘Three ads. and an immature flying over sprat nets, Weston- 
super-Mare, Nov. 28 (R.H.P.). Other coastal records: seven 
ads and a second-year bird in flight, Clevedon—Portishead, Dec. 5 
(P.J.C.) 5 single ads. dead, Weston-super-Mare, Dec. 15, 16 
(H.R.H.L., J.M.L.) ; and four dead, Sand Bay, Dec. 25 (T.B.S.). 
Six ads., Cheddar res., Dec. 5 (B.K., N.W.) and up to six ads. 
and immatures (some dead) reported from same place, frequent 
intervals, Dec. 8-31 .(K.M.C., H.ED:, Weleda 
Single birds, Chew Valley res., Dec. 12, 18 (B.K.B.). 


Biack TERN Chlidonias niger 

G. Exceptional numbers in Severn Estuary on spring passage— 
292 being counted over period of three hours flying up-river off 
Sheperdine, May 9 (R.H.P.); ¢. 50 over mud-banks, New 
Grounds, same date (H.H.D., G. Waterston) and half a doz., 
June 8 (H.J.B.). Autumn records of up to seven, New Grounds, 
various dates, Aug.—Oct. (H.J.B.). 

S. Unusually high numbers also occurred at the reservoirs in 
spring, and again on autumn passage. ‘Two reported from 
Cheddar, Apr. 25 (B.K.) and six, May 8 (WLR ])3 Wen ‘seenk 
Blagdon, May 9 (W.T.P., C.A.L.W.) and 91 counted during the 
morning at Cheddar, while at Chew Valley 90 were seen (perhaps 
some from Cheddar) on evening of same day (G. Boyle, B.K.). 
Noted, generally in small or moderate numbers, Blagdon, Cheddar 
and Chew Valley, frequent intervals, early Aug. to mid-Oct. or 
later (various observers) ; exceptional count of 170, Chew Valley, 
on evening of Aug. 5 (P.J.C., B.K.), and other noteworthy totals 
from same place of 40, Aug. 27 (B.K.B.) and 34, Sept. 6 (D.C.). 
Two records only for Barrow Gurney—five, Aug. 26 and four on 
28th (G.E.C., A. G. Dixon). 


Common TERN Sterna hirundo Arctic TERN Sterna macrura 
G. Common (or Arctic) Terns reported from the Estuary, 


ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 4] 


May g, when 61 counted flying up-stream off Sheperdine (R.H.P.) ; 
one or two off New Grounds, same date (H.H.D.). 

§. Frequently noted, Commons or Arctics, at the reservoirs on 
both passages. Max. totals—22, Cheddar, May 9g (B.K.); 27 
or more, Blagdon, Sept. 26, 27 (B.K.B., G.C.B.) ; and 55 high 
overhead, Chew Valley, Oct. 3 (B.K.). Most birds probably 
Commons, but up to three Arctic Terns definitely identified, 
Cheddar, various dates, Aug.—Sept. (G.G.C., P.J.C., B.K., E. G. 
Richards et al.). 


RosEATE TERN Sterna dougalli 

S. One, Cheddar res., May 5-7, was compared with nearby 
Common (or Arctic) ‘Terns and clearly identified ; bird—seen in 
flight and at rest, sometimes at extremely close range—attracted 
attention by the characteristic “‘ aak aak”’ call ; white appearance 
of upper parts ; unusually long tail streamers ; and the noticeably 
pink flush on breast (G. Boyle, B.K., E.M.P. et al.). First record 
for the District for nearly sixty years (cf. Proc. B.N.S., 1899, p. 96 ; 
1947, p. 261). See also Rep. Som. Birds, 1954. 


LitTLeE TERN Sterna albifrons 
G. One on Estuary, Sheperdine, May 9 (R.H.P.) and party 
of 15 flying downstream, Purton, Sept. 27 (Rev. G. W. H. Moule). 
S. Single birds, Cheddar res., Apr. 25, and Chew Valley res., 
May 2 (B.K.). 
Stock Dove Columba oenas 
S. Nest with four eggs (normal clutch two), Chewton Keynsham, 
Apr. 25 (G. Bright). 
Cuckoo Cuculus canorus 
G. Calling, Mangotsfield, as late as July 2 (D.M.C., R.S.C.) 


and Little Stoke on 4th (H.H.D.). 


S. Still calling, Long Ashton, July 1 (G.E.C.) and Hutton 
on 2nd (W.L.R.). 


BARN Ow. Tyto alba 

S. Noted more frequently than in recent years. One, some- 
times two, Blagdon, various occasions, Jan._Mar. and Nov. 
(P.J.C., T.B.S.). Single bird, Burrington, Oct. 30 (P.J.M.N.) and 
one or two, Chew Valley, late Dec. (P.J.C.). Reported from 
Brean Down—single bird, Feb. 20, Dec. 27 (T.B.S.) and perhaps 
three, Mar. 18 (W.L.R.). 


SHORT-EARED Ow. Asio_flammeus 
S. One quartering ground near Priddy Pool, Mendip, Sept. 18 
wx. G. Dixon). 


NIGHTJAR Caprimulgus europaeus 
G. Heard, Bournstream, North Nibley, July 23 (H.F.W.). 
S. One on arm of garden chair, Saltford, May 15 (B.K.). 


42 H. H. DAVIS AND P. J. CHADWICK 


Swirt Apus apus 

G. Late dates—three, Wotton-under-Edge, Sept. 7 (H.F.W.) 
and one, Mangotsfield on 9th (D.M.C., R.S.C.). 

S. Enormous number over the water, Chew Valley res., 
several dates, second half of June, with estimated total of c. 2,000 
on 27th; at least 1,000, same place, Aug. 2, but less than 100 on 
ard, (3.1%, ). 

KINGFISHER Alcedo atthis 

G. Pair, Iron Acton, Apr. 14 (R.S.C.). Single birds, Bitton, 
June 7 (R.S.C.) ; Littleton-on-Severn, June 26 (A.C.L.) ; and 
over the Estuary, New Grounds, Sept. 19 (P.J.C., H.H.D.). 

S. Frequently seen, Blagdon, Cheddar, Chew Valley and Litton 
resrs. (various observers). Single birds, Banwell, Jan. 5 (W.L.R.) ; 
Wick St. Lawrence, Aug. 14 (T.B.S.) ; and mouth of Avon, 
Septs 123 P]sCne 
Hooport Ubpupa epops 

S. One feeding on a lawn, Ubley, May 2 (G. Lowther) (cf. 
Evening Post, May 7). 


LEssER SPOTTED WooppPECKER Dryobates minor 

G. Single birds, Wotton-under-Edge, Apr. 23, 29, and two, 
May 24 (H.F.W.). One frequently seen drumming on metal top 
of electricity pole, Iron Acton, in May (Dr. J. H. Naish). 

S. One, Saltford, June 20 (B.K.) and Blagdon, July 11 (P.J.C.). 
Pair feeding young, Stanton Drew, June 9g, 1953 (G. Bright). 


WRYNECK Jynx torquilla 

S. Female found dead, Wrington, Aug. 23, and sent to City 
Museum (per P.F.B.). One, evidently a bird of the year, trapped 
and ringed, Long Ashton, Aug. 31 (G.E.C., R.H.P.). 


Woop.tarK  Lullula arborea 

G. Fewer than usual in Dursley area ; only record—two, Mar. 
27 (D.R.H.). Pair, Nibley Hill, throughout breeding season ; © 
four, same place, Sept. 5 (H.F.W.). 

S. Breeding season records from Cheddar, Compton Bishop, 
Crook Peak, Failand, Shipham and Sidcot (G.E.C., GC. H. Fry, 
P.J.M.N. e al.). One, Brean Down, Jan. 28 (W.L.R.). Twelve, 
Worlebury Hill, Nov. 28 (H.R.H.L., J.M.L.). 


SanD Martin Riparia riparia 

S. Colony of c. 20 pairs, several holes still containing young and 
some juveniles seen in flight, in sand cutting, Chew Valley res., 
Sept. 19; cutting subsequently filled in (R.H.P.). 


GOLDEN ORIOLE Oriolus oriolus 

G. Two first summer males visited Littleton-on-Severn brick- 
works in second week of June and remained at least three weeks, 
being seen or heard, usually in withey trees, by various observers. 


ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 43 


c 


Brief views obtained and characteristic ‘‘ weela-weeo ”’ call heard, 
probably from both birds, on 26th (H.D., H.H.D., T. Jones et al.), 
while on 27th A.E.B. and H.H.D. saw them extremely well in 
adjoining hedgerow trees. Conclusive evidence on goth that 
both were, in fact, giving the whistling call (J. B. Boutflower 
per R.V.C.). Birds first noticed by brickwork’s employees, June 
11, and last seen July 2 (T. Hucker). 

S. Ad. male seen and heard in oak trees near Ranger’s cottages, 
Leigh Woods, on morning of May 22 (C. Baker) and in the evening 
(same observer and B.K.), when clear views obtained and both 
screeching note and characteristic whistling call heard ; still present 
on following morning (R. Cavill) but not reported subsequently. 


RAVEN Corous corax 

S. Five young reared, Brean Down (W.L.R.). Bred, Sand 
Point, but eyrie, at unusually low level, destroyed by high spring 
tide, May 4; two partly fledged young rescued and hand reared 
by local boys (W.L.R.). Pair, Steep Holm, Apr. 3-6 and Sept. 4, 
but no young seen (P.J.C.). 


Buve ‘Tir Parus caeruleus 

S. Exceptional movement reported from Long Ashton, last 
week of Feb., when 30 caught and ringed in a garden trap on 25th 
and a further 40 taken in same trap, 27th /28th, but rapid decrease 
thereafter (M.A.W.). One, Steep Holm, Apr. 3, but none seen 
on three following days or on Sept. 4 (P.J.C., R.H.P.). Seven 
arrived at point of Brean Down on morning of Oct. 10, coming 
in from direction of Steep Holm (B.K.B., H.D. et al.). 


Wittow Tir Parus atricapillus 

G. One in hedgerow, Little Stoke, Dec. 24, and again near 
same spot on 27th ; plumage details and characteristic nasal call 
clearly noted (D.M.C., R.S.C., H.H.D.). 


DiprPER Cinclus cinclus 

G. Pair present on R. Boyd, Wick, throughout year (D.R.H.). 

S. Pair bred, but nest finally deserted, Monkton Combe 
(A. G. Dixon). Nest with eggs, Stanton Drew, Apr. 18, 1953 
(G. Bright). 

Rinc Ouzet Turdus torquatus 

G. Two, Stinchcombe Hill, Apr. 24, aad one, probably first 
winter bird, Sept. 25 (D.R.H.). 

S. One near Cadbury Camp, Apr. 24 (R.G.H.) and one, 
female, Compton Bishop on 25th (P.J.M.N.). Male, Brean Down, 
Apr. 18, 1953 (G. Bright). 

WHEATEAR Oe0enanthe oenanthe 

S. Noted in various Mendip localities but nesting again 
reported only from Wavering Down, Compton Bishop, where 
two pairs bred successfully (P.J.M.N.). 


44 H. H. DAVIS AND P. J. CHADWICK 


STONECHAT Saxicola torquata 

S. Breeding reported only from Brean Down (W.L.R. ¢é¢ al.) 
but pairs frequently noted in autumn and winter—chiefly in 
coastal areas and at Chew Valley res. (various observers). 


BLAck ReEDsTART Phoenicurus ochrurus 
S. Two, females or immatures, Brean Down, Jan. 31 ; ad. 
male and a female or immature, same place, mid-Nov. (E. G. 


Holt). 


GRASSHOPPER WARBLER Locustella naevia 

G. Heard in breeding season nr. Wotton-under-Edge, and at 
Inglestone Common, nr. Wickwar; Mangotsfield ; and Wick 
(RS:C2 DURCH, THEW steals: 

S. Breeding season records from Kenn Moor (R.A.) ; Leigh 
Woods and Rowberrow Plantation, nr. Churchill (P.J.C.). 


WHITETHROAT Sylvia communis 
G. Date of bird trapped Mangotsfield in previous year (cf. 
Proc. B.N.S., 1053, p- 401) should read’ Oct-ais 


LrEssER WHITETHROAT Sylvia curruca 
S. More plentiful than for several years in Long Ashton, 
Combe Down and Saltford areas (G.E.C., B.K.). 


Woop WarBLER- Pahylloscopus sibilatrix 

G. Six pairs probably breeding in suitably wooded area of 
9g?sq. kms. nr. Dursley (D.R.H.) but only six singing males recorded 
—3 each, Berwick and Blaise Woods—in 143 sq. kms. (c. 5 sq. 
kms. woodland) of south-west Glos. (survey by 17 observers). 

S. ‘Ten singing males, Leigh Woods (in area of c. 1 sq. km.), 
May 20 (P.J.C.). At least four, Gombe Down, May g (A. G. 
Dixon). 

Prep FLycaTcHER Muscicapa hypoleuca 
G. Single male, Elberton, Apr. 25 (A.E.B.). 


Rock Prpir Anthus spinoletta petrosus 

G. and §. Well distributed in autumn and winter (presumably 
this race) on Estuary and along Avon as far as Hotwells. On 
Glos. side sixteen counted along Severn bank, Littleton to Oldbury, 
INO 7) (Okla lea le 


Grey WactaiL Motacilla cinerea 
S. One in flight over Steep Holm, Sept. 4; first record for the 
island-(G ECGs Pe: Rak.) 


YELLOW WactaiL Motacilla flava flavissima 

G. Breeding or breeding season records from Mangotsfield 
(R.S.C.) and Berkeley Pill, Chipping Sodbury, Elberton, Hambrook, 
Rangeworthy and Westerleigh (R.H.P.). 

S. Single bird, Barrow Gurney resrs., on late date of Oct. 23 
(M.A.W.) (cf. also Proc. B.N.S., 1951, p. 252). 


ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 45 


[BLUE-HEADED WactaiL Motacilla flava flava 

G. Four birds with c. 35 M. f. flavissima on foreshore, Severn 
Beach, Apr. 23, probably of this form ; reported by W.A.H. and 
J. A. F. Wilkins who record that “‘ blue-grey heads with white 
eyestripes and chins made them easily distinguishable from Yellow 
Wagtails.”’ 

S. Probable record of one, a male, Saltford sewage farm, 
May 15, 18 (P.J.C., B.K.) (see Rep. Som. Birds, 1954).] 


RED-BACKED SHRIKE Lanius collurio 

S. Breeding reported from Cheddar (N.W.) and Monkton 
Combe (A. G. Dixon). Pair, Combe Down, Bath, May 15, 19 
(J. R. Fairbank per B.K.). 


STARLING Sturnus vulgaris 
G. Large numbers, perhaps 15,000 or more, roosting in dense 
thorn scrub, nr. Frenchay, Sept. to early Nov. (R.H.P.). 


HAwFincH Coccothraustes coccothraustes 
G. Two, Westridge Wood, N. Nibley, Jan. 31 (H.F.W.) and 
two, Tortworth, Nov. 28 (M. A. Tullock per H.F.W.). 


SISKIN Carduelis spinus 

G. Party ofc. 15 in alders, Wotton-under-Edge, Jan. 5 (H.F.W.). 
Three, Tortworth, Dec. 7 (M. A. Tullock per H.F.W.). 

S. About 20, Hutton, Mar. 20 (W.L.R.). 


LrEssER ReEDPOLL Carduelis flammea cabaret 
G. Party of eight, Wotton-under-Edge, Mar. 8 (H.F.W.). 


BuiirincH §$Pyrrhula pyrrhula 
S. Reported from various widely separated localities as being 
noticeably more plentiful than usual (G.E.C., P.J.C. e¢ al.). 


CrossBiLL Loxta curvirostra 
S. Small party of six, nr. Wrington, Jan. 11 (E. G. Holt). 


Corn Buntinc Emberiza calandra 

G. Reported in breeding season from Kingscote (M.A.B., 
D.R.H.) ; Downend (R.H.P.) ; Iron Acton (R.S.C.) ; main road, 
Little Sodbury—Hawkesbury Upton (R.H.P.); Mangotsfield 
(D.M.C. et al.) ; and at Marshfield, where substantial increase 
noted—18 singing males being located in limited area, July 18 
pe .C.). 

S. Has increased, Saltford (Golf Course area), where three 
males in song, May 13 (B.K. e al.). Up to four, Yoxter, Mendip, 
various dates, July-Aug. (P.J.C., C. H. Fry). 


Cirt Buntinc LEmberiza cirlus 


G. Singing bird, Penpole Point, Shirehampton, July 22 
gr. J.M.N.). 


46 H. H. DAVIS AND P. J. CHADWICK 


S. Bred, Bleadon (R.A.) and Sidcot (C. H. Fry); breeding — 
season records from Cheddar (B.K.), Failand (P.J.C.) and Loxton 
(G.E.C.). 


House SPARROW Passer domesticus 
S. One, female or immature, seen to alight at point of Brean 


Down, Oct. 10, flew in from the Channel, apparently from direction 
of Steep Holm (G.E.C., P.J.C., H.D.). 


TREE SPARROW Passer montanus 

G. Breeding season records from Little Sodbury—four ads, 
Apr. 25 (D.M.C., R.S.C.) and Mangotsfield—five ads., May 13 
(R.S.C.). Nest with six young in apple tree, Tockington, June 
7a Oey Ome oO 

S. Winter records include that of a party of seven found roosting 
on rafter supporting overhang of outbuilding roof, Saltford Sewage 
Farm, on two occasions in Dec. (B.K.). 


47 


Per rpOPrreRA NOTES 
mes TOL DISTRICT. 1954 
Byn©. os. El-BLaTHwaytT, M.A., F.R.E.S. 

(Read in title to council, May 5, 1955. Received Feb. 2, 1955) 


FTER an exceptionally cold spell at the end of January and 

the beginning of February the weather improved to a certain 

extent and the latter part of March and April were comparatively 

fine. May was a moderate month only so far as weather was 

concerned and was followed by the wettest summer and autumn 
for many years. 

On the whole the year was a bad one so far as the Lepidoptera 
were concerned and particularly for migrating species. 

I am most grateful to Messrs. C. L. Bell (C.L.B.), Dr. A. M. 
Campbell (A.M.C.), G. H. W. Cruttwell (G.H.W.C.), H. S. 
Damsell (H.S.D.), Dr. G. Hartill (G.H.) and R. Henderson (R.H.) 
for sending me their records, some of which are included below 
with a selection from my own records (C.S.H.B.). 


Euphydryas aurinia Rott. (Marsh Fritillary). Larvae at Wickwar, Feb. 28, 
(C.L.B.). 


Limenitis camilla Linn. (sibylla Linn.) (White Admiral). Larvae at Wickwar, 
May 13, (R.H.). 


Callophrys rubi Linn. (Green Hairstreak). Var. with ochreous hindwings. Frome, 


May 8, (G.H.W.C.). 


Mimas tiliae Linn. (Lime Hawk). First seen May 8, (C.L.B.).. One brick red 
var. at light, Bristol, (H.S.D.). 


Acherontia atropos Linn. (Death’s-head Hawk). One larva taken at Hambrook 
(Glos.), Aug. 15, (per G.H.). 


Cerura hermelina Goeze (bifida Hubn.) (Poplar Kitten). Two males at light early 
June, Bristol, (H.S.D.) : another at Weston, June 28, (C.S.H.B.). 


Stauropus fagi Linn. (Lobster Prominent). One at light, June, Bristol, (H.S.D.) : 
also at Weston, (C.S.H.B.). 


Clostera curtula Linn. (Large Chocolate-tip). May, June and August at light, 
Bristol, (H.S.D.) ; Cleeve, (A.M.C.) ; Weston, (C.S.H.B.). 


Tethea ocularis Linn. (octogesima Hubn.) (Figure of Eighty). Fairly common 
in June at light, Bristol, (H.S.D.). 


Lymantria monacha Linn. (Black-arched Tussock). August, at light, Weston, 
(CiS-H.B.). 


Pseudoips bicolorana Fuessl. (quercana Schiff.) (Scarce Silver-lines). At light, 
Weston, July-August, (C.S.H.B.). 


Eilema complana Linn. (Scarce Footman). Fairly common at light, Weston, 
July-August, (C.S.H.B.). 


Apatele leporina Linn. (Miller). One at light, Bristol, July, (H.S.D.). One at 
rest, Shapwick, Aug. 2, (C.S.H.B.). 


Agrotis trux Hubn. (lunigera Steph.) (Crescent Dart). Several at light, Weston, 
July, early Aug., (C.S.H.B.). 


Amathes glareosa Esp. (Autumnal Rustic). At light Weston, Sept. 4, (C.S.H.B.). 


Eurois occulta Linn. (Great Brocaded Rustic). At light, Frome, Aug. 24, 
(G.H.W.C.). 


Polia nitens Haw. (advena auctt.) (Pale-shining Arches), At sugar, Shapwick, 
June 19, (C.S.H.B.). 


48 c. Ss. H. BLATHWAYT 


Hadena suasa Schiff. (dissimilis Knoch) (Dog’s-tooth). At sugar, Shapwick, — 
June 19, (C.S.H.B.). 

Hadena bombycina Hufn. (glauca Hubn.) (Glaucous Shears). At light, Weston, May 
13, (G25 sH1.B.). 

Eumichtis adusta Esp. (Dark Brocade). At light, June, Bristol, (H.S.D.). 

Eumichtis lichenea Hubn. (Feathered Ranuncule). Common at light, September, 
Weston, (C.S.H.B.). 

Bombycia viminalis Fabr. (Minor Shoulder-knot). At light, Shapwick, July, 
(C.S.H.B.). 

Procus literosa Haw. (Rosy Minor). North Somerset Coast on Ragwort, Aug. 2. 
(C.S.H.B.). 

Brachionycha sphinx Hufn. (Common Sprawler). Several at light, Weston, 
November, (C.S.H.B.). 

Leucania pudorina Schiff. (impudens Hubn.) (Striped Wainscot). Fairly common 
Shapwick and Clevedon, June, (C.S.H.B.). 

Kenobia retusa Linn. (Double Kidney). At light, Shapwick, July 31; Weston, 
Aug. 23, (C.S.H.B.). 

Orthosia populeti Treits. (Lead-coloured Drab). Fairly common at sallow, 
Clevedon in late March and early April, (C.S.H.B.). 

Dasycampa rubiginea Fabr. (Dotted Chestnut). At Ivy. near Glastonbury, Oct. 23> 
(C.S.H.B.). 

Lithophane socia Rott. (Pale Pinion). At Ivy, Weston, and near Glastonbury, 
Oct., (C.S.H.B.). 

Cucullia chamomillae Schiff. (Chamomile Shark). At light, Frome, May 13, 
(G.H.W.C.). 

Brephos parthenias Linn. (Common Orange-underwing). Several at Clevedon 
in late March, (C.S.H.B.). 

Brephos notha Hubn. (Light Orange-underwing). Common around Aspen at 
Clevedon, late March and April, (C.S.H.B.). 

Sterrha dilutaria Hubn. (holosericata Dup.) (Silky Wave). A few on Durdham 
Down, Bristol, July 10, (H.S.D.). 

Lobophora halterata Hufn. (Large Seraphim). At light, Frome, May 29, 
(G.H.W.C.). At rest Clevedon, June 7, (C.S.H.B.). 

Thera variata Schiff. (Grey Spruce Carpet). At Ivy, near Glastonbury, Oct., 
(C.S.H.B.). 

Lampropteryx otregiata Metc. (Metcalfe’s Carpet). At light, near Glastonbury, 
july 31, (C. S20 B:): , 

Discoloxia blomeri Curt. (Blomer’s Rivulet). Fairly common at light, June and 
early July, Weston, (C.S.H.B.). 

Perizoma bifaciata Haw. (unifasciata Haw.) (Barred Rivulet). At light, Weston, 
AUS. 3,0 (Costas). 

Hydriomena ruberata Frey. (Ruddy Highflyer). At light, Weston, early June, 
(C.S.H.B.). 

Nyctosia obstipata Fabr. (fluwwiata Hubn.) (Narrow-barred Carpet). At light, 
Weston, May 29, (C.S.H.B.). 

Eupithecia fraxinata Crewe (Ash Pug). Several at flowers, North Somerset Coast, 
June and September, (C.S.H.B.). 

Angerona prunaria Linn. (Orange Thorn). At Wickwar, July 10, (R.H.). 

Apocheima hispidaria Fabr. (Small Brindled-beauty). A male at rest, Feb. 20. 
Several at light, March 6, near Glastonbury, (C.S.H.B.). 

Margaronia unionalis Hubn. (Scarce Olive-tree Pearl). One at light, Weston, 
Oct. 18, (C.S.H:B3). 

Hepialus hecta Linn. (Golden Swift). Common at Clevedon, June 26, (C.S.H.B.). 

Hepialus sylvina Linn. (Wood Swift). At light, Weston, August, (C.S.H.B.). 


49 


SOME RESULTS OF MARKING GULLS ON 
STEEP HOLM 


By R. H. PouLpING 


(Read in title to Council, May 5, 1955. Received February 28, 1955) 


INTRODUCTION 


INCE 1946 a number of visits have been made to Steep Holm 
for the purpose of marking gulls, resulting in the ringing of 
1,714 individuals of the three breeding species, Great Black-backed 
Gull (Larus marinus), Lesser Black-backed Gull (L. fuscus) and 
Herring Gull (LZ. argentatus). ‘This paper summarises the 119g 
recoveries reported to the British Trust for Ornithology during 
the eight year experimental period to the end of 1954, and the 
104 sight records obtained of plastic-marked birds. Owing to the 
wide variation in the numbers ringed from year to year, to the 
diversity of ring patterns used, and to a previously unsuspected 
high ring loss, giving an undue bias in the recovery percentage 
for first year birds, detailed statistical treatment of these returns 
is avoided. For convenience, the term ‘ nestling ’ is used to include 

the pre-flight stages of downy-young and fledgling-juvenile. 
Landsborough Thomson (1924) in his summary of the recoveries 
of Herring and Lesser Black-backed Gulls ringed as nestlings in 
the north of Scotland and in the north of England, concludes 
that the former species tends to wander southwards in autumn 
within the limits of the British Isles but the latter migrate south- 
wards along the coasts of France, Spain and Portugal to reach 
the Mediterranean and North Africa. From more complete 
information based on the recoveries of British ringed birds, Witherby 
et al. in The Handbook (1938-41) state that the Herring Gull is more 
or less sedentary but there is a tendency to disperse in any direction. 
The majority do not move further than 200-300 miles although 
a few have reached northern France from colonies in the north 
of England. The 19 recoveries of Herring Gulls ringed as nestlings 
on Lundy (N. Devon), published by the Lundy Field Society 
(1946-53), include one from N. France (Finistére). The Handbook 
suggests that the Great Black-backed Gull is probably largely 
sedentary but some show dispersal movements and some migrate. 

D 


50 R. H. POULDING 


Recoveries from Pembrokeshire show that a few reach Cornwall, 
N.W. and W. France and N. Spain in their first winter. 

Lying in the Bristol Channel, five miles from Lavernock Point 
(Glam.) and three miles from the tip of Brean Down (Som.), 
Steep Holm serves both as a breeding site and as a roost outside 
the breeding season. No recent estimates have been made of the 
breeding population but counts in 1949 suggested that there were 
1,250 pairs of Herring Gulls, 750 pairs of Lesser Black-backs and 
33 pairs of Great Black-backs. Since then the former species has 
continued to displace the Lesser Black-backs from the once flourish- 
ing colonies on the plateau and the Great Black-backs have in- 
creased to 40 pairs or more. Maximum numbers at roost appear 
to be reached from January to March after which the island is 
abandoned by non-breeders until the early autumn. ‘There is a 
considerable interchange between populations in feeding areas 
linked with roosts at the Avon estuary (Som.), the estuary of the 
Taff (Glam.) and Steart Island (Som.), and other dispersive 
systems in Somerset and South Wales which use Steep Holm as a 
central roost. These dispersive systems lie in the main within a 
circle of 25 mile radius centred on Steep Holm. Gulls recovered 
outside this area, referred to iater as the local dispersive zone, are 
considered to have shown movement away from Steep Holm and 
related dispersive systems. 


METHODS 


Details of the coloured plastic bands employed on nestlings have 
previously been given (Poulding, 1951). By this method 358 
Herring Gulls and 74 Lesser Black-backs received a colour band 
in addition to the numbered aluminium ring on the opposite leg. 
Serial numbers, 1 cm. in height, were placed on the plastic rings 
used on Herring Gulls in 1952. 

Butt-end type aluminium rings as supplied by the B.T.O. were 
at first used for Herring and Lesser Black-backs but were later 
replaced by clip rings normally placed on Great Black-backs. In 
1954, a stronger butt-end ring, constructed from S.W.G. 16 
aluminium strip, was introduced for the more permanent marking 
of adults. During 1953 and 1954 ten adult Herring Gulls 
were dyed on the upper-parts and tail with rhodamine in 30 per cent. 
alcohol. 

To conserve rings, the more advanced nestlings were usually 
selected for marking, and to minimise errors arising from the 
confusion of the two species, nestling Herring Gulls were largely 
marked on the steeper slopes where this species predominated. 
Most of the adults and immatures were taken at night with the aid 
‘of strong torches and smaller numbers were caught by rocket net 
(14), and by chance captures. 


MARKING GULLS ON STEEP HOLM 51 


RECOVERIES OF GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULLS 


Of the 58 Great Black-backs marked, 48 were nestlings, nine 
adults and one a third year bird. So far, six (10%), all ringed as 
nestlings, have been recovered ; five occurred within the local 
dispersive zone and one in France. One was found dead on Steep 
Holm shortly after ringing ; one reported from Uphill (Som.) 10 
days after ringing ; another caught in fishing nets at Weston-super- 
Mare in the following November and one was shot on the coast at 
Stolford, near Bridgwater in its second summer. Ohne in its third 
summer was found on the bank of the River Severn at New Passage 
(Glos.). The remaining return was reported from Finistére, 
N. France (200 miles S.W.) in November, 16 months after ringing. 


RECOVERIES OF LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULLS 


The marking of 223 nestlings and 26 adults yielded 13 (5.2%) 
recoveries, consisting of 10 from the former and three from the 
latter. Four of the nestlings were found dead on Steep Holm 
shortly after ringing, two were reported from Brean sands (Som.), 
one and two months later, and another was recovered at 
Southampton (Hants.) at the end of August—seven weeks after 
ringing. ‘The three remaining returns of nestlings were reported 
from abroad during their first year. These are listed in Table 1. 


TABLE I 


LEssER BLACK-BACKED GULLS RINGED AS NESTLINGS IN JUNE OR JULY 
AND RECOVERED ABROAD 


Recovery Place Distance from 
Number date recovered Steep Holm 
AD 2335 5.12.46 Portimao, Portugal 1,000 miles 
AD 3434 4.12.48 Oporto, Portugal 800s, 
408912 —. 5.53 Olhao, Portugal 1,000, 75,8 


The three recoveries of adults trapped in March or April occurred 
in the local dispersive zone during subsequent breeding seasons. 
One was found dead near Cardiff (Glam.) two years and three 
months after ringing; one was reported from Ogmore-by-Sea 
(Glam.) and another from Kingston Seymour, near Clevedon 
(Som.), both twelve months later. 

Seventy-four nestlings were marked with red plastic rings in 
1949 and nine visual records were later obtained. ‘The first colour 
marked juvenile was seen along the New Cut, Bristol, in the first 
week of the following September, and two, possibly three, frequented 
this stretch of the Avon and the dock area until the end of October, 
the last being recorded on the 27th. One was reported from 
Barrow Gurney Reservoirs in September. 


52 R. H. POULDING 


RECOVERIES OF HERRING GULLS 


The 100 recoveries (7°) obtained from the ringing of 1,401 
Herring Gulls give a more detailed picture of the distribution of 
this species, particularly of the initial juvenile dispersal, than the 
few returns permitted for the preceding species. Of the total 
marked, 973 were nestlings with a return of 8.2% (80), 67 were 
in the age groups 1-4 years when caught, no recoveries of which 
have so far been reported and 361 were adults yielding a return of 
5-5% (20). Ninety-two visual records have been received of 
plastic-marked gulls, many of which refer to the same individuals 
reappearing in the same localities. 


Herring Gulls marked as nestlings. 


Of the 80 recoveries of Herring Gulls marked as nestlings, 73 
(91%) were returned in the first year of life calculated from July 1 
following hatching. Paynter (1947) in his analysis of 1,252 
recoveries of the American Herring Gull (L. a. smithsonianus) ringed 
on Kent Island (Mass.) gives 51.9% (650) as recovered in the 
first year of life commencing from the time of hatching. Similar 
figures given by Paludan (1951) suggest a first year recovery rate 
of 64.5% based on 966 recoveries from Danish ringed Herring 
Gull chicks, but in order to avoid the high percentage of recoveries 
from chicks found dead in gulleries, he calculated the first year 
from September 1. When corrected in this way, i.e. taking 
September 1 as the commencement of the first year, the recovery 
rate for Steep Holm ringed chicks is reduced to 86%. This 
abnormally high first year recovery percentage may be due to a 
large proportion of the ringed gulls losing the ring by direct removal 
or corrosion (Poulding, 1954) resulting in fewer recoveries in later 
years. 

TABLE II 


DISTRIBUTION OF RECOVERIES OF HERRING GULLS RINGED AS NESTLINGS 


Within the Local Outside the Local 


Dispersive Zone Dispersive Zone 
Interval Steep England 
after ringing | Holm Som. Glos. Glam. Mon.| and Wales France 
o-3 months QI 28 — 7 — I = 
3-6 months _ I 3 I — I - 
6-12 months 2 3 I 2 I - I 
I I I I - 2 I 


I-5 years 


The distribution of recoveries at various time intervals in relation 
to the local dispersive zone is shown in Table II. The majority 
occurred on or near the coast, exceptions being several from the 
Bristol area and one in its third summer found dead near Merthyr 
Tydfil (Glam.), 20 miles inland. Gulls found dead on Steep 


MARKING GULLS ON STEEP HOLM 53 


Holm shortly after ringing, or later found as skeletons, were pre- 
sumed never to have left the island and are included in the 0-3 
months interval after ringing. Two first year birds, partially 
decomposed, were found at a roosting site on the island in the 
March following ringing, and a worn, recently discarded ring 
placed three years previously on a nestling, was found also in March 
in a similar position. It is noteworthy that 28 of the returns in the 
initial three months dispersal period occurred along the Somerset 
coast as compared with seven from Glamorgan. ‘This apparent 
preference for the former may be due to its closer proximity to the 
island and not to tidal movements which, off Steep Holm, are to 
the north-east or south-west. Nineteen of the 28 Somerset re- 
coveries in this period occurred on the Brean and Weston-super- 
Mare coast adjoining Brean Down, the nearest point on the main- 
land to the island. 

Subsequently to the initial dispersal phase, recoveries from the 
Welsh side of the Bristol Channel included single returns from 
Aberthaw, Barry (Glam.), Newport (Mon.) and three from 
Cardiff (Glam.). Returns from the Somerset side included one 
from Bridgwater, one from Lympsham, near Weston-super-Mare, 
two from near Portishead and three from Avonmouth (Glos.). 
Inland records from the Bristol area included returns from the 
Bristol Docks (2), Westbury-on-Trym (1) and a Dundry housing 
estate (1). No recoveries of gulls more than five years after 
ringing have so far been reported. 

Six Herring Gulls, 7.5°, of the recoveries from ringed nestlings, 
show a movement extending beyond the local dispersive zone ; 
four were recovered from the South Coast of England and two from 
France. ‘These are listed in Table III. In addition, a plastic 
marked Herring Gull was seen at Ilfracombe, N. Devon, early 
in the November following ringing. 


TABLE III 


HERRING GULLS RINGED AS NESTLINGS AND RECOVERED OUTSIDE THE 
Loca. DIsPERSIVE ZONE 


Date Date 
Number ringed recovered Place of recovery 
AN 9087 28.6.49 22.9.49 Berry Head, 8S. Devon 
408956 8.7.52 4.12.52 Devonport 
AD 2333 30.6.46 1.8.49 Weymouth, Dorset 
407703 18.6.50 21.11.53 Brighton, Sussex 
406829 26.6.49 —.11.50 St. Vaast-la~-Hougue, Marche, N. France 
408879 10.7.52 8.1.53 Roz-sur-Couesnon, nr. Dol, N. France 


These records indicate a small southward movement away from 
the local dispersive zone, probably confined to a coastal movement 


54 R. H. POULDING 


around the south-western peninsula to the South Coast, and thence 
to N. France. The recoveries from Weymouth (Dorset) and 
Brighton (Sussex) of birds in their fourth year, suggest that Herring 
Gulls, showing this tendency to move away, may not return to 
breed, but remain attached to more distant groups. It is interesting 
to note that these distant recoveries have all occurred south of the 
local dispersive zone. ‘The two recoveries from France have been 
accepted by the Bird Ringing Committee but a third, near the 
Gironde estuary in its second winter, has been rejected on the 
grounds that it is outside the known southern limit of movements 
of British ringed Herring Gulls, and was, in all probability, a 
Lesser Black-back. 

Of the 92 visual records obtained from plastic-marked nestlings 
all, except the one reported from Ilfracombe, occurred within the 
local dispersive zone. Most of these records came from the docks 
and adjoining river in the centre of Bristol where a number of 
observers made regular searches for these birds. The highest 
concentration reported was of three among 60 first winter Herring 
Gulls feeding along the New Cut in the November following 
marking. Plastic marked gulls in all stages of immaturity, from 
juvenile to adult, have frequently been observed in this stretch of 
the River Avon. Since it was first noticed in the November 
following ringing, a gull marked with green plastic has been seen 
regularly in the same river stretch for three years. Colour marked 
gulls have also been reported from Cardiff and Barry (Glam.), 
Chepstow (Mon.), Weston-super-Mare, Barrow Gurney and 
Cheddar reservoirs (Som.), Avonmouth and Steep Holm. An 
immature was seen with roosting gulls on Steep Holm in the April 
following marking and another in adult plumage was seen at the 
same place in March, nearly four years after marking. 


Herring Gulls ringed as adults. 


Twenty (5.5%) of the 361 adults marked have so far been 
recovered; ten were retrapped on Steep Holm at the commence- 
ment of the breeding season a year later ; nine occurred within the 
local dispersive zone and one beyond. The latter return was 
reported from Pendine Sands (Carm.), 50 miles to the north-west, 
nearly three years after marking. ‘This is the only recovery from 
aay of the three species which indicates any tendency to move in a 
northerly direction outside the local dispersive zone. 

Of those occurring within the local dispersive zone, two were 
reported from Glamorgan (Barry and Aberthaw), one from 
Monmouth, five from Somerset, and one from the Bristol Docks. 
Four of the Somerset returns were reported from the Weston area 
and one was reported from Luxhay Reservoir, near Taunton, 15 
miles inland. 


MARKING GULLS ON STEEP HOLM 5 


Sight records of dyed adults were reported from the Brean Down 
area in April, from Edington Burtle and Westhay (mid-Somerset) 
and Queens Sedgemoor between Glastonbury and Wells, 14 miles 
from the coast, in April and May. 


CONCLUSIONS 


1. ‘The few recoveries of Great Black-backs, ringed as nestlings, 
suggest that the majority are sedentary within the local dispersive 
zone, but a single recovery from France indicates that some migrate. 
This is in agreement with the movements given for this species in 


The Handbook. 


2. Lesser Black-backs, ringed as nestlings, conform to the known 
pattern of juvenile dispersal, and subsequent migration by way of 
the Atlantic coast of Europe. Marked juveniles remained in the 
Bristol area until the end of October. Trapped adults were 
reported in the local dispersive zone in later breeding seasons. 


3. Herring Gulls, marked as nestlings, disperse to the adjacent 
coasts of the Bristol Channel with a marked preference for Somerset, 
where the greatest concentration occurred in the Brean Down area. 
A small proportion, 7.5°% showed a southward movement beyond 
-the local dispersive zone to the South Coast and N. France. Further 
recoveries and sight records of plastic-marked gulls, up to five 
years after ringing, indicate that the majority are sedentary, 
remaining attached to local dispersive systems. Herring Gulls 
marked as adults show little movement, the furthest reported being 
one from the Carmarthenshire coast, 50 miles to the N.W. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I am indebted to Messrs. A. E. Billett, P. J. Chadwick and 
D. M. and R. 8. Cormack for permitting me to include recoveries 
of gulls ringed by them, and to members of the Ornithological 
Section for many sight records of plastic marked gulls. Mr. 
D. H. Perrett of the Mid-Somerset Naturalist Society kindly 
undertook the collection of records of dyed gulls in that area. 


REFERENCES 


Landsborough Thomson, A. (1924). The migration of the 
Herring Gull and Lesser Black-backed Gull: results of the 
marking method. Brit. Birds 18, 34-44. 

Paludan, K. (1951). Contributions to the breeding biology of 
Larus argentatus and Larus fuscus. Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren. 
Kbh. 114, 1-128. 

Paynter, R. A. (1947). The fate of banded Kent Island Herring 
Gulls. Bird Banding 14, 101-115. 


56 R. H. POULDING 


Poulding, R. H. (1951). ‘The use of extruded plastic for colour 
marking. Brit. Birds 44, 126-127. 

—— (1954). Loss of rings by marked Herring Gulls. Bird 
Study 1, 37-40. 

Witherby, H. F. et al. (1938-41). The Handbook of British Birds. 
London. 


o7 


THE TRIASSIC SANDSTONES OF THE 
BRISTOL REGION 


By C. D. OxrirrR, M.Sc., F.G.S. 


(Read in title to Council, May 5, 1955. Received March 5, 1955) 


INTRODUCTION 


L'TTHOUGH a great deal of work has been carried out on the 

sedimentary petrology of the Triassic of many parts of the 

British Isles, the Triassic deposits of the Bristol region have received 
little attention. 

The main features of the Bristol Trias are well known, but in 
most accounts it is considered mainly in terms of conglomerate or 
breccia on the one hand, and marls on the other, and little reference 
is made to the presence of sandstones and other lithological types. 
Occurrences of calcareous sandstones were recorded, however, 
by Woodward (1887) and Lloyd Morgan and Reynolds (1898), 
and sandstones have been reported in borehole records, as for 
instance by Trueman (1935) and Moore (1939), and in descriptions 
of temporary exposures, as for instance by Kellaway (1934). 

It has been remarked by several authors that the Keuper deposits 
are more arenaceous in the Bristol region than in the surrounding 
area, but few have tried to account for this distribution. Richardson 
(1910), after noting the distribution of sandstones, wrote : ‘‘ This 
change in lithic structure in the Bristol area is one that might 
have been expected, for beds of Millstone Grit and Old Red 
Sandstone must have been exposed when the Triassic rocks were 
being accumulated. ...’’ Thus he implied that the Triassic 
sandstones were derived from the underlying Old Red Sandstone 
and Millstone Grit. Kellaway and Welch (1948), on the other 
hand, wrote: ‘“‘ Where the Dolomitic Conglomerate is absent 
and the Red Marls overlie the Coal Measures, a vivid red sandstone 
commonly forms the base of the New Red Sandstone.’? ‘Thus the 
Triassic sandstones are associated with the underlying Coal 
Measures. 


58 Cc. De OLLIER 


DESCRIPTION OF THE SANDSTONES 
1. GRain S1zE DISTRIBUTION 


Seventeen mechanical analyses were carried out to determine 
the grain size distribution of the sandstones. ‘The analyses were 
performed by sieving, using Endecott’s (Filters) Ltd. 3-in. brass 
standard test sieves based on the A.S.T.M. scale at 4/2 intervals. 
The specimens were disaggregated usually by crushing in an iron 
mortar and sampled by repeated quartering ; where the amount 
of carbonate cement was large, samples were disaggregated by 
boiling in dilute hydrochloric acid. It was found that 50 gm. of 
material was a convenient quantity for the analyses. ‘The results 
were plotted as cumulative frequency curves, using the ¢ notation 
(Krumbein, 1936) in order to use a statistical treatment in describing 
the features of the distribution. 

The median, M ¢, was used to express the average grain size. 
The quartile deviation, QD 4, was used to indicate the degree 
of scatter of the curves. The conventional sorting coefficient, 
So, which is the geometrical quartile deviation, was also calculated. 
The quartile skewness, SkQ ¢, was used to describe the asymmetry 
of the curves. ‘These measures and their significance are described 
in many textbooks of sedimentary petrology, such as Krumbein 
and Pettijohn (1939). Two typical cumulative frequency curves 
are shown in Fig. 1. 

Fic. 1. TyPiIcAL CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVES. 
100 


90 
80 


70 


(8) o 60 
s i= 
o a 
3 2 
5 S 
E € 40 
3 GRAPH | 2 GRAPH 2 
30 
SPECIMEN | SPECIMEN 2 
20 
10 
-l () \ 2 3 4 ® -| 0 \ 2 3 4 ® 


Graph 1, Specimen 1, Red sandstone from Horsefair, Bristol. Sample dis- 
aggregated by crushing in mortar. The kink at about 34 marks the 
discontinuity between the curves of the detrital and the cementing material. 

Graph 2, Specimen 2, Red sandstone from Eastville Park, Bristol. Sample 
disaggregated by boiling in hydrochloric acid. The curve is smooth and 
of simple sygmoidal shape. 


TRIASSIC SANDSTONES 59 


The results of the mechanical analyses are given in Table 1 
and show that all the specimens analysed have very similar grain 
size distributions. The average median, M4, is 2.1, which 
corresponds to an aperture of just under 0.25 mm. The lowest 
M ¢ is 1.8 and the largest is 2.5 (corresponding to 0.3 mm. and 
0.15 mm., respectively) ; the total range of the median is therefore 
less than one Wentworth unit. 


TABLE 1 


REsuLTs OF MECHANICAL ANALYSES 


Specimen M¢ Qi Q3 QD¢ So SkO¢ 
I 2.05 17.0 2.35 0.32 1.25 |—0.02 
2 2.05 1.65 2.35 0.35 1.25 |—0.05 
3 1.85 1.55 2.25 0.35 1.25 0.05 
4 2.05 1.70 2.45 0.37 1.30 |—0.02 
5 1.90 170 2.20 0.25 1.20 0.05 
6 1.80 1.30 2.30 0.45 1.35 |—0.02 
7 1.95 1.55 2.25 0.35 1.25 |—0.05 
8 2.00 1.40 2.35 0.45 1.35 |—0.12 
9 ; 1.25 0.05 


The quartile deviation, QD ¢, is small in all cases, ranging from 
0.25 to 0.8, which indicates good sorting. The So values also 
indicate good sorting, for the highest value of So obtained was 
only 1.75, and a value below 2.5 indicates a well-sorted sediment. 

The skewness is in most cases very small, but it is notable that 
it is largest in samples of finest grain, and where large it is always 
positive, that is skewed towards the smaller material. The explana- 
tion of this positive skewness in the fine grained samples is the 
presence of fine grained cementing material, which is not sorted 
like the detrital material. The effect of unsorted cementing 
material on the cumulative frequency curve is shown usually 
at about 3 ¢ in the form of a kink on an otherwise smooth and 
symmetrical curve (Fig. 1, Graph 1). 

It is evident from the analyses that the sandstones are very well 
sorted, indicating most probably the action of currents. The grain 
size distributions of the sands are similar to those obtained by other 
workers for beach and wind deposits (see for example Carroll, 1939). 


60 Cc. D. OLLIER 


2. MINERAL CONTENT 


Mineral determination was carried out on 41 samples of Triassic 
sandstones collected in the Clevedon—Portishead area, Cromhall, 
Tytherington, Chipping Sodbury, Chew Stoke, Hunstrete, Pensford, 
and other localities in the Bristol region. 

The heavy mineral constituents were concentrated by means 
of heavy liquids (mainly bromoform), but panning, the centrifuge, 
and an experimental model of a mechanical vanning shovel 
designed by Dr. C. R. Burch were used to assist the separation in 
certain instances. For separations of small quantities, the evapor- 
ating dish method was favoured (Carroll, 1938). 

The minerals were examined by means of ordinary grain mounts 
and thin sections, the immersion method, X-ray diffraction analysis, 
polished surfaces of mineral grains and rocks, and measurements 
of radioactivity. 

Because of the great abundance of opaque constituents in the 
heavy mineral assemblages, it was decided to examine them by 
means of ore-microscopy. ‘The grains were mounted in cylindrical 
blocks of ‘ Marco Resin’, ground and polished, and the surfaces 
examined by reflected polarised light. 


DESCRIPTION OF MINERALS. 


Non-opaque constituents.—Quartz. Quartz, the commonest mineral 
in the sandstones, occurs in all grain sizes up to several millimetres 
across. ‘There are several varieties, none of which appears to be 
particularly dominant in any grain size. Some grains show 
complete extinction, and others exhibit strain-shadow extinction. 
A certain number of the grains are composite, including quartzite, 
vein quartz, and metamorphic quartz. Many of the larger grains 
of quartz are well rounded, and some grains appear to be of the 
millet-seed type; these occur in the sandstones along the 
Portishead—Clevedon ridge. The smaller grains are less rounded, 
and the very small grains, particularly those occurring in the marly 
sandstones, are very angular. Inclusions of minerals, bubbles and 
dust occur in the quartz and may occasionally show orient- 
ation. 


Feldspar. The feldspars represented are microcline, sodic plagio- 
clase and orthoclase, but they are not common. ‘The occurrence 
is typically in rounded, iron-stained grains, but several examples 
were found of an original detrital grain of plagioclase with a 
secondary growth of clear, more sodic feldspar of authigenic origin ; 
the authigenic feldspar shows good crystal outlines (Pl. 1, Fig. 1) 
and may be compared with that described by Reynolds (1929). 


TRIASSIC SANDSTONES 61 


Calcite. Calcite occurs sometimes as detrital grains, which are 
distinguished in thin section by the presence of a ‘ brown ring’ 
which indicates ferruginous staining of an original detrital grain 
of calcite. ‘The main role of calcite, however, is as a cementing 
material, of varying degrees of coarseness. Occasionally there is 
segregation of calcite into patches, giving rise to lustre-mottling 
and nodule formation. 


Dolomite. Dolomite occurs in two ways—scattered in an 
essentially calcareous matrix or constituting the entire matrix. 
In the former case the dolomite displays small rhombohedral 
outlines and appears to be of secondary origin. In the latter case 
the dolomite is finely granular and appears to be of primary origin ; 
it is often extremely abundant and may supersede the quartz as 
the main rock forming mineral, giving rise to sandy dolomitic 
limestones. 


Fic. 2. ZIRCON GRAINS FROM ‘TRIASSIC SANDSTONES, BRISTOL REGION (x200). 


Kircon. Zircon occurs as small grains which are usually moder- 
ately rounded, although some grains have very perfect crystal form, 
and others are extremely rounded (Fig. 2). Most of the zircon 

grains are practically colourless, but a few grains of purple zircon 
| were found, and rare instances of zoning were noted. Often the 
zircons contain inclusions of minerals, sometimes aligned along or 
at right angles to the optic axis ; sheets of included bubbles were 
| seen in one grain. The radioactivity of the zircons was assessed 
by means of Nuclear Research Emulsions, and it was found that 
there are two types of grains present. One type has an emission 
of about 10 alpha particles per grain in 20 days, and the other 
emits over 100 alpha particles per grain in 20 days. The detailed 
measurements will be discussed elsewhere. 


62 Cc. D. OLLIER 


Garnet. Garnet occurs as irregular, but roughly equidimensional 
grains with typical hackly fracture (Fig. 3). They are colourless 
and completely isotropic except in rare cases where there is 
anomalous incomplete extinction. Rhombohedral cleavage is 
sometimes seen. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the garnet to 
be almandine. 


Tourmaline. ‘Tourmaline occurs usually as rectangular, platy 
grains (Fig. 3), but occasionally elliptical and well rounded outlines 
were seen. Different types of tourmaline may be distinguished by 
their pleochroic colours, mostly in brown, green and yellow tints ; 
indigo, blue and mauve tints were seen in a very small number of 
samples. 


Apatite. Apatite occurs as clear, colourless, rounded laths with 
sometimes a mottled appearance or indistinct striations (Fig. 3). 


Rutile. Rutile occurs usually as irregular grains or rounded 
prisms, occasionally euhedral, in yellow, red and almost opaque 
varieties, sometimes exhibiting pleochroism (Fig. 3). Distinct 
cleavage and other markings may occasionally be seen. 


Fic. 3.—TypPICAL HEAVY MINERALS FROM TRIASSIC SANDSTONES, BRISTOL 
REGION. (a, apatite, g, garnet, 7, rutile, ¢, tourmaline; x100). 


Muscovite. The only type of mica in the Triassic sandstones is 
muscovite, which occurs as colourless flakes. 


Monazite. Monazite occurs as well rounded yellow grains. 


TRIASSIC SANDSTONES 63 


Barite and celestine. Minerals of this type occur at several 
localities. Pure barite and celestine occur, but flame tests and 
refractive index determinations often indicate a mineral that is 
neither pure barite nor pure celestine, but is in the barito-celestine 
group. ‘The grains occur as dirty ragged flakes of low birefringence. 


Minor Constituents. Chlorite, blue anatase, brookite, fluorite, staurolite, 
topaz and sphene are very rare constituents, and only a few of each 
have been found in the course of the whole investigation. 


Opaque Constituents—-Magnetite. Magnetite occurs as rounded 
grains which are black with a biuish tinge in reflected light. ‘The 
mineral has been found in a number of specimens but is never 
plentiful. 


Ilmenite. Rounded grains have been determined as ilmenite 
when white alteration products were seen on the grains. ‘The 
mineral is rare and has been found in only a few samples. 


Pyrite. A few irregular grains which in reflected light have a 
tarnished yellow metallic lustre have been found in specimens 
from the Clevedon district. 


Leucoxene. Leucoxene has been seen as an alteration product 
of ilmenite, and also as lozenge shaped grains which are white in 
reflected light. The latter only occur in the Clevedon district. 


Goethite. The great majority of opaque grains were proved by 
X-ray diffraction analysis to be goethite. The grains are well 
rounded and in reflected light appear yellow, orange, or brown- 
black, depending upon the presence of a coating of limonite. 
Under the ore microscope, it is seen that the main part of each 
grain has the characteristic reflectivity of goethite, but there are 
variations in the texture. ‘The mineral is sometimes compact, but 
more often it shows a spongy texture indicating a poorer degree of 
crystallinity (Pl 1, Fig. 2). A number of grains show evidence of 
original deposition by cavity filling ; banding takes place either 
parallel to the sides of the original cavity or in the form of comb- 
Biructure (Pl. 1, Fig. 4) or colloform banding (PI. 1, Fig. 3). 
Secondary replacement may take place in addition, and it appears 
that magnetite may replace goethite in thin, irregular bands 
(Pl. 1, Fig. 4). The external shape of the grains when considered 
in relationship to the internal structure clearly suggests that the 
grains are not concretions, but are of detrital origin. 


RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE MINERAL CONSTITUENTS. 


Next to quartz, calcite followed by dolomite are the commonest 
constituents, usually forming the cementing material of the 


64 Cc. OLLIER 


sandstones ;_ by increase of the carbonate content sandstones pass into 
sandy limestones and dolomitic limestones. The feldspars are 
uncommon. ‘The heavy mineral assemblage is notable for the 
great abundance of goethite and limonite, which in some samples 
must compose over 90% of the heavy minerals. The remaining 
opaque constituents, magnetite, ilmenite, pyrite and leucoxene, 
are uncommon. Of the non-opaque constituents zircon is the 
commonest mineral, and garnet, rutile, apatite and tourmaline 
are common ; muscovite and monazite occur to a much smaller 
extent, and all the other minerals recorded (barite, celestine, 
chlorite, fluorite, staurolite, anatase, brookite, topaz, sphene) have 
been found very sparingly during the course of the investigation. 

Two systematic counts were made of heavy minerals, and the 
results are shown in Table 2. The count of Specimen 1 was from 
a separation performed on a mechanical vanning shovel, which 
probably gives a low count for the opaques, and Specimen 4 is 
also poor in opaques compared with most samples of Triassic 
sandstone. No apatite occurs in the count in Specimen 4 because 
the sample had previously been treated with acid to remove 
calcite. 


TABLE 2 


RELATIVE PERCENTAGE OF HEAvy MINERALS 


Red sandstone, Horsefair, Banded white sandstone, 
Bristol (Specimen 1) Chew Stoke (Specimen 4) | 


opaques Ms ae opaques 
zircon Me es zircon 
rutile es ie garnet 
tourmaline .. oe rutile .. 
garnet ws ls tourmaline 
apatite oe Le monazite 
monazite .. Re 5 muscovite 


3, LITHOLOGY 


It has already been shown that the Triassic sandstones of the 
Bristol region are uniform in grain-size distribution and sorting. 
There is, however, considerable variation in the type of grains and 
the nature and amount of cementation present. 

Although most grains are of quartz, some samples contain 
appreciable quantities of grains of limestone, grains of re-worked 
sandy marl, detrital calcite grains and opaque constituents. 
Silicified crinoid ossicles have been found in one specimen. 


TRIASSIC SANDSTONES 65 


The cementing material is usually calcite, which may occur as 
large crystals enclosing quartz grains, as moderate sized grains 
between quartz grains, or as a mass of small or minute grains, 
but in the Triassic sandstones which occur along the Portishead— 
Clevedon ridge dolomite is the cementing mineral, and occurs as 
very small perfect rhombohedra. Iron oxides play only a small 
part in the cementation, usually cementing very small grains, and 
in only small patches. 

The amount of cementing material present is very variable. In 
thin section it is seen that in some samples the quartz grains are 
in contact with one another, leaving only small interstices to be 
filled with cement, while in others the rock consists largely of carbon- 
ate, with quartz grains set in it. The amount of carbonate has 
has been assessed for a number of samples, and was found to vary 
from 4% to 74%. 

The main lithological types of sandstones and associated types 
present in the Bristol Trias are as follows :— 


(a) Calcite sandstone. ‘This is the commonest type of Triassic 
sandstone in the Bristol region, and consists of sand grains in contact 
with one another and cemented by calcite. The rocks were 
originally deposited as well sorted sands, and the interstices were 
later filled by calcite (Pl. 1, Fig. 5). The amount of cementing 
material is variable, as is apparent from the varying friability of 
the sandstones. ‘The sandstones are often rich in iron oxides, 
which impart to the rock a red or brown colour ;_ the individual 
grains have a ferruginous coating. 

By increase in the relative amount of the cementing material, 
the sandstone passes into sandy limestone. The quartz grains are 
often angular, though the larger grains are usually rounded, and 
are not in contact with one another (Pl. 1, Fig. 6), indicating that 
chemical deposition of the calcium carbonate took place con- 
currently with deposition of the sand grains. The cementing 
calcite may show varying degrees of granularity, and the rocks 
may be red, green or grey in colour. 

The true calcite-cemented sandstones are largely restricted to 
deposits in the proximity of the Coal Measures. The basal 
deposit of the Trias over Coal Measure sandstones is often this 
type of rock, and bands of it occur in the marls above. Often 
other types of lithology are associated with it, as at Chew Stoke, 
where marls, sandy marls, limestone sandstones and true calcite- 
cemented sandstones all occur together. The calcite variety of 
sandy limestone often occurs in bands in the marls, but it also occurs 
in the Dolomitic Conglomerate as at Tytherington, where it 


forms the basal deposit of the Trias resting on the Carboniferous 
Limestone. 


E 


66 Cc. D. OLLIER 


(b) Dolomite sandstone. Dolomite sandstones are less common 
than calcite sandstones and consist of well rounded sand grains 
mutually in contact with very fine-grained dolomite in the inter- 
stices. [he rocks are usually poor in iron oxides, and may be 
yellow, white or grey in colour. 

More common, however, are dolomitic sandy limestones which 
consist of isolated sand grains embedded in very fine-grained 
dolomite, the latter representing original chemical precipitation of 
dolomite. 

The dolomite cemented true sandstone, and the dolomitic variety 
of sandy limestone seem to be confined to layers within the 
Dolomitic Conglomerate overlying the Old Red Sandstone along 
the Portishead—Clevedon ridge. 

The fine-grained (marls and clays) and coarse-grained (breccias 
and conglomerates) deposits were omitted from the present in- 
vestigation. However an analysis of a number of samples of 
Dolomitic Conglomerate indicated a local origin for the material. 


4. SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES IN THE SANDSTONES 


The sandstones are often massive, with widely spaced bedding 
planes, but thin bedded sandstones also occur. Banding may be 
due to variations in grain size as seen, for example, at Chew Magna, 
or to an alternation of well cemented and poorly cemented sand 
layers about one millimetre thick, as at Chew Stoke. 

Sedimentary structures other than banding are not common, 
but some have been observed, particularly in the Chew Stoke area. 
These include symmetrical ripple marks, asymmetrical wave marks, 
sun cracks and graded bedding, the last named occurring on only 

a small scale in beds up to about 4 cm. thick. These structures 
indicate a shallow-water environment. 

The sandstones quite frequently contain cavities, which in some 
cases are due to the solution of Limestone pebbles, but in others 
were probably formed during diagenesis. In one specimen barite 
was deposited on the floor of the cavities. On weathering some 
rocks exhibit cavities due to an irregular distribution of the cement- 
ing material. 


ORIGIN OF THE SANDSTONES 


In the Bristol area the Trias may rest unconformably on the 
Old Red Sandstone, the Carboniferous Limestone and the Coal 
Measures, each of which could have contributed to the formation 
of sandstones. In order to investigate the source rocks of the 
Trias its heavy mineral content was compared with that of the 
older deposits. ‘The Old Red Sandstone has been described by 


TRIASSIC SANDSTONES 67 


Wallis (1927), the Carboniferous Limestone by Wethered (1888) 
and Coysh (1927), and their results are summarized in Table 3. 
A brief account of the heavy minerals of the Pennant sandstones 
was given by Boswell (1924) who listed the following as the 
characteristic minerals of the Pennant Series of the Bristol district : 
garnet, chlorite, green hornblende, muscovite, brown tourmaline, 
rutile, zircon, ilmenite, kyanite (rare), anatase, cordierite. As 
there is little indication of the relative abundance of these minerals 
the list is not included in Table 3. Three samples of Coal Measure 
sandstone (from Stapleton and St. Anne’s Park) which were 
analysed in this investigation contained the heavy minerals listed 
in Table 3. A number of minerals are present in Boswell’s list 
which are not found in the Trias, but as these were not found in 
the new analyses of Coal Measure sandstones, they may be present 
in only very small amounts. 


TABLE 3 


COMPARATIVE TABLE OF HEAvy MINERALS 


Old Red Carboniferous | Coal Measures Trias 
Sandstone Limestone Sandstone Sandstone 
(Wallis, (Coysh, (present (present 
1927) 1927) investigation) | investigation) 
apatite ilmenite goethite goethite 
abundant leucoxene magnetite zircon limonite 
zircon pyrite 
tourmaline zircon garnet zircon 
pyrite tourmaline muscovite garnet 
ilmenite rutile rutile 
common limonite tourmaline 
magnetite apatite 
haematite muscovite 
barite 
rutile muscovite ilmenite magnetite 
magnetite ilmenite 
uncommon tourmaline celestine 
rutile monazite 
chlorite 
muscovite staurolite staurolite pyrite 
biotite fluorite leucoxene 
garnet fluorite 
rare staurolite 
anatase 
brookite 
topaz 


sphene 


68 Cc. D. OLLIER 


It is seen from Table 3 that the non-opaque minerals, zircon, 
garnet, rutile and tourmaline, occur in the Old Red Sandstone 
and in the Coal Measures, and all but garnet occur in the Carboni- 
ferous Limestone, but the relative abundances are different. ‘The 
non-opaque heavy minerals are often scarce in the Trias, and may 
have been derived from any of these formations. However, the 
great abundance of goethite and the common occurrence of garnet 
in the Trias suggests that the Coal Measures have made a larger 
contribution to the Triassic sandstones than have the Old Red 
Sandstone and the Carboniferous Limestone, although these have 
certainly made some contribution. There is no reason to believe 
that the sandstones could not be locally derived, and there are 
no minerals present which distinctly indicate a distant source. 

The calcite type of sandstones were formed in the vicinity of 
Coal Measure sandstones, and were probably basal deposits. 
Material would sometimes be carried into regions of marl deposi- 
tion, and if this were deposited rapidly a band of true sandstones 
would be formed. If on the other hand the detrital deposition 
was slow, a sandy marl or sandy limestone would be formed. 

The dolomite sandstones and sandy limestones are restricted 
to occurrences associated with the Dolomitic Conglomerate over- 
lying Old Red Sandstone along the Portishead-Clevedon ridge. 
No evidence has been found which indicates why dolomite rather 
than calcite was precipitated in that region. 

The distribution of lithological types and the manner in which 
they are related to the underlying rock suggests, like the evidence 
of the heavy minerals, that the sandstones are of local origin. 
In mode of origin and lithology, the Keuper deposits of the Bristol 
region appear similar to those of North West Somerset (Thomas, 
1940) and South Wales (Pringle and George, 1948). 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


The present paper contains the results of an investigation carried 
out in the Department of Geology in the University of Bristol, 
and I wish to express my gratitude to all who have helped me in 
the course of the work. In particular my thanks are due to 
Dr. I. S. Loupekine for much assistance during the course of the 
investigation; to Mr. I. H. Ford for help with the ore-microscopy 
and radioactivity work ; to Dr. C. R. Burch for help in mineral 
separation ; and to Mr. E. W. Seavill for the photographs. 


REFERENCES 


Boswell, P. G. H. (1924). ‘The Petrography of the Sands of the 
Upper Lias, and Lower Inferior Oolite in the West of England. 
Geol. Mag., 61, 246-264. 


TRIASSIC SANDSTONES 69 


Carroll, D. (1938). Recording the Results of Heavy Mineral 
Analyses. Jour. Sed. Pet., 8, 3-9. 


—— (1939). Movement of Sand by Wind. Geol. Mag., 76, 
6-23. 

Coysh, A. W. (1927). The Petrology of the Avonian Rocks at 
Sodbury, Gloucestershire. Geol. Mag., 64, 167-176. 


Kellaway, G. A. (1934). Notes on a Section near West Town 
Lane, Brislington, Bristol. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 7, 565-567. 


——— and Welch, F. B. A. (1948). Bristol and Gloucester District. 
London (H.M.S.O.). 


Krumbein, W. C. (1936). Application of Logarithmic Moments 
to Size Frequency Distribution of Sediments. Jour. Sed. Pet., 
6, 35-47. 

and Pettijohn, F. J. (1939). Manual of Sedimentary Petrography, 
New York. 


Moore, L. R. (1939). On a Recent Boring Reaching the Coal 
Measures at Chew Stoke, near Bristol. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 
9g, 66-68. 


Morgan, C. L. and Reynolds, $. H. (1898). ‘Triassic Deposits at 
Emborough. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 9, 109-117. 


Pringle, J. and George, T. N. (1948). South Wales. London 
(H.M.S.O.). 


Reynolds, D. L. (1929). Some New Occurrences of Authigenic 
Potash Feldspar. Geol. Mag., 66, 390-399. 


Richardson, L. (1910). The Neozoic Rocks of Gloucestershire 
and Somerset. Chapter X in Geology in the Field. London. 


Thomas, A. N. (1940). The ‘Triassic Rocks of North West 
Somerset. Proc. Geol. Assoc., 51, I-43. 


Trueman, A. E. (1935). Note on a Boring near Winford, Somerset 
Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 7, 121-123. 


Wallis, F. S. (1927). The Old Red Sandstone of the Bristol 
District. Quart. Four. Geol. Soc., 83, 760-786. 


Wethered, E. (1888). On Insoluble Residues obtained from the 
Carboniferous Limestone Series at Clifton. Quart. Four. Geol. 


Soc., 44, 186-199. 


Woodward, E. B. (1887). The Geology of England and Wales. 
London. 


70 


Cc. D. OLLIER 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I 


Photomicrographs of structures and textures in Triassic sandstones, Bristol 


region. 
Fig. 


Fig. 2 


Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


2 


Thin-section of sandstone showing plagioclase detrital grain with 
authigenic overgrowth (x150). 
Polished surface of goethite, showing spongy texture (x150). 


Polished surface of goethite, showing colloform banding (x150). 
Polished surface of goethite, showing comb-structure and replacement 
banding by magnetite (x150) 

Thin section of calcite sandstone. Iron-stained grains of quartz 
and limestone set in a matrix of medium grained calcite (x25). 


Thin section of sandy calcite limestone. Quartz grains with no 
ferruginous staining set in a matrix of calcite. ‘The shape of some 
of the quartz grains suggests marginal replacement by the carbonate 
of the matrix (x25). 


Proc. B.N.S. VoL. XXIX, Pr. I, PLATE Tf: 


SSS Ss FERS i : a Ser * 


71 


A REVIEW OF PAST RESEARCH ON THE 
LOWER PALAEOZOIG ROCKS OF THE 
TORTWORTH AND EASTERN MENDIP 

INLIERS 


ByoM. L.. K. Curtis B.Sc., Pu.D., F.G.S. 
(Read in title to Council, May 5, 1955. Received April 20, 1955) 


HE Lower Palaeozoic rocks of the Bristol district occur as 

two widely separated inliers—the Tortworth Inlier in 
Gloucestershire, and the Eastern Mendip Inlier, north-east of 
Shepton Mallet in Somerset. The Tortworth Inlier has attracted 
the interest of geologists since the very earliest days of the science, 
and an account of the area read before the Geological Society 
in 1819 by Thomas Weaver contained the results of the first serious 
work to be carried out on any of the Lower Palaeozoic rocks of 
Britain. The Eastern Mendip Inlier, on the other hand, has 
received comparatively little attention, and it was not until the 
present century that rocks older than the Old Red Sandstone were 
known to crop out in that neighbourhood. 

In the present review reference is not made to every published 
work on the Tortworth and Eastern Mendip Inliers, but only 
to those which marked a definite advance in knowledge. A recent 
survey of the Tortworth area by the writer has brought further 
facts to light, but our understanding of the geology of the two 
inliers is still by no means complete. 


THE TORTWORTH INLIER 


During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries a 
number of observers were active in the Tortworth area ; among 
them were Dr. Edward Jenner of Berkeley, the well-known natural- 
ist and discoverer of vaccination, Mr. Henry Shrapnell also of 
Berkeley, Mr. George Cumberland of Bristol, and the Rev. Dr. 
George Cooke, Rector of Tortworth. 

Jenner’s biographer, Baron (1838, p. 60), tells us: 


“The trap rock in Mickle-wood, and the great variety in 
its structure, together with the changes produced in the 
organic remains found in the Transition lime-stone, where 
it comes in contact with the trap, also particularly occupied 
the attention of Dr. Jenner. Specimens, illustrating these 
changes, were the ornaments of his study and of his garden.” 


72 M. L. K. CURTIS 


Henry Shrapnell made several observations including the occurrence 
of fossiliferous beds associated with the trap at Middlemill, but it 
was the Rev. Dr. Cooke who was the most active in the geological 
field, and his work was several times alluded to by Weaver (1824), 
and again by Murchison (1839) who wrote: 


‘“‘ It is delightful to trace in the MS. maps and drawings of 
the venerable Rector of ‘Tortworth (the intimate friend of 
many of our early observers) the impress of much originality 
of thought and sound geological views, long before this district 
was described by geologists.”’ 


Cooke did not confine his interests to local geology, but extended 
his studies as far afield as May Hill, Wenlock Edge and Dudley ; 
although he published no information himself, his observations 
were made use of by both Weaver and Murchison, but to what 
extent is not clear. 

Among the earliest published writings is a brief note in the 
Transactions of the Geological Society of 1817 on the occurrence 
of trap rock in Mickle Wood ; this was an extract from the minute 
book of the Society, and the information was contained in a 
letter from George Cumberland dated 1811. In the Philosophical 
Magazine (1816, p. 461) and the Annals of Philosophy (1818, p. 395) 
are notices concerning the discovery by a Mr. Bakewell of prehnite 
in the trap at Woodford. 

On the 4th of June, 1819, a remarkable paper was read before 
the Geological Society by Thomas Weaver entitled “‘ Geological 
Observations on Part of Gloucestershire and Somersetshire ’’, but 
the paper was not printed in the Transactions until 1824, and some 
information may have been added during the five years’ interval. 
Weaver’s was the first detailed study to be made of any area of 


Lower Palaeozoic rocks in the British Isles, and was probably © 


also the first statigraphical work on these ancient rocks, for he 
discussed the fossils and compared them with those of May Hill. 
The collection of fossils which Weaver obtained in the Tortworth 
area is now preserved in the Geological Survey Museum. 

The picture presented by Weaver was of an area of Transition 
Rocks emerging from beneath the Old Red Sandstone at the 
northern margin of the Bristol coal-basin, and showing the same 
general concentric arrangement as the overlying Old Red Sandstone 
and Carboniferous strata. To the west, in the Whitfield and 
Milbury Heath area, Weaver indicated the outcrops as swinging 


round in anticlinal form ; to the north, between Middlemill and — 


Purton, the Transition Rocks were shown as being inclined to the 
west or south-west, and the presence of an anticlinal fold at Purton 
Passage was mentioned. Weaver showed the Transition Rocks 
to be bounded on their western side from near Stone to Purton 


L. PALAEOZOIC OF TORTWORTH AND E. MENDIP INLIERS 73 


by Old Red Sandstone, but considered the junction to be uncon- 
formable. He explained clearly how the nearly-horizontal Trias 
and Lias rest unconformably on the Transition Rocks, and how 
they were probably once continuous across the inlier until removed 
by denudation. The account was supported by a wealth of 
detailed information, particularly on the trap rocks in the Mickle 
Wood and Charfield areas and the limestones around Falfield and 
Whitfield. Weaver belonged to the Wernerian School, and it is 
therefore not surprising to find that he was especially interested 
in the trap and its origin. He indicated the presence of five or 
six trap barids, claimed the trap to be contemporaneous with the 
sediments, and like them to be of aqueous origin. 

The same volume of the Transactions in which Weaver’s paper 
was published (1824), also contained the classic account by 
Buckland and Conybeare of the south-western coal district of 
England which set out a clear picture of the geology of the Severn 
estuary region. ‘The Transition Rocks of Usk and May Hill were 
described, and the authors (p. 248) state that they had intended 
to devote a chapter to the Tortworth area, but in view of Weaver’s 
detailed paper they decided to suppress their own more rapid 
sketch, and referred readers to Weaver’s account. Buckland and 
Conybeare did, however, express one opinion : they claimed that 
only two trap bands are present, instead of the five or six shown 
by Weaver, and considered them to be of an intrusive nature. 

The next step forward came with the publication of Murchison’s 
Silurian System in 1839. ‘The Tortworth rocks (pp. 447-62) were 
assigned to the various divisions of the new system which had been 
established further north in the Welsh Borders. Ludlow beds 
were shown to be present in the anticline at Purton, and Murchison 
thought that all three subdivisions (Upper Ludlow, Aymestry 
Limestone and Lower Ludlow) were developed, and that Wenlock 
Limestone was present in the core of the fold. The beds at 
Horseshoe Farm were regarded as being of Ludlow age, though 
not of the usual lithology. ‘The rocks forming most of the south- 
western part of the inlier were referred to the Wenlock Series, 
and the Wenlock Limestone was shown as extending through 
Skay’s Grove, Falfield and Whitfield, while a second limestone 
was said to be developed at Barber’s Quarry near Falfield. But it 
was the Caradoc Sandstone (which then included the rocks known 
to us as Llandovery) that Murchison believed to occupy most 
of the inlier, including all the ground from Purton to Falfield, and 
a considerable area stretching through Mickle Wood and Tortworth 
to Charfield Green. He agreed with Buckland and Conybeare 
in regarding the traps as intrusive ; two trap bands were stated 
to occur at Charfield, but in the Mickle Wood area several sills 

and bosses were shown. 


74 M. L. K. CURTIS 


A few years later the ground was covered by members of the 
Geological Survey, and the results of their work appeared in 1845 
on the one inch to the mile geological map (sheet 35). The 
vicinity of ‘Tortworth was surveyed (according to Woodward, 1876, 
p- 9) by Wiliams, Ramsay, Sanders and Phillips, and an explana- 
tion of the Lower Palaeozoic tract was provided by Phillips (1848, 
pp. 190-8) in an important memoir which contained much detailed 
information, particularly on the rocks at Purton Passage. Phillips 
accepted Murchison’s view that Wenlock Limestone is present in 
the core of the fold at Purton, but considered it to be directly 
succeeded by the Upper Ludlow. The shaly strata occupying the 
area between Purton and Swanley were stated to be the lowest 
Wenlock Shales or possibly the highest Caradoc Sandstone, and 
the same strata were shown as extending down the extreme western 
side of the inlier beyond Stone (but in this Phillips differed from the 
one inch map which marks the beds between Purton and Swanley 
as Ludlow, while those on the western side of the inlier near Stone 
are included with the Caradoc). In the main Wenlock outcrop, 
around Falfield and Whitfield, the presence of two limestone bands 
was indicated. ‘The trap rocks were referred to by Phillips as 
being ‘‘ contemporaneously effused traps ’’ which solidified “‘ at 
small depths below, or even in part at the surface of the sea bed ”’. 
Attention was also drawn to the important unconformity between 
the Silurian and Old Red Sandstone, and it was claimed that only 
the Upper Old Red Sandstone is present. : 

The southern part of the inlier was included in the map of the 
Bristol Coalfield on the scale of four inches to the mile by William 
Sanders (1864), but apart from this no important contribution was 
made during the fifty years following the publication of Phillips’s 
memoir of 1848. 

Interest in the district was revived in 1898 when a meeting of the 
British Association was held at Bristol. An excursion was arranged 
to the Tortworth area, and in the guide-book, prepared for the 
occasion by Lloyd Morgan, the presence of Wenlock beds at 
Charfield was made known for the first time. Members of the 
excursion were entertained to lunch at Tortworth Court by Lord 
Ducie, and afterwards were shown his extensive collection of fossils. 
It was undoubtedly the interest taken in geology by the third 
Earl of Ducie that provided an impetus for the detailed researches 
that were to be carried out on the Tortworth Silurian rocks during 
the next ten years. 

In r901 Morgan and Reynolds clearly showed that only two 
trap bands are present, and, from a study of the ashy limestones 
in Cullimore’s Quarry and Middlemill Quarry, argued that both 
are extrusive lavas. Detailed work by Reynolds was subsequently 
done on the southern half of the inlier, and not only was the area 
mapped on the scale of six inches to the mile, but numerous trial 


L. PALAEOZOIC OF TORTWORTH AND E. MENDIP INLIERS 75 


holes were dug (Reed and Reynolds, 1908a and 1908b). The 
ashy limestones in both Cullimore’s Quarry and Middlemill 
Quarry were found to be associated with the Upper Trap, thus 
re-opening the possibility of an intrusive origin for the Lower Trap. 
It was also shown that the 500 feet of beds between the two trap 
bands form the main fossiliferous group of the Upper Llandovery, 
that a distinctive and richly fossiliferous horizon occurs just above 
the Upper Trap in Cullimore’s Quarry, Daniel’s Wood and 
Middlemill Quarry, and that the same distinctive horizon can be 
recognized in Eastwood Park. ‘The large collection of fossils made 
by Reynolds is now largely housed in the Geology Department 
of the University of Bristol; these, together with specimens in 
the Sedgwick Museum, the Geological Survey Museum, the 
Bristol Museum and the Ducie Collection were identified by 
Cowper Reed who provided the faunal lists. In a petrographical 
account of the igneous rocks, Reynolds (1924) put forward evidence 
suggesting the Lower ‘Trap to be intrusive. 

Perhaps the most significant contribution to be made to the 
geology of the Tortworth Inlier, since the earliest days, was the 
unexpected discovery in 1932 by Dr. Stanley Smith of ‘Tremadoc 
Shales in an old shaft at Breadstone. ‘These shales were found 
to occupy several square miles of country hitherto assigned to the 
Silurian, and to extend from Purton, where they are faulted 
against the Ludlow, as far south as Coldelm. ‘The fossils were 


described by Dr. C. J. Stubblefield who declared them to be of 


Lower Tremadoc age. In 1944 some small inliers of Wenlock 
rocks near Wickwar were recorded and described for the first time 
by Prof. W. F. Whittard and Dr. Stanley Smith. 

Recently the southern part of the Tortworth Inlier has been 
mapped by the officers of the Geological Survey (Kellaway and 


| Welch, 1948, pp. 11-14). In a section across the inlier (Fig. 4, 


p. 13) the Silurian rocks are shown as being faulted on their western 


side against the Lower Old Red Sandstone, and three limestone 


bands are indicated in the Wenlock. Also, beds of presumed 


_ Llandovery age are stated to form some small inliers in the Little 


Avon River between Charfield and Wickwar. 


THE EASTERN MENDIP INLIER 


The Lower Palaeozoic rocks of the Eastern Mendip Inlier have 
been the subject of research for a much shorter period than those 


of the Tortworth Inlier ; few geologists have studied the area in 


detail, and our knowledge of its structure and stratigraphy is due 
almost entirely to the work of the late Prof. S. H. Reynolds. 
The existence of igneous rocks in Eastern Mendip was first made 


known by Charles Moore (1867, pp. 451-3). A report that 


76 M. L. K. CURTIS 


peculiar minerals had been found near Stoke Lane led Moore to 
dig at various places in the neighbourhood, and in the summer of 
1866 he succeeded in uncovering a basaltic rock which he believed 
to form part of a great dyke intruded in post-Carboniferous times. 

John Morris (1868, p. 236), in the report of an excursion made 
by students of University College, London, states that the rock 
occurs as “‘a dyke of considerable thickness’’, and that “‘it is 
conglomeratic in places, and pronounced by Mr. D. Forbes to be 
a dolerite ’’. 

In 1873 the revised edition of the Geological Survey one inch 
to the mile map (sheet 19) was published ; the igneous rocks near 
Stoke Lane were shown as a number of isolated masses, as mapped 
by Bristow and Woodward, but we are told that Ussher regarded 
them as forming a continuous mass extending from Beacon Hill 
to Downhead (Woodward, 1876, p. 14). Astudy of the microscopic 
characters of the rock was made by Rutley (1876), and later by 
Teal who described it as an andesite (Geikie and Strahan, 1899, 
pp. 110-11). 

Towards the end of the last century and at the beginning of the 
present century a number of quarries were opened in the igneous 
rocks, and this encouraged Reynolds to make a careful survey of the 
whole area. He soon made the surprising discovery that the 
andesite is associated in Sunnyhill Quarry with tuffs containing 
Silurian fossils. ‘Thus Reynolds not only demonstrated that the 
igneous rocks are extrusive, but also proved them to be of Silurian 
age, and so added a further system to the geological map of Somerset. 

In a detailed account of the inlier Reynolds (1907) described the 
Silurian rocks as forming the core of an anticline, and as being 
succeeded, probably unconformably, by the Old Red Sandstone. 
The andesite was shown to occur as two large masses, one in the | 
neighbourhood of Downhead, and the other extending westwards 
from Moon’s Hill Quarry. Reynolds considered the andesite to 
be probably not less than 400 ft. thick and to dip fairly steeply 
to the north-north-west. The andesite is underlain by tuffs con- 
taining fossils which Cowper Reed believed to belong to the Upper 
Llandovery ; indications of the fossiliferous tuffs were found in 
several places, but the best section was in Sunnyhill Quarry where 
the tuffs could be seen dipping northwards beneath the andesite 
and to be partly interbedded with it. A coarse ashy conglomerate 
was described as occurring at Beacon Hill and to the east of Moon’s 
Hill Quarry, but its relationship to the other rocks of the inlier 
was not seen. Reynolds suggested that this rock may be a coarse 
water-deposited tuff or may represent material filling volcanic vents. 

Further information was obtained from a number of trial holes 
dug to the south-east of Moon’s Hill Quarry and from cuttings made 
when a line of rails was constructed from Downhead Quarry to 


L. PALAEOZOIC OF TORTWORTH AND E. MENDIP INLIERS del 


_Long Cross Bottom (Reynolds and others, 1909 ; Reynolds, 1912). 
Mudstones and shales seen in these exposures were found to be 
normal sediments without the admixture of volcanic material. A 
considerable fauna obtained from them was at first thought by 
Cowper Reed to be a Llandovery fauna, but later when more 
specimens became available a Wenlock age was suggested. South- 
ward dips were observed in these Wenlock mudstones and they 
were said by Reynolds to overlie the andesite and to be the youngest 
rocks exposed in the inlier. 


REFERENCES 


Baron, J. (1838). The life of Edward Jenner, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., with illus- 
trations of his doctrines, and selections from his correspondence. 1. London. 


‘Buckland, W. and W. D. Conybeare. 1824. Observations on the south-western 
coal district of England. Trans. Geol. Soc., (2), 1, 210-316. 


Cumberland, G. (1817). [On the occurrence of trap rock in Micklewood.] 
Trans. Geol. Soc., (1), 4, 444. 


Geikie, A. and A. Strahan (1899). Volcanic group in the Carboniferous Lime- 
stone of North Somerset. Summ. Prog. Geol. Surv. (for 1898), 104-111. 


Halifax, R. (1818). Prehnite. Ann. Phil., 12, 395. 


Kellaway, G. A. and F. B. A. Welch (1948). British Regional Geology : Bristol 
and Gloucester district. 2nd ed. Geol. Surv. 


Moore, C. (1867). On abnormal conditions of secondary deposits when con- 
nected with the Somersetshire and South Wales coal-basin ; and on the age 
of the Sutton and Southerndown Series. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 23, 449-568. 


Morgan, C. LI. (1898). Excursion to Tortworth. Brit. Assoc. excursion guide, on. 17. 
Bristol. 


and S. H. Reynolds (1901). The igneous rocks and _ associated 
sedimentary beds of the Tortworth Inlier. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 57, 
267-284. 

Morris, J. (1868). Geological excursion to Bath and its neighbourhood. Geol. 

Mag, (1) 5, 233-236. 

Murchison, R. I. (1839). The Silurian System, founded on geological researches 
in the counties of Salop, Hereford, Radnor, Montgomery, Caermarthen, 
Brecon, Pembroke, Monmouth, Gloucester, Worcester and Stafford ; with 
descriptions of the coal-fields and overlying formations. London. 


Phillips, J. (1848). The Malvern Hills, compared with the Palaeozoic districts of 
Abberley, Woolhope, May Hill, Tortworth, and Usk. Mem. Geol. Surv., 
2 (1). 

Reed, F. R. C. and S. H. Reynolds (19084). Silurian fossils from certain localities 
in the Tortworth Inlier. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., (4), 2, 32-40. 


(1908B). On the fossiliferous Silurian rocks of the southern half 
of the Tortworth Inlier. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 64, 512-545. 


Reynolds, S. H. (1907). A Silurian inlier in the Eastern Mendips. Quart. 
Journ. Geol. Soc., 63, 217-240. 


—— (1912). Further work on the Silurian rocks of the Eastern Mendips. 
Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., (4), 3, 76-82. 


—— (1924). The igneous rocks of the Tortworth Inlier. Quart. Journ. Geol. 
Soc., 80, 106-112. 


and others (1909). Investigation of the pre-Devonian rocks of the Mendips 
and the Bristol area. Rep. Brit. Assoc. (for 1908), 286-291. 


—_—- 


78 M. L. K. CURTIS 


Rutley, F. (1876). On the microscopic characters of some eruptive rocks from 
Somersetshire and Gloucestershire. (Appendix to ‘“ Geology of East 
Somerset and the Bristol coal-fields’? by H. B. Woodward, 208-212.) 
Mem. Geol. Surv. 

Sanders, W. (1864). Map of the Bristol coalfields and country adjacent in 
nineteen sheets. Scale, 4 inches to 1 mile. Bristol. 

Smith, S. and C. J. Stubblefield (1933). On the occurrence of ‘Tremadoc Shales 
in the Tortworth Inlier (Gloucestershire), with notes on the fossils. Quart. 
Journ. Geol. Soc., 89, 357-378. 

Weaver, T. (1824). Geological observations on part of Gloucestershire and 
Somersetshire. Trans. Geol. Soc., (2), 1, 317-368. 

Whittard, W. F. and S. Smith (1944). Unrecorded inliers of Silurian rocks, 
near Wickwar, Gloucestershire, with notes on the occurrence of a stromatolite. 
Geol. Mag., 81, 65-76. 

Woodward, H. B. (1876). Geology of East Somerset and the Bristol coal-fields. 
(With notes by H. W. Bristow, W. A. E. Ussher and J. H. Blake.) Mem. 
Geol. Surv. 


Anonymous (1816). Prehnite discovered in Gloucestershire. Phil. Mag., 48, 461. 


we 


if 


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VOL. XXIX, PART II, 1955 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 
Council me 80 
Members at April, 1, 6 81 
Report of Council is a is a Ls fis - ae 93 
Hon. Librarian’s Report we af ep sys ais a oy, 93 
Hon. Treasurer’s Statement of Accounts ai a ae oo =e 94 
Report of Botanical Section .. ‘A ie oes sf oss ae 95 
Report of Entomological Section ae 1 , 3 ie a 96 
Report of Geological Section .. ste ake oa 8 + i 97 
Report of Ornithological Section ; a 98 
Account of the General Meetings ie aM we ee ae ae 99 
Obituary : Dr. S. Smith Me is se fig LOO 
Bristol Botany in 1955, by Cecil I. ca N. y. San Re oe ie eLO 
Bristol Bird Report, 1955, : : Sh 109 
Lepidoptera Notes, Bristol District, 1955, ©. S. H. BIE: ee. Lise) 
W. D. Conybeare, his Geological No eae alas and Bristol Aeron, 
by F. J. North me bt é ms : ; in a hag 
Type and Figured Specimens from ihe Tortworth inlien Gloucestershire, 
by M. L. K. Curtis as nk. bay 
Mining and Quarrying.1 in the Bristol ee 1955, i i: s. Loupekine ee 155 


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Bryant, Miss BiG eo 319 Whitehall Road, Bristol, 5 
Bunce, Mrs. D. E., B.Sc. .. ‘‘ Coombe Lea ’’, Nailsea, nr. Bristol 
Burch; ER. A ohio cae 5 Branscombe Rd., Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 
Burdock, MissI.M. ...... Greystones, Ham Lane, Stapleton, Bristol 
, burkett, Wiss Mo eee: Julian Corner, Church Road, Stoke Bishop, 
Bristol, 9 
Burwood, D. S., A.R.S.M., 
B:Sc., Mil IMEM i 8s .2. 3 119 Reedley Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 
Burwood, Mrs. D. S....... Do. 
. Burwood, Miss A. A....... Do. 
Bunya Pre ee erate Green. Ellfield, Wotton-under-Edge, Glos. 
Bussell, Miss D. M......... The Bungalow, Leigh Woods, Bristol, 8 
IBUXtOny. Gale er eines 2 Somerset Road, Bristol, 4 
Buxton, MrssGuGs 2 Do. 
CamdenssR. Je rch ee te 668 Portway, Avonmouth, Bristol. 
Cameron; Viiss 1a. 5. en. 11 Hartington Park, Redland, Bristol, 6 


A(7). 


Campbell, A. H., B.Sc., Glaxo Laboratory, Sefton Park, Stoke Poges, 
Ph.D. Bucks 
Campbell, A. M. G., M.A., 


DEM UMUR  Cabse ei 79 Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Campbell, Mrs. A. M. G. Do. 
Campbell sbh. sts. cticjriee hee 32 Gore Road, Ashton Gate, Bristol, 3 
Carhlej@ ese mee sheer ** Hillcroft,”’ Long Ashton, Bristol 
Carlile; Mirs!@uS. 3. nse Do. 
Carlton, Miss L.,M..A .... 6 Frederick Place, Bristol, 8 
Carpenter, MissE.L. .... 92 Kennington Avenue, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 
Cary, Miss Mi its 22% 144 Sefton Park Road, Bristol, 7 
CaustomeMirs Ae re yee es Wigmore House, Thornbury, Glos. 
Chadwick) Poy Wise 39 Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Chadwick, Mrs. E.I.G. .. Do. 
Challenger, S., B.Sc., F.L.S., Horticultural Science Labors., Leigh Woods, 
IN Dae We RU oa oa onl Bristol, 8 
Challenger, Mrs. S....... Do. 
Chatterton, MissB. ...... 19 Richmond Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 3 
Chilcott, Vins. Tie cue 21 Upper Cranbrook Road, Bristol, 6 
Clark, Js eee ee ge: 2 Westmorland Road, Bristol, 6 


MEMBERS 83 


Clay, S.,M.A., Ph.D. .... Merlin, Cadbury Lane, Clapton-in-Gor- 
dano, Bristol 
Cie 7)" UE SS a a a oO. 
@lement, Mis. E.S. ....-. 2 Effingham Road, St. Andrews, Bristol, 6 
Clement, MissG.G. ...... Do. 
Clements, FS: .:...5..5- Longmead, Queen’s Road, Bishopsworth, 
Bristol, 3 
Clements, Miss E. M. .... 149 Queen’ s Road, Bishopsworth, Bristol, 3 
@lotherniG. BE, 2)... 6... ‘* Fylde ’’, Weston Rd. , Long Ashton, Bristol 
Clough, MissA.M. ...... qi Falledon Way, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol 
Collins, MissM.A. ...... 22 Park Road, Shirehampton, Bristol 
Gelthurst, Mrs: | ..). 0.06... Stonecrop, Wembdon Hill, Bridgwater, Som. 
@olthurst, W.D.........6% Do. 
(CEC SI ys 3 oi aa ies 17 Constitution Hill, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
(OLS) lle Wi OP A a g Blenheim Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 
MP OOOKIWIISS Seis cc a ss oe a Do. 
Cook, Miss V.V. 2.2.6.4 16 St. Helena Rd., Westbury Park, Bristol, 6 
Cooper, Miss B. K. D. .... 108 Falcondale Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9 
Corbett, Miss C. L., M.B. Hillcrest, Falcondale Road, Westbury-on- 
(OM Sa ee a ee Trym, Bristol, 9 
Gormack. 1). M........... 1 Rodway Hill, Mangotsfield, Bristol 
Warmack KAS i. dee ke de Do. 
/ MOCSIGIIG I) AES ae ieee nena 3 Parry’s Close, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 
_ Mots pilD A era 42 Lower Ashley Road, Bristol 
Cowie, JWV.,,B-Sc... «2... 83 Woodland Road, Bristol, 8 


Cowley, J..M.A., F.R.E.S. | Holywell House, Edington, Bridgwater, Som. 
Cowlishaw, Miss I.O.M... 12 Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 


5 A OO5 A OES Ra ee 76 Lime Road, Southville, Bristol, 3 
Crampton, Miss D. M. .... Locke’s Cottage, Belluton, Pensford, Bristol 
Cranfield, R. David ...... 5 Coniston Avenue, Westbury-on-Trym, 

Bristol, 9 
Cranfield, R, Dean. ...... Do. 
Guillem, DaAwGe. .. 2... ss g Dorchester Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7 
Cullen, Mrs. D. A.C....... Do. 
Culverwell, R. Vi... 65. 4 Southfield Rd., Westbury-on-Trym. Bristol 
Cummams) CA. oo. ee ss “* Triscombe ”’, 208 Stoke Lane, Westbury 
on-Trym, Bristol 
Cummings, Mrs.C.H..... Do. 
Curtis, 'M. L. K., B.Sc., 
JEL DOM ee ae The Stock House, Berkeley, Glos. 
me Dantell, G. Mo. ie. eee 67 Ilchester Crescent, Bedminster Down, 
Bristol, 3 
Davie, J: iM Ph.D.,) B.Sc.; 
[SETS CE ee eae a Clifton College, Bristol, 8 
Wavies Misys... 2s 3s +s 54 Wellington Walk, Westbury-onTrym, 
Bristol, 9 
IDEN TISS? | [Se ee c/o Mr. G. Grant, Edgewood Court, Rock- 


away, New Jersey, U.S.A. 
Davis, H. H.,M.B.0O.U. .. Little Stoke Farm, Patchway, Bristol 
PB: 


Davis, Mrs, H. H. id ia ~ Do, 

Dawe, MissL.M. ........ School House, Tickenham, Clevedon, Som. 

Day, 12.3), aaa 28 Rugby Road, Brislington, Bristol, 4 

aE ns Solis cleo ww aales Windways, Greenhill Road, Sandford, nr. 
Bristol 

meloneld A i. cc cetews Elstone, Hermitage Road, Lansdown, Bath, 
Som. 


Dennison, V. D., B.Sc. 
(20100) eee een 12 Newlyn Avenue, Bristol, 9 
Devonshire, A.F., Ph.D. .. Dept. of Physics, Bristol University. 


84 MEMBERS 
A(F). “Devy. Miss 'P.). .c is ae ene 24 Morley Road, Southville, Bristol, 3 
* Donovan, D. T., B.Sc., 
PRD OEG Si le eas 12 Royal Crescent, Bath 

A(#). Drummond, Miss A. K..... 65 Harcourt Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 
DuddensiGw.. ema. 26 Rousham Road, Bristol, 5 
Dudden, Mrs. G. H. Do. 
Duddridge, Miss E., B.Sc... 59 Kellaway Avenue, Bristol, 6 

C. PATI ay Rr ee sche eee Innocks, North Nibley, Dursley, Glos. 
Dunnicht¥,H., MeALS.. : 10 Effingham Road, Bristol, 6 

ACP) Over wNWliss is AX. 62") ih rere 24 Merrywood Road, Southville, Bristol, 3 
Hatough, PAs 105. cee ee 116 Newbridge Road, St. Anne’s Park, 

Bristol, 4 

Fatough, Mis: J.cA. 2 22.8 Do. 

AC deel MEI. s,s te mene _ 31 Harrowdene Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4 

H. Bdmonds, Hi@rit 2... The Grange, Goring-on-Thames, Berks. 
Englands WWaAuc niece iin 54 Chandos Road, Keynsham, Bristol 
England, Mrs. W.A....... Do. 

ACG). Evans CAR. 1.26 we sie sion 30 Blenheim Road, Bristol, 6 
Vans sols bey eek eon 17 Mortimer Road, Filton, Bristol, 7 
Evans, he Woy sexscatele eters a) ate 46 Horfield Road, St. Michael’s, Bristol, 2 
EVENS ES oer re uae 96 Hampton Road, Bristol, 6 


Evens, F.W.,A.C.A. .... 65 Linden Road, Bristol, 6 


Falk, Mrs.M.M. ........ 7 Sion Hill, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Parmer, Miss Poot sa' ase Capri, Gardens Road, Clevedon, Som. 
Barmer;, Miss) Paka ee 44 College Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Ravellt Miss A Cees ie The Manor House, Shipham, Winscombe, 
Fear, A. C. K., B.Sc., 
BYERS Ss ae esate palopane tet Lodway Cottage, Pill, Som. 
Fleetham, Miss M.W. .... 15 Randall Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Fleure, Miss E.,.M.A. .... Wyvyan House, Clifton Park, Clifton, 
Bristol, 8 

Blook JE Wan dee ee 70 Hudd’s Vale Road, St. George, Bristol, 5 
Flook;)Mirss Fl. Ws esa ice Do. 
Flook,) Missi)... 5.2. 10 Radley Road, Fishponds, Bristol, 5 
Ford, [AEE BIS. as oh aks University of Bristol 
Forrest, Gan Vien. cane. 43 Canynge Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Foster, 10Ro su. cles ees 26 Hampton Park, Redland, Bristol, 7 
Foster, Mrs) DOR: =. 2... Do. 
Foster, cig en ciicneccen 56 Egerton Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 
Foster, Misi Rech. > ya Do. 
Fowler JH. (CG) Sak soe. 10 Hughenden Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Fox, Massibie le oo aune ees Combewell, Winford, Bristol 
Fraymouth, Miss J., M.Sc. 24 St. Michael’s Park, Bristol, 2 
Frost Di Wi Beye  fsiecayslees 32 Oakwood Road, Henleaze, Bristol 
Bry. aoe i eee a ose Sidcot School, Winscombe, Som. 
Boys RN eee tae, LU 59 Air Balloon Road, St. George, Bristol, 5 
Furber, Miss A. A......... 106 Henleaze Road, Henleaze, Bristol, 6 
” Fyfe, Mrs. R. M. , B.Sc. .... 7 Beaconsfield Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Garlick, Gwe: iow ane 147 Melrose Avenue, Yate, Nr. Bristol 

yi Garrett, Mi ecn ae aes enters 8 Groveleaze, Sea Mills, Bristol 
Grodin oP Se Wn. see -can ier 21 Hampton Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 

wGodimanit@ i Wee th ee 5 Arden Close, Coombe Dingle, Bristol, 9 
Goldring, D-Gi ie erat 21 Apsley Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Goldring wR. cee te ee aa D 


oO. 
Gorham, MajorA......... Heathercroft, St. Luke’s, Cheltenham, Glos. 


2s 


ps 


A(7). 


MEMBERS 85 


Gorvett, H., B.Sc., Ph.D. .. Zoology Dept., Imperial College, S.W.7 


Graham, MissC. ........ 9 Leigh Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Grandfield, V.H. <..-... 216 Stapleton Road, Bristol, 5 
Gravestock, MissI.F. .... 7 Leigh Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Greening, L. E., M.Inst.C.E. 5 Abbey Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol 
Gatti Wiiss We... se ee 95 Raleigh Road, Southville, Bristol, 3 
Groves Miss Cy 0... 5 ee 21 Bayswater Avenue, Redland, Bristol, 6 
Grundy, Miss M.E. ...... 46 Burley Crescent, Downend, Bristol 
Habgood, Miss M.E....... 9 Burlington Road, Bristol, 6 
acue, Missi@.L. 2... 2. 10 Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
iamblett. DER... ..,...- 3. 60 Silver Street, Dursley, Glos. 
Hamilton, R.G., M.A. .... Tanglewood, West Hill, Wraxall, Som. 


Hamilton, Mrs.R.G. .... Do. 
Hamlin, Rev. A.G., B.A. .. 85 Cromwell Road, Bristol, 6 
Do 


. Hamlin, MissA.E. ...... 


Hamlyn, Miss M. E., B.Sc. The Chase, Rectory Lane, Compton Martin, 


Som. 
Hammacott, H.R......... Knoll Rise, Chestnut Road, Long Ashton, 
Bristol 
Harding, Miss J. M.D. .... 10 Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Harding, Miss W.G....... 11 Ivywell Road, Sneyd Park, Bristol, 9 
Hants, Miss EA... ... ... 487 Fishponds Road, Bristol 
arise Woes eee dash tr 3 2 Cecil Avenue, St. George, Bristol, 5 
MBI eNTGS, WAN HIRES ie scsi a gis oreo e s Do. 
Harris, Prot. J. E.,.F.R.S., 
M. A., 1 Plo! Bs athe aan rae 6 Clifton Hill, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Harris, Miss Vi TAOS eae gre 112 Coombe Lane, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9 
Mil AERIS. RN. Jee! «cece 3s 6 sss Charnwood, The Avenue, Clevedon, Som. 
Hartill, G. G., M.R.C.S., 
RAG Ri dieiia ese 88 os Stone House, High Street, Chipping Sodbury 
Haskins. Aso... ee es 30 Townsend, Chew Stoke, Near Bristol 
Hawker, Miss L. E., D.Sc., 
elo Di) Bis) Lt CEE aera oe 32 Barley Croft, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol 
Henderson, R.W.J. ...... 8 Oldfield Place, Hotwells, Bristol, 8 
Heslop; i.) R. P:, M.A, 
| is OS OS A eae Belfield, Poplar Rd., Burnham-on-Sea, Som. 
Hewlett, Miss C. M. E., M.Sc. 3 Lansdown Place West, Bath, Som. 
Hickman, Mrs. E.L....... 45 Grove Road, Coombe Dingle, Bristol, 9 
dauckmaam, Rei ase cs 57 Westbury Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9 

iggens, MissB........... 3 Lansdown Place, West, Bath, Som. 

ley; Miss M.D. °........ 9g Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 8 

Pall Mis) 1D. R. soe 3 Charlton Lane, Brentry, Bristol 

inten. TH) ES Ph.D.... 5). . Zoology Dept., University, Bristol 

Hiebbs. @2 Ri BuA.. |. ca 6 Webbs Heath Farm, Warmley, Bristol 

lobbs, Mrs. CR. . 2... 6 Do. 

to eke vats Grd 68 is oh ve Regina, Station Road, Weston-super-Mare, 
Som. 

loekeyn GiGi... iosc2c. oes : Do. 

Elelmes-W. A. . 0.2... 4 Hyland Grove, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9 

Htolwrll i. J. Wow... se es 39 Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8 

Holwill, Mrs. F.J.W. .... Do. 

PEO IRS Cle sae as ee ves 26 St. Andrew’s Road, Montpelier, Bristol, 6 

Horn, Miss E. J., M.A. .... 12 Salisbury Road Redland, Bristol, 6 

HBettonlieR WV ke ws oe 3 Walsingham Road, St. Andrew’s, Bristol, 6 

Hoult, Mis. R.W......... Do 


Howard, R. W., M.R.C,V.S. 19 Richmond Hill, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Howard, Mrs.R.M....... Do. 


86 


PIZTS\ = 


A(7). 


bal OF 


* 


* 


* 


Hulbert, Mrs Re (se, ee 
Humphries, Mrs.C. M..... 
Hutchinson, MissM.N. . 

Pluitty,Miass Mi i ee 


Nackson,! Wein... saat erste 
Jago, MissI. M., B.Sc. .... 
Names) Mis. Min dot 


James, Mass MivAT ces. 


Jelly, Mass )Rio ei aie ceayete 
Jenkin, Miss P. M., M.A. .. 
Jenkins, Miss DR: 2). 6.2. 
Jenkins, F. G., M.B., Ch.B. 
Johns, MissC.M. ........ 
Jobnson, De... etc 
Johnston, Miss C. Mc.K., 
M.A. 


coecee ere eee ee ee oe @ 


Kearns, H. G. H., Ph.D., 
BSc ERE... -eics 
Kellaway, G. ne opises 
PAGS eige Mie ences 
Kendall, O.D., M.A. .... 
Kenney, D. J. Roa 
A.M.1.Mech.E. 2... 2.4 
Kenney; Mrs) Do]. Ko). 
Kinga Be iit Galo macs teies 
Kitching, J. A., O.B.E. 
M.A., Ph.D., Seal Asics: 


Lance, J AR eae eee: 


Lance, Mis. qu o'.. sd). 
Lansdowne, IW) SET. he es, 
Leach, A. C. ,M.A., T.D. .. 


Leach, MissC. V.M....... 
Leese tC SE iB SC. cites or 
Lewis, Miss E. K., B.A. .... 
hewis, Missi | sc aeeceee cite 
Lewisohn]: Ags 2h2 aan. 
Lewisohn, Mrs. J.A....... 
Lillico, Miss J. W. ........ 
inn, Loi. ye ene 
Linton, Miss. [en 43 see 
Lippiatt, MissE.M.  .... 
Lodge; Mirs: KM. otc) 2 hia 
Pong, Mass Be Bi. iet tree 


MEMBERS 


101 Belmont Road, St. Andrews, Bristol, 6 
Do. 
*“* Lamorna ’’, Easter Compton, nr. Bristol 


Do. 
The Paddocks, Chew Stoke, nr. Bristol 
20 Kinsale Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4 
“ Hillcrest’, Falcondale Road, Westbury-: 
on-Trym, Bristol, 9 


“* Greenhills ’?, Ham Lane, Dundry, Bristol 

51 Westbury Road, Bristol 

The Mill House, Woollard, Pensford, nr. 
Bristol 

12 Glen Drive, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 

Barrow Court, Barrow Gurney, nr. Bristol 

Dept. of Zoology, Bristol University 

10 Welsford Road, Stapleton, Bristol 

51 Redcliff Hill, Bristol,1 1 

2 Gloucester Row, Bristol, 8. 

153 Cheltenham Road, Bristol, 6 


38 Manor Park, Redland, Bristol, 6 

Southmead General Hospital, Westbury-on- 
Trym, Bristol 

634 Filton Avenue, Bristol, 7 


The Research Station, Long Ashton, Bristol 

Geological Survey and Museum, South 
Kensington, S.W.7 

Wills Hall, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 


53 St. Michael’s Hill, Bristol, 2 

Do. 
Mayfield, Uplands Road, Saltford, Som. 
8 Old Sneed Park, Bristol, 9 


8 Atlantic Road South, Weston-super-Mare, 
Som. 


Do. 
Windmill Hill F arm, Hutton, Weston-super- 
Mare, Som. 


Do. 
I Napier Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 
Highclere, Cote Park, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9 
Do. 


32 Haverstock Road, Bristol, 4 
g Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8 


Do. 
Hunters Hall, Bitton, Nr. Bristol 

Do. 
37b Downleaze, Bristol, 9 
Zoology Dept., University of Exeter 
21 Belgrave Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Amber Leigh, Rudgeway, nr. Bristol 
5 Worcester Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
9g Osborne Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 


od 


MEMBERS 87 


* Loupekine, I. S., B.Sc., Royal Technical College of East Africa, 
ROE AG Ses oe ee Private Bag, Nairobi, Kenya 
C. Heel ee ee ww ts 51 Mildred Avenue, Harlington, Hayes, 
Middx. 
Lowe, E. E., B.Sc., Ph.D... 17 Southfield Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol 
meg ee lbewmdes, Geo... 1... ee eee 214 Redland Road, Bristol, 6 
Raf on LOWOCES, Jo... 2... ce eee es Do. 
PA emleOwmees, Reo... cece ee Do. 
Loxton, Miss D. M......... 15b Grove Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 
Luxford, Mrs. K.M....... 15 Sunnyside, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 
Maggs, Miss F.R. ........ 57 Barton Road, St. Philip’s, Bristol, 2 
C. Mia mInORE VG foc. kk High Street, Wootton-under-Edge, Glos. 
A(F). Margetts, D. 44. Luckwell Road, Bristol, 3 
Marsden, A., M.B.E., Ph.D., 
M.Sc., F.R.IC. ........ 161 Bishop Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 
Marsden, Mrs. A, ........ O. 
*H. Matthews, L. Harrison, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s 
M.A., Sc.D., F.L.S., F.R.S. Park, N.W.8. 
Maunder, MissM.E. .... 6 Oak Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7 
McLeod, MissE. ........ 182 Badminton Road, Downend, Bristol 
Mead, Miss'G. Eo... 16 Quadrant West, Hillfields Park, Bristol 
Meese: Wise. i eke es ss 164 Bloomfield Road, Bristol, 4 
A, Merrie, sD). s. 0.51.3 Inglenook Cottage, Alveston Hill, Thorn- 
bury, Glos. 
Messiter, MissF.E, ...... 1 Tyndall’s Park Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
C. Milburne; Mis. D......... Syston one Cottage, Mangotsfield, nr. 
Bristo 
C. ind HIS Se Lyndale, Merthyr-Mawr Road, Bridgend, 
Glam. 
Millard, Mrs. E.R.. ...... 10 Cambridge Park, Bristol, 6 
Jka GB ey a St. Vincents, West Town, nr. Bristol 
IMiItomsfice as ois eo 10 Randall Road, Clifton Wood, Bristol, 8 
Milton, Mrs.J. .......5.- Do. 
C. Milward, Mrs. M.W. .... Bonneval, Station Road, Nailsea, Som. 
NMfocfosd. He Fi. eo. ss 3a Southfield Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9 
mere VOR Gs he ede ed os 483 Fishponds Road, Bristol, 5 
Moore} Miss J.C. ........ 56 Hampton Road, Bristol, 6 
IMoroam pili. ois oa ase Dodmore Crossing, Westerleigh, nr. Bristol 
A. Morgan, Miss P........... 48 Wellington Hill, Horfield, Bristol, 7 
HA 7). Moss, MissH.M. ........ 13 Richmond Avenue, Montpelier, Bristol, 6 
PAN ee TOSS SS. Wasi. esc eee ss Do. 
Morris, Mrs. P.M. ...... 103 Passage Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9 
Mountstevens, Miss E. ..102 Falcondale Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9 
Pay) woviudees Ra. 0. isos ee cee g Fairhaven Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 
Mate NASI Rea ooh a ee eas 4 Kent Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 
C. Nature Conservancy (The) 91 Victoria Street, London, S.W.1 
Ci Naylor, Muss A. L.’........ Grey Hollow, West Harptree, Bristol 
A. Ness a ae 70 Trymside, Sea Mills, Bristol, 9 
INethercott, PJ. M. .....-. 3 The Glen, Durdham Down, Bristol, 6 
Nettle; Miss E.C.. ........ 3 Beaufort Road, Kingswood, Bristol 
Neville, Miss M. ........ 7 Belmont Road, St. Andrew’s, Bristol, 6 
Niblett, E-G.M. .....%.; 33 Beaufort Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
may) wNecmols, M. ..... 2... ee 641 Filton Avenue, Bristol, 7 


Nightingale, K. R......... 20 Hadrian Close, Sea Mills, Bristol, 9 


88 MEMBERS 


O'Neill PF :, B.S) 3)... 24 Channel View Crescent, Portishead, Som. 
Orme VAC I OAG Nei ie, eee Oakfield Lodge, Julian Road, Stoke Bishop, 
Bristol, 9 
Orme, Mis Ac JA c oon Do. 
Owen; BABE ne Bare 13 Wells Road, Bristol, 4 
Owens, Mrs.N.M. ...... 10 Radley Road, Fishponds, Bristol, 5 
C. Ralimeri@ Wz. 7. fae syecees Highfield, Sandford Hill, Bridgwater, Som. 
OF Palmer, Mirsii@. Di) oi)... Do. 
C. Palnier, Mass 'E. Mi 5.222. Do. 
C. Palmer-Smith, Mrs.M..... 202 Prekersleigh Road, Malvern, Worcs. 
Pares, W. T., Lt.-Col. .... Crofters, Blagdon, Som. 
Partite sat 4c nn coe n Stoweylands, Bishop Sutton, nr. Bristol 
Parker, Mirs)iS.cb ORL “* Jalna ”’, 6 Stonehill, Hanham, Bristol 
Parslow, Actbwicd ie cnk eee 14, Eastfield Gardens, Weston- -super-Mare, 
om 
A( 7). Paxsoms, Miss Eli Jo.,. 5.06 40 131 Staple Hill Road, Fishponds, Bristol 
VAI, PAUSOUS. Ran) do tse cuales 46 Vicarage Road, Southville, Bristol, 3 
Patch, Miss BiMei...05 20% 71_ Cranford Lane, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9 
Paulson, C. W. G., c/o The Monotype Corporation Ltd., 
MEBIOSU SE AZScn Stseene Salfords, Redhill, Surrey 
Payne, Mirs; BM tnd. J. Merrywood, West Harptree, nr. Bristol 
Paynes Ei", ge erase Compton House, Chew Stoke, nr. Bristol 
"Beach, A. ve toe) eet 2 5 Hanbury Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 


*C. Pearman, J.V.,F.R.E.S. ,... Beechcroft, Upper Wchnicldi Way.m-astom 
Clinton, nr. Aylesbury, Bucks 


A. PedlersHiGH ees 4 Aes 21 Clift Road, Ashton Gate, Bristol 
A fee eerless, IMMNSSHE)cye rs loins i. 3 Thackeray Avenue, Clevedon, Som. 
Pemberton, Miss J. A.W... 14 Cambridge Park, Redlands, Bristol, 6 
Perkins, Mrs. M.M....... 25 Sandys Leaze, Canford, Westbury-on- 
Trym, Bristol 
Perret; Dj bli a ia feast West End Pharmacy, Bridgwater, Som. 
Perry, F.C., M.A., F.L.A... 38 Kellaway Avenue, Bristol, 6 
Pernryamnar gee a etic etc! 21 St. Alban’s Rd., Westbury Park, Bristol, 6 
Phillips, F. Coles, M.A., 
Pha SVG. Sei ee Dept. of Geology, Bristol University 
Phillips, i Re BSG. cn ae: g Grove Avenue, Coombe Dingle, Bristol, 9 
A( 7). Phillips\Missta cen eee 15 Belvedere Road, Bristol, 6 
Phillips, Mrs. M.D. H..... 6 Beaconsfield Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Pick, Miss ‘©. Mir. .i.ccete se Ss 4 Royal York Villas, Clifton, Bristol, g 
A, Pitnaam, FRAG oe teins a dees 20 Tuffley Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9 
Plaice, Miss C. H. T., B.Sc., 94 Sandringham Road,  Brislington, 
PAD ee fies se chee. ae Bristol, 4 
Plaices Bie veel oetorse Ae Do 


Plowright, Rev. E. W., B.A. Hanham Vicarage, Bristol 
D 


Plowright) Mrs. 2 327. 2: 2h. oO. 
CG: Pooled sas eae site sas 11 Malvern Road, Weston-super-Mare, Som. 
Poplett; Miss. Hit 3.32. 3. 2 Cotham Road, Bristol, 6 
Popplestone, Gr ie. str. 29 Burlington Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 
Popplestone, Mrs. C....... Do. 
Als Popplestone, Miss L. J. T... Do. 
G: Potter, Miss EWA, | 2.0 22. Westonbirt School, Tetbury, Glos. 
* Poulding “Rw. pdm cee 10 West Park Road, Downend, Bristol 
Pratt; Missi Eso iut ease 1 Hughenden Road, Clifton, Bristol 8 
Pratt, WoW ie ak cue Re 1 Hanham Road, Kingswood, Bristol 


Prowse, D. C., M.B.,Ch.B. Wigmore House, Thornbury, nr. Bristol 
Prowse, Mrs. D. C., M.B., 
ChB. Oe aeeeein Do. 
A, Prowse) Miss oS. .ueie.nee g Alexandra Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 


SIS 2is) 


MEMBERS 89 


10S, | |e 141 Cromwell Road, St. Andrews, Bristol, 6 


So See ee ee Sycamore Cottage, East Harptree, Som. 


Dasiey, Mirswik. Mw... .. O. 
Pyke, H. D., M.B., Ch.B. 88 Redland Road, Bristol, 6 
Pyke, Mrs. MeDi 22... Do. 


Quick, Mrs. O. E., B.Sc. .. 129 Stoke Lane, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, 9 


Rake, Miss B. A., B.Sc. .... 56 Ridgeway, Long Ashton, Bristol 

Rawelitte) Mrs. B. .. 02... 22 Abbotts Road, Hanham, Bristol 

HRAWCMNTOMIDS a ss eo oe co Do. 

Reads MissPoD. ........ 37 Naishcombe Hill, Wick, Bristol 

INGCVES PONV) See de ee ee 284 Wells Road, Bristol, 4 

Reynolds): F., BA. ...... Queens College, Taunton, Som. 

Richards)S: W.........5% Langley, Swan Lane, Winterbourne, nr. 
Bristol 

Richards, Mrs. S$. W....... Do. 

Ricketts, Miss J. B., B.Sc.,.. Los Angeles, Thingwall Park, Fishponds, 
Bristol 

Riddiford, Miss A. M., B.Sc. Pinecroft, Alveston, nr. Bristol 

Robinson, Miss G., B.Sc. .. 9g Charlcombe Way, Bath, Som. 

Rogers, Miss M. H., M.A... Wyvyan House, Clifton Pk., Clifton, Bristol, 8 

Room, MissE.M......... Meadowside, Chew Stoke, nr. Bristol 

TEACIC10 01 2250) Aa Do. 

Room MirsoPs Jy ....0.... Do. 

oseveare, Wolk. o..5. 0%. The Orchard House, Hutton, Weston-super- 
Mare, Som. 

Roslings ELINe ces ek. a ose 5 Kenneth Road, Brislington, Bristol, 4 

Rosling, Mrs.H.N. ...... Do. 

Ross, F. Stenhouse........ 25 Tugela Road, Uplands Estate, Bristol, 3 

Salmond sPoW. .....6..... 22 Tyndall’s Park Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 

Sampson, INiiss vA IMS: 142 Coronation Road, Bristol, 3 

Sandwith, Mrs. C.1.,F.L.S. 26 Canynge Square, Clifton, Bristol, 8 

Sargent, ROGUE AL... 15 Upper Belgrave Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 


Savage, R. J. G., B.Sc., 
Ph.D.,F.L.S.,F.G.S.,F.Z.S. Dept. of Geology, University, Bristol, 8 


DAVOMyA ems 0 cc's le 61 Lower Redland Road, Bristol, 6 
Savory, Mrs. J-H......... Do. 
Mee Savory, C.J. .....0.5...- Do. 
C. Saver, MrsiS.... 26.0... The Gate House, Iford, Bradford-on-Avon, 
Wilts. 
Scadding, Miss M.P....... *“* Westover ”’, 13 Croomes Hill, Downend, 
Bristol 
#. DCASCHIRGyE tevschs iy sates a Ss Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens, 


A(7). 
c. 


Wisley, Ripley, Woking, Surrey 
Scott, P.,°M.B.E., D.S.C., - ° 
M. i oti 5 SEE eee New Grounds, Slimbridge, Glos. 


EWEN eel. See woe 59 Upper Oldfield Park, Bath, Som. 

Sharpe, Gis Pei ae eee 22 Woodleigh Gardens, Whitchurch, 
Bristol, 4 

Slaw?! Miss\D......5..5... 48 Kellaway Ave., Westbury Pk., Bristol, 6 

BbaweMtss Ts 13 Buckingham Vale, Clifton, Bristol, 8 

Shepherd, Miss J.M....... 66 Inkerman Close, Horfield, ‘Bristol, y 

Shepherd, Miss J.E....... 54 Wellington Walk, Westbury- -on-Trym, 

Bristol, 9 
Sheppard, B. ........65.. 124 Mount Hill Road, Hanham, Bristol 


Shmacrdd. S............. 5 Dial Hill Road, Clevedon, Som. 


90 


OO 


* 


Th & 9 


A(7). 


MEMBERS 
Shinner; Mrs Hose safe Do. 
pilcocks; WW. Bi. scree Branksome, Beach Road, Kewstoke, Weston- 


super-Mare, Som. 
Simpson, Scott, M.A., Dr. 


rer. nate, E.GsS: ee ei Geology Dept., Bristol University 
Skene, Prof. M.;\ D:Se:, 
Soe Oot ae At meen ee oa 36 Lawrence Grove, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol, 9 
Skinner yIReAG es le cree 39 Apsley Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Sloane. h., BiSe.. 2-8. 2: Burwalls, Bristol, 8 
Smisson, MissS.A. ...... 188 Redland Road, Bristol, 6 
Smatth, Mrs. AwIM neue 69 Claremont Road, Bristol, 7 
Smith D. Munro, M.R.C.S., 
BRIC Ps Sosy arene aes 220 Badminton Road, Downend, Bristol 
Smith, P..G. Munro >. 2... Do. 
mimmitia, BAS Joe teh ae teye 31 Cromwell Road, St. Andrews, Bristol, 7 
Smith; even cin ay. eee 21 Upper Belmont Road, St. Andrews, 
Bristol, 6 
smith, Mrs. Ac) 0.6). 28 Bishop Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 
Smith, Miss MAS Vn, 80 Hampstead Road, Bristol, 4 
Spiers, D. R., M.B.O.U., 
AMienas. As © Ae ee. Timber Yard Cottage, Bradwell Grove, 
Burford, Oxon 
Sprage,: Miss Die tae. 28 Birdwell Road, Long Ashton, nr. Bristol 
. Steadman, Miss V. E. M. 2 Kingsley Road, Cotham, Bristol, 6 
terme, BI at bate sheers a tists g Charlcombe Way, Bath, Som. 
WOSLCETY NE eye ore aseke eee 15 Acramans Road, Southville, Bristol, 3 
Stott, D. H.,M.A., Ph.D. .. 13 Maurice Road, Bristol, 6 
Stott, MMi. EL. ask ae) Do. 
; Stott, Muss Min ics’ atteae Do. 
s POLOtE AP. ele ie eae Do. 
Stowell, Miss\Jo R..). ones 21 Victoria Square, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Stowell, Miss I.E. ........ Do. 
Sutton, EG eee cians ote eetonede 14 Woodcroft Avenue, Whitehall, Bristol, 5 
Swaine, Miss A. K., F.R.A.S. Pisang Cottage, Nailsea, Som. 
Swanborough, Rik seene 24 Highland Avenue, Hanham, Bristol 
Sweets Gea siscscsde sie cate 40 Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Sweet. Missio)i 32s seams one Do. 
Sydenham, W.1.Ji: 225. . 230 Overndale Road, Fishponds, Bristol 
«| Pages ph iete: shea Ros teva nate 2 Buckingham Vale, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
asker, Suzi sae ii sy cae cene 4. Whiteladies Road, Bristol, 8 
Maylor; Miss AJB.) sxe. « 16 Cotham Road, Bristol, 6 
PaylorjFe Peele emaeees Harbury, Harbury Road, Westbury-on- 
Trym, Bristol, 9 
se aylor, Mass Pi eg peaitl Towerhurst, Church Road, Leigh Woods, 
Bristol, 8 
Taylor RB. Sic wee Preparatory School, Clifton College, 
Bristol, 8 
Taylor, S. M., B.Sc., 
S:DiMech. Baty dine cps Glenalan, Station Road, Nailsea, Som. 
Taylor, Mrs! S.Mie ns. an): Do. 
Metley,Virs sla sei me Lise 4 The Avenue, Sneyd Park, Bristol ,9 
ThompsonJAs oie. see ae oe 107 Bradley Road, Trowbridge, Wilts 
Thompson, Miss M.D..... 3 Pembroke Vale, Clifton, Bristol, 8 
Tatchen; Wie tee ae ee 47 Shipley Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 


Bristol, 9 
Tozeland-Jones, MissS. J... 12 Florence Park, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6 
Turner, H. W., M.A., F.G. S... The Cottage, Kensington Place, Clifton, 
Bristol, 9 
Wurner,/ Miss Ji7AG ane cs II St. Edyth’s Road, Sea Mills, Bristol, 9 


~s 


AQ 


* 


" Weir, Mrs. A. M. 
Welch, F. B. A., B.Sc., Ph.D., 


* 


Vallis, J. L. H. 
Wamcewivirs, RD... 2... 
Vance, D. J. 
Wance, Miss MM. .......... 
Vernon, W. F. 
Vinnicombe, 
M.A. 
Weowles, JoFle i065. 56.22 


eeoeseree ee ee 
cece ese ee ee ee eo 
eoece eee ee ee 


eooceree ee ee ee ee © © 


\ canta eh Ie Al reir 
Wakefield, Mrs.G.S. .... 


Walker, MissA........... 
Walker Miss Au... 
Walker. Miss He .......... 
Wallington, W. A......... 


Wallington, Mrs. H.E..... 
Wallington, Miss J. 
Wallis, F. S., Ph.D., D.Sc., 
LL GES ease a a 
Wareham, Miss C. A. L. 


Wareham, MissF......... 
Wareing, Miss N., B.Sc..... 
Warne, L. G. G., M.Sc., 


ce eer eee eee eee ee eee 


eeceeee 


eeceeeeoe ee eee 
eoecee ee ees ee e@ 


LD (CRISS «is malate eee en 
NAY Ic od) WS re 
WViestaiviiss| NT oes. ees 


Westcott, Miss M. V....... 
NGO 14 06 (rece 
Whistler, L. D. 
Wysante IDWS, ISOC... 5.0 5 oe. 
Whittaker A..F... ss... 88 


eooceece ee eee 


Whittard, Prof. W. F., Ph.D., 


IDSe5.FG.S. ce 
WR MICOX SINE. Joc ai elle a ese 
Wrailkins 0A. Bo. 23... ee 
Willams, E.G. .... 2. 8 
Williams, Mrs. G. E....... 


eoeceee ee ee eee 


WN RR. bedi leaks eles 
Wills, Wirs. RF... 
Mxine@tt, MoH. ..... 2.8. 
Wilson, Mrs. M. L. 
Wiltshire, Miss M. O. P., 

D.Sc. 


eee eee 


MEMBERS 


91 


Hearne House, Pilton, Shepton Mallet, Som. 
The Post Office, Nailsea, Som, 

Do. 

Do. 


Wyngarth, Easter Compton, Bristol 


Denver, Ridgeway, Long Ashton, Bristol 
4 Brymore Close, Wembdon, Bridgwater, 


Som. 


6 Stoulton Road, Brentry, Bristol 
Sheppardine House, nr. Thornbury, Bristol 
** Vanda ’’, 2 Southwood Avenue, Coombe 
Dingle, Bristol, 9 
Manor Hall, Clifton Hull, Bristol, 8 
24 Stanley Street, Stapleton Road, Bristol, 5 
Do. 
* Bregar; 
Bristol 
Do. 
Do. 


Station Road, Nailsea, nr. 


City Museum, Bristol, 8 
*“Corscombe ”’, Church Lane, Backwell, 
Bristol. 
Do. 
Ivy Cottage, Compton Martin, Bristol 


Karachi, Pakistan 


9 Druid Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 
The Little House, Frenchay, Bristol 
Do. 

Elmside, Old Town, Wotton-U-Edge, Glos. 
45 Egerton Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 
Hursley Hill, Whitchurch, nr. Bristol 
roe cee aan Survey, Exhibition Road, 


.W.7 
44 Conygre Road, Filton, Bristol, 7 
18 Dennyview Road, Abbots Leigh, nr. 

Bristol 

20 Linden Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 
Sunnyside, Hillside Road, Portishead, Som. 
8 Dundonald Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 
44. The Park, Kingswood, Bristol 


Dept. of Geology, Bristol University 

79 Manor Road, Fishponds, Bristol 

2 Norland Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 

3 Queen Square, Bristol, 1 

2 Belmont Road, Canford Cliffs, Bourne- 
mouth 

2 Westmorland Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 

40 Claremont Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 


Do. 
4 Ravens Cross Road, Long Ashton, Bristol 
Stuart House, Royal Fort, Bristol 6, 


Clifton Hill House, Bristol, 8 
12 Belluton Road, Bristol, 4 


92 


i, 


MEMBERS 
Mig sley H., F.R.E.S., Museum, North ‘Terrace, Adelaide, S. 
ATES. Sen eae eRe Australia 
Woodland, P., M.A. ...... Redwick, Dursley, Glos. 
Wostenholm, Miss M. .... 162 Forest Road, Kingswood, Bristol 
Wright; MiAL i). acne ot Woodside, Glebe Road, Long Ashton, Bristol 
s AWering, (PAW Acti eee oe 27 Luckwell Road, Bedminster, Bristol, 3 
Wynne, Mrs. V. J., B.Sc. .. 14 Church Street, Bridgwater, Som. 
3) MCATeS, Wiass EB. iae . f ie are 485 Wells Road, Bristol, 4 
Yemm; Prof, (E. W.; B:A., 
1D) Ed ot URE iments ea a ely Oa Stoneleigh, Long Ashton, nr. Bristol 
Yemm, Mrs. E. W., B.A. .. Do. 
Yonge, Prof. C. M., F.R.S., 
DSGir 2 bo aee oe eee The University, Glasgow 


AFFILIATED SOCIETIES 


Natural History Society, Diocesan Training College, Fishponds, Bristol 

Natural History Society, Grammar School, Dursley, Glos. 

Botanical and Zoological Societies, ‘The University, Bristol, 8 

Geological Society Do. Do. 

Natural History Society, City of Bath Training College, Newton Park, 
Newton St. Loe, Bath 

Scientific Society, Red Maids’ School, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol 

Bristol Grammar School Field Club, Elton Road, Bristol, 8 

Kingswood Grammar School, nr. Bristol 

Dursley & District Bird Watching & Preservation Society, Sec., Mr. 
T. P. Walsh, 76 Kingshill Road, Dursley, Glos. 

Scientific Group, H.M. Prison, Falfield, Glos. 

Bath Natural History Society, 8 Pulteney Street, Bath. 

St. Ursula’s High School Natural History Society, Brecon Road, Westbury- — 
on-Trym, Bristol, 9 

Social Club (Natural Science Section), Imperial Chemical Industries, 
Limited, ‘‘ Trafalgar ’”, The Promenade, Clifton Down, Bristol, 8 

University of Bristol, Horticultural Science Laboratories, Bracken Hill, 
Leigh woods, Bristol, 8 


93 


REPORT OF COUNCIL 
LOD9 


This represents an increase of 27 members and three Affiliated Societies 
over 1954. 

At the Annual General Meeting the officers and members of Council were duly 
elected. The President, Mr. Harry Savory, gave his Presidential Address on 
“Birds and Bird Conservation in Holland’’. The decision of Council to elect 
Professor C. M. Yonge, Dr. Harrison Matthews and Mr. H. O. Edmonds as 
Honorary Members was announced. 

A full programme of general and sectional meetings was arranged throughout 
the year with two additional general meetings, one in October and one in Novem- 
ber. It had been decided previously that no exhibition should be held. 

The occasion of the visit to Bristol of the British Association (of which the 
Bristol Naturalists are a Corresponding Society) was marked by an exhibition 
which, through the kind offices of Dr. F. W. Wallis, was arranged at the City 
Museum. Mr. P. F. Bird acted as co-ordinating secretary. At the two excellently 
attended evening receptions for the Association held in the Museum the exhibits 
(in the preparation of which all sections participated) were explained by members 
of the Society. 

A Junior Section was formed under Rule 27 with Members of the Section 
becoming individually Associate Members of the Society. 

The deaths of Mr. H. S. Damsell, Mr. G. S. Maunder, Dr. Stanley Smith 
and Sir Arthur Trueman were noted with regret. 


C. S. CARLILE, Hon. Secretary. 


lk membership of the Society now stands at 440, with 13 Affiliated Societies. 


MON: LIBRARIAN’S REPORT 
O58) 


URING the year the Library was used regularly. 251 books were actually 
D borrowed and members made good use of reference works and journals. 
; The binding of periodicals is now complete and our programme for 1956 
1s :— 

(a) To rearrange some of the shelves. 

(b) To recatalogue the entire library and to include a shelf catalogue as well 

as an author catalogue. 

(c) To set aside a more convenient stand than the present one to hold 

only new books and the most recent issue of any particular journal. 
Back numbers will be removed to the standard shelves on the last day of 
any month. 

In the Library there is a suggestion book and Members are invited to indicate 
titles that appeal to them both in the way of general works of interest and standard 
reference books. Such suggestions will be considered as to their suitability by the 
Library Committee. It is not envisaged, however, that we shall necessarily con- 
sider with favour all the many standard text-books used by students. 

If any Member has suggestions to make, perhaps he will be good enough to 
send them in writing to the Hon. Librarian at the City Museum. 


J. H. DAVIE, Hon. Librarian, 


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95 


elected Chairman in place of Mr. F. W. Evens, who has acted for the past 
ten years in this capacity. The retiring Chairman was later presented with 
a book-token in appreciation of the work he had done for the Section, Professor 
M. Skene was re-elected President, Mrs. M. L. Davis, Hon. Secretary, and Dr. 
A. F. Devonshire, Hon. Field Secretary. Committee Members elected Were : 
Miss D. Shaw, Mrs. G. S. Wakefield, Mr. F. W. Evens and the Chairman and 
Hon. Secretaries. 
Field Walks were conducted throughout the Spring and Summer, and places 
visited were as follows :— 


April: Sham Castle and Bathampton. Mr. I. W. Evans. 

May: Flax Bourton. Dr. A. F. Devonshire. 

May: Abbots Leigh and Pool. Mrs. G. S. Wakefield. 

June: Churchill and Winscombe. Mr. C. H. Cummins. 

June: Leigh Woods. Mr. I. W. Evans and Mr. S. Sargent. 

July: Cadbury Camp and Tickenham. Miss D. Shaw and Mrs. Gis: 
Wakefield. 

July: Dundry. Dr. A. F. Devonshire. 

August : Observatory, Clifton Down. Mrs. G. S. Wakefield and Mr. 
I. W. Evans. 

August : Wick, Mr. I. W. Evans. 

Sept.: Pucklechurch and Dyrham. Mr. F. W. Evens. 


The gardens at Brandon Hill were visited in the spring, and during the summer 
a number of visits were paid to the Royal Fort Gardens. By kind permission of the 
Botany Department, visits were also paid to the University greenhouses and to the 
Hiatt Baker memorial garden. 

The Sectional meetings for the autumn and winter session were as follows :— 


A LT the Annual Business Meeting held in January, Mr. I. W. Evans was 


Jan. 17: Annual Business Meeting. 
Mr. R. W. Marsh—Plant Disease Control. 
Feb. 21: Mr. G. Maxwell-Davis—Common British grasses and clovers 
and their uses in agriculture. 
Mar. 21: Prof. M. Skene—Parasitism in Plants. 
Oct. 17: Short Talks by members :— 
Mr. I. W. Evans—The pressing and preserving of herbarium 
specimens. 
Dr. A. F. Devonshire—The New Forest, an ecological sketch. 
Miss D. Shaw—Growth of the tea-plant. 
Mrs. G. S. Wakefield—A visit to Kew Gardens. 
No. 21: Mr. A. J. Willis—The Ecology of Braunton Burrows, N. Devon. 
Wee. 12: Mr. S. E. Arney—Morphogenesis of the strawberry plant. 


