bis i ‘4 ) J LbPud ai Fy tat aig Hy We sf U a i f ath Buu Watt i ai bepticst at se =e 5: 3 afi Eat Rey ttre tals etal ms pres sya Hut ith Fit } at Seypsss We ’ Ss rhed tat prejbieetisatites aiteheaics Ef irae I) st hinah yah ai erisniy Ait o vie Miers erctstanni trace e289 Wt sR ads ear at Bat ahah FORTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT Entomological Society OF ONTARIO 1910 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO Bir ein TORONTO: Printed by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 1911. Pi oa, 26 Ren Aty ae FORTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Entomological Society OF ONTARIO 1910 (PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO) PRINTED BY ORDER OF b THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO TORONTO: Printed by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 1 fe ya Wi Printed by WILLIAM BRIGGS, 29-37 Richmond Street West, TORONTO. To the Honourable John Morison Gibson, K.C., LL.D., etc., etc., ete. May ir PLEASE Your Honour: The undersigned begs to present herewith, for the consideration of your Honour, the Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1910. Respectfully submitted, JAMES S. DUFF, Minister of Agriculture. Toronto, 1911. [3] CONDENS: PAGE. BETTER (OF TRANSMISSION? fe 5.0.09 ores wcll wets eee eo eee eee ee 5 OFFICERS HOR 910A9F1 spocdeco.s srsre,s Bie ele eels shee ele new eieleeio ee locior a eee eee eee ee 9 CANADIAN’ “MEMBERS?! “6.5%. (6:3) cre'sisjierer's, Soe: 0s arate love leteilbvslaliepa suscele orouel ots cla orale sockets eae So 9 ANNUAL @ MEETING © 82.55 cie sarees ais: orai suse ey s¥ornye, (Saveterciel oieuateljaicte t= ie eevee te iefaiehe evel tore 11 Reports on Insects of the Year: Division No. 1, AkTHUR GIBSON ............ 11 Division No. 5, i. J: A. Morris =). +55 eee 16 Division No: 2; C. HE? Grant 2-2 22-.eeeee 18 Division No. 6, R. S. HaAamron <.-. cee 18 Division No. 3; J. 3B: \WiInDGtTaAMs 3... eee 19 Division No. 7, R. ©. TREHERNE ..........; 19 Insects of the Year inOntario; 1. CABSAR! {2 e.ce cee lele lee eee 21 The More Injurious Insects in Canada in 1910: C. Gorpon Herwitr.......... 27 Notes’ on. the Season of 19102 “Ty W. WYOES! 22. ci nfo 5 css oo 2 ee 30 Repork Of the Couneil s5 see dees ewe Selle ao Hee ee to oe aes Oe eae 32 First International Congress of Hntomology: H. H. LyMa% .................. 32 Report .of Whe; Montreal, Branch, ~ 1 .2e-a ses verse sete nye lee ie 37 Gs “2 Toronto: ABLANCH f+ siescteieneseve oo t)sorets, Siahsuetios GVererene ote ee 38 s < Librarian -\.. ~ceks 2 Pose tan sis wadek os ose hsiewer en 39 - s Curator! 2 3. ee RE ii A etn yee Ss Bee 26 AOS enn 39 s a Delegate to the Royal ‘Society =... 2... 2.0.2 26 es eee 49 The Role of Insects in Water-life: J: G. N@EDEEAM- .. 2... 22.2.2. a= sneer 42 XHIbit: of. Specimens) 224.5 [=3 oc iciaeelers.c siete ss serene S etepee siapera @ esos tena ee 43 Beetles found about Holiage? &. J, A..MORRIS... 2. . 2. <2...2 02. 26> os eee 45 The “Pools Ts We WW YERS iec8 13 Sic) Goa ava eta lot's citer Soy Saga le oc evalelle ss Dye tenet tole er 51 The Bean Maggot in Ontario in 1910: J. BE. Howrrr ....-.....--....0-meeee 56 The Horse-radish Wlea-beetle: A. WH! “WINN 2.226 2<< ocjs.6 ve ceo ce te os 59 The Migration of some Native Locusts: NoRMAN CRIDDLE .............-..---. 60 On the Practical Importance of the Study of Parasitic Insects: C.GorpoN Hewitr 62 The Coccidae.of Canadas. TT: Di TARVIS) 2).5.../5 o/s, cts. ce «a svers abe 9 ere ancl eos eee 64 Aleyrodidae of Ontario: T. iD) JARVIS. 5.5 ee een oie sesh cloretel ol sinters erate 78 Some. Insects of the Larch: ‘J.. M., SWAINB 6.0.06 016 <6 No. 36 The Society’s cabinets contain a very complete collection of the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera of the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec and a good number of representatives of the other orders. In addition there are many very beautiful specimens of exotic Lepidoptera. The Branch Associations connected with the Society are doing excellent work. They spread the knowledge of economic entomology to the great benefit of the farmers, horticulturists, and fruit-growers, in their several localities. EVENING SESSION—THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 8nrp, 1910. A public meeting was held at 8 o’clock p.m. in the Massey Hall Auditorium, at which there was a good attendance of students and representatives of the College staff, as well as of members of the Society. The chair was taken by Mr. C. 0. James, Deputy Minister of the Ontario Department of Agriculture. The pro- ceedings were enlivened by some musical selections given by members of the College Philharmonic Society. After a few remarks by the Chairman congratulating the Society on reaching its forty-seventh annual meeting, and referring to the amount of good work that it has accomplished, he introduced the speaker of the evening, Professor James G. Needham, of Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., who occupies the chair of Limnology in the Department of Entomology. His subject was “ The Role of Insects in Water-life,” illustrated with many beautiful lantern pictures. The following is an abstract of his remarks :— THE ROLE OF INSECTS IN WATER-LIFE. Pror. James G. NeepHAM (Abstract). Aquatic insects are not found in all the waters of the earth, but are mainly restricted to shoal parts of fresh water and to the shelter of rocks and vegetation. There are but few found inhabiting even the bottoms of our deeper lakes and streams, a few blood worms, caddis-worms and the burrowing nymphs of May-flies, and there is but one, Corethra, that is strictly free-swimming in habits and-a constant denizen of the open water. Moreover, it is mainly the larval stages of insects that are aquatic; only these breathe by gills, and the larve are tied by parentage to the shores. Alongshore, however, insects constitute a very important part of the sub- merged population, being present often in inconceivably vast numbers. Sometimes a species, like the great May-fly, Heaxagenia, that is synchronous in its habits of transformation, comes forth in swarms that darken the air on a midsummer evening, but the vast majority of aquatic insects are not thus concerted in habits and give us no visible demonstration of their abundance. Yet they abound in all aquatic situa- tions in shoal water. Some groups, like the stone-flies, are fitted for life in rapid waters only, but most of the larger groups, like the flies and the beetles and the dragon-flies, contain representatives expressly adapted to situations of the utmost diversity. The rapid-water forms are usually flattened and depressed in body for attachment to the surface of stones where the water glides over them. And, on the other hand, those in stagnant waters usually possess devices for protecting their delicate gills from the accumulation of sediment. 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43 The collector who knows something about the habits of the insects he gathers alongshore is usually struck with the apparent preponderance of carnivorous forms. All of the dragon-flies and bugs, nearly all of the beetles and the larve of many flies, are of strictly carnivorous habits and are very much more in evidence than the herbivorous May-flies or midge larve or those alge-feeding beetle larvee of the family Haliplide that has recently been demonstrated to be herbivorous. The lecturer then showed many lantern slides illustrating species of May-flies, beetle larvee and caddis-worms that are being studied especially at the Biological Field Station of Cornell University. He discussed the varying reproductive capacity, length of life, food and shelter requirements of these species, and showed in con- clusion the possibilities of artificial increase by rearing in pure cultures and the possibilities of conservation of the natural supply of these excellent items of fish food by providing proper shelter and by protecting the foraging grounds. The Chairman, Mr. C. C. Jamus, expressed the pleasure that all present had derived from the address and the surprise that all shared in at the importance of aquatic insects as regards the provision of food for fishes. A vote of thanks to Prof. Needham was moved by President Creelman, seconded by Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, and heartily adopted by the meeting. SECOND DAY’S SESSION—FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 41a, 1910. The first portion of the morning was spent in the Society’s part of the College Museum, and was devoted to an inspection of the extensive collections of Lepidop- tera and Coleoptera and the specimens brought by the members. Among the various interesting examples presented may be mentioned a large collection of beetles cap- tured upon foliage in illustration of Mr. F. J. A. Morris’s paper; these specimens were beautifully mounted and carefully labelled. Prof. J. M. Swaine exhibited a series of specimens of Scolytid beetles and their work as wood-engravers and timber destroyers. Dr. Hewitt exhibited a case containing the partial life-history of the Spruce Budworm (Tortrix fumiferana). This contained moths, larve, chrysalids, and several species of parasites, as well as drawings of the mature larva and end of twig showing the winter shelters of the young larve. In a separate case was exhibited the characteristic work of the caterpillars. Dr. Hewitt also placed on view a case containing the work of six different species of Chermes which had been donated to the Division of Entomology by Miss Edith M. Patch, of Orono, Maine, and speci- mens of the parasite, Tropidopria conica, reared from Fristalis. Mr. Gibson exhibited a case containing rare Noctuids and Arctians. Among these were Stretchia plusiiformis and Apantesis michabo from Hymers, Ont.; Momophara comstocki, from McNab’s Island, N.S.; Sphinx perelegans, from Wel- lington, B.C.; and a series of moths of the genus Xylina from the Ottawa district. An inflate of the mature larva of Hstigmene prima was also shown, which had been teared from eggs obtained at Shawville, Que., by Mr. A. F. Winn. The following were noted among the specimens exhibited by Mr. Lyman :— Grapta gracilis, from the White Mountains. Argynnis montinus, Chinobas semidea, Colias interior, Parchnobia wocket? and Anarta schoenherri from Mt. Washington. Hepialus gracilis from the White Mountains. Also the following from Hymers, Ont., received from Mr. Horace Dawson :— A beautifully suffused specimen of Argynnis atlantis. dt THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 A curious completely suffused specimen of Argynnis bellona. Pirragmatobia assimilans, var. franconia Sloss. Hyphoraia parthenos, the outer brown band on secondaries reduced to dots. Graptolitha hemina. (This specimen was compared with Grote’s type in the British Museum by Mr. Lyman and positively identified.) Leucobrephos brephoides. Cossus centerensis. Cossus undosus ? Sthenopis argenteomaculatus. Hepialus hyperboreus. Dr. Walker exhibited a case containing the nymphs or larve of the following species of Canadian Aeshninae (a group of large dragon-flies) : Boyeria vinosa, B. grafiana, Basiaeschna janata, Nasiaeschna pentacantha, Anax junius, Aeshna juncea, eremita, interrupta (?), clepsydra, canadensis, palmata, umbrosa, constricta, cali- fornica and multicolor. This includes all the known nymphs of North American species of Aeshna. He also showed an aberrant specimen of the butterfly Char- tdryas nycteis and the galls of three species of Chermes from black and white spruce in Ontario. At eleven o’clock the election of officers for the year 1910-1911 was proceeded with and Dr. E. M. Walker was unanimously elected President and Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt Vice-President. The complete list is given on page 9. The following resolution, moved by Mr. Henry H. Lyman and seconded by Mr. Arthur Gibson, was adopted :— “ That Past Presidents of the Society be invited to present to the Society framed photographs of themselves taken on a plate 10 by 8 inches with mat or border not over 3 inches wide, and that in the case of deceased Presidents the Council endeavour to have similar portraits prepared where photographs can be obtained for enlarge- ment.” Professor J. M. Swaine, of Macdonald College, St. Anne de Belleville, P.Q., addressed the Society as follows :— Mr. Chairman and gentlemen,—I have the honour this afternoon to represent officially the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants. Two years ago, at a meeting at Macdonald College, we formed a society which we called The Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants from Insect Pests and Fungus Diseases. The name is rather long but it expresses very well our purpose. The Society receives financial assistance from the Quebec Government, and is thereby enabled to publish an annual report. Prof. Lochhead has been our President since the organization of the Society. We hold two meetings annually—a winter meeting, so far held at Macdonald College, at which papers are read, and business is transacted; and a summer meeting at La Trappe. This summer meeting lasts for two days and is devoted chiefly to collecting and discussions. La Trappe is an excellent collecting ground, and we have always a delightful outing among the beautiful orchards and vineyards and fine farms of those most hospitable gentlemen, the Trappist Fathers and Brothers. Our members are few as yet, but we are ambitious, and hope to do sometiing in the way of investigation and distribution among the Quebec farmers of a knowl- edge of the methods of controlling injurious fungi and insects which will justify our existence as a society. I have then, sir, the privilege this afternoon of presenting to you and your Society the greetings and the good wishes of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants. 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45 : 4 BEETLES FOUND ABOUT FOLIAGE. F. J. A. Morets, Trinity CoLitecr ScHoont, Porr Horr. ° During my five years or more of collecting, I have captured, on and about foliage, species belonging to eight or ten of the great families of beetles. Some of these have been merely incidental and I know of nothing in their habits to connect them with the tree or herbaceous plant on which I found them. For instance, there is a species of Lagriid, a family closely related to the Tenebrionide or Darkling Beetles, which I have often taken on foliage—Arthromacra wnea; usually the beetle is found feeding in blossoms of the dogwood, occasionally on the foliage of that shrub, but quite often I have seen it on the leaves of the May-apple (Podophyllum peltatum), the New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus americanus), and the Sweet Fern (Comptonia asplenifolia) ; it appears to have a special fondness for this last shrub and on bright, hot days of July is often abundant in patches of Sweet Fern. So far as I know it does not eat the leaves, but contrary to the general habit of the Tenebrionids it certainly courts bright sunshine. There is an allied genus in Great Britain (Lagria hirta) said to be found on blossoms and in hedges, which even in the larval stage is remarkable for its habit of wandering openly about foliage. Most of the Tenebrionid larve feed obscurely on vegetable matter, preferably in a dry condition; probably the best known, in domestic economy, is Z’enebrio molitor, the famous meal-worm, which I have occasionally had served to me at breakfast in a plate of porridge. There are three families of beetle in particular, many of whose members are extremely fond of sunshine. The Elaters or Click Beetles, their next of kin, the Buprestids or Metallic Wood-borers, and the Cerambycide or Long-horns. I have often captured some of the smaller species of Hlaters, chiefly of the genus Corymbites, resting on the upper side of leaves, apparently indulging in the luxury of a sun-bath. Early in May two seasons ago I took a magnificent specimen of Buprestis striata basking on the tip of a branch of white pine, and in August of the same year I saw darting about in the mid-day heat and settling from time to time on the foliage of a spruce the gorgeous little Buprestid, Chrysobothris harrisu. This dazzling vision in peacock blue was youchsafed to me for a moment only and then withdrawn, but in my mind’s eye I have been “following the gleam” ever since. Altogether that proved a red-letter day in my calendar, for I captured on the trunk of a newly-felled balsam fir at the same spot my sole specimen of Monohammus marmorator. A great many of the Cerambycide or Long-horns are fond of this sun-basking ; and I have made occasional captures on foliage of species that usually seek the shade: once a specimen of Callidium antennatum on a blade of grass by the road- side, and once a fine specimen of Calloides nobilis on a stalk of ‘sedge by the rail- way track. But of those that are active by day, many of them feeding in blossoms, I have found many species on leaves, especially of the two tribes Ch ytint and Lepturini; in one or two cases, the insect seems to prefer one foliage to all others and perhaps such captures ought not to be regarded as merely incidental: for instance, I have found Clytanthus ruricola show a decided preference for the eaves of the thimbleberry, though it does not often feed in the blossom of this plant. The capture I look back upon with greatest pride was that of a small speci- men of EHupogonius subarmatus in my first season of collecting. I was going through a belt of basswood on the look out for various things, but chiefly “ Walking ‘Sticks ” and the larve of Ohrysomela scalaris; by “ Walking Sticks” I mean the 1 46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Phasmid, Diapheromera femorata, an Orthopterous insect next of kin to the Pray- ing Mantids; it occurred not infrequently that season about the Rideau on bass- wood; still more abundant on basswood leaves were the larve of Chrysomela scalaris, and I was rearing some in captivity. While scanning the underside of the foliage just above my head I noticed a leaf through which the sunlight passed imperfectly; there was a small opaque area near the centre, in short, something rather smaller than a house fly was casting its shadow on the upper surface. I drew the leaf cautiously down and surprised a diminutive longicorn sunning itself in the middle of the leaf; unfortunately, I surprised it in more senses than one, for, in response to a stimulus of self-preservation, it instantly collapsed and, tumbling down the leaf in a series of somersaults, like the clown in a pantomime, disappeared from the stage. For nearly half an hour I hunted among the débris at my feet and at last discovered the little harlequin playing *possum under a twig. At first I took this beetle for Amphionycha flammata, to which superficially it bears an extraordinary resemblance; but I found the ungues or claws (which are divaricate) simple instead of cleft; as they are distinctly cleft in Amphionycha, the foot appearing to end in four minute claws, it became certain my capture was Hupogonius subarmatus. Another form of incidental capture is where beetles of a carnivorous habit resort to foliage in search of food. I have once taken Calosoma scrutator, and several times Calosoma calidum on the foliage of the white pine; these enterprising ground beetles poaching on the arboreal preserves for caterpillars; many-of the diurnal fireflies, which are carnivorous, may be found resorting to foliage for the same purpose, and the Coccinellide or Lady-birds are regularly so taken. One July I found two or three species of Lady-bird resorting in large numbers to an asparagus bed’ where they were doing yeoman service in devouring larve as they fed on the foliage; on the menu of their banquet if not the piéce de résistance was Crioceris asparagi, and they were feasting royally. Passing from incidental captures to those where the insect was found on its food-plant, I shall begin with an insect I saw in July three years ago which did not devour the leaves, but using its jaws as a pair of scissors, cut them and rolled them up into cylinders. I mean the weevil, Attelabus analis, the oakleaf roller. I was examining the leaves of various plants, herbaceous and woody, along the railway track some 12. miles north of Port Hope—especially willow shrubs and oak- seedlings whose foliage was lush and tender, the leaves being, many of them, still pink and soft—when I noticed a curculio with black head and snout, the thorax and elytra of a shining chestnut red. I recognized it from having seen cabinet specimens as one of the oak-leaf rollers, and on diligent search I found it fairly abundant and always on young leaves, which no doubt proved more pliable and easily worked by this ingenious little artificer. It was not easy to see much work done, as the beetle is easily alarmed and drops from the leaf if approached too closely. I was able in one case, however, to watch the actual process of rolling and in another some of the preliminary work of cutting. Observations published in an American journal of entomology go to prove that though the act is instinctive and involves neither practice nor imitation, it is not absolutely perfect: leaves have been found cut in more than one place and then abandoned as unsatisfactory. There is a very interesting account of a British leaf-roller (Rhynchites betule) given by Sharpe in the Cambridge Natural History. The female beetle goes to the margin of the leaf—at the base, but some way out from the stalk— and cuts through the leaf from the margin to the mid-rib somewhat in the shape of an upright letter S; it then crosses the mid-rib and cuts through the other half 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47 of the leaf to the margin somewhat in the shape of a prostrate letter S. The beetle then returns to the margin where it began cutting and, much as a grocer makes a paper funnel for sugar, rolls the edge over round an ideal axis till it brings it to the mid-rib; here it holds the funnel in position with the legs of one side while, with the other three, it draws the further side of the leaf towards it and wraps it around the part of the funnei already formed. When it finds the material stiff to work with it bites the surface of the leaf with its mandibles or pushes it into position with its feet, adjusting means to ends like a sailor at work in the shrouds furling canvas. It then enters the funnel, bites two or three small pits into the leaf, deposits an egg in each and then emerging completes the funnel — 3 by folding over and tucking in the tip of the leaf. Mr. Sharpe, in comment, points out that the insect has never seen a funnel in its life and yet manages to make one perfectly the very first time of trying. But the author’s perplexity is partly due to his confusing a purely instinctive act with an act of intelligence (vide the Peckliams’ book on Wasps). How can an insect be a highly-skilled engineer, working with mathematical accuracy and on a scientific plan? It is an insoluble problem if you try to state your answer in terms of intelligence and individual consciousness. But place it among impulsive acts, inyoluntary and more or less mechanical, common to all members of the species, and you can give a fairly satisfactory explanation in terms of instinct. Among insects especially are found instincts whose perfection is simply diabolical, often involving a highly complex series of acts performed but once in the whole life-time of the individual and therefore admitting of neither practice nor imitation. To look upon such acts as the result of conscious intelligence is absurd; the intellect has no place here and would be simply a meddler, likely to bungle and make a botch of the artificer’s work. On the other hand a whole- hearted Darwinian like Weismann has no difficulty in applying his great principle of selection to such an act and seeing in it one more beautiful illustration of how all things living in the world, whether flora or fauna, are adapted to their environment. As I have begun with one of the weevils, which come at the end of the Coleop- tera in classification, I shall pass to a family not far removed from the weevils, the Blister Beetles (Meloide), many of which in the mature state occur abundantly on foliage and are very destructive. Four species of the genus Epicauta are known in Ontario; some of them occasionally attack the leaves of the potato, but more usually they feed harmlessly on flowers like golden rod and helianthus or the low herbage by river banks. I have not seen any of this genus and think it uncommon east of Toronto, or at least in the neighborhood of Port Hope. One species of an allied genus (Macrobasis unicolor), which also attacks the potato, I have found in great abundance about Port Sydney in low grounds feeding and breeding on the foliage of meadow-rue. The family consists of two tribes, Cantharidae and Meloidae; the former all have power of flight and are frequently found about foliage or flowers; in the latter the wings are abortive or entirely absent, and the beetle’s most daring excursion into the realm of air consists in crawling up a grass-blade or the stem of some herbaceous plant. One or two species of Meloe or Oil-beetle are frequently found early in the spring and late in the summer, but the insect docs not appear to eat foliage. Both tribes of this family are famous for their pos- _ session of a principle known as cantharidine, whence they are called Blister beetles, some of the species being.of great medicinal value. A more remarkable feature about them which they share with some of their neighbours. the Mordellide, is the phenomenon of hyper-metamorphosis. They = 48 ; THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 are all parasitic in the larval stage, their hosts being usually bees, occasionally wasps and (in the case of Hpicauta) locusts. The normal form of the larva is preceded by a very active louse-like insect known as a triungulin (each leg termin- ating in a triple set of hooks). The larva that sugceeds the triungulin is inactive and almost legless; moreover, in some cases the true pupa is preceded by a sort of preliminary pupal form from which emerges a larva of habit almost as active as the original triungulin, though it does not feed. The triungulin is a monomaniac; I mean a creature of but one idea, one single goal of ambition, and its six active legs enable it to get there. The loadstone that draws the triungulin like a steel-filing to a magnet is the egg of its host. In the case of Hpicauta vittata this is the egg cluster of a locust, and the parent beetle takes the precaution of laying its eggs near where the locust has hidden its egg- batches in the ground. Among the Cantharids whose host is a genus of bee ~ (Anthophora), the beetle oviposits near the bees’ nest, but in order that the tri- ungulin may reach the egg of the bee, it has to be carried into the nest by a queen bee ; its instinct impels it to seize the first hairy object within reach. This frequently proves to be the leg of a drone and in some cases the triungulin manages to transfer itself to the leg of a queen bee during the nuptial flight and so reaches its goal, the egg-cell in the hive. But hundreds of triungulins must perish from seizing a wrong object, and in order to compensate for this, selection has enormously increased the fertility of the female beetle, which lays as many as 2.000 eggs. In the Meloe or Oil-heetle the instinct is even more imperfect; the beetle does not lay her eggs near the home of the host and the triungulin mounts to the top of grass stems or enters a blossom and waits there for a hair (any hair will do) ; this more often than not proves to be growing on the leg of a fly, or if a bee, the wrong kind, and thousands of the triungulins, instinctively seizing the first hairy object that offers, are carried into space to perish miserably. All that saves the Meloe from utter extinction is the stupendous fecundity of the female, the clutch of eggs laid by this Apteryx among insects producing a brood of no fewer than 10,000 triungulin chicks. Apart from the great Phytophagous group of beetles, easily the best known family of leaf-eaters is the Scarabeids. One section of this family consists of scavengers pure and simple, the larva being nourished in manure or rotting wood, and the female laying her eggs in such material. But an important branch of the family is phytophagous, the larve feeding on living vegetable matter, usually the roots of grasses and herbaceous plants, and the mature insects often feeding voraciously on leaves of trees or soft vegetable tissue. In this family of beetles, structurally so different from the Phytophagous Beetles, strictly so called, it is interesting to note how far one group has diverged from another in response to conditions entailed by their chosen food material. Among the Coprini you find the larval stage completed in a few weeks or at most months, while the life of the mature beetle (as in Scarabeus) extends over a period of two or three years. Among the Melolonthini almost the converse obtains; the larva takes two, three or even five years to mature, and the beetle, after emerging from the ground, lives for only a week or two. In Ontario the most familiar of these phytophagous scarabs are the leaf- chafers popularly known as June bugs. After three years passed in subterranean obscurity the beetles emerge, often in vast quantities; they are inactive during the day and remain hidden in the grass at the foot of trees or on the foliage itself, but at dusk they rouse up from their lairs and fly about among the trees in irregular flight, noisy and blundering: before midnight their activity on the wing ceases. 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49 The life of the individual beetle after emerging from the ground lasts little more than a week or two, and you would naturally expect its chief concern to be the per- petuation of its kind. But often Melolonthinus, like Launcelot Gobbo, is a huge feeder, sometimes entirely stripping fruit trees and ornamental shade trees of their foliage. There are one or two genera in this group containing species a good deal smaller than Lachnosterna, the true June bug, which are also very destructive in some parts and seasons. The Rose-chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus), not content with eat- ing the buds and petals of rose blossoms, frequently attacks the grape-vine and the foliage of various fruit trees; it is also sometimes a pest on young corn; it does not seem so far to have made its way east of Toronto in any serious numbers. A closely allied genus is the Dichelonycha, one species of which (D. elongota) I have often seen eating the foliage of basswood. Three seasons ago it was very abundant in the woods near Port Hope, and responsible for a good deal of damage done in July to the foliage of forest trees; it shows a decided preference for bass- wood, eating its foliage more readily and more rapidly than other leaves, though I haye found it on hawthorn and on maple. Another genus, that of Hoplia (trifasciata), occurs often on hawthorn leaves, but it is almost entirely a pollen-feeder like Trichius piger and Huphoria inda. Hoplia, which occurs often on choke cherry, early elder and hawthorn, the males appearing at the beginning of May and the females a fortnight later, disappears at the beginning of June. Another species of Huphoria, a beautiful beetle, called #H. fulgida, I suspect of eating forest leaves; I have picked it up several times under trees in open rocky hardwoods on the north shore of the Rideau. Among Scarabs that frequent foliage are also two species very destructive in the tribe Rutelini, large handsome beetles—Pelidnota punctata, found on grape- vines, and Cotalpa lanigera, chiefly on pear trees, but occasionally on elm, poplar and oak. I have never found this beetle, but the Pelidnota has been taken occasion- ally in the neighbourhood, usually on the cultivated grape-vine, but once or twice on wild vines, some miles north of the town; it does not appear to be at all frequent east of Toronto. I mentioned at the outset of my paper the Buprestids as a family peculiarly fond of basking in the sun. There are two genera of Buprestid that eat leaves, Agrilus and Brachys. The first of these is a long, narrow beetle, taken occasionally on the leaves of basswood, but more common on the foliage of raspberries. The larva bores in the stem of the raspberry. A curious feature about the Agrilus is that in appearance and shape, as well as in some of its movements for escape or to elude observation, it closely resembles the longicorn beetle Oberea; moreover, the habits and life-history of the two beetles are almost identical; they both lay their eggs in raspberry stems, where the larva bores and feeds, and they both in maturity resort to the leaves of the plant as a resting place and occasionally for food. The genus Brachys is a short form of beetle, almost as broad as it is long, the species I have most commonly found being Brachys @rosa; it is not uncommon on basswood and two or three other forest leaves, but I have usually found it feed- ing on the foliage of a hazel (Corylus rostrata), where it is sometimes abundant. It is stated in Sharpe’s article on insects in the Cambridge Natural History that some of the smaller kinds of Buprestid have been discovered to feed on the parenchyma of leaves. I know nothing about the larval habit of Brachys, but arguing on analogy from Agrilus, I would hazard the guess that the larva is a leaf miner on hazel or other forest leaves. 50 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 In drawing a parallel between Agrilus and Oberea I referred to both form and habit. The form of Brachys, short and broad and somewhat flat, suggests the form of Odontota, a leaf-miner among the Chrysomelians; in habit, since the mature beetle of Agrilus responds to the same food-stimulus as its larva, the eat- ing of hazel and other leaves by the Brachys beetle may mean that the larva mines in such leaves. (Vide Can. Ent., 1887, xix, 159.) I have found a great many instances among the Coleoptera where the mature insect seems to be affected in a greater or less degree by the same stimulus as the larva. Perhaps the sight of the larva’s food-plant strikes on some happy chord of childish recollection in the mature beetle. To the student of animal instinct it is no doubt far more wonderful that an insect in its comparatively short life should at different stages respond to two quite distinct food-stimuli. The syrphus fly (Hristalis tenax), whose larva feeds in liquid manure, is at maturity a honey-sucking haunter of blossoms; in extreme cases, like that of the parasitic oil-beetles, as many as three distinct food-stimuli occur in the life of the individual. But in my rambles through the realm of Coleoptera, it is the opposite phenomenon which has struck me most. I mean the number of beetles that are attracted to the food of their larva. I have noticed this especially among the Cerambycide. In many of them the smell of fermenting sap (where a tree is newly felled or has been injured by the lopping of branches or the mutilation of bark) seems to act as a direct and powerful stimulus in liberating the instinct of reproduction. This is specially noticeable in the Monohammi. In others, again, where perhaps the smell of sap has first drawn the insects to the tree for breed- ing purposes, the sight of the foliage seems to impel the beetles to eat the leaves. This is particularly the case in some genera that approach most nearly to the Chrysomelians. We have a familiar illustration of it in Tetraopes, the Milkweed beetle, whose larva feeds in the stem of the plant while the beetle resorts in large numbers to the leaves, on which it feeds freely as well as breeding. Less con- spicuous examples of the same phenomenon are the Oberea, and still more the Saperda. I have several times captured Saperda vestita feeding on the sheaf of leafy twigs surrounding the basswood stumps, under whose bark the eggs are laid. I have found Saperda moesta eating the leaves of the poplar, where its larva de- velops, and on a single willow I once counted over 200 specimens of Saperda con- color breeding on the leaves and eating the foliage with evident relish. These last few paragraphs have brought me right into the great group of Phytophagous beetles, properly so called; whose larvae, without exception, find sup- port on living vegetable tissue. They comprise three families, the Bruchids which devour seeds, the Cerambycids which attack the woody tissue of trees and shrubs, and the Chrysomelids which feed at all stages on foliage and the more succulent parts of vegetation. The Bruchids form only a small group, and the genus Bruchus is the only one of much importance; besides the Pea and Bean Weevils (so called), the only species I have found at all abundant is a minute insect, Bruchus discoideus, some- times plentiful in the blossoms of the white convolvulus or Morning Glory. The Cerambycids appear to have been in their origin scavengers, rarely attack- ing sound wood; but the larve of many of them, before reaching full growth, eat right into solid timber; while others appear to eke out their existence by draining the afflux of sap to the part they have wounded; yet others again have deserted the forest tree that formed their ancestral home and taken up their abode in the fruit trees of our orchards. The larve develop slowly, and must greatly reduce 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51 the vitality of the tree they infest. They are exceedingly tenacious of life, and many instances are on record to show that the larval stage is capable of enormous extension. The imago of Monohammus has been known to emerge from chairs and tables years after the manufacture of the furniture. Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, an English naturalist, heard one of these larve at work in a boot-tree (an implement for stretching top boots), which he had in his possession for 14 years; he then pre- sented the implement to the Natural History Museum at Kensington, where for 6 or 7 years longer the larva continued to saw wood. ‘The entire absence of sap had, of course, arrested the development of the larva, and it was unable to com- plete its transformation. Sereno Watson, the American botanist, relates another ease (Packard, U. S. Ent. Comm., 1890, p. 689) that seems to prove the life of one longicorn to have lasted 45 years. When you add to this tenacity of life the larval obscurity which makes even detection difficult, it will be seen how serious a pest the longicorns may and often do become. The Chrysomelians, on the other hand, live openly on foliage, which they devour as beetles no less than as larve. The larval stage is short, and the insect, as a rule, helpless and easily destroyed. They more than compensate, however, for their exposure to attack by their rapid breeding, many genera producing two broods every season. There are 11 tribes of the family in boreal America, all of them represented in Ontario. But the great bulk of our Chrysomelide belong to the four consecutive tribes—Cryptocephalini, Eumolpini, Chrysomelini and Galerucini; the last of these is far the greatest, and contains more genera and almost as many species as the other three combined. Together these four tribes contain more than two-thirds of the entire genera and species in the family. As, geologically, the woody fibred vegetation preceded the leafy and succulent plants, it is probable that the Cerambycide attained their greatest development far earlier than the Chrysomelide. But the two families are undoubtedly closely akin, and the Donacias may be regarded both in form and in habit as in many resvects intermediate between some of the less highly specialised genera of Cerambycids and the Chrysomelids. THE POOL. Rev. THomas W. Fyzes, D.C.L., Hux, Ques. Within an easy distance of my present place of abode there is, in the Jand- seape, an abrupt descent, clothed with forest trees, and extending for a consider- - able distance. Such a descent would have been called in England, in the olden times, a “hanger.” In that delightful book, “ White’s Natural History of Selbourne,” such a hanger is described; and the word itself is found in the names of places, such as Oakhanger, Westonhanger, etc. It may be that the appellation is an Anglicised form of the Norman French hangar, a shed—a word common in Quebec Province, but almost obsolete in Eng- land. Thackeray, however, makes use of it in his “Life of Henry Esmond.”* At a spot under the elevation I have in mind, the Trenton limestone of the * Mademoiselle, may we take your coach to town? I saw it in the hangar, and this poor Marquis must be dropping with sleep.”—The Hist. of Henry Esmond.~ Bk. IIl., Ch. 13. 52 THE REPORT OF THE -. . No. 36 district crops out, around a hollow some yards across and always containing water. A projecting slab on the edge of the pool affords me a welcome place of rest. When I am seated upon it, my attention is naturally drawn to the creatures inhabiting the limpid water at my feet. I have found them a numerous and interesting as- sembly. One day, early in June, I noticed a number of Newts (specimens of Diemyc- tylus viridescens), asprawl, and motionless on the bottom of the pool. Presently a small fly, either by accident or design, touched the water: immediately one of the newts, that had seemed so inert, rose to the surface and swallowed it. The propelling guiding powers of the newt were in its tail. A few undulations of this, and the creature ascended directly to its mark—its feet hanging motionless by its sides. I much desired to examine the newt more closely; but how was I to secure it without injuring it? I called to mind that when I was a boy in England, I made a visit to friends in Surrey; and my young companions there took me to a pond to shew me how to catch “effets’”—those formidable, saw-backed creatures that bear the name of Triton cristatus. 49/0 Fie. 1 Diemyctylus viridescens. Natural size. My friends took with them a stick, a piece of string, and some worms. On reaching the pond they fastened one end of the string to the stick, and tied a worm by the middle to the other, and then dangled the bait before the eyes of a Triton. The little reptile seized it with the greatest avidity; and, so tenacious was its hold, that it allowed itself to be lifted from the water, and landed on the bank, without relaxing it. J tried this plan with my newt; but it was a failure—the creature would not bite. It wriggled away. But a handsome Leopard Frog—cream-breasted, green- coated, and adorned with jet-black markings—which was sitting near with its head out of water—could not resist the lure, but swallowed it incontinently. I tightened the line to see if the frog would allow itself to be drawn from the water. It sat, as Mark Twain’s “Jumping Frog” sat, after the shot had been poured into it; but it let the worm come from its maw with a slobbering gasp. It may have been imagination, but I thought that a look of astonished dis- gust passed over the visage of the frog. While I was considering how to secure a specimen of the newt, a mosquito lit upon my knee, and proceeded to present its little bill; but I brought a weighty argument to bear upon it, and put it ont of occupation. I pitched its remains or Go 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. upon the water. expecting to see a newt rise to them; but instantly a hungry Water Strider (Hygrotrechus remigis, Say) seized them and glided away. At the same instant another newt rose to a fly. I had my Entomological net in my hand, and, on the impulse of the moment, I slid it into the water and caught the reptile. What a beautiful little creature it was! Its back and sides were olive green; its under parts chrome yellow; and it was dotted all over, down to its toes, with jet black spots. In a row, on either side of its body, were some oval spots, crimson- lake in colour, and each inclosed by a black ring. Its tail, set edgeways, was broad and thin, and as long as its body. It moved with easy grace. I took the little creature home with me, made a drawing of it, and then carried it back to its com- panions in the pool. The newts all aisappeared at the end of July. The Water Strider deserves our attention. It is a wonderful object. It stands and moves upon the water: its body does not touch the surface. Do you want a proof of this? It is before us. Notice on the rocky bottom of the pool, the little cluster of six black spots, that moves as the insect moves above. It is a group of shadows from the creature’s feet. There is no shadow from its body—the light pass- ing under it and the sheen on the water cut off that—but the feet, being in actual contact with ihe surface, cast their shadows below. How cau the Strider stand and walk upon the water? The length of its limbs, and the adjustment of its weight, enable it to do so. A needle dropped lightly on still water will float; but a shot of the same weight will sink instantly. If you place the living Strider upon water in a basin, it will at first dash about wildy, for it is possessed of an excess of energy; but, if you remain motion- less, it will soon quiet down; and then, strange to say, you will easily perceive that at each foot the water is slightly depressed—the surface is not broken but bent in. The long !ezs of the insect stretch out like rays, and its body is suspended between them, distributing its weight to six points. It weighs barely one grain—I have 5 had it carefully weighed by a chemist’s scales—so one-sixth of a grain only im- pinges at one point upon the water (or one-fourth, when the insect is employing its front legs against its prey), but this is sufficient to cause a slight depression. The dimensions of the Strider are as follows:—Length of body, 15 millime- tres; breadth, at widest part, 5mm.; thickness, at thickest part, 3mm.; length of antenne, 6mm.; length of proboscis, 3mm. Front Legs: Length of femur, 5mm.; length of tibia, 314mm.; length of tar- sus, 2mm. : Middle Legs: Length of femur, 10mm.; length of tibia, 8mm.; length of tar- sus, 4mm. Hindmost Legs: Length of femur, 8mm.; length of tibia, 6mm. ; length of tar- sus, 214mm. These further particulars may be interesting:—The legs are densely clothed with short bristles—these, stretching backwards, must aid the creature’s move- ments. The tarsi are two-jointed, and terminated with sharp claws. The an- tenne have four long joints (that next the head being the longest), and a ring- joint between the second and third. The eyes are jet black, closely reticulated, and so prominent that they seem to be starting out of their sockets. The front legs are much stouter than the others and are formed for clasping—they are weapons of offence. The body beneath has the appearance of fine glossy leather. The Striders are cannibals. I saw one of them leap upon a smaller relative, 54 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 grapple fiercely with it, clasp it tightly to its chest, and then drive its proboscis into its body—the victim soon succumbed. While sitting by the pool I learned, with other facts, that wasps resort to the water to drink. I do not think that this should occasion surprise, for the masti- cation of wood pulp, for the construction of their nests, must be thirsty work for the wasps. At the edge of the pool some broken pieces of rock had fallen in, and a little water found its way between them. I saw a specimen of Vespa diabolica, Sauss, alight on the edge, walk down to the water, take a drink, and then fly away. Soon a second came to the same spot, and did likewise. Then there was a flash of brighter yellow; and a very bustling object came on the scene, and took the same course. J caught this insect to make sure of its identity—it was Vespa germanica, Fabricius. Soon afterwards a fourth insect, a specimen of Polistes pallipes, St. Farg., came to the same place for refreshment. No doubt all these wasps had nests not far away, and that this drinking-place was one of common resort for them. Fig. 2. Water Snails. Another species of the wasp that frequented the pool was the Mud Wasp, Pelo- peus cementarius, Drury. It came to gather material for the construction of its— we may well say—orphanages. These are built of mud, in snug nooks of houses, or other buildings. They consist of cells—each of about the capacity of a pea-nut— closely packed in masses which are smoothed on the outside. Before closing up a cell, the mother wasp fills it with spiders paralyzed by its sting, and drops a soli- tary egg amongst them. The mud castle contains no chamber for its builder—she soon dies. Clinging to the rocky sides and bottom of the pool, I found a number of Water Snails, belonging to the genus Limnea. Their shells appeared larger than those of Limnea palustris, and not so large as those of Limnaa stagnalis. The snail itself was an ungainly object, dull black in colour, and with flat horns, the shape of brush-scythes. These probably aid the creature to steer its course in the water, when it loses its foothold. Of Water Beetles three kinds were to be seen in the pool, viz.:—Colymbetes sculptilis, Harris, Dytiscus fasciventris, Say, and Acilius fraternus, Harris. Gyri- i9it ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. or Or nus borealis, Aubé, which was very abundant in a neighbouring stream, was not to be seen in the pool. On one of my last visits to the pool, I drew from the bottom of it a broken limb of a tree that had lain there, water-logged, for the whole season. Attached to the under surface of this piece of wood, I found a strip of some kind of spawn. It was three-quarters of an inch long and about three-sixteenths of an inch thick, and so firm that I was able to loosen it from the wood without damaging it. It was translucent, and I counted in it sixty minute eggs. I placed it in water, and shifted it to fresh water frequently.- The jelly-like matter surrounding the eggs, whether designed to nourish or protect them, gradually dissolved, and the eggs be- came free. At this stage the embryo, curled round within the egg, could be easily seen with the naked eye. The eggs began to hatch in the beginning of the present month (November). This is a description of the larve in their first stage :— Length, two millimetres. Translucent and colourless throughout—except that the tips of the mandibles were ochreous and the eyes were small brown dots. The head was large in proportion to the body. The antenne were straight and tapering. ‘The thoracic segments were slender, and angulated where the limbs were attached. The femora—especially of the hindmost pair of legs—were remarkably large. The segments of the somewhat enlarged and flask-shaped abdomen could be easily counted. At the end of the body were two respiratory tubes. Were these the larve of Dytiscus fasciventris, Say? On August 8rd an American Bittern (Botaurus lengtiginosus) flew np as I approached the pool. I think the bird was merely a passing visitor, for, in my frequent walks around the spot, I did not see it again.* One day in September, while occupying my favourite seat by the pool, I be- came aware of a dozen heads protruding from the water, and a dozen pairs of eyes fixed intently upon me. The position struck me as ludicrous, and I laughed aloud. ~ Immediately a dozen pairs of heels turned up with a splash, and my interviewers disappeared. In less than five minutes they showed themselves again, and resumed their watchful gaze, as much as to say, “What will you do next?” They were half-grown Leopard Frogs. I made the acquaintance of these creatures early in May, when they were dirty- prown tadpoles, about the size of our hazel nuts, and possessing long tails.. They developed hind-legs in the beginning of July, and, before the end of that month, had absorbed their tails, and become possessed of fore-legs. About the time of their metamorphosis, the full-grown frogs disappeared from the pool: they were gone probably in search of land adventures; for their kind were plentiful in the low-lying meadows near. Not the least interesting of the frequenters of the pool were the Dragon-flies. The first of these to attract my attention was Tetragoneura canis, MacLachlan. I had not met with it previously, and am indebted to Dr. E. M. Walker for its identification. ‘The following is a brief description of it:— Tetragoneura canis, MacLachlan: Length of body 1% inches; expanse of wings, 23-8 inches. Colour brown. Face and thorax hairy, with a white gloss. On either side of each segment of the abdomen there is a clay-yellow patch. Ab- domen somewhat spatulate, widest in the middle, tapering towards the end. Vena- tion of wings pale brownish red. Stigmata dark brown. At the base of the second- aries are some small brown blotches. : *On the 10th of June, 1904, I found a Bittern’s nest containing three eggs, at the “Gomin,” near Quebec. It was merely a depression in the herbage. The eggs were 1 7-8 inches long and 1 7-16 inches broad, of a pure oval, and fawn-coloured. 56 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 In the course of the season the pool was visited by representatives of the five species undermentioned :— Basieschna janata, Say. Libellula quadrimaculata, Linneus. Inbellula pulchella, Drury. Plathenus trimaculata, De Geer. Aishna umbrosa, EB. M. Walker. The last named was a particularly brilliant object. It was seemingly set with jewels. It flashed in the sunshine with the glories of emerald,.sapphire, and topaz. It hovered over the pool, as a kestrel hovers over an English meadow. The whole scene in the bright autumn days was very lovely. The Golden Rod grew thickly around, its colors relieved by the blue of the Michaelmas Daisy. Here and there a clump of the Glaucous Willow gave an air of seclusion to the spot; and a few yards away the stately forest trees ascended, with foliage already tinged with russet, crimson, and gold. It was a spot in which the contemplative man might hold communion with his Maker, and muse upon all His works, and “rejoice in giving praise for the operations of His hands.” On October 17th—the day being bright and warm—lI visited the pool again, but could detect no living thing within it. All its frequenters had lived out their lives, or sought their winter retreats. ; The ground was covered with dead leaves, brown and sear; and silence reigned —“Sic transit gloria mundi.” THE BEAN MAGGOT IN ONTARIO IN 1910. J. E. Howrrt, M.S.A., Ontario AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. It was the writer’s privilege and pleasure to attend the inaugural meeting of the Bean Growers’ Association of Kent County, at Ridgetown, in May. At this meeting the fungus diseases and insects injuring beans were discussed at some length. During the discussion many of the growers asked about a little white “weevil” which they claimed was their worst insect pest. Most of them had the idea that it was the bean weevil, but, from the descriptions given of it, the writer came to the conclusion that the pest was not the bean weevil. It was, however, im- possible to say what the insect was from the accounts given by the growers at the meeting. An arrangement was, therefore, made for the Biological Department of the Ontario Agricultural College to investigate the-insect and fungus diseases of beans which might become prevalent in Kent County during the summer of 1910. About the 10th of June word was received at the College that “the little white weevil” was doing serious harm in Kent County. Many fields of beans had failed to germinate properly owing to the ravages of the pest. On June 21st the writer went down to Ridgetown, in Kent County, to investigate as fully as pos- sible the cause of the trouble. At Ridgetown Mr. W. E. Galbraith, President of the Bean Growers’ Association, met the writer and a start for a trip of imspec- tion was made. The farm of Mr. Galbraith was first visited. On looking over the. bean fields, here and there in the rows were seen plants which were little more than blackened stubs. The plumule and cotyledons had come above the ground, ~ then withered and discolored. When some of these stubs were examined the coty- ‘ 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57 ledons were seen to have little holes eaten in them, usually many holes in a single cotyledon, and very often the plumule had a little hole bored in it from above downwards for a short distance, less than one-sixth of an inch. It was quite evi- dent that some insect had done the damage. Many of the other plants in the rows which were more advanced in growth were also noticed to be unhealthy and dying. The first pair of true leaves were limp and hanging down around the stem, in- stead of erect and spread out in their natural horizontal position. On digging up some of these plants a discolored hole was noticed in the stem usually just above the root, but sometimes in the root. When these stems were cut open they were found to have a little tunnel running up through the centre, and at the end of each tunnel a little white maggot was usually found. These maggots were evi- dently killing the plants by boring in the stems. At the next farm visited a field was examined in which the beans had failed to germinate properly. Only a very few plants had come up in the rows and the owner was about to resow the field. The beans in this field had been planted just before a cold rainy spell lasting about three days. On uncovering some of the beans it was found that they were badly eaten by the same little white maggot that had been found in the stems. Half a dozen or more of the maggots were often found feeding upon a single bean. They were generally beneath the seed coat and between the cotyledons. Many more bean fields were examined and in all the maggots were found in greater or less numbers. Sometimes the seeds had been so badly eaten that they had failed to germinate, but in many instances though the cotyledons had been attacked by the maggots, the seed had germinated and pushed the damaged cotyledons above the ground and the plants appeared in the rows as discolored stubs. Though the maggots caused many blackish stubs in the rows and killed many of the more advanced plants by boring in the stems, the chief Gamage done by them was undoubtedly the destruction of the seed in the ground, making repianting necessary. The writer was informed that in some sea- sons many hundreds of acres had to be replanted on account of the work of the maggots. 2 While Jooking over one of the fields a large number of small flies were noticed hovering over and lighting on the bean plants. Suspicion was at once aroused that these these flies were the adults of the maggots. After some little trouble a num- "ber of them were ¢gaptured and put on one side for closer examination than could f > be made in the field. At the same time a large number of the little white mag- gots, with the beans they were feeding on, were collected and placed in tin tubes and covered with a little moist earth. The maggots were collected on June 21st, and on June 23rd, the day the writer i1eturned to the College, they were all removed from the tubes. They had not apparently suffered from their journey, as they all seemed active and healthy. Two lots of the maggots and beans were put in large glass vials, the mouths of which were closed with plugs of cotton batting. A third lot was placed in a pot of moist sand in a breeding cage. On June 25th it was noticed that four or five - of the maggots in the vials had pupated, and by June 27th practically all the mag- gots had transformed. On July 4th two flies emerged in one of the vials, and a week later it was found that flies had emerged from nearly all the pup, both in the vials and in the breeding cage. These flies appeared to be identical with those taken in the fields near Ridgetown. In order to make certain as to their identifi- cation some of the flies taken in the field and some of those bred in the vials were sent to Professor Coquillett of Washington, who identified both lots as Pegomya 5 ES. = the adult of the seed corn or bean maggot. 58 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The seed corn or bean maggot (Pegomya fusciceps) has been known for years as a destructive pest of seed corn and of beans. In the Entomological Society Re- port of 1900 Professor Lochhead mentions this pest among the insects of the year as doing serious harm to beans in Lambton County, Ontario. In Kent County, according to the reports received by the writer from the bean growers, it is by far the most serious insect pest of beans. Up to the present time the growers have apparently not known exactly what it was, nor have they had any exact knowledge of its life history, habits, or measures for its control. A brief account of these is, therefore, given here. Ce RN Let Rn = Yt sg fe west fe s > “fi ( —— Fic. 3 The Bean-Fly—(a) adult fly, (b) pupa case, (c) maggot, (d@) egg.—After Lugger. Description.—The parent fly of the bean maggot looks very much like a small house fly. The maggots are white or yellowish white in color, footless, cylin- drical in form, tapering towards the head, and about one-third of an inch in length. The puparia are light brown, barrel-shaped or elliptical in outline and about one- fourth of an inch in length. Lire-HisTory.—It is thought that this insect passes the winter as the fly or pupa. In the spring the flies lay their eggs on decaying matter in the soil, and, when the maggots hatch, they find their way to the seed beans or seedling plants. 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59 After the maggots cease feeding they change to the puparia from which the flies emerge in about two weeks. It is probable that there are two broods each season in the bean fields in Ontario. Means For Controiu.—While investigating this pest in Kent County the writer found that in every case where the maggot had done serious harm its pre- sence in large numbers could be accounted for by one or other of the following con- ditions: Planting the seed just before a prolonged cold rainy spell, planting the seed too deeply, the heavy application of farmyard manure, or the neglect to fol- low the usual three years’ rotation of crops. Means for control are, therefore, chiefly methods of prevention. Planting the beans at the right time and at the proper depth in order to insure a quick start seems to be one of the best means to prevent the ravages of this pest. Anything which retards germination, such as cold wet weather shortly after planting, or covering the seed too deeply, gives the maggots a chance to get started in the seed and to prevent its proper germina- tion. As the eggs are deposited in decaying matter the application of farmyard manure increases their number, and the substitution of commercial fertilizers is often advised but not always practicable. If the maggot becomes very serious in a field, it will often be advisable to stop growing beans in that field for a number of years, in order to get rid of the pest. THE HORSHE-RADISH FLEA-BEETLE (Phyllotreta armoraciae, Koch). A. F. Winn, WESTMOUNT, QUE. About the middle of May last I purchased at Bonsecours Market, Montreal, a few roots of horse-radish, which I cut up and planted. In- due course they began to put up their leaves. Early in June, when the leaves were only four or five inches long, holes ap- peared, evidently the work of flea-beetles, but as it was the first time I had grown the plant, I did not know what species was likely to be the culprit. A glance shewed the beetles in abundance, and also that they were something quite new to me. They were about 3 mm. long, oval, and very convex. Head and prothorax black, elytra creamy white with a black sutural stripe, broadest in the middle, and a narrower black marginal line. Both prothorax and elytra dotted over with punc- tures. Many of the beetles were mating. There was no difficulty in identifying the insects, as in Insect Life, Vol. vii., pes. 404-406, 1895, there is an article by Mr. F. H. Chittenden giving an excel- lent figure and an account of its first captures in the U.S.A., at Chicago, Ill., and Guttenburg, Iowa. Whether this well-known European species has spread to the districts about Montreal overland eastward from Chicago, or whether we have had a direct immigration via the St. Lawrence route is a question, but not a very im- portant one, as the fact remains that it has settled down in Canada, and will have to be entered among our insects injurious to vegetables. It seems remarkable that these little beetles could find my new plants so quickly and in such numbers. Doubt- less someone within a few blocks of our house has been growing horse-radish, and ___ has been harbouring a rather interesting beetle, perhaps for several years, all un- -known to the Montreal Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario. 60 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Towards the end of June a plant of horse-radish was noticed by the roadside about a mile from my house, and on examination was also found to have its leaves riddled with holes, and scores of beetles were ready to hop off when aa too closely. Although our common species of Phyllotreta, P. vittata, has a wide range of food plants among cruciferous plants both wild and cultivated, P. armoracie seems to have restricted itself to the horse-radish (Nasturtium armoracia) and marsh cress (Nasturtium palustre). If it should develop a liking for cabbage, it will be able to find an abundance of food in this part of the Island of Montreal. There was no sign of either eggs or larve on leaves or stems of the horse-radish plants at any time during the summer; if the larve attack the plants they must do it below ground among the roots. THE MIGRATION OF SOME NATIVE LOCUSTS. Norman Crippie, TREESBANK, MANITOBA. We read from time to time, and have done so for many years past, of vast hordes of locusts darkening the sky, as they sweep onward from unknown breed- ing grounds. How they devastated the crops and ate up every living leaf in any locality they happened to make a stopping place, and in fact left behind a deso- late and leafless waste where a few hours previous all had been luxury and beauty. Such is said to be the case, at times, in parts of Africa, India, and certain South American countries. There is, however, no longer any mystery connected with these visitations. Science has explained all that; has discovered the breeding grounds and is doing much to eliminate the injury by guarding against attacks and providing for them when they occur. We are not, as a rule, apt to associate our common grasshoppers—many of which, however, are true locusts—with those devastating species. In fact of all our many different kinds we usually claim but one as truly migratory, namely the Rocky Mountain Locust, Melanoplus spretis, the locust made famous by haying a special Commission appointed to investigate its ravages. This species in the past, has done immense damage to vegetation mostly in the United States, but it also invaded a great portion of Manitoba in the seventies, and is specially remem- bered on account of its having practically swept the Red River Valley clear of vegetation. Since then there have been two minor outbreaks confined to Southern Manitoba, the locusts having evidently flown from somewhere south. In spite of the prevalence of this species in Manitoba, at times, it is very doubtful whether it can be classed as a native, a distinction which, after all, we are not anxious for. Leaving out 1. spretis we have still several distructive species, foremost among them being the lesser Migratory Locust,Melanoplus atlanis, with several minor lights such as M. gladstoni, M femur-rubrum, M. angustipennis, M. packardii, M. minor MW. bivittatus and others, all of which are very injurious at times and migrate reg- ularly during the months of July and August. It is a wonderful thing this migration. Few animals are free from a desire or instinctive stimulus to move to other parts and so spread the species. Plants, also, are constantly doing it by means of their seeds and those that cannot go far by their own exertions, fasten themselves to such as can, and so, as with ourselves, air, land and water are all made use of for the purpose of travel 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61 With regard to grasshoppers, it is strange that their regular periodic movements have been largely overlooked, though no doubt this is partly due to a lack of know- ledge as to where to look. At Aweme, Man., where locusts have been troublesome of recent years, one instinctively looks up towards the sun, taking care to get behind some building, or in some way hide the sun’s disc and then, if there are any flying, they will be easily observed within a radius of from one to fifteen diameters from the sun. When a locust has the instinctive incentive to fly, it is said to inflate the air sacks along the side of its body; it then rises with a spiral movement, round and round, higher and higher, until reaching a height of some hundred feet or more and feeling the resistance of the wind it sails slowly away, usually flying with its head facing the breeze if it is at all strong, and gradually getting higher as it moves along with it until it becomes a mere speck of glistening whitene:s, when close in line with the sun and invisible elsewhere. When there is no breeze it will return obliquely to earth to await a more favorable opportunity. That this desire or instinct to fly elsewhere is no sudden impulse is shown by the fact that a locust when disturbed seldom flies any great distance and in fact seems incapable of doing so, while those that are prepared rise easily. Nor is the movement due to lack of food as one often sees them rise in the midst of plenty. No! it is Dame Nature’s way of spreading her children over the country and she has taught them through the law of natural selection to go and also how to pre- pare for the journey. The migratory season commences soon after the locusts reach maturity, that is when they have passed their final moult, and some three or four weeks before they commence laying eggs. It lasts almost a month. There is not, however, a continual movement, only hot sunny days are chosen and even then the locust is dependent on the wind which not only carries it along but indicates its direction also. The days most preferred are days when the breeze averages some fifteen miles an hour, though lesser winds as well as higher, are used to advantage; locusts seldom fly, however, when the wind is blowing hard. It is interesting to watch these movements on a gusty day, when calm one - moment and breezy the next. Then every fresh gust is taken advantage of and one sees hundreds of locusts rise on such occasions, as if having waited their oppor- tunity. It is the same while looking up towards the sun, one moment will only discover a few, the next a perfect swarm moving at different angles owing to the breeze having slightly different directions at different heights, and so the journeys continue first east, then west, south or north as the wind varies. At night they apparently drop to earth * to infest new neighborhoods or perchance rise and move elsewhere next day. But not all go. Among the Orthoptera especially, nature has made a wise provision. Some are endowed with long wings; these are built es- pecially for locomotion and conveying the insect long distances. Others of the same species have short or rudimentary wings which obliges them to stay at home. _ So that while the long-winged forms seek new homes, there are enough short-winged _ brothers and sisters to carry on the family at home and incidentally the work of des- truction also. *It is well known that some grasshoppers travel throughout the night. Such an instance is related by Prof. S. J. Hunter of Dissosteira longipennis, and though I have no direct evidence, it is possible that some of the Manitoba species are also nocturnal during the migratory season. 62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY OF PARASITIC INSECTS. C. Gorpon Hewirt, D.Sc., Dominion Entomotoeist, OTrawa. This subject of the practical significance of a study of the parasitic species of insects is becoming increasingly important each year, and my reasons for bringing the subject forward are chiefly two, first to reiterate the significance of this study; and secondly, to give an account of a little of the work that we have begun at Ottawa, some of which is a continuation of the work I was carrying on in England. We are all acquainted with the importance of parasitic insects in the natural control of serious outbreaks of injurious insects; so much so, in fact, that the sudden dis- appearance of an injurious insect which has attained very large proportions is not infrequently attributed to the work of parasites, upon the slightest, and often in the entire, absence of evidence in support of the supposition. Nevertheless we have a very large number of instances on record when such disappearances are due to the enormous increase of parasites. These sudden disappearances of serious outbreaks usually occur when man would be perfectly powerless and on that account, therefore, it is of great importance that we should study, so far as is possible, the course of such outbreaks, with the idea of learning the methods by which control is obtained and a balance regained in a state of nature. This is becoming increasingly necessary. Our own present methods of combatting insect attacks are comparatively inadequate. They are practicable only when the area attacked is not large, where the vegetation makes the expense entailed justifiable and where the inseets have certain definite types of life-histories. But take an insect devastating a large area, as the Larch Sawfly has done in Canada in past years, no means could be adopted to control it, the area under attack was too large. Our cut-leaved birches are being killed by the Bronze Birch Borer, Agrilus anvius, nothing can be done at present on account of the peculiar life-history and habits of the insect. Many other instances may be quoted of cases similar to these where we are powerless at present to adopt practicable remedial measures. The reason for this is that we know so little. Our knowledge of the natural means of control, the parasitic insects and also the parasitic fungi which under natural conditions frequently obtain control, is still very meagre. One reason for this is, I think, that economic entomologists have been too much occupied in devising sprays and other mechanical means of attacking injurious insects, and the study of parasitic means of control, the natural means of control has been unduly, though on account of instances well-known to all, one cannot say entirely neglected. The impossibility of using ordinary methods of insect control in the case of the Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths in Massachusetts has resulted in a great stimulus being given to the study of parasitic means of control and I firmly believe that the work now carried on under the Bureau of Entomology of the United States De- partment of Agriculture under the direction of Dr. Howard, who was responsible for its initiation, is the real beginning of the study and the practical applications of that study of parasitic and other natural means of control. This type of control will increase in importance as the importance of the conservation of our forests, for example, increases, as it is doing year by year. During the last few years an interesting instance of the value of this kind of work occurred in connection with my investigations upon the Larch Sawfly, Nematus erichsonii, in England. I had the pleasure of bringing to your notice last year some 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63 of the results of this work and the different natural means of control which had been discovered were described.* The chief of these was the ichneumon, Mesoleius aulicus, Gray., which was found emerging from the cocoons about the same time as the adult sawflies were emerging. In the spring of 1908, during which year the defoliation of the larches was very serious, a beginning was made in studying the course of the chief factor in the natural means of control, namely Mesoleius aulicus, and the average number of cocoons parasitized by this insect in 1908 (strictly speaking one should say 1907, as 1908 is the year of their emergence from the hibernating larve,) was six per cent. In the following year, 1909, the per- centage of ichneumons emerging had increased to twelve and fifteen per cent, show- ing that the parasites were increasing in number, though not very rapidly, and there did not appear to be any falling off in the abundance of the sawfly. In 1909, I - relinquished charge of the English work on coming to Canada. As this investigation was of considerable interest to me and as I was continuing my study of the insect and its parasites, arrangements were made for a shipment of the cocoons collected in the English districts in which the investigations were previously carried on, to be sent to Canada. During the spring of this year the percentage of cocoons para- sitized with M. aulicus was again counted and to my great pleasure and surprise I found that they had increased to over 60%. This was confirmed, in England, by Mr. J. Mangan, who continued the work on my departure; he found 62% parasit- ized. What was originally considered to be of theoretical importance only, is now seen to be of practical importance. We know that in about another year the sawflies will be practically controlled by the parasite in those localities so severely infested previously ; where trees had been killed by repeated defoliation and the owners were cutting and contemplating cutting down immature timber to save it. This is now unnecessary and Mr. Mangan informs me that in those localities where the sawflies were so abundant previously it is almost impossible to find them. The trees which in previous years had all the appearnce of having been burnt, so complete was the de- foliation, this year appeared almost normally green. Other localities, however, were more severely infested, and the Board of Agriculture, I understand, are adopting the recommendation in my paper to which reference has already been made, namely the collection of cocoons from localities where the percentage parasitized is very great and their distribution in localities where the outbreak is first beginning. In this way the practical application of natural means of control is made and we are able to assist nature in gaining this control and to hasten on the control far more _ rapidly than would be the case if affairs ran their natural course. This acceler- ating of natural eradicative measures will prevent also the loss of trees which occurs in the natural course of events. Several hundreds of the chief parasites Mesoleius _ aulicus which I reared at Ottawa were liberated there, and some were sent to Al- gonquin Park. A further parasite of N. erichsonii and which appears to be abundant both in _ Canada and the United States is a small Chalcid, which Packard was the first to figure as Pteromalus nematicida, although he did not describe it. We found this _ parasite very abundant in some cocoons collected on the Experimental Farm, at. Ottawa, in 1909. This year, through the kindness of Mr. Fiske, of the Gipsy Mot!: Parasite Laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Mass., I was able to secure a further suppiy of cocoons from Wellesley, Mass., infested with the same parasite, the life-history of which we are now studying, as I believe it is one of the most important natural ‘means of control that we find. It is very easy to get them to oviposit under laba- *These have already been described in my paper, “ The Large Larch Sawfly, Nematus _erichsonii, Hartig.” Journal Board of Agric. (London), Vol. XV., pp. 643-660. 1908. 64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 tory conditions and as a comparatively large number of eggs are laid in each cocoon, it should be possible to breed this parasite in large numbers. This work is still in progress but I have a number of drawings of the parasite in different stages which may be of interest, and I think that one of the most important functions of these meetings is to report and discuss work that is being carried on, as such discussion is frequently of the greatest value to the investigator. (Specimens and drawings were passed round.) THE COCCID OF CANADA. Pror. T. D. Jarvis, O. A. C., GUELPH. Like a great many other families of minute insects the Coccide have been comparatively little studied in America, but to the fruit grower, forester, florist and others, the scale insects are of very great economic importance. Most of the species found in Canada have been introduced from other countries, only a few species being native to Canada. It is the imported species that give most trouble to agricul- turists. It almost invariably occurs that when the balance of nature is disturbed, as is the case of introducing new form of life into a new country hitherto free from - that form, unusual increase in numbers immediately follows. The habits of the Coccids are interesting and varied, and they are one of the most cosmopolitan insects known. They are found in the north as far as the 60th degree and equally as far south. In the tropics they are most at home, but when exported abroad they readily adapt themselves to nearly all conditions of temperature and climate. In some instances the spread is gradual, as in the San José; spreading northward the covering of the scale must undergo a thickening to protect it from the severer weather. Sometimes the spread is limited by the lack of suitable host plants, but in many cases, such as New York Plum Scale (Hulecaniwm cerasifex) the insect readily adapts itself to almost any kind of plant food, scarcely a tree, shrub or vine being immune. The writer has found many different species of herbs under badly infested trees literally covered with this pest. A study of the habits of the Coccide furnish some very interesting phenomena of animal life. In Australia some species produce galls of all shapes and sizes on the eucalyptus trees. In Africa a large species found underground (Margarodes) are collected by the natives to make necklaces, bracelets, and other ornaments. An- other species (Tachardia lacca) forms a useful product known as lac. The cochi- neal insect is noted for its commercial value as a dye, and numerous other scales are important from a commercial standpoint. GaALu-MAKeERs. Perhaps there is no more interesting species than those belonging to the genus Brachysceles, which are found in the land of anomalies, Australia. Mr. Claud Fuller, has published a bulletin on Gall-making Coccids in which he describes the galls as follows :— “Galls of the Male Coccid.—These are invariably short cylindrical tubes, two to six inches in length, generally growing upon the leaves; they are mostly of a purple elaret colour, but often brown or green. Some are simple tubes with a notched rim at the summit, others have the rim dilated forming a saucer-like top. The male b | 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIBTY. 65 gall of B. rugosa, Froggatt, is emerald green, cylindrical, constricted at the base, stout with thick, soft walle, the apex truncate; length, four lines; breadth one line. Im several species these male galls grow upon the female gall; B. munita, Shrader, has the males separate and springing from the horns; in B. phratrata, Shr., B. thorntoni, Froge., and B. nua, they are congregated together in a cup-like growth. This growth expands like a flower, and is, I am afraid, rather inaptly described by Shrader as a cockscomb, and as a mushroom-like growth by Froggatt. There is generally only one cup-growth attached to a female gall, but B. nua, as a rule, has two and often three. They are attached at one side of the summit of the female gall, which they often exceed several times in size. The Female Galls exhibit a great variety of forms, which are the easiest means of distinguishing the different species, varying in size from one-half to six or seven inches in length. In the shape there is as great a variety as in the size; many of them resemble cone-like fruits, others nuts and fruits, whilst the lateral growths of B. duplex are not unlike leaves. Occasionally growing on stalks, they more often sit close upon either the twigs, branches, or leaves, from which they spring. The Formation of Galls—The number of various gall-making insects which have the remarkable power of diverting the forces of nature, as represented in the growth of a plant, to their own advantage, has given rise to a deal of speculation and experiment to discover the inherent element of property possessed by the insect by means of which it operates. Up to the present we can go no further than to say that the galls are due to an irritation set up by the insect, yet each individual species must have some peculiar properties or how would we find such widely differing results when in their initial stages the producers are as alike as the two proverbial peas? Mr. Tepper asserts that the larve always select an embryo-bud, and by the context he evidently wishes an undeveloped but true bud to be understood. This, is, however, not the case; it may hold good in some instances, but certainly not in all. Whether upon stem or leaves the gall-growth originates from the cambium ring; the developmental activity of the cells is released by the insect, and a shoot forms over the growth of which the animal maintains direction. This is proved by the cessation of growth when the coccus, in a young stage, is killed by parasites. The rudimentary gall, according to Dr. Alder, draws its nourishment from the surrounding tissue; later on, however, processes are driven into the gall from the spiral vessels of the cambinm ring, which form a new element to assist in its de- velopment, and it thus becomes an independent structure, having individual powers which regulate its shape, position, etc. These remarks, whilst referring to galls formed by wasps, apply equally to coccid galls.” SECRETIONS. One of the main characteristics of the Coccidw is their habits of secretion. Like the Aphids the insects secrete a sweetish substance known as honeydew, which is the sole food of several species of fungi and the chief food of many species of Ants. _ This fluid is excreted entirely by the females by a special organ, a cylindrical tube exserted from the genital orifice after the manner of the telescope. Honeydew is attractive to many other nectar feeding insects besides the ants, such as the Hive _ Bee and Bumble Bee and many species of Wasps. A species known as Physokermes abietis found at Guelph, gives off a wax-like 4 secretion which is collected and used by the Hive Bees in constructing their j cells. This species is very abundant on Norway Spruce, and although causing con- ‘siderable harm in the tree is very beneficial to the bee in supplying material for the _ foundation of its cells. 66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Another species, Hricerus pela, secretes a pure white wax, which in China is collected and made into candles for special use. In India similar use is also made of a wax obtained from a species of Ceroplastes ceriferus. In India a species known as the Lac insect (Tachardia lacca) furnishes us with the useful product known as lac, which forms a basis for varnish, French polish and other important products. It is collected in its native home, India or Ceylon, and sent abroad on the twigs and branches upon which the insect has woTked and deposited the substance. This raw material is then subjected to a process of refining by which the material is gathered in the form of shell-lac and is then ready for use. It may be interesting here to offer a brief life history of the insect itself which pro- duces this very valuable material. Mr. Robert Newstead, quoting from the Royal Horticultural Journal in his work on the Coccide of the British Isles, writes as follows on the species :— ; “ Like all other Coccids, the young (larve) are active; they are at first very tiny creatures, resembling mites, and are generally spoken of by the horticulturist as ‘lice’ These young arrange themselves in groups of various dimensions round the twigs of the food-plant, and, having settled matters satisfactorily as to space, insert their thread-like sucking-tube (mouth), into the plant tissues, and pump up the sap of the tree. At the same time they commence covering their bodies with the peculiar ‘lac’ which, by the time they are fully developed adult females, assumes the form and size shown in the illustration. By taking a hot knife a transverse section of the material may easily be made, when it will be seen that the covering material or ‘lac’ is not a solid mass, but is honeyecombed by large, somewhat ellipsoidal cells, each of which was once tenanted by a single female .-. . If we examine a female we find she is shaped somewhat like the cavity in which she lives, with the cephalic portion bearing the mouth parts touching the bark at the narrow end of the cavity, and the abdominal extremity at the opposite end, having connection with the exterior by means of a minute perforation; and she is destitute of legs antenne, ete. Where she has lived she dies, leaving as a legacy the wonderful product which she manufactured during life, and which all the world over is of so great importance in commerce. And this is not all; the bodies of the females also furnish an excellent dye, which in former times was of much value also.” DISSEMINATION. The female scale is wingless, hence they must be borne from place to place by agenzies outside themselves, such as wind, water, plants and animals. It is very noticeable that with such scales as the San José the spread is always greatest in the direction of the prevailing winds. This, however, is possible only when the insects are in the active moving stage; as soon as they come to rest and attach themselves to their host no further spread occurs in this way. Rain too is supposed to help spread the scale when they are in the egg or young active stage, by washing them from the upper to the lower parts of the trees, but it is animals that effect the greatest dissemination from tree to tree. Birds frequenting orchards and forest trees undoubtedly carry numbers of scale insects attached to their feet and beak. A yery wide distribution may occur in this way, even across bodies of water or mountain ranges. The insects and Acarids also assist in the local distribution of the scales. Lady Bird beetles and Ants among the insects and the predaceous species of mites are responsible for a great deal of the spread of the injurious scales. An- other probable factor in distributing scale insects is the careless handling of the infected fruits, such as apples and pears. Refuse fruit is often allowed to come 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67 in contact with unaffected trees and thus cause the free plants to become infested. The spread from one province or country to another is due almost entirely to the interchange of plants by nurserymen and florists. There is always the possibility of introducing scale wherever a shipment of shrubs or trees is made from one place to another. If the trees can adapt themselves to the new environment and become thrifty under the new condition, there is hardly any question about the scale sur- viving. In nearly all cases the scale undergoes the change without any apparent inconvenience. NATURE OF THE INJURIES. As nearly all scales derive their nourishment from the juices of the plant it is evident that a considerable weakening in its vitality must result. When only a few insects are present as we found on trees attacked by our native species, there seems to be very little injury to the tree, but when swarms of these occur in the case of the imported species the health of the tree is so impaired that in some cases death occurs. In cases where the trees do not actually die, but are rendered weak, a cor- responding weakening is shown in the quality and quantity of the fruit. Some of the characteristics of the injury are seen in discolorations of the leaves and tissues, malformed and discolored fruit, and to some extent early maturing and falling of the leaves. Lirr-History. Most of the Homoptera have incomplete metamorphosis, but in the Coccidae only the females have incomplete metamorphosis; the males pass through the four stages. The eggs are seldom laid in exposed situations as is the case in their allies, the Aphids and Aleyrodids, but various means are provided for their protection from predaceous animals and from the weather. The Cottony Maple Scale lay their eggs in sacks formed of a cottony-like substance, which surrounds them. Others, such as Physokermes abictis, are deposited in a very peculiar pouch-like organ formed by the folding in of the outer epidermis. In Orthezia the female carries the eggs between the long waxen plates at the posterior extremity of the body. The most common color of the egg is yellow or pink, but a few are crimson, such as that of Chionaspis salicis and in some species of Paralatoria they are dark mauve. The number of eggs laid by an individual varies from 25 to two or three hundred. The larvae, upon hatching, in the majority of species, remain for a few days within the covering provided for them. Soon they leave this house and become _ quite active, seeking the new and tender tissues, where in most cases they settle _ down and immediately insert their long sucking apparatus into the tissues, and in the case of the female, remain stationary until death. The pupal stage occurs only in the males. After a few days of active larval life they withdraw their tubes and undergo marked changes characteristic only of _ the Coccidae. : Most of the adult males being destitute of mouth parts live only a few hours, or at most a few days. The female adult is characterized by the absence of wings and by its well de- veloped mouth parts. They are usually flat and pyriform in shape and covered with scales made from the secretions of their bodies. There are sometimes one and sometimes several generations in a season. 68 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION. The Coccids belong to the order Hemiptera and to the suborder Homoptera, which includes the Aleyrodidae, Psyllide Jasside, Membracide, Aphidide and Cicadide. ‘These females bear a striking resemblance to each other, which is es- pecially noticeable in the immature stages of development. The larve of the Aleyrodidz are often mistaken for the female adult scale insect. Among the Aphidide, Ceratophis lintanie is frequently mistaken for a Coccid and is known by horticulturists as the “black seed scale.” All the insects of this order have sucking mouth parts, and with few exceptions, incomplete metamorphosis. In the larval stages the male and female bear a close resemblance to each other, but in the adult stages they are readily recognized. In the female the wings are always absent; the metamorphosis is incomplete, with a mouth or rostrum placed on the ventral surface. In the male the metamorphosis is complete, the mouth is obsolete, usually a pair of wings, the posterior pair represented by a pair of halteres. ORTHEZIIN &. 90. Orthezia americana (Walk.). This scale has been found at Grimsby, On- tario, on Golden Rod; at Woodstock, Ontario, on Ragweed. It has also been re- corded by Dr. Fletcher at Ottawa, and several places in Quebec. 98. Ortheza insignis (Dougl.). This species was first found at the Fruit, Flower and Honey Show, Toronto, in 1906. It was next seen in the conservatories at Guelph in 1907, and since that time the writer has collected it in many parts of Ontario. © 103. Orthezia occidentalis (Dougl.). This interesting and beautiful species was found by J. Wm. Cockle, Kaslo, B. C., on roots of grass and trees amongst rotten wood. He remarks that he has found them in great numbers on several occasions on the roots of apple trees, which had grown wild amongst a pile of chips. The specimens were identified by Prof. J. G. Sanders of Washington. DACTYLOPIINE. 192. Asterolecanium variolosum (Ratz). This species was found by Dr. Fletcher in 1900, on young oak trees at Ottawa, Canada, which were set out in 1895, and came from a nursery in Pennsylvania. It has been found destructive to oaks at Niagara Falls, Ontario. . 242. Kermes galliformis (Riley). These scales occur either singly or in clus- ters on the twigs and branches of Red Oak (Quercus rubra). It is beautifully variegated with yellowish, gray and black, and nearly always accompanied by a Lepidopterous parasite. It is found all through the Niagara District, in the city of Toronto, and to some extent in the south-western corner of the Province. 254. Kermes pettiti (Ehrh). This species was first found at Jubilee Point on Rice Lake, near Peterborough, Ontario, by Dr. Fletcher, in 1899. The writer has found this species at Guelph, Toronto, Ottawa, and other places in Ontario, It is very common and has a wide range in Ontario. ; 255. Kermes pubescens (Bogue). The writer has found this species on oak at Guelph, Toronto and Perth, Ontario, and is probably wide spread over the Province. It was found abundant on each infested tree and undoubtedly does considerable injury. It is usually found in the cracks of the bark on the trunk and branches. 194i ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65 279. Gossyparia spuria (Moden). This species was found attacking a few Elm trees in the city of Toronto in 1906, and since that time it has spread to nearly all parts of Toronto and has proven to be a very destructive pest. 2 293. Eriococcus borealis (Ckll.). This is a native species found on Willow (Salix) at Dawson City, 64 degrees North Lat., by Mr. John Morley, in 1899. As far as I am aware this species has not been found in any other locality. 391. Phenacoccus aceris (Sign.). It has been received from Amherstburg and St. Catharines, Ontario. So far it has confined its attacks to the Soft Maple (Acer | saccharinum). Several trees were badly attacked by this scale and the writer _ ordered the destruction of the infested trees. 401. Phenacoccus dearnessi (King). This species was found by John Dear- ness on Hawthorne (Crataegus sp.) at London, Ontario. 454. Pseudococcus citri (Risso). It is found in conservatories on many species of plant throughout Canada. Closely related species or varieties are found on the Apple and other Rosaceous plants in the open, at Guelph and Toronto, _ Ontario. 490. Pseudococcus longispinus (Targ.). Very abundant on many species of _ indoor plants in all parts of the Dominion. . 529. Pseudococcus trifolii (Forbes). The writer found this species very _ abundant on the roots of cultivated clover at Collingwood, Ontario. _ _-972. Ripersia lasii (Ckll.). This species was found in Ants’ nest (Lasius americanus) at Toronto, Canada, in 1897, by Mr. R. J. Crew. The writer has _ found this species in Ants’ nest at Guelph, Ontario. CoccIn&. 661. Pulvinaria floccifera (Westw.). This species was found in a green- house at Ottawa, Canada, December 15, 1894, on leaves of Brassia verrucosa. King described this as a separate species, P. brassiae. 675. Pulvinaria occidentalis (Ckll.). This species was found infesting in a serious manner a whole plantation of Red and White Currant at Chilliwack, British _ Columbia, by Rev. G. W. Taylor, in the spring of 1899. In July (the same year) Dr. Fletcher visited the plantation and found these scales to be in enormous “numbers, the white flocculent threads giving the bushes the same appearance as _ if a light fall of snow were upon them. It has also been found by Dr. Mackay, June 14, 1901, on Gooseberry bushes at Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. : 699. Pulvinaria vitis (Linn.)—P. innumerabilis (Rathvon)—P. tilie (Kang and Ckll.)—P. viburni (King). This species is commonly known as the Cottony Maple Scale and is found all over the Western part of the Province at least, and also in the woods at Aylmer in the Province of Quebec, nine miles from Ottawa. As the name indicates it attacks the Maple chiefly, and in cities often does much damage to maple shade trees. It is, however, rarely abundant for many 3 ‘seasons in succession, because of the attacks of parasites. Although the maple trees A. migrum, A. rubrum, and A. negundo, Tilia americana, Ulmus americana, Cratacgus sp., Populus alba, Salix sp., Cornus stolonifera, Ilex verticillata, Spirea salicifolia, and Vitis cordifolia. (924. Briopeltis festuce (Fonse). The Cottony Grass Scale was found by Mr. A. H. Mackay, on grass in large numbers in Cumberland Co., Nova Scotia, in 1889. It has occurred in conspicuous numbers several times in Nova Scotia and 70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 New Brunswick. This species has been recorded at Ottawa, Ontario, but Dr. Fletcher says, it was a mistake and, if so, we have no record of this species in Ontario. 848. Coccus hesperidum (Linn.). Commonly known as the Soft Scale, is found abundantly in conservatories in Oleander, Orange, Lemon, etc., in all the provinces of the Dominion. 860. Coccus pseudohesperidum (Ckll.). This is a very large species found on Orchids in the conservatories at Guelph and Ottawa. It is usually most abun- dant on Cattleya sp. These are the only records for this species. Its nativity is unknown. 902. Towmeyella pini (King). This species was found by Mr. J. Dearness on Austrian Pine (Pinus austriaca), at London, Ontario. 902b. Towmeyella liriodendri (Gmel.). This species was first reported by Dr. Fletcher on Tulip at Ottawa, Ontario. 911. Hulecanium persice (Craw)—Fab. 1.—H. armeniacum). In Mr. King’s account of the scales of British North America he reports this species infest- ing orchards at Sherbrooke, Quebec, in 1899. This species has also been reported from Prince Edward Island. 918. Hulecanium carye (Fitch). This species is said to be the largest known species of Hulecanium. It has been in Ontario for at least 12 years, having been first found by Dr. Fletcher in the Niagara district in 1898. Judging from the fact that it has been found in that district on Peach trees and that we have found it plentiful on forest trees at Guelph, it probably occurs at least all over the south- western part of Ontario. The scale is seldom sufficiently injurious enough to cause any alarm. It has been found on Crataegus sp.; Ulmus americana; Ulmus race- mosa; Ostrya virginica; Carpinus caroliniana at Guelph, Ontario, and on the Peach (Prunus persica) at St. Catharines, Ontario. It has also been reported from Nova Scotia on forest trees. It is usually accompanied with parasites in Ontario. 921. Hulecanium cerasifex (Fitch).—H. canadense (Ckll.); #. caryarum (Ck); WV. corylifex (Fitch); #. cynosbati (Fitch); #. frazini, (King); #. guignardi (King); EF. juglandis (Bouche); H#. maclurarum (Ckll.); E. websteri (Ckll. and King); Z. fitchit (Lign); C. pruinosum (Cqul.). The New York _ Plum Scale has become the most common scale in Ontario and Quebec. The writer has found this scale on a great range of trees, shrubs, vines and herbs, the following being a list of those so far recorded: Acer nigra, Acer saccharum, Acer sacchari- num, Acer spicatum, Acer negundo, and many varieties of the above mentioned species, Aesculus hippocastanum, Staphylea trifolia, Rhamnis cathartica, Psedera quinquefolia, Vitis cordifolia, Tilia americana, Tilia europea, Carya ovata, Carya glebra, Corylus americana, Ostrya virginiana, Carpinus caroliniana, Betula lenta, Betula lutea, Alnus incana, Fagus grandifolia, Castanea dentata, Quercus robur, Quercus macrocarpa, Quercus rubra, Quercus coccinea, Ulmus americana, Ulmus campestris, Ulmus fulva, Ulmus racemosa, Celtis occidentalis, Juglans nigra, Jug- lans cinerea, Salix sp., Populus alba, Populus tremuloides, P. balsamifera, Populus deltoides, Crataegus sp., Rubus occidentalis, Rubus strigosus, Prunus serotina, Prunus virginiana, Prunus nigra, Prunus persica, Pyrus malus, Pyrus japonica, Pyrus communis, Amelanchier canadensis, Sambucus canadensis, Sambucus race- mosa, Ribes nigrum, Ribes vulgare, Hamamelis virginiana, Ribes cynosbati, Cornus stolonifera, zanthoxylum americanum. In addition to these many species of herbs near infested trees. It is spread over practically the whole of Ontario and the eastern provinces. Though not so destructive as the Oyster Shell Scale, it is often quite injurious where abundant and sometimes kills the infested tree. 191% ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 71 935. Hulecanium fletcheri (Ckll.).—J. pallidor (Ckll. and King). In 1907, the writer found this species on White Cedar at Guelph. It was originally described from specimens found by Dr. Fletcher abundant on a hedge of Arbor vite and on trees of the same species at Stittsville, Ontario, fifteen miles from Ottawa. This species is nearly always parasitized by a Chalcid. In 1908, EH. fletcheri was found on the Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) at Guelph and Hamilton, Ontario. 946. Bulecanium lymani (King). Recorded by Mr. King on a young Oak at Quebec city and North Hatley, Quebec. This may be the same as FZ. cerasifea. 950. Bulecanium nigrofasciatum (Perg.). This strikingly marked species has been received from Walkerville on Soft Maple and on Peach at St. Catharines, Ontario. In both cases the trees were badly infested and no parasites were found. As far as I am aware it has not spread to any other parts of the Province. 958. HLulecanium pyri (Schr.). King records this species on Apple trees in Prince Edward Island. 959. Hulecanium quercifex (Fitch).—£. quercitronis (Fitch) ; 2. antennatum var. (Ckll.). This species occurs on Oak (Quercus coccinea) at Ottawa, Ontario and on Oak (Quercus rubra) from Jubilee Point, Rice Lake, Ontario. 965. Hulecanium rose (King). Recorded by Mr. King in his account of the Scales of British North America. I have not found ZF. cerasifex on any cultivated or wild species of rose. The species was found in Rosebush at Sherbrooke, Quebec. 974. Hulecanium vini (Bouche). This species has been found by the writer on Grape vines in the Niagara district and to some extent on Grape vines in the City of Toronto. Mr. King received specimens from Dr. Fletcher at Ottawa, on _ Spiraea salicifolia. These scales have in all probability been imported on nursery stock from Germany. 993. Saissetia hemisphericum (Targ.). It is a very common scale in con- servatories in al] the Provinces. Its favorite hosts are Oleander, Cocos, Sago Palm, Croton and Orchids. 1008. Physokermes picee (Schr.). The Spruce Physokermes was found at- tacking the Norway Spruce on the College grounds at Guelph. The domesticated bees collected wax from this species. This species has been reported from one or two other parts of Ontario. DIASPIN A. 1036. Chionaspis americana (Johnson). This species was found on American Elm (Ulmus americana) at Guelph. 1055. Chionaspis furfura (Fitch). The Scurfy Scale, though widely dis- tributed through Ontario and the Eastern Provinces, is seldom found in so great abundance as the Oyster Shell. Badly infested trees or other plants are very much weakened and not infrequently killed as a result. Many kinds of trees and shrubs are attacked by this scale, but the most common are the Apple, Mountain Ash, Japan Quince, Horse Chestnut, Hawthorn, White Ash, Currant and Gooseberry. 1062. Chionaspis lintneri (Comstock) is found at Guelph on Alder (Alnus incana) ,Dogwood (Cornus stolonifera). It has been received from Ottawa and Rondeau in Ontario. 1073. Chionaspis pinifolie (Fitch). The Pine-leaf scale is very common in many parts of the Dominion. It has not, however, so far as we know, caused any perceptible injury to the trees, although reports from New York State go to show that whenever it is abundant on a tree it does much damage. This scale confines __ its attacks solely to Conifers. The writer has found it at Guelph on the following _ Pines: White, Bull, Austrian, Scotch, Jack and Dwarf Mugho, and also on the _ Norway and White Spruce. 72 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 1081. Chionaspis salicis (Linn.).—C. Salisnigrae. This species is found on Leatherwood (Derca palustris), White Ash (Fraxinus americana) at Guelph, Ontario. : 1096. Aulacaspis boisduvalu (Sign). ‘This species has been found in the conservatories at Guelph and Ottawa. At Guelph the writer found it very abundant on several species of Palms, and at Ottawa Dr. Fletcher found it on the Orchid belonging to the genus Cattleya. 1127. Aulacaspis rose (Bouche). Here and there all over the Dominion we find this rose scale attacking rose bushes and Blackberry and Raspberry canes. The plants attacked are nearly always in damp, shady places, such as overcrowded gardens. Dr. Fletcher has found it common in British Columbia and Nova Scotia. 1143. Hemichionaspis aspidistre (Sign). It is found in conservatories at Ottawa on Pteris serrulata. 1198. Aspidiotus abietis (Schr.). The Balsam Aspidiotus has a wide range in Western Ontario. It is found on Hemlock (T'suga occidentalis) and Balsam (Abies balsamea). In the woods at Guelph this species is very abundant. Aspidiotus hybridum? This peculiar scale is found yery abundantly on Willow and Balm of Gilead at Collingwood, Ontario. This species very closely agrees with Aspidiotus juglans-regie and Aspidiotus ostreformis, although it is not exactly like either one of them, and Prof. Marlatt, believes that it is a hybrid or cross between these two species. Judging from the infestations, I believe that this species has several generations in a season. It is a very destructive pest and nearly every tree around the fair grounds at Collingwood was attacked and many limbs and trees were dead. E: 1199. Aspidiotus esculi (Johnson). This species is very common in Western Ontario. It has been found at Guelph, Brantford and TVronto on Basswood (Tilia americana) and Horse Chestnut (4sculus hippocastanum). 1200. Aspidiotus ancylus (Putn.). The Putnam Scale is distributed fairly widely throughout Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia. It has not, however, been known to do much damage, although in some of the States across the boundary it is said to have been quite destructive. It is recorded from Ottawa on Elm; from Toronto on Willow; and St. Catharines on Plum; from Guelph on Cherry and Apple; from East Essex Co. on Plum and Shell-bark Hickory. 1220. Aspidiotus diffinis (Newst). This was found in the woods on Bass- wood (Tilia americana) at several places in Western Ontario. Mr. King thinks © ihat this species may prove to be a variety of A. diffinis. 1229. Aspidiotus forbesi (Johnson). The Cherry Scale, although found in severa: localities in Ontario, has not yet, with one or two exceptions, been reported as doing much damage. It has been found in Ontario, at Ottawa, London, St. Catharines, Grimsby and Prince Edward County. It is also recorded for Nova Scotia and Quebec. The host plants so far discovered are Cherry, Apple, Hawthorn, Fragranr Currant and Beech. 1233. Aspidiotis hedere (Vall.). This species has been reported from nearly ail the Provinces of the Dominion. It is confined to conservatories and house piants. It is a common species on Palms, Ivy, etc. 1239. Aspidiotus juglans-regie (Comst.). The English Walnut Scale has been found in Ontario in only two or three localities, although it probably exists in several other parts and also in the other provinces. The host plants so far dis- covered in Ontario are Apple, Willow and Poplar. 1250. Aspidiotus osborni (Newell and Ckll.). Osborn’s Scale is found on forest trees in northern and western Ontario. It has been found on Paper Birch 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13 (Betula papyrifera), Yellow Birch (Betula lutea), Cottonwood (Populus deltoides), White Oak (Quercus alba), White Pine (Pinus strobus). It is undoubtedly a very destructive scale. 1252. Aspidiotus ostreformis (Curt.). The Curtis Scale is much more widely distributed throughout Ontario than has been hitherto supposed but, in spite of its prevalence, it does not seem to be very destructive. It has been found at Colling- wood in Western Ontario and as far east as Trenton in Hastern Ontario. It has also been reported from Chilliwack, British Columbia, and from several places in Prince Edward Island. 1256. Aspidiotus perniciosus (Comst.). Wherever it occurs the San José Scale is considered, and rightly so, the most destructive insect in the Dominion that fruit- growers have to combat. Almost every kind of fruit trees and bush fruits are liable to be attacked by the scale. Many shade trees are also attacked. It has become established in the following counties: Peel, Halton, Wentworth, Welland, Lincoln, Haldimand, Norfolk, Elgin, Kent and Essex. 1270. Aspidiotus ulmi (Johnson). The Elm Aspidiotus has been found by the writer in several localities in Western Ontario. It is most abundant at Guelph on the Soft Elm (Ulmus americana). 1294. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linn.). This Coccid occurs in conservatories on Ficus elastica, at Guelph, Ontario. 1295. Chrysomphalus aurantii (Mask.). This species has been found on fruit imported from California. 1300. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morg.). This Coccid has been found on Cinnamon in a conservatory at Ottawa. 1305. Chrysomphalus obscurus (Comst.). This species has been found in Ontario, but my notes on habitat and host plant have been lost. 1330. Targionia dearnessi (Ckll.). This interesting species was found by Mr. John Dearness, on Bearberry (Arcostaphylos wva-ursi) in the Bruce Peninsula Ontario. 1377. Lepidosaphes beckii (Newm.). This species only occurs on imported fruit, oranges, etc., from the South. 1431. Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linn.). The Oyster-shell Scale is generally dis- tributed over Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. It is one of the most injurious scales found in Canada. It is found on a host of plants, some of which are Apple, Pear, Plum, Cherry, Mountain Ash, Haw- thorn, Red-osier Dogwood, Black and White Ash, Aspen, Prickly Ash, Mulberry and Horse Chestnut. 1422. Inchinaspis longirostris (Sign.). A palm (Kentia sp.) was badly in- fested at the Fruit, Flower and Honey Show, Toronto, 1908. 1442. Parlatoria pergandei, var. thee (Comst.). This species was found on Lemon plants in the Ontario Agricultural College greenhouse at Guelph. Undetermined Species of Pseudococcus. Specimens have been found on a host of plants, roots, stems, and leaves, but the species have not yet been determined. ENEMIES OF THE CocoIDe. There are upwards of seventy species of Scale Insects found in the Dominion of Canada at the present time, and these are held in check very largely by other forms of predaceous or parasitic plants or animals which by feeding upon them ‘prevent them from increasing to such an extent as to be uncontrollable. As trans- _ portation has developed and commerce and international trade have taken place ; 6 Es. a U4. THE REPORT OF THE No. 56 between different countries, we have introduced not only many useful plants, but the insects which prey upon them. Often in the case of scale insects we have im- ported the scale and left behind some of the enemies which attack it. This gives the scale a tremendous advantage and often before the balance is restored very great damage is done. To restore the balance more speedily the entomologist looks to the native home of the scale to ascertain its most effective enemies. These are then im- ported and bred and liberated in various parts of the infested areas. In some cases, such as the Lady Bird Beetle, belonging to the genus Pentilla, has rendered excel- lent service to the fruitgrower. The chief enemies in Canada are birds, Acarids, insects and fungus parasites. The most effective of these are the Acarids and insects. It is difficult to calculate accurately the amount of good service rendered by many of the insectivorous birds. Warblers and Vireos, on account of their aesthetic value and also the fact that they are insectivorous are rarely taken and subjected to examinations of stomach contents. Furthermore their minute size render it almost impossible to observe their actual work. The larger birds, such as the Hairy and Downy Woodpecker, have been secured, stomach contents examined and found to contain, in some cases, hundreds of scales in a single stomach. This is especially noticeable in the case of the very destructive New York Plum Secale. It is highly probable that these insectivorous birds rank first in the control of the larger kinds of scale insects, such as Eulecanium, Coccus and Kermes. The mites again deserve a great deal of credit for their very efficient service to the fruit grower, in that they consume large numbers of scale insects all through the season. Some confine their attacks to one particular-species, while others are general feeders, attacking a large variety of insect life. There are about eight known species of Acarids in Canada that are in some way associated with injurious forms of scale insects. There are at least, three species working upon the San José Scale :Hemisarcoptes malus is commonly found in the St. Catharines district. Species of Monieziella and Rhyncholophus were found feeding upon San José at Grimsby, Ontario. Four species were found either feeding upon the eggs or the adult of New York Plum Eulecanium. Three of these species belong to the genus Rhyncholophus, and the other to the genus Gamasus. All four undoubtedly help to keep this scale in check. Two species are found attacking the eggs of the Oyster-shell Scale. Tyroglyphis longior is very common at Gnelph, and Hemi- sarcoptes malus at St. Catharines, Ontario. Another species belonging to the genus Galumna was found feeding upon the scale known as Bulecanium fletchert. Insect ENEMIES. These, if not the most destructive are at least the most numerous of all Coccid enemies. They represent four orders of insects: the Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. Mr. Alfred Eastham investigated the parasites of scale insects in Ontario and found twenty-three species belonging to the Hymenoptera. Host RELATIONS OF SPECIES OF APHELINA REARED DuRING THE SUMMER IN THE VICINITY OF GUELPH. Parasite. Fost. Aphelinus mytilaspidis .......... Lepidosaphes ulmi. Chionaspis pinifoliz Chionaspis salicis Aspidiotus perniciosus. Aspidiotus ostreseformis. 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 75 —_ owe Ee) Sees Parasite. Host. Aphelinus diaspidis .............Aulacaspis rose. Aphelinus fuscipennis .......... Aspidiotus perniciosus. Coccophagus lecanii ............. Pulvinaria innumerabilis. Eulecanium cerasifex. BHulecanium fletcheri. Coccophagus cognatus............. Eulecanium fletcheri. Coccus hesperidum. Eulecanium cerasifex. Coccophagus flavoscutellum........ Pulvinaria innumerabilis. Hulecanium cerasifex. Coccophagus fletcheri............. Eulecanium fletcheri. Ablerus clisiocampe.............. Chionaspis furfurus. BHyScus) Yaricornis’ =... ts 4.245: Chionaspis pinifolie. Host RELATIONS oF THE Species OF ENcyrtina: REARED DurING THE Past SUMMER IN THE Vicinity oF GUELPH. Parasite. Host. Comys fusca .................. Eulecanium cerasifex. Comys bicolor .....................Eulecanium fletcheri. Comys scutellata ................... Eulecanium carye. Chiloneurus albicornis ........... Eulecanium fletcheri. Eulecanium cerasifex. Bulecanium carye. PMPLNY US) [AT VISH Jere ws, «ic hiee ais sees Eulecanium fletcheri. Aphycus pulchellus .............. Kermes pubescens. Aphycus pulvinariz. ............. Eulecanium fletcheri. Eulecanium cerasifex. ENEMY CUS e|ONNSODI. <5 20 cic.0jets ct ome © Eulecanium cerasifex. Aphycus flaviceps ................ Eulecanium cerasifex. Blastothrix longipennis ............Eulecanium cerasifex. Eulecanium fletcheri. Kermes pubescens Eneyrtus cyanocephalus .......... Bulecanium carye. Eulecanium cerasifex. Bey EUS) AAVUB) Use Ses, c ele ac nese Eulecanium fletcheri. DINE ym Osea sae ea abee ees . Eulecanium fletcheri. Bey TMIS Seach aisle eis Stes ee Kermes pubescens. In the Coleoptera the Coccinellids are most conspicuous in combatting the more injurious species of scale insects. A small species known as Hyperaspis signatus in the larval stage has been found feeding upon the Curtis Scale at Guelph, Toronto, Grimsby and St. Catharines. In Toronto the same species was found in large numbers feeding upon the Forbes scale on a Hawthorn tree. The larva has also been found at Guelph feeding upon Aspidiotus wsculi and the New York Plum Scale. They probably do their most effective work upo> the Cottony Maple Scale as it is estimated that they devour about eighty per cent. of the total scales produced in a season. Other species of Coccinellide are also beneficial in destroying a number of different scales. Two of the most common species are Chilocorus _ bwulnerus and Seymus punctatus. 76 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 In the order Diptera only one species is found to be effectual. This is the one known as Leucopsis belulila which parasitizes the Grass Scale (Friopeltis festuce) in Nova Scotia. There are also two species of Lepidoptera which are para- sitic upon scale insects. One species is found attacking Kermes galliformis and the other species has been taken on the Cottony Maple Scale (Pulvinaria vitis). BIBLIOGRAPHY. BETHUNE, ©. J..S. Bethune—1907%. Insects affecting Fruit Trees. Bull. 158, Ontario Department of Agriculture. Czsar, L. Cesar—1909. Lime SulphurWash: Part II. Bull. 177, Ontario Department of Agriculture. CocKERELL, T. D. A. Cockerell—1893. A New Lecanium from Canada. Canadian Entomologist, xxv., 221-222. 1894. A Check List of the Nearctic Coccide. Can. Ent., xxvi., 31-36. 1895—Canadian Coccide. Can. Ent. xxvii., 33-36; 58-61. 1895—Miscellaneous Notes on Coccide. Can. Ent. xxvii., 253-261. 1895—A New Pulvinaria found on Orchids. Can. Ent. xxvii., 135. 1899—A Coccid from the far North. Can. Ent. xxxi., 369-370. DEARNESS, JOHN. Dearness—1897. Annual address of the President: The insects of the year. 28th Rep. Ent. So. Ont., 65. , 1902. Winter Treatment and Summer Treatment of San José Scale. Special Report of Commissioners to the Minister of Agriculture. Ont. Dept. of Agric. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. Entomological Society of Ontario—1897. An Act to protect Canada against the introduction of the Insect Pest known as the San José Scale. 28th Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 100. 1897. An Act to prevent the Spread of the San José Scale. 28th Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1897, p. 101. 1900. Regulations re San José Scale. 31st Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 109. 1900. San José Scale Discussion. 31st Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., pp. 26-29. 1900. The present status of the San José Scale in Ontario. 31st Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1897, p. 101. 1900. A Parasite of the San José Scale. 31st Rep. Ent. Soe. Ont., 87-88. Fisner, Geo. E. Fisher—1901. Report of the Inspector of San José Scale. Ont. Dept. of Agric. 1902. Report of the Inspector of San José Scale. Ont. Dept. of Agric. 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. TT FLETCHER, JAMES. Fletcher—1887. Report of the Entomologist and Botanist. Rep. Can. Expt. Farms, 25-26. 1894. Lecanium fletcheri (Ckll.). Can. Ent. xxvii, p. 6. 1894. The San José Scale. Rep. Exp. Farms: Rep. of Entomologist and Botanist, 206-210. 1895. The New York Plum Scale. Rept. of Ent. and Bot. 157-159. 1895. The Cottony Grass Scale. Rept. Ent. and Bot., 145-6. 1895. Note on Eriopeltes festuce. Rept. of Ent. and Bot., 146-147. 1897. The San José Scale (with remedies). 28th Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 78-86. 1899. Injurious Insects in Ontario during 1899. 30th Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 109. Howarp, L. O. Howard—1894. Geographical Distribution of some Common Scale Insects. Can. Ent., xxvi., 353-356. JOHNSON, W. G. Johnson—1898. Notes on the External Characters of the San José Scale, Cherry Scale, and Putnam’s Scale. Can. Ent. xxx., 82-83. Jarvis, T. D. Jarvis—1907. A Preliminary List of the Scale Insects of Ontario. 38th Rep. Ent. Soe. Ont., 50-72. 1908. Further notes on the Coccide of Ontario. 39th Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 52-56. Kine, Geo. B. Kitmg—1901. The Coccide of British North America. Can. Ent. xxxiii., 179-180; 193-200; 314-315; 333-6. 1902. The Coccide of British North America. Can. Ent. xxxiv., 158-161; 166. 1901. Lecanium websteri (Ckll. and King), n.sp., with notes on Allied Forms. Can. Ent. xxxiii., 106-9. LOocHHEAD, Wo. Lochhead---1899. Injurious Insects of the Orchard, Garden and Farm for the season 1899. 30th Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 67-8. 1900. The San José and other Scale Insects. Ont. Dept. Agr. 1903. Present condition of San José Scale in Ontario. Bull. 133, Ont. Dept. Agric. ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Ont. Dept. of Agric—1907. Remedies for San José Scale, San José Scale Act. Bull. 157, Ont. Dept. Agric. 78 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 ALEYRODIDA OF ONTARIO. Pror. 'T. D. Jarvis, 0.A.C., GUELPH. There are at the present time three species of Aleyrodide found in Ontario: ALEYRODICUS ASARUMIS (Shimer) on the Wild Ginger (Asarwm canadense) and the White Baneberry (Actea alba); ALEYRODES rorBESIr (Ashmead) on Soft Maple (Acer saccharinum) and Red Maple (Acer rubrum) ; ALEYRODES VAPORARI- oruUM (Westwood) on Salvia, Solanum, Coleus, Coreopsis, Cucurbita, Cuphe, Fuchsia, Hibiscus, Lycopersicum, Monarda, Rosa, Rudbeckia, Helianthus, Tropeolum, Verbena, Zinna, Digitalis, Pelargonium, Phlox, Cobea, Dahlia, Ribes, Fragaria, Solidago, Aster, Smilax, Polemonium, Delphinium, Achillea, Calliopsis, Chrysanthemum, Callistemma, Campanula, Antirrhinum, Berberis, Aquilegia, Lonicera, Nicotiana, ete. Those who have made a special study of this group believe that the White Fly had its origin in some part of South America, the Neotropical region, where they formed the genus Aleurodicus, which except through human agency have remained there ever since. A branch belonging to the genus Aleyrodes has spread over the greater part of the world. Aleyrodicus asarumis is a very common species in Ontario and was noticed in 1902 on a species of Wild Ginger at Guelph. Aleyrodes forbesti was first observed in the fall of 1907 up the River Speed from Guelph where the nymphs were found rather abundantly on the leaves of Soft Maple. Aleyrodes vaporariorum, which is most interesting and of greatest economic importance, is believed to be a native of Florida or Mexico; though it was first described and named by Westwood after it had reached England in 1856. Since reaching the United States it has spread gradually through the North-eastern part principally; and wherever introduced has ~ multiplied very rapidly. Previous to 1900 there are only one or two reports of the species in Ontario. In 1903 it had appeared at the Ontario Agricultural College greenhouse and by 1906 had become fully established. The White Fly or Mealy-wing Fly belongs to the Homopterous division of the order Hemiptera, in which the four similar membranous wings are held roof-like over the body. It is a member of the family Aleyrodidx, which consists of small, active insects, easily recognizable by a characteristic, white, wax-like secretion, com- pletely covering the wings and giving them the popular name Mealy-wings and White Fly. The young Mealy-winged Flies look much like scale insects and have the same general habits. The larve are flattened, oval, scale-like creatures found stationary on the lower sides of leaves. Most species of them bear numerous wax rods and copious secretions of wax all over their bodies. The pupa, also are charac- terized by their secretions of wax; and the amount and disposition of the rods and fringes on them are made use of very largely in the distinction of species in this family. In their relationship with other insects the Aleyrodide come nearest the Aphi- didew and the Coccide; from the former they differ most markedly in being station- ery during their immature stages, and from the latter in being winged in both sexes of the adults and therefore capable of moving about rapidly. The life-history of the White Fly (Aleyrodes vaporariorum) covers a period of approximately five weeks; and the broods succeed each other constantly, the year round. The eggs are oval, light green, changing to almost black in color, smooth and with a short stalk from one end raising it off the leaf. They are deposited ir- regularly on most kinds of leaves; but on smooth leaves it is quite characteristic for 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19 many of them to be deposited in more or less nearly complete circles. |The female has been observed by different persons to accomplish this arrangement of them by inserting her beak into the leaf and rotating around this as on a pivot. The eggs hatch in about ten days, and the young larve move about for a short time and then insert their mouth parts into the tissues of the leaf and assume their scale-like form. When fully grown, which is in about two weeks, the larvae are less than a milli- metre in length. After about two weeks longer in the pupal stage the adults emerge. It is difficult to say how long they may live in the mature form. It is only a small family consisting of two genera and about 150 species. Like many of the other families of insects of small size it has been much neglected. The two species attacking the Maple and Wild Ginger have a wide distribu- tion in Ontario, especially in the Western portion of the Province. Aleyrodicus asarumis have been found almost everywhere that the Wild Ginger grows. It is sometimes found on the White Baneberry at Guelph, but it seems to have a decided preference for the Wild Ginger. It confines its attacks to the lower side of the leaves and is usually so numerous as to almost cover this side of the leaf. Large quantities of honey dew are given off by this species and the honey dew fungus nearly always accompanies the insect. The life-history in Canada has not yet been fully determined, but sufficient is known to prove there are at least two broods during the season. It passes the winter in the mature form, but the writer has not yet been able to find the hibernating quarters. Shortly after the Wild Ginger leaves have expanded in the spring the White Fly may be found in the ege stage on the leaf. In the course of a few weeks the affected leaves turn yellow and myriads of the creatures may be seen at work. No insect parasites have been observed at work on this species and from this we may infer that it has been some- what recently introduced. Aleyrodes forbesii has been found as far east as Toronto, as far north as Gravenhurst, and as far south as London, Ontario, and the indications are that it is almost as widely distributed in Western Ontario as the maple itself. It is the largest of the’ three species under discussion. The adults are rarely seen and the large, box-like larve are sparingly scattered over the under surface of the leaf. The larye are pale green or whitish, somewhat the same color as their surround- Se Mara meal alii ings or environment and it is probably due to these two things that this species has not,been reported more often. The work of insect parasites has been observed on several occasions in connection with this species and this probably accounts for the comparatively smal] amount of injury done to the host. The ravages are much less some seasons than others. ; It is interesting to note that the above two species are both found in the State of [linois. Aleyrodes vaporariorum is of very great concern to people engaged in green- house work. From enquiry made to florists in all parts of Ontario it would appear that not a single section is free from the pest. As it cannot, so far as is known, winter in any stage out-of-doors, at least in its northern part of its range, it is recognized principally as a greenhouse pest, but it is sometimes very common and destructive to gardens and small fruits, especially in the vicinity where it is carried over the winter in greenhouses. It appears to be very partial to members of the family of plants known as the Solanacez, i.e., tomato, tobacco, etc. Several reports have been received from gardeners in different parts of the Province where crops had been ruined by this pest. It is sometimes very abundant on the straw- berry and currant plants. In the fall when the temperature lowers they seek 80 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 shelter in green houses or homes where plants are kept and a constant reproduc- tion is kept up the year round. Another. way in which these species do injury is due to the supply of honey dew given off where a fungus grows and spreads over the surface of the leaf, inter- fering with the nutrition of the plant. The insect is not a good flyer, but can go considerable distances with the wind, and whole neighborhoods are often infected in this way. The flies are often car- ried from place to place on infested plants or parts of plants for identification purposes. They cling tenaciously to clothing and are sometimes carried from greenhouse to garden in this way. So far very few parasites have been found at work on the Aleyrodide of this country and these have not yet been identified. In South America and other tropical countries many species have been found, notably the families Tricho- grammatide, Aphelinide, Eupelinide, Mymaride, Platygastride, Diapride, For- micoides of the Hymenoptera, Chrysopa of the Neuroptera, Thrips, belonging to the Thysanoptera; Mites of the Acarina. In addition to the above-mentioned families of insects and acarids two genera of fungi, Aschersonia and Sphaerostilbe also assist in the control of the White Fly. It is my experience that considering all kinds and conditions of plants and — greenhouses cyanide of potassium, although perhaps_used the least, is the cheapest and most effective means for fumigation. The best results are obtained by using 34 of an ounce of potassium cyanide at a cost of 214 cents, and 1%4 ounces of.sul- phuric acid at a cost of about 14 cent, per thousand cubic feet. This method, besides costing only about 214 cents per thousand feet, is thoroughly effective and requires little labor in its application. ; As this means has heretofore been considered by a great many florists as dangerous to human life in its application, it has been but sparsely used. The solu- tion, however, is so weak that there is not the least danger to human life or health if only the simplest precautions are taken. The formula recommended is as follows: Potassium cyanide, 1 ounce by weight; Sulphuric acid, 1% ounces by volume; Water, 3 ounces by volume. The cyanide should in all cases be chemically pure, 98 per cent pure’ cyanide, and the sulphuric acid should be the best commercial, or 85 per cent. grade. It is always best to have the cyanide broken up into small pieces. Generators should always be earthen or glass vessels, never metal, having a gallon capacity. In order to distribute the gas equally throughout the greenhouse it is well to place the generators at equal distances apart along the walls. The greenhouse should be as much as possible airtight, with dry atmosphere and a temperature of below 60 degrees Fahrenheit, and the generation of gas should be done after darkness has set in. After having placed the generators properly, with water and sulphuric acid, the packages of cyanide are then added, commencing at the generator farthest from the place of exit, and the operators should then leave as soon as possible and close the door. The dropping of the packages of cyanide into the generators by means of a cord operated from a position outside of the greenhouse is entirely unnecessary and is now quite obsolete, as the fumes from the composition are too weak to do any injury. The quantity of the doses must, however, always be regulated by the florist from the condition of the greenhouse, the plants, and the insects to be destroyed. Tt is the confidence I have in the remedy which prompts me to highly recom- mend it as the cheapest and most effective means for destroying the White Fly in 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81 ee Se TL ek Dae greenhouses, without, however, destroying or endangering the health or life of plants or of the operator of this remedy, and I would encourage in every way pos- sible the use of this means that these insects, if not totally destroyed, are still so kept in check as to do but the minimum of harm. SOME INSECTS OF THE LARCH. J. M. Swartxe, MacponaLpD CoLLece, QUE. It is my intention to describe to you this afternoon rather briefly an attack made this summer upon a small clump of larch by a series of scolytid beetles; and to use this attack as an illustration of the breeding habits of Scolytide in our great forests of pine and spruce. The larch bush to which I refer is situated at Hudson, about ten miles west of Ste. Anne’s. The trees were fine specimens of Larix of medium size, with an average height of perhaps 40 feet, and until this season had been particularly healthy. Previous to this season I had not taken a scolytid from larch in that im- mediate neighborhood. Last winter a wide section was cut through the bush, and a - plank walk laid through it, about three feet from the ground. The stumps were left rather high; the greater part of the rubbish was removed ; several untrimmed larches were left lying in the clearing and one was lying well shaded by standing trees; and the trunks which had not been removed were piled in the clearing and left to dry through the summer. The scolytids which attacked the dying bark, thus provided, belonged to five species: Dendroctonus simplex, Dryocoetes autographus, Dryocoetes n. sp., Ips caclatus and Ips balsameus. In the wood of the stumps an ambrosia beetle, Gnathotrichus materiarius, bred in large numbers. I wish first to discuss the habits of these species very briefly. D. simplex, Lec. This species is the common Dendroctonus of larch and is probably to be found wherever that tree is abundant. It is recorded from West Virginia northwards to Ungava and west to Michigan, and I have seen specimens in Mr. Evans’ collection from Mackinak, Man. As the larch is found throughout all Bastern Canada excepting Northern Ungava and westwards to the Rockies, ex- cepting the Barren Grounds, this beetle will probably be found throughout all that region. It is not a particularly injurious species. It prefers the bark of stumps and recently cut and dying trees, but will attack apparently healthy trees when dying bark is not to be obtained. It occurs chiefly in the bark of the trunk. This species was first noticed this season on July 10th in the bark of larch stumps. The trees had been cut the preceding winter, and cleared away, leaving stumps about 114 feet high. The place was swampy, and although the stumps were in the open sunlight, they remained sappy throughout the season. Only a part, perhaps half, the stumps of the clearing were attacked by this species. On July 10th—the date on which they were first noticed—the egg-tunnels contained eggs in the outer ends; and larve of all sizes, from those recently hatched up io nearly full-grown, were boring in the bark. There were no pupe and no young ~ adults. About a month later (August 6th) the tunnels in these stumps contained full- grown larve, pupae, recently transformed, light coloured adults, and older, darker adults; and many adults had escaped, as evidenced by the holes through the bark above the ends of the larval tunnels. The larve were in tunnels coming from the 82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 distal end of the egg-tunnel; the pupe in the ends of larval tunnels arising nearer the entrance hole; the light-coloured adults in tunnels arising still nearer the entrance hole; and, lastly, the darker adults in tunnels coming from the proximal end of the egg-tunnel. r On the same day, August 6th, this species was found in large numbers start- ing tunnels in a felled larch which lay near the stumps just referred to, but shaded by standing trees. A few felled larches lay in the open clearing, but these were not attacked. Egg-tunnels of this second brood were also found in many of the stumps. A standing larch, evidently dying, contained many fresh tunnels of Ips balsameus but none of D. simplez. The tunnels of simplea in the fallen larch were, on Aug. 6, usually well started, with numbers of eggs already laid, but no eggs had hatched. Very evi- ~ Pp sg Sy tn Fig. 4. D. simplex, Lec. An egg-tunnel showing egg-pocket, e.p., containing eggs; turn- ing niches, t.n., and entrance-hole, e.h. Fig. 5. D. simplex. Development of larval galleries; larve half-grown. e.t., egg- tunnels; lg., larval galleries; larve were working in the clear spaces. dently we had there a second brood, although I did not actually trace the newly transformed beetles from the stumps to the felled tree, and one brood a season has hitherto been recorded for this beetle. The egg tunnels are about 14 inch wide, although the width is very irregular in the different parts of the tunnel. In an egg-tunnel recently started, the half nearest the entrance hole will be packed tightly with chips and excrement, and in the distal—empty—half will be found the beetles, a pair or more. In some I have found one female and as many as three males. As the tunnel is lengthened, the refuse, chips and excrement, is packed towards the entrance, leaving always a short, clear space at the distal end. As the tunnel increases in length, shallow pockets 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ‘ 83 are cut in the bark along the sides, and in these the eggs are deposited, on end, and packed in dust. Usually three eggs are found in a pocket, but sometimes 4, 2 or 1. The pockets are cut at the end of the tunnel on the side, so that the female must reverse her position to oviposit. The diameter of the tunnel will not admit of this, so along the sides of the tunnels are found wide niches, as wide as the tunnel, which may be called turning-niches. These seem to be used by the beetles in turning about and in passing each other in the tunnel. Very rarely an egg or two will be laid on their sides. The eggs of one pocket being laid, the female lengthens the tunnel and cuts another egg-pocket, and so on until all her eggs are deposited. The chips resulting from the boring operations, together with the excrement of the beetles, are packed firmly backwards towards the entrance hole, and not un- commonly eggs are found packed in this mass. By the time the tunnel has neared completion, we find usually a female in a clear space at the tunnel’s end, and behind her the dust packed firmly with one or two clear spaces at intervals, in each of which will be a male completely walled in and contentedly feeding on the chips or on the sides of the tunnel. Not infrequently there will be an egg-tunnel branching from the first, cut by a female which had entered the first tunnel before the entrance was blocked with chips. These side tunnels often open into neighbor- ing egg-tunnels, so that adjoining tunnels appear to anastomose. Occasionally ventilation holes are cut in the bark forming the tunnel roof, but very few of these were noticed. The lary which hatch from the eggs along the tunnel sides bore into the bark away from the egg-tunnel, cutting the larval galleries, which at first very tiny and entirely in the bark, gradually increase in diameter as the larve grow, and finally score the wood. The larval galleries are extremely irregular, crossing and recrossing each other until the bark of that part is almost entirely reduced to powder, which packs the galleries. The larye which hatch from eggs laid in the chips packing the egg tunnel feed upon the mass of chips for a time, and later enter the bark from the tunnel sides. Egg-laying lasts over a considerable period. Eggs and newly hatched larve of the second brood were found as late as August 26th. This second brood matured in sticks in the laboratory early in October, and emerged through holes in the bark. Polygraphus rufipennis. This common bark beetle of spruce and pine seems quite as ready to attack dying larch bark, for we found it this season in great num- bers in the piled larch trunks and tops and the felled larches lying in the clearing. _ I have never found this species in healthy trees. It is very common in dying bark _ of spruce, and, in our section, in red and white pine. This is a small bark beetle, _ 3mm. long, of a uniform dark brown or nearly black colour. It is readily dis- _ tinguished by the combination of divided eyes and undivided, distally pointed, _ pubescent antennal club. Its work is well illustrated in the collection exhibited. An entrance hole is cut through the bark and a shallow chamber, called the nuptial chamber is excavated therein. From this chamber are cut in a radiating fashion, and between the bark and wood, from three to five egg-tunnels. The females cut the tunnels and in the nuptial chamber will be found the only male busy ejecting through the entrance hole the boring dust which the females have brought to the tunnel entrances. The eggs are laid singly along the sides of the tunnels, each in a tiny pocket called an egg-niche, and firmly packed in dust; so that the sides of the tunnel are smooth and the eggs completely hidden. From a few to twenty eggs will be found on each tunnel side. The larve which hatch from the eggs bore into the bark directly away from the egg-tunnels. When the larve are not much ‘erowded their tunnels are fairly regular, but when many egg-tunnels lie close $4 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 together, as is usually the case, the larval galleries cross and re-cross, completely riddling the bark eventually. The larve pupate in the ends of the galleries and emerge by cutting each a round hole through the overlying bark. Often, as with many bark beetles, the young adults feed for a short time on the bark before cut- ting through to escape. We have two broods of this species. The tunnels of the over-wintered beetles were started the last of May this year in the larch. By July 10th in these tunnels could be found well-grown larve, pup and young adults; and light coloured, and therefore recently transformed adults, were busy starting tunnels in felled larches lying in the clearing. The adults continued to emerge for several weeks, and on August 6th egg-tunnels were being cut and eggs laid in the fallen larch before referred to in connection with D. simplex. So far as my observations go, the tunnel is started by a female, and a male, and other females, join her later. The egg- tunnels are usually kept clean in this species, although more or less boring-dust is at times found in them. They seem to start their tunnels, at times, from the sides of a simplex tunnel, where they are sometimes found exploring during the entrance season. This second brood will apparently mature completely this fall, and hibernate as adults. Fig. 6. Work of Ips balsameus in Abies, showing nuptial chamber, egg- tunnels, and egg-niche. The eggs were removed before : hatching. Ips balsameus was found on the 10th of July, starting tunnels in a diseased larch in the same bush. I could not be sure that this species had been the primary cause of the injury, apparently not, but certainly balsameus was helping things along merrily. This species breeds chiefly in the fir, sometimes also in the pine; and it frequently attacks and destroys trees, which, while certainly unhealthy at the beginning of the balsameus attack, might otherwise survive. It is to be consid- ered an injurious species in fir and larch. There are two broods each season with us; the first eggs were laid in pine this season in the middle of May, and the second was, in larch, as just stated, early in July. Ips celatus—a larger but closely allied species—was numerous in the larch stumps. Its entrance hole is deep, and the nuptial chamber is often entirely in the — 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85 thick bark. From the nuptial chamber come off the winding, irregular egg- tunnels. The eggs are laid in groups of two to eight, in deep pockets along the sides of the egg-tunnel. The borings of the larve are very irregular and pene- trate the bark in all directions. The larve pupate in their tunnels in the bark, and appeared through their exit holes early in July to start tunnels for a new brood. Egg-laying for the second brood was well advanced in the bark of the stumps on July 10th of this season. This species is common in our district in red and white pine. It works in the bark towards the base of dying trees; particularly it is found in stumps cut the preceding winter. I have never noticed it in healthy trees, al- though it might injure them when no dying bark was available. The first brood was egg-laying in white pine at Ste. Anne’s, the second week in May this year, and when first noticed in larch, May 24, the eggs were practically all laid. Dryocoetes autographus was breeding in the bark of the larch stumps. Its egg-tunnels are irregular, anastomosing, and when numerous difficult to follow. LP} Fic. 7. G. materiarius. Work in larch wood.A.