The Botanical Section was well represented at the B.N.S. Exhibition in the 
City Museum, held in connection with the British Association Meeting in Septem- 
ber. The following exhibits were staged by members :— 


Rare plants of the Bristol district (herbarium specimens) : Mr. I. W. Evans. 

Plants of the Severn salt marshes: Mrs. M. L. Davis, Mr. I. W. Evans and 
Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Wills. 

Liverworts : Mrs. C. I. Sandwith. 

Mycetozoa: Mr. F. W. Evens. 

Colour transparencies of wild flowers: Mr. R. F. Wills and Mrs. M. L. 
Davis. 


M. L. DAVIS, Hon. Secretary. 


96 


REPORT OR 
ENTOMOLOGICAL S&S 


1955 


the Botany Lecture Theatre, the University of Bristol. 
Mr. N. A. Watkins was elected President, and Mr. C. L. Bell Secre- 
tary of the Section. 
After the conclusion of formal business the meeting adjourned, at the 
President’s invitation, to the Grand Hotel for informal discussion. 
Apart from the Annual Meeting there were three other meetings as follows : 


Feb. 7: Talk by Mr. R. Bassindale, on Social Insects. 

Oct. 4: Inspection of the Lepidoptera Collections in the City Museum. 

Nov. 8: Annual Exhibition. 

The Annual Conference of the Society for British Entomology was held in 
Bristol during July, the Secretary being Organiser. The Conference was a success 


and there was a joint field meeting at Priddy, which members of the Section 
attended. 


Ts gist Annual Meeting of the Section was held on January 3, 1955, in 


CECIL BELL, Hon. Secretary. 


97 


were elected :—President, Mr. F. Stenhouse Ross; Vice-Presidents, 
Dr. F. Coles Phillips and Dr. Stanley Smith ; Hon. Secretary, Dr. I. S. 
Loupekine ; Committee, Prof. W. F. Whittard (ex officio), Mr. T. R. Fry, Mr. 
F. J. W. Holwill, Mr. C. E. Leese, Dr. A. Marsden, Mrs. M. M. Perkins, Dr. 
R. J. G. Savage, Mr. H. S. Shinner, Dr. Scott Simpson, Mr. H. W. Turner, Mrs. 


A T the Annual Business Meeting held on January goth, the following Officers 


Two exhibitions were held during the year, both in the Bristol City Museum 
(by kind permission of the Director). The January Exhibition was open during 
the evening of 20th and all day on gist. It included items contributed by various 
members of the Section as well as members of the Geology Department of the 
University and by the City Museum. 

The second exhibition, held 2nd—6th September, was arranged in connection 
with the visit to Bristol of the British Association. More than 14 members con- 
tributed rocks, minerals and fossils of the Bristol region. ‘There were also exhibits 
on local water supply, building stones and geological industries. 

Members of the section, under the leadership of Mr. Fry, spent much time 
during the summer excavating on Dundry hill, where the old quarries had become 
overgrown. ‘They re-exposed the oolites and collected many fossils from this 
famous site. The British Association was keenly appreciative of the work done 
and awarded the section a small grant towards continuance of the work. Efforts 
are being made to have the site preserved. 

The following field meetings were held during the year :— 


Apr. 20: (Leader Mr. F. R. Sterne) Saltford (Lias nodules and Sewage 
Works). 


May 7: (Leader Dr. D. T. Donovan) Weymouth (Upper Jurassic 
Succession). 


June 1: (Leader Mr. F.S. Ross) Dundry. 


July 2: (Leader Mr. T. R. Fry) Failand (jointly with Dr. Wallis’s 
Tutorial Class). 


Aug. 10: (Leader Mr. T. R. Fry) Dundry. 


The following general meetings were held during the year :— 


Feb. 15: Miss P. Lampugh Robinson—Reptile finds in Mesozoic fissures 
in the Bristol Channel Area. 


Mar. 17: Dr. F. J. North—W. D. Conybeare and his geological contem- 
poraries. 


Oct. 18: Dr. J. F. Nye—Motion of Glaciers. 
Nov. 17: Prof. L. Hawkes, F.R.S.—The Present—Key to the Pastt. 


It is with the deepest regret that the Section records the death of Dr. Stanley 
Smith, Vice-President, and Sir Arthur Trueman, Past President. 


R. J. G. SAVAGE, Hon. Secretary. 


98 

REPORT ©f8 
ORNITHOLOGICAL SEC?IOWN 
I 


995 


HE membership of the Section has continued to 
| increase during the year and, with 21 new mem- 
bers and 8 resignations, has now reached a 

total of 158. 

At the Annual Business Meeting, held on Feb, 2, 
the Officers of the Section were unanimously re- 
elected and Mrs. S. M. Taylor and Mr. B. King were 
elected to serve on the General Committee in succession 
to Mr. R. V. Culverwell and the late Mr. W. R. Taylor. 
vrae Waewin) UA irenaitic toe With the increase in work entailed by the larger number 

THE WREN 77 ALL BIRDS. of records being submitted for publication, it was 
decided to form an Editorial Committee consisting of 
the President and Hon. Secretary (ex officio), and Messrs. B. King, R. H. Poulding 
and M. A. Wright. This Committee will be elected annually, its members being 
eligible for re-election. 

Eight other meetings were held in the winter session as follows :— 


Jan. 19: Mr. G. Mountfort—Some observations on the Hawfinch. 
Feb. 2: Annual Business Meeting : Messrs. D. M. and R. S. Cormack— 
Caithness and its Birds. 

Feb. 18: Miss K. Tousey—Audubon’s America. 

Mar. 16: Lt.-Col. N. Rankin—Wildlife in South Georgia. 

Apr. 1:  Field-work Programme Meeting. 

Sept. 28: Exhibits and Communications by members. 

Oct. 21: Mr. P. J. Conder: The life history of the Wheatear. 

Nov. 25: Mr. H. G. Hurrell—Dippers and Pine Martens. 

Dec. 9: Mr. H. J. Boyd—On being a Goose. 

The average attendance was 84. 

Three evening field-walks were arranged during May—over Barrow Hill and 
Bourton Combe on the grd, at Saltford on the 12th and Little Stoke Farm, Patch- 
way on the 26th. A very successful all-day excursion to Abbotsbury took place 
on May 15. 

As in recent years the main activity of the Section has been co-operative 
field-work. The programme, arranged at the April meeting, included a repeat 
census of the rookeries within the boundaries of the City and County of Bristol, 
and an investigation into the movements of Herring Gulls from Steep Holm— 
by means of sight records of birds caught and dyed red on the tail—to supplement 
ringing recoveries. The Buzzard survey of the 1954 sample area of N. Somerset 
was repeated and combined with the Wood Warbler Distribution Enquiry. 
Members also assisted with census work on the Mute Swan and Heron for the 
British Trust for Ornithology, in addition to continuing to complete B.T.O. nest 
and roost record cards. 

In the autumn the diurnal migration watches were enthusiastically supported 
and, with the help of neighbouring societies, a much more comprehensive study 
was made possible than in the two preceding years. 

The eight registered ringers in the Section ringed nearly 2,000 birds during the 
year. Included in this total were Hen Harriers, Fulmars and 1 Greenshank ringed 
in Scotland, Black-headed Gulls and Curlew in Wales, and 170 Herring Gulls 
trapped at night on Steep Holm. In addition large numbers of passerines, 
including 279 Blue Tits, 209 Starlings, 143 Greenfinches and 159 House Sparrows, 
were trapped locally. | 

Fuller details about the above-mentioned field-work, ringing and subsequent | 
recoveries, will appear in the Field-work Report, 1955, to be published in the | 


Autumn. | 
P. J. CHADWICK, Hon. Secretary. | 


99 


HE 92nd Annual General Meeting was held on January 27th, when the 
election of Officers and Council for the ensuing year took place. 

The subject of the Presidential address by Mr. Harry Savory was 

-** Birds and Bird Conservation in Holland ”’, which was introduced by a topo- 

graphical description of the country. By means of lantern slides which reproduced 

the lecturer’s own photographs, the abundant and varied bird life of Holland was 

described, including the Avocet, Spoonbill, Ruff, Cormorant, Heron and Stork. 

At the General Meeting held on February 24th, Mr. George Meade King, a 
member of the British Alpine Club, introduced the film “‘ The Conquest of Everest” 
to a well-attended meeting of members and guests at the Physics Lecture Theatre, 
During October two General Meetings were held. On October 6th, Mr. 
-E. L. Kelting, Chief Engineer of the Somerset River Board, lectured on “‘ The 
Bridgwater Bay Nature Reserve ’’, describing the artificial Huntspill River and 
the 6,000 acres of Nature Reserve along the coast. Dr. Steven of the Marine 
Biological Station, Plymouth, was prevented by illness from lecturing at the second 
meeting on the 27th, when Members welcomed Dr. Kitching of the Zoology 
Department of the University, who introduced two remarkable colour films. 
The first dealt with Connemara and the second with Lough Ine where valuable 
experiments in marine biology had been conducted. 

Two General Meetings were also held in November, the additional meeting 
being of a special nature, when on November 10th Mr. Mervyn Cowie introduced 
his film “‘ The Game Animals of Kenya” on behalf of the Fauna Preservation 
Society to a large number of Members and others in the Physics Lecture Theatre. 
- On the 24th, Dr. F. S. Wallis, Director of the City Museum, gave an illustrated 
lecture on “‘ The Contacts of Archaeology and Petrology’. Dr. Wallis traced 
the history of Science through a period of intense differentiation to one of mutual 
interdependence and dealt with many aspects of Archaeology and Petrology in 
England and Wales. 

At the last General Meeting of the year, Mr. Philip Brown, Secretary of the 
Royal Society for the Preservation of Birds was unable to lecture through illness. 
Fortunately, Mr. George Edwards, a member of the Council of the same Society, 
_-was able to take his place when Members enjoyed an Ornithological lecture of 
unusual interest and were shown three films of great beauty dealing with bird life. 

The Meetings held during the year were well attended and appreciated as 
were the General Field Meetings organised in connection with the spring and 
summer programme. 


GENERAL FIELD MEETINGS 1955 


Date District Leaders 
23 April Inglestone Common and Wickwar Mr. C. L. Bell 
Mr. & Mrs. D. Cullen 
21 May The Arboretum Mr. Ivor Evans 
18 June Badminton Mrs. R. Millard 
Miss M. Habgood 
9 July Uphill and Brean Down Mr A. C. K. Fear 
13 August The Quantocks Mr. T. H. Payne 
Mr. P. Room 
10 September Mells Dr. Devonshire 


Mr. & Mrs. D. Cullen 


C. S. CARLILE, Hon. Secretary. 
e 


100 


OBITUARY 


Dr. STANLEY SMITH 


N Dr. Stanley Smith, who died on July 1, 1955, the Society 
has lost one of its most distinguished members in the academic 
sphere. Born in Middlesbrough, he graduated at Armstrong 
College, Newcastle, and had worked in the universities of Cam- 
bridge, Aberystwyth, London and Toronto before he came to 
Bristol, as a lecturer in the Department of Geology at the university, 
in 1922. He was then, at the age of 39, already an internationally 
known expert on fossil corals. ‘Throughout his time in Bristol he 
continued to research in this field and his life’s work on rugose 
corals is generally recognised to be as substantial an original con- 
tribution to palaeontology as that of any British contemporary. 

However, Dr. Smith’s interests were by no means narrow. He 
had worked on the lead and zinc ores of Northumberland and he 
made contributions to the stratigraphy of the Bristol area, some 
of which were published in these Proceedings. He was also very 
knowledgeable in Greek and Roman antiquities and had largely 
completed an interpretation of Theophrastus’s writings on minerals. 
at the time of his death. 

The Society, of which he was an active member from his first 
year in Bristol, had the advantage of his leadership on numerous | 
geological excursions. He was hon. secretary of the South 
Western Naturalist’s Union for many years and served a term of 
office as president. 

Retirement from his post as reader in palaeontology in 1948 
did not interrupt Dr. Smith’s researches nor his active participation. 
in the life of the Bristol Naturalists Society ; nor was he daunted 
by the developing affliction of his illness. 

All those who were associated with him remember with gratitude 
how his great fund of knowledge was always readily available to. 
them, and they miss his patient explanations and courteous, 
unassuming manner. The warm sympathy of the Society is 
extended to Mrs. Smith. | 


Wete TOL BOTANY IN 1955 


By Cecit I. ano N. Y. SANDWITH 


(Read in title to Council, May 3, 1956. Received Feb. 9, 1956.) 


VERY backward spring ended in a wet and chilly May and 
A early June, but was followed by a perfect summer, the 
best we have had since 1947. 

Last summer’s good weather continued into the autumn and the 
trees kept their beautiful colours up to the end of November, 
which was a better month than usual. The gardens suffered from 
the drought of July and August, the wilting ground flora of the 
woods was a distressing sight, and the summer wild flowers went 
over very quickly. 

But the balance was redressed in December, which ended in gales 
and heavy rain, spoiling the Christmas holiday for outdoor 
pleasures. 

In the following notes the initials G.W.G. are those of Mr. G. W, 
Garlick. We are much indebted to Mr. C. E. Hubbard for help 
with the identification of grasses. 


Corydalis solida (L.) Sw. Combe Dingle, G., perhaps on the site of 
an old cottage garden now vanished, A. G. H. Sargent. 


Papaver Lecogii Lamotte. Marshfield, G., Dr. D. Munro Smith. 


Nasturtium microphyllum Rchb. Inglestone Common, Gs 1951, 2. 
Milne-Redhead, see Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club for 1953, 
vol. xxxi. p. 256 (1955). 


N. microphyllum Rchb. x officinale R.Br. Boxwell, G., 1951, E. Milne- 
Redhead, loc. cit. 


Lepidium latifolium L. Is still at Berrow, $. Dr. D. Munro Smith reports 
a single plant from the sand-dunes. 


Raphanus maritimus Sm. Still at Brean, S., in some plenty at the 
edge of cliffs on the south side of the Down, 1952, 7. C. Gardiner. 


Melandrium album (Mill.) Garcke x dioicum (L.) Coss. et Germ. 
Hybrids between the White and Red Campion were indicated 
by Mr. White (Flora, p. 187) as occurring in our district and 
have recently been collected on Wapping Wharf, Bristol 
Harbour, and at Avonmouth Dock, G., 1947, by C.I.S. and 
N.Y.S., and on the Ridge Estate, Yate, G., 1953, by G.W.G. 
See also “ Bristol Botany in 1923’ for a record from Clapton- 
in-Gordano, 8. The characters of such hybrids have been well 


102 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


tabulated by Dr. H. G. Baker in his account of these species 
for the Biological Flora of the British Isles (Journ. of Ecology, 35, 


P- 271, 1947). 
Sagina maritima Sm. On the river wall, Sheperdine, G., G.W.G. 
Hypericum montanum L. Compton Martin Wood, S., W.Y.S. 


Tilia cordata Mill. Hutton Wood ; King’s Wood, Winscombe; 
Rodney Stoke Wood ; and Asham Wood, S., Dr. V. W. Moore 
and JNVi.1).S. 


Vitis vinifera L. Established in Cheddar Gorge, S., J. W. Evans. 


Lotus tenuis Waldst. et Kit. By the Severn below Berkeley, 
G., abundant in one place, R. B. Abell and C. W. Bannister, 
see Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club for 1952, vol. xxxi. p. 147 
(T954)- | 

Lathyrus sylvestris L. Railway embankment below Iron Acton 


Church, G., G.W.G. | 
L. Nissolia L. Grassy bank, Sheperdine, G., Mrs. D. Munro Smith. | 


Sorbus porrigentiformis EK. F. Warburg. On Worlebury Hill, both | 
above Weston-super-Mare and on the side above Kewstoke, | 
S., Dr. E. F. Warburg. | 


Cotoneaster horizontalis Dene. A very small bush is established on a | 
rocky slope of Clifton Down, G., V.Y.S. 


C. microphylla Lindl. Quarry under Tytherington Camp, and at 
Engine Common, Yate, G., G.W.G. 


Saxifraga granulata L. Hillside at Hawkesbury, G., Dr. D. Munro 
Smith. A most interesting addition to the Glos. side of our’ 
area, the Wotton and Dursley records given in Fl. Glos. (p. | 
209) being still doubtful. | 


Callitriche platycarpa Kiitz. In an important paper dealing with 
species occurring in the Netherlands, a Dutch student of 
Callitriche, Dr. H. D. Schotsman, has shown that C. platycarpa 
is a good species, distinguished from C. stagnalis Scop. by 
characters of the stigmas, seeds and pollen-grains. Dr. W. A. 
Sledge, of the Botany Dept. of Leeds University, sent on loan: 
to Dr. Schotsman Miss Roper’s gathering from Alveston Old 
Church, G., which was recorded in White’s Flora (p. 528) | 
and Fl. Glos. (p. 218) as C. palustris L. Dr. Schotsman has 
identified it as C. platycarpa. C. palustris may now safely be 
removed from the Bristol list : in fact there seems to be no 
evidence for its occurrence in Britain. | 


Epilobium hirsutum L. With white flowers in a ditch bordering a/ 
lane leading from Siston Common to Bridgeyate, G., Dr. D. 


BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1955 103 


Munro Smith. The clumps grew alternately with others of 
the typical pink-flowered form. 


E. palustre L. Marsh by the railway, Engine Common, Yate, G., 
G.W.G. 


E. adenocaulon Hausskn. Williselm Farm, Hill, and Oldbury 
Naite, G., G.W.G. Asham Wood, S., N.Y.S. 


Apium inundatum (L.) Rchb. fil. Pond at Little Sodbury End, 
Sodbury Common, G., G.W.G. 


Galium Cruciata L. Wood-border above Hutton, S., NV.Y.S. 


G. pumilum Murray. In limestone grassland above Cheddar 


Wood, S., WV.V.S. 


G. tricorne Stokes. Beet field above Beek’s Mill, Marshfield, G., | 
G.W.G. 


Valerianella carinata Lois. On the pavement, The Parade, Hotwells, 


Bristol, G., G.W.G. 


Inula crithmoides L. A single large plant with many flowering stems, 

probably at least 2 years old, has appeared at the north end 

of Berrow salt-marsh, 8. First noticed last May by Dr. A. 7. 

Willis, and the first record for the mainland of North Somerset. 

~The most likely origin of this plant is seed brought by some 

-agency from the colony on the southern cliffs of Steep Holm 
which face the shore at Berrow. 


Cirsium dissectum (L.) Hill x palustre (L.) Scop. Wet field by 
Woodend Lane, Hill, G., June 1943, E. Nelmes in Herb. Kew., 
and recorded as *‘ between Hill and Rockhampton ”’ in B.E.C., 
1943-44 Rep. p. 733 (1946), but omitted from Fl. Glos. which 
was probably in the press at that time. 


C. arvense (L.) Scop. var. mite Wimm. et Grab. Redland, G., 
Herb. Ley, see Fl. Glos. p. 291. Glen Frome, Stapleton, G., 
1920, C.l.S. and N.Y.S. Roadside, Failand Hill, S., 1920, 
CLS. and N.Y.S. The first records for this not infrequent 
variety, which is wild and is not to be confused with the 
adventive vars. vestitum and integrifolium. 


Freracium glevense (Pugsl.) Sell et C. West. Side of towpath below 
Léigh Woods, S., 1954, B. Miles, det. Sell and West. Formerly 
placed under H. exotericum Jord., this species is the H.pellucidum 
of White, Flora, p. 405, and is now recorded for the first time 
for North Somerset. 


H1. salticola (Sudre) Sell et C. West. Leigh Woods, S., A.H.G. 
Alston, det. Sell and West. A member of the Section Sabauda, 
and possibly the H. boreale Fries of White, Flora, p. 409, from 
this locality, but there are no specimens from Leigh Woods in 


104 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


the White, Bucknall or Roper Herbaria. 4. salticola is dis- 
tinguished by almost glabrous phyllaries and deeply toothed 
leaves. 


Lysimachia Nummularia L. Mr. Garlick’s important discovery of 
ripe capsules and seeds on plants of Creeping Jenny observed 
during the hot, dry summer and autumn on a ditchbank at 
Spar Pools, Yate, G., is fully described by him in a note 
published this year in Proc. Bot. Soc. Brit. Is. The remark in 
the new British Flora, ‘‘ Fr. apparently never produced in 
Britain ’’, can now be modified. 


Menyanthes trifoliata L. In a sphagnum marsh by the railway; 
Engine Common, Yate, G., G.W.G. 


Symphytum orientale L. Roadside near Longwood House, Failand, 
SG. Svand NY.S: 


Lithospermum arvense L. Hinton, G., Dr. D. Munro Smith. Cornfield 
between Froglane Farm and Ramhill, Westerleigh ; and beet 
field above Beek’s Mill, Marshfield, G., G.W.G. 


Veronica filiformis Sm. By the Frome at the foot of Bury Hill, 
Winterbourne, G., G.W.G. 


Euphrasia confusa Pugsl. On Mendip N.E. of Cheddar, S., also 
a hybrid of this species and E. anglica Pugsl., 1953, P.F. Yeo. 


Stachys x ambigua Sm. Hook Row, Berkeley, G., G.W.G. 


Atriplex littoralis L. On tidal mud at Avonmouth, G., 1953, C. W. 
Bannister, see Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club for 1953, vol. 
XXX1, p. 259 (1955). Avery interesting discovery for the Glos. 
side of the district. 


Euphorbia platyphyllos L. Rediscovered “‘ several years ago”’ in a 
field below South Stoke, Bath, §., in the area where it was 
known to the Bath botanists of the last century, Miss F. M. 
Barton. 


E. Cyparissias L. Still in great plenty in Miss Roper’s locality at 
Whitewell Bottom, G., G.W.G. and N.Y.S. 


Juglans regia L. At least three Walnut trees are well established in 
woods above Hutton, S., Dr. NV. W. Moore and N.Y.S. 


Betula pubescens Ehrh. Horton Great Trench, Lower Woods ; and 
Ramhill, Coalpit Heath, G., G.W.G. Confirmed by Dr. E. F. 
Warburg. Mr. White (Flora, p. 544) gave no records from the 
Glos. side, but confessed to uncertainty in determining Birches. 
There is a single record of B. pubescens from Stinchcombe Hill 
in Fl. Glos., p. 430. 


Carpinus Betulus L. Rare in Compton Martin Wood, S., Dr. V. W. 
Moore and N.Y.S. 


2 


BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1955 105 


Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. x Robur L. Lyncombe Hill 
Woods, Sandford ; and in Rodney Stoke Wood, S., Dr. NV. W. 
Moore and N.Y.S. 


Q. Cerris L. Hutton Wood, S., zd. 


Q. Ilex L. ‘Trees are established near the S.W. border of Cheddar 
Wood, S., zd. j 


Salix triandra L. Streamside between Leechpool Farm and Engine 
Common, Yate ; by the Frome, Mill Lane, Chipping Sodbury ; 
and near Scotland’s Farm, Hill, G., G.W.G. 


Epipactis purpurata Sm. Priest Wood, Cromhall, G., E. P. Bury. 


Orchis Fuchs Druce xX _ praetermissa Druce. Pondside, Horton 
Hall, G., G.W.G. 


O. praetermissa Druce. Meadow at Parkfield Colliery South, 
Shortwood ; and a few plants at Ramhill, Coalpit Heath, G., 
G.W.G. Marshy valley in Asham Wood, S., N.Y.S. 


Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. var. densiflora (Wahlenb.) Rchb. 
Shapwick Moor, S., 1919, Miss I. M. Roper, see B.E.C. 1919 
Rep., vol. v. p. 681. Max Meadow, Winscombe, S., 1919, zd. 
Specimens from both localities are in Miss Roper’s herbarium 
at Leeds University and have now been verified by Mr. V. S. 
Summerhayes. The variety is tall and robust, with a dense 
spike of more rosy-red flowers, and is usually found in fens. 


Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. Compton Martin Wood ; 
and Asham Wood, S., W.YV.S. 


Ins foetidissima L. Frequent in Shiplate Wood, between Loxton 
and Bleadon, S., Dr. N. W. Moore and N.Y.S. 


Leucojum aestivum L. Several clumps thoroughly established among 
Ramsons and Bluebells in a wood near Dyrham, G., 1954, 
Dr. D. Munro Smith. 


Allium vineale L. var. vineale. Lane near Severn House Farm, 
Berkeley, G., G.W.G. 

Juncus compressus L. Abundant by the Severn below Berkeley, G., 
C. W. Bannister, see Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club for 1952, 
vol. xxxl. p. 153 (1954). 


Acorus Calamus L. Pond in quarry below Tytherington Camp, G., 
G.W.G. 


|Alisma lanceolatum With. Ditch along Hill Lane, Hill, G., G.W.G. 


Baldellia ranunculoides (L.) Parl. Pond, Engine Common, Yate, 
G., G.W.G. 


Sagittaria sagitiifolia L. In the Frome, Damson’s Bridge, Winter- 
bourne Down, G., G.W.G. 


106 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


Kannichellia palustris L. var. pedicellata Wahlenb. et Rosen. Rhine 


_ by the Severn running into the Berkeley Pill, G., G.W.G. 


Eriophorum angustifolum Honck. Marsh by railway, Engine 
Common ; and marsh below Yate Rocks, G., G.W.G. 


Carex X evoluta Hartm. (C. lastocarpa Ehrh. xX riparia Curt.). 
We learn with great pleasure from Dr. A. F. Willis that he has 
rediscovered this hybrid in its solitary British station on the 
peat of Sharpham Moor Plot, S. Some time during the 
*thirties this plant disappeared when the plot was overgrown 
by carr, and it was thought to be extinct. The ground has now 
been cleared and Dr. Willis reports that the sedge is abundant 
over an area of several square yards. ‘This is a most interesting 
and instructive example of vegetative survival through a long 
phase of darkness beneath a tangle of bushes. 


C’. pallescens L. Asham Wood, S., NV.Y.S. 


C. extensa L. Several plants on mud-flats near the Old Church, 
Clevedon, S., J. W. Evans. 


C’. arenaria L. By the Portishead railway below the Suspension 
Bridge, Clifton, S., J. W. Evans. Evidently an introduction 
in this strange habitat. 


Milium effusum L. A single tuft of a form with striped leaves, like 
those of the var. picta of Phalaris arundinacea, was noticed in 
the woodland of Wapley Bushes, G., by Mr. I. W. Evans. 
Rodney Stoke Wood, S., N.Y.S. 

Festuca longifolia ‘Thuill. Burnham sand-dunes, S., May 1952, 
I. W. Evans, det. C. E. Hubbard. ‘The first record for the district 
of this grass, which was probably sown in this locality. It is a 
member of the difficult ovina group. 


x Festulolium Holmberg (Do6rfl.) P.Fournier. (Festuca arundinacea — 


Schreb. x Lolium perenne L.). With the parents on the grassy 


verge of the towpath by the Avon near Clifton Bridge Station, | 


S., CLS. and N.Y.S... Confirmed by Mr. C. E. Hubbard, and 


the first record of this hybrid for our district. It has been | 


collected in Britain on very few occasions but is doubtless 


overlooked. Known by its intermediate habit. and facies, — 


ciliate leaf-auricles and sterile pollen. 


Bromus Thomini Hard. Old mining ground, Velvet Bottom, | 
Charterhouse-on-Mendip, S., 1954, C. C. Townsend, det. C. EB. | 


Aubbard. 


Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Was been known for many years on | 


the south churchyard wall at Batheaston, S. Miss E. H. 
Stevenson informs us that the first record known to her came 
from the late C. D. Heginbotham in 1930. 


BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1955 107 


Polystichum lobatum (Huds.) Woynar. Burberrow Lane, Wester- 
leigh Hill, G., G.W.G. 


Chara globularis ‘Thuill. var. capillacea (Thuill.) Zanev. Pond, 
Froglane Pit, Coalpit Heath, G., G.W.G. 


ALIENS. Sisymbrium altissimum L. Arable land above Hutton, 
S., MVS. 


Trigonella coelesyriaca Boiss. Avonmouth Dock, G., C..S. and 
NEES! 


Guizotia abyssinica (L. fil.) Cass. Quarry at Fishponds, G., Dr. D. 
Munro Smith, det. I. W. Evans. 


Mentha x alopecuroides Hull. Waste ground, Fishponds, G., Dr. D. 
Munro Smith, det. R. A. Graham. 


Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus L. Waste ground, Bridge Street, 
Bristol, G., J. W. Evans. Not recorded as a Bristol alien for 
very many years. 


C. hybridum L. Waste ground, Horsefair, Bristol, G., [. W. Evans 
and G.W.G. 


Asparagus officinalis L. subsp. officinalis. Railway embankment near 
Iron Acton Station, G., G.W.G. 


Panicum capillare L. var. occidentale Rydb. In the garden of St. 

-  Catherine’s Court, Bath, 8., G.W.G. Identified by Mr. C. E. 
Hubbard, who points out that this variety, with longer and 
more pointed spikelets, is the plant usually met with in this 
country. 


Echinochloa frumentacea Link. St. Anne’s tip, S., 1954, I. W. Evans. 


Sorghum caffrorum Beauv. var. breviaristatum Snowden. Portway tip, 

_ below Sneyd Park, G., Oct. 1950, C.l.S. The var. albtdum 
(Koern.) Snowden was collected on the same tip in Sept. 1952, 
by C.I.S. The specimens were kindly identified by Mr. 7. D. 
Snowden. ‘The previous record from this tip of S. vulgare Pers., 
sens. lat., in *‘ Bristol Botany in 1952’, probably refers to one 
of these two varieties of S. caffrorum. 


Nardus stricta L. Wapping Wharf, Bristol Harbour, G., 1946, 
I. W. Evans. A very unexpected species to add to the Adventive 
Flora. 


Catapodium rigidum (L.) C. E. Hubbard var. major (J. B. Presl) 
Lousley. Ashton Gate tip, S., 1940, J. W. Evans. This adventive 


variety, like Mr. Evans’s other grasses, was determined by Mr. 
Hubbard. 


Lolium persicum Boiss. et Hohen. Avonmouth Dock, G., 1954, 
C. GC. Townsend, and 1955, C.I.S. and N.V.S., det. C. E. Hubbard. 
New to the Adventive Flora. 


108 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


L. temulentum L. Roadside near Farmborough, S., 1954, Mrs. E. 
M. E. Bell. 


In Proc. Bot. Soc. Brit. Is., vol. 1, pt.4, pp. 562-563 (Oct. 1955), the 
Department of Botany of the University of Bristol announces the 
initiation of experimental sowing and transplants of seven of our 
rare limestone species in natural habitats where they do not at 
present occur. The species are Arabis stricta, Helianthemum apenninum, 
Geranium sanguineum, Trima glauca, Linosyris vulgaris, Veronica spicata 
subsp. Aybrida and Koeleria vallesiana. ‘The aim of these experiments 
is to study the many possible reasons for the restriction of such 
species to certain habitats. ‘The announcers appeal to those who 
find these seven species in new habitats to communicate with them 
before reporting the find publicly or privately. The finder may 
then be asked to regard the knowledge as confidential, since the 
outcome of the experiments must be safeguarded. “‘ After the 
experimental stage has passed, it should be possible to announce the 
location of the sites. ”’ 

Such experiments are doubtless of great scientific interest and 
value, but we should like to plead that the location of the sites not 
merely may, but must, eventually be published. If this is not done, 
and if such experiments are extended, the work of those who study 
and record the natural distribution of British plants is gravely 
impaired, while old-fashioned field-botanists will continually 
suspect the presence of a sinister ‘‘ fifth column ”’ which is working 
against them. 


We cannot end these notes without reference to the excellent and 
most enjoyable sketch of the vegetation of our area by Dr. J. F. Hope- 
Simpson and Dr. A. J. Willis, which was published in the volume 
‘* Bristol and its Adjoining Counties ’’, on the occasion of the visit of 
the British Association last September. 


109 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 
nOD0 


COMPILED BY THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE OF THE 
B.N.S. ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION 


P. J. GHADWICK B. Kine 
H. H. Davis R. H. PouLpIneG 
M. A. WRIGHT 


(Read in title to Council, May 3, 1956. Received April 9, 1956.) 


HIS issue covers records for 1955, and is the result of obser- 
vations by forty-three members of the Ornithological Section 
and various non-members. Although bearing the revised title 
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT it is in continuation of issues published 
annually in the Proceedings of the Society from 1936 under the 
heading ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES, BRISTOL DISTRICT, 
and is, therefore, the twentieth of the series. Reports for subsequent 
years will continue to appear with the revised title. 

Noteworthy records from the North Somerset reservoirs include 
those of a Ferruginous Duck at Chew Valley in January ; a Black- 
throated Diver at Cheddar in February ; a Bittern at Blagdon in 
February-March ; twenty-five Bewick’s Swans at Cheddar in 
March ; a Glaucous Gull and a Sandwich Tern at Chew Valley in 
March and June respectively ; and a Red-breasted Merganser at 
Cheddar in December. A Shag was recovered at Cheddar in 
August and another at Chew Valley in October, while at the former 
a Little Auk spent ten days or longer in the second half of December. 
From Chew Valley there are breeding records of Garganey, 
Shoveler and Tufted Duck, and at the same place the breeding of 
Shelduck and Lesser Black-backed Gull was proved for the first 
time at any Somerset reservoir. Following the abnormally dry 
summer, water levels during the autumn passage were extremely 
low, and many waders were reported. Green Sandpipers at Chew 


Valley reached the unusually large total of twenty-two (Aug. 28th), 


while Greenshank numbers at the same reservoir were correspond- 
ingly high. With an abundance of feeding ground available, 
Ringed Plover, Turnstone, both Godwits, Wood Sandpiper, Spotted 
Redshank, Knot, Little Stint, Dunlin and Ruff were also observed 
at Chew Valley on autumn migration. 

The event of the year was the occurrence on three successive 


110 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


days in March of a male Ring-necked Duck at the Wildfowl Trust’s 
headquarters, Slimbridge—a new bird for Gloucestershire, and the 
first authentic record of the species in Europe. Other interesting 
visitors to the New Grounds included a Greylag Goose and two 
Lesser White-fronts among common White-fronts, January-March ; 
a Little Egret in April ; a Leach’s Petrel in September; a Whooper 
Swan in November ; and an Avocet in December. 

From other localities are records of a Hoopoe at East Harptree in 
April and another at Slimbridge in August; Montagu’s Harriers. 
on Mendip in May; and Spotted Redshanks at Sand Bay and 
Dyrham Park in August-September. An Iceland Gull among 
roosting Herring Gulls on Steep Holm in March was, perhaps, 
the same bird as that seen at Barrow Gurney reservoirs and 
Bedminster Bridge in January-February. Another Iceland Gull 
was identified at Weston-super-Mare in December. 

As usual in recent years Buzzards were reported from far and wide. 
At nests located (two only) there was nothing to show that young 
were reared nor was there evidence of a successful eyrie anywhere 
in the area under review. The failure of birds to bring off young 
was, doubtless, an outcome of myxomatosis and the consequent 
widespread scarcity of the rabbit. 

Unless otherwise stated the records below refer only to 1955, 
and for the most part are the result of contributions by the following 
members: R. Angles, A. E. Billett, H. J. Boyd, G. Bright, B. K. 
Brooke, G. C. Buxton, Mrs. S. I. Buxton, P. J. Chadwick, Miss 
G. G. Clement, G. E. Clothier, D. M. Cormack, R. S. Cormack, 
Miss D. Crampton, H. H. Davis, Miss P. Farmer, Mrs. H. Fox, 
C. H. Fry, D. R. Hamblett, R. G. Hamilton, Mr. G.iG,, Harulll 
C. Hockey, H. G. Hockey, W. A. Holmes, B. King, H. R. H. Lance, 
A. C. Leach, H. W. Neal, P. J. M. Nethercott, Mrs. B. C. Palmer, 
Miss E. M. Palmer, R. Pitman, R. H. Poulding, J. A. Pryce, W. L. 
Roseveare, J. H. Savory, Peter Scott, T. B. Silcocks, Dr. D. Munro 
Smith, J. Vallis, Miss C. A. L. Wareham, N. Webb, R. F. Wills and 
M. A. Wright. Non-member contributors are A. R. Angell, J. 
Blathwayt, G. L. Boyle, K. B. S. Brown, A. G. Dixon, T. Hamlett, 
S. T. Johnstone, R. E. Jones, J. A. McGeoch, Prof. M. F. M. 
Meiklejohn, T. D. H. Merrie, Miss E. D. Overend, E. G. Richards, 
C. J. H. Rogers, H. S. Semple, C. M. Swaine, 8S. Turner, J. A. F. 
Wilkins and P. Wycherley. Observations are followed by the 
appropriate initials throughout. Initials D.B.P.S. denote records 
from Report of the Dursley and District Bird-Watching and Preservation 
Society. 

The area covered, is that part of Gloucestershire (G.) lying east 
of the Severn and south of a line from the New Grounds to the 
county boundary at Tetbury, and Somerset (S.) north of the R. 
Axe and a line from Wells to the county boundary near Frome. 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT lll 


For the purpose of this Report the area extends westward into the 
Channel and Estuary to include the promontory of Brean Down, 
and the islands of Steep Holm and the Denny (cf. Sketch Map, 
Pyoc. B.N.S.,-1947, Pp. 225). 


BLACK-THROATED DIVER Gavia arcticus 
S. One viewed at only a few yards range close to water’s edge, 
Cheddar res., Feb. 6 by B.K., who has forwarded a detailed 


description. 


RED-THROATED DIvER’ Gavia stellatus 

S. Single bird, Blagdon res., several dates, first half of Feb., was 
simally found dead (B.K.B., G.G.C., G.A.L.W., N.W.). One, 
Mineddar res., Jan. 30 (P.J.C.,.B.K.) and two, Feb.2 (H.R.H.L.) ; 
one still present, Feb. 6, 12, and one, probably the same, found dead 
on roth (C.H.F.). One, Cheddar, Mar. 6, 9 (C.H.F., H.R.H.L.) ; 
this, or another, found dead on goth (B.K.). Observers again 
record that birds showed evidence of being oiled. 


GREAT CRESTED GREBE_ Podiceps cristatus 

Sa d@otal of 26, Cheddar res., Mar. 9, 13 (B.K., H.R.H.L.). 
Three or more pairs bred, Blagdon res. (P.J.C.) and a pairreared 
three young, Chew Magna res. (P.J.C., R.P.). Ten or twelve 
pairs, Chew Valley res., late Apr.—early May (P.J.C., B.K.) ; 
five nests noted, same reservoir, July 17, and 35 ads. and six or 
seven young counted, Aug. 14 (R.H.P.). 


BLACK-NECKED GREBE_ Podiceps nigricollis 

S. ‘Two, sometimes three, Cheddar res, several dates, Jan. 1-14 
(B.K., H.R.H.L., N.W.), but P.J.C. records none present on 23rd 
or 30th. Two, same reservoir, various occasions, Feb. 6-25 
fee-C., A.G.D., A.C.L.) and Nov. 14 (H.R.H.L.). Single birds, 
Barrow Gurney resrs, Jan 23, Feb. 27, Mar. 29 (G.E.C., W.A.H., 
J-A.P.) and Chew Valley res., Aug. 14 (R.H.P.). 


LirTLe GRrEBE Podiceps ruficollis 

G. Pair with nest on small lake, Badminton Park, May 15 
ORCEL.P.). 

S. At least eight pairs with young, Blagdon res., Sept. 4 ; 
breeding also reported from Chew Magna res.—3 pairs with small 
young, Aug. 7 (P.J.C., R.P.), and Litton res.—pair with small 
young, Sept. 4 (B.K.). 


LEAcH’s PETREL Oceanodroma leucorrhoa 
G. One, evidently a storm driven bird, in flight over the saltings, 
New Grounds, Sept. 18 (H.J.B.). 


Manx SHEARWATER = Procellaria puffinus 
_ §. One recovered on outskirts of Bath, early Oct ; bird sent to 
Mr. E. Smith of Combe Down, who fed it on small fish and reports 


112 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


that it was still alive at the close of the year (B.K.). For previous 
instance of a Manx Shearwater found in the same area and being 
successfully maintained in captivity see Proc. B.N.S., 1953, p. 389 ; 
Rep. Som. Birds, 1953, p. 7- 


GannET Sula bassana 

S. Dead bird, Brean Down, Feb. 27 (C.H.F.). A juvenile, 
probably storm driven, found alive in a garden, Weston-super-Mare, 
Sept. 5, (ea Et 1). 


CorMORANT Phalacrocorax carbo 

S. Up to eight, Cheddar res., various dates, Jan._Mar., with 
max. number of fifteen, Jan. 23, Feb. 6: (P))-G)) Gani kas 
Five, Chew Valley res., Sept. 25 (B.K.) and four, Nov. 13 (A.C.L.). 
Single birds, or parties of up to five, Weston-super-Mare and Brean 
Down areas, various occasions, June—Nov. (R.A.). Twenty-three 
occupied nests, Steep Holm, Mar. 19 (D.M.C., R.H.P. eéé al.); 
evidence of roosting, same place, when small parties seen arriving 
on cliffs in afternoons of Oct. 15, Nov. 13 (R.H.P.). 


SHAG Phalacrocorax aristotelis 

S. Ajuvenile ringed on Lundy, July 8, recovered alive, Cheddar 
res. Aug. 31 (H.R.H.L.) ; another, also juv., ringed Lundy, June 
30, found dead, Chew Valley res., Oct. 3 (R.H.P.). 


HERon Ardea cinerea 

S. Brockley Combe : 31 occupied nests (15 in ash trees and 16 
in oaks), Apr. 23 (B.K., N.W.). Uphill Grange: 20 occupied 
nests in 17 trees (ash, oak, birch, poplar, chestnut and fir again 
being used), May 9 (W.L.R.). ‘Two occupied nests (in white 
poplar), Orchardleigh Park, nr. Frome, Apr. 21 (E.D.O.). No 
conclusive report of breeding, Warleigh Wood, nr. Bath (C.J.H.R.). 
Birds numbering from 20 to 35 or more, Chew Valley res., various 
dates, July ro—Aug. 7, but only 12 or so a week later (evidence that 
many were juveniles) (P.J.C., R.H.P.). Ten, Blagdon res., July 
10, and sixteen on 14th (P.J.C.). 


LitTLe Ecrer EL ¢gretia garzetta 
G. One, apparently adult, visited the New Grounds on or about 


Apr. 6, and remained, usually at water courses between the decoy | 


and the saltings, until Apr. 13. It reappeared on 19th but was 
not seen afterwards. First authentic record for Bristol area and 
for county of Gloucestershire (cf. Brit. Birds, XLVIII, p. 320). 


BITTERN Botaurus stellaris 

S. One, disturbed from reed-bed, Blagdon, Feb. 27, crossed 
reservoir and alighted in conifer plantation, where it was later found 
in ‘‘ freezing ’’ attitude on dead branch of pine tree (P.J.C.) ; this, 
or another, watched at close quarters taking fish, same reservoir, 


Mar. 3 (B.K.). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 113 


Maziarp- Anas platyrhynchos 

G. Highest total on Estuary, New Grounds, early in year—510, 
Jan. 23 ; count of 240 (nearly all males), same place, June 1, while 
of 80 or more on river, July 13, some were flightless owing to moult ; 
with max. total of 580, Sept. 20, autumn numbers for same area 
were little more than half of those returned for recent years 

S. Coastal counts include c. 150, Axe Estuary, Jan. 29 (T.B.S.) ; 
109, Sand Point, Nov. 29 (R.A.) ; and 199 off Brean Down, Dec. 3 
(M.A.W.). Reservoir totals of 112, Cheddar, Jan. 23 (B.K.) and 
105, Dec. 11 (J.A. McG.) ; 80, Barrow Gurney, Feb. 27 (P.J.C.) ; 
241, Blagdon, Feb. 27, and 561, Aug. 7 (P.J.C.)—increasing to. 
1,000, Sept. 18, 25 (B.K.B., B.K.) but decreasing to 540, Oct. 
30 (B.K.) ; 600, Chew Valley, Sept. 25 (B.K.) and 980, Oct. 16 
(G.C.B., S.1.B.). Forty on lake, Orchardleigh, Aug. 21 (E.D.O.). 


TEAL Anas crecca 

G. Max. counts, New Grounds: 380, Jan. 23, and c. 200, 
Mec. 26 (H.J.B.). 

S. Max. coastal counts : c. 300, Brean Down, Jan. 29 (T.B.S.) 
Sree. ec. 18 (P.J.C., J.V.) ; ¢. 150, Yeo Estuary, Jan. 23 
fe-.o-).and 114, Dec. 31 (W.L.R.). Highest reservoir totals : 
goo, Barrow Gurney, Jan. 9 (P.J.C.) ; 330, Cheddar, Jan. 23 
(P.J.C., B.K.) ; 250, Chew Valley, Sept. 8 (H.H.D.)—increasing 
to 550, Oct. 16 (G.C.B., S.1.B.) ; and 1,050, Blagdon, Nov. 20, 
mec, 19 (P.J.C., B.K., R.P.). 


GARGANEY Anas querquedula 

G. New Grounds (W.T. enclosures or decoy ): single male, 
Apr. 7-14; a pair on 14th ; and one, various dates, Aug. (H.J.B., 
B.K.). 

S. Pair, Blagdon res., Apr. 21 (G.C.B., S.I.B.) ; two in flight 
and on water with A.crecca, Aug. 1, 14 (P.J.C.). Pair, Chew Valley 
pr. 17, 18, and single males, June 5, 18 (G.L.B., B.K.) ; 
successful breeding, same place, where female with brood of eleven 
seen, June 18 (B.K.)—first breeding record since 1949 (cf. Proc. 


B.N.S., 1949, p-33)- 
GADWALL_ Anas strepera 


G. Up to 32, New Grounds, Jan.—Feb. and up to 18, various 
dates, late Aug. to mid-Dec.; some probably hand reared birds 


_ gone feral, or descendants of hand reared birds (H.J.B.). 


S. Pair, Blagdon res., Jan. 9, 10 (B.K.B., B.K.), and at same 


_ place : two pairs, Feb. 10 (B.K.B.), Mar. 13 (C.H.F.); three, Feb. 


13 (P.J.C.) and three (male and 2 females), Dec. 31 (A.R.A.). 


| Pair, Chew Valley res., Oct. 23 (G.L.B.). Male, Cheddar res., 
_ Dec. 23 (P.J.C.) and three females on 24th (J.A.McG.). 


* Cf. Proc. B.N.S., 1954, p. 28 for similarly high inland count. 


114 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


WIGEON Anas penelope 

G. Totals of 600 on Estuary, New Grounds, Feb. 20, and 750 
on 23rd, but very few, mid-Mar. ; ten, same place, Sept. 20o— 
subsequently increasing to 400, Nov. 13 ; 1,450, Dec. 20, and 2,000 
on 22nd (H.J.B.). 

S. Max. reservoir counts of 740, Chew Valley, Mar. 3 (B.K.) 
and 1,120 (exceptional for time of year) on 20th; 800, Blagdon, 
Nov. 6 (B.K.). At Cheddar res., where the bird is seldom numerous 
now, highest totals reported were 35, Jan. 30 (P.J.C., B.K.) and 
32, Dec. 18 (J.A.McG.)- 


PInTAIL Anas acuta 

G. Counts of 110, New Grounds, Jan. 23, and 65, Feb. 23 ; 
thirty, same place, Nov. 13, and c. 80, Dec. 13 (H.J.B.). 

S. Forty, Cheddar res., Jan. 30 (B.K.). Up to 12, Blagdon, 
Cheddar and Chew Valley resrs., various dates, Jan.—Mar. and 
Nov. (G.C.B., A.C.L., R.P. e¢ al.). 


SHOVELER Spatula clypeata 

G. New Grounds: eight to 30 or more, various dates, Jan.—Feb. 
and mid—Aug. to mid—Dec. (H.J.B.). 

S. Reservoir records of eleven, Cheddar, Jan. 23 (P.J.G., B.K.) 
and 34, Dec. 23 (P.J.C.) ; 40, Blagdon, Mar. 3, and 70, Nov. 6 
(B.K.) ; 150, Chew Valley, Mar. 20 (G.C.B.) and at least 60, 
Apr. 8 (P.J.C.). Nest with eggs, Chew Valley, May 1, and female 
with brood of ten, same place, July 6 (B.K.). | 


Scaue Aythya marila 

S. Reservoir records : female, Blagdon, Jan. 2 (B.K.B.) ; two 
males, same place, Feb. 13 (P.J.C.) and a female, Oct. 30—-Nov. 6 
(B.K.) ; and up to four, Cheddar, Dec. 19-21 (H.H.D., B.K., 
E.M.P.). Two, Axe Estuary, Oct. 29 (W.L.R.). 


RING-NECKED Duck Aythya collaris 

G. An ad. male in full plumage visited a pond in the W.T. | 
enclosures, New Grounds, Slimbridge, on Mar. 12, 13, and on both 
dates was identified at very close range ; seen in flight near same | 
spot on 14th but not reported subsequently. First authentic record 
for Europe (cf. also Brit. Birds, XLVIII, p. 377). 


TuFTED Duck Aythya fuligula | 

G. Single wild bird in W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, through- | 
out the year ; five on decoy pool, same place, Nov. 17 (H.J.B.). | 

S. Exceptional counts, Blagdon, of 429, Feb. 27 (P.J.C.) ; 760 | 
(highest total yet for any Som. res., and probably due to birds being | 
frozen out elsewhere), Mar. 3 (B.K.) ; and 312, Nov. 15 (H.R.H.L.). | 
Other reservoir counts of 50, Barrow Gurney, Feb. 27 (P.J.C.) and 
250, Cheddar, Dec. 21 (H.H.D.). 57 on lake, Orchardleigh, Mar. | 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 115 


20 (E.D.O.). At least seven pairs bred successfully, Chew Valley 
mee. ).c., b-K., R.H.P.). 


PocHARD Aythya ferina 

_G. Male on decoy pool, New Grounds, Nov. 17 ; up to four in 
W.T. enclosures, same place, various dates, early Oct. to end of 
year (H.J.B., B.K.). 

S. Max. reservoir counts of 307, Blagdon, Jan. 5, and 751, 
Nov. 20 (P.J.C.,R.P.) ; 300, Cheddar, Jan. 9 (B.K.) ; 790, Chew 
Valley, Mar. 13 (G.C.B., S.I.B.) ; and 920, same place, Dec. 5 
(B.K.). 


Ferrucinous Duck Aythya nyroca 

S. One, Chew Valley res., Jan. 2; bird, first seen preening 
on reservoir bank and afterwards on water in close company with 
Tufted Duck and Pochard, was identified by B.K. and E.G.R., 
who have supplied satisfactory details (cf. also Rep. Som. Birds, 


_ 1955.). 


GOLDENEYE Bucephala clangula 

S. Max. count of 21, Blagdon res., Jan. 23 (B.K.B.); 14, same 
place, Feb. 13 and Mar. 3 (B.K.), and seven (5 males), Nov. 20 
Bem. R-P.): Kleven, Cheddar res., Jan. 23-26 (P.J.C., B.K.) 
and 14, Dec. 26 (W.A.H., B.K.). Twenty, Chew Valley res., Mar. 13 
mei.) and 13, Apr. 11 (G.C.B., S.I.B.). 


Common ScoTerR Melanitia nigra 

S. Female off Brean Down, Nov. 6 ; bird caught and found to 
be heavily oiled (P.J.C., M.A.W.) ; two females in flight, same 
@iee, Dec. 18 (J.A.P., R.H.P., J.V.). 


RED-BREASTED MERGANSER Mergus serrator 
S. A female or immature, Cheddar, Dec. 26, 28 ; second record 
only for the reservoir (B.K.). 


GoosANDER Mergus merganser 

S. One, Chew Valley res., Jan. 9 (G.C.B.) and one, Blagdon 
res., several occasions, Jan. and Dec. (B.K.B., C.H.F., W.A.H. 
ét al.). Single male on lake, Orchardleigh, Jan. 4, 7 (E.D.O., 
P.W.). Up to five, Cheddar res., frequently, late Jan.-late Mar. 
(various observers) and single bird twice in Dec. (H.H.D., J.A. 
McG.). : 


SmMew Mergus albellus 

G. Single ‘“ redhead ’’ on decoy pool, New Grounds, Nov. 20, 
a2 (5.1 .].). 

S. Frequently noted, Blagdon and Chew Valley resrs., early 
Jan. to mid-Mar. (various observers) ; max. of seven, Chew Valley, 
Mar. 3 (B.K.). Seen once only, Barrow Gurney—single bird, 


D 


116 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


Jan. 12 (A.C.L.), while the only Cheddar record is of two, Dec. 
29 (W.L.R.). 


SHELDUCK Tadorna tadorna 

G. Highest count on Estuary, New Grounds, early in year—56, 
. Jan. 29 ; total of 65 (only 5 ads.), same place, Aug. 21, and similar 
number, Sept. 18, Dec. 11 (H.J.B.). 

S. Max. coastal returns (Oct.—-Dec.) Sand Bay, Weston Bay 
and Brean Down areas: 396, Oct. 2; 491, Nov. 20; 390, Nov. 27; 
and 399, Dec. 3 (R.A., T.B.S., M.A.W. e al.). Up to five, Chew 
Valley res., Jan., Mar. and May (various observers) ; breeding 
proved for first time at N. Som. resrs. when adult with single 
duckling seen, Chew Valley, July 17, 24 (B.K., R.H.P.). One, 
Barrow Gurney resrs., Mar. 20 (J.A.P.) and six, Blagdon res., 
Sept. 16 (B:K.), | 


GREYLAG GOOsE Anser anser 
G. Single ad., New Grounds, Feb. 8-Mar. 28 (H.J.B.). 


WHITE-FRONTED GoosE Anser albifrons 

G. Party of 14 overhead, Sea Mills, Jan. 14 (A.C.L.). Marked 
increase at New Grounds from relatively small number of 1,000 
at close of previous year to counts of well over 3,000 by early Feb. ; 
peak total of ¢c. 3,900 on 11th. More than 2,000 still present, same 
place, Mar. 13, but sharp decrease to 500 on 15th and fifteen on 
22nd ; party of three stayed till Mar. 28. A single bird at New 
Grounds, Sept. 27, was first autumn arrival; max. monthly counts 
thereafter : 297, Oct. 31 ; 700, Nov. 26; 1,410) Deewana tty ae 
et al.). 

S. The following noted overhead : 65, Frome, Feb. 2 (E.D.O.) ; 
eleven, Cheddar, Mar. 12 (R.E.J.) ; and 50 flying N.N.E., Weston- 
super-Mare on 15th (R.A.). 


LessER WHITE-FRONTED GOOsE: Anser erythropus 
G. Single ad. seen with common White-fronts, New Grounds, on 
at least four occasions, Jan. 13 to Mar. 13 (H.J.B., P.S. e¢al.). 


PINK-FOOTED GoosE Anser brachyrhynchus 

G. New Grounds : single bird, Jan. 28, and Feb. 24 to Mar. 2 ; 
first autumn arrivals unusually early—party of three, Sept. 14, 
with increase to 72 by 28th; over 80, Oct.—Nov., with max. of 
94, Nov. 25 ; some decrease by early Dec. but in contrast to most 
years, at least 60 still present on 31st (H.J.B.). Party of eight, 
flying up-river, Sharpness, Nov. 6 (R.H.P.). 


BARNACLE Goose Branta leucopsis 
G. One, first noted in previous Dec., remained at New Grounds. 
till Mar. 13 ; a Barnacle x White-front hybrid, very similar to one 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 117 


present in winter 1953-54, and perhaps the same bird, was seen, 


various dates, early Jan. to mid—Mar. (H.J.B., P.S.). 


Mute Swan Cygnus olor 

G. and §. B.T.O. Census: total of 68 occupied nests reported 
by regional organizers—E.M.P., J.A.P. 70 birds on R. Avon at 
Old Bridge, Bath, Mar. 30, June 15 (B.K.). Max. counts, N. 
Somerset reservoirs: 75, Blagdon, Nov. 6 (B.K.) and 60-72, 
Cheddar, several occasions, Dec. (H.H.D., H.R.H.L. et al.). 


WHOOoPER Swan’) Cygnus cygnus 
G. One on Estuary, New Grounds, Nov. 22, 23 (H.J.B.). 


BEwIck’s SwAN Cygnus bewicki 
S. Unusually large party of 25 (15 immatures), Cheddar res., 
Mar. 13 (B.K.). 


Buzzarv_ Buteo buteo 

G. Single birds, Little Stoke, Mar. 11, and at frequent intervals, 
Oct.-Nov. (H.H.D.); Littleton-on-Severn, May 8 (R.H.P.) ; 
Badminton, Julv.1 (G.G.H.); and Wick, Aug. 25, Nov. 20(D.RH.). 
Single birds at intervals: Berkeley, Dursley and Wotton- 
under-Edge districts ; one mobbed and severely injured by Rooks, 
Tortworth, Mar. 10 ; three, Stinchcombe, Sept. 25 (D.B.P.S.). 

S. Again reported from many widely separated localities but. 
no record of successful breeding. ‘Two nests located in 1954 census 
area and one pair suspected breeding in an adjoining area of 11 sq. 
kms, but no evidence that young were reared (various observers). 


SPARROWHAWK Accipiter nisus 

S. Male seen chasing small party of Dunlin low over the water, 
Chew Valley res, Apr. 17, by G.B. and B.K., who record that the 
hawk struck down one of the waders into the water and then 
picked it off the surface and departed. Female, Steep Holm, 
Aug. 26, 27 (H.W.N.) and a male, Nov. 13, 14 (R.H.P.). 


Monracu’s Harrier Circus pygargus 

S. ‘Two, male and female, quartering ground over young spruce 
in afforested area, nr. Rowberrow, Mendip, May 10; birds seen 
by H.F., who has supplied satisfactory details. First definite record 
for present century ( cf. Proc. B.N.S., 1947, p. 245.)- 


-Hossy Falco subbuteo 


| 
| 


| 


| 


SE EeEeaeEe 


G. Single birds overhead, Little Stoke, four occasions, July— 
Sept. (H.H.D.). 

S. One harrying Swallows and Martins, Bishop Sutton, Sept. 8 
or... B.K.). 


PEREGRINE falco peregrinus 
S. The only inland record is of one, Cheddar Gorge, Jan. 30 
(R.A.). Single birds reported from coastal. areas, Brean Down to 


118 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


Portishead, various occasions, Jan.-Apr. and Aug.—Dec. (W.L.R., 
T.B.S. et al.). Two, Brean Down, Nov. 13 (C.H., H.G.H.). Steep 
Holm records of one, Mar. 19 (P.J.C.) ; May 31 (B.K.) ; Aug. 26 
(H.W.N.) ; and two, several dates, Oct.-Nov. (R.H.P.). 


Meru Falco columbarius 
S. One, a small dark falcon, Sand Point, Oct. 15 (R.A.). 


KeEsTREL Falco tinnunculus 
S. Single bird, Steep Holm, Oct. 16 (R.H.P.). 


RED-LEGGED ParRTRIDGE Alectoris rufa 
S. Three on high ground above Saltford, July 13 (T.H.), 25 
(B.K.). 


WatTER Ratt Rallus aquaticus 
G. Single bird, in hard weather, Duchess’ Pond, Stoke Park, 
Stapleton, Feb. 20-27 (J.A.P.). 


CORNORAKE = Crex crex ) 
' G. One caught (and later released) in market garden, Patchway, 
on early date of Apr. 11 (cf. also below) (H.H.D.). 

S. . One flushed from long grass, nr. Priddy, Mendip, Apr. 11 
(J-A.F.W.). Bird calling, Saltford, May 12 (B.K.) and one seen, 
Long Ashton on roth (G.E.C.). Remains found in tide wrack 
on river bank nr. Pill, May 23 (R.H.P.). 


Mooruen_ Gallinula chloropus 

G. Fifty-nine, including a concentration of about 35, at two 
marshy ponds bordering the canal, Sharpness—an abnormally 
high number for a relatively small site (D.M.C., R.H.P.). 


Coor Fulica atra 

S. Cheddar res: from 1,000, late Jan. to 1,700, mid.—Mar., 
and from 240, late Oct. to 1,400, mid.—Dec. (various observers). 
Max. count, Chew Valley res., 1,500, Mar. 3 (B.K.), where at 
least go breeding pairs noted, May-June, and ads. and young 
estimated at 400, July 17 (B.K., R.H.P.). Well over 2,000, 
Blagdon res., several dates, Oct.-Dec. (B.K.). Highest total, 
Barrow Gurney, 265, Nov. 20 (G.E.C.). 100, Orchardleigh, Oct. 
16 (E.D.O.). 


OYSTERCATCHER Haematopus ostralegus | 
G. Two, New Passage, Feb. 13, Apr. 10, and six, Aust Cliff, 
Oct..2 (R-EEP)). | 
S. More numerous than in 1954. Counts, Weston Bay, of 145 
Sept. 26 (T.B.S.) ; 150, Oct. 6; and 163, Novile;(heas)) am 
Sand Bay, Dec. 4 (T.B.S.). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 119 


RiNnGED PLOVER Charadrius hiaticula 

G. 200, Severn Beach, May 8, and 65, New Passage, same date 
ok.H1.P.). 

S. Inland records of 28, Chew Valley res., Aug. 30, and 37, 
Sept. 2 (B.K.). 


Grey Plover Charadrius squatarola 
S. Reported only from Sand Bay, where up to five seen, Jan. 
to mid. Mar., and Oct. (R.A., W.L.R., T.B.S.). 


GOLDEN PLOVER Charadrius apricaria 
G. Fifty-seven, Aust, Jan. 1, and eighteen, Feb. 13 (R.H.P.). 
S. Records of small numbers, various localities, Jan.-Mar., and 
Oct.—Dec. ; max. totals of 300, Burnett, Dec. 2 (T.H.) and c¢. 300, 
Queen Charlton on 31st (G.C.B., S.I.B.). 


TURNSTONE Arenaria interpres 

G. Twelve, Sheperdine, Jan. 17, and five, May 29 (D.B.P.S.). 
At least 300, New Passage, Apr. 10, and 45, May 8 (R.H.P.). Two 
on Estuary, New Grounds, Aug. 14 (H.J.B.). 

S. Nine, Clevedon, Sept. 7 (P.F.)—the only noteworthy coastal 
record. Party of eight (large number for inland habitat), Chew 
Valley res., May 14 (B.K.) ; one, same place, Aug. 20 (B.K.B.). 


CoMMON SNIPE Capella gallinago 

S. Four settled in Spartina grass, Sand Bay, Feb. 12 ; two, same 
Blace, Feb. 26, Oct. 23 (R.A.). 150 or more, Chew Valley ress 
Bept. 8 (H.H.D.). 


Jack SnipE Lymnocryptes minimus 

G. Two nr. Wotton-under-Edge, Feb. 25 (D.B.P.S.). One, 
New Grounds, Aug. 1, 2 (H.J.B.). 

S. Single birds, Chew Valley res., Feb. 6 (B.K.) and Kenn 
Moor, Apr. 16 (R.A.). 


CurLEw WNumenius arquata 
G. 100, Oldbury-on-Severn, Apr. 10 (R.H.P.). 


BLACK-TAILED Gopwir Limosa limosa 

G. New Grounds records include : 15 on Estuary, July 13, and 
ea, Aug. 19 (H.J.B.). 

S. Single bird, Chew Valley res., May 5 (G.L.B.) ; six, same 
place, May 30 (B.K.) and Aug. 28 (G.L.B., P.J.C.). 


BaR-TAILED Gopwit Limosa lapponica 

G. One on Estuary, New Grounds, Aug. 3, and two on aist 
(H.J.B.). Two, Aust Oct. 25 (J.A-P.). 

S. ae Weston Bay, Jan. 15, Sept. 26 (T.B.S.) ; 43, same place, 
Mar. 209. (B.CP., E.M.P.). Two, Sand Bay, Sept. 17, (Nee 


One inland, Chew Valley res., Sept. 19 (G.G.B., S.1.B:). 


—————————————— 


120 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


GREEN SANDPIPER Tringa ochropus 

G. Two, New Grounds, Apr. 19 (B.K.), and one, Aug. 1-11 

S. Two, Litton res., Jan. 23 (B.K.). One or two, Chew Valley 
res., Jan. g-May 8 (G.C.B., D.M.C. e¢ al.). Unusually numerous 
at reservoirs on autumn passage : up to 12, Chew Valley, July 17— 
Aug. 23 (B.K.B., R.H.P.), with max. of at least 22, Aug. 28 (P.J.C., 
B.K., R.H.P.) ; 21, same place, Sept. 7 (B.K.B.) and up to nine, 
Sept. 8-Nov. 19 (G.G.C., H.H.D. et al.). Single birds, Barrow 
Gurney, Aug. 21 (G.E.C.), and Blagdon on 28th (B.K.B.). Six, 
Litton, Sept. 4, 11, and one, Cheddar on 18th (BK), Ones 
Chew Valley, Dec. 31 (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.) and two, Blagdon, 
same date (A.R.A.). 


Woop SANDPIPER Tringa glareola 

G. One at small pool, New Grounds, Aug. 1-11 (H.J.B.). 

S. Up to four, Chew Valley res., various occasions, Aug. 20-27 
(B.KB. GEC. P.-C. Bag). 


REDSHANK Tringa totanus 

G. Thirty-eight, Oldbury-on-Severn, Apr. 10; one ringed as 
nestling, same place, July 4, 1954, shot, Poole Harbour, Dorset, 
72m. 8.S.E, Dec. 29, 1955 (R.H.P.). | 

S. Six pairs at least, Chew Valley res., Apr. 24, and pair with | 
two almost fully grown young, July 1 (B.K.). Max. coastal returns 
of 300, Yeo Estuary, Nov. 12, and 275 Sand Bay on 2oth (T.B.S.). 
115 in drained Marine Lake, Weston-super-Mare, Nov. 5 
(H.R.H.L.). 


SPOTTED REDSHANK Tringa erythropus ! 
G. One at small pond, Dyrham Park, Sept. 9-16 (J.B.) and | 
23rd (D.M.C., R.S.C.). | 
S. Reservoir records of one, Blagdon, Aug. 14 (P.J.C.) ; up to | 
five, Chew Valley, late Aug.-late Sept. (B.K.B., G.G.C., H.H.D. 
et al.); one, Cheddar, Sept. 18 (B.K.). Four, Sand Bay, Aug. 21 
(R°A:). 


GREENSHANK Tringa nebularia 

G. One, New Grounds, various dates, early July-late Aug. ; 
two, evidently wintering, same place, Dec. 15 (H.J.B.). 

S. Frequent, Chew Valley res., July—late Oct., with max. | 
numbers of twenty, Aug. 28, and ten, Sept. 4 (G.G.C., R.H.P. 
et al.). Three, Blagdon res., Aug. 14 (P.J.C.) ; five, same placem} 
on 28th (T.B.S.) and three, Sept. 22 (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.). Nine, | 
Litton res, Sept. 10) (3 1. | 


Knor Calidris canutus 
G. Twenty-six, Purton, Apr. 11 (D.B.P.S.). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 121 


S. Coastal reports of 15, Sand Bay, Feb. 26, and c. 180, Wood- 
spring Bay, Sept. 3 (R.A.). Reservoir records of 12 (exceptional 
number inland), Chew Valley, Sept. 2 (B.K.), and two, Blagdon, 
Oct. 16 (B.K.B.). 


PurRPLE SANDPIPER Calidris maritima 
G. At least four, New Passage, Apr. 10, and single bird, Severn 
Beach, May 8 (R.H.P.). 


LittLe Stint Calidris minuta 
S. ‘Two, Chew Valley res., May 25 (B.K.B.) ; one, same place, 
mept. 2 (B.K.), 23(G.L.B.). 


Dunn Calidris alpina 

G. Spring records of 100, New Passage, and at least 500, Severn 
Beach, May 8 (R.H.P.). 

S. High coastal returns of 1,000, Weston Bay, Jan. 1 (R.A.) 
and 2,000, Sand Bay on a2oth (T.B.S.). Chew Valley res. : 25, 
May 18 (B.K.); 53, Aug. 28 (P.J.C.); and 40, Nov. 197—an exceptional 
winter total inland (B.K.). 


SANDERLING Crocethia alba 

G. ‘Two, New Passage, and five, Severn Beach, May 8 (R.H.P.) ; 
six, New Grounds on aist (D.B.P.S.). 

S. One, Chew Valley res., May 5, and four on 18th (G.L.B. 
B.K.). One inland, Combe Down, nr. Bath, May 17, was seen on 
roof of building, twelve feet from the ground, and later on nearby 
road (B.K., H.S.8.) (cf. Brit. Birds, XLVIII, p. 544). 


Rurr Philomachus pugnax 

G. One, New Grounds, Mar. 27 (M.F.M.M.). 

S. Two, Chew Valley res., Apr. 17 (G.C.B., S.1.B.). Autumn 
passage records, same place: one, July 17 (R.H.P.) ; up to eight, 
various dates, Aug.—Sept.; and single bird, Oct. 9 (J.A.P., R.H.P., 
w al.). Five, Blagdon res., Aug. 28 (B.K.B., T.B.S.) and one, 
Sept. 25, Dec. 5 (B.K.). 


Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta 
G. Single bird on Estuary, New Grounds, Dec. 16 (S.T.J.). 


GREAT BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus marinus 

G. Single birds frequently, R. Avon, nr. Bedminster Bridge, 
Bristol, Jan. and Nov.—Dec. (P.J.C., H.H.D.). 

S. Eight (6 ads.), Cheddar, Dec. 23—highest number reported 
from the reservoirs (P.J.C.). 43 occupied nests, Steep Holm, May 
31 (R.S.C.). Again bred, probably three pairs, on the Denny 
(2m. off Portishead but in county of Monmouthshire) ; two nests, 
one with eggs, and two downy young on rocks, June 1 (H.H.D., 
mv IN., J.H.S.). 


122 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


LrEssER BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus fuscus 

G. An ad. of Scandinavian race, L. f. fuscus, or intermediate 
form, with single ad. L. f graellsii, in W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, 
Mar. 27 (H.H.D., M.F.M.M.). 

S. The abnormal numbers roosting in previous Dec., Chew 
Valley res., not maintained after Jan. 2, when 700 counted. Follow- 
ing onset of wintry weather numbers dropped to 320 by Jan. 9, 
with further decreases to 120, Feb. 6, and 50, Mar. 13 (P.J.C., 
B.K.) ; count of ¢.*250 was, however, made; Apnewem 2 j:C:)c 
Autumn counts, same place, included : 50, Sept. 25 ; 552, Sept. 28 ; 
120, Oct. 9g, and 200 on goth (B.K.). Colony of twelve or more 
pairs occupied temporary island, Chew Valley, May-July ; breeding 
established, May 14, when nest with two eggs seen by K.B.S.B. 
and B.K. Further visits to island not possible but three broods of 
partially fledged young noted by R.H.P. from reservoir perimeter, 
July 17. Ad. ringed, Steep Holm, Apr. 6, 1954, found dead, Cheddar 


Gorge, July 7, 1955 (P.J.C.). 


HERRING GuLu Larus argentatus 

S. Probably roosted throughout year, Chew Valley res.—counts 
in late afternoons included : 500, Mar. 17 (most imms. ) ; 400, 
Apr. 8; and 600, Sept. 28 (P.J.C., B.K.)\.> Up*to aecotat roost. 
Steep Holm, Oct. 16, and 3,000-4,000, Nov. 12, when many ads. 
on nest sites and one carrying nesting material (D.C., R.S.C., 
R.H.P.). First-year bird ringed, Steep Holm, Mar. 21, 1955, 
recovered Portmadoc, Carns., 115m. N.W., Sept. 30, 1955 (P.J.C.) ; 
fourth-year bird ringed, same place, Apr. 4, 1954, found dead nr. 
Swansea, Glam., 47m. W.N.W., Nov. 11, 1955 (D.M.C.). 


Guiaucous GuLL Larus hyperboreus 

S. A fourth-year bird, Chew Valley res., Mar. 13 ; size noted as 
larger than nearby Herring Gulls, and only evidence of immaturity 
was dark tip to yellow bill and slight, brown mottling on wing 
coverts (B.K.). 


IcELAND GuLL Larus glaucoides 

G. and S. Single first year bird, Barrow Gurney resrs., Jan. 9 ; 
R. Avon, Bedminster Bridge, Bristol, Feb. 14, 15 (P.J.C.) ; and 
with Herring Gulls at roost, Steep Holm, Mar. 20 (P.J.C., R.H.P.) 
—possibly same individual throughout, but distinguished from light 
coloured bird at Barrow Gurney in previous Dec. Another first- 
year bird, Weston-super-Mare, Dec. 22 (H.R.H.L.,T.B.S.). 


Common Guiu_ Larus canus 

G. Exceptional concentration of immatures, Old Sodbury, 
May 15, when ¢. 200, almost entirely first-year birds, seen on pasture 
CREA. P.)s 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 123 


BLACK-HEADED GuLL Larus ridibundus 

S. Roost counts include: 15,000, mouth of Avon, Jan.g (D.M.C., 
Sees. REP, M.A.W.) ; 4,275, Axe Estuary, Jan, 22 ( P.J.C.) 5 
and 1,400, Chew Valley res., Oct. 30 (B.K.). Large numbers, 
occasionally exceeding 1,000, feeding, Chew Valley, during dry 
spell, July-Aug. ; sample counts showed consistently high percentage 
of juveniles, varying between 20-40 per cent. (P.J.C., R.H.P.). 
Thirteen ads. off Steep Holm, heading for Somerset coast, May 31 
(B.K.). 


Kittrwake Rissa tridactyla 

G. Exhausted bird, found inland nr. Tortworth, Feb. 3, was 
sent to Zoological Gardens, Clifton, where it recovered and was 
later released (D.B.P.S.). Single ads., freshly dead, New Passage 
and Oldbury-on-Severn, Feb. 13 (R.H.P.). 

S. Probable remnants of “‘wreck,’’ previous Nov.—Dec, included 
one immature, Cheddar res., Jan. 1,9 (B.K., H.R.H.L.) ; four dead, 
Sand Bay, Jan. 2 (W.L.R.) ; and two, Weston-super-Mare on 
16th (P.J.C.). After prolonged south-westerly gales, Feb. 1-5, up 
to 20 or more, mostly dead, reported from coastal areas and reser- 
voirs. One, Cheddar res., May 1, and one, dead, Chew Valley 
res. on 14th (B.K.). One autumn record : a first-year bird over 


landing beach, Steep Holm, Nov. 13 (R.H.P.). 


Biack ‘TERN CAhlidonias niger 

S. In contrast to exceptional passage of May, 1954, only one 
spring record: single bird, Chew Valley res., May 29 (B.K.). 
Moderate numbers at reservoirs on autumn passage, with extreme 
dates Aug. 14 and Oct. 9. One, Barrow Gurney, Aug. 14 (P.J.C.) 
and single birds, Blagdon, various dates, Sept. 7-Oct. 9 (G.C.B., 
G.G.C.), but max. returns of 34, Chew Valley, Aug. 22 (B.K.B.) 
and six, Cheddar, Sept. 18 (B.K.). 


Common TERN Sterna hirundo Arctic TERN Sterna macrura 

S len, Blagdon res.. May 13 (B.K.).. Only other spring 
records are from Chew Valley res.—highest count being seven, 
May 22 (G.E.C.). Small party of up to eight, several in retarded 
or first-year plumage, same place, June 18—July 3 (B.K.B., B.K.). 
Return passage also small, with reservoir counts (Commons or 
Artcics) of two, Blagdon, Aug. 7, and Barrow Gurney. Aug. 14 
(P.J.C.); and four, Chew Valley on 28th (G.L.B.). One Arctic, 
Blagdon, Sept. 11 (P.J.C.); one Common, Chew Valley, Sept. 18, 


_and three, Oct. g (B.K.). Single bird, Weston-super-Mare 


Pept. 21-(H.R.H.L.). 


SANDWICH TERN Sterna sandvicensis 


S. Single bird, Chew Valley res. on unusual date of June 20 
(B.K.B.). 


124 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


LirtLe Auk Alle alle 
S. One found alive, Locking, nr. Weston-super-Mare, Oct. 
19 and later released on coast (H.R.H.L.). Another, swimming 


close to Axbridge tower, Cheddar res., various dates, Dec. 18-28 
(J.A.McG., B.K., e¢ al.). 


WooppiIcEOon Columba palumbus 
S. One, Steep Holm, Nov. 13 (R.H.P. e¢ al.)—first record for 
the island since 1935. 


BaRN Ow. Tyto alba 

S. Frequent records from localities in low-lying moors, Weston- 
Clevedon, and at Blagdon and Chew Valley resrs (various obser- 
vers). Also reported, Charterhouse, Feb.6 (R.F.W.) ; Loxton, 
Apr. 17 (R.P.) ; and Long Ashton, Oct.—Dec. (M.A.W.). 


LitTLE OwL § Athene noctua 

S. One, Steep Holm, Mar. 19, 21 (H.J.B., et al.), and another 
found dead on goth (R.H.P.) ; one, same place, Nov. 13 (D.M.C.) 
—first records for the island since 1938. 


Swirt Apus apus 

S. At least 1,000, Chew Valley res., June 29 when weather was 
dull and cold. Equally large numbers have been noted at the 
reservoirs during similar weather in previous years (B.K.). 


Hoorpot Upupa epops 
G. One, Shepherd’s Patch, Slimbridge, Aug. 25 (S. T. per 
S. One shot in error for Jay, East Harptree, in April (per 
G.L.B.). 


LEssER SPOTTED WOODPECKER Dendrocopos minor 

G. One in garden, St. George, Bristol, Apr. 7 (G.B.). 

S. Single birds, Compton Bishop, Mar. 5 (P.J.M.N.) ; Cleeve 
Woods, Apr. 21, 22; Combe Down, Bath, May 37 (2G poe 
and Blagdon res., Oct. 30 (B.K.). 


WoopiarRK Lullula arborea 

G. Two, North Nibley, Apr. 11 ; single birds, same locality, 
May 19, Dec. 8 (D.B.P.S.). 

S. Frequently noted, Worlebury, Mar.—Apr. ; nest with three 
young, May 12 (R.A.). Single birds heard, Brockley Combe, May 
17 (A.E.B.) and nr. Compton Bishop, June 18 (P.J.M.N.). 


House Martin Delichon urbica 
S. One with Sand Martins, Chew Valley res., on early date of 
Mar: 27 (B.K:. IN. W?). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 125 


Sanp Martin’ Riparia riparia 

S. Strong westerly movement, Blagdon res., Apr. 8; birds 
evidently arriving from Chew Valley, where enormous numbers, 
estimated at several thousands, were hawking over the water 


(G.L.B.). 


RAVEN Corvus corax 

G. Two at old decoy, Purton, various occasions, Oct. 15 to end 
of month (D.B.P.S.). Single birds, New Grounds, Oct. 2, Nov. 27 
(B.K.). 

S. Frequent records from Brean Down, Cheddar, Sand Point and 
Steep Holm, but no evidence of successful breeding except from 
Sand Point, where one young reared (R.A., H.R.H.L., T.B.S., 
et al.). 


CARRION Crow Corvus corone 

G. Count of 98, Avon mudbank, Sea Mills, July 7 (P.J.C.). 

S. Counts of 130, Saltford sewage farm, Jan. 15; 105, Feb. 
20 ; and 152, Nov. 26 (B.K.). Over 170 together, Nailsea Moor, 
May 29 (P.J.C.). 


HoopEep Crow Corvus cornix 
G. Single birds nr. Dursley, early March (D.M.S.) and New 
Grounds, Oct. 2 (D.B.P.S.). 


Rook Corvus frugilegus 

G. and §. The decrease, recorded in 1950, within the City and 
County of Bristol has continued : total of rookeries reduced from 
12 to 4 and nests from 134 to 92. Boundary changes have excluded 
the Ham Green colony (53 nests), but included a colony of same 
size in Ashton Park (various observers). Up to 14 nests on 
electricity pylons, Uphill, Apr.-May (R.A., C.H., H.G.H.). 


WitiLow Tir Parus atricapillus 

G. Again reported from Stoke Gifford area where one seen 
and heard in hedgerow, Feb. 23 (H.H.D.)—for previous records cf. 
proc. B.N.S., 1947, p. 236 ; 1954, p. 43. 


Diprer Cinclus cinclus 

ee single ad., Little Avon River, nr. Alderley, Apr. 24 
(D.M.C.). Pair, R.Boyd, Wick, throughout year and three juveniles 
present in June (D.R.H.). One, Abbey Mill, Kingswood (nr. 
Wotton-under-Edge), July 31 (D.B.P.S.). 

S. Two nests, R.Chew (G.B.). 


Misttet Turusn Turdus viscivorus 

S. Local increase, Kewstoke, Jan.—-Feb. (T.B.S.). Seven, 
arrived from N. and departed S.E., over Steep Holm, Nov. 14 
(D.M.C., R.S.C.). 


126 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


FIELDFARE Turdus pilaris REpwinc Turdus musicus 

G. Very strong N.E. movement, both species, Aust Cliff, Oct. 
23, when approx. 10,200 birds recorded, 06.40-11.30 G.M.T., 
wind N.E., force 1-3 (D.M.C., P.J.C., R.S.C.). 

S. Roost of c. 400 JT. musicus in rhododendrons, Cleeve, Jan. 2 
(A;G.D.y, 


Rinc OuzeLt Turdus torquatus 
G. Single male, Stinchcombe Hill, Dursley, Apr. 2 (D.R.H.). 


STONECHAT Saxicola torquata 
S. Breeding reported from Brean Down; also Sand Point, where 
pair reared two broods (R.A., W.L.R., T.B.S.). 


ReEpDstTarT Phoenicurus phoenicurus 


G. Adult male, Dodington on exceptionally early date of Mar. 
30 (G.G.H.). 


BuLack REDsTART Phoenicurus ochruros 
G. Female or immature, Avonmouth Docks, Mar. 13 (R.H.P.). 
S. Single females or immatures, Long Ashton Research Station, 
Apr. 13 (G.E.C.) ; Brean Down, Nov. 20 (M.A.W.). 


WHEATEAR  Oenanthe oenanthe 

S. Again reported from Wavering Down area (W.L.R. éé al.), 
where four pairs considered to have bred (P.J.M.N.). Pair believed 
to be breeding, Dolebury Warren, Churchill, May 21 (P.J.M.N.). 


Woop WarBLER_ Phylloscopus sibilatrix 

G. Single bird heard, Damery, Apr. 24 (A.E.B.). One only, 
Dursley area, where six located in 1954 (D.R.H.). 

S. Heard, Brockley Combe, May 17 (A.E.B.). Two, Budding’s 
Wood, nr. Portbury, May 29 ; only five singing males, Leigh Woods, 
May-—June—half usual number (P.J.C.). Only nine singing males 
located in area of c. 106 sq. kms. of Mendip Hills (from Weston- 
Blagdon and Cheddar-Churchill) : four, Cheddar Wood ; one, 
Batts Combe ; one, Long Wood, Cheddar ; one, Rickford Combe ; 
and two, Mendip Lodge Wood (various observers). 


Prep FLYCATCHER Muscicapa hypoleuca 
G. Male, Dodington, mid—Apr., 1954 (G.G.H.). 
S. Male, Clevedon, Apr. 21 (P.F.). 


MeEapow Pipir Anthus pratensis 
G. Pair feeding newly fledged young nr. Sheperdine, June 5 ; 
second pair one mile N., but breeding not confirmed (R.H.P.). 


Rock Pierr Anthus spinoletta petrosus 
S. Single birds inland (presumably this race), Cheddar res., 
Jan. 9, Mar. 27 (B.K.). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 127 


Waite Wactait Motacilla alba alba 
~G. Of 50 or more alba wagtails on arable land and shore-line, 
Aust Cliff, Oct. 9, all those identified with certainty (8 birds) were 
White Wagtails (C.M.S.). 
S. White (and/or Pied) Wagtails moving S.E. over Steep 
Holm, Oct. 16; 31 counted, 06.00-10.30 G.M.T. (R.H.P.). 


Grey Wactait Motacilla cinerea 
S) ©ne heard, Steep Holm, Oct..16 (R.H.P.) .and later seen 
(D.C.)—second record for the island. 


YELLOW WactaiL Motacilia flava 

G. An ad. and two juveniles (presumably M.f. flavissima) 
among large flock of alba wagtails, Aust Cliff, on late date of Oct. 
9 (C.M.S.). 


Hawrincw Coccothraustes coccothraustes 
G. One, Penpole Point, Shirehampton, Jan. 23 (P.J.M.N.). 
Up to four, Clifton and Durdham Downs, Feb. 12—Apr. 16, and 
mewen, Feb. 19; at least-three, same place, Dec. 17 (P.J.M.N., 
S. One, Brockley Woods, Apr. 25 (A.G.D.). Four or five pairs, 
Leigh Woods, Apr. 27 (P.J.C.). 


GREENFINCH Chloris chloris 

S. Up to 200 feeding on plateau, Steep Holm, Oct. 15 ; some 
departed in late afternoon, and on 16th, in direction of Brean 
Down ; 60-70, same place, Nov. 14 (R.H.P.). 


GouprincH Carduelis carduelis 

G. Late breeding records : nest with four newly hatched young, 
in apple tree, Sneyd Park, Aug. 25 (A.C.L.); nest with large young, 
also in apple tree, Filton, Aug. 12 (R.A.). 


SISKIN Carduelis spinus 
S. Party of 25 in Alders, Blagdon res., Feb. 12 (N.W.). 


~-Cuarrincy § Fringilla coelebs 
G. Of more than 3,700 migrating birds, Aust Cliff, Oct. 23, 
the great majority were moving N.E.—see also under Fieldfare / 


Redwing (D.M.C., P.J.C., R.S.C.). 


BRAMBLING §Fringilla montifringilla 
S. Sixty with other finches, Chew Valley res., Dec. 18 (B.K.). 


Corn Buntinc Lmberiza calandra 
| G. Eleven (5 singing males), Tormarton—Acton Turville area, 
| May 29 (R.H.P.). Two, Leighterton, and two Kingscote, July 13; 
single bird, Nympsfield, on 30th (D.B.P.S.). 

S. ‘Two singing males nr. Saltford golf course, June 4 (B.K.). 
| ‘Two nr. Yoxter, Mendip, July 31 (P.J.C.). 


128 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


Cirut Buntinc Emberiza cirlus 
G. Single male, Penpole Point, Shirehampton, Oct. 30 (A.C.L.). 
S. Ad. male, Hutton, June 28 (W.L.R.). Bred nr. Sand Point 
—pair with juvenile, Aug. 6 (T.B.S.) ; one, same place, Nov. 12 
(FER ELL. ): : 


Snow Buntine Plectrophenax nivalis 


G. Male on river-bank between New Grounds and Frampton- 
on-Severn, Oct. 30 (D.B.P.S.). 


129 


PVOPTERAYNOTES 
eS ih Reve 5 11.5.5 


¢.°S. He Brarawayt 


(Read in title to Council, May 3, 1956. Received Fan. 18, 1956.) 


HE first three months of the year were exceptionally cold but 

there was some fine and warm weather in April. May and 
June were both much colder than usual apart from some warm 
weather at Whitsun. By the end of June the season was still very 
backward, but the months of July and August were quite exception- 
ally fine and warm, and the weather continued to be dry until the 
late Autumn. 

On the whole the year was a good one so far as the Lepidoptera 

were concerned and particularly for migrating species and was in 
fact a complete contrast to the previous year. As will be seen below 
the fine months of July and August provided some very interesting 
records for the area. 
_ I am most grateful to Messrs. C. L. Bell (C.L.B. ), G. H. W. 
Crutwell (G.H.W.C.), Dr. G. Hartill (G.H.), R. Henderson (R.H.) 
and K. H. Poole (K.H.P.) for sending me their records, some of 
which are included below with a selection from my own records 
((G.S.H.B.). All the Weston records are my own and all those 
from Frome are by G. H. W. Cruttwell. I have therefore omitted 
‘initials after records localized at these two places. 


Euchloe cardamines Linn. (Orange-tip White). First seen April 14, Sodbury 
| (G.H.) Scarcer than usual this year (C.L.B. and R.H.). 


| Colias croceus Fourc. (edusa Fabr.) (Common Clouded-yellow). Fairly common 
from early August to October, Weston Area. One in the middle of Bristol 
in August (R.H.). 


Euphydryas aurinia Rott. (Marsh Fritillary). Larvae, Wickwar, Feb. 26 (C.L.B.) 


Aglais urticae Linn. (Small Tortoiseshell). Abundant everywhere in August 
(C.S.H.B.). Recorded from March to December (C.L.B., G.H., R.H.). 


- Vanessa ei Linn. (Red Admiral). Very common in the Autumn, Bristol 


| (C.L.B 
_ Pararge megera Linn. (Wall Brown). Last seen Nov. 1st, Bristol (K.H.P.) 


_ Acherontia atropos (Linn. (Death’s-head Hawk). One freshly emerged female, 
Wells, Oct. 12 (G.H.W.C.). 


‘Herse convolouli Linn. (Convolvulus Hawk)—Seen at Hanham, Bristol, Sept. 


7 and 8 (R.H.). 
- Celerio galit Rott. (Bedstraw Hawk). Four specimens at light, Weston, July. 
 Celerio lineata Fabr. (livornica Esp.) (Striped Hawk). One at light, Weston, Aug. 21. 


~ Macroglossum stellatarum Linn. (Humming-bird Hawk). Fairly common this year, 
} particularly in August and September, Weston and Bristol (R.H. and C.L.B.). 


130 Cc. S. H. BLATHWAYT 


Cerura hermelina Goeze (bifida Hubn.) (Poplar Kitten). One at light, Weston, 
July 6. 

Tethea ocularis Linn. (octogesima Hubn.) (Figure of Eighty). One at light, Weston, 
June 16. 


Leucoma salicis Linn. (White Satin). One at light, Frome, July 10. 
Lymantria monacha Linn. (Black-arched Tussock). At light, Weston, August. 
Apatele alni Linn. (Alder Dagger). One at light, Frome, June 6. 


Apatele rumicis Linn. (Dusky Knot-grass Dagger). Several melanic specimens at 
light, Weston, August. ; 


Cryphia muralis Forst. (par Hubn.) (Marbled Vert). Common at light, Weston, 
July and August. 


Agrotis trux Hubn. (lunigera Steph.) (Crescent Dart). Several at light, Weston, 
July. 

Actebia praecox Linn. (Partland Dart). One at light, Weston, Aug. 12. 

Eurois occulta Linn. (Great Brocaded Rustic). One at light, Weston, Aug. 21. 

Triphaena interjecta Hubn. (Least Yellow-underwing). Several at light, Weston, 
July—August. 

Polia nitens Haw. (advena auctt.) (Pale-shining Arches). Common at light, Frome, 
June—July. | 

Eumichtis lichenea Hubn. (Feathered Ranuncule). Common at light, Weston, 
September. 


Eremobia ochroleuca Esp. (Dusky Sallow Rustic). One at light, Weston, Aug. 12. 
Procus literosa Haw. (Rosy Minor). Several at light, Weston, July—August. 


Apamea anceps Hubn. (sordida Borkh.) (Large Nutmeg). One at light, Weston, 
June 22. 


Apamea scolopacina Esp. (Slender Brindle). One at light, Weston, Aug. 15. 


Apamea ypsilon Borkh. ( fissipunta Haw.) (Dismal Brindle). Several bred in July 
from larvae taken in May at Shapwick and Clevedon (C.S.H.B.). 


Dasypolia templi Thunb. (Brindled Ochre). Four at light, Weston, October. 
A ydraecia paludis Tutt (Saltern Ear). Several at light, Weston, July—August. 


Hydraecia petasitis Doubl. (Butterbur Ear). Two specimens at light, Frome, 
Aug. 24 and Sept. 29. 


Oria musculosa Hubn. (Brighton Wainscot). One at light, Weston, July 24. 
Cosmia affinis Linn. (Lesser-spotted Pinion). Several at light, Weston, August. 


Cosmia diffinis Linn. (White-spotted Pinion). Four specimens at light, Frome, 
Aug.—Sept. One at Weston Aug. 19. 


Orthosia populeti Treits. (Lead-coloured Drab). Several at sallow, Clevedon, | 
April (C.S.H.B.). 


Atethmia xerampelina Hubn. (Centre-barred Sallow). Common at light, Weston, 
Aug.—Sept. 


Cirrhia gilvago Esp. (Dusky-lemon Sallow). One at light, Weston, Oct. 14. 
Heliothis dipsacea Linn. (Marbled Clover). One at light, Frome, July 11. 


Heliothis peltigera Schiff. (Dark Bordered Straw). Several at light, Weston, June — 
and August. 


Plusia festucae Linn. (Gold Spot). Several at light, Weston, Aug. and Sept. 


Plusia gamma Linn. (Common Silver Y). Very abundant July to November, | 
Weston. Several dwarf specimens taken. First seen April 23. 


Lygephila pastinum Treits. (Plain Blackneck). One at light, Frome, July 11. 


Brephos notha Hubn. (Light Orange-underwing). Common round Aspen, Cleve-— 
don, April 11 (C.S.H.B.). S| 


LEPIDOPTERA NOTES 131 
Sterrha dilutaria Hubn. (holosericata Dup.) (Silky Wave). Three specimens on 
Durdham Down, Bristol, July 11 (C.S.H.B.). 
Lobophora halterata Hufn. (Large Seraphim). A few at light, Weston, May—June. 
Philereme vetulata Schiff. (Brown Scallop). Several at light, Weston, July. 


Philereme transversata Hufn. (rhamnata Schiff.) (Dark Scallop). Several at light, 
Weston, July. 

Thera variata Schiff. (Grey Spruce Carpet). Two at light, Weston, Oct. 23. 

Colostygia salicata Hubn. (Striped Twin-spot Carpet). One at light, Weston, 
Aug. 17. 

Discoloxia blomert Curt. (Blomer’s Rivulet). Several at light, Weston, June and 
July. 

Perizoma bifaciata Haw. (unifasciata Haw.) (Barred Rivulet). A few at light, 
Weston, July and August. 


Perizoma taeniata Steph. (Barred Carpet). One at light, Weston, Aug. 6. 


Nyctosia obstipata Fabr. (fluviata Hubn.) (Narrow-barred Carpet). Several at 
light, Weston, June, Aug., Sept. and Oct. 


Eupithecia succenturiata Linn. (Bordered Pug). One at light, Weston, July 12. 
Eupithecia fraxinata Crewe (Ash Pug). Several at light, Weston, Aug. and Sept. 
Abraxas syluata Scop. (Clouded Magpie). Common at light, Weston, June—July. 


Semiothisa liturata Clerck (Tawny-barred Angle). Several melanic specimens 
taken at light, Weston, July. 


Selenia lunaria Schiff. (Lunar Thorn). One at light, Frome, May, 26. 
Apocheima hispidaria Fabr. (Small Brindled-beauty). Two at light, Frome, March. 


Margaronia unionalis Hubn. (Scarce Olive-tree Pearl), Several at light, Weston, 
June, Aug. and Sept. 


Keuzera pyrina Linn. (Wood Leopard). Several at light, Frome and Weston, July. 


133 


W. D. CONYBEARE, 
HIS GEOLOGICAL CONTEMPORARIES AND 
BRISTOL ASSOCIATIONS 


By F. J. Nortu 
(Read to the Geological Section, March 17, 1956. Received Sept. 14, 1956.). 


ILLIAM DANIEL CONYBEARE was one of the band 

of pioneers that, in the early days of last century, helped to 
raise the study of rocks and fossils into the science of Geology. 
Long search for unpublished material that might serve as the basis: 
for a biography has produced no more than a few letters! written. 
to or received from De la Beche, Buckland, and Murchison, and 
these, together with his published works and references to him in 
the biographies of his contemporaries have been used in the prepar- 
ation of the present paper. 

Conybeare came of a family with long ecclesiastical associations. 
His grandfather (son of a vicar of Penhoe near Exeter) was Bishop 
of Bath from 1750-5, his father was Rector of St. Botolph’s, 
Bishopsgate, whilst his brother John Josias was Rector of Batheaston 
and he himself, after holding a curacy at Chalcombe near Banbury 


_and a lectureship at Brislington, became, in turn, Rector of Sully 


in Glamorgan, Vicar of Axminster, and Dean of Llandaff. 

Early Days. Our only source of information about W. D. 
Conybeare’s early life is a fragmentary autobiography written in a 
notebook in which he had preserved papers relating to one of his 
ancestors, an Elizabethan Schoolmaster, John Conybeare.(z)? From 
it we learn that he was not enamoured of autobiographies, which he 
described as being “‘ absurd monuments of folly and affection, ”’ 
the work of people who :— 


‘* Having angled all their life for fame, 
And getting but a nibble at a time, 


sit down at last to roll with a heavy bait of autobiography. ”’ 

As a boy his health was not always good and his schooling was 
intermittent; this seems to have influenced his whole life, because, 
as a man, his geological work was curiously discontinuous. Many 
of those whose names became household words in the geological 
world acknowledged that they took their early steps under his 

1 Most of them are now in the National Museum of Wales, where also there 


are copies of those still in private hands. 
2 See list of references on page 146. 


134 F. J. NORTH 


guidance, but he never accepted a geological appointment, and 
whilst he helped to lay the foundations of geology, he did not, like 
Sedgwick at Cambridge and Buckland at Oxford or de la Beche as 
founder of the Survey, take a continuously active part in building 
the superstructure. 

Referring to his Bishopsgate days he tells us that he was “‘buried 
for nine months in the year in the old rectorial house. . . in a most 
ghoulish atmosphere in the middle of a churchyard,’’ and he 
speaks of the *‘ delight with which we hailed the return of our three 
summer months of emancipation, when we emerged into the free 
air and free fields of the country. ’’ ‘This was when the family went 
to a small summer residence at Bexley in Kent. On these occasions 
his brother, John Josias, seems to have been almost his only com- 
panion. A favourite haunt was the group of Deneholes—ancient 
chalk pits—near Bexley, where he made collections of fossils from 
the sands exposed in shafts that gave access to the Chalk as well 
as from the Chalk itself. 

In 1805 Conybeare entered Christ Church, Oxford, where he 
was able to live in comparative comfort due, as he wrote, to “‘ The 
generosity of a worthy grandmother having at the time bequeathed 
me an annual income of £500.’’ Of this, he recorded, “‘ I spent 
£100 in the promotion of my library, another £100 I usually 
devoted to travelling . . . and English topography was my 
resource. 7 

His topographical excursions took him into many parts of the 
country, and owing to the influence of that remarkable work, 
Stukeley’s JLtznerarium Curiosum, many of them had _ geological 
significance. Stukeley’s Itinerary, he wrote, “‘first indicated to me 
many of the points of our physical geography, and the general 
course of our chalk hills . . . across our island. I also learnt how to 
trace the line of sands underlying the chalk escarpment, and the 
ranges of calcareous freestone from Bath, by the Cotteswolds. ”’ 

To supplement Stukeley Conybeare had a copy of Christopher 
Packe’s ‘‘New Philosophico-Chorographical Chart of East Kent,” 
published in 1743. This was a remarkable map for its time because 
it depicted in considerable detail an area of about 32 square miles, 
indicating physical features by means of feather-like shading and 
the occurrence of chalk, stone, clay etc., by means of symbols. 
It was the nearest approach to a geological map that had by then 
appeared but it gave no information regarding the relationships 
between the rocks that were indicated and would be better described 
asasoilmap. With Packe’s map, he says, “‘ I was taught to find a 
deeper interest in tracing out all the general relations in which the 
individual features of hill and dale combined . . . And the distinct 
organic remains of the several ranges became so familiar to me that 
I was prepared at once to seize the general fact of the successive 


W. D. CONYBEARE 135 


distribution of those ancient genera when first laid down as an 
admitted fact in the progress of geology. ”’ 

This was, of course, an allusion to the work of William Smith, 
and since others also were beginning to observe in these matters it 
shows how fortunate it was that Smith promulgated his views just 
when he did—at a time when there was a group of competent 
students ready to receive them. 

Geological Excursions with William Buckland and Adam Sedgwick. 
In 1811 Conybeare became a Fellow of the Geological Society, 
then but four years old. In assessing the significance of that Fellow- 
ship we must remember that the Society was not then the body 
of experienced geologists that it is now. Its purpose, in the words of 
the resolution that brought it into being, was that of “‘ making 
geologists acquainted with one another, of stimulating their zeal, 
and of ascertaining what is known in their science, and what yet 
remains to be discovered.’ ‘That is still the purpose of the Society, 
but joining it now is not the venture into an almost unknown field 
that it was in Conybeare’s day. Conybeare’s first contribution to 
geological literature was a paper to the Society in 1814, On the 
origin of a remarkable class of Organic Impressions occurring in Nodules of 
Flint.(2) He described certain curiously rounded bodies found 
adhering to flat surfaces of flint and supposed them to represent the 
casts of cavities formed by parasitic animals that bored into various 
kinds of shells, the cavities having subsequently been filled with 
silica and the remainder of the shell dissolved away. His sup- 
positions have since been amply confirmed and the structures 
recognized as the work of boring sponges Cliona. With the 
accumulated knowledge of more than a century behind us we 
sometimes fail to recognize the extraordinary perspicacity of those 
who made deductions like these for the first time. 

Buckland joined the Geological Society in 1813, and in the same 
year he and Conybeare went geologizing in the north of Ireland. 
In a paper presenting the results of this tour to the Geological 
Society(3) the illustrations included anumber of panoramic sketches 
showing the form and geological structure of the cliffs. This type 
of section was the forerunner of the “‘ horizontal section ’’ drawn 
to illustrate the geology of a district that is not dissected for long 
distances by sea cliffs or other natural exposures. 

Towards the end of 1814 Conybeare left Oxford for a living in 
Suffolk, and Buckland wrote hoping that the ‘‘ parsonage might 
prove to be founded on a bed of Elephants ’? no doubt because the 
fossil bones of large mammalia were already beginning to intrigue 
him. Conybeare does not, however, appear to have interested 
himself in the local geology, but the publication (in 1822) of his 
Outlines of Geology, to be mentioned later, shows that he kept himself 
well informed concerning current research. 


136 F. J. NORTH 


In 1820 Adam Sedgwick came to Bath, where, as he recorded in 
a letter to Murchison, he received much kindness ‘from Mr. 
Conybeare, an Oxford Professor and a stone eater.’’ This was 
W.D’s brother John Josias, sometime professor of Anglo-Saxon at 
Oxford and then Rector of Batheaston. Interested in geology and 
mineralogy he had been elected an Honorary Member of the 
Geological Society at the time of its foundation in 1807. ‘“‘ After 
leaving Bath’’ continued Sedgwick, ‘‘I went to the Brislington 
house of Mr. William Conybeare, brother of the aforesaid Professor, 
who accompanied me in my expedition for three weeks”? ...Ina 
letter thanking Conybeare for his help Sedgwick said, ‘‘ I consider 
the acquaintance I have formed with you among the most fortunate 
and agreeable circumstances of my vacation. ”’ 

Sedgwick placed great store upon this and subsequent excursions he 
made with Conybeare, and referred to him as “ one of my earliest 
teachers in geology.’ Having regard to the part which Sedgwick 
subsequently played in the development of geology this record of his 
indebtedness to Conybeare is of more than passing interest. When 
Sedgwick secured the Woodwardian Chair of Geology at Cambridge 
in 1818 it was more by reason of his personal popularity than 
for his knowledge of the subject, of which he is reported to have 
said he then knew nothing at all. This was no doubt somewhat 
hyperbolical, but there is nothing to show that he had more than an 
amateur’s casual interest. Like Dr. Watson, who secured the Pro- 
fessorship of Chemistry some fifty years before, he considered that 
his first task on assuming office was to qualify for holding it. With 
this object in view he travelled and thus came to meet Conybeare. 

Also in 1820 Conybeare helped to found the Bristol Institution 
Sor the Advancement of Science and Art. In this he was aided by H. T. 
de la Beche, then about 24 years old and already beginning to take 
an interest in geology. ‘They helped to further the development 
of the Institution’s collections and assisted its Curator, J. S. Miller. 
Miller was a native of Danzig and when he wrote a memoir on the 
fossil crinoids which were abundant in the local Carboniferous 
Limestone, Conybeare agreed to edit it, because, he said, “ since 
the author’s native tongue is German the idiomatic inaccuracies 
might have obscured the sense to an English reader. ” 

Work on Fossil Reptiles. It was whilst living at Bristol that 
Conybeare began to take an interest in the reptilian bones discovered 
from time to time in the Liassic rocks of Somerset, and in the early 
eighteen twenties we find him in frequent communication with 
H. T. de la Beche on the subject. The latter’s home was then at 
Lyme Regis—also the home of Mary Anning, daughter of a cabinet 
maker who found it. profitable to collect and sell the local fossils. 
Mr. Anning died when Mary was still quite a child, but she carried 
on the business with great success until her death in 1847. Ata 


W. D. CGONYBEARE 137 


time when scientific interest in extinct reptiles was reaching a 
crescendo, she played a very important part by reason of her patience 
and skill as a collector. De la Beche had written about the Ichthy- 
osaurs whilst Conybeare gave special attention to the long-necked 
Plesiosaurs, which he described in a paper published jointly with 
-de la Beche in 1821.(4) 

The early work on Plesiosaurus was done on somewhat fragmentary 
material, and-Conybeare made several conjectures concerning those 
parts of the creatures not represented by fossils hitherto obtained, 
but in March, 1824, there came news that Miss Anning had 
discovered an entire skeleton. The story of this most opportune 
event can best be told by means of extracts from letters from 
Conybeare to de la Beche who was then in Jamaica, visiting the 
sugar plantations that were his family inheritance. 

“* Buckland, ’? wrote Conybeare, ‘‘ paid me a visit which much 
hurried my actions, (and prevented my settling down to prepare 
my sermon), but he brought important news—that the Annings 
had discovered an entire Plesiosaurus, and that it had been offered 
to the Duke of Buckingham for £200, and that he (Buckland) in 
the course of a journey he was undertaking to Plymouth was 
requested to call at Lyme and conclude the bargain, if the specimen 
was really what it purported to be. 

** I begged him to send me immediate intelligence, and three days 
afterwards I received a very fair drawing by Miss Anning of the 
most magnificent specimen which I shall shortly describe. It was 
the evening also of the meeting of our Phil. Socy., (The Bristol 
Institution) and you may imagine the fuss this occasioned—my 
sermon though finished in scraps was then not half transcribed, 
but one of my sisters-in-law who was staying with me kindly under- 
took that task, and to the Society I went, delighted . . . to pay that 
infant nursling of my own the Compt. of making this strange monster 
first known to the public through its means. Such a communica- 
tion could not fail to excite great interest ; some of the folk ran off 
instantly (it was Friday evening), to the printing office, whither I 
was obliged to follow to prevent some strange blunders falling under 
the lash of my friend Cumberland. ”’ 

Even at that early date the public were eager for news of the 
unusual, and the Press was apt to flounder when reporting scientific 
discoveries—though it would be unfair to suggest that the Bristol 
Press was unique in that respect ! 

Our generation is either so familiar with the slabs of reptilian 
remains in museums or else quite unaware of their existence, that 
most people have either Jost or never had the capacity to enjoy them 
through wonderment, and we find it difficult to realize that there 
‘was a time when they created as much press excitement as a flying 
saucer or a living coelacanth might to-day. 


138 F. J. NORTH 


An important though somewhat exuberant memoir on the 
Ichthyosaurs and Plesiosaurs by ‘Thomas Hawkins,(5) describes the 
recovery of a specimen that had been noticed by Mary Anning in 
the cliffs at Lyme. The account concludes:—“‘By next day’s noon, 
twenty thousand loads ofearth had been removed and a few minutes: 
more sufficed to demonstrate the wonderful remains I tell of. Who 
can describe my triumph at the sight of the colossus. My eyes, the 
first which beheld it : who shall ever see them lit up with the same 
unmitigated enthusiasm again? And I verily believe that the 
uncultivated bosoms of the working men were seized with the same 
contagious feeling, for they and the surrounding spectators waved 
their hats to a hurrah that made the hill and mossy dell echoing 
ring ’’—and much more in the same strain. 

A week after the Bristol meeting the anniversary meeting of the 
Geological Society was to be held, and Buckland asked Conybeare 
to go to London in order to receive the specimen. Being of con- 
siderable size it had been despatched by sea but was delayed for ten 
days or so, with the result that Conybeare had to be content to 
exhibit the drawing he had received from Miss Anning at a meeting 
of the Royal Society’s Club. Although disappointed at the non- 
arrival of the specimen he was pleased to be the first to describe it 
because some of his previous conclusions had been questioned. 

To de la Beche he wrote :— 

‘* T made my Beast roar almost as loud as Buckland’s Hyaenas, ’” 
a reference to Kirkdale Cave which Buckland had claimed as 
having once been a hyaenas’ den, and to his experiments with living 
hyaenas to show that their feeding habits were similar to those of 
the animals that had occupied the cave. 

Continuing, he said, ‘‘ At last the important packet arrived, and 
after wasting a day in vainly attempting to move it upstairs to the 
room of meeting of the Geological Society [then in Somerset House] 
by the aid of two men, we were constrained to unpack it in the 
entrance passage : it is 10 feet in length and near 6 in breadth, 
imbedded in shale easily removed with a penknife. ”’ 

Several paragraphs are devoted to a description of the skeleton 
and to speculations upon the habits of the creature. “* This 
creature must have been able to nibble with his head cheek by jowl 
with his tail. I suppose he swam on the surface and fished with his 
long neck, or lurked in shoal waters, hid amongst the weeds, pushing 
his nose to the surface to breathe, and catching all the small fry 
that came within reach of his long sweep ; but he must have kept 
as much as possible out of the reach of the Ichthyosaurt, a very Junior 
member of which with his long powerful jaws could have bit his 
neck in two without ceremony. ”’ 

The specimen was described in detail in a paper communicated to 

the Geological Society, (6) in which Conybeare summarized his views 


W. D. CONYBEARE 139 


concerning the habits and habitat of the creature—views that later 
students have not found it necessary to alter in any important respect 
except in regard to the flexibility of the neck which was much less 
than Conybeare supposed. 

In acknowledging Conybeare’s account of the fine new fossil de 
la Beche wrote, “‘ Yours containing an account of the fine specimen 
of Plesiosaurus I have just received . . . I must say that the brute’s 
great length of neck very much surprised me ; however, I will not 
prose about what I never saw, but proceed to give some further 
account of the Geology of this part of the world . . . I had prepared 
two or three boxes of insects, and other matters to be sent to the 
Bristol Institution, but during my absence the ants had contrived to 
destroy everything. I have sent to a friend to try and get a long 
trunk of a Fern Tree for the Bristol Institution ; they are curious 
and will remind you of some coal plants, and who can say that there 
were not various species of fern trees in those days. ”’ 

From records which Dr. Wallis has kindly confirmed it appears 
that the specimens of tree fern were duly received at the Institution, 
also lizards, an alligator in spirit and some sea shells. 

Just about this time (1824) his brother, John Josias, died and 
conveying the news to de la Beche Conybeare said, “‘ this must, I 
fear, be the abrupt termination of our correspondence, for having 
lost the friend from whom I derived and with whom I shared all 
those pursuits which formed the basis of that correspondence, I have 
no heart to prosecute or think upon them just now... I feel therefore 
that I have no right, having nothing cheerful to communicate, 
to obtrude a correspondence of any other character . .. On the whole 
then, it is not likely that I shall write again, but I shall ever hear of 
or from you with satisfaction, and with still greater look forward 
to the period when we shall again meet in England. ”’ 

For a time, Conybeare disappeared from the geological world 
though he edited and published a volume of Anglo-Saxon poetry 
which his brother was preparing at the time of his death. 

A Text Book—Outlines of Geology. When Conybeare again 
appeared in the geological world it was not fossil reptiles that 
engaged his attention, but before we discuss the new phase of his 
work we must go back to 1820 or thereabouts in order to consider 
one of his publications that played an important part in promoting 
the study of geology. 

In 1818, William Phillips, a Quaker bookseller, who was inter- 
ested in geology and was one of the founders of the Geological 
Society, published a small volume entitled A Selection of Facts from 
the best authorities, arranged so as to form an Outline of the Geology of 
England and Wales. Conybeare wrote to the author giving him 

additional information and pointing out errors that had crept into 
the work. Later on, Phillips suggested that Conybeare should edit 


140 F. J. NORTH 


a new and larger work, and as a result, the Outlines of the Geology of 
England and Wales, by W. D. Conybeare and W. Phillips, appeared 
in 1822. Most of the work hadin fact been done by Conybeare and 
Phillips was reluctant for his own name to appear as a joint author. 

The “‘ Outlines ’’ was the first really systematic work upon the 
Geology of England and Wales. It contained a brief and masterly 
summary of the rise and progress of geology, an elaboration of 
William Smith’s idea that sedimentary rocks could be classified by 
means of the fossils which each successive layer contained, and 
accounts of the principal groups of strata recognized in the country, 
from the most recent down to the ‘‘ Carboniferous ’—a term which 
Conybeare himself introduced. 

As an indication of the esteem in which the Outlines of Geology 
was held, we may take a tribute paid by Murchison, who, speaking 
of the days when he first began to pay attention to the study of 
rocks, said ‘“‘ Conybeare and Phillips Geology of England and Wales 
then became my scientific bible, and I saw that a fine field was open 
for any zealous and active searcher after truth in completing many 
gaps which they had left to be filled up. ”’ 

In 1828 Sedgwick suggested that he and Conybeare should 
collaborate in the preparation of the second part of the Outlines. 
To this Conybeare readily agreed, but Sedgwick seems to have 
found that the investigation of his Cambrian System demanded the 
whole of his energies, and Conybeare had neither the time nor the 
desire to take the initiative, for the volume was never issued : this 
is a pity, for had the available knowledge of the older rocks been 
recorded as methodically as that relating to the Secondary and 
Tertiary rocks had been recorded in the Outlines the dispute that 
led to the estrangement of Sedgwick and Murchison over the use 
of the terms Cambrian and Silurian might never have developed.. 

Coalfield Studies. Whilst living at Brislington, Conybeare made 
a close study of the neighbouring Coalfields, and in 1824 there 
appeared (in the Transactions of the Geological Society) a joint 
paper by himself and Buckland entitled Observations on the South 
Western Coal District of England.(7) This described the coalfields of 
Gloucester and Somerset in considerable detail and was for about 
fifty years the only description available. ‘The map which accom- 
panied it is evidence of careful and extensive fieldwork, and it was 
in this paper that the term ‘ dolomitic conglomerate ’ for the basal 
or littoral Trias was first used. 

In 1822 Conybeare was appointed Rector of Sully near Cardiff, 
a district that, geologically, has much in common with the country 
around Bristol, but he did not finally settle there until two years 
later. In October 1829 he was thrown from his gig and suffered 
severe concussion. It was at first thought that he would not 
recover, but in a few weeks Lyell, writing to John Fleming, was able 


W. D. CONYBEARE 141 


to report that though he was still insensible there were hopes of a 
complete though slow recovery. <A fortnight later J. S. Miller 
writing to de la Beche from the Bristol Institution said “‘ The last 
account of about four days ago, through Dr. Prichard, from Mr. 
Conybeare is favourable ; he has been moved to Sully and his mind 
is unaffected, although nervous irritations are still visible.’’ At 
one time it was rumoured that Conybeare had succumbed, and in 
the 3rd. edition of his Introduction to Geology, Robert Bakewell 
expressed regret that “‘the Rev. W. D. Conybeare, is, unfortunately 
for the cause of science, deceased. ”’ 

Whilst at Sully, Conybeare studied the structure of the South 
Wales Coalfield, especially of its eastern end. Unfortunately the 
results were not published and his manuscripts do not appear to 
have survived, but a letter to Mr. Warburton, in 1830, for the 
information of the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Coal 
Trade, contained an epitome of his conclusions which illustrate 
the extent and accuracy of his knowledge. 

After describing the three fold division into an upper and a lower 
series with coal seams separated by Pennant Sandstone he wrote 
** I have one very important addition to make to Martin’s descrip- 
tion ; namely, that an anticlinal line, throwing up the beds, traverses 
a great part of it longitudinally . . . This anticlinal line is of mineral 
importance, because it either throws up, quite to the surface, the 
lowest shales, which are the principal seat of both the coal and iron 
ore, or it brings those shales throughout its course within attainable 
depth ; it has, therefore the effect of rendering this important part 
of our deposits accessible throughout a much greater extent than 
would otherwise have been the case. ”’ 

This is the first reference to a structural feature that has played a 

very important part in the exploitation of the coalfield. A section 
he drew to illustrate his interpretation of the strata was reproduced 
a few years later (1836) in Buckland’s Bridgewater Treatise. 

In 1834 Conybeare wrote to the London and Edinburgh Philoso- 
pbhical Magazine *‘ On the probable future extension of the Coalfields 
at present worked. ’’? He showed that the structure of the coalfields 
east of the Pennines was such that the Coal Measures passed south- 
wards or eastwards beneath a covering of newer strata, so that coal 
seams might be expected to occur at workable depths beyond the 
edge of the Coal Measures in Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire. 
We are now so familiar with concealed coalfield exploration that 
it is useful to be reminded that someone had to enunciate the 
principle for the first time. 

The Work of Rivers. Although from time to time Conybeare 
turned his attention to almost every aspect of geology he never lost 
his interest in matters pertaining to the development of rivers and 
the shaping of the earth’s surface. 


142 F. J. NORTH 


There were, at the time, two principal schools of thought. 
The adherents of one supposed that, as Hutton had taught, the 
forces now shaping the earth’s surface were similar in nature and 
in degree to those which had operated to the same end throughout 
geological time—that valleys had been excavated by the normal 
action of the rivers that flow in them. ‘The other school adhered 
to the older view that the features in question were largely, if not 
entirely, due to the violent movement of water at times when 
abnormal deluges had devastated the land. 

Contributing to the discussion in a paper on the Valley of the 
Thames, read to the Geological Society in 1829, Conybeare 
described in detail the valley of the Thames and its tributaries, and 
concluded that the features presented by them could not inall cases 
have resulted from the action of the present streams. As an example 
of his reasoning, he pointed out that, 

“The plains of London are covered with enormous accumula- 
tions of water-worn debris, chiefly of chalkflints, and .. . the gravel 
is not confined to the low grounds, but caps the highest summits of 
the district. To explain this distribution of this gravel by the 
operation of the actual rivers, . . . it is necessary, first, to suppose 
that an uniform plane originally existed from the summit of High- 
gate to the Hertfordshire chalk downs, and from the top of Shooter’s 
Hill to those in Kent ; on the surface of which the rivers once flowed. 
Secondly, that these rivers have subsequently washed away all that 
immense mass of materials which would be requisite thus to recon- 
struct the surface..7; 

This was, of course, just what had taken place, but Conybeare 
attributed the phenomena to the action of great deluges. He 
weakened his case somewhat by suggesting that there had been at 
least three or four deluges, and when after the meeting Lyell wrote 
to Gideon Mantell, he said ‘‘ The last discharge of Conybeare’s 
artillery, served by the great Oxford engineer [i.e., Buckland] 
against the Fluvialists, as they are pleased to term us, drew upon 
them on Friday such a sharp volley of musketry from all sides and 
such a broadside at the finale by Sedgwick, as was enough to sink 
them for ever. ’’(&) 

Attitude towards new ideas :—It is apparent from his interpretation 
of river terraces that Conybeare never quite managed to escape 
from the limitations imposed by the necessity for regarding The 
Deluge as a really important event in earth history and as typical 
of catastrophes that had from time to time occurred. For this 
reason he did not take kindly to some of the new ideas that inevitably 
resulted from the activity in field work that characterized the first 
half of the century. Two examples will serve to illustrate this— 
one relating to the increasing interest in cave faunas and the other 
to the glacial theory. 


W. D. CGONYBEARE 143 


When Buckland explored Kirkdale Cave in Yorkshire and sug- 
gested that it had been, in ancient times, a hyaena den—thus 
implying the former existence in this country of animals now locally 
extinct, and of physical conditions completely different from those 
that now obtain—he was of course, severely criticized, and went 
to some pains to prove his contentions. ‘There is nothing to show 
that Conybeare took an active part in the discussion, but he was not 
altogether inclined to take the new announcement seriously ; he 
drew a caricature of Buckland in the act of entering a cave, to the 
evident surprise of its fearsome occupants, and he wrote some 
facetious verses (containing reference to Buckland’s conclusions) 
of which the following are examples :— 

But of all the miraculous caves, 
And of all their miraculous stories, 


Kirby Hole all its brethren outbraves, 
With Buckland to tell of its glories. 


Ages long ere this planet was formed 

(I beg pardon—before it was drowned), 

Fierce and fell were the monsters that swarmed, 
Roared, and rolled in these hollows profound. 


** Mystic cavern,” the gloom of the cell, 
Shedding light on each point that was dark, 
Tells the hour by Shrewsbury clock, 

When Noah went into the ark. 


By the crust on the stalactite floor, 

The post-Adamite ages I’ve reckoned— 
Summed their years, days, and hours, and more, 
And find it come right to a second. 


Though unwilling to accept Buckland’s interpretation, of his 
finds Conybeare was always ready to assist in obtaining evidence 
and in 1832 he joined in the investigation of an “‘ alleged Hyaena 
Den, ’’ a cave that had been discovered in Caswell Bay, in Gower. 

Conybeare never took kindly to the glacial theory when it was 
introduced into this country by Louis Agassiz and championed by 
Buckland.(g) After a lecture by Buckland in Oxford in support of 
Agassiz, Conybeare wrote, in the winter of 1840,—‘‘ Though sadly 
frost bitten at this moment I don’t quite believe in the former 
Geological Supremacy of the Frost King—I am afraid I see reasons 
to prove the Universal prevalence of Glaciers physically impossible, 
and as Aristotle of old and an equally philosophical Poet of modern 
times has with infinite sagacity remarked ‘ What’s impossible can’t 
be—and never comes to pass.’ Then as to the evidence, you see 
a few scratches on the face of a rock and a heap of granite at its base 
—and then by an argument fer saltum get at yr. Q.E.D. However 
it will make a fine new slide in our raree show Geological Magic lantern. .”’ 

He summed his attitude up in a later letter :—‘‘ The Glacial 
Theory has always appeared to me a glorious example of hasty 


144 F. J. NORTH 


unphilosophical and entirely insufficient induction.’ Itis apparent 
from their letters that the published writings of the pioneers give 
only a partial picture of their achievements. Fully to appreciate 
the contributions which they made it is necessary to know something 
of the thoughts they never published, and the breadth of vision they 
brought to bear on their work. 

In 1836 Conybeare left Sully for Axminster, having spent in 
Glamorgan one of the happiest periods of his life. After this family 
responsibilities and official duties made such heavy claims on his, 
time that he did not again take an active part in geological work. 
As we have seen he continued to correspond with some of his former 
collaborators and opponents—but almost the only thing he published. 
was an account of the great landslide which took place on the coast 
west of Lyme Regis in the winter of 1839. 

The summer and autumn of 1839 had been unusually wet, and 
early on Christmas morning an area some forty acres in extent began 
to slide towards the sea, producing a deep chasm about half a mile 
long, floored with the broken ground that had subsided. The 
effect of the landslide still continues to be one of the most interesting 
features of the neighbourhood. 

It so happened that Buckland was spending Christmas at Lyme 
Regis and Conybeare was at Axminster, with the result that we 
do not have to rely upon the exaggerated reports of untrained and 
probably terrified observers for our knowledge of the catastrophe 
and the circumstances which led to its development. Conybeare 
and Mrs. Buckland made sketches, and the former wrote an account 
for publication in the Philosophical Fournal.(ro) He showed that 
the landslide was due to the fact that near the base of the cliff there 
was a bed of porous sandy material, (Upper Greensand) which 
rested upon impervious clay (the Lias). Since the strata were 
tilted in a seaward direction the surface of the clay constituted an 
inclined plane and when the percolating water had so far disinte- 
grated the sandy bed as to render it incapable of supporting the 
material above (mainly chalk), the latter slumped bodily down the 
slippery slope upon which it rested. An illustrated account of the 
phenomenon was published in 1840.(z7) 

In 1845 Conybeare returned to Glamorgan as Dean of Llandaff, 
but the ruinous state of the Cathedral left him little time for geology 
except to apply his knowledge of stones to the choice of material for 
the restoration, which, as his gravestone records, ‘‘ He carried out 
with Fond and Consistent Care. ”’ 

Between 1850-1854 he made four visits to the Canaries and the 
Azores, largely on account of the health of his youngest son, and 
took the opportunity of visiting Teneriffe and other spots where 
volcanic phenomena could be studied, but he did not publish any 
of his observations. 


W. D. CONYBEARE 145 


He died in August, 1857, and his tomb is marked by the cross 
upon a tall shaft that stands near the Chapter House at Llandaff, 
that in spite of (or perhaps because of) its slenderness survived the 
bomb explosion that devastated the Cathedral in 1940. 

Conybeare’s Place in British Geology. At a time when Geology was 
struggling to emancipate itself from the encumbrance of the old 
cosmogonies and to establish itself on a truly scientific basis, the 
influence of a man like Conybeare was of incalculable importance, 
and it was in no small measure due to his own work that it was 
possible for him to write, in his Outlines, of finding “‘ the scattered 
rays of information, which alone can be discerned previously, 
converging into a more condensed and steady light. ”’ 

There are other aspects of his work to which reference cannot be 
made in this short note. He undertook an examination, at the 
request of the British Association, of certain theories that de 
Beaumont had developed concerning the origin of mountains, and 
he engaged in a controversy with Lyell on the adequacy or other- 
wise of present causes to produce all the known geological pheno- 
mena. 

He was too catholic in his interests to become a “ special- 
ist.’? As his letters show, he seemed to be unable to follow for long 
one line of thought to the exclusion of others, and a piece of work 
once interrupted was seldom resumed. He was better as a collab- 
orator than as a leader, and in many of the tasks he undertook 
jointly with others it was he that actually did most of the work. 
The account of the visit with Buckland to Ireland was drawn up by 
Conybeare and illustrated by sections which he had drawn. In 
the joint paper on Ichthyosaurus with de la Beche, the latter’s contri- 
bution was principally that of keeping Conybeare informed 
concerning discoveries of new material—it was Conybeare who 
prepared the specimens and worked out the relationships of the 
bones. When he wrote, with Buckland, on the Coalfields near 
Bristol, it was he that lived in the district and knew it most intimately 
—it needed the stimulus of a collaborator to ensure the completion 
of the task and the publication of the results. When Conybeare 
failed to carry out his part of the design to write a second volume of 
the Outlines, the volume never appeared. 

Some of his contemporaries influenced geological thought in a 
much more striking fashion because they concentrated upon a 
limited aspect of the subject and were thus able to add materially 
to the sum of knowledge and to establish new principles. William 
Smith, Sedgwick, Murchison, Lyell, de la Beche, and Buckland 
made geology their principal concern, but Conybeare was more 
attracted by the work of the Church. He never fully used his vast 
store of geological information in works published under his own 
name, but he was always ready to place it at the disposal of others. 


146 F. J. NORTH 


His contribution was like that of the leven in the parable : its 
influence was far reaching but its identity was not separately 
maintained. 

When his death was announced to the Geological Society by 
Major General Portlock, the President, he was described as being 
“* indeed a patriarch of our science, one of those illustrious men who 
assisted at the very birth of Geology amongst us, one who was long 
looked up to, as a sure friend in the path of truth and science. ”’ 


Works REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT 


1 Conybeare, F. C. (ed.). The letters and exercises of the Elizabethan Schoolmaster 
John Conybeare, 1560-1594, London (1905). 

2. Conybeare, W. D. On the origin of a remarkable class of Organic Impressions 
occurring in Nodules of Flint. Trans. Geol. Soc., 1st Ser., Vol. II (1814), pp. 328-335. 

3 Conybeare, W. D.,; & W. Buckland. Descriptive Notes relating to the outlines of 
Sections presented by a part of the coasts of Antrim @ Derry. . . . Trans. Geol. Soc., 
ist Ser., Vol. III (1816), pp. 196-216. 

4 de la Beche, H. T., & W. D. Conybeare. Notice of the discovery of a new Fossil 
Animal forming a link between the Ichthyosaurus and the Crocodile. ‘Trans. Geol. Soc., 
ist Ser., Vol. V (1821), pp. 559-94. 

5 Hawkins, T. Memoirs of Ichthyosauri and Plesiosauri. London (1834). 

6 Conybeare, W. D. On the discovery of an almost perfect skeleton of a Plesiosaurus. 
Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd Ser., Vol. I (1824), pp. 380-387. 

7 Buckland, W., & W. D. Conybeare. Observations on the South Western Coal 
District of England. Trans. Geol. Soc., and Ser., Vol. I (1824), pp. 210-316. 

8 Lyell, Mrs. Life of Sir Charles Lyell. London (1881), Vol. I, pp. 252-3. 

® North, F. J. Centenary of the Glacial Theory. Proc. Geol. Assoc., Vol. LIV 
(1943), pp. 1-28. : 

10 Conybeare, W. D. Extraordinary Landslip & great convulsion of the Coast... 
near Axminster. Edinb. New Phil. Journ., Vol. XXX (1840), pp. 160-164. 

11 Ten plates . . . representing the changes produced on the coast . . . between Ax- 
mouth & Lyme Regis by the subsidence of the land . . . on 26th December, 1839 & 3rd 
of February, 1840, from Drawings by W. Dawson . . . with a geological memoir and 
Sections by The Rev. W. D. Conybeare, . . . The whole revised by Professor Buckland. 
London (1840). 


147 


TYPE AND FIGURED SPECIMENS FROM THE 
TORTWORTH INLIER, GLOUCESTERSHIRE 


By M. L. K. Curtis, B.Sc., Pu.D., F.G.S. 
(Read in title to Council, May 3, 1956. Received March 12, 1956.) 


HE Lower Palaeozoic rocks of the Tortworth Inlier have long 
been noted for their rich fauna, and many specimens from 
these rocks are figured in various palaeontological works. ‘The 
purpose of the present paper is to provide a list of these figured 
specimens, and to indicate, where possible, their horizons in terms 
of the recently established stratigraphical subdivisions (Curtis, 
1955, pp- 3-6). In addition, notes are included on certain local- 
ities mentioned in early geological literature, for many of these are 
vague, and in some cases the names are not marked on the present 
day Ordnance Survey maps. 

I wish to thank Dr. H. M. Muir-Wood and Dr. H. D. Thomas 
of the British Museum (Natural History), London (BM), Dr. C. J. 
Stubblefield of the Geological Survey Museum, London (GSM), 
and Mr. A. G. Brighton of the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge 
(SM), for their aid in tracing the figured specimens. 


1. TYPE AND FIGURED SPECIMENS 


In the following list the Tremadoc species are dealt with together 
as they have been figured in two publications only. In the case 
of the Silurian forms the current name of the fossil is given first ; 
information regarding the horizon and locality of the specimen is 
taken either from the label which accompanies it or from the museum 
register. Additions by the present writer are enclosed in square 
‘brackets. 


a. Tremadoc Series 


The type and figured specimens of Tremadoc age (GSM: 
— 51524-31, 51533-5) are all from the Breadstone Shales of the 
_Breadstone Shaft. They include the holotype (51529) and 
_ paratypes (51530-1) of Niobe homfrayt var. smithit, and the holotype 
(51534) of Septadella jackmanae. The following forms are figured 
_.by Stubblefield (1933, pp. 365-73, text-fig. 2; pl. 34, figs. 1-11) : 
Lingulella cf. lepis (Salter), Bellerophon sp., Agnostus calvus Lake, 


F 


148 M. L. K. CURTIS 


Beltella depressa (Salter), Niobe homfrayt var. smitht (Stubblefield) 


and Septadella jackmanae Stubblefield. Niobe homfrayi var. smitht 


is also figured by Lake (1946, p. 333 ; 1942, pl. 46, figs. 2-3). 


b. Llandovery Series 


Rhizophyllum tortworthense Reed 

SM : A 16607 (holotype) ; Upper Llandovery ; Middlemill, near 
Tortworth. Rhizophyllum? tortworthense Reed, 1924, p. 29, pl. 3, 
fig. 7, 7a-c. 


Stricklandia lens var. ultima Williams 

GSM: GSb 4716 and GSb 4719; [Damery Beds], Upper 
Llandovery ; Woodford Green, near Tortworth (GSb 4716), and 
Avening Green, near Tortworth (GSb 4719). Stricklandinia lens 
Davidson, 1867, p. 161, pl. 19, fig. 17 (GSb 4716) and figs. 19-21 
(GSb 4719). 


Brachyprion compressus (Sowerby) 

GSM : 11694-5 ; [Damery Beds], Upper Llandovery ; Damery 
Bridge, near Tortworth. Strophomena compressa Davidson, 1871, 
p. 315, pl. 46, figs. 7-8 (11694) and fig. g (11695). Note: one of 
the specimens figured by Davidson (1871, pl. 46, fig. 10) has not 
been traced. Bancroft (1949, p. 15) has suggested that the form of 
this species occurring in the Tortworth area should be regarded as 
a distinct variety. 


Camarotoechia cf. llandoveriana (Davidson) 

GSM : 13942; [Damery Beds], Upper Llandovery ; Damery 
' Bridge, near Tortworth. Rhynchonella Llandoveriana Davidson, 1869, 
p. 184, pl. 24, fig. 12. 


Camarotoechia weavert (Davidson) 

GSM : Geol. Soc. Coll. 6626b (holotype) ; [Damery Beds], Upper 
Llandovery ; Long’s Quarry, Charfield. Rhynchonella Weavert 
Davidson, 1869, p. 185, pl. 24, fig. 14, 14a. 


Delthyris elevatus Dalman 

GSM : 12084; [Damery Beds], Upper Llandovery ; Damery 
Bridge, near Tortworth. Spirifera elevata Davidson, 1867, p. 95 ; 
1866, pl. 10, fig. 9. : 


Coelospira hemisphaerica (Sowerby) | 

GSM : 12051 ; [Damery Beds], Upper Llandovery ; Charfield 
Green. Altrypa? hemisphaerica Davidson, 1867, p. 136, pl. 13, fig. 24, 
24a-b. 


TYPE AND FIGURED SPECIMENS 149 


Pterotheca avirostris Pitcher 

GSM : 23114 (paratype) ; [Damery Beds], Upper Llandovery ; 
Damery Bridge, near Tortworth. Piterotheca avirostris Pitcher, 
1939, p- 123, pl. 7, fig. 19. 


— Orthoceras subconicum (d’Orbigny) 

GSM : Geol. Soc. Coll. 6857 (holotype) ; [Damery Beds], Upper 
Llandovery ; Michaelwood Chase, near Tortworth. Orthoceras 
conicum Sowerby, 1839, p. 642, pl. 21, fig. 21. Orthoceras subconicum 
Blake, 1882, p. 150, pl. 12, fig. 9. Note : the species was re-named 
Orthoceratites subconicus by d’Orbigny (1850, p. 2) when it was found 
that the name Orthoceras conicum was pre-occupied by an Upper 
Silurian form (Hisinger, 1837, p. 29, pl. 9, fig. 5). 


Encrinurus onniensis Whittard 

GSM : Geol. Soc. Coll. p42 ; [Damery Beds], Upper Llandovery ; 
Micklewood Chase, near ‘Tortworth. Calymene?? punctata Murchison, 
1839, p. 661, pl. 23, fig. 8a. 


Dalmanites weaveri (Salter) 

GSM : GSd 3154 (holotype), 19221 and 19223 (topotypes) ; 
[Damery Beds], Upper Llandovery ; Long’s Quarry, Charfield. 
Phacops Weaveri Salter, 1849, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 16 (GSd 3154). Phacops 
Weavert Salter, 1864, p. 57, pl. 3, fig. 1, and pl. 4, fig. 6 (19223) 
and fig. 7 (19221). Note: Reed (1909, p. 69) considered that the 
original figure by Salter (1849, pl. 1, fig. 16) was based on three 
specimens (GSM : 19220-2), but Whittard (1938, pp. 132-3) has 
shown this to be incorrect. 


c. Wenlock Series 


Pycnactis mitratus (Schlotheim) 

BM: R 25440-6; [Pycnactis Band], Wenlock ; Brinkmarsh 
Quarry, Whitfield. Pycnactis mitratus Ryder, 1926, p. 386, pl. 9, 
figs. 1-7. Pycnactis mitratus Smith, 1945, p. 53, pl. 34, fig. 4a-d. 