—w.s., wood surface; en., egg-niche; d., a tunnel ending blindly behind a. In this tunnel the fungus develops rapidly. Eggs and larve have been removed from the niches. B.— Two eggs in position in the niches. The eggs are laid side by side in shallow niches along the side of the egg-tunnel, and packed in dust. The longer axis points away from the centre of the tree. Frequently the eggs are sunken irregularly into the bark of the tunnel roof and packed in dust. The larval galleries are very irregular, usually destroying the bark. Both egg-tunnels and larval galleries are often entirely in the bark. There are two broods each season with us. By July 10th this season the egg-tunnels were about completed in the larch stumps, with the eggs practically all laid and many arve working into the bark. By the first of August these larve had matured in art and eggs were being laid in new tunnels from the sixth to the twentieth of hat month. This insect prefers dying and dead bark of pine, spruce and larch, ~ md works mostly at the base of the tree. It is not particularly injurious. A smaller, undescribed species of Dryocoetes was working with autographus, and has y similar habits. _ This completes the list of the true Bark-beetles found in those larches. There Was also present another scolytid—Gnathotrichus materiarius—one of the Ambrosia é 86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 beetles. This species bores well into the wood, cutting several side tunnels; each tunnel is eut, usually, by a separate female. The eggs are laid in shallow niches cut in the wood along the sides of the tunnels. The eggs are spindle-shaped and wedged into the niches, one in each, a little above the bottom, and a mass of chips and excrement, on which the ambrosia starts, is plugged into the opening. The larvae deepen the niches until the depth is slightly greater than the length of the larvee when full-grown. In these niches the larve pupate, and from them the adults push their way through the wall of dust and fungus which has previously blocked them in from the tunnel. The chief food of both adults and larve seems to be a fungus which grows on the walls of the tunnels and niches. The fungus is carried from tunnel to tunnel by the beetles, and stains the walls deep brown or black. The habits of the Ambrosia beetles are very interesting, but I shall not discuss them further at this time. There are two broods of this species in our dis- trict. The first brood was egg-laying this season on May 24th, and matured late in July. By the 6th of August new tunnels were being started in the stumps, and eggs laid for the second brood. Many eggs of the second brood were apparently destroyed by minute nematode worms. This species breeds in pine and spruce as well as larch and its tunnels often injure lumber for the most valuable uses. Only two of these beetles, D. simplex and I. balsameus, can be considered as serious larch enemies, and this is the first time that I have taken balsameus from that tree. D. simplex is known to attack and destroy but slightly diseased larches under certain conditions, and those conditions I wish to discuss now very briefly. Preyious to this season D. simplex had been rare in that neighborhood, but it came in in fairly large numbers this spring, attracted from a considerable distance by the dying larch bark. Only half the stumps were attacked by the spring swarm, but the progeny which matured in midsummer numbered thousands of individuals. These parents of the second brood entered the bark of the remaining stumps, and of the felled larch in the shade in great numbers. They did not attack the dried bark of the cord-wood, nor of the felled trees in the clearing. The individuals of the second brood at present in that swamp must number many thousands. ~ Whether or not they are of sufficient number to successfully attack standing trees is ‘a problem which J shall watch with interest next season. Tf, after the available dying bark has been utilized by the beetles next spring, there are but few individuals left, they will gradually scatter in search of a further supply of bark in such condition. If, however, there are immense numbers in the swamp unable to find bark in the condition which suits them best, they may suc- ceed in ovipositing in the bark of but slightly injured, or even healthy, trees, in which case the larve would probably mature and the trees be killed. When a few scolytid beetles attack a healthy tree, usually the vigorous flow of sap drives them back before the eggs are laid, and the tree suffers but little. When the number attacking a tree is very great, the many entrance holes and started tunnels check the sap flow so that the beetles succeed in laying their eggs and the resulting larve develop in the devitalized bark. The level of numbers at which a species, usually not injurious, will attack healthy or but slightly diseased trees is known as the Pest Level. Tt will be seen that a slight modification of the method of cutting would have averted any danger from these beetles. If the stumps had been cut lower a few blows of the axe would have removed most of the bark from each. If then all the — trunks had been trimmed and left in the open sunlight of the clearing there would ar ‘ a 19114 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87 have been but little sappy bark for the parents of the second brood, and they would haye scattered from the region, leaving a very small and harmless second brood. The pest level of D. simplex is high. It is perhaps rarely injurious. But the pest level of certain species attacking pine and spruce is low, and when that level is reached the finest trees of the region are in danger. It can be easily seen from this that careful destruction of wastes from cutting is of utmost importance in lumbering operations, the more so that many other forest insects breed in such dying bark and wood. The conditions which obtained in this larch bush will be found everywhere in Canada, in the woodlots, in the lumbering districts, and in our virgin forests. In the great forests under natural conditions we find that when, through the agency of forest fires, heavy storms or the attacks of other insects, scolytid beetles find much dying bark in a suitable condition, they breed in this until they reach their pest level for those conditions; then they attack and kill the healthy trees. Witness the terrible destruction of D. piceaperda in the spruce of Maine and New Brunswick, as described by Dr. Hopkins. In the lumber woods the present careless method of cutting leaves culls and refuse to breed these beetles and other forest pests by myriads. I pointed out a few moments ago that scolytid beetles followed forest fires, breeding in the dying bark of injured trees. Dr. Hopkins, the leading forest ento- mologist of America, has shown that the relations are at times reversed; so that fires which would otherwise have caused no considerable injury, gain headway in districts of forest devastated by these beetles, and sweep as great conflagrations over square miles of territory. It is well to discuss the injury which these forest insects are known to do, but ean anything be done to check them in our timber limits and in our great forests? The control of certain forest insect pests, e.g., the larch saw-fly, is, so far, beyond man’s ability. But a method of control has been worked out whereby many forest pests, chiefly Scolytidxe, can be effectively kept below the pest level. Such methods have been successful in European forests, and in certain sections of the United States, and will most surely be followed in Canadian forests in years to come. ‘They consist in modifications of the methods of cutting. Injured trees, with the bark filled with thousands of these beetles, are cut, and either barked or got into the water before the beetles emerge to start their tunnels in other trees. Wither the barking, if done at the right time, or the immersion in water, destroys the greater part of the larve or adults. These beetles seem, perhaps invariably, to prefer dying bark. ‘Therefore by girdling, early in the season, trees selected for later cutting, the greater part of the beetles in the immediate neighborhood can be attracted to the bark of these “ trap-trees,” and later these trap-trees are barked or got into the water early, so that the contained brood will be killed. The refuse, ’ tops and branches, are destroyed, removing what would otherwise be a suitable breeding-ground for many species. Such modifications in methods of cutting can be relied upon when control is needed. Before such methods can be outlined, however, it is necessary to obtain much information from forest entomologists. The insect pests of our Canadian forests haye been studied but little. There are many injurious forest insects in Northern _ Quebec and Ontario about which we know absolutely nothing. There is much work to be done, therefore, by the systematist; work which is absolutely essential. The _ entomologist must be able to distinguish with certainty the injurious . 38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 species when he finds them. For instance, if recently killed pines are found with the bark filled with Ips pint, there is little cause for alarm. The pest level of that species is high. The same is true of a new species of Phleotribus, which I have from spruce, and many other, indeed most, scolytids of this region. These species prefer, and usually are able to find dying bark for breeding purposes. But if spruces are found with Dendroctonus piceaperda in the bark, the matter may be serious enough; for this species is quite capable of destroying the finest of the spruce over miles of territory if once it surpasses the pest level. Much work should be done in the near future in collecting and studying the forest insects. It is further necessary to know the exact life histories of the injuri- ous species in the regions where they are numerous. The lumberman must know when to girdle the trap-trees, when to cut them and others with the bark filled with the brood, and bark or immerse them. He must know how many broods occur, and just when they appear to attack fresh trees. Many things must be known before we can outline profitable methods for the control of many of these pests. This information must be obtained by entomologists; and those of us who are interested in forest insects have a great field before us, a splendid opportunity, and also a serious duty. Insect control is only one factor in the great problem of forest culture; but it is an extremely important factor, and the sooner we know the injurious insects of our great forests, and their life histories, the sooner will the control of forest in- sects be undertaken in the Canadian woods. The great forests of the United States have been almost swept away by forest fires, insects enemies and careless cutting. Now, perhaps too late, the people there are awake to the importance of forest control. We in Canada are following exactly in their footsteps. Great fires—there are hundreds of fires in our Northern forests every season—insect devastations, careless cutting, little effort towards reforesta- tion; it needs no prophet to foretell the result. Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and British Columbia will surely soon follow the lead of this Province in taking decided steps towards -forest control. And that good time will come the sooner if we entomologists preach at every oppor- tunity that most important practice in the control of insect pests and fungous diseases, whether in the field, the orchard, or the forest—Clean Culture. INSECT NOTES FROM STE. ANNE’S —NOV. 15, SEASON OF 1910. J. M. Swarnr, Macponatp CoLiecE, QUE. ORCHARD INSECTS. The Apple Woolly Aphis, S. lanigera, has been gradually increasing in num- bers with us for the last few years. It is found on many of our older trees in small masses, and is quite thickly scattered over the young orchard. On the young trees there is much more of it on the twigs than on the trunk just at this season, and the sears it causes are becoming numerous enough to need attention. Kerosene emul- sion diluted 1-9 and driven in a strong stream controls it readily. J have never found the root form in Quebec, although it probably occurs in smal] numbers. The Round-headed Borer, Saperda candida, occurs in very small numbers in our orchards; although it is common enough in an orchard about a mile away. At Cote St. Paul and at Rougemont it is doing serious injury. Big. (3: Work of P. rufipennis. Three stages in the development of the egg-tunnels. Fic. 9. I. balsameus. Development of larval Fic. 10. gallery. 1, egg-niche; 2, egg- Larch Ips. Under side packing; 3, chips and ex- of bark. crement of larva, darker in color; e.t., egg- tunnel. Fie. 12. The Larch Ips (24-V-10). Under side of the bark shown, with eggs in the pockets. Fic. 11. I. balsameus. Newly hatched larva. Oe me Fic. 13. Fig. 14. I. caelatus. From white Dryocoetes autographus. Work in larch bark; pine. larve one-third grown. [89] 25.8: Fic. 15. Work of Ips balsameus in Abies, showing the wood surface scored by the chambers, egg-tunnels, larval galleries, and pupal cells. The latter are often sunken as indicated at “p.c.’” The work of Monohammus marmorator, which was bred from that trunk, is shown at ““M.m.” [90] 16. Fic. Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby). Senopnvoesbaeouenegerayreene TAG Sant a aa S0Op epee: 18. Fic. Dendroctonus simplex Fic. Dryocoetes autographus (Ratz). (Lec. [91] 92 THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No. 36 The Flat-headed Borer, Chrysobothris femorata, is hardly found in our apple trees at all. And this is interesting, for the species is very common in the neigh- borhood, breeding in great numbers in fallen hickory and oak, particularly the former. This spring I took scores of specimens from one fallen hickory at Hud- son, a few miles from Ste. Anne’s. The beetles run about over the bark on fine days, mating and egg-laying, and fly very readily with a distinct “hum.” Hgg-laying begins with us on hickory in June, and lasts until late in July, although the greater part of the eggs are laid by the second week of July. In our region at least the beetles much prefer dying hickory to apple trees in any condition, and I feel confident that Mr. Chittenden’s suggestion that broken branches of hickory scattered about the orchard would trap most of the beetles, is one well worth trying when these beetles are injurious in orchards. The Fruit Bark-beetle, Hecoptogaster rugulosus, is not yet to be found in our orchards. I have never taken any indeed in this Province. The Peach-tree Bark beetle, Phloeotribus liminarus, was found in great num- bers this season in wild cherry near the college. Over a score of large trees were studded with the gum from its entrance holes, although the beetles succeeded in breeding in very few of them. The entrance holes, and in a few places on some trees the egg tunnels, were cut this spring but very few eggs were Jaid. Again on the tenth of August, light coloured adults were starting tunnels in the bark. Next year these cherry trees will probably have a hard time of it. They had enemies enough before, indeed, for the common cherry borer was altogether too plentiful. Xyleborus dispar I have never taken in Quebec. A-close ally, X. serratus, is very common in several forest trees, notably in yellow birch. Last spring I bred from apple-twigs sent from Cambridge, N. B., a species of Oberea, which is possibly O. tripunctata. The female cuts three rows of bites and lays the egg between the bark and the wood above the second row. The grub feeds at first in the dying tip, and later bores downwards through the twig. The twigs are found dead during the summer and are frequently broken by storms. The injury is not serious, as yet, but the species may easily become an injurious pest. The Buffalo Tree-hopper, Ceresa bubalus, has badly scarred several of our young trees. The cuts were made on both the stems, which are very small, and the branches. Soft maple seems to be preferred by this insect for egg-laying, and until the young maples were cut away from near our orchard the fruit trees were left entirely alone. The Bud Moth, Tmetocera ocellana, was present in considerable numbers in our young orchard this season. Owing to lack of labor, early sprayings had to be omitted, and the result is intimated in the accompanying photograph. A poison spray, late in July, should control this insect effectively for the next season. The caterpillars begin to pupate about June 10 with us. The first adults appeared in the cases June 28, hut empty cases were found in the field as early as the 18th. When our orchard is sprayed with lime sulphur, winter strength, early in spring, we see little of the bud-moth, the case-bearers, or the leaf-aphides. I do not say that lime sulphur controls these insects, but our experience, so far, seems to indicate it. The Cigar Case-bearer of the Apple, Coleophora fletcherella, was unusually abundant on our fruit trees this summer, and apparently the same species was breeding on thorn. The larve ceased feeding about June 15th, this season, and the first pupe were found on the 20th. The first adults appeared in the cages on Fic. 19. Tmetocera ocellana, Bud-moth. Work on apple-leaves. [93] 94 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 June 29th, and on the same day a larger, distinct, undetermined species of Coleophora was bred from cases on the thorn. The Pistol Case-bearer of the Apple, C. malivorella, was present also in con- siderable numbers. The Permanent Apple Aphis, Aphis pomi, was exceptionally numerous this season, and with it many A. sorbi. The leaves were badly curled, but its parasites controlled it before serious injury was done. Very few Aphides of either species could be found on the trees during the summer, but early in October both species were again common, and the leaves were curling badly. A. pomi was vastly more numerous, however, and seemed responsible for the curling. It has been reported that ihe leaf curling was due mainly to sorbi. It does not seem so with us. K. emulsion, or better, fish oil soap, about the middle of October would effectually control them for the following season; and lime sulphur, 1.04 8. G., sprayed in the early spring seems to be effective. Even in Quebec, where the San José is as yet practically unknown, a regular annual spray of lime sulphur, 1.04 S. G., seems a most excellent orchard practice. The Apple-tent, Malacosoma americana, has its cycles with us, as elsewhere, and just now is on the increase. Many egg-masses are found this fall, whereas for the last two years but few were to be had. The Leaf-roller, the Leaf-crumpler, and two Leaf-miners have been common but not injurious. The Codling-worm, Carpocapsa pomonella, has furnished us nothing new; except perhaps that it has discovered that we want it for class use and refuses to spin its cocoons on the trees. For some reason or other we found only about six cocoons on the trees this spring, although the species is not by any means rare. The Plum Curculio, C. nenuphar, is not troublesome in our apples, although it will soon be a plum pest with us—our plums are just beginning to bear. The species causes more injury to apples than any other insect in some Quebec locali- ties. As an apple pest I am quite of the opinion that it can be partially controlled by having a few plum trees in the orchard as traps. Thorough spraying with poison for the codling-moth, and rigid destruction of all fallen “ wormy” fruit usually controls this pest. The Apple Curculio, A. quadrigibbus, is injurious in a few Quebec localities, notably in Covey Hill region. A large orchard there has a considerable portion of the fruit distorted this season, and I think much of the injury is due to the punc- tures of this pest. Careful destruction of the fallen fruit is of importance in the control of this insect, and jarring is of use on small trees. Probably it is effectively controlled by spraying regularly for the codling-worm. This curculio lays its eggs in a simple puncture, and does not cut the crescent-shaped slit as does nenwphar. It pupates within the apple fruit. The Apple Maggot, 7. pomonella, is found in but few Jocalities in Quebec, notably at Como, and in the region about Hemingford and Covey Hill. It has been effectively controlled at Como by careful destruction of the fallen fruit. That is, so far as known, the only effective method of control. The San José we do not know in Quebec, although it has been reported from one place this summer near the Ontario line. A. ostrewformis was found here this season on plum trees. Our only apple scale is the Oyster-shell, L. ulmi. It is, how- ever, often injurious, and is too frequently overlooked. There is no excuse for its presence in injurious numbers. Lime-wash in the late fall, or lime-sulphur in the early spring, with a contact-spray as the young appear in the late spring effec- tively contro] it. It is in neglected orchards that we find the Oyster-shell in abun- dance. 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95 The Canker worms, A. pometaria, and vernata, trouble us but little at Ste. Anne’s. In parts of Quebec, however, they are of local importance, and in the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia are among the worst of the apple pests. Under ordinary circumstances we recommend lead arsenate, applied as needed, and when the caterpillars are small. Carefully applied, and carefully watched bands of tree-tanglefoot are perhaps profitable in the districts worst affected. The males and females of A. pometaria have been common here this fall and were abundant until late in November; but we find most about the maple trees. SMALL FRUITS. The Currant Span-worm, C. ribearia, has become a pest with us. Its spotted looping caterpillars feed voraciously, and seem harder to kill than the common saw-fly larve. Paris green is always effective, and plenty of hellebore will do the work. The caterpillars are very common early in June, and pupate the last of the month. The first moths appeared in our cages on July 4th, but were found out- doors on June 29th. The egg-laying period extends over several weeks. The Currant Borer, Sesia tipuliformis, has nearly ruined a currant patch in this neighbourhood. Last year, on July 9th, we noticed a number of dying canes, which proved to have been killed by larve of this species. The larve had escaped and only two parasitized pupe were found. There was nothing to be done then, of course, as the moths were all out and egg-laying partly over. This season by April 14th the larve were working in the canes in which they had wintered. While small they keep to the pith and may be found in all parts of the cane. Their work leaves a black tunnel through the centre of the cane, and the species may be recog- nized by this character of their tunnels. When full grown the larva spins a cocoon within the cane near an exit hole through the side previously cut by it. Shortly after the cocoon is spun the larva pupates. Often these pupe wriggle from the cocoon and project, head foremost, from the opening, after the fashion of other Lepidopterous wood-boring species, thus enabling the moth to emerge with- out touching the wood. In many instances, however, the pupa-cases remain within the cocoons. In the laboratory cages the later stages are passed rapidly, and give little indication of the condition in the field. Larve pupated in the cages on the 1st of May, and emerged seven days later; but on this date, May 8th, the cater- pillars outdoors were still feeding, and only a few even spinning cocoons. The first pupa was found outdoors on May 11th, and the greater number of the adults were flying during the third week in June. Mating and egg-laying take place at this time. The moths are extremely active, darting back and forth over the patch dur- ing the sunshine, but disappearing in cloudy weather. The eggs are laid on the canes, and the larvee enter the canes and feed for the rest of the season, becoming perhaps two-thirds grown by winter time. The injury to the canes appears in June, or late in May, usually about the time of pupation. The leaves wilt, turn yellow and fall, and the cane rapidly dies. Occasionally the canes survive the attack and bear fruit the following season. In these cases the old exit hole can be found in the side of the cane. This insect is a very injurious pest, and quite capable of completely destroy- ing a large plantation in a few years. The only method of control consists in rigidly destroying, burning, the diseased canes, as soon as they can be distinguished. Usually they are noticeable after, or even before, pupation, and can always be detected after pupation by the exit holes. 96 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Our experience with this insect illustrates very well the value of clean culture in insect control. The moths appeared in the currants suddenly and in great numbers. They came from a row of old, neglected currants in a nearby orchard. They had bred in those canes, increasing in numbers, until finally there were no sound canes left. Then they took the shortest route to the currants first mentioned, about eight hundred yards away. It is true of many of our injurious insects that a rigid system of clean culture is the cheapest and most effective method of control. Clean culture is a gospel well worth preaching. It would save our farmers and orchardists many thousands of dollars every year if rigidly practised; and the expense would be small. I know an apple orchard carefully sprayed and cared for, yet badly infested with apple pests every year. Why? Because just over the fence is a neglected orchard of perhaps fifty trees. These trees are worthless and absolutely uncared for. They serve, however, to breed apple insects for the whole neighbourhood. Clean culture even with us in Quebec is one of the most important factors in successful fruit- growing. In Ontario it is even more important, for here you have serious pests, the San José, and the bark-beetles, which we do not need, as yet, to consider. Another currant borer, Psenocerus supernotatus, bred in considerable numbers in our canes this season. The beetles breed in the tips of the canes, and seem to do but little damage. The Raspberry Cane-borer, Oberea bimaculata, was particularly numerous this season in raspberries. The adults appeared about June 20th, and were present in great numbers until the last of the month. Scores of specimens were picked from the canes during mid-day. Probably the same species breeds commonly here in wild raspberry and blackberry. Egg-cuts found here this season on roses may have been from O. b. basalis, a species which Mr. Morris, of Port Hope, has taken this season from rosebushes. The Currant Saw-fly and the Currant Aphis were of course more or less common but easily controlled. I notice that currant growers seldom bother much about the late appearing larve of the former. Where these are killed the first brood of the succeeding season is usually few in numbers. The Currant Aphis appears to spread but slowly, at least with us. I have been watching it for three years now on a small group of canes where it is allowed to breed. Although it curls up prac- tically every leaf on those bushes every season, it has so far caused no trouble in our plantation some thousand yards away. The Grape-Vine Root-borer, Fidia vitticida, appeared in our vineyard three years ago in small numbers. The characteristic holes in the leaves were quite evi- dent. Possibly our cold winters are too much for them for we have never seen the species since. MISCELLANEOUS. The Rust Fly, Psila rose, has appeared in Montreal Island, and threatens to render carrot raising a precarious business. It has long been a serious pest in the Maritime Provinces and in Kastern Quebec, but until recently has been rare with us. It is difficult to control, and I know of nothing better than the practice recom- mended by Dr. Fletcher, of spraying with kerosene emulsion every ten days from the time the carrots are thinned until four or five sprays have been given. The spray should soak the ground about the roots. 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 9 C The Cloyer-root borer, Hylastinus obscurus, is widely spread throughout the Montreal region. Apparently it will soon allow but one good crop of clover in our neighborhood. Red and Mammoth Clovers are seriously injured; and I find the beetles breed- ing also in Alsike and in Crimson Clover, but not to an injurious extent. They sometimes start their tunnels in White Dutch and Sainfoin, but I have not so far found them breeding there. Alfalfa and sweet clover are not affected here. The beetles started their tunnels here this season in the last of May and first part of June. They cut an entrance hole either in the base of the crown or through Fic. 20. Hylastinus obscurus. Work in clover roots. e.h., entrance hole; @., borings of adult beetle. The crown would separate easily from the root. the side of the root, and continue a cylindric tunnel down the root, sometimes near the surface, sometimes deeper into the tissue. Along the sides of the tunnel shallow niches, egg-niches, are cut, and in these the eggs are deposited, one in each niche. The larve bore irregularly through the substance of the root, and as the majority are working just below the crown the tissue is there often largely destroyed. The crown for this reason frequently breaks away from the root when an attempt is made to pull the plant. The first pupe are formed the third week in July, and from this time until the first week in October pupe are always to be found. On October 10th, this season, a very few pupz were obtained, but nearly all had trans- 98 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 formed. When these beetles are established in a section there is apparently no practical method of control. But this is perhaps not unfortunate for it is usually considered the best farm practice to take out one crop of clover from a rotation, and the first crop is not commonly affected seriously, although clover planted in May is sometimes attacked in numbers the following spring and the first crop injured. Plowing under the sod as soon as the first crop is cut should always be practised when this insect is common. Many of the larve can thus be destroyed. The Cabbage maggot was more injurious this season than in other years, and the onion maggot was present though not in great numbers. Anisota senatoria has been extremely numerous in the district between Howick and Hemingford. Many oaks through that country were completely stripped last season by hordes of these caterpillars. Fic. 21. Hylastinus obscurus. Tunnel and eggs. Fic. 23. Hylastinus obscurus. Eggs in the _ egg- niches, with adult beetle in the end of the egg-tunnel. (Twice enlarged.) Fic. 22. Hylastinus obscurus. Tunnel and eggs. Grasshoppers were not so serious a pest in this province as in the last three years, but still were very numerous in some localities. In sections where the grass- hoppers were very dleslurciive two or three years ago but were not numerous this season, the blister-beetles, whose young feed upon grasshopper eggs, were reported very plentiful. ‘“Criddle mixture” and “Hopper-catchers” would save many dollars in the grass and grain fields of this province in grasshopper years. The Blister beetles mentioned above, mostly WM. wnicolor, were injurious in a few places. Their young, apparently, do much to control the grasshoppers, and the adults should not be destroyed unless they are really doing injury. The Fall Web-worm which has been so abundant on shade and forest trees for several years seems to be decreasing in numbers. The White-marked Tussock, which was so injurious in Montreal recently, has not yet revived from the attack of its parasites. 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99 Otiorynchus sulcatus has been doing considerable injury to cyclamen and prim- Toses in two of the Montreal greenhouses. Injury was reported from the feeding of the adults on the flowers; and the larvae which live in the soil, destroyed the roots, and even fed upon the corms of the cyclamen. Carbon bisulphide has had no effect upon the larve. Probably carbolic acid emulsion or strong kerosene emulsion will be effective. We are not yet able to report any success in its control. Only two sets of greenhouses were affected so far as we know; others near by were not at all troubled. The Apple-leaf hopper, so injurious here on potato and other crops in 1908 and 1909, was not numerous this season. The Cucumber beetle, D. vittata, was again injurious throughout this district. It certainly seems to prefer squashes to melons and cucumbers; and can be effect- ively kept from the two last by having a few “trap plants” of squash growing close by. These “trap” squashes should be covered with Arsenite, dusted on in large quantity, as soon as the beetles appear, and at the same time the valuable crop should be sprayed with Bordeaux, which the beetles dislike. Many beetles can in this way be poisoned during the first few days of their feeding. By repeating the spray of Bordeaux on the main crop as often as needed, and leaving the “ trap ” squashes unsprayed the beetles can be kept away from the cucumbers and melons. The same method is effective in squash fields; a few plants being used as “traps” and the rest being covered with Bordeaux. For several years I have had squash, melons, cucumbers, and pumpkins growing close together. The squashes have always been attacked by the beetles. but the melons and cucumbers have escaped completely, and without treatment. The Spruce Budworm, Tortrix fumiferana, was noticed in small numbers at Hudson. The Larch Sawfly, NV. erichsonii, was present, but did little damage. BASSWOOD OR LINDEN INSECTS. IV. ARTHUR GIBSON, OTTAWA. Tn 1904, the writer published, in the annual report of this Society, notes on 94 different species of insects which had been found attacking Tilia americana L. In 1906, notes on other species were contributed which brought the list up to 102, and, in 1907, a further paper increased this latter number to 122. The following additional notes have since been made. ATTACKING THE FOLIAGE. OrpER Homoprera. 123. Ceresa constans Wik. This insect has been found commonly on bass- wood at the Beaver Meadow, Hull, Que. in August and September, by Mr. W. Met- ealfe. Mr. Van Duzee has also found the species on basswood near Buffalo, N. Y. 104 of 1906 list. Telamona reclivata Fitch. This species was collected on September 26, 1907, and again on Sept. 2, 1908. The 1906 specimens were taken on July 1. 100 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 124. Cirius basalis Van D. Beaver Meadow, Hull, Que. August 11, 1907, (Metcalfe. ) 125. Amalopota uhleri Van D. Ottawa, Aug. 25, 1907, (Metcalfe.) This insect has been recorded as feeding on maple. 126. Gypona albosignata Uhl. Beaver Meadow, Hull, Que. Sept. 1, 1907, (Metcalfe. ) 109 of 1906 list. Diedrocephala coccinea Forst. This species was abundant in 1905 but the specimens were not identified until 1907. (Det. by Heidemann.) Pupz which were found on July 7, produced the perfect insects on July 10. OnrpER HEMIPTERA. 127. Lygus tenellus Uhl. MS. This species was collected by me from bass- wood on June 27, 1905, the determination being made by Mr. Van Duzee. In 1907, Mr. Metcalfe also found the same insect on linden at the Beaver Meadow, Hull, Que. on Aug. 11. 128. Lygus monachus Uhl. Mr. Metcalfe found this species commonly, at Ottawa, on basswood on July 1, 1904. In Miss Murtfeldt’s account of this bug in Bulletin No. 13 of the U. 8. Division of Entomology, the insect is stated to have been found infesting the growing points of young maples (Acer dasycarpum.). Besides maple, alder is also given as a food plant and “ many other kinds of small trees and shrubs.” The insect evidently has a wide range of food plants. 129. Camptobrochis nebulosus Uhl. Beaver Meadow, Hull, Que., Aug. 11, 1907, (Metcalfe). Box-elder and willow are also recorded as food plants for this insect, the former by Baker and the latter by Gillette. OrpDER LEPIDOPTERA. 19 of 1903 list. Hnnomos alniaria L. In 1906, Mr. Young found the larva at Meach Lake, Que. This was the first record of its feeding on basswood in the Ottawa district. On Sept. 2, 1908, the writer found a mature larva which meas- ured two and one-eighth inches long, also feeding on basswood, on the Experimen- tal Farm. 130 Pyrausta pertextalis Led. lLarve of this pyralid were found on bass- wood at Ottawa in June, 1908, the moths emerging June 27. 131. Archips fractivittana Clem. A single larva which produced this moth was found on basswood in 1908. It pupated on June 1, and the moth emerged on June 10. A brief note reads “larva like rosaciana.” ORDER HYMENOPTERA. 67 of 1903 list. The Willow Sawfly, or American Cimbex, C. americana Leach. A single specimen of this larva was found by the writer feeding on bass- wood, at Ottawa, on October 8, 1907. This specimen, instead of being the usual pale yellow colour, was of a light vermilion shade. OrDER ACARINA. 69 of 1903 list. The Linden Gall Mite, Phytoptus abnormis Garman. Very abundant at Ottawa in June 1908. Some leaves were much infested; quite a few of the galls were on the undersides of the leaves. SS 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101 OCCURRING ON THE BARK. OrpER HOMOPTERA. 132. Lachnus dentatus LeB. Specimens of apterous females, depositing eggs on basswood were shown at the annual meeting of this Society, at Guelph, on 31 Oct., and 1 Nov., 1907, by Dr. Bethune and Mr. Jarvis. This is probably the species which I found on the same tree at Ottawa a few years previously. In ‘Packard’s Forest Insects, the insect is mentioned as having been found on the branches of willow and also on small nursery apple trees. 133. Pulvinaria vitis Linn. This species is recorded from Western Ontario as occurring on Tilia americana, (Jarvis, Rep. Ent. Soc. 1907, p. 51). In Mrs. Fer- nald’s Catalogue of the Coccide of the World the only food plant mentioned is grape vine. 134 Toumeyella liriodendri (Gmel.) Ottawa, (Jarvis, Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1907, p. 51). 135. Aspidiotus esculi Johns. Mr. Jarvis records this scale insect as infest- ing basswood at Toronto, Brantford and Guelph (Rep. Ent. Soc., 1907, p. 51). In Mrs. Fernald’s Catalogue #sculus californica is mentioned as the food plant and the habitat given as California. 136. Aspidiotus diffinis Newst. Mrs. Fernald records this species as occur- ring on basswood as well also as on lilac. Jarvis lists the species from basswood, from Guilds, Ont. (Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1907, p. 51). 137%. Aspidiotus juglans-regie Comst. 138. Aspidiotus ulmi John. In April, 1907, Mr. J. Fred. Smith, late Provincial San José Scale Inspector, sent to the Division at Ottawa some basswood heavily infested with scale insects. The wood was taken from a tree near Beamsville, Ont. The material was sent to Dr. Howard, at Washington, and was reported upon by Mr. Marlatt as follows: “The scale insects on basswood from Mr. J. F. Smith are of two species, viz. Aspidiotus juglans-regie Comst. and Aspidiotus ulmi Johnson.” A. juglans- regie has a wide range of food plants. Mrs. Fernald mentions walnut, apricot, apple, pear, peach, cherry, Japan plum, locust and maple. A. ulmi is recorded from elm, catalpa and Cycas revoluta. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD FOR 1910. ARTHUR GIBSON, OTTAWA. The season of 1910 in Canada was, on the whole, a most favorable one for the collection of insects. Reports from many widely separated localities refer to the remarkably fine and dry weather. In the east. the season was much drier than that of 1909. From the many interesting records sent in, the year, too, has been an improvement with regard to the number of rarer forms which have been col- lected. As yet, of course, much material gathered in 1910, still remains to be worked up. As this is done a mention of the more interesting species, it is hoped. will be made in future issues of the Record. In the present Record are in- cluded notes on a number of rarer forms collected in other years, but only studied in 1910. The compiler of the Record is exceedingly grateful to his many friends who have either helped him by sending in records for the “ Notes of Captures”, or in giving assistance in the identification of doubtful species. 102 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Canadian collectors and students, as in previous years, have received invalu- able help from the leading specialists in the United States and elsewhere. Particu- lar acknowledgment is due to Dr. L. O. Howard, and his expert associates, Dr. H. G. Dyar and Mr. W. D. Coquillett, of Washington, D.C.; Dr. J. B. Smith, of New Brunswick, N.J.,; Sir George Hampson, of the British Museum; Mr. W. D. Kearfott, of Montclair, N.J.; Prof. H. F. Wickham, of Iowa City, Iowa; Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, of Buffalo, N.Y.; Mr. W. Beutenmuller, of New York, N.Y.; Dr. Henry Skinner, of Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. EH. M. Walker, of Toronto, Ont.; Col. Thos. L, Casey, of Washington, D.C.; Mr. Chas. Leibeck, of Philadelphia, Pa.; Rev. G. W. Taylor, of Departure Bay, B.C., Mr. C. H. Roberts, of New York, Mr. J. D. Evans, of Trenton, Ont., Mr. W. H. Harrington, of Ottawa, and Mr. F. H. Wolley-Dod, of Millarville, Alta. Mr. Dod is specializing in North American noctuidee and will be pleased to name and return any specimens submitted to him. LITERATURE. Among the many valuable publications which have been received during the past year, and which are of interest to Canadian students, mention may be made of the following :— Banxs, Natuan. Catalogue of Nearctic Spiders. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin No. 72. This publication takes the place of the Marx Catalogue prepared some twenty years ago. The author states that the catalogue includes a little over 1,300 species. “The largest family is the Theridiide, with 298 species; the Attide is next with 213; two other families, the Lycoside and Epeiride, have over 100 species in each. Sixteen families have less than 10 species apiece.” This work will be a most useful one. Many of the species occur in Canada,, but comparatively few definite records are available. The publication of this catalogue will undoubtedly lead to more systematic work, and it is to be hoped that entomologists in Canada will do their share in working up local species. BEUTENMULLER, WILLIAM. The North American species of Neuroterus and their Galls, (issued May 20, 1910); The North American species of Aylax and their Galls, (issued May 20, 1910) ; The North American species of Aulacidea and their Galls, (issued July 16, 1910): American Museum of Natural History, New York. These papers are a continuation of the results of Mr. Beutenmuller’s studies on American Cynipide and their Galls. They are very useful publications. The illustrations are particularly good; in fact they could not be otherwise. coming from the hand of Mrs. Beutenmuller. Several Canadian records appear in the above contributions. BuatcHitey, W. 8. The Coleoptera or Beetles of Indiana; Department of Geology and Natural Resources; Bulletin No. 1, State Printers, Indianapolis; 1386 pages, with nearly 600 excellent illustrations. No book has appeared during the year which will ‘give such general pleasure to entomologists as Professor Blatchley’s magnificent work on the beetles of Indiana. Such a work has been much wanted, and although the author has confined it to the above State, it will, nevertheless, be of the greatest use to students in Ontario and other parts of Canada. Many of the species which occur in Indiana are to be found in Canada, and from the descriptions of families and genera and the keys to the genera and species and the descriptions thereof, students are now able to run down many insects which otherwise could only be determined by the specialist. Unfortunately the edition of this work is small, and many, doubtless, will be unable to obtain a copy. 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 103 Casry, Tuos. L. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 1; New Era Printing Co., Lancaster, Pa.; issued September 24, 1910. This memoir, of 205 pages, by Col. Casey, the well-known student of coleoptera, is indeed an important publication. Tt is divided into 2 parts: 1—New species of the Staphylinid Tribe Myrmedoniini; 2—Synonymie and descriptive notes on the Pederini and Pinophilini. Altogether 365 species are described as new, 25 of which are from Canada. Of these 25, all but two occur in British Columbia, and were mostly collected by the Rev. J. H. Keen, the enthusiastic naturalist, at Metlakatla. The two other species are from Ontario, one collected at Toronto and one at Ottawa. This further work on Staphylinid beetles will be of great interest to coleopterists. Such memoirs repre- sent much close study, and the author deserves great credit for this additional con- tribution to the knowledge of these insects which are so difficult to study. Coquittetr. D. W. The Type-species of the North American Genera of Diptera. Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 37, pages 499-647; published August 4, 1910. “The great importance of knowing definitely what species is the type of | any given genus is now recognized by practically every worker in the field of biology.” This important contribution is the result of several years of work in ascertaining the types of the genera of diptera reported as occurring in North and Middle America. It contains all the genera known to the writer up to January 1, 1909, together with their type-species and synonymy. Students of diptera will find this publication of extreme value. In the Canadian Entomologist for Novem- ber, 1910, Mr. Coquillett points out several corrections and omissions to the above paper. which should be noted by those who possess a copy of the article. Dierz, W. G. Revision of the Blastobaside of North Ayerica. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., Vol. xxxvi, Jan.-March, 1910, pp. 1-72, plates I-IV. This interesting paper deals with 66 different species, several of which are recorded from Canada. Thirty-six are described as new. The author states in the beginning of the paper that “the Blastobasidx. as now understood and distinguished from the Cicophoride, form a well defined family of the Tineina. This revision will be of much use to students of the microlepidoptera. Doubtless many others of the species listed will be found in Canada. GrossBeck. Joun A. Studies of the North American Geometrid Moths of the Genus Pero. U.S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 38, pages 359-377, with Plates 13-16; pub- lished August 19. 1910. In this interesting paper Mr. Grossbeck gives the results of his investigation in the above named genus (= Azelina Guenee in part). Long series were gathered together from different parts of the United States and Canada, and four new species recognized. Four plates are added, one of these figures the adult moths, another structural characters and the remaining two show the geni- talea of the species. Hampson, Sir Grorce F. (Bart.). Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalenie in the British Museum, Vol. IX, Noctuidae, 1910, 552 pp., plates exxxvii to exlvil. Received May 2. This volume “is the third and final part of the very large Noctuid subfamily Acronyctine; it contains 725 species belonging to 185 genera, as compared with 843 species belonging to 96 genera in Vol. VII, and 720 species belonging to 104 genera in Vol. VIII.” Many of the species figured in the beauti- ful plates occur in Canada, and owing to the great care of the artist, in most instances, it is an easy matter to determine our North American forms. These volumes are eagerly looked forward to by lepidopterists. Vol. IX. is extremely inter- esting as it deals with many species which have of recent years been studied by American entomologists. Collectors in Canada should assist Sir George Hampson in his great. work by sending him material from their respective districts. In this 104 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 way, of course, future volumes will be made much more useful for those who are studying specially the lepidoptera of our country. JOHANNSEN, O. A. The Mycetophilide of North America: Maine Agric. Exp. Station, Bull. 172, Part I, (March, 1910), pp. 209-276, plates 3; Bull. 180, Part II, (June, 1910), pp. 125-192, plates 4. This monographie treatment of the Fungus Gnats of North America is a most valuable contribution to our knowledge of diptera. In Part 1 the lower and economically less important subfamilies Bolitophiline, Mycetobiine, Diadocidiine, Ceroplatine and Macrocerine, are treated; in Part IT the Sciophiline are dealt with. Kirsy, W. F. A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera, Vol. III, Locustide vel Acridiidx ; British Museum (Natural History), March, 1910. This volume com- pletes Mr. Kirby’s general Catalogue of the Order Orthoptera. It is a book of 674 pages, and therefore considerably larger than Vols. I and II. This is owing to the fact that the Locustide (the short-horned Grasshoppers or Migratory Locusts) is a much larger family than the others. This work will be of the greatest use to systematists, and now that the whole Catalogue has been completed, the order Orth- optera will doubtless attract more and more students from year to year. Pages 562 to 586 are given up to “ Additions and Corrections ” to the three volumes. Mutrxowsx1, RicHarp A. Catalogue of the Odonata of North America: Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, Vol. I, article I, pp. 207. This well prepared catalogue, which was issued on June 27th, is a publication which will be widely welcomed by students of the Odonata. Such a catalogue has been much wanted. It presents in convenient form what purports to be a complete list of these insects from the North American region. T:he author has had the co- operation of the leading students in this order in the preparation of the catalogue; the classification and nomenclature employed, therefore, represents the more ap- proved and advanced ideas of odonatologists. The publication is an important one, and should be in the hands of all Canadian students of these neuropteroid insects. Pierce, W. Dwicur. A Monographic Revision of the Twisted Winged Insects comprising the Order Strepsiptera Kirby. Smithsonian Institution: U. S. Nat. Museum, Bulletin 66. Received Jany. 7, 1910. In this extensive contribution of 232 pages, 37 genera are treated of, comprising 103 species. Sixty-two new species are described from North America. The introductory chapters on “ History ” and “ Biology ” give much information about these interesting insects, which have been so little studied by North American students. Fifteen plates appear at the end of the Bulletin. Rouwer, 8. A. On a Collection of Tenthredinoidea from Eastern Canada. Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 38, pages 197-209; published June 6, 1910. This paper is a report of an interesting collection of sawflies made by Mr. A. Gordon Leavitt, in the County of St. John, New Brunswick. Fifty-three different species are listed, 12 of which are described as new. SmiruH, JoHN B. A List of New Jersey Insects: Annual Report of the New Jersey State Museum, 1909; pp. 888. This report, with the exception of 13 pages, is devoted to Dr. Smith’s New List of the Insects of New Jersey. No less than 10,385 different species are listed, comprising 3,486 genera and 331 families. In the 1899 list 8,537 species were included. Considerable progress has therefore been made in a knowledge of the insects of the State. This List is an extremely useful publication. Unfortunately its edition is limited, and it will be impossible to sup- ply everyone who will want this work with a copy. 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105 Snoperass, Ropert Evans. The Thorax of the Hymenoptera. Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 39, pages 37-91, with plates 1-16; published October 25, 1910. In this paper the author gives much extremely useful information on the thorax of hymenopterous insects. In such a study it was necessary, of course, to make many dissections and drawings. The reproductions of these latter are particularly good. In addition to the 77 figures on the plates, 16 other figures appear in the text. WHEELER, Witt1aM Morton. Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior. New York: The Columbia University Press, 1910. This remarkable book of 663 pages is one of the most important contributions to the literature of entomology which has appeared during the year. It is a work that has been much wanted and will be of extreme value the world over. The book is divided into thirty chapters, each of which contains a number of parts. Chapter I treats of “Ants as Dominant Insects.” This is followed by chapters on external and internal structure, development, polymorphism, history of myrmecology and classification of ants, distribution, fossil ants, ete. At the end are several appendices: A— Methods of Collecting, Mounting and Studying Ants; B—Key to the subfamilies, genera and subgenera of the North American Formicide, for the identification of the workers; C—A list of described North American ants; D—Methods of exter- minating noxious ants; E—Literature. Beautiful illustrations appear throughout the text. This magnificent work will undoubtedly lead many to make serious studies of these most interesting insects, about which so much reliable information has now been made readily available. Witi1amMson, Epwarp Bruce. The North American Dragonflies (Odonata) of the Genus Macromia. Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 37, pages 369-398, with plates 35-36; received 7 Jany., 1910. This paper on the genus Macromia will be of much value to students of dragonflies. The American species are distributed generally over the United States and Southern and Hastern Canada. Nine species are treated of at length, three of which are described as new. Seven figures, show- ing wing venation, are included in the text. The following is a list of names and addresses of collectors heard from during 1910 :-— Anderson, EK. M., Provincial Museum, Victoria, B. C. Baird, Thomas, High River, Alta. Baldwin, J. W., 74 Besserer Street, Ottawa. Bethune, Rey. Prof., O. A. C., Guelph. Boulton, A. R. M., care King Brothers, Quebec, Que. Bush, A. H., 1105 Ninth Ave., Vancouver, B.C. Carr, F. S., Edmonton, Alta. Chagnon, Gus., Box 186, Montreal. Cockle, J. W., Kaslo, B.C. Crew, R. J., 561 Carlaw Ave., Toronto. Criddle, Norman, Treesbank, Man. Dawson, Horace, Hymers, Ont. Day, G. 0., Duncans, B.C. Dod, F. H. Woolley-, Millarville, Alta. Hyans, J. D., Trenton, Ont. Fyles, Rev. T. W., Hull, Que. Gibson, Arthur, Experimental Farm, Ottawa. 8 Es. 106 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Groh, H., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Hahn, Paul, 433 Indian Road, Toronto. Haight, D. H., Sudbury, Ont. Halkett, A., Fisheries Museum, Ottawa. Hanham, A. W., Duncans, B.C. Harms, J. F., Treesbank, Man. Harrington, W. H., P.O. Department, Ottawa. Heath, E. F., Cartwright, Man. Hewitt, Dr. C. Gordon, Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Hudson, A. F., Millarville, Alta. Jarvis, T. D., O. A. C., Guelph. Keen, Rev. J. H., Metlakatla, B.C. Leavitt, A. G., St. John, N.B. Lyman, H. H., 74 McTavish Street, Montreal. Marmont, L. E., 2553 Second Ave. West, Vancover, B.C. McIntosh, W., St. John, N.B. Metcalfe, W., 288 Bank Street, Ottawa. Moore, G. A., 850 St. Hubert St., Montreal. Moore, W. H., Scotch Lake, N.B. Morris, Frank, Port Hope, Ont. Nelles, Douglas H., Dept. Interior, Ottawa. Nicholls, A., 18 Electric Street, Ottawa. Perrin, Jos., McNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S. Rowland, Alton, Windsor Mills, Que. Russell, John, Hope Station, B.C. Sanders, G. E., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Sanson, N. B., Banff, Alta. Saunders, Henry, 21 Harbord Street, Toronto. Sherman, R. S., 2285 Sixth Avenue, Vancouver, B.C. Simpson, W., Dominion Observatory, Ottawa. Southee, G. R., Sherbrooke, Que. Swaine, J. M., Macdonald College, Que. Taylor, Rev. G. W., Departure Bay, B.C. Tipping, E. Dalton, Minnehik P.O., via Bluff Centre, Alta. Treherne, R. C., Grimsby, Ont. ~ Venables, E. P. Vernon, B.C. Walker, Dr. E. M., Biological Dept., Univ. of Toronto. Wallis, J. B., Machray School, Winnipeg, Man. Willing, T. N., Saskatoon, Sask. Winn, A. F., 32 Springfield Ave., Westmount, Que. Young, C. H., Geological Survey, Ottawa. Zavitz, E. J.,O. A. C., Quelph, Ont. NOTES OF CAPTURES. LEPIDOPTERA. (Arranged according to Dyar’s List of North American Lepidoptera, U.S. WN.M. Bull. No. 52). (Dyar’s number). 14. Papilio thoas L. Toronto, a fine specimen seen at the corner of Queen and Yonge Streets, July 2, (Crew). 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107 64. Hurymus boothti Curtis. Dawson, Y.T., 1908, (A. Day). 95. Speyeria idalia Dru. Toronto, end August, (J. R. MecMurrich). First rec- ord for this district. 131. Brenthis myrina Cram. A remarkable melanic specimen of this common butterfly was taken at Hull, Que., Aug. 8, by Dr. Fyles. The forewings are almost entirely suffused with black, very little red. 185. Charidryas nycteis D. & H. Hast Toronto, near Golf Links, August, (J. R. MeMurrich.) This is another remarkable aberration in which the central large band across the wings is entirely white, not yellow as is usual. 282. Coenonympha kodiak Edw. a. yukonensis Holland. Dawson, Y.T., 1908, (A. Day). 284. Coenonympha typhon Rott. a. laidon Bork. Belleville, Ont. (Miss M. C. Melburn). 289 Gineis macounti Edw. Hymers, Ont., June 9, (Dawson). 295. (Mneis norna Thunb. f. taygete Hbn. Dawson, Y.T., 1908, (A. Day). 378. Incisalia niphon Hbn. Hudson, Que., May 5, (Winn). 419 Nomiades couperii Grt. Sherbrooke, Que., June 4, (Southee). 430. Rusticus shasta Edw. Lethbridge, Alta., July 5, (Wallis). 4402 Cyaniris ladon Cram. g. piasus Bdv. Bird’s Hill, Winnipeg, Man., June 5, (Wallis). 656a. Hemaris ruficaudis Kirby. Edmonton, at sallow blossoms, May 13, (Carr), new to Alberta. I have the same form from Field, B.C., and from Chicago, and it is the thysbe of Holland’s figure, with the marginal band even in- stead of dentate, and seems to be the ruficaudis of Smith’s Monograph, (Dod). 657. Lepisesia flavofasciata Wik. Sudbury, Ont., June 7, (Haight). 699. Phlegethontius convolvuli L. a. cingulata Fab. Ottawa, no date, (Bro. Germain). First record for the district. 713. Sphinx canadensis Bdy. Britannia, near Ottawa, July 19, (Groh). 741. Samia columbia Smith. Dryden, Ont., June 6, (McNicol & Pitt). 778. Hacles imperialis Dru. In addition to the captures recorded in the Ottawa Naturalist, Aug. 1910, 2 other specimens were collected at Ottawa, one on July 7, and the other at end of July, (W. Gibson). Mr. Grant also took 3 specimens at Orillia, Ont. : 853. Estigmene prima Slosson. Several specimens of this rare moth were taken _ the past season in widely different localities: Shawbridge, Que., June 4, (Winn) ; Ottawa, (Nicholls) ; Sudbury, Ont., June 16, (Haight) ; Win- nipeg, Man., June 2, (Wallis). 867. Neoarctia brucei Hy Edw. Mt. Cheam, B.C., Aug. 12, 1907, (Bush). First Canadian record that I know of. 876. Apantesis michabo Grt. Aweme, Man., May 27, (Criddle) ; var. minea, Hy- mers, Ount., June 7, (Dawson). _ 911. Huchaetias oregonensis Stretch. Ottawa, no date, (Nicholls), first record for ; district; Maynooth, Ont., June 18, rare in my experience, (Evans). _ 958. Panthea portlandia Grt. Banff, Alta., June 1, (Sanson). A Banff male, dated July 16, is in Prof. Smith’s collection. Both are rather dark. New to Alberta, (Dod). 960. Panthea acronyctoides Wik. Montreal, May 21, (Winn). 964. Oharadra deridens Gn. Aweme, Man. June 28, (Criddle; Winnipeg, June 17, (Wallis). Rare in Manitoba. Apatela cyanescens Hamp. Cowichan Lake District, B.C., 1 specimen, June 22, 1908, (Day). 108 974. 992. 1001. 1005. 1008. 1010. 1097. 1101. 1109. 1149. 1189. 1199. 1202. 1210. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Apatela hesperida Sm. Aweme, Man., June 28, Criddle). Apatela letifica Sm. Winnipeg, Man., June 17, (Wallis). Apatela spinigera Gn. Winnipeg, Man., June 17, (Wallis). Apatela lithospila Grt. Worthington, Ont., near Sudbury, July 6, (Haight). Apatela funeralis Grt. Ottawa, June 14, (Nicholls). Apatela minella Dyar. Winnipeg, June 15, (Wallis). Platyperigea preacuta Sm. Duncans, B.C., July 15, not previously re- corded from Vancouver Island, (Hanham). Caradrina meralis Morr. Duneans, B.C., Aug. 25, not previously recorded from Vancouver Island, (Hanham) ; Trenton, Ont., Sept. 2, (vans). Caradrina miranda Grt. Victoria, B.C., July 5, not previously recorded from Vancouver Island, (Hanham). Hadena bridghami G. & R. Rimouski Wharf, Que., Aug., (Gibb). Hadena barnesii Sm. Banff, Alta., July 30 to Aug. 4, not rare, (Sanson). This is the species so standing in my Alberta list. It seems almost, but not quite, to connect with sora.. Typical barnesii from Colorado is smaller and brighter coloured than either, (Dod). Hadena versuta Sm. Hymers. Ont., June 20-28, (Dawson). Hadena miseloides Gn. Winnipeg, June 17, (Wallis). Hadena niveivenosa Grt. Hymers, Ont., Aug. 7, 1909, (Dawson). 1221. Hadena apamiformis Gn. Winnipeg Beach, Man., July 5, (Wallis) ; 1217. 1223. 1259. 1356. 1393. 1405a. Hymers, Ont., July 7, (Dawson). Hadena remissa Hbn. Duncans, B.C., May 23, not previously recorded from Vancouver Island, (Hanham). Hadena morna Strk. Duncans, B.C., Aug. 2, a rare species, (Hanham). The record of this species from High River in the Record for 1909 is wrong. The name was probably given by me, as the species stands as morna in Hampson’s Catalogue, though erroneously. It is the Orthosia conradi Grt. of the Alberta List, and is either a local race or close ally of that species. Prof. Smith has described it as new under the name of Agroperina lineosa in Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soce., xviii, 145, Sept., 1910, (Dod). Hadena cogitata Sm. McNab’s Island, near Halifax, N.S., June 30, (Perrin). Hadena enigra Sm. Winnipeg, June 24, (Wallis). Hadena multicolor Dyar. Duncans, B.C., June 2-29, (Hanham). Hadena bonilla Barnes. Metlakatla, B.C., Aug. 6, 1904, (Keen). Hadena sora Sm. Banff, Alta., July 16 to 22, three specimens, (Sanson). Polia epichysis Grt. Victoria, B.C., Aug. 24, not previously recorded from Vancouver Island, (Hanham). Trachea jocasta Sm. Cartwright, Man., Sept 5, (Heath). Oncocnemis barnesii Sm. Banff, Alta., one worn female, Oct., 17, (San- son). It agrees pretty closely with the description and with Hampson’s figure, copied from a figure of the type from Yellowstone Park. The specimen is unlike any other species known to me, and a most interesting new Alberta record, (Dod). Rhynchagrotis anchocelioides Gn. Duncans, B.C., 1 sp. bred, July 5, not previously recorded from Vancouver Island, (Hanham). Rhynchagrotis formalis Grt. a. faleula Grt. Winnipeg, Aug. 31, a sur- prising capture, (Wallis). 1911 1421. 1426. 1449. 1486. 1544. 1581. 1588. 1623. 1639. 1682. 1692. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109 Platagrotis imperita Hbn. Banff, Alta., 4 specimens, July 30 to Aug. 4, (Sanson) ; Calgary, Alta., July 23, 1908; Didsbury, Alta., Aug. 5, 8, 1905, (C. G. Garrett). I have a Labrador specimen from Prof. Smith’s collection, and a B.C. specimen, probably from the Okanagan, is in the British Museum. It appears to be the impertta of Hampson’s Catalogue. First Alberta records, (Dod). Semiophora elimata Gn. Banff, Alta., July 25, (Sanson). New to Alberta. Setagrotis vernilis Grt. Banff, Alta., July 30, (Sanson). A very dark specimen, but I think this species. New to Alberta, (Dod). Setagrotis filus Sm. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxiii, 125, April, 1907). Banff, Alta., Sept 1. The type is from Pullman, Wash.; a female from Laggan, Alta., Aug. 9, is in Prof. Smith’s collection. I do not feel sure that it is not merely a very dark blue-grey form of infimatis.. A new Alberta record, at any rate, (Dod). Noctua oblata Morr. Barrington Passage, N.S., July 5, (Young). Feltia gladiaria Morr.. Trenton, Ont., Sept. 13, second specimen taken, (Evans). Paragrotts olwalis Grt. Duncans, B.C., rare, 1 at sugar, Aug. 15, and another at rest, Sept. 5, (Hanham). Paragrotis brocha Morr. Duncans, B.C., at sugar Sept. 15, 1908, not taken since, (Hanham). Paragrotis personata Morr. Rounthwaite, Man., (Marmont); Aweme; Man., July 13, 1904; Aug. 25, 1905 (Fletcher). See Ottawa Naturalist, Sept. 1910. Paragrotis vallus Sm. Banff, Alta., Sept. 8, (Sanson). The type is a fe- male from Laggan. I have a female taken at Millarville on Oct. 5, 1907, which I had believed to be the female of vulpina, of which I have seen males only. Mr. Sanson’s specimen is a male, and indicates a distinct species from vulpina, (Dod). Paragrotis fuscigera Grt. The species referred to by me under this name in the Record for 1909, turns out to be pestula Smith, which is an ally of pleuritica Grt. and distinct from focinus Smith, to which I have referred it, (Dod). Paragrotis intrita Morr. Winnipeg Beach, Man., Aug. 19-24, four speci- mens, (Wallis). Smaller only than Vancouver Island specimens of which I have a long series. I believe strigilis Grote, titubatis Smith and reuda Strecker, to be variations of intrita, and have specimens compared with all the types except rewda, which I overlooked. The “intrita” of my Alberta list is another species, and so have been all previous Manitoba records of any of the above names that I have been able to investigate, (Dod). Paragrotis esta Sm. Duncans, B.C., Aug. 16, 1907, (Day). Paragrotis mollis Walk. Millarville, July 5, (Dod). Paragrotis basifiava Sm. Banff, Alta., Aug. 19, (Sanson). This was de- scribed from “N. W. B. C.” Compressipennis was described from Yo- semite, B.C., The types are identical, (Dod). Paragrotis colata Grt. Banff, Alta., July 22, (Sanson). Mrs. Nicholl took a specimen at 8,000 feet, on Wilcox Peak, near the head waters of the Saskatchewan, which is in the British Museum, and which I have com- pared with the type there from Mt. Hood, Oregon. The species resembles a dark mollis, (Dod). 110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 1745. Paragrotis silens Grt. Rimouski Wharf, Que., Aug., a new locality, (Gibb). 