Phaulactis glevensis (Ryder) 

BM: R_ 25449-64 (syntypes) ; [Pycnactis Band], Wenlock ; 
Brinkmarsh Quarry, Whitfield. Mesactis glevensis Ryder, 1926, 
p- 391, pl. 9, figs. 9-18 (R 25449-58), and pl. 10, figs. 1-6 (R 
25459-64). 

Serpulites perversus M’Coy 

GSM: GSb 4050 (holotype) ; [lower limestone], Wenlock ; 
Whitfield Quarry, Whitfield. Serpulites perversus M’Coy, 1853, 
Pp. 15, text-fig. 


150 M. L. K. CURTIS 


Philhedra siluriana (Davidson) 


BM: BB 15034-6 (syntypes—three individuals attached to a 
single shell of Strophomena waltont (Davidson) ) ; Wenlock ; Falfield. 
Crama Siluriana Davidson, 1866, p. 82, pl. 8, figs. 19-20. Davidson, 
1871, pl. 42, fig. 11. 


Parmorthis basalis (Dalman) 


BM : BB 15030-3 ; [Pycnactis Band], Wenlock; Falfield. Orthis 
basalis Davidson, 1869, p. 217, pl. 27, fig. 10 (BB 15030), fig. 
10a—b (BB 15031), fig. 11 (BB 15032) and fig. 11a (BB 15033). 


Strophomena waltont (Davidson) 


BM : B 5989 (holotype) ; Wenlock ; Falfield. Leptaena Waltoniu 
Davidson, 1848, p. 317, pl. 3, fig. 6. Leptaena Walton: Davidson, 
1866, pl. 8, fig. 19. Strophomena Walton Davidson, 1871, p. 310, 
pl. 42, fig. 11, r1a-c. Note: accompanying the specimen is a 
label in Davidson’s handwriting which reads “‘ Strophomena Waltont 
Dav., type (fig. specimen of Lep. Waltoni D. in Bull. Soc. Geol. de 
France, vol. v, 2nd ser., pl. iii, fig. 10) from the Wenlock Shales of 
Falfield, and given to me by my friend W. Walton Esq., 1860. 
On examining the specimen it has appeared to me that on it are 
attached 3 specimens of a Crania I had not seen before.”’ ‘This 
label was apparently written before the specimen was re-figured in 
1866 to show the attached shells of Philhedra siluriana (Davidson). 


Camarotoechia borealis var. diodonta (Dalman) 
BM : B 12919 ; [Pycnactis Band], Wenlock ; Falfield. Rhyncho- 


nella borealis var. diodonta Davidson, 1869, p. 174; 1867, pl. 21, 
fig. 23, 23a-b. 


Whitfieldella canalis (Sowerby) 


BM : B 5365 ; [Pycnactis Band], Wenlock ; Falfield. Meristella? | 
didyma Davidson, 1867, p. 112 ; 1866, pl. 12, fig. 8. Whitfieldella 
canalis Alexander, 1947, p. 311. Note: four of the specimens 
figured by Davidson (1866, pl. 12, figs. 3, 4, 4a—b, 6, 6a and 7) have | 
not been traced with certainty, but fig. 3 is probably GSM : 12207, 
and fig. 6, 6a is probably GSM : r2art. 


Actinoceras nummularium (Sowerby) 


BM : C 3501 (holotype) ; [probably lower limestone or Pycnactis | 
Band], Wenlock ; Whitfield Quarry, Whitfield. Orthoceras Num- | 
mularius Sowerby, 1839, p. 632, pl. 13, fig. 24. Note: Blake - 
(1882, p. 161) regards the name Actinoceras nummularium as synony- | 
mous with A. cochleatum (Schlotheim). | 


Dalmanites sp. 


GSM : 19389-90; [beds above upper limestone, Wenlock] ; _ 
Horseshoe Farm, near Whitfield. Phacops Weaveri Salter, 1864, | 


TYPE AND FIGURED . SPECIMENS 151 


p- 57, pl. 3, fig. 2 (19389) and fig. 3 (19390). Note : Reed (1909, 
pp. 71-2) has shown the form to be distinct from Dalmanites weavert 


(Salter). 


Stromatolite 
Bristol University : 10648 ; Wenlock ; Lower Shaft, Sturt Bridge, 
near Wickwar. Whittard and Smith, 1944, p. 71, pl. 3. 


d. Ludlow Series 


‘Certopora’ abnormis (Lonsdale) 


GSM : Geol. Soc. Coll. 6547-9 (syntypes) ; Ludlow; Purton. 
Verticillipora? abnormis Lonsdale, 1839, p. 693, pl. 16 bis., fig. 10, 
10a-b (6547), fig. 10c (6549) and fig. 10d (probably 6548). 
Ceriopora abnormis Etheridge, 1888, p. 71. 


2. Notes ON CERTAIN LOCALITIES MENTIONED IN EARLY 
GEOLOGICAL LITERATURE 


Avening Green. Most specimens from Avening Green were 
probably obtained from exposures of the Damery Beds near the old 
mill (280 yds. south of Whitehall Villa), or from loose material 
occurring at the northern end of the green and on the slopes near 
the Little Avon River. 


Barber’s Quarry. ‘The map by Weaver (1824, pl. 39) shows that 
Barber’s Quarry is the old working, now overgrown, situated 450 
yds. W.30°S. of Brook Farm, and 340 yds. south-east of Falfield 
Mill. ‘The limestone which was formerly exposed here is certainly 
in the upper part of the Wenlock succession, and is possibly a 
continuation of the upper limestone of the Whitfield area. 


Charfield Green. Specimens from the Upper Llandovery labelled 
*“ Charfield Green ’’ are mainly from the Damery Beds, but some 


may have been obtained from the fossiliferous base of the Tortworth 
Beds. 


Crockley’s Farm. A number of specimens in old collections, 
mostly from the Palaeocyclus Band, are labelled ‘‘ West of Crockley’s 
Farm.” Fossiliferous material from that horizon occurs in Daniel’s 
Wood and in some old trenches 250 to 300 yds. west of the farm. 


Cullimore’s Quarry. Cullimore’s Trap Quarry, which was marked 
by Weaver (1824, pl. 39), is situated 250 yds. north-east of Poolfield 
Farm, Charfield. The quarry is in the Upper Trap, but fossil- 
iferous sediments, forming the base of the Tortworth Beds, occur 
|} in the north-western part of the quarry (Weaver, 1824, pl. 39, fig. 
2; Murchison, 1839, text-fig. 98, p. 459; Reed and Reynolds, 
1908, text-fig. 2, p. 515). The sedimentary rocks, which overlie 


152 M. L. K. CURTIS 


the trap and fill irregular hollows in its upper surface, include 
highly fossiliferous ashy limestones and the Palaeocyclus Band. 


Damery Bridge (or Damory Bridge). ‘There are a number of small 
exposures near Damery Bridge, all of them in the Damery Beds, 
and much fossiliferous debris occurs in the neighbourhood. Most 
specimens in old collections were probably obtained from the small 
quarry, now completely overgrown, 50 yds. south-south-east of 
the bridge, or from the road cutting about 60 yds. south of the bridge. 


Daniel’s Wood. A considerable amount of material derived from 
the Palaeocyclus Band has been collected in the southern part of 
Daniel’s Wood, particularly in the stream about 150 yds. E.30°N. 
of the south-western corner of the wood. Priest Hill Wood is an 
old name for Daniel’s Wood, and it is marked as such on the Old 
Series one-inch Geological Survey map (sheet 35) and on the map 
by Sanders (1864, sheet 2). 


Falfield. ‘The majority of specimens shown as coming from the 
Wenlock rocks of Falfield were undoubtedly obtained from the 
workings on the eastern side of the Old Windmill ridge, and especi- 
ally the quarry close to the windmill itself where the lower limestone 
and Pycnactis Band were formerly well exposed (Weaver, 1824, 
pp. 336-7 ; Murchison, 1839, p. 455). 


Horseshoe Farm. ‘The well-known road section immediately south- 
east of Horseshoe Farm is now overgrown. Calcareous sandstones 
and shales formerly exposed at this locality belong to the beds above 
the upper limestone ; these beds are considered by the writer to be 
of Wenlock age, but the fauna obtained from them has suggested 
Ludlow affinities to some geologists (Murchison, 1839, p. 455 3 
Reed and Reynolds, 1908, pp. 524, 537). 


Long’s Quarry. LLong’s Quarry can be identified from the map by 
Weaver (1824, pl. 39) as the old overgrown pit in the Damery Beds, 
150 yds. E.15°N. of Charfield Station. 


Mickle Wood (Michael Wood, Micklewood Chase or Michaelwood 
Chase). Specimens obtained in Mickle Wood are mostly from the 
Damery Beds. Fossiliferous material derived from these beds occurs 
abundantly on the southern slope of the wood, particularly between 
Damery Quarry and the ford across the Little Avon River. 


Middlemill Quarry (or Horsley Quarry). ‘This quarry, situated | 
150 yds. east-north-east of the old Middle Mill, is in the Upper | 
Trap. Sedimentary rocks are no longer visible in situ, but the lowest | 
layers of the Tortworth Beds, including the Palaeocyclus Band, were | 
once exposed on the northern side of the quarry (Weaver, 1824, p. | 
331 ; Reed and Reynolds, 1908, pp. 519-20), while material derived | 
from the Damery Beds occurs on the southern side. 


TYPE AND FIGURED SPECIMENS 153 


Ponting’s Quarry. ‘The strata exposed in Ponting’s Quarry are 
those near the base of the Damery Beds. The quarry is situated 
650 yds. south-east of Matford Bridge, and about 730 yds. W.37°N. 
of Woodfordgreen Farm ; its position is indicated on the map by 
Weaver (1824, pl. 39), and has been confirmed by Reed and 
Reynolds (1908, p. 521). 


Purton Passage (or Pyrton Passage). ‘The locality known as Purton 
Passage includes the area to the west-south-west of Tites Point 
where Ludlow and Downton beds are seen on the foreshore at low 
water. The rocks are situated between Cotterday Hole and the 
saltings to the west of the Berkeley Arms Inn, but have been partly 
obscured, since the days of Murchison and Phillips, by the accumula- 
tion of mud. 


Skay’s Grove (or Skeay’s Grove). ‘The lower limestone of the 
Wenlock has been quarried at a number of points in and near 
Skay’s Grove, and the Pycnactis Band is exposed in an old quarry 
at the extreme northern end of the wood. 


Whitfield. ‘The chief fossil localities in the Wenlock rocks of 
the Whitfield area are Brinkmarsh Quarry and Rifle Cottage Quarry, 
both of which display the lower limestone and the Pycnactis Band. 
Whitfield Quarry, described by Weaver (1824, p. 337), is apparently 
the same as Brinkmarsh Quarry, for a quarry approximately 
coinciding in position with the latter is marked on his map (pl. 39). 


Woodford Green. Much fossiliferous material derived from the 
Damery Beds occurs in the neighbourhood of Woodford, and the 
majority of specimens labelled ‘‘ Woodford Green ”’ and ‘‘ Wood- 
ford Hill’’ are from those beds. Woodford Hill is shown on the 
Old Series one-inch Geological Survey map (sheet 35) as being 
Situated to the west and north-west of Woodfordgreen Farm, but 
the name has probably been used to include a considerable area 
bounded to the south and west by the valley of the Little Avon 
River. 


REFERENCES 


Alexander, F. E. S. (1947). On Dayia navicula (J. de C. Sowerby) and Whit- 
fieldella canalis (J. de C. Sowerby) from the English Silurian. Geol. Mag., 84, 
304-316. 

Bancroft, B. B. (1949). Welsh Valentian brachiopods and the Strophomena 
| antiquata group of fossil brachiopods. Quarry Managers’ Journ., pre-print. 

Blake, J. F. (1882). A monograph of the British fossil Cephalopoda. Part 1. 
Introduction and Silurian species. London. 

Curtis, M. L. K. (1955). Jn Bristol and its adjoining counties. Bristol. 

Davidson, T. (1848). Mémoire sur les brachiopodes du systéme silurien supérieur 
d’Angleterre. Bull. Soc. géol. France, (2), 5, 309-338. 


154 M. L. K. CURTIS 

Davidson, T. (1866). British fossil Brachiopoda. Vol. 3, Devonian and Silurian. 
species. Part 7,no.1. Palaeont. Soc., London. 

(1867). Idem. Part 7, no. 2. 

(1869). Idem. Part 7, no. 3. 

(1871). Idem. Part 7, no. 4. 


Etheridge, R. (1888). Fossils of the British Islands stratigraphically and zoo- 
logically arranged. Vol. 1, Palaeozoic. Oxford. 


Hisinger, W. (1837). Lethaea Svecica seu petrificata Sveciae, iconibus et: 
characteribus illustrata. Stockholm. 


Lake, P. (1942). A monograph of the British Cambrian trilobites. Part 13. 
Palaeont. Soc., London. 


(1946). Idem. Part 14. 
Lonsdale, W. (1839). Jn The Silurian System by R. I. Murchison. London. 


M’Coy, F. (1853). On the supposed fish remains figured on plate 4 of the 
‘Silurian System’. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 9, 12-15. 


Murchison, R. I. (1839). The Silurian System, founded on geological researches. 
in the counties of Salop, Hereford, Radnor, Montgomery, Caermarthen, 
Brecon, Pembroke, Monmouth, Gloucester, Worcester, and Stafford ; with 
descriptions of the coal-fields and overlying formations. London. 


Orbigny, M. A. d’ (1850). Prodrome de paléontologie stratigraphique universelle 
des animaux mollusques & rayonnés faisant suite au cours élémentaire de 
paléontologie et de géologie stratigraphiques. 1. Paris. 


Pitcher, B. L. (1939). The Upper Valentian gastropod fauna of Shropshire. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 4, 82-132. 

Reed, F. R. C. (1909). Notes on Phacops weaveri, Salter. Geol. Mag., (5), 6,. 

69-73. ; 

(1924). Some new Ordovician and Silurian fossils. Jbid., 61, 25-31. 

Reed, F. R. C. and 8S. H. Reynolds (1908). On the fossiliferous Silurian rocks. 
of the southern half of the Tortworth Inlier. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 64, 
512-545- 

Ryder, T. A. (1926). Pycnactis, Mesactis, Phaulactis, gen. nov., and Dinophyllum,. 
Lind. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 18, 385-401. E 


Salter, J. W. (1849). Figures and descriptions illustrative of British organic 
remains. Mem. Geol. Surv. United Kingdom, dec. 2, pl. 1. 


— — (1864). A monograph of the British trilobites from the Cambrian, Silurian, 
and Devonian formations. Part 1. Palaeont. Soc., London. 


Sanders, W. (1864). Map of the Bristol coalfields and country adjacent in nine- 
teen sheets. [Scale, 4 inches to 1 mile.] Bristol. 


Smith, S. (1945). Upper Devonian corals of the Mackenzie River region, Canada.. 
Geol. Soc. Amer., special papers, no. 59. 


Sowerby, J. de C. (1839). Jn The Silurian System by R. I. Murchison. London. 


Stubblefield, C. J. (1933). Notes on the fossils. Jn On the occurrence of Tre- 
madoc Shales in the Tortworth Inlier (Gloucestershire) by S. Smith. 
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 89, 357-378. 


Weaver, T. (1824). Geological observations on part of Gloucestershire and. 
Somersetshire. Trans. Geol. Soc., (2), 1, 317-368. 

Whittard, W. F. (1938). The Upper Valentian trilobite fauna of Shropshire. 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 1, 85-140. 

Whittard, W. F. and S. Smith (1944). Unrecorded inliers of Silurian rocks, near 


Wickwar, Gloucestershire, with notes on the occurrence of a stromatolite.. 
Geol. Mag., 81, 65-76. 


i 


155 


MINING AND QUARRYING IN THE BRISTOL 
DISTRICT, 1955 


By I. S. Loupexine, Pu.p., B.Sc. F.G.S. 
(Read in title to Council, May 3, 1956. Received March 24, 1956.) 
INTRODUCTION 


HE purpose of this note is to place on record the quarries, 
mines and pits which were in active operation at the time of the 
British Association meeting in Bristol in 1955 for purposes of com- 
parison with the record for the previous meeting (Burrows, 1930). 
Summaries of the geology or economic geology of the district have 
been recently given by Kellaway and Welch (1948), Loupekine 
(1954) and Curtis, Donovan, Kellaway and Welch (1955) ; lists 
of local quarries have been compiled by Rogers (1948) and 
the Quarry Managers’ Journal (1954-55). An indexed map, 
which is based on the quarter-inch sheet of the Geological Survey 
(1955), is included and may form a useful guide in the planning 
of excursions. 


GENERAL DESCRIPTION 


By virtue of a remarkable representation of geological formations, 
which extends from the Cambrian to the Chalk, within a radius 
of a little over twenty miles, the Bristol district provides a wealth of 
industrial geological products of economic importance. The 
industrial resources may be treated under the five headings :— 
stone, sand and gravel, coal, clay, mineral products. Water 
supplies are considered to be outside the scope of this paper. 


1. Stone. In the past the district was famous for its production of 
building and decorative stones (Reynolds, 1924) which were worked 
by hand. ‘The present changed economic conditions and increased 
building requirements have led, however, to the development of a 
thriving industry operating large, mechanised quarries which are 
worked mainly for roadstone and concrete aggregate, building 
stone, and lime and powdered limestone. No fewer than 70 
quarries or groups of quarries are in active operation, mostly in the 
limestones of the Carboniferous Limestone Series, but also in 
Silurian andesite, subsidiary sandstone bands in the Carboniferous 
Limestone Series, sandstones of the Coal Measures, and Mesozoic 


156 I. S. LOUPEKINE 


limestones (White Lias, Lias, Inferior Oolite and Great Oolite 
Series). One notes the decline in the production of Pennant 
Sandstone and the Lias and Inferior Oolite limestones: of the 
building stone quarries, only those for Bath Stone and Doulting 
Stone continue to be successfully exploited. 

In general, the rocks of the older formations are more useful for 
roadstone and concrete aggregate on account of their hardness and 
compactness ; the rocks of the newer formations are more suitable 
as building stones. ‘The purer limestones from both series are used 
for lime-burning and for making agricultural powder ; other by- 
products include sand and sandstone, poultry grit, ornamental 
stone, and concrete blocks and similar products. 


2. Sand and Gravel. Local supplies of sand and gravel are obtained 
mainly from river deposits by dredging or digging operations. 
Permanent pits are rare and such supplies are derived from time 
to time only on a limited scale. ‘Thus the river terrace gravels at 
Stidham Farm, near Saltford, were in recent exploitation ; sands 
of the Cotswold Sand are at present worked at Bitton for foundry 
purposes. 


3. Coal. The Bristol and Somerset Coalfield forms several 
detached or semi-detached basins and differs from most other 
coalfields in that owing to concealment by younger strata which 
give rise to fertile soils and a varied scenery, it offers a pleasant 
countryside that is not usually associated with coal-mining areas. 
The coals are mainly bituminous with strong coking properties, 
and about eighty per cent of the production is taken by the Central 
Electricity Authority and the gas industry ; the remainder is used 
by local industries and for household purposes. 

In the Regional Survey Report on the Bristol and Somerset 
Coalfield (1946), the workable reserves of coal were estimated at 
about 150 million tons, and in the 15-year plan of the National 
Coal Board (1950), the importance of the regional situation of the 
coalfield was recognised, and every effort is being made to increase 
production by deep mining by modernised methods and the discovery 
of new seams by further surveys (Evans, 1954, 1955). 

There are at present nine coal-mines in operation in the Bristol 
district. Eight of the mines are situated in the Pensford and 
Radstock areas in the Somerset Coalfield ; the ninth mine is the 
new Harry Stoke Drift Mine, on the north-eastern boundary of 
Bristol. Coalpit Heath, which closed in 1949, was the last of the 
old collieries of the Bristol Coalfield. 


4. Clay. Clays are worked from a number of large pits in the 
Bristol district. Household bricks, tiles and pottery are made from 
clays of the Trias and Gault formations and Recent alluvium ; high 
quality engineering bricks, pipes and similar ware are made from 


MINING AND QUARRYING IN THE BRISTOL DISTRICT 157 


Coal Measures clays. Several of the old Coal Measures clay pits 
in the Kingswood area have recently closed down. 

Apart from Fuller’s Earth, which is considered separately, some 
of the clays are used in chemical industry, as for example the Lower 
Lias clays at North Wick and the Recent alluvium clays at Portis- 
head. 


5. Mineral Products. ‘The mineral products of the area include 
iron ochre, celestine and Fuller’s Earth. 

(a) Iron ochre is extracted from the Trias deposits at Wick and 
Winford. The material includes both yellow and red ochre and is 
used in the preparation of pigments. 


(6) Celestine deposits are worked from the Trias formation in the 
Yate-Wickwar area which annually produces the bulk of the world’s 
output of strontium. The product is of exceptionally high quality 
(usual content of strontium sulphate, 95-96 per cent) and it has a 
number of industrial applications, especially in the manufacture of 
flares, rockets and tracer-ammunition ; the Yate strontium sulphate 
is no longer used in the sugar-beet industry. 


(c) Fuller’s Earth is mined at Combe Hay, south of Bath, The 
rock is more calcareous than that of Surrey and most of the pro- 
duction is utilised as a bonding in moulding sands. 


REFERENCES 


Burrows, H. R. (1930). The Industries of Bristol. British Association meeting, . 
Bristol, 1930. Pp. 24-27. 

Curtis, M. L. K., D. T. Donovan, G. A. Kellaway and F. B. A. Welch (1955). 
““ Geology ’ in Bristol and its adjoining Counties. British Association meeting, 
Bristol, 1955. Pp. 3-33. 

Evans, I. (1954, 1955) ‘“‘ The Mining Industry : West Country Coalfields”? in 
Industry and Commerce in South-West England. Cheltenham. st ed. [1954], 
Pp. 90-92; 2nd ed. [1955], pp. 69-71. 

Geological Survey (1955). Quarter-inch Geological Map of the Bristol District, 
including portions of Quarter-inch Sheets Nos. 14, 15, 18, 19. Chessington, Surrey. 

Kellaway, G. A. & F. B. A. Welch (1948). British Regional Geology: Bristol and 
Gloucester District. H.M.S.O. London. 

Loupekine, I. S. (1954). The Geology and Natural Resources of the [Bristol 
District]. The Times Review of Industry. London. July, 1954, p. 65. 


National Coal Board (1950). Plan for Coal: the National Coal Board’s Proposals. 
London. 

Quarry Managers’ Journal (1954-55). The Directory of Quarries, Clayworks, 
Sand and Gravel Pits, etc. London. 14th ed. 

Regional Survey Report (1946). Bristol and Somerset Coalfield. H.M.S.O. 
London. 

Reynolds, S. H. (1924). Geology and Geography. Bristol. 


Rogers, T. A. (1948). List of Quarries under the Quarries Act in the South-Western 
Division for the Year 19477._ Ministry of Fuel and Power. London. 


») 


158 


I. S. LOUPEKINE 


INDEX TO MAP 


I. Stone Quarries 
A. Silurian 


I. 


2. 


3. 


Mendip Basalt quarry, Stoke St. Michael. H. J. Matthews & Son Ltd. 
Andesite. 


Moon’s Hill quarry, Stoke St. Michael. J. Wainwright & Co. Ltd. 
Andesite. 


Downhead quarry, Downhead. Perry & Perry Ltd. Andesite. 


B. Carboniferous Limestone Series 


. Harn Hill quarry, Olveston. Lewis Rugg Ltd. Limestone. 
. Downs Road quarry, Alveston. Alveston Agricultural Lime Burning 


and Stone Co. Lime. 


. Grovesend quarry, Falfield. ‘Tytherington Stone Co., Branch of Roads 


Reconstruction (1934) Ltd. Limestone, Lime. 


. Quartzite quarry, Cromhall. Quartzite Quarries Ltd. Sandstone. 
. Slickstone quarry, Bibstone. Cromhall Quarries Ltd. Limestone, lime. 


Churchwood quarry, Wickwar. Wickwar Quarries Ltd. Limestone. 


. Chipping Sodbury quarry, Chipping Sodbury. British Quarrying Co. 


Ltd., Branch of Amalgamated Roadstone Corporation Ltd. Limestone. 


. Henbury Hill quarry, Henbury. C. H. Hewitt. Limestone. 
. Black Rock quarry, Portishead. Roads Reconstruction (1934) Ltd. 


Limestone. 


. Plantation quarry, Portbury. G.Cooke & Son (Bristol) Ltd. Limestone. 
. Longwood House quarry, Failand. James Durnford & Son Ltd. 


Limestone, lime. 


. Wick Rocks quarry, Wick. Doynton Quarries Ltd., Branch of 


Amalgamated Roadstone Corporation Ltd. Limestone. 


. Wick Rocks quarry, Wick. J. A. Trubody Ltd. Limestone. 

. Wick Rocks quarry, Wick. Wotton Bros. Ltd. Limestone. 

. Henley quarry, Congresbury. W. Rossiter. Limestone. 

. Backwell quarry, West Town. Joseph Coles & Son Ltd. Limestone. 
. Cheston Combe quarry, Farleigh. Long Ashton Quarries Ltd. 


Limestone. 


. Hobbs quarry, Backwell. Hobbs (Quarries) Ltd. Lumestone. 

. Hyatt’s Farm quarry, Backwell. Small’s Quarries Ltd. Limestone. 

. Lulsgate quarry, Pottershill. Lulsgate Quarries Ltd. Limestone. 

. Dial quarry, Barrow Gurney. Somerset County Council. Limestone. 
. Milton quarries, Weston-super-Mare. Henry Butt & Co. Ltd. Lime- 


stone. 


. Worle quarries, Weston-super-Mare. W. Huish & Sons Ltd. Lime- 


stone. 


. Bleadon quarry, Bleadon. Bleadon Quarries Ltd. Limestone. 
. North Hill quarry, Webbington. Somerset County Council. Limestone. 
. Sandford quarry, Sandford. Sandford Quarry Co., Branch of Roads 


Reconstruction (1934) Ltd. Limestone. 


. Callow Rock quarry, Shipham. Callow Rock Lime Co. Ltd. Lime. 
. Shipham Hill quarry, Shipham. Crow, Catchpole & Co. Ltd. Lime- 


stone. 


. Shipham Gorge quarry, Shipham. Somerset County Council. Lime- 


stone. 


MINING AND QUARRYING IN THE BRISTOL DISTRICT 159 


33. Batts Combe quarry, Cheddar. Batts Combe Quarry Co. Limestone. 
34. Chelmscombe quarry, Cheddar. Chelmscombe Quarry Co. Limestone. 
35. Cliff quarries, Compton Martin. Chas. Tucker & Sons. Lumestone. 


36. Emborough quarries, Emborough. Emborough Stone Co., Branch 
of Roads Reconstruction (1934) Ltd. Limestone. 


37. Gurney Slade quarry, Binegar. Read & Son.. Branch of Roads Re- 
construction (1934) Ltd. Lzmestone. 


38. Gurney Slade Bottom quarries, Gurney Slade. City Sand & Gravel 
Co. Limestone. 


39. Highcroft quarry, Gurney Slade. Henry Matthews & Son Ltd. 
Limestone. 


40. Fairy Cave, Stoke Lane. Mendip Stone & Concrete Co. Ltd. Limestone. 
41. Stoke Lane quarry, Stoke Lane. Stoke Lane Quarries Co. Limestone. 
42. Cook’s Wood quarry, Holcombe. S.C. Gilson & Sons Ltd. Limestone. 


43. Hurdleston Wood quarry, Holcombe. S. C. Gilson & Sons Ltd. 
Limestone. 


44. Barn Close quarry, Leigh-upon-Mendip. Western Trinidad Lake 
Asphalt Co. Ltd. Limestone. 


45. Halecombe quarry, Leigh-upon-Mendip. Halecombe Quarries Ltd. 
Limestone. 


46. Vobster quarry, Upper Vobster. John Wainwright, Branch of Roads 
Reconstruction (1934) Ltd. Limestone. Roadstone testing laboratory. 


47. Hillstone quarry, Mells. Limekiln Hill Quarries. Limestone. 


48. Whatley quarry, Whatley. New Frome Quarry Co., Branch of Roads 
Reconstruction (1934) Ltd. Limestone. 


49. Tedbury Covert quarry, Great Elm. New Frome Quarry Co., Branch 
of Roads Reconstruction (1934) Ltd. Limestone. 


50. Underwood quarry, Wells. Somerset County Council. Limestone. 
Roadstone testing laboratory. 


51. Tor Hill quarry, Wells. R. Blatchford & Co. Ltd. Limestone. 

52. Dulcote quarry, Wells. Foster Yeoman Ltd. Limestone. 

53. Paradise Hill quarry, Wells. Somerset County Council. Limestone. 
54. Waterlip quarry, Shepton Mallet. Waterlip Stone Co. Ltd. Limestone. 


55. Merehead quarry, East Cranmore. Western Trinidad Lake Asphalt 
Co. Ltd. Limestone. 


56. Asham Wood quarry, Chantry. E.G. Evemy Ltd. Limestone. 
57. Westdown quarry, Nunney. Bradgate Granite Quarries Ltd. Limestone. 


58. Cloford quarry, Nunney. Mendip Quarrying & Contracting Co. 
Ltd. Limestone. 


59. Holwell quarries, Nunney. G. Coleman & Co. Ltd. Limestone. 
60. Castle Hill quarry, Nunney. G. Coleman & Co. Ltd. Limestone. 


. Coal Measures 


61. Conygar quarry, Clevedon. Conygar Pennant Quarry Co. Ltd., 
Branch of Amalgamated Roadstone Corporation Ltd. Sandstone. 
62. Cloud Hill quarries, Temple Cloud. Edward Free. Pennant Sandstone. 


. Mesozoic 


63. Hartham Park quarries mine, Corsham. Bath & Portland Stone 
Firms Ltd. Bath Stone. (Great Oolite Series.) 


64. Cliff quarries mine, Corsham. Bath & Portland Stone Firms Ltd. 
Bath Stone. (Great Oolite Series.) 


160 


TT. 


III. 


A. 


IN 


65. 


66. 


67. 


68. 


69. 


AO: 


I. §. LOUPEKINE 


Moor Park quarries mine, Corsham. Bath & Portland Stone Firms 
Ltd. Bath Stone. (Great Oolite Series). 

Monk’s Park quarries mine, Corsham. Bath & Portland Stone 
Firms Ltd. Bath Stone. (Great Oolite Series.) 

Park Lane quarries mine, Atworth. Bath & Portland Stone Firms 
Ltd. Bath Stone. (Great Oolite Series.) 

Atworth quarries, Atworth. J. A. Whitton. Limestone. (Great 
Oolite Series.) 

Queen Charlton quarries, Whitchurch. Queen Charlton Quarries 
Ltd. Limestone. (White Lias.) 

Corston Lime Works, Corston. Coombs & Sons. Lime. (Lower 
Lias.) 


71. Stowey quarry, Bishop Sutton. Stowey Quarry & Lime Co. Ltd. 
Limestone, lime. (Lower Lias.) 
72. Beacon Farm quarry, Shepton Mallet. Bristol Stone & Concrete Co. 
Limestone. (Inferior Oolite Series.) 
73. Doulton quarries, Shepton Mallet. Bath & Portland Stone Firms 
Ltd. Doulting Stone. (Inferior Oolite Series.) 
Sand Pits 
74. Sand pits, Bitton. Blakey’s Ltd. Sand. (Cotswold Sand.) 
Clay Pits 


Coal Measures 


82. 
83. 


87. 
88. 
89. 
go. 


75. Cattybrook Brickworks, Almondsbury. Cattybrook Brick Co. Ltd. 
76. Shortwood pit, Pucklechurch. Cattybrook Brick Co. Ltd. 
77. Whites Brickyard, Crofts End. Bristol Brick Co. Ltd. 
78. Chester Park pit, Kingswood. MHollychrome Bricks Ltd. 
79. Warmley Sanitary Works, Warmley. Hollychrome Bricks Ltd. 
80. Warmley Potteries, Warmley. Haskins Ltd. 
. Trias 
81. Cullimore Brickworks, Thornbury. Edmund Cullimore Ltd. 


Charfield Tileries, Tortworth. G. H. Downing & Co. 


South Liberty Brick & Tile Works, Ashton Vale. Ashton Vale Iron 
Co. Ltd. 


84. Vale Lane pit, Bedminster. Hollychrome Bricks Ltd. 
. Lias 
85. North Wick pit, Chew Magna. C. H. Hewitt. 
. Gault 
86. Westbury Potteries, Penleigh. Westbury Potteries Ltd. 


. Recent alluvium 


Tile & Brickworks, Littleton-on-Severn. ‘Thos. Cox & Sons Ltd. 
Brick & Tile Company, Portishead. Albright & Wilson Ltd. 
Brick & Tile Works, Clevedon. Sidney Keen & Bros. 

Tile & Brick Works, Weston-super-Mare. Royal Potteries. 


Coal Mines 


gl. 


. Bristol Coalfield 


Harry Stoke Drift Mine, Stoke Gifford. National Coal Board. 


MINING AND QUARRYING IN THE BRISTOL DISTRICT 161 


B. Somerset Coalfield 


Q2. 
93- 


Pensford Colliery, Pensford. National Coal Board. 
Bromley Colliery, Pensford. National Coal Board. 
Old Mills Colliery, Midsomer Norton. National Coal Board. 


. Norton Hill Colliery, Midsomer Norton. National Coal Board. 
. Kilmersdon Colliery, Radstock. National Coal Board. 

. Writhlington Colliery, Radstock. National Coal Board. 

. Braysdown Colliery, Radstock. National Coal Board. 

. New Rock Colliery, Chilcompton. National Coal Board. 


V. Mineral Products 
A. Iron ochre 


100. 


IOI. 


Ochre Mine & Works, Wick. Golden Valley Colours Ltd. Yellow 
ochre. 

Redhouse Farm quarry, Winford. Winford Iron Ore & Redding Co. 
Ltd. Red ochre & iron oxide. 


B. Celestine 


102. 


103. 
104. 
105. 


Tortworth Estate pit, Charfield. Bristol Mineral & Land Co. (per 
G. H. Downing & Co.). 


Barber’s Court pits, Wickwar. Bristol Mineral & Land Co. 
Hall End Farm pits, Yate Court. Bristol Mineral & Land Co. 
Wapley Depot pits, Yate. Bristol Mineral & Land Co. 


C. Fuller’s Earth 
106. Combe Hay Mine & Works, Bath. Fuller’s Earth Union Ltd. 


SN 
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TABLE 


OF 


URSLEY 


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STRATA, TTON-UNDER- 


SYM 


EDGE 


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S 


WORKING QUARRIES, MINES & PITS 
IN THE BRISTOL DISTRICT, 1955 


[= Jareriee, As } RECENT aS 9 
CRETACEOUS ATT BERKELEY 
Sueassic | Mesozoic Pore Beales 


TRIASSIC 


Coal Measures 


Millstone arit CARBONIFEROUS 


PALAEOZOIC G 


Carboniferous Limestone *: he) + —aTORTWOATE } y 
OTTON-UNDER} 
OLD RED SANDSTONE ae EDGE 
CAMBRIAN \ tere A’ ‘. 
( Tas n : 
Ss ‘ei ~ ee 


STONE QUARAY Gaess: 
Pa 
SAND PIT < : N= gi03 {||| Nl wickwan 


CLAY PIT 
COAL MINE 
MINERAL PRODUCT 


9 


N 
e) 


A405 CHIPPING 
SODBURY 


8 
0) 
\ 
0) 
u 


CORSHAM 


LAX BOURTON 
+ 
BISHOPSWORTH 
BARROW 6URHEY, 


oO 
Y “YN Oo Ry WIth A e 
ATWORTH 


BRAD FORDO- 
ON- AVO 


, 


+bisuor COMBE RAY 


e7l E 
q = TROWBRIDGE TL 


TEMPLE cLouD 
+ COMPTON MARTIN 


ay 
PARAINGTON 
GURNEY 


fe 


WESTBURY 


‘ 
re || 


Tye CRANMORE CLOFORDO 


Oe SHEPTON MALLET 


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oa 


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7) Or ee Wt P| 
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a8): ed ay x 4 
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PRES iE NewS 


WILLIAM SANDERS 

HENRY E. FRIPP 

GEORGE FORSTER BURDER > 
JOHN BEDDOE 

Professor WILLIAM RAMSAY . 
Rev. THOMAS HINCKS 
Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN 
Professor ADOLPH LEIPNER 
Professor SYDNEY YOUNG 

S. H. SWAYNE 

Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN. 
ARTHUR B. PROWSE .. 

Cc. K. RUDGE 

JAMES W. WHITE 

G. MUNRO SMITH 

Miss I. M. ROPER 

G. C. GRIFFITHS 7 oe 
ERNEST (later Sir Ernest) H. COOK 
H. WOMERSLEY 

Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE . 
JAMES RAFTER .. 

A. L. FLEMMING 

J. W. TUTCHER .. 

F. S. WALLIS 

Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE . 
G. E. J. McMURTRIE 
Professor MACGREGOR SKENE 
H. TETLEY 

Sir LEWIS L. FERMOR- 

F. W. EVENS 

H. H. DAVIS 

Professor W. F. WHITTARD 
J. H. SAVORY 

R. BASSINDALE 


1862—1876 
76— 80 
80— 83 
83— 84 
84— 87 
87— 90 
Seam Oe) 
93 94 
94— 96 
97— 98 
99—190C 

IQ0I— 03 
04— 06 
OF 34, (09 
Io— 12 
13— 16 
17— 18 
I9g— QI 
22— 23 
24— 26 
27— 29 
30 
3I— 32 
33 
34 
Sree di 
38— 41 
42— 44 
45— 47 
48— 49 
Gomme He! 
52— 53 
54— 55 
jo 


< ———$———_ 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE BrisToL NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY 


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VOL. XXIX, PART III, 1956 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 
Council .. Js - a a ~ ie ie es ia EGA 
New Members a Be a a an a om a 165 
Report of Council Ae he Bi oe Ae ee ree a 167 
Hon. Librarian’s Report Pe oe “, ae re es = 168 
Hon. Treasurer’s Statement of Accounts .. ae ts ve ee 169 
Report of Botanical Section .. aM tes ae — ae ae 170 
Report of Entomological Section .. ae se te am ar 71 
Report of Geological Section = ah: = a, oe a de 
Report of Ornithological Section .. oe ae ‘e en se gS 
The Junior Section .. a: x a ae a Seta Urls 
First Report of Junior. Section ee am Bee te te, ie 176 
Account of the General Meetings .. = ee Ey, 
Bristol Botany in 1956 by Cecil I. and N. Y. Se, ae seta L7G 
Bristol Bird Report, 1956... Pe i ie a As sah OF 
Lepidoptera Notes, Bristol District, 1956, by C. S. H. Blathwayt 52) 2200 


Studies on the Biology of the Bristol Channel :— 


XVIII. The Marine Fauna of Five Stations on the Northern Shores 
of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary, by R. D. Purchon = 213 


The Dale Fort Marine Fauna, by R. Bassindale and J. H. Barrett .. 227 


= 


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WHICH MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ROYAL SOCIETY, BURLINGTON HousE, W.1. 


163 


164 


COUNCIL 
1956 


OFFICERS : 


PRESIDENT : 
R. BASSINDALE, M.Sc. 


PAST PRESIDENTS : 
H. WOMERSLEY, F.R.E.S., A.L.S.  F. S. WALLIS, D.Sc., Ph.D. 


Prof. MACGREGOR SKENE, F. W. EVENS, A.C.A. 
D.Sc., F.L.S. Prof. W. F. WHITTARD, F.RS., 
H. H. DAVIS, M.B.O.U. D.Sc., Ph.D. 
J. H. SAVORY 
VICE-PRESIDENTS : 
Miss M. H. ROGERS, M.A. S. SIMPSON, M.A., Dr. rer. nat. 


HON. TREASURER : 
A. H. PEACH 


HON. AUDITOR: 
F. W. EVENS, A.C.A. 


HON. SECRETARY : 
Cc. S. CARLILE 


CHAIRMAN FIELD COMMITTEE : 
i. Eo PAYNE 


HON. SECRETARY FIELD COMMITTEE: 
Miss I. M. JAGO, B.Sc. 


HON. LIBRARIAN : 
J. H. DAVIE, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.L.S. 


HON. EDITOR: 
S.. SIMPSON, M.A., Dr: rer. mat. 


OFFICERS OF SECTIONS : 


BOTANICAL : 
President—Il. W. EVENS 
Hon. Secretary—A. G. H. A. SARGENT 


ENTOMOLOGICAL : 
President—N. A. WATKINS, M.A., F.R.E.S. 
Hon. Secretary—C. L. BELL, F.R.E.S. 


GEOLOGICAL : 
President—F. STENHOUSE ROSS 
Hon. Secretary—R. J. G. SAVAGE, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S. 


ORNITHOLOGICAL : 
President—H. H. DAVIS, M.B.O.U. 
Hon. Secretary—P. J. W. GHADWICK 

JUNIOR (ADVISORY COMMITTEE) 


President—J. H. SAVORY 
Hon. Secretary—Mrs. R. MILLARD 


OTHER MEMBERS OF COUNCIL : 


Miss A. BENNETT Miss M. D. HILEY 

Pp. F. BIRD, B.Sc. H. E. HINTON, B.Sc., Ph.D. 
C. S. H. BLATHWAYT, M.A., F.R.E.S. H. W. TURNER, M.A. 

G. E. CLOTHIER R. F. WILLS 

H. DUNNICLIFF, M.A. and 


Ex-officio the Professors of 
Botany, GEOLOGY and ZooLoGy at the UNIVERsITY OF BRISTOL 


C. 
AG 


165 


NEW MEMBERS 


From AprRIL 1, 1956, at APRIL I, 1957 


A—Associate Member. C—Country Member 

PGIIAGERIVIE, © 5 5.055 ces isis eles Top flat, 9 Richmond Road, Bristol, 8 

Prclannss Reve, B.SC... sts g Elmgrove Road, Bristol, 6. 

praamiss Mrs: R. PP. 2.2.6... Do. 

A Vinlovenate hil Bax C2 ea eee 8 Clarence Road, Bristol, 5 

Evie otc [il B38) Oe a aang Do. 

IBACOMMeE SIV Shik sc ese as os Honeysuckle House, Church St., Blagdon, 
Som. 

Bacon, Mrs, 'P..M. ........ Do. 

eUGWATAR DE OL as eine wk oss 1 West Mall, Bristol, 8 

Bambridge, Mrs. M. ...... 286 Canford Lane, Bristol, 9 

Beagley, Mrs: If. M.  ...... 39 Holmes Grove, Bristol, 6. 

Beverley, MissS. ......... Hodders Ltd., 379 Gloucester Rd., Bristol, 7 

BAGG Vick fees sc ec es os ao Redclyffe, The. Avenue, Walton Park, 
Clevedon, Som. 

Brown, .G., BSc. <..... Della Place, Monkton Combe, Bath, Som. 

IBGUEOM We EL, eee cee 66 Raynend Road, Bristol, 3 

Wleeen Ge /B.SC 6 oak. 8 Cavendish Road, Bristol, 9 

Wacken. oa Sil aie es g Grove Road, Coombe Dingle, Bristol, 9 

Cramp, Miss J. M ........ 1 Oakwood Road, Bristol, 9 

CxutwelliG. H.W. ........ Old Ford House, Frome, Som. 

@untismbh. is snes cs. os - 29 Wimbledon Road, Bristol, 6 

Davey, Miss PJ. s<...... 709 Wells Road, Bristol, 4 

Dennison, Mirs.U. ....... 5 12 Newlyn Avenue, Bristol, 9 

Hiller Vass IM. es ss as Whitewood Lodge, Whitchurch, nr. Bristol 

Piindlay, DI C., MA. °...... 12 Welland Road, Keynsham, Som. 

Moster; Mrs. Mi@. (3. os. 2's. 64 Kings Drive, Bristol, 7 

Pulford, Miss D.:Me........ 55 Waverley Road, Bristol, 6 

Granger, Mrs. AD. 7... .. 16 Eastwood Road, Bristol, 4 

Blerony Mrs. ocd eee ees Stokeleigh Cottage, Abbots Leigh, nr. 

Bristol. 

iggens, Miss S: D: -°...... Avon View Lodge, Beaufort Rd., Bristol, 5 

Hoge, W. H:., M.Sc. o....- 5 Hill Burn, Bristol, 9 

Holgate, Miss M.E. ...... Harbledown, Ridgeway Road, Long Ashton. 
Bristol. 

Howard, H. F., M.A. ...... 41 Thingwall Park, Fishponds, Bristol 

Jelirnitael ea 1a4 Sekt errs 19 Victoria Road, Frome, Som. 

iiames, Mass VoA. oo... 3 Sunderland Place, Bristol, 8 

Hones: MisseBo MM. \..2....... 4 Chantry Road, Bristol, 8 

Kelting, E. L., O.B.E., J.P... Windown, Wembdon, Bridgwater, Som. 

iemipy |i. HGeB.AL oes St. Thomas More’s, Stratton-on-the-Fosse 
nr. Bath, Som. 

KGrchner, A. ©. ......0055 19 Pembroke Road, Bristol, 8 

Maugton, Miss J. .......... 20 Cotham Road South, Bristol, 6 


Mackie, R. E., 
Me Be NRGG PR. cess Rosewell, Bitton, nr. Bristol 


NEW MEMBERS 


Monteith, Mrs. R. J 51 Metford Road, Bristol, 6 

Morgans, M.W. -— .:. 24.5. Christ’s College, Cambridge 

Munden. WJ. ei ee 11 Red House Lane, Bristol, 9 

Newsom, Al Se0(c00 7s aoe gee Blagdon Court, Blagdon, nr. Bristol 

Newsom, Mrs: A. S......... Do. 

Nuns, iiss Vie) oe ere St. Brandon’s School, Clevedon, Som. 

Orchard, Miss Vo >) 372 som. 36 Chewton Close, Fishponds, Bristol 

Parsons, Muss 'S.Jege 22 46 Vicarage Road, Bristol, 3 

Priest, B. Galk.. whens 11 Rokeby Avenue, Bristol, 6 

Rowe, Jobs oo 5 sa kes 99 Druid Stoke Avenue, Bristol, 9 

SewelloAsy ie aiscies oe erates 59 Upper Oldfield Park, Bath, Som. 

Taylor, Mirs: Aj Mir aera 122 Pembroke Road, Bristol, 8 

Maylor, (Mirs: WIN ia ee 46 Islington Road, Bristol, 3 

Myrrell= Pitt; Mars. fia ieee First Acre, Courtenay Road, Keynsham, 
Som. 

Vallis; Mrs) J; Ey 3 Hearne House, Pilton, Shepton Mallet, 
Som. 

Vernon, Je DR ee os 25 Abbey Road, Bristol, 9 


Whiting, H. P., 


D.S.C., M.A., Ph.D. .... 62 Woodstock Road, Bristol, 6 
Wilson, D., B.Sc., Ph.D. .... 25a Westfield Park, Bristol, 6 
Yarrow; FE. (An 0a eee see Fairfield Cottage, Chew Stoke, nr. Bristol 


Yarrow, Mrs. F. Ago ec bes Do. 


167 


kee ORL OF COUNCIL 
1956 


HE membership of the Society now stands at 555 with 13 Affiliated 
| Societies, making an increase of 110 members over 1955. ‘The member- 
ship of the Junior Section, founded in November 1955, now stands at 88. 

At the Annual General Meeting the Officers and Members of Council 
were duly elected with Mr. R. Bassindale as President succeeding Mr. Harry 
Savory, who, in retiring, gave his Presidential Address entitled ‘The Island 
of Steep Holm’. 

Each month throughout the year, both General and Sectional meetings 
were held as well as a number specially arranged for the Junior Section. 

A series of Presidential Lectures was arranged to be given by Mr. Bassindale 
during his term of office to Affiliated Societies. At these lectures all members 
were welcome. 

The Annual Dinner at which there was an attendance of 82 was held on 
March 23rd in the Senior Common Room of the University by courtesy of the 
Members. The Guest Speaker was Professor MacGregor Skene who spoke on 
‘The Progress of a Discovery ’. 

The Society learned of the Knighthood conferred on Professor A. G. Pugsley 
with great satisfaction. 

The deaths of Mr. E. E. Allen and Mrs. C. R. Burrough were noted with 
much regret. 


C. S. CARLILE, Aon. Secretary. 


168 


HON. LIBRARIAN’ 5 Bete 
1956 


during the course of the year. Our very good collection of periodicals 

proves to be of inestimable value to those of us (and other Museums) 
who wish to refer to back papers or keep up with recent advances in the specialised 
branches of these sciences. We have replaced a number of missing volumes 
and we have received some gifts of reference works and acquired some new journals 
on an exchange basis for our own publication. The catalogue now needs a 
complete overhaul and this will take time so that members will perhaps bear 
with patience such inconveniences as will be caused necessarily until this is done. 
Some new books (mostly Collins New Naturalist Series) have been added. We 
shall soon come to the end of the money set aside (from the sale of Journals) 
for rebinding and thus we shall be back on our grant of £20 a year only for 
new books and general expenses. ‘This will mean the addition of a very limited 
number each year so that if any member feels he would like to make an occasional 
gift of a suitable current book, it would be received with gratitude and would 
help to maintain the standard of our very good collection. 


J. H. DAVIE, Hon. Librarian. 


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170 


REPORT OF 
BOTANICAL SECTION 


1956 


T the Annual Business Meeting, held on January 16, Mr. I. W. Evans 
A was elected President and Mr. A. G. H. A. Sargent, Hon. Secretary. 
The retiring Hon. Secretary, Mrs. H. H. Davis, who has served the 
Section for the past seven years was later presented with a book-token in appre- 
ciation of her work. Unfortunately Mr. Sargent was unable to continue as 
Secretary and at the end of the year these duties were taken over by Mr. R. F. 
Wills. Committee members elected were: Mrs. H. H. Davis, Mrs. G. S. 
Wakefield, Miss D. Shaw, Dr. A. F. Devonshire and Mr. F. W. Evens. 

During the year Dr. Devonshire with help from Dr. Willis, Mr. C. H. Cummins 
and Mrs. Wakefield, with isolated contributions from other members, continued 
the scheme for mapping the British flora organised by the Botanical Society 
of the British Isles. At the end of the year the numbers of species recorded 
in the respective Squares for the Bristol District were: Square 31/57, 541 ; 
Square 31/56, 368 ; Square 31/66, 409. Our thanks are due to all those who 
have helped in this important work. 

The table of wild flowers at the Bristol Museum has again been much appre- 
ciated by visitors. Our thanks go to Dr. Wallis and Mr. Bird of the Museum 
and to Mrs. Wakefield and Mr. Evens and other members who have contributed 
specimens. 


During the year the following Winter Meetings were held 


Jan. 16: Annual Business Meeting. C. H. Cummins—Some plants of 
the Central Alps. 

Feb. 20: D. L. Abbott—The apple seed in relation to fruit growth and 
development. 

Mar.19: Miss Dutton and Miss Pring—Experiments on the distribution 
of seven rare species of the Bristol area. 

Oct. 22: L. C. Luckwell—A journey across America. 

Nov. 19: J. A. Eatough—The photography of flowers in colour. 

Dec. 17: A. F. Devonshire—British poisonous plants. 


The following field-walks took place during the spring and summer under 


the leadership of those named :— 


bers brought specimens for identification. 


Apr. 28: Claverton Down and Bath Botanical Gardens : A. F. Devonshire. 
May 12: Pensford, Lord Wood and Woolard: I. W. Evans. 
May 18: Clevedon: A. F. Devonshire. 
May 29: Whitchurch to Keynsham: I. W. Evans. 

June 16: Batcombe: Mrs. F. A. Dowding. 

June 26: East Harptree: T. H. Payne. 

May 10: Mrs. Luke’s Garden’: Mrs: G. S. Wakefield. 

May 21: Camerton Old Railway: Miss D. Shaw. 

Aug. 14: Left Bank, River Avon: Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Wills. 
Aug. 25: Dodington Park: G. Garlick and I. W. Evens. 
Sept.15: Cardiff Museum: Mrs. G. S. Wakefield. 


During the summer months five indoor meetings were held to which mem- 


A visit was made to the Hyatt Baker 


Botanical Gardens and Mr. I. W. Evans conducted a tour of bombed sites to 
study their flora. 


R. F. WILLS, Hon. Secretary. 


pe 


171 


REPORT OF 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION 


1956 


T the Annual Business Meeting held on January 6, Mr. Norman A. 
Watkins was re-elected President and Mr. C. L. Bell Secretary. 
There were five indoor meetings during the year, as follows :— 


Fel. 17: 
Mar. 6: 
Och" oO: 
Nov. 
Dec. 


Talk by Mr. R. Bassindale on “‘ The basis of genetics in Lepi- 
doptera ”’. 


Talk by Dr. H. E. Hinton on ‘“‘ Caste determination in social 
insects ”’. 


Films—Blowfly and Mosquito. Commentary by Dr. H. E. 
Hinton. 


Annual Exhibition. 


Films—The Dance of the Bees. Commentary by Mr. R. 
Bassindale. 


On June 9, the section had an enjoyable field meeting at Inglestone Common, 
Wickwar, in spite of poor weather. 


CECIL E. BELL, Hon. Secretary. 


172 


RE PORE Ou 
GEOLOGICAL SEG tex 


1956 


The University, on January 17th the following officers were elected:— 

President, Mr. F. Stenhouse Ross ; Vice-President, Dr. F. Coles Phillips ; 

Hon. Secretary, Dr. R. J. G. Savage ; Hon. Field Secretary, Mr. J. W. Cowie, 

Committee, Prof. W. F. Whittard (ex officio), Mrs. M. M. Perkins, Mrs. G. S. 

Wakefield, Dr. M. L. K. Curtis, Mr. V. D. Dennison, Mr. T. R. Fry, Mr. 

F. J. W. Holwill, Mr. C. E. Leese, Dr. I. S. Loupekmne; Dr S= Simpson, Mir: 

H. W. Turner. Mr. A. C. K. Fear was elected in February to fill a vacancy 
on the Committee. 

The Section held five indoor meetings during the year. A programme 

of geological films was shown in March and the following lectures were given:— 


Jan. 17: Dr. J. S. Webb (London). ‘Geochemical Prospecting ’. 

Feb. 16: Dr. R. J. G. Savage (Bristol). “Kenya Safari’. 

Oct.:16: Mr. I. H. Ford (Bristol). ° The Age of the Banthi 

Nov. 22: Prof. L. S. Palmer (Wells). ‘ Man’s Journey through Time’. 


ie the Annual Business Meeting held in the Department of Geology, 


During the summer the following field excursions were arranged :— 
Apr. 21: Leader Dr. Curtis. Tortworth area. 

May 12: Leader Dr. Simpson. Lyme Regis. 

June 6: Leader, Mr. Ross and Mr. Leese. Stockwood Estate, Whitchurch. 
July 7: Leader, Mr. fry. Vwerton,; nr: Bath: 

Aug. 15: Leader, Mr. Ross. Dundry Quarry. 

Sept. 8: Leader, Dr. Wallis. Clevedon district. 


The ‘ I. S. Loupekine ’ Fund was initiated by the President, Mr. F. Stenhouse 
Ross, supported by Mrs. Perkins, Messrs. Beacham, Leese, Marsden and Shinner, 
with the object of presenting to Dr. Loupekine a token of the esteem and thanks 
for his long and faithful services to the Geological Section. Members responded 
very well to the appeal and Dr. Loupekine was presented before leaving for 
Nairobi with a pair of binoculars, which contained an inscription recording 
the presentation. 

Field work at Dundry, under the leadership of Mr. Ross, continued, and 
further progress was made in re-exposing the old quarry in the Oolites. Arrange- 
ments are well advanced for a further period of active digging. 

The following resignations from the Committee were received, Mr. F. J. W. 
Holwill (upon taking up an appointment in London) and Dr. I. S. Loupekine 
(upon taking up an appointment in Nairobi). 


R. J. G. SAVAGE, Hon. Secretary. 


173 


ROE PO Rot OF 
Ofer THOLOGICAL SECTION 


1956 


names on the sectional roll, the high average 

attendance figures for the indoor meetings, and 
the results being obtained with the co-operative field- 
work, the Section is enjoying the most successful 
period in its history. Nevertheless, it is a matter of 
concern that the organised field-work, which is surely 
the most important activity of any ornithological 
body, is not receiving the support of many members. 

| ee This is made abundantly clear by the fact that only 
, ALL BIRDS ...° 164 nest record cards were returned—less than 1 card 
per member. It is to be hoped that this is only a 
temporary state of affairs and that by the time this report is published many 
more members will have been actively engaged in this part of the Section’s work. 

There were 27 additions to the sectional roll during the year and taking 
resignations into account the membership rose from 158 to 179. 

At the Annual Business Meeting held on Wednesday, January 18, the 
Officers of the Section, Mr. H. H. Davis, Mr. P. J. Chadwick and Mr. G. E. 
Clothier, were unanimously re-elected as President, Hon. Secretary and Assistant 
Hon. Secretary ; Miss F. Wareham, Mr. B. K. Brooke and Mr. H. W. Neal 
were elected to serve on the General Committee, and the members of the Editorial 
Committee, Messrs. B. King, R. H. Poulding and M. A. Wright were unanim- 
ously re-elected. 

During the year 9 indoor meetings were held at which the average attend- 
ance was 108: these meetings are listed below :— 


Jan. 18: Annual Business Meeting: Messrs. D. M. and R. S. Cormack 
—Sea Birds of Ailsa Craig. 

Feb. 8: Summer Field-Programme Meeting: Mr. J. Vallis—colour 
slides of gull ringing on Steep Holm. 

Feb. 25: Mr. J. Fisher—Wild America. 

Mar. 2: Dr. N. W. Moore—Buzzards and Myxomatosis. 

Mar.21: Dr. G. V. T. Mathews—Navigation in the Manx Shearwater. 

Sept.26: Mr. H. F. I. Elliot—Tristan da Cunha. 

Oct. 19: Dr. C. J. F. Coombs—‘ Sierra de Gredos ’, and ‘ Hooded Crows ’. 

Nov. 14: Dr. B. Campbell—A Study of the Pied Flycatcher. 

Dec. 3: Informal Meeting. 


In addition to these indoor meetings an all-day field meeting was held at 
Blagdon reservoir on Sunday, January 29; and two all-day coach excursions 
were made, the first on May 27 to the Forest of Dean, and the second on Septem- 
ber 23 to Portland Bill Bird Observatory. 

Five Evening field-walks were also arranged :— 


May 4: Portbury Wharf: Messrs. G. Bright and H. H. Davis. 

May 8: Aust Cliff to Littleton : Messrs. P. J. Chadwick and H. W. Neal. 

May 14: Lower Almondsbury to Cattybrook: Miss E. Lippiat, Mr. 
R. C. Hulbert. 

May 23: Brockley Coombe and Wood: Messrs. G. E. Clothier and 
M. A. Wright. 

June 8: Long Ashton to the Mile 3 Roadhouse: Col. G. A. Bridge, 
Mr. A. C. Leach. 


The average attendance at these all-day excursions and evening field walks 
was 23. 


ie by the steadily increasing number of 


174 ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION 


A programme of co-operative field-work was arranged at the meeting on 
February 8, but was not completed due to a subsequent lack of helpers. The 
programme consisted of a census of rookeries in a selected area of South 
Gloucestershire, the continuation, for the 4th year, of the Wood Warbler distri- 
bution enquiry, and participation in the British Trust for Ornithology’s Buzzard 
survey and nest record scheme. 

Field-work not organised by the section but in which many of its members 
took part included wildfowl counting, the B.T.O. Heron census, and a census 
of the breeding gull population on Steep Holm organised by the Steep Holm 
Trust Gull Research Station. The other important non-sectional work carried 
out by some of its members was the ringing of 2,586 birds among which were 
Gannets, Buzzards, Merlins, Gulls, Wood Warblers and Pied Flycatchers. 

The publication of the 7th issue of the Field-work Report was regretably 
delayed until the November meeting, but it is hoped that the 1956 Report will 
be on sale at the September meeting this year. ‘These Reports cover the co- 
operative field-work, and the results of the ringing scheme, and also contain 
a section of original field-notes made by members. 

(A number of back copies are available : prices 1 /—, 1950; 1/3 1952, 533 


1/6 1954, 55, postage extra.) 
P. J. CHADWICK, Hon. Secretary. 


ore JUNIOR SECTION 


HE formation of the Junior Section, approved by Council at its meeting 

on October 27th, 1955, and noted briefly in last year’s PROCEEDINGS, 

originated in an independent Club formed a year previously by a group 

of members of the Society who felt strongly that a move should be made to 

cater for the interests of young people. This experiment proved to be of great 

promise, a competent and responsible nucleus for a possible Junior Section 

of the Society was ensured, and it was with complete confidence that it was 
proposed to Council that such a Section should be formed. 

The Junior Section now have their own committee elected from among 
their senior members: they plan and conduct their own meetings. Working 
with them for their guidance in Society matters and procedure the Committee 
of the original club continue in an advisory capacity. Its members are at 
present as follows :—Mr. Harry Savory (Chairman), Mrs. R. Millard (Hon. 
Secretary), Miss A. Bennett, Miss M. Jago, Mrs. P. Morris and Messrs. R. V. 
Culverwell, I. Evans, B. King and H. Neal. Our warm thanks are due to 
Dr. F. S.. Wallis (Director of the City Museum), for his interest and for the 
facilities he has afforded us ; to Miss Bennett too, the Schools’ organiser, who 
has given us the benefit of her experience and valuable assistance on numerous 
occasions. 

At the time of going to press the number of members on the Junior Section 
Roll stands at 87; each is an associate member of the Society. 

Interest and help by Society members and participation by many in the 
Section’s meetings and expeditions have given much encouragement, con- 
versely, the Advisory Committee are happy to think that no embarrassment 
has occurred in the activities of other sections. It is not too much to hope that 
in course of time some of the present members of the Junior Section will have 
valuable contributions to make in the service of the Society. 


HARRY SAVORY, Chairman, Advisory Committee. 


Apr. 
Apr. 
May 
May 
June 
June 
July 
Aug. 


Sept. 
Sept. 


Oct. 
Dec. 


A2O.e 


- 20. 


22: 
16: 


LOL: 
4, 5 
One 
TAs: 
29: 


FIRST REPORT ee 
THE JUNIOR SEG? Roe 


1956 


Mr. Eric Hobbis. An illustrated lecture ‘‘ Colour in the Garden ”’. 


Rev. Austen Williams, Rev. Martin Willson and Mr. Tony Soper. 
*“An Account of Bird Photography and Sound Recording.” 

Mr. Cecil Bell talked on “ Catching and Collecting Butterflies 
and Moths ’’. 

Mr. Stenhouse Ross exhibited various fossils and explained their 
relationship to modern forms. 

The first Business Meeting of the Section. A Member’s Committee 

was formed and the following officers were elected :—Michael 

Edgell, Chairman ; Anita Drummond, Hon. Secretary. Miss A. 

Bennett gave a talk entitled “‘ Is Collecting Specimens in the Field 

Really Necessary ?’’ Hans Seilman’s film of the Woodpecker was 

shown. 

Mr. E. L. Kelting, Chief Engineer of the Somerset River Board 

gave a talk on “ Rambling on the River Banks and Sea Walls in 

Somerset ”’. 

Major Maxwell Knight gave an illustrated lecture on “‘ The Value 

and Fascination of Nature Study ”’. 

Mr. Harry Savory on “ Bird Life in Holland ’’. 


FIELD MEETINGS, 1956 


Brockley Coombe and Barrow Tanks. M. Edgell and S. Taff 
Tickenham Hill to Portishead. Mr. and Mrs. D. Cullen 
Churchill Gate to Blagdon. A. Drummond 

Leigh Woods. Mr. H. Neal 

Abbots Leigh and Marsham Brook. Miss E. J. Vinnicombe 
Avon Gorge. Mr. Stenhouse Ross 

Steep Holm. Mrs. R. Millard 

Blagdon Reservoir. N. Webb 

and 6: Steep Holm. Mr. H. Savory 

Severn Beach. Messrs. B. King and R. Culverwell 

Steart. Mr. B. King and Miss Irene Palmer (Somerset Naturalists) 
Slimbridge. Mr. B. King 


E. R. MILLARD, Hon. Secretary, 
Advisory Committee. 

A. DRUMMOND, Aon. Secretary, 
Members Committee. 


177 


MmeGCOUNT OF THE 
GENERAL MEETINGS 


1956 


HE gogrd Annual General Meeting was held on January 26 when, with 
135 members in attendance, the Officers and Members of Council for 

1956 were duly elected. 

The subject of the Presidential Lecture by the retiring President, Mr. 
Harry Savory, was “ The Island of Steep Holm”. He spoke from long’ per- 
sonal experience of the island and dealt with its many aspects including its 
history up to the present day. Much had been done to achieve the objects of 
the Steep Holm Trust which included the preservation of its historic features 
and wild life as well as the fostering of research. Mr. Savory’s talk was illustrated 
with numerous slides and members were also shown a film on Flat Holm when 
flood-lights, which had been installed there for bird-protection, were formally 
accepted by Trinity House. 

The newly-elected President, Mr. R. R. Bassindale, after being invested 
with the badge of office, drew the attention of the Meeting to all that the retiring 
President had done in the interests of the Society and of Natural History over 
many years. 

In February, Mr. E. G. Neale gave an interesting lecture on “‘ Badgers ”’ 
which he illustrated by a most revealing film showing the life, feeding habits 
and patterns of play of these animals which he had conditioned to strong artificial 
light for the purposes of photography. 

The Guest Speaker at the Annual Dinner in March was Professor Macgregor 
Skene who spoke on Photosynthesis under the title of ““ The Development of 
an Idea’”’. 

In October, Dr. R. J. G. Savage described some of his experiences in Africa 
in a lecture on “‘ A Naturalist in East Africa’? and showed a series of unusually 
interesting colour transparencies. Many aspects of wild life were covered 
over an area which included the Kavirondo Gulf of Lake Victoria and the Great 
Rift Valley. 

Professor H. R. Hewer was the speaker at the November meeting when 
members heard his lecture on ‘‘ The Grey Seal’’ and saw many descriptive 
slides, as well as a colour-film taken on Shillay, west of the Outer Hebrides. 
This film showing the habits and breeding grounds of the Grey Seal impressed 
members with the progress which Professor Hewer had made in the scientific 
study of its life. 

At the December meeting, Mr. F. T. K. Pentelow, Chief Inspector of 
Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries, gave an illustrated lecture on ‘‘ Salmon and 
Trout’? which greatly appealed to members of all Sections who were present. 

C. S. CARLILE, Hon. Secretary. 


GENERAL FIELD MEETINGS 


HE 1956 season was notable for three new ventures: The first all-night 

meeting, the first general field meeting in Wales, and the first visit to 

Gilbert White’s home at Selborne. In order to economise space only 
a brief summary of these meetings is given here, but a much fuller account has 
been written and is kept in the records of the Field Section. 

April 21st: Leaders, Messrs. E. P. Bury and H. Webb. Westridge Woods, 
followed by a visit to Charfield to see the wild tulip, and to Tortworth to see 
the ancient Spanish chestnut. 


B 


178 GENERAL MEETINGS 


May rgth: Leaders, Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Wills and Mr. H. W. Neal. 
An all-night meeting to Dunkery Beacon to hear the dawn chorus. 

May 26th: Leaders, Messrs. A. W. Adam and A. F. Devonshire. The 
Black Mountains in Brecon, melons Farenishoy, Grwyne Faur Valley, and 
Llargorse Lake. 

June toth: Leaders, Mr. H. Savory and Miss M. Jago. Selborne and 
the home of Gilbert White. 

June 23rd: Leaders, Messrs. I. H. Payne and P. J. Room. Asham Wood 
and Edford Wood near Frome. 

July 14th: Leaders, Mrs. G. D. Wakefield and Mr. I. Evans. A joint 
meeting with the North Somerset Natural History Society. Compton Dundon— 
Hill, and Butleigh Moor near Glastonbury. 

"Aug. 18th : Leaders, Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Wills. Painswick Beacon via 
Westonbirt and Tetbury, returning via Cranham Woods and Wotton-under- 
Edge. 

Sept. 8th: Leaders, Mr. and Mrs. D. A. C. Cullen. Chew Valley Lake 
and the old lead workings at Charterhouse-on-Mendip. 


A. F. DEVONSHIRE, Hon. Secretary. 


179 


BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1956 


By Cecit J. ano N. Y. SANDWITH 


HE year 1956 was remarkable for an unusually dry and cold 

spring, followed by a pitifully wet summer with only one 
very short spell of hot sunny weather near the end of July. Per- 
sistent cold winds and drought began in February and the winds 
continued well into June, but May was a beautiful sunny month 
and the flowering trees were in splendid form, benefiting no 
doubt from the warm summer of the previous year. The ground 
vegetation was extraordinarily backward. On the Somerset peat 
moor by the first week of June there was scarcely a flower to be 
seen in the Sharpham Reserve, and none of the sedges seemed 
to be producing any spikes. Later on, in September, in spite of 
the rain, conditions of drought were still evident on the moors 
and the rhines were easy to walk over. October and November 
were dry months. There were very heavy crops of apples, and 
our medlar tree at Tickenham has never borne so well, although 
the fruits ripened later than usual. 

We have received an unusually large number of records from 
many contributors, which is very gratifying, and we hope that 
in future they will all send in their notes not later than the middle 
of December. The Distribution Maps Scheme of the Botanical 
Society of the British Isles has undoubtedly aroused great interest 
in our area as elsewhere, and is responsible for some interesting 
and genuine discoveries, as well as for a number of doubtful 
entries which have had to be challenged. Workers tor the Scheme 
are strongly advised to keep voucher specimens of any plant of 
whose name they are not quite sure. 

Among the new contributors we have received through the 
Scheme we welcome especially Mr. P. F. Hunt, who is investi- 
gating the flora of the neighbourhood of Frome. The south- 
eastern corner of our district presents an interesting variety of 
soils and landscape, with a correspondingly rich flora which has 
been little worked in recent years, although it was well explored 
by Dr. H. F. Parsons near the end of the last century and was 
frequently visited by Mr. White and his friends. At this stage 
it seems well to fix the boundary of White’s ‘‘ Bristol District ”’ 
in this region by the main road (A36) leaving Limpley Stoke village 
and proceeding to Woolverton and Beckington, and from here by 
the road (A 361) leading from Beckington to Frome, Holwell, 
along the south border of Asham Wood, and so to Doulting and 
Shepton Mallet. 


180 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


Mr. G. W. Garlick continues to send many useful records, 
especially of critical plants, from the Gloucestershire side of the 
district, as well as from the Avon Gorge where he has been 
specialising in bryophytes. As usual, we use his initials, G.W.G., 
in the following notes. 

The untimely death, in an accident, of Miss Edith Rawlins has 
taken from us a valued correspondent who explored very thoroughly 
the Mendip country around Shipham, Winscombe and Axbridge. 


Thalictrum flauum L. Ditch by roadside, Hinton, G., Dr. D. 
Munro Smith. 


Berberis vulgaris L. On oolite at Laverton, S., P. F. Hunt. 


Papaver Argemone L. In garden ground at Nettlebridge, S., 
FPF. M. Pilkington. 


Meconopsis cambrica L. One plant in the lane leading to Flax 
Bourton Combe, S., C. H. Cummins. Two plants on the 
river-bank at Vallis, S., P. F. Hunt. Certainly introduced in 
both stations. 


Saponaria officinalis L. Berkeley Road Station, G., G.W.G. 


Stellaria Holostea L. var. laciniata Bromf. Specimens coming under 
this variety were gathered in a hedge near Publow, S., by 
Mrs. W. Cummins. A first record for the district. 


Malachium aquaticum (L.) Fr. A plant with the deformed petals 
and anthers attacked by the chocolate-coloured smut, Ustzlago 
violacea (Pers.) Fuckel, was found by us last September on the 
peat moor near Ashcott Station, S. Dr. R. W. G. Dennis 
tells us that this is an unusual host for this smut, which is 
so well known on the flowers of the Campions and Stéellaria 
graminea. 


Minuartia tenuifolia (L.) Hiern. Side of old colliery railway, 
Froglane Pit, Coalpit Heath, G., Dr. D. Munro Smith. 


Hypericum Androsaemum L. Bushy Grove, Berkeley, G., G.W.G. 


H. dubium Leers. Chipping Sodbury Railway Station, G., G.W.G. 
Asham Wood, S., G. C. Druce. Dr. Druce’s specimen was 
originally determined by the late Dr. E. Drabble as H. 
Desetangsii Lamotte var. imperforatum Bonnet, the record 
being published in B.E.C. 1930 Rep. vol. ix. p. 338. It has 
recently been re-examined in Herb. Druce (now in the Oxford 
University Herbarium) by Dr. N. Robson, who identifies it 
as H. maculatum Cr. subsp. obtusiusculum (Tourlet) Hayek ; 
in other words, as H. dubium Leers., which is also recorded 
from Asham Wood by P. F. Hunt. 


BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1956 181 


Geranium Robertianum L. subsp. maritimum (Bab.) H. G. Baker. 
This maritime plant, with a distinctive habit and usually 
with glabrous carpels, is newly defined by Dr. Baker in 
Watsonia, vol. 3, pp. 272-276 (1956). He cites herbarium 
specimens from between Worle and Kewstoke, 1907, E. S. 
Marshall, and several gatherings from Steep Holm, S. 


Impatiens capensis Meerb. Oldford and Beckington, S., P. F. Hunt. 


I. glandulifera Royle. Bushy Grove, Berkeley, G, G.W.G. 
Holcombe, S., P. F. Hunt. 


Coronilla varia L. Railway embankment, Charfield Station, 


G., G.W.G. 


Lathyrus sylvestris L. Lane between Lullington and Laverton 
Scrub, 8., P. F. Hunt. 


Rubus Ideus L. A curious sport with numerous bracts on the 
pedicels, increasing in size and number under the calyces, 
has been found at Tedbury Camp, near Frome, S., by Miss 
E.. Overend, and appears to be constant. Similar examples of 
phyllody in the inflorescences of raspberry bushes are reported 
in fourn. Bot. 19, p. 31 (1881), B.E.C. 1919 Rep. p. 814 and 
(less similar) 1927 Rep. p. 570. Ripe fruits are produced 
on the Tedbury Camp bushes. 


R. laciniatus (Weston) Willd. Rodway Hill, Mangotsfield, G.,G.W.G. 


Sorbus eminens KE. F. Warburg. First reported from the Somerset 
side of the Avon Gorge several years ago by Dr. S. M. Walters, 
and noted there again last year by G.W.G., whose specimens 
were confirmed by Dr. FE. F. Warburg. 


S. porrigentiforms E. F. Warburg. A few small bushes near the 
“Great Fault ’’, Clifton Down, G., P. 7. M. Nethercott. 
On the Leigh Woods slope of the Avon Gorge, S., G.W.G. 
Specimens from both localities were passed by Dr. Warburg. 
S. anglica Hedl. In two spots on the Leigh Woods slope of the 
Avon Gorge, S., P. 7. M. Nethercott, confirmed by Dr. Warburg. 
With the addition of this and the preceding species the Sorbus 
flora of the Avon Gorge becomes richer than that of Cheddar. 
Callow Rocks, Sidcot, §., Dr. A. J. Willis. 
Myriophyllum spicatum L. Pond, Frogland Cross, G., G.W.G. 
Callitriche platycarpa Kitz. The plant in the mill-pond at Cheddar, 
S., recorded in White, Flora, p. 528, as C. palustris L., is to be 
referred here on the evidence of specimens collected there in 
nono by Wiss HE. S.° Todd (see B.E:C. 1918 Rep. p. 380, as 
C. palustris) and in 1936 by N.Y.S. Both gatherings have 
been determined as C. platycarpa by Mr. 7. P. Savidge. ‘True 
C. palustris L., with tiny obovoid fruits, is not yet known to 
occur in Britain. 


182 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


Epilobtum parviflorum Schreb. Xx roseum Schreb. St. Catherine’s 
Court, Bath, S., 1954, G.W.G. 


E. obscurum Schreb. x parviflorum Schreb. Spar Pools, Yate, G., 
1955, G.W.G. 


E. adenocaulon Hausskn. Quarry, Middlemill, Stone, G., G.W.G. 


FE. adenocaulon Hausskn. x montanum L. Northmead Lane, Iron 
Acton ; and Splatts Wood, Kilcot, G., G.W.G. Mr. Garlick’s 
Epilobia have all been verified by Mr. G. M. Ash. 


CEnanthe Lachenalu C. C. Gmel. Sheperdine, G., G.W.G. 


Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link. Waste ground, Downend; and 
cornfield, Marshfield, G., Dr. D. Munro Smith. 

Viburnum Tinus L. Established on the Leigh Woods slope of the 
Avon Gorge, S., P. 7. M. Nethercott. 

Sambucus Ebulus L. In a hedge near Puxton Church, S., Miss 
EL. Rawlins. 

Asperula cynanchica L. Barrow Hill and Laverton, N. of Frome, 
S.3 2. Ff. uni. 


. Valerianella carinata Lois. Winterbourne Railway Station, G.,G.W.G. 
Dipsacus pilosus L. Whitewell Bottom, Kilcot, G., G.W.G. 


Linosyris vulgaris DQ. Mrs. B. Welch informs us that the British 
Museum Herbarium possesses a very old specimen, duly 
localized, from the locality where Dr. Druce first reported 
this rare species in 1904. ‘This specimen, formerly in the 
herbarium of Sir Joseph Banks, was collected by Dr. Wollaston 
in 1813 and is the earliest evidence for the occurrence "of 
L. vulgaris in Somerset. 

Achillea Millefolium L. var. lanata Koch. Sea-wall between Brean 
Down and Uphill Ferry, S., C.£S. A small habitat form, 
densely greyish-woolly all over. 

Senecio squalidus L. ‘The earliest local record is “ Bristol, 1843’, 
G., Bromfield in Herb. Kew, see D. H. Kent in Proc. Bot. Soc. 
Brit. Is., vol. 2, pp. 116-117 (1956). Roadside seutn (or 
Battlebury Road, south of Wookey, S., A. A. Franey. 

S. viscosus L. By the railway and on waste ground at Vallis, S., 
de J BN oi (ie 

Cirsium ertophorum (L.) Scop. Disused railway, ‘Timsbury, S., 
1948, E. S. Smith, fide F. Perring. 

Tragopogon porrifolius L. Over a dozen plants on the slope of a 
cliff on Brean Down, S., J. W. Evans. 

Hieracium eboracense Pugsl. (H. tridentatum Fr. of White, Fl.). Top 
of Breakheart Hill, Dursley, G., G.W.G., det. P. D. Sell and 
Gui Westin 


BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1956 183 


H. salticola (Sudre) Sell et C. West. Railway embankment, 
Westerleigh, G., G.W.G., det. Sell and West. 


Campanula latifolia L. Three plants by the river in Glen Frome, 
Hambrook, G., Dr. D. Munro Smith. Apparently not pre- 
viously recorded farther upstream than Frenchay. In 
several spots in woodland at Vallis Vale, S., P. F. Hunt and 
Miss E. Overend. ‘This record, supported by specimens, is the 
first certain evidence for the occurrence of this plant on the 
Somerset side of the district. ‘There are, however, several 
introduced species in the woods near Mells, and the status 
here of C.. latifolia is open to question. 

Vaccimum Mbyritillus L. Woodhouse Down, Almondsbury, G., 
introduced from Wales into a garden some 15 years ago and 
escaping over a very small area in the vicinity, M. Ewing, 
fide Kk. M. Brown. 

Lysimachia Nummularia L. Specimens with mature capsules and 
seeds were collected by us last September on the peat moor 
near Ashcott Station, S. 


Anagallis arvensis L. var. carnea Schrank. Cornfield north of 
Hook Row, Berkeley, G., G.W.G. Cultivated field, Cheddar, 
Se tore-1920, V.V.S. Sidcot, §., 1877, W. B: Waterfall, in 
Herb. Kew. 

Hottoma palustrs L. Sparingly in ditches at Puxton, S., Miss 
E. Rawlins. 

Buddleja Davida Franch. Abundant in quarries on the Leigh 
Woods side of the Avon Gorge, S., P. 7. M. Nethercott, who 
reports that this plant is disappearing from many bombed 
sites in Bristol which have been rebuilt. 

Gentianella anglica (Pugsl.) E. F. Warburg. Battlefields, Lans- 
down, S., June 1955, Miss F. M. Barton, det. N. M. Pritchard. 
Our second station for this species (see “‘Bristol Botany in 
1944 °’). 

Symphytum tuberosum L. Hardington Wood, N.W. of Frome, S., 
de. i edunt. 

Atropa Belladonna L. A single plant among brambles in waste 
land between Nettlebridge and Ashwick, S., F. MZ. Pilkington. 

Linaria repens (L.) Mill. At Mells colliery, S., P. F. Hunt. 

Euphrasia nemorosa (Pers.) H. Mart. var. transiens Pugsl. On oolite 
near Laverton, S., P. F. Hunt, det. E. F. Warburg 


EF. anghca Pugsl. x brevipila Burnat et Gremli. On the peat 
moor at Sharpham Reserve and Street Heath, S., see P. F. 
Yeo in Watsonia, vol. 3, p. 263 (1956). 

Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Waste ground, Warmley, G., Dr. 
D. Munro Smith. 


184 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


M. xX piperita L. var. piperita. By a ditch N.E. of Flax Bourton 
Church, §8., Dr. A. F. Devonshire. 


M. x Smithiana R. Graham (M. rubra Sm. of White, Fl.). Flax 
Bourton Combe, S., zd. All these Mints were verified by 
Mr. R. A. Graham. 


Atriplex littoralis L. At Brean, by farm buildings below the Down, 
S., C.U.S. and N.Y.S. It was recorded from the beach south 
of Brean by Commander R. D. Graham, in Rep. Bot. Sect., Som. 
Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1946. 


Salicornia dolichostachya Moss. ‘Tidal mud-flat, Portishead, S., 
P. F. O'Neill. A fresh specimen was named at Kew. 


Daphne Laureola L. Wood at Camerton, §., P. F. Hunt. Vallis, S., 
H. F. Parsons, in Fl. Som. 

Euphorbia virgata W. et K. Cornfield near Marshfield, G., Dr. 
D. Munro Smith, det. G.W.G. 


Mercurialis annua L. The monoecious “ variety’’ ambigua (L.f.) 
Duby occurred in garden ground at Tickenham, S., C.1.S. 

Betula pubescens Ehrh. Michael Wood, Charfield; and Bushy 
Grove, Berkeley, G., G.W.G. Quarries and plateau, Leigh 
Woods, S., G.W.G. 

Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. Dodington Park, G., G.W.G. 


Salix Caprea L. x viminalis L. Bury Hill, Moorend; and lane 
between Latteridge and Itchington, G., G.W.G., det. R. D. 
Meikle. : 

Populus tremula L. One tree in a hedge below Axbridge, and 
another between Callow and Hale, S., Miss EF. Rawlins. 
Elodea callitrichoides (Rich.) Caspary. In the Kennet and Avon 

Canal at the Dundas Aqueduct, S., 7. P. M. Brenan. New 
to the district. A native of Temperate South America, 
previously recorded from Herts. and Middlesex and believed 
to be accidentally introduced by owners of aquaria, see 
Proc: Bot. Soc. Brit. 1s., yol. 1, pp. 321-322 (ens au la ablais 

locality it extends into 5S. Wilts. 

Epipactis Helleborine (L.) Cr. A single plant on a wooded slope of 
Durdham Down, Clifton, G., P. 7. M. Nethercott. A very 
interesting find, since this orchid had not been reported 
from the Glos. side of the Gorge since 1799 (see White, FI., 
p- 567). 

Orchis ericetorum (Linton) Marshall Fuchsia Druce. Lower 
Woods, east of Wickwar, G., 1954-1956, G.W.G., det. V. S. 
Summerhayes. 

Ophrys muscifera Huds. In scrub on oolite at Laverton, S., P. F. 
FAlunt. 


BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1956 185 


Herminium Monorchis L. Mr. 7. D. Grose, author of the forth- 
coming new Flora of Wiltshire, has kindly drawn our atten- 
tion to a very curious error on p. 455 of Fl. Glos., where 
the Musk Orchid is recorded from ‘‘ Colston Hill, Bristol, 
1724, Dillenius’’, this record being claimed as the first for 
v.c. 34. As Mr. Grose points out, reference to Druce and 
Vines’s book, ‘‘ The Dillenian Herbaria’’, shows that one of 
the editors of Fl. Glos. not only has altered Dillenius’s spelling 
of the name of the Hill but also, with no justification, has 
added “‘Bristol’’. Diullenius’s locality, in fact, was Coulston Hill, 
in Wiltshire (cf. Druce and Vines, loc. cit., pp. 114 and 144). 


Inis foetidissima L. Asham Wood, S., P. F. Hunt. 
Narcissus Pseudonarcissus L. Common in Asham Wood, §., zd. 


Juncus Kochi Schultz. Michael Wood, Charfield, G., G.W.G. 
Shapwick Heath, S., P. C. Hall. 


Sparganium simplex Huds. By the River Frome at Lullington, §., 
HT. F. Parsons in Fl. Som., and P. F. Hunt. 


Lemna gibba L. ‘The tideline along the sands from Berrow salt- 
marsh to the pier at Burnham, S., was made up almost 
entirely of this species, G.W.G. 


Kannichellia palustris L. var. palustris. Pond, Dodington Park, 
G., Mrs. W. Cummins. 

Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schult. Marsh below Yate Rocks, G., 
G.W.G. An excellent addition to the Glos. side of the district, 
and a first record for v.c. 34. 


Eriophorum angustifollum Honck. Weston-in-Gordano moor, S., 
Sept. 1920, JV.7.S., and still there last summer. 


E. vaginatum L. A single tuft in an enclosure on Weston-in- 
Gordano moor, S., C./.S. and N.Y.S. A remarkable survival 
(from former peat bog vegetation ?) which had _ hitherto 
escaped notice, although we ourselves had often been in this 
enclosure in former years. 

Carex elata All. (C. Hudson Ar. Benn.). The site reported for 
this species on Weston-in-Gordano moor, S., in ‘“ Bristol 
Botany in 1936’, has been destroyed by raising and levelling 
of the ground, but a tuft fortunately survives in a marshy 
enclosure not far distant, C.J.S. and N.Y-S. 

C. disticha Huds. Still in the dune-marsh at Berrow, S., Dr. 
A. J. Wills. 

Calamagrostis Epigejos (L.) Roth. In scrub on oolite at Laverton, 
See. Aunt. 

Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Peat moor north-west of Shapwick 
Station towards Westhay Heath, S., P. C. Hall. Apparently the 
first record from the peat moors. We have notseenaspecimen. 


186 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


Steglingia decumbens (L.) Bernh. There seems to be no published 
record from the peat moors, S., but the species has been 
noted there, especially in dry grassy spots, by several observers. 


Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench. Sparingly in a green lane at 
Rangeworthy, G., G.W.G. 


Poa angustifolia L. Winterbourne Railway Station, wall-top at 
Itchington, and by the railway at Iron Acton and bordering 
Yate Common, G., G.W.G. 


Glyceria x pedicellata Towns. Ditch at Middlemill, Stone, G., 
G.W.G. 


Bromus Thomini Ward. ‘Tow-path under Leigh Woods, S., 
G.W.G. Shepton Mallet, and near Shapwick Station, S., 
1944, J. P. M. Brenan, whose records, previously unpublished, 
were the first for the district. All these gatherings were seen 
by Mr. C. E. Hubbard. 

B. lepidus Holmb. Waste ground by the New Cut, Bristol, G., 
CIS. and N.Y.S. Pasture west of Northwoods, Winter- 
bourne, G., G.W.G. 

Azolla filiculoides Lam. Highbridge, 8., Mrs. Perrett, see Rep. Bot. 
Sect., Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. oe for 1953. 

ALIENS. Roemeria hybrida (L.) DC. Fowl-run, Nempnett, Pi 
Mrs. Arnold, comm. I. W. Evans. 

Szesymbrium altissimum L. Lyde Green, G., Dr. D. Munro Smith. 

Vicia narbonensis L. var. serratifolia (Jacq.) Sc and V. benghalensis 


L. were found on waste ground at Mangotsfield, G., by 
Dr. D. Munro Smith. 


Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. was collected at Avonmouth Dock, G.., 
by ourselves and other botanists. We saw and heard of 
nothing else worth recording at Avonmouth. 


Datura Stramonium L. Tip at Fishponds, G., Dr. D. Munro Smith. 
Stoke Bishop, G., Mrs. Borwell Turner, comm. P. F. Bird. 
Melampyrum arvense L. In an orchard at Redfield Hill, near 

Oldland Common, G., Miss P. M. Cooke, comm. P. F. Bird. 
The first record for the district of this species, which the 
finder suggests may have arisen from grain scattered for 

hens in the orchard last winter. 

Muscart comosum (L.) Mill. A single plant in rough pasture (the 
station of Lotus stliquosus) near Marshfield, G., Dr. D. Munro 
Smuth, det. uP, Berd. 

Avena strigosa Schreb. With Phalaris canariensis, etc., on a road 
verge at Bury Hill, Yate Rocks, G., G.W.G. 

Lolium x hybridum Hausskn. (L. multiflorum Lam. x perenne L.). 
Bombed site, Redcliffe, Bristol, G., C.LS. 


187 


PelistOL: BIRD REPORT 
1956 


COMPILED BY THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE OF THE 
B.N.S. ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION 


P. J. GHADWICK B. Kinc 
H. H. Davis R. H. PouLpDING 
M. A. WRIGHT 


CKNOWLEDGMENT is due to those who have for- 
warded their observations for 1956 and who have thereby 
helped to maintain the continuity of this annual report. To 
publish the whole of such observations is not possible but, as 
previously, the compilers have endeavoured to include all which 
may be considered important. Unpublished notes will, of course, 
be preserved and will serve as a valuable source of reference for 
the compilation of subsequent reports, for any revision of the local 
bird list, and in connection with future field enquiries. Members 
are particularly asked to assist in the preservation of their notes 
by applying for, and using, the 6” x 4” record cards. 

Observations of special note from the reservoirs include those 
of a Hen Harrier at Chew Valley in February ; a Red-necked 
Grebe at the same place in March; a Little Ringed Plover at 
Blagdon in April ; a Little Gull and Wood Sandpipers at Chew 
Valley, August-September ; a Sandwich Tern and a party of ten 
Curlew Sandpipers at Chew Valley in September ; Grey Plover 
in the same month at Cheddar; and Spotted Redshanks at 
Blagdon, Cheddar and Chew Valley on various occasions, August 
to early November. A wintering Spotted Redshank was seen at 
Chew Valley in January-February and another, and a Ruff, 
were reported from Blagdon in December. 

Among duck census returns particular mention may be made 
of a combined count at Blagdon, Chew Valley and Cheddar 
on January 8th resulting in a record total of more than 7,100 
birds—Teal numbering 2,900 ; Wigeon, 1,700 and Pochard, 930. 
During severe and prolonged frost in February unprecedented 
numbers of Wigeon (peak 2,360) and White-fronted Geese (up 
to 350) were reported from Chew Valley, while observations 
at Blagdon and Chew Valley on the 26th suggested that not 
less than 100 Bewick’s Swans—birds probably frozen out from 
Holland—were in the area. This influx of Bewick’s was, doubtless, 


188 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


part of a much larger invasion reported from the Ouse Washes in 
Cambridgeshire, where, on February 26th also, a peak total of 
more than 670 was recorded. Further noteworthy visitors to the 
reservoirs were Red-breasted Mergansers at Chew Valley and 
Cheddar, February-March; a Whooper Swan at Blagdon, 
February-April ; and Common Scoters (party of eight) at Cheddar 
in September. 

From a New Year total of 1,400, White-fronted Geese at the 
New Grounds had increased to a record figure (c. 5,000) by the 
last week of February and by mid-March a Greylag, two Green- 
land White-fronts, six or more Lesser White-fronts, two Bean 
Geese, a few Pink-feet and a Barnacle had been identified among 
them. Pink-footed Geese in autumn reached a maximum total 
of 65 in mid-November. ‘Tufted Duck (up to 87), Pochard, 
Goldeneye, Smew and Whooper Swan—uncommon visitors to the 
Estuary—were reported from the New Grounds between early 
February and the end of April. An unexpected event was the 
occurrence of an adult male Blue-winged ‘Teal which, in company 
with Shovelers, flew in at the Wildfowl Trust enclosures in the 
fourth week of December. 

Other important records are of Velvet Scoters near Clevedon 
in February; an Eider at Steep Holm in May; MHoopoes at 
Whitchurch in May and at Ashley Down, Clifton and Syston in 
July-August ; Wood Sandpipers at Woodspring in September ; 
a Wryneck in the same month at Tortworth ; a Lapland Bunting 
at Wotton-under-Edge in October ; and a Long-tailed Duck at 
Weston-super-Mare in November. Breeding records of special 
note are of the successful rearing of Buzzards at an eyrie near 
Berkeley ; the breeding of over 30 pairs of Tufted Duck at 
Chew Valley reservoir ; the continued breeding of Shelduck and 
Lesser Black-backed Gulls at the same reservoir ; and an increase 
to more than 70 pairs of Great Black-backs on Steep Holm. 

Interesting ringing recoveries include those of Herring Gulls 
ringed on Steep Holm and recovered in such scattered areas as 
Shropshire, Yorkshire and Co. Wexford ; a Song Thrush recovered 
where ringed at eight years old; and a Chaffinch (presumably 
Continental form) ringed at Long Ashton and recovered eighteen 
months later in Sweden. 

Unless otherwise stated the records below refer only to 1956, 
and for the most part are the result of contributions by the following 
members: R. Angles, S. H. G. Barnett, Miss B. M. Bigg, A. E. 
Billett, P. F. Bird, H. J. Boyd, G. Bright, B. Ki) Brooke GG. 
Buxton, Mrs. 8S. I. Buxton, P. J. Chadwick, Miss G. G. Clement, 
G. E. Clothier, A. B. Cook, D. M. Cormack, Miss D. Crampton, 
H. H. Davis, H. Dunnicliff, M. Edgell, Miss P. Farmer, C. H. 
Fry, V. H. Grandfield, Miss C. Groves, D. R. Hamblett, R. G. 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 189 


Hamilton, W. A. Holmes, D. Howell, M. Howell, D. J. E. Johnson, 
Bey hinge, ER. H. Lance, A. C. Leach, J. A. Lewisohn, Miss 
M. E. Maunder, T. D. H. Merrie, Mrs. D. Milburne, Mrs. M. W. 
Milward, H. W. Neal, P. J. M. Nethercott, R. Pitman, R. H. 
Poulding, |. A. Pryce, W. L. Roseveare, J. H. Savory, P. Scott, 
T. B. Silcocks, F. A. Smith, S. M. Taylor, Mrs. $8. M. Taylor, 
a) Vallis; Mi, Wagner, N. Webb, M. J. Welch, J. A. F. Wilkins 
and M. A. Wright. Non-member contributors are C. Baker, G. L. 
Boyle, E. G. Brain, J. Bush, E. H. Clogg, R. V. Collier, A. Gumber, 
M. Davy, A. G. Dixon, R. Eggleton, I. J. Ferguson-Lees, J. Gould, 
i armlctt, 1, G. Holt, S. T. Johnstone, R. J. Lewis, Rev. J. R. 
Lowe, G. Madge, E. Martini, G. V. T. Mathews, G. R. Moore, 
J. A. McGeoch, Miss E. D. Overend, Mrs. R. Rees, B. W. Renyard, 
E. G. Richards, D. R. Saunders, C. M. Swaine, and H. Woffenden. 
Observations are followed by the appropriate initials throughout. 
The initials D.B.P.S. denote records supplied by the Dursley and 
District Bird-Watching and Preservation Society, and the abbrevia- 
tion Res. Stn. refers to the Steep Holm Trust Gull Research Station. 

The area covered is that part of Gloucestershire (G.) lying 
east of the Severn and south of a line from the New Grounds to the 
county boundary at Tetbury, and Somerset (S) north of the 
R. Axe and a line from Wells to the county boundary near Frome. 
For the purpose of this Report the area extends westward into 
the Channel and Estuary to include the promontory of Brean 
Down and the islands of Steep Holm and the Denny (cf. Sketch 
Map, Proc. B.N.S., 1947, p. 225). 


GREAT NORTHERN DIVER’ Gavia immer 


S. Single birds, Chew Valley res., Jan. 10 (H.H.D., B.K., 
#-j.F.-L.) and Blagdon res., Dec. 29, 30 (R.A., R.P., M.A.W. 
et al_). 


GREAT CRESTED GREBE Podiceps cristatus 


S. Max. counts, Cheddar res., late Jan. to early Mar. (peak 
total, twenty-four, Feb 26) and mid-Oct. to late Dec. (B.K., J.A. 
McG.). Twelve pairs, Chew Valley res., Mar. 25 and four pairs 
with young, June-July (B.K.). Autumn counts, same place: 
55, Aug. 12 (M.A.W.) and 49, including two small juveniles, 
Sept. 8 (P.J.C.). Two pairs, Blagdon res., June 8, but no sign 
of breeding—due perhaps to low water level and absence of 
suitable cover (W.L.R.). 


RED-NECKED GREBE Podiceps griseigena 


S. One in close company with Great Crested Grebes, Chew 
Valley res., Mar. 18; identified by G.L.B. who has forwarded 
full and conclusive details. : 


190 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


SLAVONIAN GREBE Podiceps auritus 


S. One, Chew Valley res., Feb. 12-Mar. 11 (G.C.B., G.L.B., 
B.K:, RHP) and* one, Cheddar res.) ce i onic 
6 (J.A.McG.). 


LirTLE GreBE Podiceps ruficollis 


G. Pair with three young, Eastville Park Lake, Bristol, May 23 
GAGES): 

S. T'wo pairs with young, Chew Magna res., Aug. 11, when 
seventeen birds present in all (P.J.C.). Adults with four small 
young, Chew Valley res., Aug. 25 (B.K.). Winter records of 19, 
Barrow Gurney resrs., Jan. 4 (A.G.L.) and 25, Blagdon res., 
Feb5 a Psi.) 


STORM PEeTREL Aydrobates pelagicus 


S. One found in tide wrack, Sand Bay, Oct. 14, and correctly 
described) (R.A), 


GANNET Sula bassana 
S. Dead adult, Sand Bay, Dec. 23 (Vis. 


CormorANtT Phalacrocorax carbo 
G. Party of twelve on Estuary, Purton, Feb. 26; two along 
canal, same place (one on telegraph pole), Sept. 23 (R.V.C.). 
One in flight over Avon Gorge, Sept. 29 (P.J.M.N.). Party of 
eight flying downstream, Aust Cliff, Oct. 21 (B.K.B., M.A.W.). 
S. Seven to ten, Cheddar res., various dates, Feb. 12-Apr. 8 
(J.A.McG., J.A.P.). Thirty nests, Steep Holm, May 6 (Res. >tm_). 


HERON Ardea cinerea 


S. ‘['wenty-six occupied nests, Brockley Combe, Apr. 28 
(B.K., J.A.P.) ; 22 occupied nests, Uphill Grange, May 7 (W.L.R.). 
No breeding reports from Orchardleigh Park, Frome, and War- 
leigh Wood, Bath. Seventeen birds, Chew Valley res., Aug. 12 
and twenty-five, Sept. 8 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). 


MALLARD Anas platyrhynchos 

G. Max. counts on Estuary, New Grounds—620, Jan. 14, 
and goo, Sept. 16 (H.J.B.). Combined totals of 128, Eastville 
Park and Duchess’ Pond, Stapleton (both within City boundary), 
Jan. 15. eb. 13 (J.A.P.). 

S. Coastal counts include: 116, Sand Bay, Feb. 12 (W.L.R.) 
and 186 off Brean Down, Nov. 11 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). Totals 
varying from 350-420, Blagdon res., Jan.—Feb. (B.K.B., R.P., e¢ al.) 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 191 


and from 265-385 in period Aug.—Dec. (G.C.B., S.I.B., M.A.W. 
et al.). Count of 500 (450 males), Chew Valley res., May 27 and 
exceptional summer total of 600, July 20 (B.K.) while from 500 
to 590 reported, same place, various dates, Aug.—Oct. (G.C.B., 
P.J.C. et al.). Max. figures of 161, Barrow Gurney resrs., Feb. 12 
(G.E.C.) and 163, Cheddar res., Sept. 1 (P.J.C.). Breeding records : 
15-20 broods, Chew Valley (B.K.) and female with three week-old 
ducklings, same reservoir, as late as Dec. 2 (G.C.B., S.I.B.). 


TEAL Anas crecca 


G. Highest count from the Estuary, New Grounds—6o00, Dec. 29 

S. Remarkably high number of 2,500 or more, Blagdon res., 
in first fortnight of January, with record total of 2,900 on 8th 
(P.J.C., H.H.D., B.K.). Counts varying between 750 and 955, 
same reservoir, various dates, Nov.—Dec. (T.B.S., M.A.W. eé¢ ail.). 
Max. total of 600, Chew Valley res., Sept. 22 (B.K.). The only 
noteworthy coastal count is of 145, Axe Estuary, Dec. 28 (W.L.R.). 


GaARGANEY Anas querquedula 


S. Single male, Cheddar res., Mar. 31—Apr. 3 i K., J.A.McG. 
et al.). Pair, Blagdon res. Ape. 27,207 (Gal Bie Ba). 


BLUE-WINGED TEAL Anas discors 


G. An adult male, evidently a wild bird, visited the W.T. 
enclosures, Slimbridge, Dec. 24, and was first seen flying in from 
the Estuary with a party of four Shovelers (M.D.). Still present 
on successive days, being finally caught (29th) and feather-cut. 
Subsequent enquiries by S.T.J. have shown that no Blue-winged 
Teal had escaped from captivity and that the species is not being 
kept in any Continental collection. This record will be the 
subject of a note in a forthcoming issue of British Birds. 


GADWALL Anas strepera 


S. Up to six, Blagdon res., several dates, Feb. and up to seven 
on various occasions, Nov.—Dec. (B.K., J.A.P., J.V. e¢ al.). Single 
male, Chew Valley res., Oct. 28 (P.J.C., R.P.). N.B.—Some of 
these may be descendants of a small population of semi-feral, 


hand-reared birds at the Wildfowl Trust (Glos.). 


WicEon Anas penelope 


G. Largest totals on Estuary, New Grounds—c. 2,000, Jan. 12, 
29—decreasing to 1,600, Feb. 13; c. 2,000, same place, Dec. 29 


(H.J.B.). 


192 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


S. Numbers reported at Chew Valley res., Jan._Mar., exceeded 
any previously recorded for the County ; peak totals of 2,360, 
Feb. 9, and 2,200 on 18th and 26th (B.K., R.H.P. et al.) ; 2,000, 
still present, same place, Mar. 11 (G.C.B. e¢ al.). A pair, Chew 
Valley res., May 27, and two males and a female as late as third 
week of June (B.K.). Max. total, Blagdon res.,—455, Nov. 21 
(G:C.B., SB): 


PInTAIL Anas acuta 


G. New Grounds: counts of 183, Jan. 147 WoGy heb.) 13); 
and 1159)Dec. 6. (H.yB:): 


S. Present in small numbers at reservoirs with maxima of 15, 
Blagdon, Jan. 13 (B.K.) and 13, Nov. 7(G.G@B SaeB)); 13) 
Chew Valley, Feb. 5 (D.C. e¢ al.) and 38 (26 males), Dec. 16 (B.K.). 


SHOVELER Spatula clypeata 


G. The only noteworthy report is of 42 on Estuary, New 
Grounds, Jan. 14 (H.J.B.). 


S. Max. counts: Cheddar res.—20, Jan.1 (J.A.McG.) and 
Blagdon res.—65, Nov. 15 (S.1.B.), 80, Dec. 2 (B.K.B., N.W. 
et al.). Chew Valley returns of 63, Apr. 21 ; 135, Dec. 16 (B.K.) 
and 70 on 30th (S.I.B.). At least three broods noted (5, 7 and 10), 
same place, in period May-July (G.B., P.J.C., B.K.). 


Scaup Aythya marila 


S. Up to three (1 male), Cheddar res., Jan. 1—15 (H.H.D., 
J.A.McG. -¢ al.). Three (2 males), Chew Valleyiress several 
dates, Jan. 22—Apr. 7, and single male, Oct. 28—Dec. 30 (various 
observers). Male, Blagdon res., Sept. 22, 30) ((@.BER aver al.) % 
female, same place, Nov. 24 (A.G.D.), Dec. 30, and two males, 
Nov. 25 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). 


TurTeD Duck Aythya fuligula 


G. Twenty-five on Estuary, New Grounds, Feb. 25 and 87— 
exceptional number for locality—visited W.T. enclosures, on 28th 
(H.J.B., P.S.). Party of seven off Severn Beach, Oct. 29 (A.B.C., 
M.J.W.). 

S. Max. reservoir counts: c. 200, Cheddar, Jan. 1 and c. 100, 
Dec. 16 (J.A.McG.) ; 200-250, Blagdon, early Jan. (P.J.C., B.K.) 
and up to 270, Nov.—Dec. (G.C.B., S.I.B. e¢ al.) ; 47, Barrow 
Gurney, Feb. 12 (G.E.C.) ; 227, Chew Valley, Apr. 21 (B.K.) 
and 275, Dec. 2 (G.C.B.). Twelve on pond, Rickford Coombe, 
Feb. 25 were probably birds frozen out from Blagdon (N.W.). 
Observations, late July-early Aug., Chew Valley, show that birds 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 193 


were breeding in numbers far in excess of any yet reported for 
Somerset ; 13 broods (106 young) counted from roadway, July 29, 
and 23 broods (142 young), Aug. 4 (P.J.C., M.A.W.), while 
G.C.B. and S.I.B. counting inside reservoir confines, reported 31 
broods (199 young) on following day ; two broods (about 1 week 
old), same place, Aug. 25 (B.K.). 


PocHARD Aythya ferina 


G. Thirty-eight on Estuary, New Grounds, Feb. 25 (H.J.B.). 
Single male, Cumberland Basin, Bristol, Dec. 29 (J.G. per W.A.H.). 


S. Present in large numbers, Cheddar res., Jan.—Feb. (1,050 + 
25, Jan. 15) and Oct.—Dec.—1,000+25, Oct. 28 and c. 1050, 
Dec. 16 (J.A.McG.). Numbers at Blagdon and Chew Valley 
resrs. considerably smaller, but temporary increases frequently 
noted after sailing and other disturbances at Cheddar. Max. 
counts: 930, Blagdon, Jan. 8 (195, Cheddar) and goo, Nov. 3 
(B.K.), and 600, Chew Valley, on 4th (470, Cheddar) (G.C.B., 
Seb) 24 on the lake, Orchardleigh, Jan. 15 (E.D.O.) and 
single male on pond, Rickford Coombe, Feb. 25 (N.W.). 


GOLDENEYE Bucephala clangula 


G. Three (1 ad. male) on Estuary, New Grounds, Apr. 29 
(H.J.B.). 

S. Frequently noted, Cheddar res., Jan—Feb. with max. 
totals of 23, Feb. 5 and 26 on 26th (J.A.McG., T.B.S. e al.). 
Seven, Chew Valley res., Jan. 22 (P.J.C.) and nine, Mar. 17 (B.K.). 
Nave) (6 males), Blagdon res., Feb. 5 (P.J.C.). 


Lonc-TAILED Duck Clangula hyemalis 


S. One, female or immature, swimming off Old Pier, Weston- 
super-Mare, viewed with telescope at 300 yds. range, Nov. 5 
(W.L.R.) ; still present on 6th, when seen between pier and 
Sand Bay (H.R.H.L.). 


VELVET SCOTER Melanitia fusca 

S. Party of five (at least 3 males) seen flying close to tide-line, 
and later on water, between Clevedon and Yeo Estuary, Feb. 12 
(B.K.). Only four previous records for N. Somerset (three of 
single birds and one of two birds)—Eds. 


Common ScOTER Melanitta nigra 

S. Two females off Sand Point, Jan. 7 (T.B.S.). Unusually 
large party inland of eight (7 ad. males), Cheddar res., Sept. 2 
(BAG) J-A-McG., T.B.S.); single female, same place, Dec. 26 
(J.A.McG.). 


Cc 


194 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


EmDER Somateria mollissima 


S. Adult female close inshore off Tower Rock, Steep Holm, 
May 6 (Res. Stn.). 


RED-BREASTED MERGANSER Mergus serrator 


S. Three (2 ad. males), Chew Valley res., Feb. 19 (B.K.) ; 
single redheads, same place, Feb. 26 (G.L.B.), Mar. 11 (G.C.B., 
S.I.B.) and Cheddar res., Feb. 19, 26 (B.K., J.A.McG.). 


GOOSANDER Mergus merganser 


G. Single bird on Estuary, New Grounds, Mar. 5 (H.J.B.). 

S. Up to eight, Blagdon res., various dates, Jan.—Feb. (B.K.B., 
E.M., J.V. e al.). Nine (1 male), Cheddar ress (Feb) and 
nine (3 males) on 12th (J.A.McG.) ; eleven (2 males), same 
place, Feb. 19, 26 (B.K., J.A.McG.) and twelve (6 males) on 
20th (A.G.D.). From four or five up to nine (max. of 6 males), 
frequently noted, Chew Valley res., Feb.—Mar. (various observers) 
and three still present, Apr. 4 (E.G.R.). ‘Two, Barrow Gurney 
resrs., Mar. 11 (G.E.C.). Up to three reported from the reser- 
voirs in Dec. (W.A.H., M.A.W., N.W. ¢é al.). 


SMEw WMergus albellus 


G. Party of 14 (2 ad. males) on Estuary, New Grounds, first 
week of Feb. (P.S.). 


S. Frequently seen, Chew Valley res., Jan.—Mar. with max. 
total of thirteen (3 ad. males), Mar. 18 (GIIBSYS3 BA: 
et al.). Up to three reported from Blagdon res., Feb._Mar. and 
Nov.—Dec. (various observers), and up to same number, Cheddar 


res., Feb. and Dec.) (j-A.McG., W.L.R }. 


SHELDUCK Tadorna tadorna 


G. Count of 145, on Estuary between Oldbury-upon-Severn 
and Berkeley, June 3 (N.W.). 


S. Counts of 300-380 reported, various occasions, Sept.—Nov. 
from coastal areas—Sand Bay, Axe Estuary (R.A., T.B.S. e¢ al.). 
Three, Blagdon res., Feb. 18, (B.K.B.) and two, same place, 
several dates, Apr. and June (G.G.C. ef al.). Up to five reported 
from Chew Valley, Apr._May (various observers) and breeding 
again recorded there—pair with eight ducklings, June 24 (B.K.) 
—cf. Brit. Birds, xlix, p. 280. Single bird, Cheddar res., Oct. 28 
(J.A.McG.). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 195 


GREYLAG Goose Anser anser 

G. One among White-fronted Geese, New Grounds, Feb. 17 
iid. |.B.). 

S. What appeared to be a Greylag was seen with party of 14 
A. albifrons, Clevedon, Feb. 12 (B.K.). 


WHITE-FRONTED GoosE Anser albifrons albifrons 


G. New Grounds: from total of 1,410 at close of previous 
year numbers increased to 3,100, Feb. 1, and record total of ¢.5,000 
(possibly more) on 27th, but were down to 3,000, Mar. 1 and little 
more than 400, Mar. 23. Party of six remained, same place, till 
Apr. 15, while two (one not flying well) stayed throughout summer 
and were last seen, Aug. 13 (H.J.B.). 100 flying east, Wick, 
Mar. 17 (D.R.H.). First autumn arrivals, New Grounds: 28, 
Sept. 24—numbers increasing to 188, Sept. 26; 355, Oct. 27; 
Ba@, Noy. 23; -and at least 1,700, Dec. 29 (H.J.B.). 


S. A few, Chew Valley res., mid-Jan. to mid-Feb., and num- 
bers varying from 200-350, third week of Feb. to Mar. 25 (G.C.B., 
Meeps. 1, R.E.P.-e al.). One, injured, Cheddar res., Feb. 19 
(B.K.B., J.A.McG.) and 250 flying north over Barrow Hill on 
26th (P.J.C., M.A.W.). Small numbers (max. 48) reported from 
Yeo Estuary, Sand Bay and Clevedon, various occasions, Jan. 9— 
feo. 26 (R.A., 1.B.S., N.W. ef al.). Party of twelve overhead, 
Keynsham, Feb. 11 (B.K..). 


GREENLAND WHITE-FRONTED GoosE Anser albifrons flavirostris 


G. Two, New Grounds, Jan. 9, 10 (H.J.B.) and one, paired 
to a bird of typical form, Mar. 24, 25 (G.V.T.M.). 


LEssER WHITE-FRONTED GoosE Anser erythropus 


G. Six, possibly eight (at least 2 juveniles), New Grounds, 
during period Jan. 10—Mar. 12 (H.J.B.)—cf. Brit. Birds, xlix, p. 228. 


BEAN GoosE Anser arvensis 


G. Two, New Grounds, Mar. 9 and one on rith (P.S.) ; 
ene, same place, Dec. 29 (H.J.B.). 


PINK-FOOTED GoosE Anser brachyrhynchus 


G. Up to 51 still present, New Grounds, Jan. 1-3 ; numbers 
much fewer subsequently, but 24 counted, Jan. 28, and not more 
than six on any occasion, Feb.—early Mar. First autumn arrivals, 
Same place: 55, Oct. 27; similar totals throughout Nov., with 
max. of 65 on 11th. One only, Dec. 8 to end of year (H.J.B.). 


196 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


BARNACLE GoosE Branta leucopsis 


G. One with White-fronts, New Grounds, Mar. 11 (D.R.S. 
per Hp B:): 


CANADA GoosE’ Branta canadensis 


S. Single bird, with White-fronted Geese, Chew Valley res., 
Mar. 4-25 (various observers). 


MutTE Swan Cygnus olor 


S. Seventy, R. Avon at Old Bridge, Bath, Mar. 8—average 
summer population, c. 50 (B.K.). Counts of 66-70, Blagdon res., 
July 22—-Aug. 26 (P.J.C., B.K., M.A.W.). Max: totals, Chew 
Valley res.; 46, Sept. 8 (B-K.) and 45, Oct 27.(E Ga 


WHOOPER SWAN Cygnus cygnus 

G. First-year bird, New Grounds, Feb. 12-15 (H.J.B.). 

S. One with Bewick’s Swans, Blagdon res., Feb. g—-Apr. 8 
(B.K., A.C.L., J.A.P., W-L.R., J.V. ef al)= firstereconde ton) tine 


reservoir. 


BEWICK’S SWAN C'ygnus bewickii 


G. Two in W.T. enclosures or on the Estuary, New Grounds, 
Feb. 2—-Apr. 3, were joined by others to max. number of sixteen, 
Feb. 13 (H.J.B.). Party of twelve, identified by size and typical 
call-notes, overhead, Clifton, in early hours of Feb. 24 (P.J.C.). 


S. Following advent of severe weather, early Feb., birds 
reported from the reservoirs in unprecedented numbers ; counts 
from 20 to 40, Blagdon, frequent occasions in period Feb. 9 to 
Mar. 24, and from 18-53, Chew Valley, in period Feb. 23 to Mar. 
24 (various observers). Observations at same reservoirs, Feb. 26, 
Mar. 4, 11, suggest that at least 100 birds were in the area (G.L.B., 
P.J.C., B.K., R.H.P. et ai.). Up to four (immatures) still present 
Chew Valley, second week of April (B.K., H.W.N., M.A.W.). 
Party of eleven, Blagdon res., Nov. 25—Dec. 30 (B.K.B., N.W. e al.). 


BuzzZArRpD. Buteo buteo 


G. Survey of 400 sq. kms., covering Severn Vale south of 
Sharpness, together with adjacent areas north of Bristol to Wickwar 
and Badminton, revealed only one pair breeding—nest containing 


single young, nr. Berkeley, June 24 (A.E.B., D.C., D.M.C. eé al.). 


S. Repeat of 1954 Survey area of c. 86 sq. kms. showed 8 pairs 
resident—four young reared from five nests—compared with 9 
pairs and five nests in 1954 (before myxomatosis) and only 3 
pairs with nests in 1955. Three pairs located in additional 
areas totalling c. 200 sq. kms.—three young reared in one of two 
nests found (survey by 20 observers). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 197 


SPARROWHAWK <Accipiter nisus 
S. Female, Steep Holm, Sept. 4 (N.W.) and a male, Nov. 30- 
Wee. 2 (Res. Stn.). 


Hen HarriER Circus cyaneus 

S. Female or immature, Chew Valley res., Feb. 21, 25, 26 
(E.G.B., G.L.B., B.K.). A harrier, of this species or Montagu’s, 
same place, Mar. 8 (J.A.McG.). 


Hossy Falco subbuteo 

G. Single birds, Little Stoke, mid-June (H.H.D.) ; Downend, 
Aug. 11 and Hambrook on 2oth (R.H.P.). Two, Wick, Aug. 27, 
Bo, and one, Sept. 5 (D.R.H.). 

S One over Chew Valley res., Apr. 27 (B.K.). 


PEREGRINE Falco peregrinus 

G. Single birds, New Grounds, various dates, Jan. to Mar. 
fnicl mid-Sept. to\ Dec. (H.J.B. et al.). Tiercel, Aust Cliff, Jan. 6 
WA) TDM .). Pair, at old eyrie, Avon Gorge, early 
Apr. (C.B., J.H.S.) but tiercel found shot on Somerset side, Apr. 9 
ee B:)., One over Sea Mills, Aug. 21 (A.C.L.). 

S. Many records from coastal localities but no information 
on breeding. Unusual number of inland records: single birds, 
Chew Valley, Mar. and Nov.—Dec. (B.K.B., B.K.) ; Blagdon, 
June 8 (W.L.R.) and first-year bird, Dec. 16—striking but not 
retrieving a Wigeon Anas penelope (P.J.C.. M.A.W.) ; falcon, 
Tickenham, Sept. 6 (P.F.) ; female or imm., Kingston Seymour, 
Sept. 8 (W.A.H.) ; and Kenn Moor, Nov. 23 (A.G.D.). 


Meruin_ Falco columbarius 
G. Single birds, New Grounds, Jan. g (male), Oct. 30 (H.J.B.). 
S. Male, Wavering Down, Compton Bishop, Mar. 4 (W.L.R.). 


RED-LEGGED PartripGeE Alectoris rufa 
S.) Covey of six, Warleigh, nr. Bath, Oct. 16, 1955 (A.G.D.). 


QuaiL Coturnix coturnix 


eG. One seen or heard, Marshfield, July 22, 25, 31 (R.A., 
mo. .B., P.J.C.). 


CORNCRAKE Crex crex 


S. One calling, Saltford, May 25 (T.H.) and one flushed from 
stubble, Wrington, Sept. 1 (A.G.D.). | 


198 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 
Coot Fulica atra 


S. Cheddar res.: frequent counts by J.A.McG., W.L.R. 
et al. showed late Feb. peak of 1,700 (26th) ; very few Apr.—Aug., 
but after usual autumn build-up numbers reached max. total of 
over 3,000, Dec. 26. Max. counts, Chew. Valley gress) 2-000, 
Feb. 19; 1,200, July 7 (exceptional for tume of year) qeauc, 1,500: 
Dec. 23 (B.K.). Fewer, Blagdon res., than in recent years— 
highest counts : 660, Dec. 2 (P.J.C.) and 520, Deen vey meno be 
P.J.C., M.A.W.). Two nests with eggs, Barrow Gurney resrs., 
June 19, later found destroyed (G.E.C.). Single bird on shore, 
sand Poimt, Feb. 4; (R-A,)” 


OysTERCATCHER Haematopus ostralegus 


G. Three, Oldbury-upon-Severn, July 8 (W.A.H.) and two, 
New Grounds, Aug. 10 (H.J.B.). 


S. 100, Weston Bay, Jan. 22, and 50, Sept. 9; 68, Sand Bay, 
Feb. 2 (R.A.). Eight on landing beach, Steep Holm, Nov. 30 
(Res. Stn.).., Three, Blagdon res., July 17° (BAVIRo}eand~ one, 
Aug. 17 (N.W.). Eight, Chew Valley res., Aug. 6 (G.L.B.) and 
one on 26th (B.K.). Single bird, Cheddar res., Sept. 8 (W.A.H.), 


LAPWING Vanellus vanellus 


G. Two thousand or more, New Grounds, Jan 28 (H.J.B.). 
Aerial display by 1,000 birds, Oldbury-upon-Severn, Jan. 29 
(R.H.P.) ; at least 1,500, same place, Dec. 26 (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.). 


S. About 500, Sand Bay, Feb. 4 (R.A.) ; 250, Cheddar res., 
Aug. 26, and 600, Chew Valley res., Dec. 26 (B.K.). 


RinceD PLOVER Charadrius hiaticula 


G. c¢. 150, Purton, Sept. 30 (A.C., R-V.Gi per GaNiss 


S. Between 250 and 350, Sand Bay, Aug. 25, 26 (R.A., T.B.S.). 
Reservoir records include those of three, Cheddar, May 9, and 14, 
Sept. 2 (J.A.McG.) ; 31, Blagdon, Aug. 19 (P.J:@l ipa) G 
and 40, Chew Valley, Aug. 26, Sept. 2 (B.K.). 


LitTLE RINGED PLOVER Charadrius dubius 


S. Single bird, Blagdon res., Apr. 16; under observation for 
3 hour by G.G.C. who has supplied conclusive details ; again 
reported on 22nd (A.G.D.)—third record for Somerset. 


Grey PLoveR Charadrius squatarola 


G. Eight, Purton, Sept. 23 and four, Oct. sr (DRE 
Two, Severn Beach, Oct. 29 (G.C.B., S.I.B.). | 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 199 


S. Three, Sand Bay, Feb. 18 (R.A.). Single birds, Clevedon, 
Feb. 12 (B.K.), and Yeo Estuary on 26th (B.K.B.). Inland 
records of one, still in breeding plumage, Cheddar res., Sept. 2, 
and two, in flight, on 16th (J.A.McG.). 


GOLDEN PLOVER Charadrius apricarius 

G. Nine, Hambrook, Feb. 14 (R.H.P.). 

S. 110, Chew Valley res., Jan. 2 (G.M.). Up to 200, Lulsgate 
aerodrome, Oct.—Dec. (S.I.B., N.W.), and 110, Kewstoke, Dec. 26 
(0.B:s.). 


TTURNSTONE Arenaria interpres 

G-)) At least 30, Sheperdine, Jan.. 22, and 12, Nov. 4; four, 
Purton, May to (D.B.P.S.). 

S. Three, Sand Bay, Aug. 25 (R.A.). Single bird, Cheddar 
res., Aug. 19 (B.K.) and two, Sept. 13 (J.A.McG.). One, Chew 
Valley res., Aug. 25 (B.K..). 


Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus 


S. Two, Chew Valley res., Jan. 5 (G.M.) and one, Mar. 4 
(B.K.). 


WHIMBREL Numenius phaeopus 

S. Up to 30, Sand Bay area, Apr.—May (R.A., T.B.S.). 
Fourteen, Kenn Moor, May 6 (W.A.H.). Reservoir records of 
one, Blagdon, Apr. 22, and three, Chew Valley, Aug. 26 (B.K.). 


BLACK-TAILED Gopwir Limosa limosa 

G. Three, Sheperdine, Apr. 7 (T.D.H.M.). Eight, New 
Grounds, July 25, and 13, Aug. 21 (H.J.B.). 

S. One, Sand Bay, Aug. 7 (T.B.S.). Three, Chew Valley 
res., July 18 (T.B.S.) and two in breeding plumage on 2oth (B.K.); 
single birds, same place, Aug. 18 (G.C.B., S.I.B.), Sept. 2 (B.K.). 


BaR-TAILED Gopwit Limosa lapponica 

G. An exhausted bird, caught by hand, Aust, Feb. 2 (E.M.). 
Three, Purton, Sept. 23 and one, Oct. 10 (D.B.P.S.). 

S. One, Kingston Seymour, May 6 (W.A.H.). Single birds, 
Sand Bay, Feb.—Mar. and Sept.—early Oct. (R.A., T.B.S.). 


GREEN SANDPIPER Tringa ochropus 

S. Single birds, Kenn Moor, Mar. 25 (B.K.B.) and Wick 
St. Lawrence, July 29 (T.B.S.). Frequent, Chew Valley res., 
July to Sept.—usually three or four (various observers) but 13, 


200 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


Aug. 12 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) and eight, Sept. 8) (@a}:@3) iwo, 
same place, Nov. 24, and four, Dec. 26 (B.K.). Five, Blagdon 
res., Aug. 10 (N.W.) and two, Aug.—Sept. (various observers) ; 
single bird, same place, Nov. 23 (T.B.S.). 


Woop SANDPIPER Tringa glareola 


S. Three, Woodspring Bay, Sept. 2 (T.B.S.). One, Chew 
Valley res., Aug. 25 (P.J.C.) and Sept. 22 (CHF, Bik?) 


REDSHANK Tringa totanus 


G. Nest, containing newly hatched young, on river bank, 
Berkeley, June 3 (N.W.). 

S. Max. coastal counts of 170, Sand Bay, Jan. 28 (R.A.) 
and 230, Oct. 28 (T.B.S.). Three, Chew Walley tess ior)? 
(B.K.) and four pairs, Apr. 10 (G.L.B.), 21 (B.K.). Two, Blagdon 
res., June 1 (E.G.B.). Single bird, Barrow Gurney resrs., July 28 
(J-A.F.W.) and two, Cheddar res., Aug. 5-12 (T.B.S.). 


SPOTTED REDSHANK Tringa erythropus 

S. Wintering bird, Chew Valley res., Jan. 15-Feb. 12 (G.C.B., 
5.1.B., R.H.P.) ; up to seven, same place, Aug. 25 Sept 22 
(P.J.C., G.H.F. e al.), and two) Oct. 26 (GML). Two@heddar 
res., Aug. 25, 26 (B.K.). Up to six, possibly birds from Chew 
Valley, seen Blagdon res., several occasions, Aug. 28—-Nov. 4 
(B.K.B., G.C.B., N.W.); one wintering, same place, Wee 2, se 


(various observers). 


GREENSHANK Tringa nebularia 


S. ‘Twice noted on spring passage—single bird, Blagdon res., 
May 21 (B.K.) and Chew Valley res. on 28th (G.B.). Frequently 
reported from the reservoirs on autumn passage with peak total 
of 17,.Chew Valley, Aug. 25 (G.C.B., G.E’G. B Ree one 
Blagdon res. as late as Nov. 3 (B.K.). 


Knot Calidris canutus 
G. Three, New Grounds, Jan. 16 (H.J.B.). 


S. 122, Sand Bay, Feb. 18 (T.B.S.) ; 14, same place, Mar. 17, 
and three, Sept. 23 (R.A.). c. 40, Yeo Estuary, Sept. 155( 0. brs.) 
Single bird, Cheddar res., Sept. 2, 13° (B.K., J:A-MicGi7 aon)? 


LittLe Stint Calidris minuta 
S. Three, Sand Bay, Sept. 9; two, same place, Sept. 23 and 


one on 30th (T.B.S.). Two, Cheddar res., Sept. 2 (J.A.McG., 
B.S.) 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 201 


Dunun Calidris alpina 
G. About 1,000, Severn Beach, Oct. 29 (G.C.B., S.I.B.). 


S1@ne, ringed, Ottenby, Sweden, 1/8/49, found dead, 
Clevedon, 29/11 /52—cf. Brit. Birds, xlix, p. 447. 

Reported from the reservoirs on both passages with max. total 
in spring of 14, Chew Valley, May 1o (J.A.McG.), and max. 
autumn counts of 52, Blagdon, Aug. 22 (M.A.W.) and 60, Chew 
Valley on 26th (B.K.). 


CuRLEW SANDPIPER’ Calidris testacea 


S. Up to fifteen, Sand Bay, Sept. 9-30 (R.A., T.B.S.). Single 
bird in partial summer plumage, Blagdon res., Apr. 27 (B.K.)— 
few spring records for Somerset. One, Cheddar res., Sept.2(B.K.). 
Party of 10, Chew Valley res., Sept. 8 (E.G.R.)—an exceptional 
number inland; three—one in partial summer plumage—still 


present on gth (B.K.). 


SANDERLING Crocethia alba 


S. Six in partial summer plumage, Cheddar res., May 9g 
me eivicG:, 1-B.5.) and four, same place, Sept. 1 (P.J.C.).. Party 
of eleven, Sand Bay, Aug. 19 (T.B.S.). 


Rurr Philomachus pugnax 
tous. New Grounds, Sept. 7 (M.D. per H.J.B.). 


S. Two, Chew Valley res., Aug. 11, 25 (B.K.B. et al.) ; 12, same 
place, Sept. 2 (B.K.), and one with injured wing, Oct. 30, Nov. 7 
(S.1.B.). Single bird, Blagdon res., Nov. 3 (N.W.) and Dec. 2 
(3.K.B.). 


GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL Larus marinus 


S. Seventy-four occupied nests, Steep Holm, May 4-6 (Res. 
Stn.)—figure of 43 nests obtained May, 1955 (cf. Proc. B.N.S., 
1955, p. 121) in all probability result of incomplete census. Adult 
carrying nesting material into long grass, temporary island, Chew 
Valley res., June 15, and pair behaving similarly on goth (B.K.). 
Although no direct evidence of breeding, single ad. with juvenile 
on main island, Chew Valley, Sept. 16 (P.J.C.). Four pairs 
breeding on the Denny (2 m. off Portishead but in county of Mon.) 
oh 11.P.). 


LEssER BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus fuscus graellsii 


S. Estimated breeding population of 625 pairs, Steep Holm, 
May 4-6,—ascertained by applying ratio of adult Lesser Black- 
backs to Herring Gulls (obtained from field counts) to results of 


202 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


complete census of nests (Res. Stn.). Size of breeding population, 
Chew Valley res., not exactly determined but observations by 
B.K. suggest that at least 17 pairs bred. Large numbers roosting, 
Chew Valley res. in autumn—peak count of 770, Oct. 7, with 700 
as late as Nov. 24 (B.K.). 


SCANDINAVIAN LEssER BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus fuscus fuscus 


S. Two Lesser Black-backs viewed at very close range, 
Blagdon res., Apr. 2 had uniformly dark upper-parts and were 
considered to be of this form (B.K.). 


HERRING GuLL Larus argentatus 

S. Census of nests, Steep Holm, May 4-6 showed breeding 
population to be c. 3,550 pairs. First-year bird ringed, Steep 
Holm, 10/3/56, recovered, Courtown Harbour, Co. Wexford, 
—/4/56; nestling ringed, same place, 10/7/52, reported nr. 
Wakefield, Yorks, 180 m. N.N.E., 3/6/56; and adult marked 
14/3/53, found dead, Craven Arms, Shropshire, 76 m. N., 6/5/56 
(Res: Stn: 


ComMMon GULL Larus canus 


S. Approx. 3,500 counted flying in to roost, Chew Valley res., 
Jan. 22 (P.J.C., R.H.P.). c. 500 feeding on pasture, Charterhouse, 
Dees 267 (P. It Ce eiaal,): 


LirtLe Guitui Larus minutus 
S. First-year bird, Chew Valley res., Aug. 26 (B.K.). 


BLACK-HEADED GuLL Larus ridibundus 


S. Roost counts, Chew Valley res. include: 2,750, Jan. 22 
(P.J.C., R.H.P.) and 1,000, Nov. 24 (B.K.). 


KitTiwAKkE issa tridactyla 
G. Remains of adult, riverbank, Avonmouth, Feb. 19 (R.H.P.). 


S. Two dead juveniles, Cheddar res., and another, Wood- 
spring Bay, Aug. 5 (T.B.S.). Oiled adult, alive but in weak condi- 
tion, Chew Valley res., Dec. 16 (B.K.). 


Buack TERN Chlidonias niger 

G. Party of eight, New Grounds, July 17 (H.J.B.). 

S. One, Chew Valley res., June 27 (B.K.).. Few Aug. records 
from reservoirs—max. total of 12, Aug. 25, 26. Sudden heavy 
passage, Sept. 2 when over 160 reported—4o, Barrow Gurney ; 
2, Blagdon ; 10, Cheddar ; and 115, Chew Valley : on following 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 203 


day total of 74 reported (68, Chew Valley and 6, Barrow Gurney), 
and 16 on 4th; small numbers thereafter to Oct. 7 (various 
observers). Single bird, Cheddar res., Oct. 28 (T.B.S. ef al.). 

On Sept. 2 there was a sudden influx at the reservoirs of this 
species, together with other terns Sterna spp., totalling some 230 
birds. Examination of the weather data at this time shows that 
following a wet, unsettled Aug. with W.—S.W. winds, high 
pressure with generally light winds developed to the north and 
over Scandinavia, and on Sept. 1 the western seaboard of the 
British Isles came under the influence of a freshening north- 
easterly air stream. A depression over the Bay of Biscay moved 
north to become situated over Cornwall on the 3rd—the accom- 
panying area of dull, rainy weather covering France, Belgium 
and adjacent areas, and moving into southern and south-eastern 
England. This meteorological environment was very similar to 
that which marked the influx of Black Terns to Britain in the 
autumn of 1955 (cf. Brit. Birds, xlviii, pp. 300-307). 


Common TERN Sterna hirundo Arctic TERN Sterna macrura. 

S. Spring records of one, Blagdon res, May 13 (G.C.B., 
S.I.B.) and one, Chew Valley, June 15 (B.K.). More frequent 
on return passage—extreme dates, July 29—Oct. 7. Up to four 
at reservoirs in August with total of 9 on 26th. Marked influx 
(see above) on Sept. 2, with total of 62 reported (6, Barrow Gurney; 
7, Blagdon ; 4, Cheddar; and 45, Chew Valley) and 15 on 8th 
(various observers). Six off Steep Holm, Sept. 29 (Res. Stn.). 
Terns specifically identified: /hzrundo records—two, Blagdon, 
Aug. 18, and up to four, Cheddar, Aug. 25-Sept. 14 (B.K.) ; 
macrura records—single birds, Cheddar, Aug. 25, Sept. 9, 14 
(B.K., J.A.McG.), and Chew Valley, Sept. 2 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). 


LittLe TERN Sterna albifrons 


Seu tiwo, 'Chew Valley res., Sept. 2 (G.C.B., S.1.B., B.KB.) 
and one on 8th (B.K.). Two, Cheddar res., Sept. 9 (B.K.B., 
eA. McG.). 


SANDWICH TERN Sterna sandvicensis 
Bi One, Ghew Valley res:, Sept. 2 (G.L.B., B.K.). 


WooppPicEON Columba palumbus 


S. Single birds, Steep Holm, Mar. 10, Apr. 7 (Res. Stn.): 
few records for the island—cf. Proc. B.N.S., 1955, p. 124. 


SHORT-EARED Ow. _ Asio_flammeus 
G. One, New Grounds, Aug. 12 and another, Dec. 13 (H.J.B.). 


204 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 
Swirt Apus apus 


G. Fewer in Bristol suburbs than in recent years—population 
at Downend being reduced to c. 50 per cent. of normal (R.H.P.). 
One, Filton, Sept. 8 (R.A.). 


S. Nine, Barrow Gurney resrs., Sept: 20(G)E:@y, Other 
September records of single birds, Steep Holm on 6th (N.W.), 
Cheddar res. on 15th (J.A.McG.) and Kewstoke on 23rd (T.B.S.). 


KINGFISHER Alcedo athis 


S. Single birds, R. Chew, Publow, May 21, Aug. 30 (E.G.B.). 
Reported outside breeding season from Barrow Gurney, Chew 
Valley and Litton resrs. (various observers). 


Hoopor Upupa epops 


G. One in flight across County Cricket Ground, Ashley Down, 
Bristol, July 31 (A.C.L.). Another reported feeding on lawn, 
Sneyd Park, Bristol, Aug. 7 (per S.H.G.B.) was seen on roth by 
S.H.G.B. and H.W.N. One on lawn, Syston Court, Aug. 11, 12 
(H.W. per D.M.). 