1773. Mamestra nimbosa Gn. Duncans, B.C., at sugar, middle July, rare here, (Hanham). 1792. Mamestra atlantica Grt. This species does not appear to be included in our British Columbia list; I have one specimen labelled Victoria, (Han- ham). 1805. Mamestra congermana Morr. McNab’s Island, near Halifax, N.S., July 28, (Perrin) ; Winnipeg, June 15, 17; 2 females, (Wallis). Holland’s figure under this name is artesta Smith. Sir George Hampson places them in different genera upon characters which are well marked, (Dod). 1806. Mamestra rubefacta Morr. McNab’s Island, N.S., June 3, (Perrin) ; Win- nipeg Beach, June 17, (Wallis). : 1809. Mamestra pulverulenta Sm. Banff, Alta., (Sanson). Pulverulenta was described without locality, as a variety of assimilis Morr., and the Banff specimen agrees with the description, though I have seen the type of neither form. The “assimilis” of the Kaslo list is the same species. Assimilis is a black species common at Calgary, and I have seen it from Banff also. Pulverulenta is dark fuscous, powdery. I am under the im- pression that they are two species, (Dod). 1813. Mamestra variolata Sm. Victoria, B.C., July 15, only record, (Hanham). 1840. Mamestra sutrina Grt. Duncans, B.C., 2 at sugar, June 8, 1%, a rare species in B.C., (Hanham). 1876. Mamestra negussa Sm. Winnipeg, Man., May 30, (Wallis). Mamestra acutermina. Winnipeg, July 13, (Wallis). 1882. Barathra curialis Sm. Edmonton, June 17. New to Alberta, (Carr teste Dod). 2048. Stretchia plusiiformis Hy Edw. Hymers, Ont., May 15, (Dawson). First Ontario record. 2070. Cleoceris rectifascia Sm. Duncans, B.C., July 18, (Hanham). Pleroma conserta Grt. Banff, Alta., April 25, and May 7, (Sanson). The type is from the State of Washington and is largely suffused with black. That of apposita Smith is from Victoria, B.C., and is similarly suffused. Sir George Hampson treats them as the same species, I think correctly. Mr. Sanson also took a form without the black suffusion, which I believe to be the same species, (Dod). ‘ = Pleroma cinerea Sm. Duncans, B.C., late Oct., (Hanham). 2086. Xylina hemina Grt. Hymers, Ont., Sept. 4, (Dawson). Cucullia indicta Sm. Millarville, Alta., June 5 and 11, (Dod). 2148. Bellura diffusa Grt. Barrington Passage, N.S., July 12, (Young). 2171. Papaipema cerina Grt. Winnipeg, Sept. 15, (Wallis). 2190.1. Papaipema insulidens Bird. Duncans, B.C., at light, Aug. 21, 1908, (Day). 2199. Xanthia flavago Fab. Waswanipi River, Hudson Bay Slope, Aug. 1896, (Dr. R. Bell). 2210. Pseudoglwa blanda Grt. Duncans, B.C., Sept. 18, 1907, (Day). 2244. Scopelosoma devia Grt. Duncans, B.C., 1 specimen at sallow, March 26; tristigmata is, I believe, the only species previously recorded from British Columbia, (Hanham). 2280. Pippona bimatris Harv. Treesbank, Man., July 20, (Wallis). sa en 1911 _ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 111 2341. Schinia acutilinea Grt. Calgary, Alta., town lights, Aug. 8, (Hudson). Agrees with Hampson’s figure of type from Colorado, and is like my specimens from Glenwood Springs. Apparently a new record for Canada, (Dod). Autographa V-alba Ottol. Banff, Alta., Aug. 19, (Sanson). The specimen is a female and agrees with Ottolengui’s figure of the type in all except the sign, which is more like the sign in his figure of surena, though not nearly as wide. It can be no other known species than V-alba, and the sign probably varies to that extent, (Dod). 2009. Autographa selecta Wik. Banff, Alta., Aug. 4 to 19, (Sanson). Walker’s type has the subterminal line waved, rather than dentate, as in Grote’s type of viridisignata. Autographas do not usually vary that way, and the character may prove to be of specific value. Viridisignata is the common form, though the sign is not always green. Mr. Sanson has both forms. The first Alberta records, (Dod). 2514. Autographa celsa Hy. Edw. Ucluelet, B.C., Aug. 20, 1909, (Young). 2526. Autographa speciosa Ottol. Duncans, B.C., July 12, 1907, (Day). Autographa sansoni Dod. Banff, Alta., June 10, (Sanson). 2548. Pectes oculatrix Gn. Winnipeg, June 15, (Wallis). 2784. Syneda alleni Grt. Orillia, Ont., (Grant). 2819. Catocala obscura Strk. Ottawa, (Nicholls). First record for district. 2858. Catocala coccinata Grt. “E. Ont., Can.,” (Evans). 2871. Catocala subnata Grt. Belleville, Ont., (Evans). 2886. Catocala celebs Grt. Belleville, Ont., (Evans). 2890. Catocala whitneyi Dodge. Stony Mt., Man., Aug. 11, (Chaplin & Wallis). Catocala caerulea Beut. Penticton, B.C., Aug. 11, 1909, (Wallis). First record for Canada, hitherto known from Oregon. 3125. Symmerista albifrons 8S. & A. Montreal West; moths in great abundance on tree trunks, June 19, not a trace of larve in August, (Winn). 3165. Fentonia marthesia Cram. Orillia, Ont., (Grant). 3176. Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides Gn. ._Edmonton, July 1, (Carr). New to Alberta, (Dod). 3180. Huthyatira pudens Gn. Winnipeg, May 20, (Wallis). 3226. Oreta rosea Wik. Montreal, Aug. 19, taken at rest in city. First time I have taken it here, (Winn). 3227. Oreta trrorata Pack. Rimouski Wharf, Que., (Gibb). Tephroclystis russeliata Swett. St. Fabien, Rimouski Co. Que., July, Si (Chagnon). . 3455. Petrophora algidata Mosh. Westbourne, Man., July 30, 1908, (Wallis). 3476. Mycterophora slossonie Hulst. Winnipeg, Man., July 23, 1908, (Wallis). In identifying this specimen Mr. Grossbeck reports: “Dr. Dyar says this is a noctuid, and apparently he is correct.” _ 3845. ois persimilis Hulst. Winnipeg, Man., June 27, 1908, (Wallis).. A rare . species. q 3657. Sciagraphia hebitata Hulst. Banff Alta. June 23, 1909, (Wallis). 3693. Cymatophora flavicaria Pack. Yukon, collected on wagon road, between White Horse and Dawson, (R. Stewart). 3876. Apocheima rachele Hulst. High River, Alta., March 12, (Baird). : Cingilia rubiferaria Swett. Montreal, Sept. 28, 1905, (Chagnon). _ 3902. Sicya macularia Harr. “ Nordenskiold ”, Yukon Territory, Aug. 21, 1908, (R. Stewart). % a: <2 112 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 3963. Huchlena astylusaria Walk. Millarville, Alta., May 31, (Dod). 3991. Priocycla decoloraria Hulst. St. John’s, Que., July 1, 1906, (Chagnon). 4095. Cochlidion rectilinea G. & R. Trenton, Ont., July 12, (Evans). 4142. Cossus centerensis Lint. Hymers, Ont., June $7, (Dawson) 4148. Prionoxystus macmurtrei G. M. Port Hope, Ont., June 21, 1896, (Met- calfe). 4210. Sesia morula Hy. Edw. Aweme, Man., 2 specimens, July 20, 21, (Criddle). Apparently the first Canadian record. 4622. Argyria auratella Clem. St. John’s, Que., July 12, (Chagnon). 4658. Tetralopha militella Zell. Rigaud, Que., July 28, (Chagnon). 4693. Acrobasis betulella Hulst. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., July 1, (Chagnon). 4694. Acrobasis comptoniella Hulst. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., July 1, (Chagnon). 4711. Dioryctria abietella D. & S. Montreal, July 25, ( Chagnon). 4723. Glyptocera consobrinella Zell. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., June 27, (Chagnon). 4734. Nephopteryx ovalis Pack. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., July 2, (Chagnon). 4746. Meroptera pravella Grt. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., July 5, (Chagnon). 4748. Meroptera unicolorella Hulst. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., June 27, (Chagnon). 4759. Salebria contatella Grt. St. John’s Que., July 1, (Chagnon). 4776. Laodamia fusca Haw. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., Sept. 1, (Chagnon). 4843. Canarsia ulmiarrosorella Clem. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., July 6, (Chagnon). 4870. Homeosoma stypicellum Grt. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., July 6, (Chagnon). — 4939. Platyptilia acanthodactyla Hbn. Trenton, Ont., Sept 13, 1908, (Hyans). 5049. Olethreutes duplex Walsm. Ottawa, leaf roller on poplar, May, 1908, (Gibson). 4 5131. Hucosma nisella Clerck. Trenton, Ont., Aug. 26, 1908, (Evans). 5207. Episimus argutanus Clem. Trenton, June 13, (Evans). Proteoteras crescentana Kearf. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis) ; Regina, Sask., July, (Willing). Larve probably in stem galls on box elder, (W. D. K.). 5261. Ancylis goodelliana Fern. Trenton, July 25, 1908, (Evans). 5287. Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zell. Trenton, June 18, Aug. 14, (Evans). Sparganothis tristriata Kearf. Ottawa, June 27, 1908, (Gibson). A rare species. 5371. Archips fractivittana Clem. Chelsea, Que., emerged June 10, 1908, (Gib- — son) ; Montreal, June, (Chagnon). Tortriz allent Fern. Trenton, 3 dates, July 1-July 6, (Evans). 5419. Hulia quadrifasciana Fern. Trenton, 4 dates, June 25-July 17, (Evans). 5452. Phalonia bunteana Rob. Trenton, July 4, (Evans). Hysterosia baracana Busck. Trenton, July 11, (Evans). 5504. Plutella porrectella L. Trenton, June 14, 1904, (Evans). 5579. Aristotelia fungivorella Clem. Trenton, June 28, (Evans). 5595. Hucordylea atrupictella Dietz. Trenton, July 18, (Evans). 5655. Trichotaphe flavocostella Clem. Trenton, July 4, (Evans). 5769. Gelechia rileyella Chamb. Trenton, (Evans). 5870. Depressaria nebulosa Zell. Sudbury, Ont., (Hvans). 6010. Coleophora spissicornis Haw. Trenton, 13 dates, June 20-Sept. 24, (Evans). 6048. Coleophora tiliefoliella Clem. Ottawa, case on basswood, Sept. 24, (Gib- son). 6096. Lymnecia phragmitiella Stainton. Trenton, 2 specimens, July 14, 1906, July 16, 1907, (Evans). Mompha stillella Busck. Trenton, Sept. 19, 1906, (Evans). ce ee 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113 6282. Lithocolletes seanotella Chamb. Trenton, 5 specimens, June 13-July 9, 1908, (Evans). 6306: Lithocolletes guttifinitella Clem. Halifax, N.S., Sept., larvae: mining the upper surface of Rhus toxicodendron, (A. H. Mackay). Inthocolletes hamameliella Busck. Halifax, N.S., Sept., larvee mining leaves of Hamamelis virginica, (A. H. Mackay). 6496. Tinea bimaculella Chamb. Trenton, June 20, (Evans). 6497. Tinea canariella Clem. Trenton, July 2, (Evans). 6534. Amadrya effrenatella Clem. Trenton, July 29, (Evans). 6537. Diachorisia velatella Clem. Trenton, July 22, (Evans). 6606. Sthenopis thule Strk. Ottawa, at light, (Nicholls). Second specimen taken in this district. 6609. Hepialus mustelinus Pack. Hymers, Ont., July 7, (Dawson). COLEOPTERA. (Arranged according to Henshaw’s List of the Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico). 178. Notiophilus sibiricus Mots. Vicinity of Stewart River, Y. T., (Nelles). 411. Bembidiwm acutifrons Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 14, 1909, (Wallis). 413. Bembidium cautum Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 14, 1909, (Wallis). 558. Pterostichus scitulus Lec. Lethbridge, Alta., July 5, 1909, (Wallis). 564. Piterostichus sayi Brulle. Deseronto, Ont., Sept. 25, 1 specimen, the only one [ have ever taken, (Evans). 587. Pterostichus patruclis Dej. Vicinity of Stewart River, Y.T., (Nelles). 636. Amara brunnipennis Dej. Fullerton, Hudson Bay, July 5, 1904, (Halkett). 813. Platynus perforatus Lec. Vicinity of Stewart River, Y.T., (Nelles). 1157. Bradycellus cordicollis Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 14, (Wallis). 1225. Haliplus cribrarius Lec. Winnipeg Beach, Man., Sept. 6, (Wallis). 1226. Hamplus ruficolis DeG. Winnipeg Beach, Man, June 12; Peachland, B. C., July 28, 1909, (Wallis). 1227. Haliplus longulus DeG. Winnipeg, June 5, (Wallis). 1228. Cnemidotus callosus Lec. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 18, (Wallis). 1233. Cnemidotus edentulus Lec. Winnipeg Beach, Man., June 12, (Wallis). 1275. Bidessus affinis Say. Winnipeg, May 27, (Wallis). 1285. Celambus punctatus Say. Winnipeg Beach, Man., June 12; Peachland, July 31, (Wallis). 1289. Celambus turbidus Lec. Winnipeg, May 1, (Wallis). 1290. Calambus lutescens Lee. Winnipeg, April 13, (Wallis). 1293. Celambus sellatus Lee. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 18, (Wallis). 1297. Calambus nubilus Lec. Winnipeg, June 19, (Wallis). 1302. Calambus impressopunctatus Sch. Winnipeg, April 13, (Wallis. 1303. Deronectes depressus Fab. Winnipeg Beach, Man., June 12, (Wallis). 1306. Deronectes striatellus Lec. Peachland, B.C., July 27, (Wallis). 1320. Hydroporus consimilis Lee. Winnipeg Beach, June 12, (Wallis). 1338. Hydroporus septentrionalis Gyll. Peachland, B.C., July 27, (Wallis). 1340. Hydroporus rivalis Gyll. Peachland, B.C., July 27, (Wallis). Hydroporus rusticus Sharp. Winnipeg, April 13, (Wallis). Mr. Roberts considers this to be a good species. 1352. Hydroporus tristis Payk. Winnipeg, May 1, (Wallis). 114 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 1354. 1376, 1396. 1399. 1423. 1434. 1450. 1466. 1508. 1519. 1529. 2114. 2301. 2618, 3052. 3709. 3848. 4150. 4382. 4503. 4594. 4602. 4611. 4629. 4948. 5271. 5329. 5603. Hydroporus rufinasus Mann. Winnipeg, May 8, (Wallis). A rare species. Hydroporus oblongus Steph. Winnipeg, April 13, (Wallis). I have never seen this species in any collection but my own, (C.H.R.). Coptotomus interrogatus Fab. Winnipeg Beach, Sept. 6, (Wallis). Ilybiosoma bifarius Kirby.- Winnipeg, April 13, (Wallis). Agabus semipunctatus Kirby. Winnipeg, April 12, (Wallis). Agabus eneolus Cr. Winnipeg, April 13, (Wallis). Agabus subfuscatus Sharp. Winnipeg, May 13, (Wallis). Agabus clavatus Lec. Winnipeg, May 1, (Wallis) ; Aweme, Man., (Crid- dle). A rare species. Rhantus bistriatus Bergst. Winnipeg, Sept. 11, (Wallis). Graphoderes perplecus Sharp. Winnipeg Beach, Sept. 6, (Wallis); Aweme, Man., (Criddle). A rare species. Gyrinus fraternus Coup. Winnipeg Beach, June 12, (Wallis). Gyrinus affinis Aube. Winnipeg Beach, June 12, (Wallis). Gyrinus picipes Aube. Winnipeg Beach, June 12, (Wallis). Atheta nimia Casey. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Atheta keent Casey. Metlakatla, (Keen): Atheta insolens Casey. Massett, Q.C.I., (Keen). Atheta fanatica Casey. Massett, Q.C.I., (Keen). Athetd massettensis Casey. Massett, Q.C.I., (Keen). Dimetrota retrusa Casey. Metlakatla, B. C., (Keen). Sableta canadensis Casey. Toronto, Ont. Sableta phrenctica Casey. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Acrotona adjuvans Casey. Ottawa, Ont., (Harrington). Quedius feror Lec. Trenton, Ont. Sept. 4, 1 specimen, never took it before, (Evans). Dianous zephyrus Casey. Vernon, B.C., (Venables). Tachinus nigricornis Mann. Victoria, B.C., July 17, (Wallis). Hippodamia folcigera Cr. Stewart River, Y.T., (Nelles). | Epurea truncatella Mann. Stewart River, Y.T., (Nelles). Peltis pippingskoeldi Mann. Penticton, B.C., Aug. 16, (Wallis). Cryptohypnus bicolor Esch. Roland, Man., May 24, (Wallis). Pityobius anguinus Lec. St. Andrew’s, N.B., July 11, (Treherne and Sanders). Asaphes morio Lec. Victoria, B.C., July 17, (Wallis). Pecilonota cyanipes Say. Stewart River, Y.T., (Nelles). Buprestis consularis Gory. Stewart River, Y.T., (Nelles). Buprestis adjecta Lec. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 23, (Wallis). Anthazia deleta Lec. Peachland, B.C., July 23, (Wallis). Telephorus curtisii Kirby. Vicinity of Stewart River, Y.T., (Nelles). Hadrobregmus carinatus Say. Stewart River, Y.T., (Nelles). Cenocara scymnoides Lec. Strassburg, Sask., June, 1907, from puff ball, (Willing). Geotropes balyi Jek. St. Paul’s Island, Hudson Bay, Aug., 25, .1904, (Halkett). Lachnosterna. Among 404 specimens of May beetles collected at Round Hill, N.S., by Miss E. Grace Sanders, from May 21 till June 15, only two species were represented, viz., dubia and grandis. The latter species was rare, only six being taken, three of these on Crategus. The determina- tions were made by Mr. R. D. Glasgow, of the University of Illinois, 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115 Urbana, Il]. Mr. Glasgow is making a special study of the Lachnos- ternide, and would be glad to examine and return Canadian material. No specimens should be pinned without having the genitalea extruded. It is important, too, that the specimens be collected in the evening, when they are feeding, and a note of the food plant taken. 5880. Xyloryctes satyrus Fab. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., May 20, (Chagnon). 5924. Cremastochilus crinitus Lec. Peachland, B.C., July 25, (Wallis). 6240. Toxotus vittiger Rand. Pincher, Alta., July 10, 1904, (Willing). 6250. Pachyta rugipennis Newm. Hymers, Ont., June 6, (Dawson). 6253. Anthophylax malachiticus Hald. Twp. Sabine, Ont., 1 specimen, June 17; I took one other about 1875 at Madoc Village; a rare species, (Evans). 6260. Acmeops atra Lec. Pine Creek, Alta., July 12, 1903, (Willing). 6320. Leptura tribalteata Lec. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 2, (Wallis). 6349. Leptura tibialis Lec. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 7, (Wallis). 6445. Acanthocinus obsoletus Oliv. Vicinity of Stewart River, Y.T., (Nelles). 6487. Saperda puncticollis Say. Guelph, Ont., May 18, (Zavitz); Macdonald College, Que., (Swaine). 6532. Donacia hirticollis Kirby. Penticton, B.C., Aug. 11 (Wallis). 6782. Prasacuris phellandrii L. Victoria, B.C., July 17, (Wallis). 6904. Galeruca tuberculaté Say, var. punctipennis Mann. Goldstream, B.C., on alder, Aug. 12, (J. R. Anderson). Not heretofore recorded from Canada, so far as I am aware, except that Horn in his synopsis of the genus gives it as occurring on Vancouver Island, (Evans). 6968. Haltica evictd Lec. Halfway Lake, Alta., on turnips and cabbages, (F. Strutton) ; Vernon, B.C., (Venables). Phylotreta armorice Kock. Montreal, June 20, (Winn). 7257. Astda polité Say. Swift Current, Sask., Aug. 1901, (Willing). 7666. Serropalpus barbatus Schall. Cupar, Sask., June 4, 1907, (Willing). 7704. Mycterus concolor Lec. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 7, (Wallis). 7704a. Mycterus flavipennis Horn. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 7, (Wallis). 7724. Calopus angustus Lec. Hymers, Ont., July 22, (Dawson). 8121. Pomphopea sayi Lec. Shawbridge, Que., June 4, (Winn). 8221. Rhynchites eyanellus Lec. Quill Lake, Sask., on willow, June 30, 190%, (Willing). 8203. Auletes subcreuleus Lec. Vernon, B.C., (Venables). Apion commodus Fall. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 8543. Hrycus puncticollis Lec. Cupar, Sask., under chips and bark, June 4, 1907, (Willing). : 8760. Acalles porosus Lec. Lethbridge, Alta., July 5, (Willing). 8825. Mononychus vulpeculus Fab. Quyon, Que., (Fyles). 9320. Crentphilus moratus Horn. Vernon, B.C., (Venables). _ 11079. Phytobius griseomicans Sz. Last Mountain Lake, Sask., June 5, (G. C. : McBean). 4 DIPTERA. J (Arranged according to a catalogue of North American Diptera, by J. M. Ald. rich, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. XLVI, No. 1,144. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue). During the past year Mr. D. W. Coquillett has determined collections of dip- tera made in 1908 and 1909 in Manitoba, Alberta and British Columbia, by Mr. J. _ B. Wallis, of Winnipeg. In these collections are many species of interest, some of = are new to the Canadian list. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 360. 368. 368. Pachyrhina altissima O. 8. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 23, 1908, (Wallis). Pachyrhina erythrophrys Will. Winnipeg, July 6, 1908, (Wallis). Pachyrhina ferruginea Fab. Winnipeg, June 19, (Wallis). Chironomus cristatus Fab. Winnipeg, May 5, 1908, (Wallis). Theobaldia incidens Thom. Metlakatla, B.C., emerged 1-6 Aug., (Keen). Sctophila flavohirta Cog. Winnipeg, June 22, 1908, (Wallis). Neoglaphyroptera cincta Coq. Winnipeg, June 22, 1908, (Wallis). Plecia heteroptera Say. Winnipeg, Sept. 16, 1908, (Wallis). Rhyphus alternatus Say. Treesbank, Man., June, 1908, (Wallis). Actina viridis Say. Winnipeg, June 24, 1908, (Wallis). Tabanus affinis Kirby. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 7, 1909, (Wallis). Tabanus egrotus O. 8. Penticton, B.C., Aug., 1908, (Miss B. Farmer) ; Peachland, B.C., Aug 18, 1909, (Wallis). Atherix variegata Walk. Winnipeg, June 19, 1908, (Wallis). Pterodontia flavipes Gray. Callander, Ont., July 19, 1909, (H. A. Wenzel). Exoprosopa decora Loew. Lethbridge, Alta., July 9, 1909; Westbourne, Man., Aug. 24, (Wallis). Exoprosopa caliptera Say. Lethbridge, Alta., July 7%, 1909; Westbourne, Man., Aug. 14, (Wallis). Dipalta serpentina O. 8S. Peachland, B.C., July 31, 1909, (Wallis). Anthrax alternata Say. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 6, 1909, (Wallis)- Anthrax catulina Cog. Peachland, B.C., July 21, 1909, (Wallis). Anthrax ewmenes O. S. Lethbridge, Alta., July 3, 1909; Victoria, B.C., July 15, 1909, (Wallis). Anthraa. fulviana Say. Westbourne, Man., Aug. 16, 1908, (Wallis). Anthrax lucifer Fab. Winnipeg, Aug. 8, 1908: Westbourne, July 27, 1908, (Wallis). Anthrax mucorea Loew. Lethbridge, Alta., July 7, 1909. Anthrax sinuosa Wied. Westbourne, Man., Aug., 19, 26, 1908; Lethbridge, Alta, July 9, 1909; Peachland, B.C., July 21, Aug 18, 1909, (Wallis). Anthrax tegminipennis Say. Winnipeg, July 21, 1908, (Wallis). Systechus candidulus Loew. Winnipeg, July 21, 1908, (Wallis). Psilocephala hemorrhoidalis Macq. Peachland, B.C., July 29, 1909, (Wallis). Stenopogon inquinatus Loew. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 3, 1909, (Wallis). Cyrtopogon dasyllis Will. Kaslo, B.C., Sept. 1, 1907, (Cockle). Cyrtopogon dasylloides Will. Kaslo, B.C., Sept. 1, (Cockle). Cyrtopogon prepes Will. Banff, Alta., (Sanson). Cyrtopogon rejectus O. S. Peachland, B.C., July 24, 1909, (Wallis). Pogonosoma dorsatum Say. Victoria, B.C., July 1908, (Miss B. Farmer). Laphria canis Will. Ottawa, Sept. 1, (Hewitt). Proctacanthus milbertii Macq. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 21, 1909, (Wallis). Eraz aridus Will. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 7, 1909, (Wallis). Tolmerus callidus Will. Lethbridge, Alta., July 3, 1909, (Wallis). Asilus paropus Walk. Westbourne, Man., Aug. 20, 1908, (Wallis). Dolichopus brevimanus Loew. Winnipeg, Man., June 19, 1908, (Wallis). Pipiza albipilosa Will. Kaslo, B.C., July 14, 1908, (Cockle). Melanostoma cerulescens Will. Kaslo, B.C., April 12, July 10, (Cockle). Syrphus perplerus Osburn. Kaslo, B.C., July 14, 1908, (Cockle). Syrphus umbellatarum Fab. Kaslo, B.C., Oct. 11, 1909, (Cockle). Allograpta fracta O.S. Winnipeg, Man., June 29, 1908, (Wallis). ne a ee 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 117 375. Rhingia nasica Say. Winnipeg, Man., June 19, 1908, (Wallis). 375. Hammerschmidtia ferruginea Fallen. Winnipeg, June 19, 1908, (Wallis). 387. Fristalis occidentalis Will. Victoria, B.C., July 17, 1909, (Wallis). 401. Brachypalpus pulcher Will. Kaslo, B.C., July 21, 1907, (Cockle). 402. Criorhina kincaidi Coq. Kaslo, B.C., May 2, 1904, (Cockle). 408. Physocephala burgessi Will. Victoria, B.C., July 17, 1909, (Wallis). 456. Hzorista chelonie Rond. Reared at Ottawa from larva of Phragmatobia assimilans, var. franconia, from Mr. H. Dawson, of Hymers, Ont., (Gibson). 464. Frontina setipes Cog. Aweme, Man., April 21, 1908, (Wallis). 582. Palloptera jucunda Loew. Kaslo, B.C., Oct. 27, 1906, (Cockle). 590. Tritora cuneata*Loew. Lethbridge, Alta., July 4, 1909, (Wallis). 615. Micropeza producta Walk. Winnipeg, Man., July 6, 1908, (Wallis). 638. Osctnis decipiens Loew. Kaslo, B.C., Sept. 1, 1907 (Cockle). “HYMENOPTERA. In the Entomological Records for 1907 and 1908, records are given of some Bombi. Since, Dr. H. J. Franklin has determined further material for Canadian collectors, and among these the following species may well be recorded here: Bombus flavifrons Cresson. Metlakatla, B.C., May, (Keen). Bombus melanopygus Mylander. Metlakatla, B.C., May, (Keen). Bombus huntwi Greene. Regina, Sask., Sept 17, Oct 3, (Willing). Bombus terricola Kirby. Hampton, P.E.I., Aug 20, 1909, (Gibson). Bombus rufocinctus Cresson. Gull Lake, Alta., Aug. 30, 1908 (Halkett). Psithyrus ashtoni Cresson. Hampton, P.E.I., Aug. 20, 1909, (Gibson). Psithyrus laboriosus Fab. Hampton, P.E.I., Aug. 20, 1909, (Gibson). Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, one of the leading authorities on North American bees very kindly named a small collection from the Northwest. Some of these are extremely interesting and new to Canada. The following may be mentioned : Melissodes confusa Cr. Meota, Sask., July 8, 1906; Prince Albert, Sask., July 28, 1907; Radisson, Sask., July 29, 1907; Macleod, Alta., July 8, 1904, (Willing). : Osmia novomexicana Ckll. Medicine Hat, Alta., May 30, 1904, (Willing). Halictoides maurus Cr. Kinistino, Sask., July 26, 1907, (Willing). Anthidium tenuiflore Ckll. Radisson, Sask., July 29, 1907; Saskatoon, Sask., July 18, (Willing). Megachile calogaster Ckll. Macleod, Alta., July 2, 1904, (Willing). Megachile infragilis Cr. Regina, Sask., July 11, 1909, (Willing). Megachtle manifesta Cr. Davidson, Sask., Aug. 21, 1907, (Willing). Megachile pugnata Say. Radisson, Sask., July 29, (Willing). Celioxys ribis Ckll. Prince Albert, Sask., July 27, 1907, (Willing). Andrena cockerelli Graen. Lipton, Sask., June 5, 1907, (Willing). Halictus trizonatus Cr. Mortlach, Sask., May 31, 1909, (Willing). Halictus lerouxti ruborum Ckll. Mortlach, Sask., May 31, 1909, (Willing). Agapostemon teranus Cr. Mortlach, Sask., May 31, 1909, (Willing). Colletes salicicola geranii Ckll. Pincher, Alta., July 10, 1904, (Willing). 118 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Coleocentrus pettitwi Cr. Hymers, Ont., June 22, (Dawson). Arotes amoenus Cr. Hymers, Ont., June 21, (Dawson). Xylonomus stigmapterus Say. Hymers, Ont., (Dawson). Echthrus niger Cr. Hymers, Ont., June 9, (Dawson). Echthrus rufopedibus Harrington. Hymers, Ont., June 26, (Dawson). Telenomus dalmanw (Ratz) Mayr. Reared in Division of Entomology, Ottawa, from eggs of Notolophus antiqua, from Little Bras d’Or, Cape Breton, N. S. Mr. Crawford, who determined the species says: “It is a European species re- corded there from the same host, but not previously recorded from America.” Pachycrepoideus dubius Ashm. Reared in Division of Entomology, Ottawa, from breeding jar containing puparia of Cabbage Root Maggot; emerged Aug 14. Nasonia tortricis Brues. Baskatong, Que., emerged from pupe of Tortria fumiferana, Aug. 1909, (Gibson). Mematus pinguidorsum Dyar. Ottawa, larva Sept. 16, (Gibson). Pteronus ochreatus Rohwer. St. John, N.B., July 14, (Leavitt). Pontania pumila Rohwer. St. John, N.B., July 14; Nerepis, N.B., July 22, (Leavitt). Pontamia leavitti Rohwer. Nerepis, N.B., July 11, (Leavitt). Pristiphora idiotiformis Rohwer. Nerepis, N.B., Aug. 18; St. John, N.B., Sept. 1, (Leavitt). — Pristiphora pallicoca Rohwer. Nerepis, N.B., July 22, (Leavitt). Cryptocampus pallistigmus Rohwer. St. John, N.B., July 18, (Leavitt). Polybates secundus Rohwer. St. John, N.B., Sept. 1, (Leavitt). Parabates leucostomus Rohwer. St. John, N,B., July 11, (Leavitt). Hemitaxonus rufopectus Rohwer. Nerepis, N.B., Aug. 22, (Leavitt). Monsoma maura Rohwer. Nerepis, N.B., July 18; St. Johns Bay, N.B., July 14, (Leavitt). Dimorphopteryx melanognathus Rohwer. Nerepis, N.B., July 22, (Leavitt). Tenthredo diversiceps Rohwer. Nerepis, N.B., July 22, (Leavitt). HEMIPTERA. Little systematic work has been done in this order, as far as the writer knows, in Canada, during 1910. Small collections of material gathered in other years have been worked over by Mr. Van Duzee, and of these the following species-are of interest. They are entered here in the order in which they were received. Apiomerus ventralis Say. Lethbridge, Alta., July 3, 1909, (Wallis). Aradus inornatus Uhler. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 17, 1909, (Wallis). Aradus robustus Uhler. “North West Territories,’ (record sent by Mr. Evans). Lygus viticollis Reut. Winnipeg, Man., June 29, 1908, (Wallis). Corythuca arcuata Say. Chelsea, Que., June 20, (Groh). Alydus conspersus Mont. Aylmer, Que., (Fyles). Megalotomus quinquespinosus Say. Aylmer, Que., (Fyles). Podisus placidus Uhler. Co. Hastings, Ont., (Evans). Podisus sereiventris Uhler. Co. Hastings, Ont., Aug. 15, 1906, (Evans). Peribalus piceus Dallas. Sudbury, Ont., June 13, 1889, (Evans). Crophius bohemani Stal. “North West Territories,” (record sent by Mr. Evans). Peritrechus fraternus Uhler. Belleville, Ont., (Evans). 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 119 Pilophorus walshii Uhler. Belleville, Ont., (Evans). Plinthisus americanus Van D. Belleville, Ont., (Evans). Antillocoris pallidus Uhler. Belleville, Ont., (Evans). Banasa calva Say. Trenton, Ont., Sept. 21, 1901, (Evans). Phimodera torpida Walk. “North West Territories,” (record sent by Mr. Evans). i Thyreocoris montanus. Van D. “British Columbia, June 10-20, 1905,” (record sent by Mr. Evans). Aelia americana Dallas. “North West Territories,’ (record sent by Mr. Evans). A rare form. Zicrona cerulea Linn. Sudbury, Ont., (Evans). - Sctocoris microphthalmus- Flor. Sudbury, Ont., 1886; Belleville, Ont., (Evans). When determining these Mr. Van Duzee remarked: “The only speci- mens from America which I have seen of this species, excepting one taken by Mrs. Slosson in the White Mountains.” Okanagana noveboracensis Emmons. Sudbury, Ont., 1892, (Evans). ORTHOPTERA. Dr. E. M. Walker has kindly sent me the notes on the species mentioned below, all of which he thinks are worthy of including here. His papers on “ The Orthoptera of Western Canada,” which have recently appeared in the Canadian Entomologist will undoubtedly lead to much greater attention being paid to these insects by collectors in the West. Pycnoscelus surinamensis Scudd. One immature specimen. Periplaneta australasie Brunn. Several immature specimens. Nyctobora sericea Scudd. One mature specimen. Panchlora virescens Sauss. Two mature specimens. The above four species were found upon bunches of bananas, at Toronto, by Mr. C. W. Nash. Chidealtes conspersa Harris. Aweme, Man., July 22, 1910, 3 males, (Criddle). This species has been only once before reported from Manitoba, by Scudder, in 1862, (EH. M. W.). Melanoplus angustipennis coccineipes Scudd. Fort William, Ont. Aug. 2, 1910, pair in copula, (Walker). Nemobius fasciatus abortivus Caudell. Fort William, Ont., Aug. 9, 1910, _ (Walker). ODONATA. , Dr. E. M. Walker, of Toronto, has examined, during the year, much material - collected in different parts of Canada. Some of the specimens sent to him are of considerable interest. He has, therefore, been good enough to send me for inelu- _ sion here, the following records: Lestes congener Hagen. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 9, 1909, 1 male, 1 female, _ (Wallis). ____ Lestes disjunctus Selys. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 9, 1909, 1 male, 1 female, _ (Wallis). ae: 120 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 -Nehalennia irene Hagen. Aweme, Man., July 4, 1909, 1 female (Criddle) ; Winnipeg Beach, Lake Winnipeg, Man., June 19, 1909, 3 males, 4 females, (Wallis). Enallagma cyathigerum (Charp.). Nepigon, Ont., Aug. 8, (Walker) ; Leth- bridge, Alta., July 5-9, 1909, (Wallis) ; Peachland, B.G., July 24, 1909, (Wallis). Enallagma calverti Morse. Nepigon, Ont., Aug. 8, 1910, (Walker) ; Aweme, Man., July 1-24, 1909, (Criddle) ; Winnipeg Penn Man, June 19, 1909, (Wallis). Ischnura verticalis (Say). Nepigon, Ont., Aug. 8, 1910, (Walker). This appears to be the most northern record for this species, and the most westerly in Canada, (HE. M. W.). Ophiogomphus severus Hagen. Lethbridge, Sask., July 8, 1909, 1 male, (Wallis). First Canadian record, (E. M. W.). Ophiogomphus colubrinus Selys. Nepigon, Ont., Aug. 6, 1 male, 1 female, (Walker). First Ontario record, (EH. M. W.). Gomphus olivaceus Selys. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 12, 1909, 1 female. First Canadian record, (EH. M. W.). The last three species were determined by comparison with specimens in the Hagen collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., (E. M. W.). Aeshna sitchensis Hagen. Ellis Bay, Anticosti Island, Sept., 12, 1 female, (HE. V. Cowdry). Aeshna umbrosa Walk. Ellis Bay, Anticosti Island, Sept. 12, common, (E. V. Cowdry) ; Winnipeg Beach, Man., Sept. 6, 1909, (Wallis). Tetragoneuria canis Maclachlan. DeGrassi Pt., Lake Simcoe, Ont., June 24, 2 males, (Walker) ; Sudbury, Ont., June 11, 1892; June 6, 1893, 2 males, (Evans) ; Hull, Que., 1 male, (Fyles). : ; Cordulia shurtleiffi Scudd. Sudbury, Ont., June 26, 1892, 2 males, (Evans). Somatochlora walshii (Scudd). De Grassi Pt., Lake Simcoe, Ont., July 2, 1 male, (Walker). Somatochlora albicincta (Burm.). Aweme, Man., June 11, 1909, 1 female, (Criddle). Libellula pulchella Drury. Fort William, Ont., Aug. 3, 1 specimen seen, (Walker). This is the most northern record for this species, (H. M. W.). Leucorrhinia frigida Hagen. Sudbury, Ont., June 26, 1892, 1 male, 2 females, (Evans). Leucorrhinia hudsonica (Selys). Sudbury, Ont., June 11, 1893, 1 female, (Evans). Leucorrhinia borealis Hagen. Bird’s Hill, Man., June 5, 1909, (Wallis). SIPHONAPTERA. Several hundreds of specimens of fleas were collected by the Rev. J. H. Keen, of Metlakatla, B.C. These were submitted to the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild, who has determined the following species: Ceratophyllus agilis. Specimens taken from Neotoma. Ceratophyllus ciliatus. Specimens taken from Sciurus. Ceratophyllus galline. Ceratophyllus charlottensis? Ceratophyllus fasciatus. Hystrichopsylla dippiet. _—— 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121 FINANCIAL STATEMENT For the Year ending October, 1910. Receipts. Majance trom 1909 .............. $373 Wott?) U2 cs ees 350 Reports and Back Numbers .... 199 ea Rn 68 Government Grant ............. 1,000 70 0 2.5" 4 a6Re eee 71 (lo0 0 foi) 2 rs 103 (LO USI? AA) oh ogee 20 lotto 63. 555 See 13 $2,199 Examined and found correct. S. B. McCreapy, J. W. Crow, 06 48 07 22 00 68 02 00 89 42 Expenditures. Subscription (Fletcher Memorial) $50 Annual UReEPOLt .%:~ 32) acrecinies 3% 123 Cork an@) Pins csece~o- <2 =-s 76 MAlATION Wc s Ceisero evan cites aio) ae 75 Expense, Postage, Etc. ........-- 37 iPnzpig Mle Goer poe Aeon sera 26 Annual Meeting .............--- 43 er intinig sons ciate 2 cfetoesat es = otelnie aro 1,002 PRU DTATY, set etoe eins he stoieinterse alse 29 Bank Exchange <...........<..- 4 $1,469 BalAnee lee, sis wisi! acl ee 729 $2,199 J. E. Howirt, Treasurer. | Auditors. INDEX. PAGE. Acarina attacking basswood ....... 100 Ailleyrodes forbesii ...............6. 78 “ vaporariorum .......... 78 Aleyrodicus asarumis ............. 7 Aleyrodide of Ontario ............ 78 Anisota-rubleunda, ..\.. 00...) 5026-6 29 Anthonomus quadrigibbus ......... 94 Aphelinez, host relations of ........ 74 Aphidemine Dark Miss 222i osak.. } West Calgary. BRITISH COLUMBIA. Aibbal SAS GW cece s ction: Vancouver. BUTS Wiltloee cetera. ove se Cocklep Se Werse ees roe Kaslo. Croker oAte da wccteceocc. es Victoria. Daya GeO nes ee cree ees Duncan’s Station. Dey Oe) diel fy Rea eee Hillcrest. Hadwen, Dr: S.- 22.65... Vancouver. Hanham, A. W. .....0-... Duncan’s Station. PIAL VEV GHW micicee nr ernrc Victoria. Keen eve aie Ee betes otk Metlakatla. Reed, H. Baynes ........ Victoria. Ruhmam, Max 7.05. 6s-. Vernon. PLUGS Ue ON Ne. sain oes Hope Stn., C.P.R. COL WORM eceece sts Victoria. SKamner. Hea bs 5 ite cade. Duncan’s Station. Taylor, Rev. .GiW. 202k. Departure Bay, A Nanaimo. [7] 8 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. BritisH CoLuMBIA.— Continued. Treherne) R. Cr so... 3 Vancouver. Venables; (BaP seiccsss «1 Vernon. Winslow, R. M. ......... Victoria. MANITOBA, Criddle, Norman ........ Aweme. Fle@ath eee a sarenie sin ectas s Cartwright. Hone. RuBselle.. .citac's sen Manitou. unter: pRevs AG JS: cele Teulon WANS ed esc, wcis a let oikin’e’s Winnipeg. Nova Scotia. Hervey, G; Wa, Gai ecco Round Hill. Mackay; Dr A Ee eo. Halifax. Paynes soeiGo\-n nscieeante Granville Ferry. SASKATCHEWAN. Androchowicz, E. ....... Humboldt. Willing. TANS fic ccmeineoe Regina. Neville: IS 55. S.ismr- eee os Cottonwood. No. 36 HoNoRARY MEMBERS. Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A... Boulder, Col. Comstock, Prof. J. H. ....Ithaca, N.Y. Cresson; Hizra “IN. cn..-aiee Philadelphia, Pa. Melt; (Dr WAcPausscee cece Albany, N.Y. Howard) Dr. O:-e eee. Washington D.C. Smith, Prof. Js) Beoeeeee New Brunswick, INS Ubler SPs tRes enccocsatee Baltimare, Md. Webster, F. M: ... ea. <35 Washington, D.C. Wickham, Prof. H. F. .... Iowa City, lowa. Lire MEMBERS. Saunders, Dr. William .. Ottawa. Director of the Experi- mental Farms of the Dominion. Bethune, Rey. C. J. S. ...Guelph. Professor of Entomol- ogy, Ontario Agricul- tural College. Reed, HE. Baynesic-.- eee Victoria, B.C. Director of the Meteoro- logical Station. The Entomological Society of Ontario ANNUAL MEETING The Forty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Thursday and Friday, November 23rd and 24th. During the day meetings the chair was occupied by the President, Dr. E. M. Walker, and during the evening meeting by President Creelman of the College. Among those present were Messrs. H. H. Lyman and A. F. Winn, Montreal ; Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt and Mr. Arthur Gibson, Ottawa; Prof. J. M. Swaine, Mac- donald College, St. Anne’s, P.Q.; Mr. J. D. Evans, Trenton; Dr. E. M. Walker and Mr. J. B. Williams, Toronto; President Creelman, Professors C. J. 'S. Bethune, E. J. Zavitz, H. L. Hutt, T. D. Jarvis, J. E. Howitt, Messrs. L. Cesar, Morley Pettit, W. A. McCubbin, and A. W. Baker, of the staff, and a number of students of the Ontario Agricultural College. On Thursday morning a meeting of the Council was held, at which the report of the proceedings of the Society during the past year was drawn up, and various matters of interest to its members were discussed. In acceptance of an invitation from Dr. Hewitt it was decided to hold the next annual meeting at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, the date to be fixed upon a later occasion. Prof. J. H. Comstock, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., and Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist of New York, were elected honorary members of the Society. Mr. H. Baynes Reed, Meteorological Station, Victoria, B.C., was elected a life member. The afternoon meeting was held in the Biological Lecture Room, the proceed- ings commencing at two o’clock with the reading of the reports of the directors on the insects of the year in their respective districts. No reports were received from Mr. F. J. A. Morris, of Port Hope, representing Division No. 5, nor from Mr. R. 8. Hamilton, of Galt, representing Division No. 6. REPORTS ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR. Diviston No. 1, Orrawa District—ARTHuR GIBSON. Weather conditions in the Ottawa district during the past season were specially favourable for the development of insect life. The latter part of April was very warm for that time, and later in May, from the 20th to the 28th, the temperature was high. The month of June was about normal, but during the first eleven days of July a very hot spell was experienced. On July 3rd the temperature reached 97.8 in the shade, and the maximum temperature from July 1st to 12th was 91.4: Early August, too, was extremely. warm, the average maximum temperature for the first eight days being 93.4 in the shade. The season, therefore, was very ex- ceptional and the continued drought seriously affected crops of all kinds. The following notes cover those insects which were most complained of in the Ottawa district during 1911. [9] 10 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 ATTACKING FIELD Crops. Curworms. The cutworm which caused most injury in 1911, in the Ottawa district, was the Red-backed Cutworm (Paragrotis ochrogaster, Gn.). In May many newly set out cabbages and cauliflowers were cut off and much damage was also done to radishes, peas, beans and other field crops. On June 5th larve were found in a field of beans, which varied in size from half an inch to one and a quarter inches in length. Wherever the well-known poison bran remedy was used the attack stopped at once. In the use of this mixture it is important that the bran be noticeably moistened so that the Paris green, when dusted in, will adhera to practically every particle. In one instance, which came to my notice, the bran was insufficiently moistened, and when placed in the field was much too dry and many of the particles had not been poisoned. When the mixture is quite dry the cutworms, of course, are not attracted to it as they are when the bran is moistened. Fig. 1. Variegated Cutworm—a, moth; }, c, d, caterpillars; e, egg (magnified); f eggs on a stem. 7 The mixture should be scattered after sundown, so that it will be in the very best condition to attract the cutworms when they come out at night to feed. One half. a pound of Paris green is sufficient to poison fifty pounds of bran, the latter being first moistened with sweetened’water. Salt may be used instead of molasses or cheap sugar. If salt is used, half a pound may be dissolved in half a gallon of water and then added to the fifty pounds of bran: 50 to 100 pounds of bran is sufficient for an acre, according to the closeness of the plants. THE RADISH, or CABBAGE Root MAGGor, was again abundant and caused much destruction. On May 26th the first flies were seen, and on May 29th large num- bers of eggs were present on the stems of cauliflowers and cabbages, particularly the former. These soon hatched and the maggots at once began their work of destruction. The remedy which we have found most useful during the last two years for radishes is to water the plants once a week from the time they begin to appear until they are ready for the table with a decoction of hellebore, using two ounces to every gallon of water. For cauliflowers and cabbages the best protection can be had from the use of the well-known discs made from tarred building paper. 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11 On the 9th of November of this year puparia and full-grown larve were found beneath cabbage plants. The WHITE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY (Pontia rape, L.). This well-known pest of the market gardener was more than usually abundant the past season. In the latter half of August it was specially complained of and was doing much injury all through the district. Another insect which was destructive to cabbages is the Dramonp-Back MorxH (Plutella maculipennis, Curt-) (Fig. 2). This insect has not occurred at Ottawa in destructive numbers for some years. The nature of the season affects consider- ably the abundance of this insect. In hot dry seasons, such as that of this year, the outbreak is always more serious. Continued damp weather is, of course, de- trimental to this insect. At the end of August its ravages in many market gardens was very noticeable. On September ist, I examined some cabbages and found the caterpillars in various stages of development from 3 mm. to 8 mm. in length. Many cocoons were also attached to the leaves, and one cocoon was seen from which the moth had evidently just emerged. As a remedy, kerosene emulsion has given good results, but the mixture must be applied as an under- Fig. 2. Diamond-back Moth—a, caterpil- lar; d, pupa; e, cocoon; f and h, moth (all much enlarged). spray. In fields where the insect has been troublesome all leaves and left-overs of cruciferous crops should be gathered up and destroyed so as to reduce as much as possible the over-wintering brood of the insects. Artackine Fruit TREES. Fruit insects were not particularly complained of during the season, but there are a few which require mention. z The AmrricaN TENT CATERPJLLAR (Malacosoma americana, Harr.) was the “most conspicuous insect of the orchard in the Ottawa district during the past _ season. In orchards where no control measures were adopted. many trees were entirely stripped of foliage. Further mention will be made of this insect and the Forest Tent CATERPILLAR under insects affecting forest and shade trees. CANKERWORMs were also revorted as having been destructive in apple orchards, - particularly in the neighbourhood of Hull. _ he Lesser AppLe Worm (Enarmonia prunivora, Walsh.). I regret to have to report the finding of this insect in an orchard near Ottawa on August 10th. Fortunately the infestation was very slight, only three apples of the variety Lub’s ~ + | on 12 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Queen being found with larve at work. In orchards which are regularly sprayed for Codling Moth there should be no appreciable loss from the attacks of this insect. GREENHOUSE AND GARDEN PLANTS. Last year I mentioned the occurrence of the GREENHOUSE LEAF-TYER (Phlyctaenia ferrugalis, Hbn.) in the house of one of our local florists. During last spring especially the insect did considerable injury to Azalea, Mignonette, Cyclamens and Cannas, particularly the latter. In some of the Montreal green- houses considerable ioss is occasioned by the larve of the Brack VINE WEEVIL (Otiorhynchus sulcatus, Fab.) infesting the roots of Cyclamens, Gloxinias and Adiantums, but we have had no reports of this insect being present in any of the houses in our district. Much injury to flowering plants in gardens was done by such regularly occurring pests as Curworms, TarNisaED PLANT Buc and Four-LInED LEAF Bue. The caterpillars of the WHITE CaBBpaGr BUTTERFLY were also troublesome in beds of Mignonette and Nasturtium. The Grape Vine Lear Hopper again tendered unsightly the foliage of Virginia Creeper, and in some gardens the CurLED Rose Worm and the DrstructivE Pea ApPHis were also present in con- gpicuous numbers. ATTACKING FoREST AND SHADE TREES. TENT CATERPILLARS (Malacosoma americana, Harr., and M. disstria, Hbn.) These caterpillars were enormously abundant in the Ottawa district during the past season. Not only did they do serious damage to orchard, shade and forest trees, but they caused much annoyance, especially at maturity, by wandering into houses, dropping on to passers-by, ete. Throughout the woods in the district both the American Tent Caterpillar and the Forest Tent Caterpillar could be seen feeding together on the same trees. The larvae hatched during the first week in May, and before the middle of the month the webs were conspicuous on many trees, par- ticularly wild cherry. In one small clump of cherry trees twenty-six webs of the American Tent Caterpillar were counted on May 13th, and on this date the larve were about half an inch in length. In another locality, at Woodruffe. near Ottawa, the nests were numerous, and on May 19th the caterpillars were one inch in length. On May 27th at Chelsea, Que., both species occurred together and were in their last larval stage. Thousands were wandering about along fences, in and around © houses, ete. Many trees had been entirely stripped of foliage. On June 5th some cocoons of M. americana which had been but recently made were found on apple and the larvae inside were just changing to pup. While in the Gatineau district. between Wakefield and Maniwaki, on June 12th to 14th, I saw large areas of © poplar and birch which had been entirely defoliated by the Forest Tent Cater- — pillar. Near St. Joseph village, which is not far from Maniwaki, the caterpillars were so abundant in some of the lakes, that the men who were working on a drive of logs found it almost impossible to dip up water for drinking and cooking pur- poses without getting some of the larve in their pails. Many of the branches of poplar around the edges of these lakes extend out over the water, and I was in- formed that, during a very heavy rainstorm, the caterpillars were dislodged from — the trees, falling into the water by hundreds. Just above North Wakefield and Low, Que., extensive tracts of trees, mostly poplars, were seen to have been ee T 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13 entirely denuded of foliage. In early July large numbers of the moths were ob- served around electric lights in Ottawa, and later in the month very many egg masses were seen on apple and cherry. On one small branch of wild cherry brought into the Division on July 29th there were 42 egg clusters. The egg masses occurred close together; in some instances they were overlapping. During the larval period I did not see a single diseased specimen, nor do the eggs which ae te We Fig. 4. Tent Caterpillar: I Male Moth. Fig. 5. Female Moth. Fig. 3. American Tent Caterpillars on their web; c. egg-bracelet;; d, cocoon. Fig. 6. Forest Tent eateroilian: AI\\NN moth and eggs. Fig. 7. Forest Tent Caterpillar. are now on the trees seem to be much parasitized. Mr. Sanders, of the Division, collected in the middle of July many egg masses, but only a very small percentage of these were oo by Telenomus and Trichogramma. The probability is that next year these Tent Caterpillars will again be present in large numbers. The Spruce Bupworm (Tortrix fumiferana, Clemens) was again present in considerable numbers in the district. It did not, however, occur over such wide- spread areas as was the case in 1909 and 1910. The worst infestation which I saw 14 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 during the past summer was in the neighbourhood of Maniwaki, 83 miles north of Ottawa. Here, in one place, the insects were very abundant and had done much injury to the foliage of spruce. In this particular instance the caterpillars were present all over the trees feeding on the present year’s growth, and in such localities the ends of all the twigs had the characteristic reddish appearance which was noted at the tops of the trees in the outbreaks of the two previous years. By June 14th, at Maniwak, the larve had mostly pupated, but there were still many mature caterpillars to be seen. On this date, also, empty chrysalids were found and moths seen flying. On some of the trees the chrysalids were extremely numerous towards the ends of the lower branches, and some were even found attached to the bark of the trunks of the trees. On June 12th many spruce and balsam trees were seen to be attacked along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway between Venosta and Low, Que. The same trees had been noticeably attacked near Pour- pore, Que. At Ottawa, in late May, larve were found feeding on tamarack, and from specimens gathered which pupated on Ist June the moths emerged on 16th and 17th June. At Maniwaki it was seen that large numbers of the pups were parasitized. Dr. Hewitt, however, will have something to report on our work with the parasites of this insect. In the middle of July large numbers of ege masses were present on trees all through the Gatineau district and around Ottawa. The eggs too were found to be heavily parasitized. On 21st July, on the grounds of the Central Experimental Farm, many egg masses were seen on several kinds of spruces and also on white cedar, all, of course, on the undersides of the leaves. The Mapre-Lear Currer. Toward the end of August the Maple-ieaf Cutter (Brackenridgia acerifoliella, Fitch) was noticed abundantly on the foliage of hard maples throughout the district. The larve at this time were in their curious little cases which are formed of four pads cut from the leaves. In 1885 a similar out- break, but more extensive, occurred at Ottawa, and is mentioned by Fletcher in his annual report for that year. On September 2nd of the present year I saw a row of hard maples, near Ottawa, which showed very conspicuously the work of the larve. At this date many of the cases containing the larve had fallen from the trees. The winter is passed inside of these little cases and the moths emerge the following spring. The Erm Bark Louse (Gossyparia spuria, Modeer) occurred abundantly in some sections of the district. On 23rd of May I observed large numbers of the ma- tured females on the branches of some elms near the city. These females, which are reddish and woolly-covered, are readily seen on the trees in spring and early summer, and it is at this time when the insect is so conspicuous that the trees should be sprayed, if possible, with either kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap solution. The Rusty Tussock Morn (Notolophus antiqua, L.) Towards the end of July the larve of this moth were rather numerous at Ottawa, and were especially — observed to be doing noticeable injury to spruce trees. Mature larve were found on spruce on August 4th, and on this date one cocoon was also collected. These cater- pillars, although they occur in the district in more or less numbers every season, are seldom present in numbers sufficient to do very serious damage. The larve have a wide range of food plants and may be found on almost any kind of tree or shrub. LEAF-ROLLER on MAPLE (Cenopis pettitana, Rob.). While at Chelsea, Que., on May 27, I noticed that the leaves of many of the hard maples had been rolled _ and tied by a small green caterpillar with a brownish head and a dark dorsal q 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 yessel. When full grown the larva is about half an inch in length. The speci- mens which I collected pupated on June 2nd, and six moths of the above species emerged on June 19th. The moth is a beautiful little creature, and varies con- siderably in the colour of the fore-wings, some being of a pure shining white, others decidedly pale yellow. This tortricid also feeds on basswood, oak and rose. In 1899, I reared the species from Tilia americana, the moths emerging on the 15th of June. The Fatt CaANKERWORM was again abundant in the district, and at Chelsea, Que., basswood trees particularly were attacked. On May 27th the larve were almost full-grown. On May 29th the caterpillars were reported to be stripping apple trees near Hull. Division No. 2, Ortitr1a Disrrict—C. E. Grant. The season of 1911 was not with me an insect year. It was remarkable for some very hot spells, making in fact a record for heat in this neighbourhood. It was also very dry in spring and early summer, these latter circumstances appar- ently not being encouraging to most insects. Among the species most noticeable for their destructiveness were the follow- ing :-— June-Bues (Lachnosterna aca These insects appeared in enormous num- bers in early May, and though their destructive tendencies are practically over in the perfect state the work of heir grubs was very noticeable in the lawn. Cur Worms were very destructive, the larva of Peridroma saucia and Hadena arctica and devastatrix being most in evidence. The Coptine Morn (Carpocapsa pomonella) was very destructive, nearly all early apples having been infested with them. This was not a good apple year and 1910 was still worse in this neighbourhood. The Currant Worm (Nematus ribesii) has been again very common. Most people will not use Paris green on the bushes, for fear of bad results, but I find a light solution perfectly harmless and very efficacious. I have not added much to my collection this year on account of the poor sea- son and the pressure of business. I have, however, quite a few unnamed species of Lepidoptera, which I should have liked to exhibit to the members, but circumstances will again prevent my being with you. Diviston No. 3, Toronto Districr—A. CosEns. During the past season I have been interested chiefly in the gall-producing _ species of insects, and other points of entomological interest have been noted only _ incidentally. | In the year 1906 I found a willow in High Park, Toronto, riddled by the Snour Beetite (Cryptorhynchus lapathi, L.). The same season this beetle was _ reported from Beamsville and Ridgeway by Prof. Zavitz. These were the first _ Canadian records for the species. Since their introduction these beetles appear to 3 have increased in numbers very rapidly, and have now become a serious menace to our indigenous willows. During the past season a very large percentage of the _ willows examined were found injured more or less by this beetle. The species of - willow most commonly attacked were Salix nigra and cordata. In a few cases _ these beetles were found boring in Aspen poplar (Populus tremuloides). In the same park where the work of the willow-boring beetle was first noted _ clumps of Austrian Pine and Scotch Fir have been planted. These trees are being 16 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 very much injured by the attacks of the moth Pinipestis zimmermant, Grote. These insects were so plentiful during the past season that large masses of resin, exuded from the larva burrows, were to be seen on almost every tree. Since the larvee pupate in these resin masses it should not be a difficult matter to check the ravages of this pest. So far as my observations go, our native pines appear to be _ Immune from attack. After the extremely hot week of the past summer the larve of the LAcE- WINGED Fires (Chrysopa) were unusually abundant. These little creatures forced themselves on my attention first by inserting their mandibles into my neck under the collar. The swellings produced by the wounds were of about the same size as those caused by the stings of mosquitoes, but were more troublesome and of longer duration. It occurred to me on several occasions that the irritation caused by the bites of the lace-wings must just about balance their usefulness as destroyers of injurious insects. An observation, however, made in the grounds of the Normal School inclined me to regard the Chrysopa larve in a rather more favourable light. The trees in the grounds had been encircled by rings of some sticky substance, pro- ducing an effect that might easily create the impression that the Minister of Edu- cation and his colleagues had been sugaring for moths on a large scale. Numbers of larve and small insects of different species were skirting these impassable es ; eas E 3 b Fig. 9. Lace-wing Fly Fig. 10. Larve and (Chrysopa) and eggs. eggs of Chrysopa. barriers on the trees and among the bewildered masses the Chrysopa larve were having good hunting. A Tussock moth larva that was squirming in a rather unusual way was found to have two of these insect snapping-turtles clinging to it; one had secured a firm hold at the front of the head, just above the line of the eyes; while the other had gripped the side of the body near the posterior end. A desire to secure the antagonists as specimens made the combat an undecided one, but the lace-wings certainly appeared to be getting the better of the argument. So firm was the hold of the one that had attached itself to the head that the mandibles did not relax when the combatants were dropped into a beaker contain- ing chloroform. It seems worthy of note that two Chrysopa larve should attack the same Tussock larva. Did it indicate preconcerted action on the part of the attackers? Or are we to suppose that the mentality of these larve has reached the stage where the value they set on anything is in proportion to the extent that it is being sought after by others? Whatever may be the explanation it seems to have a close parallel in the incident related by Sir Ernest Shackleton. He states that a very little experience taught his dogs that a penguin was more than a match for them one at a time and that they must unite their forces. In future attacks, while one dog threatened the bird from the front another would make the real attack from the rear, and after the adoption of these tactics the dogs had to be closely watched to prevent them killing large numbers of the birds. It augurs well for the success of the Chrysope against the Tussocks that they have adopted 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17 the plan of combining their forces. They appear to understand the importance of the “Law of the Jungle,” as stated by Kipling. “The strength of the pack is the wolf and the strength of the wolf is the pack.” The galls produced by Sawflies were very plentiful on the willows this season. Salix cordata appears to be scarcely ever free from the attacks of Pontania pomum, Walsh and Salix alba quite as frequently infested by Pontania hyalina Norton, while Salix discolor can often be with certainty identified from the fact of the leaves almost always carrying the spherical galls of Pontania pisum. So close is the testriction of the sawfly gall producers to definite species of willow that this fact is often of assistance to the botanist in identifying doubtful trees. This is especi- ally the case if the species under consideration is not in fruit. There are four undescribed species of sawfly gall producers in this locality, each of which appears to be restricted to a single species of willow. The petioles and midribs of the leaves of Salix lucida are frequently enlarged into spindle-shaped fleshy galls, while the petioles of Salix humilis bear a similar but much smaller gall. Salix serissima is found in only a few stations in the vicinity of Toronto, but wherever found this tree is infested by a new species of Huura that produces somewhat spherical shaped Fic. 11. White-grubs—a, beetle; 0, pupa; c, egg; d, young grub; e, Mature grub. galls on the petioles of the leaves and less frequently on the peduncles of the pistillate catkins. The leaves of Salix humilis are scarcely ever free from the attacks of an undescribed Pontania that produces a gall somewhat similar to the species pomum, but it is smaller, densely pubescent and often found in clusters of from three to five. Specimens of the producers of three of these galls have been sent to S. A. Rohwer, Smithsonian Institution, and will be described by him in a paper soon to be published. Up to the present attempts to rear the producers from the galls on the petioles of Salix humilis have been unsuccessful. Division No. 4, East Torontro—C. W. Nasu. The early part of the year 1911 was cold and backward, consequently insects _ Were scarce and inactive; butterflies, moths and dragonflies particularly so, until the beginning of July, at which time I saw the first Monarcn of the season, a tather bedraggled specimen, which looked as if it had experienced rough times on its journey from the south. At no time was this butterfly as abundant as usual. _ The White Cassace BuTTerFLy was noticeably scarce in this district, so but little A damage was done by its larve. Whether the diminution of its numbers was caused by an increase of parasites or unfavourable weather conditions, I am unable to say. I did not, however, notice an unusual number of parasitized chrysalids. 2 ES. 18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The worst garden pests of the year were the TARNISHED PLANT-BUG and the larve of Gortyna cataphracta, both of which seem to be increasing; they are exceed- ingly difficult to check without constant and close attention, so that the production of fine flowers in this neighbourhood is attended with more than the usual difficulty and disappointment. No blossom buds seem to be immune from the attack of the Tarnished Plant-bug and any stalk large enough to hold them affords home and food for the larvee of Gortyna. Pasture fields, lawns and strawberry beds were terribly injured by WHITE Gruss (Lachnosterna). These larve have been increas- ing rapidly during the last few years and will undoubtedly continue to do so as long as favorable breeding grounds are provided for them. The constantly increas- ing area of land left under sod, affords ideal conditions for the propagation of this species and unless its natural enemies become more numerous than they are at present, or our grass lands are more frequently broken up, the damage inflicted by this grub will be very serious indeed. MosquiTors were both abundant and attentive to their business all through the summer, though most of them examined by me had upon their bodies several parasitic mites (perhaps a species of Trombidium). I hope these had the ability to make the mosquitoes as unhappy as the mosquitoes do us. Whatever may be the final effect of the parasite upon its host, it certainly in the meantime causes no discordant note to mar the mosquito’s music, nor does it impair its appetite. Fig. 12 White-mark- A ed Tussock Moth, Fic. 18. Larva of Tussock Moth. tale. Tur Tussock Morn larve became fully developed and entered the pupal stage much earlier than usual. On the 21st of July, I found the first completed cluster of eggs and almost daily after that I found others. As in some places the Tussock Moth is said to be double brooded, I gathered a considerable number of these early egg clusters, but none of them, hatched. It is just possible, however, that these eggs were not fertilized, for strange to say this season out of over one hundred chrysalids kept by me not one male moth was produced, nor have I seen one anywhere at large. A very large proportion of the larve and cocoons gathered were parasitized by Tacuina Furs of several species, but Ichneumon flies were entirely absent. Previous to this year species of Pimpla were the common parasites on the Tussock Moth; in my experience, outnumbering the Tachinids one hundred to one. It is generally supposed that the Tussock Moth cocoons are always found upon the trunks and branches of trees, or on walls and similar places. I find, however, that on certain small-leaved deciduous trees, such as Birch, the larve will fasten a leaf to its twig and spin its cocoon therein. These leaves hang on the trees all through the winter and from them in many cases great numbers of caterpillars were produced. These hanging leaves were overlooked by the people employed to gather cocoons. Several times I found the larve of Chrysopa feeding upon injured and dying Tussock larve, and have often found their pearl-like cocoons in the cocoon of the Tussock Moth. 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19 One of the Soxprer Bues, Perilloides claudus, appeared in considerable num- bers this year in the potato fields, where it fed upon the larvae of the potato beetle. Early in August I found several of these bugs in the nymph stage feeding on Tussock Moth larve. Claudus has never been a common insect in Ontario, and why it should have become abundant and so generally distributed this year is a mystery. Any natural enemy of the Potato Beetle will certainly be welcomed in Ontario, and it is to be hoped that having gained a foothold here it will increase and multiply sufficiently to keep in check one of our most expensive and trouble- some insect pests. The only new insect taken by me this year is an Arctian, evidently of the genus Apantesis. This I have as yet been unable to identify. Division No. %, Nracara Disrrict—R. C. TREHERNE. I have the honour to present my second annual report for the Niagara District. A movement of great importance to the Entomological interests of Ontario has, during this past season, taken place in the Niagara District. Through the _ courtesy of the Provincial Department of Agriculture for Ontario, the establish- ment of a field station for Entomological investigation, under the Division of Entomology of the Dominion Department of Agriculture, has been made possible. Office space has been allotted to the Field Officers of the Division of Entomology, at the Provincial Experiment Station, situated at Jordan Harbour, Ontario. Acting on the instructions of Dr. Hewitt I have had the pleasure of making _ this office my headquarters for a few months this summer. It is to be hoped, henceforth, that this field station will be the basis for much useful work, for the province of Ontario in particular. THE WEATHER. The weather throughout the Niagara District has been more or less favourable to fruit production, and well suited to insect life. The Spring was especially favourable for blossoming, and fruit set well. Most of the insects common to fruit put in their appearance in advance of the ordinary season. Severe drought and extreme heat were experienced in July. From Meteorological Observations of Jordan Harbour, July 3rd, with a maximum temperature of 103 degrees F. proved the hottest day, while the last day of frost, from the same observations, proved to be May 3rd. The following dates show the days on which frost was experienced this Spring (1911) :-— March 28th—April 3rd, below 32 degrees F; April 4th, 7 a.m. 24 degrees F., 6 p.m., 30 degrees F; April 8th, 7 a.m., 31 degrees F., 6 p.m., 35 degrees F; April - 9th, ¥ a.m., 31 degrees F., 6 p.m., 3% degrees F; April 11th, 7 a.m., 32 degrees F., 6 p.m., 37 degrees F; April 24th, 7 a.m., 32 degrees F., 6 p.m., 40 degrees F; May 3rd, 7 a.m., 30 degrees F., 6 p.m., 32 degrees F. 20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The Meteorological Records of the six months (March till August) were as follows :— Average Average Rainfall in Maximum. Minimum. Inches. F. F. 32.37 25.93 2.61 a 36.44 .58 74.77 50.32 1.97 72.28 56.13 3.43 82.56 63.83 2.86 76.02 60.63 2.10 ATTACKING Fruit TREES. San José Scate (Aspidiotus perniciosus). While the area of infestation does not appear to have decreased to any extent, it may be supposed that the con- stant spraying, which process may now be considered the rule and not the exception, among the great majority of fruit growers in the Niagara District, is affecting its numbers. The district south and east of St. Catharines still remains the worst infested. There are a great mamy old apple orchards in these districts, and they harbour the San José to a very marked extent. Owing to the extensive and energetic operations of the National Land, Fruit and Packing Company—a Company which in the last year has rented large numbers of apple orchards throughout Ontario, and to a large degree around St. Catharines and in the district south, and which has pruned, reheaded and sprayed these infested orchards, many of which are under their control—we shall no doubt find, in a few years, marked results against the Scale, and, for the good of the district as a whole. We sincerely hope so. Excellent results, ending with the complete destruction of the Scale have been evidenced this last year by two applications of Commercial Lime Sulphur at the 1-10 strength, before the buds fully burst in the Spring and when the ground was still frozen. Single applications of 1-10 in the early Spring have not given the best results, probably owing entirely to the degree of efficiency in application. A single application of 1-8 or stronger has been recommended, and is now being recom- mended as efficient, by local Inspectors. But it would appear that the fault does not lie in the strength of the application so much as in the degree of efficiency of application, consequently on a badly infested tree and especially on a large number of trees, I would prefer two applications of 1-10 or even weaker to a- single application of 1-8 or stronger. Copiine Morn (Carpocapsa pomonella). It has been predicted that owing to the failure of the apple crop of 1910, we would notice a marked decrease in the percentage of “wormy” apples this year—because it was supposed a lessening in food supply would in turn affect the numbers of the moth. I have not seen any direct evidence of this coming about, but it is true I have not sufficient data at hand. I had occasion to be away from the Niagara District at the time when the second brood was in operation, consequently I have no facts to guide me. If the * The maximum thermometer was broken, and no maximum records were kept from March 20th till May 18th. Consequently the average for March is too low, while the average for May is too high. . 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. m1 prediction has proved to be true, it is curious to note that a provision of nature this Spring helped to restore the balance to which we are more or less accustomed. It can be seen from the Meteorological Records that the Spring was dry and more or less warm, and devoid of late frosts at the time of blossoming. The apples set well, the various varieties blossoming conjointly, and development taking place very rapidly. Just at the time, after blossoming, when the developing fruits are recommended to be sprayed, rain came and continued for a few days, interfering with the process of spraying. It would be fairly estimated that not more than 50 per cent. of the apple growers sprayed during the important week following the fall of the blossoms. The week of May 22nd was the time when the blossoms fell from apples on the average for the whole district. Tue Prum Curcunio (Conotrachelus nenuphar). This insect was exceedingly prevalent this year. I do not believe that it is given its due consideration by the majority of the fruit growers in the district, as being one of the most satisfactory means of reducing the profits and yield of the various fruits in their orchards. It is well known and very much dreaded by a great many, but from the fact that it causes fruit to drop, its importance is to a large extent lost sight of. v3 Fic. 14. Codling Moth and its work, showing the different stages. In the first four days of July of this year [ examined a total of 3,300 apples between Jordan and St. Catharines. At this time of year, before the development of the second brood of Uodling Moth had taken place, 15.06 per cent. of the apples were infested with Curculio while 7.99 per cent. were attacked by Codling Moth. In a few days I had occasion to visit the Ridgeway and Fort Erie District, and there examined a total of 3,100 fruits and found that 6.8 per cent. were infested with Curculio as against 7.4 per cent. with Codling Moth. Summarizing the work ir thes two districts, at this time of year,, I found that, estimating from a percentage of fruits from 1,955 trees, with an estimated crop of 1,310 barrels, the Curculio infested fruit would fill 161.25 barrels, that Codling Moth infested fruit would fill 103.25 barrels (i.e., provided that fruit was allowed to mature), while 787.36 barrels would be clean fruit. These figures were obtained from the fruits on the trees at the time of examination. If the fallen fruit had been taken into consideration, the increase in the percentage of Curculio infested fruit would have been most marked, because many fruits had fallen, and the cause of their falling had to some extent been due to Curculio attack. For 22 THE REPORT OF THE- No. 36 instance in an orchard examined in Vineland, at the same time as the above, I found that of the fallen apples 38 per cent. were infested with Curculio larve, while of the apples adhering to the trees only 16.6 per cent. were infested. In order to estimate, with a certain degree of accuracy, the percentage of Curculio larve that fall to the ground in the early part of the summer with the smal] fruit from the tree, I endeavoured to keep a record of the “drop” from one particular Burbank Plum tree, with the following results :-— PLUMS. Total | Total ~ Total fallen = Fallen Fruit fallen from natural; with crescent Date. | picked up. | reasons. punctures. Gane 20 ese hic: citsinwee aemwacitennenine 1,027 924 103 BUTANE DO rorcinne ptive'a ameayayeisieretatorctdotest ates 739 573 166 PULY A soe ic sree ee ee eetele eee 250 113 79 Fie. 15. Plum Curculio— a, larva; b, pupa; c, beetle; d, young fruit attacked. From an examination of the plums derived from the final column in the above table, I found that :— No larvae Distinct larvae development. present. GF he HOS splint. S, 2 sss eR ee | a2 7a 71 Ofthe 166 plums: 22s disisee nee conaren eens eae 17 149 Of the -79" plums: .4 ods unions cere ae hee eee On July 2nd I examined the fruits remaining on the Burbank Plum tree, the same as upon which the above records were taken, and found on examination of 300 fruits that only 17 showed the presence of Curculio larve, a percentage of infestation of 5.66 per cent. We note, therefore, that there is a lessening in per- centage of infestation as the season advances, consequently the attack of the Cur- culio passes unnoticed by the ordinary fruit grower. The attack causes a certain beneficient degree of natura] thinning, it is true, but this manner of accomplishing this important detail in successful horticulture is not correct from economic reasons. As a result of these remarks I do not wish to overrate the importance of the Plum Curculio as compared to the Codling Moth, but what I wish to emphasize is the fact that this former insect is worthy of more detailed study and greater regard by the fruit grower. 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23 SHor-HoLte Borer (Hecoptogaster rugulosus). ‘This year again this borer has caused the fruit growers a great deal of trouble. While the remedy is difficult, the prevention is easy. There is no cause in any attack I have seen which could not be assigned to a pile of lumber, or brush left in close proximity to the trees. From mere general observation it would appear that attacks are more often exper- ienced by fruit growers immediately bordering on the lake. The habit of throw- ing orchard trimmings over the edge of the cliff into Lake Ontario is a bad one, and no doubt accounts, to a certain degree, for the attack of this particular insect. Buster Mire (Lriophyes pyri). This insect has become localized in cer- tain apple orchards south of Vineland and west of St. Catharines, but so far as the Niagara District is concerned it has not become a general orchard pest. Wootty Apis (Schizonewra lanigera). I have noted a probably slight in- erease in the prevalence of this insect in a few orchards, but so far as the district as a whole is concerned it still remains a general orchard insect of minor importance. Green Fruir Worms (Xylina sp.) were commonly noted in the Ridgeway and Fort Erie District, and did a considerable amount of damage to young matur- ing apples. Spring Canker Worm (Paleacrita vernata). The work of this insect was brought to my notice on June 8th. It has become localized in several apple orchards south of St. Catharines. Fic. 16. Peach Tree Borert—1, female; 2, male, PracH Tree Borer (Sanninoidea exitiosa). This insect is again attracting the attention of progressive fruit growers. At the request of several fruit growers I have had occasion to visit orchards attacked by this insect. In one orchard, in particular, 80 per cent. of young four-year-old peaches were attacked. According to the testimony of Mr. John Read, formerly orchard inspector of the Beamsville District, ten years ago this borer had been considered a most serious pest. In fact, _ it had been at one time a part of the general farm routine to make examination for, ary = and excavate, the larve from the crown of the trees. In more recent years this practice had ceased, owing to the increase in price of adult labour, and the ineffici- . ency of boy labour. It is hoped that a proper watch will be maintained by the fruit growers on this important insect. According to observations from material at hand this year, the first males emerged on July 12th and the first females on July 14th. It is necessary, there- fore, to adopt precautionary measures at this time against the oviposition of this moth. CHerry TrEE Siue (Hriocampoides limacina). In the early part of the summer it was noticed that this insect was showing evidence of becoming particu- larly serious this year. Its appearance was very much earlier than usual owing to the extremely hot and dry weather of the spring. Owing to this, the process of spraying an arsenical was interfered with, because the fruit was ripe and ready to pick at the same time as the slug had reached, or nearly reached its full state of 24 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 growth. For fear of poisoning the fruit, many fruit growers omitted to take measures against the slug, in consequence of which, in some sections, this insect increased to an alarming extent, some trees having their leaves completely stripped of their green portions. If such a condition recurs in the years to come, where it is inadvisable to spray with arsenicals, it will be found that handfuls of powdered soil and lime will act as a temporary remedy. The slugs reached their full stage of growth (around Grimsby) about June 29th of this year, and where they were present in extreme numbers caused consider- able annoyance to the fruit growers, by adhering to the cherries during picking. By July 2nd the great majority of the slugs had disappeared from the trees and pupated in the ground—a few slugs remained on the trees after this date, and an occasional one could be seen on the leaves at any time till the end of the month. The general emergence from the pupa of the adult and the consequent egg de- position began (around Grimsby) on July 28th and continued until July 31st. Field observations record the second appearance of larve on August 10th. At this time many fruit growers sprayed a second time, using lead arsenate at the tate of 2 lbs. to 40 gallons of water, and, according to the observations made on this insect by Mr. W. H. Wright, who carried on the work at Jordan in my absence, it was not strong enough, as the larve lived for several days with the leaves well-coated with the arsenate. At the Jordan Harbour Experimental Farm 6 lbs. to 50 gallons was used with good results, but this made spraying rather expensive. Borne Wasp (Cemonus inornatus, Say). This wasp. was in evidence again this year, attacking newly-headed Peach, Plum and Cherry trees. No material damage resulted. ATTACKING |SMALL FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. The Cane Borer (Agrilus ruficollis) and the Sawrty (Monophadnus rubi) were reported as affecting Raspberries this year, the former from the Port Dal- housie District, and the latter from the Stoney Creek District. The Snowy TREE Cricket (Oecanthus niveus) has been abundant again on Raspberries. The two Asparacus BEETLES (Crioceris asparagi and C. 12 punctatus) have also caused annoyance in certain sections. A predaceous pentatomid (probably Perillus bioculatus, Fabr., variety ~ claudus, Say), as mentioned by Dr. C. J. S. Bethune in the “Canadian Ento- mologist” Vol. XLIII., Septr., 1911, page 320) has been very commonly noticed attacking the larvee of the Colorado Potato Beetle. Its presence has attracted the attention of many farmers, but its control has not been sufficient to allow the abandonment of the usual arsenical spray for the beetle. The Pes Moru (Semasia nigricans) was in evidence this summer, but, in numbers, not to the same extent as some years preceding. It would appear, from general observation, that the late varieties of Peas are the most liable to attack. These are mostly English varieties, such as Yorkshire Hero, Shropshire Hero, Carter’s Daisy and Fillbasket. At the Jordan Harbour Experimental Farm the last picking of early Peas took place about June 30th, and the first picking of late Peas about July 8th. Both the Zepra CATERPILLAR (Mamestra picta) and the worm of Pieris rapae were prevalent on the Cabbage this Summer at Jordan, and destroyed a large number of marketable heads. The Roor Maccor, also on Cabbages, has been most — 4 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25 destructive. Fairly effective treatment has been devised by the use of 4 oz. Car- bolic Acid to the gallon of water, and this poured around the plant. I have to thank Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist, for kindly allowing me to incorporate these notes, which were obtained under his authority. Pror. Jarvis: The Curculio and Blister Mite are two pests neglected by the average grower in the Niagara district. Many are now looking after the Codling Moth, but are neglecting these. I think the Blister Mite is more common than Mr. Treherne reports. In nearly every orchard I have been in this year the Blister Mite is very common. Dr. Hewirr: It is found in Quebec, too. Mr. ‘Cassar: I think Mr. Treherne is not correct in his belief that the com- plete failure of an apple crop in an orchard does not lessen the number of Codling Moth for the next year. I visited a fifty-acre orchard near St. Catharines this fall, and was surprised to find scarcely any Codling Moth, especially as I had pretty good reason to believe that the spraying was not very thorough. I have since been informed that a year ago there was almost a total failure of apples in the orchard. I am expecting next year to hear of some remarkably clean orchards out towards Lake Huron, where there has been a failure of the apple crop last year, and to a considerable extent this year, too. SOME OF THE WORK OF THE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY IN 1911. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc., Domrnton Entomoxocist, OTTAWA. In continuation of the practice which I started last year, it is my intention to describe briefly to you some of the more important aspects of the work of the Division of Entomology during the past year. I know that the members of the Society are interested in the work that we are doing, and a discussion of the prob- lems confronting us cannot but be productive of beneficial results. First, I should like to briefly refer to the additions to the staff of the Divi- sion during the past year. Mr. John D. Tothill, and, more recently, Mr. Wm. A. Ross, both graduates of the Ontario Agricultural College, have been appointed as field officers. Mr. Germain Beaulieu has also been similarly appointed. With such keen and loyal assistance on our staff of field officers as Mr. R. C. Treherne, Mr. Geo. E. Sanders, Mr. John D. Tothill, and Mr. W. A. Ross, all graduates of this college and special students in Entomology, I cannot allow the opportunity to pass without expressing our indebtedness to Dr. Bethune, their teacher, for turn- ing out men with such an excellent training, a training which enables them to tackle problems the solution of which may have a most important bearing on ‘Canadian agriculture or horticulture. J hardly like to think what we should do “without the Entomological Department at Guelph for our supply of men. Another appointment of great importance which has been made is that of Professor J. M. Swaine as Assistant Entomologist. Professor Swaine’s valuable work on the Secolytids is well-known to all of you, and it is my intention that he shall have charge of the forest insect work. The importance of investigations on forest in- sects in relation to the conservation of our forest in Canada lends great significance to his work and the possibilities of its further development. A beginning has been made of a scheme of establishing field laboratories in different regions according to the requirements of those regions. Through the kindness of the A oa 26 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Ontario Department of Agriculture the Division has been allowed the use of an office in the Jordan Harbour Experiment Station, and during the past summer Mr. R. C. Treherne commenced several investigations on the Plum Curculio and other insects, a brief account of which he gave in his report as Director of Division No. 7. Mr. Treherne has now been transferred to British Columbia to take charge of our work there, and next season Mr. W. A. Ross will continue his work in Ontario, when it is my intention that he shall work on the Apple Maggot, Plum Curculio and such other more serious species as may be determined later. It is proposed to extend this system of field laboratories and to establish one in Nova Scotia, another in New Brunswick, where Mr. Tothill will continue his investigations on Tachinid parasites with especial relations to the Brown- tail Moth. I might mention here that we have started, through the kind co- operation of Dr. Howard, the importation of the European Tachinid, Compsilura concinnata, a parasite of the Brown-tail and Gipsy Moths, in the hepe that it may become established before the Brown-tail Moth attains any considerable magni- tude in New Brunswick. We hope also to have a field laboratory in Quebec, and a fifth in British Columbia, where Mr. Treherne will carry on investigations on the Lesser Apple Worm, Capsid Bugs and certain of the more injurious fruit in- sects of that Province. During the past summer one of our chief investigations has been the fe of the parasites ‘of the Spruce Budworm, to which work Mr. Sanders has devoted most of his time. | Arrangements were made for supplies of infested spruce, balsam, etc., to be sent to the Division from different parts of Quebec and British Columbia, and this material was used in our parasitic studies. In January and February I visited a number of the more severely infested-localities in Quebec, such as Lake St. John region and the Rouge River, for the purpose of making field observations. Reports were also obtained during the summer from the lumbermen and others with regard to the depredations of the Spruce Budworm during the past season. As a result of these observations and reports, conjoined with our study of the parasites, we have been able to conclude that the result of the depredations of the insect will not be of so serious a nature as many of the Iumbermen and limit-holders were inclined to fear. In fact, in some regions the parasites had effectively gained control of the pest, and it is these parasites and their habits that we have been studying. The most effective parasites would appear to be the egg parasites, the chief of which is Pentarthron minitum, which Mr. Sanders has studied specially, and its habits and deadly effect may be gathered from the following examples: In one lot of eggs which he collected at Ottawa he found 7? per cent. of the eggs parasitized by this species, and the eggs contained on an average over two parasites per egg. In 33 egg masses there were 370 egos, 286 of these eggs were parasitized and produced 639 parasites. Egg masses collected at Maniwaki, P.Q., were similarly heavily infested: 93 eg masses contained 1,192 eggs, of which 902, or 75.6 per cent., were parasitized, 2,167 parasites emerged, or an average of 2.4 parasites per egg. The larger ichneumon and other parasites were also abundant. From insects collected near Esquimault, B.C., the percentage of parasites obtained was 43, and an equally high percentage was found in collec- tions made in Quebec. A species of Apanteles, hitherto undescribed, was abundant, both in Quebee and British Columbia. As a result of these studies we were able to calm the fears of those persons on whose timber limits the depredations were noticed for the first time last year, as the pest appeared to be spreading in an easterly direction and more reports were received from the south side of the St. Lawrence. - a a ee ee eee ee 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27 Our studies of the parasites of the Larch Sawfly were again continued, and observations on the life-history of the useful Chalcid, Celopisthia nematicida, Pack., were recently published in “ The Canadian Entomologist.” An attempt was made to introduce the useful European parasite Mesoleius aulicus which appeared to have been so effective in England. During a visit which I am shortly about to make to England, arrangements will be made, if possible, for the importation of the parasitized cocoons of the Sawfly, with a view to establishing the European parasite in Manitoba, from which Province we have had reports during the past years of serious depredations by this insect, and it appears to be spreading westward. During the past year the work under the Destructive Insect and Pest Act has increased considerably. At the end of the last importation season, which closed about May, we had inspected over four million plants for the winter nests of the Brown-tail Moth and evidences of the Gipsy Moth. It might be of interest to mention that during the present season we have found dead pupe of the Gipsy Moth on Azaleas imported by an Ottawa firm from Belgium, showing the possi- bility of the carriage of these insects in a living condition and the importance of this inspection work. A very systematic inspection of the whole of the territory in Nova Scotia infested by the Brown-tail moth was made last winter, and it was found that the insect occurred in Yarmouth, Digby, Annapolis and Kings counties. A considerable infestation was discovered at Weymouth, where some very large winter nests were found. Mr. Sanders counted over 1,800 caterpillars in one of these nests, which indicates how essential it is to collect even single nests. This large infestation at Weymouth was undoubtedly due to the fact that the insect had been allowed to increase during one or two seasons. In my address to you last year I mentioned to you the fact that a single egg mass of the Brown-tail Moth had been found in New Brunswick, indicating that this insect was at last breeding in that Province. During the last winter season nests were found at Pomeroy Ridge, in Charlotte County, N.B., and a survey of that region was made under Mr. Sanders’ direction, when nests were found throughout the south-western section of Charlotte County, indicating that the insect has at last arrived in force in New Brunswick. We are increasing the number of inspectors in both these Provinces during the present winter, when the whole infested area will be care- fully scouted. I have only indicated to you very briefly a few of what I think are the more interesting lines of work which we have been carrying on. Mr Treherne has indicated in his report some of the work which has been carried on in Ontario, and, had time permitted, I might refer more particularly to a number __ of the more interesting pests which have been reported to us during the past sea- son. But the programme is a long one, and these will be described as usual in my annual report. I might refer, however, in closing to the fact that we have had a _ combined insectary and work-room erected at Ottawa for experimental work, the » obtained. insectary being of the open-air type; that is, instead of glass, fine wire screens have been used, by means of which a more even and normal temperature can be 28 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 INSECTS OF THE SEASON IN ONTARIO. L. Cazsar, B.A., B-S.A., GUELPH. ORCHARD INSECTS. Coptine Morn (Carpocapsa pomonella). The Codling Moth has in most districts caused about the usual amount of loss, though in a few localities even unsprayed orchards were very little attacked. Each year more of our fruit-growers learn how to combat this pest successfully. An excellent example of what is pos- sible from thorough spraying right after the blossoms fall was shown in the 40 acre orchard of Mr. Jas. E. Johnson, of Simcoe. Mr. Johnson has sprayed his orchard carefully for several years. This year he had a gasoline power outfit and used lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead. Fully 99.5 per cent. of the apples were free from worms. Some neighboring orchards were almost 80 per cent. wormy. Two orchards at Rockwood, sprayed by Mr. Chas. Good, my assistant, and myself this spring, when visited during apple-picking time this fall, appeared to be about 95 per cent. free from worms, even on Spy trees which in many cases had not more than half a barrel to a tree. These orchards had not been sprayed for at least ten years. Prium .CurcuLIo (Conotrachelus nenuphar). I have received fewer com- plaints of fall injury from Plum Curculio to apples this year than last, though there was considerable in some orchards. It was moderately abundant on plums and cherries. OYSTER-SHELL ScaLE (Lepidosaphes ulmi). This, our most common scale insect, is being rapidly brought under control by the application of lime-sulphur before the buds burst. San Jos& ScauE (Aspidiotus perniciosus). In counties like Kent and Essex, where San José Scale has been very prevalent, and where very promising orchards have been allowed to go uncared for, a renewed interest in spraying has arisen, due chiefly to the splendid results being obtained in many quarters from the care of orchards and to the eagerness of companies to rent or buy them. The presence of district representatives, too, has had a remarkable result in giving owners of apple orchards encouragement and helping them to control the scale and bring back their orchards into good bearing. Buster Mire (Hriophyes pyri). This pest has continued to spread, and owing to the very dry season, injury from it was much more conspicuous this year than usual. From badly attacked trees, even as early as July Ist, the foliage had begun to fall. Excellent results against this mite have been obtained by the use of lime-sulphur shortly before or as the buds are bursting. Apuips (Aphis avenae, chiefly). During May we received numerous letters telling us that these green lice were very thick on the twigs and opening buds and asking for information as to what to do. We replied that they could be killed by sprays of kerosene emulsion, whale-oil soap or Black Leaf 40, but that we had strong hopes that if the weather continued fine they would soon disappear. It was, therefore, with creat pleasure that we observed that almost immediately after the very hot weather of the last week of May almost all the Aphids disappeared. This result seemed to have taken place over at least most of the Province, and probably over all of it. CrGar CAsE-BrARER (Coleophora fletcherella). Ina large number of orchards this year the Cigar Case-bearer was very abundant and destructive. This is one of the pests fairly easily controlled by spraying just before the blossoms burst. Ne a 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29 Bup Morn (Ymetocera ocellana). Like the Cigar Case-bearer, this insect also did much damage. It seems to me that economic entomologists pretty generally feel that it is about time we were devoting more attention to this insect than we hhave done in the past, as present methods of control seem scarcely satis- _ factory. I have, however, been surprised this fall to find that, though the Bud Moths were quite abundant in the spring, yet around the College, even on un- sprayed trees, there is scarcely a leaf attacked on some of the trees. Probably parasites have been very active. This, however, is not true of the whole pro- yinee, for in some localities there was much evidence of their presence this fall. Lear Rowters (Archips rosaceana) and at least one other, to me, unknown species were exceptionally common in many orchards, and did much damage by feeding on the young fruit of apples and pears, once this was formed. Parmer Worm (Ypsolophus pomotellus). This insect is very rarely men- tioned by Canadian writers and is not well-known to the growers. It has, how- ever, been present in considerable numbers in some orchards for several years. This year it was unusually prevalent, and several complaints were sent in of its feeding upon the fruit. Many of these complaints were correct, but in some cases the injury was done by Tussock Moth caterpillars. The Palmer Worm larve this year were doing most damage about a week or ten days after the Codling Moth spray had been applied. We are frequently told that these insects pupate in the leayes. This is rather misleading, for in our experience more than half of them Fie. 17. Bud < get he aaa ; Moth and Wings open. Wings closed. larva. Fie. 18. Leaf Roller Moth (Archips rosaceana). pupated in the soil and the rest on the leaves. The customary application of a poisoned spray just before and immediately after blossoming should control this insect easily if thoroughly done. White-mMarKkep Tussock Morn (Hemerocampa leucostigma). As indicated + aboye, this insect was very common in some orchards this year, and not only de- stroyed much of the foliage in the centre of the tree, especially on the young water sprouts, but also did much damage to the fruit by eating irregular areas out of it. Cimrxe Curworms (not identified). In a few localities Climbing Cut- worms were troublesome, especially on young apple trees. Sometimes these worms _ feed on the fruit as well as the foliage. Anametis grisea. This Snout-beetle was again found attacking the foliage in _ the same apple orchard in Prince Edward county as last year. Very little injury _ was done. Appts Maccot (Rhagoletis pomonelia). We have had one man, Mr. W. A. " Ross, a recent graduate of this College, devoting his whole time to the study of this apple pest. A great deal of useful data has been accumulated this year, and, as the work is to be-continued next year, we hope to be able next fall to give a comprehensive account of the insect and of the best methods of control. Capstps. We have this year reared several specimens of Capsids about the size of the Tarnished Plant Bug that have been found attacking the apples when ~ ~ 30 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 quite small and causing from one to ten ugly scars on each fruit where they punc- tured it when feeding. So far as we could see all the damage was done by the nymphs. We hope to do some work on this subject next year, as it is one of great interest and no small economic importance. PEAR Psyi1a (Psylla pyricola). We planned out and applied a series of ex- periments this spring to test the value of lime-sulphur in the control of this tiny but very destructive insect. To our surprise it almost completely disappeared from some unknown cause, so that our experiments were useless. There seems to be no doubt, however, that a very thorough spraying with lime-sulphur just before the blossoms open will hold the insect under thorough control. Professor Parrot, of Geneva, N.Y., has had excellent results from this late application of lime-sulphur. AMERICAN TENT-CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma americana). In the eastern counties of Ontario this insect has been rapidly increasing in numbers for the last two years. This year it has done much damage in some unsprayed orchards. At Guelph, too, it is becoming much more numerous than it has been for years, but ‘Fie. 19. Tarnished = Plant Bug—much : enlarged. it is not nearly so common yet as farther east. The probabilities are that we may look for a bad outbreak next year east of Kingston and a great increase in num- bers over a large part of the province. Pracu-tTreE Borer (Sanninoideu eritiosa). Most of our peach orchards are fairly free from this borer, but here and there during the course of the season, while examining orchards for Little Peach and Yellows, I came across one where the borer was very destructive, especially to young trees. TARNISHED Prant Bua (Lygus pratensis). Some of our nurserymen have complained about an insect that kills the buds of peach trees in the nursery. Ex- amination of the injury seems to indicate that the Tarnished Plant Bug is the offender. There is need, however, of some further investigation on this subject. Another complaint made against this insect this year was that it punctured the tender growing tip of Asparagus plants. I saw these injuries near St. Catharines in August, and think the grower is probably quite correct in his claim that the Tarnished Plant Bug is the offender. 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31 BusH PLANTS AND VEGETABLES. Currant Borer (Sesia tipuliformis). This borer is very abundant in many currant plantations. Just how much damage it is doing is difficult to estimate. The last week in June and the first in July this year adults were easily captured on the foliage. The best means of control seems to be to cut out and burn the old canes in early spring when pruning, and allow new canes to take their place. A cane should not be allowed in badly infested plots to remain longer than two or three seasons. Currant Saw-FLy (Pteronus ridesii). This very common pest did not seem to be quite so abundant at Guelph as in previous seasons. Currant ApuHis (Myzus ribis). This aphis was much less numerous at Guelph than for some years back. Rep Spiper (Tetranychus bimaculatus). The Red Spider does a great deal of damage to currants and raspberries, but was not so common with us as last year. We have got good results from the use of lime-sulphur against it. RaspBerry Roor-sorER (Bembecia marginata). At Grimsby, August 8th, while examining raspberry roots with the object of discovering the cause of a peculiar curling of the leaves which has been quite common in the district and 7 Fic. 20. Red-necked Agrilus— ‘ a, horns at anal extremity; b, grub; c, beetle—all magni- fied. ‘bas preceded the death of the plant, I found that nearly two-thirds of all the roots examined had been injured by this borer. It does not seem to have been the cause ‘of the curling, at any rate in some cases, but was evidently very injurious to the ‘plants. At this date most of the insects were still in the larval stage, but a few ‘had pupated. No adults were yet visible. Such a plantation should clearly be ‘ploughed up either early in spring or late in fall and the roots and canes collected ‘and burned. | Rep-necxep Acritus or Goury Gat Insect (Agrilus ruficollis). I have seldom seen many canes attacked by this beetle, but this year, at Port Dalhousie, Was very common on red raspberries. The part of the cane above the gall had most cases died, just as happens when they are attacked by the Snowy Tree- Ticket (Oecanthus nigricornis). Buacwserry Lear-miner (Metallus, sp.). This sawfly miner is still quite undant in at least the Niagara district. _ European Fruit Scate (New York Plum Scale) (Lecanium corni— Billecanium cerasifex). Blackberry canes were very badly attacked in a few dis- ‘tricts by this scale. Thinking that possibly it might not be Eulecanium cerasifer T sent it to Washington, and was informed it was the same insect, but that the ame Lecanium corni, Bouche, was given to it now. This scale a few years ago 32 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 was very abundant on forest trees, but has not been nearly so much in evidence the last two years. Curworms and Army Worms. We have had the ordinary number of com- plaints of damage from Cutworms. From Monteith, in New Ontario, and also from Port Arthur and Parry Sound came complaints of countless numbers of the Brack Army Worm (Noctua fennica). The correspondents said that they had destroyed all kinds of vegetation for several miles in extent. According to their reports poisoned bran was useless, as they would not eat it. Rolling the soil de- stroyed great numbers. I was not informed whether they tried furrows or trenches to check their progress. I had recommended these along with the poisoned bran and rolling. Biack VINE WeEVIL (Otiurhynchus sulcatus). This large weevil has been reported from several parts of Canada, and has been known in a number of in- stances to feed on Cyclamens in greenhouses, but, so far as I could find out, it has not previously been reported in Ontario as feeding on strawberries, though it has been reported as doing so in Nova Scotia, and frequently attacks them in Europe and also in Tasmania. In the latter country it is reported as being one of the two 1 Fic. 21. Cabbage Maggot, puparium and fly—en- larged. worst strawberry pests. Its attacks in the strawberry plantations on the College farm at Guelph became noticeable about the time the fruit was beginning to ripen and continued until most of the berries had been picked. The injury was done by the larvee, which bored into the plant and devoured most of the crown, thus causing the plants to die. If one attempted to pull up these plants they always broke off at the injured part. Many of the larve, when my attention was called to the in- jury, were full grown and had worked their way an inch or two into the rich soil. | A few had already transformed there into pupe. In a few weeks those that were put into rearing cages emerged as adults. The larve are legless, stout, white to flesh-colored, usually curved, with brown head, body thickened medianly and ~ slightly tapering towards each end. The length when fully grown is about two- fifths of an inch. The insects did not occur in very large numbers, and conse- quently the number of plants destroyed was probably not more than 100. The attack began on the rows nearest to where an old plantation had been ploughed up the previous year. Usually several plants near together would be attacked. Root Maccors. As usual the CappacE Root Maacor (Pegomya brassicae) has been very destructive. At Guelph we had also this summer for the first time in several years considerable loss from the ONton Maacor (Pegomya cepetorum).— The Bret Lear-MINER (Pegomya vicina) was also fairly abundant. On the 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33 Cabbage Maggot we tested several different substances, such as Clift’s Manurial Insecticide, pa pieniies Soft Coal Soot, and also the tarred-felt-paper discs. The latter alone gave satisfactory results, scarcely any plants being killed where the _ discs were used. We find that most of those who use the discs make one of several _ mistakes which interfere with good results. First, many use tar-paper instead of thin tarred felt-paper. Second, the discs are not put on soon enough after setting - out the plants. They should be put on at once; the delay of a single day may _ allow the flies to lay their eggs before the discs are in position. Third, the cultivator is often used soon after the discs are put on and earth is thrown over them and q against the plant. When this is the case the discs will in many cases not prevent _ injury. The earth should either be removed with a small whisk or the ground _ left uncultivated for about two weeks or more after setting out the plants. Fourth, ; the dises are not fitted neatly and closely around the stem. Squasu Bue (Anasa tristis). This insect seems to have done very little damage this year. Two years ago it threatened to become very abundant, but _ climatic conditions seem to have been unfavourable. ; Perillus bioculatis, var. claudus, has been found in many counties this year. Eyidently it ranged almost all over the southern and western part of the province, 4 _ and, at least, as far east as Toronto. In some potato fields it was present in large Fig. 22. Perillus circumcinctus. » This insect closely resembles P. bioculatus, var. claudus. “numbers and destroyed many of the adult Colorado beetles and also the larve. _ Apparently it attacked the eggs alto, but Mr. Baker and I were not quite sure on _ this latter point. Some farmers wrote saying that they did not have to spray their “potatoes this year to destroy the Colorado beetles, and attributed their decreased numbers to this insect. P. claudus, both in the adult and nymph stages, feeds on _ the potato beetles. We found the insects in all stages: eggs, nymphs and adults. The eggs are black and quite conspicuous and laid in clusters on the leaves. The female adult differs from the male in having white or cream markings instead’ of Ered. ° ___ At Fonthill I found another Pentatomid feeding in the same way on the beetles and larve. GRAIN Crops, Ere. Hesstan Fry (Mayetiola destructor). In Peel county many fields of wheat re severely attacked by Hessian Fly. I gathered a considerable number of the ‘puparia but only parasites emerged. _ CxrtyncH Bue (Blissus leucopterus). It was a surprise to us to find that the inch Bug was right in our midst last summer. In June the nymphs were destroying the grass in a lawn in Guelph. Later on we obtained as many its as we needed for class purposes from this same lawn. Ths is the first time 2a 34 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 I have known of its being so far north. Two or three years ago, while on Insti- tute work, a few farmers near Welland told me it had done some damage to their timothy. This year it has been reported from several parts of the province. Forest. Chalepus rubra (?). While camping on the Rideau lakes the last week in July my attention was attracted by the appearance of the foliage on the basswood trees (Tilia americana). On several of these the leaves were nearly all dead, having been almost skeletonized by the adults of this beetle. They were still pre- sent and were so sluggish that I could have gathered thousands of them without a net. PoriarR Borer (Saperda caicarata). In the same district the poplars (Populus tremuloides) were severely attacked by the larve of this very large Cerambycid. At that date some of the larve were apparently full grown, but had not yet pupated; others were only about half the size of these. The largest were right in the pith of the tree and had made large and long tunnels from where they had entered. Many larve were only half-grown. Birch Buccunatrix (Bucculatrix canadensisella). On the college campus and in the neighbouring woods this tiny insect was very abundant on bireh foliage. Chermes similis. So far as I can see, almost all these insects have perished this year on the White Spruce trees at Guelph, although very abundant and de- structive last year and fairly abundart this spring. I have no clue to the cause. Chermes abietis has not been attacked to the same extent if-at all. Dr. Hewitt: I should be glad if Mr. Cesar would tell us more about his work on the insects of this year. Mr. Caisar: I might say that, so far as the Codling Moth is concerned, I am more firmly convinced than ever that the recommendations we have been making for a very careful and even a drenching spray after most of the blossoms have fallen is the right way to treat this insect. Here are two illustrations of what can be done by such a spray. Mr. Jas. E. Johnson, of Norfolk County, has a large 40 acre orchard of trees about 40 years of age. Norfolk is one of the warmest counties in Ontario, and there is a lot of injury done there by the second brood of Codling Moth. Many unsprayed orchards will have as high as 80 per cent. of wormy apples. Mr. Johnson has set to work to free his orchar¢ of the Codling Moth hy a single thorough spraying immediately after the blossoms drop. He has two gasoline power outfits. So well has he succeeded that this fall he had, when I visited the orchard at packing time, considerably less than 1 per cent. of wormy apples; in fact, you could visit tree after tree without seeing a single wormy apple either on the tree or on the ground. He used lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead. Some of you will be surprised when I tell you that he applied as high as 10 gallons to a single tree that had had plenty of bloom. Dr. Hewirr: Does not a single, very thorough application appear to be giving quite as good results as several lighter ones, and be at the same time more economical ? Mr. Caisar: I certainly think so, though until the Codling Moths, in warm districts, are brought thoroughly under control I recommend a second application about three weeks or a little more after the blossoms fall. This is merely to make thorough work of the first brood. It is about this time that the worms are really beginning to enter the apples in anything like large numbers. : 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35 Mr. Grsson: Why do you recommend fairly high pressure and so heavy spray- ing: Does the mixture not run off? Mr. Czar: If vou watch the spraying of large trees—and most of our trees are large—you will find that the outer leaves often intervene between the spray and the inner fruits and leaves. Now, I find it almost impossible to get at these more hidden paris without great care and considerable loss of spray. It is here that high pressure comes to the aid and forces the outer leaves aside, driving the _ spray right through the trees and placing it just where you want it. Again, if a tree has had a great abundance of bloom you will be surprised if you examine your work carefully to find out how very difficult it is to see that every calyx is thoroughly covered; in fact, I do not think you can cover them without what _ is equivalent to a drenching spray. I do not aim at driving the spray into the inner cavity. I like to do so if I can, but I know often cannot. It is thorough- ness I am after. You will find trees that are sprayed in this way will be much freer from Scab than those where you stop spraying as soon as the leaves begin to drip. As for burning we use the lime-sulphur weak, and, by spraying before _ the blossoms burst, we keep the leaves free from Scab or insect injuries, and such leaves seldom have any burning. . Mr. Grsson: What strength do you use? : Mr. Casar: 2 Ibs. Arsenate of Lead to 40 gallons of diluted lime-sulphur. _ We dilute a lime-sulphur of the strength of 1.310 sp. gr. to the proportions of 1 gal. to 40, by which we mean that we add 39 gallons of water to 1 gal. of lime- . sulphur. j This year Mr. Chas. Good and I sprayed two orchards that had not been 3 sprayed for fifteen years. We wanted to test a new district. This was a very hard _ year to get the work done soon enough, as the blossoms dropped much more rapidly than we expected and the calyces closed in about five days. However, we got one orchard pretty well sprayed. For the Codling Moth we only gave the one appli- cation. The well sprayed orchard, so far as I could judge, had an average of 95 “per cent. of clean fruit, even on trees where there were very few apples. The Spys ’ in the other orchard were equally as clean, as the calyces on this variety closed last, but some of the earlier varieties had, as we expected, a considerable per- centage of worms. JI could not visit the orchard in time to see these earlier " varieties, so I have to rely solely on what I was told. The orchard was situated "near Rockwood, about nine miles from Guelph, so that the percentage of second ) brood would not be so large as in the Niagara District. One would not expect _ so high a percentage of clean fruit the first year in the warmer parts of the province. Mr. Johnson’s splendid record is the result of three seasons’ work and not of one. ; Pror. Swartne: Did you get any satisfaction from lead arsenate in controlling Plum Curculio? Mr. Casar: I have not myself performed definite experiments on Plum Cur- eulio. I could not speak for certain on it, but the claim is made by men in he United States that about 50 per cent. of the Plum Curculio can be controlled by the spraying with arsenate of lead when the fruit is just forming, and then x _ Mr. Czsar: Personally, I rely more upon cultivation and the removal of all ts of rubbish from the orchard and its surroundings than I do upon spraying, 36 : THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 though I believe the spraying helps. I have plenty of proof of the value of culti- vation and removal of rubbish. Pror. SwatNe: Have you any evidence that the presence of plum trees about the edges of apple orchards will tend to draw away the Curculio? Mr. Caisar: There do seem to be instances where this is the case. Pror. SwarNne: I have seen some very interesting examples of this near Mac- donald College. NOTES ON THE SEASON OF 1911. Rev. THomas W. Fyzes, D.C.L., Hunt, Que. SILVANUS SURINAMENSIS, LIN. Jan. 13th. Specimens of the Saw-toothed Grain Beetle (Silvanus surina- mensis Lin.) from Ontario were brought to me. These mischievous little erea- tures belong to the Cucujide. The species is said to have been brought to the Centennial Exhibition in straw goods from Italy. (See An. Rep. Ent. Soc. of Ont. — for 1876, page 23). The species is now widely distributed. I found it at Levis in the granaries of the late Joshua Thompson, Esq. PAI Fig. 23. Larva and pupa of water- beetle (Dytiscus fasciventris )—one- half natural size. DYTISCUS FASCIVENTRIS, Say. May 27th. I caught two larve of the Water Beetle (Dytiscus fasciventris Say). They were one inch long. When they attained their full growth they were an inch and five-eighths in length. They were sepia-coloured and had a pale dorsal line. The head was large and round and furnished with two formidable nippers 6 milli- metres long, and with antennae 10 millimetres. They had a horseshoe-shaped suture on the top of the head. The second segment was small at the neck and enlarged at the base. The three last segments were fringed on either side. The tail was forked and fringed on the inner edges of the prongs. The legs wer2 fringed. The larve crept into the earth and assumed the pupal stage on June 12th. The pupa was an inch long. In colour it was ochreous. The eyes were al- mond-shaped, black. The legs were free. Two stumpy projections were at the end of the body. The beetles appeared on the 23rd of June. The Rey. J. G. Wood, in “Insects at Home,” Plate III., gives a representation of the full-grown larva of Dytiscus marginalis. The Rey. W. Houghton, in “Country Walks of a Naturalist,” page 31, represents the same insect in all its stages. Both larva and pupa as represented differ somewhat from those of D. fasciventris. 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37 A PARASITE oF DATANA ANGusII G. & R. Last year I found larvee of D. angusii feeding upon hickory. I succeeded in bringing a number of them to perfection. The first of the moths appeared on May 31st last, and others followed; but each of two of the chrysalids produced a lively specimen of Hzochilum mundum Say. The front of the chrysalis-case broke away to give the parasite exit. BASILONA TMPERIALTIS, Drury. May 31st. An imago of B. imperialis appeared in my breeding cage, from a larva obtained in September of last year. Specimens of this fine moth were taken in this locality up to July 11th. PHLEGETHONTIUS CINGULATA, Fab. - On the 18th of September, a neighbour’s son brought me a living specimen of P. cingulata, that had been attracted by the electric light at the toll gate, on the Aylmer Road, at the corner of Front Street, Hull. The specimen was so perfect, so beautifully fresh, that it was hard to believe that it had come from “away down South.” And yet, to the best of my knowledge, the larva of the species has never been found in Canada. Indeed, I believe that no capture of the moth has hitherto been recorded in the Province of Quebec. I am indebted to Mr. A. F. Winn for the following notices of captures of the species which he has found in our Canadian Entomological publications: ¥ “Mr. McIntosh took it at St.John, N.B., Oct. 5, 1902. (See An. Rep. Ent. _ Soe. of Ont. 1902, page 93.).” i “Mr. Moffat recorded it 30 years ago, from Long Point, Ontario (See Can. meet. SIT 256).” i “Tt was captured at Orono, Maine. (See Can. Ent., XVI, 21) by Mrs. C. H. Fernald.” P. cingulaia is considered a form or variety of the European Sphinx convol- _ vuli. If my memory serves me aright, the European moth has more of a grey or _ bluish tinge than P. cingulata. There is, however, a close resemblance between _ the two. 2 In that handsome volume “ British and European Butterflies and Moths” by _ A. W. Kappel and W. Egmont Kirby, on Plate XIII, there is a coloured repre- sentation of a larva of 9. convolvuli. It shows a length of four inches. The _ dorsal parts of the larva are dark brown; the lower, tawny. The seven oblique _ side lines are of a darker brown bordered underneath with tawny. The spiracles are black in white rings. The horn is of a dark neutral tint. The larva is repre- sented as feeding upon the small bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.). Another food plant is said to be Impatiens noli-me-tangere (See Stainton’s Manual of Butterflies and Moths, page 90). As food-plants of P. cingulata Dr. John B. Smith gives “ Morning glory, sweet potato and other Zpomea and Convolvulus species.’ (Insects of New Jersey, "page 387.) es ANOTHER GELECHIAN. a q _ In the beginning of September, Miss Faith Fyles, B.A., Assistant Botanist for the Department of Agriculture, brought me from a swamp, 25 miles north of ull, two galls on Aster junceus Ait. Each gall was on a stem and was about = - 38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 6 inches from the ground and 8 inches from the top of the panicle of blossoms. It was fusiform—the length of it was one inch, and the diameter at the widest part half an inch. The moths from the galls appeared on Sept. 12th and Sept. 15th respectively. There was not the slightest sign of a web in the galls. Each chrysalis case was 10 millimetres long, and was of a clear chestnut brown with the four last segments somewhat darker. The wing cases extended to the end of the sixth abdominal segment. The outlines of the antennae and limbs could be plainly traced in the case. DESCRIPTION OF THE IMAGO. Expanse of wings 20 millimetres. Length of body 10 millimetres. Head brown mottled with grey. Palpi recurved (droop in drying) two millimetres long, toothed on the outer edge of the second segment. Antennae 6 millimetres in length, filiform, brown. Thorax and abdomen dark brown—the latter somewhat hoary towards the end. Forewing brown—taken through the length, the costal half of the wing is of a warmer brown than the inner half. The end third of the costal half is beautifully streaked with dark brown and rosy grey. Fringe of fore wing 3 millimetres deep, has a rosy glow towards the outer angle, and ‘is richly marked with minute brown spots. Hind wings dark grey (which dries with a gloss). Fringe light brown, 3 millimetres long towards the base of the wing. Legs: tibia of the hindmost pair set with long hairs—like circular brushes. Joints of tarsi edged wth grey. I sent one of my specimens to Mr. W. D. Kearfoot that he might compare it with his moth G. buscktella, and he kindly wrote to me: “It is certainly not buse- kiella. In fact, it has no resemblance to it at all, as it is a species with well de- fined markings, while busckiella is rather evenly and finely peppered all over.” “T went through the other named species of Gelechide, and found agiiee that yours can be identified with.” I do not think this moth has been previously described, and I therefore pro- pose for it the name Gnorimoschema septentrionelia. REPORT OF THE COUNCIZ3Z. The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its re- port for the year 1910-11. The forty-seventh annual meeting of the Society was held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Thursday and Friday, November 3rd and 4th, 1910. There were fourteen members present from a distance as well as a large at- tendance of the faculty and students connected with the College. During the first afternoon the reports of the Directors on the insects of the year were read and discussed: papers were read by Mr. L. Caesar on “ Insects of the Year in Ontario”; by Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, on “The More Injurious Insects in Canada in 1910”; by the Rev. Dr. Fyles on “ Notes of the Season of — 1910”; Mr. H. H. Lyman gave an account of the First International Congress of Entomology which was held at Brussels during the Summer. Reports were read from the Montreal Branch, the Toronto Branch, the Librarian, Curator and dele- gate to the Royal Society of Canada. a 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 In the evening a large meeting was held in the Massey Hall auditorium, at which there was a good attendance of students and representatives of the College: staff as well as of the members of the Society. The chair was taken by Mr. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of the Ontario Department of Agriculture. Prof. James G. Needham, of Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., gave an address, illustrated with many beautiful lantern views, on “The Role of Insects in Water Life.” The Society met both morning and afternoon of the following day, when a variety of papers were read and discussed. Officers for the ensuing year were elected, and the Treasurer presented his financial statement. Many specimens of great interest and rarity were exhibited by members. The following are the papers that were read: “ Beetles found about Foliage,” by Mr. F. J. A. Morris; “The Pool,” by Rev. T. W. Fyles; “The Bean Maggot in Ontario in 1910,” by Prof. J. BE. Howitt; “The Horse-Radish Flea Beetle,’ by Mr. A. F. Winn; “The Migration of Some Native Locusts,’ by Mr. Norman Criddle; “The Practical Importance of the Study of Parasitic Insects,” by Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt; “ The Coccide of Canada,” and “ Aleyrodidae of Ontario,” by Prof. T. D. Jarvis; “Some Insects of the Larch,” and “ Insect Notes from St. Anne’s,” by Prof. J. M. Swaine; “ Basswood or Linden Insects,” and “ The Entomological Record for 1910,” by Mr. Arthur Gibson. The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly magazine of the Society, has been regularly issued at the beginning of each month. The forty-second volume was completed in December last; it consisted of 413 pages, and was illustrated with 8 full-page plates and a number of original drawings. The contributors numbered 67, and included writers in Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, Manitoba, Alberta, England, many States of the Union, and the Hawaiian Islands. Meetings of the Society were held during the winter months at the Ontario Agricultural College on alternate Wednesday afternoons. The attendance included several of the more advanced students and much interest was taken in the papers and discussions. The following subjects were taken up during the course of the meetings: “ Aphids,” by Mr. A. C. Baker ; “ Equipment for a Collecting Tour in Europe,” by Prof. T. D. Jarvis; “Position of the Mallophaga amongst Insects,” by Mr. A. W. Baker; “Sources of our worst insect pests and methods of their distribution,” by Mr. L. Caesar; “Woolly Aphids of Ontario,” by Mr. Vernon King; “The _ Saw Flies of Ontario,” by Mr. W. A. Ross. The Council takes pleasure in reporting that the preliminary arrangements for the preparation of a new Catalogue of Canadian Insects have been successfully concluded. The initial steps towards this undertaking were taken at a meeting held on November 4, 1910, and a committee was appointed to take charge of the work of its preparation. The question of publication was taken up by Dr. Hewitt with the Geological Survey and Mr. Brock, with the result that they have consented to publish the list in parts as desired by the committee. Some of these parts are now in the course of preparation. 40 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 It is with deep regret that the Council has to record the death of Dr. Samuel Hubbard Scudder, who died at his residence, in Cambridge, Mass., on the 17th of May, 1911, aged. 74 years. Dr. Scudder was one of the most distinguished en- tomologists that America has ever produced, having been the greatest authority of his time on the Orthoptera and on Fossil Insects, and no less eminent as a student of the Diurnal Lepidoptera. He was also a man of the highest culture and re- finement of mind, and his lovable, unselfish character attracted to him a great many friends among the leaders of science, art and literature. The high scientific reputation which he enjoyed is abundantly evident from his election to honorary membership in important societies in many European as well as American cities. He was one of the first honorary members of the En- tomological Society of Ontario, and a frequent contributor to the pages of the Canadian Entomologist, as well as occasionally to our Annual Reports. The Council also has to record with sorrow the loss of another distinguished entomologist,- Daniel William Coquillett, who died at Atlantie City, on July 8. He was one of our most eminent authorities on the Diptera and in economic en- tomology held the distinction of having been the first to discover and demonstrate the value of hydrocyanic gas as an insecticide. He was a frequent contributor to the pages of our magazine, and his loss will be keenly felt by all students of Dip- tera in North America. Respectfully submitted, E. M. WALKER, President. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH. The 320th regular and 38th annual meeting were held at the residence of Mr. Henry H. Lyman, 74 McTavish Street, on May 13th, ten members being in. attendance. The Secretary read the following report for the season: THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. Nine regular meetings have been held during the season of 1910-11, the average attendance being eight. One council meeting was held in October to plan a pro- gramme for the year. At the June meeting, we had the pleasure of meeting Miss Hutchinson, of Leominster, England, who gave an interesting account, and showed a brood of larve of a European Geometrid moth which have been inbred for 36 years; Prof. Lochhead, of Macdonald College, attended our February meeting and presented a paper on Adaptations between Plants and Insects; and Mr. Artin Gibson, of Ot- tawa, was present at the March one, reading a paper on some of the Ceruras, or Puss Moths. We should be glad to have visiting entomologists at our little gatherings even more frequently. The. following list of papers shows in diversity of Branch subjects and in num- — bers one of the best programmes the Branch has had. It is a pleasure to note — that two of these papers are on botanical subjects. Entomology and botany are so closely bound together that we hope for a continuation of references to plants. __ ‘ ee ee ee 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41 President’s Annual Address, Henry H. Lyman. Galgulidae, or Toad-Shaped Bugs, Geo. A. Moore. A Quest and What Came. of It, Henry H. Lyman. The Borers in the Cat-tail Stems, Albert F. Winn. Bupithecia consignata, Miss Hutchinson. A White Variety of the Pitcher Plant, L. Gibb. Hemiptera Taken at St. Hilaire, May 20, Geo. A. Moore. The Horse-radish Flea-beetle, A. F. Winn. - Flies at Sugar at Night, A. F. Winn. ; On the Genus Grapholitha, Henry H. Lyman. A Trip to Cobalt, G. A. Southee. Note on Symmerista albifrons, A. F. Winn. Hemaris gracilis, A. F. Winn. Preparation of Noctuid Genitalia, G. Chagnon. Notes on a few Lepidoptera from Newfoundland, A. F, Winn. . ‘Collecting in the White Mountains, Henry H. Lyman. Plume Moths of the Province of Quebec, A. F. Winn. - The Nabide, or Damsel Bugs, Geo. H.- Moore. Preliminary Notes on Genitalia of Leucania, G. Chagnon. The Genus Calephelis, Henry H. Lyman. Parallelia bistiaris, A. F. Winn. ; Adaptations between Plants and Insects, Prof. W. Lochhead. : Notes on Life History of Estigmene Prima, A. F, Winn. Notes on E. Prima, Henry H. Lyman. : The Small Spittle Insects, G. H. Moore. F Entomology and Evolution, Henry H. Lyman. Notes on Cerura Multiscripta, Arthur Gibson. Chrysophanus Thoe, L. Gibb. Exchanges, A. F. Winn. : The Proposed Catalogue of Canadian Insects, Henry H. Lyman. The plan adopted a few years ago of selecting certain genera for comparison _ of specimens and study has been continued. The genera Pheocyma, Phyciodes, _ Colias, Cerura, Calephelis and the family Pterophoride have been taken up, and in _ most cases a good representation of the various species was made from the members’ _ ¢abinets. Mr. J. W. Cockle of Kaslo, B.C., very kindly sent us his collection of - Colias to aid, or perplex us, in this difficult genus. om The donation by Mr. Dwight Brainerd of a number of entomological maga- zines and pamphlets has added considerably to our library. The set of the Cana- _ dian Entomologist is now complete and bound in uniform style. Several other _ periodicals await binding, and our librarian will soon be asking for another section _ for the book case. - A field day was held on May 24th at Hudson, Que., but the weather was cool and the grass, etc., wet, so that comparatively little was taken. The report of the Treasurer shows a balance on hand of $69.83. Respectfully. submitted, on behalf of the Council, ArBert F. Winn, Sec.-T reas. Mr. Lyman then delivered his annual address as President, reviewing the _ work of the Branch during the past two years. The election of officers was proceeded with, resulting as follows: President, 4S. A. Southee; Vice-Pres., G. Chagnon; Sec.-Treas. A. F. Winn, Librarian, L. -: Council, E. H. Lyman, G. A. Moore, E. OC. Barwick. Mr. Lyman exhibited a number of boxes of tropical butterflies, particularly ~ from India and Africa, among which were many strikingly beautiful and curious pieces. 42 ; THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH. The 160th regular and 15th annual meeting of the Toronto Branch was held in the Biological Building on Thursday, Oct. 19, 1911, the president, Dr. Walker, in the chair. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. The annual report of the Secretary-Treasurer was read and approved also. In the course of the year eight meetings were held. The average attendance was seven. Two new members were added to the membership. ‘The collections of insects belonging to the Branch have been transferred to and are now a part of the University Bio- logical Museum. The following papers were read: Oct. 20.—Dr. Walker, “The Egg-laying habits of the Odonata.” Noy. ‘10.—Paul Hahn, “ Fight against Tussock Moth in Toronto.” Dec. 8.—A. Cosens, “Some Curious Habits of Lepidoptera.” Jan. 12.—J. B. Williams, ‘“‘ The Insect House in Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park.” Feb. 16.—C. W. Nash, “ Wild Life in Town Gardens.” Mar. 9.—Dr. A. R. Abbott, “ Protective Resemblance in Insects.” Dr. Walker, ‘‘ Mating Habits of Odonata.” April 20.—Dr. Walker, ‘“ Some Injurious Forest Insects at De Grassi Point in 1910.” Dr. Walker, “The Proposed Catalogue of Canadian Insects.” May 11—J. B. Williams, ‘“ Mimicry in Insects.” The officers elected for the year 1911-12 were as follows: President, Dr. Walker; Vice-Pres., Mr. A. Cosens; Sec.