S. One, Hursley Hill, Whitchurch, May 14 (R.R.). 


GREEN WOODPECKER Picus viridis 


G. ‘Two, disturbed whilst feeding from two bottles of milk, 
Brentry, Nov. 28—each metal top perforated by a single large hole, 
and about one inch of cream removed from each bottle (G.R.M. 
oyele Tih le ly ea he 


LEssER SPOTTED WoOoODPECKER Dendrocopos minor 


G. Single birds, Bitton, Mar. 5, Apr. 10 (J.A.L.).; Wotton- 
under-Edge, Sept. 13, 16, Oct. 14 (D.B.P.S.) and Syston Court, 
Sept. TOV OW per WME} 


S. Two;.Chew Valley res., Feb>..25 (BAC) igSmele joumds 
reported from Blagdon res., Feb. 26 (B.K.), Auga 6 (i Bis))k 
Wookey, Mar. 26; Worth (nr. Wookey), Apr. 1 (J.A.McG.) ; 
Kenn Moor, Apr. 21 (R.A.) ; Saltford, June 29 (B.K.) ; Wood- 
spring, Aug. 7 (R.A.); Long Ashton, Sept. 18) (WEACY amd 
Kewstoke, Nov. 21 (T.B.S.). 


WRYNECK § Jynx torquilla 


G. One in grounds of H.M. Prison, Leyhill, ‘Tortworth, 
sept. 10) 11 (1D) BsP:S:): 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 205 


Woopn.iaARK Lullula arborea 


G. One, Wotton-under-Edge, Jan. 20, Sept. 2, and four, 
Nov. 4; one, North Nibley, Aug. 19; and two pairs, Dursley, 
Pape. 22 (19.B:P.5.). 


S. One heard, Brockley Combe, Mar. 18 (P.J.C.). 


RAVEN Corvus corax 


G. Reported in ones and twos from Purton—New Grounds 
area, Jan._Feb. and again on Nov. 23 (H.J.B. e al.). Two, 
Stinchcombe, May 5 (D.B.P.S.). 


S. One, Tickenham Hill, Jan. 15 (R.G.H.). Reported from 
Brean Down, Steep Holm and Sand Point (various observers) 
but the only breeding record is from Brean Down (W.L.R.). 
CARRION CROW Corvus corone 


G. Occupied nest on Helicopter Rotor Testing Tower, Filton 
aerodrome, May 4 (R.A.). 


S. Three, Steep Holm, Mar. 9, and nest with 3 eggs (later 
deserted) found in sycamore, May 4 (Res. Stn.). Three young 
reared in nest on metal framework of arc lamps attached to hangar, 
Whitchurch Airport (J.B. per G.B.). 

Roox Corvus frugilegus 


Ss») One mest.on electricity pylon, Uphill, Apr. 9 (W.L.R.). 


WiLLow Tir Parus atricapillus 

G. One, clearly identified, feeding in orchard, Oldbury-upon- 
pevern, Jan. 29. (R.H.P.) 
DrpreR Cinclus cinclus 


G. Occasional records—single birds only—R. Boyd, Wick, 
throughout year (D.R.H.). 


S. Nesting again reported on R. Chew (G.B., T.H.). One 
by entrance to Wookey Hole cave, R. Axe, Dec. 18 (J.A.McG.). 
Sonc THrusH Turdus philomelos 

G. Nestling ringed on Clifton Down, Bristol, 25/4/48, found 
dead, Clifton, 9/5/56 (R.H.P.). 

BLacKBiRD. Turdus merula 

G. One ringed as juvenile, Mangotsfield, 2/6/56, recovered 
32 m. E.S.E. at Pewsey, Wilts, 10/9 /56 (D.M.C.). 

WHEATEAR Oenanthe cenanthe 


S. Bred successfully, Wavering Down, Compton Bishop— 
three pairs each with two young ; fourth pair also present, June 10 


(P.J.M.N.). 


206 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


STONECHAT Saxicola torquata 


G. and S. Numerous winter and autumn reports, but only 
one breeding record—brood of young, Brean Down, July 21 


(P.J.C.). 


Repstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus 

G. Single male, Stoke Gifford, Mar. 30; for previous record 
on such an exceptionally early date—see Proc. B.N.S., 1955, p. 126 
(H.H.D.). 


Biack RepstartT Phoenicurus ochruros 

S. Single females or immatures, Sand Point, Jan. 28, Feb. 4, 
18, Mar. 17 (R:A.); Lansdown, Bath,.Mar. 17 5(G:G:C)) ; 
Uphill, Mar. 19 (T.B.S.) ; and Brean Down; Nov-ji9 aE )-G. 
M.A.W.). 


Rosin Erithacus rubecula 

S. Three, Steep Holm, Mar. 10-12; none recorded, Apr. 
May, June, but at least 10 holding territories, Sept. 29-30 (Res. 
Stn.)—cf. also Proc. B.N.S., 1953, p. 401. 


GRASSHOPPER WARBLER Locustella naevia 

G. Breeding season records from Michaelwood, nr. Tortworth, 
Wotton-under-Edge, and Owlpen, nr. Uley (D.B.P.S.). 

S. Single birds, Shiplate, May 5 and Brean Down, June 11 
(R.A.). At least 6 singing birds, Rowberrow plantation, May 6 
(N.W.). 


LrEssER WHITETHROAT Sylvia curruca 
S. Nest with eggs, Chewton Keynsham, May 27 (G.B.). 


Woop WARBLER Phylloscopus sibilatrix 
G. Two singing males, Dursley—probably bred (D.R.H.) 
and one, Michaelwood, Tortworth, May 27, June 9 (D.B.P.S.). 
S. Ten singing males, Leigh Woods—three nests located 
(P.J.C.). Fourteen singing males recorded in area of 1824 
sq. kms. between  Bristol-Clevedon-Congresbury-Blagdon and 
south to Priddy, Mendip (survey by 15 members). 


Goxtpcrest Regulus regulus 
S. One, Steep Holm, Sept. 29—trapped and ringed on 30th ; 
one, same place, Dec. 1 (Res. Stn.). 


Prep FLycATCHER Muscicapa hypoleuca 
G. Pair, Wotton-under-Edge, May 4 (D.B.P.S.). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 207 


S. Adult male, Bleadon, Apr. 15-19 and on 26th (E.H.C.). 
Single female, Brockley Combe, Apr. 28 (B.K.). 


Rock Pipir Anthus spinoletta petrosus 
S. Sixteen, Steep Holm, Mar. 9-12 (Res. Stn.). 


WatTER Pipir Anthus spinoletta spinoletta 


S. Iwo, Cheddar res., Apr. 1-3 (B.K., J.A.McG. eé al.)— 
detailed descriptions received. 


RED-BACKED SHRIKE Lanius collurio 
S) bred nr. Cheddar res. (J.A.McG.). Female, nr. Leigh 
Woods, June 9 (P.J.C.). 


GoupFINcH Carduelis carduelis 
S. Adult feeding fledged young, Kewstoke, as late as Sept. 23 
(T.B.S.). 


SISKIN Carduelis spinus 
G. Two, Wotton-under-Edge, Jan. 6, and Old Decoy, Purton, 
iar. 17 (D.B.P.S.). 


LessER REDPOLL Carduelis flammea cabaret 
S. Five in silver birches, Blagdon res., Jan. 8, and two, Oct. 7 


(B.K.). 


CuHarrincu Fringilla coelebs 

G. South-westerly movement, Aust Cliff, Oct. 21—1,865 
counted, of which 1,783 flying S.W., 0630-1000 G.M.T.; wind 
W.S.W., force 3-4 (B.K.B., P.J.C., M.A.W.). 

S. One ringed, Long Ashton, 12/2/55, found dead, Leksand 
(Copparberg), Sweden, 26/8/56 (G.E.C.). 


BRAMBLING § Fringilla montifringilla 

G. Up to fifty along riverbank, Shirehampton—Avonmouth, 
ep. 12, 19 (R.H.P.). 

S. Selected records—up to 100, Chew Valley res., Feb. 5- 
Mar. 19 (G.L.B., B.K.) ; approximately 60, Hutton, Feb. 23 
ey .L.R.). 


Corn Bunting Emberiza calandra 

G. One, Nympsfield, Apr. 12, and four, Bagpath, Oct. 15 
(D.B.P.S.). Two singing males, Hawkesbury Upton, Apr. 15 
(P.J.M.N.). 


208 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


S. One, Lansdown, Bath, Mar. 24 (G.G.C.). 


Cirt Buntinc Emberiza cirlus 

S. Breeding season records: two, Bleadon, May 4 (W.L.R.) ; 
single birds, Sand Point, May 5 (T.B.S.) and Wrington, May 12, 
26 (P.J.M.N.). Probably bred, Monkton Combe (A.G.D.). 


Reep Buntinc Emberiza schoeniclus 

S. Bred, Chew Valley res. (G.L.B.). One, female or immature, 
Steep Holm, Sept. 30, arrived with migrating passerines from 
Flat Holm direction ; this or another seen later on plateau (Res. 


Stns) 


LAPLAND BuntTING Calcarius lapponicus 

G. One, a first winter female, found in an outhouse, Wotton- 
under-Edge, in October, was identified by J.R.L. and C.M.S. ; 
identification confirmed from outer tail feather sent to Brit. 
Museum (Nat. Hist.). Its behaviour, and appearance, was that 
of a wild bird, but it should be noted that the species is some- 
times kept in captivity and that the bird had flown into a shed 
housing Canaries and other cage-birds. 


House Sparrow Passer domesticus 
G. Adult male ringed, Hambrook, 21/10/52, found dead, 
same: place; 2/0/50, (R-FiLE)). 


TREE SPARROW Passer monianus 
G. Breeding records from Little Stoke (H.H.D.) and Hambrook 
CREP.) 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1955 


ERRATA 
MALLARD S., line 6—for Sept. 18, 25 read Sept. 18. 
SCAUP S., line 3—for Dec. 19-21 read Dec. 2€. 
POCHARD S., line 1—for Jan. 5 read Jan. 15. 

S., line 3—for Mar. 13 read Nov. 13. 
MoorHEN G., line 2—add date, Nov. 6. 


‘TURNSTONE S., line 3—one, Aug. 20 (B.K.B.) should read three, 
Aug. 29° (GEABse 
DUNLIN S., line 1—for Jan. 1 read Jan. 15. 
SANDERLING _ §S., line 1—for May 5 read May 5-9. 
LessER BLACK- 
BACKED GuLL S&., line 13—for July 7 read July 30. 
Rook S., line 3—for 92 read 56. 
line 4/5—for same size read 17 nests. 


209 


LEPIDOPTERA NOTES 
PeISTOL DISTRICT, 1956 


By C. 8S. H. BratHwayt, M.A., F.R.E.S. 


FTER a mild January and exceptionally cold February the 
Spring months were dry but generally rather cold. The 
Summer months were, however, wet and there were no long 
periods of fine weather. The Autumn was fine and the year 
ended with a moderate December. 

The year was a bad one so far as butterflies were concerned, 
but was on the whole surprisingly good for moths, some interesting 
species being taken in the area. Perhaps the best capture was 
of a specimen of Cosymbia pupillaria at Weston in late September. 

The following notes are taken from records supplied by Dr. 
A.M. Campbell (A.M.C.), Messrs. G. H. W. Cruttwell (G.H.W.C.), 
H. W. Bird (H.W.B.), and also from my own records (C.S.H.B.). 
As all the Weston records are my own and virtually all those 
from Clevedon are by H. W. Bird I have omitted initials after 
records from these two places, except in one case from Clevedon 
where the record is my own. 


Aglais urticae Linn. (Ab. Pallida) (Small Tortoiseshell). Frome, Mar. 9 (G.H.W.C.) . 
Acherontia atropos Linn. (Death’s-head Hawk). One at light, Weston, Aug. 7. 


Herse convolvuli Linn. (Convolvulus Hawk). Two at light, Weston, Sept. 10 
and 14, and two reported from Bristol in Sept. (P. Bird). 


Clostera curtula Linn. (Large Chocolate-tip). Two at light, Weston, May 19 
and 21, and two at light at Clevedon in May. 


Tethea ocularis Linn. (octogesima Hubn.) (Figure of Eighty). A few at light, 
Clevedon, in June. 


Pseudoips bicolorana Fuessl. (quercana Schiff.) (Scarce Silver-lines). Several at 
light, Weston in July. 


Spilosoma urticae Esp. (Water Ermine). One at Clevedon at light, June 20, 
Several at Shapwick at light in early June (A. Richardson). 


Cybosia mesomella Linn. (Four-dotted Footman). One at Clevedon at light 
June 27. Common at Shapwick in June (C.S.H.B.). 


Lithosia quadra Linn. (Large Footman). 27 at light, Weston, July 19-27, and 
another on Sept. 23. Three at light, Clevedon, July 27. 


Apatele leporina Linn. (Miller). One at light, Weston, July 27. 
Agrotis ripae Hubn. (Sand Dart). Common at Sugar Berrow, June 23 and 
July 21 (C.S.H.B.). 


D 


210 Cc. S. H. BLATHWAYT 


Actebia praecox Linn. (Portland Dart). One at light, Clevedon, July 8 and 
another at Weston, Aug. 17. 


Graphiphora augur Fabr. (Double Dart). One at light, Weston, July 19. 


Amathes ditrapezium Borkh. (Triple-spotted Clay). Three at Clevedon in June 
and July. One at Weston, July 19. 


Anaplectoides prasina Fabr. (Green-arches). Two at light, Clevedon, late June. 
Three at light, Weston, late June and early July. 


Hadena suasa Schiff. (dissimilis Knoch) (Dog’s-tooth). Fairly common at light, 
Clevedon and Weston, May to August. 


Hadena contigua Vill. (Beautiful Brocade). Two at light, Clevedon, June 28 
and July 17. 


Hadena bombycina Hufn. (glauca Hubn.) (Glaucous Shears). One at light, 
Clevedon, May 30. 


Hadena conspersa Esp. (nana Rott.) (Common Marbled Coronet). Fairly Common 
at light, Clevedon, late May to early July. Two at light, Weston, May 14 
and 23. 


Procus literosa Haw. (Rosy Minor). One at light, Clevedon, Aug. 9. A few 
at light, Weston, July—Aug. 


Apamea furva Hubn. (Confused Brindle). One at light, Weston, July to. 


Apamea unanimis Hubn. (Small Clouded Brindle). Fairly common Clevedon, 
in June. 


Apamea sublustris Esp. (Reddish Light Arches). A few at light, Weston and 
common at Clevedon, June and July. 


Apamea scolopacina Esq. (Slender Brindle). One at light, Weston, July 19. 
Dasypolia templi Thunb. (Brindled Ochre). One at light, Weston, Oct. 11. 


Hydraecia paludis Tutt (Saltern Ear), Several at light, Clevedon and Weston 
in August. 


Chilodes maritima Tausch. (Silky Wainscot). One at light, Clevedon, Aug. 8. 


Leucania littoralis Curt. (Shore Wainscot). Common at dusk and at Sugar 
Berrow, June 23 and July 21 (C.S.H.B.). 


Cosmia pyralina View. (Lunar-spotted Pinion). One at light, Clevedon, July 17 
and another at light, Leigh Woods (A.M.C.). 


Cosmia affinis Linn. (Lesser-spotted Pinion). One at light, Weston, Aug. 19. 
Kenobia subtusa Fabr. (Olive Kidney). One at light, Clevedon, Aug. 8. 


Orthosia populeti Treits. (Lead-coloured Drab). Several at Sallow, Clevedon, 
April 7 (C.S.H.B.). 


Orthosia advena Schiff. (opima Hubn.) (Northern Drab). One at light, Clevedon, 
oe Many et 


Anchoscelis litura Linn. (Brown-spot Chestnut). One at light, Weston, Sept. 20. 


Cirrhia giluago Esp. (Dusky-lemon Sallow). Several at light, Weston, Sept. 
and early Oct. and also Leigh Woods (A.M.C.). 


LEPIDOPTERA NOTES 211 


Lithophane semibrunnea Haw. (Tawny Pinion). One at Ivy, Dyrham, Nov. 3 
(C.S.H.B.). 


Lithophane socia Rott. (Pale Pinion). Several at light and Ivy, Weston, late 
Sept. and Oct. 


Pyrrhia umbra Hufn. (Bordered Orange). Four at light, Clevedon, June and July. 


Heliothis peltigera Schiff. (Dark Bordered Straw). One at light, Weston, Sept. 24. 


Heliothis armigera Hubn. (Scarce Bordered Straw). Two at light, Weston, 
Sept. 23 and 24. 


Lygephila pastinum Treits. (Plain Blackneck). Several at light, Clevedon in July 
and one at Weston, July 9. 


Herminia barbalis Clerck (Common Fanfoot). One at light, Clevedon, June 24. 
Bomolocha fontis Thunb. (Beautiful Snout). One at light, Clevedon, June 27. 


Sterrha dilutaria Hubn. (holosericata Dup.) (Silky Wave). A few, Bristol, July 21 
(C.S.H.B.). 


Sterrha trigeminata Haw. (Treble-spot Wave). Fairly common at light, Clevedon, 
June and July. 


Cosymbia puppillaria Hubn. (Blair’s Mocha). One at light, Weston, Sept. 24. 
Nothopteryx polycommata Hubn. (Barred Tooth-striped). Several at rest, Abbots 
Leigh, March 30 and Apr. 7 (C.S.H.B.). 


Philereme vetulata Schiff. (Brown Scallop). Several at light, Clevedon and 
Weston, July. 


Philereme transversata Hufn. (rhamnata Schiff.) (Dark Scallop). Several at light, 
Weston, in July. 


Thera variata Schiff. (Grey Spruce Carpet). One at light, Clevedon, June 23 
and another at Weston, Sept. 24. 


Discoloxia blomeri Curt. (Blomer’s Rivulet). A few at light, Clevedon and 
Weston, June and July. 


Perizoma bifaciata Haw. (unifasciata Haw.) (Barred Rivulet). A few at light, 
Clevedon, late May and late July and early Aug. 


ae tantillaria Boisd. (pusillata Fabr) (Dwarf Pug). Three at light, Clevedon 
in June. 


Eupithecia succenturiata Linn. (Bordered Pug). One at light, Clevedon, July 2. 


Abraxas sylvata Scop. (Clouded Magpie). Common at light, Weston in June 
and July and one as late as Sept. ro. 


Selenia lunaria Schiff. (Lunar Thorn). One at light, Weston, June 7. 


Apocheima hispidaria Fabr. (Small Brindled-beauty). A few at light near Glaston- 
bury, Mar. 3 (C.S.H.B.). 


Margaronia unionalis Hubn. (Scarce Olive-tree Pearl). Three at light, Weston, 
late Sept. and early Oct. 


ee mucronellus Schiff. (Scarce Water-veneer). One at Clevedon on 
une 20. 


212 Cc. S. H. BLATHWAYT 

Nymphula stratiotata Linn. (Ringed China-mark). One at Clevedon on July 8. 
Diasemia litterata Scop. (Lettered China-mark). One at Clevedon on Aug. to. 
Dioryctria abietella Fabr. (Pine Knot-horn). Two at Clevedon in August. 
Chilo phragmitellus Hubn. (Wainscot Grass-veneer). One at Clevedon on June 23. 


Alucita galactodactyla Schiff. (Spotted White Plume). Larvae and pupae found, 
Goblin Coombe, May 30 (H.W.B.). 


213 


SeUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY 
Ge THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 


XVIII 


THE MARINE FAUNA AT FIVE STATIONS ON THE 
NORTHERN SHORES OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 
AND SEVERN ESTUARY 


By ii. DD) Purcuon, Ph.D.;-2.L:S., 
RAFFLES PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA, SINGAPORE 


INTRODUCTION 


HE writer has been interested in the distribution of the 

estuarine and marine fauna of the Severn Estuary and the 
Bristol Channel since 1937 when he studied the beach at Portishead, 
near Bristol (Purchon, 1937). Since that date there has been a 
series of publications on the distribution of the fauna of the Southern 
Shores of the Bristol Channel (‘‘ Studies on the Biology of the 
Bristol Channel ’’, in the Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists’ 
Society), largely produced by members of the Department of 
Zoology, University of Bristol. 

Between October 1945 and June 1950 attention was turned to 
the Northern Shores of the Bristol Channel. Beaches within 
easy reach of Cardiff were first studied in order to make the most 
rapid progress (Purchon, 1947). Between 1947 and 1950 efforts 
were made to extend the survey higher up the Channel and into 
the estuary of the Severn, and also further out towards the open sea. 

At the same time, with much outside assistance, an attempt 
was made to estimate the seasonal variations in salinity to which 
the shores of South Wales and Monmouthshire are subjected, 
since variation in salinity is probably the primary factor in deter- 
mining the distribution of intertidal species along the shores of 
an estuary. 

These studies were brought to a close when the writer took up 
an appointment overseas. The survey at Dale Fort was well 
advanced, but the surveys at Llantwit Major, Kenfig, Marros, 
and the Mumbles were far from complete. Since the writer will 
have no further opportunity of completing these surveys, and 
since even these preliminary data contain much that is new, 
it is thought desirable to publish the records up to date, in the 


214 R. D. PURCHON 


hope that their very incompleteness will encourage others to 
continue the surveys, 

The writer wishes to express his sincere thanks to the following:— 

The University of Wales, for defraying the cost of a boat for 
trawling in Swansea Bay. 

Mr. Garner, Coxswain of the Mumbles Lifeboat, for his co- 
operation in boatwork in Swansea Bay. 

The Officers of the Coastguard Station at Rhossili, Cowell 
Miss Joan Bishop at Port Talbot, Miss Edith Bruce at Monk Nash, 
the Pier Master at Penarth, and Mr. H. H. Howells at Lydney, 
for their kindness in collecting water samples for the estimation 
of salinity at regular intervals over a period of twelve months 
and often at considerable personal inconvenience. 

Mr. G. D. Waugh for co-operation in field work at The Mumbles 
and at Llantwit Major. 

Mr. Gareth Owen, Mr. T. D. [es and Miss J. Bishop and many 
other students in the Department of Zoology, University College, 
Cardiff for their help in collecting and identifying specimens at 
Portskewett, Llantwit Major and Kenfig. 


SALINITY 


Water samples were collected at various stations along the 
northern shores of the Bristol Channel, and were sent to University 
College, Cardiff, where the salinity was determined. The samples 
taken at each station were as follows :— 

Worms Head, Gower. Spring and neap tide samples were taken 
from the shore once a month from August, 1948 till May, 1949. 
There was no apparent seasonal variation in salinity, nor any 
consistent differences between spring and neap tides. Variations 
in salinity between the extremes recorded of 31.5 and 33.5 parts 
per thousand appeared to be random, but may have been due to 
variations in local rainfall. 

Port Talbot. Spring and neap tide samples were taken from the 
shore once a month from June, 1948 till April, 1949. Variation 
in salinity appeared to be random between the extremes of 28.3 
and 32.2 °/oo. 

Monk Nash. Spring and neap tide samples were taken from the 
shore in June, September, and December, 1948 and in April, 1949. 
At this station there appeared to be a slight seasonal change in 
salinity, which was above 30 °/oo during early and late summer, 
and below this level in the winter and spring. ‘The data are not 
adequate on this point. Salinity varied between 27.5 and 31.5 °/ 00. 
Penarth Pier. Weekly samples were taken from the end of the 


< 
w 
7) 
Z 
= 
wn 
> 


216 Rs. D. PURCHON 


Pier from May, 1948 till March, 1949. ‘There was a slight seasonal 
change in salinity, but this was insignificant compared with 
sudden changes in salinity from week to week. These sudden 
fluctuations were probably due to the proximity of river mouths 
and local variations in rainfall. 

Salinity at Penarth ranged from 20.5 to 28.0 °/oo0. Rees 
(1939) recorded the salinity at high tide in Cardiff Roads at 
monthly intervals. His station would probably have been 
directly offshore from Penarth Pier, and his data are similar 
to those here recorded. Rees showed a distinct seasonal change 
from a minimum of 19.8 °/oo in January to a maximum of 
28.0 °/oo in August. 

Peterstone Wentlloog. Rees (i940) took samples from the shore 
and found the salinity to vary from 20.0 °/ 00 to 25.5 °/ oo. 

Severn Bridge. Water samples were taken at Low Water, Half 
Flood and at High Water, in April, June and September, 1948 
and in January, 1949. Here there is a pronounced seasonal 
change in salinity, which ranged from 5 to 18 °/oo in the summer, 
but from o to 1.5 °/oo in the winter. Thus species living at 
any level on the beach in this area must be capable of a gradual 
seasonal acclimatisation of this order. A much more severe 
strain is placed on fixed organisms by the relatively rapid change 
in salinity from Low Water to High Water. As has been ex- 
plained with lucidity by Bassindale (1943), the foot of the tidal 
wave is retarded in the upper reaches of the estuary, the duration 
of rise is reduced and the duration of fall is increased. The 
greatest rate of change of salinity is experienced during the rise 
of a Spring Tide, which is completed in 2 hours 53 minutes at 
Severn Bridge. ‘Thus in a period of about 3 hours there may be 
a change of about 12 °/ 00 in salinity, i.e. a rate of change of 4 °/ 00 
per hour. It must be remembered that such a change is only fully 
experienced by sedentary organisms occupying the lower part of 
the beach. ‘Therefore in this zone of the estuary those species 
which are adapted to long exposure and life on the upper half 
of the beach will be able to extend their range further up the 
shores of the estuary than those which are not so adapted, and 
are obliged to occupy the lower part of the beach, unless the latter 
are markedly euryhaline. 

In Fig. 2 the maxima and minima for the above six stations 
are plotted. It will be seen that as one passes up the Bristol 
Channel there is a steady fall in the average salinity which is 
accompanied by a steady rise in the total range of variation. 
When the range of variation in salinity is expressed as the percentage 
change at that station, as shown in the graph, the severity of 
these changes in the upper reaches of the Channel and the mouth 
of the Severn is emphasised. 


STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 217 


100 
ae ff 8 
>» 
= 
74 
x = bobo 
<= 
~ “vn 
a ze, 
= ns 40 
) 
& 2 
= 
& 20 
° 
\ SEVERN PENARTH MONK PORT WORMS 
BRIDGE PE TERSTONE NASH TALBOT HEAD 
WENTLLOOG 


Fic. 2. GRAPHIG REPRESENTATION OF THE MAXIMUM SALINITY AND MINIMUM 

SALINITY RECORDED IN ONE YEAR AT A SERIES OF COLLECTING STATIONS ON THE 

NORTHERN SHORES OF THE BriIstoL CHANNEL AND SEVERN EsTuarRy. THE 

BROKEN LINE SHOWS THE SAME DATA IN TERMS OF THE PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN 
SALINITY AT EACH STATION 


PORTSKEWETT 


The beach at Portskewett lies a little further up the estuary 
than that of Portishead on the opposite shore, and in general one 
would expect to find a close resemblance between the faunas of 
these two beaches. Since Portskewett is a considerable distance 
from University College, Cardiff, it was only possible to visit 
this beach once, with a group of three Honours Students, on 
October 21, 1949. Many species which one would expect to 
find at Portskewett, by comparison with Portishead, will not 
have been recorded due to the impossibility of making a com- 
parably exhaustive survey. 

The uppermost zone on the beach, above high water of neap 
tides, consisted of stretches of muddy gravel, occasional boulders 
and shallow pools. Pelvetia canaliculata and Fucus spiralis were 
poorly developed. From H.W.N.T. to about L.W.N.T., the beach 
consisted of very large immovable boulders and pockets of stiff mud. 
Above mean sea level the predominant alga was Ascophyllum 
nodosum, the fronds of which were of great length, while below, 
Fucus serratus predominated. From L.W.N.T. to L.W.S.T. the rocks 
were flat and bare, with occasional shallow pools. This zone, which 
is subjected to very powerful currents towards low tide, will 
experience a very considerable change in salinity in a period 
of less than 6 hours. The absence of Sabellaria alveolata (only 
very poorly developed at Portishead, Purchon, 1937), the rarity 
of Nymphon? gracile and the poor development of Sertularia cupres- 
sina are probably due to the strong water currents on this part 
of the beach during the later part of the ebb tide. 


218 R. D. PURCHON 


The most remarkable feature of the beach at Portskewett was 
the distribution of Littorina rudis. ‘This species was relatively small 
and rare on the upper half of the beach. Unusually large speci- 
mens were common on the bare rocks below L.W.N.T. where 


there was no apparent source of food, and where they were sub- | 


jected to powerful water currents. Yonge (1949) indicates the 
normal vertical distribution of this species on the sea-shore (P. 197, 
Fig. 60) to which this forms a striking and possibly unique exception. 


Fauna List at Portskewett 


— 


CCELENTERATA 
HypDROZOA 
Tubularia indivisa L. 
Sertularia cupressina (L.) 
ANTHOZOA 
Tealia felina (L.) 


NEMERTINI 
Lineus gesserensis O. F. Miller 


ANNELIDA 
POLYCHAETA 
Nereis diversicolor O. F. Miller 
N. virens Sars 
Amphitrite johnstoni Malmgren 


ARTHROPODA 
CRUSTACEA 
Cirripedia 
Balanus improvisus Darwin 
Malacostraca 
Isopoda 
Sphaeroma serratum (Fabricius) 
Ligia oceanica L. 
Idotea balthica (Pallas) 
Amphipoda 
Gammarus zaddachi Sexton, var. 
salinus 
Marinogammarus marinus (Leach) 
Orchestia mediterranea A. Costa 
Talitrus saltator (Montagu) 


Decapoda 

Crangon vulgaris L. 

Carcinus maenas (Pennant) 
PYCNOGONIDA 

Nymphon ? gracile Leach 
INSECTA 

Petrobius sp 

Lipura maritima Guérin 


MOLLUSCA 

PLACOPHORA 
Lepidochiton cinereus (L.) 

GASTROPODA 
Littorina rudis (Maton) 
L. littoralis (L.) 
Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant) 
Patella vulgata L. 
Adalaria proxima Alder & 

Hancock 


POLYZOA 
ECTOPROCTA 
Electra hastingsae Marcus 
Callopora aurita (Hincks) 


VERTEBRATA 
PISCES 
Anguilla vulgaris Turton 
Gobius minutus Pallas 


LLANTWIT MAJOR 


The shore at Llantwit Major was visited once during 1948 
and once during 1949, with parties of Honours Students. The 
uppermost part of the beach was occupied by a shingle bank, 
through which a large stream trickled. Below the shingle, the 
beach was very exposed, and consisted of broad flat sheets of 
rock and small boulders. The rock surface and the boulders 
were rather smooth and lacked crevices, the growth of large 
species of alga was weak, and the stream spread widely over the 
area, depressing the salinity. All these factors made for an 


STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 219 


impoverished intertidal fauna. Undoubtedly, however, if the 
shore were studied exhaustively over a wider area, very many 
additions would be made to the fauna lst here recorded. 

At low water mark of spring tides the boulder zone was 
similar to that found at Breaksea Point (Purchon, 1947), but 
here there were no overhanging rock ledges nor any exposures 
of friable rocks in the crevices of which a rich fauna would be 
expected. A strip of sand extending down to low water mark 
was not examined in detail. 

Altogether, 65 species have been recorded from the shore at 
Llantwit Major, 13 of which are new records for the northern 
shores of the Bristol Channel (* in the accompanying list) ; 9 of 
these new records are apparently new for both northern and 
southern shores of the Bristol Channel, Kefersteinia cirrata having 
been found at Blue Anchor and Crista eburnea at Ilfracombe 
(Bassindale, 1941) (while Crista eburnea, Osilinus lineatus, Ophiothrix 
fragilis occur at Porlock Weir (Bassindale, 1943). 


Fauna List at Llantwit Major 


PARAZOA 
Halichondria panicea (Pallas) 
Hymeniacidon sanguinea (Grant) 


CELENTERATA 
HyDROZOA 
Tubularia indivisa L. 
Dynamena pumila (L.) 
ANTHOZOA 
Tealia felina (L.) 
Actinia equina L. 
Sagartia troglodytes (Price) 


PLATYHELMINTHES 
‘TURBELLARIA 
Leptoplana_ tremellaris 
(O. F. Miller) 


NEMERTINI 
Lineus gesserensis O. F. Miller 
Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston) 


ANNELIDA 
POLYCHAETA 

* Fulalia viridis (O. F. Miller) 

* Nereis irrorata (Malmgren) 

* Perinereis cultrifera (Grube) 

* Nephthys caeca (O. F. Miiller) 
Nerine cirratulus (Della Chiaje) 

* Kefersteinia cirrata (Keferstein) 
Pomatoceros triqueter (L.) 
Apomatus similis Marion & 

Bobretzsky 

*Lanice conchilega (Pallas) 

Sabellaria alveolata (L.) 


ARCHIANNELIDA 
Dinophilus sp. 


ARTHROPODA 
CRUSTACEA 
Cirripedia 
Balanus improvisus Darwin 
B. balanoides (L.) 
B. perforatus Bruguiére 
Chthamalus stellatus (Poli) 
Verruca stroemia (O. F. Miller) 
MALACOSTRACA 

Isopoda 
Jaera marina (Fabricius) 

*Idotea balthica (Pallas) 
Ligia oceanica (L.) 

Amphipoda 
Marinogammarus marinus (Leach) 
Orchestia gammarella (Pallas) 

Decapoda 
Leander serratus (Pennant) 
Porcellana platycheles (Pennant) 
P. longicornis (L.) 
Carcinus maenas (Pennant) 
Cancer pagurus L. 
Eupagurus bernhardus (L.) 


MOLLUSCA 
PLACOPHORA 
Lepidochiton cinereus (L.) 
* Acanthochitona crinitus (Pennant), 
GASTROPODA 
Patella vulgata L. 
* Emarginula fissura (L.) 
Gibbula cineraria (L.) 


bo 
bo 
oO 


R. D. PURCHON 


G. umbilicalis (da Costa) Berenicia patina (Lamk.) 
* Osilinus lineatus (da Costa) Membranipora pilosa (L.) 
Littorina rudis (Maton) *Crisia eburnea (L.) 
L. littorea (L.) Alcyonidium polyoum (Hass.) 
Ocenebra erinacea (L.) 
Nucella lapillus (L.) ECHINODERMATA 
*Cratena aurantia (Alder & ASTEROIDEA 
Hancock) Solaster papposus (L.) 
Adalaria proxima Alder & Henricia sanguinolenta 
Hancock (O. F. Miller) 
LAMELLIBRANCHIA OPHIUROIDEA 
Mytilus edulis L. ae squamata (Delle 
Heteranomia squamula (L.) Chiaje) 
Fiatella arctica (L.) * Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard) 
POLYZOA VERTEBRATA 
ECTOPROCTA PIsCES 
Electra hastingsae Marcus Anguilla vulgaris Turton 
Callopora aurita (Hincks) Blennius pholis L. 
KENFIG 


Kenfig was chosen as a collecting station in preference to 
Porthcawl, although it was less easily reached, because of the 
presence there of an interesting reef which is only exposed at 
low tide. ‘This beach was visited once, in March 1950, with 
a small party of Honours Students and also on other occasions 
before and after the war. 

The shore at Kenfig consists of a very fine sweep of sand which 
slopes gently down to low water mark and which is exposed to 
very heavy seas in rough weather. At Sker Point on the east 
there is an impressive rocky promontory which is exposed to 
very heavy weather. (It was here that the Mumbles Lifeboat 
met its tragic fate.) Rich growths of algae are to be found in 
the rock pools, and lobsters can be caught, with skill, from the 
deep crevices in the sides of the pools. Moveable boulders are 
rare and the rock is exceedingly hard, smooth, and lacking in 
crevices. Collecting on Sker rocks is largely limited to fishing 
the rock pools with nets, and scraping the overhanging rock 
surfaces for sponges, polyzoa, ascidians, dorids, etc. 

In places the rock was bored by large specimens of HMatella 
arctica, which was recognised by the characteristic pink tips of 
the siphons, but which could not be broken out of the rock. ‘To- 
wards low water mark of spring tides there were very fine growths 
of the reef sand-worm, Sabellaria alveolata. This species is convenient 
for the conduction of artificial fertilisations in the laboratory, for 
ripe specimens can be obtained at all seasons. 

The sands are too greatly exposed to heavy seas to possess 
anything but a greatly impoverished infauna, and no attempt 
was made to collect from the sand. 

The reef which is only exposed at low tide lies a fe 


STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 221 


yards to the west of Sker Point, and consists of a more friable 
rock, with shallow pools, overhanging ledges and small crevices. 
There are plenty of heavy boulders, which can just be turned 
over. Algae are rare, and the reef is very bare in appearance, 
but it proved to be a good collecting area. 

Alcyonium digitatum is not common'y found intertidally (the 
writer has only found this species intertidally at Bangor, North 
Wales), but small colonies were common on the reef on the under 
sides of overhanging ledges. Remarkably large specimens of 
Nucella lapillus were found on the reef but not elsewhere. They 
may presumably be identified as NV. lapillus var. major, which was 
described by Jeffries (1867) as occurring in deep water in this 
area. Other striking additions here were Octopus vulgaris, Ostrea 
edulis (one specimen each) and Homarus vulgaris, Pilumnus hirtellus, 
Ophiothrix fragilis, and Cratena glotensis which was common. 

Altogether 24 species new to the northern shores of the Bristol 
Channel (* in the accompanying list) have been recorded at 
Kenfig, and of these the majority are new records for the Bristol 
Channel as a whole. Anomia ephippium and Ostrea edulis have 
been recorded from Blue Anchor, and Sycon sp., Alcyonium digitatum, 
Bunodactis verrucosa, and Flustra papyracea from Ilfracombe (Bassin- 
dale, 1941). 

Judging by the fauna list, one would probably regard Kenfig 
as a fully marine station. It is interesting to note that even at 
this station the Laminarian zone is not colonised by large sea- 
weeds, but chiefly by Sabellaria. ‘The environmental factor which 
excludes Laminaria and Saccorhiza from this station, and from all 
collecting stations further up the Bristol Channel, is not known. 


Fauna List at Kenfig 


PARAZOA Actinia equina L. 
Halichondria panicea (Pallas) Sagartia elegans (Dalyell) 
Chalina oculata (Pallas) * Metridium senile (L.) 
Grantia compressa (Fabricius) * Bunodactis verrucosa (Pennant) 
Hymeniacidon sanguinea (Grant) 
* Terpios fugax Duchassaing & oN 


‘ : POLYCHAETA 
Michalotti 


Lagisca extenuata (Grube) 


*Sycon sp. *Sthenelais boa (Johnston) 
CQ@LENTERATA Phyllodoce maculata (L.) 
HypDROZOA Eulalia viridis (O. F. Miller) 


Tubularia indiwisa L. 
Hydrallmania falcata (L.) 
Sertularia cupressina (L.) 
Dynamena pumila (L.) 
*Sertularia operculata L. 
ANTHOZOA 
Alcyonaria 
* Alcyonium digitatum L. 
Actiniaria 


Tealia felina (L.) 


Kefersteinia cirrata (Keferstein) 
* Pterosyllis formosa Claparéde 
Perinereis cultrifera (Grube) 
Marphysa sanguinea (Montagu) 
Polydora ciliata ( Johnston) 
Arenicola marina L. 
Sabellaria alveolata (L.) 
Lanice conchilega (Pallas) 
Terebella lapidaria L. 
* Thelepus setosus (Quatrefages) 


222 


Potamilla reniformis (O. F. Miller) 
Pomatoceros triqueter (L.) 
ARCHIANNELIDA 
Dinophilus sp. 
GEPHYREA 
Phascolosoma minutum Keferstein 


ARTHROPODA 
CRUSTACEA 
Cirripedia 
Balanus tmprovisus Darwin 
B. balanoides (L.) 
B. perforatus Bruguiére 
B. crenatus Bruguiére 
Chthamalus stellatus (Poli) 
Malacostraca 
Isopoda 
Ligia oceanica (L.) 
*Eurydice pulchra Leach 
Amphipoda 
*Caprella? hirsutum 
Decapoda 
Crangon vulgaris L. 
* Homarus vulgaris Milne Edwards 
Porcellana platycheles (Pennant) 
P. longicornis (L.) 
Eupagurus bernhardus (L.) 
Carcinus maenas (Pennant) 
Cancer pagurus L. 
*Pilumnus hirtellus (L.) 
PYCNOGONIDA 
Nymphon ? gracile Leach 
Pycnogonum littorale (Stroem) 
* Ammothea echinata (Hodge) 
INSECTA 
Petrobius sp. 
Lipura maritima Guérin 


MOLLUSCA 
PLACOPHORA 
Lepidochiton cinereus (L.) 


R. D. PURCHON 


GASTROPODA 
Patella vulgata L. 
Gibbula cineraria (L.) 
Osilinus lineatus (da Costa) 
Littorina littoralis (L.) 
L. neritoides (L.) 
L. rudis (Maton) 
L. littorea (L.) 
Buccinum undatum L. 
Ocenebra erinacea (L.) 
Nucella lapillus (L.) 
*N. lapillus var. major 
*Cratena glotensis (Alder & 
Hancock) 
Ancula cristata (Alder) 
Acanthodoris pilosa (Abildgaard) 
LAMELLIBRANCHIA 
* Anomia ephippium L. 
Mytilus edulis L. 
* Ostrea edulis L. 
Paphia saxatilis (Fleurian) 
Miatella arctica (L.) 
CEPHALOPODA 
* Octopus vulgaris Lamarck 


POLYZOA 
ECTOPROCTA 

Electra hastingsae Marcus 
E. pilosa (L.) 

* Flustra foliacea (L.) 

*F, papyracea Ellis & Solander 

* Membranipora membranacea (L.) 
Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll) 
Crisia eburnea (L.) 


ECHINODERMATA 
* Asterias rubens L. 
Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard) 
Amphipholis squamata (Delle 
Chiaje) 
* Psammechinus miliaris (Gmelin) 


SUBLITTORAL FAUNA OF SWANSEA BAY 


In September, 1948 the writer and Mr. G. D. Waugh visited 
The Mumbles, Swansea, in order to carry out trawling and 
dredging operations offshore with Mr. Garner, Coxswain of the 
new Mumbles Lifeboat. Living expenses precluded a _ long 
stay at the Mumbles and Mr. Garner’s duties with the Lifeboat 
limited the time available for collecting. 

The oyster grounds (Cock Beds, Roads Haul and White Oyster 
Ledge) were found to be in a derelict condition. A very few old 
oysters were collected, with their shells riddled by Cliona and 
other boring organisms. No young oysters were found in any 
dredge haul. Cole (1949) reported that it would not be practicable 
to re-stock these beds. 


STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 223 


Trawl hauls were taken in various parts of Swansea Bay, and 
a variety of bottom-living fish was obtained. In one haul, off 
Port Talbot, the trawl was white with the Tectibranch Philine 
aperta, and empty shells of Spzsula sp. were also taken in the net. 
The great abundance of Philine in this area must do a great deal 
of damage to the small bivalves which form the basic food of 
some of the flatfish in this area. 

The following list includes the more interesting of the species 
recorded in Swansea Bay in September 1948. Fifteen of these 
are new records for the Northern Shores of the Bristol Channel 
(* in accompanying list). 


PARAZOA ECHINODERMATA 
*Cliona celata Grant OPHIUROIDEA 
* Ophiura texturata Lamarck 
ANNELIDA 
POLYCHAETA, Errantia VERTEBRATA 
* Nereis fucata Savigny PIscES 
*Scyllium canicula (L.) 
ARTHROPODA *Rhina squatina (L.) 
CrusTAcEA, Decapoda * Raja clavata L. 
*Portunus puber (L.) *Callionymus lyra L. 
* Macropodia rostratus (L.) * Pleuronectes flesus L. 
MOLLUSCA *P. platessa L. 
GASTROPODA P. limanda L. 
*Philine aperta (L.) * Rhombus laevis (Rondelet) 
LAMELLIBRANCHIA *Solea vulgaris Quensel 
Anomia ephippium L. * Trigla cuculus L. 
Ostrea edulis L. Agonus cataphractus (L.) 


MARROS 


Marros, Carmarthenshire, is a very inaccessible beach a few 
miles west of Pendine. This beach was not specially selected 
as a collecting station, but the opportunity was taken to make 
observations and a small collection, while the writer stayed in a 
small cottage close to the shore in this region in the summers of 
1945 and 1949. 

Altogether 50 species have been recorded from the shore at 
Marros and the rocky headlands of Talpin Point on the west 
and Ragwen Point on the east. This must be a very small pro- 
portion of the potential fauna between Pendine on the east and 
Tenby on the west. Nevertheless some 15 of these are new 
records for the northern shores of the Bristol Channel (* in the 
accompanying list). Nine of these are new records for the whole 
Bristol Channel. 

The shores in the vicinity of Marros are notable for two associa- 
tions :—the sandy shore, and the exposures of peat (submerged 
forest of Amroth). 


224 R. D. PURCHON 


In the sand a variety of lamellibranchs are found, of which 
the most conspicuous is Donax vittatus. The posterior end of the 
shell commonly lies close to the surface of the sand, and its position 
in the sand is marked by a large epiphytic growth of Laomedea 
flexuosa. ‘This species of bivalve is a source of food to Herring 
Gulls which are doubtless assisted in their search by the epiphytic 
tufts. One can often obtain a good sample of living Donax by 
disturbing the gulls after they have been feeding, when they may 
disgorge several intact specimens as well as shell fragments from 
their crops. 

Typical sand dwelling carnivores such as the gastropods WNatica 
and Actaeon, and the asteroid Astropecten are not uncommon, 
and can best be found by examining disturbances in the surface 
of the sand while the tide is beginning to rise. Nearly all the 
specimens of Astropecten irregularis carried a commencal specimen 
of the polychaet Acholoé astericola. 

Between Marros and Amroth there are extensive exposures of 
peat in which small branches are embedded. In places this 
layer has been eroded to form pools which have a sand bottom, 
are shallow on the landward side and quite deep on the seaward 
side. The peat rims of these pools are undercut, and can be 
broken away easily. ‘These rims are extensively bored by Barnea 
candida and, more rarely, by B. parva. In the summer of 1949 
Idotea linearis was very common in these pools. These made 
themselves conspicuous by swimming quite strongly up to the 
surface and then, arching the body and extending all the limbs, 
sinking slowly out of sight again. The significance of the action 
is not apparent. 


Fauna List at Marros 


PARAZOA * Owenia fusiformis (Delle Chiaje) 
Halichondria panicea (Pallas ) Sabellaria alveolata (L.) 
Arenicola marina L. 
Te rR Lanice conchilega (Pallas) 


* Laomedea flexuosa Hincks 


Sertularia cupressina (L.) ARTHROPODA 
ANTHOZOA CRUSTACEA 
Actinia equina L. Cirripedia 


Balanus balanoides (L.) 


*Anemonia sulcata (Pennant) Chthamalus stellatus (Poli) 


Tealia felina (L.) 


CTENOPHORA * Lepas anatifera L. 
Pleurobrachia pileus (O. F. Miller) Mereecce 
LENE STEIN | : *Tanais cavolini Milne-Edwards 
Lineus ? gesserensis O. F. Miller Sphaeroma serratum (Fabricius) 
ANNELIDA Jaera marina (Fabricius) 
POLYCHAETA Ligia oceanica (L.) 


Eulalia viridis (O. F. Miller) 
* Acholoé astericola (Delle Chiaje) 
* Nephthys hombergi Lamarck 


*Tdotea linearis (L.) 
Amphipoda 
Corophium volutator (Pallas) 


STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 225 


Decapoda 
Leander serratus (Pennant) 
Crangon vulgaris L. 
Carcinus maenas (Pennant) 

* Portumnus latipes (Pennant) 
Cancer pagurus L. 

INSECTA 

Petrobius sp. 
Lipura maritima Guérin 


MOLLUSCA 

PLACOPHORA 
Lepidochiton cinereus (L.) 

GASTROPODA 
Patella vulgata L. 
Gibbula umbilicalis (da Costa) 
Osilinus lineatus (da Costa) 
Littorina neritoides (L.) 
Littorina rudis (Maton) 
L. littorea (L.) 


* Natica catena (da Costa) 
Nucella lapillus (L.) 

* Acteon tornatilis (L.) 

LAMELLIBRANCHIA 

Mytilus edulis L. 

* Donax vittatus (da Costa) 

* Mactra corallina (L.) 

*Chione striatula (da Costa) 
Paphia pullastra (Montagu) 
Barnea parva (Pennant) 
B. candida (L.) 


POLYZOA 
ECTOPROCTA 
Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll) 


ECHINODERMATA 
ASTEROIDEA 
* Astropecten irregularis (Pennant) 


REFERENCE LIST 


Bassindale, R. 1941. Studies on the Biology of the Bristol 
Channel. No. 4. The Invertebrate fauna of the southern 
shores of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. Proc. 
Bristol Nat. Soc. Ser. 4, vol. IX, pp. 143-201. 


Bassindale, R. 1943. Studies on the Biology of the Bristol Channel. 
No. 11. The physical environment and intertidal fauna of 
the southern shores of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. 
Jj. Ecol. Vol. XXXI, pp. 1-29. 


Cole, H. A. 1949. Report on the Swansea Bay—Mumbles 
area oyster fishery. South Wales Sea Fisheries District 


Committee. 


Jeffries, J. G. 1867. British Conchology London. 


Purchon, R. D. 1937. Studies on the Biology of the Bristol 
Channel. No. 2. An Ecological study of the Beach and 
the Dock at Portishead. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. Ser. 4, vol. 


VIII, pt. III, pp. 311-329. 


Purchon, R. D. 1947. Studieson the Biology of the Bristol Channel. 
No.17. Thelittoraland sub-littoral fauna of the northern shores 
near Cardifl, Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. Ser. 4. Vol. XXVII, 


pt. IV, pp. 285-310. 


226 R. D. PURCHON 


Rees, C. B. 1939. The plankton in the upper reaches of the 
Bristol Channel. Journ. Mar. Biol. Assn. U.K. N.S., vol. 
XXIII, pp. 397-425. | 

Rees, C. B. 1940. Apreliminary study of the ecology of a Mud-Flat. 
Journ. Mar. Biol. Assn. U.K., N.S., vol. XXIV, pp. 185-199. 


Yonge, C. M. 1949. The Sea Shore Collins, London. 


rie OALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 
By R. BassinDALE and J. H. BARRETT 


INTRODUCTION be 
HE Field Centre was established at Dale Fort in Pembroke- 
shire on the south-west tip of Wales in the summer of 1947... 
A list of 153 species of seaweeds occurring in the area has alread¥.; 
been published (Thomas, E. M., ‘‘A preliminary list of marine* 
algae of south-west Pembrokeshire’, North Western Naturalist, 
XXIV, Dec. 1953, 568-579). A preliminary typed list of the 
Dale marine fauna is replaced by the present list which is itself 
by no means complete. Much remains to be done and we hope 
workers will be stimulated to fill in the gaps and to record their 
finds in the Centre’s index. 

Acknowledgments to the contributors of records from which | 
the list is compiled are given at the head of the list. We should 
like to express our thanks here to Miss Barbara Dresser for the 
three figures drawn to our particular requirements, .and to the 
Leverhulme Trustees for financial assistance in publication. 


ACCOUNT OF THE AREA 
‘TIDES 7 
A good account of tides and waves is to be found in Pilkington 
(The Ways of the Sea, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1957). 
The following tidal data for the Dale area, which are useful 
to shore collectors, are expressed in feet and decimals of a foot 


above “‘ chart datum’’. Only very exceptional tides ebb below 
this level. ; : 
Pembroke St. Ann’s 
Level Abbreviation Dock Head 
Feet above Feet above 
_ chart datum chart datum . 
Mean high water of spring tides .. MHWS 22°33 21°63 
Mean high water of neap tides .. MHWN 16-97 16-47 
Mean tide level Ae a ce MIT Is 12°20 12°20 
Mean low water of neap tides .. MLWN 7°54 7°54 


Mean low water of spring tides .. MLWS 1-89 1-69 


In Milford Haven, therefore, the lowest tides ever experienced 
(LWEST) go down to a little below zero (chart datum) but on~ 
the average spring tide low water is nearly two feet above this. 
Under normal conditions in this area, the range of a spring tide 
is nearly 20 feet, and of a neap tide nearly g feet. 


R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


228 


ADOIOAD AHL ONIMOHS LYOY AIVG AGNNOUV VAUV IVYANAD AHL JO dv ‘I ‘Oly 


"727 por 


\uied eH wes 


" ** AGPPRH 27982) ooh 


z 5 u MOH 
he 


Lo Gap 


“sap ur 3/099 
‘PPAH §uuy Ss 
wed % 


kee nu. : AY 


: hog yrmyonye 


° e P) quiey qu0y49 
a ‘WTOHYONS 


hy spat GEHREBR 
“USAOH e . . 
Uo) 


ss 


cat a ull: d i RUM Ne ge 


~o_(6 “730.0000 0H Mg 
T2AOT9D000H 
D guouspoad 
“320.0000 [Ne sea 
\0cRrRQ.00000 09" 
Ye : 


>226 


*SyD01 SNoaubs uDJIqUDS - 2Jg 

"UDID1AOPsIO 

Taro IW "UDIJALIS 
“BUOISPUDS pay PIO 

a pa "2UO¥S@UIIF sNoJa;;UOqIDD 
"UD BuO pW 


S70lda LS raunsoayy [pop 


ZA MOB OE 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 229 


It is a feature of the tidal cycle that at any particular place, 
tides of a given range usually occur about the same time of day, 
thus at Dale low water at spring tides occurs at about 1.30 a.m. 
and 1.30 p.m. (G.M.T.) i.e. good collecting tides occur about 
_ mid-day: whereas neap tide low waters are at about 7.0 a.m. 
and 7.0 p.m, and the high tide covers the shore at mid-day. 

_ Superimposed on the normal, predictable tide levels is a varia- 

tion due to wind. This effect is particularly noticeable in places 
like Milford Haven. A ‘ following’ wind—a south westerly— 
blowing strongly on the flood tide, may cause the actual tide to 
_ rise in the Haven by as much as 2 feet above the predicted level 
_ and the same wind will hold the water in the Haven and prevent 
it ebbing to the predicted low level. Conversely a north east gale 
will help the water out of the Haven and cause it to ebb lower 
_ than the predicted level and thus to expose more shore than 
expected. It may also affect the actual time of the turn of tide 
_ by minutes or even by half an hour. 


THe CLIMATE 


The parish of Dale is at the extreme tip of the SW peninsula 
of Wales, and is almost surrounded by the sea. Inevitably its 
westerly situation and the shape of the coast combine to moderate 
both winter and summer temperatures and to maintain a high 
_ relative humidity. The parish is too far west for the rainfall 
to be influenced by the Welsh uplands ; the intersection of the 
Bristol and St. George’s Channels is one of the windiest areas in 
Britain. The profound effect of wind on the vegetation is clearly 
marked. ‘The exposed Atlantic cliffs show considerable differ- 
ences from the sheltered slopes at the edge of Milford Haven. 


Temperature 


che eM eA eM yy. Ay OS) (Oo asNe 
aca St. Ann’s 47 46 48 51 55 61 63 63 60 56 51 48 


1921-35 
Dale Fort 49 45 48 52 57 62 65 65 62 58 51 49 
1950-56 
Mean min. St. Ann’s 42°" 40 40. 42 47 «51,55 55-753 49 45 43) 
F, 1921-35 
Dale Fort 39 36 40 42 47 52 55 56 54 49 45 43 
1950-56 
Rainfall 
Av. fall St. Ann’s 
inmms. 1881-1915 84 70 66 48 48 51 63 79 69 107 96 114. 
Dale Fort 


1950-56 7-09-6445. 53. 55, (48) 79) 73 «63 85 93: 


Relative Humidity 


AV Ye Dale Fort 
1950-56 87 84 85 82 82 84 82 85 83 84 85 85, 


230 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


tol Ch 
te Frequency of gales 


requency of winds 
AGO - 1956 


Frenchmans Y) 
4 


Bay gy Watweck 


Bay pypee 
North ma GPS estivich Point 


S muiae 


oS | 
Watwick Ba 
x South J 
Vomit \ . 
Beach YY Fly 
Pri Bay Seapieys 5 
oe rl Beach. SAS 2 a5 
at S m=, (" Blockhouse 
wom a DS, CHEAT Xe aK Pownt 
a x C 
f] dd Swallow 
: Hole 
St. Anns Head 2 z) 
+ ete ° % x % p 


Scale in Miles. 


Fic. 2. Map or THE DALE PENINSULA SHOWING THE NAMED COLLECTING BEACHES 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 231 


Sunshine 


eae NR ee NIC AN ONG, Palen i Ag eS OF Ni TD 
Hrs. /day St. Ann’s Ie e2cOM Asian 7 MOA ye 2 O°) hogy Aeg Boh 2eo0 per 
% Of poss. 1906-35 20.27 35 41 41 44 41 39 38 29 25 I9 
fars./day . “Dale Fort 2-1 3:6 5-2 6-7 7°8 6-5 6:7 6:4 5°5 3°3 2°3 1°6 
% Of poss. 1952-56 26 37 44°48 50 38 42 44 44 31 27 21 


Wind 

Av. no. of gales 

1876-1915 
St. George’s Ch. 4:6°3°6 3°4. 11-4 0°S -0*4) 074) 1-0 175 3°5 4°5 5°3 
Bristol Ch. Feedage 3082-00 O-O) O17 lOrga liye 2k Anan 5.2008 

% frequency in year from N NE E SE S SW.W NW calm 
St. Ann’s 1935-43 LOM ti wero 9 Qo) §h5e ) 18), 16 2 
Dale Fort 1950-56 1 8 9.) 10) 25 Fi in dis 3 
Bristol Ch. gales 

1876-1915 BSE Be Ae 9 Qo B24 BB Eh 


Diagrams of the direction of the wind at Dale and of gales in the Bristol 
Channel are presented on Fig. 2. 


Garland Stone 
CY 


The Table 
gd 


The Spit SKOMER /SLANOD 


Pigstone Bay, 


Pig Stony 


Skomer Head 


aw Stone 


SKOKHOLM 


ont ISLAND 


wildgoo? 


t 


Scale of Miles 


Fic. 3. Map or SKOKHOLM AND SKOMER ISLANDS 


232 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


THE GEOLOGY OF THE COLLECTING AREA 

The beautiful coastline of Pembrokeshire is entirely of the 
older rocks. Much of the geology is extremely complicated ; 
some has not yet been adequately described. 

The parish of Dale is almost entirely of the Red Marls of the 
Lower Old Red Sandstone. ‘The peninsula south of the valley 
in which the village is sited is a large syncline with the axis pitch- 
ing from the Short Point through Watwick Bay eastwards across 
the harbour to West Angle Bay. At West Dale and Dale Point 
the dip is 40° and between 50° and 60° to the south respectively ; 
by the Vomit and in Mill Bay it is 48° NNW and 80° NNE re- 
spectively. On the north side of Watwick Bay it is 30° to the SE 
and on the south side of the bay it is 55° to the NNE. 

Reappearing in West Angle Bay the axis of the syncline runs 
ESE in Carboniferous Limestone, with the Upper Old Red 
Sandstone dipping into the valley from either side. 

The Dale valley is probably based on a large fault of the Ritec 
system. Its line continues the length of Milford Haven. The 
valley is floored by superficial deposits of boulder clay and head 
associated with the retreat stage of the Irish Sea Ice (Groom, G. E., 
The Development of the Dale Valley. Field Studies Council Annual 
Report, 1955-56). Southerly-hading faults, with wide shatter belts, 
are visible in the cliff sections for some distance on either side of 
West Dale Bay. 

The Red Marls continue northwards, dipping 45° SSE, to the 
conformable junction with the Ludlow Sandstones of the Silurian 
which runs eastwards from Red Cliff to the Pickleridge limekiln. 
Across the Gann, except for Lindsway Bay, the Red Marls make 
up the north coast of the Haven for several miles ; the section 
Musselwick Point—Monk Haven—Watch House Point cliffs 
dips 55° SSE. Still further east, on either side of Sandy Haven, 
multiple folding produces rapid changes of dip, although the 
strike continues roughly east and west. In Lindsway Bay the 
faulted complications of the local Silurian geology repeat the 
main features of Marloes Sands. 

The Silurian cliffs of Marloes Sands show exposures of the 
Ludlow Sandstone, the Wenlock Coralliferous Limestone and the 
Upper Llandovery Conglomerates. These three series are 
divided by block faults which bring the various horizons into the 
same cliff sections. Angles of dip and strike change rapidly ; 
varying hardnesses of contiguous horizons and the weakening of 
the rock structure by repeated folding and faulting has led to 
much irregularity in the rate of erosion, parts of the beach are 
of sand and shingle while other parts are of rock debris some of 
which rests directly on the wave-cut platform amongst stacks of 
a great range of shape and size. 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 233 


Gateholm is the largest stack and protects the west flank of the 
bay. With the tip of the Horse’s Neck on the mainland opposite, 
and like the Red Cliff on the eastern side of the bay, Gateholm 
is of Red Marls. From the Horse’s Neck westwards, past the 
Rainy Rock to Deadman’s Bay the cliff section is uniformly of 
massive Ludlow Sandstone, dipping 20°-45° SE. Further north- 
west the prolongation of the peninsula into the Deer Park and 
Wooltack Point is based on a narrow outcrop of Ordovician 
Volcanics of Arenig age (the Skomer Volcanic Series), of varying 
hardness and much faulted, producing continually differing 
coastal forms. 

The northern coast of the Marloes peninsula runs east from 
Martin’s Haven as a series of small rifts in the Ordovician Vol- 
canics; at Musselwick Sands black Ordovician shales contrast 
with the Old Red Sandstone which carries the cliff on to Mill 
Haven, dipping inland all the way, small faults producing small 
inlets. A large intrusion of Pre-Cambrian dolerite separates 
Mill Bay from the Coal Measures of Little Haven and the whole 
base of St. Bride’s Bay. 

The complex pattern of the mainland structures is reflected in 
the off-shore islands. Skokholm is wholly of the Lower Old Red 
Sandstone, dipping to the south, except along its south coast 
where the dip is to about 70° to the north. Middlebolm and 
Skomer are of Arenig lava flows (Skomer Volcanic Series) inter- 
bedded with some contemporary sediments. The islands dip 
about 20° slightly east of south ; multiple faulting and differential 
erosion produces an irregular coast. Grassholm and The Smalls 
continue the Ordovician volcanics seawards. 

The dominant feature of the whole topography is the 200 ft. 
erosion surface into which the drainage system is deeply incised. 
The. cliffs are mostly almost vertical, and, outside St. Ann’s Hd., 
only in bays is their foot readily accessible. Elsewhere fallen 
masses of rock lie amongst stacks in all stages of erosion down 
to the wave-cut platform which in some places is visible at low 
tide. Where it can be reached, e.g. on either side of West Dale 
and round Gateholm, this combination of beach material gives 
rich collecting. In the bays sand collects below a storm beach 
of shingle and only a small range of plants and animals survive. 
Where the tide never leaves the foot of the cliff, e.g. Wooltack 
Point and the islands, the surfaces are poorly populated but crack 
and crevice fauna is abundant. 

Within St. Ann’s Hd. the waters of Milford Haven are more 
or less sheltered from the prevailing winds and the cliffs tend to 
be less steep, with their foot more easily reached. Boulders of 
smaller size are left undisturbed by wave action. A wide range 
of plants and animals are to be found, particularly in Swallow 


234 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


Hole, Gunkel and round the north-east corner of Great Castle 
Head. : 

The head of Dale Roads dries out at low water springs. The 
line of the Dale valley continues eastwards as a sandy substrate 
with some mud admixed. In contrast the Gann stream flows 
to the sea across a muddy-gravelly flat. ‘These two habitats are 
very rich in burrowing forms and complement each other. The 
Gann stream completes all the gradations from fresh to salt in 
the mile and a half above its mouth, where it runs through a 
typical saltmarsh. 

Little is known of the sub-littoral zone. Within Dale Roads 
the bottom is largely sandy, with increasing mud towards the 
south and stones to the north. Off Lindsway and off Stack 
Fort more small stones and clinker must litter the bottom. 
The Thorn and Chapel Rocks prevent dredging in the entrance 
to the harbour. | 

Outside St. Ann’s what is known has been gleaned from lobster 
fishermen and the chart rather than by dredging. The bottom 
between the islands and the coast is of clean sand amongst which 
isolated and small groups of rocks occur. 

Thus, from the collector’s point of view, there is a wide selection 
of storm washed steep rocky shores with a limited fauna, except 
in crevices and amongst boulders, while in sheltered areas such 
as the rocky shores from Dale Point to Dale village and the Gann 
Stones there is an excellent fauna of typical rock shore forms. 

The clean (and storm washed) sand beaches of Marloes Sands, 
West Dale Bay and Castle Beach carry few animals but in shel- 
tered places where sand or shingle is mixed with mud, as at Dale 
Beach, the Gann Flats and parts of Angle Bay, there are extensive 
beds with numerous burrowing worms and lamellibranchs, and 
in Angle Bay (but not in Dale Bay) there are flats of soft mud 
inhabited by the more limited fauna of such situations. 


THE: FAUNA LTS & 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND EXPLANATION 


The list of species has been compiled from the card index made 
by both permanent and temporary workers at the Field Centre. 
The following alphabetical list gives the initials, by which records 
in the list of species are acknowledged, the full names of the 
recorders, to whom our thanks are due, and the number of records 
they have made. Special mention should be made of the contri- 
bution of Professor R. D. Purchon who made the initial survey 
of the fauna and founded the card index. 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 


2390 


LIST OF RECORDERS AND THE INITIALS BY WHICH THEY ARE 


Initials 


A.D. 
AE.G.P. 
AFB. 
AKC: 
A.W.L. 
B.LR. 
B.K.W. 
B.T.H. 
C.E.D. 
C.J.D. 
CRT 
C.M. 


ACKNOWLEDGED 
Name No. of records 

Mrs. Angela Davis a a ai a 96 
Mr. Alan E. G. Pearson I 
Mr. A. F. Baldry 2 
Mr. A. K. Cadbury I 
Mr. A. W. Lloyd I 
Dr. B. I. Roots a she se ee 5 
Miss B. K. Whittaker .. ae ae at ne 
Mr. B. T. Hepper Ei, Bs 2, ae 15 
Mr. C. E. Dyte oe ay a ee 6 
Mr. C. J. Duncan +e BA oe x 4 
Mr. C. R. Thorne oe Bae a ete 13 
Miss C. Mason .. er ce ae a 28 
Mr. C. Ghomas .. oe ate ae - 18 
Dr. D. W. Snow ae a a at 57 
Brigadier E. A. Glennie .. ae ‘2 £2 I 
Miss E. D. Eagle i a re as I 
Mr. E. C. Judges Bs ee by: ae 20 
Dr. E. M. Shepherd Se ae Es A 31 
Miss E. M. Thomas me ae ae ey 44 
Mr. G. B. Evans .. es ne oe ae I 
Mr. G. C. Bolster Me Be f: ae I 
Dr. G. D. Waugh a He ch a I 
Mr. G. E. Barnes. . ae ae a ae 2 
MrG. Owen. . «'. is ic: a iy a2 
Mr. G. T. Jefferson a ae Ay < 50 
Dr H. A. Cole : a ye a 

Mr. H. Bowen .. a Ay ve sie 9 
Miss H. Horder .. ae Ss Re ae 2 
Mr. H. Joules S 

Professor H. P. Moon .. He sd ae 100 
Mr. H. J. M. Bowen and Miss U. H. Williams 53 
Mr. I. L. Owen .. cs oe me a I 
Mr. J. Green Ry, aes Bs oe ah 38 
Miss J. G. Barker if ae oi ui I 
Wir: J: Hi. Barrett. . ue a as ie 429 
Mr. J. Moyse oe ei. aA ye ss 30 
Mri J. Pierson... ee cee Be ashes II 
Mr. J. S. Cormack te ie ae aye 5 
Mr. K. Dyke a an a Pon See te I 
Mr. K. G. Messenger... Bes a Me 19 
Untraced ay ae ne a 30 


Dr. M. B. G. G. Haas 
Miss M. E. Bytheway .. 
Mr. M. H. Williamson .. 
Miss M. Roper 


mm ON 


236 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


Initials Name No. of records 

M.R.Y. Dr. M. R. Young As he at is 112 
M.W. Mr. M. Walpole .. AY a sag we 5 
N.A.H. Dr. N. A. Holme Bs a 2y a 15 
N.C. Mr. N. Condor .. ae ae 1s Me I 
N.N.G.B. Mr. N. N. G. Bell at oe x ce I 
N.W.M. Dr. N. W. Moore a a le ai 194 
O.R.B. Dr. O. R. Barclay 13 
PA: Miss P. Adams ee I 
P.C.C.C. Mr. P. C. C. Chapman I 
P.di B. Mr. P. di Brent 5 
P.D. Mr. P. Davis I 
P.S. Mr. P. Seddon I 
Led Op Mr. P. J. Conder 3 
BS:C: Mrs. P. S. Crafter I 
R.C. Mr. R. Clarke I 
R.D.P. Professor R. D. Purghoues 587 
R.F.N. Dr. R. F. Nash 2 
R.G. Mr. R. Goodier .. 4 
R.H.B. Mr. R. H. Baird .. I 
R.H. Mr. R. Harkness 167 
R.R. Mr. R. Ralphs I 
T.B. Mr. T. Bagenal I 

U.B. University of Bristol (Parties ied’ by Dr. N. W. 
Moore and Mr. R. Bassindale) .. 347 

U.C.L. University College, Leicester (Parties led by 

Professor H. P. Moon, Miss Moody Miss 
G. C. Evans) ; 126 

U.C.W. University College of Tales Cardiff (oe 

led by Dr. E. M. Shepherd, Dr. Rov! 
Purchon and Mr. G. T. Jefferson) : 19 
U.M.G. Miss U. M. Grigg a us oe 3 
V.B. Miss V. Barnes .. is ae ig ae 2 
W.A.L.E. Mr. W. A. L. Evans I 
W.J. Mr. W. Jones I 


The names of animals in the list are those used in the new 
1957 edition of the Plymouth Marine Fauna, which was consulted 
prior to its publication with the courteous permission of the 
Director of the Marine Biological Association and with the helpful 
assistance of Dr. D. P. Wilson. Thus, in the present list, no 
reference is given to the original diagnostic description of a species 
where it is given in the Plymouth list. In a few cases, a Dale 
species is not recorded at Plymouth, and the full reference is 
cited here. 

Common names of animals and of groups have been added 
where these are known and in addition page references are given 
to the few selected works, listed below, which have a_ brief 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 237 


description or an illustration of the species. The references 
are made by means of the initial letter given :— 


BY —Barrett, John H. and C. M. Yonge. Guide to the Seashore. 
In the press. (References under BY are to Plates—pages 
not yet known.) 


C=Colman, J. S. The sea and its mysteries. Bell & Sons, London, 
1950. 


DW =Wilson, D. P. Life of the shore and shallow Sea. Nicholson & 
Watson, London 1935. 


E=Eales, N. B. The littoral fauna of Great Britain. Cambridge 
University Press. 1939. 


H=Hardy, A. C. The open sea. The world of plankton. Collins. 
London 1956. 


RY =Russell, F.S. and C. M. Yonge. The Seas. Warne. London 
1936. 


TJ=Travis, Jenkins J. The fishes of the British Isles. Warne. 
W rne. London 1942. 


W=Wilson, D. P. They live in the sea. Collins. London 1947. 
Y=Yonge, C. M. The Sea Shore. Collins. London 1949. 


Of these books, Eales is almost a sine qua non for the beginner 
although there are other works, for example, by Newbiggin, M. 
(Life by the seashore, revised by R. Elmhurst, Allen & Unwin, 
London 1931) which has a similar scope; and by Street, P. 
(Between the tides, U.L.P. London, 1952) which is a good simple 
account, well illustrated, but without the keys and systematic 
details to be found in Eales. The forthcoming Guide to the Seashore 
by John H. Barrett and C. M. Yonge is a very well illustrated 
and will deal with plants and animals of the shore and be useful 
particularly to beginners. 

Colman’s book is best described as a primer in oceanography 
but for the seashore collector it contains, in addition to the illus- 
trations referred to in the present list, a good general account 
of the plant and animal plankton (chaps. 4.and 5) and, still more 
appropriate, a very useful and brief presentation of life between 
tide marks (chap. 8). 

Wilson’s two books are full of good photographs of seashore 
animals ; this often leads one to overlook the text which is authori- 
tative and comprehensive. 


238 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


In The Open Sea by Hardy is a stimulating account of the 
plankton, an aspect of life in the sea which is often ignored 
by shore collectors but for the study of which the Field Centre 
provides facilities. : 

The Seas, by Russell and Yonge, considers all aspects of marine 
life including commercial fisheries and contains much _ useful 
information clearly presented and well illustrated. Yonge’s 
Sea Shore has, as its title suggests, a more limited scope but, in 
addition to being well illustrated, is far and away the best account 
of the natural history of the shore. 

There is only one single volumed work on the fishes of the 
British Isles and Travis Jenkins’ book will provide the beginners 
requirements in this field. 

In the following list, if a species has been recorded only a few 
times the details of its occurrence are given together with the 
initials of the recorders. Where, however, the species is fairly 
common the records are summarised, the individual records and 
recorders are not cited, and the only acknowledgment is that 
made in the list of recorders given above. The data, where 
available, are given in the following order :—Localities ; Habitat ; 
Abundance ; Season ; Breeding. 

In addition, some notes of the biology of the species is added 
from the literature where this will increase the value of the list. 

The localities cited are of intertidal records on the ‘ home’ 
grounds given in order from Musselwick to Dale Point and thence 
to West Dale Bay (Fig. 2): ‘outside’ records are then added 
in a less regular order followed by sublittoral records (Fig. 1). 
Records for Skokholm and Skomer are listed after the names 
of these islands (Fig. 3). 

The three maps show most of the collecting grounds named 
in the list and in the Dale Peninsula (Fig. 2) we have divided 
the coastline into named ‘ beaches ’ in the hope that future records 
will be referred to these localities. The extensive Gann Flats 
has been divided by ‘ sight lines ’, easily recognisable on the shore, 
so that easier reference may be made to the four areas. Dale 
Sands and Dale Roads have also been delimited by similar arbi- 
trary sight lines. | 

There are two ‘ Great Castle Heads ’—one at West Dale and 
one at Sandy Haven. It is proposed to call the former ‘ Great 
Castle Head’ and the latter ‘ Great Castle Head, S.H.’. Watch 
House Point (at Lindsway Bay) is sometimes called ‘ Soldier’s 
Rock’ and should not be confused with Blockhouse (or West 
Blockhouse) Point on the Dale Peninsula. 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 239 
Bee Ne AY Ie iio 
Phylum PROTOZOA 


Protozoa are numerous in all marine habitats and occur as. 
free-swimming, creeping or attached forms. On account of their 
small size they are usually overlooked by collectors and indeed, 
their study requires special techniques and collecting methods. 
A brief account of the group will be found in Eales (pp. 13, 17 
and 18) and there is more information in Johnstone, Scott and 
Chadwick (The Marine Plankton, Hodder and Stoughton, 1934), 
and in Hardy’s book. ‘The few species listed here serve merely 
as a reminder of the many not recorded. 

(Similar remarks might be made concerning the bacteria which 
play at least as important a part in the sea as on land or in fresh 
water : but their study involves the collector in even more detailed 
and complex techniques.) 


NocTILUCA SCINTILLANS Macartney (H 48; RY 187) 
Plankton, Dale, 13.8.50, (EMT) ; 27.9.50, (EMS). SKokHoLm 
—North Haven, abundant, 7.7.49, (CM). 


CERATIUM FURCA (Ehrenberg) (H 80) 
Plankton, 25.9.50, (EMS). 


CERATIUM Fusus (Ehrenberg) 
Plankton, 25.9.50, (EMS). 


CeRATIUM TRIpOos O. F. M Iler (RY 110, 124; H 48, 80) 
Plankton, common, 25.9.50, (EMS). 


HAPLOSPORIDIUM CHITONIS (Lankester) 
Parasite in Lepidochitona cinereus, Black Rocks, Sept. 1948, 
(UCL). 


HALIPHYSEMA TUMANOWICzII Bowerbank 
SKOKHOLM—Little Bay, 14 and 16.8.50, (RH). 


Phylum PORIFERA Sponges (E 13, 19, 21) 


The sponge body is usually an irregular mass of tissue spread 
out on a solid substratum. ‘The tissue is permeated by a system 
of canals into which water is drawn through minute pores all 
over the surface. The water leaves by large visible pores dotted. 
about on the surface and frequently raised on a volcano-like 
prominence. Organic food particles are extracted from the current 
within the sponge. The system is easily clogged and sponges are 
usually intolerant of muddy conditions. The tissue is supported 
by needle-like spicules of calcareous or siliceous material, or by 
horny filaments often welded together into a complex scaffolding. 


240 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


While often of a dull colour some sponges contain bright pig- 
ments and colours vary from pure white through yellows and 
browns to bright reds. One species is bright blue. Some species 
are regular in shape but most are not so. Some are always of 
one colour but many vary considerably so that shape and colour 
are only occasionally of value in identification. 


Class CALCAREA. Calcareous sponges 


Homocoelide (E 23 as Leucosoleniide) 


LEUCOSOLENIA sp. (E 23; W 13) 


Unidentified species of the genus have been seen at Musselwick, 
Point Wood Beach, Castle Beach, at South Haven on Skokholm 
and at the Basin on Skomer. 


Sycettidz 
SYCON CILIATUM (Fabricius) = S. coronatum (E24; W113; 
BY Plate 1) 


Musselwick Point, Point Wood Beach, Castle Beach, Martin’s 
Haven, Angle Bay, dredged in Dale Roads. L.W.M. and below. 
March, April, July, August and September. 


Grantiide 
GRANTIA COMPRESSA (Fabricius) Purse sponge (E24; W 10; 
BY. Plate 71) 

Musselwick Point, rare ; Point Wood Beach; Castle Beach, 
common ; Gunkel; Great Castle Head, common; Gateholm ; 
Angle Bay. SkoHotm—Peters Bay, abundant; Crab Bay, 
frequent; North Haven, frequent. SkOoMER—South Haven. 
March, April, May, September. In crevices and under boulders 
below H.W.N.T. 


LEUCONIA IMPRESSA (Hanitock) (E 25) 
Gateholm, 1949, (RDP). 


Class DEMOSPONGIARIA. Siliceous and horny sponges 


Oscarellide 


OscARELLA LOBULARIS (O. Schmidt) (E 29) 

Musselwick, (RDP); Black Rocks, Common L.W.S.T., as 
shiny khaki spots on polyzoa and algae, or as larger toffee-coloured 
areas with irregular and not raised oscula, 31.10.51, (JHB). 

Geodiide 
PACHYMATISMA JOHNsTONI (Bowerbank) Elephant hide sponge 
(E 28; BY Plate 1) 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 241 


Castle Beach, Great Castle Bay, Lindsway Bay, Gateholm. 
SkokHoLmM—-South Haven, Peters Bay, Crab Bay. SkomEer.—The 
Basin, South Haven, Mew Stone, Matthew’s Wick. March, 
April, August. Near L.W.M. Dark purplish-grey in light, 
and white in the dark. Often large. 


Clavulidz 


POLYMASTIA MAMMILLARIS (O. F. Miiller) (E 28) 
Great Castle Bay, below M.T.L., 4.4.50, (NWM). 


POLYMASTIA AGGLUTINANS Ridley and Dendy 
Black Rock, common, L.W.S.T., 31.10.51, (JHB). 


SUBERITES DOMUNCULA (Olivi) (=Ficulina ficus (L.) (E 26; Y 93) 

Black Rocks, Brig Stones, Point Wood Beach and Angle Bay. 
Common on shells inhabited by hermit-crabs. L.W.S.T. Yellow 
and orange. March and October. 


SUBERITES CARNOsUS (Johnston) 
Dale Sands, (RDP). 


TERPIOS FUGAX Duchassaing and Michelotti. Blue sponge (E 26) 

Musselwick Point, Gann Stones, Point Wood Beach, Slip Pier 
Beach, Dale Fort Beach, Castle Beach, Martin’s Haven. Not 
common under boulders, L.W.S.T. March, April, August, 
September. 


CLIONA CELATA Grant Boring sponge (E 25; W 51; DW Frontis- 
piece; RY 147) 
Musselwick Point, Point Wood Beach ; dredged off Musselwick 
Point and in Dale Roads. Under boulders and in oyster shells. 
March, August, September. 


Astraxinellidz 


STELLIGERA STUPOSA (Montagu) 
Gateholm, (RDP). 


Axinellide 


HYMENIACIDON PERLEVIS (Montagu) (=H. sanguinea) (E 27; 
Y Plate 25b, p. 144, wrongly labelled ; BY Plate 1) 


Musselwick Point, Black Rocks, Point Wood Beach, Slip Pier 
Beach, Dale Fort Beach, Dale Point, Gateholm, Angle Bay. 
SKOKHOLM—Peter’s Bay, Crab Bay, North Haven. SkomMEer.— 
South Haven, Mewstone. Occasional to abundant. March, 
April, August to November. Pale olive, green, yellow, pale 
orange, orange, red, brown. Oscula sometimes obvious, some- 
times not. At Black Rocks growing in the sand. 

F 


242 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


ADOCIA CINEREA (Grant) (E 27) _ 

Dale Fort Beach, 28.3.53, (MRY): Dale Point, one in deep 
cleft, L.W.S.T., pink-brown with regular, prominent oscula, 
(det. M. Burton), (JHB). 


Halisarcide 


HALISARCA DUJARDINI Johnston (E 29) 
Black Rocks, common, L.W.S.T., flat, dark toffee coloured 
with irregular oscula, (det. M. Burton), (JHB). 


Spongiide 
DysIDEA FRAGILIS (Montagu) (E 29) 
Castle Beach, occasional, L.W.S.T., 11.4.49, (RDP): Black 
Rocks, common, L.W.S.T., embedded in muddy sand, of a dark 


toffee colour, shapeless and without visible oscula, 31.10.51, 
(det. M. Burton), (JHB). 


Haploscleride 


HALICLONA MACANDREWI (Bowerbank) 
Slip Pier Beach, (RDP). 


Desmacidonidz 


BIEMA VARIANTIA (Bowerbank) 
Castle Beach, (RDP). | 


AMPHILECTUS FUCORUM (Esper.) 
Dale Point, L.W.S.T., in holdfasts of Laminaria on exposed 
rocks, 1.11.51, (det. M. Burton), (JHB). 


MYCALE CONTARENI (Martens) 
Castle Beach, (RDP). 


MyYxXILLA INCRUSTANS (Johnston) (E 28; BY Plate 1) 
Musselwick, Dale Point, Castle Beach, Gateholm. SKOKHOLM 

—South Haven. Common at Dale Point, 1.11.51, on exposed 

faces, as thick cushiony straw-yellow colonies with regular oscula 


(JHB). 


MyxILLA ROSACEA (Lieberkiihn) 

Dale Point, 1.11.51, L.W.S.T., common as flat, orange masses 
without visible oscula and abundant as very close textured cushions 
of a brick-red to dry-blood colour, (det. M. Burton), (JHB). 


MicROCIONA ATRASANGUINEA Bowerbank (E 28) 

Black Rocks, L.W.S.T., occasional as very thin orange-blood 
red layers of gritty consistency, no oscula visible, 31.10.51 ; 
Dale Point, L.W.S.T., common as scarlet rings around groups of 
Balanus, tending to grow over shells, 1.11.51, (det. M. Burton), 
(JHB). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 243 


OPHLITASPONGIA SERIATA (Grant) (E27; BY Plate 1) 

Dale Point, Castle Beach. SkoxkHoLmM—South Haven. Com- 
mon, L.W.S.T. At Dale Point, thin encrusting growths of a 
brick red (almost dried blood) colour, with obvious, well-spaced, 
upraised oscula, (JHB). 


HALICHONDRIA PANICEA (Pallas) Bread crumb sponge (E 26; 
W 10; Y 245 (wrongly labelled) ; RY 29; BY Plate 1) 
Widespread and abundant, all beaches and seasons. 


HALICHRONDRIA BOWERBANKI Burton | 

Dale Point, L.W.S.T., abundant on overhangs as small thin 
straw-coloured or yellow fingers hanging from growths of Myxzlla 
incrustans, (JHB). 


Phylum COELENTERATA (E 13, 31, 36) 


The coelenterates are characterised by the possession of nema- 
tocysts which are used to kill or entangle small living animals 
for use as food. Ciliary mechanisms are sometimes used to 
transfer these small organisms to the mouth but tentacles are more 
usually employed. 


Class HYDROZOA (E 31 and 36) 
Order HYDROIDA (Meduse H 96 onwards) 


Hydroids are not a prominent feature of the Dale intertidal 
zone because much of the shore is too exposed and the sheltered 
shores (as in Dale Bay) somewhat muddy. Nevertheless careful 
search reveals quite a variety of species tucked away in sheltered 
corners and the sub-littoral supplies good growths of the usual 
deep water species. 


Sub-Order ANTHOMEDUS (=Athecata in part) (E 37; 
meduse W 19; H 49) 
Tubulariide (E 38; W 16; Y 137) 
TUBULARIA INDIvIsA L. Oaten pipes hydroid (BY Plate 2) 
Common on Skokholm and Skomer. 
Corynide 


CorYNE muscorpEs (L.) (E38; BY Plate 1) 
Musselwick, L.W.M., 16.6.50, (JHB). 


CoryneE PusILLA Gaertner 
SkokHoM—Little Bay, Hog Bay and South Haven, August 
1950, (RH). 


244 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


Clavide Club head hydroids 
CLAVA CORNEA (T. S. Wright) 
On Fucus serratus, L.W.N.T., 10.4.49, (RDP). 


CLAVA LEPTOSTYLA (Agassiz) 

Musselwick, one colony, 10.6.49, (JHB). 
CLAVA MULTICORNIS (Forskal) (E37; BY Plate 3; for related 

spp. W15; Y 136; BY Plate 2) 

Gann Stones, (RDP): SkoxHotm—Peter’s Bay, rare, 21.7.55, 

({KST). 
Hydractinide 

HyYDRACTINEA ECHINATA (Fleming) (Y 157, BY Plate 2) 


Lives on shells inhabited by hermit crabs. Black Rocks, 
L.W.S.T., 28.3.48, (RDP) : Gann Flats, 6.3.50; but none on 
9.4.51, (JHB): dredged, 28.7.49, (GO) : Angle Bay, April 1953, 
(UB). 


Eudendriidz 


EUDENDRIUM RAMOSUM (L..) 

SKOKHOLM—On lobster pots from Mr. F. Sturley. Up to 
13 inches long, 26.6.50, (JHB). 
EUDENDRIUM CAPILLARE Alder 

SKOKHOLM—Little Bay, on Tubularia indivisa, 16.8.50, (RH). 


Sub-Order THECATA (=Calyptoblastea, E 39 ; meduse, H 96) 


Campanulariide (E 39) 
CAMPANULARIA VOLUBILIS (L.) 

SKOKHOLM—North and South Havens, Peter’s Bay, August 
1950, on Sertularia cupressina and Plumularia setacea, (RH). 
C/AMPANULARIA HINCKsI Alder 

SKOKHOLM—North Haven on Halecium and Halopteris, 12.8.50, 
(RH). 

CLYTIA JOHNSTONI (Alder) 


SKOKHOLM—North and South Havens, Little Bay, on Tubulana 


indivisa, Scrupocellaria reptans and Laminaria holdfasts, August 1950, 
(RH). 
OBELIA DICHOTOMA (L.) (E 39) 

Musselwick, covering fruiting bodies of Fucus, washed ashore, 
medusz being released, 30.6.50, (JHB): Slip Pier Beach, a little 


in high rock pools, 23.3.48, (RDP): Dale Roads, enormous 
quantities on Chorda filum, trawled, 12.9.50, (JHB). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 245 


OBELIA GENICULATA (L.) (E39; BY Plate 1) 

Gann Flats, March 1949, (NWM). SxoxHotm—On Laminaria 
digitata, abundant, releasing meduse, 13.8.50, (RH): Crab 
Bay, 23.4.52, (KCM). 

OBELIA FLABELLATA Hincks (Hincks, p. 157) 
Gann Glats, abundant, ripe, on Fucus serratus, 8.9.49, (RDP). 


LAOMEDIA FLEXUOSA Hincks (E 40) 

Gann Flats, March 1949, (NWM). SxkokHoLtm—South Haven, 
fertile, 18.8.50, (RH). 
RETICULARIA (FILELLUM) SERPENS (Hassall) 


SKOKHOLM—North Haven, on Sertularia cupressina and var. 
argentea, 16.8.50, (RH). 


Lovenellide 


CALYCELLA SYRINGA (L.) 
SKOKHOLM—North Haven, rare, August 1950, (RH). 


Phialellide 


OPERCULARELLA LACERTA (Johnston) 
SKOKHOLM—Little Bay, North Haven, rare, August 1950, (RH). 


Haleciide 


HALECIUM HALECINUM (L.) 
Dale Roads, dredged, 23.3.49, (DWS); 17.9.49, (GO): 
SKOKHOLM—North Haven, rare, 12.8.50, (RH). 


Sertulariide (E 40) 


DIPHASIA ATTENUATA (Hincks) 

SKOKHOLM—North Haven, among Bryopsis plumosa, 16.8.50, 
(RH). 
DIPHASIA ROSACEA (L.) 

SKOKHOLM—North Haven, rare, on Sertularia cupressina ; Little 
Bay, rare, on Yubularia indivisa, August 1950, (RH). 
DYNAMENA PUMILA (L.) (E40; Y 1413; BY Plate 1) 


Gann Stones, abundant; Point Wood Beach; Slip Pier 
Beach ; Castle Beach, abundant ; Great Castle Head, common. 
SKOKHOLM—Peter’s Bay, common ; South Haven, Little Bay and 
Crab Bay, rare. Under boulders and on Fucus serratus. March, 
April, August and September. 


SERTULARELLA POLYZONIAS (L.) (E 41) 


Castle Beach, rare, under boulder, 27.8.49, (GO). SkokHoLm 
—North Haven, rare, 12.8.50, (RH). 


246 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


SERTULARELLA RUGOSA Gray 


_ SKokHOLM—Common on lobster pots from Mr. F. Sturley, 
26.6.50, (JHB). 


SERTULARELLA MEDITERRANEA Hartlaub 
SKOKHOLM—Little Bay, L.W.S.T., 16.8.50, (RH). 


HyDRALLMANIA FALCATA (L.) , 
SKOKHOLM—North Haven, rare, 16.8.50, (RH). 


SERTULARIA CUPRESSINA (L.) including var. ARGENTEA 

SKOKHOLM—On lobster pots from Mr. F. Sturley. Up to 
17 inches long, 26.6.50, (JHB). North and South Havens, rare, 
August 1950, (RH). 


SERTULARIA OPERCULATA (L.) (BY Plate 1) 

SKOKHOLM—On lobster pots from Mr. F. Sturley, 26.6.50, 
(JHB). Dead pieces washed up in North and South Havens, 
Peter’s Bay, August 1950, (RH). 


Plumulariidae Feather hydroids (E41 ; W 18) 


MOoNOTHECA OBLIQUA (Johnston) 
SKOKHOLM—North and South Havens, on Laminaria holdfasts 
with Polyzoa, rare, August 1950, (RH). 


PLUMULARIA SETACEA (Ellis and Solander) (E 41) 

Stack Rock, abundant on sponge under stone, 25.9.53, (EMS). 
SKOKHOLM—North and South Havens, Little Bay, on weeds and 
Tubularia indivisa, August 1950, (RH). 


PLUMULARIA CATHARINA Johnston 
SkokHo_tm—North Haven, on stem of Halecium with Campanu- 
laria hinckst, 12.8.50, (RH). 


NNEMERTESIA ANTENNINA (L.) | 
SKOKHOLM—Common on Maia squinado from Mr. F. Sturley, 
26.6.50, (JHB) ; dead colonies frequently washed up. 


NEMERTESIA RAMOSA (Lamouroux) | 
Great Castle Head, dead colony 26 inches long, 29.7.50, (JHB). 


AGLAOPHENIA PLUMA (L.) 

Musselwick, one in pool, L.W.M., 28.3.48, (RDP): Gann 
Flats, common on Halidrys siliquosa, 1.7.50, (JHB). SkokHoLM— 
North Haven, Peter’s Bay, Wreck Cove and Hog Bay, on Laminaria 
holdfasts, with corbule, August 1950, (RH). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 247 
Order CHONDROPHORA 


Velellide 


MeppUEA VELELLA (.) (RY 192; H 111-2; BY Plate 3) 

This floating sub-tropical species washes alive onto British 
shores when oceanic and local wind and current conditions are 
smtaple. It was recorded on 24.4.49, raré;. 27.7.50, rare ; 
10.8.50, abundant ; 3.8.51, rare; 15.8.53, rare; 20.8.53, rare ; 
July(?) 1954, rare; 9.7.56, common. 


Order SIPHONOPHORA 
Physaliide 
PHYSALIA PHYSALIS (L.) Portuguese man-of-war (W 25-29 ; 
C 247-254; Hi12; 118-121; BY Plate 3) 

This floating, sub-tropical species with a virulent sting, washes 
alive onto British shores as with Velella. It has, however, only 
been recorded from Skokholm and Skomer. 8.10.53, two:; 
I7PlO.545. OMe’; 10.10.54, ONE; 19.10.54, Six. 


Class SCYPHOMEDUSZ (E 32) 


The floating jellyfishes require special methods of collection 
and only a few species have been noted. The attached Stauro- 
meduse have, however, been recorded by hand collecting. 


Order STAUROMEDUS# (EF 42) 
Eleutherocarpide (= Lucernariide) 


HALICLYSTUS AURICULA (Rathke) (E 43; W 23; BY Plate 3) 
Great Castle Head, West Dale Bay, Gateholm. SkoxkHoLmM— 
Peter’s Bay, Crab Bay. On Cladophora rupestris, Chondrus crispus, 
Ceramium, Rhodymenia palmata and Enteromorpha, in pools at L.W.M. 
and at L.W.E.S.T. Common. March, July, August, September. 


LUCERNARIOPSIS CAMPANULATA Lamouroux (E 43) 

Great Castle Head, Martin’s Haven. SxkoxHoLmM—South Haven, 
Peter’s Bay, Crab Bay. Rare at L.W.S.T. on Himanthalia lorea 
and on red weeds, especially Gigartina. 


LucERNARIA QUADRICORNIS O. F. Miiller (E 43) 
Gann Flats, one on Laminaria, L.W.S.T., 25.8.54, (ORB). 


Order SEMAOSTOM &© 


Pelagiide 


(CHRYSAORA HYOSCELLA (L.) (Y 21; H 128; BY Plate 4) 
Cast ashore in various places, sometimes in large numbers. 
July and August, 1949 and 1950. 


248 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


CYANEA CAPILLATA (L.) var. LAMARCKI Péron and _ Lesueur 
(Y 21; RY 84; H127, 128; ~ BY Plateg?) 
Rare, July, 1951 and 1954. 


Aureliidz 
AURELIA AURITA (L.) Common jelly fish (W 20, 21 ; Scyphistoma 
and ephyra,. DW 132; Y 16,17; HMiie6) aig ares ee 
Plate 4) 
Widespread, occasionally abundant, June and July, 1949, 


1950, 1952, 1955, 1956. 
Order RHIZOSTOMA 


Rhizostomidz 
Ruizostoma octopus (L.) (Y 21; H 107, 128, 130; BY Plate 4) 


Rare, January, June, July, December, 1949, 1950. With 
Ayperia galba. 


Class ANTHOZOA (=Zoantharia, E 33) 


The anemones are well represented by both rock living and 
mud living species. Most species are Actiniarians but the two 
British solitary corals and the related Corynactis, of the Madre- 
poraria, are also present in the area. 


Sub-Class HEXACORALLIA 
Order ACTINIARIA (E 44) 


Halcampide 


HALCAMPA CHRYSANTHELLUM (Peach) (E 45) 

Gann Flats, one, 6.3.54, (JM). 
PEACHIA HASTATA Gosse (E 45; BY Plate 5) 

Dale Sands, L.W.S.T., two, 28.3.48 ; several, September 1948, 
(RDP): three, September 1949, (GO). 


Actiniide (E 46) 
ACTINIA EQUINA L. Beadlet (E46; W..34, 87 5 Yaou, Rye. 
BY Plate 5) 
Common on all rocky shores including colour varieties. ‘The 
variety fragacea is recorded from Point Wood Beach, Gunkel and 
Skokholm. Viviparous. 


ANEMONIA SULCATA (Pennant) Opelet or Snake-locks: (E 46 ; 
W333 DW 48;.Y 85 ; BY Plate 5) 
Common in several localities including colour varieties. Usually 
in rock pools and crevices. 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 249 


TEALIA FELINA (L.) var. CORIACEA (Cuvier) Dahlia (E 46; 
Ween, 92; DW 104; Y 84; BY Plate 6) 
Fairly common on all rocky shores. 
BUNODACTIS VERRUCOSA (Pennant) Gem (E. 47; BY Plate 6) 


Fairly common on all rocky shores. Young produced, 24.4.52, 
( JHB). 


ANTHOPLEURA THALLIA (Gosse) Glaucous pimplet (E47; BY 


Plate 6) 
SKOKHOLM—South Haven, one, 15.8.47, (CT). 
Metridiide 


METRIDIUM SENILE (L.) var. DIANTHUS (Ellis) Plumose (W 37 ; 
DWi1g2)> Y 84; BY Plate 6) 
Angle Beach, L.W.S.T.; one, April 1953; one, 5.4.54 (UB). 


Hormathiide 


CALLIACTIS PARASITICA (Couch) Parasitic (W 61; DW 136; 
Wo 703);) BY Plate 6) 
Stack Fort, one on Buccinum undatum shell with Eupagurus prideauxi, 


6.7.56, ( JHB) 


ADAMSIA PALLIATA (Bohadsch) Cloak (DW 136; BY Plate 6) 

With Eupagurus. Musselwick, one, March 1955, (UB): 
dredged near Monk Haven, 3.9.51, (EMT) and near Watch 
‘House Point, 19.8.52, ( JHB). 


Sagartiide 


SAGARTIA ELEGANS (Dalyell) (E 48; RY 46; BY Plate 7) 
Occasional, several colour varieties, L.W.M. Musselwick, 

Castle Beach, Great Castle Head and Bay, Monk Haven, Martin’s 

Haven. SxokHoLtm—South Haven, Crab Bay, Frank’s Point. 


SAGARTIA TROGLODYTES (Price) (E 48; BY Plate 7) 

Occasional, sometimes in pools. Gann Stones, Gann Flats, 
Point Wood Beach, Castle Beach, St. Bride’s Bay, SkokHOLM— 
Peter’s Bay, Crab Bay. 


ACTINOTHOE SPHYRODETA (Gosse) 


Castle Beach. SkoxkHotm—Little Bay. SkoMER—Mew Stone. 
L.W.S.T. 


ACTINOTHOE ANGUICOMA (Price) (E 49) 
Black Rocks, sand, L.W.S.T., one, 28.8.53, (VB). 


CEREUS PEDUNCULATUS (Pennant) (E48; BY Plate 7) 
Musselwick, Gann Flats, Gunkel, Watwick Bay, Angle Bay. 

In pools at Watwick but on stones in muddy sand over an extensive 

area on Dale Sands on the razor shell bed. Viviparous breeding, 


3.4.54, (VB). 


250 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 
Order MADREPORARIA Corals (E 50) 


Turbinolide 
CARYOPHYLLIA SMITHI Stokes Devonshire cup-coral (E 50 5 W 39 ; 
Vigo: BY Plate 7) 


Wide but irregular distribution at L.W.E.S.T. Musselwick, 
Castle Beach, Gunkel, Gateholm. SKokHoLmM—Crab Bay, East 
Bay. SKOMER—Mew Stone, Basin, North Haven. 


Corallinomorphidz 


CoryYNACTIS viriIDIs Allman Jewel anemone (E 49; W 40; Y 85) 

Castle Beach, several, 7.9.56, (UCGW).. SkomeEr—Mew Stone, 
April 1946, (VB) (a coral with no skeleton but it has the knobbed 
tentacles. Not necessarily green). 


Eupsammiide 


BALANOPHYLLIA REGIA Gosse (DW 104) 


SKOKHOLM—Crab Bay, two, L.W.S.T., 23.4.55. SKOMER— 
South Haven, Basin, Mew Stone, April 1946, (UB). 


Phylum CTENOPHORA (E 36) 


The sea gooseberries or comb-jellies like jellyfish and medusae, 
are transparent floating animals and although common in the 
plankton, they occur only occasionally stranded on the shore or 
alive in rock pools. | 


PLEUROBRACHIA PILEUS (O. F. Miiller) (E 50; DW 132; Y 22; 


H 107, 135-7, 144; BY Plate 2) : 
In plankton, 24.9.53, (CITJ) ; 6.7.49, (GM); 26.6.56, (NC). 


BEROE cucumis Fabricius (H 144; BY Plate 2) 
In plankton, 28.3.48, (RDP). 


Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Filat-worms (E 13, 53) 
Class TURBELLARIA (E53) 
Order TRICLADIDA (larva H 183) 


Procerodidz 


PROCERODES ULV& (Oersted) (E54; BY Plate 2) 


This interesting animal lives under stones only where fresh 
water streams flow over the sea shore and is capable of living 
in sea water and in almost entirely fresh water. Gann Flats, 
Point Wood Beach, Castle Beach, Gunkel, Mill Bay, Marloes 
Sands, Monk Haven. Egg capsules noted, 8.4.49, (RDP). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 251 


Order POLYCLADIDA 
Polyclad flatworms must be handled carefully and brought 
home in individual vessels. Otherwise they are likely to disinte- 
grate. 
Leptoplanide 


LEPTOPLANA TREMELLARIS (O. F. Miiller) (E 54) | 

Occasional specimens. Musselwick, Gann Flats, Slip Pier 
Beach, Great Castle Head, Gateholm, Monk Haven, Angle Bay, 
Dale Roads (dredge) and Skokholm. 


Euryleptide | 
PROSTHECERAEUS viTTaTus (Montagu) (Y 159; BY Plate II) 


Occasional under boulders or in Laminaria holdfasts. Mussel- 
wick Point, Gann Flats, Point Wood Beach, Dale Beach. 


STYLOSTOMUM VARIABILE Lang 
SKOKHOLM—South Haven, two, 18.7.55, (KST). 


Clas ,TREMATODA (E53) 


The parasitic flat-worms, both Trematodes (flukes) and Cestodes 
(tape-worms) must be searched for in or on their hosts. The 
single species recorded here merely means that no one has looked 
for the many species which must be present. 


Order MONOGENEA 
Hexabothriide 


RAJONCHOCOTYLOIDES EMARGINATA (Ollson) 
Dale Roads, on gills of skates, trawled, September 1948, (RDP). 


Phylum NEMERTINI (E 13, 56; larva H 183) 


Class ANOPLA 
Order PALHONEMERTINI 


Tubulanids 


TUBULANUS ANNULATUS (Montagu) (E57; Y 4152; BY Plate 8) 
One or two at Musselwick, Gann Flats, Martin’s Haven. Up 
to 20 cm. long. 


Lineide (E 59) 
LINEUS LONGIssIMus (Gunnerus) Bootlace worm (E59; Y 142; 
BY Plate 8) 
Point Wood Beach, Castle Beach. SkoxHotm—Crab Bay and 
SKOMER—North Haven. Occasional. Common at Gann Stones 
where 4 metres is a common length. 


252 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


LINEUS BILINEATUS (Renier) 

Dale Sands, L.W.E.S.T., two, 14.4.49 (RDP) ; one, 26.8.49, 
(GO). 

LINEUS RUBER (Miller) (E59; BY Plate 8) 

Point Wood Beach, Dale Beach, Dale Fort Beach, Castle Beach. 
SKOKHOLM—SsSouth Haven (up to 8 cm. long) and North Haven. 
Occasional. March, May, August. 

LINEUS GESSERENSIS (Miiller) (E 59) 


Musselwick, Point Wood Beach (common), Slip Pier Beach, 
Castle Beach, Angle Bay. March, April, November. Both 
green and red varieties. On 10.4.49, of two specimens of the 
red variety in gelatinous tubes, one had morulae at the 8 cell 
stage and the other about 200 active, colourless young each with 
two pink eyespots ( JHB). 


MIcRURA FASIOLATA Ehrenberg 
Castle Beach, one, L.W.S.T., 11.4.49, (RDP). 
CEREBRATULUS MARGINATUS Renier 


Gann Flats and Dale Beach below M.L.T. Rare, up to 13 cm. 
long. March, August, September, (det. S. Prudhoe). 


Class ENOPLA 
Order HAPLONEMERTINI 


Emplectonematidz 


EMPLECTONEMA GRACILE (Johnston) 
Watwick Bay, one, 19.7.51, (det. S. Prudhoe), (SP). 


EMPLECTONEMA NEESI (Oéersted) 
Slip Pier Beach, three, 12.4.49, (RDP); Watwick, several, 
(det. S. Prudhoe), 19.7.51, ( JHB). 
Prosorhochmidz 


OERSTEDIA DORSALIS Abildgaard 


Great Castle Bay, one on Polyides caprinus, L.W.S.T., 7.3.54 3 
one on holdfast of Laminaria digitata, 25.4.55, (AFB) : Dale Roads, 
dredged, 1.9.49, (GO). 


Amphiporide 
AMPHIPORUS LACTIFLOREUS (Johnston) (E57; BY Plate 8) 


Musselwick, Point Wood Beach, Slip Pier Beach. SKOKHOLM— 
Crab Bay, North Haven. March, April, June, July, November. 
Occasional. On the Gann Flats it was common in March 1949, 
but absent in July and August 1949, (NWM). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 253 


Tetrastemmatids 


"TETRASTEMMA MELANOCEPHALUM (Johnston) 
Gann Saltings, common at edge of Scirpus area, 11.8.55, (JM). 


‘TETRASTEMMA CANDIDUM (O. F. Miller) 
Great Castle Bay, one on Polyides caprinus, L.W.S.T., 7.3.54, 


(JM). 


Phylum ANNELIDA (E 14, 60) 
‘Class POLYCH ETA (E 62, 63; Larve DW111; H 181, 185) 


This important marine group of segmented worms is well 
represented at Dale in all habitats. ‘The active or errant species 
usually have an armed proboscis and are carnivores or scavengers. 
The burrowing and tubicolous species usually have tentacles and 
are detritus eaters or ciliary filter-feeders. Eggs and sperm are 
discharged into the sea water and the larve are planktonic, even- 
tually settling on a substratum appropriate to adult life. The 
larve are selective in their choice of substratum and can delay 
metamorphosis until a suitable place is found: in Spirorbis they 
settle near adults of their own species. Some eggs are laid in 
gelatinous masses attached to rock or seaweed (or sometimes on 
sand) and in other cases eggs are stored after fertilisation in the 
tube or in a special brood pouch (e.g. the operculum of some 
Spirorbis species) or, as in some syllids, the eggs may be stuck 
onto the body. In some cases the larval stages are of several 
weeks duration but in others it may be a few hours (e.g. Spzrorbis) : 
in others development is direct. 

Ripe tubiculous worms which spawn into the sea will usually 
do so immediately they are extracted from their tubes, and as the 
sexes are often of different colours when ripe, artificial fertilisations 
are easily made. 

The tubicolous and burrowing worms of the mud and gravel 
habitat are very well represented in Dale and Angle Bays. 


ERRANTIA The errant polychaetes (E 63) 


Aphroditidze Scale worms (E 65) 

Mainly rocky shore animals. 

APHRODITE ACULEATA L. Sea mouse (E65; Y 249, 252; BY 
Plate 9) 

Gann Flats, Dale Sands, L.W.E.S.T. ; Dale Roads. SKkomMErR 
North Haven, dredged. March, April, September, 1948-49-51 
and 55. ‘This species burrows in the surface layers of a muddy 
sand bottom in the sub-littoral. It is occasionally exposed by 
extreme tides or washed up by heavy gales. 


254 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


LEPIDONOTUS SQUAMATUS (L.) (E66; BY Plate 11) 

Musselwick, Point Wood Beach, Slip Pier Beach, Castle Beach, 
Great Castle Head, Angle Bay, Dale Roads (dredged). Sxox- 
HOLM—Crab Bay. Common. March, September. | 


LEPIDONOTUS CLAVA (Montagu) (E 66) 

Castle Beach, L.W.S.T., one, 27.8.49, (GO): Dale Roads, 
dredged, 16.9.49, (UCL); in Laminaria holdfasts from buoy, 
September 1948, (UCL). SxoxHotm—Crab Bay, occasional, 
L.W.S.T., 14.9.54, (HJM). 


GATTYANA CIRROSA (Pallas) 
Dale Beach, 28.3.48, (RDP) : Musselwick, March 1955, (UB). 


HARMOTHOE IMBRICATA (L.) (E 66) 

Musselwick, Gann Flats, Point Wood Beach, Slip Pier Beach. 
SKOKHOLM—Crab Bay, Peter’s Bay. Common. March, April, 
September. 


HARMOTHOE SPINIFERA (Ehlers) 
Gann Stones, 28.3.48; 8.4.49, (RDP). 


HARMOTHOE RETICULATA (Claparéde) 
Gann Flats South, one, under stone on gravel, 26.3.56, (UB). 


HARMOTHOE LONGISETIS (Grube) 
Gann Stones, Slip Pier Beach, 28.3.48, (RDP). 


HARMOTHOE LUNULATA (Delle Chiaje) (E66; Y 177, 240) 
Gann Stones, Gann Flats, Point Wood Beach, Dale Fort Beach, 
Castle Beach, Angle Bay. Common. March, July, August. 


LAGISCA EXTENUATA (Grube) (E67; BY Plate 11) 

Castle Beach, Great Castle Head, Gateholm, Martin’s Haven, 
Angle Bay. SkokHotmM—Crab Bay, South Haven. Rare. March, 
April, July, August, September. 


POLYNOE SCOLOPENDRINA Savigny (E 68) 
Musselwick Point, 28.3.48, (RDP); 11.8.49, (GO); March 
1955, (UB) : Point Wood Beach, 25.8.49, (GO). Rare. 


LEPIDASTHENIA ARGUS Hodgson (DW 140) 
Gann Flats South, commensal with Amphitrite edwards, September 


1949, (GO). 


HALOSYDNA GELATINOSA (M. Sars) (E67; Y 143) 

Musselwick (up to 24 inches long), Point Wood Beach, Slip Pier 
Beach, Castle Beach, Martin’s Haven, Angle Bay. Under 
boulders and in Laminaria holdfasts. Common. March, April, 
August, September. 


SIGALION MALTHIDAE Audouin and M. Edwards 
Gann Flats, L.W.S.T. Rare. March, September. 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 255 


STHENELAIS BOA (Johnston) (E 67) 

Musselwick Point, Gann Stones, Gann Flats, Dale Beach, 
Point Wood Beach, Slip Pier Beach, Castle Beach, Gateholm, 
Angle Bay, Dale Roads. SKkoxkHotm—Peter’s Bay, North Haven. 
L.W.M., under stones and in Laminaria holdfasts. Rare. March, 
April, July, August, September. 


Amphinomide (E 68) 


EUPHROSYNE FOLIOSA Audouin. and M.. Edwards 

Musselwick, (RDP); Castle Beach, one, L.W.S.T., 28.8.40, 
(GO) : Monk Haven, two dredged on stones covered with tuni- 
cates, 25.3.52, (NWM). 


Phyllodocide (E 68 ; larva H 173) 


Some of the species in this family are difficult to separate and 
simplified keys should be used with caution. 


PHYLLODOCE LAMINOSA Savigny (E 69) 

Gann Stones, Slip Pier Beach, Castle Beach, Gunkel, Gateholm, 
Martin’s Haven. SkokHotmM—Crab Bay. SkomMER—North Haven,, 
South Haven, Mew Stone. L.W.S.T., under boulders. Rare. 
March, April. Egg masses, 28.3.48 and 2.4.46. 


PHYLLODOCE LAMELLIGERA (Gmelin) (E 69) 
Gann Stones, Castle Beach, Angle Bay; SkokHotmM—South 
Haven. L.W.S.T., March, July, August. Up to 20 cm. long. 


PHYLLODOCE MACULATA (Ey (BY Plate9) 
Dale Beach, September 1948, (UCL): Great Castle Head, 
26.7.50, (MRY). 


PHYLLODOCE muCcOSA Oersted 
Musselwick, one, 25.3.56, (UB): Slip Pier Beach, 28.3.48, 
(RDP). 


EuLauia viripis (O. F. Miller) (E69, egg mass E70; BY 
Plate 9) 

Widespread : common under stones and among barnacles : 
also dredged. Egg masses recorded Dale, March 1949, (NWM) ; 
9.4.51, (JHB): West Dale Bay, March ( JHB) ; SkomEr—-Mew 
Stone, 5.4.46, (UB). 


EULALIA PUNCTIFERA (Grube) 
Martin’s Haven, 28.3.48, (RDP). 


EULALIA (EUMIDA) SANGUINEA Oersted (E 69) 
Gann Stones, rare, L.W.S.T., 11.8.49, (GO) : Gann Flats, ripe 
specimens, common in Laminaria holdfasts washed ashore, 8.8.49, 


(GO) Slip Pier Beach, 28.3.48, (RDP). 


256 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


Tomopteride 


ENAPTERIS EUGHAETA (Chun) 
Plankton, 23.8.49, (GO): 5.8.52, (EMS). 


"TOMOPTERIS HELGOLANDICA Greeff 
Plankton, September 1952, (GTYJ). 


Hesionide (E 74) 
KEFERSTEINIA CIRRATA (Keferstein) (E 74) 
Slip Pier Beach, 28.3.48, (RDP): Dale Roads, dredged, 
17.9.49, (GQ). SkoxkHotm—Crab Bay, 12.4.48, (BW). Rare. 


(CCASTALIA PUNCTATA (O. F. Miiller) 
Point Wood Beach, March 1955, (UB). 


MaGALIA PERARMATA Marion and Bobretzky 
Dale Roads, dredged, 17.9.49, (GO). 


Syllide (E 70) 


Many syllids are very small and easily overlooked. Identifi- 
cation is difficult and simplified keys are inadvisable. 


SYLLIS SPONGICOLA Grube 
Dale, in Laminaria holdfast from buoy, September 1948, (UCL). 


SYLLIS AMICA Quatrefages 
Castle Beach, one in Laminaria holdfast, 22.3.56, (UB). 


SYLLIS KROHNI Ehlers (E 71) 
Dale Point, one under sponge, L.W.S.T., 25.9.49, (GO). 


PTEROSYLLIS FORMOSA Claparéde (E 71) 
Dale, in Laminaria holdfast from buoy, September 1948, (UCL): 
Castle Beach, one under boulder, L.W.M., 28.8.49, (GO). 


AUTOLYTUs PiIcTUs (Ehlers) (E73; W 49) 
Point Wood Beach, one in Fucus holdfast, 24.3.55, (UB). 


MyRIANIDA PINNIGERA (Montagu) (E 74) 
Musselwick, one, on weed, 24.9.49, (UCL): Point Wood 
Beach, one, under stone, L.W.M., 9.9.49, (GO). 


Nereidz 
NEREIS PELAGICA (L.) (E 75) 

Musselwick, Dale, Point Wood Beach, Castle Beach, Watwick 
Bay, Angle Bay. SKkokHoLM—Crab Bay, Crab Rocks. SKoMER— 
North Haven. Common. March, April, August, September. 
Under stones and in holdfasts, L.W.M. 


NEREIS DIVERSICOLOR O. F. Miiller (E 76; BY Plate 9g) 
Musselwick, Gann Flats, Gann Estuary up to Mullock Bridge 
and beyond : also stated to occur in Laminaria holdfasts near the 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 257 


Slip Pier, and at Castle Beach ; and from L.W.M. on SkokHoLm 
—South Haven, Crab Bay, Peter’s Bay. 

This species is a brackish water animal not living in conditions 
of full salinity and capable of withstanding temporary dilution 
to less than 0.5 parts per thousand. It normally occurs on shores 
where fresh water flows over the beach and although often found 
in sand it is characteristically abundant in estuarine muds, where 
densities of up to 3,000 per sq. metre have been recorded. In 
one population a density of 300 in summer was reduced to a 
density of 50 during winter and spring. The worm lives in 
burrows and can feed either by seizing small animals or plant 
material in its jaws; by swallowing the surface detritus and its 
contained microfauna; or by creating, within the mouth of 
the burrow, a funnel of mucus threads which filters off detritus 
brought in by the irrigation movements of the body: the funnel 
and trapped particles are then swallowed. 

A normal breeding population contains up to 10 per cent. 
males and both sexes turn green at maturity. Spawning takes 
place in late February (later further north) after several females 
have coiled round a single male. ‘The larve live in the mud and 
adopt the adult mode of life after 10 weeks, at a length of 4 mm. 
These attain a length of 10 cm. by the next spawning period and 
then die. Since spawning only takes place in the presence of the 
other sex, some females do not spawn and live on to attain a 
large size, but die before the next spawning season. 


NEREIS FUCATA Savigny (E 76) 


Point Wood Beach, (GO): dredged off Musselwick, September 
1948, (RDP) ; trawled, Dale Roads, 11.9.50, (EMT) and 25.3.52, 
(NWM): in Buccinum shells with hermit-crabs, rare. Also 
SKOKHOLM—South Haven, one in debris in pool, 15.8.47, (CT). 
This species can apparently live without association with hermit 
crabs and free living specimens should be preserved at the Centre 
for confirmation of identification. 


PERINEREIS CULTRIFERA (Grube) (E76; Y 151) 


Musselwick, Gann Flats, Point Wood Beach, Slip Pier Beach. 
SKOKHOLM—North Haven, Peter’s Bay. Common under stones, 
L.W.M. March, May, June, September, November. 


PLATYNEREIS DUMERILI (Audouin and M. Edwards) (E 77; 
BY Flate 9) 

Gann Flats, Brig Stones, Point Wood Beach, Castle Beach, 
Great Castle Head, Angle Bay and Skokholm: dredged off 
Musselwick and in Dale Roads. Lives in a membranous tube 
attached to weeds and Laminaria holdfasts. L.W.M. and below. 
Common. Young in tube, 22.3.56, (UB). 


258 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 
Nephthydide (E 77) 
NEPHTHYS CAECA (O. F. Miller) (E 77) 

Gann Mouth, absent, 1.4.49 ; present 31.3.50 (NWM) : Dale 
Sands, one, 3.4.49, (RDP): Castle Beach, one, 25.7.49, (GO) ; 
one, 30.7.49, (NWM) ; several, 22.9.49, (UCL). 

NEPHTHYS HOMBERGI Lamarck (E77; BY Plate 10) 
Gann Flats, one, 23.11.48, (NWM); March 1955, (UB) : 


Black Rocks, in sand, 28.3.48, (RDP): Dale Sands, 26.7.50, 
(MRY) : Monk Haven, several, 26.9.49, (UCL). 


NEPHTHYS CIRROSA Ehlers (E 78) 


Gann, L.W.N.T., 8.4.49, (RDP): Monk Haven, im sand; 
September 1948, (UCL). 


Glyceride (E 78, 79) 


GLYCERA GIGANTEA Quatrefages 
Dale Roads, one dredged, 17.9.49, (UCL). 


GLYCERA CONVOLUTA Keferstein (E 79) 

Musselwick, March 1956, (UB): Gann, with Lanice tubes, 
September 1948, (UCL); 28.3:48, (RDP))> Dale) Beach slip 
Pier Beach, 28.3.48, (RDP). 

GLYCERA ALBA Rathke 
Gann, L.W.N.T. 26.7.54, (det. N. Tebble). 


GONIADA MACULATA Oersted 
Dale Beach, several in sand sievings, September 1948, (RDP). 


Eunicide (E 79; Y 153; RY 257) 


MARPHYSA SANGUINEA (Montagu) (E80; Y 152; BY Plate 10) 

Musselwick, 28.3.48, (RDP); 28.3.52, (NWM);_ 25.8.56, 
(GEB): Gann Flats, March, (JHB); March, 1955, (UB): 
Dale Sands, 26.7.50, (MRY). Under boulders, in crevices, in 
muddy sand, up to 15 inches long. 


MARPHYSA BELLI (Audouin and M. Edwards) 


Gann and Dale Beach, sieved from sand, M.T.L., September 
1948, (RDP). 


LysIDICE NINETTA Audouin and M. Edwards (E. 80 ; BY Plate 10) 
Gann Stones, 28.3.48, (RDP) : in rock pool, L.W.M., 26.9.40, 
(UCL). 
NEMATONEREIS UNICORNIS (Grube) 
Slip Pier Beach, 28.3.48, (RDP). 


LUMBRICONEREIS IMPATIENS Claparéde 
Dale Roads, three, dredged, 17.9.49, (UCL). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 259 


DorVILLEA (STAUROCEPHALUS) RUBROVITTATUS (Grube) var. 
BIVITTATA (Pruvot and Racovitza) . 
Gann Stones, under stone in Fucus serratus zone, 10.9.50, ( JG). 


SEDENTARIA The Sedentary Polychaetes (E 64) 
Orbiniide (E 80 as Ariciide) 


ORBINIA LATREILLI (Audouin and M. Edwards) (= Aricza) 
Gann, one, L.W.S.T., 13.8.49, (GO) : Dale Sands, one sieved 
from sand, 13.4.49, (RDP). 


ORBINIA CUVIERI (Audouin and M. Edwards) (= Arica) 
Black Rocks sands, common, L.W.S.T., 28.3.48, (RDP). 


Spionide (E 81) 


SCOLELEPIS FULIGINOSA (Claparede) 
Gann Stones, one in muddy sand, 24.3.56, (UB). 


NERINE FOLIOSA (Audouin and M. Edwards) (E 82) 
Musselwick, Gann Flats, Dale Beach. Below M.T.L. Com- 
mon. March, April, August, September. 


NERINE CIRRATULUS (Della Chiaje) (E 82) 
Castle Beach, one in sand, 22.9.49, (UCL): common pro- 
truding through Lithophyllum in rock pools, 27.4.50, ( JHB). 


PyGosPIO ELEGANS (Claparéede) (E 82) 
Gann, March, 1949; Watwick, 31.3.49, (NWM). 


POLYDORA CILIATA (Johnston) (BY Plate 5) 
Angle Bay, April 1953, (UB). 


Chetopteride (E 83) 


CHAETOPTERUS VARIOPEDATUS (Renier) 
Gann Flats, one, 7.3.50, ( JHB). 


Cirratulide (E 84) 


AUDOUINEA TENTACULATA (Montagu) (E84 as Cirratulus; BY 
Plate 11) 
Gann Stones, Gann Estuary, Gann Flats, Slip Pier Beach. 
SKOKHOLM—Peter’s Bay, Crab Bay. In muddy gravel under 
stones, M.T.L. and below. March, April, August, September. 


CirRATULUS cIRRATUS (O. F. Miiller) (E 85) 
Gann Stones, Dale Beach, Slip Pier Beach, Castle Beach, Monk 
Haven, Angle Bay. March, April, May, September. 


CIRRATULUS FILIFORMIS Keferstein 
Watwick Bay, 31.3.49, (NWM). 


260 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


DODECACERIA CONCHARUM Oersted 

Watwick Bay, one, 2.4.54, (UB): Great Castle Head, two, 
26.3.54, (AKC): SKkoKHOoLM, one, 11.9.49, (GO). L.W.M. in 
holdfast of Laminaria and in pool in holdfast of Bifurcaria rotunda. 
For asexual reproduction see DW 123. 


Chlorhemide (E 85) 


FLABELLIGERA AFFINIS Sars (E85; BY Plate 11) 

Musselwick, Gann Stones, Gann Flats, Black Rocks, Slip Pier 
Beach, Dale Fort Beach, Castle Beach, Martin’s Haven. Com- 
mon under boulders and in Laminaria holdfasts. Also recorded 
up to 30 mm. long at Musselwick, Black Rocks, Dale Fort Beach 
and Martin’s Haven from among the spines of Psammechinus 
miliaris (RDP, NWM, JM, UB). ‘This species walks about with 
its chaetae protruding through a thin mucous tube. 


Opheliide 


AMMOTRYPANE AULOGASTER Rathke 
Off Watch House Point, one dredged in fine mud, 3.9.49, (GO). 


Capitellide (E 85, 86) — 


NOTOMASTUS LATERICEUS M. Sars (E 86) 
Gann Flats and Dale Sands. Common, L.W.M. March, 
August, September, November. 


CAPITELLA CAPITATA (Fabricius) (E 86) 
Gann Flats, March 1956, (UB) : Dale Sands, 26.7.50, (MRY). 


Arenicolide (E 86, 87) 


ARENICOLA MARINA L. Lugworm (E87; Y3177, 224; RY 52; 
BY Plates 12 and v) 

Gann Stones, Gann Flats, Gann Estuary, Gann Saltings, Castle 
Beach, Angle Bay. SKkokHoLtM—Peter’s Bay. SKOMER—South 
Haven. Common and large on the Gann Flats, smaller speci- 
mens in the Estuary and Saltings. Not so high up the estuary 
on 31.3.50 as on 1.4.49 (NWM). 

An account of the habits of this species is to be found in New 
Biology No. 22. It is a burrowing sand eater. It spawns onto 
the surface of the sand between new and full moon in the second 
half of October. ‘The eggs, lying on the sand, hatch in 4-5 days 
and at 14 days the active, but never planktonic, larve reach the 
gravelly Fucus zone and live in mucous tubes. They migrate 
actively to the sandy shore and also migrate frequently there- 
after so that the larger specimens are to be found lowest on the 
shore. They grow to 4.3 cm. long in one year (with no tail 
region) and spawn at 2 years. After spawning 40 per cent. die. 
Females outnumber males by nearly 4 to 1. 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 261 


ARENICOLA GRUBII Claparéde (=branchialis) (E 87) 

Gann Stones, Dale Beach, Castle Beach, Gunkel. SkOKHOLM— 
Peter’s Bay, Crab Bay, South Haven. SKkomMer—North Haven. 
In mud, rare. March, April, September. 


ARENICOLA ECAUDATA Johnston (E87; BY Plate 12) 
SKOKHOLM—North Haven, two under stones in shell sand, 
16.9.54, (HJM). 
Maldanide 


CAESOCIRRUS NEGLECTUS Ardwissen (==Clymene oerstedit) 

Gann Stones, common in mud, L.W.S.T., 3.4.50, (NWM) : 
Gann Flats, common, L.W.M., September 1949, (GO): Dale 
Beach, 26.39.48, (RDP). 

Oweniide 
OQwWENIA FUSIFORMIS Della Chiaje (larva H 173) 

From Dale Sands to Musselwick, abundant in sand or muddy 
sand near L.W.S.T. Egg masses attached by an anchoring 
thread, colourless and about half the diameter of those of Phyllodoce 
laminosa, are possibly of this species, 28.3.48, (RDP). 


Sabellariide (E 87) 
SABELLARIA SPINULOSA Leuckart (E 87) 
Musselwick, one, 24.3.51, (NWM) : Gateholm, one, L.W.S.T., 
20.0040, CORDP). 


Amphictenide (E 88) 
PECTINARIA KORENI (Malmgren) (E89; Y 218; BY Plates 12 
and v) 
From Dale Sands to Musselwick, occasional near L.W.S.T. 
in sand. 


PECTINARIA BELGICA (Pallas) (E 89) 
SKOMER—North Haven, dredged, April 1946, (UB). 


Ampharetide (E 88) 
MELINNA PALMATA Grube 
Lower Gann, 28.3.48, (RDP); common in muddy sand, 
L.W.S.T., April 1949, (GO): Dale, several, 8.4.55, (JM). 


Terebellidae (E 89, 90 ; RY 207) 


AMPHITRITE GRACILIS (Grube) (Eg1; BY Plate 12) 
Dale Sands, March 1949, (NWM): Dale Fort Beach, 26.7.50, 
(MRY). 


AMPHITRITE JOHNSTONI Malmgren (Eg1; W513; Y31773; BY 
Plate 12) 
Gann Flats, March 1955, 1956, (UB). 


262 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


AMPHITRITE EDWARDSI (Quatrefages) (E 90, DW 140) 
Gann Flats from Black Rocks to Musselwick. Common in 
muddy gravel near L.W.M. 


LANICE CONCHILEGA (Pallas) (E91; BY Plate 12) 

Common from Dale Sands to Gann Stones. Up to 200 per 
sq. m. (NAH) ; tubes at upper margin of range empty, 25.3.51, 
(NWM). Angle Bay, April 1953, (UB). SkoxHoLmM—Crab Bay, 
North Haven; rare. ‘The tubes are very characteristic (Y 224 ; 
BY Plate v). 


POLYMNIA NEBULOSA (Montagu) (Eg1; BY Plate 12) 
Common under boulders and in Laminaria holdfasts in suitable 
places from Point Wood Beach across the Gann Flats to Musselwick. 


NICOLEA VENUSTULA (Montagu) (E91) 

Gann Stones, 28.3.48, (RDP): Gann Flats, in Laminaria 
holdfasts washed ashore, 11.8.49, (GO) : Slip Pier Beach, 28.3.48, 
(RDP): dredged in. Dale_Roads, 28.3°480) (RDE) 3) 47.90.30. 
(UCL). 

NICOLEA ZOSTERIGOLA (Oersted) (E g2 

Slip Pier, in Laminaria holdfasts from buoy, September 1948, 
(UCL). 

Sabellide (E 92, 93) 


This family is well represented at Dale, particularly by the 
extensive beds of Sabella and Branchiomma on the Gann Flats and 
in Angle Bay. Many species are tolerant of muddy conditions. 


SABELLA PAVONINA Savigny Peacock worm (E93; W 45, 47; 
DW 108; Y 241, 244; BY Plates 13 and vy) 

Abundant at and below L.W.N.T. in muddy sand from Black 
Rocks to Musselwick; the pale variety with bands across the 
tentacles is common, the often larger variety with dark red-brown 
tentacles is less common. Also recorded from Castle Beach (one, 
26.7.50, (MRY)) and Angle Bay (common, March 1953, (UB)). 

This species, in common with the other Sabellid and Serpulid 
worms protrudes a cone shaped fan of tentacles from the tube 
and feeds on suspended particles drawn in on a.current produced 
by the tentacle cilia. Sabella is remarkable for its ability to sort 
the collected particles into three sizes of which the smallest are 
eaten, the largest are discarded on the upwardly directed outgoing 
current, and the middle sized particles are mixed with a secretion 
and used in tube building. 


BIsPIRA VOLUTACORNIS (Montagu) Twin-fan worm (E93; W 48 ; 
DW 1085), Yoda, BY alates 13) 
Dale Point, Castle Beach, Gunkel, Great Castle Bay. Small 
groups found between rocks or in pools near L.W.M. March, 
April, September. 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 263 


POTAMILLA RENIFORMIS (O. F. Miiller) (BY Plate 13) 

Great Castle Head, several tubes tangled around a grey sponge, 
11.9.49 ; Dale Roads, several in a Clione-riddled oyster shell, 
dredged, 16.9.49, (GO). 


POTAMILLA TORELLI Malmgren (W 79) 

Dale Roads, one, dredged, 17.9.49, (GO): SkoKHOLM— 
common, L.W.M., 11.9.49, (GO); frequent in encrusting cal- 
careous algae in rock pools below M.T.L., 2.4.52, (ECJ). 


CHONE INFUNDIBULIFORMIS Krdéyer 
Dale, one, 25.3.55, (JM). 


BRANCHIOMMA VESICULOSUM (Montagu) (BY Plate 13) 

Abundant on the Gann Flats in muddy gravel. Also present 
at Castle Beach (28.3.48, (RDP)) and Angle Bay (UB). This 
species is often interspersed with Sabella but in more gravelly 
places. Its tube is coarser than that of Sabella (BY Plate v). 


DasyCHONE BOMBYX (Dalyell) (E93; BY Plate 13) 
Gann Flats, March 1955, (UB): SxoxHo_tm—Peter’s Bay, 
one, L.W.M., 21.7.55, (KST). 


FABRICIA SABELLA (Ehrenberg) 
SkOKHOLM—North Haven, in crevices, H.W.N.T., 20.8.55, (JG). 


ORIDIA ARMANDI (Claparéde) 


Great Castle Head, numbers attached to a polyzoan, 15.9.49, 
(GO) 


Serpulide (E 94) 


SERPULA VERMICULARIS L. (BY Plate iv) 
SKOKHOLM—South Haven, several, L.W.M., 15.8.47, (QT). 


POMATOCEROS TRIQUETER (L.) (BY Plate iv) 

Musselwick, Point Wood Beach, Slip Pier Beach, Castle Beach, 
Gateholm, Angle Bay. SkoxHotm—Crab Bay, Peter’s Bay, 
North Haven. Sxkomer—North and South Havens. Abundant. 
A common rock shore species, which, unlike most littoral species, 
is also found in deeper water to 3,000 metres. 


PROTULA TUBULARIA (Montagu) (BY Plate iv) 

Dale Roads, dredged, common, 17.9.49, (UCL); 31.3.53, 
(MRY). 
APOMATUS sp. 

Musselwick Point, several, 28.3.48, (RDP). 


SPIRORBIS BOREALIS Daudin (E96; Y 24, 139; BY Plate iv) 

Musselwick, Gann Estuary, Slip Pier Beach, Dale Fort Beach, 
Castle Beach, Angle Bay. SxkoxHotm—Peter’s Bay, Crab Bay. 
Abundant on stones and weeds near L.W.M. 


264 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


SPIRORBIS SPIRILLUM (L.) (BY Plate iv) 

Slip Pier Beach, Angle Bay. SxkokHotmM—Crab Bay. SKOMER 
—North and South Havens. On stones and weed near L.W.M. 

There are numerous British species of Spzrorbis and although the 
above are two common species, others are probably present. In 
Spirorbis borealis eggs are laid at the moon’s quarters, when larve 
are liberated and a new batch of oocytes begins to mature. Four- 
teen days later the eggs (having been retained in the tube) are 
ready for liberation as free swimming larve, the oocytes are ripe 
and replace them in the tube, and a new batch of oocytes begins 
to mature. ‘This process if repeated from at least May to October 
(at Bangor). Thus, numerous larve can be obtained for a few 
days each side of the moon’s quarters but only a few in between. 
The synchronisation with the moon’s periods tends to break down 
in the warmer months. 

The larve at first swim towards the light but after a period 
of 15 minutes to 2 hours they begin to wander and tend to swim 
away from the light. They are attracted to solid surfaces, and 
particularly to Fucus, and explore various places for up to 2 hours. 
After this they remain on a surface and move more slowly with 
frequent changes of direction. They eventually secrete a short 
piece of transparent tube and settle permanently. Subsequent 
additions to the tube are by means of the special collars for secret- 
ing the calcareous tube. The larve settle most readily near 
adults of their own species but are less discriminating if settle- 
ment is delayed a few hours. 


Clas MYZOSTOMARIA > 


MyZOsTOMUM CIRRIFERUM Leuckart 


Gann Stones, 28.9.49, (RDP): March, 1951 and 1952, absent, 
(NWM). Lives on Antedon. 


Class OLIGOCHAETA 
Tubificide 
CLITELLIO ARENARIUS O. F. Miiller 


SKOKHOLM—North Haven, abundant in sand under stones, 
25.5-55, (AD). 


Class HIRUDINEA Leeches 
PONTOBDELLA MURICATA (L.) 


Dale Roads, three on Torpedo nobiliana, September 1948, (RDP); 
one on Raia clavata, 21.7.49, (GO): Gann Flats, one on sand, 


6.3.50, ( JHB) 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 265 


Phylum SIPUNCULOIDEA (E 97) 


GOLFINGIA ELONGATUM (Keferstein) (=Phascolosoma) (E 98) 
In muddy gravel and sandy gravel from Dale Sands to Gann 
Stones and in Angle Bay. Rare. 


GOLFINGIA VULGARE (Blainville) (= Phascolosoma) 

Gann Stones, one in muddy gravel with Loxosoma, 28.3.48 ; 
one, 14.4.49, (RDP). 
GOLFINGIA MINUTUM (Keferstein) (= Phascolosoma) (E 98) 

Slip, Pier Beach, one, September 1948, (UCL). 


PHASCOLION STROMBI (Montagu) (BY Plate 11) 
Abundant in dead Turritella shells dredged in Dale Roads. 


Phylum ECHIUROIDEA 


‘THALASSEMA NEPTUNI Gaertner (E 08) 
SKOMER—North Haven, one, April 1946, (UB). 


Phylum PRIAPULOIDEA 


PRIAPULUS CAUDATUS Lamarck (E98: BY Plate 11) 
Gann Flats, one in sand and gravel, 3 inches below surface 
lying horizontally, L.W.E.S.T., 6.3.54, (JM): one, March 


1955, (UB). 


Phylum ARTHROPODA (E 14, 102) 
Sub-Phylum CRUSTACEA (E 103, 104) 


Class OSTRACODA (H 161) 


There are many bottom living and planktonic ostracods in 
British waters but they are all small and are largely ignored. 


CYTHERE LUTEA O. F. Miller 
SKOKHOLM—North Haven, in Laminaria holdfasts, August 


1955, (JG). 


HEMICYTHERE VILLOSA (G. O. Sars) 
SKOKHOLM—North Haven, in Laminaria holdfasts, August 


1955, (JG). 


PARADOXOSTOMA sp. 
SKOKHOLM—North Haven, on Lomentaria articulata, August 


1955, (JG). 


Class COPEPODA (RY 111) 


The copepods form a numerous and important group on and 
in the sea bed (even among sand grains), and among weeds, 
but being so small they are normally overlooked. In the plankton 


266 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


they are the dominant animal group and numerous species are 
present. In addition the parasitic copepods are present on and 
in a variety of hosts. In each case specral collecting methods 
are required and only a few representative species have so far 
been recorded. 

Order EUCOPEPODA 


Sub-Order CALANOIDA (W 66; RY 121, 128; H 157 onwards) 


Pontellidz 
ANOMALOCERA PATERSONI Templeton (H 160, 164) 


Dale Roads plankton, three, 31.8.54, (ORB). 
Sub-Order HARPACTICOIDA 


Ectinosomidz 


ECTINOSOMA TENUIPES 'T. and A. Scott 
SKOKHOLM—North Haven, in Laminaria holdfast, August 1955, 


(JG). 
Harpacticide 


Ticriopus FULvus (Fischer) (=bdbrevicornis O. F. Miller) 

From Slip Pier Beach round Dale Point to Watwick. SKoK- 
HOLM—Peter’s Bay and elsewhere ; SkoMER—The Spit. Abundant 
in pools at, and above, H.W.N.T. Eggs noted in April, May and 
July. (See Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 36, 1957, 115). 


Thalestride 
PARATHALESTRIS Sp. 
SKOKHOLM—In pool with Tigriopus, August 1955, (JG). 


DacTYLOPODIA NEGLECTA (G. O. Sars) 
SkokHoLm—North Haven, on Lomentaria, August 1955, ( JG). 


Laophontide 


LAOPHONTE SERRATA (Claus) 
SkokHoLmM—North Haven, in Laminaria holdfast, August 1955, 


(JG). 
Metide 


MeETIs IGNEA Philippi 

SkokHoLtm—North and South Havens, in crevices, August 
1955; (JG). 
DIARTHRODES sp. | 

SkOKHOLM—South Haven, on Corallina, August 1955, (JG). . 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 267 


Sub-Order CGYCLOPOIDA 
Cancerillide 


CANCERILLA TUBULATA Dalyell 
Castle Beach, one on Amphipholis squamata, dredged, 16.8.49, 
(GO). 


Lichomolgidz 


MYTILICOLA INTESTINALIS Steuer 

A bright red intestinal parasite of the common mussel, Mytilus 
edulis which is having a marked effect on British mussel beds. 
It appeared in Britain at Blyth in 1947 and has spread rapidly 
in recent years. 

Gann, near Lime Kiln, 2 out of 20 Mytilus infected, 5.12.51, 
(GCB) : present in about 95 per cent. of the mussels in the area 
from Angle Bay and Dale to Little Milford, Pennar Gut, Lawrenny 
and Landshipping ; up to 33 parasites per mussel, January 1954, 
(BTH). 


SABELLIPHILUS ELONGATUS M. Sars 

Gann Flats, on tentacles of Sabella pavonina, August 1953, (VB): 
(det. J. P. Harding). A rare species previously recorded in 1877 
and 1888. 


Sub-Order CALIGOIDA 


Caligide (RY 227) 


CALIGUS RAPAX Milne Edwards 


Dale Roads, two females with egg sacs, attached to grey mullet 
(Mugil chelo), 14.6.55, ( JHB). 


CALIGUS PELAMYDIs Kroyer 
Dale Roads, one female on mackerel, 30.9.54, (JM). 


LEPEOPHTHEIRUS PECTORALIS (O. F. Miller) 
Several on gills of dab and flounder (Pleuronectes limanda and 
de flesus). 624.40, (RDP). 


LEPEOPHTHEIRUS THOMPSONI Baird 
One on brill (Rhombus laevis), 6.4.49, (RDP). 


LEPEOPHTHEIRUS SALMONIS (Kroyer) 

Dale Roads, in net off Point Wood Beach, on sewen (Salmo 
trutta), one female, 30.9.54, (JM) ; several with egg sacs, 14.6.55, 
( J.H.B). 


‘TREBIUS CAUDATUS Kroyer 
Dale Roads, on skate in otter trawl; one, September 1948, 
(RDP) ; two males and two females on skin near mouth, 21.9.49, 


(GO). 


268 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


Sub-Order LERNAEOIDA 
Lernezide (RH 227) 
LERNAEOCERA BRANCHIALIS (L.) (=Lernaea) 


Young females abundant on gills of flounder (Pleuronectes flesus), 
6.4.49, (RDP). 


Chondracanthide 
ACANTHOCHONDRIA CORNUTA (O. F. Miiller) 
Four on gills of flounder (Pleuronectes flesus), 6.4.49, (RDP). 


ACANTHOCHONDRIA DEPRESSA (T. Scott) 
Dale Roads, (RDP). 


Lernzxopodide 


CHAROPINUS RAMOSUS Kroyer 
Castle Beach, Dale Roads, 28.3.48, (R.D.P.). 


Class CIRRIPEDIA Barnacles (E 105) 
Order THORACICA 


Lepadide Stalked barnacles 
The species of this family are not local but are washed in alive 
on floating objects from warmer seas. 


LEPAS ANATIFERA L. Ship’s barnacle (W 68; RY 210; BY 
Plate vi) 

On several occasions in 1950, ( JHB) ; 24.9.53, (GTJ) 3 31.7.50, 
(HJMB). Young specimens were found attached to Ascophyllum 
in Crab Bay, Skokholm on 9.7.56, (CRT). 

LEpAS FASCICULARIS Ellis and Solander (W 69; BY Plate vi) 

Many, 20.7.50, (JHB). ‘This species occurs in small clusters 
attached to its own float. 


LEPAS PECTINATA Spengler 
Gateholm, (RDP). 


Verrucide (E 106) 
VERRUCA STROEMIA (O. F. Miller) (BY Plate vi) 

Musselwick, two; Slip Pier Beach, absent; Castle Beach, a 
few ; Gateholm, absent ; Martin’s Haven, rare, 12.4.49, (RDP). 
Dale Roads, on back of Maia squinado, 31.3.49, (NWM). SKOMER 
—Mew Stone, common, April 1946, (UB). It breeds in the 
spring and summer. The genus Verruca is a deep-water genus 
and this species extends from 3000 m. to L.W.E.S.T. 


Chthamalide (E107; C175; 176; Y272) 


CHTHAMALUS STELLATUS (Poli) (BY Plate vi) 

Abundant on all exposed rocky shores from above H.W.M. 
to M.T.L. and below. Absent in shelter (e.g. Musselwick Point, 
Castle Beach and Gateholm (West), 28.3.48, (RDP)). Rare 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 269 


specimens occur near the Gann (2.8.49, NWM) and large speci- 
mens were recorded from the Laminaria zone in Crab Bay on 
Skokholm (17.9.54, HJM). It is a southern form and breeds in 
the summer months. Its distribution in Great Britain is appar- 
ently limited to the west coast by winter temperatures. 


Balanidae Acorn Barnacles (E107; Y110; 113; H165) 


BALANuS BALANUS L. (=8. porcatus) (Darwin 1854, IJ, p. 256) 
Musselwick Point, a few, L.W.M., 28.3.48, (RDP); March 
1955, (UB): Slip Pier Beach, a few, 28.3.48, (RDP). 
This northern species is a sub-littoral form and is a winter 
breeder liberating its nauplii in February. It is cross fertilised 
and isolated specimens do not breed. 


BALANUS CRENATUS Brugiere (BY Plate vi) 

The commonest barnacle on _ sub-littoral stones, shells and 
crabs. Often found near L.W.M. It has been recorded from 
Musselwick, Slip Pier Beach, Castle Beach, Gateholm and Dale 
Roads ; and on Skokholm from Crab Bay and South Haven. 

It breeds through the spring and summer liberating a large 
batch of nauplii in March and smaller numbers throughout the 
summer. Newly settled spat was recorded from Castle Beach, 
29.5-49, ( JHB). 

BALANUS PERFORATUS Brugiére (BY Plate vi) 

The largest shore barnacle, occurring in crevices on over- 
hanging surfaces on exposed shores. ‘This mediterranean species 
occurs only in the south west (of Great Britain) and has, strangely 
enough, not been recorded from Ireland. It breeds in the summer 
months. It occurs commonly from Point Wood Beach round 
Dale Point to Castle Beach, is rare on Great Castle Head but 
common on Gateholm. It is common in parts of Skokholm and 
Skomer. 


BALANUS BALANOIDES (L.) (BY Plate vi) 

The commonest British barnacle girdles the whole of the British 
Isles from about H.W.N. to M.T.L., often extending towards 
L.W.M. It is a northern form and breeds during the winter 
liberating its larve mainly in March; settlement occurring in 
April. It occurs lower on the shore than Chthamalus but extends 
further into shelter and is found in Dale Bay right up to the Gann 
Mouth. It is frequently infected with an isopod parasite 
Hemioniscus balant. 


BALANUS IMPROVISUS Darwin 

Recorded only from Skomer (the Basin) this species, typical of 
L.W.M. in estuaries and sheltered bays, probably occurs in the 
area. Its status requires investigation and the Skomer record 
requires confirmation. 


270 R. BASSINDALE. AND J. H. BARRETT 


BALANUS HAMERI (Ascanius) (Darwin, Cirripedia, 1854, 277) 
This large, sub-littoral species is a northern form with a life history 
similar to that of B. balanus. The sole record from the area is a single 
record-sized specimen from a crab pot off the Smalls (2.6 inches 
basal diameter and 1.35 inches high—det. J. P. Harding) 24.10.50. 


ELMINIUs MODESTUS Darwin (BY Plate vi). 

First recorded at Dale in September 1951 (UCL) the species 
is now abundant in Dale Bay from Dale Point to Musselwick. 
Occasional specimens have been seen outside e.g. Gunkel, one, 
5-752 (EMT); Dale Point, two, March 1955; Angle Bay, 
April 1953 (UB). It occurs from L.W.M. to H.W.M. and may 
be found among B. balanoides and Ch. stellatus at all levels. It 
breeds throughout the year, but at a low rate during winter, 
and during summer a generation may occupy only 8 weeks. 

The species arrived in this country from New Zealand in 1943 
or 1946 and has subsequently spread from the English Channel 
to the Scottish borders along both east and west coasts. It was 
originally thought that it would compete mainly with Balanus 
improvisus since their habitat is similar. However, it seems to 
be competing with other species as well and, in addition, to be 
occupying areas previously uncolonised by barnacles. For 
example, at Dale, it is the only barnacle found on dog whelks. 

An interesting feature of barnacle distribution is that Balanus 
perforatus does not occur in S.W. Ireland, which should be suited 
to it, nor Elminius modestus on Guernsey although it has been 
present on the adjacent French coast for some years. It is usually 
assumed that shore animals with planktonic larve must lose a 
considerable number of their young by dispersal seawards. ‘These 
two observations suggest that the loss may not be excessive. 


Order RHIZOCEPHALA 


These remarkable parasitic barnacles feed by an absorptive 
‘root’ system which ramifies throughout the tissues (except 
heart and gills) of their decapod hosts. In some hosts this pro- 
duces ‘ parasitic castration’. ‘The external part bears no resem- 
blance to a barnacle (nor indeed to any other crustacean) but the 
larve are typical nauplii which give rise to a typical Cirripede cypris 
larva, which then attacks and penetrates the host. The larve 
do not feed and in some species the eggs hatch at the cypris stage. 


Sacculinidse 


SACCULINA CARCINI Thompson (BY Plate vi) 

Common on shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) from the sub-littoral 
in Dale Roads, and one from Angle Bay. 
PELTOGASTER PAGURI Rathke (BY Plate vi) 

Slip Pier Beach, one on Eupagurus bernhardus, 28.3.48, (RDP). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 271 


Clas MALACOSTRACA 


The Malacostraca, including as it does the very numerous 
species of amphipods, isopods, shrimps, prawns and crabs, is the 
most varied of the crustacean groups and is important to the shore 
collector as many of the species are large. Development is often 
direct and in others the eggs very rarely hatch in so early a stage 
as the typical crustacean nauplius—the crab zoea is a much more 
developed larval stage. 


Sub-Class LEPTOSTRACA (E 108) 


NEBALIA BIPES (Fabricius) (BY Plate viii) 

This interesting species with its mixture of primitive and 
specialised features is characteristic of L.W.M. on the rocky 
shore where mud accumulates among gravel and sand in crevices 
and pools. It is common at the Gann Stones and has been 
recorded from Angle Bay and from Crab Bay on Skokholm. It 
is a filter feeder, using its thoracic appendages for this purpose. 


Sub-Class PERACARIDA 
Order CUMACEA (BY Plate xiii) 


Bodotriide 
BoDOTRIA SCORPIOIDES (Montagu) 
Plankton, at night, males only, 12.9.54, (GTJ). 
IPHINOE TRISPINOSA (Goodsir) (BY Plate xiii) 
Plankton, night, 21.9.52, (GTYJ). 
Diastylide 


DIASTYLIS RATHKEI (Kroyer) 
Dale Sands, (RDP). 


Order TANAIDACEA (E 109) 
Apseudide 


APSEUDES TALPA (Montagu) (E 109) 
Dale Fort Beach, one in Laminaria holdfast, 26.3.56 : SkoMER— 
North Haven, one, April 1946, (UB). 


Tanaide 
TANAIS CHEVREUXI Dollfus 
SKOKHOLM—North and South Havens, abundant in crevices, 
August 1955, (JG). 
TANAIs CAVOLINI Milne Edwards (BY Plate xiii) 
Slip Pier, one in Cladophora, 22.3.56, (UB). 


212 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 
Order ISOPODA (E 109, 110) 


Anthuridz 


ANTHURA GRACILIS (Montagu) 
Dale Roads, dredge, one, September, 1948, (RDP). 


Anceids 


PARAGNATHIA FORMICA (Hess) (Bate and Westwood, 1868, 77, 203, 
as Anceus haladai Halliday) 
Dale, September 1951, (UCL). 


Gnathiide (E 113) 


GNATHIA MAXILLARIS (Montagu) E113; H1i169; BY Plate viii) 

This ectoparasitic species has easily distinguishable males and 
females and larval stages. ‘The adults live in crevices,or burrows 
on the shore and reproduce but do not feed. Development is 
direct and the praniza larva—the feeding stage—attacks fish and 
sucks blood. 

Females have been taken at Castle Beach (one) and Longoar 
Bay (eleven) ; males at Longoar Bay (one); praniza larve at 
Slip Pier Beach (one on Blennius ocellaris), Point Wood Beach 
(one on a blenny), Dale Roads (one in dredge) and South Haven, 
Skomer (three on a rockling). 


Cirolanide (E 114) 


CIROLANA CRANCHI Leach (E 114) 
Brig Stones, one (probably washed up), 21.9.53, (EMS). 


EURYDICE PULCHRA Leach (E 114, BY Plate viii) 

Watwick Bay, in sand just below H.W.N.T., 27.4.48, (NAH) : 
Great Castle Head, 26.7.50, (MRY): West Dale Bay, in pool, 
M.T.L., 5.3.55, (JM): Marloes Sands, abundant in pools, 
H.W ON. T.. 25.9:419) @DVWs)r 


EURYDICE SPINIGERA Hansen 
Plankton, 25.8.53, (det. I. Gordon), ( JHB). 


Limnoriide (E 114) 


LimnorRIA LIGNORUM (Rathke) (E114; Y3174, 184-186; RY 
144-145; BY Plate viii) 
Common in the wood of a wreck at Musselwick, 1948 onwards. 
A wood-boring animal of economic importance as it eats away 
wooden piles, etc. 


Spheromatide (E 115) 


SPHAEROMA SERRATUM (Fabricius) (E 115) 
Occasional in brackish pools on the Gann Saltings, in pools 
and crevices at Black Rocks, Point Wood Beach and Castle Beach. 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 273 


SPHAEROMA RUGICAUDA Leach (E115; BY Plate viii) 

A species with a brackish water habit. Abundant in the 
Gann Saltings pools to above Mullock Bridge, and in the Castle 
Beach stream at H.W.S.T. 


CYMODOCE TRUNCATA (Montagu) 
Off Stack Rock, one, dead, dredged, 18.9.53 ; Dale Beach, 
in Laminaria holdfasts cast up by storm, 22.9.53, (EMS). 


DYNAMENE BIDENTATA (Adams) (=Naesa) (E115; BY Plate viii) 

Dale Fort Beach, several, March and July, 1949, (NWM) : 
Castle Beach, one L.W.S.T., 11.4.49, (RDP); several females, 
8.4.50, (RG) ; four in crevice, H.W.M., 23.3.56, (UB): Stack 
Rock, one male, one female, 25.9.53, (EMS). SxkoxHoLtm— 
South Haven, in crevices, 3.8.50, (HJMB); August 1955, (JG): 
Crab Bay, occasional, 14.9.54, (HJM). 


CAMPECOPEA HIRSUTA (Montagu) 

West Dale, abundant in Pygmaea pumila with Littorina neritoides 
and Lasaea rubra, 11.3.56, (JM): SxkoxHotm—Peter’s Bay, 
abundant in crevices, August 1955, ( JG). 


Idoteide (E 112) 


The systematics of the genus JIJdotea has been clarified by 
Naylor, E. (Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 34, 467-494, 1955). 


IDOTEA BALTICA (Pallas) (E112; BY Plate vii) 

Point Wood Beach, Slip Pier Beach and buoy nearby, Castle 
Beach, Great Castle Head, Angle Bay. SkoxHotm—Crab Bay, 
Peter’s Bay, Dumbell Bay, and South Haven. Common among 
Pelvetia, Fucus spiralis (DWS), Laminaria holdfasts (UCL) and 
red weeds, (JHB). March, June, September. 


IDOTEA EMARGINATA (Fabricius) (E112, BY Plate vii) 
Great Castle Head, 26.7.50, (MRY): SKoxkHotm—Peter’s 
Bay, 121.7555; -(KST). 


IDOTEA GRANULOSA Rathke (E113, BY Plate vii) 

Dale Beach, 20.11.48, (NWM). Sxkoxuotm—Crab Bay, 23.4.52, 
(KJM): Peter’s Bay, several, 21.7.55, (KST): North Haven, 
on Corallina, August 1955, (JG). 


IDOTEA CHELIPES (Pallas) (E113 as viridis, BY Plate vii) 
Gann Saltings, 24.3.49, (DWS) : Slip Pier Beach, 20.4.49, (RG). 
SKOKHOLM—Peter’s Bay, several, L.W.M., 1.7.55, (KST). 


IDOTEA PELAGICA Leach (E 112) 

Buoy off Slip Pier Beach, in Laminaria holdfasts, September 
1948, (UCL) : Great Castle Head, 26.7.50, (MRY). SkoKHOLM 
—Peter’s Bay, one, 12.4.48, (BW). 


274 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


IDOTEA LINEARIS (L.) (E113; BY Plate vii) 
Musselwick, one, 26.3.52, (NWM): Dale Sands, one male, 
one female, im pool,’ L.W.S.1.,;'14.4.49, (RDP 


Arcturide 


ARCTURUs (Latreille) s 
Gann Flats, one on weed, 23.9.49, (UCL) : Dale Roads, one 
in dredge, 16.9.49, (GO). | 


ASTACILLA LONGICORNIS (Sowerby) 
Gann Flats, 24.9.50, (EMS); one male, L.W.S.T., 4.10.56, (JM). 


ARCTURELLA DAMNONIENSIS (Stebbing) 
Stack Rock, one breeding female, on sponge with Plumularia 


setacea, L.W.S.T., 25.9.53, (EMS). 


Janiride (E 110) 


JANIRA MACULOSA Leach (E 110) 
Stack Rock, one male among sponges and hydroids, L.W.S.T., 
25.9.53, (EMS). SxkomeErR—South Haven, one, April 1946, (UB). 


JAERA ALBIFRONS Leach (E111 as marina, BY Plate vii) 

A species characteristic of places where fresh water flows over 
the beach. Often found with Procerodes ulvae. 

Gann Flats, Gann Estuary (Mullock Bridge), Dale Beach (in 
fresh water flow), Slip Pier Beach, Dale Fort Beach. SkoxHoLm 
—North Haven, H.W.N.T. to L.W.N.T. March, April, August, 
November. In berry, 28.4.50. 


JAERA NORDMANNI (Rathke) (E 111) 
SKOKHOLM—South Haven, in crevices, H.W.M., 31.7.50, 
(HJ MB). 


Munnide (E 111) 


MuNNA LimicoLa G. O. Sars 
Stack Rock, one among sponges and Plumularia setacea, 25.9.53, 


(EMS). 
Ligiide 
LIGEA OCEANICA (L.) Sea slater (E111; Y 28; BY Plate vii) 


Common near and above H.W.M. on all rocky coasts, (and 
right up to the cliff top at Mad Bay on Skokholm). ! 


Bopyridz 


BopyRus FOUGEROUXI (Giard and Bonnier) (=B. squallarum) 

Dale Roads, one on Leander in trawl, 1.9.49, (GO). This 
pale green parasite lives in the gill chambers of pues and. is 
called colloquially ‘ face-ache ’. 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 275 


Cryptoniscidz 
HEMIONISCUS BALANI (Spence Bate) (E 116) 

Slip Pier, one in 20 Balanus balanoides, H.W.M., 28.3.48, (RDP); 
ome, september 1948, (UCL); three, 3.4.49, (RDP). SkomeR 
—South Haven, common; North Haven, rare; Midland Isle, 
rare, April 1946, (UB). 

Parasitic in the mantle cavity of Balanus balanoides. Infection 
rates are very variable and have ranged up to 100 per cent. in 
some places on British coasts. 


Order AMPHIPODA. (E116, 117) 

The amphipods are extremely numerous both in species and 
individuals in a wide variety of marine and brackish environ- 
ments. They are detritus feeders, scavengers of plant and animal 
remains, and also scrape diatom films, etc. Many have specialised 
habitats. 


Sub-Order GAMMARIDEA 


Lysianasside 
LYSIANASSA CERATINA A. O. Walker 
SKOKHOLM—Hog Bay, L.W.M. in shingle, 27.3.52, (ECJ). 


ORCHOMENELLA NANA (Kroyer) (BY Plate ix) 

Brig Stones, 28.8.50, (det. I. Gordon) ; Dale Beach and Gann 
Flats, at least a dozen occasions, July, August, 1953, ( JHB). 
Common in cast skeletons of Carcinus maenas. 


Ampeliscide 
AMPELISCA BREVICORNIS (A. Costa) 
Gann Flats, Dale Beach, 28.3.48, (RDP); occasional up to 
8 mm. long, in sand with shingle, L.W.S.T., 17.11.55, (AD). 
Haustoriide (E 120; BY Plate ix & x) 


BATHYPOREIA PELAGICA (Bate) (Y 242, zonation; BY Plate ix) 
Marloes Sands, one in sand between rocks covered with Por- 
wiyra, L.W.N.Y., 13.11.55, (AD). 


UROTHOE BREVICORNIS Bate 
Dale Beach, one in sand with fine pebbles, 17.11.55, (AD). 
Leucothoide 
LEUCOTHOE sp. (? incisa D. Robertson) 
Gann Flats, one in shingly sand, 17.11.55, (AD). 
Stenothoide 


STENOTHOE MONOCULOIDES (Montagu) 
Castle Beach, several in rock pool, H.W.N.T., 26.3.49, (DWS). 
SKOKHOLM—Peter’s Bay, in Laminaria holdfasts, 11.5.56, (AD). 


276 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 
‘Calliopiide 
APHERUSA BISPINOSA (Bate) 

Marloes Sands, one female on Porphyra, L.W.N.T., 13.11.55, 
(AD) 

APHERUSA JURINEI (Milne Edwards) 

Marloes Sands, common, 3 mm. long, on Corallina in pool among 
boulders, L.W.N.T., 13.11.55, (AD). SkokHo_tm—North Haven, 
Crab Bay, Hog Bay ; on Gigartina, Himanthalia and in Laminaria 
pools; L.W.S.T.; September, October, 1955: North Haven, 
on Laminaria, 11.4.56, (AD). Breeding, September, October, (AD). 


CALLIOPIUS CRENULATUS Chevreux and Fage (=TJaevusculus) 

SkOKHOLM—North Haven, Crab Bay, Hog Bay, on weed and 
in pools; L.W.S.T.; September, October, 1955; Peter’s Bay, 
under stones on muddy shingle, L.W.S.T., 26.4.56, (AD). Breed- 
ing, September, (AD). 


Atylidz 
NOTOTROPIS SWAMMERDAMI (Milne Edwards) (BY Plate ix) 
Dale Beach, in loose weed on muddy sand with Gammarus 
locusta, 17.11.55, (AD). SKokHo~tm—North Haven, Crab Bay, 
Peter’s Bay, on Himanthalia, Laminaria etc. ; L.W.S.T. ; September, 
October, 1955 (AD); Peter’s Bay, in muddy shingle, L.W.S.T., 
26.4.56, (AD). Breeding, April, September, (AD). 


Gammaride (E 117) 


The standard amphipod work by Chevreux and Fage is no 
longer adequate for the genera Gammarus and Marinogammarus, 
and even Reid’s more recent key is out of date for some species. 
Some of the older records given here require confirmation. 


GAMMARELLUS HOMARI (Fabricius) 

Slip Pier Beach, West Dale Bay, Marloes Sands, Dale Roads. 
SKOKHOLM—North Haven, Crab Bay, Wreck Cove. Occasional 
near L.W.M. and below. In pools, in sand, on Corallina, Porphyra 
and Laminaria. Breeding, March and September. 


MELITA PALMATA (Montagu) 

Gann Saltings, Gann Mouth, West Dale Bay. SkoxHoLm— 
North Haven, South Haven, Peter’s Bay, Hog Bay, Crab Bay. 
Occasional, L.W.M. In pools, among weed and in shingle. 
March, April, September. 


MELITA HERGENSIS_ Reid 
SKOKHOLM—AI] bays with M. palmata, (confirmed by D. M. 
Reid), September 1955, (AD). 


Marra oTHonis (Milne Edwards) | 
Off Dale Fort, dredged in 12 fathoms, 23.3.49, (DWS). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 277 


GAMMARUS LocusTA (L.) (E188, BY Plate ix) 

Gann Saltings, 29.3.49, (DWS) : Dale Beach, small specimens 
common in loose weed on muddy sand, with WNototropis swammer- 
domepleNVIM., 17.11.55, (AD): Castle Beach, (RDP). 
SKOKHOLM—Crab Bay, L.W.S.T.; North Haven, one; 
September, October, 1955, (AD). 


GAMMARUS ZADDACHI Sexton 

Gann Estuary, below Mullock Bridge, 29.3.49, (DWS) : Gann 
Saltings, several, 8.4.49, (RDP): the sub-species G.z. zaddach 
Spooner, common on seaweed among mussels and in crevices 
from Little Milford to Mill Bay, (BTH). SkokHo~tm—abundant 
in a brackish pool above H.W.S.T. on the cliffs west of Frank’s 
Rott, 14.52, (EC]); absent in 1955 (AD). An estuarine 


species with several varieties. 


GAMMARUS DUEBENI  Lilljeborg 

Marloes Sands, in stream above H.W.S.T., 25.3.49, (DWS) : 
SKOKHOLM—in stream at Hog Bay, 24.3.52, (EJ); stream at 
South Haven and Orchid Stream, 21.9.55, (AD); stream at 
Tabernacle, August 1955, (JG); East stream, 15.5.56, (JG) ; 
in brackish pools above H.W.M. around coast, 1955, (AD). A 
brackish and freshwater species. 


MARINOGAMMARUS MARINUS (Leach) (E 117) 

Gann Estuary, from mouth upwards for several hundred yards: 
Slip Pier Beach. SkoKHOLM—common or abundant, H.W.N.T. 
to L.W.M., Crab Bay, Little Bay, Peter’s Bay, North Haven, 
South Haven. March, April, July, August, September. 


MARINOGAMMARUS CBTUSATUS (Dahl) 

Slip Pier Beach, Castle Beach. SKoxHotm—Hog Bay, Crab 
Bay, North Haven, South Haven, Peter’s Bay. Common, M.T.L. 
to L.W.S.T., under stones, in Laminaria holdfasts. Commoner 
than M. marinus at L.W.M. on Skokholm. Breeding, March, 
April. 


MARINOGAMMARUS FINMARCHICUS (Dahl) 

Slip Pier Beach. SkoxHo~tm—South Haven, Peter’s Bay, 
Hog Bay. Common, under stones and in shingle, M.T.L. to 
LW:s-T. 


MARINOGAMMARUS STOERENSIS (Reid) 

Marloes Sands, in pools at H.W.N.T. where stream flows in, 
25.3.49, (DWS). SKoKHoLM—Hog Bay, pool with fresh water, 
ey iNed 5) 299.52, JG); 115.4.56, (AD): North Haven, 
15.4.56, (AD). A species characteristic of H.W.M. where fresh 
water flows onto the beach. 


278 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


Dexaminids 


DEXAMINE SPINOSA (Montagu) 
Dale Beach, occasional, up to 5 mm. long, in sand and on loose 
weed, LWW Mies 07 .U lias ae 


DEXAMINE THEA Boeck 

SKOKHOLM—Peter’s Bay, common under stones on muddy 
shingle, L.W.S.T., 26.4.56 ; North Haven, in Laminaria holdfasts, 
11.4.56, (AD). Breeding, April, May, (AD). 


Talitride Sand-hoppers (E 118) 


TALITRUS SALTATOR (Montagu) (E118; Y 28; BY Plate ix) 
Dale Beach, in weed litter, H.W.M., 4.10.55, (AD): Slip 

Pier Beach, Castle Beach, September 1948, (UCL). SxoxHotm 

—North Haven, 1.8.47, (MHW) ; absent, 1955, (AD). 


ORCHESTIA MEDITERRANEA A. Costa 
Dale, March 1949, (DWS). 


ORCHESTIA GAMMARELLA (Pallas) (E118, BY Plate ix) 

Gann Estuary, Dale Beach, Slip Pier Beach, Castle Beach, 
West Dale Bay. SKokHo~m—all round. SkomEer—North and 
South Havens. Mipianp IsLte—west end. In weed litter under 
stones and in mud: also from brackish pools and in streams. 
From H.W.M. to the cliff tops on Skokholm wherever damp, 
and at the mouth of a rabbit burrow 150 feet above sea level on 
Midland Isle. 


TALORCHESTIA DESHAYESEI (Audouin) 

Dale Beach, males, females and immatures in weed litter and 
underlying sandy shingle, H.W.M.; with Orchestia gammarella 
and T. saltaior, 4.10.55; with TZ. saliator 7.11.55 eye 

The sand hoppers feed at night and shelter in the sand or sea- 
weed debris by day. In an Australian species this rhythm has 
been shown to be controlled by light so that by suitable illumina- 
tion the times of feeding and resting can be reversed: but an 
internal rhythm is also involved since in complete darkness the 
diurnal rhythm is maintained for several days. 

Some species have a ‘compass’ reaction so that if displaced 
landwards they will migrate seawards on the compass bearing 
appropriate to their own coastline. But if transported to a coastline 
of the ‘ wrong ’ direction their movement is still in the same compass 
direction and will not take them back to the strange shore. 


HYALE NILSsONI (Rathke) 

Marloes Sands, frequent at H.W.N.T., in pools where stream 
flows, and on rocks at L.W.N.T. with mussels and barnacles. 
SKOKHOLM—widespread at M.T.L. on Fucus, green algae and in 
crevices. Breeding, May, September, October. 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 279 


HyYALE PONTICA Rathke 
SKOKHOLM—South coast, west of Frank’s Point. Common in 
paolsypclow M.T.L.- 1.4.52, (ECJ) ; not found, 1955, (AD). 


HYALE PERIERI (Lucas) 

SKOKHOLM—South coast and Wild Goose Bay, rock faces, 
I2yveM. and in pool, M.T.L. (confirmed by D. M. Reid), 
September 1955; Crab Bay rocks, 1956. Breeding, May, (AD). 


Aoride 


AORA TYPICA Kroyer 
Gann Flats, one male 4 mm. long, one female 3 mm. long, in 
Laminaria holdfast with annelids, 17.11.55, (AD). 


LEMBOS WEBSTERI (Bate) 
SKOKHOLM—Peter’s Bay, two, 11.5.56; Hog Bay, breeding, 
7.9.56; in Laminaria holdfasts, (AD). 


Amphithoide (E 118) 
AMPHITHOE RUBRICATA (Montagu) (E119; BY Plate ix) 
Black Rocks, Dale Beach, Dale Fort Beach, Castle Beach, 
West Dale Bay, Dale Roads (dredged in 12 fathoms). Rare. 
L.W.M., lives in a tube under rocks and on weeds ; often in pools. 


PLEONEXES GAMMAROIDES' Bate 
SKOKHOLM—North Haven, on Himanthalia, L.W.S.T., October 


1955, (AD). 


Jassidz 


The Jassids live in tubes attached to weeds and are common 
on Laminaria. 


JAssA FALCATA (Montagu) (BY Plate x) 

SKOKHOLM—North Haven, Crab Bay, Hog Bay, on weed, 
EWN to LewW.S.1.; September, October, 1955; North 
Haven, on Laminaria, 11.4.56, (AD). 


PARAJASSA PELAGICA (Leach) 
Dale Roads, one, trawled, April, (det. I. Gordon), ( JHB). 


Corophiide (E 119) 
ERICHTHONIUS BRASILIENSIS (Dana) 
Gann Flats, L.W.M., 28.3.49, (DWS): Dale Beach, one in 
sang. with shingle, L.W.S.1T., 17.11.55, (AD). 


CoROPHIUM VOLUTATOR (Pallas) (E119, BY Plate x) 

Gann Saltings and Estuary, abundance varies from year to year. 
A common saltmarsh and estuarine, mud-living, species inhabiting 
a small-U-shaped burrow. Yonge (p. 256) describes feeding. 


280 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


Cheluridz 


CHELURA TEREBRANS Philippi (Y 186; BY Plate vii) 
Gann Stones, in wreck with Linnoria lignorum, 10.4.49, (RDP) : 
Dale Beach, in drift wood, 22.9.53, (EMS). 


Sub-Order HYPERIIDEA 


Hyperiide 
HypPERIA GALBA (Montagu) (H167; BY Plate x) 


In stomach and radial canals of Rhizostoma pulmo, 16.6.50, 
( JHB) and 22.3.56, (AD). 


Sub-Order CAPRELLIDEA 
Caprellide Skeleton shrimps (E 119; W65; Y 76; RY 61) 


PHTISIGCA MARINA Slabber 
Dale Roads, one on red weed, sub-littoral, 17.9.53, (EMS). 


PSEUDOPROTELLA PHASMA (Montagu) 
Musselwick, (RDP). 


CAPRELLA ACANTHIFERA Leach 

Slip Pier Beach, Great Castle Head, Martin’s Haven, Stack 
Rock. SKokHoLtmM—Hog Bay, Crab Bay. Occasional, L.W.S.T. 
In Laminaria holdfast, on Plumularia setacea and other hydroids. 
March, July, August, September. Breeding, September. 


CAPRELLA LINEARIS (L.) (BY Plate x) 
Dale, September 1950 UC WW): 


CAPRELLA FRETENSIS Stebbing 


Stack Rock, one breeding female on Plumularia setacea on sponge, 
L.W.S.T., 25.9.53, (EMS). 


Order SCHIZOPODA (=Mysidacea, E 121) 
Myside 
The delicate mysids are detritus and filter teedersmiwinien 
swim by means of their thoracic expodites close to the bottom, 
often rising into the plankton at night. Some species occur in 
vast numbers at the edge of the tide on estuarine banks. 


SIRIELLA ARMATA (Milne Edwards) (E 122) 
Mill Bay, one male in pool, 18.9.52, (EMS and GTYJ). 


SIRIELLA JALTENSIS Czerniavsky 
In pools. Slip Pier Beach, one, 28.3.48, (RDP) Millay, 
several, 18.9.52, (EMS and GTYJ). 


LEPTOMYSIS LINGVURA (G. O. Sars) 
Mill Bay, several in pools, 18.9.52, (EMS and GTJ). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 281 


ScuisTomysis sprrirus (G. O. Sars) (E 122) 
Plankton, common in night haul, 27.9.50, (EMS). Gann 
Flats, water’s edge, March 1955, (UB). 


PrauNus FLExuosus (Miiller) (E122; Y29; H 166) 

Black Rocks and Gann Flats, common at water’s edge, 20.9.52, 
(GE). 
NEOMYSIS INTEGER (Leach) 

Pickleridge lagoons, abundant, 8.4.49, (RDP) : Gann Estuary, 
April 1949, (NWM). 


Order DECAPODA Crabs, prawns, shrimps, lobsters, hermit- 
crabs (E 123-5; larve H170, 171) 
Sub-Order NATANTIA Prawns, shrimps. 
Tribe CARIDEA 
Hippolytide (E 125) 

HIPPOLYTE VARIANS Leach (E126; RY 180, 182) 

Black Rocks, one in sand, 28.3.48, (RDP): Gann Stones, 
commen) im pools, 28.93.48, (RDP); 23.9.49, (UCL). This is 
the small prawn famous for its ability to change colour. 


SPIRONTOCARIS CRANCHI (Leach) (E 126) 
Musselwick Point, in pools, L.W.S.T., 28.3.48, (RDP). 


Alpheide (E 126) 
ATHANAS NITESCENS (Montagu) (E126; Y 108; BY Plate xi) 


Occasional. Musselwick, Castle Beach, Martin’s Haven, 
SKOMER—North Haven. In berry, 7.8.56, ( JHB). 


Palemonide (Prawns, E 126) 


PALAEMON SERRATUS (Pennant) (=Leander, E127; W62; DW 
Ap meNagee RY 317, 995; BY Plate x1) 

Common in Dale Bay (Musselwick, Gann Mouth, Dale; Dale 
Roads) : up to 5 inches, 19.7.51, usually 24 inches. Angle Bay. 
March, April, June, July, August. In berry, 15.6.50, 20.8.52, 
( JHB). 

PALAEMON ELEGANS Rathke (=Leander squilla, E127; Y 76, 77, 
96) 

In rock pools. Musselwick, Gann Flats, Slip Pier Beach, 
Castle Beach, Great Castle Head. SkoxkHotm—South Haven, 
Crab Bay, Peter’s Bay. SxkomerR—North Haven. March, July, 
August, September. 


PALAEMONETES VARIANS (Leach) (BY Plate x1) 
Gann Estuary and Saltings. Common. March, April, August, 
September, November. A brackish water species. 


282 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


Crangonide (E 127) 


CRANGON vuLGARIS Fabricius Common shrimp (E127; Y 29, 
PAT 5 NY (317,335,501 DY Platessa) 

From Gann Stones to Black Rocks and in the Gann Estuary 
up to Mullock Bridge. In sand and pools. The species has a 
tolerance for reduced salinity, particularly in summer. 
PHILOCERAS FASCIATUS (Risso) 

Musselwick, L.W.M., 23.9.53, (GITJ) : Dale, September 1951, 
(UCW). 


Sub-Order REPTANTIA Lobsters, hermit-crabs and crabs. 
Tribe PALINURA 


Palinuride (E 127) 
PALINURUS VULGARIS Latreille Crawfish, spiny- or rock-lobster 
(E127; RY 133, 316,-396 >. H 170%; BY Plate 
Common in lobster pots, 1950, ( JHB). | 
Tribe ASTACURA 
Nephropside (E 128) 
NEPHROPS NORVEGICA (L.) Norway prawn or lobster (W 53 ; 
RY 316, 321) 
Abundant in trawls beyond the Smalls, 28.8.51, ( JHB). 
Homarus vuLcaris Milne Edwards Lobster (E128; DW 78 ; 


Y too ;> RY 3145 301, :) BY) Riaten 174) 
Common in lobster pots. 195: was a bad year, ( JHB). 


Tribe ANOMURA 
Galatheide (E 128-9) Squat-lobsters 
GALATHEA INTERMEDIA  Lilljeborg 
Dale Roads, one in dredge, 28.8.56, (GEB). 


GALATHEA SQUAMIFERA Leach (E129; RY 38; BY Plate 14) 
Musselwick, rare; Point Wood Beach, common; Castle 
Beach and Great Castle Head, rare. In berry, 7.3.50, 3.4.50, 
( JHB). 
GALATHEA SsTRIGOSA (L.) (E 129; Yu101; BY Plate 14) 
Musselwick Point, one, L.W.O.S.T., 28.3.48, (RDP). SKoMER 
—Mew Stone, one, April 1946, (UB). 
Porcellanide (E 130) 
The two porcelain crabs are filter-feeding species. 


PORCELLANA PLATYCHELES (Pennant) (E130; Y 31; BY Plate 14) 
Very common under boulders near L.W.M. Musselwick 
Point, Gann Stones, Point Wood Beach, Slip Pier Beach, Dale 


wee. 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 283 


Fort Beach, Castle Beach, Martin’s Haven, Angle Bay. SKOKHOLM 
—Crab Bay, Peter’s Bay, Little Bay, South Haven. SkOMER— 
North Haven, South Haven, Mew Stone. March, April, June 
pomecorempcr. Absent at Brie Stones, 11.4.49, (JHB). In 
berry, April, June. 


PoRCELLANA LONGIcoRNIs (L.) (E130; W123; RY 253; 
H 165; BY Plate 14) 

Not so common as P. platycheles. Under boulders near L.W.M. 
Musselwick Point, Gann Stones, Brig Stones, Point Wood Beach, 
Slip Pier Beach, Castle Beach, Gateholm, Angle Bay, Dale Roads 
(trawled). SKkoKHOLM—Crab Bay, Peter’s Bay. Sxkomer—North 
Haven, South Haven and Mew Stone. ‘This species is commoner 
at Musselwick Point than P. platycheles but less common in most 
other places. At the Brig Stones it disappears where mud gives 
way to sand and gravel. 


Tribe THALASSINIDEA 


Callianasside Burrowing prawns (E 130) 


CALLIANASSA (CHERAMUS) SUBTERRANEA (Montagu) (E 131 ; 
Y 252) 
Brig Stones, one in mud of rock pool, L.W.S.T., 3.4.54, (UB). 


Tribe PAGURIDEA 


Paguride Hermit-crabs (E 131) 


EUPAGURUS BERNHARDUs (L.) (E131; W061; DW136; Y 30, 
163); BY Plate 15) 

Not uncommon. Musselwick Point, Gann Flats, Black Rocks, 
Point Wood Beach, Slip Pier Beach, Castle Beach, Gateholm, 
Dale Roads (trawled), Angle Bay. Skomer—South Haven, 
North Haven (dredged). A specimen from the Slip Pier Beach 
had Peltogaster, (RDP). 

Most intertidal specimens are small but full grown specimens 
of this species form the basis of a very interesting association. 
The crab occupies an empty whelk shell (Buccinum undatum), to 
which may be attached a variety of ordinary rock-living barnacles, 
tube worms or hydroids; but in addition there may be more 
specific associates :—the anemone, Calliactis parasitica ; the worm, 
Nereis fucata (within the shell) ; the hydroid, Hydractinea echinata, 
or occasionally, Podocoryne cornea, (instead of the anemone) ; 
and the barnacle, Alcippe lampas (in a burrow in the shell itself). 
The sponge, Suberztes domuncula, is also often present. 


EUPAGURUS PRIDEAUXI (Leach) (E132; DW 136) 
Off Stack Fort, one with Adamsia, in berry, 6.7.56, ( JHB). 


284 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 
Tribe BRACHYURA Crabs 


Leucosiidz 


EBALIA TUBEROSA (Pennant) 

Gunkel, one under boulder, L.W.S.T., 14.5.53 3; one, 14.5.53, 
(JM). 
EBALIA TUMEFACTA (Montagu) 

Dredged on gravel near Stack Rock, one, 17.940; (0EL) ; 
one male, 19.09.53, (EMS); one, 6.7.56; (jab e 


Corystide 


CORYSTES CASSIVELAUNUS (Pennant) (DW 32; Y 225; RY 64; 
BY Plate xm) 
Occasionally found in sand at L.W.S.T., but usually dredged 
or trawled. Dale Roads, Black Rocks, Gann Flats. SKkomer— 
North and South Havens. March, April, September. In berry, 


24.9.49, (UCL). 
Atelecyclide 
ATELECYCLUS SEPTEMDENTATUS (Montagu) 


Occasional. Dredged in Dale Roads and off Watch House 
Point. One, on Lithothamnion in pool, Great Castle Head. 


Pirimelide 
PIRIMELA DENTICULATA (Montagu) (E133; BY Plate xii) 
Haven, one, dredged, 15.4.49, (RDP). 


Cancridze 


CaNCcER PAGURUS L. Edible crab (E134; W55; DW 24, 42, 
114.3. Y 1535) RY 38, 117, 190; BY Plotewea 

Large specimens are from the sub-littoral (Dale Roads, in pots 
and 8S. Hook to Gelliswick, in trawl) : small specimens occur 
occasionally on the shore—Gann Stones, Point Wood Beach, 
Slip Pier Beach, Dale Fort Beach, Castle Beach, Gateholm, Angle 
Bay. SkoxHotmM—Crab Bay (abundant), Peter’s Bay, North 
Haven. Sxkomer—South Haven, North Haven, Mew Stone. 
March, April, July, August. In berry, 30.5.50, (EMT). 


Portunide Swimming Crabs (E 132) 


PoRTUNUS PUBER (L.) Devil crab or Velvet fiddler crab (E 132 ; 
W 57, 58; Wier; VY 155,\/162.°— BY. Plage smc 

Abundant under boulders near L.W.M. Gann Stones, Gann 
Flats, Dale Beach, Point Wood Beach, Slip Pier Beach, Dale Fort 
Beach, in trawl between S. Hook and Gelliswick, in lobster pot 
at West Block House. SxkoxHotm—Little Bay, Peter’s Bay, Crab 
Bay. Skomer—North Haven, South Haven, Mew Stone. March, 
April, May, July, August, September. 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 285 


Portunus ARcUATUS Leach 

Slip Pier, in Laminaria holdfast on buoy, September, 1948, 
(UCL). Dale Roads, trawl, 6.4.49, (RDP) ; July, 1949, (GO) ; 
dredge, 31.3.55, (JM). 


PorRTUNUS PUSILLUS Leach 
Dale Roads, dredge, one, in berry, 12.4.54, (JM). 


PoRTUNUS MARMOREUS Leach (E 133) 

Dale Beach, March 1949, (NWM); (RDP): Dale Roads, 
dredge, 28.3.48 (RDP) ; September 1948, (UCL) : Block House 
Point, in lobster pot, 11.4.56, (JM). 


PoRTUNUS DEPURATOR (L.) (E133; DW 24; (BY Plate 15) 
Dale Roads and S. Hook to Gelliswick, in trawl and dredge. 
Common. March, April, May. In berry, 15.4.49 and 7.5.51. 


Carcinus MAENAS (L.) Shore, common, dog, or green crab (E133 ; 
RVoges INV 24: Y 26,154; RY 46; H172; BY Plate 15) 
Ubiquitous, including the Gann Estuary to Mullock Bridge 
and the Gann Saltings. Pairing was noted in the Gann Estuary, 
24.9.49, (UCL) and females in berry in March and April. The 


species has a marked tolerance for estuarine conditions. 


PORTUMNUS LATIPES (Pennant) (=P. variegatus) 
Marloes Sands, one in sand, L.W.S.T., 21.8.55, (GEB). 


Xanthide (E 134) 


XANTHO IncIsus Leach (E134, Y 154, BY Plate xii) 

Common at Castle Beach, Gateholm ; Skomer—North and 
South Havens. Occasional at Gann Stones, Dale Beach, Point 
Wood Beach, Slip Pier Beach, Watwick Bay : SkokHotmM—Peter’s 
Bay, Crab Bay, South Haven, Dumbbell Bay: Skomer—Mew 
Stone. Under boulders near L.W.M. March, April, May, 
August, September. In berry, April, May. One specimen at 
Gann Stones had a forked dactylopodite on the chela. 


XANTHO HYDROPHILUS (Herbst) (E 135) 

Gann Stones, 28.3.48, (RDP); one, 12.10.50, (EMT): Gate- 
holm, 28.3.48, (RDP). SkoxkHo~tm—Crab Bay Rocks, one, 
26.3.48, (PD). L.W.S.T. There is some confusion regarding 
the synonomy of this species: see the Plymouth Fauna list. 


PILUMNUS HIRTELLUS (L.) (BY Plate xii) 

Common at Castle Beach, Gateholm and Stack Rock. Rare 
at Musselwick Point, Slip Pier Beach, Martin’s Haven. SKoK- 
HOLM—between Stack and Neck, Crab Bay. SkomeER—North 
and South Haven. L.W.S.T. under stones and in Laminaria 
holdfasts. In berry, 4.4.46. 


286 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


Pinnotheride (E 135) 


PINNOTHERES PiIsuM (L.) Pea crab (E135; BY Plate 16) 

Lives in the mantle cavity of mussels. One female in a trawled 
Modiolus modiolus, Dale Roads, 6.4.49, (RDP). Angle Bay, 
April 1953, (UB). 


Maiide Spider crabs (E 135-6) 


A feature of the spider crabs is their tolerance to growths on 
the shell. Maza often has barnacles but some of the smaller 
species carry polyzoa, hydroids, sponges, worm-tubes and sea 
weeds in such abundance as to hide the crab on the sea bed. 
It seems to be a form of camoufiage. 


MAIA sQuINADO (Herbst) Large or spiny spider crab (W 509 ; 
DW o2;. BY. Plate716) 

A sub-littoral species common in the trawl in Dale Roads. 
In some years very common in lobster pots all along the coast 
and occasionally from L.W.S.T. at Dale. 


EURYNOME ASPERA (Pennant) (BY Plate- 16) 
One dredged on shell gravel off Stack Rock, 18.9.53, (GTJ). 


Hyas coarctatus Leach 
Dale Beach, 28.3.48, (RDP) : off Stack Rock, on gravel, one 
male, one female, 6.7.56, ( JHB). 


Hyas ARENEus (L.) (E136; Y 155; BY Plate 16) 
Gann Stones, 28.3.48, (RDP). 


INACHUS DORYNCHUS Leach (E 136) 
Musselwick, one male, one female, L.W.S.T., 14.4.49, (RDP) : 
Dale Roads, dredge, March 1949, (NWM). 


MACROPODIA ROSTRATA (L.) (E136; BY Plate 16) 

Abundant in the dredge in Dale Roads and occasional at 
L.W.S.T. from Musselwick to Black Rocks. In berry, 6.3.50, 
( JHB). 


Sub-Phylum ARACHNIDA 
Class ACARINA 


Order PROSTIGMATA 


Halacaride 


RHOMBOGNATHUS sSETOSUS Lohmann 
SKOKHOLM—Abundant on Entermorpha near Purple Cave, 


August 1955, (JG). 


RHOMBOGNATHUS (RHOMBOGNATHIDES) PASCENS Lohmann 
SKOKHOLM—South Haven, rare in Laminaria holdfast, August 


1955, (JG). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 287 


RHOMBOGNATHUS (RHOMBOGNATHIDES) MERRIMANNI Newell 
SkOKHOLM—North Haven and Crab Bay, common in Laminaria 
holdfasts ; Peter’s Bay, common in intertidal crevices, August 


1955, (JG). 


RHOMBOGNATHUS (RHOMBOGNATHOPSIS) ARMATUS Lohmann 
SKOKHOLM—Crab Bay, common in intertidal crevices, August 


1955, (JG). 


HALACARUS (HALACARELLUS) BASTERI Johnston 
SkoKHoLM—North Haven, one on Corallina, August 1955, (JG). 


AGUOPSIS BREVIPALPUS Trovessart 
SKOKHOLM—Crab Bay, one in crévice, August 1955, (JG). 


Class PSEUDOSCORPIONIDEA 


Order NEOBISIINEA 
Neobisiide 


NEOBISIUM MARITIMUM (Leach) 
SKOKHOLM—Crab Bay, South Haven, in intertidal crevices, 


August 1955, (JG). 


Class PYCNOGONIDA Sea spiders (E 140) 


The sea spiders have sucking mouth parts and prey upon hy- 
droids, anemones and polyzoa. They are often confined to one 
particular species of host. The male usually carries the eggs. 


Nymphonide 
NYMPHON GRACILE Leach (E 141) 


Occasional on all beaches (including Skokholm) under stones, 
and in the trawl from Dale Roads. 


NYMPHON RUBRUM Hodge 
Dale Fort Beach, 13.9.50, (JG). 


Phoxichilidiide 
PHOXICHILIDIUM FEMORATUM (Rathke) (E 142) 


Gann Flats, March 1955, (UB): Castle Beach, under stones, 
L.W-S.T., 29.3.49, (DWS). | 


ANOPLODACTYLUS ANGULATUS (Dohrn) 
Slip Pier Beach, one, 9.9.54, (GTJ). 


ANOPLODACTYLUS PYGMAEUs. (Hodge) 
Stack Rock, one female on Alcyonidium Belatinesn, WS. 2; 


259-53; (GT)): 


288 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


ANOPLODACTYLUS ExIGUUS (Dohrn) 

Gann Flats South, one on Polyzoa under stone on sand, 
26.3.56, (UB). 
AMMOTHEA ECHINATA (Hodge) (E 143) 

SKOKHOLM—Hog Bay, one on hydroids, 27.3.52, (ECJ) : Peter’s 
Bay, one, 21.7.55, (SS®). (LE wWisde 

Pycnogonide 

PyCNOGONUM LITTORALE (Strdém) (E141; Y 253; BY Plate xiii) 

Slip Pier Beach, one on Anthopleura sp. in high rock pool, 28.3.48, 
(RDP). SkoxHotm—Peter’s Bay, one, 13.9.54, (HJM): South 
Haven, one on Actinia equina, 29.3.56, (AWL). 


Sub-Phylum MYRIAPODA 
Class CHILOPODA Centipedes 


HyDROSCHENDYLA SUBMARINA (Grube) 
Among loose stones, sand and decaying Fucus. West Dale and 
Watwick. 


Sub-Phylum INSECTA 
Class APTERYGOTA 
Order COLLEMBOLA Spring-tails 
ANURIDA MARITIMA Laboulbene (=JLipura) (BY Plate xii) 
Common or abundant in mud, under stones, among barnacles, 
on pools and in crevices above M.T.L., on both sheltered and 
exposed coasts. Actual records include the lower Gann Estuary, 
Frenchman’s Path (up to 60 per 1 ml. mud), Slip Pier Beach, 
Dale Fort Beach, Dale Point, Watwick Bay and the Spit on Skomer. 
ANURIDELLA MARINA Willem 
Slip Pier Beach, in small pool, M.T.L., 6.9.50, (det. T. Clay) 
(JHB). 


Order THYSANURA Bristle-tails 
Machilide 


PETROBIUS MARITIMUS (Leach) (BY Plate xiii) 
Abundant at and above H.W.M.; Frenchman’s Path, Slip 
Pier Beach, Dale Fort (outbuildings), Castle Beach, Watwick Bay. 


Phylum MOLLUSCA (E 14, 144; DW 113) 
Class POLYPLACOPHORA (Loricata, Amphineura, 
Chitons, E 172-3) 
Lepidopleuride 
LEPIDOPLEURUS ASELLUS (Gmelin) (E 173) 
Musselwick, Point Wood Beach, Dale Roads (dredge). Occa- 
sional. L.W.M. and sub-littoral. March, July, Sept. 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 289 


Lepidochitonidz 
TONICELLA RUBRA (L.) (E174). 

Gann Stones, Slip Pier Beach, Gateholm. Occasional. L.W.S.T. 
March, April. 

LEPIDOCHITONA CINEREUS (L.) (E.174.; BY Plate xiv) 

Gann Stones, Gann Estuary, Black Rocks, Point Wood Beach, 
Slip Pier Beach, Monk Haven. SKkomER—South Haven. Under 
stones. Not uncommon. March, September, November. 
CALLOCHITON ACHATINUS (Brown) (E 174) 


Gann Stones, Castle Beach, Martin’s Haven. Under stones, 
L.W.S.T., up to 1 inch long. March, April. 


Cryptoplacidz 
ACANTHOCHITONA CRINITUS (Pennant) (E 175; Y 33; BY 
Plate xiv) 

From Musselwick Point round to the Slip Pier, Castle Beach and 
Gunkel; Angle Bay. Common. March, July, September. 
ACANTHOCHITONA DISCREPANS (Brown) 

Dale, Fort Beach, 26.7.50, (MRY); 27.7.50, (JHB): Castle 
Beach, several under rocks in lower Fucus vesiculosus zone, 21.8.53, 


(ORB). 


Class GASTROPODA 
Winkles, whelks and sea-slugs (E 175, 178-181 ; H 176, 186). 
Sub-Class PROSOBRANCHIA 
Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA 


Fissurellide (E 183) 


EMARGINULA RETICULATA J. Sowerby var. MULLERI Forbes and 
Elanley (E163 ; BY Plate 17) 
Castle -Beach, one, 11.4.49, (RDP); occasional, (JHB): 
Martin’s Haven, (RDP). SKomer—North Haven, one, April 
re46, (UB). L.W.S.T. 


DIopORA APERTURA (Montagu) Key-hole limpet (E.183; BY 
Plate 17) 

Musselwick, Castle Beach, Watwick Bay, Great Castle Head, 
Martin’s Haven. SkokHo~mM—South Haven. SkomER—North 
Haven, South Haven, Mew Stone. Rare, L.W.S.T. March, 
April, August, September. 


Patellide Limpets (E 181-2) 


IPATELEA VULGATA LL, (E 182; W 813; Y 115-9; RY 24; 
BY, Plate 17) 


I 


290 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


Ubiquitous. Upper part of shore. In 1949 the gonads began 
ripening at the end of August—males first—but fertilisations were 
not successful up to September 14th, (GO). 


PATELLA INTERMEDIA Jeffreys (=depressa, E 182; BY Plate 17) 


In Dale Bay only recorded from Slip Pier Beach. Common 
outside and on Skokholm. Found on vertical faces and overhangs ; 
prefers less exposed places than P. vulgata and is usually at a lower 
tide level. 


PATELLA ASPERA Lamarck (=athletica, E 182; BY Plate 17) 


In Dale Bay only recorded from Slip Pier Beach. Common 
outside and on Skokholm. Occurs on rock faces on the lower part 
of the beach but in pools (to the exclusion of the other two species) 
up to H.W.M. 

During 1949 the gonads were ripe in July and August and fertili- 
_sations were easily carried out but became progressively more 
difficult from the last week of August, although success was attained 
on September 16th, (GO). 

Limpets are common on Skomer but the species were not separ- 
ated, and, indeed the species are difficult to separate superficially. 
Patella vulgata, the barnacles, dog-welks, and the anemone, Actinia 
equina, are the intertidal rock face inhabitants par excellence. 
Limpets breed mainly in January and February and their eggs are 
shed in very characteristic egg cases. Their larvae are planktonic 
and settlement was recorded in Watwick Bay in the Fucus spiralis 
zone on 25.4.52, (JHB). 

The animals feed when the tide is in by scraping the algal 
film off the rock surface and the individual has a relatively small 
grazing area of perhaps a foot diameter, and within this area pre- 
vents the colonisation of the rock face by large sea weeds and 
possibly other species of sessile organism. On the fall of tide each 
limpet returns to its own ‘home’ where it stays for the exposure 
period. It always orientes itself in exactly the same way and its 
shell grows or wears to fit the irregularities of the rock surface—or 
it wears away the rock—so that its home is marked by a scar. They 
grow up to I inch in one year and at three years are over 2 ins. long. 
A tall conical shape is characteristic of exposed, and a flattened 
shape (in the same species) of sheltered, or rock pool, situations. 

Work by a Bristol student, Mr. B. A. Jones, established the follow- 
ing facts about limpets on Dale Point. On the exposed (Castle 
Beach) side of the Point a mid-tide pool contained 97% P. aspera, 
1% vulgata and 2°%, intermedia. ‘The adjacent dry rock surface had 
1% aspera, 91%, vulgata and 8°%% intermedia. In comparing the zona- 
tion at this place with that just round the Point on the sheltered. 
(Dale Roads) side, Jones established that vulgata was found right 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 291 


up to H.W.S.T. level or even higher, was common on open rock 
faces but rare in pools or wet rock areas. It extended, in 
lesser abundance, down to L.W.S.T. but not below. That is, it 
prefers dry areas above M.T.L. PP. aspera was abundant at 
L.W.S.T. (especially on the exposed side) and extended below. 
It extended little above this level except in rock pools where it was 
dominant up to H.W.N.T. P. intermedia was not found on the 
sheltered side and was not abundant on the exposed side. It 
occurred between H.W.N.T. and L.W.N.T. and although found 
in pools was commoner on the rocks. (In South West Ireland P. 
aspera occurred alone on the exposed coasts even at high levels. 
P. vulgata was dominant in the sheltered Lough Ine and P. inter- 
media was absent.) The larger specimens of P. vulgata occur high 
on the shore, and of P. aspera in the pools. The latter are larger 
than the former. 


PATINA PELLUCIDA (L.) Blue-rayed limpet (E 182; Y 126; BY 
Plate 17) 

Common or abundant on rocks or, more usually, weeds (Lamin- 
aria, Rhodymenia palmata) at L.W.M. on all coasts, exposed or 
sheltered ; also on Skokholm, on Skomer and in the sub-littoral. 
February to September. Sperm discharged 28.2.56, (JM). 


Acmeide 
ACMAEA VIRGINEA (Miller) (=Patelloida, E 184; BY Plate 17) 


Musselwick, 12.10.50, (EMT): Dale Beach, March 1949, 
(NWM): Castle Beach 13.4.49, (JHB). SKokHotm—shells only. 
SKOMER—Mew Stone, April 1946, (UB). L.W.S.T. Rare. 


Trochide Top shells (E 184) 


Together with the winkles (Litiorina), the top shells are useful for 
the demonstration of zonation on the shore. 


CALLIOSTOMA ZIZYPHINUM (L.) Painted top (E184; Y 126;; 
BY Plate xiv) 

Musselwick Point, Point Wood Beach, Dale Point, Castle Beach, 
Gunkel, Watwick Bay. SxokHotm—The Stack, Hog Bay, Crab 
Bay, Dumbbell Bay. SkomErR—North Haven, South Haven, Mew 
Stone, Basin. L.W.S.T. Common. White specimens are quite 
common among the normal ones and have been recorded from 
Musselwick Point, Dale Point, Gunkel, Watwick Bay, Hog Bay and 
the Mew Stone. 


CANTHARIDUS DELANDI (Wood) (E 185) 
Castle Beach, common, L.W.E.S.T., 13.9.54, (UCW). 


GiBBULA (MONODONTA) LINEATA (da Costa) Toothed top (= Osilinus, 
Pea 5 VV 06; Y 119; BY Plate xiv) 


292 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


Frequent in the whole of Dale Bay, including the Gann Estuary, 
and at Castle Beach, Gateholm and on Skokholm. Common on 
Skomer, and abundant at St. Bride’s Haven where it was zoned 
above Littorina littorea, overlapping it by about one foot, and with a 
maximum abundance 6 to 8 feet below H.W.M. ‘The population 
was scattered on rock (in full sun), among weed and in pools, and 
was nowhere clumped. 


GiBBULA (GIBBULA) MaAGus (L.) var. TUBERCULATA (da Costa) 
(E 186; BY Plate xiv) 


Gann Flats, Point Wood Beach, Castle Beach, Dale Roads. 
L.W.M. and sub-littoral. Occasional, except in July 1953, when 
it was common on the Gann Flats from L.W.N.T. downwards 
( JHB). 

GiBBULA (GIBBULA) CINERARIA (L.) Grey top (E 186; Y 128; BY 
Plate xiv) 


Common near L.W.M. on rocky shores all round Dale Bay, at 
Castle Beach and Angle Bay, on Skokholm and Skomer (including 
the sub-littoral). 


GriBBULA (GIBBULA) UMBILICALIS (da Costa) Purple top (E 186 ; 
Yor: BY Plate xi) 


Common on all rocky shores in Dale Bay ; Castle Beach, West 
Dale Bay, Great Castle Head, Angle Bay, St. Bride’s Haven ; and 
on Skokholm and Skomer. Occasionally found in the mouth of 
the Gann. 


Turbinide 


TRICOLIA PULLUs (L.) var. pictus (da Costa) (E 186 ; BY Plate xiv) 


Slip Pier Beach, Castle Beach, Great Castle Head, Martin’s 
Haven, Dale Roads. SkoxHotm—Peter’s Bay, North Haven. 
Occasional. But common at Castle Beach and North Haven. 
L.W.S.T. and below. Under stones and among weeds. 


Order MESOGASTROPODA 
Littorinide (—Lacunide, E 186-7) Winkles 


The species of Littorina provide the best example of animal 
zonation on the shore. See Y Chap. 14, C 176-180. 
Lacuna vincta (Montagu) (E 188; BY Plate xiv) 

Slip Pier, 28.3.48 ; Dale Roads, dredge, 8.4.49. Rare. (RDP). 
LACUNA PALLIDULA (da Costa) (E 188) 


SkoKHoLM—Crab Bay, 12.4.48, (BW): Peter’s Bay, 12.4.48, 
(BW) ; frequent, 1.8.50, (H JMB). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 293 


LITTORINA LITTORALIS (L.) Flat winkle (obtusata, E 188, Y 127, 
IY 25; BY Plate xiv) 

Common in Dale Bay, including the Gann Estuary, (but not 
actually recorded from Black Rocks), Castle Beach and Angle Bay. 
Rare at West Dale Bay. Common on Skokholm and Skomer. 
On weeds up to about H.W.N.T. Egg masses on weeds, 2.4.46, 
(UB) and 3.3.51 (JHB). Larvae planktonic. 


LiIrTORINA LITTOREA (L.). Common or edible winkle (E 187 ; 
Wyesec DW 64; Y 118; RY 28; BY Plate xiv) 

Occasional at Musselwick Point, Gann Estuary, Slip Pier Beach, 
Dale Fort Beach, Castle Beach and SkoxHotm—Peter’s Bay, Crab 
Bay and South Haven. Common at Frenchman’s Path, Angle 
Bay and on SkomeR—North and South Havens. Abundant at 
Black Rocks (L.W.N.T.) and at St. Bride’s Haven where it was 
zoned below Gibbula lineata, had a maximum abundance at 8 to 
10 ft. below H.W.M. and was found largely in pools (6.4.51). 
(JHB). Eggs and larvae planktonic. 

The rarity of this species in Dale Bay with no records for Gann 
Stones, Gann Flats, Brig Stones, and Point Wood Beach, nor for 
Watwick and other outside stations, suggests that its occurrence has 
simply not been recorded. The abundance and zonation of L. 
littorea and, perhaps, its zonation with reference to that of Gzbbula 
lineata, require examination. 


LITTORINA SAXATILIS (Olivi) Rough winkle (=rudis, E 187 ; W 82 ; 
W118; BY Plate xiv) 

Ubiquitous at H.W.N.T. and above, extending into the splash 
zone with L. neritoides, on sheltered, exposed and estuarine coasts. 
Viviparous. 

On exposed shores the specimens are said to be rougher and 
smaller than in sheltered places (GO) but Marloes Sands specimens 
are deeply ridged whereas on Skomer, in exposure, they are not 
(JHB). On Skockholm at Hog Bay, three types have been re- 
corded :—(a) in the Fucus spiralis zone—up to 20 mm. long, dark, 
medium spire, spirally striate ; (5) in and above the Pelvetza zone, 
and also near L.W.M.; up to 12 mm., orange colour, medium 
spire, spirally striate ; and (c) in the Fucus zone ; purple-brown, 
spire long, smooth (CED). Orange specimens predominate at 
St. Bride’s Haven and on the N.E. side of Gateholm (JHB) and 
the young, near Dale Point, are smooth and white with orange 
brown markings (MRY). 


LITTORINA NERITOIDES (L.) var. PETRAEA (Montagu) Small winkle 
(BY. Plate xiv) 
Characteristically occurs at and above H.W.M. on exposed. 
shores. It has been so recorded in the Dale records on all exposed 
shores and extends a little way into shelter :—occasional, Slip Pier 


294 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


Beach (RDP, EMT, UB), Castle Beach (JHB) and Angle Bay. 
Absent at Dale Fort Beach (MRY). Larvae planktonic. 

At West Dale Bay and Skokholm South Cliff it has been recorded 
30 ft. above H.W.M., (GO, KGM) and, in barnacle shells at West 
Dale Bay, down to 4 ft. above L.W.S.T., (GO). On Skomer 


‘specimens grew to 12 mm., ( JHB). 


Hydrobiide (E 191) 


PERINGIA ULVAE (Pennant) (—AHydrobia E 191 ; BY Plate xv) 
Gann Estuary, from 400 yds. below Mullock Bridge to mouth, 

25.11.48, (NWM) ; range restricted on 31.3.50 as compared with 

1.4.49, (NWM): Gann Saltings, abundant, 8.4.49, (RDP). 


An estuarine and brackish water species. 


POTAMOPYRGUS JENKINSI Smith (=AHydrobia) (BY Plate xv) 
This species has invaded brackish and fresh waters during this 


century and is present in the stream flowing onto Castle Beach 
(EMT, UMG, UCW). | 


Rissoide (E 189) 


These small snails are usually overlooked by hand-collectors 
because they are so small and are probably much more widespread 
than the records indicate. 


CINGULA (ONOBA) SEMICOSTATA (Montagu) (E 190) 

Musselwick, several, L.W.S.T., 3.4.50, (NWM): Slip Pier 
Beach, under stones on gravel, 10.8.50, (EMT). SKkoxkHoLm— 
North Haven, one, 31.7.50, (HJMB): Crab Bay, Common in 
muddy places, 2.8.50, (HJ MB). 


CINGULA (CINGULA) CINGILLUs (Montagu) (E 190) 

Musselwick, under stones among shingle, 14.9.50, (EMT ): 
Dale, 28.3.53, (MRY): Slip Pier Beach, common under stones, 
M.T.L., 28.3.48, (RDP): Dale Fort Beach, 26.7.50, (MRY). 
SKokHoLmM—Peter’s Bay, one, 1.8.50, (HJMB). 


CINGULA (CINGULA) SEMISTRIATA (Montagu) (E 190) 
SKOKHOLM—Peter’s Bay, common 1.8.50; Crab Bay, one, 
2.8.50 ; North Haven, common below L.W.M., 3.8.50, (HJ MB). 


CINGULA (PARVISETIA) FULGIDA (J. Adams) (E 190) 
SKOKHOLM—Peter’s Bay, rare, 17.8.48, (JHB); one, 1.8.50, 
(HJ MB). 


Rissoa (TURBOELLA) PARVA (da Costa) (E 189 ; W 123) 

Musselwick, several, L.W.S.T., 3.4.50, (NWM): Gateholm, 
abundant in Cladophora rupestris, 28.3.48, (DRP). SKkOoKHOLM— 
North Haven, common, 31.7.50; Peter’s Bay, common, L.W.M., 
1.8.50, (HJMB). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 295 


Skeneopside (E 192) 


SKENEOPSIS PLANORBIS (Fabricius) (E 192) 
SKOKHOLM—North Haven, abundant on Corallina, common on 
Lomentaria articulata, 20.8.55, (JG). 


Turritellidz 


TURRITELLA COMMUNIS Risso Turret shell (BY Plate xiv) 

Common in the sub-littoral ; Dale Roads, off Angle Lifeboat 
slipway and off North Haven on Skomer : occasional at L.W.M. ; 
Brig Stones and Angle Bay. 


Aporrhaidz 


APORRHAIS PES-PELICANI (L.) QUADRIFIDUS da Costa Pelican’s foot 
shell (BY Plate xiv) 
Dredged in Dale Roads off Monk Haven and Watch House 
Point. Common. With Turritella. 


Cerithiide (E 191) 


BITTIUM RETICULATUM (da Costa) (E 191 ; BY Plate xiv). 
Point Wood Beach, August 1950, (EMT). SkoxHo~tm—South 
Haven, on Halichondria, 31.7.50, (HJ MB). 


Cerithiopside (E 192) 
CERITHIOPSIS TUBERCULARIS (Montagu) (E 192) 
Brig Stones, one, 31.7.50, (JHB) : Great Castle Head, 26.7.50, 
(MRY). 
CERITHIOPSIS CLARKIT Forbes and Hanley 
Great Castle Head, 26.7.50, (MRY). 


Epitoniide 
CLATHRUS CLATHRUS (L.) (BY Plate xiv) 


Off Stack Rock, one dredged on shelly gravel, 18.9.53, (GIJ). 
A dead shell from Dale Beach was determined by W. J. Rees. 


Janthinidz 


JANTHINA BRITANNICA Forbes and Hanley (BY Plate xv) 

West Dale Bay, one, alive, 6.9.50, (EMT). Dead shells have been 
found in West Dale Bay and Marloes Sands in August and Septem- 
ber. ‘This warm-water species with its deep violet or purple shell 
and body, secretes a float (on the underside of which it attaches its 
eggs) and occasionally drifts ashore in the same was as the floating 
Physalia, Velella and Lepas fascicularis. 


Pyramidellide 


No records of this family have been made at Dale but the recent 
work of Fretter and Graham suggests that if searched for in the right 


296 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


place, they will probably be found. ‘These very small snails are 
equipped with a long proboscis armed with a piercing stylet and 
equipped with a sucking pump. ‘They live near the opening of the 
appropriate species of bivalve or tubicolous worm and when the 
host opens to feed they suck juices from the mantle edge or tentacle. 
Thus, if the shells of bivalves or the external walls of polychaete 
tubes are searched carefully, pyramidellids should quickly be found. 
One species is known to damage oysters. 


Naticide (E 194) 


NATICA CATENA (da Costa) (E 194; Y 2975 BY Plate aa) 

Musselwick Point, one under stone, L.W.S.T., 28.3.48, (RDP) : 
Milford Haven, off Angle Lifeboat Slip, one, dredge, 15.4.49, 
(RDP). Broad Haven, dead shells with hermit-crabs, 20.4.50, 
(EMT). 


Calyptreide (E 193) 


CALYPTRAEA CHINENSIS (L.) Chinaman’s hat limpet (E 194; BY 
Plate 17) 
Common from Gann Stones to Slip Pier Beach, in Angle Bay 
and in Dale Roads. L.W.N.T. to sub-littoral. 


CREPIDULA FORNICATA (L.) Slipper limpet (E 194; Y 276; 
BY Plate 17) 

Single individuals and small chains in Pennar Gut, 1953 (Baird, 
R. H. and H. A. Cole) : on rocks, stones and shells in ones and twos 
at L.W.S.T. and below, in Pennar Gut, Neyland, Hazelbeach and 
Pwllchrochan Flats, January 1954, (BTH). 

This interesting filter-feeding gastropod is a pest on oyster beds 
due to the fact that it lives in considerable numbers on top of the 
oysters and, feeding like the oyster on the floating plankton and 
detritus, it gets first chance and starves the oyster. It first appeared, 
probably from North America on imported oysters, about 80 years 
ago and has spread to oyster beds on our south-east and south coasts. 
Its (presumably) recent arrival in Milford Haven shows a con- 
siderably slower spread than that of the New Zealand barnacle, 
Elminius, which has spread from the English Channel to the Scottish 
borders in ten or twelve years. 


Cypreide Cowries (E 196) 


ERATO voLuTA (Montagu) 
Castle Beach, one in crevice, L.W.S.T., 28.8.49 ; Dale Roads, 
one, dredge, 3.9.49, (GO). 
TRIVEA MONACHA (da Costa) (E196; Y 147; BY Plate xv) 
Common, Musselwick Point and South Haven, Skomer : occa- 
sional, Slip Pier Beach, Castle Beach and Angle Bay. L.W.M., 
under stones and among Fucus serratus. 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 297 


TRIVEA ARTICA (Montagu) (E196; BY Plate xv) 

Common, Musselwick Point and North Haven, Skomer : occa- 
sional, Slip Pier Beach, Castle Beach. SKoKHOLM—-South Haven, 
Crab Bay. SkomMER—Mew Stone. Under stones in Laminaria zone. 

The two species of Trivea are notable in three ways. ‘The mantle 
tissues spread out over the outside of the shell thereby keeping it 
smooth ; they feed with the aid of a proboscis and radula on com- 
pound ascidians; and they deposit their egg capsules in holes 
which they excavate in the gelatinous colonies on which they feed. 


Lamellariide (E 195) 


LAMELLARIA PERSPICUA (L.) (E 195; BY Plate xv) 
Musselwick Point, Slipway Beach, Castle Beach. Occasional 
under boulders, L.W.S.T., March, July, August. 


VELUTINA VELUTINA (Miller) (E 195; BY Plate xv) 
Gann Stones, 28.3.48, (RDP). 


Order STENOGLOSSA 


Muricide (E 196) 
NUCELLA LAPILLUS (L.) (=Purpura) Dog-whelk (E196; W 84; 
Diveooe Yorr9, 129,191; RY 33 ; BY Plate xvi) 

Ubiquitous, including Grassholm. Very variable in shape: 
as the exposure increases so the shell thickens, the ornamentation 
and total length lessen, and the proportion of the total length 
occupied by the mouth increases. Usually white (when feeding on 
barnacles) but banded or dark (when feeding on mussels). It 
feeds on barnacles in preference to mussels but grows better on the 
latter diet. In feeding on barnacles it forces the proboscis in past 
the opercular plates , but for mussels, it bores a neat circular hole 
through the shell. Its well-known, vase-shaped, cream coloured 
egg capsules have been recorded in March, May, July and Septem- 
ber. 


OCENEBRA ERINACEA (L.) (E197; DW 44; BY Plate xvi). 

Occasional only ; Musselwick Point, Black Rocks, Castle Beach, 
Angle Bay, Dale Roads (dredge). SKkokHo~tm—Crab Bay ; 
SKOMER—North Haven: but common at Gunkel (GO) and 
absent at Slip Pier Beach and Gateholm (RDP). L.W.S.T. and 
below. March, April, May, July, August. 


NEPTUNEA ANTIQUA (L.) (BY Plate xvi) 
Gann Flats, one, L.W.M., 6.3.50, ( JHB). 
Buccinide 


Buccinum UNDATUM L. Whelk (E197; DW 118, 130; Y 170; 
ivoneot;, BY Plates xxv, xvi) 
A sub-littoral species found in Dale Roads and often taken in 


298 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


small numbers at L.W.S.T. from Musselwick to the Slip Pier. 
Five were found on a dead Carcinus (6.3.50, JHB) on the Gann 
Flats. Egg masses occurred in the trawl in April and May. 
Newly hatched young were seen on 8.3.51, the capsules containing 
from 3 to 10 young each (JHB). On 20.12.56 the adults and their 
newly deposited egg-capsules were very abundant indeed near 
LL.W.E.S.T. on the Gann Flats, ( JH); 


Nassariide (E 197) 
NASSARIUS RETICULATUS (L.) (E198; BY Plate xvi) 

Occasional, L.W.M.; Musselwick, Black Rocks, Castle Beach, 
Martin’s Haven, Angle Bay. SkoKHOLM—South Haven. SKOMER 
—North and South Havens, and dredged in North Haven. Egg 
capsules, Skomer, 2.4.46, (UB). 


NASSARIUS INGRASSATUS (Strém) (E198; BY Plate xvi) 

Martin’s Haven, common under boulders, L.W.S.T., 12.4.49, 
(RDP): Angle Bay, April 1953, (UB). SxkokHotm—Crab Bay, 
rare, 14.9.54, (HJM). Skomer—North Haven, one, April 1946, 
(UB). 


Turride (E 198) 


MANGELIA NEBULA (Montagu) 
Dale Beach, one sieved in sand, Sept. 1948, (RDP). 


Sub-Class OPISTHOBRANCHIA 


Order BULLOMORPHA 


Acteonide (E 199) 
ACTEON TORNATILIS (L.) (E199; BY Plate 18) 
Dale Beach, one on surface of sand, L.W.S.T., 13.4.49, (RDP) : 
several, 12.4.49, ( JHB). 
Atyide (Akeratide, E 200) 
AKERA BULLATA Miiller (E 200: BY Plate 18) 
Stack Rock, two, 22.9.52, (EMS and GTJ). 
Scaphandride 
CYLICHNA CYLINDRACEA (Pennant) 
Dale Beach, 28.3.48, (RDP). 


TRICLA LIGNARIA BROWNI Leach 
Dale Beach, one on sand, L.W.S.T., 2.4.50, (NWM): Dale 
Roads, one in dredge; 29.4.52, (EMT). 
Philinide (E 200) 
PHILINE APERTA (L.) QUADRIPARTITA Ascanius (E 200) 
Dale Roads, dredge, one, 6.4.49, (RDP) : occasional, especially 
in August, 1951, (EMT). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 299 


Peltide (E 200) 


PELTA CORONATA Quatrefages (BY Plate 18) 

Castle Beach, one in pool, M.T.L., 27.4.50, (JHB). SKox- 
HOoLM—Crab Bay, one, L.W.M., 22.7.55, (KST): one in pool, 
27.6.56, (CRT). 


Order APLYSIOMORPHA 
Aplysiide (E 201) 
APLYSIA PUNCTATA Cuvier Sea hare (E201; DW 118; Y 169; 
BY Plate 18) 

Aplysia has been taken all round Dale Bay, in Dale Roads, at 
Angle and West Dale Bays and Peter’s Bay on Skokholm. It 
spawns late (Dale Beach, September 1948, RDP) and the coiled 
pink threads of eggs give rise to planktonic larvae which eventu- 
ally settle and grow mainly in the sub-littoral to spawn next year 
on the shore. It was widespread but rare in Dale Bay in 1948 but 
abundant on Dale Beach in September. There are no records 
for 1949, very few from 1950 to 1952, none in 1953, quite a number 
in 1954, a few in 1955 and none in 1956. It is a southern species 
extending northwards to our coasts, and, as may be expected of an 
animal near its limit of distribution, its numbers vary considerably 
from year to year, and past records hold no clue to its future 
abundance. 


Order SACOGLOSSA 
Elysiide 
EysiA viripis (Montagu) (E 203: BY Plate 21) 
Musselwick, one, 25.9.49, (GO): Gann Flats, one, Sept. 1948, 


(RDP): Black Rocks, one in Ascophyllum zone, M.T.L., 20.4.54, 
(JM) : Castle Beach, in rock pool, H.W.N.T., 27.3.49, (DWS). 


Limapontiide 


LimapontiA capiTata (Miiller) (BY Plate 21) 

Slip Pier Beach, in Cladophora among Fucus, 12.3.49, (DWS) : 
Castle Beach, two on stone, 5.8.49, (GO) : SkoxHotm—Crab Bay, 
three, L.W.M., 22.7.55, (MEB). 


Order PLEUROBRANCHOMORPHA 


Pleurobranchide (E 201) 


BERTHELLA PLUMULA (Montagu) (E201; BY Plate 18) 

Musselwick Point, Gann Flats, Dale Beach, Slip Pier Beach, 
Castle Beach. Occasional. March, April, July. Abundant once, 
at Musselwick, 28.3.48, (RDP). 


300 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


PLEUROBRANCHUS MEMBRANACEUS (Montagu) (E 202 : BY Plate 18) 
Black Rocks, Dale Beach, Great Castle Head, Dale Roads. 
Occasional. L.W.S.T. and below. Common once, on Dale 


Beach, 3.4.54, (UB). 


Order NUDIBRANCHIA 


The nudibranchs are among the most beautiful of marine animals. 
They feed on an unusual diet of sponges or coelenterates, often 
being restricted to a particular species. The nematocysts of the 
prey are in some cases passed undischarged to the tips of the cerata 
and may there be used in defence of the nudibranch itself. Many 
species assemble on the shore to mate and produce characteristic 
spirally-coiled ribbons of spawn. ‘The larvae are planktonic. 


Sub-Order DORIDACEA 


Polyceride (E 204) 


EUPHURUS CLAVIGER (Miller) (E 205) 
Watwick Bay, under stones among sponges, L.W.S.T., 19.7.51 ; 
one in pool, 18.7.54, (HJ). 


POLYCERA QUADRILINEATA (Miiller) (E205; BY Plate 20) 
Watwick Bay, on polyzoan, L.W.S.T.; four on polyzoan on 

Delesseria on lobster pots, 3.8.51; West Dale Bay, one, 20.7.56, 

(JHB). SxkoxHorm—South Haven, one, 18.7.55, (KST). 


PaLio NOTHUS (Johnston) (E 207) 
Dale Beach, one, September 1951, (UCL). 


Onchidorididz 


ACANTHODORIS PILOSA (Abildgaard) (E206; BY Plate 20) 
Gann Stones, Gann Flats, Point Wood Beach, common in 
March ; mainly white, one black: St. Ann’s Head, one, 25.3.52, 
(NWM). 
ACANTHODORIS SUBQUADRATA (Alder and Hancock) 
Slip Pier Beach, two, L.W.S.T., 12.4.48, (RDP) 


ONCHIDORIS MURICATA (Miiller) (E207: BY Plate 19) 
Dale, one, September 1951, (UCL). 
ONncHIDoRIs FuscA (E 207; DW 116; RY 33; BY Plate 19) 
Monk Haven in dredge, two, 23.4.51, (EMT): eleven with 
spawn, 27.4.53, (JP). 
ONcHIDoRIs spARSA (Alder and Hancock) 
Off Stack Rock, several dredged, 6.9.56 (Det. J. Forrest) (BR). 


ONcHIDORIs INconspIcuA (Alder and Hancock) 
Dale, one, September 1951, (UCL). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 301 


Okeniidae 


Gontoporis NoDOosA (Montagu) (E206; BY Plate 20) 

From one to twenty specimens—Gann Flats, Dale Beach, Point 
Wood Beach, Slip Pier Beach, Castle Beach, Gunkel, Gateholm, 
Martin’s Haven, Angle Bay, Dale Roads, off Stack Rock. SKoxK- 
HoLM—Crab Bay. SKkomEr—Mew Stone. L.W.S.T. and below. 
March, April, July, September, November. Spawn, 3.3.51, 
( JHB). 

GONIODORIS CASTANEA Alder and Hancock (BY Plate 20) 

Dale Roads, one in dredge, 17.9.53, (EMS). 


ANCULA CRISTATA (Alder) (E 206; BY Plate 20) 
SKOKHOLM—Crab Bay, one, 24.3.52, (P di B). 


Glossodoridide (E 208) 


ROSTANGA RUFESCENS Iredale and O’Donoghue (E 208; BY 
Plate 19) 
One each at Musselwick Point, Castle Beach, Gunkel and Stack 
Rock. March, August, September. L.W.S.T. 


ARCHIDORIS PSEUDOARGUS (Rapp) (=dvittanica + flammea) Sea 
lemon (E 208; W 86; DW 44; Y 108; BY Plate 19) 
On all rocky shores, exposed and sheltered, including Skokholm 
and Skomer. March, April, July, August, September. Spawn, 
March, April, May, September. Copulation, 3.3.51. 


JORUNNA TOMENTOSA (Cuvier) (E 208; BY Plate 109) 

Occasional, Musselwick, Dale Beach, Slip Pier Beach, Castle 
Beach, Martin’s Haven. Skomer—North Haven. March, Aug. 
Spawn, August. 


Sub-Order EOLIDACEA 


Coryphellide (Flabellinide, E 213) 


CORYPHELLA VERRUCOSA (M. Sars) PELLUcIDA (Alder and Han- 
cock) (E213), 
Musselwick, rare under rocks with sponges and_ascidians, 


L.W.S.T., 4.4.54, (UB). 


CORYPHELLA PEDATA (Montagu) (E 213) 

Gann Stones and Castle Beach. Under stones, L.W.S.T. 
March, April, September. Of regular occurrence in small num- 
bers. 


Facelinidz 
FACELINA AURICULATA (Miiller) (=Jongicornis -+ drummondi + 
coronata) (EK 211 ; BY Plate 21) 


Musselwick Point and Little Bay on Skokholm. March and 
August. L.W.S.T. 


302 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 
Aeolidiide 
AEOLIDIELLA GLAUGA (Alder and Hancock) (includes Aeolidina 


aldert and Eolis angulata) 
Musselwick Point, 28.3.48, (RDP). 


AEOLIDIA PAPILLOSA (L.) (E211; W 87; Y Teg sRWaa7 By 
Plate 21) 
Occasional on rocks from Musselwick to the Slip Pier ; and 
Angle Bay. March, April. Spawn, April. 


Sub-Class PULMONATA (E214) 


Order BASOMMATOPHORA 


Ellobiide (E 214) 


LEUCOPHYTIA BIDENTATA (Montagu) (E 214) 
Gann Estuary, gregarious under stones, September 1948, (UCL) : 
Slip Pier Beach, Oct. 1950, (UMG). 


Class LAMELLIBRANCHIA Bivalves (E 145, 149) 


Order PROTOBRANCHIA 


Nuculide 


NucuLa nucLeus (L.) 

From Thorn Island to Angle Bay, occasional in dredge, 15.4.49, 
(RDP). 
NucuLa TuRGIDA Leckenby and Marshall 

Dale Beach, a few sieved from sand, March 1948, (RDP). 


Order DYSODONTA 
Mytilide (E 153) 
Mopio.tus mopioLus (L.) (E153; BY Plate 22) 
Dale Roads, one, trawl, 6.4.49, (RDP) : Martin’s Haven, two, 


dredge, 27.4.53, (JP): Pwllchrochan Flats, common on muddy 
sand and gravel below L.W.N.T., January 1954, (BTH). 


MoptoLus BARBATUS (L.) (E153; BY Plate 22) 
Gunkel, one in crevice, Ascophyllum zone, ‘21.8.53, (ORB) : 
Monk Haven, one, dredge, 27.4.53, ( JP). 
Mopio.Lus PHASEOLINUS (Philippi) (BY Plate 22) 
SKOKHOLM—Crab Bay, dead shell. 


MuscuLus MARMORATUS (Forbes) (BY Plate 22) 
Castle Beach, one in test of ascidian, L.W.S.T., 11.4.49, (RDP) : 
27.8.49, (GO). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 303; 


CRENELLA DECUSSATA (Montagu) 
SKOKHOLM—Common among Flustra and Sertularella in lobster 


pots, 26.6.50, ( JHB). 


Mytiuus Epuuis L. Common mussel (E 152; W 75; Y 133, 138 ; 
RY (303) BY Plate 22) 

Small specimens are abundant in crevices on all rocky 
shores, including Skokholm and Skomer from the barnacle zone 
down to L.W.S.T., and they extend into the Gann Estuary. Larger 
specimens are found on Gann Flats, Marloes Sands and in Dale 
Roads: they occur between tide marks from Angle Bay to Little 
Milford, and are present in Pennar Gut, Carew and Creswell 
Rivers (lower reaches only) and Sandy Haven. Very few occur 
below L.W.S.T. in the upper reaches of the estuary. ‘There is an 
extensive bed at Fowborough Point. 

The species is infested with Mytilicola. 

Recent work suggests that not all are of this species, some 
being M. galloprovincialts. 

It is obvious that feeding in intertidal animals must be rhythmic 
since they can usually only feed when the tide isin. It has recently 
been shown that the digestive processes of the small bivalve Lasaea 
rubra are also rhythmic——-and begin when submergence and the 
possibility of feeding begins. But it seems likely that the rhythm is 
entirely dependent on external stimuli because the processes can be 
started off at the ‘wrong’ time. by submergence. In intertidal 
Mytilus, however, the feeding rhythm is inherent. If the rate of 
passage of water through the mantle cavity is measured it can be 
shown that the rate is high when the tide is in and low when the 
tide is out, even though the specimen is lying in an aquarium all 
the time. Furthermore this rhythm is maintained for up to a week 
even if the animal is kept in water under stable conditions. ‘Thus 
intertidal mussels from different parts of the coast (where the time 
of high water is different) can be separated in the laboratory, even 
after their prolonged journey by rail, because their rate of pumping 
water rises to a maximum at the appropriate, different, times. 


MyTILUS GALLOPROVINCIALIS Lamarck 
Thirty per cent of Mytilus in Angle Bay are of this species, 
(B. T. Hepper, 1957, Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 36, 1. 33-40), 


and it doubtless occurs elsewhere. 


Order PSEUDOLAMELLIBRANCHIA 
Anomiide (E 150) 


This family is noted for its single adductor muscle, the calcified 
byssus which seems to pierce the lower valve and for its simple 
gill filaments. 


304 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


ANOMIA EPHIPPIUM L. (E150; BY Plate xvii) 

Slip Pier Beach, common in rock pool, Ascophyllum zone, 20.8.53, 
(ORB) : Angle Bay, April 1953, (UB) : (two shells, 2 ins. across 
from crabs in deep water off St. Ann’s Head, years ago, JHB) 
SKOKHOLM—Peter’s Bay, 11.8.49, (GO): North Haven, 29.7.50, 
(HJMB) : Crab Bay, 29.7.50, (HJMB) ; 14.9.54, (HJM). Com- 
mon under stones and in Laminaria holdfasts. : 

MOoNIA PATELLIFORMIS (L.) (E151; BY Plate xvii) 

Musselwick, March 1955, (UB): Dale Roads, one, dredge, 
30-4.56, (JM). 

HETERANOMIA SQUAMULA (L.) (E 151) 

Slip Pier Beach, Castle Beach, Watwick Bay, Gateholm, Martin’s 
Haven. SkokHotm—North Haven, Crab Bay. Common under 
stones and in Laminaria holdfasts, L.W.S.T. and in pool, Ascophyllum 
zone. March, July, August. 


Pectinide Scallops (E 153) 


All species have a single adductor muscle. Some are attached 
by the byssus, others are free and have no byssus. These latter may 
swim by a snapping of the shell—either hinge foremost or hindmost. 
The mantle edge has well developed tentacles and eyes. 


CHLAMYS OPERCULARIS (L.) (E154; RY 308; BY Plate 22) 

Musselwick Point, Point Wood Beach, Slip Pier Beach, Castle 
Beach, Dale Roads, dredge and trawl, S. Hook to Gelliswick, 
trawl. L.W.S.T. and below, in crevices. Occasional. 


CHLAMYs VARIA (L.) (E154; BY Plate 22) 

Gann Stones, Gann Flats, Brig Stones, Point Wood Beach, Dale 
Roads (dredge). SkokHotm—Crab Bay. Occasional, up to 
7 cm. on shore anchored to stones and Gigartina stellata ( JHB), up 
to 13 cm. in dredge on muddy stones and gravel (GTJ). 


CHLAMYS DISTORTA (da Costa) (E154; BY Plate 22) 
Musselwick, Castle Beach, Martin’s Haven. L.W.S.T., up to 


2 inch. Occasional. 

PECTEN Maximus (L.) (E153, Y 169, RY 308: BY Plate 22) 
Musselwick Point, Angle Bay, Dale Roads, Watch House Point. 

Occasional. L.W.S.T. and below. 


Order EULAMELLIBRANCHIA 


Ostreide (E 154) 


OsTREA EDULIs L. Oyster (E154; RY 190, 204,207. Eee: 
BY Plate xvii) 

Musselwick Point, Gann Flats, Dale Beach, Point Wood Beach, 

Dale Roads and Watch House Point (dredge). Occasional, 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 305 


L.W.S.T. and below. Up to 13 by 15 cm. Larvae in plankton, 
8.8.56, (P. Warren). 

Sixty years ago there was a successful oyster fishery in Milford 
Haven but the last commercial dredging took place 30 years ago. 
The decline is attributed by Dr. H. A. Cole to uncontrolled exploita- 
tion and he further suggests that a commercial fishery could be re- 
established and has recommended trial plantings of oysters in suit- 
able areas in Dale Bay, Pennar Gut and Angle Bay, which have 
been done and promise success. 


Astartidz 


ASTARTE SULCATA (da Costa) 

Dale Roads, trawl, 10.10.50, (EMT) : many dredged half mile 

east of Thorn Island, 15.4.49, (RDP). 
Cyprinidz 
CYPRINA ISLANDICA (L.) 

Occasional in Dale Bay either ashore (Lower Gann, Black 
Rocks, Dale Beach. L.W.S.T.), or by dredge. 

Most of the British marine fauna is of species belonging to 
northern latitudes which extend southwards to Great Britain, or 
of more southern species extending northwards to Great Britain— 
both types dying out, but overlapping, in the English Channel 
area, thus producing a varied fauna. Only a few species are true 
temperate species, extending north and south from Great Britain, 
and Cyprina is one of this small group. 


Ungulinide 


THYASIRA FLEXUOSA (Montagu) 
Dale Beach, 28.3.48, (RDP): Brig Stones, one valve, 


31.7.50, ( JHB) 
Lucinide (E 155) 


LucInoMA BOREALIS (L.) (E155 as Phacoides ; BY Plate xix) 
Gann, Dale Beach, 28.3.48, (RDP). 


Erycinide (E 155) 


LASAEA RUBRA (Montagu) (E 156) 

Black Rocks, two in sandy gravel, 26.4.49, (JHB): Castle 
Beach, 28.3.48, (RDP). SkoxHotm—Crab Bay, one, 13.9.54, 
(HJM). 

This small bivalve is widespread between tide marks on rocky 
shores and is often found in abundance among the lichen, Lichina 
pygmaea (150,000 per square yard) near H.W.M. (C175). The 
digestive rhythm is governed by the tide—see note under Mytilus 
edulis. 


K 


306 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


KELLIA SUBORBICULARIS (Montagu) (E 155) 
Musselwick Point, rare in crevices, 28.3.48 ; Castle Beach, a 
few. LA W.S!l., 11.4.49, (RDE). 


Montacutidze 


MONTACUTA FERRUGINOSA (Montagu) 
Commensal with Echinocardium cordatum. Gann Flats, March 
1955, (UB): Dale Beach, 13.4.49, (RDP); 26.3.52, (NWM). 


Cardiidz Cockles (E 157) 


LAEVICARDIUM CRASSUM (Gmelin) E 157 3 
Dale Beach, one in sand, 24.9.49, (GO) : Dale Roads, dredged, 
two, 25.9.50, ( JHB) ; one, 10.10.50, (EMT). 


CarDIUM ExIGUUM Gmelin (BY Plate xviii) 
Black Rocks, two in sand, L.W.S.T., 28.3.48 ; dredged east of 
Stack Rock, a few, 15.4.49, (RDP). 


CARDIUM EDULE L. Common cockle (E157 ; Y 229; RY 306; 
BY Plate xviii) 

In muddy sand from Point Wood Beach to the Gann Flats, 
Gann Saltings and Gann Estuary nearly up to Mullock Bridge. 
1952 was a good year and collectors got up to 1,500 each in August. 
Angle Bay, April 1953, (UB). SkoxkHotm—South Haven, one, 
31.7.50, (HJMB). 

CARDIUM ECHINATUM L. Spiny cockle (BY Plate xviii) 


Gann Sand, very common, 6.3.50; Black Rocks, common in 
sand, .W_S.1)20 9°46 7) EB). 


Veneride (E 158) 


DosinIA EXOLETA (L.) (E159; BY Plate xix) 
Gann Flats, one 1} in., 26.9.50; S. Hook—Gelliswick, shells 
common in trawl, 7.5.51, ( JHB). 


Dosinta Lupinus (L.) Lincta (Montagu) (E159; BY Plate xix) 
Shells only dredged off Monk Haven, 23.4.51, (EMT). 


VeENus (CHIONE) OVATA (Pennant) (E159; BY Plate xix) 
Several in dredge half mile east of Thorn Island, 15.4.49, (RDP). 


VENUus (CLAUSINELLA) FASCIATA (da Costa) (E 159; BY Plate xix) 
Musselwick, one, 14.4.49, (RDP). 


VENUus (CLAUSINELLA) STRIATULA (da Costa) (E159 ; BY Plate xix) 

Gann Flats, one above M.T.L., 8.4.49, (RDP) ; March 1955, 
(UB) : Black Rocks, common in sand, L.W.S.T., 28.3.48, (RDP); 
in sand, distribution similar to that of Solen siliqua; maximum 
abundance 28 per sq. m.; less abundant in muddy sand to south 


west, 25.4.49, (NAH). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 307 


VENERUPIS PULLASTRA (Montagu) (E 160, as Paphia ; BY Plate xix) 
Gann Flats, Black Rocks and Dale Beach. L.W.S.T. to above 
L.W.N.T. Occasional. 


VENERUPIS DECUSSATA (L.) FuscA Gmelin (E160 as Paphia ; 
BY Plate xix) 
Gann Estuary, several in stiff clay below M.T.L., with Mya 
arenaria, Barnea candida and Corophium volutator, 8.9.49, (RDP). 
Shells in trawl S. Hook to Gelliswick, 7.5.51, ( JHB). 


Petricolidze 


Mysia UNDATA (Pennant) 
Shells only, Dale Beach. 


Mactridz (E 165) 
SPISULA SUBTRUNCATA (da Costa) (E165; BY Plate xviii) 
Dale Beach, (RDP). 


SPISULA ELLIPTICA (Brown) (E166; W 76; BY Plate xviii) 
Black Rocks, rare in sand, L.W.S.T., 28.3.48, (RDP): Dale 

Roads in trawl, 10.10.50, (EMT). 

MaAcTRA CORALLINA (L.) CINEREA Montagu (E 165 ; BY Plate xviii) 
Black Rocks, 28.3.48, (RDP); 7.2.51, (NAH): Dale Beach, 

24.0.53:-(G 0). Rare in sand, L.W.S.T. 


Lutrariide (E 166) 
LuTRARIA LUTRARIA (L.) (E166; BY Plate xviii) 
Gann Flats, March, 1955, (UB): Dale Beach, one, L.W.S.T., 
11.4.49, (RDP). 


Asaphide (E 163) 
GaRI FERVENSIS (Gmelin) (E163; BY Plate 23) 
Gann Flats South, 12.10.50, (EMT); Black Rocks, 28.3.48, 
(RDP). Rare in sand. L.W.S.T. 


Scrobiculariide (E 162) 

ABRA PRISMATICA (Montagu) (E 163) 

Dale Beach, 28.3.48, (RDP). 
ABRA ALBA (Wood) (E 163) 

Dale Beach, 28.3.48, (RDP) 
SCROBICULARIA PLANA (da Costa) (E 162; Y 255; BY Plate xvii) 

Gann Stones, March 1956, (UB) : Gann Estuary, several up to: 
700 yds. below Mullock Bridge, November, 1948, (NWM) ; 
abundant in mud by wooden bridge, 8.4.49, (RDP). 


Tellinide (E 161) 


Macoma BALTHICA (L.) (E162; BY Plate xvii) 
Gann Estuary, one, with Scrobicularia plana, 8.4.49, (RDP). 
This is a very common species on estuarine mud flats. 


308 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


TELLINA FABULA Gmelin (E 162) 

Gann Flats, 21.3.50, (JHB): Black Rocks, 28.3.48, (RDP) ; 
7.2.51, (NAH). Common in sand, L.W.M. and below, commoner 
than T. tenuis. 


TELLINA TENUIs da Costa (E 161 ; Y 229; BY Plate xvii) 


Gann Flats, 21.3.50, ( JHB): Black Rocks, 23.4.48 and 7.2.51, 
(NAH). Rare to common in sand. 


Donacide (E 161) 


Donax vittTatus (da Costa) (E161; W 77; BY Plate 23) 
Shells only. Dale Beach and Broadhaven. 


Solenidz Razor shells (E 164) 
PHAXAS PELLUCIDUs (Pennant) (BY Plate 23) 
Dale Beach, 28.3.48, (RDP) ; 24.9.53 (GTJ). Rare, L.W.S.T. 


SOLEN MARGINATUS Pulteney (E 164; BY Plate 23) 
Shells only, Dale Beach. 


Ensis ENsis (L.) (E 165; Y 233; RY 48; BY Plate 23) 

Gann Flats, March, 1955, 1956 (UB) : Black Rocks, small ones 
common in sand, L.W.S.T., 28.3.48, (RDP). SKomzerR—North 
Haven, April 1946, (UB). 

Ensis sILIQua (L.) (E 165 ; BY Plate 23) 

The extensive bed of muddy sand near L.W.S.T., abundantly 
occupied by this species, stretches across Dale Sands and Gann 
Flats South and East, and is one of the main features of the Field 
Centre’s marine fauna. Also in Angle Bay. 


PHARUS LEGUMEN MAJOR Bucquoy (E164; BY Plate xvii) 

Gann Flats, one, dead, 21.3.50, (JHB): Black Rocks, one in 
sand, L.W.S.T., and dead shells, 7.2.51, (NAH) : Dale Beach, one, 
15.9.54, (GT). 

Hiatellide (E 167) - 

HIATELLA aArcTicA (L.) (E168: W 79; Y 1703 GY Plate sc) 

Widely distributed in crevices and Laminaria holdfasts. Mussel- 
wick Point, Brig Stones, Castle Beach, Gunkel, St. Bride’s Haven. 
SKOKHOLM—Peter’s Bay, Crab Bay, North Haven, Skom—ER— 
North Haven. March, April, July, August, September. 


Erodonide 
CoRBULA GIBBA (Olivi) (=Alozdis) (BY Plate 23) 
Off Dale Point, one in dredge, 15.8.53, (ORB). 


Myide Clams (E 167) 
Mya tTruncaTa L. (BY Plate 23) 


Gann Estuary, one 500 yds. below Mullock Bridge, November 
1948, (NWM) : Gann Flats, one, M.T.L., 20.9.49 (UCL) ; March 


1955, (UB). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 309 


Mya ARENARIA L. (BY Plate 23) 

Gann Estuary, occasional up to 600 yds. below Mullock Bridge 
(NWM, RDP): Brig Stones, one, 26.4.48 (NAH). In sand or 
clay. 

Pholadide (E 168) 
BARNEA CANDIDA (L.) (E168; Y178; BY Plate xx) 


Gann Flats, Gann Estuary, in localised patches in heavy mud 
or clay below M.T.L., (UCL, RDP). 


Teredinide Ship-worms (E 169) 
TEREDO NORVEGICA Spengler (E169; BY Plate xx) 

Musselwick Point, two in wreck, 14.4.49, (RDP) ; one 26.3.52. 
(NWM). 

TTEREDO NAVALIS L. (E170 ; Y 171, 174, 180, 181 ; RY 136-8, 141, 
145, 840, 151 ; BY Plate xx) 

Numerous in driftwood, March 1949, (NWM). ‘This very im- 
portant species bores into marine wood-works and makes it neces- 
sary for all wooden boats operating in tropical or sub-tropical 
waters to be sheathed in copper. Good accounts are given in the 
references cited above. Attention may be directed to the fact that the 
shell valves, used in boring are so reduced as no longer to enclose the 
body. The burrow is lined by a separate calcareous tube secreted 
by the exposed mantle tissues. Recent control measures include 
the use of depth charges which kill the animals in their burrows. 


Pandoridze 
PANDORA PINNA (Montagu) 
Dale Roads, one, dredged, 28.8.56, (GEB). 
Thracide 


THRACIA PHASEOLINA (Lamarck) 
Dale Beach, one in sand, L.W.S.T., 24.9.53, (GTJ). 


Class CEPHALOPODA (H 267) 


Order DECACERA Ccuttlefish and squids. 


Sepiide Cuttlefish 


SEPIA ELEGANS Orbigny 
Shell only, West Dale Bay (UMG) 


SEPIA OFFICINALIS L. Common cuttlefish (W 93 96; DW 74; 
We 2Or iy F032, 210 >) 274, 286°;) BY Plate xx1) 

Dale Roads, one in trawl, 1 ft. long, 4.9.50, (JHB): Castle 
Beach Bay, one in trawl, 29.9.50, (GTJ). SkokHoLtm—an Atlantic 
Seal seen with one in its mouth, 11.4.47, (T. Bagenal). 

This abundant sub-littoral species ranges southwards into 
tropical waters and is a familiar feature of the shallow seas. 


310 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 
Sepiolidx 
SEPIOLA ATLANTICA Orbigny (H 277; BY Plate xxi) 


Gann Flats at edge of tide; two, 8.6.49; one, 6.3.50 ( JHB): 
one, 22.8.53, (ORB): Watwick Bay, one in rock pool, 8.3.55, 
(JM). A beautiful little animal. 


Loliginide Squids 
ALLOTEUTHIS SUBULATA (Lamarck) (H278) 
Dale, one, Sept. 1951, (UCL). 
LOLIGO FORBESI Steenstrup (BY Plate xxi) 
One from trawler off St. Govan’s—Caldy Island, 19.9.52, (GTJ). 


Order OCTOPODA Octopus (W 89-91 ; DW 96, 98; Y 122) 


Octopodide 


ELEDONE CIRRHOSA (Lamarck) (DW 76, 96; BY Plate xxi) 

Dale Beach, one, L.W.S.T., 2.4.50, (NWM) ; one, September, 
1951, (UCL): St. Ann’s Head, one, 25.3.52, (NWM). SxKox- 
HOLM—North Haven, one, caught and held by one tentacle by a 
limpet. Released and kept alive for several days, 20.9.55. 


The cephalopods have a very well developed mechanism which 
permits very rapid colour changes in many species—notably the 
squids. ‘These latter are also very efficient swimmers and are 
believed to be extremely abundant in the open ocean. 


Phylum CHATOGNATHA 


SAGITTA SETOSA J. Miiller (BY Plate 11) 

Dale, common in plankton, September 1951, (UCW). 

The arrow-worms are common in the plankton of many seas and 
the two species common in British waters have been used at Ply- 
mouth as “ biological indicators ’’ as S$. setosa is characteristic of 
North Sea waters and S. elegans of oceanic waters. ‘The distribution 
of §. elegans therefore gives a measure of the penetration of rich 
Atlantic waters around our coasts. 


Phylum KAMPTOZOA (=Polyzoa Entoprocta, E 219, 224) 


Pedicillinide (E 224) 
PEDICILLINA CERNUA (Pallas) (E 224) 


Brig Stones, on Polysiphonia, 25.4.49 ; Castle Beach, on Sertular- 
ella polyzonias, L.W.S.T., 27.8.49 ; Dale Roads, frequent on polyzoa 
in dredge and trawl, September 1949, (GO). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 311 


BARENTSIA GRACILIS (Sars) (E 224) 
Castle Beach, rare on red weeds, 13.9.54, (UCW). 


LOXOSOMELLA PHASCOLOSOMATA (Vogt) 
Gann Stones, on Golfingia, 28.3.38, (RDP). 


Phylum POLYZOA s. str. (=Polyzoa Ectoprocta, E.220 ; H.179, 
190) 


Order CYCLOSTOMATA 


Crisiide (E 223) 


CRISIDIA CORNUTA (L.) (E 223) 
Castle Beach, common, L.W.S.T., 11.4.49, (RDP). 


CRISIA EBURNEA (L.) (E 223) 
Slip Pier Beach, on red algae in Fucus serratus zone, 21.3.49, 
(DWS) : Great Castle Head, on red algae in pools, 15.9.49, (GO). 


CRIsIA DENTICULATA (Lamarck) 
Castle Beach, (RDP, JHB). 


Lichenoporide 


LICHENOPORA HISPIDA (Fleming) 
Castle Beach, two colonies, L.W.S.T., 11.4.49, (RDP). 


Order GYMNOLAEMATA 
Sub-Order CHEILOSTOMATA 


Aeteide 


AETEA ANGUINA (L.) 

SKOKHOLM—North Haven, Peter’s Bay, Little Bay, South Haven, 
August 1950, (RH). On Chondrus crispus, Halecium halecinum, 
Scrupocellaria reptans, Laminaria holdfasts, other weeds and in pools. 


AETEA SICA (Hincks) (recta) 
SKOKHOLM—On other polyzoa. 


Scrupariide (—Eucrateide) 


SCRUPARIA CHELATA (L.) 

Castle Beach, luxuriant growths on Lomentaria, L.W.S.T., 
27.8.49, (GO). SkoxHotm—North Haven, Peter’s Bay, Little 
Bay, Dumbell Bay. Common, August 1950, on Chondrus, hold- 
fasts and stripes of Laminaria, Agleophema, Tubularia, Crisia and 
Bugula, (RH). 


Membraniporide (E 221) 


MEMBRANIPORA MEMBRANACEA (L.) (E211; Y 38, 139; RY 60; 
(BY Plate iii). 
Dale Roads, (RDP). 


312 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


ELECTRA PILOSA (L.) 
Gann Stones, March 1955 (UB); Gann Flats, Gateholm, 
28.3.48, (RDP). 


Flustride (E 221) 


FLUSTRA FOLIACEA (L.) (E221; BY Plates ii and xxv) 
Lobster pots at Skokholm, 26.6.50, (from Mr. F. Sturley, JHB). 


Cellariidz 


CELLARIA FISTULOSA Hincks 


SKOKHOLM—on Maza squinado and common on Nemertesia anten- 
nina, 26.6.50, (from Mr. F. Sturley, JHB). 


Scrupocellariide (E 220 as Cellulariide) 


SCRUPOCELLARIA REPTANS (L.) (E 220) 

Gann Stones, March, 1956, (UB): Brig Stones, common, 
L.W.S.T., 25.4.49, (GO): Castle Beach, common under ledges, 
L.W.S.T., 11.4.49, (RDP). SkokHotm—North Haven, Peter’s 
Bay, Little Bay. Occasional on weeds, holdfasts, Aglaophenia and 
rocks. Common below L.W.S.T. at Little Bay, August 1950, 
(RH). : 


Bicellariide (E 221) 
BUGULA TURBINATA Alder (E 221; BY Plate 111) 
Musselwick Point, rare, 28.3.48, (RDP) : Dale Point, abundant, 
28.7.49 ; Castle Beach, rare, 29.7.49, (GO). On rocks and under 
boulders and ledges. 


Schizoporellidz 


SCHIZOPORELLA HYALINA (L.) 
Dale Road, trawled on Laminaria saccharina, 8.4.49, (RDP). 


Hippoporinide 
CRYPTOSULA PALLASIANA (Moll) (=Lepralia) 


Musselwick Point, Slip Pier Beach, common under boulders, 
L.W.sS. 0.5 26-940 .(R DE). 


Umbonulide 


UMBONULA VERRUCOSA (Esper.) (E 222) 
Castle Beach, abundant below M.T.L., 11.4.49, (RDP). 


Order CTENOSTOMATA 


Alcyonidiide (E 223 ; BY Plate ii) 
ALCYONIDIUM GELATINOSUM (L.) (E 223) 

Musselwick, 28.3.48, (RDP): Slip Pier Beach, abundant, 
L.W.M., September 1948: Gateholm, 28.3.48, (RDP): Monk 
Haven, abundant, L.W.M., September 1948: SkokHOoLM—one 
large colony on lobster pot, 2.9.50, (from Mr. F. Sturley, JHB). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 313: 


ALCYONIDIUM HIRSUTUM (Fleming) (E 224) 

Slip Pier Beach, one colony on red alga, 24.9.50, (EMS) : Dale 
Fort Beach, 28.3.53 : West Dale Bay, two colonies washed up,,. 
27,0,50,)( SELB). 

Flustrellide (E 224) 
FLUSTRELLA HISPIDA (Fabricius) (E224; Y 141) 


Gann Stones, March 1956, (UB): Dale Fort Beach, very 
abundant on Gigartina stellata and Fucus serratus, 28.4.50, ( JHB). 


Vesiculariide 
VESICULARIA SPINOSA (L.) 
Dale Roads, on stone in dredge, 19.9.49, (GO). 


BOWERBANKIA IMBRICATA (Adams) , 
Brig Stones, on Ascophyllum, 29.6.50, ( JHB). 


Phylum ECHINODERMATA (E 15, 227-8 ; H 193) 


The radial symmetry of the echinoderms, associated with a com-. 
plex organisation which includes such unique morphological 
features as hydraulic tube feet, pedicillariae, movable spines, sub-. 
dermal skeleton, a nerve system with multiple centres of control,. 
etc., marks this entirely marine phylum as one of special interest.. 
In addition, various species are adapted, somewhat unexpectedly, 
to the widest range of habitats from the oceanic abyss and the 
plankton to the intertidal zone, including mud, sand and rocky 
areas ; and to such diverse habits as a sessile or free living life ; to 
life on rock and on or in sand or mud ; to ciliary feeding, detritus-. 
eating or predation. Their larvae are mainly planktonic and are 
extremely characteristic. 


Class CRINOIDEA Sea-lilies (E 228) 


Antedonide (E 228) 
ANTEDON BIFIDA (Pennant) Rosy feather star (E228; Y 37; 
RY 64; BY Plate 26) 
Occasional, L.W.S.T., Musselwick, Slip Pier Beach, Castle 
Beach, Great Castle Head, Monk Haven. Skomer—Mew Stone. 


March, April, September. None present at Dale Point, 25.3.51,, 
(NWM). 


Class ASTEROIDEA Star-fish (E 228-9) 


Order PHANEROZONIA 


Astropectinide 
ASTROPECTEN IRREGULARIS (Pennant) (DW 100; BY Plate 25) 
From trawler, St. Govan’s—Caldy Island, one, 19.9.52, (GTJ).. 
A sand- burrowing sub-littoral species. 


314 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


Order SPINULOSA \_/ 


Asterinide (E 230) 


ASTERINA GIBBOSA (Pennant) (E230; DW 42; Y158; BY 
Plate 25) 

Rare in Dale Bay (Slip Pier Beach, 28.3.49, DWS), but common 
outside—Castle Beach, Watwick Bay, Mill Bay, Great Castle Head, 
West Dale Bay, Angle Bay. L.W.M., March, April, May, Septem- 
ber. 


Solasteride (E 230 ; W 97) 


SOLASTER (CROSSASTER) PAPPOSUS (L.) (BY Plate 24) 
Occasional in dredge—off Watch House Point, Monk Haven, 
Dale Point and Llangwm. January, July, September. 


Echinasteridz 


HENRICIA SANGUINOLENTA (O. F. Miller) (E 231; T 167; BY 
Plate 24) 
Single specimens from Slip Pier Beach, Dale Point, Watwick 
Bay. SkokHoLtM—South Haven (two). SKkomeER—Mew Stone 
(two). March, April, July, September. 


Order FORCIPULATA 


Asteriide (E 229, Y 164) 


ASTERIAS RUBENS L. Common star-fish (E 229 ; W99; DW 102 ; 
Y166 ; RY 20; El 191% BY Plates, 

Gann Stones, Gann Flats, Black Rocks, Wooltack Point, Angle 
Bay, off S. Hook (dredged), off St. Govan’s. and Caldy Island 
(trawled). SKkokHotm—Crab Bay, Wallsend Bay. SkomER— 
Mew Stone, North Haven, Midland Isle. Widespread in small 
numbers. Common at Gann Stones on 20.3.50, but not present 
two weeks earlier, (JHB). L.W.S.T. and below. 

MARTHASTERIAS GLACIALIS (L.) (E230; DW 50; Y 167 BY 
Plate 24) | | 

Occasional specimens from L.W.S.T. at Castle Bay, Great 
Castle Head, West Dale Bay, SkoxHoLmM—Crab Bay and SkoMER— 
Mew Stone. Also from the sub-littoral, Hog Bay on Skokholm 
and from trawler St. Govan’s—Caldy Island. Up to 15% ins. 
across. Spawning, 5.4.50, ( JHB). 


Class OPHIUROIDEA bBrittle-stars (E 231-3) 
Order OPHIURAE 
Ophiotrichide (E 233) 


OPHIOTHRIX FRAGILIS (Abildgaard) (E233; W 102, 123, 125; 
DW 108; Y159;. H 190; BY Plate 26) 


t 
y 


F 
4 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 315 


Widespread and fairly common. Gann Stones, Dale Beach, 
Point Wood Beach, Slip Pier Beach, Dale Point, Castle Beach, 
Great Castle Head, Martin’s Haven, Dale Roads (dredge). SKox- 
HOLM—Crab Bay, Hog Bay, South Haven. Sxkomer—North 
Haven, Mew Stone, L.W.M. and below. March, April, July, 
September. 


Ophiocomide (E 234) 
OPHIOCOMINA NIGRA (Abildgaard) (E234; W125; DW 108; 
RY 64. BY Plate 26) 


- Martin’s Haven, one, Spetember 1948. SKOoKHOLM—Hog Bay, 
two, 27.3.52, (ECJ) ; 14.9.54, (HJM). Sxkomer—North Haven, 
three, April 1956, (UB). 


Ophiactide (E 234) 
OPpHIACTIS BALLI (Thompson) (E 234) 
SKOKHOLM, 12.4.48, (BW) 


Amphiuride (E 235) 
AMPHIURA CHIAJEI Forbes 


Dale Beach, 26.7.50, (MRY) ; 28.3.53, (MRY) ; SxkoxkHOLM— 
mear the Stack, 15.8.47, (CT). 


ACROCNIDA BRACHIATA (Montagu) Burrowing brittle-star (E 235 ; 
Dy 199) BY Plate 26) 


Gann Flats, March 1955, 1956, (UB): Black Rocks, in sand, 
L.W.S.T., 28.3.48, (RDP) ; September 1948, (UCL) : Angle Bay, 
April, 1953, (UB). 


AMPHIPHOLIS SQUAMATA (Delle Chiaje) (E 236; BY Plate 26) 


Gann Stones, Gann Flats, Dale Beach, Slip Pier Beach, Gunkel, 
Great Castle Head, Martin’s Haven, Dale Roads (dredge), Castle 
Beach Bay (dredge). SkokHoLmM—Crab Bay, Peter’s Bay, South 
Haven. Under stones, in pools, in Laminaria holdfasts. Common. 


Ophiolepide (E 236; BY Plate 26) 
OPHIURA TEXTURATA Lamarck 


Dale Beach, Castle Beach, 28.3.48, (RDP) : dredged off Thorn 
Island, 15.4.49, (GO) ; off Watch House Point, 1.9.49, (GO); 
m Dale Roads, \28.3.48, (RDP); 31.3.53, (MRY). Occasional. 


OPpHIURA ALBIDA Forbes 


Gann Flats, March 1955, (UB): Dale Beach, Castle Beach, 
28.3.48. (GO): dredged off Thorn Island, 15.4.49, (GO) ; off 
Watch House Point, 1.9.49, (GO); in Dale Roads, 28.3.48, 
(RDP). Common. 


316 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 
Class ECHINOIDEA Sea urchins (E 237) 
Order DIADEMATOIDEA 
Echinide (E 238) 
PSAMMECHINUS MILIARIS (Gmelin) (E238; W105; Hig0; BY 
Plate 27) 

From Musselwick Point to Dale Point, Castle Beach, Watwick. 
Bay, Stack Rock, Dale Roads (dredged). SkoxHo~tm—Crab Bay, 
South Haven. SkomEeEr—North Haven, Mew Stone. In small 
numbers near L.W.M. Common at Gann Stones and Castle 
Beach, 12.4.49, and at Stack Rock, 25.9.53. The Stack Rock 
specimens included some larger than Mortensen’s maximum of 


50 mm. and the Dale Bay specimens often have on them the worm, 
Flabelligera affinis. 


ECHINUS ESCULENTUS L. (E 239; W104; DW 20; Y 165, 168; 
RY 30,211, 2253 5° BY) Plate 27) 

Martin’s Haven, abundant on vertical rock faces up to 5 feet 
above L.W.E.S.T., April 1946, (RDP) : Dale Roads, one in lobster 
pot, March 1949, (NWM). SKxoxHotm—one in lobster pot, 
24.7.56, (from Mr. H. Sturley, JM). 


Order SPATANGOIDEA 
Spatangide 


ECHINOCARDIUM CORDATUM (Pennant) (E 241 ; DW 130; Y 238-9; 
RY 56); BY Plate 27) 
Common in localised patches, burrowing in sand near L.W.S.T. 
Dale Sands, Gann Flats South and (possibly) East. With Monta- 


cuta ferruginosa. 


Class HOLOTHUROIDEA Sea Cucumbers (E 241) 
Order DENDROCHIROTA 


Cucumariide 


CUCUMARIA SAXICOLA Brady and Robertson (E242; DW 20; 
Y 96; RY 201) BY Plate 238) 
Musselwick Point, Point Wood Beach, Slip Pier Beach, Martin’s 
Haven. Skomer—North Haven. March, April, September. In 
small numbers, L.W.S.T. 


CUCUMARIA NORMANI Pace (E 242; BY Plate 28) 

Musselwick Point, one, 28.3.48, (RDP); several, 3.4.50; three, 
24.3.51, (NWM) ; March 1955, (UB). 
THYONE Fusus (O. F. Miller) 

Slip Pier Beach, one, 3 cm. long, 3.4.55, (JM). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 317 
Order APODA 
Synaptide (E 242; Y 240; H 190) 


LEPTOSYNAPTA INHAERENS (O. F. Miiller) Burrowing sea cucumber 


(E 243) 


Common in localised patch of muddy gravel, Gann Stones, 
recorded in March or April, 1948, 50, 51, 52, 55, 50, (RDP, NWM, 
UB). 


Phylum CHORDATA (E 15) 


Sub-Phylum HEMICHORDATA 
Class ENTEROPNEUSTA (E259; H.196) 


Ptychoderidz 
SACCOGLOSSUS CAMBRENSIS Brambell and Cole (BY Plate 28) 


Common in muddy sand, L.W.S.T., Dale Sands, extending to- 
wards Musselwick. First noted by RDP and GTJ, 13.4.49, and 
subsequently recorded regularly. 


Sub-Phylum CEPHALOCHORDATA 
AMPHIOXUS (BRANCHIOSTOMA) LANCEOLATUS (Pallas) 


Dale Roads plankton, several post-larvae, 1.5 cm. long, 10.9.56, 
(WALE) 


Sub-Phylum TUNICATA Sea squirts (E 15, 246, 248) 


Class ASCIDIACEA 
Order ENTEROGONA 
Sub-Order APLOUSOBRANCHIATA 


Clavellinide (=Polycitoride, E 253) 
CLAVELINA LEPADIFORMIS (O. F. Miller) (E 253; Y 40; BY 
Plate 20) 

Musselwick, groups in mid-littoral pools, 16.6.50, ( JHB) : 
Brig Stones, under rocks, also small specimens with only four rows 
of stigmata, 26.7.50, (MRY). 

Polyclinide (=—Synoicide, E 253-4) 
MorcHeE.tiium arcus (Milne Edwards) 
Slip Pier Beach, common under stones at Fucus serratus level, 


7-6.49; ( JHB). 


318 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 
Sub-Order PHLEBOBRANCHIATA 


Cionide (E 252) 
CIONA INTESTINALIS (L.) (E253; W107; BY Plate 29) 
Castle Beach, two, 11.4.49, (RDP) ; frequent, 28.7.49, (GO) : 
West Dale Bay, one, 14.9.50, (EMT). L.W.S.T. 


Corellide (—Rhodosomatide, E 251) 


CORELLA PARALLELOGRAMMA (O. F. Miiller) (E251) _ 
Black Rocks, under stones, September 1948, (UCL). 


Ascidiide (E 251) 
ASCIDIELLA ASPERSA (O. F. Miiller) (BY Plate 29) 
Occasional specimens from Musselwick Point, Black Rocks, 
Point Wood Beach, Castle Beach, Gateholm and Dale Roads. 
March, September. L.W.M. and below. 


ASCIDIA MENTULA O. F. Miller (BY Plate 29) 
Musselwick Point, Black Rocks, Castle Beach, Dale Roads 
(dredge). L.W.M. and below. Occasional. 


ASCIDIA CONCHILEGA O. F. Miiller 
Musselwick, one, March 1948 (RDP); Brig Stones, 26.7.50 ; 
Dale Roads, dredge, 31.3.53 (MRY). Under stones. 


Order PLEUROGONA 
Sub-Order STOLIDOBRANCHIATA 


Styelide (E 249, includes Botryllide, E 250) 


DENDRODOA GROSSULARIA (van Beneden) (E250; W107; Y 170; 
BY Plate 29) 

Castle Beach, good growth in small cave, 11.4.49, (RDP) : 
Dale Roads, dredge, 31.3.53, (MRY): the main Milford Haven 
channel, widespread on stones and shells, releasing larvae ,18.9.53, 
(EMS). 

BOTRYLLUS SCHLOSSERI (Pallas) (BY Plate 29) 

Musselwick Point, Gann Stones, Dale Beach, Frenchman’s Path, 
Slip Pier Beach, Dale Fort Beach, Gateholm, Stack Rock, Angle 
Bay. SxkokHotm—Peter’s Bay, Crab Bay, North Haven. Occa- 
sional to abundant. March, May, June, August, September. 
Largest colonies recorded in May, June, July. A Musselwick 
colony was brick red in colour and had no stellate pattern. ‘The 
colour of this species is variable. 


BoTRYLLOIDES LEACHI (Savigny) (BY Plate 29) 
Musselwick, Gann Estuary, Dale Beach, Slip Pier Beach, Angle 
Bay. Occasional, March, September. Stack Rock, abundant, 


7.5.51. 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 319 


Molgulide (E 249) 
MOoLGULA OCULATA Forbes 
Dale Beach, a few lying free, L.W.S.T., September 1948, (RDP). 


The genera Didemnum, Amaroucium and Orkopleura have been 
tentatively recorded. 


Sub-Phylum VERTEBRATA 
Class SELACHII Dog fisbes and sharks (Elasmobranchs) 
Order PLEUROTREMATA 


Isuride (TJ 310 Lamnidz) 
CETORHINUS MAxIMus (Gunnerus) Basking shark (TJ 314, Plate 122) 
Watwick Bay, 20.7.51 ; Dale Roads, 28.8.51, ( JHB). 


Scylliorhinide (TJ 317) 
SCYLLIORHINUS STELLARIS (L.) Greater or larger  spotted- 

dogfish or nursehound (TJ 318, Plate 131 ; DW 44) 

In lobster pots, one, 18.6.61, (EMT) ; St. Ann’s, two, 5.10.51, 
( JHB). 

SCYLLIORHINUS CANICULUs (L.) Lesser spotted or common dogfish, 
rough dog (TJ 318 Plate 131 : DW 36, 112) 

Occasionally taken in Dale Roads. Egg cases abundant on 
Hlalidrys, L.W.S.T. at Musselwick Point, two hatched, October 
1948, (GDW). 

Carcharinide 
EuGALEus GALEus (L.) Tope (TJ 308 Plate 129) 
Dale Roads, one netted by Mr. F. Sturley, November 1956, 
(JM). 
Squalide 
SQUALUs ACANTHIAS L. Piked dogfish or spur dog (TJ 321 Plate 
131 
see Haven, two dead on beach, 5.1.51, ( JHB). 
Squatinide 
SQUATINA SQUATINA (L.) Monk or angel-fish (TJ 328 Plate 127; 
DW 52) 
Dale Roads in nets, 9.9.50; 25.9.51, ( JHB). 


Order HYPOTREMATA 


Torpedinide 
TORPEDO NOBILIANA Bonaparte Electric ray (TJ 329 Plate 128 ; 
DW 52) 
Dale Roads in trawl ; September 1948, (RDP): one male about 
40 lbs., July 1952, ( JHB). 


320 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 
Rajide (TJ 330-1 ; W 119) 
Raja cLavaTa L. Thornback ray or roker (TJ 338 Plate 134; 
C 197; DW 36) 
Dale Roads, frequent in trawl up to ro lbs., 1948 to 1951. 
With Pontobdella, 21.7.49, (GO). 


RajA MONTAGUI Fowler Spotted or homelyn ray (TJ 339 Plate 
138) 
Dale Roads in trawl, April 1949, (RDP); 23.7.49, (GO). 
Off St. Govan’s—Caldy Island, 19.9.52, (GTJ). 


RajJA MICROOCELLATA Montague, Painted or small eyed ray 


(TJ 337 Plate 137) 
Dale Roads, trawl, 10.10.50, (EMT). 


Rajya Batis L. Common skate (TJ 334 Plate 133) 
From trawler, off St. Govan’s—Caldy Island, 19.9.52, (GTJ). 


Class PISCES 
Sub-Class NEOPTERYGII 


Order ISOSPONDYLI 


Clupeide (TJ 255) : 


CLUPEA HARENGUsS L. Herring (TJ 256 Plates 106, 109; C 236- 
249: DW ~150); RY 9270, 320, 941) 
Dale Roads in nets, September, November, December, January. 
Heavy catches at Llangwm, 27.3.52, (JHB). A very early one 
11 ins. long, 29.8.56, ( JHB). 


CLUPEA sPRATTUS L. Sprat (TJ 261 Plate 117) 
Gann Flats, coming in with the tide, 22.8.53, (ORB). 


ALOSA FINTA (Cuvier) Twaite Shad (TJ 264 Plate 104) 


Point Wood Beach, in net, one, 10 in. long, 4.9.54, (from Mr. F. 
Sturley, JHB). 


Salmonidx (TJ 215) 


SALMO sALAR L. Salmon (TJ 215 Plates 87-92; C 199-201) 
Dale, occasional in nets, 5.9.51, ( JHB). 


Satmo TRuTTA L. Sea, brown or salmon trout (TJ 227, Plates 
nis, 

Taken fairly regularly in nets in Dale Bay : up to 1$ lbs. Some 
of this species stay in fresh water as brown trout, some migrate 
to feed in estuaries, others migrate to sea for feeding and become 
sea or salmon trout. 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 321 
Order APODES 


Anguillide Eels (E 263 ; TJ 266) 


ANGUILLA ANGUILLA (L.) Common eel (E 263 ; TJ 267 Plate 111 ; 
C 201-3; RY 87,93; BY Plate xxii) 

The Leptocephalus larva drifts across the Atlantic from the 
Sargasso Sea and changes into a glass eel, at about 3 years of age, 
and may be taken on the shore in March and April as it makes for 
fresh water. Some stay (as yellow eels) and grow on the shore, 
particularly in or near estuaries. Others go into fresh water 
streams or ponds and return years later to the sea as silver eels, to 
spawn in the Sargasso sea. Glass and yellow eels have been re- 
corded in various parts of the Dale peninsula, at Angle Bay and on 
SKOKHOLM. 


Congride 


GoncerR: GONGeER (L.) Conger eel (E263; TJ 273 Plate 112; 
BY Plate xxii) 
Small specimens live on the shore and have been recorded up to 
14, ins. long from Gann Stones, Black Rocks, Brig Stones and Gate- 
holm. Occasionally up to 20 lbs. in lobster pots. 


Order SOLENICHTHYES 


Syngnathide Pipe fishes (E 264 ; TJ 208) 


ENTELURUS AEQUOREUS (L.) Snake or ocean pipe fish (E 265 ; 
i} 20G) Plateo4; DW 92; Y.113; BY Plate xxii) 

Musselwick, one, 25.9.49, (UCW) : Dale Roads, one, dredge, 
7.9.49, (UCL). 

NEROPHIS LUMBRICIFORMIS Pennant Worm pipe fish (E 265 ; 
TJ 210 Plate 84; BY Plate xxii) 

All rocky shores in Dale Bay (except Black Rocks), Castle Beach, 
Watwick Bay, Gateholm, Martin’s Haven, Skokholm and Skomer. 
The males carry the eggs and these have been recorded in March, 
April and August. The August ones were hatching. 


NEROPHIS OPHIDION (L.) Straight nosed pipe fish (E 265; TJ 209 
Plate 84) 
@zsle Beach, 23.93.52 ; 26.39/52, one 18 ms. long, (JHB). 
SYNGNATHUs acus L. Great pipe fish (E 265; TJ 209 Plate 
84; BY Plate xxii) 
Dale Beach, one on Laminaria, September 1948, (RDP). 
SIPHONOSTOMA TYPHLE (L.) Broad nosed pipe fish (E 265 ; 
TJ 208 Plate 84) 
Gann Flats, one, 23.9.49, (UCL). 


322 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 
Order ANACANTHINI 


Merlucciide 


MeErRLuccIus MERLUCCIUsS (L.) Hake (TJ 157 Plate 61) 
From trawler St. Govan’s—Caldy Island, 19.9.52, (GTJ). 