-Treas., Arthur Smith; Librarian, J. B. Williams; Council, Dr. Abbott and Messrs. Hahn, i au Morris. ae ae as ef Respectfully submitted, ArTHuR Smiru, Secretary. CURATOR’S REPORT. During the year the Society’s collections have been increased by the gift of eighty-two good mounted specimens of Orthoptera by our President, Dr. Walker. This order was poorly represented so that Dr. Walker’s kindness will be much appreciated by the members. As we have very few Diptera and are still in need of many Hemiptera, any member of the Society who can spare named specimens of either of these orders would be conferring a favour on the Society and help to fill a long felt want. During the year several members of the Society have visited Guelph solely to examine the collections as an aid in investigations they were making. The Entomological staff and Senior Biological students of the College also frequently refer to them for identification purposes. The cases have all been examined from time to time during the year and precautions taken to prevent injury from museum pests or other causes. Respectfully submitted, L. Cansar, Curator. = ee a ere vt oa 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43 THE REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. During the year ending October 31st, 1911, eight-eight bound volumes have been added to the Library, making the total number on the register 2106. This is a much larger number of additions than in any previous year for a long time. The Treasurer had more funds available for the purposes of the Library this year than usual and we were, therefore, enabled to purchase some valuable and expensive works, as well as to bind a considerable number of periodicals. During the year a card catalogue as regards authors has been made of the bound volumes and will be found useful to those who wish to consult the library. Tt will be necessary, however, to make a similar card index to subjects to make the means of reference complete. A further improvement has been made by sorting out and arranging a large number of bulletins and periodicals in pamphlet cases; 150 were procured and now the publications of experimental stations have been arranged according to states and countries. This will facilitate reference very much. Among the additions made may be mentioned the following works: Sir George Hampson’s “Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum,” Vol. IX. Kirkaldy’s “Catalogue of Hemiptera—Heteroptera,” Vol. I. Blatchley’s “Coleoptera of Indiana.” Gray’s “ Nomenclature of Coleoptera in the British Museum.” *Gray’s “Catalogue of Longicorn Coleoptera in the British Museum.” Douglas & Scott’s “British Hemiptera—Heteroptera.” Kirby’s ‘“Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera.” Theobald’s “Monograph of the Culicidae of the World.” Cameron’s “Monograph of British Phytophagous Hymenoptera,” 4 vols. Buckton’s “ Monograph of British Aphides,” 4 vols. Sir John Lubbock’s “ Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura.” Michael’s “British Oribatidae and British Tyroglyphidae.” Also a Series of the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 12 vols. The library is constantly made use of by the senior students and members of the staff of the Ontario Agricultural College, and is of the utmost assistance to them in their entomological work. Respectfully submitted, CuHaARLEs J. S. BetHune, Librarian. REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. Pror. J. M. Swarnrt, MACDONALD COLLEGE, QUE. As a delegate from the Entomological Society of Ontario, I have the honour of presenting this report. In general the Society has had a very successful year. There appears to be a decrease in the membership of one or two of the Branch Societies, but it is hoped that young members may be obtained to carry on the work so well done by the older men, now gradually dropping out. 44 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The field offered by our immense territory for scientific research in Ento- mology, and for practical application of knowledge so acquired is almost unlimited. The great number of our insects, the ease with which they may be everywhere collected, their rare beauty of form and colouring, their complicated structures, interesting modifications, and remarkable metamorphoses which have thrown so many sidelights on problems in evolution make the study of entomology as fas- cinating as any upon which the young zoologist can enter. The great destruction wrought by so many of our insect pests renders the studies of the Economic Entomol- ogist absolutely necessary. Along both these lines the Society is doing active work. I am glad to report that the library and collections of the Society are grad- ually increasing in value. The forty-seventh annual meeting was held at Guelph on November 3rd and - 4th, with a good attendance of the active members. An account of the papers read, and of the discussions, will be found in the Annual Report of the Society, to appear in a few days. The- following items from the programme of the meeting will indicate the nature of the work presented. “The spread of Diseases among Plants, Animals and Man, by Acarids,” by Professor Jarvis; “Leaf-eating Beetles,’ by F. J. A. Morris; “Collecting in the White Mountains,” by H. H. Lyman; “The Bean Maggot in Ontario in 1910,” by J. E. Howitt; “ Notes on some Insects of 1910,” and a paper on “The Pool,” by Dr. T. W. Fyles; “ The Horse-radish Flea-beetle,’ by A. F. Winn; “ Further Notes on Basswood Insects,” and “'The Entomological Record for 1910,’ by A. Gibson; “ Some Observations on the Practical Importance of Parasitic Insects ” : “Parthenogenesis among Bees,” by Dr. Hewitt; “Notes on the Breeding of Tropi- dopria conica;” by G. E. Sanders, of Ottawa; “ Scolytid Beetles attacking the Larch,” by J. M. Swaine; “The Migration of some Native Locusts in Manitoba,” by N. Criddle. The annual lecture was given by Professor Needham of Cornell University. He discussed “The Role of Insects in Water Life.” In an eloquent and instruc- tive address, illustrated by lantern slides, Professor Needham explained to the Society the work in an entirely new field of economic research now being carried on at Cornell under his direction. The dry lands of the west are being reclaimed by irrigation. Before their canals are finished, Professor Needham’s work will have shown the way to the utilization of great tracts of marsh and swamp, now utterly useless. The Society’s publication, the Canadian Entomologist, has appeared regularly, and continues to be one of the most valuable of Entomologic journals. Dr. EH. M. Walker, the present editor, is maintaining the high standard set by his predecessor, Professor Bethune. The forty-second volume, which closed in December, 1910, contained over 400 pages, eight full-page plates, besides text figures, and nearly 100 articles. THE BRITISH COLUMBIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I take pleasure in recording this year’s proceedings of the British Columbia Entomological Society. The meeting was held in the Aberdeen School, Vancouver, on December 9th, 1911. Mr. Wilson acted as chairman and an interesting pro- gramme was rendered. The following were the papers presented : ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45 port from the Okanagan District, E. P. Venables. rt from the Kootenay District, G. W. Cockle. : ort from the Vancouver District, A. H. Bush. s of the Year in B. C., T. Cunningham. History of the Narcissus Fly, P. Norman and E. A. Wallace. act from Annual Report of Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist, Relative _to the Narcissus Fly. s Imported into B.C. on Nursery Stock, W. H. Lyne. bycia improvisa Edw. and its Congeners, G. O. Day. atic Influences at Work in the Province Affecting Plant and Insect Life, T. Wilson. The evening closed with an excellent illustrated lecture by Dr. S. Hadwen, inion Veterinarian, “Agassiz on the Life History of the Ixodoidea.” Some of the more important features brought out at the meeting were as WS : : a ¥ The Diamond Backed Moth is rapidly becoming a serious enemy to cabbage- ‘growing in the Okanagan District. This year it was parasitized by a species of _ Ichneumon. - In the Kootenay District the Black Cherry Aphis was very prevalent, but in ity proved a blessing in disguise in that the excessive growth which is usu- necessary to remove by pruning had been checked without injuring the condi- of the trees. Root maggots caused considerable loss to the market gardener in the Koote- -as they did on the lower mainland. ‘Mr. Cockle reported a remarkable outbreak of cutworms in June and early . Many species were in evidence, the most common being Mamestra canadensis. _ Mr. Cunningham contended that the Oyster Shell Bark Louse—Lepidosaphes ‘was the worst pest the orchardist has to fight. He advocated the general tion of wild crab apple trees as a means of effectually combating this insect. fruit growers of British Columbia are particularly blessed by an absence of Ty serious orchard insect, the Oyster Shell Scale being by far the worst. he Narcissus Fly is a very serious pest to commercial bulb growing on Van- Tsland. Its presence is not so much noted on the mainland. This is another pores from Europe and it-was contended that the life history in British a, in peal vital ways, differs markedly from its habits in Holland uryus’ and “barii conspicuus” types of narcissi are most subject to attack. : following insects have been recorded as being imported into British Colum- nursery stock: tus perniciosus. Notolophus antiqua (eggs). us ostreajormis. Alsophila pometaria (eggs). ancylus. Sanninoidea exitiosa. s forbesi. Anarsia lineatelila. S rapa. Thuridopteryx ephemereformis. Euproctis chrysorrh@a. Porthetria dispar (1 egg cluster). Sitotroga cereallela. Chrysobothris femorata. Saperda candida. Agrilus sinuatus. Agrilus ruficollis. Schistoceras hamatus: Prionus laticollis. Tenebrio molitor. Calandra sp. Serolytus rugulosus. Xylocrius agassizii. Bembecia marginata. ). Diastrophus nedulosus. pruni (eggs) Bryobia pratensis (eggs). oE Eriophyes pyri. 46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Mr. Day extended the conviction that Bombycia improvisa and B. fasciata, at first thought to be varieties of one moth, are two distinct species. Mr. Wilson presented an interesting paper on the Distribution of Plant and Insect Life. His paper, together with that of Dr. Hadwen, will appear in the publication on the proceedings now in process of being printed. Copies of the proceedings can be had on application to the Secretary (25c.) The following officers were elected: Hon. President, G. W. Taylor; President, T. Wilson; Vice-President, E. O. Day; Secretary, R. C. Treherne, 1105 Broadway W., Vancouver, B.C.; Advisory Board, Messrs. Wilson, Day, Treherne, W. H. Lyne, R. 8S. Sherman, J. R. Anderson. Respectfully submitted, R. C. TREHERNE, Secretary. EVENING SESSION—THURSDAY, NOV. 28rd, 1910. A public meeting was held at 8 o’clock, p.m., in the Massey Hall Auditorium, which considering the inclemency of the weather was fairly well attended by members of the Society, students of the College, and Macdonald Institute, and visitors from the town. The chair was occupied by President Creelman, who opened the meeting with a short address of welcome in his usual cordial manner. Dr. WiLt1Am RiLey, who was to have been the speaker of the evening was unfor- tunately prevented by illness from being present, but his place was ably filled by Dr. Hewitt, whose interesting address on “Insect Scourges of Mankind” was illustrated by many excellent lantern slides. INSECT SCOURGES OF MANKIND. [An Abstract from the popular lecture by C. Gorpon Hewirr, D.Sc., Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa. | Most of us are accustomed to consider insects in their relation to man, as affecting his crops, forests and other natural products. The last few years, how- ever, have witnessed a most remarkable development in the study of insects as affecting man himself. Few people realize that it was not the hostility of native tribes nor the impassable nature of tropical forests that prevented the opening up of Africa to the white man, but the presence of a few species of insects, which we now know to be the carriers of the causative organisms of certain diseases fatal to the white intruder. The-presence of the disease-bearing mosquito played a more important part in preventing the construction of the Panama Canal by the French than the lack of financial support. It is safe to say that the discovery of the important relationship of insects to man has been more responsible in compelling people, especially statesmen, to entertain a true conception of the importance and value of entomological knowledge than any other aspect of economic entomology. When we see in a country such as India over a million people dying annually from Malaria, and in a portion of Uganda over one hundred thousand natives killed in three years by the Sleeping Sickness, even indifferent e+ ON a a F 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47 _ men are compelled to agree that entomological knowledge plays a serious part in ' the welfare of mankind. The ultimate destiny of man, I take it, is the overcoming of the antagonistic forces of nature and of these forces, as we all know, insects constitute an important section. In spreading over the world, the white man has proceeded in a blundering fashion, obsessed by the idea of his own ability to overcome all obstacles, and he has been compelled to pay a heavy price for his pride. Finally, he is forced to tread the thorny path of knowledge, and to learn only by diligent inquiry the means whereby he can rectify the errors of the past and prevent their recurrence in the future. Time will not permit more than a brief account of two diseases which have had a most profound influence on mankind. These are the Sleeping Sickness and Malaria. Before describing the nature and cause of the Sleeping Sickness, it is neces- sary to discuss another disease, the discovery of the cause of which led up to the discovery of the causative organism of the Sleeping Sickness. African travellers for years have been well acquainted with a certain fly known as Tse-tse Fly, which occurs in certain parts of Africa in districts known as “Fly Belts.” The presence of this fly rendered impossible the use of horses as beasts of burden, and its bite was also known to be fatal to cattle and dogs. It was not until 1895 that Col. Bruce, by means of series of patient investigations, discovered that the deadly nature of this fly was due to the fact that it was the carrier of a microscopic parasitic organism to which the name of “Trypanosome” was given. He showed that “ Nagana,” as this disease of cattle is called, was due to the inoculation of the animal by the fly with a species of Trypanosome. Aithough domestic animals are highly susceptible to the disease, he found that the native big game such as buffaloes, antelopes, etc., normally carried these parasitic organisms in their blood without experiencing any ill effects as they, by long selection, had become immune and they served as reservoirs from which flies _ obtained the organisms. In 1901, the dread disease of Sleeping Sickness was first noticed in Uganda, and the severity of the disease is indicated by the fact _ that in a single island, Buvuma, the population was reduced from twenty-two thousand to eight thousand in a very short time, and in Busoga the deaths in one year from the disease numbered twenty thousand. A disease of this character _ was bound to attract the attention of the responsible governments, and investi- gations were immediately initiated. Col. Bruce was sent to Uganda, and he found in the cerebro-spinal fluid of natives suffering from the disease a species _ of Trypanosome. His previous work on Nagana led him to the belief of a possible relationship of a biting fly to the disease, and he immediately had collections of biting flies made throughout the entire region north of Lake’ Victoria Nyanza. He also mapped out the localities in which the disease occurred. _ As a result he found that the incidence of the disease corresponded with the distribution of a certain species of Tse-tse Fly (Glossina palpalis). 'The species ” which was the carrier of the causative organism of the cattle disease, Nagana, _ was Glossina morsitans, and these Tse-tse Flies of the genus Glossina are nearly ~ related to our own Stable Fly, Stomozys calcitrans. Col. Bruce was able to show aly a series of experiments that the Tse-tse Fly was able to transmit the disease to healthy monkeys. The Trypanosome was found in the blood of natives, but - aid not appear to do much harm until it reached the cerebro-spinal canal, where it gave rise to the disease, Sleeping Sickness. The initial stages of the disease "were accompanied by a strong disinclination to work on the part of the natives. _ The ee ehatic glands became swollen, and in the end the patient sank into a state i a 48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 of deep lethargy and absolute helplessness and died. Since Col. Bruce made his discovery a continuous series of investigations have been carried on in Uganda, with a view to discovering -the habits of the fly and the nature of the disease. The chief preventive measure which so far has been adopted is the removal of the natives from the shore of the Lake and the islands, and the clearing of the bush around the shore of the lake. It was found that these were the localities most frequented by the fly. The other disease, Malaria, is far more widely spread than Sleeping Sickness, — and is responsible for a far greater mortality. There is no doubt that of all diseases it is the most serious, and has had the greatest effect on the distribution of the white man. The disease and its symptoms have been known for over-two thousand years, but it was not until 1895, through the researches of Ross, that it was dis- covered how the disease was carried. In 1880, a French army surgeon, Laveran, when examining the blood of a soldier suffering from Malaria in Algiers, dis- covered the microscopic organism inside the red blood corpuscles which proved to be the causative organism of this disease. This small organism belongs to some — of the lowest types of animal life known as Hemameba, but notwithstanding its — low organization it was found to have a marvellous life-history. It was not until fifteen years after its discovery that the rest of its life-history and the means by which it was carried from man to man was discovered by Ross in India, and by others subsequent to his discovery. The idea that the mosquito might take a part in the transmission of the disease, however, was not unknown, and had been pre- viously suggested by King in the United States and Manson in England. Briefly stated, the life-history of the parasitic organism~is as follows: When the malaria — mosquito, which has previously sucked the blood of a malarial person, punctures the skin of a ‘new person, it injects a number of microscopic needle-like organisms or spores which penetrate the red blood corpuscles, and there lose their needle- like shape and change into Amebule. These organisms feed on the interior of the red corpuscles and destroy the same. In doing so they increase in size until they almost fill the cell or corpuscle, and then break up into a large number of spores which are cast into the blood to reinfect other red corpuscles. When they are cast out, a certain amount of pigmented matter known as melanin is cast into the blood and gives malarial patients their characteristic colour. This breaking — up of the malarial organism to form spores induces the fever, as all the spores of — one lot of Amebule are cast into the blood fluid at the same time. In the different types of fever this breaking up into spores or sporulation takes place at different periods. In Tertian fever it occurs every forty-eight hours, and consequently the — feverish attack manifests itself every second day. In Quartan fever the feverish attack takes place every third day. If some of the blood of a person suffering from Malaria is taken up by a mosquito the malarial organism now passes through a complicated series of changes. Instead of breaking up into spores in the normal — way the Amabule assume a dimorphic character, one kind containing a single — nuclear body and corresponding to the female cell and the other containing several nuclear bodies and corresponding to the male cells. On the surface of the male cells long filaments are formed into which the nuclei pass. These filaments, corres- ponding to spermatozoa, break off and unite with the female cells to form a single — cell known as the Zygote. This process takes place inside the stomach of the mos- quito, but now the Zygote becomes motile and bores its way through the wall of © the mosquito’s stomach on the outside of which it forms a cyst. This cyst gradually - increases in size, and the growth in size is due to the remarkable changes taking ~ ee ee de eee ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49 place inside, where the nucleus of the Zygote divides and a number of smaller ies are formed. From these, still smaller bodies are formed which become dle-shaped in character, until at length the whole cyst is filled with a mass of e-shaped bodies which are spores. The cyst then bursts and these spores are erated into the body cavity of the mosquito, which, of course, is a blood cavity. oT he minute needle-shaped spores are carried on to the salivary glands and bore into the salivary ducts, with the result that, when the mosquito bites another person, large numbers of the small spores of the malarial organism are pumped, together with the salivary fluid, into the puncture, and thus enter the blood system of another person, who, in consequence, may develop the fever. The natives in arial countries are usually immune to the effects of the malarial organism, ‘may be compared to the big game which are carriers of the organism of Nagana. It has been found that babies and infants act very largely as carriers of the organism, and the percentage of children infected decreases as they grow older, until after twelve years of age they may be rarely infected. Such infected ‘children, of course, will serve as reservoirs of the disease. With the discovery that the mosquito was the carrier of the causative organism the disease, the question of the prevention and eradication of malaria resolved If into the problem of the eradication of the mosquito, and this, in turn, prac- y implied the destruction of the breeding-places of the mosquito. The mos- , as is well-known, has an aquatic larval stage. The larve living in the on microscopic organisms are compelled to come to the surface to breathe. overing the surface of the water with a thin film of oil, such as kerosene, breathing of the mosquito larvex is prevented, and consequently they are killed. chief means, therefore, which are generally adopted for destroying the mos- are the draining of marshes and other places where water collects and serves breeding places, and also the treatment of permanent standing water with kero- or crude oil. In addition, human habitations are screened to prevent the mce of the mature mosquitoes. Standing water around houses, however small ‘be in quantity, has to be treated, as the mosquitoes breed in most unlikely The success which has followed the adoption of anti-mosquito measures arkable. In Havana, which at one time was a “white man’s graye,” Yellow Fever, ich is carried by a species of Stegomyia, has been eradicated since the United ates authorities commenced in 1898 a campaign against the mosquito. The States Government is now able to construct the Panama Canal, owing to psquito control measures which they have adopted, and the same tale of the jon in the number of cases of Malaria is told wherever preventive measures v > been adopted. y small entomological fact may have on the welfare of man. How little did he, 0 o first discovered the way in which the mosquito larva breathes, think that millions would be saved through taking advantage of the phenomenon he observed, al observation, though it may have appeared small when it was made. The ations on Sleeping Sickness and Malaria have demonstrated most strongly , and have given a foremost place to entomological investigation among ences upon which we shall have to depend for our future welfare. ae D conclusion, I would commend the following passage written by that foremost h scientist, Sir Ray Lankester: 50 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 “The defiant, desperate battle which civilized man wages with nature must go on. But man’s suffering and loss in the struggle—the delay of his ultimate triumph—depends solely on how much or how little the great civilized eommuni- ties of the world seek for increased knowledge of nature as the basis of their prac- tical administration and government,” At the close of the lecture, which was listened to with great interest and attention by those present, the Chairman (President Creelman) expressed the thanks of the audience to Dr. Hewitt for his instructive address in a warm and hearty manner, which was emphasized by the applause that followed. He spoke of the respect he felt for the type of man who is content to spend his life quietly and patiently carrying on scientific investigations, such as those described by Dr. Hewitt, and, though unobserved and unappreciated by the general public, yet doing a work of inestimable value to humanity. SECOND DAY’S SESSION—FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 24th, 1911. © At about 9.30 a.m. the members of the Society met in the Museum of the Biological Department and spent a pleasant hour in the examination of the many interesting specimens which they had brought for exhibition. Mr. Greson, in illustration of his paper on Blister Beetles, exhibited a case containing representatives of the different species which occur in Canada. These are described in his paper in this report. He also showed some interesting lepi- doptera, viz., Gonodontis warneri, Harv., from Humboldt, Sask., Hydriomena ruberata, from Saskatoon, Sask., and Sciagraphia atrofasciata, Sciagraphia con- tinuata and Macaria iabradoriata from Ottawa. Mr. ‘Swa1NeE exhibited a collection of Ipide, including the adults and work of our more interesting species from Eastern Canada. Among the species repre- sented were Chramesus icorie, Lec.; Crypturgus atomus, Lec.; Dendroctonus sim- plex, Lec.; D. valens, Lec.; D. piceaperda, Hopk.; Dryocetes affaber, Mannh.; D. autographus, Ratz.; D. eichhoffi, Hopk.; Dryocetes, n. sp., from larch; Hecopto- gaster piceew, Swaine; Gnathotrichus materiarius, Fitch; Hylastinus obscurus, , March; Hylesinus aculeatus, Say; Hylesinus, n. sp., from basswood; Hylurgops pinifer, Fitch; Ips balsameus, Lec.; I. celatus, Hich.; I. calligraphus, Ger.; I. grandicollis, Bich.; I. pini, Say; J. borealis, Swaine; Phlesinus dentatus, Say; ~Phlieotribus liminaris, Harris; P. picew, Swaine; Pityogenes, n. sp., from pine; Pityophthorus capiniceps, Lec.; P. consimilis, Lec.; P. lautus, Eich.; P. opaculus, Lec.; P. minutissimus, Zimm.; Polygraphus rufipennis, Kirby; Pterocyclon fas- ciatus, Say; P. mali, Fitch; Hylastus salebrosus, Eich,; Trypodendron betule, Swaine; 7. politus, Say; T. retusus, Lec.; Xyleborus dispar, Fabr.; Xyleborus ser- ratus, Swaine. Mr. Winn exhibited a number of interesting Lepidoptera, as follows :— Incisalia eryphon, from Hymers, Ontario; Falcaria bilineata, from Dawson City, Y.T.; Xylina amanda, hemiria, thaxteri and baileyi, from Hymers, Ont. ; Autographa rectangulum, from East Bolton, Que.; A. swrena, from St. George’s, Newfoundland; a series of 25 specimens of Cenopis pettitana, showing range of variation of fore wings from immaculate white, through yellow, spotted and banded, to reddish brown; a male Colias philodice, with the right hind wing only about one quarter the size of its mate, but not creased or crumpled in any way; and 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51 another male of this species, taken on August 25th, at St. Hilaire, Que., expand- ing only 114 inches. |Mr. Cesar exhibited the following: Six species of borers from recently fallen white spruce; some parasites and predaceous foes of the same; a species of Chale- pus, apparently C. rubra, found attacking the foliage of the bass wood; Perillus bioculatus, var. claudus, taken at Guelph; the Black Vine Weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus), taken at Guelph, on Strawberry; the Apple Curculio (Anthonomus -Guadrigibbus), taken on haws at Grimsby; an undetermined Buprestid from galls on the American Aspen (Populus tremuloides); Cryptorhynchus lapathi, taken at Guelph; specimens of the Palmer Worm (Ypsolophus pomotellus) reared at Guelph ; the Gartered Plume Moth of the Grape (Oxyptilus periscelidactylus) taken at Stoney Creek; and some tineids reared from the Cat-tail Flag (Typha latifolia). Mr. Evans exhibited 102 specimens of Lepidoptera, about %0 of which were “micros, the remainder about equally divided between the Noctuids and the Geo- metridae. Of the specimens belonging to the latter two families, the names of those that are of special interest are included in the Entomological Record. Mr. Evans also showed a specimen of the curious “Stem-eyed Fly,” or “Hammer-headed Fly” (Sphyracephala brevicornis, Say). Dr. Walker exhibited a number of specimens of wood-boring larve and their work, in illustration of his paper on “Some Forest Insects from De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe.” At about 10.30 o’clock the members withdrew to the Biological Lecture Hall, where, after the reading of the Presidential Address, the election of officers for 1911-1912 took place. A list of these has been given on page 6. The remainder of the forenoon and the afternoon were devoted to the reading of the papers which appear in the following pages. ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. EpmunpD M. WALKER, UNIVERSITY oF TORONTO. _ Thaye the honour of welcoming you to-day to the forty-eighth annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario. Forty-eight years is a very respectable age for a learned society in a young country such as ours, and when we look back upon its vigorous history and steady growth, it is no wonder if feelings of pride arise within us. Let those of us of the younger generation, however, not permit ‘such feelings of pride in the achievement of our society become feelings of self- ‘satisfaction; let us always remember that the success which is the portion of our Society to-day, and the status that it occupies in the entomological world are Mainly due to the struggles and patient toil of our pioneers, Dr. Bethune and Dr. Saunders, and to such of their fellow-workers as Dr. Fyles and Mr. Lyman, and to the tireless energies of our late lamented friend, Dr. Fletcher. With the wealth of facilities for the study of our science which we are privileged to enjoy -at the present time, we are too apt to forget the difficulties and discouragements that were the lot of the earlier entomologists in Canada. It is, however, not so much the past history of our Society, nor the progress of Canadian Entomology that I wish to consider to- -day as the possibilities of the future development of our science in Canada. In other words what is the nature and scope of the field for entomological work in Canada at the present time? | 3 52 THE REPORT OF THE ; No. 36 | In dealing with such a broad question as this we have to bear in mind not only | the work that has been and is being done by entomologists in Canada, but also that of our neighbours to the south, whose assistance has always been most freely and generously given, and to whom a very large part of our success is due. d In the United States entomology has gained greatly in prestige of late years, and is now an important subject in the curricula of many of the Universi- — ties as well as the Agricultural Colleges. There are now in the United States, together with Hawaii and Porto Rico, rio fewer than sixty-one Agricultural Col- leges and experiment stations, at forty-seven of which investigations in applied entomology are being carried on. In Washington, the appropriations made for the current fiscal year for all the different phases of work of the Bureau of Ento- mology, amounted to $601,920.00; the scientific employees of the Bureau number 185 and besides these there are nearly 400 non-scientific employees, particularly in connection with the Gipsy-moth work. Of course we cannot expect to see anything comparable to this in Canada for many years to come, but there is no doubt that, with the present rapid growth of population in our West, and the ever-increasing area of cultivated land, corre- spondingly greater facilities will be needed for the teaching and dissemination of the most advanced methods in agriculture and horticulture, and hence in the control of the insect pests of the farm, the orchard and the garden. When our land is more fully occupied and farming methods have become more intensive, more attention will doubtless be given by the average farmer to such problems as the control of insect pests, but it is the duty of the economic entomologist to do all in his power to spread abroad his knowledge of such subjects before it is demanded of him. Excellent work, as we all know, has already beén accomplished along these lines by the staff of the Division of Entomology at Ottawa, the Ontario Agricultural College, through our own Annual” Reports and the various agricultural and horticultural journals, as well as through the Nature Study movement in our schools; but we need more well-trained workers and there is a great field for useful work in this branch of entomology for all who are willing and able to give their time and energies to it. It is, in fact, this branch of entomology that is most closely identified with our every-day lives and will appeal to the largest section of the public, and it is therefore the one that will always be, in a sense, the leading branch in an agricultural country like Canada. But there is another branch of economic entomology, that has as yet received comparatively little attention in Canada, but which is scarcely of less importance than the preceding. I refer to forest entomology. We have only recently become fully alive to the fact that our forests are not inexhaustible, and we are now hearing from authoritative sources that our forest wealth has been grossly exaggerated. We hear a great deal about the reckless” waste of our timber resources through improvident methods of lumbering that utterly disregard the needs of future generations, and we are tired of hearing of the disastrous fires which follow in the wake of the lumberman’s axe, and fre- quently destroy as many as twenty trees for every one that is felled by the lum- berman. Few realize, however, the important part played by insects in the destruction of our forests, and the close relationship that exists between forest fires and injurious outbreaks of insects. Dr. Hopkins, of the United States Bureau Forestry, our leading authority on Forest Entomology, has shown that not only do many species of wood-boring beetles appear in large numbers after forest ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53 es, killing many trees that would otherwise recover, and rendering others unmarketable by their excavations and hastening decay by permitting the entrance of wood-destroying fungi; but that fires are often secondary to outbreaks of s, which leave the dying or dead trees in a favourable condition for the ad of fire. Many square miles of burned-over areas in the Rocky Mountains ere primarily the result of the attacks of wood-boring beetles. Tn his admirable bulletin on the genus Dendroctonus, which includes the t injurious enemies of our coniferous forests, Dr. Hopkins has also shown t while many species at times attack living trees when present in unusually @e numbers, certain forms, notably the Black Hills Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderose, Hopk.), actually pr eos healthy to weakly trees and may be the cause of the destruction of the best timber over many square miles of territory. has further demonstrated that outbreaks of this kind may be prevented or brought under control if prompt measures of the proper kind be taken. The methods employed, however, vary according to the particular species involved, so that it is necessary to have a precise knowledge of the species in question, and of its habits and life-history. It is information of this kind that is lacking ecting most of our forest insects in Canada. We want accurate knowledge the characteristics of each species, in order that nearly allied species, of perhaps y different habits and economic importance, may not be confused; we want to w their complete life-histories, their seasonal and geographical distribution, “number of broods, their enemies, the species of trees they attack and the s they produce thereon; in fact all we can learn about them. Only in this ay can the best methods for their control be determined. Surely there is a splendid field here for the young entomologist, who ig us to take up a useful as well as attractive subject as his specialty. The is not an easy one. Nearly allied species in some of the groups such as the beetles (Scolytidw) are often exceedingly difficult to separate; life histories often difficult to follow out and material sometimes hard to obtain; never- less, the patient, accurate worker in this field will certainly be rewarded with alts that are well worth the labour spent upon them and may, perhaps, be of benefit to the community. - Fortunately, we are not entirely without workers in this field in Canada. ‘Swaine, of Macdonald College, is well known for the excellent work he accomplished in the study of our bark-beetles (Scolytidae). He has published ‘number of valuable papers in the Canadian Entomologist, and our. Annual ports, and we feel sure there are many more forthcoming. Much credit is also e to the staff of the Division of Entomology at Ottawa for their work on the asites of the Larch Saw-fly and ae Bud-worm, two of the most. serious iaters of forest-trees in Canada. . Hewitt’s work in importing and dis- = Mesoleius aulicus, a ae erase of the Larch Saw-fly, is of a important character, whether the experiment is successful or not, for our ‘hope of getting control of this terrible pest is through the agency of its fural enemies. The Division also deserves credit for the vigorous campaign it is suing against the spread of the Brown-tail moth, which ee unfortunately, now me firmly established in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, whence it has spread the adjoining New England States. The ravages of this moth and the Gypsy- (Porthetria dispar) are too well known to need mention here. Both have been duced from Europe without their natural enemies to keep their numbers heck, and though their ravages have been the cause of the loss of hundreds 54 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 — of thousands of dollars to the State of Massachusetts alone, and at the present time no effort is being spared by the United States Bureau of Entomology to bring the pests under control. We in Canada have had the benefit of their experience in dealing with this great problem, and it is gratifying to know that the knowledge thus gained is being so vigorously put into practice by our friends at Ottawa. While thus emphasizing the importance of applied entomology, we must not lose sight of the value of the systematist’s work. The economic entomologist deals with insects irrespective of the orders to which they belong and as it is no longer possible for anyone to have an intimate systematic knowledge of all the orders, it becomes necessary for the economic entomologist to depend in large measure upon the systematists in the various orders for the determination of the species with which he has to deal, although it is, of course, true that in many cases the investigator must have first hand information from both standpoints. On the other hand, the systematic student should be more than a mere classifier of genera and species. Nothing in entomology, except nomenclatural disputes, can be drier than the grinding out of new species and varieties by the man who knows them only by their dead carcasses. The good systematist is a good deal more than a mere separator of genera and species. He is interested in the ecology of the forms he studies, their distribution and the significance thereof, and he keeps the phylogenetic standpoint ever before him in his work of determining specific and group characters. The whole aim of classification being the expression of the natural affinities of organisms, he who fails to observe this point in classifying genera and species has altogether missed the mark. In Canada there is an immense field for the systematic entomologist in all orders. Some of the orders have been fairly well marked in certain localities of limited area, and a good deal of information on the distribution of species is gradually being accumulated by the Entomological Record, which was first estab- lished by the late Dr. Fletcher in the Annual Report of our Society for 1901, and is now conducted by Mr. Gibson. Most of the smaller orders, however, such as the Neuroptera, Plecoptera, Ephemerida and Trichoptera, have been almost wholly neglected by Canadian entomologists, and the scant knowledge we possess of their occurrence and distribution in Canada is chiefly the result of casual captures made by general collectors and determined by specialists in the United States. Among these smaller orders, the Neuroptervid orders as they are col- lectively termed, are some such as the Ephemerida and Trichoptera that are not only exceedingly interesting in their habits but are of considerable economic im- portance in furnishing food for fish, a fact that will be appreciated by those of us who had the pleasure of hearing Prof. Needham’s address here last year. He showed us how much of the waters of our large swampy areas might be utilized for fish-culture and their productivity increased by the introduction and propaga- tion of suitable species of may-flies. The importance of our inland fisheries and the growing need of exact knowledge of the feeding habits of our fresh-water fishes are urgent reasons why these groups of aquatic insects should receive more attention in Canada than they have done heretofore. There are still other branches of applied entomology that offer plenty of problems to the entomologist in Canada. The relation of insects to public health is a subject of importance in every civilized community and the great benefit to — humanity that has been gained by such discoveries as that of the relation that the — mosquito bears to malaria and yellow fever and the house-fly to typhoid fever and 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. or or summer diarrhoea of children is now a matter of common knowledge. Fortunately our northern climate renders us comparatively free from the parasitic diseases that are habitually transmitted by insects, but we have the house-fly question eyer before us and our domestic animals are all more or less subject to diseases _ caused or carried by insects, mites and ticks, and there is much to be learned about the life-histories and methods of control of such forms. Finally, we should at least mention that important aspect of entomology which regards the study of insects ‘not for its own sake nor in its relation to the _ material needs of mankind, but in relation to the broader science of biology. Tnsects have contributed some of the most striking illustrations of many of the phenomena that have served to establish the truth of the theory of descent, and have furnished useful material in the investigation of the problems of heredity and the causes of variation and in the analysis of sex. But though these questions are from the standpoint of pure science, vastly more important than any of those we have been considering, they belong rather to the domain of general biology than to entomology, so that we may dismiss them, merely with the comment that they represent an immense field for investigation, full of possibilities of important discovery. . The thought of all there is to do in Canada in entomology, and the com- parative ease with which new discoveries can be made here should act as a stimulus to the young student. I say “comparatively” advisedly, for it must not be thought that any good entomological work can be done easily. It is just as difficult, nay more so, to do really good work in a virgin field, as in one that has been long and carefully investigated. The new field has only the advantage of opportunity. The field in entomology in Canada, from the scientific, if not yet from the financial standpoint, is full of opportunity, and we believe that the next decade will witness a steady increase in the demand for the services of well- trained, practical investigators. Much, we believe, will be done to encourage Canadian Entomology by the publication of the new Catalogue of Canadian insects, which is now in the course of preparation. Now that the question of publication is settled—and the thanks of all of us are due to Dr. Hewitt for bringing this about—it 1s to be hoped that each and every one of the collaborators will do his utmost to make the “catalogue a success and that every collector in Canada may do something to help in making it as complete as possible. In this way we can all do a little for the advancement of entomology in Canada. SOME INJURIOUS FOREST INSECTS AT DE GRASSI POINT, ba LAKE SIMCOE. E. M. WALKER, Toronto, ONT. . During the past three years I have spent a part of each summer at De Grassi “Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., where I have been gathering part of the nucleus of a collection of forest insects maid their work for the Museum of the Faculty of Forestry ‘in the University of Toronto. _ During the season of 1911 this work was greatly accelerated by what was in all other respects a most unfortunate calamity. On June 11 the Point was visited a terrific windstorm, which wrought great havoc in the woods in this neigh- a 56 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 bourhood, uprooting and snapping off many hundreds of trees. Woods of second growth poplar were knocked over like ninepins, and trees of all kinds suffered greatly; even sound red oak, over a foot in diameter, being laid low by the terrible force of the elements. Many of the fallen trees were already weakened by the attacks of insects, among which the Carpenter Ant was most conspicuous, while others, previously sound, now offered favourable conditions for the entrance of various species of wood- boring beetles. My remarks here, however, will not be confined to such species as were con- cerned in the effects of the storm, but will include any forms that have been con- — spicuous for their numbers or the injuries they have caused to forest trees in this locality. De Grassi Point is a summer resort on the west shore of Lake Simcoe, about three miles from its upper or southern end. It comprises an area of about 350 acres, and has an almost rectangular shore-line, about a mile in length, of which ~ about one-half forms the northern, the other half the eastern boundary. A con- siderable portion of this area, including the apex of the point, is somewhat higher than the surrounding land, and is composed of a mass of till or glacial clay, well covered with soil and plentifully strewn with boulders, mostly of Laurentian Gneiss. On this clay area is a beautiful grove of tall red oaks, forming next the shore a broad belt among which the summer cottages stand. Back from this grove there are pastures with scattered trees and bushes, and also much densely wooded land. Owing to the peculiar topography of the place a great variety of forest types are represented in a very limited area. Extending southward, nearly parallel with the east shore, is a low sand-covered — tidge, from: which the land slopes gently on each side. The predominant trees on this ridge are white pine and red oak, both of which at one time grew to mag- nificent dimensions here. There are still a few hoary giants of the latter species, upwards of three hundred years old and still alive, though long past their prime. On the east side, where the ridge is but a few hundred yards from the shore, the slope is comparatively rapid, the land being thus fairly well drained and sup- porting for the most part a typical hardwood forest. The prevailing trees here are sugar maple, elm, basswood, red oak, white ash, large-toothed aspen, balsam fir, hemlock and a few beech, yellow and white birch, black cherry and ironwood, and in the spring the rich black soil is starred with magnificent trilliums, adders- tongue, hepaticas, squirrel-corn, ete. On the other side of the ridge the land is almost level and the forest- -types of a very different character. and one which changes gradually as one strikes — through the woods to the north shore, the change indicating an increasingly wetter soil. Balsam poplar, aspen, white birch, white cedar, balsam fir, tamanacks white spruce and white pine are the prevailing trees. The higher parts were burned over many years ago, and poplar, birch, cedar and balsam are now the chief trees here, though vigorous young white spruce and some young pine are also coming up. As we approach the shore tamarack becomes more abundant and black spruce appears, and then we enter a \be\t of tamaracks among which very few other trees” grow. Near the western boundary of this swamp a sluggish creek makes its way to the lake, and its presence brings about other changes in the vegetation. As we near the creek the tamaracks Te out and become smaller, small willows and vari- ous shrubs appear, and then we traverse a dense zone of ericaceous shrubs (Cas- ~ or 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. sandra and Andromeda) before coming out upon the broad open marsh which ‘borders the creek near its mouth. ‘The deposits from the creek at its mouth and the action of the winter ice have formed a patch of drier land here, which is continued along the shore as a narrow marginal ridge. Here the trees are different from those in the swamp behind, being mostly cedar, balsam, white spruce, silver ‘maple, black and green ash, with large willows about the margin of the creek. | ‘These woods ‘have been, on the whole, very free from serious attacks by insects for many years past. The only insect that has been responsible for the killing of trees in large numbers is the Larch Saw-fly (Lygaeonematus erichsonii Hartgn.). which has been with us for about twelve years. Well do I remember its ‘first appearance at De Grassi Point, although I am not sure as to the exact year. ‘Tt was either 1898 or 1899, though they may have been present in small numbers "a year or two earlier. Up till this time. part of the tamarack swamp was one of y 7 ° f. <= ra ¥ \ ‘ «) Fic. 24. Larch Saw-fiy—a, adult; 0b, cocoon; c, terminal twig of larch, i a showing eggs in slits made by the female saw-fly—a and b much ns enlarged. “the loveliest spots I have ever seen. This was a part near the creek where the ‘trees, though not large, grew fairly closely together, but offered glimpses of beautiful vistas between’ their grey trunks and soft feathery green foliage. No en trunks obstructed one’s way and the ground was carpeted with deep sphagnum oss and soft grasses, among which pitcher-plants, clumps of the Showy Lady’s- ipper, the beautiful Calapogon and the fragrant Pogonia, besides a number of other orchids, grew in profusion. - In the summer of 1898 (if this year be correct) I visited the swamp. as I do eyery year, and found to my horror that most of the trees were nearly bare and ested with myriads of greenish-grey false caterpillars, the larvee of the Larch -fly. The scattered trees in the pastures were but little affected, many of them touched, but next year the attack was more severe and the trees were everywhere ore or less infested, and ever since then until last year there has been no per- eptible decline in the numbers of the pest. Every year the trees were stripped ly bare and the mature ones, of which there were quite a number, soon began 58 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 to die. I began to despair of the situation until 1910, when I noted a considerable improvement in the condition of the trees although the larve were still disgust- ingly abundant. This year (1911) I was delighted to find that they had practically disappeared. Once more the tamaracks retained their beautiful soft foliage throughout the season. Another saw-fly that has been troublesome of late, though in no way compar- able to the Larch Sawfly, is Leconte’s Saw-fly (Lophyrus lecontei, Fitch). (Fig. 25 is a closely related species.) I first noticed it in 1909 in a grove of young pines about 10 to 18 years old, which have grown up in a part of the pasture that had been fenced in for a few years, thus protecting the seedlings from the eattle a sufficient length of time to give them a start in life. They were confined to a very few trees growing near together, and although one or two very young trees Cilia Fig. 25.—Abbott’s Saw-Fly (Lophyrius abbottii). were nearly stripped very little other damage was done. In 1910 they appeared again at the same spot but in larger numbers, and affecting more trees. We re- moved every larva we could find, but on another group of pines about one hun- dred yards away, which had also been attacked, most of the larve were out of reach. As a result there were very few larve found in 1911 in the first spot, but on the other one several fairly large red pines were bady defoliated. They occur — on both species of pine, but seem to prefer the red. In 1909 I confined a number of the larve but obtained only half a dozen cocoons, which were spun among the pine needles, although the normal habit — is to spin underneath leaves and rubbish near the surface of the ground. Although I did a good deal of searching for cocoons under the affected trees I found but two, one of which had been parasitized. Nothing emerged from the bred cocoons, probably because they had been kept too long indoors. The same grove of young pines in which Leconte’s Saw-fly was first found has also been abundantly attacked by the White Pine Weevil (Pissodes strobi, Peck). — For the last three years I have removed all the infested shoots I could reach with a long pruning hook, but no apparent good resulted as most of the work was done — in August, when a large percentage of the beetles had already escaped, and as no ~ provision was made for the liberation of parasites. This season they were rather more abundant than usual, about- one-third of all the trees in the grove bearing at least one infested shoot and many having two or three. This insect particularly affects young bushy trees growing in the open, and elidel re apt tam ‘ 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59 the female ovipositing in the spring always selects one of the terminal shoots of the previous season’s growth, generally the leading one. The new shoots grow to a certain extent, varying according to the number of larve present. I have some- times found shoots apparently containing only one or two individuals, whose sub- _ sequent growth had not been noticeably retarded, but as a rule they droop and die _ long before they have attained their full length. I have never seen a red pine affected by this insect, but this summer I found _ a young white spruce, whose terminal shoot had been killed, apparently by this weevil. It was growing among the pines of the same grove in which the weevil Was so common. Another insect that was more abundant than usual in white pines in the sea- son of 1911 is the Pine-bark Aphid (Chermes pinicorticis, Fitch). In 19101 noticed a single tree about eight inches in diameter, the bark of whose trunk was almost covered on one side by the white flocculent material secreted by this aphid. One other tree near by was also affected, though to a much less degree, but no others were seen on which this insect was present to any noticeable extent. This year the Fig. 26—Monohammus confusor—Male. Chermes was found on quite a number of trees on the ridge, but it is still rather ‘local. It seems to prefer the smooth bark of the trunk but also occurs on the branches and may attack saplings two or three feet high, as well as larger trees. One side, apparently the most sheltered, is generally more thickly covered than the rest. - When I first saw the diseased trees about the end of July the aphids had already disappeared, but as the flocculent material is left upon the bark their for- mer presence is readily detected. No apparent effects in the vigour of these trees could be detected, and in fact the white pine is on the whole a very healthy tree vat De Grassi Point. A number of young trees were affected by a twig blight in 1910, but this did not reappear to any extent in 1911, and the unusual number of “spittle insects in the former season also failed to assert themselves during the sum- _mer of 1911. 3 _ As a result of the windstorm, however, a number of fine white pine were up- rooted or had their tops or even the upper half snapped off. When I first went ‘to the Point, near the end of July, these fallen trees already harboured hosts of bark beetles and Monohammus larve. The bark beetles were chiefly [ps pini, Say, and -Pityogenes sp., a very common, though as yet undescribed, species. The former was 60 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 extremely abundant in all fallen trees, occurring along the entire length of the trunks and in branches down to about two inches in diameter. The largest trunk in which they were found were about eighteen inches in diameter, though the bark was not very thick and the trees probably not more than about 80 years old. No pitch tubes were present in any of the trees, in fact there was nothing to indicate that any of them had been attacked before the storm occurred. The first work of this species that I saw was on July 29. On this date the majorty of the mines contained larve that were mature or nearly so, but pups and young adults were also numerous. On the other hand a few of the galleries con- tained very young larve, just beginning their mines, and there were still a few female adults running their primary galleries. On Aug 8 and 12 mature larve, pup and pale young adults were all abundant, but there were still a few adults of the first generation about. By the end of the month most of- the beetles had emerged but they were still quite numerous under the bark. A few specimens of Ips caelatus, Zimm., were associated with J. pini in some of _ the trees, but no signs were noted of the presence of J. calligraphus, Germ., a species that is very abundant at Toronto, where the pines are all dying about the city, though not as a direct result of their attacks. This was probably simply due to the fact that no very old trees were blown over in the storm, and it is the thick bark of old trees that is chiefly affected by I. calligraphus. The little Pityogenes sp. was extremely abundant in recently dead branches and upper parts of the trunk of white pine at De Grassi Point. I found a pros- trate pine about eight inches in diameter near the base, the inner bark of which. was a perfect network of galleries of this species along its entire length. It was associated except in the smaller branches with Ips pint which was almost equally abundant. ‘The galleries are very regular and the primary ones unlike those of the pini are run transversely to the axis of the stem, the lateral mines being for the most part straight and perpendicular to the primary galleries. The species is of little or no economic importance on account of its attacking only the smaller dead trunks and branches. Resembling this species considerably in size and general appearance and in the character of its work is Ips balsameus, which is found in considerable numbers in the trunk of a balsam fir which had fallen in the storm. This tree had been a very vigorous one and was nearing its prime when its life was thus suddenly cut off. Larve, pupe and imagoes were found throughout August and were still present when I left early in September. This was the only balsam in which I found this bark beetle. Several other fallen treees were examined, but the only borers found were larve of Monohammus which were universally present. These were also abundant in all of the fallen pines, but. were for the most part small, doubtless having hatched from eggs deposited the same season. In one of the large trunks, however, many large larve were found which must have en-— tered the trunk during an earlier season. Some of them were found in large ex- cavations under the bark, but others had penetrated deep into the wood. No adults or pupz were seen. The only other injurious insect that has been noticeably abundant in late years upon the conifers at De Grassi Point is the Spruce Gall Aphid (Chermes similis, Gill.).. The loose twisted galls of this aphid are exceedingly common on white spruce at Lake Simcoe, especially on sickly stunted trees. Whether they are in some measure the cause of the unthrifty condition of such trees or simply _ prefer trees of poor vitality I am uncertain, but they are often abundant also in 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61 otherwise vigorous-looking spruce. The affected twigs are generally killed but sometimes recover, leaving only a twist in the branch. In the season of 1910 the galls were very numerous on some of the scattered trees on the sandy ridge, but some seemed quite free from them. The black spruce in the swamp near the creek were also heavily infested with galls, which I took to be the same but which may be C. floccus, Patch, as I have not seen the adult aphids. In 1911 scarcely a gall was to be found on either white or black _ spruce. In 1910 I came across Chermes abietis, I.., for the first time in this district. In Toronto the two species similis and abietis are almost peculiar to the white and Norway spruce respectively, and I had never seen abietis on any other spruce. [ found it, however, in considerable numbers on a single, large white spruce, grow- Fic. 27. OChermes similis—a, nymph; b, gall on spruce. ing in the open on the sandy ridge at De Grassi Point, and although many other trees were near at hand I could not find a single gall of abietis on any one of them. On the other hand, C. similis was present on the other trees but not on the one which bore the galls of abietis. In 1911 a few galls of abietis were taken from two or three white spruce widely separated from one another. Fallen spruce were as yet very little injured by borers. The common spruce borer Polygraphus rufipennis, Kirby, was taken but once. Perhaps next season will yield a larger number of wood-boring beetles._ Of the insect enemies of deciduous trees at De Grassi Point, the only species that has been very conspicuous for its injuries during the past few years is the Birch-leaf Skeletonizer (Bucculatrix canadensisella, Chamb.). This insect was 62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 particularly abundant in 1910 and 1911, when practically every birch leaf was the home of several of the little caterpillars. About the end of July, this season, I first began to notice the work of the young caterpillars, and by the end of August the birch leaves were pretty well skeletonized and many of the larvee were spinning their curious elongated ribbed cocoons. Caterpillars were constantly falling from a birch overhanging the cottage verandah and spinning their cocoons upon the floor, and in the cracks between the boards. The birch leaves turned yellow and fell very early this season, possibly as a result of the attacks of these larve. Birch and several other trees were also attacked this year by large numbers of lace-bugs (Corythuca arcuata, Say). These insects puncture the leaves chiefly about the midrib and larger veins on the underside, thus rendering them pale and ~ patchy in appearance. Of wood-boring insects the one whose work was by far the most con- spicuous is the large black carpenter ant (Campontus hercuteanus, L.). A good many trees that were blown over by the storm were more or less weakened @'a Fic. 28. Flat-headed Borer—larva, pupa and beetle. by the work of this insect. It does not attack the living wood but excavates irregu- lar galleries in the dead heart wood, thus weakening the tree and rendering it un- marketable. Pines, balsams, poplar and red oak were all conspicuously attacked . by this ant, particularly the trees on the wooded part of the sandy ridge, where most of the pines and many other trees showed basal wounds, the result of ground fires many years ago. Some of these wounds had been completely closed by the new growth of tissue, but the dead wood beneath was, in all cases examined, honey- combed by carpenter ants. Fallen oaks were not yet attacked to any extent by borers. A few young cerambycid larve of an undetermined species were found under the bark of one sound tree, only recently dead, but, with this exception and that of the ants, the only wood-eating insects found in the oaks were a number of larve, one pupe and — several imagoes of the small stag-beetle (Ceruchus piceus, Web.). These were taken from the rotten and partly decayed heart-wood of a large tree which was still alive when it was blown over in the storm. In several fallen balsam poplars were found a considerable number of larve of a Chrysobothris, which I take to be the common flat-headed borer (C. femorata, Fabr.), many of which were too large to have entered the trees during the same season. Most of the grubs were found about the end of August in their flat ir-— regular excavations in the inner bark and superficial layer of the wood, but some had begun to extend their galleries deeper into the wood . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63 Occurring with the Chrysobothris in the balsam poplar and also in the large- oothed aspen were a good many specimens of a very long, slender Agrilus-like iprestid larva, which I have not yet had determined. The galleries of the larva likewise slender and extended regularly with the growth of the grub. They erally followed an exceedingly tortuous course. The grubs were fully as nu- erous where found as the Chrysobothris. Many young specimens of the latter e also taken from a small elm, which had been uprooted in the storm. _ Of the larger trees none suffered in the storm so severely as the basswood. ae few remaining trees of the original forest were practically all laid low. Many # these were rotten at the centre and some weakened by carpenter ants, but, except in one tree, I found scarcely any evidence of the recent work of borers. In one airly large tree, however, I found many half grown cerambycid larve, possibly of the linden borer (Saperda vestita, Say), and two scolytid mines, contain- larve, and one of them a single adult. This was submitted to Prof. Swaine, rho reports it to be a new species of Hylesinus, related to the western H. aspericollis. In conclusion I wish to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Swaine for his kindness in determining for me the species of Scolytide mentioned in this paper. THRIPS AFFECTING OATS. C. Gorpon Hewitt, D.Sc., Dominion ENTOMOLOGIST, OTTAWA. Reference was made by me at our last annual meeting to the injuries caused f0 oats by some species of Thrips and as further observation have been made ¢ the past season concerning the injuries of these insects, it seemed to me it a useful purpose might be served if this subject were discussed a little more _ During the last year or two we have received frequent inquiries regarding the “blighted ” appearance of the heads of oats and a number of specimens were re- d, in one or two of which dead Thrips were found, but it was impossible to mine the species with certainty. The injuries were reported from various nees from Nova Scotia in the east to British Columbia in the west. A cor- mdent on Vancouver Island stated that over 50 per cent of a fourteen-acre of oats were attacked. On some heads of oats received from Saskatchewan, 50 to 70 per cent. of the ears were destroyed, and generally it would appear the injuries are on the increase. During a visit to Washington early in the Mr. F. M. Webster, of the Bureau of Entomology, showed me a single record hrips attacking oats, the species being Anaphothrips striatus, Osborn. An in- zation into these injuries was begun during the present summer, my attention confined to the oats grown in the seed plots at the Central Experimental Farm awa, where it was found that the species commonly occurring and obviously ponsible for the injury was the Grass Thrips, A. striatus; Dr. W. E. Hinds very ty confirmed my identification. A second species, Huthrips nervosus, Uzel, was found in small numbers. The Grass Thrips commonly attacks Kentucky Blue s (Poa pratensis), and Dr. Fletcher has recorded in 1882 and 1892 the oc- e of the “ white top,” produced by this insect’s injuries, in P. pratensis and im one or two other grasses such as Timothy (Phleum pratense) and Couch (Triticum repens). The investigations showed that the blighted appearance 64 . THE REPORT OF THE + Nose was caused by the fact that the insect injuries produced sterility in the ears and — the young and adult insects were found feeding on the flowers, especially on the — ovaries which, of course, produce the grain. It was further found that these in- juries take place while the inflorescence is enclosed in the leaf sheath, and on this account the lower ears of the inflorescence are usually the ones to be injured — and rendered sterile, as they remain longer in the leaf sheath. In further support ; of this it was found that where the top of an inflorescence has been held by the leaf j sheath, as is sometimes the Case, the apical ears may be sterile. Specimens of both these types of injury will be seen in the cases which Iam passing around. With a view to ascertaining the extent of these injuries, stalks of different varieties of oats were | collected and the number of sterile and perfect ears on each stalk were carefully — counted. It may be remarked that in order to eliminate a cause of error result- ing from the unintentional selection of stalks unusually affected, an equal number of stalks were collected by one who was ignorant of the purpose for which the oats were required. It is not intended to give here the complete results of this statis- tical study, but the following facts may be of interest. The most severely injured variety of oats on the average was “ Banner M,7 19 heads of which variety had an average of 36.3 per cent. of sterile ears. The least attacked was “ Abundance, Garton’s Regenerated,” 11 heads of which gave rl Y oo pis ST Fig. 29.—Thrips. an average of 17.3 per cent. sterile ears. The maximum percentage of sterile ears in all the heads examined was 56.8 per cent. in a head of “Banner M.” The minimum percentage of sterile heads was found in a head of “Binner H,” of which 3.5 per cent. were sterile. From these figures it will be realized what a serious effect the injuries caused by these insects may have on the yield and to what extent their injuries may reduce the number of bushels produced, as no other cause of the sterility of the ears could be discovered. The Grass Thrips Anaphothrips striatus, is a very small insect measuring about 1-16th of an inch in length and of a yellowish, or brownish-yellow colour. The adults are provided with four narrow wings which are fringed with hairs, hence the name of the group Thysanoptera. They are also called Physopoda, on ac- count of their possession of bladder-like feet, from which they derive their German name “Blasenfiisse.” Their nourishment consists of the juices of the flowers and plants and their mouth parts are very peculiar in that they are adapted for both sucking and biting. The life history of this species has been previously worked out by Hinds. The females will continue to deposit eggs and young larve may emerge up to the time the snow falls, when the adults hibernate. Their resistance to a low temperature appears to be very great, as they can withstand an exposure of minus 21 degrees F. In the spring, soon after the snow disappears, the females, which have passed the winter in the leaf sheaths of young plants, become active 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65: and begin to deposit their eggs. In the spring the eggs hatch in ten to fifteen days; in the summer they will hatch from four to seven days after deposition. ‘The larvee are similar in general form and appearance to the adult except in the ssession of wings. They become full-grown in the spring in about two weeks in the hot days of summer the larval stage may be completed in four days. e whole life cycle occupies from 12 to 30 oe. The first winged adults usually pear in May or June. An interesting point in connection with this species is at it is parthenogenetic, that is, the eggs will produce young without fertilization ; nds has examined thousands of specimens of the species and has been unable to cover the male. The ability of the female to deposit eggs which will develop into young without the necessity of fertilization by the male increases the repro- ductive power of the species enormously and we have in this insect a similar ‘phenomenon to that with which you are already acquainted in the case of the Bihities, whose extraordinary fecundity” is due, in a large part, to the partheno- genetic character of the female. Feeding as this species does on wild grasses of various species, which flourish ‘in abundance everywhere, it will be “aah understood that its control will be a matter of considerable difficulty, as the Thrips migrate from one species of a plant another. The only method of control whick will ever give any appreciable re- sults on a large scale are methods of cultivation and farm practice. The destruc- tion of weeds, especially those belonging to the family Graminew, is essential. The Thrips appear to hibernate in places where they have been feeding, such as the stems of grain which have died down, in crevices of the ground or under rubbish, the best method of attacking the insect in the hibernating stage is by burning the grass or stubble in the fall or the deep ploughing of the soil. These two 10ds may be employed conjointly. Korolikoff, who has been studying the differ- it species of Thrips injurious to cereals and grasses in Russia, near Moscow, mmends the sowing of strips of such crops as rye or oats round the field under _ These “bait” crops, as they might be termed, are sown about a ight before the time of the sowing of the winter cereals in order that they ite the first to attract the Thrips and afford them shelter while the crops are ving. They are afterwards cut and their removal results in the removal of a proportion of the Thrips. As I remarked, however, at the outset, this investigation has only just begun id my statements are only in the nature of a report on progress in the hope of ne the assistance of any of the members, should an opportunity occur to em of supplying us with information which might be useful. THE STREAM. Rev. THomas W. Fyuss, D.C.L., Hutu, Que. Come, track with me this little vagrant rill, Wandering its wild course from the mountain’s breast; Now with a brink fantastic, heather-drest, And playing with the stooping flowers at will; Now moving scarce, with noiseless step and still; Anon it seems to weary of its rest, And hurries on, leaping with sparkling zest Adown the ledges of the broken hill. 66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 So let us live. Is not the life well spent Which loves the lot that kindly Nature weaves For all inheriting, or adorning, earth ? Which shows light pleasure over true content, Blossoms with fruitage, flowers as well as leaves, And sweetens wisdom with a taste of mirth ? —Thomas Doubleday. “e It was “a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths that spring out of valleys and hills.” In one of the brooks I had a particular interest, for it ran through my own meadow, and under my windows, and bounded two sides of | garden. A quarter of a mile beyond, it “turned a mill.” I had in those days what the poet Samuel Rogers desired when he wrote:— “Mine be a cot beside a hill; A bee-hive’s hum shall soothe mine ear; A willowy brook that turns a mill, With many a fall shall murmur near.” Fie, 30. Cray-fish. One day I resolved to trace the stream to its source. I found that it was not the discharge of a mountain tarn, as many a brook in that part of the country is. Like the River Thames, in England, it took its rise in a spring, and increased in ' volume from the outflow of other springs, and from the surface drainage of the hill-sides. One of the tributary springs was near my house. It had heen “cleaned out” and a bottomless half-barrel inserted; and this was always full, and running over, with pure, translucent water. The movement of the sand at the bottom of it could be seen as the water bubbled up. One day, on looking in, I noticed two creatures crawling over the sandy bottom of the spring; they were Cray-fish. I fished them out and placed them in a vessel of water, that I might observe them closely. What strange creatures they were! They had nippers like the scorpion; stalk-eyes like the chameleon, antenne lik an insect, and fan-tails like the birds. They seemed a freak of Nature. It was interesting to watch the backward movement of the cray-fish to escape a threatening object—it was made by an undersweep of the tail. Meanwhile, the creature never came into collision with anything behind it. It kept one eye 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67 the point of danger, and turned the other upon its way of retreat. The eyes played in grooves which served as squints. After the brook became a feature of the landscape it passed through a small beaver-meadow. The beavers had long since been exterminated, and their dam broke down, but the remains of it could be traced. This meadow was a valuable possession, for here the owner cut the winter fodder for his few cows. The Blue- joint Grass (Calamagrostis canadensis, Beauy.) grew in it; and it is not bad we feed.” The farmer returning to his home, through the meadow, on a dark night, saw ‘what he took to be a tree-stump a short distance from him. He crossed the stream and reached his dwelling. There the thought struck him,—Why, there is no stump there. In the morning he went down to see. There was no stump; but, in the soft ground near the brook, he found the foot-prints of a large bear which had fol- lowed him so far. On a certain occasion, sitting by the brook in an idle mood, I wrote these lines: See, where the rippling rill with many a bound— Restless, as is a lambkin in its play, Amid the verdant meadows winds its way— A band of ribbon on a velvet ground. Now glancing gaily o’er the pebbled shallows, Now, in a deeper channel, slowly gliding— Fondly lingering, but ne’er abiding. It may not stay. Where yellow-lilies made its mimic waves their pillows, And arrow-heads its bosom pierce. Now ’tis hiding Amid the meadow-sweet, and flags, and willows, And now, with current fierce, It breaks away. In those days the little stream abounded with Brook-trout (Salvelinus fontin- alis). The speckled beauties lay hid in every eddy, and under shelter of every stone. I often rose at daybreak and caught a dish of them for breakfast. It is said that the Black Fly is an enemy to the fish; certainly it is not a friend to the fisherman. Jt will bite, and bite freely, whether the fish will do so, or not. Harris, in “Insects Injurious to Vegetation,” page 601, describes our Cana- dian Black Flies under the name of Simuliwm molestum. Baron Osten Sacken, in the “American Entomologist and Botanist,” page 229, gives an interesting account of their “Transformations,” and Oskar Augustus Johannsen, in part 6, of Bulletin 68, “published under direction of Ephraim Porter Felt” in 1903, well describes- many kinds of these blood-thirsty little creatures. There is a host of them We are quite satisfied with those that favour us—we have no desire to witness additions to their numbers. After leaving the mill that I have mentioned, the stream passed through an “intervale” of considerable dimensions. This was a grand place both for plants and insects. In it grew the Queen of all our Orchids,—Orchis spectabile, L., glorious with its large scroll-like blossoms washed with carmine. The Marsh Mari- gold (Caltha palustris, L.), the Purple Loosestrife (Neswa verticellata, H.B.K.), the Field Lily (Liliwm canadense, L.), the Large Blue Flag (Jris versicolor, L.), the Larger Bur Marigold (Bidens chrysanthemoides, Mich.), all common, but all _ showy, did their best—each in its season—to “Make so gay the solitary place.” 