Gadide (E 266; TJ 131-2) 


GADUS CALLARIAS L. Cod (TJ 134 Plate 55) 

Dale Roads, in trammel nets and on lines, September 1950, 
1.1.51 : August, September, 1952, (JHB): 

Gavus Luscus L. Bibor pout (TJ 138 Plate 54) 

Dale Roads in trammel, trawl and herring nets: September 1950; 
January, September, 1951, (JHB). From trawler St. Govan’s— 
Caldy Island, 19.9.51, (GIJ) : SxoxHo~tm—South Bay, August, 
1O50- 

GADUS MERLANGUs L. Whiting (TJ 150 Plate 57) 

Dale Roads, in herring nets, January 1952, (JHB): from 

trawler St. Govan’s—Caldy Island, 19.9.52. (GTJ). 


GabDus vIRENS L. Coal fish or saithe (TJ 149 Plate 58) 
Musselwick Point, in pollack nets, December 1950; January 
1951 : SKOKHOLM—off Crab Rocks on spinner, 5.7.52, ( JHB). 


Gapvus POLLAcHIUs L. Pollack (TJ 152 Plate 57 ; DW 72) 

Gann Estuary, one, 23.7.49, (GO): Dale Roads, in trawl, 
trammel and herring nets, July 1949, (GO) ; January, September, 
1951 ( JHB). 

Onos MusTELus (L.) Five-bearded rockling (E 266; TJ 163 Plate 
63) 

Common all over Dale Bay, Castle Beach, Watwick Bay, Gate- 
holm, Angle Bay, Dale Roads (trawl) ; SxkokHoLtm—Crab Bay ; 
SKOMER—North Haven. March, April, July, September. 


ONOs MEDITERRANEUS (L.) Three-bearded rockling (E 266; TJ 
162 Plate 63 ; DW 94; YB Plate xxiii) 

The intertidal species is probably O. mediterraneus and the deep 
water one O. tricirratus (Bloch). 

Abundant at Gann Stones, also recorded at Dale Beach, Slip 
Pier Beach, Watwick Bay. SkoxHotmM—Crab Bay, South Haven, 
Peter’s Bay. Skomer—North and South Havens. March, April, 
July, September. 


Order ZEOMORPHI 


Zeid 


ZEUS FABER L. John Dory (TJ 82 Plate 31 ; W 111: DW 72, 88, 
90) 
Dale Roads, in trawl, two each 1 ft. long, 27.9.50, (GT). 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 323 
Order PERCOMORPHI 


Serranide (E 279) 
MoroneE LABRAX (L.) Bass (E 279; TJ 34 Plate 2) 
Dale Roads, in trawl, trammel and herring nets, and by beating 
in the Gann. January, September 1951, (JHB); 28.9.50, 
(GE): 


Carangidze 


TRACHURUS TRACHURUs (L.) Horse mackerel (TJ 78 Plate 25). 
From trawler, off St. Govan’s—Caldy Island, 19.9.52, (GTYJ). 


Mullide Mullet 


MuLLus suRMULETUS L. Red mullet (TJ 37 Plate 3 ; DW 84) 
Dale Roads, one in herring nets, 6.9.51, ( JHB). 


Labride Wrasse (E 278, TJ 127, BY Plate 30) 


LABRUS BERGYLTA Ascanius Ballan wrasse (EK 278; TJ 128 
Platen52.; DW 128; Y 112 ; BY Plate 30) 
Brig Stones, Musselwick, Stack Rock, Dale Roads (trawl). 
Up to 134 ins. long. March, May, July, September. 


LABRUs ossiFacus L. (=L. mixtus) Striped, red or cuckoo wrasse 
(@iy-129) Plate 52) 
Musselwick, one, 2 ins. long, 7.3.50, ( JHB). 
CRENILABRUS MELOPS (L.) Corkwing, conner, gilt-head, Baillon’s 


wrasse or sea partridge (E 278 ; ‘TJ 129 Plate 52 ; BY Plate 30) 
Musselwick, Gann Flats, Brig Stones. March, April, September. 


CTENOLABRUS RUPESTRIS (L.) Gold-sinny (E 279; TJ 130; DW 
you. BY Plate 30) 
Musselwick, one, 25.9.49, (UCW). 


Ammodytide Sand-eels (E 266 ; TJ 165) 
The systematics of the genus Ammodytes are involved. 
AMMODYTES LANCEOLATUS Lesauvage Greater sand eel (E 266 ; 
ae nooeElate 64.2 Y 107; BY Plate xxii) 


Monk Haven, sand at L.W.M., September, 1948 and 1949, 
(UCL) : Marloes Sands, 7.9.56, (JM). 


AMMODYTES TOBIANUS L. Lesser sand eel (E 266; TJ 166 Plate 
64) 

Gann Flats, two among Arenicola, 28.3.48, (RDP); March 
1955, (UB): Dale Beach, one, L.W.S.T., 13.4.49; Gateholm, 
28.3.48, (RDP). Skomer—South Haven, two, April 1946, 
(UB). 


324 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


Scombridz 
SCOMBER scoMBRUS L. Mackerel 

Mackerel usually appear about July roth (Marloes Fair) in 
Dale waters and have been recorded in September 1948, 1950 and 
1951. But early records were obtained off Skokholm on 5.7.52 and 
27.5.56, ( JHB). 

Gobiide Gobies (E271; TJ 87) 
GoBIUS NIGER L. Black goby (E272 ; TJ 91 Plate 42 ; BY Plate 32) 

Dale Beach, one, 23.9.49, (UCW); one, 2.4.50, (NWM). 
Gopius PAGANELLUS L. Rock goby (E 272; TJ 92 Plate 29; 
DW 90; Xo9775 bY Plate 22) 

Common at Musselwick Point and Black Rocks ; occasional at 
Point Wood Beach, Dale Fort Beach and Castle Beach. March, 
July, August, September. 

GoBIUS FLAVESCENS Fabricius (=ruthensparri Euphrasen) Spotted 
goby (E 272; TJ] 94;. BY Plate 32) 

Musselwick, in shoals at L.W.M., 25.9.49, (UCW): Brig 
Stones, one, 2.4.50, (NWM): West Dale Bay, one, 27.9.40, 
(UCW). 

Gosius minutus Pallas Common or sand goby (E273; TJ 93; 
¥)/129)). 

Common in Gann Saltings and Gann Estuary to above Mullock 
Bridge. Occasional, Gann Flats, Black Rocks and Castle Beach. 
March, April, September, November. 


Trachinide 
TRACHINUS VIPERA Cuvier and Valenciennes (TJ 60 Plate 15; 


BY Plate xxiii) 
Marloes Sands, two in sand, L.W.S.T., 7.9.56, (JM). 


Callionymide (TJ 98) 
CALLIONYMUs LYRA L. Dragonet (TJ 99 Plate 34) 

Dale Roads, one in dredge, 28.3.48, (RDP); one female in 
trawl, 20.9.55, (GTJ). | 
CALLIONYMUS MACULATUS Rafinesque Spotted dragonet (TJ 100 
Plate 36) 

Dale Roads, several juveniles in trawl (det. N. B. Marshall), 
19.9.52, ( JHB). 

Blennide Blennies (E 267 ; TJ 108) 
BLENNIUS GATTORUGINE Bloch Tompot blenny or gattorugine 
(TJ rro Plate 44; W 112; Y 129); BY Flatesou 

Musselwick, one, (det. British Museum), 7.3.50, (JHB): Brig 
Stones, one, 2.4.50, (NWM) :. Slip Pier Beach, 26:340) (R3F); 
SKOMER—South Haven, one, April 1946, (UB), 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 325 


BLENNIUS MONTAGUI Fleming (=8. galerita) Montagu’s blenny 
(E 268; TJ 111 Plate 45; BY Plate 31) 
Occasional ; Dale Beach, Castle Beach, Watwick Bay, Great 
Castle Head, Monk Haven. SxoHotm—Peter’s Bay. June to 
September. 


BLENNIUS OCELLARIS L. Butterfly blenny (E268; TJ 111 Plate 
44; DW 126) 
Slip Pier Beach, occasional, 28.3.48, (RDP). SKoKHOLM— 
Crab Bay, one, 12.4.48, (HB). 


BLENNIUs PHOLIS L. Common blenny or shanny (E 268; TJ 112 
iniave 4s VV 113; DW 70; RY 24; BY Plate 31) 
In pools up to H.W.N.T. Common and widespread. Records 
include almost every rocky shore in the area. But not the Gann 
Flats and Gann Estuary. 


Pholidide 


PHOLIS GUNELLUS (L.) (=Centronotus) Butterfish or gunnel (E 260 ; 
ae Blate40); Y129 5) RY 99; BY Plate 91) 

Common at Musselwick (one guarding eggs which hatched on 
collection, 28.3.48, RDP): occasional, Dale Beach to Dale Fort 
Beach, Castle Beach, Watwick Bay and Angle Bay. SkoMER— 
North Haven. March, April, July, November. 


Mugilide Grey mullets (TJ 122) 


MuciL_ LaBrosus Risso (= M. chelo) ‘Thick-lipped grey mullet. 
(TJ 123 Plate 50) 

Dale Roads in Mr. F. Sturley’s trammel nets, up to 6 lbs., 
September, 1950, 1951, January 1951; by beating in the Gann, 
good catches 20 and 21.1.51, ( JHB). 

Mucit capiro Cuvier Thin-lipped grey mullet (TJ 123) 

Gann Estuary, shoals, August 1950, (GO, NWM). 


Order SCLEROPAREI 


Triglide Gurnards (E 274; RY 94) 


TRIGLA LUCERNA L. Tub-fish, yellow or sapphirine gurnard 
(hore. 1) 50) Plate r3) 

Dale Bay, in trawl and trammel, September 1950 and 1951, 
(JHB): from trawler off St. Govan’s and Caldy Island, 19.9.52, 
(GTJ). 

Cottide (E 275) 


Cotrus scorprus L. Father lasher or short-spined sea scorpion 
(E 276; TJ 47 Plate 10) 
Occasional in pools, L.W.M., Castle Beach, Great Castle Bay 
and Dale Roads (trawl). March, September. 


326 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


CotTus BUBALIS Euphrasen Long-spined sea scorpion (E 276; 
TJ 48 Plate 8; DW 120; Y 973-~BY Plate 92) 
Occasional, Musselwick Point, Watwick Bay and Angle Bay. 


Cyclopteride (E 276) 


CycLOPTERUs LuMPpus L. Lumpsucker (E 276; TJ 101 Plate 39, 
413 Wuiia';. Yuro: BY Plate co) 
Dale Roads, one in trawl 28.7.49, (GO): one, 1 in. long, in 
Laminaria from buoy, 17.9.49, (UCL). SkokHo_m—one dead in 
South pond, 2.9.56. | 


Liparidide (E 277) 
Liparis MONTAGUI Donovan Montagu’s sea-snail (E 277 ; TJ 105 
Plates 38, 53 ; Y 103 ; BY Plate 30) 
Slip Pier Beach, one, L.W.S.T., 28.3.48, (RDP) : Watwick Bay, 
one, 24.3.52, (NWM): Dale Roads, (RDP): Angle Bay, April 
1953, (UB). 


Gasterosteidz Sticklebacks (E 264) 


SPINACHIA SPINACHIA (L.) Fifteen spined stickleback (E 264 ; 
Ty'125 Plate 396; DW 78> BY Plateow 

Occasional, Gann Stones, Gann Mouth, Angle Bay and Dale 
Roads (trawl). March, April. One had tubercles instead of 
spines, 7.3.50, ( JHB). 

The common fresh-water three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus 
aculeatus, is often found in estuaries and in the sea but has not yet 
been recorded here. 


Order HETEROSOMATA _ Filat-fish 


Bothide 


SCOPHTHALMUS MAxIMuS (L.) ‘Turbot (TJ 200 Plate 77; BY 
Plate xxiv) : 
Dale Roads, trawl, up to 18 ins. long ; 4.11.50 3 7.5.51 3 25-9.51 ; 
26.3.52, ( JHB). 
SCOPHTHALMUS RHOMBUS (L.) Brill 
Dale Roads, trawl, one, April 1949, (RDP) ; one 7? ins. long, 
1.11.50, ( JHB). 


Pleuronectide (E 273-4 ; TJ 169) 


Flat fish can change colour to match the bottom on which they 
lie” (RY 1815139). 


LIMANDA LIMANDA L. Dab (E274; TJ 185 Plate 71; Y 113) 
Dale Roads, trawl, several, April 1949, (RDP); common 
during September 1950, ( JHB). | 


THE DALE FORT MARINE FAUNA 327 


PLEURONECTES PLATESSA L. Plaice (E274; TJ 171 Plate 65; 
Wyeero. °C 299-4 > DW 86, 117'5 RY 320, 3215. BY Plate 
XXIV) 

Dale Roads, trawl and trammel, up to 18 ins. long ; September 

1948, (RDP); September 1950, (common) ; November 1950 ; 

January, April, 1951, ( JHB). 


PLATICHTHYyS FLESUS (L.) Flounder or fluke (E.274; ‘TJ 187 
Plate 72; BY Plate xxiv) 

Dale Roads, trawl and trammel, up to 3 lbs.; April 1940, 
(RDP) ; September 1949; January 1951: Gann Estuary, small 
specimens 400 yds. above Mullock Bridge with fresh water fauna, in 
salinity less than 0.7%, 27.3.52, (NWM). | 

The young of the flounder are known to feed in estuaries and 
even to penetrate right into fresh water. 


ZEUGOPTERUS PUNCTATUS (Bloch) ‘Top-knot (TJ 205 Plate 82 ; 
BY Plate xxiv) 
Gunkel, one in rock pool, 18.9.55, (GTJ). 


Soleide (TJ 193 ; W 117) 


SOLEA SOLEA (L.) Sole, common or Dover sole (TJ 195 Plate 76 ; 
DW 86) 
Black Rocks, two in sand, L.W.S.T., 28.3.48, (RDP): Dale 
Roads, in dredge, trawl and trammel up to Io ins. long ;_ 28.3.48, 
(RDP) ; September 1950, 1951, ( JHB). 


BUGLOSSIDIUM LUTEUM (Risso) (=Solea lutea) Solenette (TJ 198 
Plate 80) 
Gann Flats, 1 in. long at edge of tide, 26.4.49, ( JHB). 


Order XENOPTERYGII 


Gobiesocide (E 270 ; TJ 106-7) 


LEPADOGASTER GOUANI Lacépéde Cornish sucker (E 271 ; TJ 107 
Plate 401s, Y 80, 103.; BY Plate xxii) 

Abundant on SkoxHotmM—Crab Bay and on Skomer—North 
Haven. Also recorded from Musselwick Point, Castle Beach, 
West Dale Bay, Gateholm, Martin’s Haven. SxkoxkHo_tm—Peter’s 
Bay, South Haven. Skomer—Mew Stone, South Haven. March, 
April, July, August, September. 

LEPADOGASTER BIMACULATUS (Bonnaterre) ‘Two-spotted sucker 
(iets) 107 Plate 40: BY Plate xxi) 

Musselwick Point, a few; Gateholm, one, 28.3.48, (RDP). 

LEPADOGASTER CANDOLLI. Risso (=L. decandolii) Connemara 


sucker (271: TJ 106 Plate 40) 
SKOKHOLM—Crab Bay, one, 12.4.48, (BW). 


328 R. BASSINDALE AND J. H. BARRETT 


The sun-fish (Orthagoriscus mola Day =Mola mola (L.)) (TJ 212 
Plate 85) occasionally drifts into British waters and Mr. F. Sturley 
saw one about I cwt., off St. Ann’s Head about 1938. 


Class MAMMALIA (British Mammals, L. Harrison Matthews, 
Collins, London, 1952) 


Order CARNIVORA 
Sub-Order PINNIPEDIA 


Phocide 


HALICHOERUS GRYPUS (Fabricius) Grey Atlantic seal. 

Common in the area, frequently seen on Skomer, Skokholm and 
Grassholm. Also recorded from Martin’s Haven, Whitesands, 
Monk Haven and Black Rocks (a juvenile). Breeding occurs on 
Skomer and Skokholm. Seals have been seen to eat fish, squid, 
conger-eel and puffin. 


Order CETACEA 
Sub-Order ODONTOCETI 
Super-Family DELPHINOIDEA 


Phocaenidz 


PHOCAENA PHOCAENA (L) Common porpoise 
Dale Roads and off Skokholm, March to July and September. 


Delphinide 


DELPHINUS DELPHIS L. Common dolphin 
Schools seen in Dale Roads, 8.1.54; 10.2.55, (JHB). 


LAGENORHYNCHuUs ACUTUS (Gray) White-sided dolphin 

Up to 18 individuals in Dale Roads, 18.8.49, 10.2.50, 18.3.50, 
( JHB). 
Tursiops TRUNCATUS (Montagu) Bottle-nosed dolphin. 

Regular visitors to the Fort area between 8 and 11 a.m. during 
January and February 1955 and 1956 when courtship and mating 
seemed to be taking place. 


Unidentified species of dolphin have been seen in November and 
December and, off Skokholm, in July. A whale spouted near 
South Haven, Skokholm, in May, 1947. | 


PRESIDENTS 


WILLIAM SANDERS 

HENRY E. FRIPP 

GEORGE FORSTER BURDER> 
JOHN BEDDOE ie 
Professor WILLIAM RAMSAY . 
Rev. THOMAS HINCKS 
Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN 
Professor ADOLPH LEIPNER 
Professor SYDNEY YOUNG 

5S. H. SWAYNE 

Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN 
ARTHUR B. PROWSE .. 

Cc. K. RUDGE 

JAMES W. WHITE 

G. MUNRO SMITH 

Miss I. M. ROPER 

G. C. GRIFFITHS 

ERNEST (later Sir Ernest) H. ‘COOK 
H. WOMERSLEY 

Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE . 
JAMES RAFTER .. 

A. L. FLEMMING 

ow. LUTCHER .. 

F. S. WALLIS 

Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE . 
G. E. J. McMURTRIE 
Professor MACGREGOR SKENE 
H. TETLEY 

Sir LEWIS L. FERMOR 

F. W. EVENS 

H. H. DAVIS 

Professor W. F. WHITTARD 
J. H. SAVORY 

R. BASSINDALE 


1862—1876 
76— 80 
80— 83 
83— 84 
84— 87 
87— 90 
90-93 
93— 94 
94— 96 
97" 98 
99—1900 

IQ0I— 03 
04— 06 
07— 09 
10O— 12 
13— 16 
17— 18 
I9— aI | 
22— 23 
24— 26 
27— 29 
30 
3I— 32 
33 
34 
357 i, No 
38— 41 
42— 44 
45— 47 
48— 49 
50 ot 
aa 
54) (59 


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1957 


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VOL. XXIX, PART IV, 1957 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 
Council .. if, he ie os as S. sf A 7.) e330 
New Members .. - se at oh A es is Vee i 3ST 
Report of Council aH te sts on ne “ts a ae Meee: 
Hon. Librarian’s Report a a ae 2 1, ae he ek} 
Hon. Treasurer’s Statement of Accounts .. ee ae at le 384. 
Report of Botanical Section .. <a iM: is its a: rae 395 
Report of Entomological Section .. a a ae me a 3B 
Report of Geological Section ae ans 6 ee sts re) Ray 
Report of Ornithological Section .. at: ae a # a Gieto: 
Report of Junior Section BE Ae fe ee A re ae 339 
Account of General Meetings ae ae wei) BAa 
Bristol Botany in 1957, by Cecil I and N. Y. Sandan Beh Hele avi. 
Bristol Bird Report, 1957 ahs a a He 9353 
Lepidoptera Notes, Bristol District, 1957, br . S: H. Bees ri seh SD 
Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Bristol District, 1957, by M. Ackland .. te ST 
Pliosaur from Portland, by R. J. G. Savage .. 4 7 sy Sa) 370 
The Local Barnacles, by R. Bassindale_.. : a ae en a9 Ol 
The Lower Lias Section at Cannard’s Grave, by D. T. Donovan .. sn gS 


= 


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329 


330 


COUNCIL 
1957 


OFFICERS : 
PRESIDENT : 
R. BASSINDALE, M.Sc. 
PAST PRESIDENTS : 
H. WOMERSLEY, F.R.E.S., A.L.S. F. S.. WALLIS; DSc; (PhD! 


Prof. MACGREGOR SKENE, F. W. EVENS, A.C.A. 
D.Sc., F.LS. Prof. W. F. WHITTARD, F.R.S., 
H. H. DAVIS, M.B.O.U. D.Sc., Ph.D. 
J. H. SAVORY 
VICE-PRESIDENTS : 
S. SIMPSON, M.A., Dr. rer. nat. H. W. TURNER, M.A., F.G.S. 
HON. TREASURER : 
A. H. PEACH 


HON. AUDITOR: 
F. W. EVENS, A.C.A. 


HON. SECRETARY : 
Cc. S. CARLILE 


CHAIRMAN, FIELD COMMITTEE : 
T. Bo PAYNE 


HON. SECRETARY, FIELD COMMITTEE : 
A. H. DEVONSHIRE, M.A., Ph.D. 


HON. LIBRARIAN : 
J. H. DAVIE, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.L.S. 


HON. EDITOR: 
S. SIMPSON, M.A., Dr. rer. nat. 


HON. PUBLICITY SECRETARY: 
B. FROST 


OFFICERS OF SECTIONS: 


BOTANICAL : 
President—I. W. EVANS 
Hon. Secretary—R. F. WILLS 


ENTOMOLOGICAL : 
President—N. A. WATKINS, M.A., F.R.E.S. 
Hon. Secretary—C. L. BELL, F.R.E.S. 


GEOLOGICAL : 
President—F. STENHOUSE ROSS 
Hon. Secretary—R. J. G. SAVAGE, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S. 
JUNIOR (ADVISORY COMMITTEE) : 
President—J. H. SAVORY 
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President—C. E. CLOTHIER 
Hon. Secretary—S. M. TAYLOR, B.Sc., S.I.Mech.E. 


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Miss A. BENNETT, B.Sc. Miss M. D. HILEY 

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Shearer, Miss'O2Me).5>) 400 75 Thornleigh Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7. 

Sigurdsson, Ji. (Boo tae eee Wills Hall, Bristol, 9. 

Sums 4h) Taare ok 2 tee 28 Haselbury Grove, Saltford, Nr. Bristol. 

Stanton, Miss 1D. Wi... 352 ae 35 Beaufort Road, Bristol, 8. 

Stiddard): Miss Ds .\.7) . ane 28 Rodney Road, Backwell, Nr. Bristol. 

StowesiViiss iV.) 2)... alee 151 Leinster Avenue, Bristol, 4. 

Sweet, Mirs.(G. 0.5...) eee 40 Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 

Thorburn, WVies; IM... 2 4. 8 Whatley Roqd, Bristol, 8. 

Tozeland-Jones, Miss S. J. .. 12 Florence Park, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6 

Tranter, RWW ea). ees 66 Marshfield Road, Fishponds, Bristol. 

ramp; Miss J. Mig. . eee 181 Stoke Lane, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol 

Viowles, 39s(Giiy ec Re 2 York Avenue, Ashley Down, Bristol, 7 

Vowles sites. tamara dae: 4. Brymore Close, Wembdon, Bridgwater, 
Som. 

Vowless Miss Po e8 ee ee 19 Southmead Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 

Walters, Miss]. Garam 4 Oakwood Avenue, Henleaze, Bristol 

Workman! DPR? Weave 14 The Croft, Trowbridge, Wilts. 

Youngs Be terse.) ealema tet 12 Clifford Gardens, Shirehampton, Bristol 


AFFILIATED SOCIETIES 
Bristol, Clifton and West of England Zoological Society, Bristol, 8 
Clifton High School Field Club, Clifton High School, Bristol, 8. 
Leyhill Bird Watching Group, Glos. 
Redland High School. 


333 


mE PORT OF COUNGIL 
BOD 


HE membership of the Society at the end of the year was 584 with 17 
Affiliated Societies. There had been an encouraging increase in member- 
ship of the Junior Section whose activities were very promising. 

At the Annual General Meeting in January the Officers and Members of 
Council were duly elected with Mr. R. Bassindale as President for a second year 
of office. 

The financial position of the Society had caused Council some concern and 
this was discussed at the Annual General Meeting when the President announced 
that a sub-committee had been appointed to consider ways and means of remedy. 
Later in the year, however, at the November meeting of Council, it was decided 
that subscriptions should remain unchanged for the present but that the position 
should be reviewed later if necessary. 

The Annual Dinner, at which there was an attendance of 98 members and 
friends, was held in March in the Senior Common Room of the University by 
kind permission of its members. The Guest Speaker was Dr. Harrison Matthews, 
Director of the Zoological Society of London. 

Following an appeal in the April issue of the monthly bulletin, Mr. B. Frost 
volunteered to act as Hon. Publicity Secretary. At the meeting of Council in 
May his appointment to this office was confirmed. Mr. Frost has a seat on Council 
and his work in making the activities of the Society more widely known includes 
a weekly article in the Press. 

During the year the deaths of Mrs. E. M. E. Bell, Dr. J. V. Blatchford and 
Col. W. T. Pares were noted with regret. 

C. S. CARLILE, Hon. Secretary. 


PON LIBRARIAN’S REPORT 
Sy) 


borrowed by 55 different members. A number of volumes were bound 

and amongst these were some early volumes now rescued from decay. A 
few new books were added. Gifts of suitable current or older volumes would be 
welcome additions to some already made. We thank the donors in retrospect 
and the would-be donors in advance. 


[) verso the year 1957 books and periodicals to the number of 245 were 


J. H. DAVIE, Hon. Librarian. 


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335 


REPORT, OF 
BOVTANIGAL SECTION 


1957 


—_———_——_ 


and showing considerable growth. The winter meetings have been well 
attended and the summer outing'’s have been much enjoyed. 

At the annual Business Meeting held on January 21, Mr. I. W. Evans was re- 
elected President and Mr. R. F. Wills Hon. Secretary and Treasurer. Com- 
mittee members elected were: Mr. F. W. Evens, Dr. A. F. Devonshire, Mrs. 
G. 8S. Wakefield, Mr. J. A. Eatough and Mr. A. G. H. A. Sargent. 

During the year Dr. Devonshire has continued with the scheme for mapping 
the British Flora in the Bristol Area and reports the following results at the end of 
the year : number of species in square 31/56, 391 ; square 31/57, 584; square 
31 /66, 470. 

The Wild Plant Table at the Bristol Museum has been much appreciated 
and we offer our sincere thanks to Dr. F. S. Wallis and Mr. P. Bird of the museum, 
and to Mrs. G. S. Wakefield and Mr. F. W. Evens and to all our members who 
have contributed specimens. 

On May 11th a whole day Coach trip was taken to Kew Gardens when 41 
members were met by Mr. N. Y. Sandwith, who kindly showed us round. On 
October 14th a members’ meeting was held when several members gave short 
papers on their botanical experiences during the summer, many illustrated by 
colour slides. ‘This meeting was so successful that it is hoped to make this an 
annual event. 

During the year the following Winter Meetings were held : 

Jan. 21: Annual Business Meeting. Agricultural Problems in the Gambia, 

by R. A. Webb. 

Feb. 18: Botanising with a Camera by A. G. H. A. Sargent and R. F. Wills. 

Mar. 18: The Family Geraniacee by I. W. Evans. 

Oct. 14: Members’ Evening. 

Nov. 11: Jamaica, a Botanist’s Impressions by W. T. Stearn. 

Dec. 16: Plant ecology in the Gordano Valley by A. J. Willis. 

The following field excursions took place during the spring and summer 
under the leadership of those named :— 

Apr. 13: Leigh Woods: Miss D. Shaw and Mrs. G. S. Wakefield. 

May 11: Kew Gardens: R. F. Wills. 

May 21: Downs and Portway: Mrs. G. S. Wakefield. 

June 11: Left bank of River Avon: I. W. Evans. 

June 15: Shipham district: C. H. Cummins. 

June 25: Forest Nurseries, Mendip: T. H. Payne. 

July 9: Mangotsfield to Warmley: I. W. Evans. 

July 13: Ford and Marshfield : A. G. H. A. Sargent. 

Aug. 10: Frog-Pit Lane: I. W. Evans. 

Aug. 13: Abbot’s Pool and Failand: F. W. Evens. 

Sept. 14.: Clevedon: A. F. Devonshire. 

Oct. 12: Lord’s Wood: I. W. Evans. 

During the summer months five indoor meeting's were held to which mem- 
bers brought specimens for identification and afterwards visits were made to the 
University greenhouses and the Hiatt Baker Botanical Gardens. It is with deep 
regret that we have to report the death of Mrs. E. M. Bell, who was for many 
years Hon. Secretary of the Section, she was also in charge of the Wild Plant 
Table at the Bristol Museum for quite a long time. 


R. F. WILLS, Hon. Secretary. 


T= year 1957 ended with the Botanical Section in a very healthy condition 


336 


REPOR 
ENTOMOLOGIC 


OF 
S 


T 
AL ECTION 


T the 93rd Annual Business Meeting held on Tuesday, January 8, 1957 
Mr. Norman A. Watkins was re-elected President and Mr. C. L. Bell 
Secretary. 

There were five indoor meeting during, the year as follows :— 

Feb. 5: Films—The Life Story of the Small Tortoiseshell Butterfly, and the 

Milkweed Butterfly. Commentary by Norman A. Watkins. 

Mar. 5: Films—Winter Moths, commentary by Mr. Blathwayt; The 

Rival World, commentary by Mr. Bassindale. (Both Films 
were kindly loaned by Shell.) 

Oct. 8: Films—The Emperor Moth ; Ants ; Wood Ants. 

Nov. 12: T'alk—The Repair and care of Insects, by R. W. Henderson. 

Dec. 10: Annual Exhibition. 

On Saturday, June 1, a Field Meeting was held on the Mendips at the top 

of Burrington Coombe, and an enjoyable afternoon was spent by the small 


number present. 
CECIL L. BELL, Hon. Secretary. 


337 


T the Annual Business Meeting held in the Geology Department of the 
A University on 19 January the following officers were elected :—President, 
Mr. F. Stenhouse Ross; Vice-President, Dr. F. Coles Phillips ; Hon. 
Secretary, Dr. R. J. G. Savage; Field Secretary, Mr. V. D. Dennison ; Com- 
mittee, Professor W. F. Whittard (ex-officio), Miss Carlton, Mrs. Perkins, Mrs. 
Wakefield, Dr. Curtis, Dr. Simpson, Messrs. Fear, Fry, Leese, ‘Turner and Vernon. 
The section held an exhibition meeting in January when twelve members 
exhibited specimens, many of them collected on field excursions with the Society. 
There was a good attendance and an enthusiastic response from members at this 
exhibition. In March a programme of geological films attracted a large attend- 
ance and topics included in the film programme were coal, copper, erosion and 
oil prospecting. ‘There were three lecture meetings during the year; in February 
Prof. E. K. Tratman spoke on “‘ Clare Adventure ”’, in October Dr. S. Simpson on 
** New ways of looking at sedimentary rocks ’’, and in November Col. J. Setchell 
on ‘“‘ Slate quarrying in Cornwall ”’. 

The field programme comprised seven meetings during the summer months. 
In April Mr. Fry led a party to Chipping Sodbury to collect minerals and fossils 
from the Carboniferous and Rhaetic formations. In May members joined the 
Swindon Geological Society in a tour of the Swindon area under the leadership 
of Mr. Prismall of Swindon. Mr. Ross led a party in June to the Kellaways Beds 
near Chippenham and on two evening meetings in July and August members 
visited the Kings Weston Ridge and Flax Bourton. In September Dr. Curtis 
led members to Westbury-on-Severn and later in the month the section returned 
the hospitality of the Swindon society by showing them some of the geological 
exposures in the Bristol area. 

On the suggestion of Dr. Loupekine the section commenced excavations in 
1955 on the over-grown quarry in the Inferior Oolite at South Main Road, 
Dundry. The preliminary preparation of the site was carried out by Mr. T. R. 
Fry and Mr. M. E. White, and the leaders supervising the excavations were 
Messrs. Fry, White and Ross, with the assistance of numerous helpers. In 
September, 1955, the British Association excursion, led by Mr. G. A. Kellaway of 
H.M. Geological Survey, visited the site and inspected the work in progress : 
great interest was displayed in the large “ gulls ” and in the demonstration of the 
planed-off surfaces at the top of the sauzei zone. 

Specimens collected from the site were displayed at the Annual Sectional 
Exhibition in the City Museum in January, 1957. In the autumn of 1957 the 
Sectional president (Mr. F. S. Ross) undertook the work of deepening excavations 
to reach lower beds : this work is still in progress. 

Members of the section are deeply indebted to the British Association for 
financial support. Work continues to make this site permanently accessible, 
an only one in the Bristol area where Oolite can be seen, and further reports will 
ollow. 

R. J. G. SAVAGE, Hon. Secretary. 


338 


OF 
L 


a 
CA SECTION 
7 


there having been 13 additions and 2 resignations 
during the year. The programme of meetings, 
both indoor and outdoor, was well supported ; but the 
number of members participating in field-work is still 
much less than could be desired. However, it is 
pleasant to record that the number of B.T.O. nest 
record cards returned has shown a large increase com- 
pared with recent years. 
Rr) SMe eo At the 33rd Annual General Meeting on January 
THE WREN Jf, ALL BIRDS...” 18th, Mr. G. E. Clothier was elected President, Mr. 

S. M. Taylor Hon. Secretary, and Miss F. Wareham 
Assistant Hon. Secretary. Mr. R. F. Wills was elected Hon. Treasurer, a new 
post intended further to spread the burden of secretarial work. Miss D. Cramp- 
ton and Mr. P. J. Chadwick were elected to the Committee in place of Miss G. G. 
Clement and Mr. P. F. Bird, who retired by seniority. The Editorial Committee 
consisting of Messrs. Chadwick, Davis, King, Poulding and Wright, were re- 
elected. 

The programme of indoor meetings was as follows : 

Jan. 17: Annual General Meeting: Mr. R. H. Poulding—Gull Research 

in the Severn Estuary. 

Feb. 15: Mr. B. Stonehouse—The King Penguin. 

Mar. 6: Mr. D. F. Owen—Autumn Migration in N.W. Spain. 

Mar. 29: Summer Field-Programme Meeting: short talks, bird-song 

records and exhibits of skins. 

Sept.27: Mr. H. G. Alexander—Migration in the Himalayas. 

Oct. 23: Informal and Exhibition Meeting. 

Nov. 6: Dr. W.H. Thorpe, F.R.S.—The Analysis of Bird Song. 

Dec. 6: Mr. I. J. Ferguson-Lees—The Coto Dofiana and its Birds. 

Attendance at these meetings averaged 78. ‘The Informal and Exhibition 
Meeting was held at the Royal Hotel, where about 75 members and visitors in- 
spected a wide variety of excellent exhibits prepared by members of the Section, 
and were able to meet each other in congenial surroundings. 

The following field-walks, at which attendances ranged from 25 to 45, were 
held : 

May 4: Belmont Hill and Failand: Messrs. G. E. Clothier and M. A. 

Wright. 

May 15: Leigh Woods: Messrs. P. J. Chadwick and H. W. Neal. 

May 23: Little Stoke : Messrs. H. H. Davis and A. C. Leach. 

June 4: Saltford: Mr. B. King. 

A very successful all-day excursion to Horner and Chetsford Waters, Exmoor, 
was held on June 2nd and was attended by 34 members. Among the more 
interesting observations were raven, reed-bunting and nesting pied flycatchers. 

The eighth annual Field-work Report was published in September. 

A number of members have asked for assistance in learning something of the 
more technical aspects of ornithology. Several of the exhibits at the Exhibition 
Meeting, as well as a large part of the Field-programme meeting, were arranged 
with this in mind. We were also glad to make use of a course of lectures on 
‘ Bird Behaviour ’ run by the University, and further courses of a similar nature 
are being contemplated. 


Tt Section’s roll of members now stands at 190, 


S. M. TAYLOR, Hon. Secretary. 


339 


Re OUR iy One 
TUNTOR, shCG LION 


WoNS 


Lecture Theatre, the Members’ Committee was elected as follows :— 
Michael Edgell (Chairman), Anita Drummond (Hon. Secretary), Susan 
Tapp, Diana Bridges, Nigel Webb and Stephen Moss. ‘The Bristol Waterworks 
film ‘‘ Blagdon Trout ”’ was shown. 
The following indoor meetings were held :— 


Feb. 22: Miss J. Vinnecombe talked about The Farne Islands, showing a 
colour film. 


Mar. 29: Three films were shown, “‘ Chameleon of the Sea’’, “‘ The Life 
of ‘Quick’ the Squirrel”? and “ Flight’’, depicting seed 
dispersal. 


Sept. 20: Stephen Moss gave an illustrated talk entitled “‘ Caves and their 
Inhabitants ”’. 


Oct. 25: Mr. Tony Soper talked about being a “‘ television naturalist ”’, 
and showed several short films. 


Nov. 22: Mr. R. Bassindale on ‘‘ Marine Biology of Bristol Channel ”’. 


Dec. 13: Mr. Hugh Boyd on “ The Research Work of the Wild Fowl 
rust’ 


The following Field Meetings took place :— 

Jan. 7: A visit to Ubley Hatchery. 

Apr. 13: Dundry—Leader Mr. F. Stenhouse Ross. 

Apr. 24: A visit to London Natural History Museum, South Kensington. 


May 17: An evening walk in Leigh Woods led by Messrs. P. Chadwick 
and H. Neal. 


May 26: Steep Holm—Leaders Mr. H. Savory and Mrs. R. Millard. 
June 8: Goblin Coombe—Leader Mr. B. King. 
June 22: Blaise Woods and Kings Weston Down—leader Miss A. Bennett. 


July 27: Kellaway Rocks—leader Mr. F. Stenhouse Ross. An ammonite 
Cadoceras sublave found by Jennifer Dyer was accepted by 
the Museum. 


Aug. 31: Pill to the mouth of the Avon—leader Mr. H. Neal. 

Sept. 8: Steart—Leaders Mr. and Mrs. R. Wills. 

The following meetings took place in the Museum Children’s Room (by 
permission of Dr. Wallis). 

June 15: Short talks on General Field Work. 

Nov. 16: ‘“‘ A Natural History Quiz” arranged by Miss A. Bennett. 


The Section Roll shows a substantial increase in strength, it now numbers 111 
members. There was an average attendance of 35 at lectures, and field meetings 
were also well supported. At both lectures and field meetings the section was 
glad to welcome, in quite good numbers, adult members from other sections. 

As far as school programmes would permit, junior members participated in 
the activities of other sections. This, together with the quality of the season’s 


N T the Annual Business Meeting held on January 25 in the Physiology 


340 REPORT OF JUNIOR SECTION 


programme, shows how satisfactorily the Junior Section is integrating in the 
affairs of the Society. Enthusiasm continues unabated, and there is evident 
progress in the standard of the work of individual members—as an example, 
the lecture given by Stephen Moss, a junior member. 

The Advisory Committee continued in office. 2Two new members were 
elected—Mr. A. G. Clegg and Mrs. R. F. Wills. The resignations of Mr. Ivor 
Evans and Mr. R. V. Culverwell were accepted. The Officers of this Committee 
represent the Junior Section on Council. 


E. R. MILLARD, Hon. Secretary Advisory Committee. 
ANITA DRUMMOND, Hon. Secretary Members’ Committee 


341 


the Officers and Members of Council were duly elected. At this meeting, 

Mr. Bassindale, the President, in his second year of office, lectured on ‘“‘ A 
Biologist on the Gold Coast” with special reference to intertidal marine fauna. 
A specially interesting feature of the lecture was the description of horizontal zones 
of the sea-shore and the life-cycles of the invertebrate animals conditioned to inter- 
mittent exposure to sun and air. The two colour-films of great beauty which 
were shown with a commentary by the lecturer were most revealing and added 
considerably to the value of the meeting. 

In February, Mr. McMillan, the Parks Superintendent of the City of Bristol, 
lectured on “ Bristol’s Parks and Gardens ’’ when members had the opportunity 
of forming an idea of the development and magnitude of this aspect of civic 
enterprise. 

The new Winter Programme opened with a meeting on October 10, when 
Professor Harvey of the University of Exeter gave an illustrated talk on “‘ Dart- 
moor ” and dealt with the effect of altitude, weather, soil and drainage on plant 
and animal life. Professor Harvey’s aim in his talk was to sum up the findings 
of Naturalists on Dartmoor and to indicate general relationships which would 
lead to a proper conception of its Natural History. 

The second Lecture was given by Miss M. Rogers on October 31. Her subject 
was ‘“‘ A Naturalist looks at North America’’. The scope of a single talk had to 
be limited but members were able to follow a part of her journey from Cape Cod 
across the Continent to the Great Divide and the Colorado River. By means 
of numerous colour transparencies a most varied and fascinating account of certain 
areas was given. ‘These included Niagara Falls, the Moreton Arboretum near 
Chicago, the climatic zones of the Rockies, the Salt Lake City district and the 
Colorado Canyon with its visible record of geological change. 

On November 14 Mr. P. Carne lectured on ‘“‘ Deer ”? when he outlined the 
historical background of these animals from the extinct Irish Elk up to the various 
species now living in this country under natural conditions. The lecturer gave a 
general picture of the distribution of deer and much detail concerning their habits 
and characteristics. Mr. Carne pointed out that research was still needed in the 
subject. 

An interesting talk on “ Fish and Aquaria’’ was given on December 12 
by Mr. V. E. Jones, the Keeper of the Aquarium at the Clifton Zoo. A very 
practical and informative approach to the subject was made which appealed 
to naturalists of all sections. During his talk, Mr. Jones described the collection 
of suitable varieties of fish, the construction and maintenance of aquaria with 
fresh and sea-water both at the Clifton Zoo and in the home. 

C. S. CARLILE, Hon. Secretary. 


Tt 94th Annual General Meeting was held on Thursday, January 24 when 


GENERAL FIELD MEETINGS 


HE successful innovations of the previous year, a meeting in Wales and an 
| all-night meeting were repeated, and for the first time an October meeting 
was held. As last year only a brief summary of these meetings is given 
here, but a much fuller account is kept in the records of the Field Section. 
April 27 : Leaders—Messrs.T. H. Payne and P. J. Room. Litton reservoir, 
East Harptree and Minery Woods. 
May 18: Leaders—Mr. and Mrs. D. A. C. Cullen. The gardens at Stour- 
head and Shearwater lake. 


342 GENERAL FIELD MEETINGS 


June 1 and 2: Leaders—Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Wells. An all-night meeting 
to Dunkery Beacon to hear the dawn chorus. On the way evening bird song 
was heard at Shapwick Heath. 

June 26: Leaders—Messrs. I. W. Evans and A. F. Devonshire. A cross- 
Severn meeting to Kenfig Burrows and Llantwit Major. 

July 20: Leader—Mrs. G. 8. Wakefield. The Severn shore at Oldbury, 
Oldbury Church, and Thornbury castle. 

Aug. 17: Leaders—Miss M. Jago and Mrs. R. Millard. St. Catherine’s 
valley and St. Catherine’s Court. 

Sept. 7: Leader—Mr. H. G. Hockey. A meeting to the Western Mendips, 
visiting Callow Hill, Ambleside Water Gardens, Canada Coombe, and Puxton 
Church. 

Oct. 19: Leader—Mr. G. W. Garlick. Westonbirt Arboretum and Silk 
Wood. 

A. F. DEVONSHIRE, Aon. Field Secretary. 


343 


pers tOL BOTANY IN 1957 


By Cecm I. anp N. Y. SANDWITH 


N 1957 an exceptionally mild winter with much rain was followed. 
by one of the earliest seasons we can remember. Some flowers 
on one of the Horse Chestnuts at Kew were open on the last day 
of March, and the daffodils here were over long before Easter, 
which came late in a dry and sunny April. In May, which was. 
variable, a Bee Orchid was in flower by the third week (18th) on 
the Berrow dunes. The summer was not avery good one, though 
much better than that of the previous year. ‘There was a fine, 
hot spell in the last half of June, and many good days in July and 
August, but September was a very wet month. Much of November 
was unusually dry and cold, but with less sun here than in the 
south-east of England. 

During the year we lost two well-known botanists. Mrs. E. M. E. 
Bell was Honorary Secretary of our Botanical Section from 1940 
to 1949, and for many years arranged the weekly exhibits in the 
wild flower case at the City Museum. Her British herbarium 
includes that of the late H. J. Gibbons, with the exception of many 
of his specimens of aliens which were selected, by his wish, for our 
own collection. Commander R. D. Graham, of Stawell, whose 
adventurous nautical career was described in an obituary in The 
Times, was a good friend to many members of the Wild Flower 
Society and the Botanical Society of the British Isles, and was him- 
self a valuable member, as the leader of peat moor excursions, of 
the Botanical Section of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural 
History Society. 

Mr. P. F. Hunt continues to assemble materials for a flora of the 
rural district of Frome. This year his other work has kept him out- 
side the area, but two friends, Mrs. N. Wycherley and Miss E. 
Overend, have been most active on his behalf, and Mrs. Wycherley 
has made large collections of specimens which have been identified 
at the British Museum Herbarium. ‘These specimens have been 
listed for the Distribution Maps Scheme, and the authorities at 
Cambridge have kindly allowed us to abstract records. 

Our notes this time include records of a number of naturalized 
trees and shrubs, as well as the usual list of casual adventives. 
This is not much to our liking, but is now common practice, and 
seems inevitable provided that it is kept within reasonable limits. 


344 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


The names of our principal contributors are abbreviated as follows: 
D.M.S., Dr. D. MunroSmith N.W., Mrs. N. Wycherley. 


G.W.G., G. W. Garlick P.J.M.N., P.J.M. Nethercott 
I.W.E., I. W. Evans R.G.B.R., Commander 
jJ-P.M.B., J. P. M. Brenan R. G. B. Roe 


Helleborus viridis L. ‘Tower House Wood, Wraxall, S., 1921, etc., 
C.LS. and N.Y.S. Laneside, Nettlebridge, S., F. M. Pilking- 
ton. Vallis Vale, S., V.W. 


Aconitum anglicum Stapf. By a stream bordering a meadow at Kil- 
mersdon, S., &.G.B.R. For the original account of this 
species see the Botanical Magazine, t. 9088 (1926). Our 
colonies, at any rate those near Frome, Mells and Edford, which 
have been considered native, are certainly to be referred here. 
The status and rank of this “‘ taxon’, however, cannot be 
regarded as in any way settled. 


Mahonia Aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. Woodland above Bridge Valley 
Road, Clifton, G., G.W.G. 


Nasturtium microphyllum (Boenn.) Reichb. Marsh in valley between 
St. Catherine and Ashwicke Park Hall, G., 7.P.M.B. 


Cardamine pratensis L. The flore pleno form was found near Crom- 
hall, G., by Miss M. Harris. 


Sinapis alba L. em. Alef. Cornfield and lane, Cameley, S., R.G.B.R. 
Saponaria officinalis L. Roadside, Kelston, 8., Mrs. M. H. Simpson. 


Stellaria Holostea L. var. apetala Rostr. ex Asch. et Gr. Roadside 
bank below Damery Bridge, G., G.W.G. 


S. palustris Retz. In rough marshy ground known as “‘ The Meads”’, 
near Duckhole, north of Thornbury, G., 1953 and subsequently, 
Dr. D. C. Prowse. A very interesting addition to the Glos. 
side of the area and to District 5 of Fl. Glos. 


Minuartia tenuifolia (L.) Hiern. On railway sidings at Hapsford, 
Vallis Vale, S., EL. Milne-Redhead. Embankment of disused 
quarry railway, Chilcompton, S., R.G.B.R. 

Sagina nodosa L. Side of track in an open part of Westridge Wood, 
Wotton-under-Edge, G., D.M.S. 

Montia fontana L. ssp. chondrosperma (Fenzl) Walters. Bury Hill, 
Moorend, G., D.M.S., verified by Dr. S. M. Walters. 

M. fontana L. ssp. intermedia (Beeby) Walters. Marshy spot on 
Rodway Hill, Mangotsfield, G., G.W.G. and N.Y.S., verified 
by Dr. Walters. 


BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1957 345 
Geranium phaeum L. Laverton Common, S., V.W. 


G. Robertianum L. ‘The form with white flowers occurs in Canynge 
Road, Clifton, G., C.Z.S.; and in a lane at Stoke Bishop, G., 
Mrs. W. Cummins. 


Impatiens glandulifera Royle. Between Frome and Great Elm, S., 
N.W. and Miss E. Overend. 


Acer platanoides L. A small tree of the Norway Maple is established 
by the tow-path below Leigh Woods, S., .W.E. ‘This species 
is commonly planted in our district. 


Trifolium squamosum L. In small quantity on waste ground at 
Hambrook, G., D.M.S. A strange habitat for this maritime 
plant. 


Lathyrus sylvestris L. Hedge below Limeridge Wood, Tickenham, 
S920, @.J.S. and V.YS. 


Prunus Mahaleb L. A small tree is established on the slope of the 
Downs opposite the Zoological Gardens, Clifton, G., NV.Y.S. 
It is the forma pendula Dippel, which is well-known in gardens. 
This species, the ‘‘ Bois de Sainte Lucie’’ of France, is not 
found in the British Plant List, but a tree of the typical form 
was found naturalized in a wood between Tregony and Tresil- 
lian, E. Cornwall, by us in April, 1936 (specimen in Herb. Kew). 


Potentilla erecta (L.) Hampe x reptans L. Coalpit Heath viaduct, 
G., D.M.S. 


Azrimonia Eupatoria L. A curious sport was found above Wotton- 
under-Edge, G., by Mrs. W. Cummins. In this plant the flowers, 
which were borne on elongated and steeply ascending pedicels, 
were more or less “‘ double ’’, with 9-10 petals and very few 
tamens, some of the latter being petaloid. A somewhat 
Smilar sport of Agrimony was collected a few miles away, in 
Woodchester Park, in June, 1941, by Mr. H. K. Airy Shaw, 
sec his specimen in the Kew Herbarium. 


Sorbus lajfolia (Lam.) Pers. P.7.M.N. has noted a well-grown tree 
on ach side of the Avon Gorge, G. and S., which Dr. E. F. 
Warwe has identified as “‘ latifolia of gardens.” 


Crataegu xyacathoides Thuill. Alderley, G., E. P. Bury. 


Cotoneaster horizontal: Decaisne. One small shrub established on 
Cheddar Cliffs, S., p. F.M.N. 


B 


346 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


C. Stmonsit Baker. In two spots in Leigh Woods, S., P.7.M.N., 
and compare Mr. White’s comment (Flora, p. 303) on Mr. F. 
Samson’s bush recorded from Nightingale Valley as C. 
microphylla Wallich. 


Tellima grandiflora (Pursh) Dougl. ex Lindl. Under Beech trees in 
private woods near Henleaze Road, G., Miss A. Furber; and 
on a bank at Upton Cheyney, G., Miss Britton. This North 
American herb (Saxifragaceae), with greenish, pectinately 
fringed petals, is frequently found planted or semi-wild. 


Epilobium hirsutum L. X parviflorum Schreb. Commonmead Lane, 
Old Sodbury, G., G.W.G., passed by G. M. Ash. 


E. adnatum Griseb. x parviflorum Schreb. Pond, Mead Ridings, 
Chipping Sodbury, G., G.W.G., also passed by Mr. Ash. 


Petroselinum segetum (L.) Koch. Sheperdine, G., D.M.S. 


Symphoricarpos rivularis Suksd. Established in Leigh Woods, S., 
Po MAN. 


Valerianella carinata Lois. On limestone rocks, Wadbury Valley, 
between Mells and Great Elm, S., V.W. 


Filago minima (Sm.) Pers. Gravelly ground, Bury Hill, Moorend, 
G., D.M.S. 


Petasites fragrans (Vill.) Presl. Field at Nettlebridge, S., F. MM. 
Pilkington. 


Doronicum Pardalianches L. Wadbury Valley, S., one clump, V.W. 
Senecio squalidus L. Kilmersdon and Radstock, S., R.G.B.R. 


Cirsium eriophorum (L.) Scop. Limestone grassland in valley betveen 
St. Catherine and Ashwicke Park Hall, G., 7.P.M.B. Waste 
ground by the towpath near Ashton Bridge, Bristol, $., (.W.G. 


Hieracium glevense (Pugsl.) Sell et C. West. Whitewell 5ottom, 
Kilcot, G., G.W.G., confirmed by Sell and West. 


H. umbellatum L. Michael Wood, Damery, G., G.W.G., onfirmed 
by Sell and West. | 


| 

Vaccinium Oxycoccos L. Last June we were pleased # find that the 
patch on Blackdown, S., had survived f~S and var-time 
activities on the summit of Mendip. Pt we could yo0t see 
Andromeda. | 


| 


\ 


\ 


BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1957 347 


Symphytum x upplandicum Nym. Symonds Hall Hill, Wotton-under- 
Edge, G., G.W.G. Roadside south of Ashwicke Hall, Marsh- 
field, G., G.W.G. Specimens from both localities determined 
by A. E. Wade. 


Atropa Belladonna L. One small plant on Durdham Down, opposite 
Pembroke Road, Clifton, G., 7. Newton, comm. G.W.G. One 
plant in Court Lane, Bitton, G., Mrs. M. H. Simpson. 


Fyoscyamus mger L. Ploughed field at Nibley, near Yate, G., 
G.W.G. It has also appeared on the blitzed area near Wine 
Street, Bristol, G., [.W.E. 


Linaria repens (L.) Mill. By disused railway track, Camerton, S., 
RIG.BIR. 

L. xX sepium Allm. (L. repens xX vulgaris). Railway banks, 
Ashley Hill, G., .W.E. 


L. purpurea (L.) Mill. Old quarries, Whatley Bottom, S., N.W. 


Veronica filiformis Sm. In Proc. Bot. Soc. Brit. Is., vol. 2, pp. 197-217 
(1957), Messrs. E. B. Bangerter and D. H. Kent list all the known 
British records of this rapidly spreading garden escape. ‘There 
are several records from both sides of our area which have not 
appeared in these annual notes, and to these we may add: 
Huntingford Mill, Charfield, G., G.W.G., and Wadbury 
Valley, Frome, S., W.W. 


Orobanche maritima Pugsl. On Daucus Caroia L., on a slope at the 


root of Brean Down, S., south side, /.W.E., confirmed by 
R. A. Graham. This is a microspecies with very obscure 
characters, doubtfully distinguishable from O. minor. 


Mentha gentilis L. var. gracilis (Sole) Fraser. Waste ground at 
Fishponds ; and at Rodford, Westerleigh, G., D.M.S., det. 
R. A. Graham. 


Thytus pulegioides L. Compton Dando, S., 1956, I.W.E. 


Stachy. sylvatica L. and S. palustris L. There are no published local 
reords of the white-flowered forms of these species. We have 
spcimens of both in our herbarium: of S. sylvatica, from a 
hece at Long Ashton, 8., in 1919; and of S. palustris, from 
the »eat moor near Ashcott Station, S., in 1915. White S. 
sylodicg is surely a very uncommon albino. 


Polygonum ™- Schrank. Drove on Glastonbury Heath, S., A.D. 
and O.M. “riljam, 


Euphovt@ virgata ) dst. et Kit. Railway embankment, Winter- 
4ourne, G., D.M.s 


348 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


Mercurialis annua L. Garden weed, Glastonbury, S., F. M. Day. 
Juglans regia L. A young tree on Cheddar Cliffs, S., P.F.M.N. 


Betula pubescens Ehrh. Spoil-heap at Greyfield, Clutton, S., 
R.G.B.R. 


Populus trichocarpa ‘Torr. et Gray ex Hook. ‘The trees in Alderley 
Wood and Dyrham Wood, G., previously reported as P. 
balsamifera L. in “‘ Bristol Botany ”’ in 1953 and 1954, must be 
referred to this species, which has more sharply angled twigs. 
Material from Dyrham Wocd was submitted to Mr. P. G. 
Beak, of the Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, Oxford, who 
tells us that, in his experience, British planted trees of P. 
trichocarpa, apart from those of special collections, can be dis- 
tinguished from P. balsamifera by the male catkins. 


Salix repens L., ssp. repens. Michael Wood, Damery, G., G.W.G. 
Ceratophyllum demersum L. Oldford, north of Frome, S., V.W. 


Orchis mascula L. ‘The form with pure white flowers was found in 
the Lower Woods, east of Wickwar, G., by &. P. Bury. 


O. ericetorum (Linton) Marshall. Between Marshfield and Cold 
Ashton, G., D.M.S. Lower slopes of Knowle Hill, south of 
Chew Magna, S., Dr. A. F. Devonshire. Plentiful, as surely 
noted by many observers, in the bogs of Blackdown on Mendip, 
S. There is also a specimen at Kew from near Cheddar Head 
Farm, collected in 1934 by Dr. 7. Hutchinson and Messrs. F. 
Ballard and C’. E. Hubbard. 


Epipactis leptochila (Godfery) Godfery. Cheddar Gorge, S., 01 
the north side, in Ash and Sorbus scrub, two plants growing wih 
E. Helleborine, Dr. J. T. H. Knight, confirmed by V. S. Sumner- 
hayes. This is the first certain record from the Somersetside 
of the district, cf. “‘ Bristol Botany in 1948.” / 


Neottia nidus-avis L. Hardington Copse, north of Mells, S., WW. 
Convallaria majalis L. WHardington Copse, S., V.W. 
Funcus tenuis Willd. Michael Wood, Damery, G., D.M.S./ 


Sparganium neglectum Beeby. Streams and ditches by the&. Frome 
at Oldford, S., C.l.S. and N.Y.S. 


Acorus Calamus L. <A strong colony by the Avon ne“ Ferry Lane, 
below Keynsham, S., [.W.E. ; and much le“ dowa-stream, 
within the City, at the west end of the Feder, G., Lb. A. F, 
Devonshire. Chantry, west of Frome, ™> Miss E. Overeni, 


BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1957 349 


Potamogeton Berchtoldi Fieb. Stream by the R. Frome at Oldford, 
S., CLS. and NV.Y.S., confirmed by Mr. 7. E. Dandy. 


Scirpus maritimus L. var. macrostachys Willd. Dyke in the flats below 
Portbury, S., 1923 and subsequently, C.l.S. and N.Y.S. This 
form, with conspicuously long spikes, was recorded, lapsu 
calami, as var. monostachys Meyer, in B.E.C. (1930 Rep.), 


vol. 1x, p. 375. 
S. sylvaticus L. Ditch near Lyde Green, G., D.M.S. 


Carex strigosa Huds. By wooded stream in valley between St. 
Catherine and Ashwicke Park Hall, G., 7.P.M.B. 


C’. extensa Good. Muddy salt-marsh, Aust, G., 1955, Miss A. R. 
Gibbs. An excellent second locality for the Glos. side of the area. 


C. pallescens L. Leap Bridge, Downend, G., D.M.S., det. G.W.G. 


C. paniculata L. Marsh by stream in valley between St. Catherine 
and Ashwicke Park Hall, G., 7.P.M.B. New to the Glos. 
side of the area and to District 5 of Fl. Glos. 


C. disticha Huds. Swampy ground, Cromhall, G., D.M.S. 


Calamagrostis Epigetos (L.) Roth. Limeridge Wood, Tickenham, 
S., 1923, C./.S. and N.Y.S. 


Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv. var. parviflora (Thuill.) Coss. et 

Germ. ‘This variety, with narrow leaves and small spikelets, 

_ 1s probably common, especially in woods on stiff soils. There 

seem to be no published records, but we have it from woodland 

on Combe Down, Bath, S., 1923, and from Horridge Wood, 
Nettlebridge, S., last August. 


Glyceria declinata Bréb. Marshy spot in the valley between Edford 
and Nettlebridge, S., C./.S. and N.Y.S. 


G. X pedicellata'Towns. By stream in valley between St. Catherine 
and Ashwicke Park Hall, G., 7.P.M.B., det. C. FE. Hubbard. 


Bromus lepidus Holmb. Edge of wheat-field between Nunney and 
Collie Corner, S., E. Milne-Redhead. 


Dryopteris Borreri Newm. Valley beteen St. Catherine and Ash- 
wicke Park Hall, G., 7.P.M.B., det. P. Taylor. Dyrham Wood 
and Westridge Wood, Wotton-under-Edge, G., G.W.G. On 
rocks in Nightingale Valley, Leigh Woods ; and in Cheddar 
Wood, S., G.W.G. Mr. Garlick’s specimens, all collected in 
localities with oolitic or carboniferous limestone substrata, 
were passed by Mr. A. H. G. Alston. 


350 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


D. spinulosa (Miill.) Watt. Michael Wood, Damery, G. D.M.S., 
det. A.H.G. Alston. 


Polystichum setiferum (Forsk.) Woynar. Lane along the top of Aust 
Clifts, (G.,'G..G. 


Chara vulgaris L. var. refracta Kiitz. Rhine on Weston-in-Gordano 
moor, 1914; Walton-in-Gordano, 1935 ; and on Mark Moor, 
1915, S., C.L.S., all determined by Mr. G. O. Allen. A small, 
neat plant with relatively short, often refracted branchlets 
with short terminal segments, not previously reported from 
the area. 


ALIENS. JLunaria annua L. A specimen of the white-flowered 
form (var. alba Hort.) of “‘ Honesty ”’ was sent from the edge ofa 
wood on Lansdown, S., by B. L. Carpenter. 


Spergula arvensis L. var. sativa (Boenn.) Mert. et Koch. Avon- 
mouth Dock, G., 1930 and 1957, C.1.S. and V.YS. 


Althea hirsuta L. Quarry edge, Chipping Sodbury, G., G.W.G. 


Trifolium echinatum Bieb. Wapping Wharf, Bristol Harbour, 
GG.) 19030, 0 VE. 


Vicia lutea L. Wapping Wharf, G., 1941, [.W.E. 


Lathyrus Cicera L. Refuse-tip, Hanham, G., 1948-1949, [.W.E. 
Rubbish-tip, St. Anne’s, 8., 1913, J.W.#., incorrectly recorded 
as L. sativus in the Adventive Flora of the Port of Bristol. 


Phuopsis stylosa (Trin.) Benth. et Hook. fil. Waste ground at the 
lime-kilns near Corston, 8., Miss Joan Day, who writes that the 
quarry here was used. for dumping debris after the Bath blitz. 
P. stylosa is a well-known rock-garden plant, native of N.W. 
Persia and the Caucasus, see N. Polunin in B.#.C. 1939- 
1940 Rep., vol. xii, pp. 356-8 (1942). It has been placed in 
both Asperula and Crucianella. 


Madia sativa Mol. ssp. capitata (Nutt.) Piper. Ashton Gate tip, 
S., 1948, 1 W.E. 


Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake. Wayside, Coalpit Heath, G., D.M.S. 
Tagetes minuta L. Avonmouth Dock, G., C.JS. and N.Y.S. 
Anthemis tinctoria L. Quarry, Tytherington, G., D.M.S. 


Omphalodes verna Moench, Pulmonaria officinalis L. and Pentaglottis 
sempervirens (L.) Tausch were gathered on waste ground at 
Tedbury Common, near Great Elm, S., by V.W. 


BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1957 351 


Cuscuta campestris Yuncker. On China Aster (Callistephus chinensis) 
in a garden off Horfield Avenue, Bristol, G., W. Solley, comm. 
P. F, Bird. A native of U.S.A., now frequently found in this 
country, introduced with garden seed. Previous collections 
of alien Cuscute at Bristol, recorded in the Adventive Flora 
under the names C’. suaveolens (Baptist Mills, 1927) and C. 
Tinet ssp. Cesatiana (Kingswood, 1932) have been referred to C. 
campestris by Mr. B. Verdcourt, who specialises in the genus. 
We suggest that other recorders of C. Cesatiana should re- 
examine their specimens: (cf. Proc. B.S.BJ., vol. 1, p. 39, 
1954), using Prof. Yuncker’s revision of the genus. The pale 
orange-coloured stems of C’. campestris are very striking when 


fresh. 


Datura Stramonum L. ‘‘ Thorn Apple ”’ is appearing in many places. 
The Chipping Sodbury Gazette for Sept. 7th and 2Ist reported 
Gloucestershire records from Alveston, Wotton-under-Edge 
and Halmore, near Berkeley. It occurs at Avonmouth, G., 
both in the Dock and in an allotment (H.C. Rowley). Garden 
at Keynsham, S., R. F. Wills. Garden at Brent Knoll, S., 
FH. Solomon. 


D. Stramonum L. var. Tatula (L.) Torrey, the variety with deep 
purple stems and leaf-nerves, and bluish lilac flowers, was 
found by us at Avonmouth Dock, G., and is new to the 
Adventive Flora. It also appeared in a garden at Siston, G., 
Aes. jones,.comm, P, Ff -Bird. 


D. ferox L. Avonmouth Dock, G., C.J.S. and N.Y.S. New to the 
Adventive Flora. ‘This is a very distinct species, with greyish- 
green leaves, small yellowish flowers, and fruit with fewer 
and very stout spines. It is a native of the Far East. 


Nicandra physaloides Gaertn. Several plants on waste ground at 
Saltford, S., Miss Norma Longman. ‘This handsome species, 
native of Peru, has recently acquired a rather dubious reputa- 
tion under the name “‘ Shoo-fly Plant ’’, and seeds are offered 
for sale in at least one catalogue, the author of which does not 
guarantee the plant’s efficacy. We may expect further 
records. 


Phlomis viscosa Poir., a native of Asia Minor, has been well estab- 
lished for a number of years on a hedgebank near Mells, 
S., V.W., det. R. D. Meikle at Kew. 


Amaranthus caudatus L. Previously unreported, either in the 
Adventive Flora or these annual notes, but was collected on 


352 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


several occasions at the Ashton Gate tip, S., 1935-1940, by 
ILW.E., J.P.M.B. and C.I.S.; and at Fishponds, G., 1936, by 
CLS. 


A. retroflexus L. ‘Tip, Widdin Hill, Horton, G., G.W.G. 


Allium Moly L. ‘This golden-flowered species, native of Southern 
Europe and well-known in gardens, was reported from waste 
ground at Corston, S., by Miss Foan Day. 


A. Schoenoprasum L. Side of a narrow lane leading from Burnt 
House, Odd Down, to Combe Hay, S., Miss S. F. Lloyd. A 
long way from habitations, but “‘ Chives’ might well have 
grown in the garden of a cottage long since demolished. 


Arum italicum Mill. Grassy roadside outside a property in Leigh 
Woods, S., 7. Titchen and I.W.E. The usual garden form of 
the species, with yellow-veined leaves. 


Panicum miliaceum L. and Setaria ttalica (L.) Beauv. ‘Tip, Widdin 
Hill, Horton, the former also in gardens at Yate, G., G.W.G. 


Eleusine Gaertn. Our two gatherings of this genus at Avonmouth, 
G., reported in the Adventive Flora as E. indica Gaertn., have 
been examined by Mr. C. E. Hubbard who refers the 1926 
collection to the new species, E. africana Kennedy-O’Byrne, 
and the 1930 specimens to E. coracana (L.) Gaertn. Mr. P. 
Taylor tells us that in tropical East Africa the former is used 
for basket-making, the latter as a cereal and in the manufacture 
of beer. 


Bromus madritensis L. On the railway lines at Sandford quarry, 


S., .W.E. and G.W.G. 


We congratulate Mr. J. D. Grose on his excellent “ Flora of 
Wiltshire ’’, which contains such interesting innovations as distribu- 
tion maps, properly defined frequency terms, and statistical analyses 
of the habitats of closely allied species, while maintaining most of 
the attractive features of the traditional county flora. ‘This book, 
of course, is of particular importance for Bristol botanists. 


353: 


Pero rOL BIRD REPORT 
1957 


COMPILED BY THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE OF THE 
B.N.S. ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION 


B. K. BROOKE H. H. Davis 
P. J. GHADWICK R. H. Pou.pine 
M. A. WRIGHT 


HIS report, the twenty-second of the series, contains records 

_ for 1957 and is the outcome of observations by thirty-eight 
members and various non-members. Only the more important 
events have been included, but it may again be pointed out that all 
unpublished material will be retained for future reference. 

Interesting records from the Severn Estuary are of three Lesser 
White-fronts at the New Grounds, January-March, and at the same 
place, fifteen Little Stints in February and at least 400 Pintail 
in late December. Spotted Redshank, by no means common on 
the river, were reported from the New Grounds, July-August, and 
Severn Beach in September, and Black-tailed Godwits reached the 
unusually high figures of 40 at the New Grounds and 75 at Sheper- 
dine—both counts in September. Following severe gales in 
January-February a “ wreck”’ of Kittiwakes affected many parts 
of the Estuary (and some areas inland)—more than 100 birds 
being recovered, while other coastal recoveries included Razor- 
bills at Sand Bay, and Clevedon in March and August respectively ; 
a Manx Shearwater at Sand Bay in April ; a Fulmar at Clevedon 
in September, and a Glaucous Gull at the same place in Decem- 
ber. Leach’s Petrels were seen at Purton and Severn Beach in 
September, and in the same month a juvenile Sabine’s Gull was 
identified at Weston-super-Mare. 

Among wildfowl observations from the reservoirs are those of 
Bewick’s Swans at Blagdon in January and December, and un- 
usual numbers of Gadwall at Chew Valley and a Long-tailed Duck 
at Cheddar from October to early December. Wintering Spotted 
Redshank were reported from Blagdon and Chew Valley; a 
Curlew Sandpiper and one or more Wood Sandpipers were at 
Chew Valley, August-September, and a Grey Phalarope was seen 
at the same place in November. A Hen Harrier visited Chew 
Valley in January ; an exceptionally large passage of Black Terns 
was noted at Chew Valley and Cheddar in the third week of 


354 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


September ; and Little Gulls occurred at Cheddar in August and 
Chew Valley in December. 

Other important records include those of a Kite at Tockington in 
March ; and a very large count of Golden Plover at Marksbury 
in December ; while among passerine observations mention may be 
made of Crossbills at Ubley, January-February, and Abbots Leigh 
in April, and Snow Buntings at Cheddar reservoir and in the 
Weston-super-Mare area in November-December. Waxings were 

reported from several localities during the last six weeks of the year. 
_ Breeding records of special interest are of the rearing of young 
by at least twenty-three pairs of Tufted Duck at Chew Valley, and 
the successful nesting of Shelduck at the same reservoir ; the rear- 
ing of young by Kestrels in the tower of St. Stephens in the City ; 
and the successful nesting of a pair of Herring Gulls at Aust Cliff. 

Unless otherwise stated the records below refer only to 1957, and 
for the most part are the result of contributions by the following mem- 
bers: R. Angles, A. E. Billett, H. J. Boyd, B. K. Brooke, G. C. Buxton, 
Mrs. S. I. Buxton, P. J. Chadwick, D. R. J. Chaffe, S$. E. Chapman, 
Miss G. G. Clement, G. E. Clothier, H. H. Davis, Miss P. Farmer, 
Miss C. D. G. Graham, D. R. Hamblett, W. A. Holmes, B. King, 
A. C. Leach, T. D. H. Merrie, H. W. Neal, P. J...Vi. Nethercott, Mrs: 
B. C. Palmer, Miss E. M. Palmer, T. H. Payne, R. A. Pitman, R. H. 
Poulding, J. A. Pryce, J. Reynolds, W. L. Roseveare, P. Scott, 
T. B. Silcocks, G. Sweet, Miss S. Sweet, T. P. Walsh, N. Webb, 


Mrs. D. A. Wills, R. F. Wills and M. A. Wright. Non-member — 


coniributors are: H. G. Alexander, J. V. Beer, E. G. Braim, Dr. 
N. J. Brown, R. J. Buxton, Miss M. Collins, M. Davy, A. G. Dixon, 
Miss M. Flower, A. C. Gambier, B. E. Gambier, Miss P. Hitchen, 
D. A. Holmes, S. T. Johnstone, J. Kenny, R. J. Lewis, GC. S. Louch, 
J. A. McGeoch, S. G.. Madge; P. J. Olney, M. W.) Piekerme,” R, 
Pritty, A. Thomas, P. Tibbs, J. A. F. Wilkins, Rev. J. S. Wright 
and G. H. E. Young. Observations are followed by the appro- 
priate initials throughout. The abbreviations Res. Stn. and Jnr. 
Sect. refer, respectively, to the Steep Holm Trust Gull Research 
Station and the B.N.S. Junior Section. 

The area covered is that part of Gloucestershire (G.) lying east of 
the Severn and south of a line from the New Grounds to the county 
boundary at Tetbury, and Somerset (S.) north of the R. Axe and 
a line from Wells to the county boundary near Frome. For the 
purpose of this report the area extends westward into the Channel 
and Estuary to include the promontory of Brean Down and the 
islands of Steep Holm and the Denny (cf. Sketch Map, Proc. B.N.S., 


1947, Pp. 225). 


a 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 355 


Great NORTHERN DIVER Gavia immer 

S. Single birds, Blagdon res., various dates, Jan. 3-Mar. 31 
(ee jue sect. ci al.) ; Cheddar res., Feb. 24-Apr. 14 (B.K.B., 
Bike yA McG.) ; and Chew Valley res., Nov. 17 (B.K.). 


RED-THROATED DIVER Gavia stellata 


S. One, Cheddar res., Feb. 19 (W.L.R.) and first-year bird, 
same place, Nov. 23-Dec. 22 (B.K., J.A.McG.). 


GREAT CRESTED GREBE Podiceps cristatus 


S. Highest counts, Cheddar res. : twenty, Jan. 20 (J.A.McG.), 
and 22, Dec. 1 (B.K.). Freshly dead, first-winter female with 
severe head injuries, same place, Nov. 24, was probably killed by 
Great Black-backed Gull in vicinity (J.A.McG.). Thirty-four 
ads., Chew Valley res., July 21; later, Aug. 18, ads. with five 
separate broods seen (B.K.). Four pairs with young, Blagdon res., 
mug 17 (h.}.C.). Single bird off Sand Point, Nov. 16 (T.B.S.). 


SLAVONIAN GREBE Podiceps auritus 


S. One, Cheddar res., several dates, Oct. 13 to end of Dec. 
CyP-AsMcG., GS. ei al.). 


BLACK-NECKED GREBE Podiceps nigricollis 


S. First-winter bird, Cheddar res., Sept. 29-Oct. 13 (B.K., 
hem McG., GS): 


LittLE GREBE Podiceps ruficollis 


S. At least nine separate broods with ads., Chew Valley res., 
Aug. 18 (B.K.) ; single pair with three young, Blagdon res., Aug. 
24, and an ad. with three young, Chew Magna res., Aug. 5 (P.J.C.). 
Pair with two young, Newton Park, Bath, June 6 (M.C., B.K.). 
maui in Axe Estuary, Uphill, Aug. 21 (R.A.). 


LeEaAcH’s PETREL Oceanodroma leucorrhoa 


G., One in flight over Estuary, Purton, Sept. 14 (D.R.H., 
T.P.W.) and another on 15th flying along tide-line, Severn Beach 
(i F1.D.). 


MANX SHEARWATER Procellaria puffinus 


S. One with oil on breast and flanks, dead on shore, Sand Bay, 


exon 7 (RWA.). 


356 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


FuLtMAR) Fulmarus glacialis 
S. Oiled bird found dead, Clevedon, Sept. 14 (D.A.W.). 


GANNETT Sula bassana 


S. Single ads. found dead, Cheddar res., Aug. 26 (N.W.), and 
Sand Bay, Dec. 24 (M.A.W.). 


CoRMORANT Phalacrocorax carbo 


S. Numerous reservoir records include: five, Chew Valley, 
Jan. 6 (B.K.) ; ten, Cheddar,.Mar. 3 (J-A;McG,)iee. a) (Bis): 
single birds, Barrow Gurney, Nov. 22, 24 (G.E.C., W.A.H.) ; 
and two, Blagdon, Dec. 26 (P.J.C.). 


SHAG Pahalacrocorax aristotelis 


G. Juvenile found dead, Berkeley, Aug. 16, had been ringed in 
June by the Lundy Bird Observatory (Wildfowl Trust). 

S. Single immatures, Cheddar res., Mar. 17 (J.A.McG.), 
Apr: 13 (B.K., N.W.) and Sept. 22, 29 (J.A.MeG.}. 


HERON’ Ardea cinerea 


S. Total of 55 occupied nests reported : 32, Brockley Combe, 
May 4 (B.K., N.W.) ; 22, Uphill Grange, May 8 (W.L.R.) and 
one in larch, Newton Park, Newton St. Loe, Apr. 15 (B.K.). 
Again no information from Warleigh Wood, nr. Bath and Orchard- 
leigh, nr. Frome. 


MALLARD Anas platyrhynchos 


G. Highest counts at the New Grounds (Estuary and W.T. 
enclosures) : 530, Jan. 24; 700, Sept: 25; 500, Wenurs ; (and 
1,100, Dec. 22 (H.J.B.). 1,200 on decoy pool, same place, in early 
morning of Dec. 24 (P.S.). Record total of 1,552 ringed in the 
decoy in period Aug.-Dec. (H.J.B.). Combined count of 105, 
Eastville Park and Duchess’ Pond, Stapleton, Jan. 27 (J.A.P.). 

S. Counts of 100-180 at frequent intervals throughout year 
from coastal areas—Yeo Estuary, Sand Bay and Weston Bay (R.A., 
W.L.R., T.B.S.). Peak totals, Blagdon res., reported in period 
July-Sept., with numbers varying from 325 to 610 (P.J.C., B.K., 
M.A.W. e al.), while max. returns from Chew Valley are of 585, 
May 29 600, Aug. 4 and 580 on 25th (G.C.B., S.I.B., B.K. e¢ al.). 
Highest totals, Cheddar res.: 127, Aug. 18, and 180, Dec. 8 
(J.A.McG.) and Barrow Gurney resrs.: 174, Dec. 27 (G.E.C.) and 
250 on gist (A.C.L.). Breeding data from Chew Valley suggests 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 357 


that a minimum of 40 females brought young to the water and that 
at least 245 ducklings were reared to flying stage. Only six broods 
seen, Blagdon, where breeding success apparently much lower 


(H.J.B., B.K.). 


"TEAL Anas crecca 


S. Noteworthy coastal counts are of 160, Yeo Estuary, Jan. 12 ; 
212, same place, Dec. 28 (T.B.S.) ; and 100, Sand Bay, Nov. 17 
(R.A.). The only large counts from the reservoirs are of 550, 
Blagdon, Jan. 23 (G.C.B., $.1.B.) and Chew Valley : 535, Mar. 2 
(B.K.) and 460, Nov. 24 (G.C.B., S.I.B.). An adult ringed, Naar- 
dermeer, Holland, 16/10/56, recovered; Blagdon res., 31/1/57 
CRUEL P:). 


GARGANEY Anas querquedula 


G. Single female in W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, early 
Mar.-early Apr., and a male, Apr. 4-8 (S.T.J., P.S.).. A female in 
same enclosures for most of Aug. (S.T.J.). Male on Estuary, 
New Grounds, July 15 (P.J.O.). 

S. ‘Two or three, Chew Valley res., various dates, mid.-Apr. to 
third week of July (E.G.B., P.J.C., R.J.L. e¢ al.).. Four pairs, same 
reservoir, Apr. 20 (B.K.). A female, Chew Valley, as late as 
Oct. 27—seen by B.K., who has supplied full details. 


GADWALL Anas strepera 


S. Reported from the reservoirs, Blagdon and Chew Valley, 
at all seasons and in numbers exceeding those of any previous year. 
Records from Blagdon are of two, Jan. 13 (R.J.L.) and Nov. 11 
VG GC, ); mne, Dec. 12 (G.C.B., S.1.B.) and six on 26th (P.J.C.). 
Whew Valley returns are of one, Jan. 13 (B.K., R.J.L.) ; up to 
four on various occasions, Apr.—June (E.G.B., P.T., N.W. ef al.) ; 
eich Augsvos (P.J.C., M.A.W.) ; 12, Sept. 22 (H.H.D., M.A.W.) ; 
7a Ocr. 22-and 27 (P.J.C., B.K.); 16, Nov. 17, and. 29, Dec. 6 


WIcEOoN Anas penelope 


G. New Grounds: max. figures from the Estuary of 1,200, 
Ham. 24; 1,060, ‘Feb. 1 (H.J.B.) ;. 1,200, Nov. 16 (B.K.) 5; and 
1,600, Dec. 22 (H.J.B.). Count of 203 on the river, Oldbury-on- 
pevern, Dec. 1 (T.D.H.M.). 

S. Many fewer, Blagdon res., than in recent years ; highest 
count, 200, Feb. 27 (G.C.B., S.I.B.). Large numbers, Chew 


358 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


Valley, Jan.-early Mar. and Dec. (but no repetition of the ex- 
ceptional totals in 1956), with max. counts of 1,200, Jan. 6 (B.K.) ; 
1,470, Jan. 27 (G.C.B., 8.1.B.); 1,250, Mar. 3 (BUR: ia yesiicc 27 
(P.J.C., M.A.W.) and 940 on 2oth (B.K.). Summer records from 
Chew Valley are of a pair on various dates, Apr.-June (P.J.C., 
B.K., M.A.W.) ; two males, June 7 and a female, July 14 (B.K.). 
Figures from Cheddar res. again low, with max. of 30, Dec. 22 


(J.A.McG.). 


PINTAIL Anas acuta 


G. High numbers for the species (Jan. and late in year) again 
reported from the New Grounds; combined total of 185 on 
Estuary and in W.T. enclosures, Jan. 24 (H.J.B.) and totals of 270 
and 400 in same enclosures, Dec. 22 and 24 respectively (H.J.B., P.S.). 

S. Noted, Blagdon res., only in very small numbers—chiefly in 
period Oct.-Dec. (various observers). Reported from Chew 
Valley, frequent intervals, Jan.-late Apr. and Nov.-Dec. (E.G.B., 
B.K. et al.), with max. counts of 32, Feb. 24; 21, Nov. 24 (G.C.B., 
S.1.B.) ; and: 18, Dec. 26 (P.J.C.). Coastal record of 14) sand 
Bay, Nov. 16 (T.B.S.). 


SHOVELER Spatula clypeata 

G. Largest count, New Grounds (Estuary and W.T. enclosures) 
—94, Dec. 22 (H.J.B.). Two females, Severn Beach, Dec. i 
(G.C.B., S.1.B.). 

S. Reported from Blagdon res., various dates, Jan.-Feb. and 
in Nov.-Dec. (B.K.B., W.L.R. e al.), with max. totals of 32, Feb. 
27 (G.C.B., $.I.B.) and 18, Nov. 27 (B.K.). Present Chew Valley 
res. at all seasons, with peak counts of 130-170 in Mar. (G.C.B., 
B.K.) and 92-128 in Oct. (P.J.C., M.A.W.). The only note from 
Cheddar res. is of six, Nov. 23 (B.K.). Breeding records show 
that c. 30 pairs were resident and attempted to breed at Chew Valley 
but owing largely to interference by Carrion Crows only six broods 
are known to have reached the water (H.J.B., B.K.). 


Scaup Aythya marila 

S. One, ad. male, Chew Valley res., early Jan. to end of Apr. 
(G.C.B., A.C.L., S.G.M. e al.) and up to four or five, various dates, 
mid-Nov. to late Dec. (P.J.C., B.K., M.W.P. e¢ al.). Single 
females, Barrow Gurney resrs., Feb. 10 (D.A.H., W.A.H.); Blagdon 
res., Feb. 17, Dec. 1 (B.K.) ; and Cheddar res.) @en ia imac 
(J.A.McG.). Coastal records of four off Brean Down (Weston 
Bay), Dec. 23, 26 (T.B.S., M.A.W.). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 359 


Turtep Duck Aythya fuligula 


S. Large numbers, Chew Valley res., Mar.-Apr. and Nov.- 
Dec. (G.C.B., S.I.B. e¢ al.), with peak totals of 418, Mar. 30 ; 360, 
Apr. 22; 519, Nov. 30; 695, Dec. 14, and 564 on 22nd (B.K.). 
Summer counts of 100-226, same place, on various dates, May- 
July (P.J.C., B.K., M.A.W.), while breeding observations by H.J.B. 
and B.K. show that at least 23 pairs bred successfully. At Blagdon 
res., where two females may have nested but no young seen, numbers 
varied from 95-160 in period Jan.-Mar. (B.K.B., M.A.W. et al.) 
and from 70-244 in period Aug.-Dec. (G.C.B., P.T. et al.). Plenti- 
ful, Cheddar res., throughout Jan., with max. of 170 on 27th 
(J.A.McG.), but as numbers seldom exceeded 40 for remainder of 
year it seems likely that the majority moved to Chew Valley 
(H.H.D.). Other reservoir counts are of 57, Barrow Gurney, 
Nano (Ml AW.) ; 43, same place, Feb. 24 (G.E.C.) ; and 20, 
Chew Magna, Nov. 27 (P.J.C.). 


PocHARD Aythya ferina 


S. Again in considerable numbers, Cheddar res., Jan. and mid- 
Oct. to end of year (B.K., W.L.R. e al.), with max. totals of 650, 
Jan. 6 (J.A.McG.) ; 595, Oct. 14 (M.A.W.) ; 950, Nov. 10, and 
890 on 24th (J.A.McG.). Numbers, Blagdon and Chew Valley 
resrs., seldom in excess of 200, and often many fewer (S.E.C., 
Fi )e al.), but high counts at Blagdon of 400, Feb. 3 (G.C.B., 
S.I.B.) and 620, Nov. 30 (B.K.) probably due to birds driven out by 
sailing disturbances at Cheddar. The only noteworthy record 
from Barrow Gurney is of 31, Dec. 27 (G.E.C.). 


GOLDENEYE Bucephala clangula 


S. Blagdon res.: reported on various dates, Jan.-early Apr. 
PG. GC. J.A.P.,.W.L.R. ¢é al.), with max. of 12, Feb. 24 (E.G.B., 
ml), Ularee, same place, Nov. ro (S.E.C.), Dec. 26 (P.J.C.), but 
S.G.M. records 20, Dec. 31. Up to ten, various occasions, Cheddar 
res., Jan.-Feb. (B.K., J.A.McG.) and up to four, Oct.-Dec. 
(J.A.McG., M.W.P.). Reported from Chew Valley res., several 
dates, Jan.-Apr. and Nov.-Dec. (S.E.C., M.A.W. e¢ al.), with max. 
of 14, Feb. 24 (G.C.B., $.I.B.), Mar. 30 and Dec. 6 (B.K.). 


LONG-TAILED Duck Clangula hyemalis 

S. A female, Cheddar res., was first reported, Oct. 26 (G.G.C.) 
and remained to end of year (P.J.C., B.K., J.A.McG., M.W.P. 
et al.). ) 


360 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


ComMMoN ScOTER WMelanitia nigra 


G. Single male on the Estuary, New Grounds, June 29 (H.J.B.). 

S. Female, Cheddar res., Mar 31 (B.K., J.A.McG.). One, 
male, on R. Axe, Uphill, Aug. 29 (R.A.) and one, female or im- 
mature, in flight off Sand Point, Oct. 12 (T.B.S.). 


GOOSANDER Mergus merganser 


S. Scarcer at the reservoirs than in recent years. Records 
of three, Cheddar, Jan. 5 (J.A.McG., N.W.), 6 (B.K.) and single 
birds, Mar. 10 (J.A.McG.), Dec. 6 (B.K.), and of two, Chew Valley, 
Jan. 19 (G.G.C.) ; Nov. 24 (G.C.B., S.I.B.) and one, Dec. 6 (B.K.). 


SMEW Mergus albellus 


S. Noted at frequent intervals, Blagdon res., early Jan.-early 
Mar. (E.G.B., S.E.C., W.L.R. eé al.), with max. of six or seven, 
Feb. 24 (B.K.B., J.A.P., N.W.). Reported once ‘only, Gheddar 
res.—a single bird, Jan. 27 (J.A.McG.), while records from Chew 
Valley include those of seven, Jan. 27 (G.C.B., S.I.B.) and four, 
Dec. 22 (B.K.). Barrow Gurney reports are of one, Feb. 24 ; 
two, Mar.,3 ; and one, Dec. 22 (W.A.H.). 


SHELDUCK Tadorna tadorna 


G. New Grounds: 200 on Estuary, Feb. 20—an unusually high 
figure for the date; .173, same place, Mar. ¢y(HueB. WV obs. 
Observations at the New Grounds, mid-Aug., showed that only 21 
ducklings reached fledging age (H.J.B., P.J.O.). Thirty-four, 
Oldbury-on-Severn, Dec. 1 (T.D.H.M.). 

S. Frequent counts in coastal areas—Yeo Estuary, Sand Bay 
and Weston Bay—varied from 40-127 in period Jan.-Apr. and from 
85-200 in period July-Dec. (R.A., W.L.R.). Reservoir records 
include those of three, Barrow Gurney, Feb. 10 (D.A.H., W.A.H.) ; 
two, Cheddar, Mar. 24 (J.A.McG.) ; and at least two pairs, Chew 
Valley, various occasions, Apr.-Aug. (P.J.C., M.A.W. eé al.), one 
of which bred successfully (H.J.B., N.W., R.F.W.). 


WHITE-FRONTED GoosE Anser albifrons 


G. Numbers at the New Grounds (1,700 at close of 1956) had 
increased to 2,700, Jan. 24, and 3,300, Feb. 2, but were down to 
1,860, Mar. 3; rapid decline thereafter—two, Mar. 18, being the 
last seen (H.J.B. e¢ al.). One, evidently an immature White-front, 
Yate Common, Jan. 21 (J.A.P.). First autumm record, New 
Grounds : single bird, Sept. 26, but rapid increase to 920 by Oct. 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 361 


22 (unusually high for the date). Subsequent max, counts of 
1,100, Nov. 28, and 2,200 Dec. 28 (H.J.B. e¢ al.), 

S. About 40 geese, probably White-fronts, flying S.E. off 
Brean Down, Feb. 2 (R.A.). Six in flight, St. George’s Wharf, 
Portbury, Dec. 14 (N.W.). Nineteen, Chew Valley res., Jan. 19 
(G.G.C., N.W.) and 35 on goth (B.K.). 26, same reservoir, 
Mec. 26'to end of year (A.E.B., D.R.J.C., P.J.C., P.F. e¢ al.). 


LrEssER WHITE-FRONTED GOosE Anser erythropus 


G. First-winter bird, New Grounds, Jan. 19; two adults, 
same place, mid-Jan. to early Mar. (H.J.B., M.D., P.S. e¢ al.). 


BEAN GOOSE Anser arvensis 


G. One, first seen in previous Dec., still present, New Grounds, 
Jan. 6 (H.J.B.). 


PINK-FOOTED GoosE Anser brachyrhynchus 

G. One, immature, New Grounds, Jan. 10-Feb. 26 and single 
ad., Feb. 26-Mar. 15. Four, same place, Sept. 29, were the first 
autumn birds, but sharp increase to 136, Oct. 6, with max. count 
of 137 on 15th. Marked decline to 87, Nov. 6, with numbers less 
than 50 later in month and not exceeding half a dozen at any time 
im Dec. (H.J.B.). 


BRENT GOOSE Branta bernicla 


G. First-winter bird of dark-breasted form B. b. bernicla, at 
New Grounds, Dec. 22-31 (H.J.B., P.S. e¢ al.). 


BARNACLE Goose SBranta leucopsis 


G. One in first-winter plumage, New Grounds, Dec. 5 to end 
pi year. (H.J.B. e al.), 


CANADA Goose Branta canadensis 


S. Two, Chew Valley res., various dates, Apr.13-May 26 
(E.G.B., G.G.C., R.F.W. eé¢ al.). 


Mote Swan) Cygnus olor 

_§. Peak totals at the reservoirs from July, with max. at Blagdon 
or 67, July 21 (B.K.) and 63, Aug. 17 (P.J.C.), and of 60-98 on 
various occasions, Chew Valley, late Sept. to end of year (S.E.C., 
R.A.P., W.L.R. eé al.). Winter counts on R. Avon at Old Bridge, 
_ Bath, again returned at c. 70, with average summer population 
(non-breeding) of c. 50 (B.K.). 


C 


362 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


BEWICK’s Swan” Cygnus bewrckit 


G. Up to 15, New Grounds, for most of Jan., and single bird, 
Feb. 4; family party of five, same place, Dec. 2-10 and again on 
igth. Birds often seen in W.T. enclosures, usually in early morn- 
ings—otherwise on Estuary (H.J.B., M.D., S.T.J. e¢ al.). 

S. Eleven, Blagdon res., various dates, Jan. 3-27 (B.K.B., 
G.C.B., N.W. e al.) ; family party of seven, same reservoir, Dec. 1, 
7 (B.K.). Sixteen flying S. over Long Ashton at 10.30 hrs., Dec. 
31 ; similar number, Blagdon res., later in the day (15.30 hours.) 
were probably the same birds (G.E.C., M.A.W.). 


BuzzARD  Buteo buteo 


G. One, Oldbury-on-Severn, Mar. 3 (J.K.) and two soaring 
over Sea Mills, Sept. 8 (H.W.N.). 

S. Reported from a number of localities, chiefly Mendip area, 
but little information on breeding success. Pair with single 
juvenile, Hutton Wood, Aug. 3 (per W.L.R.) and adult with two 
juveniles, Walton Moor, Clevedon, Aug. 6 (G.E.C., M.A.W.). 


Kite Milous milvus 


G. One over Tockington flying south-west at approx. 300 ft., 
Mar. 3, seen by A.E.B., who has supplied a confirmatory field 
description. Salient features noted were the large size, forked 
tail, and wings longer and less rounded than in Buzzard, with 
characteristic light patches on undersides. 


HEN HaArRRIER Circus cyaneus 


G. Close views obtained of two females or immatures nr. 
Wildfowl Trust enclosures, New Grounds, Dec. 30, 1956 (P.H.). 
S. Female or immature, Chew Valley res., Jan. 13 (B.K.). 


Hossy Falco subbuteo 
G. One in flight, Downend, June 5 (R.H.P.). 


PEREGRINE Falco peregrinus 


S. Frequently seen outside breeding season between Clevedon 
and Brean Down, but no evidence of breeding at coastal, or in- 
land, eyries. | Reservoir records include those of single birds, 
Chew Valley, Jan. 6, Mar. 31 (B.K.) ; male, Blagdon, Mar. 11 
(E.G.B.) and single bird, same place, Nov. 9 (E.G.B., S.E.C.). 
One seen to strike Jay which fell into Spartina and was not retrieved, 
Axe Estuary, Oct. 4 (R.A.). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 363: 


Meruin Falco columbarius 
G. Male in flight, Yate, Mar. 1 (H.W.N.). 


KestTr—EL Falco tinnunculus 


G. A pair bred in the tower of St. Stephen’s Church, City 
Centre, and reared four young (G.C.B.). 


RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE Alectoris rufa 


S. One preening on stone wall, Sand Point, Mar. 16, and three 
seen, Uphill on 20th (R.A.). 


Water Rait Rallus aquaticus 


S. Two in Spartina, Sand Bay, Jan. 19, 20, and one calling, 
same place, Oct. 27 (R.A.). One seen and twice heard, Chew 
Stoke, in early summer (T.H.P.). 


CORNCRAKE Crex crex 


S. One disturbed from grass ley, Long Ashton, Apr. 25 (F.H.). 
Bird frequently calling in mowing grass, Compton Martin, from 
June 9, was killed by mower on 26th: no nest found (T.H.P.). 


Coot Fulica atra 


S. In contrast to previous year (when late Feb. peak of 1,700 
occurred—cf. Proc. B.N.S., 1956, p. 198), Cheddar res., population 
showed early decline from winter maximum of 2,300, Jan. 20 to 
1,400 on 27th and 380, Feb. 24. Highest totals, Chew Valley : 
mo40, Jan. 27 (G.C.B., 8.1.B.) ; 1,500, Aug. 5 (B.K.) and 1,175, 
Sept. 15 (P.J.C.). Small autumn population again noted, Blagdon 
—max. number, 450, Dec. 12 (G.C.B., S.I.B.). Seven pairs bred, 
Newton Park, Newton St. Loe. (M.F., B.K.). 


OysTERCATCHER Haematopus ostralegus 


G. Single bird, W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, Oct. 25 (M.D.). 

S. 108, Axe Estuary, Feb. 14 (W.L.R.) ; up to 140, Weston 
ay, Aug. 15-Sept. 27 (R.A.) ; .98, same place, Dec. 23 (T.B.S.) ; 
and ten, Clevedon, Dec. 14 (P.F.). Two, Chew Valley res., 
Aug. 11 ; single bird, same place, Sept. 1 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). 


Lapwine Vanellus vanellus 


G. Present in large numbers, New Grounds, Jan.-Feb.; up 
Ho 1,770, Feb. 4, 16 (H.J.B., B.K.). 


364 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


S. 550, mouth of Avon, Feb. 2 (P.J.C.) ; ¢. 750, Weston aero- 
drome, Aug. 29 (W.L.R.). Reservoir records of 350, Blagdon, 
Aug. 18, and 800, Chew Valley, Dec. 14 (B.K.). 


RINGED PLOVER Charadrius hiaticula. 


G. About 50, Oldbury-on-Severn, Jan. to and 131, Chitten- 
ing Warth, Nov. 17 (T.D.H.M.). 

S. Counts at Sand Bay include: 53, Feb. 10; 101, May 11; 
270, Aug. 17; and 88, Sept. 27 (T.B.S.). Sixty-two, Weston Bay, 
Dec. 11 (R.A.). Reservoir records of six, Chew Valley, May 8 
(R.J.L.) > 20, same place, Aug. 11 (B.K.) and) three cept on 
(M.W.P.) ; single birds, Cheddar, Aug. 11 (B.K.) and Blagdon, 


) 
Aug or) (bey Ci). 


Grey PLoveR Charadrius squatarola 


S. Reported only from Woodspring-Sand Bay area: two, 
May 13; single birds, Sept. 19, Oct. 27 ;" three, Nov. 17), ane 
four, Dec: 28 (R.A:; 1, Bis): 


GOLDEN PLOVER Charadrius apricarius 


S. 200 or more, Yeo Estuary, Jan. 3 (C.D.G.G.) ; 53, Lulsgate 
aerodrome, Sept. 22 (B.K.) and 91, Dec. 1 (P.J.C., M.A.W.); 175, 
Marksbury, Nov. 9 and an exceptional gathering of 570, same place, 
Dec. 21 (B.K.), but numbers down to 117 on 23rd (R.J.L.). ‘Twenty- 
six, Chew Valley res., Oct. 6 (T.D.H.M.) and 30, Blagdon res. on 
oth (G.C.B., S.1.B.). 


TURNSTONE Arenaria interpres 


G. Two, in summer plumage, on the Estuary, New Grounds, 
May 18 (N.W.) and five on 28th (M.D.). 125, Severn Beach, 
Sept. 5 (H.W.N., M.A.W.). 

S. Single birds inland: Chew Valley res., May 8 (B.K.) and 
Cheddar res. on 12th (J.A.McG.). Coastal reports of seven, Cleve- 
don, Aug. 6 (N.W.) ; single birds, Weston Bay, Aug. 13, Sept. 11 ; 
and Sand Bay, Aug. 25 (R.A.). 


CurRLEW Numenius arquata 


G. 540, New Grounds, Feb. 4 (H.J.B.) ; 300-400, same place, 
June 21 (Pay.O.). 
S. Twenty, Chew Valley res., Jan 6 (B.K.). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 365 


BLACK-TAILED Gopwit JLimosa limosa 


G. Two, New Grounds, July 12 (M.D.) and seven on 13th 
(H.J.B.) ; present in small numbers during Aug. with max. of 
nine on 30th (M.D.) ; at least 40, same place, Sept. 22, and 35 on 
Bere) (i1.|.b.)- 75, Sheperdine, Sept. 29 (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.). 

S. Single birds, Chew Valley res., Mar. 2, Apr. 20 (B.K.). 
Three, Yeo Estuary, May 9 (W.L.R.) ; two, same place, July 21 
(T.B.S.) ; two, Kingston Seymour, July 28 (P.J.C.); and 12, 
Weston Bay, Aug. 29 (R.A.). 


BaAR-TAILED Gopwit Limosa lapponica 


G. Single birds on Estuary, New Grounds, Mar. 19 (M.D.), 
June 29 (H.J.B.), and July 23 (M.D.) ; two, same place, Sept. 20, 
Be (id. ),b.): One, Sheperdine, Sept. 29 (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.). 

S. Four, Chew Valley res., Apr. 26 (S.G.M.). Two, Sand Bay, 
Aug. 25, and single birds, Weston Bay, various dates, Oct. 7-Dec. 12 
(R.A.). 


GREEN SANDPIPER Tringa ochropus 


G. Single birds, Sheperdine, Oct. 27, and Oldbury-on-Severn, 
Wee. 25 (1.D.H.M.). 

S. One, Chew Valley res., Apr. 23; five, same place, June 20 
and four on 27th (B.K.). Present in small numbers, Blagdon and 
Chew Valley resrs., Aug. 5-Oct. 12, with max. of nine, Chew 
Valley, Aug. 11 (various observers) ; one, same place, Nov. 3 
Mis .). single birds, Wick St. Lawrence, July 20 (T.B.S.); 
Woodspring Bay, Aug. 24 (R.A.) and Sept. 9 (T.B.S.). a 


Woop SANDPIPER Tringa glareola 


S. Single birds, Chew Valley res., Aug. 19-26 (S.G.M.) and 
pept. 14, 22 (G.G.C.). | 


COMMON SANDPIPER Aciitis hypoleucos 
S. One, perhaps wintering, Chew Valley res., Nov. 30 (B.K. Vi 


REDSHANK Tringa totanus 


S. Max. coastal counts of 120, mouth of Avon, Feb. 2 (P.J.C.) ; 
176, Sand Bay, Feb. 9 (T.B.S.) and c. 175, July 13 (R.A.) ; and 
c. 150, Axe Estuary, Sept. 23 (R.A.). At least four pairs, two of 


366 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


them with small young, Kenn Moor, May 15 (T.B.S.). Fourteen, 
apparently paired, Chew Valley res., May 25 (B.K.). 


SPOTTED REDSHANK Tringa erythropus 


G. Single bird on Estuary, New Grounds, July 13-23 (H.J.B. 
et al.) ; another, same place, Aug. 30 (M.D.). Two in flight, 
Severn Beach, Sept. 15 (H.H.D.). 

S. One, Blagdon res., various dates, Jan.-Feb. (S.I.B., N.W. 
et al.) and three, Feb. 24 (E.G.B., B.K., J.A.P.) ; single birds, same 
place, Sept. 5, Oct. 9 (S.I.B.) and Nov. 27 (B.K.). Single birds, 
frequently seen, Chew Valley res., Feb. 24-Nov. 30 (B.K. et al.) ; 
one-shot in error ’’, same place, Dec. 21 (Ro)-B: pen Ga EY 2) 
and one still present on 26th (P.J.C.). 


GREENSHANK Tringa nebularia 


G. Single birds, W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, Aug. 1, 10 
and 30 (M.D.). 

S. One, Chew Valley res., June 26 and three on 28th (B.K.) ; 
one, sometimes two, same reservoir, Aug. I1-Sept. 21 (various 
observers) and three, Sept. 22, 29 (D.R.J.C., M.W.P.). Single bird, 
Cheddar res., Aug. 4, 11 (B.K., J.A.McG.).— Whree, Biaedon res: 
Aug. 17, 31, and four, Sept.’8 (P.J.C., M.A W.).) three wornicnc: 
same place, Sept. 15 (W.A.H. et al.)—thereafter single birds, 
Sept. 22-Nov. 3 (various observers). One, perhaps wintering, 
Blagdon, Nov. 27 (B.K.). 


Knot Calidris canutus 


G. 80-90, Oldbury-on-Severn, Jan. 11 (T.D.H.M.) and 53 
Sheperdine, Sept..20)(W.A.FUaT.D HUM). 

S. Forty, Clevedon, Jan. 27 (P.J.C:,) MAW. > Counts: 
Sand Bay-Weston Bay area, include: 166, Jan. 28 (W.L.R.) ; 
52, Sept. 8 ; 58, Oct.8; andc. 75, Dec.6(R.A.). Inland records : 
one, Cheddar res., Sept. 8 (J.A.McG.) and up to three, Chew Valley 
res., several occasions, Sept. 22-Oct. 1 (D.R.J.C., H.H.D., M.W.P. 
et al.). 


LittTLe StTiInT Calidris minuta 


G. About 15 on Estuary, New Grounds, Feb. 18 (P.J.O.) and 
two on 27th (H.J.B.); single birds, same locality, on two occasions, 


Sept.-Oct. (M.D., T.P.W.). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 367 


S. Single bird, Weston Bay, July 26 (R.A.) ; up to four, Sand 
Bay, Sept. 21-26 (R.A., W.L.R., T.B.S.). Records from Chew 
Walley res. include: one, Sept. 21 (M.W.P.); three, Sept. 26 
(H.W.N.) ; four, Sept. 28 and eignt on 29th (B.K.) ; and one, 
cro (D-R.J.C.). 


CuRLEW SANDPIPER’ Calidris testacea 


S. Single bird, Weston Bay, Sept. 3 (R.A.) ; one, Sand Bay, 
Sept. 7, 8, 23 (R.A., T.B.S.) and three on 25th (T.B.S.). A 
juvenile, Chew Valley res., Sept. 28, 29 (M.W.P.), Oct. 1 (D.R.J.C.). 


SANDERLING Crocethia alba 


G. ‘Two on Estuary, New Grounds, Aug. 27 (P.J.O.). 

S. Four, Sand Bay, May 13 (T.B.S.) and eight, July 27 (R.A.). 
In small numbers at coastal localities, Aug.-Sept.—usually up to ten 
or so, but 54, Weston Bay, Aug. 31 (R.A.) and 30, Sand Bay, 
Sept. 1, 7 (R.A., T.B.S.). 


RurFr Philomachus pugnax 


G. Three on the Estuary, New Grounds, Aug. 30 ; eleven, same 
place, Sept. 24 (M.D.) and three on 26th (H.J.B.). 

S. Records from Chew Valley res. include: five, May 26; 
four, Aug. 18 (B.K.) ; six, Aug. 21 (S.G.M.) ; and four juveniles, 
Sept. 21 (M.W.P.). Party of five, Uphill, Aug. 31 (W.L.R.) and 
single bird, Sand Bay, Sept. 22 (R.A.). 


Grey PHALAROPE Phalaropus fulicarius 
S. Single bird, Chew Valley res., Nov. 3, 4 (E.G.B., P.T. et al.). 


LessER BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus fuscus graellsi 


S. Breeding again took place at Chew Valley res. but no reliable 
nest count available (P.J.C., B.K.). Reports by same observers 
indicate that the roost at this res. was again occupied throughout 
year—max. count of 500, Nov. 3. Adult ringed, Steep Holm 
10/4/50, found dead, Barrow Gurney resrs., 10/6/57 and bird 
ringed as juv., 9/7 /52, seen (ring number read) on Flat Holm, Mon., 
26/5/57, where mixed colony of fuscus and argentatus has recently 
been established (Res. Stn.). 


SCANDINAVIAN LESSER BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus fuscus fuscus 


G. One considered to be of this form, seen in enclosures, New 
Grounds, several occasions, Oct.-Dec. (B.K., Jnr. Sect.). 


368 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


HERRING GuLuL Larus argentatus 


G. Pair bred successfully, Aust Cliff, single chick being reared 
(J.S.W. per Western Daily Press, 12/8/57). Third breeding record 
for Gloucestershire side of district—cf. Proc. B.N.S., 1952, p. 325. 

S. At least 1,000 roosting, Chew Valley res., Aug. 28 (B.K.). 
One ringed as fourth-year bird, Steep Holm, 13/11 /55, found dead, 
Flat Holm, Mon., 26/5/57 (Res. Stn.)—see also under Lesser 
Black-backed Gull. 


Giaucous GuLtL Larus hyperboreus 
S. Remains of immature bird found in tide-wrack, Clevedon, 


Dec-—12 (D.A.W., R.F.W.). 


LittLeE Gutu Larus minutus 

S. Juvenile, Cheddar res., Aug. 25 (E.G.B.; B.K., P.T.), and a 
first-winter bird, Chew Valley res., Dec. 26, 27 and 29 (A.E.B., 
Pay G. NEA WV.) 


SABINE’S GULL Xema sabini 

S. Juvenile, feeding with Black-headed Gulls on mudflats 
(also seen in flight), Weston-super-Mare, Sept. 23 (R.A.). Des- 
criptive details supplied include: small size, white forehead, 
black primaries and grey-brown leading edge of rest of wing, 
white triangular patches on secondaries, and slightly forked tail. 


KitTIwAkE Rissa iridactyla 

G. & S. After a series of severe gales over the eastern Adlantic 
lasting from Jan. 25 to early Feb., a ‘ wreck’ occurred on the west 
coast of Britain. Only one report for Gloucestershire side of 
district—single ad. found dead in canal, Slimbridge, Feb. 16— 
but numerous records received from N. Somerset, these being mainly 
from the coast and Cheddar reservoir. The minimum loss is 
estimated to be 104, composed of 97 dead and 7 live birds which 
doubtless did not survive (various observers). 

Coastal records : Sand Bay /Weston Bay area—22 live, 1 dead, 
Feb. 10 ; 6 live, 4 dead, Feb. 16 ; 11 dead on 25th and 8 more dead 
subsequently ; R. Yeo—Kingston Seymour, 5 dead, Feb. 24; 
Clevedon—7 live, 3 dead, Feb. 16, and 2 live on 24th; Portishead 
—7 or 8 live, 2 dead, Feb. 16, and 1 live on 24th; Steep Holm— 
3 dead, Mar. 28. 

Talend records: single birds found dead, Barrow Gurney and 
Blagdon resrs., Feb. 10, and Long Ashton on 14th. At Cheddar 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT ' 369 


res., 26 dead found, Feb. 19-Mar. 11; 2 living, March 24 and 1 on 
gist: a further 30 reported to have been buried by reservoir 
keeper. Single birds in flight, R. Avon, Bedminster, Bristol, 
Feb. 14, 15, and Keynsham in early March. 

Single immature, Cheddar res., Aug. 25; two on 26th, and 
another, Nov. 3 (E.G.B., J.A.McG. ef al.). 


Biack TERN Chlidonias niger 


G. At least ten over R. Severn, New Grounds, on morning of 
Sept. 26 (P.J.O.) and three in afternoon (H.J.B.). 

S. Few spring records: one, Cheddar res., May 25 (B.K.) and 
five on 26th (J.A.McG.) ; 17, Chew Valley res., May 25, 18 on 
26th and two on 2oth (B.K.). Numbers in August small, as last 
year, but following similar weather conditions to those associated 
with movements of the species in recent years—frontal disturbances 
with light to moderate easterly winds and heavy cloud and precipi- 
tation over the whole of the east coast and adjacent continental 
coastline from Norway to northern France (cf. Brit. Birds, xiv, 
pp. 300-307)—a remarkable influx took place, over 500 being 
reported from the resrs. on Sept. 21 (30, Cheddar (W.A.H.) and 
480, Chew Valley—largest inland count for Gt. Britain (M.W.P.)). 
All N. Somerset resrs. visited on following day by P.J.C., H.H.D. 
and M.A.W. who counted c. 280 (12, Barrow Gurney ; 62, Blag- 
don; 18, Cheddar; and 191 + 10, Chew Valley). Numbers 
smaller thereafter with counts returned of 16, Chew Valley, Sept. 
ey (..b.,' MP.) ; 30, same place, Sept. 28 (H.G.A., B.K.) 
and 12 on 29th (M.W.P.) ; five, Cheddar, Sept. 28 (W.A.H.) and 
ten on 29th (J.A.McG.). Single birds, Chew Valley, Oct. 6 
(N.W.), 12 (M.W.P.). 

Coastal records: one feeding over rough pasture on coast, 
Clevedon, Aug. 6 (D.A.W., N.W., R.F.W.) and one behaving 
similarly, Woodspring Bay on t1oth (R.A.)—vide Brit. Birds 1, 
p- 538; four, Axe Estuary, Sept. 23 (R.A.) ; four, Sand Bay, 
Sept. 24 and two on 26th (T.B.S.). 


CoMMON TERN _ Sterna hirundo Arctic TERN Sterna macrura 


S. Only two spring records—single birds, Chew Valley res., 
May 10, 11 (G.C.B. e al). Frequently reported, usually single 
birds, from reservoirs with maxima of six, Cheddar, Aug. 11 (B.K.) 
and 15 on 26th (N.W.) ; seven, Chew Valley, Sept. 22 (M.W.P.) 
and eight on 29th (B.K.). Parties of eight, Sand Bae Sept. 23, 
and six off Sand Point on 25th (T.B.S.). 


370 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


LitrLe TERN Sterna albifrons 
S. One, Blagdon res., July 5, 1956 (C.S.L.). 


RAZORBILL Alca torda 


S. Freshly dead adults on shore, Sand Bay, Mar. 18 (T.B.S.) 
and gist (R.A.) ; dead juvenile, Clevedon, Aug. 30 (D.A.W., 
N.W., R.F.W.). 


Barn Ow. Tyto alba 


G. Single birds noted in breeding season, Milbury Heath, May 
29, and Engine Common, nr. Yate, June 7 (J.A.P.). 

S. Successful breeding reported from sites near Cheddar res. 
(G.S. e¢ al.) ; two localities at Chew Valley res. (D.A.W., R.F.W.) ; 
and Portishead (N.J.B.). 


SHORT-EARED Ow. Asio flammeus 


S. One hunting over plantation, Priddy Pool, Mendip, April. 16 
(S.G.M.) and another, dead, Clevedon, Nov. 28 (D.A.W., R.F.W.). 


KINGFISHER Alcedo atthis 

G. Seen frequently along R. Boyd (D.R.H.). Single bird on 
R. Trym, Coombe Dingle, Feb. 24 (W.A.H.) and a pair, Sea Mills, 
Mar. 24 (H.W.N.). One, Sneyd Park Lake, Nov.-Dec. 

S. Noted in breeding season at the reservoirs, Newton Park, 
Hunstrete Park and Monk’s Wood res., nr. Bath; on R. Avon, 
Saltford ; and R. Chew, Chewton Keynsham (various observers). 


GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKER Dendrocopos major 


G. Two, male and female, stripped most of bark from pear tree, 
suburban garden, Bishopston, Bristol, Sept.-Dec. (D.A.W., R.F.W.). 


LEssER SPOTTED WOODPECKER JDendrocopos minor 


G. One nr. Wick, Dec. 7 (D.R.H.). 

S. Pair, Blagdon, Apr. 11 (T.D.H.M.) and single birds, Mar. 
3, June 27 (B.K.) and Nov. to (P.J.C., M.A.W.). Single birds 
also reported from suburban garden, Bishopston, Sept. 24 (D.A.W., 
R.F.W.) ; Sand Bay, Oct. 3 ; and Uphill, Dec. 14 (R.A.). 


Woop.LaRK Lullula arborea 


S. The only breeding record is of an adult with four juvs., 
Crook Peak, May 4 (R.A.). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 371 


HousE Martin’ Delichon urbica 


S. Three in flight over Weston Woods on late date of Nov. 17 
(R.A.). 


RAVEN Corvus corax 


S. Three young reared, Brean Down (W.L.R. eé al.), but no 
other breeding records. Frequently seen over Weston-super- 
Mare flying to and from Town Quarry where up to five roosted 
intermittantly from June to Aug. and up to three thereafter (R.A.). 


Jay Garrulus glandarius 


G. Exceptional movement reported from New Grounds area, 
Oct. 1-5— three flocks totalling over 50 birds seen flying northwards 
in one hour on morning of grd (H.J.B., M.D., S.T.J.). 


Great Tir Parus major BuuE Tir = Parus caeruleus 
Coa. Tir Parus ater MarsH Tir Parus palustris 


S. What appeared to be unusual numbers in Weston Bay area, 
mid-Sept. to mid-Oct. Migratory behaviour noted by small 
flocks of Blue Tits totalling c. 50 birds, Sand Point, Sept. 19 and a 
Coal Tit and three Marsh Tits also present on 2ist (T.B.S.). On 
Steep Holm, two Great Tits, 12 Blue Tits and two Coal Tits seen, 
Oct. 5 and at least 20 Blue Tits and six Coal Tits present on follow- 
ing day (Res. Stn.). 

Two Blue Tits trapped, Long Ashton, late December, had both 
been ringed as adults, same place, five years earlier on 17/12/52 


iG:E..G.), 


‘TREECREEPER Certhia familiaris 


S. One in trees over landing beach, Steep Holm, Oct. 5 (Res. 
Stn.)—first record for the island. 


Dreprper Cinclus cinclus 


G. Single birds, Little Avon River, Kingswood, July 13 
(T.D.H.M.) and R. Boyd, nr. Wick, Oct. 5 (D.R.H.). 


MistLE THrusH Turdus viscivorus 
S. See under Song Thrush. 


Sonc TurusH Turdus ericetorum 


S. Six seen leaving Steep Holm on morning of Oct. 5. Birds 
circled overhead to gain height and, joining up with two Mistle 


372 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


Thrushes, departed in a westerly direction ; three more seen leaving 
on 6th (Res. Stn.). 


Rinc OuzeL Turdus torquatus 
S. Single male, Crook Peak, Mar. 23 (R.A.). 


WHEATEAR’ Oenanthe oenanthe 


S. Three pairs bred successfully, Wavering Down, Compton 
Bishop, nine young being reared (P.J.M.N.). 


BLACK REDsTART Phoenicurus ochruros 


S. One, female or immature, in private gardens, Bath, Nov. 10 


(ACC BE Gp) 


GRASSHOPPER WARBLER’ Locustella naevia 


G. Singing males in garden, Clifton, Apr. 20 (P.J.C.); in 
hedgerow between Hambrook and Harry Stoke, Apr. 23 (R.H.P.) ; 
and at Codrington, June 11 (J.A.P.). 

S. One in song, Chew Valley, May 5 (B.K.), and at least three, 
Walton Moor, Clevedon on 11th (R.A.). 


Woop WARBLER Phylloscopus sibilatrix 


G. & S. Seven singing males resident in area of c. 2881 sq. kms. 
(1114 sq. miles) enclosed by the following boundaries: R. Avon 
from Bristol to Batheaston, County boundary north to Tormarton, 
and roads through Old Sodbury—Yate—Iron Acton—Rudgeway 
—Patchway—Filton—Bristol. (2 males, Lygrove Grove, St. 
Catherine ; 2, Aldermoor Wood and 1, Soper’s Wood, Charl- 
combe ; 2, Beaulieu nr. Kelston (Survey by 10 members and 3 
Bath N.H. Soc. members). 


Gotporest Regulus regulus 
S. One, Steep Holm, Mar. 29; three caught and ringed, same 
place, Oct. 5-6 (Res. Stn.). 


TREE Pipir Anthus trivialis 
S. Plentiful in breeding season around Chew Valley res. (B.K.). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 373 


Rock Pipir Anthus spinoletta petrosus 


§. Reservoir records (presumably this race): one, Cheddar, 
Bea. 20 (B.K.); two, same place, Oct. 6, and three on 13th 
(J.A.McG.). Twelve, Brean Down, Feb. 17 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). 


Water Pipir Anthus spinoletia spinoletia 


S. One, viewed at close range, Cheddar res., Dec. 1 by B.K.,, 
who has supplied full details. 


Prev Wactait Motacilla alba yarrelliu 


S. Up to 150 roosting in Spartina, Sand Bay, Sept.-Oct. (T.B.S.). 
Roost on glass roofs, W. D. & H. O. Wills’, No. 1 Fty., Bedminster, 
Bristol, still in use Nov.-Dec. (P.J.C.)—cf. Proc. B.N.S., 1951, 


Pp. 252. 


Waite Wactait Motacilla alba alba 
S. At least twelve in field adjoining Barrow Gurney resrs., 


Sept. 27, 28 (H.G.A., B.K.). Single bird among Pied Wagtails, 
Blagdon res., on late date of Nov. 9 (B.K.). 


Grey WactaiL Motacilla cinerea 
S. Single bird, Steep Holm, Oct. 6 (Res. Stn.). 
YELLOW WactTaiL Motacilla flava flavissima 


S. One (male), Cheddar res. on early date of Mar. 31 (B.K.). 
One seen in flight and later settled on path, Steep Holm, Apr. 28 
(Res. Stn.). 


WaxwinG = Bombycilla garrulus 


G. One in Wildfowl Trust enclosures, New Grounds, Nov. 17 
(M.D.) and another feeding on cotoneaster berries, garden, West- 
bury-on-Trym, Nov. 20, 21 (per H.W.N.). 

S. Three on cotoneaster shrub in garden, Clevedon, Dec. 15 
(A.T.), and single bird, Royal Victoria Park, Bath, Dec. 8, 15 
iper R.J.L.). 


RED-BACKED SHRIKE Lantus collurio 


S. Breeding reports received from Charterhouse (D.A.W. et al ) 
and nr. Cheddar reservoir (per J.A.McG.). 


374 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


STARLING Sturnus vulgaris 


S. Roost, estimated at 50,000 birds, in wood, Newton St. Loe, 
Dec. 23) (Re). 


HawrincH Coccothraustes coccothraustes 

G. One in flight, Frenchay, Apr. 6 (R.H.P.) and two on the 
Downs, Bristol, Dec. 8 (P.J.M.N.). 

S. At least three pairs, Leigh Woods—two nests found from 
one of which four young reared (P.J.C.). 


SISKIN Carduelis spinus 


S. Two in alders, Barrow Gurney resrs., Feb. 10 (G.E.C.). 
Two on Sand Point, Sept. 20 (T.B.S.)—early date for the species 
(Eds.). 


CrossBiLL Loxia curvirostra 


S. One, Ubley, Blagdon, Jan 15 (B.K.) and party of twelve on 
19th (N.W.) ; nine still present, Feb. 3 (G.C.B., S{1.B)) Two, 
Abbots Leigh, Apr. 2 (A.G.D.). 


Cirt Buntinc Emberiza cirlus 


S. Reported from Portishead, Kewstoke, Bleadon and Loxton 
in breeding season (R.A., C.D.G.G., T.B.S.). 


Snow Buntinc Plectrophenax nivalis 


S. Single birds reported from Cheddar res. Nov. 17 (B.K.) ; 
Sand Point, same date (T.B.S.) ; and Weston-super-Mare, Dec. 
T1((RA.). 


TREE SPARROW Passer montanus 


G. Partial albino, New Grounds, Feb. 16 (N.W.). Small 
roost of c. 20 birds in reeds, Almondsbury, Oct. 25 (A.E.B. e al.). 
Flock of 6-10, Wick, Dec. 26-31 (D.R.H.). 

S. Approx. 20, Wick St. Lawrence, Sept. 19, and six, Sand 
Point, Oct. 12, (1.B.S:); 


375. 


MeEPIDOPRTERA NOTES 
Pes TOL DISTRICT, 1957 


By?C., 5S... Beatuwayr 


FTER one of the mildest winters for many years spring was very 
A early and March wasa finewarm month. April and May were 
both mainly fine but rather cold but some very warm weather was 
experienced in June and early July. ‘The remainder of the Summer 
was, however, very disappointing and there was little fine weather 
until October, which once again was a good month. 

The year was a bad one so far as both butterflies and moths were 
concerned and there is little of real interest to report from the 
Bristol District. 

The following notes are taken from records supplied by C. L. 
Bell (C.L.B.), H. W. Bird (H.W.B.), A. P. Chapman (A.P.C.), and 
also from my own records (C.S.H.B.). As all the Weston records 
are my own and all those from Clevedon are by H. W. Bird I have 
omitted initials after records from these two places. 


Colias Croceus Fourc. (edusa Fabr.) (Common Clouded-yellow). A few reported 
from Bishop Sutton from end of August to beginning of September (A.P.C.). 


Argynnis aglaia Linn. (Dark Green Fritillary). Common in one locality in Men- 
dips at end of June. One melanic var. taken (C.L.B.). 


Vanessa cardui Linn. (Painted Lady). One reported from Bishop Sutton August 
28 (A.P.C.). 


Vanessa atalanta Linn. (Red Admiral). One seen at Bishop Sutton, April 24 
(AP... 


Thecla betulae Linn. (Brown Hairstreak). One female near Glastonbury, August 
6 (C.S.H.B.). 


Pseudoips bicolorana Fuessl. (quercana Schiff.) (Scarce Silver-lines). Several at 
light, Weston, July. 


Apatele leporina Linn. (Miller). One at light, Clevedon, June 29. 


Amathes ditrapezium Borkh. (Triple-spotted Clay). One at Irght, Clevedon, 
July 5. 

Hadena conspersa Esp. (nana Rott.) (Common Marbled Coronet). Several at 
light, Clevedon, in June. 


Apamea furva Hubn. (Confused Brindle). A few at light, Weston and Clevedon, | 
late June and early July. 


376 Cc. S. H. BLATHWAYT 


Apamea unanimis Hubn. (Small Clouded Brindle). ‘Two at light at Clevedon in 
early June. 


Apamea sublustris Esp. (Reddish Light Arches). Common at light at Clevedon. 
A few at Weston in June. 


Apamea scolopacina Esp. (Slender Brindle), One at light, Weston, July 14. 


Dasypolia templi Thunb. (Brindled Ochre). A few at light, Weston, late September 
to October. 


Arenostola fluxa Hubn. (hellmanni Ev.( (Mere Wainscot). One at light, Clevedon, 
July 5. 

Mythimna turca Linn. (Double-line Wainscot). One at light, Weston, July 6. 

Laphygma exigua Hubn. (Small Mottled Willow). One at light, Clevedon, July 2. 

Cucullia chamomillae Schiff. (Chamomile Shark). One at light, Weston, March 29. 


Dasycampa rubiginea Fabr. (Dotted Chestnut). Several at light, Clevedon in 
early March. 


Pyrrhia umbra Hufn. (Bordered Orange). One at light, Clevedon, July 2. 
Heliothis peltigera Schiff. (Dark Bordered Straw). One at light, Weston, March 27. 


Tholomiges turfosalis Wocke (Marsh Oblique-barred). One at light, Weston, 
July 31. 


Sterrha inornata Haw. (Plain Wave). Four at light, Clevedon, June 17. 


Sterrha trigeminata Haw. (Treble-spot Wave). Several at light, in Clevedon, 
early June. 


Discoloxia blomeri Curt. (Blomer’s Rivulet). A few at light, Weston, in June. 


Nyctosia obstipata Fabr. (fluviata Hubn.) (Narrow-barred Carpet). One at light, 
Clevedon, August 4. 


Eupithecia succenturiata Linn. (Bordered Pug). ‘Three at light, Clevedon, July 
4 and 5. 


Eupithecia valerianata Hubn, (Valerian Pug). ‘Two at light, Clevedon, May 27, 
June 17. 


Eupithecia inturbata Hubn. (Maple Pug). One at light, Weston, July 31. 


Apocheima hispidaria Fabr. (Small Brindled-beauty) One at light, Clevedon, 
March, 7. 


Dioryctria splendidella H.S. (Splendid Knot-horn). One at light, Clevedon, 
junert7- 


377 


HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA 
Mest OL DISTRICT, 1957 


By M. AcKLAND 


The nomenclature followed is that of Kloet and Hincks A 
Check List of British Insects, Stockport 1945. 

Where no dates are given the species were noted on several 
occasions. (G) indicates Gloucestershire, (S) Somerset, taking the 
river Avon as the boundary. 

Mr. G. Woodroffe, of the Pest Infestation Laboratory, Slough, 
has kindly checked any doubtful specimens. 


Cynidz 
Sehiris bicolor (Linn.) one specimen, Almondsbury (G.), July 28. 


Pentatomide 
Dolycoris baccarum (Linn.) Hibernated, common at Coombe Dingle (G.), in May. 


Palomena prasina (Linn.) Abundant, Coombe Dingle (G.), in May and October. 


Acanthosoma hemorrhoidale (Linn.) One specimen on hawthorn, Clifton Downs, 
(G.), May 3. 


Coreidz 
Rhopalus subrufus (Gmel in Linn.) Common in the spring, Coombe Dingle (G.) 
Myrmus miriformis (Fall.) Abundant by sweeping, Leigh Woods (S.), in August. 


Neididz 
Berytinus montivagus (M-D) One specimen, Stroud (G.), July 25. 


Lygeidz 

Cymus glandicolor Hahn. Leigh Woods (S.), July 31. 
Heterogaster urtice (Fab.) One in house, Weston-super-Mare (S.), May 12. 
lied pedestris (Fall.) Abundant in moss and debris, Leigh Woods (S.), 

uly 31. 
Trapezonotus arenarius (Linn.) Abundant at Coombe Dingle (G.), May and July. 
Rhyparochromus pini (Linn.) One specimen, Coombe Dingle (G.), July 24. 
Drymus sylvaticus (Fab.) Coombe Dingle, Almondsbury, Brentry (G.). 
Scolopostethus affinis (Schill.) Almondsbury and Clifton Downs (G.). 


Tingide 
Tingis cardui (Linn.) Clifton Downs (G.) and Flax Bourton (S.). 


Nabide 
Nabis ferus (Linn.) Abbots Leigh, Leigh Woods (S.). 
N. flavomarginatus Scholtz. Coombe Dingle (G.), Flax Bourton (S.). 


378 M. ACKLAND 


N. rugosus (Linn.) Leigh Woods (S.). 

N. ericetorum Scholtz. Brentry, Coombe Dingle (G.), Leigh Woods (S.) 
N. lativentris Boh. Abundant at Coombe Dingle (G.), in August. 

N. major Costa. One specimen on hazel, Leigh Woods (S.), Sept. 22. 

N. limbatus Dahl. Wickwar (G.), Leigh Woods and Abbots Leigh (S.). 


Anthocoridz 
Anthocoris confusus Reut. Wickwar (G.), Leigh Woods, Long Ashton (S.). 


A. nemoralis (Fab.) Clifton Downs (G.), Leigh Woods (S.). 
A. nemorum (Linn.) Henbury, Almondsbury (G.) 


Xylocoris cursitans (Fall.) Abundant under pine bark, Coombe Dingle (G.), in 
October. 


Miride 
Phytocoris tiie (Fab.) Tockington (G.), July 28. 
P. varipes Boh. Leigh Woods (S.), July 21. 
Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze) Abundant, Leigh Woods, in July. 


Calocoris sexguttatus v. insularis Reuter. Common by sweeping nettle, Abbots 
Leigh (S.), June 30. 

C. alpestris (M-D) Four specimens taken at Tockington (G.) by sweeping grass, 
May 25. Altitude 250 ft. This species has only been recorded at high 
altitudes in Northern England and on the Mendips. A new county record. 


Stenotus binotatus (Fab.) Wickwar, Brentry (G.). 

Lygus pabulinus (Linn.) Leigh Woods (S.), June 19. 

L. contaminatus (Fall.) Leigh Woods (S). 

L. rugilipennis Abbots Leigh, Flax Bourton (S.). 

L. maritimus Stroud (G.), Portishead (S). 

Orthops campestris (Linn.) Portway (G.), May 22. 

Rhopalotomus ater (Linn.) Brentry (G.), Leigh Woods (S.). 

Stenodema calcaratum (Fall.) Leigh Woods (S.), May ig. 

S. levigatum (Fall.) Leigh Woods (S.), August 18. 

Notostira erratica (Linn.) Flax Bourton (S), August 3. 

Megaloceroea linearis (Fuess.) Leigh Woods (S.), July 21. 

Leptopterna dolabrata (Linn.) Brentry (G.), Leigh Woods (S.). 

Dicyphus epilobit Reuter. Wickwar (G.), July 25. 

D. globifer (Fall.) Leigh Woods (S.), May 25. 

Cyllecoris flavoquadrimaculatus (Degeer.) One specimen by sweeping grass, Tock- 
ington (G.), May 26. 

Orthotylus nassatus (Fab.) Abbots Leigh (S.). 

O. tenellus (Fall.) Leigh Woods (S.). 

Capsus meriopterus (Scop.) Common on hawthorn, Clifton Downs (G.). 

Harpocera thoracica (Fall.) Coombe Dingle (G.), by sweeping nettles in May. 

Orthonotus rufifrons (Fall.) Brentry (G.), June 20. | 

Phylus coryli (Linn.) Brentry (G.), June 20. 

P. melanocephalus (Linn.) Common on oak, Leigh Woods (S.). 

Psallus ambiguus (Fall.) On apple, Stoke Bishop (G.), June 2. 


379 


RPetOsAUR FROM PORTLAND 


R. J. G. SAVAGE 


UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL 


HE occurrence of large marine reptiles in the Portlandian is 
rare and the find of a complete femur at Pliosaurus portlandicus 
Owen 188g in the quarries of Portland merits note. 

The bone has been completely freed from the matrix. Though 
broken in places, there are scarcely any fragments missing and it 
has been fully restored. ‘The bone is a left femur and is very similar 
to the type of the species based on a right hind limb. ‘The proximal 
articulation is convex, mammillated and roughly circular in section, 
with its anterior margin distended outward into a flattened shelf. 
Below the head the shaft is constricted, though remaining circular 
for about half of its length, after which it gradually becomes 
flattened dorso-ventrally and expanded antero-posteriorly. The 
distal border forms a long narrow crescent, expanded slightly onto 
the sides of the shaft anteriorly and posteriorly, thus giving firm 
attachment to the paddle bones. ‘There are distinct traces of muscle 
scars along the posterior side of the proximal part of the shaft : 
these presumably carried paddle flexor muscles. 

The following table gives measurements made on the recorded 
find, together with re-measurements on Owen’s type.* 


Pliosaurus Pliosaurus 
portlandicus portlandicus 
right femur left femur 

BM 40640 (type) 10562 
Maximum length 2 : =. 12%” (39.1 em) 12 }” (30.8 cm) 
Maximum proximal diameter b 38" (3:6, 45.9) ore (80a) 
Maximum distal diameter Be meee. 6° (152205502) 5h” (13.2 ,, 
Maximum diameter, middle of shaft .. 22” ( 6.0 ,,_ ) at” ( 5.8 ,, 


The specimen considered is so similar to Owen’s type that there is 
no doubt they are the same species. 
The type of Pliosaurus portlandicus in the British Museum (Natural 
History) comprises an incomplete right paddle with femur, fibula, 
* Owen (1889) gave scale drawings and quoted measurements for the femur. 
Regrettably the two do not correspond, nor does either compare exactly with the 


original. wen’s quoted measurements are correct if ‘line’ is read as eighth 
instead of twelfth of an inch. 


380 R. J. G. SAVAGE 


six tarsal bones, three metatarsals and one phalanx. ‘The British 
Museum collections also contain several vertebrae, fragmentary 
ribs and a few paddle bones, all that is known of the species, and all 
collected in the last century. ‘Two of these vertebrae were des- 
cribed and figured by Lydekker (1890). 

The specimen described was embedded in a block of Portland 
stone, probably from the Whit or Base Bed freestone. The speci- 
men has recently been presented to the University, but had been in 
the possession of a quarry foreman for some years and the precise 
details of its horizon cannot now be traced. 

My thanks are due to the Bath & Portland Stone Firms Ltd., 
for bringing the bone to notice and presenting it to the Geology 
Museum, University of Bristol, and also to the British Museum 
(Natural History) for permission to consult the type specimen. 


REFERENCES 


Lydekker, R. (1890). Contributions to our knowledge of the 
Dinosaurs of the Wealden and the Sauropterygians of the 
Purbeck and Oxford Clay. Quart. F. Geol. Soc., London 46, 
pp. 36-53. 

Owen, R. (1889). Monograph on Reptilia of the Kimmeridge 
Clay and Portland Stone. Palaeontographical Society, London, 
pp. 8-12, Plate IV. 


Poke LOCAL BARNACLES 


By R. BAssINDALE 


INTRODUCTION 


HE rocky shores of the British Isles are inhabited by vast num- 
bers of barnacles which encrust and in places completely cover 
the rocks above low water of neap tides. The barnacles may 
occur at the rate of about 150 per square inch and a mile of suit- 
able shore carries sixteen hundred million individuals with an 
annual output of living tissue which, when dried, weighs nearly a 
ton. They also produce—annually—one and a half million 
million larvae weighing nearly 3 cwt whendried. This abundant 
supply of material not only provides food for many shore animals 
(fish, crabs, worms, sea slugs, whelks and centipedes) but must 
obviously have a profound effect on the sea near the shore, for it 
is from the water that the barnacles derive their food during the 
high tide period and it is into the water that they pour, at the 
appropriate season, their innumerable offspring. 


HABITS AND LIFE HISTORY 


On examination the individual barnacle is seen to consist of a 
conical or cylindrical wall of over-lapping shelly plates with a hole 
at the top. This hole is closed by two valves which can be opened 
like double doors to permit the animal within to extrude its hairy 
legs in a rhythmic sweep. In this way it combs the water for small 
living organisms which are filtered out from the water and 
swallowed. Barnacles will take almost any living microscopic 
organism, whether animal or plant, whose size ranges from 1 
millimetre down to about three-thousandths of a millimetre. 

Barnacles are firmly cemented to the rock and knowledge of 
their life history indicates their origin. At the appropriate season 
the barnacles mate with neighbouring individuals (each barnacle is 
both male and female so that all eventually produce eggs) and the 
eggs are retained within the shell for several weeks. 

They eventually hatch and the larvae are discharged into the sea 
water. If, at the breeding season, barnacles are chipped off the 


382 R. BASSINDALE 


rocks and placed in a dish of sea water, the minute larvae are easily 
seen swimming towards the light. These nauplius larve (Fig. 1) 
live for 3 or 4 weeks in the surface layers of the sea and feed on 
diatoms (microscopic plants). After passing through six clearly 
marked growth stages they change into a non-feeding stage called 
the cypris larva (Fig. 1). 


CYPRIS e = \ NAUPLIUS 


_ 


SHELL REMOVED 


Serle SS 


ny 


STAGES IN SETTLEMENT 


Fic. 1. The larval stages and metamorphosis of a barnacle. (Mainly after 
Runnstrom). 


These cypris larve are from one half to one millimetre long and 
are soon attracted back to the shore and seek out a suitable place to 
settle. ‘They will usually settle near barnacles of their own species 
and can distinguish these from other species. 

Given a choice the cyprid will settle in a groove or depression 
rather than on a flat surface and if in a groove it will align itself with 
the long axis along the groove. If, however, it is on a flat surface 
(or in a circular depression) it will align itself along the direction of 
light or along the current and if these are conflicting it will choose 
the light direction in preference to the current direction. 


THE LOCAL BARNACLES 383 


Two other aspects of selection in settlement are also displayed. 
Cyprids belonging to a species which lives high on the shore will 
only settle in very strong light while others settle best in a dim light ; 
cyprids of species which live on wave-washed coasts will not settle 
at all in very sheltered localities. 

It was at one time believed that the larve of animals like barnacles 
settled in their millions all over the sea bed and that those which 
settled in places unsuited to the adults died off leaving only those 
that had settled in the ‘right’ places. It now seems clear from 
detailed studies of marine larve, and particularly of barnacle 
cyprids, that the pattern of distribution of the adults is determined 
mainly by the selection and choice shown by the larve and that 
this pattern is modified to only a slight extent by differential 
mortality. 

Having selected a suitable spot for settlement the cypris under- 
goes a profound metamorphosis and cements itself down onto the 
rock where it stays for the rest of its life of usually a few years. 


IDENTIFICATION 


In South West England there are three really common shore 
barnacles and each displays features of much interest while conform- 
ing to the general pattern of life described above. The species are : 

Chthamalus stellatus 
Balanus balanoides 
Elminius modestus 

All three are small and resemble each other superficially. Close 
examination shows detailed differences. The wall of plates which 
encloses the animal consists, in Elminius, of four separate pieces 
whereas in the other two there are six plates (Fig. 2). In the case of 
Chthamalus the plates at the two ends of the slit-like opening are over- 
lapped by the lateral plates; whereas in Balanus the carina is 
overlapped by the lateral plates but the rostrum overlaps the 
laterals. In addition the opening of the shell is kite shaped in 
Chthamalus and diamond shaped in Balanus and Elminius (that is to 
say the widest part is near one end in Chthamalus and near the middle 
in Balanus). 


CROWDING 


Curious features of barnacle growth must be mentioned here 
rather than later as they affect the description given above. When 
growing in places where plenty of space is available barnacles are 


384 R. BASSINDALE 


usually broad based, conical in shape, and display clearly the 
characters of their own species. But when growing in closely 
crowded conditions species react differently. Some individuals 
retain their characteristic appearance and crowd others out to make 
room for their own development. Eiminius doesn’t change much 
in crowded conditions. But Balanus and Chthamalus do. Instead 


BALANUS ELMINIVS 


CHTHAMALUS 


Fic. 2. The three common British barnacles in oblique side view with 
diagrams illustrating the number and arrangement of the wall plates and the shape 
of the opercular opening. ‘The tall form may occur in Balanus or Chthamalus. 


of growing as a cone on a broad base, they have room for only a 
very small base and grow up into a tall cylindrical shape, sometimes. 


THE LOCAL BARNACLES 385. 


even expanding so that the upper part is wider than the base. ‘The 
height may exceed the diameter five or even ten fold, whereas 
usually the diameter is greater than the height. Another feature of 
barnacle growth is that the shells may become corroded and rough 
so that the individual plates are difficult to make out. ‘This often 
happens with crowded specimens and the two peculiarities make 
identification difficult. 


DISTRIBUTION 


The three common species are surprisingly different in their world 
distribution. ‘The British marine fauna is peculiar insofar as it 
consists to a large extent of animals from northern latitudes which 
extend southwards to Britain, of animals from more southerly 
latitudes which extend northwards to Britain and only to a small 
extent of animals which are really at home in these temperate 
regions. Fortunately from the point of view of interest, our three 
common barnacles belong one in each category and this is displayed. 
quite clearly in their breeding and feeding habits (see below). 

Chthamalus stellatus is a warm water species extending from the 
Mediterranean northwards to occupy all coasts of Ireland but only 
the west coasts of Great Britain. Here it extends from just west of 
the Isle of Wight westward to the Lizard and so north to the north 
coast of Scotland. Here it dies out on the north east tip of Great. 
Britain so that the east coast and the eastern end of the English 
Channel is free of this species. This distribution is apparently 
produced by the winter temperature conditions (the winter iso- 
therms run north and south) and seems to be due to the failure of 
the very young barnacles to survive the east coast winter tempera- 
tures, since the adults have been shown experimentally to be able 
to do so. 

In contra-distinction to Chthamalus, Balanus balanotdes is a north 
Atlantic arctic or sub-arctic species which extends southwards. 
to the French coast and is found on all coasts of the British Isles. 

Elminius modestus is a temperate species and is very much at home 
in British waters but its history is surprising. Until 1943 it was. 
known only from Australia and New Zealand. During the war it 
must have arrived alive on ships from the southern hemisphere 
and the larve must have settled on the shores near ports. It was. 
definitely discovered in 1946 at Chichester, but collections made in 
1943 near the Isle of Wight also contained Elminius. By 1948 it 
occupied English coasts from Norfolk to Dorset ; in 1950 it occupied 
the whole of the English and Welsh coasts. In 1955 it crossed into. 


386 R. BASSINDALE 


Scotland and in 1957 to Ireland. It was first recorded in the Bristol 
Channel at Blue Anchor in January 1948 and is now common. 


BREEDING 


As might be expected of a warm water species Chihamalus finds 
conditions congenial in summer time and breeds from April or May 
to September. ‘The cyprids begin to settle in September and con- 
tinue to do so into the winter. The very young barnacles are thus 
exposed immediately to winter conditions and it is presumably 
this that restricts the species to our warmer western coasts. 

Balanus balanoides, as befits a northern species, breeds in the winter 
period. Mating takes place in November and the eggs are present 
in the shell cavity during the winter. The nauplii emerge in 
February and March and the cyprids settle in April. 

Elminius breeds all the year round. It is a prolific breeder and 
may have 12 broods in the year. However it breeds more rapidly 
in summer than in winter and successful settlement seems to take 
place mainly in the summer. Despite the large number of broods 
Elminius does not necessarily produce more larve annually than 
other species. It is a small barnacle and produces about 500 
eggs per brood. A large Balanus balanoides, although producing 
only one brood per annum, may lay 10,000 eggs. 


FEEDING RHYTHM 


The extensive breeding season of Elminius shows its suitability 
for British Waters and gives some indication of the cause of its rapid 
spread. But additional evidence on this point has been gained 
from studies of the feeding rhythm. Intertidal barnacles normally 
comb the water for food by a rapid rhythmic sweep of their append- 
ages. If these sweeps are timed while the individuals are sub- 
jected to water of different temperatures it becomes apparent 
firstly that Elminius has a much more rapid beat, and secondly that 
it has a wider temperature tolerance than other (British) species. 
Thus it continues to beat at high temperatures after the cold water 
Balanus has stopped and at low temperatures after the warm water 
Chthamalus has stopped. It is not so well adapted to cold as 
Balanus nor to heat as Chthamalus but it has a wider temperature 
range than either, a wider optimum range and a more rapid maxi- 
mum rate of beat. It will be interesting to see how far north and 
south the immigrant Elminius will eventually spread although present 
indications suggest that its rate of spread is slowing down. 


Erratum :  printer’s omission 
ZONATION 


Although all three species are found between tide marks there is a 
substantial difference in the tide level at which they are found. 
All species of Chthamalus are found high in the tide zone and our own 
species although sometimes found below mid-tide level is most 
abundant near high water mark of neap tides but also extends 
above this level and even into the splash zone above normal high 
tide levels. Balanus balanoides is found lower on the shore and 
usually attains its maximum abundance about mid-tide level. It 


continued top page 387 


IEP RS CTR 


2 


THE LOCAL BARNACLES 387 


normally extends well above this level and may also be found 
right down to low water mark or even into the sub-littoral. In the 
northern part of its distribution, in arctic regions, the species has 
been recorded 30 metres below low water. Elminius, where com- 
mon, attains its maximum abundance below mid-tide level but can 
be found in smaller numbers high up with Chthamalus and extends 
downwards into the sub-littoral where it is becoming common 
mixed with our British sub-littoral species, such as Balanus crenatus. 


sROWTH RATES AND DURATION OF LIFE 


Generally speaking barnacles seem to live for a few years and 
achieve most of their growth within 12 months of settlement. Breed- 
ing begins when they have achieved some two-thirds or three- 
quarters of the size normal to the species and so they often breed 
in the first breeding season after settlement. The main growing 
season is the summer and little growth takes place in the winter. 
This is probably not a temperature effect but is due to the relative 
abundance of food. Chthamalus apparently lives for several years 
and Elminius for only one or two years. Elminius may, in a good 
summer, attain breeding size in 8 or 10 weeks. In the case of 
Balanus balanoides the tide level at which it settles has a marked effect 
on growth rate and breeding. Below mid-tide level the cyprids 
which settle in April will reach a small adult size by November and 
will then breed and die. Just above mid-tide level not many will 
grow so fast as that (they are not submerged for so long at each 
tide and feeding time is therefore reduced) and most of them will 
continue growing in their second year and breed in the second 
season. But these will usually live on to breed a second time— 
and sometimes a third. Higher still growth will be somewhat 
slower and breeding may be delayed until the third season. But 
these will live on to breed three or more times, attaining an age of 
five or more years, and a larger size than individuals lower down 
on the shore. It may also be mentioned that as their size in- 
creases so does their productivity and a Balanus in its first breeding 
may produce a few thousand eggs but later may attain (exception- 
ally) to 13,000 eggs. 


EXPOSURE 


Although the three species have been shown to zone at three 
different levels on the shore it is not on all barnacle covered shores 
that all three species occur. From what has been said above it is 
clear that the east coast of Scotland has only one species (Balanus), 


388 R. BASSINDALE 


the east coast of England has Balanus and Elminius, the west coast 
of Scotland and the Irish coasts have Balanus and Chthamalus, and the 
west coasts of England and the coasts of Wales have all three species. 

But this is speaking in general geographical terms. If the coasts. 
of England and Wales, where all three species are known to occur, 
are examined in detail it quickly becomes apparent that open, wave- 
washed coasts do not support Elminius, that sheltered coasts do not. 
support Chthamalus, and that Balanus may be less abundant than 
either in extreme conditions but more abundant than either in 
intermediate conditions. Good examples of these effects have 
often been recorded but local examples have been defined by Bristol 
University students working in the Bristol Channel and at the Dale 
Fort Field Centre in Pembrokeshire. 

Working in 1956, Mr. D. M. Beard showed that on the exposed. 
coasts at Morte Point near Ilfracombe Chihamalus occurred at the 
rate of 130 per square inch and that the numbers gradually de- 
clined along the Bristol Channel until they died out completely at 
Weston. Elminius, on the other hand, was absent from Ilfracombe 
but appeared a few miles up the Channel at Heddon’s Mouth. 
Then, from an abundance of only 2 per square inch it increased by 
Weston to 180 and was still present at Aust at the rate of 30 per 
square inch. This illustrates clearly the intolerance of Chihamalus 
for estuarine conditions of shelter, mud and reduced salinities, and. 
the favourableness of these factors for Elminius. 

Balanus used to be common in the lower reaches of the Channel 
but is no longer so and only occasional individuals have been 
recorded between Heddon’s Mouth and Clevedon. This may be 
due to long term changes in the Balanus population since it is known 
that the species nearly died out in the Plymouth area in 1949-50. 
Thus no data are available from the Bristol Channel on the effect 
of shelter on this species. However, counts by classes of students. 
during field courses at Dale Fort illustrate the effect of shelter quite 
clearly. 

The Pembroke coast from Skomer Island to Milford Haven is. 
very much exposed and wave washed but the Dale Peninsula 
although similarly exposed on one side from West Dale Bay to St. 
Ann’s Head, has a partly sheltered coast from St. Ann’s head to. 
Dale Point (where each of the three main bays has an exposed and 
a sheltered side), and a very sheltered coastline from Dale Point 
to the Gann Flats. Counts of barnacles were made down the shore 
at selected places from high tide level to low tide level and some of 
the results are presented in Fig. 3. 

A section on the mainland opposite Skomer Island, examined 
in 1955, illustrates the ‘normal’ distribution of Balanus and 


THE LOCAL BARNACLES 389 


Chthamalus on a fairly exposed coast (A, Fig. 3). Here we see 
Chthamalus extending four metres above mid tide level but with its 
greatest abundance of six or seven hundred per 100 square cms. 
in the region of 1 to 2 metres above. Balanus, on the other hand, 
occupies a zone from 2 metres below to 14 metres above M.T.L. 
with a similar maximum abundance to that of Chthamalus but at a 
level from 0.7 below to 0.3 metres above M.T.L. 

Taking now a section on the exposed side of Dale Point, at the 
outer edge of Castle Beach Bay (B, Fig. 3) we find Chthamalus 
rather similarly distributed but Balanus is more abundant than near 
Skomer and extends much lower. In Section A no Elminius 
were found, at Castle Beach Bay two individuals were found 
but it is obvious that these exposed conditions are not suited to 
Elminius. In 1956 and 1957 the main distribution at Castle Beach 
Bay was confirmed although a few isolated individuals of both 
species were found as high as 34 metres above M.T.L. and no 
Elminius were seen. 

Very exposed sites at West Dale Bay were only examined in 1956 
and 1957 and similar results were obtained. It was noted, however, 
that a few Elminius did occur in West Dale—but on the sheltered 
side of large boulders, not on the open faces where counts were made. 

Interesting counts were made in Watwick Bay (on the partly 
sheltered coast) and it was found that in 1956 the exposed side of 
the bay (CQ, Fig. 3) gave counts and relative distributions of the 
two species similar to those of the exposed localities described above, 
while on the sheltered (west) side in both 1955 and 1956 (D & E, 
Fig. 3), Chthamalus was very sparse and Balanus occupied most of 
the shore including the levels that elsewhere would be occupied 
by Chthamalus. LElminius was absent from both places except for 
two or three individuals on the exposed side at M.T.L. 

Turning now to the sheltered side of Dale Point an interesting 
series of observations were made just inside the Point, and at Brig 
Stones, and Black Rocks near Dale Village. 

In 1955, °56 and ’57, just inside Dale Point the conditions were 
intermediate between the exposed and sheltered sides of Watwick 
Bay. ‘That is, Balanus was abundant and extensive, Chthamalus 
was fairly well represented at its proper level and Elminius was very 
sparse (F, Fig. 3). In 1957, a station was examined just a little 
further inside the Bay (below the inner end of the Fort) and here, 
despite its proximity to the other station, Chthamalus was much less 
abundant and Elminius was much more abundant (G, Fig. 3). 

Examination of the Brig Stones in 1955, 1956 and 1957 showed 
that Chihamalus had practically disappeared, and had been replaced 
at the high levels by Balanus. Elminius, on the other hand, was 


BASSINDALE 


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THE LOCAL BARNACLES 391 


becoming common and in fact showed an increasing abundance 
during the three year period (H, J & K, Fig. 3). 

At Black Rocks, examined in 1956 and 1957, Balanus was still the 
most abundant species, Chthamalus was absent in 1956 but present in 
1957 and Elminius was not quite so common as at Brig Stones 
(Ly Figs 3)). 

The general picture of barnacle distribution at Dale in the years 
1955 to 1957 is illustrated in Fig. 3 and shows the following main 
features : 

(1) Most shores around Dale are exposed and have a barnacle 
distribution as in A, B and C, Fig. 3, that is, with abundant Chthama- 
lus at about high water of neap tides and with Balanus in equal or 
greater abundance at and below mid tide level. 

(2) Chthamalus diminishes in sheltered water but may persist in 
very small numbers—compare A, B and C which are exposed, and 
F which is only just inside Dale Point, with all the other sections. 

(3) Elminius is not found on exposed shores (except behind 
boulders) but appears in sheltered waters (compare A to F with 
GtoL). The absence of Elminius from the sheltered side of Wat- 
wick Bay is a little surprising but they may appear there in the future 
as the species is still increasing in the area (compare H, J and K 
which show the abundance at Brig Stones in three successive 
years). 

(4) The zonation of Balanus shows a gradual rise in level from 
exposed to sheltered water. This seems to be due to an invasion of 
the upper zone as Chthamalus disappears and to the raising of the 
lower limits because of erosion by gravel and boulders at the 
lower tide levels. 

(5) Balanus was equally abundant on exposed shores in the three 
years from 1955 to 1957 but in Dale Bay there was a sharp drop in 
numbers between 1956 and 1957 (compare K with H and J: 
and also F and G). 

The 1958 results, recently to hand, are based on four counts 
made by the 1958 Easter Class on the sheltered shores of Dale Bay 
between Dale Point and Brig Stones, and they suggest that Balanus 
balanoides was still reduced in numbers as in 1957, and that the 
distribution of Chthamalus was unchanged. The station at Brig 
Stones was not examined but a little distance away on Point Wood 
Beach Elminius was not so abundant as at Brig Stones in 1957, and 
its numbers below Dale Fort were unchanged. 


OTHER SPECIES 


There are other, rarer, species of barnacle to be found on British 
shores. Of these Balanus perforatus is a large conical (volcano like) 


392 R. BASSINDALE 


species with dark purple ribs which occurs only in the south west of 
Great Britain. It is a warm water species and breeds in summer. 

Balanus improvisus is a species characteristically growing in 
estuaries and it can tolerate even fresh water. It does not occur at 
Dale but in the Bristol Channel it extends near low water mark from 
Blue Anchor to Sharpness. Its abundance is variable and it is 
only common in some years and in some places—usually in the 
Burnham to Portishead area. 

Another species of Balanus (B. crenatus) is very common below 
low tide mark but does occur on the shore near low water. 

Usually, however, any barnacle above low water of ordinary 
tides is one of the three described. 


393 


Pee LOWER LIAS SECTION AT 
EANNARD’S GRAVE, 
SHEPTON MALLET: 

SOMERSET 


By D. T. Donovan 


HE section in the cutting of the Somerset and Dorset Joint 

Railway, about 1 mile south of Shepton Mallet (Charlton 
Road) Station, was published by Woodward (1893, p. 86). The 
writer recently visited the cutting in order to measure a detailed 
lithological section. He is indebted to Mr. W. A. Dowden for his 
help. 


THE SECTION 


The section newly measured lies on the east side of the cutting, 
south of the two bridges across the line which lie east of the 
Cannard’s Grave Inn. It is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 1. 

The Langport Beds or White Lias at the base are seen to a thick- 
ness of 7 feet 6 inches, and consist of shales alternating with marly 
and compact limestones. The typical White Lias lithology is 
hardly developed. At the top is a ten-inch bed of pale, grey marly 
limestone penetrated by U-shaped burrows, similar to those found 
in the ‘Sun Bed’ at the top of the White Lias at various places 
in North Somerset. 

The Blue Lias commences with thin limestones and shales con- 
taining the usual bivalve fauna of the ‘ pre-Planorbis Beds’. A 
fragment of Psiloceras (Caloceras) of early Johnstoni Subzone aspect 
was found 5 feet 3 inches above the base, and Psiloceras (Caloceras) 
belchert (Buckman ex Simpson) at just above 8 feet. In north-west 
Germany this species occurs in beds with Waehneroceras (portlockt 
horizon of Spath, 1942). 

Alsatites liasicus (d’Orbigny), indicating Laqueus Subzone in 
Spath’s scheme, was represented by loose fragments but was not 
found in place. An indeterminate Schlotheimia, indicating Angulata 
Subzone, was found 15 feet above the base. Schlotheimia aff. 
similis Spath, found just above and below the 17 foot level, indicates 

1 Lange, 1931, p. 352; Hoffman, 1949, p. 1143; recorded as C. torus 
(d’Orbigny). The publication of Lange’s monograph on Psiloceratinae (1941) 


showed that the species known to north German authors as C. torus is identical 
with C. belcheri. 


E 


394 D. T. DONOVAN 


Feet 


— Charmasseiceras sp. ind. 


20 


—Metophioceras sp:ind., Charmasseiceras sp. ind. 


—Schlotheimia angulata (Schlotheim), S. similis Spath 
=e Schlotheimia aff. similis Spath 


eS Schlotheimia sp. ind. 


Alsatites liasicus(d’Orb) - not in place 


Not exposed 
—Psiloceras (Caloceras) belcheri (Simpson) 
: == —Psiloceras (Caloceras) sp. ind. 
ea } Not exposed 
re) 
| fLangport Beds 
5 


aa ke 


Fic. 1. Section through the upper part of the Langport Beds and the Blue 
Lias in railway cutting east of Cannard’s Grave Inn, Shepton Mallet. Scale: 
5 feet to1 inch. A scale of feet is marked on the left-hand side of the section, and 
numbered upwards and downwards from zero at the base of the Blue Lias. 


LOWER LIAS AT CANNARD’S GRAVE 395 


the upper part of the Angulata Subzone, the top of which is marked 
by the appearance of Coroniceras (Metophioceras) at 18 feet. 

At 17 feet the lithology changes abruptly from thin-bedded and 
nodular limestones and shales to massive limestones with very little 
shale. Coroniceras (Metophioceras) near the base of these limestones 
indicates the Conybeari Subzone, the basal subzone of the Buck- 
landi Zone. ‘The only other ammonite found in these beds was 
the Schlotheimid Charmasseiceras, affording insufficient evidence 
as to whether the massive limestones all belong to the Bucklandi 
Zone, or whether the Semicostatum Zone is represented as well. 
Gryphea incurva (J. Sowerby) is common in the massive limestones, 
and in the lowest few inches (about 17 foot level) there are simple 
corals. ‘The limestones are full of fragments of shells and echino- 
derms. ‘They are capped by an eighteen-inch bed with a fissile 
top, and succeeded by clays which are ill-exposed. 

Woodward (1893, p. 86) gives a thickness of 32 feet 9 inches for 
the Blue Lias, compared with 24 feet obtained by the writer. 
The difference lies in the thickness given for the thin-bedded 
limestones and shales of the Angulata and Planorbis Zones. It 
is possible that Woodward measured his section in a different part 
of the cutting, now obscured, and that the thickness of the series is 
variable. : 

The clay succeeding the Blue Lias Limestones, recorded by Wood- 
ward to a thickness of 30 feet, is not well exposed above the main 
section. Fossils may still be obtained from it on a slope a little 
further north, immediately south of the more southerly of the two 
bridges. ‘The following list of ammonites is based on recent collect- 
ing and on specimens in the Geological Survey Museum : 


Bifericeras bifer (Quenstedt) (G.S.M. no. 47091). 

B. nudicosta (Quen.). (G.S.M. no. 47094). 

B. parvum S. S. Buckman (holotype, G.S.M. no. 47093). 

B. cf. quadricosta (Quen.) (G.S.M. no. 2896 HBW). 

B. wrighti Bovier (G.S.M. no. 23598, identified by the late Dr. L. F. 
Spath). 

Eoderoceras (?) sp. cf. E. anguiforme (Buckman ex Simpson). 

E. sp. ind. 

Gemmellaroceras sp. 

Oxynoticeras oxynotum (Quen.) (G.S.M. 2900 HBW, Zd3148). 

Palaeoechioceras aff. spirale (Trueman & Williams). 

P. new spp. 

Paracymbites sp. ind. 


The fossils were all loose on the surface and no succession could be 
obtained. Oxynoticeras and Bifericeras indicate the Bifer (or Oxy- 
notum s.s.) Subzone of the Oxynotum Zone. Paleoechioceras 
occurs near the boundary between the Oxynotum and Raricos- 
tatum Zones; it is recorded in situ only from the Stowell Park 


396 D. T. DONOVAN 


Borehole (Spath, 1956, p. 151: as Hypechioceras gen. nov.)Gemmel- — 
laroceras first appears, in Yorkshire, in the Macdonnelli Subzone 
of the Raricostatum Zone. 

Woodward (loc. cit.) records about six feet of “‘ dark bluish-grey 
mottled limestone (full of Belemnites), pale marly beds, earthy and 
iron-shot limestone and clay ’’ above the clays with ammonites. 
He places these beds in the Oxynotum Zone, but in view of the 
fauna now recorded from the clays, the succeeding limestones are 
unlikely to be earlier than the Raricostatum Zone. 

There is little doubt, in view of Woodward’s account written 
when the sections were fresher, that the Turneri and Obtusum 
Zones of the Sinemurian are unrepresented. The succession may 
be summarised as follows : 


Lithology au Thickness 
Limestone, marl & clay 6 ft. 
Blue clay with bands of eigaricestatuen fk 
grey, earthy limestone. Oxynotum 30 eee. 
(non-sequence) tees a 
?Semicostatum 24 ft. (up to 32 ft. 
Blue  Lias limestones Bucklandi g ins. according to 
and shales Angulata Woodward) 
Planorbis 
White Lias — 7 ft. 6 ins. seen. 
CONCLUSIONS 


The Lower Lias shows rapid lateral variations at Shepton Mallet. 
About 500 yards north of the section recorded, about twelve feet 
of massive limestones, in beds up to one foot thick with very little 
shale, are exposed. Fragments were seen of Coroniceras of types 
indicating the Bucklandi and the early Semicostatum Zones. 
Immediately south of Charlton Road Station the old quarries 
still show more or less inaccessible faces. Woodward (1893, p. 87) 
said that the total thickness of the stone beds here was ‘upwards of 
50 feet ’. 

In the cutting west of the Western Region Station sections have 
been published by Moore (1867, pp. 505-6), and by Woodward 
and others (Geol. Surv. Vertical Sections, sheet 46, no. 15), with 
a summary by Woodward (1893, p. 87). There are discrepancies 
between these accounts; that on sheet 46 shows 22 feet of beds 
above the White Lias, the top of the section lying at an unde- 
termined horizon within the Bucklandi Zone. ‘The thickness, 
as well as the lithology of the lower zones, is comparable to that at 
Cannard’s Grave, but the massive limestones of the Bucklandi 


LOWER LIAS AT CANNARD’S GRAVE 397 


Zone are not in evidence. ‘The lithological characters of the Blue 
Lias correspond in general to the normal development north of the 
Mendips, except that the Saltford Shales, which in the Bristol Avon 
valley separate a lower and an upper group of limestones, are not in 
evidence. Southwards from the Avon valley the Saltford Shales 
become rapidly reduced in thickness (Donovan, 1956, pp. 185, 
191, 199). ‘The total thickness of the Blue Lias Limestones at 
Cannard’s Grave is less than half that at Saltford Cutting, estimated 
at about 64 feet (Donovan, 1956, p. 205). 

South-westwards from Shepton Mallet, at Street and in the 
Polden Hills, the Blue Lias thickens, as shown by sections recorded 
in the last century and summarised by Woodward (1893, pp. 
76-85). Very few sections are now exposed, and it is impossible 
to determine zonal thicknesses from the old records. At Street 
about 20 feet of beds appear to lie entirely in the Planorbis Zone 
(Woodward, p. 79), and at Keinton Mandeville there is a similar 
thickness (p. 77). At Evercreech Kellaway & Wilson attribute 
30 feet of blue limestones with shale partings to the Bucklandi Zone, 
the total thickness of the zone being unknown (1941, p. 141). At 
Sparkford Hill cutting, north. of Queen Camel, Moore (1867, pp. 
262-4) recorded 225 feet of (incomplete) Blue Lias, in predomin- 
antly argillaceous facies. ‘The top of the section is not dated as no 
fossils were recorded from the top 108 feet. 

The clays with small ammonites of the Oxynotum and Rari- 
costatum Zones were noted in the banks of the Brue at Hornblotton 
Mill by Woodward (op. cit. pp. 84-5) who recorded Am. oxynotus, 
Am. trivialis, and Am. Birchit, the latter probably a Bifericeras. They 
were also found in a well sinking at Sutton, about two miles to the 
north-east (Woodward, p. 85 ; Kellaway and Wilson, 1941, p. 142). 


REFERENCES 


Donovan, D. T. 1956. ‘The zonal stratigraphy of the Blue Lias 
around Keynsham, Somerset. Proc. Geol. Ass. 66, 182-212, 
London. 

Hoffmann, K. 1949. Zur Palaogeographie des nordwest- 
deutschen Lias und Doggers. Erdol und Tektonik in Nordwest- 
deutschland, 113-129. Hannover-Celle. 

Kellaway, G. A. & Wilson, V. 1941. An Outline of the 
Geology of Yeovil, Sherborne and Sparkford Vale. Proc. 
Geol. Ass. 52, 131-174. London. 


398 D. T. DONOVAN 


Lange, W. 1931. Die biostratigraphische Zonen des Lias Alpha 
und Vollraths petrographische Leithorizonte. Centralbl. Min. 
Abt. B, 7, 349-372. i 

1941. Die Ammonitenfauna der Psiloceras-stufe Nord- 
deutschlands. Paleontographica 93, Abt. A, 1-192. Stuttgart. 

Moore, C. 1867. On abnormal conditions of Secondary deposits 
when connected with the Somersetshire and South Wales coal- 
basins, and on the age of the Sutton and Southerndown Series. 
Quart. Four. Geol. Soc. Lond. 23, 449-568. 

Spath, L. F. 1942. The Ammonite Zones of the Lias. Geol. 

Mag. 79, 264-268. 

1956. The Liassic ammonite faunas of the Stowell Park 
Borehole. Bull. Geol. Surv. G.B. 11, 140-164. London. 
Woodward, H. B. 1893. ‘The Jurassic Rocks of Britain. 3. The 
Lias of England and Wales (Yorkshire excepted). London : 

Mem. Geol. Surv. G.B. 


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HON. AUDITOR: 
F. W. EVENS, A.C.A. 
HON. SECRETARY : 
Cc. S. CARLILE 
CHAIRMAN, FIELD COMMITTEE : 
T. H. PAYNE 
HON. SECRETARY, FIELD COMMITTEE : 
A. F. DEVONSHIRE, M.A., Ph.D. 
HON. LIBRARIAN : 
J. H. DAVIE, (Ph.D., BiSe; i as: 
HON. EDITOR: 
S. SIMPSON, M.A., Dr. rer. nat. 
HON. PUBLICITY SECRETARY : 
B. FROST 
OFFICERS OF SECTIONS : 
BOTANICAL : 
President—Il. W. EVANS 
Hon. Secretary—R. F. WILLS 
ENTOMOLOGICAL : 
President—N. A. WATKINS, M.A., F.R.E.S. 
Hon. Secretary—C. L. BELL, F.R.E.S. 
GEOLOGICAL : 
President—C. E. LEESE, B.Sc. 

Hon. Secretary—R. J. G. SAVAGE, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S. 
JUNIOR (ADVISORY COMMITTEE) : 
President—J. H. SAVORY 
Hon. Secretary—Mrs. R. MILLARD 

ORNITHOLOGICAL : 
President—C. E. CLOTHIER 
Hon. Secretary—S. M. TAYLOR, B.Sc., S.I.Mech.E. 


OTHER MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: 


Miss A. BENNETT, B.Sc. Miss M. D. HILEY 

P. F. BIRD, B.Sc. H. E. HINTON, B.Sc., Ph.D., Sc.D, 
Miss I. F. GRAVESTOCK J. A. KITCHING, O.B.E., Sc.D. 
Miss C. GROVES W. F. VERNON 


Ex-officio the Professors of 
BoTANny, GEOLOGY and ZooLoGcy at the UNIvERsITyY OF BRISTOL 


A—Associate Member. 


a QO 8 BAN 


401 


MEMBERS 


AT APRIL I5TH, 1959 
who are entitled to the respective privileges of the Society 


C—Country Member. H—Honorary Member, 


L—Compounded for Annual Subscription. 
* Have contributed Papers to the Proceedings. 


The addresses of Junior Members may be had from the Hon. Secretary of the 
Junior Section. 


ANSE 0 Ee 

Adams, A. W., M.B., M.S., 
F.R.C.S. 

Adams, Mrs. A. W., M.B., 
Ch.B. 


ioe sg CS A | 


Pigamass ie Pes Bisc./:.....-. 
Adams, Mrs. R. P., M.C.S.P. 
Addison, D., A.R.I.C.S. .. 


Alipbanegs iG, vis se. ee 
Pultband. I. wn. ce ee 
Allane Dele MA. 2.0.65. 


Andrews, Mrs. M. L., M.Sc. 

Angles, R., A.M.I.Mech.E., 
A.F.R.Ae.S. 

CAVEMEOY H. Syo nie. eG wk ks 

PRU CI IER CN a ciche o/s «Sie see 


acone hs Wa oe. al ae 


Bacon: Mrs. POM 5... .... 
Badock, Miss E. J., M.A..... 
Bakers Pa eel sec eee bs 
Balch: Miss P. M.....1..... 
Baldwin, IOP: i.e. ee 
Bambridge, Mrs. M......... 


Barmmettao, E.G...) 1. 3s 
Barnett, Mrs. S. H. G. 


Bashford, Mis.,G.I. ...... 
*Bassindale, Ri; M.Sc. ...... 
Bassindale, Mrs. R. ........ 
131 TA) Oe 


Beagley, Mrs. H. M......... 
Bell Ch) FRE... 5s. 
Bennett, Miss A. E., B.Sc. 

Bennett, Miss-h. B. ........ 


Betts Miss J. M.......5.. 


2 Channels Hill, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. 
Rodney House, Clifton Down Road, Clifton, 
Bristol, 8. 
Do. 


16 Cambridge Crescent, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol. 

9g Elmgrove Road, Cotham, Bristol, 6. 
Do. 

60 Downs Cote Drive, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol. 

8 Clarence Road, Kingswood, Bristol, 5. 

Do. 

7 Coombe Bridge Avenue, Stoke Bishop, 
Bristol, 9. 

167 Bishop Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7. 

30 Brendon Avenue, Weston-super-Mare, 
Somerset. 

22 Provident Place, Bridgwater, Somerset. 

26 Hoveland Lane, Taunton, Somerset. 


Honeysuckle House, Church Street, Blagdon, 
Nr. Bristol. 
Do. 

The Oak, Sneyd Park, Bristol, 9. 

3 St. Helena Road, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6. 

580 Wells Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4. 

1 West Mall, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 

286 Canford Lane, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol. 

2 The Avenue, Sneyd Park, Bristol, 9. 


Do. 
Molland, Uplands Road, Saltford, Nr. Bristol. 
3 Berkeley Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
3 Rysdale Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. 
115 Reedley Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9.. 
209 Stoke Lane, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. 


oO. 

Steppings, Bay Road, Ladye Bay, Clevedon,, 
Somerset. 

39 Holmes Grove, Henleaze, Bristol. 

23 Harcourt Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 

37 Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 

Royal School of Industry for the Blind, 
Henleaze Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol. 

Manor Hall, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 


402 


a 


Q 


A. 


MEMBERS 
Betty, aisss: My eoi5., seen cae 24 Riverleaze, Sea Mills Park, Bristol. 
Biddle; Wyo" ies Gee oe 7 Brookleaze, Sea Mills, Bristol. 
Bielby, Gv. 98.96. es nee Little Down Hall, Wembdon, Bridgwater, 
Somerset. 
Bigg, Miss BoM. 7.422 cede 22 Sion Hill, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Billett.cA. Eo Os ee oe eee Hardy Lane, Tockington, Nr. Bristol. 
Bing, Miss B. I., M.B., B.S... Links House, Uphill, Weston-super-Mare, 
Somerset. 
Bineley; Jab: liars keane. & 26 Beechwood Avenue, Hanham, Bristol. 
Bird, P.-F:. BiScs sic eae: City Museum, Queen’s Road, Clifton, 
Bristol, 8. 
Blair-Brown, Miss P. M. .... 13 Lansdown Place, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Blake; Miss-E. 5.2. se alee 45, Royal York Cresent, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
*Blathwayt, C. S. H., M.A., Amalfi, 27 South Road, Weston-super-Mare, 
F.R.E.S. Somerset. 
Bine es Virs cM eee The Oaks, Chew Stoke, Nr. Bristol. 
®Boleyadvirs; |G. Mise eae Willow Cottage, Dundry, Nr. Bristol. 
Bowen, Miss M., B.Sc....... Tudor Cottage, Redland Hill, Bristol 6. 
Bowens MissvAv 02s hcaeeen Do. 
Box Wiiss Ne ches. ss ten eee 96 Wells Road, Bath, Somerset. 
EBOY Ci ibdag iss 2 iiscckspoude o/s ete New Grounds, Slimbridge, Glos. 
Bradshaw, R., M.Sc., F.G.S. 13a Maurice Road, Bristol, 6. 
Brannon, Miss F. H..... 2s Gordano, Cambridge Road, Clevedon, Som. 
Bridges @oliGvAr ws eee Glen Corse, 14 Ridgeway Road, Long 
Ashton, Nr. Bristol. 
Bridge, Muss Mi Es vce Do. 
aya ed gh Can © eters een eee tars. be 73 Bryants Hill, St. George, Bristol, 5. 
Bright. Mrs. Bi. Gis:. e.c ae Do. 
Bristol Central Library...... College Green, Bristol, 1. 
Bristow,: Ge. Mii 2 caf) eee: c/o Hydraulic Branch, Ministry of Works, 
Private Bag, Nairobi, Kenya. 
Brooke, By dg .thes <6 ree oes Ambrea, Staunton Lane, Whitchurch, 
Bristol, 4. 
Browar, Miasss@. en se St. Teresa’s Guest House, Corston, Bath 
Browns D.'G.; BiSc? case eee Della Pace, Monkton Combe, Bath, Som. 
BromtcG. Ayy4acol- aac See 32 Wellington Road, Kingswood, Bristol. 
Bruton, We ible acces ee ae oo Little Oak, Weston Road, Failand, Nr. 
Bristol. 
Bryant, Miss BvG..) 2 gee 319 Whitehall Road, Bristol, 5. 
Bunce, Mrs. D. E., B.Sc. .... Coombe Lea, Nailsea, Nr. Bristol. 
Bury Ee.) | eke, aa eae eee Ellfield, Wotton-under-Edge, Glos. 
Bussell; Miss 1. Mio... eu The Bungalow, Leigh Woods, Bristol, 8. 
BuxtonmiGiGe ick ace are 2 Somerset Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4. 
Buxton Mirs'Gs Ce aes). diane Do. 
Cameron, MissI.L......... 44. Kellaway Avenue, Bristol, 6. 


Campbell, A. H., B.Sc., Ph.D. Glaxo Laboratories Ltd., Sefton Park, Stoke 
Poges, Bucks. 
Campbell, A. M. G., M.A., 79 Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
D.M., M.R.C.P. 


Campbell, Mrs. A. M.G. .. Do. 
Campbell aD iGas. Se 27 Redland Hill, Bristol, 6. 
Campbell vl. secs 10 rays eee 32 Gore Road, Ashton Gate, Bristol, 3. 
Cannings, Mrs. D. A. ...... 9 Petherton Gardens, Whitchurch, Bristol, 4. 
Carlen Ss gles ek. is ee 
*Carlton, Miss L., M.A. .... Corner Cottage, Downside, Backwell, Nr. 
Bristol. 


Carpenter, Revd. B. L., M.A. The Presbytery, Kingsweston Lane, Law- 
rence Weston, Bristol. 
@arpenter) Misses exaust 92 Kennington Avenue, Bishopston, Bristol 7 


2S 


MEMBERS 403 


Carwyvissi<. M:  ........ 144 Sefton Park Road, Ashley Down, 
Bristol, 7. 

Castle, M. P. K.,S.R.N. .. 34 Lilymead Avenue, Knowle, Bristol, 4. 

@avwiley, Miss P. A. -........ Manor Hall, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 

Chadwick, Mrs. E. I. G...... 6 Goldney Avenue, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 

Chadwick. J. W.......-.. Do. 

Chaitlencvers Mi. J. .......... 616 Filton Avenue, Filton, Bristol. 

@hatterton;, Miss B. ........ 19 Richmond Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 

Chatterton, Miss H. A. .... 16 Quarry Rock Gardens, Claverton Down, 
Bath, Somerset. 

ChilcotieMirs. J. -........: 21 Upper Cranbrook Road, Redland, 
Bristol, 6. 

Clank Miss C. Re... ee. 12 Church Avenue, Warmley, Nr. Bristol. 

@lark;’Miss M..M. ........ Do. 

*Clark, R. B., B.Sc., Ph.D. .. Department of Zoology, The University, 

Bristol, 8. 

ClariveMing. KR. Be ........e. Do. 

Clark, R. J., B.Sc., M.I. Biol. 19 Orchard Rise, Olveston Park, Nr. Bristol 

Clave 5: MeL, Ph.D. ...... Merlin, Cadbury Camp, Clapton-in- 
Gordano, Nr. Bristol. 

Cleve AG. B.Sc. ....'.... 8 Cavendish Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol. 

@lement, Mrs. FE. S......... Trenance, Lyndhurst Road, Midsomer 
Norton, Nr. Bath, Somerset. 

* Clement, Miss G. G......... Do. 

@lements.Fs GS... es Longmead, 149 Queen’s Road, Bishops- 
worth, Bristol, 3. 

@litherow, GiS. 5.5... 265 7 Westfield Park, Redland, Bristol, 6. 

Glotiniers GE ec a 5 leks Fylde, Weston Road, Long Ashton, Nr. 
Bristol. 

Clough; Miss A: M.\.:...... 7 Fallodon Way, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. 

Collins; Miss D. N. ........ 40 Fernbank Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 

Collins, Miss M. A. ........ 24 Parkfield Drive, Taunton, Somerset. 

Colthurst, Mrs.M. L....... Stonecrop, Wembdon Hill, Bridgwater, 
Somerset. 

Golthurst)W. Dis. . oo. es Do. 

@onstance; MJ... eee. 16 York Avenue, Ashley Down, Bristol, 7. 

Cook; MISS VV. oo. 15 St. Helena Road, Westbury Park, 
Bristol, 6. 

@ooke, Mis. Ih: Gz... ss... 47 Station Road, Shirehampton, Bristol. 

Wooke Pah e «ses sched seat oes Do. 

Cooper, Miss B. K. D....... Willowes, 108 Falcondale Road, Westbury- 


on-Trym, Bristol. 
Corbett, Miss C. L., M.B., Hillcrest, 1 Falcondale Road, Westbury- 
Ch.B. on-Trym, Bristol. 
Cowie, J. W., B.Sc., Ph.D... Department of Geology, The University, 
Bristol, 8. 


Cowley, J.. M.A., F.R.E.S. .. Holywell House, Edington, Bridgwater, 
Somerset. 

Cowlishaw, Miss I.O. M. .. 12 Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 

@ramp, Miss J. M. ........ 1 Oakwood Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol. 

Crampton, MissD. M. .... The Chestnuts, Norton Malreward, Pens- 
ford, Nr. Bristol. 

@rocker, Vie Gree oe ee ek The Lawns, Beckspool Road, Hambrook, 
Nr. Bristol. 

@roome;, Miss\M............. 1 Redfield Road, Patchway, Bristol. 

@routtwelly' Gi Wi... ev: Old Ford House, Frome, Somerset. 

CullemWreA CG. 2.5. Sei). Lark Rise, Church Road, Hanham, Bristol. 


@ullen, Mis. D. A. CO... 2... Do. 


404 MEMBERS 


C. 


mo 


CGulverwell, R.OWe . Jone aoe Crosskeys, Horse Street, Chipping Sodbury, 
Nr. Bristol 

(Chammanntizs (Cs HELS ho aes anes Triscombe, 208 Stoke Lane, Westbury-on- 
Trym, Bristol. 

CGumimins; Mirs. ‘C. Te oc. Do. 

@urtis i. FS BSc. ea aceees 29 Wimbledon Road, Westbury Park, 


Bristol, 6. 
*Curtis, M. L. K., B.Sc., Ph.D., The Stock House, Berkeley, Glos. 


F.G.S. 
Dalby, Mrs; B: AVES yeese). sae Grange Fell, Leigh Woods, Bristol, 8. 
Dalziel GonC. eo eerie ce 42 Rousham Road, Eastville, Bristol, 5. 
Davey, MissiPsiJ.sseeeee. oh 709 Wells Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4. 
DavidsomeV ns: acer neaee 568 Bath Road, Saltford, Nr. Bristol. 
Davie, J H., B.Sc., Ph.D., Clifton College, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 

F.L.S 
Davies , Miss | DE Re As es 54 Wellington Walk, Westbury-on-Trym, 

Bristol. 

Davies Uldt.cthielss hustss, pee teee Crestview Court West, Morris Plains, New 


Jersey, U.S.A. 
*Davis, H. H.,  F.Z.S., West Park, Cadbury Camp Lane, Clapton- 


M.B.O.U. in-Gordano, Nr. Bristol. 

Dawis, Mrs, Hi. Hs J.P. ces Do. 

Day cbt b dai \eutodite. ats tse 28 Rugby Road, Brislington, Bristol, 4. 

ay srN ei Absence hopes che See: Windways, Greenhill Road, Sandford, Nr. 

Bristol. 

Delong, Mass VieA tinny e ce 237 Luckwell Road, Bedminster, Bristol, 3. 

Dennison, V. D., B.Sc. 12 Newlyn Avenue, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9. 
(Econ.) 

Dennison, WMirs) Vile. ese Do. 

Devonshire, A. F., M.A., Department of Physics, The University, 
Ph.D. Bristol, 8. 

Diendonne, Miss E. ........ 51 Summerhill Road, St. George, Bristol, 5. 

*Donovan, D. T., B.Sc., Ph.D., Brewery House, South Stoke, Bath, Som. 

F.G.S. 

DuddeniGHEe os. eee 26 Rousham Road, Eastville, Bristol, 5. 

Duddén, Mrs; G. Hi. .5 358. Do. 

Duddridge, Miss E., B.Sc. .. 59 Kellaway Avenue, Bristol, 6. 

Dunnrclitt, Fe MeAG aie 10 Effingham Road, St. Andrews, Bristol, 6. 

Dunning, Mrs. L. M. ...... 20 Glenwood Road, Henleaze, Bristol. 

Batoughy mAs ieee ae. 116 Newbridge Road, St. Anne’s Park, 


Bristol, 4. 
Eatough, Mrs! Aj ee Do. 
Eddolls, K. E. K., S.R.N., 35 Leighton Road, Southville, Bristol, 3. 


Q.N. 
Edmonds, FH. ©. (2a) .e The Grange, Goring-on-Thames, Berks. 
dithott, Vins: VWoUEe eee. 8 Burghley Road, St. Andrew’s Park, 

Bristol, 6. 

Englangs WU Aseeciae knee, 54 Chandos Road, Keynsham, Nr. Bristol. 
England, Mrs. E. O......... 
Emelish, MisscesuMi. oo ah Stud oe Felton, Nr. Bristol. 
Bvaris, pt Wia... hoes» ocnceie es: 46 Horfield Road, St. Michael’s, Bristol, 2. 
Evans) Miss View eee ane Pentwyn, Pentyrch, Cardiff. 
Evens?) ED BSe." voekeak: 96 Hampton Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 
Evers alle Wicks. duce Cee 20 Saltwell Avenue, Whitchurch, Bristol, 4. 
Falk, Mirs.sMij IM. cae: 7 Sion Hill, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Harmer. iVliss Pvp sneer cise Capri, Gardens Road, Clevedon, Somerset. 
Farmer, Miss P. E., B.Sc. .. 44 College Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 


Som 


MEMBERS 405 


Pavel. Miss A. C........... The Manor House, Shipham, Winscombe, 
Somerset. 

Fear, A. C. K., B.Sc., Stonyfield, Lodway, Pill, Nr. Bristol. 

Findlay, D.C., McA. ...... 12 Welland Road, Keynsham, Nr. Bristol. 

Fleetham, Miss M. W....... 8a Redland Park, Redland, Bristol 6. 


Fleure, Miss E., M.A. ...... Vyvyan House, Clifton Park, Clifton, 
Bristol, 8. 


Bloom iwhiss D. KK... 2... 0... 10 Radley Road, Fishponds, Bristol, 5. 
LEICGIS, 1a) 00) ar rarer 5 Dene Road, Whitchurch, Bristol. 
HiookwIvirs. Ti. F..... 6c. es Do. 
PO GIMEte Wises. 3 ices ee os 70 Hudds Vale Road, St. George, Bristol, 5. 
Blooks Mis; Hi. W. ........ Do. 
Biook,, Wirs, Mi... 2... 6s. Quietways, 103 Bath Road, Willsbridge 
Nr. Bristol. 
Flower, MissI. M. ........ 51 High Street, Winterbourne, Nr. Bristol. 
elev Cia IN. le. ons coals 5s 11 Kathdene Gardens, Ashley Down, 
Bristol, 7. 
Botey, Wirs. C.J N........- Do. 
Bards Wit, Bsc, .....8.... Department of Geology, The University, 
Bristol, 8. 
JEGIG!. | ea) 5 Gane ae ae aaa ae 8 Norton Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4. 
Mono vine: pi EL. c.f ees Do. 
Forrest, G7, M.A......... 43 Canynge Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
EOS eis 8D bal 14 Cherington Road, Henleaze, Bristol. 
Roster, Mirs, 1D. Re ........ Do. 
Poster, virs, Det... 66. ce. 4 West End, Street, Somerset. 
Faster, Mrs; M.iG. ........ Pentire, 64 Kings Drive, Bishopston, Bristol, 7. 
Hower, GeIN., PhD. oo... 13 Westaway Park, Yatton, Near Bristol. 
Fowler, Mrs. G. N., M.A. .. Do. 
Fraymouth, Miss J. E., M.Sc., 24 St. Michael’s Park, Bristol, 2. 
Ph.D. 
ROSS VVE. De bc be Sa eks 32 Oakwood Road, Henleaze, Bristol. 
“CAST (8 a ea ag 59 Air Balloon Road, St. George, Bristol, 5. 
Fulford, Miss D. M.:....... 55 Waverley Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 
Gardarsson; Ay. 2s... 2... 17a Trelawney Road, Cotham, Bristol, 6. 
Camlicle MGW il. os cs og 147 Melrose Avenue, Yate, Nr. Bristol. 
Gazzard, Miss K. E.....'...’. 19 Redfield Road, Patchway, Nr. Bristol. 
Koay) Wir Nain < isis cc arn ctes 28 Rockside Drive, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol. 
Gibb, Miss M. E., M.A. .... 16 Woodstock Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 
Gibling; RR: J., M.A......... 17 Bourne Close, Winterbourne, Nr. Bristol. 
Gorvett, H., B.Sc., Ph.D..... Zoology Dept., Imperial College, London, 
S.W.7. 
(SOIT | Ls os ar rr 12 West Dene, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. 
Granam iiss Co... 8 Ashgrove Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 
Granger, Mrs. A. D......... 16 Eastwood Road, St. Anne’s Park, Bristol 4 
Gravestock, Miss I. F., B.A. 7 Leigh Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Grimes: IN. Ws B.Sc. ...... 19 Fremantle Square, Cotham, Bristol, 6. 
Groves, Miss Co.3 066... 8. 21 Bayswater Avenue, Redland, Bristol, 6. 
Grundy, iss ME. ...... 46 Burley Crest, Downend, Bristol. 
Habgood, Miss M. E. ...... 9g Burlington Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 
ase, Mass J. EB. 2... 5... 10 Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Pamblett, D. Ri\ 6 6... 3. All Winds, Highfield, Wick, Nr. Bristol. 
amauiton, G. Ho)... ss. 504a Gloucester Road, Bristol, 7 
Hamilton, R. G., M.A. .... Tanglewood, West Hill, Wraxall, Nr. Bristol. 


Hamlin, Revd. A. G., B.A... 85 Cromwell Road, St. Andrew’s Park, 
Bristol, 6. 

Hamlyn, Miss M. E., B.Sc... Ross-Lyn, Middleway Lane, Broadoak Hill, 
Dundry, Bristol. 


406 MEMBERS 


ammacott jt. R.. cyst Roseway, West End, Nailsea, Nr. Bristol. 

Harding, Miss J. M.D. .... 10 Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol. 

Harding, Miss W.G. ...... Chester Cottage, 11 Ivywell Road, Sneyd 
Park, Bristol, 9. 

Mardy.) Mast, Ro; 4 2 ome The Beeches, 12 Stoke Park Road, Bristol, 9. 

Harris,’ Miss Ei. 7AGx se... eee 487 Fishponds Road, Bristol. 


Harris, Prof. J. E., M.A., 6 Clifton Hill, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Ph.D. ER.S. 


Harris, Miss M.I........... Robin Hill, 112 Coombe Lane, Westbury- 
on-Trym, Bristol. 
Farris; Missi... Am Geta 20 Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
C. Hartill, G. G., M.R.C.S., Stone House, High Street, Chipping Sod- 
L.R.C.P bury, Nr. Bristol. 
Haskins, B. i ALAN 30 Townsend, Chew Stoke, Nr. Bristol. 
Hawker, Miss L. E., D.Sc., 32 Barley Croft, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. 
Ph.D. 
Mawker (MS. .o6 eo. te ete 2 East Croft, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. 


C. Hebblethwaite, Miss C. .... 4 Hallam Road, Clevedon, Somerset. 
Hembrough, Miss E. M. .. Oakhurst, London Road, Warmley, Kings- 
wood, Bristol. 
HendersonsR W. Ji... hel Tenby Villa, 8, Oldfield Place, Hotwells, 
Bristol, 8. 
Heslop, I. R. P., M.A., Belfield, Poplar Road, Burnham-on-Sea, 


F-R-E;S. Somerset. 
C. Hewlett, Miss C.M.E.,M.Sc. 4 Cavendish Crescent, Bath, Somerset. 
Hickman, Mrs. L. M. ...... 38 Downleaze, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9. 
G.— higeens,, Miss iB...) necks 4. Cavendish Crescent, Bath, Somerset. 
Hiley: iiss (MLD in. ne a al 35 Beaufort Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Pill irs. De Re Wen ee Elmhurst, 3 Charlton Lane, Brentry, Bristol. 
Hill, Miss L. M., B.A. 15 Clare Avenue, Bishopston, Bristol, 7. 
Hinton, loleeldu, B. Sc., Ph. D., Department of Zoology, The University, 
Sc.D. Bristol, 8. 
Piinton) Mirsi Je Sen. no acct 4 Oakfield Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
HobbseG. Riis BoA.) nadine ate Webbs Heath Farm, Warmley, Bristol. 
Hobbs) Mirs.cCoR: > sean Do. 
Hockey... HiaGy 26498 ck ae Greystones, 20 Ham Lane, Stapleton, Bristol. 
Hockey; IMirs:. (Gc Pecks Do. 
Iodges, Miss Mi... 5. 4....Gke 89 Falcondale Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol. 
Hogg) WEL M.Sc... 0.5.8 5 Hill Burn, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. 


: Do. 
Holgate, Miss M. Bl M.A... Chestnut Farm (Caravan), Long Ashton, 
Nr. Bristol. 


A... weolmes, WA eres ee sie 4 Hyland Grove, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol 

C2. lopkins, W. foie eh ace g Churchill Road, Wells, Somerset. 
Horn, Miss E. J.. M.A. .... 12 Salisbury Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 
Howard, H. F., M.A. ...... 41 Thingwall Park, Fishponds, Bristol. 
Howard, R. W., M.R.C.V. S. 75, Wellsway, Keynsham, Nr. Bristol. 
Howell, 1). ia See re 4 Begbrook Park, Frenchay, Bristol, 
Hughes, | | a eee gtr Senrire g Buckingham Vale, Clifton, Bristol 8. 

GC... ThulbertuRs Cencvsed eee a’, No Name, Easter Compton, Nr. Bristol. 

Co Vetulibent.) irs IR WC.& cee. Do. 

G. ~uniphries, Mrs..€. Mio...) dhe Paddocks, Chew Stoke, Nr. Bristol. 

C.) > Aut Pace, BISC.4.8.c2.0e teres 19 Victoria Road, Frome, Somerset. 
Putty wMiss ME. Wo ee ieee Hillcrest, 1 Falcondale Road, Westbury-on- 

Trym, Bristol. 
C. Isaac, D.H.,M.D.,M.R.C.P. 1 South Road, Taunton, Somerset. 


Jago, Miss I. M., B.Sc....... 43 Downleaze, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9. 


£2 


James, D. 


eeceeree ee ee ee we ow 


Janaesi Miss Vi A........... 
Heleva IMEISSIR SS we ees 
Jenkin, Miss P. M., M.A., 

D.Sc. 
slemkimastyiiss' ID. R. 2.2.2... 
Jenkins, F. G., M.B., Ch.B... 
Jenkins, P. D. 
jobs, Wiss ©z M........... 
Jolly G. F., M.A., M.B., 

B. Ch., M.R.C.S., 

EL: R.C.P. 
MOMMIES A isis oe es 


eee ee ee ee eo 


*Kearns, Prof. H. G. H.., 


O.B.E., B.Sc., Ph.D., 
F.R.ES. 


C. *Kellaway, G. A., B.Sc., 


C. 


C. 
C. 


F.G.S. 
Kelting, E. L.,'O.B.E., J.P., 
M. Inst. C.E. 
Kemp, J..H., B:A. 


ose ee eee 


“Kendall, ©..D:, M.A. ...—. 
Kenney, D. J.,A.M.I.Mech.E., 


ZA ROAGSS. 
Kenneys Mrs) Dy Je... 
Gin a) ese ie © sea Soares os, 3 
| Sono ets 7D ye lr a 
Kitching, J. A., O.B.E., 

MAL sc.) Ph.D. 
Ihance, H.R. Hi. 


eee eee ee ee 


Lansdowne, W.H.H......: 


*Ieach, A. C., T.D., M.A. 
miteese, C.. i., B.Sc. 


tego, Muiss°C. Mi... 2... 
Lipo us De en ee 
Lewis, Miss E. K., B.A. 

Lewisohn, J. A. 
Lewisohn, Mrs. J. A. 
Lewton, J. S. 


Ieiftony Miss, DD: M. ........ 
DallicowMrss Cy We os. 
Eenllico, Miss J. Ws. .:....... 
Linton, Mrs. E. L. 
Ihippiatt, Miss E.M. ...... 
kong, Miss. B.C. ........ 


eee eee eo 


MEMBERS 407 

3 Oak Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7. 

The Mill House, Woollard, Pensford, Nr. 
Bristol. 

Clifton Hill House, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 

Barrow Court, Barrow Gurney, Nr. Bristol. 

Department of Zoology, The University, 
Bristol, 8. 

14 Lancashire Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7. 

51 Redcliff Hill, Bristol 1. 

69 Cassell Road, Fishponds, Bristol. 

2 Gloucester Row, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 

Bristol General Hospital, Guinea Street, 
Bristol, 1. 


18 Buckingham Gardens, Downend, Bristol. 


Research Station, Long Ashton, Nr. Bristol. 


H.M. Geological Survey and Museum, 
South Kensington, London, S.W.7. 
Windown, Wembdon, Bridgwater, Som. 


St. Thomas More’s, Stratton-on-the Fosse, 
Nr. Bath, Somerset. 

Wills Hall, Stoke Bishop, Bristol., 9. 

53 St. Michael’s Hill, Bristol, 2. 


Do. 

Mayfield, Uplands 
Bristol. 

10 Broadway, Saltford, Nr. Bristol. 

8 Old Sneed Park, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9. 


Road, Saltford, Nr. 


Swanington, 8 Atlantic Road South, Weston- 
super-Mare, Somerset. 
1 Napier Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 
Lower Lodge, Knoll Hill, Bristol, 9. 
32 Haverstock Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4. 
3 Abbey Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. 
21 Cherington Road, Henleaze, Bristol. 
g Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Hunters Hall, Bitton, Nr. Bristol. 
Do 


Pendyne, Slade Road, Portishead, Nr. 
Bristol. 
10 St. Alban’s Road, Westbury Park, 


Bristol, 6. 
37b Downleaze, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9. 
Do. 
The Cottage, Stanton Drew, Nr. Bristol. 
Amberleigh, Rudgeway, Nr. Bristol. 
g Osborne Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 


C. *Loupekine, I. S., B.Sc., Ph.D., Royal Technical College of East Africa, 


C. 


C. 
C. 


F.G.S. 
ME Ov Ellp Rf oss eee 
Wows Aviiss BNis! 0. beck ers « 
lkow, Miss KM... 0.0.6... 


Private Bag, Nairobi, Kenya. 


51 Mildred Avenue, Harlington, Hayes, 
Middx. 

Forsythia Cottage, Blagdon, Nr. Bristol. 
Do. 


—> 
Ms 


408 MEMBERS 
CG. laismores NE oe ree see 28 First Avenue, Highfields, Dursley, Glos, 
ihuxtord, ‘Wirs, "Mi ies 15 Sunnyside, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9. 
Mages: Miss FoR. One see 57 Barton Road, St. Philips,’ Bristol, 2. . 
Marsden, A., M.B.E., 161 Bishop Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7. 
M.Sc., Ph.D., F:R1C; 
Marsden, MrsAl vit accor. Do. 
Hf. *Matthews, L. Harrison, M.A., Zoological Society of London, Regent’s 
D.Sc., F.R.S. Park, London, N.W.8. 
Matthews, R. C., B.Sc. .... Ty Gwyn, St. Margaret’s Lane, West Town, 
Nr. Bristol. 
Matthews, Mrs. R. C., B.Sc., Do. 
M.1.Biol. 
Maunder, Miss M. E. ...... 6 Oak Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7. 
Maxwell E. 2a 6 Sees 7 Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 
A. McCarthy, Miss SS: ....550. 59 Hillside Avenue, Bitterne Park, South- 
ampton. 
McNiven, Miss) BaD 82 ae : Lanka, 165 Abbey Road, Westbury-on- 
Trym, Bristol. 
Mead, Miss C. E., B.A. .... 16 Quadrant West, Fishponds, Bristol. 
Meade-King, M. G., B.A. .. 5 Worcester Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
MeesexNinsiiih. 2. 5 nas wae 164 Bloomfield Road, Brislington, Bristol, 4. 
iC. - Mernie i. DAG 66 ose es Inglenook Cottage, Alveston Hill, Thorn- 
bury, Nr. Bristol. 
Messiter, Miss F. E., B.Sc. .. 1 Tyndall’s Park Road, Tyndall’s Park, 
Bristol, 8. 
Milburne, Mrs: DD. 5.. 2804 Syston Court Cottage, Mangotsfield, Nr. 
Bristol. 
IN Uae ee ay AC ie Lyndale, Merthyr-Mawr Road, Bridgend, 
lam. 
Millard, Mrs; E.R. 60s 10 Cambridge Park, Redland, Bristol, 6. 
Miller, K. W., B.Sc., M.B., St. Vincent’s, West Town, Nr. Bristol. 
Ch.B. 
Molton Jiatite ike eee 10 Randall Road, Clifton Wood, Bristol, 8. 
Milton,” Mis... 0.4 tet eas Do. 
C. Milward, Mrs. M. W....... Bonneval, Station Road, Nailsea, Nr. Bristol. 
A. Mint Chel 7G ee ee The Homestead, Burton Row, Brent Knoll, 
Highbridge, Somerset. 
Moody KO. Es) eth ee 2 Bellevue Terrace, Totterdown, Bristol, 4. 
G.. “Mioores Mrs.) BA ee Roman Camp, Oldbury-on-Severn, Glos. 
Cs MNicgore, wMiiss Ieee eee Do. 
Morgan SEs 1.1... Dodmore Crossing, Westerleigh, Nr. Bristol. 
Morgan, Mrs. J.. A.T.D. .. 13 Lansdown Place, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Morris, Virs..P: Mean ae. 103 Passage Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol. 
Minden W., Jie eae 11 Red House Lane, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol. 
Naldrett, Miss F.M. ...... Braidlea School, Goodeve Road, Sneyd 
Park, Bristol, 9. 
C’. Nature Conservancy (The) .. 19 Belgrave Square, London, S.W.1. 
Co WNaylor,” Muss" Acc) ieee. Grey Hollow, West Harptree, Nr. Bristol. 
A, (Neale Wien a ee ae cays gene 70 Trym Side, Sea Mills, Bristol. 
Nethercott,.P.J.M.. hecce 44 Upper Cranbrook Road, Redland, 
Bristol, 6. 
Nettle; Miss: Bi @i) 5. Senses 3 Beaufort Road, Kingswood, Bristol. 
Neville, Miss M., B.Sc. .... 7 Belmont Road, St. Andrew’s Park, 
Bristol, 6. 
C..Newsonisy AoS oat eet cists Blagdon Court, Blagdon, Nr. Bristol. 
C. “Newsom, Mirs.vAs\Si0;. 2% <2 Do. 


ANAS 


x ATA A 


MEMBERS 409 
-Newton, Mrs. H. S., M.B., Wigmore House, Thornbury, Nr. Bristol. 
Ch.B 


INiplett, @. G. M. .......... 33 Beaufort Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Nighvnealey KR. ........ 20 Hadrian Close, Sea Mills, Bristol. 
(Niminies, Ae Bis... ke eee 13 Rylestone Grove, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol. 
MNonman, Eo k= B.Sc. ...... Highfield Lodge, Wick, Nr. Bristol. 
Olney, P. J., B.Sc., F.R.E.S., The Wildfowl Trust, Slimbridge, Glos. 
M.I.Biol. 
Sine Pee Ae? oo ets Oakfield Lodge, Julian Road, Stoke Bishop, 
Bristol, 9. 
@emey Vrs, ASP. A. 2.2... Do. 
@rmendyl Gils ose oe eee 1 Chapel Hill, Farleigh, Backwell, Nr. 
! Bristol. 
(ONG Oy Dei On ee 13 Wells Road, Bristol, 4. 
@ywens." Mrs. IN. Ma o3...... 10 Radley Road, Fishponds, Bristol. 
Palmer, Mars. C.D... 2... Highfield, Sandford Hill, Bridgwater, Som. 
Palmer, Miss E. M., M.B.O.U. Do. 
Palmer-Smith, Mrs. M. .... 202 Pickersleigh Road, Malvern, Worcs. 
altel Tea) Oe oe er Crofters, Blagdon, Nr. Bristol. 
JE Se ti 0] VR Stoweylands, Bishop Sutton, Nr. Bristol. 
PATSIOWHIA BigeO . e  k k e 14 Eastfield Gardens, Weston-super-Mare, 
Somerset. 
Parsons, Miss F. M......... 13 Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Parsons. Miss.S. J... sof. eres 46 Vicarage Road, Southville, Bristol, 3. 
Payne; IMirs. EM. ......... Merrywood, West Harptree, Nr. Bristol. 
BAVC Gace aC. 1... as 40a Ravenswood Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 
Ray Mee tl eo oys 6 ashe toh ses Compton House, Chew Stoke, Nr. Bristol. 
SU REAGlo sal @ ees Pa 5 Hanbury Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
*Pearman, J. V., F.R.E.S..... Beechcroft, Upper Icknield Way, Aston 
Clinton, Aylesbury, Bucks. 
Pegler, As Hes ok. ek se 21 Clift Road, Ashton Gate, Bristol, 3. 
Pemberton, Miss J. A. W. .. 14 Cambridge Park, Redland, Bristol, 6. 
Perkins;, Mrs, M.M......... 25 Sandy Leaze, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. 
Berrett, DT 8 ce ces West End Pharmacy, Bridgwater, Somerset. 
Perry. Muss iss. oS. 8S 8 High Park, Knowle, Bristol, 4. 
Perry, F. C., M.A., F.L.A. .. 38 Kellaway Avenue, Bristol, 6. 
Phallapss Ac Be ss. 4c eee ee 11 Downs Park East, Westbury Park, 
Bristol, 6. 
Phillips, F. Coles, M.A., Department of Geology, The University, 
Ph.D., F.G.S. Bristol, 8. 
Phillips, Ps P:, B.Sc... 02... The Coppice, 9 Grove Road, Coombe 
Dingle, Bristol, 9. 
Phillips, Mrs. M.D. H. .... 10 Percival Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Pillans, Miss R. C....... 5. 22 Hanbury Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
tere, Miss Mk ss 4 Royal York Villas, Clifton, Brsitol, 8. 
PTMAM TG NE he es et 8 20 Tuffley Road, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol. 
Plaice, Miss C. H. J., B.Sc., 94. Sandringham Road, Brislington, 
Ph.D: Bristol, 4. 
Te) Eee 0 Bag (einer Do. 
Plummer, Hi. W..\.......... 18 Woodstock Avenue, Redland, Bristol, 6. 
Poole,-B.W. Gs cc es 22 Rockside Drive, Henleaze, Bristol. 
| tOD LEE OT re 77 Baytree Road, Weston-super-Mare, Som. 
Boprett, MissB. HY oo...) |. 2 Cotham Road, Bristol, 6. 
Potter, Whiss Ko A...) 0. ca Westonbirt School, Tetbury, Glos. 
IB@ERER Ni Bie chasse ld oe 12 York Gardens, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 


7Poulding, Ri; 0.0. 6..... 10 West Park Road, Downend, Bristol. 


410 MEMBERS 
Pratt, Miss lies ack sank: 1 Hughenden Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Pratt, W. W., M.R.C.S., 1 Hanham Road, Kingswood, Bristol. | 
L.R.C.P. 
Priests Es Ge ee i. vertenviee oe 11 Rokeby Avenue, Redland, Bristol, 6. 
Prowse, D. C., -» Ch.B., Wigmore House, Thornbury, Nr. Bristol. 
M.R.G.S. & bas ue Pi: 
Prowse, Miss H. S., M.B., Do. 
Ch.B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. 
G. Pryce, J: TR sO 15 Fox Avenue, Yate, Nr. Bristol. 
Pugsley, Prof. Sir Alfred G., Sycamore Cottage, East MHarptree, Nr. 


O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. 
Pugsley, Lady 
Pullan, J. M., M.A., M.Sc. 
Pullan, Mrs. 1. M. O. 

Pyke, H. D., M.B. Ch.B., 88 Redland Road, Bristol, 6. 
Pyke, Mrs. H. TOP racks Petes: Do. 


Bristol. 


Do. 
Badgers Wood, Brockley, Nr. Bristol. 
D 


Quick, Mrs. O. E., B.Sc. 129 Stoke Lane, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. 
Rake Miss B. A., B.Sc. 
C.« Reynolds; J. ¥., B-A., 
M.B.O.U. 


Research Station, Long Ashton, Nr. Bristol. 
Queen’s College, Taunton, Somerset. 


Reynolds, Mrs. A. M. ...... Do. 

Richards, Miss A. W. ...... 21 Sydenham Hill, Cotham, Bristol, 6. 

Richards, Miss°C. Ms 3. 2.5; Do. 

Richardsh 7S: Wik eos settee Langley, Swan Lane, Winterbourne, Nr. 
Bristol. 

Richards, Mrs. S. W., B.A. Do. 


Raiddick, Sito. .cciaeioseers 179 Kings Head Lane, Bedminster Down, 
Bristol, 3. 
Riddick, Mirs.S.Ji0. Sane Do. 


Az INOWERtS: BS a este ail donetaeees 6 Braemar Crescent, Filton Park, Bristol, 7. 


Roberts, J. T. 
Roberts, Miss M. F., B.A. 
Robinson, Miss. G., B.Sc. 


Roe, Capt. R. G. B., RN. .. 


Roe, Mrs. R. G. B. 


Rogers, Miss M. H., M.A. .. 


coe ee eee 


59 Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 

Research Station, Long Ashton, Nr. Bristol. 

g Charlcombe Way, Bath, Somerset. 

56 Bloomfield Avenue, Bath, Somerset. 
Do. 

Vyvyan House, Clifton Park, Clifton, Bristol,8. 


Room, Ps] 4 as eoiners claire ae Meadowside, Chew Stoke, Nr. Bristol. 
Room, Mrs: P. jae. oe oo os Do. 
Room, Miss E. M., S.R.N... Do. 


® Rose, C.G.I., A.C.A. 
Reoseveate, Wo. ... 4.6 eek 


10 Whiteladies Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 

The Orchard House, Hutton, Weston-super- 
Mare, Somerset. 

Churchill Hall, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9. 

Wile ks. Bieta 5 Kenneth Road, Brislington, Bristol, 4. 

cece tts Do. 

25 Tugela Road, Uplands Estate, Bristol, 3. 

Keigwin, 97 Druid Stoke Avenue, Stoke 
Bishop, Bristol, 9. 

Russell, A. H. Pine Croft, Alveston, Nr. Bristol. 

Russell, Mrs. A .H., B.Sc. .. Do. 


Pee eo ie 


Roseweir, J. 
Rosling, H. N. 
Rosling, Mrs. H. N. 
Ross, F. Stenhouse 

Rowe, J. F. 


eevee ere ere eee ese 


eee ee eee 


eee eee eee ee eo 


Sampson, Miss A. M. 
Sandover,; Miss 1.) ).2.).2e0se 

H. *Sandwith, Mrs. C. I., F.L.S. 
*Savage, R. J. G., B.Sc., Ph.D., 


142 Coronation Road, Southville, Bristol, 3. 
11 Elmdale Road, Tyndalls Park, Bristol, 8. 
26 Canynge Square, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 

Department of Geology, The University, 


F.LSS.; EGS, EZ Z.9. istol, 8. 
Savory, J. He ee antes 6 edland Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 
Savory, | Vins: wl ty. hoes { Do. 


ps 


Scadding, Miss M. P. ...... 

Sacer 

Scott, P., M.B.E., D.S.C., 
M.A 


Spanos AWE. ....../... 
Shaw, Miss D. 


coer eee eee ee ee 


Slicer, IDG Ole ea 
Shearer, Miss O. M......... 
Shepherd, Miss J. E. ...... 
Sita teed s Eis 
Shummer,-Virs. HS ........ 
Sl Gove) oe 8 Cag] ee 


Simpson, Scott, M.A., Dr. 
rer. nat., F.G.S. 
sims 5-P. 1. 
Singleton, R. W. 


eoce ere ee ee ee we ee 


*Skene, Prof. Macgregor, 


D.Sc., F.L.S. 
Sloane, FP ., B.Sc. ........ 
Smphesviiss Be B. as... 2... 
Smith, D. Munro, M.R.C.S., 
L.R.C.P. 
Smith, P. G. Munro 
Siig 


Smith, Wiss) MOA. Ve... .. 3 
Soltausivirss BO KO Vi... 
Spiers, D. R., M.B.O.U., 

A. Mem. A.O.U. : 
Stanton, Miss D. W......... 
Shem ER ores oe cia eos 
Stiddard, Miss D. M. 


eee eeeee 


Stowell, Miss I. E. 
Stowell, Miss J. R. 
Stunde. W. Ht. B., L.DS. .... 
SUUIIZNEES W7AY, IN a 
SUUIOLRS LSA UE 


Sullivan, Miss J. M. 
Suiltvan, Ge 2... 2.668. 


Sutherland, I. H............ 
Sutton, M. 
Swaine, Miss A. K., F.R.A.S. 
Swanborough, R. E......... 
Sweet, G. 
Sweet, irs, Gio. ce 
Sydenham, W.1.J.....0%.. 


eee eee ee ee ew wo we ow 8 


TAS esc AS a 
Wlaylor, Miss A. BE. ........ 
Waylor, Mrs: A. M. ........ 


MEMBERS 41] 

1 St. Vincent’s Parade, Durdham Down, 
Bristol, 6. 

Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens, 
Wisley, Ripley, Woking, Surrey. 

New Grounds, Slimbridge, Glos. 


15 Stockwood Vale, Keynsham, Nr. Bristol. 

20 Walsingham Road, St. Andrew’s Park, 
Bristol, 6. 

Ranalt, Townsend, Almondsbury, Nr. 
Bristol. 

75 Thornleigh Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7. 

54 Wellington Walk, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol. 

5 Dial Hill Road, Clevedon, Somerset. 
Do 

Branksome, Beach Road, Kewstoke, Weston- 
super-Mare, Somerset. 

Department of Geology, The University, 
Bristol, 8. 

28 Haselburg Grove, Saltford, Nr. Bristol. 

18 Kewstoke Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9. 

36 Lawrence Grove, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol. 

Burwalls, Leigh Woods, Bristol, 8. 

14 Neva Road, Weston-super-Mare, Somerset. 

220 Badminton Road, Downend, Bristol, 


Do. 
21 Upper Belmont Road, St. Andrew’s, 
Bristol,7. 
80 Hampstead Road, Brislington, Bristol, 4. 
19 The Avenue, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
South Vine Lodge, Sherborne St. John, 
Basingstoke, Hants. 
35 Beaufort Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
g Charlcombe Way, Bath, Somerset. 
28 Rodney Road, Backwell, Nr. Bristol. 
157 Speedwell Road, St. George, Bristol 5. 
151 Leinster Avenue, Knowle, Bristol, 4. 
21 Victoria Square, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 


0. 

Oldfield, Park Hill, Shirehampton, Bristol. 

52 Kingsdown Parade, Cotham, Bristol, 6. 

Green Orchard, Compton Greenfield, Easter 
Compton, Nr. Bristol. 

139 Dovercourt Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7. 

The Walnuts, 85 Nicholls Lane, Winter- 
bourne, Nr. Bristol 

Churchill Hall, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9. 

14, Woodcroft Avenue, Whitehall, Bristol, 5. 

Pisang Cottage, Nailsea, Nr. Bristol. 

24 Highfield Avenue, Hanham, Bristol. 

40 Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Do. 

230 Overndale Road, Fishponds, Bristol. 


46 Apsley Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
16 Cotham Road, Bristol, 6. 
1 Northcote Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 


412 MEMBERS 


QO 


Taylors ihc vcaty ote ae Harbury, Harbury Road, Westbury-on- 
Trym, Bristol. 
Taylor, S. M., B.Sc., Glenalan, Station Road, Nailsea, Nr. Bristol. 
S.I.Mech.E. 
Taylor, MassiS. Mi. 4... eh. Do. 
Taylor,Mirs. W..N.2s. 202... 46 Islington Road, Bedminster, Bristol, 3. 
Terry, Miss D..G, 2.0.4.1 Beechwood, 52 Rockcliffe Road, Bathwick, 
Bath, Somerset. 
Metley, Mrs. Tose e.ch es ceteoe: 4 The Avenue, Sneyd Park, Bristol, 9. 
ahearle Re Bich cincs deena es 47 Elliston Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 
Mhearle; Mrs aR. Hie. ee Do. 
Thornhill Hy A, 2 hee Mae Heddon, Church Lane, Farleigh, Backwell, 
Nr. Bristol. 
TPAnter ges View cseia ernie coe toe 66 Marshfield Road, Fishponds, Bristol. 
Trump, Mrs. A. Goo}. cas. 181 Stoke Lane, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. 
Trump, MissJ. M. .....>.. Do. 
Turner, Miss E. E, A. ...... 10 Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 
Turner, H. W., M.A., F.G.S. The Cottage, Kensington Place, Clifton, 
Bristol, 8. 
MBUPMER Soe soe ak eee Redland Hall, Redland Hill, Bristol, 6. 
Myrrell-Pitt, irs. J. %.. 3)... First Acre, Courtenay Road, Keynsham,, 
Nr. Bristol. 
AES] IAs DR! [sep gra Pre Tor Cottage, Chewton Mendip, Nr. Bath,, 
Somerset. 
Vance, Mrs, RID veces The Post Office, Nailsea, Nr. Bristol. 
Vanderplank, Miss J. A..... Y.M.C.A. Hostel, 15 Berkeley Square, 
Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Vernon, J. D. R., B.Sc. .... 22 St. David’s Road, Thornbury, Nr. Bristol. 
Veron; W.uFisi ages eines Wyngarth, Easter Compton, Nr. Bristol. 
Vinnicombe, Miss E. J., Denver, 32 Ridgeway, Long Ashton, Nr. 
B.Sc., M.A. Bristol. 
Vowles; D. Gio’ oe a see 2 York Avenue, Ashley Down, Bristol, 7. 
Wowless. [Fld uacaninuie nes 11 Stanhope Road, Weston-super-Mare,. 
Somerset. 
Vowles, Miss. P., M.B., 19 Southmead Road, Westbury-on-Trym,. 
Ch.B. Bristol. 
Weaddicor.MiESE. & 27. oe nce 7 Woodstock Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 
Warmers IMA. ee ite uae Shepperdine House, Thornbury, Nr. Bristol. 
Wakefield, Mrs. G. 8. ...... 2 Southwagd Avenue, Coombe Dingle, 
Bristol, 9. 
Wakefield, Miss I. D. ...... 42 Westbury Lane, Coombe Dingle, Bristol. 
Wallington, W.7A.. Ghee. Bregar, Station Road, Nailsea, Nr. Bristol. 
Wallington, Miss<]i0. 22. see Do. 
*Wallis, F. S., D.Sc., Ph.D., The City Museum, Queen’s Road, Bristol, 8. 
F.G.S. 
Walsh cMirs-ub crite ign sae Helvellyn, Dark Lane, Backwell, Nr. Bristol. 
Walters, Wiss io. an. 2 om 4. Oakwood Avenue, Henleaze, Bristol. 
Wareham, Miss C. A. L..... Corscombe, Church Lane, Backwell, Nr. 
Bristol. 
Warehama, Miss Fie aya etietcs Do. 
*Warne, L. G. G., M.Sc., 25 Amherst Road, Manchester, 14. 
Ph.D. 
Watkins, N. A., M.A., 9 Druid Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9. 
F.R.E.S. 


Watters, Miss E. D., M.A. .. The Little House, Frenchay, Bristol. 

Watters, Miss M. M., M.A. Do. 

Webb, re shee becst ec saree ee Elmside, 43 Old Town, Wotton-under- 
Edge, Glos. 


i. *Womersley, H., A.L.S., 


MEMBERS 413 
men, Weir, Mrs. A, M......%..... Hursley Hill, Whitchurch, Bristol. 

Mey vein, G, Me... .- 2. eee Do. 

Weir, W. D., A.R.I.C.S 3 Stafford Place, Weston-super-Mare, Som. 
| Wem Mars. W.ID... 2.2.5... Do. 
—C. *Welch, F.B.A., B.Sc., Ph.D., H.M. Geological Survey and Museum, 
F.G.S. South Kensington, London, S.W.7. 

BN VelGhe NMG J, vo... ee eee 44 Conygre Road, Filton, Bristol. 
Welshman, Miss M. J....... 85 Kingsdown Parade, Bristol, 6. 

Wrest, iiss N..L. .....5.... 18 Dennyview Road, Abbots Leigh, Nr. 

Bristol. 

Westcott, Miss M. V. ...... 20 Linden Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 

Wwiistlemele. I... se... eke 8 Dundonald Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. 

Nites il Sis. SC. ...... 2. 44 The Park, Kingswood, Bristol. 

Whiting, H. P., D.S.C., 62 Woodstock Road, Redland, Bristol. 
M.A., Ph.D. 

*Whittard, Prof. W. F., D.Sc., Department of Geology, The University, 
Ph.D. F.R.S: Bristol, 8. 

BPNCOX ML. Joe eile eeee ee s 79 Manor Road, Fishponds, Bristol. 
Williams, Miss E. I. ........ 67 White Cross Avenue, Knowle, Bristol, 4. 
Williams, Mrs, G.E. ...... 2 Belmont, de Maulley Road, Canford 

Cliffs, Bournemouth, Hants. 
2Willis, A. J., B.Sc., Ph.D. Department of Botany, The University, 
Bristol, 8. 
SIS SH Se 40 Claremont Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7. 
Wise Mins: Reo 0 5. woes Do. 
Wiltshire, Miss M.O.P., D.Sc. Clifton Hill House, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Winterbottom, J., B.Sc., 6 Parkside Avenue, Winterbourne, Nr. 
A.M.I.E.E. Bristol. 
mew eV ithers,. Wiss ID... oe 21 Upper Oldfield Park, Bath, Somerset. 


Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South 


F.R.E.S Australia. 
WOOG Mre Reks fice se oid eles so 86 Brynland Avenue, Bishopston, Bristol, 7. 
= «Woodland, P., M.A.......... Rednock, Dursley, Glos. 
Be Vworsimanm, DR, ... si. 6. 14 The Croft, Trowbridge, Wilts. 
Wraight, G. V., N.D.D. .... 288 Canford Lane, Westbury-on-Trym, 
Bristol. 
Wraight, Mrs.G.V. ...... Do. 
WAIHI Pi es ks ole de ess Woodside, 28 Glebe Road, Long Ashton, 
Nr. Bristol. 
Yemm, Prof. E. W., B.A., Stoneleigh, Long Ashton, Nr. Bristol. 
D. Phil. 
Yemm, Mrs. E. W., B.A. . Do. 
*H. Yonge, Prof. C. M., C.B.E., The University, Glasgow. 
).5¢;, F-R:S., F.R.S.E. 
Young, I< Sue ee 12 Clifford Gardens, Shirehampton, Bristol. 
Noume, Mrs. Jie... 0... ee Do. 
AFFILIATED SOCIETIES 
Batu— 


Bath Natural History Society (Hon. Secretary Mr. Radford), 3 Charlcombe 


Rise, Bath, Somerset. 


City of Bath Training College, Newton Park, Newton St. Loe, Nr. Bath, Som. 


BristoL— 


Bedminster Down Secondary School, Donald Road, Bristol, 3. 
Bristol, Clifton and West of England Zoological Society, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Bristol Grammar School Field Club, Elton Road, Bristol, 8. 


414 AFFILIATED SOCIETIES 


British Broadcasting Corporation. (Natural History Unit), Broadcasting House, 
Whiteladies Road, Bristol, 8. 


Clifton High School Field Club, College Road, Bristol, 8. 

College of St. Matthias, Fishponds, Bristol. 

Duncan House School Scientific Society, The Promenade, Clifton, Bristol, 8. 
Geological Society, The University, Bristol, 8. 

Portway Secondary Boys School Field Club, Shirehampton, Bristol. 


Queen Elizabeth’s Hospital Naturalists’ Society, Berkeley Place, Clifton, 
Bristol, 8. 


Red Maids Scientific Society, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. 
Redland High School, Redland Court, Bristol, 6. 
St. Ursula’s High School Field Club, Brecon Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. 


Social Club (Natural Science Section), Imperial Chemical Industries Limited, 
Trafalgar, The Promenade, Clifton Down, Bristol, 8. 


University Horticultural Science Laboratories, Bracken Hill, Leigh Woods, 
Bristol, 8. 


Botanical and Zoological Societies, The University, Bristol, 8. 


DursLEY— 


Dursley & District Bird Watching and Preservation Society (Hon. Secretary 
T. P. Walsh), 76 Kingshill Road, Dursley, Glos. 


Dursley Grammar School Natural History Society, Dursley, Glos. 


FALFIELD— 
H. M. Prison Scientific Group, Falfield, Glos. 


Kincswoop— 


Kingswood Grammar School Natural History Society, Hanham Road, Kings- 
wood, Nr. Bristol. 


LEYHILL— 
Birdwatching Goup, Leyhill, Glos. 


415 


tee ORT OF GOUNCIL 
1958 


Affiliated Societies. This is a very encouraging increase. 

At the Annual General Meeting in January the Officers and Members 
of Council were duly elected. Miss M. H. Rogers was elected President in succession 
to Mr. R. Bassindale. At the Annual Dinner over 100 members and friends were 
present and it was a most successful evening. The guest speaker was Mr. J. H. 
Barrett, Warden of Dale Fort Field Centre. The usual General and Sectional 
Meetings were held throughout the year. 


TT 4 Membership of the Society at the end of the year was 630, with 20 


A. C. LEACH, Aon. Secretary. 


REPORT OF 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION 


1958 


T the 94th Annual Business Meeting held on Tuesday, January 7, 1958 
Mr. Norman A. Watkins was elected President and Mr. Cecil L. Bell 
Secretary. 

There were five indoor meetings during the year as follows :— 

Feb. 4: Films—The Sawfly and Looper Caterpillars. 

Mar. 4: Films—The Three Wicked Sisters. Spiders. 

Oct. 7: Films—White Flies and Tomatoes. Meadow Ants. 

Nov. 4: Films—Bees within the Hive. The ‘‘ Ruthless One.” (A Shell Film). 

Sound Recordings made by the Secretary of the following : 
(1) Several caterpillars eating. (2) A privet Hawk Caterpillar 
eating. (3) The curious hissing sound of the Peacock Butterfly 
opening and closing its wings. 

Dec. 2: Visit to the City Museum. By kind invitation of the Director, 

Dr. F. S. Wallis. 
x On Saturday, June 7, the Section held a Field Meeting at Waterley Bottom, 
Os. 
CECIL L. BELL, Hon. Secretary. 


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417 


REPORT OF 
BOTANICAL SECTION 


1958 


re-elected President and Mr. R. F. Wills, Hon. Secretary. Committee 
members elected were Mrs. G. S. Wakefield, Miss A. M. Sampson, 
Dr. A. F. Devonshire, Mr. J. A. Eatough, Mr. F. W. Evens, and Mr. H. F. Howard. 

During the year Dr. A. F. Devonshire continued with the scheme for mapping 
the British Flora organised by the Botanical Society of the British Isles and reports 
the following results at the end of the year. Square 31/56, 403 species ; square 
31/57, 596 species ; and square 31 /66, 480 species. In addition square 31 /46 was 
jointly taken over with Commander Roe of the Bath Naturalists’ Society and the 
number of records raised from 191 to 461. The majority of the new records were 
made by Commander Roe. 

Once again the Wild Plant Table at the Bristol Museum has been much 
appreciated and our sincere thanks go to Dr. F. S. Wallis and Mr. P. Bird of the 
Museum and to Mrs. G. S. Wakefield and Mr. F. W. Evens and to all our members 
who have contributed specimens. 

On Saturday, July 12, there was a whole day excursion by coach to Braunton 
Burrows near Barnstaple under the leadership of Dr. A. J. Willis of the Botany 
Department, Bristol University. ‘The Burrows is a sand dune system 3} miles long 
by 1 mile wide and is famous for its rich flora and fauna. Despite the bad weather 
a most interesting and instructive day was enjoyed by 40 members. 


A T the Annual Business Meeting held on January 13 Mr. Ivor W. Evans was 


During the year the following Winter Meetings were held : 


Jan. 13: Annual Business Meeting. Shrubs for scent and colour. Mr. Eric 
Hobbis. 

Feb. 10: The Work of the Field Studies’ Council. Mr. J. H. P. Sankey, 
Warden of Juniper Hall, Surrey. 

Mar. 17: ‘‘ Mycetozoa or Creepies ’ and their Ways. Mr. F. W. Evens. 

Oct. 13: Members’ Evening. Short Papers and colour transparencies. 

Nov. 10: Wind as a Factor affecting Plant Growth. Dr. F. H. Whitehead. 

Dec. 12: Flowers of the Isles of Scilly. .Mr. J. E. Lousley. 


The following field excursions took place during the Spring and Summer 
under the leadership of those named. 


May 3: Brean Down. Miss C. Groves. 
May 7: Long Ashton Research Station. Mr. G. E. Clothier. 
May 19: Flax Bourton. Miss A. M. Sampson. 
June 7: Wotton-under-Edge. Mr. E. P. Bury and Mr. H. F. Webb. 
June 18: Knowle Hill and Chew Magna. Dr. A. F. Devonshire. 
June 30: Brislington to Keynsham. Mr. I. W. Evans. 
July 12: Braunton Burrows. Dr. A. J. Willis. 
July 16: Pill to St. George’s Wharf. Mr. P. J. M. Nethercott. 
July 26: Blackdown. Mr. V. D. Dennison and Mr. R. F. Wills. 
Aug. 18: Lamplighters to Avonmouth. Mrs. G. S. Wakefield. 
Aug. 23: Bitton and Upton Cheyney. Mr. I. W. Evans. 
Sept. 20: Kilcott. Mr. G. W. Garlick. 
Oct. 11: Limpley Stoke. Mr. J. A. Eatough. 
During the Summer months five indoor meetings were held to which members 
brought specimens for identification. 
R. F. WILLS, Hon. Secretary. 


REPORT OF 
GEOLOGICAL SECTION 


1958 


T the Annual Business Meeting held in the Geology Department of the 
AN University on January 15, 1959, the following officers were elected :— 
President, Mr. C. E. Leese ; Vice-President, Mr. F. S. Ross; Hon. 
Secretary, Mr. R. G. Payne ; Field Secretary, Mr. V. D. Dennison ; Ex-Officio, 
Professor W. F. Whittard and President of Students’ Geological Society; Com- 
mittee, Mr. H. W. Turner, Dr. S. Simpson, Mr. T. R. Fry, Mrs. G. S. Wakefield, 
Dr. M. L. K. Curtis, Mr. A. C. K. Fear, Mr. W. F. Vernon, Miss L. Carlton, 
Dr. F. C. Phillips, Mr. R. Bradshaw, Dr. R. J. G. Savage. 


During 1958 the committee met twice, on January 17 to make proposals for 
officers, and on February 7 to arrange summer and winter programmes. The 
Annual General Meeting was held on January 21 when reports were read and 
officers elected. Mr. C. E. Leese replaced Mr. F. S. Ross as Chairman. The 
Annual General Meeting was followed by a programme of geological films. 


The exhibition meeting was held in March in the Geology Department when 
four members exhibited geological material. In October Dr. Savage and Mr. 
M. E. White gave a demonstration of fossil preparation which was well attended 
and enthusiastically received. There were two lecture meetings during the year : 
in February Prof. R. F. Peel lectured on ‘‘ Ruwenzori”’? and in November Dr. 
G. P. L. Walker of Imperial College, London, lectured on the geology of Iceland. 
Both these meetings had a good attendance. 


In August a special lecture meeting was arranged to welcome back to Bristol 
Dr. I. S. Loupekine on leave from Nairobi. Dr. Loupekine talked about his 
expedition to Mount Kenya and illustrated it very fully with colour transparencies. 
Members found this an interesting and exciting evening. 


There were five Field Meetings during the Summer as follows :— 


April : Merehead and Holwell Quarries: leader Mr. T. R. Fry. 
May : Meldon Quarry, Devon ; leader Dr. F. C. Phillips. 

July : Vale of Pewsey ; leader Dr. D. T. Donovan. 

July : Joint Meeting with Botanical Section to Blagdon and Churchill. 


September: Winford and Dundry ; leader Mr. F. S. Ross. 


All indoor meetings were held in the Geology Department, the last two in 
the new Queen’s Building, and the Section puts on record its thanks to Professor 
Whittard and indebtedness to the University for making the premises freely 


available for these activities. 
R. J. G. SAVAGE, Hon. Secretary. 


419 


REPORT OF 
ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION 


1958 
D) section the year there were 15 additions to the 


Section’s Roll of Members, which now stands at 
201. The very poor weather affected attendances 
at field walks, and was also the probable cause of a fall 
in the number of B.T.O. Nest Record Cards completed. 
Only one piece of organised field work was undertaken 
—a survey during the breeding season of the Shelduck 
population of the coast from the south of Sand Bay to 
Sharpness. This work was very well supported, and 
Reece SIE KING OF it is particularly gratifying that several new members. 
= = contributed effectively to it. The results have thrown 
much light on the local breeding distribution and breeding success of the species. 
At the 34th Annual Business Meeting, on January 22, Mr. G. E. Clothier, 
Mr. S. M. Taylor, Miss F. Wareham and Mr. R. F. Wills were re-elected President, 
Hon. Secretary, Assistant Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer respectively. Mr. 
H. H. Davis and Mr. G. Sweet were elected to the Committee in place of Mrs. 
M. V. Taylor and Mr. B. King, who retired by seniority. Owing to pressure of 
other work, Mr. King also resigned from the Editorial Committee, to which Mr. 
B. K. Brooke was elected in his place, Messrs. Chadwick, Davis, Poulding and 
Wright being re-elected. 
The programme of indoor meetings was as follows :— 
Jan. 22: Annual Business Meeting. Film, Woodpeckers by H. Sielmann. 
Feb. 21 : Joint Meeting with the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. 
Mr. P. E. Brown introduced the film Birds in Britain. 
Mar. 5: Summer Field-Programme Meeting. Short talks and recordings 
of bird songs. 
Mar. 28: Mr. H. H. Davis, ‘‘ To Livingstone for the Pan-African Congress.” 
Oct. 10: Mr. Harry Savory, “‘ The History and Practice of Falconry.” 
Nov. 7: Talks on some rarer British Breeding Birds, by members of the 
Section. 
Dec. 3: Joint Meeting with the British Trust for Ornithology. Dr. B. 
Campbell, ‘‘ Birds at Helsinki, 1958.” 
Attendance at these meetings averaged 98, ranging from 36 (March 5) to 
183 (February 21). 
The following field walks were held :— 
May 12: Portbury to St. George’s Wharf. Messrs. A. C. Leach and G. Bright. 
May 17: Aust to Littleton. Mr. H. H. Davis. 
May 22: Long Ashton Research Station to Belmont Hill. Mr. G. E. 
Clothier and Col. G. A. Bridge. 
June 2: Backwell Hill. Messrs. G. E. Clothier and S. M. Taylor. 
Attendances at these meetings ranged from 26 (May 12) to 4 (June 2—this: 
meeting was abandoned due to persistent heavy rain). Two coach excursions. 
were held: an afternoon visit to the Wildfowl Trust on Feb. 23, and an 
all-day trip to Dawlish Warren and the Exe Estuary on Sept. 14. These 
were attended by 28 and 30 members respectively, and both were rated successful... 
The ninth annual Fieldwork Report was published in October, under the 
title of “‘ Fieldwork Review ’’—the new title denotes an experimental broadening 
of the contents, with the inclusion of articles describing various aspects of field 
Ornithology of general or local interest. This represents another stage in our 
attempts to help those members who have asked for assistance in learning some- 
thing of the technical aspects of Ornithology. 
By the courtesy of the South-Western Naturalists’ Union, the Section was able 
to arrange a showing in Bristol, on Nov. 12, of the remarkable R.S.P.B. film 
Highland Birds. S. M. TAYLOR, Hon. Secretary. 


REPORT OF 
JUNIOR SECTIO@M 


1958 


Lecture Theatre the Members’ Committee was elected as follows :— 

Michael Edgell (Chairman), Susan ‘Tapp (Secretary), Anita Drummond, 
Nigel Webb, Stephanie Sweet and Colin Godman. After the business the Heinz 
Sielmann film Summer Meadow was shown. 

The following indoor meetings were held :— 

Feb. 28: Dr. R. J. G. Savage gave an illustrated talk on “ Dinosaurs.” 

Mar. 21: Mr. D. Hammerton gave an illustrated talk on the “‘ Bacteria and 

Algae in Reservoirs.” 

Sept. 26 : Colin Godman gave an illustrated talk entitled “‘ Archeology and 

the Naturalist.” 

‘Oct. 25: An Exhibition Meeting held at the Royal West of England 

Academy. 

Nov. 21: Mr. P. Bird gave an illustrated talk about the Mendip Caves. 

Dec. 12: A Joint Meeting with the Botanical Section to hear Mr. Lousley 

give an illustrated talk on ‘‘Flowers of the Isles of Scilly.” 

The following Field Meetings took place :— 

Apr. 12: Aust Cliffs—Leader Mr. F. Stenhouse Ross. 

Apr. 20: Portland Bill—Leader Mr. B. King. The following birds of 

Special interest were seen :—Common Scoter, Velvet Scoter, 
Razorbill, Hoopoe, Fulmar, Kittiwake and Shag. 
May 3: Long Ashton Research Station—Leader Mr. G. E. Clothier. 
May 30: ‘The Withies,” Chipping Sodbury. An evening meeting led by 
Mr. Culverwell. 

June 14: Newton Park College—Leader Miss S. Harris. The section was 

invited by the Principal of the College, Miss Dawson. 

Aug. 20: Hanham Gorge—Leader Mrs. P. M. Morris. 

Sept. 13: Leigh Woods—Leader Mr. Clegg. ‘This expedition was for the 

purpose of studying snails. 

Sept. 21: Steart and Durleigh Reservoir.—Leaders Messrs. B. King and 

R. F. Wills aided by Miss E. Palmer. 

Dec. 27: The Wild Fowl Trust, Slimbridge—Leader Mr. B. King. 

In addition to these Field Meetings expeditions were held under the leadership 
of Mr. B. King to Chew Valley or Blagdon Reservoirs in January, February and 
March and from September to November inclusive. 

The Sectional Roll continues to increase in strength and the average attend- 
ance at lectures has risen. Field Meetings especially those outside the Bristol 
Area draw many enthusiastic members. During this year the help given by 
adult members of the Society has been very valuable and the section continued to 
invite interest and support from other sections. 

Two new ventures have succeeded in drawing interest from adult friends of 
the section as well as providing amusement and interest for the section members. 
These were the New Year’s Party on January 7 and the Exhibition Meeting. 
This meeting proved to be a great success, being well supported by exhibitors and 
viewers. An excellent section on preservation of specimens was compiled by 
Colin Godman and numerous members added to the Ornithological Section. 

The Advisory Committee has remained unchanged for the past year. 


E. R. MILLARD, Hon. Secretary, Advisory Committee. 
SUSAN TAPP, Hon. Secretary, Members’ Committee. 


A T the Annual Business Meeting held on January 24 in the Physiology 


421 


me COUNT OF. 1 HE 
GENERAL MEETINGS 


1958 


the Officers and Members of Council were duly elected. Miss M. H. 

Rogers was elected President in succession to Mr. Bassindale. Mr. 
Bassindale then gave a lecture on his visit to Ghana, and described the climate, 
and the types of vegetation found there. The life and habits of the fauna of the 
arid scrub and tropical forests were described. ‘The lecture was illustrated by a 
film taken by the lecturer. 


On February 27 Professor Harris lectured on Plankton and their importance 
to the fisheries of the world. They are the ultimate food of all life in the sea. 
The many questions asked showed the interest aroused by this lecture. 


The Avebury District was the subject of Mr. Grant King’s most interesting 
lecture on October 2. He spoke of the history of the early periods as shown by 
the various remains. He gave an account of the people, of their pottery and of the 
animal life. In the following spring he conducted a fascinating tour of the area. 


Professor Sir Alister Hardy’s lecture on Studies in Marine Plankton post- 
poned from February, was given on October 30. Sir Alister described with 
clarity and humour his own ingenious devices for collecting data. He spoke of his 
own experiences in the Atlantic, the North Sea, and Antarctica. 


For the last meeting, on November 27, Mr. W. H. Hogg, a member of the 
Society, spoke on ‘‘ Weather Forecasting,” with illustrations by lantern slide. He 
dealt with the obvious comments on. the weather of the moment before they were 
uttered ! Then he told of the practical details involved in short range and long 
range forecasts. Members were shown how to criticize their own weather-lore 
myths. 


"Ts g5th Annual General Meeting was held on Thursday, January 23, when 


A. GROOME LEACH, Aon. Secretary. 


GENERAL FIELD MEETINGS 


LEVEN general field meetings took place during the year, a record number. 
k For the first time meetings were held in January and March, and were well 

attended. We have therefore followed the excellent example shown by the 
Junior Section in holding field meetings throughout the year. ‘The Society paid 
its first visit to Flatholm, and this was the most popular meeting of the year with 
68 members present. As in the last two years only a brief summary of these 
meetings is given here, but a much fuller account is kept in the records of the 
Field Section. 

Jan. 11: Leader—Mr. H. G. Hockey. Brean Down. 

Mar. 15: Leader—Mr. H. G. Hockey. Cockercombe, Quantocks. 


Apr. 26: Leader—Miss C. Groves. Chedworth Roman Villa, Bourton-on- 
the-Water and the fritillary field at Oaksey. 

May 17: Leaders—Mr. and Mrs. D. A. C. Cullen. The Long Barrow at 
Leighterton, and Ozleworth Bottom. 

June 18: Leader—Mr. C. Bell. Bristol Zoo, by kind permission of the 
Director. 


422 GENERAL FIELD MEETINGS 


May 31 and June 1 : Leaders—Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Wills. A repetition of the 
all-night meetings held in the previous two years to hear the dawn chorus. 

June 21: Leader—Dr. A. F. Devonshire. Forest of Dean: The High 
Meadow Woods, Symonds’ Yat, Foxes Bridge, the Roman Road at Blackpool 
Bridge, and the Roman Walls at Caerwent. 

July 19: Leader—Mr. H. G. Hockey. Flatholm. Five hours were spent on 
the Island. 

Aug. 16: Leaders—Mr. I. W. Evans and Mr. H. G. Hockey. Meare Heath 
to see the rich fen vegetation. 

Sept. 6: Leader—Mr. A. C. K. Fear. Corhampton, Cleeve Abbey, 
Nettlecombe, Brendon Hills, Selworthy and Minehead. 

Oct. 18 : Leaders—Mr. C. E. Leese and Mr. F. S. Ross. Devizes Museum, 
and the Farm Institute at Lackham, where the party was shown round by the 
Warden. 

A. F. DEVONSHIRE, Hon. Field Secretary. 


veal 


Perot OL BOTANY IN 1958 


By Ceci I. anp N. Y. SANDWITH 


HE weather of 1958 is best forgotten. A backward spring, with 

the coldest Easter of this century, was followed by a wretchedly 
wet summer with no long unbroken spell of sunny days. There was 
a drought in the autumn, with much fog, and the Christmas season 
was mild and damp with strong winds. It was not a bad year for 
botanists, as nothing was burnt up and plants grew luxuriantly and 
had a long flowering period. 

In the early part of the year N.Y.S. went very carefully through 
Miss I. M. Roper’s interleaved copy of White’s Flora of Bristol, by 
kind permission of the Brotherton Library, University of Leeds. He 
extracted very many unpublished MS. records for our Card Index, 
sifting these from the numerous ones which have appeared in print 
and have already been indexed. Then, in September, we had the 
good fortune to examine for the same purpose Mr. White’s own 
interleaved copy of his Flora, which is now in private hands. This 
added little unpublished information: Mr. White’s attitude was 
eclectic and his notes were mainly those of the new localities of the 
rarer plants which are familiar to us. Miss Roper’s copy is a far 
fuller and more scientifically kept record of additions made between 
1912 and 1935, because she has filled so many gaps in the distribu- 
tion of the commoner species for which the Flora gave lists of 
localities. 

During the year Miss Agnes Fry died at Brent Knoll, aged 88. 
She was the daughter of Sir Edward Fry, of Failand House, and had 
been a keen student of Hepatics and Mycetozoa with her father, 
besides contributing a number of records to Mr. White’s Flora. 

We learn that the herbarium of Mrs. E. M. E. Bell, including that 
of H. J. Gibbons (see “ Bristol Botany in 1957 ”’), has been presented 
to the Botany Department of the University of Leicester. 

Mr. Peter Hunt writes that he believes he has located the where- 
abouts of the mysterious “‘Downhead Common’’, N. Somerset, 
from which Dr. H. F. Parsons and Messrs. J. W. White and David 
Fry recorded so many interesting plants more than fifty years ago. 
It is not marked on contemporary Ordnance Survey maps, and local 
inhabitants have not been helpful. The site is near Cranmore 
Tower and is now very overgrown with trees. Mr. Hunt would 
regard it as the easternmost bog of Mendip. He found an impressive 


424 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


number of species surviving there, including Viola palustris, Scutel- 
laria minor and Juncus squarrosus, but saw no sign of Drosera rotundifolia 
or Narthecium. 

Bristol botanists will no doubt provide themselves with a copy of 
the excellent new “ List of British Vascular Plants’, prepared by 
Mr. J. E. Dandy at the British Museum (Natural History). There 
are many startling name-changes for well-known plants, some due 
to a strict application of the International Code of Botanical 
Nomenclature, others owing to a rejection of traditional generic 
concepts. The order of families follows that of Clapham, Tutin and 
Warburg’s Flora, with modifications. In these notes we do not at 
present use that order, but we shall adopt such specific nomencla- 
tural changes as are in accordance with the Code. The recognition 
of generic limits remains, however, in many instances a matter of 


opinion. 
The names of certain contributors are abbreviated as follows : 
A.J.W., Dr. A. J. Willis G.W.G., G. W. Garlick 


D.C.P., Dr. D. C. Prowse P.J.M.N., P. J. M. Nethercott 
D.M.S., Dr. D. Munro Smith R.G.B.R., Commander 
R. G. B. Roe 


Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. var. letocarpum DC. New Passage 
railway station, G., G.W.G. 


Bunias orientalis L. Calcareous grassland north-west of the Rocks, 
Marshfield, G., G.W.G. 


Cerastium pumilum Curt. On calcareous rubble, the Quarry, 
Chipping Sodbury, G., G.W.G. 


C’. semidecandrum L. Quarry on north side of Priest Wood, Cromhall, 
G., G.W.G. 

Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl. On an old track through a marshy field 
near Windsor Hill, Shepton Mallet, S., R.G.B.R. 


Spergula arvensis L. var. sativa (Boenn.) Mert. et Koch. Path in 
Michael Wood, Stone, G., G.W.G. 


Hypericum humifusum L. Greyfield Wood, Clutton, S., C.Z.S. and 
NICS: 


Tilia cordata Mill. Wood between Lower Court and Cattybrook 
Farm, Over, G., G.W.G. Park Wood, Ozleworth, G., zd. 


Probably planted in both stations. 
Linum bienne Mill. Warren Hill, Cheddar, S., P.7.M.N. 


BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1958 425 


Oxalis europaea Jord. (O. stricta auct.). Roadside, Coalpit Heath, 
G., D.M.S., det. D. P. Young, who writes, ““A new record for 
V.C.34.”> Harter’s Hill, 2 miles south-west of Wells [not 
““Wookey’’], S., 1956, V. S. Summerhayes in Herb. Kew., fide 
D. P. Young in Watsonia 4, p. 69 (1958). 


Melilotus altissima Thuill. Oldford, north of Frome, S., G. B. 
Maiulne-Redhead. Whatley Bottom, S., Mrs. N. Wycherley. 


Trifolium medium L. Greyfield Wood, Clutton, S., C.LS. and W.Y.S. 


T. scabrum L. Quarry at north end of Priest Wood, Cromhall, G., 
G.W.G. 


T. striatum L. Rough ground above railway tunnel, Tytherington, 
G:, D.CP. 


Vicia sativa L. With white flowers at Coalpit Heath, G., D.S. 


Filipendula vulgaris Moench. Four scattered patches at Boxwell and 
Ozleworth, G., G.W.G. 


Rubus ulmifolius Schott. An attractive, sporting form with the pink 
flowers converted into a “‘ Bachelor’s Button’? mass of narrow 
petals, without stamens but with linear, whitish-tomentose 
carpels, was brought to A.7.W. in September last from sand- 
stone on Trooper’s Hill, G. 


Poteniilla anglica Laich. Railway embankment, Coalpit Heath, G., 
1957, D.M.S., det. Dr. D. H. Valentine. 


Aphanes microcarpa (Boiss. et Reut.) Rothm. Parkfield Colliery, 
Pucklechurch, G., G.W.G. 


Sorbus porrigentiformis E. F. Warburg. Wick Rocks, G., and Asham 
Wood, S., P.7.M.N., confirmed by Dr. Warburg. 


S. torminalis (L.) Crantz. One tree in Limeridge Wood, Tickenham, 
S., Sampson Clay. 


Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne. Old quarry, Leigh Woods; and 
Burrington Combe, S., P.7.AML.N. 


C. microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl. Leigh Woods, S., P.7.M.N., re- 
moving the possibility of doubt noted in “ Bristol Botany in 
1957". 


Callitriche obtusangula Le Gall. Rhine at Pilning railway station ; 
and stream at Kilcot, G., passed by J. P. Savidge, G.W.G. 
Rhine, Weston-in-Gordano moor, S., 1956, C.I.S. and N.Y.S. 


426 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


Peplis Portula L. Near Decoy Pool Farm, Westhay Heath, S., 
E. F. Hamlin in Rep. Bot. Sect., Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. for 
1957. A first record for the peat moors. 


Epilobium hirsutum L. xX parviflorum Schreb. The Leechpool, G., 
G.W.G. All Mr. Garlick’s Epilobia have been confirmed by 
Mr. G. M. Ash. 


E. montanum L. X parviflorum Schreb. Parkfield Colliery, Puckle- 
church, G., zd. 


E. lanceolatum Seb. et Mauri. Cattybrook Brick Works, Over, G.,. 
id. 

E. lanceolatum X montanum. Sandstone quarry, Winterbourne 
Station, G., zd. 


E.. adenocaulon Hsskn. Redland Green allotments, and from East- 
ville to Frenchay, G. ; Brislington and Uphill, 8.,P.7.M.N. It 
will soon be unnecessary to give further localities for this. 
species. 


E.. adenocaulon * montanum. Parkfield Colliery, Pucklechurch, G., 
G.W.G. 


FE. adenocaulon x parviflorum. Ridge House, Yate; and Parkfield. 
Colliery, G., zd. 


E. palustre L. Michael Wood, Stone, G., zd. 
Bupleurum tenuissimum L. Seabank below Pill, S., P.F.AL.N. 


Apium inundatum (L.) Reichb. fil. Pond north of Thornbury railway 
station, G., 1957, D.C.P. 


CEnanthe pimpinelloides L. Egford Hill, west of Frome, S., Mrs. N. 
Wycherley, det. Herb. Mus. Brit. 


Lonicera Caprifolium L. Orchardleigh, near Frome, S., Mrs. N. 
Wycherley, det. Herb. Mus. Brit. 


Galium Cruciata (L.) Scop. Boxwell Lodge and Odzleworth, G., 
G.W.G. 


G. pumilum Murr. Calcareous grassland between St. Catherine and. 
Ashwicke Hall, Marshfield, G., G.W.G. An excellent addition 
to the Glos. side of our area. There are similar localities on the 


Cotswolds in V.C.33. 


BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1958 427 


G. uliginosum L. The distribution of this species in our district 
deserves investigation, and Mr. White’s statement (Flora, p. 
357) that it is “‘ rather common ’”’ was questionable even in 
1912. It certainly is not so at the present day. This species isa 
plant of fenland rather than of acid bogs. We have seen it on 
the Somerset side in the Gordano Valley and in Max meadows, 
and it is frequent on the peat moors. Many of the localities 
given by Mr. White, especially those close to the City and on 
the Glos. side, need verifying; but they may have been 
destroyed by drainage or building. 


Filago minima (Sm.) Pers. Slag heap, Parkfield Colliery, Puckle- 
church, G., G.W.G. ‘Two plants on the slope of a spoil-heap by 
Greyfield Wood, Clutton, S., W.V.S. 


Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Rough track in a cleared portion 
of Greyfield Wood, Clutton, S., R.G.B.R. 


Cirstum dissectum (L.) Hill. Blackdown on Mendip, S., P.7.M.N. 


G. dissectum X palustre (L.) Scop. Pasture on Walton-in-Gordano 
moor, S., V.Y.S. 


Crepis biennis L. Ayford Farm, St. Catherine, G., G.W.G. 


Feracium lepidulum (Stenstr.) Omang. “‘ Near Bristol’’, before 1849 
and probably in G., G.H.K. Thwaites in Herb. Kew., specimen 
identified by P. Sell and C’.. West. New to the district. Pugsley 
regarded this species as probably an introduction. 


HT. maculatum Sm. Wick Quarries; Parkfield Colliery ; Priest 
Wood, Cromhall; and Ayford Farm, St. Catherine, G., 
G.W.G. 


Cichorium Intybus L. Whatley Bottom, S., 1957, Mrs. N. Wycherley. 


Lysimachia vulgaris L. Pond under railway embankment north of 
Thornbury station, G., D.C.P. 


Atropa Belladonna L. Four large plants on waste ground, Nazareth 
House, Stoke Bishop, G., B. L. Carpenter. 


Scrophularia nodosa L. var. Bobartit Pryor. Berrow, S., P. G. Munro 
Smith. 


Veronica scutellata L. In quantity along a ditch in a pasture on 
Walton-in-Gordano moor, S., C.l.S. Not previously recorded, 
we think, from the Gordano Valley but we learn that Mr. R. L. 
Jefferies found it in 1957 in two spots on the north side, one of 
them evidently identical with the above-mentioned site. 


428 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 
V. catenata Pennell. Hallen Marsh and Ingst, G., G.W.G. 


Mentha x Smithiana R. Graham (M. rubra Sm., non Mill.). Stream- 
side, Windsor Hill, Shepton Mallet, S., R.G.B.R., det. R. 


Graham. 


M. X gentilis L. (M. arvensis x spicata). The Abbot’s Way, Eding- 
ton, S., F. MZ. Day, fide R. Graham, see Proc. Bot. Soc. Brit. Is. 
3, pt. 1, p. 61 (1958). 
Scutellaria altissima L. Ina note in Proc. Bot. Soc. Brit. Is. 3, pt. 1, 
p- 47 (1958) Dr. A. Melderis shows that this is the correct name 
for the plant established near Mells, 8., which has for long been 
passing as S. Columnae 'Ten., a species with strongly hairy leaves 
and a much longer corolla. Mr. Peter Hunt informs us that the 
various records from “* Wadbury Valley ’’, “‘ wooded glen near 
Mells ’’, etc., refer to a single locality. 


Lamium album L. forma erubescens Wats. ex C. E. Salmon. Roadside 
bank, Ozleworth Bottom, near Wortley, G., B.N.S. member on 
excursion of May 17th, comm. Mrs. W. Cummins. 


Daphne Laureola L. ‘Two strong plants on Clifton Down, G., 
PaF VIN. 


Hippophae rhamnoides L. Redcliffe Bay near Portishead, S., 1958, 
ILR.P. Heslop, fide E. W. Groves in Proc. Bot. Soc. Brit. Is. 3, pt. 1, 
p- 6 (1958), where the history of this shrub at Berrow and 
Burnham is fully given in a paper on the occurrence of Hippo- 
phae in the British Isles. 


Salicornia ramosissima Woods. Severn shore below Hallen, G., C. 
Bucknall in F. W. White ms. ‘This record, in Mr. White’s inter- 
leaved copy of his Flora, antedates that in “‘ Bristol Botany in 
1953’, which was the first published record of S. ramosissima 
for the Glos. side of the area. However, Mr. Garlick has made 
a series of gatherings of Salicornia along the Severn banks, from 
Berkeley down to Aust Ferry, and all his specimens have been 
identified as S$. ramosissima by a new specialist in the genus, Mr. 
P. W. Ball, who includes S'. Smithtana Moss in that species as a 
mere prostrate form. Thus the Fl. Glos. records of S. Smithiana 
from Berkeley and New Passage (Day) may safely be referred to 
S. ramosissima, but Mr. Bucknall’s find quoted above was still, 
perhaps, the earliest. Mr. Garlick could not find S. europaea L. 
(S. stricta Dum.) anywhere, but it should occur, as it certainly 
grows not far off, at Portbury, S. 


Euphorbia platyphyllos L. Cornfield, Wapley, G., D.M.S. 


- BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1958 429 


E. uralensis Fisch. ex Link (E. virgata auct.). Grassy side of railway 
near Sheepway, between Portbury and Portishead, 8., V.Y.S. 


‘Betula pubescens Ehrh. Cattybrook Brick Works, Over, G., G.W.G. 
Abundant in carr on Walton-in-Gordano moor, S., A.7.W. 


Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. New and unpublished 
localities noted in Mr. White’s and Miss Roper’s interleaved 
copies of the Flora are as follows: Durdham Down above 
Gully quarry, G., 1929, Miss Roper ; Hanham Woods near the 
Avon, G., 1915, Jf. W. White ; and Brockley Wood, S., 1924, 
Miss Roper. 


Orchis ertcetorum (Linton) E. S. Marshall. Calcareous pasture, 
Boxwell to Ozleworth, G., G.W.G., who also collected a probable 
hybrid with O. Fuchs Druce. 


Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. Above West Wood, Ozleworth, G., 
G.W.G. 


Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. At least a dozen plants on waste 
ground on the estuary below Pill, S., 7. T. Roberts. Plentiful 
at the eastern end of Goblin Combe, Wrington, S., R.G.B.R. 


Convallaria majalis L. A small number of plants in Leigh Woods, S., 
fruited last year, P.F.M.N. 


Scilla non-scripta (L.) Hoffmgg. et Link var. bracteata Druce. South- 
east of Thornbury, G., comm. D.C.P. The bracts, uncoloured, 
were up to 83 inches in length. 


Ornithogalum umbellatum L. A few plants in Haw Wood, Hallen, G., 
Dr. A. F. Devonshire. 


Juncus subulatus Forsk. Berrow salt-marsh, S., well established in 
1957, when first noticed by Dr. A. F. Willis. The writers were 
kindly conducted to the spot last September, by Dr. E. W. 
Davies. ‘This is a Mediterranean species of salt-marshes, 
previously unknown in Britain. There are two large patches, 
which have obviously been there for some years, but the plant 
must have arrived since 1921, when H.S. Thompson first noted 
the rapid development of the Berrow salt-marsh vegetation. 
Jj. subulatus, a very distinct and isolated species, has a long, 
creeping rhizome, and the leafy stems reach a height of four 
feet, with a terminal panicle. Specimens were exhibited by Dr. 
Willis at the autumn meeting of the B.S.B.J., and a full account 
will be published in Watsonia. 


430 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 


J. compressus Jacq. Marshy meadow, down for hay, on Catcott 
Heath, S., C.l.S. We have seen no previous record from the 
peat moors. 


J. effusus L. var. compactus Hoppe. Abundant locally on Walton-in- 
Gordano moor, S., A.7.W. Not previously recorded but 
doubtless frequent. 


Potamogeton Berchtoldi Fieb. Rhine, Hallen Marsh, G., G.W.G. 
Pond near Holcombe Old Church, S., R.G.B.R. Specimens 
from both localities were determined by Mr. 7. E. Dandy. 


Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schultes. Boggy pasture on Walton-in- 
Gordano moor, S., C.J.S. and N.Y.S. 


Carex strigosa Huds. Seven Springs, Ozleworth, G., G.W.G. Fry’s 
Bottom Wood, north of Clutton, §., Dr. A. F. Devonshire. 


C. polyphylla Kar. et Kir. Alderley, Ozleworth and Boxwell, G., 
G.W.G. Lane from Batheaston to Upper Swainswick, §S., id. 
The specimens were passed by Mr. E. Nelmes. 


Alopecurus geniculatus L. var. bulbosus Sonder. Plants with swoilen 
bulbous roots, simulating those of A. bulbosus Gouan and 
constant in cultivation at Kew, have been found by G.W.G. on 
Inglestone Common, Wickwar, G., and may be referred to this 
variety, according to Mr. C. E. Hubbard. 


Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) Farw. Pond, Onepool 
Farm, Iron Acton, G., G.W.G. 


Calamagrostis Epigejos (L.) Roth. Summit of Blackdown on Mendip, 
S., R. L. Jefferies. Cheddar Gorge, S., Miss E. Overend. 


Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. var. parviflora (Thuill.) Coss. et 
Germ. Dodington Ash ; Lower Woods, Wickwar; Kailcot ; 
and Ozleworth, G., G.W.G. 


Koeleria vallesiana (Honck.) Berto]. Shute Shelve Hill, §., Dr. 7. F. 
Hope-Simpson. 


Glyceria declinata Bréb. Pond at Downend, G., D.M.S. 


Festuca rubra L. < Vulpia membranacea (L.) Dum. Not uncommon on 
Berrow dunes, S., 7.F. and P. C. Hall, see Proc. Bot. Soc. Brit. Is. 
3, pt. 2, p. 201 (1959). The first record for our area of this 
interesting hybrid which has only recently been detected in 
Britain. 


BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1958 431 


Botrychium Lunaria (L.) Sw. Calcareous pasture, Boxwell to Oczle- 
worth, G., G.W.G. 


ALIENS. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. Tip, Widdin Hill, Horton, 
G., G.W.G. 


Trigonella hamosa L. Avonmouth Dock, G., C.l.S. and V.Y.S. New 
to Bristol. ‘The pods are less strongly falcate than in the typical 
form, and the specimens could perhaps be referred to T. uncata 
Boiss. et No', which is doubtfully distinguishable as a species. 


Melilotus alba Medic. Bank of widened road, Kingsweston Lane, 
G., in quantity in 1957, B. L. Carpenter. 


M. indica (L.) All. Waste ground, F renchay, G., D.M.S. 
Coronilla varia L. Walls of ruin, Downhead Mill, S., R.G.B.R. 


Vicia pannonica Crantz var. pannonica. With Lathyrus Aphaca L. on 
celestine rubble, Spar Pools, Yate, G., G.W.G. 


Lathyrus palustris L. var. pilosus (Cham.) Ledeb. Swampy hollow in 
sand-dunes, Berrow, 8., D.M.S., det. N.Y.S. Dr. Munro Smith’s 
specimen was found to differ from all the British and Contin- 
ental European material at Kew in the copious, curly-pilosulous 
pubescence on all vegetative parts. It thus agrees with the var. 
pilosus, which is common in both N. America and N. Asia, 
and the plant may be assumed to be a recent introduction at 
Berrow, where the native form of L. palustris has never been 
found and would be most unlikely to occur. 


Carum Carvi L. Owl’s Nest Common, Alveston, G., two isolated 
plants in 1957, D.C.P. 


Helianthus laetiflorus Pers. Old quarry near T'werton, Bath, S., 1935, 
JF. P. M. Brenan. 


H. Maximilian Schrad. Black Rock Quarry, Avon Gorge, G., 1935, 
id. A first record for Bristol. 


_ Anthemis tinctoria L. Quarry by Greyfield Wood, Clutton, S., C.LS. 


Campanula rapunculoides L. Wall-top, Winterbourne Down, G., 
D.M.S. 3 


Lysimachia punctata L. Waste ground, Frenchay, G., D.M.S. 


Datura Stramonium L. var. Tatula (L.) Torr. Waste ground near 
Oakhill, §., Mrs. Gait, comm. F. M. Pilkington. 


432 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH 1 


Salvia Sclarea L. Quarry by Greyfield Wood, Clutton, §., C.J.S. A 
garden outcast, like Anthemis tinctoria which grew with it. 


Plantago indica 1.. Cabbage field, Dodington*Ash, G.,"G.W.G. 


Chenopodium glaucum L. Avonmouth Dock, G., 1957, J. E. Lousiey, 
det. J.P. M. Brenan. 


Bromus madritensis L. Rubbish-tip, Weston-in-Gordano, S., A.7.W. 
and R. L. Jefferies. 


433 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 
1a) gyre: 


COMPILED BY THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE OF THE 
B.N.S. ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION 


B. K. Brooke VoL op aD Aqas 
P. J. CHADWICK R. H. PouLpING 
M. A. WRIGHT 


EFORE reviewing the contents of this Report, the twenty- 

third in the present series, we should like to take this oppor- 
tunity to thank all those who have contributed their observations 
for 1958. 

The event of the year was undoubtedly the finding of a dead 
Bridled Tern at Sand Bay in October—the first record for the Bristol 
Area. Only three other specimens have occurred in the British 
Isles, all of which were also found dead. Other interesting records 
from the Severn Estuary were a Great Snipe at the New Grounds in 
January, a Lesser White-front there in February, and a Bittern in 
February—March ; while in December two Greenland White- 
fronts were identified. Farther south, up to 450 Ringed Plover were 
present at Sand Bay in August and two Dotterel were seen on Sand 
Point on September 5 (Dotterel were also recorded about this time 
at the south and west coast observatories on Portland Bill, Lundy, 
Gt. Saltee and Jersey). An October visit to Steep Holm by members 
of the Steep Holm Trust Gull Research Station proved most timely 
since a movement of Kittiwakes was noted in mid-Channel which 
would not otherwise have been recorded. Evidently all the birds 
successfully returned to sea as a negative result was obtained when 
members of the Research Station’s newly formed ‘‘ wrecked sea- 
birds ’? organisation made a special search of the reservoirs and the 
whole coastline from the New Grounds to Bridgwater Bay on the 
following week-end. 

Among the more unusual visitors to the reservoirs were two Bean 
Geese with a party of White-fronts at Chew Valley in late January 
to mid-February ; a Long-tailed Duck at Cheddar from January 
to May and up to five at Chew Valley in March-April ; a pair of 
Common Scoters at Cheddar and a party of fifteen at Chew Valley 
in early April, while three were seen at Blagdon in mid-June. Chew 
Valley reservoir also provided records of a party of nine Water 


434 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


Pipits in April, more than the total of all previous records for the 
District ; an early Hobby in the first few days of April ; a Little 
Ringed Plover in August; and Wood Sandpipers, Spotted Redshanks 
and Ruffs in August-September. 


Observations from other areas include reports of a Shag killed at 
Pensford in late January a few days after an inland “‘ wreck ”’ of this 
species had occurred in Great Britain, and it seems highly probable 
that a bird caught in Bristol on the previous day was also a Shag. 
A Waxwing was seen at Aust in January and two at Fishponds, 
Bristol in February ; single Hoopoes visited Cheddar and Dursley 
in April, Wotton-under-Edge in May, and one was unfortunately 
shot at Nailsea on November 12. An exceptional record, if referring 
to a truly wild bird, is that of a Snow Bunting in a schoolyard near 
Dursley in early May, while later in the month a Woodchat 
Shrike was seen on the Cotswolds near Dursley—the first record of 
this species for over 70 years and only the second reliable record for 
the Bristol Area. 


At least 40 pairs of Tufted Duck bred successfully at Chew Valley 
reservoir and another pair was seen with ducklings at Chew Magna 
reservoir. From Chew Valley reservoir there are also reports of a 
pair each of Gadwall, Pochard and Shelduck nesting, the Gadwall 
and Shelduck being successful but the fate of the Pochard’s nest is 
not known. Of equal, if not greater, interest was the finding of a 
Curlew’s nest on Walton Moor near Clevedon—the first definite 
report of breeding since 1925. 

In the systematic list that follows records refer only to 1958 unless 
otherwise stated and are largely the result of contributions by the 
following members :—R. Angles, A. E. Billett, P. F. Bird, H. J. Boyd, 
Col. and Mrs. G. A. Bridge, B. K. Brooke, G. C. Buxton, Mrs. S. I. 
Buxton, P. J. Chadwick, $8. E. Chapman, G. E. Clothier, Miss D. M. 
Crampton, H. H. Davis, Miss P. Farmer, G. A. Forrest, Miss C. 
Graham, D. R. Hamblett, G. H. Hamilton, R. G. Hamilton, Rev. 
G. Hamlin, H. R. Hammacott, C. Hockey, H. G. Hockey, D. A. 
Holmes, W. A. Holmes, B. King, R. C. Matthews, Mrs. J. Matthews, 
T. D. H. Merrie, W. J. Munden, H. W. Neal, P. J. M. Nethercott, 
E. G. M. Niblett, Mrs. B. C. Palmer, Miss E. M. Palmer, R. H. 
Poulding, J. A. Pryce, J. D. Read, Miss S. Richards, W. L. Rose- 
veare, J. Rowe, J. H. Savory, P. Scott, T. B. Silcocks, P. T. Sims, 
L. Sullivan, G. Sweet, Miss S. Sweet, S. M. Taylor, P. Tibbs, J. 
Vallis, J. D. R. Vernon, M. Waddicor, N. Webb, J. A. F. Wilkins, 
Mrs. D. A. Wills, R. F. Wills, M. A. Wright and K. B. Young. 
Non-member contributors are :—G. L. Boyle, Mrs. M. L. Butter- 
worth, C. Craxton-Smith, M. Davy, A. G. Dixon, N. Dudley, A. C. 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 435 


Gambier, J. Gould, E. G. Holt, S$. T. Johnstone, Miss A. M. P. Judd, 
J. Kenny, R. J. Lewis, B. Little, J. A. McGeoch, 8. G. Madge, P. J. 
Olney, M.H. Port, Mrs. B. Richards, G. Rudebeck, W. Smith, Miss 
U. Stevens, Dr. C. N. Vaisey, T. P. Walsh and M. G. Wilson. Obser- 
vations are followed by the appropriate initials throughout. The 
initials D.B.P.S. denote records supplied by the Dursley and District 
Bird Watching and Preservation Society, and the abbreviations Res. 
Stn. and Jnr. Sect. refer respectively to the Steep Holm Trust Gull 
Research Station and the B.N.S. Junior Section. 


The area covered is that part of Gloucestershire (G.) lying east of 
the Severn and south of a line from the New Grounds to the County 
boundary at Tetbury, and Somerset (S.) north of the R. Axe and a 
line from Wells to the County boundary near Frome. For the 
purpose of this Report the area extends westwards into the Channel 
and Estuary to include the promontory of Brean Down, and the 
islands of Steep Holm and the Denny (cf. Sketch Map, Proc. B.N.S., 


1947, p. 225). 


GREAT NORTHERN DIVER’ Gavia immer 


S. Single bird, Blagdon res., Jan. 8, 12 (S.E.C., B.K. e¢ al.) ; one, 
Cheddar res., Nov. 13 to end of Dec. (B.K., J.A.McG.) but two, 
Nov. 16 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.) ; one, Chew Valley res., Jan. 19 
KGsC-be 5. 1B.) and Feb. 16 (S.E.C.). 


RED-THROATED DIvER’- Gavia stellata 


S. An oiled bird first seen, Cheddar res., Jan 5, found freshly 
dead on 8th (B.K., J.A.McG.). One, seen frequently, same res., 
Jan. 19 to Mar. 31 by various observers. Single bird, Chew Valley 
res., several dates, Mar. 16 to Apr. 2 (G.C.B., S.I.B. e¢ al.). 


GREAT CRESTED GREBE Podiceps cristatus 


S. Max. winter reservoir counts: 22,Cheddar, Jan. 5 (J.A.McG.); 
_ five, Blagdon, Feb. 6 (G.C.B., S.I.B.) ; and 18, Chew Valley, Mar. 
16 (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.). Four pairs, Blagdon res., May 3 (B.K.), 
all subsequently rearing young (P.J.C.). At Chew Valley res., 
nine nests with eggs found, May 18 (A.E.B.) and at least 13 pairs 
present, June 22 (B.K.). Early autumn totals of 56, same place, 
Sept. 14, and 34, Oct. 12 (G.C.B., S.1.B.). 


SLAVONIAN GREBE_ Podiceps auritus 


Se -@ne, Cheddar res.,-Feb.:16 to Mar. 2 (J.A.McG., T.B.S. 
et al.). 


436 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


LittTLeE GreBE Podiceps ruficollis 


S. Few breeding records, particularly from minor waters : 
pair with two young, Chew Magna res., July 19 (P.J.C.) ; seven 
broods, Chew Valley res., Aug. 10 (B.K.) ; and four ‘broods 
reported, Blagdon res., Oct. 5 (T.B.S.). Autumn counts of 36, 
Chew Valley, Oct. 12 (G.C.B., S.I.B.) and 20, Blagdon, Dec. 6 
(B.K.). 


FutmarR Fulmarus glacialis 


S. One in flight off south side of Steep Holm, June 8 (B.L. per 
Res. Stn.). 


GANNET Sula bassana 
S. Oiled adult found dead, Sand Bay, Jan. 26 (R.A.). 


CoORMORANT Phalacrocorax carbo 


G. One, high over Filton, Sept. 20 (T.D.H.M.) and a single 
bird flying south, Knowle, Bristol, Nov. 1 (G.C.B., S.1.B.). 

S. Reservoir records show little change from previous year with 
max. numbers again at Cheddar in winter—ten, Jan. 19 (J.A.McG.) 
and Feb. 8 (B.K.). First winter bird on R. Avon, Twerton, nr. 
Bath, for two weeks in Feb. (R.J.L.). Thirty-two occupied nests, 
Steep Holm, May 4 (Res. Stn.). Party of 14 in flight, Sand Bay, 
Seplor (Rea). 