68 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 On a day in July, when passing through the intervale, I saw a good-sized dark caterpillar scuttling away before me. I captured it, and in a day or two it turned to a chrysalis. Early in August there came from it the rare and beautiful moth, Darapsa versicolor, Harris. The specimen is now in the Provincial Museum at Quebee. The food-plant of D. versicolor is the Button Bush (Cephalanthus ocet- dentalis, L.). The late Rev. Dr. George D. Hulst bred this species from the egg, and described it in all its stages. (See Can. Ent., Vol. X., p. 64.) That beautiful butterfly, the Baltimore Fritillary (Huphydryas Phaeton, Drury) was found there. Its larve are gregarious and hibernate in a web. Their food-plant is the “Turtle Head” (Chelone glabra, L.). Looking down upon this intervale, from one of the neighbouring hills, one calm summer night, I witnessed a wonderful spectacle: spread out, as it were, over the valley, was an undulating sheet of fire. Myriads of the beetle Photinus coruscus, L., were sporting at a height of a few yards from the ground, and so multitudinous” were they that their flashes seemed continuous. Passing along the banks of the stream in its broader reaches, the water plants took one’s attention. There was that remarkable dicecious stemless plant the Vallisneria spiralis, L., with leaves like green ribbons growing under water. Its inconspicuous female blossoms are attached to stalks sometimes three or four feet long. They rise to the surface and open. The clustered male blossoms are held in conical spathes below. In due time they break away from these and surround the female blossoms. When the latter are pollinated, their stalks coil up like a spring, and draw them under, that the seed may be ripened beneath the surface. . Favourite plants with the landscape painter are the Arrowhead (Sagittaria variabilis, Engelm.) and the Yellow-lily (Nuphar advena, Ait). The clean-cut upright leaves of the former, and the large oval leayes of the latter, show well in a Tiver scene. Another fine plant is the Wild Calla or Water Arum (Calla palustris, L.). Its white spathe throws out its spadix, which is thickly set with small greenish blossoms; and its heart-shaped shining leaves and generally trim appearance are very attractive. After passing through the intervale, the stream ran through two or three farms, and then discharged into a beautiful lake which was about a mile long, and was embosomed in the hills. At the mouth of the stream there was a growth of alders rooted in the shallows of the lake, and in these shrubs the handsome Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius pheniceus) built its nest. Amongst the alders was a small island. Landing upon this, one day I nearly trod upon two eggs of the great Northern Diver (Gavia imber), which were laid upon the bare ground. They were fine eggs, four inches long, two and five-eighths’ inches broad, of a brownish green hue blotched with dark brown. Of the feathered ichthyophagists that frequented the stream and lake, two were pre-eminent, monarchs of the waters—the Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) and the Northern Diver (Garia imber). Their methods of fishing were very different, and there appeared to be no rivalry between them. The Diver was all activity. Its trim ferm, its close plumage, its strong limbs set well back, its large webbed feet, bespoke the powerful swimmer and diver: and woe to the fish that came within its ken. The Heron, on the other hand, was a model of dignified repose. It seemed to rely upon the principle—“Eyerything comes to those who wait.” It took 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69 its position in some shallow near the bank, raised itself to its full height, rested its dagger-like bill on it breast, and waited. The Summer breeze agitated the bul- rushes growing near, but did not move the stately bird. By and by a frog plunged into the water from the bank, or an eel wriggled out from the roots of the flags; and then—that sharp bill descended with lightning rapidity and transfixed the intruder. A pair of Belted Kingfishers frequented the mill-pond up the stream. They had their nest in a hole in the bank, under the roots of a tree. While the female sat upon her batch of white eggs, the male fished for her support. He took his perch on a branch of a tree overhanging the pond, and watched. Soon a silvery gleam showed where a minnow was at play; and then, like an arrow from a bow, the bird darted down into the depths in pursuit. The kingfisher swallows its prey whole, and afterwards disgorges the bones in pellets. The brooding kingfisher does this. and so its nest becomes matted with fish-bones, which serve to keep its young from the cold earth. There is an English bird whose aquatic feats excel those of the Northern Diver and the Belted Kingfisher—it is the Water Ousel (Hydrobata cinclus). I have watched this bird running at the bottom of a clear Yorkshire stream, seemingly as mucti at ease as the Wagtails that run along the bank. A high and sandy part of one of the banks of the stream was much frequented by the Spotted Sandpiper. One or two pairs usually raised their young not far from my home. They were graceful birds. In colour they were olive-brown above, prettily barred with black. Beneath, they were white and much speckled. They seemed to be so delicately balanced upon their long legs, that they were constantly pitching forward. This habit gained for them the common name of “Tip-up.” — This name reminds me of one of my neighbours, who entertained some peculiar ideas. He believe! that every successive generation of men was “wiser and weaker” than that preceding it. When asked what he could show in support of this notion, he said, “We read* that the king of Rabbah wore a crown that weighed a talent of gold (117 lbs., 19 dwts., 16 grs.). Fancy old Billy yonder ”—pointing to a diminutive specimen of humanity—‘with a hundredweight of headgear. Why he'd go bobbing round like a tip-wp.” One early morning I was gratified with an unusual sight: I surprised a pair of mink as they were sporting on the brink of the stream. When they caught sight of me they quickly disappeared. ( The Stoat (Putorious noveboracensis) was more frequently seen, whether in its summer coat, or its winter ermine. Walking along a lane that crossed the brook, on an Autumn day, I heard a rustling in the dry leaves by the wayside. I stood still. Presently a field-mouse (Micrchis pennsylvanicus), and then another, dashed into the road, and away, up tue opposite bank. In a moment or two I heard a more stealthy tread, and then out came a stoat with its nose to the ground, following the exact course of the fugitives. It was tracking them by the scent, as a hound tracks a fox. How could a mouse escape such a foe? Another interesting creature that frequented the stream was the Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta). ‘This reptile was very gay, with rose-coloured bands and stripes along its sides, and under the edge of its carapace. It was fond of sun- ning itself on a stone or log. It deposited its eggs in the sandy banks of the stream, and left them to hatch of themselves. The young ones readily found their way to the water. *1 Chron., ch. xx, 1st and 2nd verses. 70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 I have told of some of the natural objects that engaged my attention during my residence in a retired country-place. There were many others that I may not tell of now. In searching them out, and studying them, I was never at a loss for amusement; and the remembrance of them gives me pleasure still. I would say to every head of a family, who is in a position to follow the advice: Take your wife and children to the country every summer for change and relaxation, and that they may follow Nature Studies at first hand. They will soon feel, as Shakespeare felt when he penned the words that have been so often quoted, but are so beautiful that they cannot become hackneyed— “This our life, exempt from public haunt, Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, Sermons in stones, and good in everything.” —As You Like It, Act II., Se. 1 A HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITE OF HEPIALUS THULE. ALBrert F. WINN, WESTMOUNT, QUE. The late Dr. H. G. Knaggs in his “ Lepidopterists’ Guide,” says that the grand secret of successful insect collecting lies in one little word—Why? The statement is so very true that it is rather a wonder that the word has not been adopted as a motto for some Entomological Society ; perhaps, however, it is best left as common property for all. . In studying up the habits and history of our special Montreal insect Hepialus thule, we have been confronted with many questions, but we now know and have published sufficient particulars to show that instead of being an exceedingly rare insect it occurs in its own peculiar localities in vast numbers, and its life history is known except the larva from after the first moult till it becomes about five-eighths of an inch long. One question that has bothered us for many years in connection with this moth is—Why should the Hepialide lay so many eggs? Most moths lay about 300, but the ghost moths lay over 2,000, which on the average must mean that 1,998 fail to produce imagos out of the 2,000. What enemies have they more than ~ their relatives that makes this provision necessary? Before their habits were known, it was thought that they bored in the trunks of some of the large trees, much as do the Cosside or goat moths, and the woodpeckers were suggested as doing more than their share of destroying the larve. But down below or at the surface of the ground the caterpillars in the stems and roots of the swamp willows are perfectly safe from woodpeckers. It seems quite possible that the largest loss of life occurs in the tiny larve freshly hatched from the egg failing to find a suitable supply of food, for Mrs. Ghost Moth is apparently an improvidential mother, and does not as most moths and butterflies do, namely, deposit the eggs on the particular plant whereon the larvee feed. The Hepialid females fly about dropping the eggs to the ground as they go, resting a few moments and starting off again in great ares of a circle. Whether the little larvee can sustain life by nibbling at such food as may come in their way till they strike a willow root we do not know, neither do we know whether any creature makes a meal of the minute eggs so carelessly scattered, but a great many larve do find their way into suitable quarters as is evidenced by the labyrinth of tunnels found when a clump of willows is dug up and split open. 3 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. V1 The next source of high mortality seemed to be in the imago state, as num- bers of separate wings of the moths have been found lying on the ground, sugges- tive of the work of bats; night hawks have also been seen flying about the swamps, but neither bat nor bird has been caught in the act of gobbling a Hepialus. Two years ago we found that many of the wings lying about the bushes were quite soft and not fully expanded, showing the moths had been devoured between 5.30 and 7 p.m., while they were drying their wings preparatory to their first flight, and some small animal is doubtless well supplied with dainties for the few days annually that the moth flies. In our digging operations a few larve and pupe were found attacked by a fungous disease—a species of Cordyceps, specimens of which were exhibited at our 1909 annual meeting, but till this year no insect para- site has been met with, nor do I know of any record of a parasite of any North American species. On June 23rd, Prof. Swaine and myself spent a couple of hours in a swamp at St. Anne de Bellevue, digging among the willows, resulting in our finding a good many larve and a few pupe. Owing to our not having all the necessary imple- ments with us we managed to chop in half a great many more of both than we secured intact. Two pupz that I kept looked particularly healthy, and were kept “im a roomy cage with plenty of leaf mould and moths were looked for with a degree of certainty. The larve were put in a tin box filled with the leaf mould and were only taken home for inflation for cabinet specimens, as they evidently would not produce moths till 1912, and no attention was paid to them. Early in July I opened the box, expecting to find the larve shrivelled up and dead, but instead found the mass healthy and active as ever. The cage with the pupe was looked at daily, but no moths appeared, and although still flexible at the joints it became evident that it was too late for them to produce moths this year. The _larye continued to prosper on their starvation diet, and on July 14th, as I was leaving town for my holidays the following day, I sent the larve and one pupa to Mr. H. Dawson, Hymers, Ont., to whom I am indebted for much information and Many specimens from that locality, telling him that the pupa apparently would not live, and the larve on the contrary refused to die. The larve lived till August, some five weeks. without a bite of willow wood, and the pupa produced a fine TIchneumon which Mr. Gibson has kindly had identified by Mr. W. H. Harrington as I. decinctor Say. My pupa also produced an Ichneumon during my absence but escaped in some way. So we now know that there is at least one Hymenopterous parasite, and are confronted with the question of how does it manage to get at ‘the larva to attack it? Two methods seem possible: first, by stinging the larva when it is engaged in cutting the exit hole for the moth to escape through, or second, by finding the freshly cut hole and entering bodily and following the tun- nel down to where the mature larva or freshly formed pupa is. Another species of Ichneumon. J. subdolus, has been found to be parasitic on a boring moth larva, Gortyna immanis, but the stems of the hop vine do not seem as secure a hiding place as the roots of the willow. While it is often a great disappointment to a collector who has spent time feeding and caring for larve to have them produee Ichneumons or other parasites instead of moths, one is often compensated by the fine condition the pup or chrys- alids are left in for cabinet specimens, besides what is learned of the relationships “between the destroyer and the destroyed. As well as the pupa of Hepialus thule you will notice in the box a chrysalis of Papilio asterias. In both cases the parasite escaped through neat holes in the sides instead of bursting the shell completely as the moths and butterflies do in the natural course of events. be. 72 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 INJURIOUS INSECTS OF THE YEAR, MACDONALD COLLEGE, QUE. J. M. SWAINE, MACDONALD COLLEGE, QUE. Saperda candida, and Chrysobothris femorata, the Apple tree borers, have not been so numerous in this region as formerly. Schizoneura lanigera, the APPLE WootLy Apuis, has been quite common, and on some young trees distinctly injurious. Many scars were formed on the smaller branches. I have no record of the occurrence in Quebec of the root form of this insect. Lepidosaphes ulini, the OysteR SHELL ScaLe, is very common in Quebec orchards, and too often neglected entirely. The spring spray with lime-sulphur holds it in check. This is, so far, our only orchard scale of importance. Oberea tripunctata, the APPLE-Twie OBEREA, has been recorded in large num- bers from various parts of New Brunswick, and it may become a troublesome pest- It is not yet recorded from Quebec. Its work in the apple twigs resembles that of O. bimaculata in raspberry canes. Malacosoma americana and M. disstria, the APPLE AND Forest Tent CATER- PILLARS, were extremely common this season, and injurious in unsprayed orchards. Their egg masses are to be found now in great numbers. b Fig. 31—Round-head Apple-tree Borer—a, larva; b, pupa; c, beetle. There was not much injury from Bup MorH or CaskE-BEARERS in our locality; and canker worms were rarely seen. The Pear BuisterR MITE has not yet troubled our Quebec orchards, though possibly we shall need to control it later. Rhagoletis pomonella, the APPLE Maccot. This insect has been recorded this season from many parts of Quebec Province, and is in some districts very injurious. It is very evident that the pest is becoming widely distributed, and that it should be neglected no longer. So far as known at present the only practical method of control is the careful gathering of the fallen fruit. Through the first part of the season these fallen _ fruits should be rigidly gathered and destroyed—boiled and fed to stock—every — day, or every second day. It would be interesting to know to what extent this insect breeds in the fruit of the hawthorne. It is recorded several times as breeding in haws. This season we found the haws about the Macdonald College badly infested with maggots. From them we bred flies that I cannot distinguish from those bred from apples. The hawthorne bushes are numerous in the neighborhood of the College; but we are not troubled as yet with the Apple Maggot. The subject is interesting.* * Since writing the above, the specimens bred from haws have been determined by Prof. J. M. Aldrich as R. pomonella Walsh. 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. %3 Conotrachelus nenuphar, the PLum Curcutto. This insect has been more - than usually destructive to apples in the Eastern Townships this season. In many districts it is our most destructive apple fruit insect. Poison sprays are only partly effective in its control, and need to be supple- mented by careful destruction of the fallen fruit, particularly the small fruits which drop early in the season. In controlling this insect lead arsenate should be used, three to four pounds per barrel for the first two summer sprays. - Cultivated orchards are less seriously affected than those in sod. Surface cultivation in July and August, pruning and spraying all tend to keep the beetle in check. Haws and wild plums, in which the Cureulio breeds, and neglected orchards, serve as centres for breeding and distribution of this as well as other apple-fruit pests. Nearby orchards, no matter how well cared for, may be seriously infested. Fig. 32—Fruit injured by the Apple Maggot. Anthonomous quadrigibbus, the APPLE CurcuLIo. We have the Apple Curculio in injurious numbers in the region about Covey Hill. Carpocapsa pomonella, the Copttnc Morn. We have heard less of the Cod- ling moth in Quebec orchards this season, probably because the Maggot and Cur- culio attracted so much attention. Spraying, which so readily controls the Codling Moth, is also being more widely practised. Cymatophora ribearia, the Currant Span-worm, and Pteronus ribesii, the Currant Saw-fly, were present in unusual numbers. The former is quite common on Montreal Island. Sesia tipuliformis, the Currant Borer, is destructive locally; but controlled by careful pruning. Oberea bimaculata, the RASPBERRY CANE-BORER, has not been so numerous this season. It is readily controlled by careful pruning. We find an Oberea larva rather common in rose stems. It is possibly basalis, which has been collected from rose bushes. The worst enemy of the raspberry, in this district, is the Rep Sprper. In dry seasons it lessens the crop very materially. Several sprayings with kerosene emul- sion or fish-oil soap or frequent sprayings with water hold it in check. There were few complaints of strawberry insects this season. Our chief insect enemy of the strawberry is the WHITE GruB; and it is seldom destructive when the strawberries come at the end of a long rotation. Poe 74 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Psila rosae, the Carrot Rust FLy, was injurious at several places on Montreal Island. It also occurs at Ottawa and in Eastern Quebec, and is probably found throughout the Province. Cabbage insects are reported in their usual numbers. The cutworms and maggots were perhaps less abundant. Onton Maccorts and CuTworms, quite common here some years, were hardly noticed this season. Crioceris 12-punctata, the 12-Sporrep AspARAGuS BEETLE, is rather common late in the season. C. asparagi is rarely seen in this neighborhood. ~ GRASSHOPPERS were not noticeably destructive with us this season. INSECT MIGRATION AT AWEME, MANITOBA. NorMAN CRIDDLE, TREESBANK, Man. It is common knowledge that most birds migrate, and much has been written relating to the cause and origin of their movements. But with the exception of locust flights, commonly, though erroneously, considered to be due to lack of food, and the well-known movements of the Monarch butterfly, few of us recognize that practically all insects migrate at some time of their lives. Such, however, is the case. Nor is the desire to travel confined to birds and insects. The buffalo was known to move periodically south or north according to the season. So it is to-day with the cariboo and several other mammals. We also have the autumn “ flights ” of spiders, which, having no wings, spin themselves aerial conveyances which carry them many miles. These are the well-known “ fair-weather webs ” we see floating in countless numbers during fine September and October days. In the West they are said to be a sign of fine weather, and as the spiders only spin them when it is fine there is, after all, some truth in the assertion. And as wasps were our first paper manufacturers, so spiders could probably claim to be the first animals, with- out wings, to master the air. There is another wingless class, however, being unable either to fly or build apparatus for the purpose, that still manages to travel in the air. These are the tramps among the smaller animals who steal rides by attach- ing themselves to such as can fly. As an example we have the well-known cases of water snails clinging to ducks; and many other such as leeches, and even cray fish are distributed in the same way. And this is the reason why every piece of water is stocked with the life adapted to live in it. To return to insects: I have already related how there is a periodic move- ment of locusts commencing in late July and continuing well into August.* This, however, relates only to those destructive kinds belonging to the genus Melanoplus. There are many others that move in the same way; in fact I am convinced that all winged Orthoptera migrate, or in other words, fly high into the air, and taking advantage of the wind, travel long distances in search of new homes. My own eyes have shown me that Tettix does so; also Hippiscus, Spharagemon, Dissosteira, Arphia and Scudderia, and why have some crickets long wings unless for just such a purpose ? Among the Lepidoptera we have, as I before mentioned, the Monarchs’ well- known movements south in autumn and return greatly reduced in numbers the following spring. The movements of these butterflies are most interesting. They * Annual Report Ent. Soc. of Ont., 1911. Also Ott. Nat. 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. v0) have a habit of flying before thunder storms, no matter which way the wind is blowing; but as soon as the rain commences they alight and it is then that occas- ionally a wonderful sight is seen. Thousands congregate upon a bush and open and shut their wings so much in unison that one moment the trees look green, the next reddish. Such a sight was seen by my brother Stuart last year in August, and I have twice observed a somewhat similar scene. No one seems to have made notes upon the migratory movements of these butterflies, though it would be well worth while to do so, and thus get an insight into the daily rate of travel. So far as first arrivals are concerned, these of course depend largely upon the weather or prevailing winds. I have two records of the first noted, June 10th, 1910, and May 16, 1911, while my latest are September 7, 1910 and September 20, 1911. Another butterfly that migrates regularly is the painted lady, Pyrameis cardui. I have known them to come up from the south by hundreds with a hot southerly wind in June, while in other seasons they have been almost entirely lacking, due, at least in part, to unfavourable breezes. These are, so far as I know, the only regular migrants who go south to escape our winter and return to breed like birds, but the numbers that move from place to place as a means of distribu- tion are almost endless. Occasionally there will be a general movement when all kinds including butterflies of several species such as Colias, Pontia, Anosia, Pyra- meis, etc., also dragon flies, embracing several types, are all flying together as if haying a single object in view. These flights, however, occur but rarely. Moths also migrate, although as they usually fly at night their movements are overlooked, unless they appear suddenly in a district, as did the Snow-white Linden Moth at Ottawa in 1908. Beetles nearly all have their restless moods, which occur at any time during the summer months, but their more regular movements are in spring and fall, when they appear to be returning from winter quarters or in search of them. Here also we have the day fliers and night fliers, but, strange to relate, those beetles that are generally most constant in their habits of only coming out in the sunshine will suddenly change them and appear on the darkest nights to fly long distances. Thus we have diurnal denizens such as tiger-beetles and lady-birds flying in com- pany with hosts of other beetles, bugs, stone-flies, caddis-flies, lace-winged flies, tree-crickets, mosquitoes and many more. These have all been collected around lights. Of course some are regular night fliers, especially those commonly called water-beetles. Presumably the reason why day beetles sometimes fly at night is the greater protection darkness affords them from birds. During the present year there was a remarkable flight of a small native beetle known as the willow leaf beetle, Galeru- cella decora, a very destructive insect. These beetles suddenly appeared in swarms soon after the trees came into leaf. Where they came from is unknown to me, though their flight seemed to be from an easterly direction. They appeared in millions, and soon turned many of the aspen poplars a dirty brown colour by skeletonizing the leaves. The willows likewise suffered, eventually more so, as they are the natural food plant. Judging from the fact that the beetles came suddenly and did not attack the intervening trees, we might suppose that they had been flying at a considerable height, especially as they seemed exceedingly hungry when they came to earth as if from a long journey. It is not an uncom- mon event, however, for willow leaf-beetles to migrate. Other Chrysomelidae do the same thing, though seldom in such large numbers. A great many insects unquestionably fly in search of food. The potato-beetle is an example of this, and several others can readily be called to mind, but the . 76 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 kind of flight I have more particularly in view is that relating to distribution rather than food supply. At such times insects seem to prepare for a more sus: tained flight. They also often abandon their usual habits like the tiger-beetles, flying at night. Towards late autumn there is a continued movement in search of winter quarters, a restlessness that we might suspect to be similar to the original impulse that later turned to regular migration among certain animals. Especially as this restlessness is not confined to insects, but is noticeable in several other groups particularly among spiders, many of which, as I have already related, spin suffi- cient web to suspend them in the air, while others spin from stem to stem so that at times almost every plant is covered with those tiny strings, indicating the line of travel traversed by those small animals. Among our autumn insects one is particularly noticeable on account of its abundance. I refer to Aphodius scabriceps. This beetle appears in late August from unknown breeding grounds, and by September, on fine sunny days, may be observed in countless millions—at times so numerous, indeed, that looking towards the sun when it is low, the whole air seems to be glistening haze, caused by the myriads of moving wings as the beetles fly to and fro. This flight goes on inter- mittently until frost commences to harden the ground, and at times is continued ail night. What the object of it is I do not know, nor where the beetles go to, but they vanish at this time to be seen no more until the following autumn. They are also taken in Colorado, but, so far as I know, have not been seen over the inter- vening country. Perhaps some day they may be found breeding in the neighbour- hood. Indeed, the chances are they will, but at present they are one of the little mysteries that confront the local entomologist. Other species of Aphodius are also common fliers at this time, particularly inquinatus, but their food is known and they appear again in the spring. They are seen on all bright days, with countless other insects—winged ants, aphids, bugs, and many beetles—all seeking winter homes; and that their tastes are often similar is shown by the fact that the latter at least are constantly found huddled together as if seeking comfort, or warmth, in numbers. : Such is a summary of the flight of insects as viewed at Aweme. In addition, we have also the movements of mosquitoes, whose coming we can foretell by the direction of the wind. There are also the annual excursions of dragon flies, and occasionally the marchings of caterpillars, such as the army worm, ete. The primary reasons for these movements seem to be threefold. Firstly, distribution : the instinctive desire common to all creation to spread over and occupy as large an area as possible. Secondly, food supply: the scarcity of food in a given locality making it necesary for them to go elsewhere in search of it; and thirdly: sexual advantages. It is well known that nearly all life derives a benefit from the union of well separated individuals, and is injured in vitality by in-breeding. Conse- quently, the movements of insects to seek their mates elsewhere is of decided benefit to the race as a whole. Note.—Since writing the above the mystery of Aphodius scabriceps has been partly cleared up. The mature insects have been found emerging and burrowing into ploughed fields in considerable numbers, while odd individuals were discovered in a partly decomposed tomato. There is, therefore, every reason to suspect that these beetles feed upon the decayed vegetation covered over by the piow. If this is so, they may be of decided benefit to agriculture. 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. UY CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN INSECTS. C. Gorpon Hewitt, D.Sc., Domrnton Enromonoeist, Orrawa. It is well known to all the members present how the idea of a catalogue of the insects of Canada originated and the reason for its genesis, and I have attempted in a recent number of the Canadian Entomologist, which I have no doubt most of the members have read, to give some idea of the agreement to which the committee which was formed came to with regard to the scope of this catalogue. My object, therefore, in speaking on the subject this afternoon is not to discuss what has already been accomplished, as that is set forth in the short article men- tioned, but to discuss any points which members of the society or those who are assisting in the preparation of this catalogue, wish to discuss. I am very pleased to tell you, as you may have seen from the short note at the end of the article, that I took up the question of publication with the Geological Survey and Mr. Brock also took it up with the Minister, with the result that they have consented to publish the list in parts as we desire. I think the best thing we can do now, and which I had intended, is to publish the different groups as they are ready. For example, some groups such as the Noctuids would form a fairly large volume, I suppose, so that such a group would be published in a single volume. On the other hand, a number of the groups and families are quite small and they will not be published separately; they will be held over until all the sub-families are pre- pared, and then the family will be published in a complete manner. There is one question which I wanted to discuss with you and that is the question of nomenclature. It is extremely desirable and it is necessary that we have some uniformity in this matter, that we should act thoreughly in accordance with the modern rules and usages of nomenclature. There is a small matter on which there should be some consensus of opinion, dnd that is as to the use of initial capital letters in specific names. Take the Larch Sawfly, for example, which is Lygaeonematus erichsonit, The old naturalists and still many of those who are accustomed to use these proper names, write the specific name erichsonii with a capital E, and we should decide whether in such cases a capital or a small letter is to be used. With a view to obtaining the official opinion I wrote to Dr. Stiles, who is Secretary of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, which decides all questions of nomenclature, and he replied as follows :— Washington, D.C., October 9th, 1911. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, : Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa. Ont. Dear Doctor, Replying to your letter of October 3rd, I would say that Article 13 of the Inter- national Code on Zoological Nomenclature, reads as follows:— “While specific substantive names derived from names of persons may be written with a capital letter, all other specific names are to be written with a small initial letter. Examples: Rhizostoma Cuvieri, or R. cuvieri; Francolinus Lucani, or F. lucanit; Hypoderma Diana, or H. diana; Laophonte Mohammed, or L. mohammed; Oestrus ovis; Corvus coraz.” Under “ Discussion” of Article 13 is the following paragraph:— “Formerly all substantive specific names were capitalized, while most adjectival names were written with a small initial letter. Then the custom relative to specific names changed to confining the capital to names derived from proper names. Later, 78 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 the capitals were restricted to names derived from names of persons, and, finally, the use of capitals in specific names was entirely rejected, except that names derived from | names of persons may be written with a capital. The use of the capital is a convenience in distinguishing between a specific name, like Gobii, based upon the surname Gobi, and a specific name, like gobii, based upon the generic name Gobius. There is now a decided tendency to reject the use of capitals in specific names.” Very respectfully, : (Signed) C. W. SrTizes, Secretary, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. I think, therefore, in view of that we shall be justified in our decision not to use capital letters in the case of specific names, but adopt the method which is most generally employed and use the small letter. There are a number of other points, too, but I would rather the members of the Society would ask them in the form of questions. Mr. Caxsar: I suppose every specimen will be supposed to have the date and locality as far as possible ? Dr. Hewirr: We shall not record any species of insect in any of the collec- tions which does not possess a locality label. Mr. Cansar: How about dates? Dr. Hewitt: Dates are desirable. In the case of the commoner insects we shall not include dates. In the various collections we shall find a large number of insects which do not possess locality labels and I do not think it would be advis- able to include these species in this list. Dr. BetHune: There is another point. I notice in some publications that after the specific name and before the author’s the comma is omitted. If the scien- tific name is in italics the author’s name is in Roman letters; of course you see at once the difference. But where they are all in the same type it looks to me as if it might be part of the specific name, so that I think there ought to be some decision in regard to that. Dr. Hewitt: That is a point which I have also had under consideration and T agree with you that there should be some distinction, but as I think the author’s name really forms part of the insect’s name—although I should like to have the opinion of the Committee—the omission of the comma and the printing the author’s name in Roman letters might be preferable. Dr. WALKER: The scientific name is written, almost always, in italics, or black-faced type, and I think it always should be, and in the catalogue certainly it would look very badly if the scientific names were not distinct. Dr. WALKER: One point which I should like to know is whether we should include in the references the original description as well as a reference to some good description. I think it was agreed in the original plan not to include the original description, but only a reference to some well known and easily access-— ible good description. It seems to me that it would be highly desirable to have references to the original descriptions. - Dr. Hewitt: I agree with that idea, but at the same time, in addition to giving a good general description of the insect and its life-history you should give — a good specific description. Accordingly we might have three references. There would be the reference to the original description, the second to a good specific description, if the original description were considered inadequate, and a third description giving, if possible, the life-history and the habits of the insect. Mr. Winn: I have been practically through all the original Geometrid descriptions, and the original descriptions are very short, rarely half a page; the — 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 79 life-history takes sometimes as much as a page and a half. We might indicate the latter by some kind of initials. Dr. Hewirr: In many cases it is indicated by using heavier type. I am glad you have mentioned that. I believe it would be a good thing to indicate the good general description of the insect. It might be indicated by the use of the abbreviation (Biol.) or (L.H.) The former would be preferable. Pror. Swarne: Is each section of an order to be described as the work of one man? If there are four men responsible for the order, would it be convenient for all four to work in unison, or in the Catalogue will each one of them be credited with doing a certain amount? Dr. Hewitt: In case four men are responsible for the Noctuide (I take this for an example) and all are working at that group, it will be published under the four men’s names. But should four men take four separate divisions of a single order, they would be each responsible for the division apportioned and the divisions would be published under their respective names. ProF Swaine: Would it be desirable to have the method of preparation in the Diptera as in the Coleoptera? Dr. Hewirt: Yes, I think so. I am endeavoring to leave the preparation and apportioning of the work of the orders to certain sub-committees and it is for them to arrange who should take the separate sections. In the Coleoptera you might arrange that each of you would work at the whole order and then the four would be responsible for the order. Dr. Hewirr. I think it would be advisable to append the account of the pre- . paration of the list to our discussion. Before closing the discussion I may say that we are under a great obligation to a number of our scientific friends in the United States who are assisting us in the preparation of the catalogue. Dr. Wheeler has promised to be responsible for the Ants, Professor Cockerell for the Bees and Dr. MacGillivray is cataloging the Sawflies. In addition other entomologists are lend- ing valuable assistance, which we deeply appreciate, in the submitting of records and lists, ete. THE PREPARATION OF A CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF CANADA. C. Gorpon Hewitt, D.Sc. Dominion EntTomonocisr, OTrawa. (From “'The Canadian Entomologist,” vol. xliii., p. 3-5.) At a meeting of the Executive Committee of the Entomological Society of Ontario, held at Guelph, Ont., on November 4th, 1910, it was unanimously agreed that the preparation of a catalogue of Canadian insects was desirable, and that such a list should be dedicated to Dr. C. J. S. Bethune, in recognition of his long and valuable services to Canadian entomology as editor of The Canadian Entomolo- gist. A special committee of the society was appointed to arrange for and take charge of the work of preparing the proposed catalogue. The following members constitute the committee: Dr. E. M. Walker (Pres.), Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt (Vice-Pres.), Messrs. G. Chagnon, N. Criddle, J. D. Evans, Arthur Gibson, W. H. Harrington, T. D. Jarvis, H. H. Lyman, G. A. Moore, G. E. Sanders, J. M. Swaine, A. F. Winn, F. H. Wolley-Dod, and Prof..T. D. A. Cockerell. 80 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 ee ee ss SE ee Suggestions as to the form and scope of the catalogue, and the method of preparation, were drawn up and submitted to the members in a circular, issued on March 10th, 1911, with a request that it should be considered, and that further suggestions should be submitted. Opinions on the suggestions which were submitted and further suggestions on the part of members of the committee have resulted in the formation of the fol- lowing scheme, which will be adopted in the preparation of the catalogue, as they represent the views of a majority of the members. 1. The list will be entitled, “ A Catalogue of the Insects of Canada and New- foundland,” and it will include ail species known to occur in Canada (including Labrador) and Newfoundland, whether previously recorded or not. Alaskan species will not be included, but may be published as an appendix. 2. The various species will be classified under the orders, sub-orders, families, sub-families, and genera, in ascending order wherever possible. The arrangement of the genera will be systematic and, so far as is possible, the species also. 3. The names will be given of the authors of all generic and specific names mentioned, with the date (year) in the case of each genus. 4. Under each species will be given: (a) A reference to one or two good descriptions of the insect, not neces- sarily the original one; these will be descriptions which are as accessible as possible. If possible reference will be given to a good published figure, and if such is contained in one of the references it will be in- dicated by the addition of (fig.) after the reference. (b) The geographical distribation within Canada and Newfoundland; this will be indicated, as a rule, by Provinces, in order from East to West, e.g., N. S., Ont., B. C., ete. The characteristic faunal zones inhabited by the species will be indicated, so far as it may be possible, by abbre- viations ; thus: Ar—Arctic, H.—Hudsonian, C.—Canadian, T.—Tran- sition. Where a species is known from a few localities only, the names of these will be given with the name of the captor in cases where the — species recorded is of great rarity. If the type locality of a species is Canadian it will be given, and the places where type specimens of Canadian species are deposited will also be given when possible. The Latin name of the chief food plants will be given in the case of the Lepidoptera, Cecidomyide, Aphid, Coccide, phytophagous Hy- menoptera and Coleoptera. (Gray’s New Manual of Botany, 1908, will be used throughout for the names of the food plants). (e) In the case of parasitic species the name of the host or chief hosts — will be given wherever known. 5. Recent important changes in synonymy will be noticed. 6. In the case of new and previously unpublished records the collector’s name will be given in every case. 7. No species of which there is no trustworthy record or specimen available is to be included. 8. Fossil species will be included, and also introduced species, including green- house species, but the fact that they have been introduced will be indicated in those cases in which the fact is known. The: work of preparing the catalogue will be divided among the members, ap- proximately, as follows: (c ~ (d = 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81 Aptera, Orthoptera and Neuropteroid Orders.—Dr. E. M. Walker. , Hymenoptera.—Messrs. W. H. Harrington, G. E. Sanders, and Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell. ~ Coleoptera.—Messrs. J. M. Swaine, G. Chagnon, N. Criddle, ama J. D. Evans. Lepidoptera.—Messrs. Arthur Gibson, H. H. Lyman, A. F. Winn, and F. H. Wolley-Dod. Diptera and Aphaniptera.—Mr. C. Gordon Hewitt. Hemiptera.—Prof. T. D. Jarvis, and Mr. G. A. Moore. These members will be responsible for the lists prepared by them, and such lists will be published under their names. In the preparation of such lists it will be necessary to seek the co-operation and assistance of other SLSSaEG and all such assistance will be fully acknowledged. The division of the work in the different orders will be systematic rather than according to the geographical regions in which the members may be located; this will necessitate the co-operation of workers in different regions. In the compilation of the catalogue it is intended to index the species on the regular card, catalogue cards 5 in. x 3 in., which will be supplied to the members. A single species will be listed on each card. The card will thus contain the infor- mation which it is intended to include in the catalogue. For example, the Spruce Budworm, Tortrix fumiferana Clemens, would be indexed and listed as follows: T. fumiferana Clemens. Proc. Ent. Soc., Phila., vy 139, 1865. U.S. Ent. Comm., 5th Rep.. pp. 830-838 (Packard), 1890. Dist.: Eastern Can., Man., B. C. Food Plants: Abies, Picea, Pseudotsuga The catalogue will be published, under the editorship of the writer, by the Geological Survey of Canada, by arrangement with and the consent of the Minister of Mines and the Director of the Survey. It will appear in parts as the different orders, or families, in the case of large families, are completed, and its publication will necessarily extend over a number of years. SOME NOTES ON HEPIALUS HYPERBOREUS. Horace Dawson, Hymers, P. Q. This season I have had splendid opportunities for watching these interesting moths as not only have they been breeding all around me but some have actually emerged from under my new house and some were taken inside, on windows, etc. A freshly emerged female found clinging to a screen door trying to attract a mate held on so tightly that the opening and closing of the door quite hard several times did not disturb her. I also found, within three feet of the house, two females, just _ emerged, the wings being not fully expanded, and give the following notes on them: Aug. 19th. Two fresh females found, and a glance revealed an empty but evidently freshly vacated pupa-case. A further search resulted in a large number of others being found, mostly older ones. Some were lying flat on the ground, but the greater number were projecting about one-half of their length from perpendicular silk tubes that came almost, if not quite, to the surface of the leaf mould which cov- ered the ground to the depth of several inches. The moths were caged and remained 6 E.S. 82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 perfectly quiet until about 7.30 p.m., when they began their endeavours to attract the males. The fore-wings were moved very rapidly, the vibrations producing a slight hammering sound; the hind-wings are held close to the body. and motionless. Many others noticed drumming behaved in exactly the same manner. Six males were taken at the cage; others were seen, but escaped. Aug. 20.—Trapped one male, which was admitted to the cage, and soon mated, and eggs were dropped during the night. Several other males were attracted. Aug. 21.—Two or three males were attracted, but I was unable to trap one; the night was windy. Aug. 22.—None attracted, one seen on the wing; night cold. Aug. 23.—Another fresh female was secured and put in the same cage and the door opened at 7.30. A male was attracted and mated; the other did not attract. Aug. 24.—A fresh male was netted, and on being put in the cage soon mated with the old but hitherto unpaired female, and eggs were dropped the same night. Aug. 25.—A few more eggs dropped. Aug. 26.—The female died this morning. A good way to take the species is to watch for the flight about 7 p.m., and as soon as dark enough take a lantern and search for them. They are then found in pairs, clinging to grass and other low plants usually some six or eight inches from the ground, or clinging to the side of the house. The time of flight varies, probably being a little earlier on a clear than a cloudy evening, but they are seldom on the wing before seven o’clock, and almost never after eight o’clock. 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83 BLISTER BEETLES. ArrHur Gipson, Cuter Assistant ENTomMoLoGist, CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL Farm, OTTawa. In the Family Meloide there are several beetles, known popularly as Blister Beetles, some of which almost every year in Canada cause considerable anxiety to farmers and gardeners, from their habit of appearing suddenly and often much reducing the crop which they happen to attack. These blister beetles differ much in size and appearance, but all are soft-bodied insects, and in shape slender and cylindrical. Being gregarious in habit, they congregate in great numbers, and when they appear suddenly and attack a crop, the plants are often entirely ruined in two or three days. Fortunately, however, they oftentimes disappear from a locality as suddenly as they came. As is well-known, blister beetles derived their popular name from their possessing powerful vesicating properties. Many cantharids have this property, but the species which has been used most extensively in medicine is the Spanish Beetle (Cantharis vesicatoria). Our common North American species, the Striped Blister Beetle (Hpicauta vitlata) has been found to be fully equal to the Spanish Beetle as a vesicant. In their life-history, blister beetles differ remarkably from other coleoptera. Chittenden, in the United States Department of Agriculture Year Book, 1898, states : “The blister beetle eggs are laid on plants or upon the ground. From each hatehes a small long-legged larva, called a ‘ triungulin,’ which runs actively about in search of a grasshopper egg-pod, which it enters and feeds upon. After a time it casts its skin and assumes what is called the ‘ carabidoid’ larval stage, and when it next moults it resembles a white grub, ‘ the scarabeidoid’ larval stage. When a larva has finished its quota of locusts’ egos, it undergoes a third moult and forms within its own skin what is known as the * coarctate’ larval stage or ‘ pseudopupa,’ and in this condition usually passes the winter. In the spring the fourth and ultimate larval moult takes place, and with the fifth moult the insect enters upon the true pupal stage, and in due time transforms to a beetle.” The BLAck BuisTER BEETLE (Lpicauta pennsylvanica, DeG.) (Fig. 1, on plate). This species is the one which, in Canada, has been most complained of. It occurs particularly in Ontario and the Eastern Provinces, but instances are on record of its appearing in destructive numbers in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and British Columbia. Tm colour, as its popular name implies, it is uniformly dull black, and in length varies from a little more than a quarter to slightly more than half an inch. This _ beetle has a very wide range of food plants. It is particularly destructive to the - potato, and is mostly complained of as a pest of that plant. Mangels, beets, car- rots, cabbages, tomatoes, corn and windsor beans are also freely attacked, and even ‘such plants as mustard, asters, clematis, zinnia and other garden plants. Prof. E. W. Claypole has recorded the species as “devouring the flowers of the Great Rag-weed (Ambrosia trifida).” The species commonly occurs in August on the leaves and blossoms of golden rod and thoroughwort, and has also been found on amaranth and ironweed. At Ottawa, we have found the beetles defoliating clema- 84 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 tis and plants of the genus Thalictrum, the latter growing in the perennial border at the Central Experimental Farm. At Aweme, Man., Mr. Norman Criddle finds the species wherever the Wild Pea (Lathyrus venosus) is plentiful. The beetles may be found in Ontario any time from the latter part of June to the end of September. The AsH-GRAY BLISTER BEETLE (JJacrobasis unicolor, Kirby). (Fig. 6, on plate). This also is an abundant species, particularly in the east. It is larger than the Black Blister Beetle and in colour is of a uniform ash-gray. In size it varies from slightly less than half an inch to five-eighths of an inch. In New Brunswick the beetles have been very numerous during the month of July, eating the leaves of horse beans. In Quebec, the insect has attacked potatoes and beans. In Ontario the chief injury has also been to potatoes and beans. Other plants are often attacked by these beetles, such as peas, beets, tomato, sweet potato, clover, bass- wood, honey locust, lupine, astragalus, wild indigo, anemone, chrysanthemum, caragana, aralia, clematis, ironweed and thalictrum. At Ottawa the beetles have been frequently found upon the Tall Meadow Rue (Thalictrum cornuti). Tn — the district we have found the adults from the beginning of the last week of June to the first week of August. THE WESTERN BLISTER BEETLE (Fig. 4, on plate), or, as it is also called, Nut- tall’s Blister Beetle (Cantharis nuttalli, Say), occurs throughout the west and is some years decidedly destructive to leguminous crops, particularly windsor broad beans. It is a handsome species and in length is from three-quarters to one inch. The wing- _ covers are variable in colour, some being purple, others-greenish or of a coppery appearance. 'The head, thorax and body are metallic green, with a golden sheen. The time of the appearance of this blister beetle in destructive numbers varies con- — siderably. During the past season the beetles appeared in large numbers in Sas- ~ katchewan from about the 25th July till the middle of August. Other years they appeared in swarms about July 1st and in 1893 at Saskatoon, Sask., they occurred as early as June 19th. Besides beans, the beetles have been found injuring young oats, barley, cultivated tares and leguminous wild plants such as Vicia americana and the astragali or milk vetches. el THE Gray Buister BEETLE (Hpicauta cinerea Forst) (Fig. 2, on plate), has some years been destructive in Ontario and Quebec to potatoes, beans, vetch and alfalfa. It is also recorded as destructive to honey locust and even to the foliage of apple and the young fruit. It does not, however, occur nearly so destructively in Canada as some of the other species. In colour it is black, uniformly clothed with grey pubescence, and is from about three-eighths to five-eighths of an inch in length, ~ The beetles occur in July and August. THE MarqineD BLisTER BEETLE (EHpicauta marginata Fab.). (Fig. 8, on plate.) The onlly Canadian specimens I have seen of this species are three which were taken at London, Ont., and which are in the collection of the Entomological Society of Ontario. This insect is very abundant in the United States and is re- corded as being particularly partial to beets. It appears in July and August, and besides beets is known to have attacked beans, potatoes, tomatoes, asters, clematis, etc. In colour it is black, the head and sides of the thorax being clothed with gray pubescence, as are also the margins of the wing-covers. When at rest the inner gray borders of the wing-covers appear as a band down the centre of the back. BLISTER BEETLES 1—Black Blister Beetle. 5—Striped Blister Beetle. 2—Gray Blister Beetle. 6—Ash-gray Blister Beetle. 3—sSpotted Blister Beetle. 7—Say’s Blister Beetle. 4—Nuttall’s Blister Beetle. 8—Margined Blister Beetle. (Pigs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 8, after Chittenden, Bull. No. 43, Div. of Ent., U.S. Dept- Agr.) (Pig.7 after Chittenden, Bull. No. 88, N S., Div. of Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr.) [85] 86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 THE SrripeD BLIsTeR BEETLE (Hpicauta vittata Fab.). (Fig. 5, on plate.) This species, which is about half an inch in length with blackish wing-covers, each of which is bordered with yellow aud has a yellow stripe down the centre, has not -as yet been complained of as a serious pest in Canada. In 1901, it was reported as injuring potatoes, tomatoes, mangels and beets in a few places in western On- tario, during the last week of July and the first week of August. Provancher re- cords the species from St. Hyacinthe, Que. In the United States this beetle has Jong been known, particularly in the eastern States, as one of the most destructive pests of the potato. Besides the above-mentioned crops it has also been found doing injury to turnips, beans, peas, radishes, melons, corn, clover and alfalfa. Tue Sporrep BuisTer BEETLE (Hpicauta maculata Say.). (Fig. 3, on plate.) In British Columbia and some of the other western provinces this blister bleetle has been frequently complained of. In colour it is gray, or rather the black body is covered with fine gray hairs, excepting small areas on the wing covers which show up as black spots. The beetles appear any time from about the middle of May till the middle of August. Injury by this species has been done particularly to potatoes, but it has also done considerable damage to beets, eab- bages, spinach, beans and clover. It is also known to feed in Montana upon the Grease-wood, Sarcobatus vermiculatus. Say’s BiisTeR BEETLE (Pomphopoea sayi Lec.) (Fig. 7, on plate.) This species has not yet been recorded as an important pest in Canada. It, unlike the above-mentioned species, is arboreal, feeding on the blossoms of certain trees. At Toronto, Mr. C. W. Nash has reported that the beetles did considerable damage to the blossonis of plum, in May. During the past season the adults were present im some numbers on June 4th at Hull, Que., where Mr. W. Metcalfe found them feeding on the blossoms of elder. Mr. F. J. A. Morris collected the species on July 1st, in Muskoka, Ont., upon Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago). Mr. J. D. Evans has taken the beetles at Sudbury, Ont., on May 14th, Mr. A. W. Hanham has found the species at Quebec, Que., and Mr. A. F. Winn has collected the beetle at Shawbridge, Que., on June 4th. Mr. Winn informs me that he has also found specimens at other points in the Laurentian Mountain district, in the blossoms of cherry, plum, etc. This is a handsome species measuring about seven-eighths of an inch in length. In colour it is of a dark metallic blue, the first two joints of the legs being reddish-yellow. THE GREEN BLISTER BEETLE, Cantharis cyanipennis Say. Few instances are on record of this species occurring in destructive numbers in Canada. In 1900 the beetles were found injuring pea vines in an orchard at Ducks, B.C.. and in 1904 specimens were sent to the Division with the statement that they were de- stroying beans and peas. No further record of injury by them has since been ~ received. “At several places in Western Assiniboia and Southern Alberta”, the beetles have been found by Fletcher feeding on the wild American vetch. This species is a large one, some individuals being three-quarters of an inch in length; in colour it varies from an intense green to almost a deep blue with metallic re- flections. ; Other species of cantharids which occur in Canada but which so far have not appeared in injurious numbers, are the following: 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 28 EPICAUTA SERICANS Lec. This species, some years, occurs in large numbers in Manitoba. Mr. N. Criddle states that at Aweme, Man., where it is present on the dry prairies, that it is in no way injurious, but that, on the contrary, it is beneficial, as it seems to confine itself almost entirely to lambs’ quarters. The native food plant is apparently the Crocus Anemone, Anemone nuttalliana, on which Mr. Criddle has frequently found the adults feeding. This is a small grayish species about three-eighths of an inch in length. Epicaura PUNCTICOLLIS Mann. In British Columbia this species is some- times fairly abundant. Rey. G. W. Taylor has found the beetles on Vancouver Island, and Mr. A. J. Hill has collected specimens at New Westminster. Eprcaura rissttaBus Lee. This species has been collected on June 6, at Saskatoon, Sask., by Mr. T. N. Willing. Hprcauta TrIcHuUS Pall. Mr. Norman Criddle has collected this species at Aweme, Man., (June 19, 21). CANTHARIS VIRIDANA Lec. Fletcher has taken this species at Aweme, Man., in the middle of July, at Rudy, Sask., in the same month, and also at Medicine Hat, Alta., on June 20th. This species measures about half an inch in length. It is of a green or bluish-green colour, the head and thorax having a metallic coppery reflection. CANTHAHIS SPH#RICOLLIS Say. This blister heetle is some years rather abundant in British Columbia. We have had it sent in, in fair numbers, from near Kamloops, B.C. (July 31), and also from Vernon, B.C. It is greenish-blue in colour and in length about half an inch. CANTHARIs coopErt Lee. A series of this beetle was sent to the Division some years ago, from Indian Head, Sask. It is very distinct from any of the above species, the wing covers being black and the head and thorax reddish-yellow. REMEDIES. In the older provinces, where potatoes are so largely grown, little injury from the attacks of blister beetles should result if the vines are sprayed regularly with the ordinary poisoned Bordeaux mixture* so widely used for fungi and leaf-eating in- sects. In the western provinces, however, where fortunately the Colorado Potato Beetle does not yet occur in very destructive numbers, no regular treatment of potato fields is practised, and consequently when these beetles appear suddenly in large swarms, the damage is done, in many instances before the farmer knows that the insects are upon his crop. As is well known, blister beetles, in their larval state, * Bordeaux mixture is made as follows:— Bmnperenwipaate: (DIUESLONE) <2 ..2 ow ci ce else ce cleslcs ewes 4 Ibs. NEE MMARETCESESED)) REP oto edteCs chafel ste sie, creole ere] Sol aeot eoniava ee die4 wo eiece 4a ays 4 Ibs. MIRE RCE iey cl olee(iolelclefeivic le s'e's ot seis ors ors sievsles gierondie ete ewe 4 oz DELETE LIAETED ie i oisrcicic sis vie.c ere) s-a eis 0/89 96 eisieisis wise ye cele sess 40 gallons Dissolve the copper sulphate (by suspending it inside a wooden or earthen vessel containing 4 or 5 or more gallons of water). Slake the lime in another vessel. If the lime, when slaked is lumpy or granular, it should be strained through coarse sacking ‘or a fine sieve. Pour the copper sulphate solution into a barrel, or it may be dissolved in this in the first place; half fill the barrel with water, add the slaked lime, fill the barrel with water and stir thoroughly. It is then ready for use. A stock solution of copper sulphate and milk of lime may be prepared and kept in separate covered barrels throughout the spraying season. The quantities of copper sulphate, lime and water should be carefully noted. 88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 are predaceous on the eggs of grasshoppers. It is well, therefore that the farmer should realize this and watch for the appearance of blister beetles in years fol- lowing excessive outbreaks of grasshoppers. Whenever these latter insects appear in. destructive numbeers, the now- well-known Criddle mixturet+ should be applied. This has given excellent results particularly in Manitoba and the west. When the grasshoppers are destroyed in this manner, the chances are, of course, that blister beetles will not be present in numbers to do very serious damage the fol- lowing year. When spraying crops with an arsenical mixture for the destruction of blister beetles it is important that the mixture be applied immediately their presence is detected, on account of the voracious habits of these insects. Paris green, the insecticide which has been mostly used, can be applied either as a spray, using one ounce to every ten gallons of water, to which has been added an equal quantity of freshly-slaked lime, or as a dry application mixed with from 10 to ? parts of flour, land plaster or slaked lime. Plants with such coarse foliage as the potato will stand double the above strengths of Paris green. In some outbreaks it may be necessary to repeat the application, as the beetles which are killed are soon replaced by others. Blister beetles are very easily disturbed and for this reason a remedy which has often been very successfully employed is for two or three boys, or more if necessary, to walk through an infested field and wave from side to side boughs of spruce, or other branches. Such an operation will drive the beetles ahead of them and when the insects come to the edge of the crop they will disperse and seldom return. This method has given excellent results in outbreaks of the Western Blister Beetle. This latter species is particularly ravenous and is capable of de- stroying a crop in a very short time, even in a day according to some reports. In such instances, of course, spraying would be of little avail. In the United States the beetles are often driven in the above manner into a windrow of hay or straw which is immediately set on fire, and thousands of the insects are thus de- stroyed. i In gardens many of these beetles may be killed by beating them from the plants into pans containing water with a little coal oil on the surface. If any of the species which feed on the blossoms of fruit or other trees should occur in injurious numbers, many no doubt could be jarred from the trees into an inverted umbrella, or other contrivance, and then put into a vessel containing coal oil and water. On account of the good habits of the larve of blister beetles in feeding upon the eggs of grasshoppers, it is often undesirable to destroy them, but, of course, when they occur in destructive numbers, it is well that one of the above measures be taken as soon as possible for the protection of the crop. 7The Criddle mixture is made by mixing one pound of Paris green with five ordin- ary pailfuls of horse droppings, which have been moistened with about half a pailful of water in which two pounds of salt has been dissolved. It is simply scattered among the crop which is being attacked, or along the edge of a crop towards which the young grasshoppers are working. 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1911. ArtTHuR Gipson, Cuter Assistant Entromotoeist, C. E. F., Orrawa. ‘In The Entomological Record, which has been published every year since 1901, students of the several orders of insects have, in a readily accessible form, con- siderable information on the distribution, etc., of many species occurring ia Canada. This information will be of special value now in view of the List of the Insects of Canada and Newfoundland which is being prepared by members of our Society. In the Mecord for this year I have endeavoured to include all references to new species described from Canada in 1911, in the literature to which I have had access. The season of 1911 in Canada was a favourable one for the collection of insects. Although some collectors have reported the season to have been a poor one in their particular districts, on the whole, I judge that in most localities much material was present, and large collections were made by some students. During the night of June 28th, 470 moths were caught in a lantern trap at Trenton, Ont. This number represented many different species, and Mr. J. D. Evans informed me that he never had such success before. Large catches were made on many other nights. We have again to gratefully acknowledge the invaluable help received from recognized authorities in the United States and elsewhere. Particular acknowledg- ment is due to Dr. L. O. Howard and his expert associates, Dr. Dyar, Dr. Banks, Messrs. Buseck, Viereck, Rohwer, and Crawford; Dr. J. B. Smith, of New Bruns- wick, N. J.; Sir George Hampson, of the British Museum; Mr. W. D. Kearfott, of Montclair, N. J.; Prof. H. F. Wickham, of Iowa City, Iowa; Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, of Buffalo, N.Y.; Mr. W. Beutenmuller and Mr. J. A. Grossbeck, of New York, N.Y.; Dr. Henry Skinner, of Philadelphia, Pa., Dr. E. M. Walker, of To- ronto, Ont.; Col. Thos. L. Casey, of Washington, D.C.; Mr. Chas. Livbeck, of Philadelphia, Pa.; Mr. J. D. Evans, of Trenton, Ont.; Mr. F. H. Wolley-Dod, of Millarville, Alta., and Prof. Cockerell, of Boulder, Col. LITERATURE. Among the many valuable publications which have been received during the past year, and which are of interest to Canadian students, mention may be made of the following :— : BEUrENMULIER, WM. The North American species of Dryophanta and their Galls: American Museum of Natural History, New York, separates issued De- cember 30, 1911. This paper is the tenth instalment of a series of articles on North American Cynipide and their galls. Six beautiful plates accompany the article, five of which are from the drawings of Mrs. Beutenmuller. Casey, THos. L. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, Il; New Era Printing Co., Lancaster, Pa.; issued Aug. 15, 1911. In 1910, we were glad to receive Memoir No. 1, and now Memoir No. 2 has recently appeared. This latter is a larger contri- bution than Memoir 1, being of 259 pages. It also is divided into 2 parts, viz—I. New American Species of Aleocharine and Myllaenine; IT. Notes on the Coccinel- lide with some General Remarks and Synonymy. Of the 397 species described as new, in part I., 50 are from Canada; 36 of these are from British Columbia, (mostly collected by Rey. J. H. Keen) ; 10 from Manitoba, (N. Criddle), and 4 from On- tario, 3 of which were collected at Ottawa, (W. H. Harrington). 