SHAG Phalacrocorax aristotelis 
G. Juvenile ringed, Farne Isles, 6/7/57, found oiled and later 
destroyed, Avonmouth, 31/12/57 (C.C-S. per G.E.C.). One, 
either this or previous species, found in street, Kingswood, Bristol, 
Jan. 26—subsequently released at Clevedon by R.S.P.C.A. official. 
S. One, killed by car, Pensford, Jan. 27 (G.E.C., W.J.M.). 


HERON Ardea cinerea 


S. Twenty-seven occupied nests, Brockley Combe, Apr. .26: 
extensive tree felling in December may have reduced this old 
heronry (B.K., B.R., S.R. e¢ al.).. Other heronries : four, possibly 
six, occupied nests, Newton Park, Newton St. Loe, Apr. 20 (R.J.L.) 
and 21 occupied nests, Uphill Grange on 23rd (W.L.R.). 


BITTERN Botaurus stellaris 
G. One in, or near, W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, Feb. 1, 3 


and Mar. 19 (M.D., P.J.O., P.S.). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 437 


MALLARD Anas platyrhynchos 


G. Thirty on wet pasture, Little Sodbury, Jan. 18 (W.A.H.). 
Highest total, New Grounds—over 1,800, Sept. 15 (H.J.B.). 

S. Frequent winter and autumn counts of up to 200, several 
localities, Weston Bay area but no estimate made of total popula- 
tion : max. counts of 176, Sand Bay, Jan. 11, and 180, Nov. 30 
(T.B.S.) ; 140, Axe Estuary, Oct. 8 (E.G.H.) ; and 202, Weston 
Bay, Dec. 26 (T.B.S.). Other coastal counts include: 122, Yeo 
Estuary, Aug. 17 (T.B.S.) and 121 on 26th (W.L.R.) ; 310, Cleve- 
don, Oct. 11 (B.K.). Highest reservoir totals of 411, Chew Valley, 
Jan. 19, and 491, Feb. 16 (G.C.B., S.1.B.) with autumn peak of 702, 
Sept. 20 (B.K.) ; 191, Blagdon, Jan. 22 (B.K.B.) and 428, Aug. 31 
(P.J.C.). Barrow Gurney returns of 102, Feb. 16, and 214, Dec. 15 
(G.E.C.) : at Cheddar, winter and autumn maxima were 85, Feb. 
16, and 165, Nov. 30 (J.A.McG.). Breeding reported from Chew 
Valley res. (at least 25 broods), Blagdon and Litton resrs. ; also 
at Newton Park Lake (Jnr. Sect.), Sand Point (T.B.S.) and Walton 
Moor, nr. Clevedon (R.A.). 


‘TEAL Anas crecca 


S. Coastal counts include : 97, Clevedon to Yeo Estuary, Jan. 
19 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) ; 86, Yeo Estuary, Nov. 30 (T.B.S.) ; and 140, 
Sand Bay, Dec. 25 (T.B.S.). Highest reservoir counts from Chew 
Valley, Jan.Mar.: 500, Jan. 19 (G.C.B., $.1.B.) ; 477, Feb. 2 
(P.J.C., M.A.W.) and 1,046 on 16th (G.C.B., $.1.B.). Unusually 
scarce, Blagdon res.—55, Sept. 14 (B.K.B.) and up to 20 on several 
dates in December (S.E.C., W.L.R.). 


GARGANEY Anas querquedula 


G. One in pens, New Grounds, early Feb.—Apr. (S.T.J.). 

S. Pair, Cheddar res., Mar. 23 to Apr. 12 (W.A.H., J.A.McG., 
G.S.) and a male, May 4 (J.A.McG.). Single birds, Chew Valley 
ges, Apr. 4, 6 (P.T. ¢ al.) ; four, same place, Apr. 7 (D.A.W., 
R.F.W.) ; one, Apr. 23 (G.S.) and a pair on 25th (S.E.C.). Single 
male, Blagdon res., Apr. 12, 13 (B.K.B., A.G.D.); and two pairs, 
Clapton Moor, nr. Clevedon, on 12th (H.W.N.). 


GADWALL Anas strepera 


S. Reservoir population continuing to increase and successful 
breeding reported for the first time. Recorded all months, Chew 
Valley, with notable counts of eleven, Jan. 2 (A.G.D., S.G.M.); 13, 
April. 13 (G.C.B., S.1.B.) ; 30, Sept. 14 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) and 26, 


438 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


Nov. 9 (S.E.C.). Female with eleven well grown ducklings, same 
place, July 26 (B.K.), Aug. 4, 5 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). Ten, Litton 
res., Feb. 16 (D.A.W., R.F.W.), 22 (S.E.C.) ; and a pair, Blagdon 
res., Dec. 6 (B.K.). 


WiGcEON Anas penelope 


G. Winter counts of 1,500, New Grounds, Jan. 13, 14 (P.J.O.) ; 
2,500, Jan. 25 (B.K. N.W.) and 1,300, Feb. 18 (H.J.B.). 

S. Coastal records : 71, Weston Bay, Jan. 26 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) 
and 127, Kingston Seymour, same date (T.D.H.M.) ; 31, Sand 
Point, Dec. 28 (R.A.). Present in large numbers Chew Valley res., 
Jan.—Apr., with max. monthly totals of 1,700, Jan. 19, and 1,650, 
Feb. 16 (G.C.B., S.1.B.); 987, Mar. 2, and 470; Apne (Bb Ka\e 
Summer records of a single female, same place, May 3, 11, Aug. 23 
(B.K.), 24 (P.J.C.) ; single male, May 23 and June 22 (S.E.C.). 
Autumn max. of 674, Nov. 16 (G.C.B., S.I.B.). Winter numbers at 
Blagdon res. not exceeding 220—Feb. 6 (B.K.)—with highest 
autumn count of 188, Dec. 14 (B.K.B.). Largest number noted, 
Cheddar res.—80, Mar. 2 (J.A.McG.). 


PINTAIL Anas acuta 


S. Larger numbers than in recent years reported from Chew 
Valley res., with max. counts of 74 (45 males), Feb. 16 (G.C.B., 
S.1.B.) ; 36, Mar. 2.(S.E.C., B.K.) and 25, Dee or (BAK?) a pair, 
same place, Apr. 19 (B.K.) and May 18 (P.J.C., M.A.W.), also 
two males and two females on late date of June 19 (G.S.). Recorded 
in smaller numbers at other resrs.—four, Barrow Gurney, Mar. 2 
(P.J.C., M.A.W.) ; one, Blagdon, Feb. 6 (G.C.B., $.1.B.) and two, 
Mar. 16 (B.K.B.) ; one, Cheddar, Feb. 16, and seven, Mar. 2 
(J.A.McG.). 


SHOVELLER Spatula clypeata 


S. High concentrations at Chew Valley res. in period Jan. to 
Apr.—notable counts of 288, Jan. 26 (B.K.) ; 307, Feb. 8 (S.E.C.) ; 
477, Mar. 16 (G.C.B., S$.1.B.) and 175, Apr. 7 (B.K.). Smaller 
numbers, autumn, same res., with monthly maxima between 8o, 
Sept. 14 (G.C.B., S.1.B.) and 116, Dec. 21 (S.E.Cy, BK)" Uscaree 
or absent at other reservoirs, highest counts notified were 26, 
Cheddar, Mar. 2 (J.A.McG.) and 40, Blagdon, Dec. 14 (B.K.B.). 
No records received from Barrow Gurney and Litton resrs. Four, 
Newton Park Lake, Mar. 16, Apr. 4 (R.J.L.). Breeding reported, 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 439 


Chew Valley res., where B.K. noted four broods, June 28 (34 
ducklings) and July 10 (27 ducklings), while P.J.C. records five 
broods (43 ducklings), July 6. 


Scaup Aythya marila 


S. Several records of a single female, Blagdon res., Feb. 16 to 
fpr. 4,(B.K.B., G.L.B., B.K.) and Dec. 30 (M.A.W.); also 
solitary female seen, Cheddar res., Mar. 23 to Apr. 27 (J.A.McG., 
G.S.). One, occasionally two (male and female), Chew Valley 
res., Jan. 19 to Apr. 16 (G.C.B., $.1.B., N.W. e¢ al.) but two males, 
pr. 19 (B.K.). 


TurteD Duck Aythya fuligula 


S. Present in considerable numbers throughout year, Chew 
Valley res., with winter peak of 433, Feb. 16, and autumn max. of 
356, Nov. 16 (G.C.B., $.1.B.). High spring and summer counts by 
B.K. include: 394, Apr. 24; 290, May 25; and 123 adults, June 
28. Further increase in breeding population, same res., where at 
least 40 broods identified July—Aug. (P.J.C., B.K.). Survey, July 
19 by P.J.C. showed 33 broods comprising over 223 ducklings ; 
while adults and juveniles totalled 327, Aug. 16 (B.K.). Barrow 
Gurney resrs.: max. numbers—6o, Feb. 16 (G.E.C.) and 51, 
Oct. 5 (P.J.C.). Blagdon res. : peak counts—189, Feb. 6 (G.C.B., 
eB); 197, Mar. 16 (B.K.B.); 346, Nov. 14, and 389, Dec. 14 
(B.K.B.). Winter max., Cheddar res. of 30, Feb. 1, and autumn 
counts of 28, Nov. 30, and 53, Dec. 14 (J.A.McG.). 


PocHARD Aythya ferina 


S. Winter counts of 590, Cheddar res., Jan. 5, and 460, Feb. 1 
(J-A.McG.) : exceptionally high numbers in autumn, same res., 
maui. 0.100, Nov. 30 (J.A-McG.); 1,215, Dec. 7 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) 
and c. 1,050 on 14th (J.A.McG.). Max. counts from other main 
resrs. also occurred in autumn—1i160, Chew Valley, Nov. 16 
(G.C.B., S.1.B.) and 368, Blagdon, Dec. 14 (B.K.B.). Thirty-three, 
Jan. 19, and 21, Dec. 15 (G.E.C.) are the only noteworthy counts 
from Barrow Gurney reservoirs. 

Nest, containing six eggs, found in reeds, Chew Valley res., June 
4, by A.E.B., who obtained good views of the duck and also a nearby 
drake. First breeding record from the reservoir. 


GOLDENEYE Bucephala clangula 


S. Reported in smaller numbers than in recent years at resrs. Up 
to six, Blagdon, Jan. to late Apr. (G.C.B., P.T. et al.) and five, Dec. 


440 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


9, 14 (B.K.B., W.L.R.) ; two, Cheddar, Feb. 1 (J.A.McG.) and 
Dec. 21 (T.B.S.). Frequently noted, Chew Valley res., Jan._May 
and Oct.—Dec. with max. counts of seven, Feb. 16 (G.C.B., S.I.B.) ; 
nine, Apr. 6 (T.B.S.) ; three on late date of May 3 (B.K.) ; and 
thirteen, Nov. 16 (G.C.B., S.I.B.). 


LonG-TAILED Duck Clangula hyemalis 


S. A female, first seen in Oct. of previous year, Cheddar res., 
remained throughout winter (various observers) and was last seen, 
May 15 (W.L.R.). Two males, Chew Valley res., Mar. 29, and two 
males and three females, an unusual number inland, same place, 
Apr. 19 (B.K.). Further Long-tailed Duck observations from Chew 
Valley res. are not in accord with those given above and it seems 
likely that there has been confusion between this species and North 
American Ruddy Ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis) at the reservoir which 
have escaped from the Wildfowl Trust at Slimbridge. 


ComMoNn ScoTER Melanitta nigra 


S. Unusual spring records from the resrs.—pair, Cheddar, Apr. 
4 (B.K., G.S.) ; 15 (eight males), Chew Valley, Apr. 6 (B.K., 
T.B.S.) and three males, Blagdon, June 16 (B.K.). Female or 
immature with probable male, Cheddar res., Aug. 3 (P.J.C., 
M.A.W.) and single female, same place, Dec. 28, 29 (S.E.C., 
J.A.McG.). Autumn coastal records of two off Sand Point, Nov. 
23 and a female, Sand Bay, Nov. 30 (T.B.S.) ; four females off 
Brean Down, Dec. 13 (T.B.S.) and three females or immatures, 
Weston Bay, Dec. 7, 22 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). 


SMeEw Mergus albellus 


S. Female or imm., Blagdon res., Jan. 25 (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.), 
and four, Feb. 23 (D.A.H., T.D.H.M.), Mar. 13 (W.L.R.). Fre- 
quently noted Chew Valley res., Jan—Mar. : max. counts of 15, 
Jan. g (S.E.C.) ; 16, Jan. 19, and nineteen (including three ad. 
males) on 26th (P.J.C., M.A.W.). Solitary ad. male, same res., 
Dec 21 (S.E- GC. Bik 


GOOSANDER Mergus merganser 

S. Many records from resrs. throughout winter though smaller 
numbers again evident. Up to three, Blagdon, Jan. 12 to Mar. 29 
(B.K.B., G.S., P.T. e¢ al.) and one, Dec. 6 (B.K.). Male and female, 
Cheddar, several occasions, mid-Feb. to early Apr. (J.A.McG., 
T.B.S.) and a single male, Dec. 7-21 (P.J.C., M.A.W. eé al.). Three 
or four, Chew Valley, several dates, Feb._Mar. (G.C.B., S.1.B. e¢ al.) 
but six, Mar. 29 (B.K.). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 44] 


SHELDUCK Tadorna tadorna 


G. and §. A survey of the coast from Weston-super-Mare to 
Sharpness by 38 members, and extended to the northern end of The 
Noose sands, New Grounds, by the Wildfowl Trust staff, showed 
approx. 600 birds present in early May. Although 75% paired, 
many were immature. First young observed at beginning of June, 
and it was estimated that 52 broods comprising about 366 ducklings 
were brought to the water. Last full count, July 13, showed 
survival of 307 young (per S.M.T.). 

Chew Valley res. records : six, Feb. 2 and up to four, Mar._May 
(B.K.) ; pair with ten ducklings, June 19 to July 22 (B.K., G.S. et 
al.) but only six juveniles on 26th (B.K.). Autumn coastal counts 
include : 666, Weston Bay, Oct. 28 (W.L.R.). 


WHITE-FRONTED GoosE Anser albifrons albifrons 


G. Records from the New Grounds are of 3,000 for most of Jan., 
with total decreasing during snowy weather in early Feb. but rising 
again to a winter max. of 4,600 on 16th (H.J.B., P.S.). Number 
still about 4,000, Mar. 3, falling to 1,500 on 11th and just over 1,000 
on 12th. ‘Total remained thus till Mar. 24 and though 720 still 
present on 27th or later only two were left Apr. 2 (figures recorded 
are the highest yet for second half of Mar.) (H.J.B.). 70 flying low 
over Thornbury, Jan. 5 (T.D.H.M.). First autumn record, New 
Grounds, three, Sept. 28 ; slow increase, Oct., to 170 on 31st, with 
Nov. totals rather lower but following influx in early Dec. numbers 
exceeded 700 on gth and remained at that level till close of the 
month when the birds had increased to 920 by 28th and 1,200 on 
29th (H.J.B.). Four low overhead between St. George and 
Hanham, Bristol, Nov. 25 (H.G.H.). 

S. Fifty, probably White-fronts, flying up-Channel off Sand 
Point, Feb. 9 (T.B.S.) ; 42 seen, Weston-super-Mare, same date 
(R.H.P., M.A.W.). About 80 flying north over Hinton Blewitt, 
Feb. 15 (D.A.H., W.A.H.). Noted in varying numbers and on many 
occasions, Chew Valley, early Jan. to early Mar. and though some- 
times seen on the water were usually in fields at north end of the 
reservoir (P.J.C., M.A.W. et al.). First reported (26, birds), Jan. 2 
(A.G.D., S.G.M.) but numbers had increased to more than 100 by 
early Feb. (B.K.B., J.A.McG., E.M.P., Jnr. Sect.), with max. of 
120, Feb. 2 (B.K.); 55 still remaining, Mar. 2 (B.K.). Thirty 
overhead, Newton Park, nr. Bath, Nov. 30 (R.J.L.). One, Chew 
Valley res., Dec. 7 (B.K.), 18 (A.G.D.) and two on aist (B.K.). 
Single bird, Wick St. Lawrence saltings, Dec. 27 (T.B.S.). 


442 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


GREENLAND WHITE-FRONTED GoosE Anser albifrons flavirostris 


G. One identified, New Grounds, Dec. 27 (Jnr. Sect.), 30 (M.D.> 
P.J.O.). Two reported, same place, Dec. 28 (N.D.). 


LEssER WHITE-FRONTED GOOsE Anser erythropus 


G. Reported once only: a single adult, New Grounds, Feb. 11 
(M.D.). 


BEAN GoosE Anser arvensis 


S. One, with White-fronts, in fields adjoining Chew Valley 
res., Jan. 26 and two, Feb. 2, 8, 9; birds identified and fully 
described by P.J.C., B.K., R.H.P., and M.A.W. 


PINK-FOOTED GoosE Anser brachyrhynchus 


G. New Grounds: occasional small parties early in year ; 
nine, Apr. 4 (unusually late date) being the most (H.J.B.). First in 
autumn, same place, six, Sept. 27 ; further arrivals, mid-Oct., when 
total reached 42 (H.J.B.). All had gone by Nov. 14 but several 
very small groups reported later, and flocks of 30 and 61 seen, Dec. 
so, 31. DP: -O- CNW), 

S. One, a ringed bird, with White-fronts, in fields at Chew 
Valley res., Jan. 26, Feb. 2 (P.J.C., B.:K., M-AUW2 Jngisect. 2 


BARNACLE GoosE Branta leucopsis 


G. Up to three on saltings, New Grounds, various dates, Jan 
3 to Mar. 27 (H.J.B.). A few, same place, in autumn were all 
apparently strays from the W.T. collection (H.J.B.). 


BRENT GoosE Branta bernicla 


G. Two, both dark-breasted form B. b. bernicla, New Grounds, 
Jan. 9: one or the other being seen on at least eight other dates, 
Jan. 3 to Mar. 23 (H.J.B.). 


BEwick’s Swan Cygnus bewrcki 


G. Up to 16 on Estuary, New Grounds, various occasions, Jan. 
5-26 (P.J.O., P.S.). Up to five present, same area, second half of 
Mar.—four visiting W.T. enclosures from goth to 23rd (H.J.B., 
oad We Fen aes oe 


S. Five ads., Blagdon res., Jan. 4 (S.G.M.) and thirteen (11 ads., 
2 imms.) on 25th (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.). Eleven (5 ads., 6 imms.), 
Chew Valley res., Jan. 6 (S.G.M.). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 443 


Buzzarp_~ Buteo buteo 


G. Single birds, Michael Wood, nr. Tortworth, Mar. 3, Apr. 27, 
30 ; two, North Nibley area, Apr. 10, 18, May 4, and one, Sept. 
22; one, Breadstone, Berkeley, Apr. 20, and three, Ozleworth 
Bottom, nr. Wotton-under-Edge, May 11 (D.B.P.S.). One, 
Doddington, Apr. 27 (R.H.P.). 


S. Reported, usually singly or in pairs, during nesting season from 
Chewton Mendip, Newton St. Loe, Norton St. Philip, Long Ashton 
Clapton Moor, Bishop Sutton, Redhill, Blagdon, Winscombe and 
Cheddar areas, but no evidence of breeding. ‘Two, Blagdon, Jan. 
@o, Mar: 15 (G.S.); three, Litton res., Feb. 16 (R.J.L.). Single 
birds, Walton Moor, nr. Clevedon, Mar. 1 (M.A.W.) ; Leigh Woods, 
July 15 (J.A.F.W.) ; Weston-super-Mare, Aug. 26 (R.A.) ; Nailsea 
Aug. 30, Oct. 12 (H.R.H.) ; Cheddar, Nov. 1 (S.E.C.) ; Brockley 
Combe, Nov. 9 (G.C.B., S.I.B.) ; and West Harptree area, Dec. 
a1 (S.E.C.). 


SPARROW Hawk Accipiter nisus 

S. Two, Steep Holm, Mar. 15; one, Mar. 17 and female on 
18th ; immature male, caught in trammel net and ringed, same 
place, May 3 (Res. Stn.). 


Monracu’s HArRRIER Circus pygargus 

G. A “ring-tailed’’ harrier being mobbed by Rooks was seen 
at Marshfield on May 25 by B.K., who records that it was probably 
of this species. 


Hossy- Falco subbuteo 


G. Single bird, Little Stoke, July 14 (H.H.D.) ; another seen 
to take a Swift, New Grounds, Aug. 6 (G.R.); single birds, 
Wotton-under-Edge, Sept. 9, 14, 16 (D.B.P.S.). 


S. One, Chew Valley res. on very early date of Apr. 7 (B.K.). 
Single bird calling in flight, Chelvey, July 25 (H.H.D.). 


PEREGRINE Falco peregrinus 


G. Single birds, New Grounds, Nov. 23 (B.K.), Dec. 27 (Jnr. 
Sect.). One, Purton, Dec. 9 and two on goth (D.B.P.S.). 


S. Frequently noted at coastal localities, mostly in spring and 
autumn, but no evidence of successful breeding. Inland records : 
immature, Chew Valley res., Aug. 8 (G.L.B.), and an adult soaring, 
same place, Sept. 20 (H.H.D., B.K.). 


444 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


MERLIN Falco columbarius 
G. Female or immature, Slimbridge, Nov. 15 (B.K.). 
S. One reported nr. Uphill, Weston-super-Mare, Aug. 19 


(M.L.B.) ; female, Steep Holm, Oct. 12, 14 (Res. Stn.) ; single 
birds, Sand Point, Oct. 26 and Woodspring Bay, Dec. 27 (T.B.S.). 


KestrReEL Falco tinnunculus 


S. Single bird, Steep Holm, Mar. 18; one flying east over the 
island, Oct. 12 (Res. Stn.). 


RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE Alectoris rufa 

G. Three, nr. Codrington, Apr. 27 (R.H.P.). 

S. Pair, Uphill, Weston-super-Mare, Apr. 1, 9 and single bird 
on roth (R.A.). One heard, Sand Point, Apr. 13 ; two, Brean Down, 
Sept. 14 (R.A.), Nov. 30 (E.G.H.). 


Quai Coturnix coturnix 
G. Two, calling, Marshfield, June 12 (B.K., G.S.). 


WatTER Ratt Rallus aquaticus 


S. One, Sand Bay, Mar. 9; two, perhaps three, heard, same 
place, Dec. 7 (R.A.) and one, Dec. 19, 14, 25) (RAR Bose 
Single birds, Chew Valley res., Mar. 30 (T.D.H.M. ef al.), Aug. 25, 
(R.J.L.) ; and juvenile, same place, Dec. 7 (B.K.). Two flying over 
reeds, Clapton Moor, Apr. 12 (H.W.N.). One, nr. Abbots Leigh, 
Dec; 30)0)-G. per WA Ee). 


Coot Fulica atra 


S. Reservoir records include : 1,900, peak total, Cheddar, Jan. 
19, decreasing to 310 by end Mar. ; autumn counts, same res., less 
than 1,000 until Dec. (J.A.McG.) ; ©. 1,450, Dees 7-1 PF. ):Ca 
M.A.W.) and at least 1,600 on 28th (J.A.McG.) ; 260, Barrow 
Gurney, Jan. 19 (G.E.C.) ; 450, Blagdon, Feb. 6 (G.C.B., 8.1.B.) 
and 525, Aug. 4 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) ; and 1,260, Chew Valley, Feb. 
16 (G.C.B., S.I.B.). 


OYSTERCATCHER Haematopus ostralegus 
G. Single bird, R. Avon, Sea Mills, Jan. 12 (W.A.H.) ; two, nr. 
Purton, Aug. 28 (P.J.O.). 


S. 157, Weston Bay, Jan. 10, and 147, Dec. 14 (R.A.) ; up to 70, 
Sand Bay, Oct. 1g-Dec. 14 (R.A., T.B.S.). Four, Steep Holm, 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 445 


Mar. 16, May 4, and five on landing beach, Oct. 14 (Res. Stn.) ; 
three, St. George’s Wharf, Portbury, Sept. 14 (W.A.H.). One, 
Chew Valley res., Mar. 16 (G.C.B., S.I.B.) ; four, same place, Aug. 
3 (W.A.H., T.D.H.M., J.A.F.W.) and six on 28th (B.C.P., E.M.P.). 
Two in flight high above Cheddar res., Aug. 3 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) ; 
bird, dead some weeks, same res., Sept. 2 (W.L.R.). 


RINGED PLOVER Charadrius hiaticula 
G. 70-80, Severn Beach, Aug. 27 (H.W.N., M.A.W.). 


S. Up to 75, Weston Bay, Jan. 27-Feb. 19, and 78, Oct. 28 
(R.A.) ; 120, Sand Bay, May 20; 100, Aug. 4 and very large 
counts of 450, Aug. 14, and 350 on 31st ; max. of 16, same place, 
Oct. to end Dec. (T.B.S.). Records from Chew Valley res. include : 
six, May 31 (B.K.) ; up to 16, Aug. 1-Sept. 14 (various observers) ; 
single bird, Cheddar res., Apr. 4 (G.S.) and four, May 3 (W.A.H.). 


LirTLE RINGED PLOVER Charadrius dubtus 


S. One, Chew Valley res., Aug. 7, 8 (S.G.M.)—full details 
supplied. 


GREY PLOVER Charadrius squatarola 

S. Two, Kingston Seymour, Jan. 26 (D.A.H., T.D.H.M. eé¢ al.) ; 
six, Woodspring Bay, Apr. 4; one in summer plumage, May 26 ; 
two, same place, July 1, Nov. 30 ; and single birds, Sand Bay, Mar. 
FO, Aug, 14 (T.B:S.). 


GOLDEN PLOVER Charadrius apricarius 

S. 141, Marksbury, Jan. 19 (P.J.C., M.A.W.), and 132, Apr. 13 
PX.j:L.) ; 66 in flight, Queen Charlton, Nov. 6 (S.LB.); 87, 
Lulsgate aerodrome, Nov. 23 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). Few coastal 
records—max. of 40, Sand Bay, Dec. 21 (R.A.). 


DoTreREL Charadrius morinellus 


S. Two, Sand Point, Sept. 5 (T.B.S.)—conclusive details 
supplied. 


TURNSTONE Arenaria interpres 


G. Counts at Severn Beach include : 189, Feb. 27 ; at least 203, 
Mar. 29; and ¢. 120, Dec. 27 (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.). Fourteen, 
New Grounds, May 9 (M.D.). 


446 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


S. One, Chew Valley res., May 29 (S.E.C., W.A.H.) ; five, two 
in summer plumage, Aug. 10 (B.K., G.S.) ; one, same place, Aug. 
16, 20 (S.E.C., M.G.W.). Single birds, Sand Bay, July 19, Aug. 17 
(R.A.). 


GREAT SNIPE Capella media 

G. One, New Grounds, Jan. 28, flushed several times by B.K. 
who has supplied a detailed description which includes: large 
amount of white at sides of tail, rather slow, silent flight, comparative 
tameness and large size. 


Jack Snipee Lymnocryptes minimus 


S. Single bird, Chew Valley res., Nov. 29 (B.K.) and two, Dec. 
7 (S.E:C.). 


Woopcock  Scolopax rusticola 

G. One, Westerleigh Plantation, Mar. 9, 16; bird shot, same 
place, Dec. 27 (J.A.P.). Single birds, Purton, Apr. 3 and Bourn- 
stream, nr. Wotton-under-Edge, Dec. 12 (D.B.P.S.). 


S. One, Uphill, Mar. 3 (R.A.) and Newton Park, Apr. 4 (R.J.L.). 


CuRLEW  Numenius arquata 


G. 170, Hallen Marsh, Jan. 12 (K.B.Y.) ; 243, Severn Beach, 
Feb, 12 (W.A.H.). 


S. Nest found with two eggs, Walton Moor, nr. Clevedon, May 
3, by R.A. provides the first conclusive evidence of breeding in the 
District since 1925—cf. Proc. B.N.S., 1947, p. 255- 


WHIMBREL Numenius phaeopus 


G. and S. Frequently noted at coastal localities during spring 
passage. 


S. Inland records: two or three, Charlcombe, Bath, Apr. 27— 
30 (C.R.S.) ; 26, Nailsea Moor, Apr. 27 ; 54, Kenn Moor, Apr. 29 
(W.A.H., T.D.H.M.) ; at least 25, same place, May 10 (R.A.). 
Two, Chew Valley res., May 8, and 12, Aug. 10 (T.B.S.) ; five in 
flight, Cheddar res., May 10 (W.A.H.). 


BLACK-TAILED GopwitT  Luimosa limosa 


G. Twenty, New Grounds, Aug. 15 (M.D.) ; 12 on 16th, and 
18, Sept. 6 (H.J.B.). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 447 


_§. Three, Weston Bay, Mar. 25 (R.A.) ; five, Sand Bay, Aug. 
14 (T.B.S.). Single birds, Chew Valley res., Mar. 31 (S.E.C., 
M.G.W.), June 4 (W.A.H.), Aug. 2-16 (B.K., W.L.R. eé¢ al.). 


BaR-TAILED Gopwit Limosa lapponica 


G. Five, New Grounds, May 8 (H.J.B.), and two, Oldbury- 
upon-Severn, Oct. 18 (H.W.N.). 


S. Single birds, Weston Bay, Apr. 15-17 (R.A.) and Yeo 
Estuary on 29th (W.A.H.). 


GREEN SANDPIPER Tringa ochropus 


G. Single birds, New Grounds, Sept. 15 (M. D.) and R. Frome, 
Prate,. Dec. 27, 28 (J.A.P.). 


S. Few spring records. Single birds, Blagdon res., Apr. 6 
(Psy-C:) ; Chew Valley res., Apr. 6, 13 (G.C.B., S.1.B., B.K.) and 
Kenn Moor on 15th (H.W.N.). Frequently reported, Chew Valley 
res., July 3-Sept. 27 (various observers) with max. of 17, July 19 
(P.J.C.) and 15, Aug. 24 (B.K.) ; three present, Oct. 25, and one, 
Nov. 9 (S.E.C.). One, Chew Magna res., July 19 (P.J.C.) and 
Cheddar res., Nov. 16, 30 (W.A.H., J.A.McG.), Dec. 14 (J.A.McG.). 
Single birds, Yeo Estuary, Aug. 26 (W.L.R.) ; Bathford, Sept. 9 
(R.J.L.) ; Old Mixon, Weston-super-Mare, Oct. 21 (R.A,) ; 
Woodspring Bay, Nov. 16; and Wick St. Lawrence on 30th 
(IBS. ).. 


Woop SANDPIPER Tringa glareola 


See-@ne, Chew Valley. res, Aug. 17 (G.C.B., S.LB.), Sept: 3 
0B Ky,.G.S:)'; two, same place, Sept. 6, 20 (7.B.5., G.S.): 


ComMMON SANDPIPER Tringa hypoleucos 


S. Birds possibly wintering: one, Chew Valley res., Jan 12 
eA MeG,), Dec. 18 (A:G.D.) ; two, R. Avon, Pill, Nov. 9 (P.J.C.); 
one, Woodspring Bay, Nov. 16 (T.B.S.). ‘Twenty, Cheddar res., 
Apr. 27 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.) ; 13, Chew Valley res., Aug. 24 
(B.K.) and 15, Sept. 8 (M.G.W.) ; 12, Sand Point, July 23 (T.B.S.). 


REDSHANK Tringa totanus 


S. Max. coastal counts: c. 200, Sand Bay, July 19, Aug. 15, 
Nov. 30 (R.A., T.B.S.) ; and 294, Axe Estuary, Oct. 28 (W.L.R.). 
Breeding season records are of: five pairs, Yeo Estuary area, end 
May (J.D.R.V.) ; two pairs, one with small youngster, Kewstoke, 


D 


448 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


May 26 (T.B.S.); three, possibly four, pairs, Chew Valley res. 
during May (P.J.C. e¢ al.), and two pairs, each with two young, © 
same res., June 19 (B.K., G.S.). 


SPOTTED REDSHANK Tvinga erythropus 


S. Chew Valley res.: one,_Aug. 17 (GIG B27 S48) three, 
Aug. 20 (M.G.W.), 24 (P.J.C., B.K., MAW) ayo. Sept. 14 
(S.E.C., J.A.McG.), and one on 2oth (S.E.C.,G.S.). Single bird, 
Woodspring Bay, Sept. 7 (T.B.S.). 


GREENSHANK Tringa nebularia 


G. One, Oldbury-upon-Severn, Aug. 15 (T.D.H.M.) ; two, 
New Grounds, Aug. 27 and single bird, Sept. 15 (M.D.). 


S. One, Chew Valley res., May 3, 8, 10 (P.J.C., S.E.C., R.F.W.) 
and up to seven, same place, July 17—-Oct. 2 (various observers). 
Four, Cheddar res., May 4 (B.K., J.A.McG.) ; one, July 6, 13, and 
three on 17th (B.K.). Single birds, Sand Bay, Aug. 3-Sept. 6 
(T.B.S.) ; St. George’s Wharf, Mouth of R. Avon, Aug. 26 (W.A.H., 
J:A.F.W.) ; and Uphill) Sept. 13 (R-AD: 


Knot Calidris canutus 


G. At least 300, Severn Beach, Feb. 12 (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.) ; 
25, New Grounds, May 8 (H.J.B.). 


S. Approx. 60, Weston Bay, Jan. 20 (R.A.) and 32, Dec. 6 
(M.L.B.). One in summer plumage, Sand Bay, July 15 ; 34, same 
place, Aug. 31 (T.B.S.) and 168, Sept. 13. (R.A:),  Simele bird, 
Chew Valley res., Nov. 30 (S.E.C., P.T., N.W.). 


LittLE StTintT Calidris minuta 


S. One, in summer plumage, Sand Bay, May 20-22 (T.B.8.). 


Dunun Calidris alpina 
G. 850, Oldbury-upon-Severn, Mar. 15 (T.D.H.M.). 


S. Totals from Weston Bay—Sand Bay area include: 1,800, 
Jan. 4 (R.A.) ; 2,000, May 9, 16; and 1,000, July 28, Dec. 6 
(R.A., T.B.S.). Reservoir records include: single bird, Blagdon, 
Apr. 3 (W.L.R.) ; four, Cheddar, Apr. 26 (M.G.W.) ; six, Chew 
Valley, May 3, and ten, Aug. 10 (B.K.) ; two, Barrow Gurney, 
Oct. 19 (W.A.H.). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 449 


SANDERLING Crocethia alba 

S. Reported from Weston Bay-Sand Bay area only—single 
birds, Feb. 23, Apr. 17; up to 25, May 8-22; and up to five, 
July 28-Sept. 12 (R.A., M.L.B., T.B.S.). 


RurFr Philomachus pugnax 


G. Thirteen, New Grounds, Sept. 17 (M.D.) ; six, Sept. 20 
ert, | 5;) and five on 21st (P.J.O.). 

S. Recorded at Chew Valley res. only : one, sometimes two, 
Aug. 2—Sept. 5 (various observers) ; five, Sept. 6 (T.B.S.) ; eight, 
Bept. 19. (J.A-McG, M.G.W.), 14 (G.C.B.,.8.I.B.) ; and six on 
26th (G.S.) ; two, Oct. 2 (G.C.B., B.C.P. e¢ al.). 


Grey PHALAROPE Phalaropus fulicarius 


S. One, nr. main dam, Chew Valley res., Oct. 5 (D.A.W., 
R.F.W.). 


GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL Larus marinus 


S. Twenty-two (14 ads.), Axe Estuary, Feb. 9, and 20 at roost, 
Mouth of R. Avon, Nov. 9 (P.J.C.). 


LrEssER BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus fuscus graellsi 

S. Some 30-50 pairs of L. fuscus and L. argentatus attempted to. 
breed on the Denny Island, Chew Valley res., but eggs systemati- 
cally collected by B.W.W. Co. staff and only two young seen : no 
evidence as to proportions of species (Eds.). Roosting again noted, 
same place—565, Aug. 14 (B.K., G.S.) ; 150, Dec. 13 (B.K.). 
Flock of 158 on flooded pasture, Midford, nr. Bath, Oct. 12 (R.J.L.). 


SCANDINAVIAN LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL Larus fuscus fuscus 
G. One, apparently this race, New Grounds, Jan. 10 (B.K.). 


HeErrinc Guiu_ Larus argentatus 


S. Only two roost counts from Chew Valley res.—210 imma- 
tures, May 11 and gathering of 725 adults in late afternoon, Dec. 
13 (B.K.). Adult ringed, Steep Holm, 7/4/56, found dead nr. 
Looe, Cornwall, 5/1/59 (Res. Stn.). 


LittLeE Gutu Larus minutus 


S. First-year bird reported, Chew Valley res., Dec. 1957, 
remained till Mar. 23 (various observers). Another, Cheddar res., 


450. BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


Feb. 16-Mar. 23 (D.A.H., J.A.McG. e¢ al.). Single juveniles, 
Cheddar res., Aug. 24; Chew Valley res., Sept. 3 (B.K., G.S.) and 
one found dead on 8th (S.E.C.). 


BLACK-HEADED GuLL_ Larus ridibundus 


S. Approx. 14,750 at roost, Mouth of R. Avon, Feb. 18 (P.J.C.), 
Max. roost count from Chew Valley res.—at least 800, Dec. 13 
(B.K.). 


Kirtiwake Rissa tridactyla 
G. Adult, Severn Beach, Aug. 27 (H.W.N., M.A.W.). 


S. Remains of first-year bird in tide-wrack, nr. Yeo Estuary, 
Jan. 19 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). Spring records all of first-year birds : 
two in flight, Cheddar res., Apr. 13 (J.A.McG.) ; remains of one, 
Steep Holm, May 2 (Res. Stn.) ; and one in flight, Sand Bay on 
2oth (T.B.S.).. Autumn records: juvenile, Cheddar res., Aug. 3 
(P.J.C., M.A.W.), 7 (W.A.H.) ; and adult, Chew Valley res. on 
24th (P.J.C., M.A.W.). Seaward movement noted off Steep 
Holm, Oct. 13, when at least sixteen adults seen in afternoon, and 
a further eight on similar course the following day. Birds evidently 
on redetermined passage after being swept up-Channel in early 
hours of Oct. 13 by strong S.W. winds which had suddenly increased 
to gale force between 2400 and 0600 G.M.T. and had subsequently 
dropped to about 20 m.p.h. (Res. Stn.). 


Buiack TERN Chlidonias niger 
G. Three over estuary, New Grounds, Sept. 8 (M.D.). 


S. Only two spring records—7o0, Chew Valley res., May 1 
(D.M.C.) and four, May 4 (B.K.). Return passage from mid- 
July to mid-Oct. with peak in third week August. Twelve, Chew 
Valley res., July 19, Aug. 11 and smaller numbers to 17th; c. 80, 
same place, Aug. 18; 25 or 26 from 2oth to 24th, with 39 on 25th 
and min. of 50 on 28th; c. 30, Aug. 30 but only two on gist; up to 
six in Sept. and one, Oct. 12 (various observers). Reports from 
Cheddar res. include : 12, Aug. 10 (J.A.McG.), Sept. 27 (M.G.W.); 
five, Oct. 5 (J.A.McG.) and very late record of one, Nov. 1 (S.E.C., 
M.G.W.) ; while at Blagdon res. species noted only in period mid- 
Sept. to early Oct. with max. of ten, Sept. 28 and seven, Oct. 5 
(TeBSivet al.). 


Common TERN Sterna hirundo Arctic TERN Sterna macrura 


S. One spring record, a single bird, Cheddar res., May 15 
(W.L.R.). Autumn passage lasted from July 6 to Oct. 12, with 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 451 


movements noted at Cheddar and Chew Valley resrs., Aug. 10 and 
24—majority thought to be Airundo. Chew Valley records: 113— 
most arriving during afternoon, Aug. to (B.K., G.S., 8.8.) ; up to 
11, Aug. 14-23; 23 (+), Aug. 24—arriving during day (P.J.C., 
M.A.W.) and 57 on 27th (W.A.H.) ; 29, Sept. 6 (T.B.S.), and up to 
four, Sept. 8-25 (various observers). Very few noted, Cheddar 
res., except for parties of 76, Aug. 24 (B.K.) and c. 25, Sept. 27 
ivMi.G.W.)... Max. of five, Blagdon . res., Sept. 28, Oct. .5 
CE.B.S.)}. 


LittLE TERN Sterna albifrons 
S. One over R. Avon, nr. Bath railway station, Sept. 7 (R.J.L.). 


SANDWICH TERN Sterna sandvicensis 
S. One, Yeo Estuary, May 30 (J.D.R.V.). 


BRIDLED TERN Sterna anaethetus 


S. Adult in autumn moult found dead on beach, Sand Bay, 
Oct.17(M.A.W.). Identification confirmed by the British Museum 
(Natural History) and the Editors of British Birds. Fourth record 
for the British Isles and first for Somerset—cf. Report on Somerset Birds, 


1958. 


Barn Ow. Tyto alba 

G. Single birds, Coalpit Heath, Mar. 18, Apr. 16 (J.A.P.) ; 
Hallen Marsh and nr. Avonmouth, Apr. 7 (H.W.N.) ; Cattybrook, 
May 31 (P.J.C.) ; and frequently at Westerleigh, nr. Yate, Sept.— 
Dec. (J.A.P.). 


S. Only one nest found, pair rearing two young at Worle 
(C.H., H.G.H.), but birds noted in breeding season at Bourton 
Combe, Walton Moor, Priddy, and Blagdon and Chew Valley 
resrs. (various observers). 


SHORT-EARED OQwL_ Asio flammeus 


S. One, hunting over rough pasture on coast, nr. Kingston 
Seymour, Nov. 16 (P.J.C.). 


NIGHTJAR Caprimulgus europaeus 


G. Pair, Michael Wood, Tortworth, throughout summer { 
single bird, Waterley Bottom, Wotton-under-Edge, July 22, 23 
(D:B.P.S.). 


452 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


Swirt Apus apus 


S. Two or three with Martins and Swallows, Cheddar res., Apr. 
18, and c. 15 on 26th (M.G.W.). Party of 20 on migration passing 
N.E. over Blagdon res., Apr. 24 (G.S.). Well over 1,000, Chew 
Valley res., May 10 and at least 1,000, Aug. 4 (P.J.C.) ; 200-300, 
same place, Aug. 12, 13 (S.G.M.) and 170 passing over reservoir on 
16th (B.K.). Late records of four, Chew Valley res., Sept. 8 and 
one, Cheddar res. on 20th (M.G.W.). 


KINGFISHER Alcedo atthis 


G. Nest found, R. Frome, Chipping Sodbury, May go (Jnr. 
Sect.). Present on R. Boyd, Wick, throughout year and adult seen 
feeding juvenile in July (D.R.H.). Single birds on R. Trym, Feb. 
18, Apr. 22, 24 (H.W.N.) and R. Frome, Stapleton, various 
occasions during year (C.H., H.G.H.). 


S. Bred successfully on Land Yeo river, Flax Bourton (per J.V.) 
and R. Axe, nr. Wookey Hole (J.A.McG.). Other breeding season 
records from Blagdon, Chew Valley and Litton resrs., Hunstrete 
and Newton Park lakes, and along R. Avon from Keynsham to Bath 
(various observers). One, nr. mouth of R. Yeo, May 3 (J.D.R.V.). 


HooroEe Uhbupa epops 
G. One in field, Lower Wick, nr. Dursley, Apr. 22 ; another in 


school grounds, Alderley, nr. Wotton-under-Edge, May 4 (D.B.- 
PS): 


S. Remains of one found, Cheddar res., Apr. 17 (D.A.W., 
R.F.W.). One shot (by accident !), Nailsea Moor, Nov. 12— 
remains sent to City Museum, Bristol (per J.H.S.). 


LEssER SPOTTED WOODPECKER Dendrocopos minor 


G. Single birds, Yate Rocks, Apr. 13 (J.A.P.) ; Red Wood, nr. 
Purton, Apr. 16, 20 (D.B.P.S.) ; Thornbury, Aug. 2 (T.D.H.M.) ; 
and Little Stoke on 6th (H.H.D.). 


S. Dead adult by roadside, Uphill, Apr. 18 (R.A.), and single 
birds, Saltford, July 21 (B.K.), Aug. 14 (B.K., G.S.) and Sand 
Point, Aug. 10 (T.B.S.). 


SWALLOW  Hirundo rustica 


S. Approx. 200 roosting in reedbed, Clapton Moor, Apr. 23 
‘H.W.N.) but none on 25th (M.A.W. e¢ al.). 


{\ 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 453 


Sanp Martin Riparia riparia 


S. Breeding records : 30-50 pairs in drainage pipes of retaining 
walls, Messrs. Fry’s Chocolate Factory, Keynsham (per P.J.C.) ; 
three pairs in similar sites in railway banks, Bristol—two nr. 
Parson St. Station (R.A., S.M.T.), one nr. Temple Meads Station 
(R.A.) ; 4-6 pairs, Saltford and 4 pairs in bank of R. Avon 1 mile 
up-stream (P.T.S.). 


GOLDEN ORIOLE Oriolus oriolus 

G. Loud musical and far reaching call notes heard by B.K. in 
Blaise Castle Wood, July 5, were considered to be those of a Golden 
Oriole. The bird could not be traced subsequently. 
RAVEN Corvus corax 


G. Pair, Old Decoy Wood, nr. Purton, several dates in Mar. and 
Waterley Bottom, nr. Wotton-under-Edge on 17th (D.B.P.S.). 


S. No evidence of successful breeding, and although 2 or 3 
young in nest, Brean Down, Apr. 25, none seen subsequently 
(R.A., W.L.R., T.B.S. et al.). Pair roosting in Town Quarry, 
Weston-super-Mare, July—Oct., possibly adults from Brean Down 
(R.A.)—cf. Proc. B.N.S., 1957, Pp. 371. 

CARRION CROW Corvus corone 


S. Single birds off Steep Holm, May 4, June 30 (Res. Stn.). 


Rook Corvus frugilegus 

S. Solitary nest on pylon, Uphill, Mar. 21 but destroyed by 
27th (R.A.) ; another in same vicinity, Apr. 29 (W.L.R.). 
JAY Garrulus glandarius 

S. One watched burying object, possibly oak-apple, nr. Cheddar 
res., Dec. 13 (B.K., P.T.)—cf. Brit. Birds, LI, pp. 500-502. 
Buvue Tir Pavus caeruleus 

S. Thirteen trapped, Steep Holm, Mar. 14-19 (Res. Stn.)— 
possibly overwintered, as two had been ringed on Island, Oct. 1957. 
Coau Tir Parus ater 

S. Three, Steep Holm, Mar. 14-19 (Res. Sin.). 


DiprER Cinclus cinclus 


G. Only records—single bird seen on three occasions, Yate, 
end Apr. to mid-May (J.A.P.), and one on weir, R. Boyd, Wick, in 
uly (D.R.HL:). 


454 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


RinGc OuzeL Turdus torquatus | 
S. Seven (5 males, 2 females), Crook Peak, Apr. 8 (R.A.). 


WHEATEAR Oenanthe oenanthe 

S. Pair bred successfully, Wavering Down; adults with one 
young, and second pair present, June 8, which apparently did not 
breed (P.J.M.N.). At least seven of the larger “‘ Northern ’’ form 
on coast, nr. Kingston Seymour, Sept. 14 (P.J.C.) and three, Brean 
Down, Oct. 11 (B.K.). 


Biack RepsTartT Phoenicurus ochruros 

G. One male, Severn Beach, May 4 (G.C.B., S.I.B.). 

S. Single male, Sand Bay, Apr. 13 (R.A.). Single females or 
immatures, Sand Point, Oct. 26 (R.A., T.B.S.), Nov. 14 (J-.A.McG.); 
Uphill, Nov. 9 (R.A.) ; Brean Down, Nov. 29 (T.B.S.) ; and adult 
male, same place, Dec. 7 (2_}-G2 MLA.W-): 


GRASSHOPPER WARBLER Locustella naevia 

S. Seven males located, Walton Moor, mid-May (P.J.C.) and 
three, Wrington Warren (C.G.). Other breeding season records 
from Burrington, Backwell Hill, Claverton, Leigh Woods and 
Brean Down (P.J.M.N., U.S. eé¢ al.). 


REED WARBLER Acrocephalus scirpaceus 


S. Three singing males, Newton Park Lake, June 29 (R.J.L.) 
and two or more, Chew Valley res., July 3 (B.K.,G:S.). 


Goxtporest Regulus regulus 
S. Three, Steep Holm, Oct. 11-14 (Res. Stn.). 


Prep FLycaTcHER Muscicapa hypoleuca 

G. Single male by R. Trym, Sea Mills, Bristol, Apr. 21 (H.W.N.) 
and single females, Wick, Apr. 26, 27 (D.R.H.), Brandon Hill, 
Bristol, May 9 (P.J.M.N.). One, female or immature, Wick Court, 
Sept. 7 (D.R.H.). 

S. A male, Wraxall, Apr. 27 (R.G.H.). 


Rock Pipir Anthus spinoletta petrosus 

S. Breeding population of six pairs, Sand Point and adjoining 
cliffs towards Woodspring (T.B.S.). Inland records, presumably 
of this race : one, with party of nine Water Pipits, Chew Valley res., 
Apr. 3 (B.K.), 4 (P.J.C., G.S., M.A.W.) and another, Dec. 5 
(M.A.W.) ; two, Cheddar res., Nov. 20 (G.S.). 


BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 455 


Water Pipir Anthus spinoletia spinoletta 

S. One, Clevedon, Mar. 16 (B.K., S.R.). Party of six, Chew 
Valley res., Mar. 31 (S.G.M.) and nine at same spot, Apr. 3, 4. with 
smaller numbers (max. of 5) to Apr. 12 (D.M.C., S.E.C., B.K., 
G.S. et al.). Single birds also reported from Sand Point, Apr. 12 
(R.A.) and Chew Valley res., Nov. 29 (B.K.). 


Prep Wactait Motacilla alba yarrellu 


S. Approx. 150-225 roosting in reedbed, Chew Valley res., 
sept. 11. (G.H.H., L.S.). 


Grey WacraiL Motacilla cinerea 


S. Arather unusual record is that of a party of seven, Sand Bay, 
Sept. 7 (1.B.5.). 


YeLtow WactaiL Motacilla flava flavissima 


S. Forty roosting in Spartina, Sand Bay, Sept. 3 (T.B.S.). 
Some 50-75 roosting with Pied Wagtails in reeds, Chew Valley 
mepocpr, it (G.H.H., L.S.). 


Waxwinc Bombycilla garrulus 


G. One seen at close range, Aust, Jan. 14 (H.W.N.). Two in 
garden, Fishponds, Bristol, Feb. 8 (per P.F.B.). 


WoopcHAT SHRIKE Lantus senator 


G. Adult on telephone wires by roadside, nr. Dursley, May 27, 
was identified by M.H.P. who has supplied a detailed plumage 
description. Features noted include the compact, heavy-headed 
appearance ; chestnut crown and nape; black upper parts with 
well-marked white scapulars ; black tail with white outer tail- 
feathers ; very white under-parts ; and the stout, slightly hooked, 
shrike-like bill. First record for the District for over 70 years—cf. 
roc. B.N.S., 194:7, Pp. 237. 


RED-BACKED SHRIKE JLanuius collurio 


S. Pair attempted to breed, nr. Kewstoke, but nest eventually 
deserted (R.A.). Single male, Redcliffe Bay, June 17 (K.B.Y.). 


STARLING Sturnus vulgaris 


S. Large increase noted at Newton St. Loe roost during Feb. 
(R.J.L.)—cf. Proc. B.N.S., 1957, P- 374- 


456 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 


Hawrincy  Coccothraustes coccothraustes 


G. Adult male in garden, Clifton, several occasions, Jan.—Feb., 
and party of five once in Feb. ; single male, same placz, Nov. 10 
(G.A.F.). One, New Grounds, June 8 (A.M.P.J., P.J.O.) and 
another, Coombe Hill, nr. Wotton-under-Edge, Oct. 10 (D.B.P.S.). 

S. Pair seen frequently in garden, nr. Bath, Feb. 2-25 (C.N.V.). 
Single birds, Weston-super-Mare, Apr. 4 (R.A.), 7, 9 (P.F.). 


SISKIN Carduelis spinus 


S. Two, nr. Litton res., Jan. 19 (B.K.) and party of 15, Newton 
Park, Newton St. Loe, on 26th (A.C.G.). Two with other finches, 
Sand Bay, Oct. 26 (R.A.). Approx. 30, Wrington, Nov. 18 
(E.G.H.). 


REDPOLL Carduelis flammea 
S: ‘Three; nr. Litton res.,, Jan. 19) (Bake 


CrossBiLL Loxia curvirostra 


G. Three, Westonbirt Arboretum, Oct. 19 (D.B.P.S.). 
S. Twelve, Faulkland, nr. Norton St. Philip, Oct. 18 (E.G.H.). 


BRAMBLING § Fringilla montifringilla 


S. Two seen in flight over Steep Holm, Oct. 1o—one later settled 
for a short time. First record for the Island (Res. Stn.). 


Corn Buntinac LEmberiza calandra 


G. Eleven heard or seen, Marshfield, June 12 (B.K.). One 
heard, Mangotsfield, Aug. 10, 17—near site where small colony 
located in 1954 (R.H.P.). 


S. One, Yoxter, Mendip, May 26 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). 


Cirt Buntinc Emberiza cirlus 

G. Single male, Penpole, nr. Shirehampton, Bristol, May 11 
(K.B,Y.). 

S. Breeding season records from Cheddar (at least 5 males 
located), around Bleadon and Hutton, Kewstoke, and the Wells 
area (RUA) ID Rav seta): 


Snow Buntinc Plectrophenax nivalis 

G. Party of five, Severn Beach, Jan. 2 (G.H.). One, presum- 
ably a wild bird, in grounds of Woodfield Primary School, nr. 
Dursley, on the unusual date of May 6 (D.B.P.S.). 

S. Single birds, Clevedon, Dec. 2 (W.S., M.W.), and Sand Bay 
on 25th (T.B.S.). 


457 


LEPIDOPTERA NOTES 
Bers TOL DISTRIGT, 1958 


By C. S. H. BLATHWAyYT 


COLD spring was followed by a wet summer with few really 
\ fine days or warm nights. The autumn was perhaps a little 
better so far as weather was concerned. 


The year was a bad one for both Butterflies and Moths. 


The following records are my own, except when otherwise stated. 


Argynnis aglaia Linn. (Dark Green Fritillary). A fine specimen of var. charlotta 
was taken by C. L. Bell in the Mendips in July. 


Lycaena phlaeas Linn. (Small Copper). An unusual variety with dark forewings 
and transparent hindwings was taken by C. L. Bell in the Mendips in June. 


Herse convolvuli Linn. (Convolvulus Hawk). One at light, Weston, September 16. 


Cerura hermelina Goeze (bifida Hubn.) (Poplar Kitten). One at light, Weston, 
June 16. 


Cerura furcula Linn. (Sallow Kitten). One at light, Weston, August 30. 


Pseudoips bicolorana Fuessl. (quercana Schiff) (Scarce Silver-lines). Several at light, 
Weston, in July. 


Apatele leporina Linn. (Miller). One at light, Weston, July 5. 


Agrotis cinerea Hubn. (Light Feathered Rustic). At light, Weston, May 27 and 
June 5. 


Agrotis trux Hubn. (lunigera Steph.) (Crescent Dart). Several at light, Weston, 
July and August. 


Dasypolia templi Thunb. (Brindled Ochre). Three at light, Weston, October 17. 
Hydraecia paludis Tutt (Saltern Ear). Several at light, Weston, in August. 


Laphygma exigua Hubn. (Small Mottled Willow). Two at light, Weston, July 27 
and August 27. 


Cucullia absinthii Linn. (Pale Wormwood Shark). One at light, Weston, July 25. 


Heliothis peltigera Schiff. (Dark Bordered Straw). Eight at light, Weston, May, 
June and September. 


Bomolacha fontis Thunb. (Beautiful Snout). One at light, Weston, June 21. 


Sterrha dilutaria Hubn. (holosericata Dup.) (Silky Wave). Fairly common Durd- 
ham Down, July 5. 


Mysticoptera sexalisata Hubn. (sexalata Retz.) (Small Seraphim). One at light, 
Weston, June 29. 


Rhodometra sacraria Linn. (Vestal.). One at dusk, Weston, September 14. 


458 a. Ss. H. BLATHWAYT 
Plemyria bicolorata Hufn. (Blue-bordered Carpet). One at light, Weston, July 7. 


Eupithecia distinctaria H.S. (constrictata Guen) (Thyme Pug.). One at light, 
Weston, July 7. | 

Selenia lunaria Schiff. (Lunar Thorn). One at light, Weston, June 8. 

Cleora ribeata Clerck (abietaria Hubn.) (Satin Beauty). One at light, Weston, 
July 19. 


Margaronia unionalis Hubn. (Scarce Olive-tree Pearl). Four at light, Weston, 
August, September and October. 


459 


SeeeeDT ES. ON THE BIOLOGY 
Ore LrHE BRISTOL CHANNEL 
UDG 


NOTES ON THE INTERTIDAL FAUNA OF SOME SANDY AND Muppy 
BEACHES IN THE BristoOL CHANNEL AND SEVERN ESTUARY 


By E. C. HaApDERLIE AND R. B. CLARK 


N the course of an investigation of the intertidal fauna of sandy 

beaches around the coast of south-western Britain during the 
autumn of 1958 we have had occasion to examine a number of 
beaches in the Bristol Channel area. The fauna of some of them has 
already been described in this series by previous investigators and 
we take this opportunity to supplement their observations and to 
comment on the present status of some members of the fauna. 
Attention has been directed primarily towards the occurrence and 
distribution of the polychaete family Nephtyidae and other animals 
in the sand have been noted only incidentally. Our observations on 
the beaches are therefore far from exhaustive. A full report of the 
investigation will be published elsewhere, but we include here 
observations of local interest. We are particularly indebted to Mr. 
R. Bassindale for his advice and assistance in many ways. 

The beaches are taken in succession round the coasts under the 
names by which they are located on the map, Fig. 1. 


‘THE Mumstes. ‘There is a shingle bank at H.W.M. ; the rest of the 
beach is composed of fairly coarse sand lying over clay. ‘The beach 
derives some protection from south-westerly storms but is still 
relatively exposed and the substratum contains little silt or fine 
sand. The salinity of the sea, measured at low water, was 26.3%). 
Nephtys cirrosa common in the lower half of the beach. 


SWANSEA. Low sand dunes at H.W.M., the rest of the beach 
composed of coarse sand. Salinity 26.4%,. A small collection of 
Nephtys from this beach was kindly sent to us by Prof. E. W. 
Knight-Jones of University College, Swansea and we have since 
visited the beach and made additional collections. Both Nephtys 
cirrosa and WN. hombergi occur in approximately equal numbers. 
This is very unusual and no other beach in the Bristol Channel 


460 E. C. HADERLIE AND R. B. CLARK 


- super-Mare 


Cw 


S Port Talbor 


FicurE 1.—Map of the Severn estuary and Bristol Channel showing the stations 
at which collections have been made, the three zones into which this area may be 
divided, and intertidal sand and mud-banks (stippled). 


STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL XIX 461 


has been found to contain both species. The only other beach on 
the coasts of South Wales and South-West England to contain 
both species in more or less equal proportions that we have 
discovered is at Torquay. ‘The two species have the same inter- 
tidal distribution and both are distributed over the lower half of 
the beaches. 


Port Tausot. Clean sandy beach exposed to heavy surf. ‘The 
substratum is composed of coarse sand including numerous 
fragments of shell. Salinity 30.8%,.  Nephtys cirrosa is fairly 
common around and below M.T.L. A single specimen of 
Nephtys longosetosa was found above M.T.L. This is an arctic, 
circumpolar species and is only rarely found on the western and 
southern coasts of Britain. ‘Iwo specimens of the amphipod 
Haustarius arenarius were found near H.W.M. 


PorTHCAWL. ‘There is a shingle bank at H.W.M., the rest of the 
beach is composed of clean sand with some pebbles and numerous 
shell fragments. As at Port Talbot, the beach is exposed to heavy 
surf. Salinity 29.8%. Nephtys cirrosa is fairly common around 
M.T.L. ‘Three specimens of the spionid polychaete WNerine 
cirratulus were also found at M.T.L. 


Luantwit Major. ‘The beach and its fauna were previously 
described by Purchon (1957). ‘There is a shingle bank at 
H.W.M., the rest of the beach is rocky except for a strip of sand 
running across the beach to L.W.M. Salinity 30.0%. Purchon 
recorded WNephtys caeca from this beach, but after an extended 
search we found only a few WN. czrrosa in a few scattered areas at 
M.T.L. Nephtys caeca, like N. longosetosa, is an arctic species and 
has been recorded only occasionally and in small numbers around 
the south-western coast of Britain. It is most unlikely that a 
permanent colony exists in the Bristol Channel. 


Limpert Bay. ‘There is a shingle bank at H.W.M., the rest of the 
beach consists of boulders with areas of sand between them, 
becoming muddy towards L.W.M. Salinity 27.2%. Nephtys 
cirrosa occurs in small numbers in the patches of sand at M.T.L. 
Single specimens of Phyllodoce mucosa and the ariciid polychaete 
Scoloplos armiger were collected with the Nephtys. 


SULLY IsLAND. ‘The beach and fauna were previously described by 
Purchon (1948). We have examined only the east side of the 
causeway where the substratum consists of pebble and gravel 
with some patches of sand. Particularly towards L.W.M. there 
is a deposit of mud over the sand. Purchon records Nephtys 


462 E. C. HADERLIE AND R. B. CLARK 


cirrosa from this area, but we failed to find any. The substratum 
contains more silt than is usual on beaches in which WN. cirrosa 
occurs, but Sully Island represents the limit of its penetration into 
the estuary and so the species may be expected to fluctuate, being 
present in some years but absent in others. 


PETERSTONE WENTLOOGE. ‘The estuarine mud flats have been 
described in detail by Rees (1940) who also has an account of the 
macro- and microfauna, and Purchon (1948) gives some additional 
information about the fauna. Rees found Nephtys sp., this was 
undoubtedly WV. hombergi, but neither Purchon nor we have found 
any in later examinations of the beach. Both Rees’ and our own 
analysis of the substratum show that it is composed exclusively of 
silt and fine sand and that no particles in it are greater than 0.125 
mm. in size. ‘This is a finer substratum than WV. hombergi usually 
inhabits and we suspect that the previous record of Nephtys from 
this beach refers to sporadic and temporary inhabitants. Nereis 
diversicolor, Macoma balthica and Hydrobia ulvae are the dominant 
members of the fauna, as Rees and Purchon previously noted. 


PORTSKEWETT. Beach described by Purchon (1957). The greater 
part of the beach is composed of stiff mud with a few large 
boulders embedded in it. Nereis diversicolor is abundant in the 
mud. No WNephtys were found. 


Aust. Estuarine mud flats lie at the foot of Aust cliff and some rock 
and debris from the cliff occupy the upper half of the beach. The 
mud is thick and densely populated by Nereis diversicolor. 


SUGARHOLE SANDS. There is a shingle bank at H.W.M. Estuarine 
mud flats extend to L.W.M. and are populated by Werets diversicolor. 


Roya Beacu, PortisHEAD. The upper part of the beach consists 
of boulders and loose rocks lying at the foot of a low cliff, with 
pebble and shingle between them. The lower part of the beach 
is composed of clean sand 6-8 ins. deep lying over clay. There is 
a considerable deposition of silt over the upper half of the beach 
where it collects in pockets between the rocks, especially towards 
Battery Point at the west end of the beach. On Battery Point 
itself mud fills the gullies between the rocks. The fauna was 
described by Purchon (1937), who described Nephtys hombergi as 
being numerous in the mud. ‘This is evidently an error of 
transcription for Nereis diversicolor, which we found to be abundant 
in this environment. The mud is too fine and soft to be colonised 
by Nephtys and the only specimens we found were in the sandy 
strip at L.W.M. 


STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL XIX 463 


KILKENNY Bay, PorTISHEAD. There is a shingle bank at H.W.M. 
and. below this the upper half of the beach is composed of thick, 
sticky, estuarine mud dissected by drainage runnels. The lower 
half of the beach consists of a layer of sand from # to 2 ins. thick, 
over soft mud. At. L.W.M. there is a strip of harder substratum 
composed of alternating layers of compacted sand and mud. A 
small number of Nephtys hombergi was collected in the lower half 
of the beach. They are to be found chiefly in the superficial sandy 
layer and quite often lie at the interface between the sand and mud, 
though a few penetrate into the soft mud beneath. A few of these 
worms were also discovered in the compacted sand and mud at 
L.W.M. Nereis diversicolor is common in the upper half of the 
beach, but the mud in the lower half appears to be too fluid for 
them to construct their burrows and galleries in it and only a few 
are to be found there. They are very common under the loose 
stones which lie on the mud at the side of the beach near Battery 
Point. The amphipod Corophium volutator occurs in moderate 
numbers, chiefly in the upper half of the beach. Macoma balthica 
is relatively common in the softer mud. 


CLEVEDON. A series of rocky reefs run across the beach from 
H.W.M. to L.W.M. Between them there are deposits of slimy 
mud. ‘There is some gravelly sand below the sea wall at H.W.M. 
The fauna at Clevedon is an impoverished one (Bassindale 1943) 
and consists mainly of gastropods living on the rocks. We found 
no animals in either the mud or the gravel. 


WESTON-SUPER-Mare. ‘The upper half of the beach is composed of 
fairly clean sand, but lower down an increasingly thick layer of 
mud. covers the sand, replacing it at L-.W.M. Nephtys hombergi is 
common at the lower tidal level occupied by Arenicola, but does not 
extend far into the muddier part of the beach. Macoma balthica is 
widely distributed and although reported to be abundant by 
Bassindale (1940) empty shells were more numerous than living 
animals on 29th October 1958. A few Corophium volutator occur. 


BREAN. ‘The beach is sandy for about 400 yards from H.W.M., 
beyond this it becomes muddy. There is a shingle bank at 
H.W.M. The following animals are common in the sandy strip 
and show a distinct zonation at different tidal levels. Bathy- 
poreia pilosa, reaching a maximum density of 5,000 per square 
metre, at the top of the beach. Avenicola marina forming a well- 
defined belt with a maximum density of 40 per square metre 
about 200 yards from H.W.M., Nephtys hombergi with a maximum 
density of 84 per square yard overlaps the Arenicola zone, but the 


E 


464 E. C. HADERLIE AND R. B. CLARK 


worms are also found in the muddier sand about 400 yards from 
H.W.M. Macoma balthica is abundant (max. density about 250 
per square metre) and is widely distributed over the beach. A 
few Corophium volutata, two Nereis diversicolor, and some unidenti- 
fied nemerteans have also been found there. 


STEART. Salinity 25.1%. The entire area of Steart Flats is densely 

- populated by Nereis diversicolor, the total population of which must 
be incredibly large. At Steart there is a 400 yard zone of Spartina 
at H.W.M. and small patches of sand lying over black mud 
between this and the mud flats. NV. diversicolor occurs also in the 
sand. 


STOLFORD. Salinity 25.1%. There is a shingle bank at H.W.M. 
and, as at Steart, isolated patches of sand between the shingle 
and the mud flats. These contain a small number of Arenicola 
marina and. some Nephtys hombergi. \Nephtys does not occur on the 
mud flats. 


BiuE AncHorR. ‘The beach is composed of coarse sand at H.W.M. 
grading into clean sand at L.W.M. and a layer of mud is deposited 
on the sand. Salinity 29.4%,. Arenicola marina is common in the 
upper half of the beach, WV. cirrosa common at about M.T.L. A 
few Nerine cirratulus were also found. No Nephiys hombergi were 
found, though Bassindale (1940) records a single specimen. 


MINEHEAD. Tongues of shingle run out across the beach, but there 
are two or three extensive areas of sand between them. ‘Towards 
L.W.M. a thin layer of silt is deposited on the sand. Salinity 
28.4%. Nephtys cirrosa very common in association with Arenicola 
marina below M.T.L. 


SILLERY SANDS, LynMouTH Bay. Most of the beach is rocky, but 
a narrow, clean sandy beach is exposed at low water. Salinity 
33.6%. No animals were found in the sand. 


LynmoutH. Most of the beach is composed of rock and shingle, 
but below M.T.L. strips of coarse sand occur, mostly overlying 
rock. Salinity 30.6%. No animals were found in the sand. 


Compe Martin. A small area of sand is exposed at low water, 
otherwise the beach is rocky. Salinity 21.9%. A small number 
of Arenicola marina occur in one or two areas. ‘The most numerous 
polychaete in the sand is Scolelepis fuliginosa. A small number of 
Nephtys cirrosa occur in association with Scolelepis. 


STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL XIX 465 


ILFRACOMBE. The beach consists of reefs running out to L.W.M., 
with strips of coarse gravelly sand between them. Salinity 
35.0%. No animals were found in the sand. 


DISCUSSION 


The lower reaches of estuaries are characterised by a widely 
fluctuating salinity and for this reason we have not quoted salinities. 
measured at stations upstream from Weston, where salinity fluctua- 
tions are slight (Bassindale 1943), nor above Sully Island. This is 
not to say that estuarine conditions do not prevail below Weston, 
for there is an extensive deposition of the silt that is carried down by 
the river as far as Stolford and to a diminishing extent even to 
Minehead. ‘The continual deposition of silt and widely varying 
salinities render estuaries extremely difficult environments for 
animals to colonise, and the fauna is correspondingly impoverished, 
though those animals that can survive in them have little competition 
and usually occur in enormous numbers. 

In the present investigation we have found WNephtys cirrosa to live 
only in marine beaches and it penetrates into the Bristol Channel 
only as far as Blue Anchor on the Somerset coast and Limpert Bay 
on the Welsh side. Nephtys hombergi on the other hand commonly 
occurs in the lower reaches of estuaries and has been found in this 
situation in the estuaries of the ‘Tamar (Percival 1929, Spooner &. 
Moore 1940), Exe (Allen & Todd 1902, Holme 1949), Salcombe 
(Allen & Todd 1900), and Mersey (Bassindale 1938) as well as the 
Severn estuary. It occurs between Portishead and Stolford and 
exceptionally to Blue Anchor, but Stolford probably represents the 
seaward limit of its intertidal range. Apart from an isolated record 
which presumably refers to this species, at Peterstone Wentlooge, 
it does not occur on the Welsh side of the estuary (Swansea, where 
a population of NW. hombergi does exist, is so far removed from any 
influence of the Severn estuary that it can be ignored in this 
discussion). On the Welsh coast there is a sudden change from 
estuarine conditions such as occur above Avonmouth on the 
Somerset shore, to purely marine conditions and the change takes 
place a little west of Sully Island. 

Why there should be such a transition zone between estuarine 
and marine conditions on the Somerset coast but not on the Welsh 
coast can be understood from a consideration of the pattern of 
salinity fluctuations, the nature of the substratum, and the con- 
figuration of the Channel and estuary. 

The tidal and seasonal fluctuations in salinity at Aust is con- 
siderable and the salinity may fall to zero at low tide in late winter. 


466 E. C. HADERLIE AND R. B. CLARK 


At Weston, the tidal fluctuation is about 6%. The change in the 
pattern of salinity variation is probably fairly abrupt and is likely 
to occur at about Portishead or Avonmouth where the river channel 
narrows suddenly (Bassindale 1943a) and it is noteworthy that there 
is an abrupt impoverishment of the fauna upstream from Portis- 
head. Nephtys hombergi is one of the species that cannot withstand 
the harsh salinity conditions that exist above Portishead. It is also 
excluded from very muddy beaches, so that it does not occur at 
Clevedon or on the Steart Flats because there is no suitable sub- 
stratum, even though the salinity variations are tolerable at these 
places. Nephtys cirrosa on the other hand cannot withstand a salinity 
of less than about 26%, and does not occur in sand that contains 
more than about 2% of silt. It is found from Ilfracombe to Blue 
Anchor where these conditions are satisfied. 

Unfortunately we do not possess a comparable body of informa- 
tion about salinity fluctuations on the Welsh coast. But the 
salinity fluctuations in Cardiff roads are comparable to those at 
Weston (Rees 1939) and there is not likely to be a great difference 
between the Welsh and English shores of the Channel in this 
respect. The chief difference between the two coast lines is in the 
degree of exposure. ‘The Welsh coast, from Swansea Bay to 
Limpert Bay and probably to Sully Island is exposed to south- 
westerly storms, and there is no deposition of silt on these beaches 
which have relatively coarse substratum and are inhabited by 
Nephtys cirrosa. Upstream from Sully Island, the northern coast is 
protected and suffers a heavy deposition of silt, so much so that NV. 
hombergi is excluded from the stretch of the estuary it would normally 
occupy. 

So heavy and continuous is the deposition of silt in estuaries that 
rocky shores are exceptional in them and animals that can live only 
on a solid substratum are unreliable indicators of different zones in 
the lower reaches of an estuary. ‘Their absence may be dictated by 
low or fluctuating salinity or by the quantity of silt in the water, but 
is more often due to the simple lack of rocks, as Purchon (1948) 
remarked. Sand and mud banks, on the other hand, are always to 
be found in estuaries and at the mouths of rivers, and a number of 
animals living in them occur with sufficient regularity to serve as 
useful indicators of estuarine conditions. Only the commonest 
animals need be considered because other species may be rare, not 
because of the peculiar conditions in the estuary, but because the 
area is outside their normal geographical range. Although Wephiys 
caeca and WN. longosetosa are normally found in marine habitats, no 
significance can be attached to specimens of these species having 


STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL XIX 467 


been found at Llantwit Major and Port Talbot because the entire 
south and west of the British Isles is unsuitable for these arctic 
worms. 


Bearing these facts in mind, we can now recognise three distinct 
zones in the estuary and Channel. 


1. Marine zone, where the salinity may be slightly reduced but 
does not fluctuate appreciably and where the deposition of 
silt is slight. ‘The beaches are of clean sand (or of coarser 
substratum, or rock) and are inhabited by species such as 
Nerine cirratulus and Nephtys cirrosa. In the Bristol Channel 
this zone extends as far as Sully Island and Blue Anchor. 


2. ‘Transition zone, where the salinity is reduced and is subject 
to moderate seasonal fluctuation but slight tidal fluctuation. 
The deposition of silt may be heavy in sheltered places (e.g. 
Steart Flats) but beaches are generally composed of muddy 
sand, or sand at H.W.M. and M.T.L., grading into mud at 
L.W.M. Nephiys hombergi is a characteristic inhabitant of the 
muddy sand, Nereis diversicolor is numerous only where the 
deposition of silt is considerable. On the Somerset coast, 
this zone extends from Blue Anchor to Portishead. There is 
no comparable zone on the Welsh coast. 


3. Estuarine zone, where tidal and seasonal fluctuations in 
salinity are great and silt is deposited. There are no sandy 
beaches. The mud flats are densely populated by WNerevs 
diversicolor. ‘This zone extends upstream from Sully Island 
and Portishead. 


Some species are not reliable indicators of estuarine conditions 
although they may occur in appreciable numbers. Arenicola marina, 
for example, can withstand a considerable reduction in salinity and 
occurs in the Baltic and in most estuaries. However it also occurs 
on marine beaches and its distribution in estuaries seems to be 
dictated by the nature of the substratum. 


REFERENCES 


Allen, E. J. & Todd, R. A. 1900. The fauna of the Salcombe 
estuary. 7. mar. biol. Assoc., U.K., 6, 151-217. 


Allen, E. J. & Todd, R. A. 1902. The fauna of the Exe estuary. 
J. mar. biol. Assoc., U.K., 6, 295-335. 


468 E. C. HADERLIE AND R. B. CLARK 


Bassindale, R. 1938. ‘The intertidal fauna of the Mersey estuary. 
JF. mar. biol. Assoc., U.K., 23, 83-08. 


Bassindale, R. 1940. Studies on the biology of the Bristol Channel. 
IV. ‘The invertebrate fauna of the southern shores of the 
Bristol Channel and Severn estuary. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 


(4), 9, 143-201. 


Bassindale, R. 1943. Studies on the biology of the Bristol Channel. 
XI. The physical environment and intertidal fauna of the 
southern shores of the Bristol Channel and Severn estuary. 


fj. Ecol., 31, 1-29. 


Bassindale, R. 1943a. A comparison of the varying salinity con- 
ditions of the Tees and Severn estuaries. 7. anim. Ecol., 12, 
I-10. 


Holme, N. A. 1949. The fauna of sand and mud banks near the 
mouth of the Exe estuary. 7. mar. biol. Assoc., U.K., 28, 189- 


237. 


Percival, E. 1929. A report on the fauna of the estuaries of the 
river Tamar and the river Lynher. 7. mar. biol. Assoc., U.K., 
16, 81-108. 


Purchon, R. D. 1937. Studies on the biology of the Bristol Channel. 
II. An ecological study of the beach and the dock at Portis- 
head. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., (4), 8, 311-329. 


Purchon, R. D. 1948. Studies on the biology of the Bristol Channel. 
XVII. The littoral and sublittoral fauna of the northern 
shores, near Cardiff. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 27, 285-310. 


Purchon, R. D. 1957. Studies on the biology of the Bristol Channel. 
XVIII. The marine fauna at five stations on the northern 
shores of the Bristol Channel and Severn estuary. Proc. 
Bristol Nat. Soc., 29, 213-226. 


Rees, C. B. 1939. The plankton in the upper reaches of the Bristol 
Channel. 7. mar. biol. Assoc., U.R., 23, 397-425. 


Rees, C. B. 1940. A preliminary study of the ecology of a mud flat. 
F. mar. biol. Assoc., U. K., 24, 185-199. 


Spooner, G. M. & Moore, H. B. 1940. The ecology of the Tamar 
estuary. VI. An account of the macrofauna of intertidal 
muds. 7. mar. biol. Assoc., U.K., 24, 283-330. 


469 


mo PLANT, ECOLOGY 
Siew HE GORDANO VALLEY 


By A. J. Wituis AND R. L. JEFFERIES 
INTRODUCTION 


HE Gordano Valley, North Somerset, is a low-lying tract of 

land extending north-eastwards from Clevedon to the Severn 
estuary and the mouth of the River Avon. ‘The valley, in some 
respects similar to the extensive flats of the Somerset Levels to the 
south-west, is separated from this low ground by a hill ridge east of 
Clevedon. 

Much of the area carries fen vegetation and has long been known 
to support several plants of particular interest ; records of occurrence 
have from time to time been given in these PRocEEDINGs. The two 
British species of Cyperus, C. fuscus and C’. longus, both rare in this 
country, have been reported for the valley, but the latter became 
extinct about 1896 (White, 1912). Also almost certainly extinct, 
probably as a result of ditch-clearing and obliteration of its site by 
the dumping of rubbish, is the great fen sedge, Cladium mariscus, a 
plant characteristic of base-rich water, and once extending for about 
100 yards on the south side of Walton Moor (White, 1920). 

The ecological survey reported here resulted from a study of 
the vegetation of the valley from 1954 to 1958, and an attempt is 
made to describe the chief plant communities in relation to the 
major environmental factors operating. In particular, edaphic and 
climatic conditions have been investigated, since water levels, the 
mineral content of the water and the nature of the soils in the valley 
are all features likely to have considerable influences on the vegeta- 
tion. 

Attention is largely devoted to the part of the valley lying west of 
Clapton Lane ; nearly all the semi-natural vegetation of the valley 
is in this area. 


TOPOGRAPHY OF THE VALLEY 


The Gordano valley is more or less wedge-shaped, and is about 
5 miles long and approximately 1 mile wide over much of its length 
(Figs. 1 and 2). It is bounded by broken hill ridges which converge 
at East Clevedon where there is a narrow gap (just below 50 ft. 
O.D.) through which the road runs. The ridge bordering the south 


A. J. WILLIS AND R. L. JEFFERIES 


470 


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UOTYZIIB9A JY} YOIYM JOF Says oY 9voIpuT J-Vy si9}0, oY, (*E “Bry 9as) apeur o19M syUaUIOANSvOUE Hd 
pue [ado] Jo}e@M 194M suortsod are “@ Aq uMOYs ‘AJ-] SAG “MOP Jo UONIIIp Suynvorpur smosie 
‘souly Yoru} Aq sjouuvyo oseureip pur ‘soul ajqnop Aq uMoys a1" speoy *G’CO ‘4.91 pur LI ‘gi ‘oz IOF 
Ajoyeunrxoidde osje puv ‘(sdeut -s°G wosyz) 37 OS pue OOI 10; soul, UsyoIq Aq uaATS oe sIn0}U0D 
dav ouvpsoy ayy fo dygvasogoy, ‘1 “DIg 


-=— 


oppio9 
2 — Th -0482M4, 


THE PLANT ECOLOGY OF THE GORDANO VALLEY 471 


side of the valley rises steadily in an easterly direction from approxi- 
mately 300 ft. to 400 ft. O.D. Its north-facing concave slope is 
steep, especially at the west end of the valley. The north ridge, 
however, is lower, and breaks in its continuity occur at Walton-in- 
Gordano and at Weston-in-Gordano. 

One of the most striking features of the topography of the valley 
is the small change in level from Walton Moor to Portishead. Much 
of the ground lies just below 20 ft. O.D. and, as shown in Fig. 1, the 
gradient is very slight. The contours given in Fig. 1 are derived 
largely from a recent survey made by means of a 6-inch levelling 
telescope and staff, and related to Ordnance Survey bench-marks. 
Distances were determined optically by the use of a telescope 
graticule. The contours for 100 and 50 ft. are taken from the 
Ordnance Survey 6-inch to 1 mile maps, Somerset Sheets I S.E., 
II S.W., IV N.W. & N.E. and V N.W. The land slopes down from 
the head of the valley to just under 16 ft. O.D. in the lowest parts of 
Weston Moor ; in this west end of the valley the top soil is of peat. 
To the east of Weston Drove the land rises two to three feet and here 
the peat is overlain by a layer of blue-grey clay of marine origin. 


GEOLOGY 


The geology of the valley is complex ; the chief features are shown 
in Fig. 2. Palaeozoic rocks, dipping away from the sea, form the 
ridges bounding the valley, the north ridge being composed of Old 
Red Sandstone overlain by Carboniferous Limestone, whereas the 
Clevedon-Bristol ridge to the south consists almost entirely of 
Carboniferous Limestone. ‘The Devonian rocks, however, do not 
appear on the surface except at a few places, for example near 
Portishead. Dolomitic Conglomerate is banked up against these 
ridges and is overlain on both sides of the valley by Red Keuper 
Marl. Coal Measures, probably of the Pennant series, extend along 
the north-facing slope of the south ridge, and were once worked at 
Clapton-in-Gordano, giving coal of high sulphur content. 

Quaternary deposits are well represented in the valley. Greenly 
(1922) and Palmer (1934) recognise aeolian sands in the East 
Clevedon gap which they consider to have been deposited there 
during a cold phase, but the authors have opposing views as to the 
source of this material. On the north slope at Weston-in-Gordano, 
marine Pleistocene deposits are present although no exposures are 
now visible. The deposits have recently been described by Ap- 
Simon and Donovan (1956), who tentatively correlate them with 
the “ Main Monastirian ’’ phase of the last Interglacial. Limnic 
muds occur below the peat of Weston and Walton Moors and are 


A. J. WILLIS AND R. L. JEFFERIES 


472 


OAV 
HLNONNOAV 


a 


SL4 
* CVEHSILUOd 


ay 
mea 


sae Se 


| | z 


aK 


“Vad 


Ye 


(AVIO) WOIANTTY 


TUVA Yada day 


SduNsvan TVOO 


GNOLSANIT SNOMAZINOGUVO 


Azengsq uteaes 


Geology of ihe Gordano Valley 


yjthe chief geological features are shown in this simplified map. 


Fic. 2. 


Onl 


THE PLANT ECOLOGY OF THE GORDANO VALLEY 473 


probably Late-glacial in age, although the main peat-building 
phase in the valley did not begin until the Atlantic period of the 
Post-glacial sequence. ‘The clay to the east of Weston Drove was 
deposited during the Romano-British marine transgression. Allu- 
vium of this nature has been recognised in coastal areas of the 
Somerset Levels, including Kenn Moor, and in many other coastal 
regions of Britain (Godwin, 1943). 


DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF THE VALLEY 


A number of small streams and springs flow into the valley from 
the surrounding hill ridges. Walton Brook (Fig. 1) carries some of 
the drainage water from the northern ridge. In the floor of the 
valley there is a complex network of rhines, mainly dug at the 
beginning of the nineteenth century (Wigan), but at the west end 
three main drainage channels are evident, one on each side of the 
valley and one in the centre. Further east these large rhines 
converge and enter a single main channel which flows into Portis- 
head Dock. Provision for deepening and straightening this channel 
was made in the Weston Drainage Act of 1815, and now the outlet 
is controlled by sluice gates. Prior to 1815 extensive flooding of the 
valley sometimes occurred ; there is a record of water from the 
Severn being allowed in at the old tide mill near Portishead (Wigan). 

Many of the ditches in the central area of the valley are now 
blocked with vegetation and consequently the drainage is impeded. 
Indeed as there is little change in the level of the valley the drainage 
tends to be sluggish even under normal conditions, and unless the 
ditches are kept cleared they quickly become choked and fail to 
function. In several of the rhines the direction of flow is towards the 
head of the valley for some distance before junction with a larger 
channel flowing seaward is made. Between Clapton Lane and 
Walton Drove, a distance of nearly 3 miles, the drop in water level 
in the main drainage channels averages only about 2 ft. 6 inches. 

The distribution of the vegetation of the valley is strongly 
influenced by the drainage pattern of the area. In view of their 
importance, water levels were measured at selected sites over a 
period of about a year, and readings of rainfall were also taken. 


RAINFALL 


A simple rain gauge consisting of a funnel (4 inches diam.) and 
receiving vessel was fixed in an open site in a field (17 ft. O.D.) 
adjoining Walton Drove (Fig. 1). Readings of precipitation were 
taken weekly from October 1956 to May 1958 ; some of these values 
are plotted in Fig. 3. Comparison of the readings with those for 


474 A. J. WILLIS AND R. L. JEFFERIES 


Long Ashton Research Station (162 ft. O.D.), near Bristol, and for 
Clarence Park (28 ft. O.D.), Weston-super-Mare, showed that there 
was a general agreement in the rainfall figures for all these sites. 
The differences are largely attributable to differences in topography 
and altitude ; it is of note that some of the biggest variations 
occurred during the summer months when thunderstorms were 
prevalent. Over the period for which a comparison can be made 
(October 29th, 1956—May 25th, 1958) the total rainfall recorded at 
Long Ashton was 53.1 inches, at Weston-super-Mare was 44.2 
inches and for the Gordano valley was 47.9 inches. The amount of 
rainfall recorded for the Gordano valley is clearly intermediate 
between that for Weston-super-Mare and for Long Ashton, as 
might be expected from its position between these two stations and 
the general distribution of rainfall in N. Somerset (Hannell, 1955). 


WATER LEVELS IN THE VALLEY 


Records of water level at various chosen points in drainage 
ditches and in holes dug in the peat were made periodically 
throughout the year. The water level was measured at each site by 
reference to a fixed marker at a known height. At many of the 
sites the water-table was at its highest in February 1957, after heavy 
rainfall in December and January, and at its lowest in June 1957 
after little rain in April and May. 

There is a clear relation between rainfall and water level both in 
the drainage channels and in the peat, a fall in rainfall being fairly 
quickly followed by a corresponding fall in water level (Fig. 3). 
In the rhines the range between the maximum and minimum levels 
is fairly small, a reflection of the smallness of the catchment area (c. 
6 sq. miles from the head of the valley to Clapton Lane) which the 
drainage system serves. In the main drainage channel, where there 
is greatest down-cutting of the floor, the range is widest, and the 
rise in level after rainfall is shown most quickly. These quicker and 
greater changes in level reflect the larger size of the catchment area 
served by the main channel ; in addition, drainage from the clay 
surface at the east end of the valley is quicker than drainage through 
the peat at the west end, the slow percolation of the water here 
leading to delayed maxima. 

The variation of water level in the peat is, however, larger than 
that in the drainage channels, the greatest differences being noted 
in a site in Salix carr, far from large rhines (Fig. 3, Site I). This site 
was flooded during the winter, whereas during the summer the water 
table was nearly a yard below the surface. Drainage into and out 
of this area is slow and the low level of the water-table in summer 


THE PLANT ECOLOGY OF THE GORDANO VALLEY 475 
SITE 1 SITE 


Sine Il SITE TV 


fall (inches) 


<— Rain 


& 
Nn 


Felt) 
ys 
« 


N. 'D. 


SOE M ATM I. dy A. Ae 
Fic. 3. The relationship between rainfall, water level and pH. 


Data are presented for Nov. 1956—Oct. 1957, weekly amounts of rainfall 
being shown in histogram form at the bottom of the figure. Ground level is 


indicated by —-—--: , pH _by O- -O and water level by @ @. The positions of 
the four sites are given in Fig. 1. Site I is in Salix carr, Site II in a large rhine 
east of Weston Drove, and Sites III and IV in one of the central enclosures of the 
valley. The high level of water in the rhine (Site II) in February after a period 
of heavy rainfall is shown. In winter the water table in the peat (Sites I, III and 
IV) was at or near the surface but fell to a low level in June after low rainfall in 
April—June. Variations in pH are greatest where flooding occurs (Site I). 


476 A. J. WILLIS AND R. L. JEFFERIES 


seems largely a result of the transpiration losses from the trees and 
bushes (chiefly Salix atrocinerea) during a period of low rainfall. 

The valley has not been extensively flooded for a number of 
years, although in many of the peaty areas the water table during 
the winter is only a few inches below the surface (Fig. 3, Sites III 
and IV). ‘The two ditches bordering the valley are capable of 
taking a considerable amount of the hill drainage water, and flooding 
of the central parts of the valley rarely, if ever, occurs. 


VARIATION OF pH 


In view of the important influence of the hydrogen-ion concen- 
tration of the drainage water and of the soil water on the vegetation, 
measurements of pH were made periodically. Samples of water 
were taken from many of the drainage ditches, and, in selected sites, 
samples of peat were collected from just below the surface. The 
peat samples were extracted with an equal volume of distilled water, 
and pH measurements were made at a glass electrode. 

The drainage water in nearly all of the rhines is about neutral. 
The water of Walton Brook, draining from the Carboniferous 
Limestone ridge above Walton-in-Gordano, was consistently 
alkaline in reaction, varying from pH 7.4 to 8.3 at different times of 
the year. Measurements from many of the rhines in the floor of the 
valley ranged from pH 6.5 to 7.3. Only one stream carrying water 
which was consistently somewhat acidic (pH 5.7 to 6.9) is known to 
enter the valley. ‘This stream lies to the west of Clapton-in- 
Gordano and flows from the Coal Measure rocks. 

The water held in the surface layers of the peat varies in pH from 
about 4.5 to 7.2. At most of the sites studied, variation in pH at the 
same site at different times of the year is fairly small (+ 0.5 pH 
unit), but there are large variations from site to site. In the central 
parts of the valley, far from drainage channels, and not subject to 
flooding, the pH values often lie between 4.5 and 5.0 throughout 
the year (Fig. 3, Site IIT). However, at the extreme west end of the 
valley, and near the sides, the soil water is neutral or even slightly 
alkaline in reaction. Even in the central area, the water held by the 
peat immediately adjoining the drainage ditches is about neutral, 
but there is a fairly marked uniform pH gradient away from the 
ditches, conditions becoming more and more acidic the further from 
the drainage channels. At the sites fairly near the rhines the largest 
pH variations are found (Fig. 3, Sites I and IV), since the soil water 
tends to become acidic in summer, but in winter, being near the 
ditches, the sites may be flooded with calcareous water draining 
from the surrounding hills. Base-rich drainage water is, however, 


THE PLANT ECOLOGY OF THE GORDANO VALLEY 477 


largely confined to the rhines, extensive flooding being rare, as 
indicated above ; moreover, the acidic peat in the centre of the 
moor is fairly well buffered, and penetration of small quantities 
of calcareous water does not lead to a large change in pH. However, 
although the pH in the surface layers of the peat away from ditches 
may be about 4.5, conditions are less acid in the deeper layers. In 
one such site samples at the surface gave a pH of 4.8, and at a 
depth of 1 metre of 6.5, there being a gradual change down the 
profile. 


MINERAL CONTENT OF THE DRAINAGE WATER 
AND PEAT | 


As much of the water entering the valley is derived from rainfall 
on the surrounding hill ridges which are composed mainly of 
Carboniferous Limestone, the water is likely to be fairly calcareous. 
An attempt was made to gain rough estimates of the content of 
calcium and other minerals in the water of the rhines, since the base 
status of the water has important influences on the vegetation 
(Tansley, 1949 ; Pearsall, 1950). Estimates of the levels of calcium, 
magnesium, potassium and iron in the water were made, by the 
methods described by Morgan (1941), at various sites. 

In all the drainage ditches the water was found to have a moder- 
ately high calcium content, usually between 0.01—0.005N (10-5 m. 
eq. /l.). Figures for magnesium were 0.001—0.0005N (I-0.5 m. 
eq. /l.), for iron were 0.0003N (0.3 m.eq./l.) and for potassium 
0.0005N (0.5 m.eq. /l.) or less. It may be concluded that the water 
was of fairly high base-status, and it is of interest that the drainage 
water from the peat moor at Sharpham on the Somerset Levels, 
where the vegetation is of ‘* mixed fen ”’, gave fairly similar analyses. 

In many parts of the valley the peat was also of high base status. 
A series of samples of surface peats taken for analysis gave values of 
ash content, expressed as a percentage of the dry weight, ranging 
from about 20% to 30%. It is probable that some of these high 
values arise from the addition of cinders to the surface of the peat 
in some parts. However, the ash content of the peat throughout a 
profile from a depth of 1 foot to g feet was between 10% and 12%. 
These figures are in striking contrast to those for bog or Sphagnum 
peat ; asample of the latter from near Shapwick, Somerset, gave an 
ash content of 1.0 %, and the peat from the Callunetum of Thornton 
Mire, Yorks, an ash content averaging 3.7% (Harley and Yemm, 
1942). It seems likely that the high values of the ash content of the 
surface peat at Gordano may partly result fromwastage of the peat asa 
consequence of the lowering of the water table by artificial drainage. 


478 A. J. WILLIS AND R. L. JEFFERIES 


From the above results it is clear that base-rich water enters the 
valley, and drains through the network of rhines. Conditions of 
high mineral supply and a high water table therefore prevail 
throughout much of the area, and have led to the development of © 
fen vegetation. Only in parts far from the rhines is there a tendency 
for the vegetation to depend to an appreciable extent on direct 
_ rainfall for its water supply, and for acid conditions to arise as a 
result of the decay of plant material. However, even here the water 
is doubtless too rich in minerals and the climate not sufficiently wet 
for raised bog to develop. 


THE VEGETATION OF THE VALLEY 


The natural vegetation of the wet, peaty areas is that of fen, a 
variety of communities of eutrophic plants being present. In some 
parts conditions tend to be acidic and the calcium content of the 
soil water lower, and here plants such as Eriophorum angustifolium 
occur. Much of the valley has, however, been brought under 
cultivation at some time, and human influences must have affected 
the vegetation considerably. White (1912, p. 15) records that peat 
has here been “ dug for fuel within my recollection’; there is, 
however, no evidence of peat-cutting on an appreciable scale. In 
the drier areas at the sides of the valley many of the enclosures are 
mown and grazed and several have been limed. Some of the peat 
land in the centre of the valley has been ploughed in the past 
(plough lines are visible in aerial photographs, taken in 1946, in 
areas now vegetated) ; according to local information a number of 
enclosures were ploughed during the 1914-18 war. Recently some 
of this land, dominated by the purple moor-grass, Molinia caerulea, 
has again been brought under the plough. As already mentioned, 
cinders have been scattered over certain areas of the peat ; in some 
places a fairly thick layer can be distinguished, and in others the 
cinders are sparser and now intimately mixed with the top few 
inches of the peat. 

Studies of the vegetation in many sites in the valley were made on a 
quantitative basis, in order that the chief communities could be 
recognised, and their composition assessed. For this purpose, 
frames of 12 inches x 6 inches were employed ; they were thrown at 
random in the various areas and the plants within the frame listed, 
and their relative bulk (volume) scored subjectively out of a total of 
10, an allowance being made for bare ground on an area basis. 
Where the bulk for a species was less than 1, it was scored as a trace, 
and arbitrarily 10 traces were taken as equalling 1. The method of 
scoring is the same as that described by Willis et al. (1959). In any 


THE PLANT ECOLOGY OF THE GORDANO VALLEY 


479 


one area 15 frames were thrown and the results averaged and 
expressed on a percentage basis. 
In Table 1 the composition of the vegetation in nine areas is 


TasBLeE 1. The composition of the chief plant communities. 


see text (pp. 478-80). 


Fen 
meadows 


Site XS ees 1G, 


Bare ground I 
Agrostis canina 24 
Holcus lanatus 54 
Carex panicea 2 
Carex nigra + 
Juncus subnodulosus 
Centaurea nigra 
Filipendula ulmaria 
Molinia caerulea : 
Lolium perenne 8 
Juncus articulatus 
Eleocharis palustris 
Juncus effusus 
Anthoxanthum odoratum 
Cirsium palustre 
Juncus conglomeratus 
Carex demissa 
Galium palustre 
Lotus uliginosus 
Plantago lanceolata 
Potentilla erecta 
Sieglingia decumbens 
Angelica sylvestris 
Ranunculus acris + 
Mentha aquatica 
Cirsium dissectum 
Ranunculus flammula 
Hydrocotyle vulgaris 
Acrocladium cuspidatum + 
Taraxacum officinale agg. } 
2 


easton: 


Taraxacum paludosum agg. 
Glyceria fluitans 

Ajuga reptans =r 
Lythrum salicaria 

Luzula multiflora 

Equisetum arvense 

Festuca pratensis 3 
Cynosurus cristatus + 
Festuca rubra : 
Trifolium repens I 
Phragmites communis 
Juncus inflexus 

Leontodon leysseri 

Carex hostiana 

Prunella vulgaris 

Eupatorium cannabinum 
Carex distans 

Solanum dulcamara : 
Other species I 


F 


SOV OO © 


mi. 


oo N 
. step Stes) wowwonun: 


~+t++ttood- 


ee ae ee 


+. 


++. 


Semi- 
natural 
Sen 
D iE 
4 7 
ae 
390 34 
Cure yy 
12) 
19 I 
iat 
Se 124 
+ I 
; I 
a a 
ae 3 
I : 
I I 
= 
2 I 
ar 3) 
oie 
3 
ate 
as 
ae 
© Or 
a cue deg 
{ 
are 
6 
4 
2 2 


Molinietum Salix 


b+. 


Jp ttttt. +. 


40 


carr 


29 
36 


3 


AS Ege! Maley ete Roel in eae CTO iel 


tar aS 


For explanation 


Pasture 
on clay 


I 
I 
14 
13 
7 


(B%s) 70 Pa ee 


* Pe NN 


I2 


480 A. J. WILLIS AND R. L. JEFFERIES 


listed. ‘These areas have been selected from a much larger number 
where vegetation records were made, as best representing the main 
types of community in the valley. The positions of the sites A-I are 
given in Fig. 1, from which it can be seen that nearly all of the areas 
listed are at about 16-17 ft. O.D. (area I is approximately 2 ft. 
higher). Where the contribution to the total bulk of the vegetation 
by any one species is less than 0.5 %, this is shown in the table by +. 
‘The records were made in July 1957. Nomenclature follows that of 
Clapham, Tutin and Warburg (1952). 

Apart from the aquatic vegetation of the rhines, there are five 
chief types of community which may be recognised, although many 
intermediates can be found. The main types are as follows : 


Fen meadows 
Semi-natural fen 
Molinietum 
Carr 

Pasture on clay 


A apie co 


The first four types of vegetation are developed on the peat, the 
fen meadows being subject to grazing and mowing, whereas the 
semi-natural fen areas are only little affected by human influences. 
However, some areas previously used for agriculture are reverting 
to semi-natural vegetation, and others, previously unexploited, may 
be brought under agriculture so that no sharp boundary between the 
types can be drawn. Near the junction of Walton and Weston 
Moors a community dominated by Molinia has developed, and in 
several areas Salix carr is present. In some of the communities 
included here as semi-natural fen, there is some indication that 
progression to carr is possible. 

The chief types of vegetation are described in turn, but no attempt 
is made here to list the plants of the various communities exhaustively. 


1. Fen Meadows 


The fen meadows are situated at the margin of the valley and at 
the west end. As already mentioned, moist, base-rich conditions 
prevail and many of the plants occurring are characteristic of 
eutrophic vegetation. In some parts ofthe valley where the meadows 
are more acid in their soil reaction there is a change in the flora and 
some species which tend to be oligotrophic are also present. 

In the fen meadows agricultural practices have a large influence 
on the composition of the communities. In some fields grasses make 
up a high percentage of the total vegetation (Table 1, A). Agrostis 
canina, Holcus lanatus, Festuca pratensis, Lolium perenne and Ciynosurus 


THE PLANT ECOLOGY OF THE GORDANO VALLEY 481 


cristatus are often abundant while Alopecurus geniculatus and Bromus 
mollis sometimes occur here but are unrepresented elsewhere in the 
peat flora of the valley. Correspondingly the low values in site A 
for the Carices and the relatively sparse number of other species in 
comparison with other fen meadow sites is interesting. At various 
time intervals these fields are sprayed with selective weed-killers and 
regular spraying has been continuous for two years. Observations 
showed that Carex hostiana, C’. panicea, Equisetum palustre, Lychnis 
flos-cucult and Senecio aquaticus  jacobaea were adversely affected by 
this treatment, and there was a tendency for an increase of plants 
which are unaffected, such as the grasses. 


In other fields where grazing is heavy, but weed-killers are not 
applied, a characteristic flora has developed. Many of the plants are 
small and tufted, such as Isolepis setacea, Carex demissa and Juncus 
articulatus (Table 1, site B). These plants appear to be able to 
withstand trampling, often colonising the hoof marks made in the 
peat. Juncus bufonius is especially prevalent in this situation. In 
one enclosure Eleocharis uniglumts is found. 


The effect of grazing on the larger Junci is striking. Both 7- 
conglomeratus and 7. subnodulosus are eaten by cattle whereas the 
tougher 7. inflexus is avoided and is plentiful in some damp pasture 
sites. Also grazed is 7. effusus var. compactus which is fairly abundant 
in one area. Where Juncus tussocks are degenerating, Holcus 
lanatus invades the centre of the decayed tussock. Its good growth 
here may depend on the protection from grazing afforded by the 
remains of the tussock or the relatively drier situation in the raised 
tussock. Certainly during dry years Holcus lanatus and Anthoxanthum 
odoratum appear to be more abundant in the valley than during wet 
years. These fen fields contain some typical eutrophic species 
which withstand the effects of cattle grazing and trampling. Such 
plants include Carex panicea, Juncus subnodulosus, Filipendula ulmaria, 
Anagallis tenella and Samolus valerandi. ‘The last two plants have not 
been found elsewhere in the valley and are probably excluded from 
the semi-natural fen areas because of the tall vigorous growth of the 
herbage. 


Some fields to the north of the central area have a lower pH than 
the typical base-rich fen meadows of the valley and the flora is 
somewhat different (Table 1, C). Sedges (Carex migra and C. 
panicea) may constitute a high proportion of the vegetation, and 
some species occur (Carex echinata, Potentilla erecta) which are more 
usually associated with oligotrophic communities. 

In addition to the plants listed in ‘Table 1, or mentioned above, 
the following were recorded in the frames : 


482 A. J. WILLIS AND R. L. JEFFERIES 


SITE A Sire B SITE C 
Carex hirta Bellis perennis Agrostis stolonifera 
Potentilla anserina Briza media Briza media 
Cerastium vulgatum Carex pulicaris 
Senecio aquaticus x Rumex acetosa 
jacobaea Amblystegium serpens 
Trifolium pratense Brachythecium rutabulum 


Near the banks of one of the rhines bordering fen meadows in 
Walton Moor, Cyperus fuscus still persists, although apparently in 
very small quantity. When this plant was first discovered in the 
valley by S. J. Coley in 1900, it was reported to occur in great 
abundance along two rhines, extending along them quite a mile 
(Bucknall, Fry and White, 1901). There was a luxuriant crop also 
in August 1921 (White, 1922). Doubtless the plant has suffered 
considerably from ditch clearance since then. It now grows chiefly 
on the peat removed from the rhines and piled on their banks, and 
is often associated with Isolepis cernua (locally plentiful), Juncus 
bufonius and Ff. articulatus, together with larger plants often colonising 
the banks of rhines, such as Mentha aquatica, Veronica beccabunga, 
Myosotis palustris ssp. palustris, Cirsium palustre, Nasturtium officinale, 
Triglochin palustris, Polygonum persicaria and P. hydropiper. Along 
ditches of two of the fen meadows on the north side of the valley 
Veronica scutellata is found. 

Senecio jacobaea grows on the drier, higher parts of several of the 
grazed fen meadows. With S. aquaticus, present in the wetter areas, 
it has given rise to a hybrid population, many of the plants showing 
characters of leaf, inflorescence, involucre and cypsela intermediate 
between those of the species. ‘The hybrids are plentiful in a number 
of the fields. 


2, Semi-natural Fen 


These semi-natural areas contain a typical eutrophic fen vegeta- 
tion although in places where the pH is lower there is a tendency 
towards a more oligotrophic community, as in the fen meadows. 
Plants such as Centaurea migra, Carex panicea, Angelica sylvestris, 
Filipendula ulmaria, Eupatorium cannabinum and Juncus subnodulosus are 
plentiful (Table 1, D), and in one area Thalictrum flavum is present 
as an isolated colony. There is a succession in the flowering of 
these showy, tall, herbaceous fen plants beginning with Crrsium 
dissectum in late spring. Rather less frequently encountered in the 
semi-natural fen vegetation of the valley, but present in one or more 
sites, are Carex hostiana, Galium uliginosum, Hypericum tetrapterum, Iris 
pseudacorus, Orchis praetermissa, Platanthera bifolia, Scutellaria galericu- 
lata, Stachys palustris, Succisa pratensis, Valeriana dioica, V. officinalis, 
Vicia cracca and Dryopteris spinulosa. Carex elata, although destroyed 


THE PLANT ECOLOGY OF THE GORDANO VALLEY 483 


in one area of Weston Moor by raising and levelling of the ground, 
has recently been found in another locality nearby (Sandwith and 
Sandwith, 1957). The Royal fern, Osmunda regalis, now extinct in 
the valley (White, 1912), was very probably once a member of the 
semi-natural fen vegetation. ‘The absence of the small, tufted species 
in the fen meadows is most noticeable ; they are probably excluded 
as a result of competition with the thickly-growing, taller plants. 

In the more acid places, Agrostis canina, Carex echinata and C. nigra 
are present (Table 1, E). ‘These plants are mainly situated in the 
centres of the fields and not around the edges where a eutrophic 
community is found, and calcareous water from the ditches pene- 
trates the peat. Where Carex echinata and C. nigra grow there is a 
decrease in characteristic eutrophic species, such as Filipendula 
ulmaria, Carex panicea and Juncus subnodulosus. Other plants, usually 
indicative of acid conditions, which occur in the valley are Juncus 
acutiflorus, Carex ovalis and Eriophorum vaginatum, the latter represented. 
by only a single tuft in Weston Moor (Sandwith and Sandwith, 
1957). In some areas of semi-natural fen, Agrostis canina var. 
canina, Carex disticha and C. mgra dominate almost completely, 
forming fairly pure stands. Where small depressions occur in the 
peat surface, Juncus conglomeratus, Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Mentha 
aquatica are frequent, and are perhaps favoured by the damper 
conditions. 

As well as the plants given in Table 1, and mentioned above, the 
following were present in the frames : 


Sire D SITE E 
Carex flacca Achillea ptarmica 
Carex pulicaris Carex flacca 


Brachythecium rutabulum 


The contrast in vegetation of a semi-natural fen area with that of 
a fen meadow may be illustrated by studies from two adjoining 
fields. The ground level and pH of the fields are very similar so that 
a direct comparison can be made. ‘The species listed for each field 
are those which are rare or absent in the other field. 


Semi-natural fen field Grazed fen meadow field 
Centaurea nigra Ajuga reptans 
Eupatorium cannabinum Carex demissa 
Filipendula ulmaria Cerastium vulgatum 
Luzula multiflora Juncus articulatus 
Molinia caerulea Juncus bufonius 
Plantago lanceolata Potentilla anserina 


Ranunculus acris 
Trifolium dubium 
Trifolium pratense 


The absence of the tall herbaceous fen plants in the grazed fen 
meadow is striking, whereas here low-growing tufted and creeping 


484 A. J. WILLIS AND R. L. JEFFERIES 


plants thrive which are excluded from the semi-natural fen vegeta- 
tion. 


3. Molinietum* 


In the central region of the valley, where acid conditions prevail, 
Molina caerulea is dominant over a considerable area. ‘The pH of 
the soil where this grass is found varies from about 4.1 to 6.3, but 
where this plant is flourishing the soil reaction is usually more acid 
than pH 5.5. ‘The less acid sites are occasionally flooded by cal- 
careous water. ; 

The tussocks of Molinia are fairly uniform in height (55-70 cm.) 
and are of a large size. Where the grass dominates, the raised 
tussocks are rarely, if ever, flooded, although in the winter the water 
table is near the surface of the peat. The occurrence of Molinia in 
these areas is in keeping with the observations of Jefferies (1915) 
that the plant succeeds under conditions of mild acidity where the 
water does not stagnate. 

The vegetation of a site where Molinia is a clear dominant is given 
in Table 1, F, and where it is accompanied by a fairly high propor- 
tion of other plants in Table 1, G. The latter site, recently used for 
rough grazing, has probably been much influenced by ploughing in 
the past, and the Molinia appears to have invaded the area from the 
surrounding fields. 

The number of species associated with Molinia is fairly small in 
comparison with those of other communities developed on the peat. 
An important factor here may be the large amount of litter produced 
by the slow decay of the tussocks. Frequently the degenerating 
tussocks are colonised by Holcus lanatus and Carex nigra: As well as 
these species, Agrostis canina, Potentilla erecta, Luzula multiflora and 
Eriophorum angustifolium are fairly common in Molinietum. Bryo- 
phytes are not plentiful ; Brachythecium rutabulum occurs and the 
liverwort Calypogeia fissa was found in site F and also in site G where 
it was growing with Lophocolea bidentata. Other plants of these two 
sites, not listed in Table 1, are Achillea ptarmica, Equisetum palustre, 
Carex disticha and Rumex acetosa. 

Towards the ditches Molinia becomes sparser. In these areas 
which are more nearly neutral, and more subject to flooding, tall 
fen plants such as Filipendula ulmaria and the eutrophic Juncus 
subnodulosus form a somewhat mixed community. 

The Molinietum is of particular interest with regard to the 
succession of natural communities in the valley. Study of the plant 


*Since this paper was prepared much of the Molinietum area has been con- 
siderably altered ; many of the Molinia tussocks have been cleared to make the 
land useful agriculturally. 


|\oceiaag 


THE PLANT ECOLOGY OF THE GORDANO VALLEY 485 


remains in the thick peat of Walton and Weston Moors indicates 
that at no time in the past was there a phase of raised bog develop- 
ment ; in this feature the Gordano valley differs from a number of 
areas of the Somerset Levels which have been investigated (Godwin, 
1943 ; Clapham and Godwin, 1948). Molinietum is well known as 
a stage in the hydrosere (‘Tansley, 1949), succeeding reedswamp or 
fen vegetation and often giving way finally to raised bog in which 
Sphagnum is frequently an important component. At Gordano the 
succession to Molinietum is limited to the central, more acid parts of 
the valley, and progression to raised bog does not take place, as 
indicated earlier, probably because the precipitation is too low and 
the incoming water is too calcareous, none of the peat surface being 
sufficiently elevated to be completely out of its influence. Both 
Sphagnum sp. and Aulacomnium palustre have been reported for the 
valley (Davies, 1956), but it has not been possible to confirm these 
records. Certainly in no area has vegetation typical of a raised bog 
been encountered. 


4. Carr 7 


A relatively small area of the valley is occupied by well-developed 
carr. Most of it appears to be of fairly recent origin, but remains in 
the peat indicate that in the past alder carr was probably extensive, 
especially at the margins of the valley. Near Walton Drove there 
are now plantations of poplars and of pines. 

Two strips of carr in an area of semi-natural vegetation are 
composed almost entirely of Salix atrocinerea, which is capable of 
regenerating itself fairly freely. In winter the peat of these areas 
becomes very waterlogged, but in summer the water table is low 
compared with that in other parts of the valley (Fig. 3, Site I). In 
sites where there is no graizng (Table 1, H), the ground flora is 
fairly rich and contains a number of species in common with the 
carr of Wicken Fen (Tansley, 1949). The ground flora of grazed 
areas in the Salix carr shows several differences ; it is dominated by 
Agrostis canina, has fewer of the tall herbaceous fen plants and often 
a fairly high proportion of the peat surface is bare. Ferns are 
uncommon here, as elsewhere in the valley ; Athyrium filix-femina 
and Dryopteris filix-mas are present in small quantity. ‘Towards the 
edges of the carr, where it merges with the semi-natural fen vegeta- 
tion, plants such as Mentha aquatica, Eriophorum angustifolium, Juncus 
subnodulosus and 7. conglomeratus are frequent where the water table 
is high. 

In one part of Walton Moor there is a fairly open stretch of carr, 
a variety of woody plants occurring. Betula pubescens is abundant ; 


486 A. J. WILLIS AND R. L. JEFFERIES 


Salix atrocinerea is also fairly plentiful. Less common are Alnus 
glutinosa, Quercus robur, Frangula alnus, Salix caprea, Crataegus monogyna, 
Fraxinus excelsior and Viburnum opulus. In some parts of the carr 
Lonicera periclymenum occurs and Rubi locally form a fairly dense 
undergrowth ; present are Rubus fruticosus L., including the rate R. 
sulcatus Vest which was recorded for Walton Moor in 1918 by Miss 
Roper (White, 1920), and R. caesius. 


Much of the area now dominated by herbaceous fen plants 
appears to be at a level where the development of carr is possible. 
The critical level for shrub establishment is approximately that of the 
winter water table (Godwin and Bharucha, 1932) ; it has already 
been shown that much of the peat surface is above normal flood 
limits. However, the effects of occasional grazing in the valley may 
be sufficient to prevent extensive carr development ; it is of note 
that bushes of Salix atrocinerea, Crataegus monogyna and of other shrubs 
are sparsely scattered throughout areas dominated by herbaceous 
plants. Carr development is also much retarded by burning ; 
small fires are not uncommon in the dry vegetation and seem to 
affect the shrubs more adversely than many of the herbaceous plants. 


5. Pasture on Clay 


East of Weston Drove, the peat is overlain by Romano-British 
alluvium. This marine blue-grey clay supports vegetation which is 
very different from that of the peat surface to the west. Nearly all 
this clay land is used for grazing or mowing, and grasses, chiefly 
Agrostis canina, Holcus lanatus and Lolium perenne, dominate. 


The list for site I in Table 1 shows that many of the plants of the 
pasture developed on the clay are represented also in the peat flora. 
Growing on the clay, however, but apparently absent from the peat, 
are Carex contigua, Luzula campestris, Hordeum secalinum and. Serratula 
tinctoria. On the other hand, many of the plants found on the peat, 
including tall herbaceous fen species and a number of the fen meadow 
plants, are absent on the clay. However, low-growing tufted, 
rosette and creeping forms are common here. As well as the plants 
mentioned above, and given in Table 1, the following were recorded. 
at site I: 


Achillea millefolium Lysimachia nummularia 

Bellis perennis Phleum pratense 

Bromus mollis Potentilla reptans 

Carex hirta Pulicaria dysenterica 
Cerastium vulgatum Senecio aquaticus x jacobaea 
Daucus carota Succisa pratensis 

Equisetum palustre Trifolium pratense 


Lathyrvs pratensis 


THE PLANT ECOLOGY OF THE GORDANO VALLEY 487 
THE VEGETATION OF THE RHINES 


A rich and varied flora, chiefly of eutrophic plants, is found in the 
extensive network of drainage ditches. The flow of water is never 
very fast, even under conditions of flood, and the rhines soon become 
choked with a dense growth of vegetation. Many of the ditches are 
cleared regularly, but recolonisation quickly takes place. 

In ditches where water is flowing at a moderate rate, plants such 
as Alisma plantago-aquatica, Sparganium ramosum ssp. ramosum, Glyceria 
fluitans, Juncus subnodulosus, Callitriche obtusangula and Phragmites 
communis are common. Phragmites, and in some ditches Phalaris 
arundinacea and Typha latifolia, often form a dense stand, and retard 
water flow considerably. Vigorous growth of the rhizome of 
Phragmites is frequently seen where this plant is spreading into a 
cleared rhine ; it also extends some distance from the rhines into 
the enclosures, particularly in the rather low-lying areas. Lemna 
minor often forms a fairly complete mat on the water surface, and 
Ranunculus trichophyllus ssp. droueti is plentiful in several of the rhines. 
Baldellia ranunculoides, Ceratophyllum demersum, FElodea canadensis, 
Myriophyllum verticillatum, Potamogeton crispus, Sagittarta sagitiifolia and 
Sparganium simplex are present in one or more of the ditches. Also 
recorded for the rhines of Walton Moor are Potamogeton coloratus 
(White, 1912), P. pusillus (panormitanus) (White, 1925) and Calli- 
triche intermedia (White, 1912) ; Myrniophyllum alterniflorum and 
Montia fontana (White, 1912) are given for ditches below Weston- 
in-Gordano. Ranunculus lingua has been found on at least two 
occasions in the valley (White, 1918), but has not been recorded in 
recent years. Charophytes are fairly plentiful; Chara contrana, 
Tolypella glomerata (White, 1923), Chara delicatula (White, 1926) and 
C’. vulgaris var. refracta (Sandwith and Sandwith, 1958), as well as C. 
aculeolata, C. globularis, C. hispida and C’. vulgaris var. vulgaris, are 
known or have been recorded for the rhines of the valley. 

Where drainage is retarded by partial blocking, several plants in 
addition to those already mentioned are frequently found. Carex 
pseudocyperus, Apium nodiflorum and Eleocharis palustris are not un- 
common, and in one rhine in Weston Moor Eleogiton fluitans is 
abundant. Hippuris vulgaris also grows nearby. Along the edges of 
some of the rhines Myosoton aquaticum occurs. 

In certain areas of the valley the ditches have become almost 
completely blocked and silted up. Characteristic of these ditches 
is a flora including Carex rostrata, C. acutiformis, C. pseudocyperus, C. 
remota and Juncus conglomeratus. Also found in such sites are Juncus 
effusus, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontam, Stellaria alsine and Nasturtium 


officinale. 


488 A. J. WILLIS AND R. L. JEFFERIES 


Many of the plants of the ditches, for example Juncus subnodulo- 
sus, typically occur where the mineral content is fairly high and 
where the reaction of the water is neutral or alkaline ; it is only in 
the centre of the valley, where the ditches are blocked to an appreci- 
able extent and conditions may become slightly acidic, that plants 
tending to be somewhat oligotrophic, such as Carex rostrata, are 
- found. 

The small channels running across the fields on clay east of 
Weston Drove have a different vegetation from that of the rhines 
in the peat. Plants common in these ditches are Caltha palusiris, 
Cardamine pratensis, Carex acutiformis and. C. otrubae. 


VEGETATION OF RUBBISH TIPS 


Two areas of the valley, one in Walton Moor and one in Weston 
Moor, are used for the dumping of rubbish. ‘The level is being 
raised considerably, the surface of the tips being some 6-8 feet higher 
that the original peat surface. 

The semi-natural fen vegetation is buried and obliterated in these 
two areas, and many weed species are colonising the older parts of 
the dumps. No detailed study of the changing plant population of 
this artificial habitat has been made. Of the many plants now 
growing on the tips, Cichorium intybus, Bromus [| Anisantha| madnitensis, 
Phalaris canariensis, Poa compressa and Vulpia myuros may be mentioned. 
Several areas have been seeded and lucerne grown. 


SUMMARY 


The Gordano valley is a wedge-shaped, low-lying area with a very 
slight gradient. Drainage through the complex network of rhines is 
consequently rather sluggish. ‘The water table is high and the 
fluctuation in level fairly small, changes in level being directly 
related to rainfall. The catchment area of the valley is not very 
great and extensive flooding of the low ground rarely occurs. 

Deep fen peat is present in the floor of the valley, and west of 
Weston Drove peat is at the surface. East of Weston Drove, 
however, the peat is overlain by Romano-British marine clay. 

Water entering the valley from the surrounding hill ridges of 
Carboniferous Limestone is alkaline, but in most of the rhines is 
about neutral in reaction although it is fairly calcareous. The high 
water table and calcareous water have resulted in the development 
of fen vegetation. At the head and margins of the valley much of the 
peat land is used for grazing, and many of the plants of the fen 
meadows are small and tufted, such as Carex demissa, Juncus bufonius 
and 7. articulatus. Semi-natural fen vegetation occupies slightly 


THE PLANT ECOLOGY OF THE GORDANO VALLEY 489 


lower ground, and here tall herbaceous plants, many of them well- 
known to be eutrophic, dominate. Among the most widespread are 
Juncus subnodulosus, Carex panicea, Centaurea nigra, Angelica sylvestris, 
Filipendula ulmaria and Eupatorium cannabinum. In the central parts 
of the valley, where conditions tend to become acidic, particularly 
away from the large rhines where the calcareous water does not 
readily penetrate, Molinietum has developed, and some plants (e.g. 
Carex echinata, Eriophorum angustifolium) which are usually members 
of oligotrophic communities occur. However, there are no signs 
that succession to raised bog is taking place. Carr, chiefly domina- 
ted by Salix atrocinerea, is not now as extensive in the valley as it was 
in the past, judging by remains in the peat which show alder to be 
abundant. 

The rhines contain a varied and interesting flora ; where the 
water is flowing moderately, eutrophic aquatic plants are plentiful, 
but in the smaller ditches, which have become blocked, other plants, 
such as Carex rostrata, thrive. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We are much indebted to Professor E. W. Yemm for extensive 
assistance in the survey of the valley, and for many helpful dis- 
cussions. For the provision of rainfall data we wish to thank Mr. 
G. E. Clothier of Long Ashton Research Station and Dr. D. Mc- 
Gowan of Weston-super-Mare. ‘To Miss N. P. Teear our thanks are 
due for information concerning pH and the mineral content of the 
peat and drainage water, and to Miss M. Jefferies for some of the 
readings of rainfall. 

Weare grateful to Sir Charles Miles for permitting access to many 
parts of the valley, to Mr. E. Nelmes for assistance in the determina- 
tion of Carices, to Dr. E. M. Rosser and Mr. P. M. Benoit for help 
with the determination of Senecios, and to Mr. N. Y. Sandwith for 
valuable information concerning the occurrence of some of the plants. 


REFERENCES 


ApSimon, A. M. & Donovan, D. T. (1956). Marine Pleistocene 
deposits in the Vale of Gordano, Somerset. Proc. Univ. Bristol 
Spelaeological Soc. 7, 130-6. 

Bucknall, C., Fry, D. & White, J. W. (1901). Notes on Bristol 
Plants. 7. Bot. 39, 91-3. 

Clapham, A. R. & Godwin, H. (1948). Studies of the Post-glacial 
History of British Vegetation. VIII. Swamping Surfaces in 
Peats of the Somerset Levels. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B, 233, 


233-49. 


490 A. J. WILLIS AND R. L. JEFFERIES 


Clapham, A. R., Tutin, T. G. & Warburg, E. F. (1952). Flora of 
the British Isles. Cambridge. 

Davies, E. W. (1956). The Ecology and Distribution of Carex flava 
and its Allies in the British Isles. Bot. Not. 109, 50-74. 

Godwin, H. (1943). Coastal Peat Beds of the British Isles and North 
Sea. 7. Ecol. 31, 199-247. 

Godwin, H. & Bharucha, F. R. (1932). Studies in the Ecology of 
Wicken Fen. II. The Fen Water Table and its Control of 
Plant Communities. Ibid. 20, 157-91. 

Greenly, E. (1922). An Aeolian Pleistocene Deposit at Clevedon. 
Geol. Mag. 59, 365-76 and 414-21. 

Hannell, F. G. (1955). “*‘ Climate”? in Bristol and its adjoining 
Counties. Chapter 3, 47-65. Bristol. 

Harley, J. L. & Yemm, E. W. (1942). Ecological Aspects of Peat 
Accumulation. I. Thornton Mire, Yorkshire. 7. Ecol. 30, 
17-56. 

Jefferies, T. A. (1915). Ecology of the Purple Heath Grass (Molinia 
caerulea). Ibid. 3, 93-109. 

Morgan, M. F. (1941). Chemical soil diagnosis by the universal 
soil testing system. Bull. Conn. agric. Exp. Sta. No. 450. 

Palmer, L. S. (1934). Some Pleistocene Breccias near the Severn 
Estuary. Proc. Geol. Ass. 45, 145-61. 

Pearsall, W. H. (1950). Mountains and Moorlands. London. 

Sandwith, C. I. & Sandwith, N. Y. (1957). Bristol Botany in 1956. 
Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. 29, 179-86. 

Sandwith, C. I. & Sandwith, N. Y. (1958). Bristol Botany in 1957. 
Ibid. 29, 343-352. 

Tansley, A. G. (1949). The British Islands and ther Vegetation. 
Cambridge. 

White, J. W. (1912). ‘The Flora of Bristol. Bristol. 

White, J. W. (1918). Notes supplemental to the Flora of Bristol. 
J. Bot. 56, 11-8. 

White, J. W. (1920). Bristol Botany in 1918. Proc. Bristol Nat. 


Soc. 5, 88-91. 
White, J. W. (1922). Bristol Botany in 1920 and 1921. Ibid. 5, 
197-201. 


White, J. W. (1923). Bristol Botany in 1922. Ibid. 5, 263-7. 

White, J. W. (1925). Bristol Botany in 1924. Ibid. 6, 173-8. 

White, J. W. (1926). Bristol Botany in 1925. Jbid. 6, 232-6. 

Wigan, E. (Not dated). The Tale of Gordano. ‘Taunton. 

Willis, A. J., Folkes, B. F., Hope-Simpson, J. F. & Yemm, E. W. 
(1959). Braunton Burrows: the dune system and its vegeta- 
tion. Part I. 7. Ecol. 47, 1-24. 


491 


mer OGCURRENCE OF GALENA 
al FLAX BOUR TON 


by Linpa CARLTON 


N the summer of 1956, a deposit of galena was found during 
operations at the new Stancombe Quarry, Flax Bourton (Hobbs 
Quarries Limited) (Grid Reference ST 505684). This is in the 
Clifton Down Limestone, which at this point is overlain by Trias 
marl. 

There is in the Carboniferous Limestone here a series of parallel 
fissures, running East-West, mostly about one foot wide and infilled 
with calcite. Some also contain pink barytes in which are embedded 
small crystals of galena. However, one fissure which was exposed 
during 1957, across what was then the working face of the quarry, 
was about 3—4-ft. wide at the top, narrowing slightly with depth, 
and infilled with iron-rich clay which contained very contorted 
mineral veins consisting of bands of barytes with small galena 
crystals and calcite, both stained with iron oxides. ‘There were also 
appreciable quantities of manganese oxides. Behind (i.e. to the 
South of) this clay seam was one of red quartz. 

The main pocket of lead ore was in the line of the clay seam but 
beyond the eastern end of the quarry face, so that only the top of it 
has been seen. It extended downwards and to the South. 

About a ton of high grade galena was removed from this pocket 
in lumps of up to 24-in. diameter. These were contaminated, usually 
on the outside, by barytes and were embedded, with bands of large 
calcite crystals, in clay. ‘The site since has again been covered by 
rubble and has not so far been re-exposed. 

Two large pieces of rock showing the mineralisation of the main 
vein are on show outside the quarry offices, and a fine specimen of 
the galena is in the City Museum. A map showing the quarry and 
the approximate positions of fissures and the pocket of galena is also 
in the Museum. 

Analysis by gravimetric, colorimetric and spectrographic methods 
gave the following results :— 

Galena from the pocket (5 samples)— 


Antimony ranging from 2ntOn7 
Silver 100 to 200 p.p.m. 
Zinc ye eeesmaialll crystals of blende irregularly 


distributed in the galena. 


492 LINDA CARLTON 


Galena from vein (small crystals) (One sample only)— 
Antimony an he oe less than .05 % 
pllyers fae - 40 p.p.m. 

X-ray diffraction Seen oP vein material taken with a Guinier 
focussing camera showed that lead sulphate, lead carbonate and 
silica (quartz) were present in minor quantities with the lead 
sulphide and barium sulphate. 

I should like to express my thanks to Hobbs Quarries Limited for 
access to the site and for samples of galena, and to Shell Research 
Limited and the Bristol College of Technology, for laboratory 
facilities. 


\ 


‘TL FLV Id AN OLd XIX Xe ACA SN de oOrd 


493 


Moet PORARY EXPOSURE OF 
RHAETIC AND LOWER LIAS 
ae DRY OS PAG TO RY, 
KEYNSHAM 


By C. E. Legse, F. S. Ross and W. F. VERNON 


N the summer of 1958 good sections were revealed in excavations 
for a new factory block at Somerdale. These showed the White 
Lias limestones to be arched up at three separate points above 
the blue clays containing the Cotham Marble. The structures did 
not appear to be linear in character, but rather cone-shaped, for 
they could be seen to be of limited lateral extent and could not be 
traced across the excavation. ‘The main structure occurred on the 
south-east wall 150 ft. from its southern end, and an incipient 
one 150 ft. from its northern end. Near the middle of the south- 
west wall an upward curvature of the bed showed an arc of 4 ft. 
radius. It seems that the structure must be due to local disturbances 
produced by pressure adjustment in the mobile clays at the base 
of the succession. The largest of these structures, which affects the 
beds from the Cotham Marble to the Sun Bed and above (about 
20 ft. thick) is illustrated in Plate II. Tutcher (1923) observed 
similar structures in the railway cutting a quarter of a mile to the 
south-west and one is illustrated in a plate accompanying his paper. 
Possibly the phenomenon is the same as that referred to as valley- 
bulges and discussed by S. E. Hollingworth, J. H. Taylor and 
G. A. Kellaway (1944). 


REFERENCES 


- Tutcher, J. W. (1923). Some recent exposures of the Lias 
(Sinemurian and Hettangian) and Rhaetic about Keynsham. 
Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. (4), 5, 268-278. 


S. E. Hollingworth, J. H. Taylor and G. A. Kellaway. (1944). 
Large Scale Superficial Structures in the Northamptonshire 
Ironstone Field. Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. 100, 1-35. 


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PRESIDENTS 


Tee SANDERS ke) 2, 18601876 


_ HENRY E. FRIPP EA ~ es ep a 46— 80 
_ GEORGE FORSTER BURDER | RE a ¥. a 80— 83 
— JOHN BEDDOE .._.. Bits, eae ace 83— 84 
Professor WILLIAM RAMSAY | UN a Oi Rigen 6,4 ae 
_ Rev. THOMAS HINCKS Bs, et it ete dt gc ot ae 87— go 
] Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN bie a oy a go— 93 
Professor ADOLPH LEIPNER me Be ean o og" od 
_ Professor SYDNEY YOUNG _.. of ine H 3. 94— 96 
= E SWAYNE .... RMSE ah Reon aol at 97— 98 
i Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN as ae aN oN 99—1900 
_ ARTHUR B. PROWSE .. Ne MD Le GY a IgOI— 03 
eC. K. RUDGE .. ad si ie oo ma ee 04— 06 
JAMES W. WHITE ts oe es i “e fe 0o7— 09 
GG. MUNRO SMITH i) a an ua Pie gh 10— 12 
_ Miss I. M. ROPER if Bante ws ae a a 13— 16 
G. C. GRIFFITHS a i! “i Pe emt Cop ti: 
_ ERNEST (later Sir Ernest) H. ‘COOK a8 af xe Ig— QI 
_ H. WOMERSLEY ie a Me = ane aie 22 any 
_ Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE .. a is Me oy 24— 26 
_ JAMES RAFTER am a ae we ‘ae ie 27— 29 
A. L. FLEMMING ie ws = oy des a; 30 
Jj. W. TUTCHER .. bs i 2 a as ue SI aa 
F. S. WALLIS “ iy an “ Ss a aM 33 
Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE .. op i vs se 34. 
G. E. J. McMURTRIE wh a ie a Ps 35— 37 
Professor MACGREGOR SKENE oe Ar me sig 38— 41 
H. TETLEY ay : Sas oa mt ua ait 42— 44 
Sir LEWIS L. FERMOR| ui ws ut “a Fe 45— 47 
F. W. EVENS ne ee an mB e ne ae 48— 49 
H. H. DAVIS eS, Pe Wy si ae Bs 50— 51 
Professor W. F. WHITTARD Pe ae i os E. 52 53 
J. H. SAVORY ‘ Ay ete ae a a 54— 55 
RE ee Oe a ee 56— 57 


Miss M.H. ROGERS .. ws ae si bs fs 58— 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE BristoL NATURALISTS’? SOCIETY 


The Society has stocks of back numbers of some volumes of 
the Proceedings which may be purchased at the price of 5/— per — 
part (postage extra). Application should be made to the Sears 4 
Librarian, Bristol Naturalists’ Society, City Museum, Bristol 8. — 


Series 4. Vol. I. Pt. 1 (1904), Pt. 2 (1905) 7@iRy Fes (1906). 
Vol. II. Pt. 1 (1907), Pt. 2 (1908), Pt. 3 (1909). 
Vol. III. Pt. 1 (1910); Pt. 2 (19077), Pt 9 (agra). 
Vol. TV. . Pt. 1 (1913); Pt. 2 (1914), Pi. 3 agra 10) ae 
Vol.V. Pt. 1 (1917), Pt. 2 (1918), Piveigee eee | 
(1920-21), Pt. 5 (1922). 4 
Vol. VI. Pt. 1.4923) O.P., Pt. 3 (tasq ie (1925), | 
Pt. 4 (1926), Pt. 5 (1927). 4 
Vol. VII. Pt. 1 (1928), Pt. 2 Gogg Bee = eqs 4 
Pt. 4 (1931), Pt. 5 (1932), Pt. 6 (1933), Pt. 7 (1934). 
Vol. VIII. Pt. 1 (1935), Pt. 2 (1936), Pe 3 (1037) 5am 
Pt. 4 (1938). 7 4 
Vol. IX. Pt. 1 (1939), Pt. 2 (1940), Pt. 3 (1940) Pre 
(1942), Pt. 5 (1943). . 
At the end of Vol. IX publication in series ceased and the © 
next volume, the twenty-seventh since publication started, is be 
numbered X XVII. x 
“Vol. XXVIII. Pt..1 (1944), Pt. 2 (ro4gy ee @ olka 
Pt. 4 (1947), Pt. 5 (1948). q 
Vol. XXVIII. Pt. 1 (1949), Pt. 2 (1950), Pt. 3 (1951), 
Pt. 4 (1952), Pt. 5 (1953). | . 
Vol. XXIX. Pt. 1 (1954), Pt. 2 (1955), Pt. 3 (1956) \ 
Pt. 4 (1957). 
In addition, limited stocks of some parts of earlier volumes are ~ 
held, viz. 2nd Series, 1866-1872, and New Series (3rd), Vols. I ¢ 
to X, 1873-1903. Particulars of parts available can be obtained ~ 
from the Honorary Librarian. ; 


THe CARBONIFEROUs LIMESTONE SERIES (AVONIAN) OF THE 
Avon GORGE % 
by the late Arthur Vaughan, revised (1936) by the late S. H. 
Reynolds ; reprinted from Proc. 1935. 4 
A Revisep List OF THE Birps OF THE BrisTou. DIsTRicT 
by H. H. Davis, reprinted from Proc., 1947. a 
Copies of the above are available at 5 /— each (Gost. extra) from q 
Hon. Lib. as above. 3 
THe PLEsiosAURS IN THE City MusrEum, BrisTou 
by W. E. Swinton, reprinted from Proc., 1947, price 2 /-, 
may be obtained from the City Museum, Bristol. 


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