90 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 GaHANn, A. B. Aphidiine of North America: Bulletin No. 152, Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park, Md., March 11, 1911, pp. 147-200. The study of parasitic insects is every year becoming more important and such re- sults as are published in the above Bulletin are extremely useful. The author treats of 48 species of this subfamily of the Braconide. Five new species are de- scribed and in order to point out characters, correct errors in former descriptions, obviate the confusion in certain cases resulting from the numerous descriptions of the same species under different names, as well as to bring the descriptions all together in a convenient form for reference, a redescription is included of all the established species of which authentic specimens could be obtained. Eight species are stated to occur in Canada. Hampson, Str Grorce F. (Bart.). Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalenz in the British Museum, Vol. X, Noctuide, 1910, 829 pp., plates CXLVIII— CLXXIIT; volume received 27th January, 1911, plates received 7th June, 1911. In this large volume 1,222 species belonging to 136 genera of the subfamily Erastriane, are classified. “The subfamily is homogeneous in appearance but is not very well defined structurally, being intermediate in characters between the Trifid and Quadrifid sections of the Noctuide, and having very close affinities on the one hand with the Acronyctine, and on the other hand with the Acontianz, Noctuine, and Hypenine.” The moths of the subfamily Erastriane are confined, to a large extent, to the tropical and warmer temperate regions. Records of only sixteen species which occur in Canada are given, but in the volume are several other species which are to be found within the Dominion. The beautiful plates whieh accompany this volume are of the usual high character. - Hopxins, A. D. Contributions Toward a Monograph of the Bark-weevils of the genus Pissodes; U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau of Entomology, Technical Series, No. 20, Part I: issued January 7, 1911. This further contribution to our know- ledge of forest insects is very welcome. These bark-weevils are important enemies of pine, spruce, and fir trees, and such information as is given in this part is of much economic value. The results of the anatomical studies, as given in detail, are of much interest. Thirty species are recognized from North America; twenty- three of these are described as new, six of which are from Canada. Mouton, DupLey. Synopsis, Catalogue and Bibliography of North Ameri- can Thysanoptera, with descriptions of new Species; Technical Series No. 21, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, pp. 56; issued June 13, 1911. This synopsis and catalogue of the Thysanoptera will be found of much value to students of these insects; 118 species are listed, 10 of which are described as new. Six full page plates appear in the Bulletin. SxinNER, Henry. The Larger Boreal American Hesperide, including Eu- damus, Erycides, Pyrrhopyge, and Megathymus. Reprint from Transactions of the American Entomological Society; Vol. XXXVII, No. 3, issued August 18, 1911; pp- 169-209, with one colour plate. This most useful paper will be much consulted by students of diurnal lepidoptera. The original description of each species 1s given, together with notes on distribution, ete., and where known, the food plants of the larve, descriptions of caterpillar and chrysalis, together with critical notes which will help the student to determine the species. Canadian records are in- cluded of three of the species. An interesting note at the end of the paper is that referring to Hudamus electra Lint., which was described from a specimen collected at Hamilton, Ont. It now seems as if this specimen of electra is the male of 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91 Ephyriades zephodes, which has also been placed in the genus Nisoniades. The plate in colours accompanying the paper is an exceptionally good one. We hope to see many more such contributions from this well-known authority. THEOBALD, F. V. A Monograph of the Culicide, or Mosquitoes, Vol. V; British Museum, 1910; received Feb. 24, 1911; pp. 646: plates I to VI. Sane the previous volume was published, 392 species have been described, or old descrip- tions found. Of these the author is responsible for 106, 80 of which are de- scribed in this volume. Synoptic tables of the genera and the species in each genus in the Anopheline, Megarhinine, Culicine, Heptaphlebomyine and Urano- taenine have been worked out. Numerous text figures occur throughout the volume. WHeeEter, W. M. A List of the Type Species of the Genera and Subgenera of Formicide; Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. xxi. pp. 157- 175; separates dated 17th October, 1911. ‘This contribution from snch a high authority will be most welcome to students of the Formicide. The list includes the genera and the subgenera, both living and fossil, up till June, 1911. The following is a list of the names and addresses of collectors heard from during 1911:— Anderson, E. M., Provincial Museum, Victoria, B.C. Baird, Thomas, High River, Alta. Baldwin, J. W., 74 Besserer Street, Ottawa. Beaulieu, G., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Beaulne, J. I., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Bethune, Rey. Prof., O. A. C., Guelph. Bolton, A. R. M., Quebec, Que. Brittain, W., Seed Branch, Dept. of Agr., Ottawa. Bush, A. H., 1105 Ninth Ave., Vancouver, B.C. Carr, F. S., Edmonton, Alta. Chagnon, Gus., Box 521, Montreal. Chagnon, W., St. John’s, Que. Cockle, J. W., Kaslo, B.C. Crew, R. J., 561 Carlaw Ave., Toronto. Criddle, Norman, Treesbank, Man. Dawson, Horace, Hymers, Ont. Day, G. O., Duncans, B.C. Dod, F. H. Wolley, Millarville, Alta. Eyans, J. D., Trenton, Ont. Fyles, Rev. T. W., Hull, Que. Gibson, Arthur, Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Hahn, Paul, 433 Indian Road, Toronto. Haight, D. H., Sudbury, Ont. Hanham, A. W., Duncans, B.C. Harms, J. F., Treesbank, Man. Harrington, W.-H., P.O. Department, Ottawa. Heath, E. F., Cartwright, Man. Hewitt, Dr. C. Gordon, Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Hudson, A. F., Millarville, Alta . Keen, Rev. J. H., Metlakatla, B.C. Leavitt, A. G., St. John, N.B. McIntosh, W., St. John, N.B. Metcalfe, W., 20 Wisgar St.. Ottawa. Moore, G. A.,. 850 St. Hubert St., Montreal. Moore, W. H., Scotch Lake, N.B. Metcalfe, W., 284 Lisgar St., Ottawa. Nelles, Douglas H., Dept. Interior, Ottawa. Nicholls, Arch., Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. Perrin, Jos., McNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S. Rowland, Alton, Windsor Mills, Que. Sanders, G. E., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Sanson, N. B., Banff, Alta. Simpson, W., Dominion Observatory, Ottawa. Southee, G. R., Sherbrooke, Que. Swaine, J. M., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Taylor, Rev. G. W., Departure Bay, B.C. Tothill; J. D., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Treherne, R. C., Vancouver, B.C. Walker, Dr. E. M., Biological Department, University of ‘Toronto. ” Wallis, J. B., Machray St., Winnipeg, Man. Willing, Prof. T. N., Saskatoon, Sask. Winn, A. F., 32 Springfield Ave., Westmount, Que. Young, C. H., Geological Survey, Ottawa. 92 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Lyman, H. H., 74 McTavish Street, Montreal. (Species described during 1911 are preceded by an asterisk.) . LEPIDOPTERA. (Arranged according to Dyar’s List of North American Lepidoptera, U.S. ; N.M. Bull. No. 52). : (Dyar’s number). 65. Hurymus eurytheme Bdy. Mayo, Que., Aug. 26, (A. E. Richard). 5 92. Euptoieta claudia Cram. Toronto, Sept. 10, 1910, (P. Hahn). The third — specimen taken at Toronto. ; 112. Argynnis behrensii Edw. Victoria, B.C., (Taylor). 113. Argynnis halcyone Edw. Peachland, B.C., July 18, 1907, (Wallis). * Argynnis sakuntala Skinner. Ainsworth, B.C., Aug. 13, 1903, (Rey. G. H. Findlay) ; Kaslo, B.C., July 7, 1890, (Cockle) ; Laggan, Alta., (T. E. : Bean) ; Entomological News, March, 1911, p. 108. i 138. Brenthis freija Thunb. Mer Bleue near Ottawa, June 6, (Young). The i first record for the Ottawa district. 207. Polygonia satyrus Edw. Hymers, Ont., May 9, (Dawson). ' 216. Hugonia californica Bdy. Saskatoon, Sask., Oct. %, Only record I know of | for the Province (Willing). i 223. Junonia coenia Hbn. london, Ont., Sept. 24. (Morden); Sudbury, — Ont., (Haight). NOTES OF CAPTURES. 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93 268. 270. 345. 378. 419. 463. 529a. 602. 657. - 678. 699. 708. 817. 943. 981. * ree _ xs = * BOs. 1050. Erebia discoidalis Kirby. Roland, Man., June, 1909, (Record sent by Mr. Wallis). Erebia disa Thunb. a. mancinus D. & H., Hymers, Ont., (Dawson). Thecla edwardsti Saund. Treesbank, Man., July 18, 1910, (Wallis). Incisalia niphon Hbn. Hymers, Ont., May 6, (Dawson). : Nomiades couperit Grt. Hymers, Ont., May 9, (Dawson). Amblyscirtes samoset Scudd. Stony Mountain, Man., June 11, 1910. (Wallis). Euphyes vestris Bdv., a. metacomet Harr. Husayick, Man., July 3, 1910, (Wallis). Thorybes electra Lint. Ina letter dated July 27, 1911, Dr. Henry Skin- ner says: “I have discovered that Hudamus electra Lint., described many years ago, and taken at Hamilton, Ont., is an exotic species. It probably came to Canada as larva or pupa on fruit. See also Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol xxxvii., p. 208.” Lepisesia flavofasciata Walk. Meach Lake, Que., May 27, flying in bright sunshine, (Young). Pholus pandorus Hbn. ‘Toronto, (Centre Island Breakwater), July 30, (P. Hahn). Phlegethontius convolvuli L. a cingulata Fab. Hull, Que., fresh specimen, - Sept. 1, (Fyles). Sphinx pinastri L. A specimen taken at Waghorn, Alta., is in the col- lection of Dr. William Barnes. (Psyche xvii., 197, 1910). Clemensia albata Pack. East Bolton, Que., on tree trunks in maple grove, July, (Winn). Androloma mac-cullochti Kirby. St. Johns, Que., June 21, on lilac bloom, (W. Chagnon). Demas electa Sm. Winnipeg, Man., May 31, 1909, (Wallis) ; Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., Sept., 1911, p. 134. Apatela cretata Sm. Winnipeg, Man., June 14, (Wallis). Acronycta tristis Sm. “ Canada, viii. BPs Ent. News, July, 1911, p. 316. Aphareta pyralis Sm. Banff, Alta., July 14, Aug. 28, 29, (Sanson) ; Cranbrook, B.C., Oct., 10, 1903, (C. G. Garrett). The latter is a new record for British Golurabia. The date seems very late, if correct, (Dod). Merolonche lupini Grt. Banff, Alta., June 12, 1910, (Sanson). New to Alberta, (Dod). Bryophila avirida Sm. Humbolt, Sask., June 13, 1910, (E. Androchovitz). Moma geminata Sm. Winnipeg, Man., June 10, 1910, (Wallis). Hadenella subjuncta Sm. Saskatoon, Sask., July 13, (Willing). Nadena commoda Walk. (Hampson, vii., p. 199). Hymers, Ont., June 21-28, 1910 and 1911, (Dawson). The name should be used as prior to alberta Sm. Satina Streck. is probably the same species. I have three from Hymers, all of which are like specimens from Calgary; also one from Sudbury, Ont., (Dod). Hadena bdonilla Barnes. This was recorded last year from Metlakatla, B.C. The name is merely a manuscript one, chosen years ago but never published. I believe it to be the same as multicolor Dyar, described from Victoria, B.C., though specimens stand under both names in the Washington Museum. It is an ally of vultwosa, (Dod). . Hadena vialacea Grt. Banff, Alta, Sept. 20, 1909, (Sanson); new to Alberta (Dod). 94 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 1223. Hadena morna Streck. The record of this species from Duncans, B. C., is probably an error due to a misunderstanding of a note given by me. I have never seen genuine morna from anywhere but Colorado, and very _ few from there, (Dod). Hadena albiserrata Sm. Duncans, B.C., Sept. and part of October, abun- dant; usually a rare species, (Hanham). * Polia hanhami Barnes and McDunnough. Duncans, B.C., (Hanham). Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., Sept., 1911, p. 155, 1281. Hyppa brunneicrista Sm. Banfi, Alta., June 5-9, (Sanson). Feralhia columbiana Sm. Winnipeg, Man., May 28, 1909, (Wallis). Setagrotis dolens Sm. Banff, Alta., July 25, (Sanson) ; rather more red- ~ dish than any hitherto seen. Huaoa quinta Smith appears to me to be the same species, (Dod). Setagrotis filiis Sm. Banff, Alta., Aug. 14, Sept. 11, about a dozen speci- mens, (Sanson). Apparently not the same as infimatis Grt., as I sug- gested in last year’s Record, though I rather expect to find another prior name for it, (Dod). 1455. Agrotis geniculata G. & R. Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Trenton, Ont., Aug. 22, (Evans). 1464. Peridroma astricta Morr. Stony Mountain, Man., July, 1910, (Wallis). 1506. Noctua substrigata Sm. Cartwright, Man., July a (Heath). 1541. Feltia pectinicornis Sm. Trenton, Ont., ae 3, 22, (Evans). Porosagrotis delorata Sm. High River, lee Sei 1, (Baird). The type was from Mr. Baird. I received it seven years ago from Regina, Sask. Tt is very likely a dark form of orthogonia, which is not uncommon in Colorado and Utah, (Dod). Whe larve of this moth were abundant at Lethbridge, Monarch, and other places in Southern Alberta during the past season, causing serious damage to fodder plants, etc. Moths emerged at Ottawa on Aug 14 and 20, (A.G.). 1693. Paragrotis mollis Walk. Banff, Alta., July 8, (Sanson). : Buxoa cocklei Sm. Dawson, Y.T., 1909, (Day). * Huxoa rubiata Sm. Calgary, Aug. 29, (Dod); Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe. XXXVI, 255. * Huxoa cervinea Sm. Vancouver, B.C., July 16; Banff, Alta., Aug. 10; Calgary, Alta., Aug. 30. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxvi., 262. * Huxoa indensa Sm. Cartwright, Man., Aug. 19, (Heath) ; Brandon, Man., July 14, (Hanham) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxvi., 263: : Mamestra carbonifera Hamp. Banff, Alta., July 25, 2 males, (Sanson). Described from 2 females taken in the Alberta Rockies, by Mrs. Nicholl. I have a female taken here (Pine Creek) on July 4, 1904. It is a broad- winged species nearest imbrifera, of which I, at first, thought it might be a melanie form. Sir George Hampson described it as Miselia carbonifera, though the genus is not in his catalogue, (Dod). 1795. Mamestra nevadae Grt. Saskatoon, Sask., June 21, (Willing). Mamestra morana Sm. Banff, Aug. 18, one male, (Sanson). This is “trifolii var. oregonica” of both Alberta and Kootenai lists and its description as new appears to have been quite justified. It also occurs in Colorado, Wyoming and Washington, (Dod). * Mamestra chunka Sm. Aweme, Man., May 13, 20, 22, (Criddle) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxvi., p. 265. High River, ‘Alias May 4, 1910, (Baird). This is a close ally of crotch Grt., and bears some "resemblance to _ obesula and farnhami, (Dod). lindeiiidtiemerse enter e e ma i ls 2 Bi oan ‘int o % ~ 4 1912 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95 1920. Ulolonche orbiculata Sm. Aweme, Man., May 3, 1910, one female, (Criddle). I believe this to be a small obscure form of this species, which seems rather common in Colorado and Utah, though it may prove distinct. I know of no previous record for Canada, (Dod). 2024. Graphiphora furfurata Grt. Trenton, Ont., July 6, (Evans). * Stretchia algula Sm. “Arrow Lake, Brit. Col.” Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., Sept., 1911, p. 148. * FPishia instruta Sm. De Clair, Man., Sept. 3-15, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxvi., 264. Regarding this species Mr. Dod writes: “I have not iden- tified it with certainty, but it appears to be very like the species wrongly listed as yosemite in the Alberta list.” 2083. Xylinia longior Sm. Cartwright, Man., Oct. 12, one specimen, first taken here, (Heath). 2123. Cucullia montane Grt. Aweme, Man., July 20, (Criddle) ; Regina, Sask., July 3, 1910, (Willing). Papaipema moeseri Bird. Montreal, Que., Can. Ent., Feb’y, 1911, p. 42. 2200. Xanthia pulchella Sm. Duncans, B.C., not uncommon in Sept. and Oct., (Hanham). 2205. Conservula anodonta Gn. Trenton, Ont., July 12, not taken here pre- viously, (Evans). 2231. Orthosia lutosa Andrews. Aweme, Man., June 24, (Criddle). Agroperina lineosa Sm. Described from thirty specimens from Calgary, Alta., and several localities in Manitoba. It is the “ Orthosia conradi” of my Alberta list, and may really be a race of that species. It has often been, quite erroneously, confused with Hadena morna Strk., (Dod). Agroperina pendina Smith. Has the same range as lineosa and has already been looked upon by me as a red variety of it, to which opinion I shall adhere, though slight genitalia differences are claimed, (Dod). 2280. Pippona bimatris Harvey. Aweme, Man., July, 20, 1910, (Criddle). Previously taken by the late Dr. Fletcher at Aweme. 2289. Copablepharon grandis Streck. Aweme, Man., July 4-14, (Criddle). Previously recorded as absidum. This latter has not been taken here, according to Dod. 2290. Copablepharon longipenne Grit. Aweme, Man., Aug. 19. 1910, one female, (Criddle). This specimen now in my collection agrees with Hampson’s figure and my notes on the type. New record for Canada, (Dod). 2492. Autographa californica Speyer. Cartwright, Man., May 23, for the first time, at currant bloom; was previously recorded from Winnipeg by Han- ham, (Heath). 2493. Autographa ou Gn. Aweme, Man., Sept. 27, 1909, one female, (Criddle). I believe this to be the first record for Canada. The species closely resembles californica but is darker and less brightly marked. There are slight, though constant, differences in markings. Structurally ow has _ hind tibiae strongly spined, whilst californica has not, (Dod). 2494. Autographa rubidus Ottol. Aweme, Man., June 15, 1910, (Criddle). 2555. Alabama argillacea Hbn. Conspicuous flights of this southern Cotton Moth occurred in Western Ontario in Sept., 1911. At Sarnia and St. Thomas they were extremely abundant. (See Ottawa Naturalist xxv., Dec., 1911, p. 129). Mr. Winn has also reported that the moths were abundant “at light” in Montreal, in the middle of September, (A. G.). 2730. Melanomma auricinctaria Grt. Montreal, June, (Chagnon). i 96 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 2799. 2847, 2948. 3010. 3064. 3151. 3181. 3319. 3353. 3494. 3657. 3662. 3671. 3689. 3782. Syneda hudsonica G & R. Aweme, Man., July 4, 1907, (Criddle). Catocola semirelicta Grt. Hymers, Ont., (Dawson). This specimen was compared with type in British Museum by Sir George Hampson and Mr. H. H. Lyman. é Anticarsia gemmatilis Hbn. Winnipeg, Man., Oct. 5, 1909, (Wallis). Epizeuxis nigellus Streck. St. Johns, Que., July, (Chagnon). Bomolocha manahis Walk. Trenton, Ont., 2 eps July 20, 29; new record for district, (Evans). Schizura unicorns 8. & A. High River, Alta., July 29, (Baird). Huthyatira semicircularis Grt. Duncans, B.C., (Hanham). Bombycia fasciata Barnes & McDonnough. Described in 1910 from Duncans, V.I., (Hanham). It is the species figured by Holland on Plate XL., fig. 27, as tearlu Hy. Edw.; provisa Hy. Edw. is a third species. (Dod). Olene styx Barnes and MeDunnough. Duncans, B.C., (Hanham) ; Psyche, Oct., 1911, p. 159. Eupithecia palpata Pack. Hudson, Que., June 11, (Chagnon). A rare species and wrongly placed as a synonym of luteata Pack. (L. W. Swett). Eupithecia ornata Hulst. “Ottawa, April 24, May 4, 1906, (Young)”. Ottawa Naturalist, xxy., p. 106. Regarding this record, Mr. Grossbeck says: “I doubt the occurrence of this species in Eastern Canada; more likely the specimens are worn examples of H. palpata Pack.” These specimens of Mr. Young’s were named ornata by the Rev. G. W. Taylor, and as far as I can remtemiber were fresh and therefore in good condi- tion, (A.G.). EBuchoeca inornata Hulst. Sherbrooke, Que., July 1, 1910, (Chagnon). Eupithecia chagnoni Swett. Montreal, Que., June 22, 1907. Can. Ent., July, 1911, p. 255. ELupithecia plumbaria Hulst. “ Ottawa, May 24, 1906, (Taylor),” Ottawa Naturalist xxv., p. 106. Pearsall makes this a synonym of #. miserulata Gris GieAS Gs): Eupithecia fumosa Hulst. Described from Brockport, N.Y., and S&S. Abington, Mass. Pearsall says the latter is coagulata Gn. “and so the name must be dropped from our lists.” The Brockport type still remains to be discovered, however, and until this is examined the name must remain in our catalogue.( J. A. G.). A specimen taken at Ottawa, June 3, 1904, was named fwmosa? by Rev. G. W. Taylor, (A. G.). Eupithecia raveocostaliata Pack. Trenton, Ont., May 8, (Evans). Eupithecia meritata Pears. Trenton, Ont., Aug. 1-23, (Evans). Eupithecia youngata Tayl. Bancroft, Ont., June 11, 1906, (Evans). Eustroma nubilata Pack. St. Johns, Que., July 15. (Chagnon). Xystrota hepaticaria Gnu. Trenton, Ont., 2 sp., Aug. 1, 3, (Evans). Sciagraphia neptaria Gn. Saskatoon, Sask., July 3, (Willing). Sciagraphia continuata Walk. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., May 29, 1910, (Chagnon). Macaria labradoriata Moesch. Ottawa, Aug. 12, 1904, (Fletcher). See Ottawa Naturalist, Oct.-Nov., 1911. Cymatophora virginalis Hulst. Trenton, Ont., July 21, (Evans). Caripeta criminosa Swett. Hymers, Ont., July 2, (Dawson). Nepytia phantasmaria Streck. Duncans. B.C., Oct. 9, only specimen taken, (Hanham). 1912 3793. 3804. 3855. 3942. 4043. 4175. 4556. 4583. 4599. 4723. 4767. 4835. 4838. 4843. 4849. 4940. 4964. 4983. 5023. 5073. 5222. * ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97 Alcis guttata Hulst. Ottawa, June 20, 1894, (Fletcher). See Ottawa Naturalist, Oct.-Nov., 1911, p. 110. Spodolepis substriataria Hulst. Hymers, Ont., April 28, July 9, (Dawson). Selidosema manitoba Grossbeck. Winnipeg, Man., May 25 to June 2, 1909, (Wallis). Can. Ent., July, 1911, p. 225. Cleora larvaria Gn. Windsor Mills, Que., June 10, (Rowland); Saska- toon, Sask., June 23, (Willing). Gonodontis warnert Harv. Humbolt, Sask., (E. Androchovitz). Callizzia amorata Pack. East Bolton, Que., July 20, (Winn). Memythrus tricinctus Harr. Ottawa, larve found in willow, April 23, 2 moths emerged, June 2, 8, (Beaulne). Raphiptera argillaceella Pack. Trenton, Ont., July 11, 12, (Evans). Crambus myellus Hbn. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 21, (Wallis). Crambus oregonicus Grt. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 19, (Wallis). Crambus dorsipunctellus Kearf. Penticton, B.C., Aug. 11, (Wallis). Dioryctria xanthenobares Dyar. Kaslo, B.C., Aug. 20, 1905, (Cockle) ; Proc. Wash. Ent. Soc., xiii., 81. Glyptocera consobrinella Zell. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., June, (Chagnon). Salebria basilaris Zell. St. Johns, Que., July, (Chagnon). Euzophera ochrifrontella Zell. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., July, (Chagnon). Vitula edmandsvi Pack. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., July, (Chagnon). Canarsia ulmiarrosorella Clem. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., July, (Chagnon) ; Montreal, July, (Winn). Hulstea undulatella Clem. Montreal, July, (Winn). Platyptilia edwardsii Fish. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., May, (Winn). Pterophorus elliottii Fern. Montreal, July, (Winn). Pterophorus eupatorii Fern. Montreal, July, (Winn). Ezartema exoletum Zell. Montreal, June 30, 1909, (Winn). Olethreutes impudens Wlsm. Montreal, July 1, 1909, (Winn). Eucosma confluana Kearf. Montreal, July 4, 1908, (Winn). Eucosma bilinearia Kearf. Cartwright, Man., June 25, (Heath). Eucosma pergandeana Fern. Trenton, Ont., June 3, 12, (Evans). Epinotia lagopana Wism. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., May 20, 1910, (Winn). Peronea manitobana Kearf. Winnipeg, Man., Oct. 5, (Wallis). Peronea chalybeana Fern. Winnipeg, Man., Oct. 1, (Wallis). Peronea heindelana Fern. Montreal, June, (Chagnon). Sparganothis vocaridorsana Kearf. Lethbridge, Alta., July 3, (Wallis). Pandemis canadana Kearf. Cartwright, Man., June 23, (Heath). Gnorimoschema septentrionella Fyles. North Wakefield, Que., (Miss Fyles) ; Can. Ent., Dec. 1911, p. 422. Trichotaphe fernaldella Busck. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 17, (Wallis). - Gelechia alternatella Kearf. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 17, (Wallis). Semioscopsis allenella Wlsm. Montreal, June, (Chagnon); McNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S., July 19, (Perrin). Holcocera nigristriata Wism. Penticton, B.C., Aug. 18, (Wallis). Mompha subiridescens Wism. Montreal, June 30, 1909, (Winn). Gracilaria alchimiella Scop. Montreal, July 10, 1909, (Winn). COLEOPTERA. (Arranged according to Henshaw’s List of the Coleoptera of America, North p of Mexico). i EB, 98 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 25b. Cicindela graminea Schaupp. Calgary, Alta., April 16, (Criddle). 25e. Cicindela limbalis Lee. Calgary, Alta., April 16, (Criddle). 106. 109. 122. 123. 224. 232. 271. 320. 330. 364. 366. 413. 483. 545. 674. 784. , Cychrus tuberculatus Harr. Duncans, B.C., rare, (Hanham). Cychrus angulatus Harr. Duncans, B.C., rare, (Hanham). Carabus limbatus Say. Edmonton, Alta., June 30, 1910, (Carr). Carabus vinctus Web. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Dyschirius integer Lec. Toronto, 1 specimen, Oct. 1, 1908; somewhat smaller but otherwise identical with specimens which I have from Texas, — (Crew). Dyschirius globulosus Say. Bannockburn, Ont., June 20, (Evans). Clivina cordata Putz. Trenton, Ont., July 10; not taken heretofore, (Evans). Bembidium chalcewm Dej. - Treesbank, Man., July 29, 1910, (Wallis). Bembidium complanulum Mann. Peachland, B.C., July 27, 1909, (Wallis). Bembidium dyschirinum Lec. Winnipeg, Man., April 9, 1909, (Wallis). Bembidium cordatum Lec. Toronto, Noy. 9, 1908, (Crew). Bembidium cautum Lec. Trenton, Ont., 2 specimens, May 21, 23; not taken here previously, (Evans). Trechus chalybeus Mann. Toronto, April 3, 1908, (Crew). Pterostichus coracinus Newm. Treesbank, Man., July 26, 1910, (Wallis). Amara obesa Say. Treesbank, Man., July 28, 1910, (Wallis). Platynus pusillus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 5, 1910, (Wallis). ~ Platynus quadripunctatus De G. Winnipeg, Man.. April 7, 1910, (Wallis). Platynus nigriceps Lec. Aweme, Man., June 9,-1910, (Criddle). Lebia ornata Say. Winnipeg, Man., June 17, 1910, (Wallis). Cymindis planipennis Lec. Treesbank, Man., Aug. 3, 1910, (Wallis). Agonoderus pallipes Fab., var. Winnipeg, Man., April 13, 1909, (Wallis). Harpalus rufimanus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 18, 1909, (Wallis) Harpalus funestus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 20, 1909, (Wallis). Stenolophus ochropezus Say. Winnipeg, Man., May 8, 1909, (Wallis). Acupalpus carus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., April 15, 1909, (Wallis). ; Anisodactylus carbonarius Say. Trenton, Ont., May 29, (Evans). Anisodactylus verticalis Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 7, 1910, (Wallis). Haliplus borealis Lec. Selkirk, Man., May 5; Winnipeg, Man., Oct. 14, (Wallis). b Agabus gagates Aube. Edmonton, Alta., May 24, (Carr). Dytiscus dauricus Gebl. Alaska; found at the crossing of the Old Crow River by the 14ist meridian, July 20, (F. Lambart). : Cercyon pretextatum Say. Winnipeg, Man., April 13, 1909, (Wallis). Necrophorus obscurus Kirby. Edmonton, Alta. , April 15, 1910, (Gaeey Ivodes obsoleta Horn. Toronto, Oct. 9, 1908,( Crew): Scydmenus clavipes Say. Toronto, March and April, (Crew). Scydmenus perforatus Schaum. Toronto, 2 specimens found under sou March and April, (Crew). Pilopius saginatus Casey. Port Credit, Ont., Nov. 9, 1908, (Crew). Decarthron longulum Brend. Toronto, April 23, 1907, (Crew). ib, Stenus colon Say. Toronto, on wet sand along bank of stream, June 6, 1908, (Crew). Baryodma rubricalis Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Baryodma concurrens Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keer). 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99 Emplenota longiceps Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Oxypoda demissa Csy. “ Canada, (probably southern Ontario).” Oxypoda manitobe Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Oxypoda hiemalis Csy. Ottawa, Ont., (Harrington). Oxypoda optiva Csy. Victoria, B.C. Ozxypoda lassula Csy. Stikine River, B.C., (Wickham). Oxypoda egestosa Csy. Victoria, B.C., (Wickham). Oxypoda famula Csy. Massett, Q. C. I., (Keen). Oxypoda regressa Csy. Victoria, B.C., (Wickham). Myrmedonia criddlei Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). _ Trichiusa columbica Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Athetéd manitobe Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Atheta achromata Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). _Atheta profecta Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Atheta concessa Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Atheta postulans Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Atheta apposita Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Atheta sumpta Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Atheta relicta Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Atheta districta Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Atheta rurigena Csy. Yale, B.C., (Wickham). Atheta mordax Csy. Stickine River, B.C., (Wickham). Atheta tenuicula Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Metarya awemeana Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Metaxya prognata Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Metaxya erudita Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Metaxya surrufa Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Metarya varula Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Metaxya criddlei Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Pseudota vana Csy. Massett, Q. C. I., (Keen). Pseudota cornicula Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Pseudota nanulina Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Pseudota formalis Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Moluciba grandipennis Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Pontomalota luctuosa Csy. Massett, Q. C. I., (Keen). Autalia truncatula Csy. Massett, Q. C. I., (Keen). Autalia brevicornis Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Stictalia carlotte Csy. Massett, Q. C. I., (Keen). Gyrophena criddlei Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Gyrophena keeni Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Placusa turbata Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Amblopusa pallida Csy. Victoria, B.C., (Wickham). Thinusa divergens Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Thinusa nigra Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Thinusa robustula Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Deinopsis harringtoni Csy. Ottawa, Ont., (Harrington). Myllena immunda Csy. Ottawa, Ont., (Harrington). Myllena scobinella Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Yee eH Oe RO Ke ee OO He ee He RE ee HR The above new species of Aleocharine and Myllenine were described in Memoirs on the Coleoptera, II., by Thos. L. Casey, issued Aug. 15, 1911. 4639b. 4699. 4755. 4762. 4780. 4810. 4815. 4829. 4947. s 4966. 5022. 5185. 5206. 5493. 5600. 5627. 5630. . Colastus limbatus Lec. Aweme, Man., June, 9, 1910, (Criddle). THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Lithocharis corticina Grav. Trenton, Ont., May 23, (Evans). Bledius fumatus Lec. Trenton, Ont., June 20, (Evans). Bledius tau Lec. Trenton, Ont., May 23; not taken heretofore, (Hvans). Harmonia picta Rand. Aweme, Man., June 10, 1909, (Criddle). Hyperaspis binotata Say. Aweme, Man., July, 6., 1905, (Criddle). Scymnus tenebrosus Muls. Toronto, under mullein leaves, March and April, (Crew). Endomychus biguttatus Say. Westbourne, Man., Aug. 27, 1908, (Wallis). Telephanus velox Hald. Port Credit, Ont., Nov. 9, 1908, (Crew). Cryptophagus laticlavus Casey. Trenton, Ont., Sept. 1; not taken hereto- fore, (Evans). Atomaria distincta Casey. Winnipeg, Man., May 15, 1909, (Wallis). Described from District of Columbia. Hister harrisit Kirby. Edmonton, Alta, (Carr). Hister lecontei Mars. Aweme, Man., June 20, (Criddle. Carpophilus niger Say. Aweme, Man., June 9, 1910, (Criddle). Omosité discoidea Fab. Winnipeg, Man., May 18, 1910, (Wallis). Cyllodes biplagiatus Lec. Aweme, Man., July 4, 1910, (Criddle). Rhizophagus remotus Lec. Aweme, Man., June 9, 1910, (Criddle). Elater luctuosus Lee. Near Shelburne, N.S., July 12, (Gibson). Athous brightwelli Kirby. Near Shelburne, N.S., July 12, (Gibson). Athous acanthus Say. Trenton, Ont., 2 specimens, June 27, July 30, (Evans). Corymbites eripennis Kirby. Near Shelburne, N.S., July 12, (Gibson). Corymbites ardtus Lec. Near Shelburne, N.S., July 12, (Gibson). Dicerca tenebrosa Kirby. Aweme, Man., Aug. 11, 1903, (Criddle). Melanophila atropurpurea Say. Winnipeg, Man., June 20, 1909, (Wallis). Anthazia viridifrons Lap. Aweme, Man., June 21, 1909, (Criddle). Chrysobothris mali Horn. Aweme, Man., June 22, 1910, (Criddle). Chrysobothris 4-impressa Lap. & Gory. Aweme, Man., July 2, 28, 1910. (Criddle). Acmeodera pulchella Hbst. Aweme, Man., July 10, 1910, (Criddie). Taphrocerus gracilis Say. Aweme, Man., July 22, 1910, (Criddle). Brachys eruginosa Gory. Aweme, Man., Aug. 10, 1908, (Criddle). Caenia dimidiata Fab. Winnipeg Beach, Man., July 11, 1910, (Wallis). Lucidota atra Fab. Aweme, Man., June 19, 1905, (Criddle). Ellychina corrusca L., var. lacustris Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 21, 1909, (Wallis). Photinus ardens Lec. Winnipeg Beach, Man., July 2, 1910, (Wallis). Telephorus impressus Lec. Trenton, Ont., June 4, not taken heretofore, (Evans). 4 Telephorus rotundicollis Say. Near Shelburne, N.S., July 12, (Gibson). Polemius laticornis Say. Trenton, Ont., May 29, (Evans). Malachius eneus Lu. Trenton, Ont., June 9, not taken heretofore, (Hyans). Thanasimus undulatus Say. Winnipeg, Man., June 10, 1909, (Wallis). Hydnocera longicollis Ziegl. Aweme, Man., Aug. 3, 1903, (Criddle). Atenius stercorator Fab. Trenton, Ont., 3 specimens, May 21-23, (Hvans). Geotrupes egeriei Germ. Ste Therese, Que., (Mignault). Trox equalis Say. Aweme, Man., April 25, 1910, (Criddle). Trox atrox Lec. Aweme, Man., May 8, 1908, (Criddle). 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101 5699. Diplotaxis sordida Say. Trenton, Ont., May 27, (Hvans). 5767. Lachnosterna fraterna Harr. ‘Trenton, Ont., May 6, June 5; not taken heretofore, (Evans). 5774. Lachnosterna rugosa Melsh. Trenton, Ont., May 2-June 9, not taken heretofore, (Evans). 5982. Tetropium cinnamopterum Kirby. Winnipeg, Man., June 5, 1909, : (Wallis). 5992. Hylotrupes ligneus Fab. Winnipeg, Man., May 4, 1910, (Wallis). 6279. Bellamira scalaris Say. Winnipeg Beach, Man., July 6, 1910, (Wallis). 6354. Leptura pubera Say. Winnipeg, June 25, 1910, (Wallis). ~ 6389. Monohammus marmorator Kirby. Ste Therese, Que., (Mignault); Ste. : Anne de Bellevue, Que., (Chagnon and Swaine). _ 6418. Leptostylus biustus Lec. Trenton, Ont., July 9, (Evans). +6424. Liopus variegatus Hald. Trenton, Ont., July 4, (Evans). - 6480. Saperda candida Fab. Edmonton, Alta., June 17, (Carr). 6485. Saperda tridentata Oliv. Edmonton, Alta., June, 1910, (Carr). 6532. Donacia hirticollis Kirby. Winnipeg Beach, Man., Aug. 13, 1910, (Wallis). 6534. Donacia provima Kirby. Aweme, Man., July 27, 1910, (Criddle). | 6549. Hemonia nigricornis Kirby. Selkirk, Man., May 24, (Wallis). j 669%. Pachybrachys hepaticus Melsh. Aweme, Man., Aug. 2, 1909, (Criddle). _ 6720. Xanthoma 10-notata Say. Aweme, Man., May 26; Aug. 31, 1910, ' - (Criddle). _ 674%b. Paria 4-notata Say. Aweme, Man., June 10, 1909, (Criddle). 6786. Prasocuris vittata Oliv. Winnipeg, Man., May 15, 1909, (Wallis). Chrysomela staphylea Linné. McNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S., (Perrin). 7 See Entomological News, July, 1911, p. 306. _ 6832. Gastroidea cyanea Melsh. Edmonton, Alta, May 12; July 1, 1910, (Carr). - 6848. Phyllobrotica discoidea Fab., rare form, Trenton, Ont., June 25, (Evans). 6895. Trirhabda convergens Lec. Aweme, Man., June 25,; Aug. 2, 1909, ‘ (Criddle). 6932a. Oedionychis scripticollis Say. Edmonton, Alta., May 29, 1910, (Carr). 6933. Oedionychis lugens Lec. Aweme, Man., May 14; Oct. 6, 1904, (Criddle). 6948. Disonycha alternata Ill. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 28, 1909, (Carr). 7042. Chetocnema protensa Lec. Aweme, Man., April 20, 1905, (Criddle). 7102. Coptocycla aurichalcea Fab. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 4, 1909, (Wallis). Coptocycla bicolor Fab. Edmonton, Alta., May 29, (Carr). Upis ceramboides Linn. Rampart House, at the crossing of the Porcupine River by the 141st Meridian; elevation 1400 ft., July 20, (Nelles). A _ _ very northern record. Scaphidema eneolum Lec. Aweme, Man., June 7%, 1909, (Criddle). Synchroa punctata Newm. Near Shelburne, N. S., July 12, (Gibson). Hustrophus repandus Horn. Aweme, Man., June 20, 1910, (Criddle). Pytho americanus Kirby. Winnipeg, Man., June 9, 1910, (Wallis). Cephaloon lepturides Newm. Near Shelburne, N.S., July 12, (Gibson). Corphyra elegans Hentz. Winnipeg, Man., June 17, 1910, (Wallis). Anthicus pubescens Lec. Trenton, Ont., May 1. Not taken here pre- viously, (Evans). Dendroides ephemeroides Mann. Winnipeg Beach, July 6, 1910, (Wallis). Epicauta trichus Pall. Aweme, Man., June 19, 21, 1910, (Criddle). - Barynotus schenherri Zett. Near Shelburne, N.S., July 12, (Gibson). Only Canadian record that I know of. 102 THE REPORT OF THE * No. 36 8487. Lewxius rubellus Rand. Bannockburn, Ont., June 20; never took it before, (Evans). 8563. Phyllotrox nubifer Lec. _Aweme, Man., June 2, 1908, (Criddle). Cryptorhynchus lapathi L. ‘Trenton, Ont., Aug. 27; never taken here previously, (Evans). Mr. John Dearness, of London, Ont., reported that he had received a specimen from New Brunswick. * Pissodes utahensis Hopk. British Columbia, Bear Lake, (London Hill _ Mine) ; Tech. Series, 20, part 1, p. 45, U. S. Bureau of Entomology. * Pissodes approximatus Hopk. Guelph, Ont.; Tech. Series 20, part 1, p. 49, U. S. Bureau of Entomology. * Pissodes schwarzi Hopk. Banff, Alta.; Tech. series 20, part 1, p. 50, U.S. Bureau of Entomology. * Pissodes canadensis Hopk. Winnipeg, Man., (Hanham) ; Tech. series 20, part 1, p. 51, U. S. Bureau of Entomology. Pissodes pipert Hopk. Glacier, B.C., Tech. series 20, part 1, p. 62, U. &. Bureau of Entomology. * Pissodes curriei Hopk. Kaslo, B.C., (R. P. Currie); Tech. series 20, part 1, p. 65, U. S. Bureau of Entomology. 9071. Pityophthorus cariniceps Lec. Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que.; Ste. Hilaire, Que. ; Howick, Que., (Swaine). 9087. Pityophthorus opaculus Lec. Hudson, Que., Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que., Lake Durnford, Que., in Pinus, Picea and Larix, (Swaine). * Trypodendron betule Swaine. Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que.; Can. Ent., July, 1911, p. 216. 9092. Typodendron retusus Lec. Isle Perrot, Que., (Swaine); Aweme, Man., (Criddle). : 9099. Cryphalus striatulus Mann. Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que.; Hudson, Que., Memphramagog, Que., (Swaine); Montebello, Que. (Brittain). In abies, (J. M. 8.). Dryocetes eichhofi Hopk. St. Anne de Bellevue, Que., in Betula lutea, (Swaine) ; St. Anthony, Newfoundland, (C. M. Spencer). Eccoptogaster picee Swaine. St. Anne de Bellevue, Que.; in Abies — balsamea, (Swaine). * Phlaotribus picee Swaine. Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que.; Can. Ent. July, 1911, p. 220. 9159. Phleotribus liminaris Harr. Isle Perrot, Que.; found only in wild cherry, — (Swaine). * Ips borealis Swaine. St. Anthony, Nfd., (C. M. Spencer) ; Can. Ent., July, — 1911, p. 213. Crypturgus pusillus Gyll. Hudson, Que. (Swaine) ; Weymouth, N.S. (Tre- herne and Sanders) ; in Pinus, Picea, Abies (J. M.S.). Dendroctonus englemanni Hopk. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 9204. Hurymycter fasciatus Oliv. Stony Mountain, Man., June 11, 1910, (Wallis). DIPTERA. é (Arranged according to a Catalogue of North American Diptera, by J. M. Aldrich, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. XLVI, No. 1,144. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue.) Recently I have had an opportunity of examining a portion of the collection of diptera made at Montreal by Mr. G. Beaulieu, and as there are a number of the 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 103 species which have not as yet been recorded from Quebec province, I am including here those of which I have notes. Some of these are well known species, but it is thought well to include them, as they are new additions to the Quebec list. During the past year, as far as I know, no extensive collections of diptera were made in any part of Canada, but a number of specimens collected in previous years have been studied in 1911, and records of some of these are also given. 112. Chironomus dorsalis Meign. Rigaud, Que., June 25, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. 12%. Culex canadensis Theob. East Bolton, Que., July 22, (Winn). The only Canadian record given by Aldrich is “ Lake Simcoe, Ont.” * Dasyneura gibsoni Felt. Ottawa, reared from flower heads of Canada thistle, (Gibson) ; Jour. Econ. Ent., Oct. 1911, p. 479. 164. Plecia heteroptera Say. Regina, Sask., Sept. 3-10, 1905, (Willing). 190. Nemotelus unicolor Loew. Montreal, June 3, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. 196. Chrysops cuclux Whitney. Rigaud, Que., June 26, 1906, (Beaulieu). Not E previously recorded from Quebec province. 198. Chrysops sackeni Hine. Montreal, June 24, 1905, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. _ 21%. Symphoromyia pachyceras Will. Lake House, Alta., July 15, (Record re- ceived from Mr. C. W. Johnson). 247. Psilocephala melanoprocta Loew. Aweme, Man., June 1, (Criddle). 247. Psilocephala platancala Loew. Aweme, Man., June 24, (Criddle). The ; only locality record given in Aldrich’s catalogue is Texas. 254. Leptogaster favillaceus Loew. Rigaud, Que., June, 1906, (Beaulieu). New ; to Quebec province list.. | 259. Cyrtopogon dasyllis Will. Kaslo, B.C., Sept. 1, 1907, (Cockle). Recorded from Colorado. 259. Cyrtopogon dasylloides Will. TKaslo, B.C., Sept. 1, 190%, (Cockle). Re- corded from Washington State. _ 261. Holopogon guttula Wied. Rigaud, Que., June 25, 1906, (Beaulieu). New ’ to Quebec province list. _ 272. Laphyria watus Walk. Montreal, June 7, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec % province list. ‘ 284. Psilopodinus caudatus Wied. Rigaud, Que., June 25, 1906, (Beaulieu). - New to Quebec province list. _ 286. Psilopodinus scobinator Loew. Montreal, July 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. 289. Chrysotus obliquus Loew. Montreal, July 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. Chrysotus wisconsinensis Wheeler. Montreal, July 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. 290. Campsicnemus hirtipes Loew. Montreal, July 22,1906. (Beaulien). New to Quebec province list. Argyra calceata Loew. Montreal, July 7%, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. ; 293. Sympycnus lineatus Loew. Montreal, July 10, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. * Hydrophorus phoca Aldrich. Corfield, Vanc. Island, B.C., Aug. 7, 1896, (Rev. Mr. Livingston); Psyche, April, 1911, p. 63. ee ee ee eam) oO = tee a cy oO jay THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 301. 302. 303. 305. 305. 305. 306. 309. 311. 312. 312. 312. 318. 319. 319. 325. 326. 329. 331. 382. 350. 350. Hydrophorus extrarius Aldrich. St. Johns, Que., Aug. 8, 1901, (Bean- lieu) ; Psyche, April, 1911, p. 66. Dolichopus brevimanus Loew. Montreal, July 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. Dolichopus dakotensis Aldrich. Montreal, June 14, 1906, (Beaulieu). . New to Quebec province list. Dolichopus detersus Loew. Montreal, July 22, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Dolichopus latipes Loew. Montreal, Aug. 14, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. Dolichopus ovatus Loew. Montreal, July 10, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. Gymnopternus barbatulus Loew. Montreal, July 7, 1906, (Beaulien). New to Quebee province list. Gymnopternus crassicauda Loew. Montreal, July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Gymnopternus difficilis Loew. Montreal, July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Gymnopternus ventralis Loew. Montreal, July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Pelastoneurus vagans Loew. Montreal, July 22, 1906, (Beaulieaye New to Quebee province list. Platypalpus equalis Loew. Montreal, July 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. Platypalpus crassifemoris Fitch. Montreal, June 17, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. : Platypalpus hastatus Melander. Montreal, June 17, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. Platypalpus trivialis Loew. Montreal, Aug. 18, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. Syndyas polita Loew. Montreal, July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Hybos slossone Coq. St. Johns, Que., Aug. 1, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Leptopeza compta Coq. Montreal, July 14, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. Hilara femorata Loew. Rigaud, Que., June, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Hilara tristis Loew. St. Johns, Que., July 1, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Cyrtoma longipes Loew. Montreal, July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Rhamphomyia longicauda Loew. Montreal, June %, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. ; Rhamphomyia mutabilis Loew. Montreal, June 10, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Pipiza calcarata Loew. Montreal, June 3, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to © Quebec province list. Pipiza pulchella Will. Rigaud, Que., June 27, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. ees 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105 308. Pyrophena granditarsus Forst. Ottawa, June 2, 1908, (J. A. Letourneau). 359. Platychirus chetopodus Will. Montreal, (Beaulieu); Mr. Chagnon has also seen the species from Sherbrooke, Que. New to Quebec province list. 359. Platychirus peltatus Meig. Montreal, June 17, 1906 (Beaulieu).; Rigaud, Que., (Record sent by Mr. Chagnon). New to Quebec province list. 362. Hupeodes volucris O. 8S. High River, Alta., (Baird) ; Regina, Sask., Sept. 2, 1907, (Willing). 369. Xanthogramma emarginata Say. Montreal, July 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Sphaerophoria scripta Linne. Montreal, Aug. 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). Mr. Chagnon informs me that the species which he has recorded as cylindrica is probably scripta, (A. G.). Pyritis montigena Hunter. Innisfail, Alta., April 16, 1905, (Willing). Helophilus porcus Walk. Montreal, June 10, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Brachypalpus rileyi Will. St. Hilaire, Que.. May 24. 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Oncomyia loraria Loew. Montreal, Aug. 19, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Alophora diversa Cog. Montreal, Sept. 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Alophora magnipennis John. St. Hilaire, Que., May 24, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Ocyptera dosiades Walk. Aweme, Man., Aug. 17, (Criddle). Linnemyia anthracina Thomp.’ Hymers, Ont., reared at Ottawa from larve of Hyphoraia parthenos, received from Mr. H. Dawson, (Gibson) ; Can. Ent., Aug., 1911, p. 266. Linnemyia picta Meig. Rigaud, Que., June 25, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Sturmia nigrita Townsend. Rigaud, Que., June 25, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Peleteria enea Steger. Calgary, Alta., July 10, 1903, (Willing). Echinomyia decisa Walk. Saskatoon, Sask., Sept. 3, (Willing). Thelaira leucozona Panzer. Montreal, Aug. 19, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. Homalomyia flavibasis Stein. Montreal, July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Homalomyia incisurata Zett. Montreal, Aug. 16, 1906. (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. Hyetodesia deleta Stein. East Bolton, Que., July 28, (Winn). New to Quebec province list. Spilogaster obscurinervis Stein. Montreal, June 14, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Anthomyia latitarsus Zett. Montreal, Aug. 10, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Eustalomyia brizia Walk. Montreal, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Eustalomyia vittipes Zett. Montreal, June 3, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. 106 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 560. 563. 570. Cenosia calopyga Loew. East Bolton, Que. July 22, (Winn). New to Quebec province list. Schoenomyza chrysostoma Loew. Montreal, July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. : Heteroneura melanostoma Loew. Montreal, June 14, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Sciomyza obtusa Fallen. Montreal, Aug. 18, 1906, (Beaulieu). ~New to Quebec province list. Sepedon fuscipennis Loew. Montreal, July 22, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Sepedon pusillus Loew. Montreal, April, 1906, (Beaulien). New io ~ Quebec province list. 3 Lonchea rufitarsus Macq. Montreal, June 7%, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Palloptera jucunda Loew. Kaslo, B.C., Oct. 27, 1906; (Cockle). Sapromyza fraterna Loew. Montreal, Aug. 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Sapromyza lupulina Fab. Montreal, July 20, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Sapromyza vulgaris Fitch. Montreal, July 16, 1906, (Beaulien). New to Quebee province list. Chetopsis enea Wied. Aweme, Man., June 27-July 9, (Criddle). Calobata antennipes Say. St. Johns, Que., July 1, 1907. (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. F Nemopoda minuta Wied. Montreal, Aug. 21, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. — Loxocera collaris Loew. Montreal, Aug. 14, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. ; Chlorops (Anthracophaga) sanguinolenta Loew. Rouville, Que., May 24, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Chlorops melanocera Loew. Montreal, July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Eurina exilis Coq. Montreal, July 14, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Oscinis decipiens Loew. Kaslo, B.C., Sept. 1, 1907, (Cockle). The only locality record in Aldrich’s catalogue is Sitka. Phortica leucostoma Loew. Montreal, July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. : Drosophila amena Loew. Montreal, Aug. 5, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Drosophila funebris Fab. Montreal, Oct. 1, 1905, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Drosophila quinaria Loew. Rigaud, Que., June 27, 1906, (Beauke New to Quebec province list. Milichia indecora Loew. Rigaud, Que., June 25, 1906, (Beaulieu). New 8 Quebec province list. Pseudolfersia maculata Cog. St. Therese, Que., (Mignault). New to Quebec province list. 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107 HYMENOPTERA. In this Order, unfortunately, little definite work seems to have been done in Canada in 1911. Small collections made in previous years have been determined, and data regarding some of these are now included here. Dr. Wheeler has deter- mined a number of different species of ants, records of some of which are also given. Spalangera nigra Latr. Ottawa, Sept. 23, (Sanders). Stenamma brevicorne Mayr. Weymouth, N.S., (Sanders). Leptothoran curvispinosus Mayr. Weymouth, N.S., (Sanders). Polichoderus plagiata Mayr. Grand Manan, N.B, (Sanders); Aweme, Man., 1907, (J. Fletcher). Brachymyrmex heeri depilis Emery. Weymouth, N.S., (Sanders). Lasius niger L., var neoniger Emery. Grand Manan, N-B. ; Ottawa, (San- ders). Lasius brevicornis Emery. Ottawa, (Sanders). Lasius umbratus Nyl., subsp. mixtus Nyl. var. aphidicola Walsh. Ottawa, (Sanders). Lasius umbratus Nyl., subsp. subumbratus Viereck. Beaver Lake and Olds, Alta., 1907, (Willing). Formica sanguinea Latr. subsq. subintegra Emery. St. Stephen, N.B.; Ottawa, (Sanders). Formica fusca L. var. subsericea Say. St. Stephen, N.B.; Ottawa, (San- ders). Formica fusca L. var. neoclara Emery. Chilliwack Valley, B.C., (J. Macoun). Formica lasioides Emery, var. picea Emery. Ottawa, (Sanders). Formica subpolita Mayr. var.neogagates Emery. Ottawa, (Sanders). Tiphia relativa Vier. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 2, 1909, (Wallis). Specodes arroyanus Ckll. Lethbridge, Alta., (Wallis). Known from New Mexico and Colorado, (T.D.C.). * Tetralonia medicata Ckll. Medicine Hat, Alta., May 30, 1904, (Willing) ; Can. Ent., Jan. 1911, p. 34. * Anthrophora bomboides willingi Ckll., n. subsp. Prince Albert, Sask., June 18, 1905, (Willing). * Prosopis potens Metz. Montreal, June 10, 1906; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxvu, 104. Osmia coloradensis Cress. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 2, 6, 1909, (Wallis). Atanycolus montivagus Cress. Penticton, B.C., Aug. 12, 1909, (Wallis). * Pterochilus leucotaenius Rohwer. Lethbridge, Alta., July 4, 9, 1909, (Wallis) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., vol. 40, p. 554. * Diodontus bidentatus Rohwer. Nerepis, N.B., Aug. 20, (Leavitt). Proc. U.S. N. M., vol. 40, p. 561. : * Hoplocampa xantha Rohwer. Ottawa; Tech. series No. 20, part IV., U.S. Bureau of Entomology, p. 144. } * Dimorphopteryz abnormis Rohwer. Ottawa, 1900; Proc. U. S. N. M,, vol. 41, p. 406. Parnopes hageni Vier. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 23, 1909, (Wallis). Bombus occidentalis Green. Fort Selkirk, Y.T., 1908, (Miss Seymour). Psithyrus ashtoni Cress. Kenora, Ont., Sept. 9, 1909. 108 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 * Psithyrus fernalde Franklin. Kaslo, B.C.; Metlakatla.; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., xxxvii, 165. * Psithyrus tricolor Franklin. Banff, Alta.; Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen) ; Wey- mouth, N.S., (P. G. Bolster) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 167. OrpDER HEMIPTERA. Unfortunately, as yet, we have few workers in Canada in this order. During the year Mr. J. B. Wallis, of Winnipeg, Man., and Mr. J. D. Evans, of Trenton, Ont., have had collections determined by Mr. Van Duzee, and some of these, to- gether with some interesting species taken at Danville, Que., between July 20 to 30, 1911, and at North Hatley, Que., between July 17 to 24, 1909, by Mr. G. A. Moore, are included here. Miss Edith Patch, of the Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, Orona, Maine, is now working on Psyllide and would be glad to receive any material from Canada. Below are also included definite records of a few of these latter insects which have been determined by Miss Patch. Stictocephala inermis Fab. ‘Treesbank, Man., July 18, 1910, (Wallis). Telamona ampelopsidis Harr. Danville, Que., July, (Moore). Cyrtobolus maculifrontis Emmons. Co. Hastings, Ont., July 2, (Evans). Publilia modesta Uhler. Westbourne, Man., Sept. 4, 1910, (Wallis). Civius basalis Van 1D). Trenton, Ont., July 13, (Evans). Laccocera vittipennis Van D. Danville, Que., July, (Moore). Bruchmorpha tristis Stal. Treesbank, Man., July 21, 1910, (Wallis). Aphelonema simplex Uhler. Treesbank, Man., July 21, 1910, (Wallis). Pissonotus marginatus Van D. Danville, Que., July, (Moore). Pissonotus ater Van D. Ottawa, July 17, 1904, (Metcalfe). Liburnia campestris Van D. Danville, Que., July, (Moore). Inburnia pellucida Fabr. Trenton, Ont., June 6; Aug. 6, (Hyans). Lepyronia gibbosa Ball. Treesbank, Man., July 21, 1910, (Wallis). Aphrophora signorettt Fitch. Treesbank, Man., July 20, 1910, (Wallis) ; Meach Lake, Que., July. 20, 1905, (Gibson). Philaronia bilineata Say. Lethbridge, Alta., July 5, 1909; Treesbank, July 20, 1910, (Wallis). Proconia costalis Fab. Treesbank, Man., April 17, 1908; Winnipeg, Man., May 18, 1909, (Wallis). Dreculacephala manitobiana Ball. Husavick, Aug. 23, 1910, (Wallis). Gypona cana Burm. Peachland, B.C., July 26, 1909, (Wallis). Pediopsis basalis Van D. Co. Hastings, Ont., June 20, (Evans). Idiocerus snowi G. & B. Treesbank, Man., July 21, 1910 (Wallis). Athysanus lineola Fall. Trenton, Ont., June 20, (Evans). Phlepsius nebulosus Van D. Husavick, Man., July 6, 1910, (Wallis). Phlepsius decorus 0. & B. Husavick, Man., Aug. 27, 1910, (Wallis). Cicadula lineatifrons Stal. Husavick, Man., Aug. 23, 1910, (Wallis). Empoasca atrolabes Gill. Co. Hastings, Ont., June 20, (Evans). Livia vernalis Fitch. Aylmer, Que., May 31, 1903, (Metcalfe). Livia maculipennis Fitch. Brockville, Ont., Sept. 20, 1903, (Metcalfe). Aphalara metzaria Crawford. Aylmer, Que., May 31, 1903, (Metcalfe). Aphalara veaziei Patch. Hull, Que., July 26, 1903, (Metcalfe). Psylla floccosa Patch. Ottawa, July 12, 1903; Hull, Que., Aug. 1, 1904, (Metcalfe). ‘ 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109 Psylla galeaformis Patch. Ottawa, July 12, 1903; Aug. 2, 24, 1904; June 26, 1904; Hull, Que., Aug. 1, 1904, (Metcalfe.) Psylia striata Patch. Ottawa, on ironwood, Aug. 25, 1907; on basswood, July 1, 1904; Hull, Que., on maple, Aug. 1, 1904, (Metcalfe). Trioza obtusa Patch. Brockville, Ont., Oct. 11, 25, 1903, (Metcalfe). Banasa sordida Uhler. Co. Hastings, Ont., Aug. 27, (Evans). & Thyreocoris nitiduloides Wolff. North Hatley, Que., July, 1909, (Moore). |. Aradus quadrilineatus Say. Winnipeg, Man., May 18, 1909, (Wallis). i Sphragisticus nebulosus Fall. Winnipeg, Man., May 17, 1909, (Wallis). $ Emblethis vicarius Horvy. Treesbank, Man., July 26, 1910 (Wallis). Scolopostethus atlanticus Hory. Winnipeg, Man., May 13, 1909, (Wallis). \ Corynocoris distinctus Dallas. Grimsby, Ont., Sept. 16, 1894, (Metcalfe). Megalotomus quinquespinosus Say. Aylmer, Que., Aug. 21, 1910, (Metcalfe). é Corizus crassicornis L. Treesbank, Man., July 21, 1910, (Wallis). ¥ Leptoypha mutica Say. North Hatley, Que., July, 1909, (Moore). i Pagasa fusca Stein. Winnipeg Beach, Man., Aug. 25, 1910, (Wallis). t Reduviolus propinguus Reut. Husayick, Man., July 11, 1910, (Wallis). ' Neogeus burmeisteri L. & S. Treesbank, Man., July 25, 1910, (Wallis). { Mesovelia mulsanti White. Husavick, Man., July 12, 1910, (Wallis). _ __ Triphleps tristicolor B. White. Peachland, B.C., July 24, 1909, (Wallis). Anthocoris borealis Dallas. North Hatley, Que., July, (Moore). Anthocoris melanocerus Reut. Peachland, B.C., July 24, 1909, (Wallis). Anthocoris musculus Say. Danville, Que., July, (Moore). Orthotylus congrez Uhler. Co. Hastings, Ont., June 14, 20, (Evans). Orthotylus marginatus Uhler. Co. Hastings, Ont., June 20, (Evans). Dicyphus californicus Stal. Trenton, Ont., Aug. 20, (Evans). Fulvius brunneus Prov. Trenton, Aug. 10, (Evans). Stenotus binotatus Fabr. Trenton, Ont., June 26, (Evans). Hadronema picta Ubler. Lethbridge, Alta., June 6, 1909, (Wallis). Resthenia insignis Say. Danville, Que., July, (Moore). Dichrooscytus suspectus Reut. Husavick, Man., July°10, 1910, (Wallis). Iygus plagiatus Ubler. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 4, 1909, (Wallis). Tropidosteptes commissuralis Reut. Hall, Que., Aug. 14, 1904. (Metcalfe). Tropidosteptes amemus Uhler. Husavick, Man., July 11, 1910, (Wallis). Camptobrochis validus Reut. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 5, 1909, (Wallis). Horcias dislocatus Say, var. affinis Reut. Ottawa, May 13, (Metcalfe). Mimiceps gracilis Uhler. Carlsbad Springs, Ont., June 26, 1904, macropterous form, (Metcalfe). . Salda interstitialis Say. Winnipeg, Man., May 20, 1910, (Wallis) ; North Hatley, Que., July, 1909, (Moore). Salda littoralis L. Husavick, Man., July 3, 1910, (Wallis). ear vrmmmamdeny rye NEvROPTEROID INsEcTS (Except ODONATA). (Arranged according to a catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects, (Except Odonata), of the United States, by Nathan Banks; American Entomological So- _ ciety, 1907. The numbers refer to the pages of the catalogue). & REET Se RRR RNR ____ All of the species mentioned below have been determined by Dr. Banks. Some, it will be noticed, are of not uncommon occurrence and even widespread distribution, 110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 but it has been thought advisable to include them all here as our knowledge of the distribution of these neuropteroid insects is very limited and almost any definite record is of value. With but few exceptions none of the species here mentioned have been recorded in the Recorp. The few previously mentioned are from widely separated localities. ORDER ARCHIPTERA. 13. Isoperla bilineata Say. Winnipeg, Man., May 29, 1908, (Wallis). 16. Ephemera decora Walk. Husavick, Man., July 10, 1910, (Wallis). 16. Ephemera simulans Walk. Go Home Bay, Ont., late June and early July, (Walker). 7 1%. Cenis dimuta Walk. Go Home Bay, Ont., July 4—Aug. 10, 1908, (Walker). 18. Callibetis ferrugineus Walsh. Husavick, Man., Aug. 16, 1910, (Wallis). 20. Heptagenia canadensis Walk. Husavick, Man., July 2, 1910, (Wallis). 20. Heptagenia flavescens Walsh. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 23, 1909, (Wallis). 20. Heptagenia interpunctata Say. Go Home Bay. Ont., June 29, 1908, (Walker). ; 20. Heptagenia luridipennis Burm. Go Home Bay, Ont., June 26—Aug., 1908, (Walker). 20. Betisca obesa Say. Go Home Bay, Ont., June 27, 1907, (Walker). ORDER NEUROPTERA. 21. Chauliodes serricornis Say. Ottawa, Aug. 1910, (Bro. Germain). 2%. Chrysopa majuscula Banks. Penticton, B.C., Aug. 12, 1909, (Wallis). 27. Chrysopa nigricornis Burm. Husavick, Man., Aug. 16, 1910, (Wallis). 28. Chrysopa ypsilon Fitch. Winnipeg, Man., June 10, 1910, (Wallis). * Chrysopa canadensis Banks. Go Home Bay, Ont., July 12, (Walker); Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxvii, 340. 30. Brachynemurus abdominalis Say. Aweme, Man., July 18, 1910, (Wallis) ; Go Home Bay, Ont., July 31, 1907, (Walker). 31. Brachynemurus brunneus Currie. Aweme, Man., July 20, 1910, (Wallis). 31. Brachynemurus nigrilabris Hagen. Aweme, Man., July 20, 1910, (Wallis). 32. Cyrptoleon nebulosum Oliv. Giant’s Tomb Island, Georgian Bay, July 7-30, 1907, (Walker). ORDER TRICHOPTERA. 35. Phryganea cinerea Walk. Go Home Bay, Ont., (Walker). 35. Neuronia postica Walk. Go Home Bay, Ont., (Walker). 35. Neuronia pardalis Walk. Hymers, Ont., June 16, 1910, (Dawson). 35. Agrypnia straminea Hagen. Winnipeg, Man., June 1, 1908, (Wallis). 36. Limnephilus externus Hagen. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 13, 1910, (Wallis). — 36. Limnephilus indivisus Walk. Temagami, Sept. 14, 1908, (Walker). *, Rhyacophila grandis Banks. Vernon, B.C., and Bon Accord, B.C., June 14, (Russell) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxvii, 351. 42. Brachycentrus incanus Hagen. Winnipeg, Man., May 31, 1910, (Wallis). 43. Helicopsyche borealis Hagen. Husavick, Man., Aug. 4, 1910, (Wallis). Lepidostoma wisconsinensis Vorhies. Husavick, Man., July 2, 1910, (Wallis). 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ia 45. Molanna cinerea Hagen. . Go Home Bay, Ont., June 28-July 12, 1908, (Walker). 45. Molanna rufa Hagen. Husavick, Man., July 2, 1910, (Wallis). 45. Leptocerus resurgens Walk. Go Home Bay, Ont., July 4, 12, 1907, (Walker). 45. Tricenodes borealis Banks. UHusavick. Man., July 2, 1910, (Willis). 45. Triwnodes ignita Walk. Treesbank, Man., July 29, 1910, (Willis). 45. Leptocella albida Walk. Winnipeg, Man., June 29, 1909, (Wallis). 46. Leptocella wwarowii Kolen. Husavick, Man., Aug. 23, 1910, (Wallis). 46. (cetina incerta Walk. MHusavick, Man., July 4, 1910, (Wallis); Go Home Bay, Ont., July 12, 22, 1908, (Walker). 47%. Macronema zebrata Hagen. Sandy Gray Falls, Musquash River, Ont., July 24, 1907, (Walker). 4%. Hydropsyche alternans Walk. Winnipeg, Man., June 3, 1910, (Wallis). 4%. Plectrocnemia confusus Hagen. Go Home Bay, Ont., June 27-July 5, 1907, (Walker). *. Polycentropus remotus Banks. Peachland, B.C., July 23, (Wallis) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 359. 48. Nyctiophylax affinis Banks. Go Home Bay, Ont., July 5-22, 1907. (Walker). * Nyctiophylax moestus Banks. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 19, (Wallis) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxvil, 359. ODONATA. Dr. E. M. Walker of Toronto, has sent to me the following interesting records which I am glad to include. Amphiagrion saucium Burm. Aweme, Man., June, 1911, I female, teneral, (Wallis). First Manitoba record. Hagenius brevistylus Selys. Mississauga River, Parry Sound Dist., Aug. 2, 1911, 1 male, (Hahn). Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis Walsh. Shawniga River, Parry Sound Dist., Ont., Aug. 10, 1910, (Hahn). At the same locality Mr. Hahn also ob- _ tained a number of exuvie of an Ophiogomphus, probably belonging to the same species. Ophiogomphus severus Hag. Aweme, Man., July 19, 1910, (Wallis). Two females, probably of this species. Gomphus externus Hag. Winnipeg, Man., June 25, 1910, 3 males, 1 female, (Wallis). Gomphus lividus Selys. Shawniga River, Parry Sound Dist., Aug. 10, 1910. A number of exuvie, (Hahn). Gomphus scudderi Selys. Mississauga River, Parry Sound Dist., Aug. 2, 1911. 1 male, (Hahn). Dromogomphus spinosus Selys. Mississauga River, Parry Sound Dist., Aug. 2, 1911, 1 male, (Hahn). Basiaeschna janata Say. 'Shawniga River, Parry Sound Dist., Aug. 10, 1911. Several exuvie, (Hahn). Boyeria vinosa Say. Shawniga River, Aug. 10, 1911, 1 male, 1 female, (Hahn). 112 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No. 36 A number of Boyeria exuvie were also taken at this locality, and are sep- arable into two slightly differing forms, one of which is identical with the exuvia of B. grafiana, so that the other doubtless belongs to vinosa. Aeshna eremita Scudd. Shawniga River, Aug. 10, 1911, 2 exuvie, (Hahn). Aeshna interrupta Walk. Nngeerais River, Aug. 2, 1911, 3 males, 1 female, (Hahn). Neurocordulia 4 yamaskanensis Proy. Shawniga River, Aug. 10, 1911, num- erous exuvie, (Hahn). Helocordulia uhleri Selys. Shawniga River, Aug. 10, 1911, 1 exuvia, (Hahn). Somatochlora macrotona Wmsn. Winnipeg, June 10-19, 1910; 3 males, 2 females; Husavick, Man., Aug. 17, 1910, 1 female, (Wallis). Inbellula pulchella Drury. Fates Man., July 11, 1910, (Wallis). Most northwesterly record. : Pantala hymenea Say. Husavick, Man., July 11, 1910, 1 male, (Walley First Canadian Record. INDEX. PAGE PAGE Bees TWCOMIS oo. 5.0. cece wes 24, 31 CigamNGASG-HEATED: <7. jie. + ele. seers 28 PERMOHIS!) PTISCA..c.cecsccveueses 29 Codlinenrmoth cn vac. cis cess e vs 15, 20, 28, 34 Anaphothrips striatus ............ 63 Coleophora fletcherella ............ 28 Anthonomus quadrigibbus ........ 73 Conotrachelus nenuphar ....... 21, 28, 73 pha, Dine-bark ...5........0ee00s 59 Corythuca arcuata :..........-.... 62 meeesoruce; gall... ss. see. 60 Cosens; Al, article by) sae: «taco « 15 _ Aphidiinae of N. America, Gahan’s 90 Crayeishigin eee eer recone ea 66 PURUIE Te Tele > > eve Sic's Gis.» bia.o's 3 oe seas 28 Griddle, N., article by ........-... 74 ) Aphis, apple woolly .............. 72 Cryptorhynchus lapathi ........... 15 Beeapnodius scabriceps .............. 76 Culicide, Theobald’s Monograph of 91 Apple curculio ................++.. i Currant aphis .......-...+..+++++. 31 © Maggot ..................-. 29,72 DOLE Mitlioctie dete oe ee oe 31, 73 BEENVOTIN ICASEL ......020ccceeee 11 « BAWAHY) sich tea tcsn See 31 MeHIPS TOSACCANA ...........00-6- 29 2 enan worm ance bib nn ee 73 Army worm, black ................ 32 SC APOLWOTIMIE, fos Sa.ecusstapstcsiels ole sates 15 Asparagus beetles .............-.. 24,74 Gutwermeen fairs ases: 10, 29, 32, 45, 74 Aspidiotus perniciosus ............ 20, 28 Cymatophora ribearia ............ 73 ‘ | Basilona imperialis ............... 37 ne Bembecia marginata .............. 31 Datane neta ete eaten at Beutenmuller’s Species of Dryo- DENIES % an Fee cee den apes phant Diamond-back moth ..............- 11, 45 a and their galls ........ 89 Bria Birch Bucculatrix 34, 62 Division of Entomology, Work of.. 25 eitaruiel ai'ateterotetaeistele ic » 04 - ller’s N A. Blackberry leaf-miner ............ 31 Dryophanta, Beutenmu ; 89 Blister beetle, ash-gray ........... 85 SSDOCIES OF Vaicisinis =n 2 icienl= cinitn ole Fs CHA w Ee es pe ore 84 Dytiscus fasciventris ...........-+- 3 Su * ZEA) SOROS aaEe 8} os 4 PREM ee hicrcvesaiete lok. +s. 6 86 Eccoptogaster rugulosus .......... 23 y : PMATEING™ | of. 5 cs. ss 85 Le DATs MOUSE wks tLe tiele lores sisters oy 14 re ROVER Ya eae cteisre otras: 86 Enarmonia prunivora ............. 11 gs Su SUGUL COs 6 5) ol ere; scsvareieie ss 86 Epicauta CINEREA keateniaice ea wee tea 85 3 $ BRET OG. 5, cle aus, <,c(e)ovs.« 85 FISSITABUS! Osc cicre is scar.capists ace 87 ge S BVESEGIYY o.0,c scare cies ss 85 ss MIRKEUIEWIEL oo oopdunet Donor 86 Ls ARERR ee cfa\s!oc'se sa cca eis 23, 28, 72 3 TMT UM EUG Ay “alec, cilovetet everevere.clale 85 PEMEHPNE WABI) oc cine cess ie sce te sees 24 ss pennsylvanica ........... 84 Brackenridgia acerifoliella ........ 14 ss DUNCTICOMIB Save cte ole ciclo 87 Bucculatrix canadensisella ........ 34, 61 s SOUI CANS Hy taeferererstes = coatniskers 86 7) GUD SOS Seagate eee 29072 cs Erichusescivtehie eet eaten eee 87 Butterfly, white cabbage .......... ial iG Zs VIE Lertenme yer tote comet rae ee atete 85 i i i ATLD Farsi ek ej edavate 2 " Cabbage butterfly ................. 11,17 ea iy hae ee eee 23, 28 pee root maggot ............ 10, 32 Bulecanium cerasifex ............. 31 @eersar, 17, article by .............. 28 Huthringeuervosus Pras BGS f Bee ponoins hereuleanus .......... 62 SES SRE EE EK 4 ¢ G0 Qa) a Silas 283 3 Cantharis cooper ) Sano ueneaes ie 37 Forest and Shade Trees, Insects f cyanipennis ............ 86 attacking feteeeee eens 12, 34 A cnsiil 2. hi iors 85 se entomology, importance of 52 “ sphaericollis ........... 87 os insects at De Grassi Pt., 4 te VETTE 87 Lake Simcoe ..........- 55 itd (ol Sy eee tas 29 Formicidae, Wheeler’s List of Type Merpenter ant .........-.2)..2-..: 62 Speciess Ofer aateteiebre se) 12 91 _ Carpocapsa pomonella ...... 15, 20, 28, 73 FWyles, T. W., articles by .......... 36, 65 Tig tarts} 74 é Casey’s Memoirs on the Coleoptera 89 Gahan’s Aphidiinae of N. America.. 90 Meemonus inornatus ............... 24 Gibson pAGfarticles! by (calligrapniTs ac.cacveeresecie retailer 60 Rhagaletis pomonella ............. 29, 72 fF DID taps oe stele Se eee 59 Root maggot, cabbage ..........-. 10 Root “mar eots wre-eeiaa> ee 10, 29, 32, 45 DUBEMBULS ie se = arate nie ietelsty seeker otevar= 15 San José ‘scale. ..\c.,...12. sees 20, 28 Wace-wineed MICS) mr ieee! ate el 16 Sanninoidea exitiosa .......... 23, 30 Machnosterna, isCaiecps ccc etereisersracte 15 Saperda calcarata ................ 34 ianch: hail ys re cei cco mrersisictate, core ee inte 57 Ke candida. 2... bee 72 ie z parasites of ........ 27 Saw-fly, larch. ........ i.e eee 57 Leaf-roller on maple .............. 14 «| ‘ Leconte’s. ...1. 0... se eee 58 Meak-rollers yee piesa cook ok ee 29. | Scale, European fruit ............. 31 HOCADIUIM COMMIT 2 eae ewe sin= inl 31 Schironeura lanigera ...........- BERL Te Lepidosaphes ulmi ............ 28, 45, 72 Scolytidae, economic importance of B83 Lygaeonematus erichsonii ........ 57 | Semasia nigricans ..........--«.ee 24 Lophyrus lecontei ................ 58 Sesia tipuliformis ............ Rs ey/2 Lygus pratensis .................. 30- | Shot-hole borer<:..05 0.5 occ sseaeee 23 : : | Silvanus surinamensis ............ 36 Macrobasis unicolor .............. 85 | Skinner’s Larger Am. Hesperidae.. 90 Malacosoma americana ..... 11, 12, 30, 72 Sleeping Sickness, transmission of 47 z disstria .......... 11,12,72 | Spruce budworm ............-..:- 13, 26 Malaria, transmission of .......... 48'— i “Squash Dam 2: os ceseneeeeeee 2. Det eae Manmiestraspictane nar. einer att 24 Swaine, J. M., article by .........- 72 Maple-leaf. cutter...) cence «nee 145) Monohammnns 02 ean.)tecee anche 59 Tarnished plant-bug ........... oe ekeieee Monophadnus rubi ................ 24 Tent caterpillar, American. .11, 12, 30, 72 Mosamitoes? 2s. 5.cs,ci ours joe ae 18 ES © forest. . 3. 2mee 11, 12, 72 g Theobald’s Monograph of Tetranychus bimaculatus .......... 31 GHG oes axe Sees cokes le Msarerae 91 | Theobald’s Monograph of the Culici- Moulton’s N. A. Thysanoptera .... 90 dae) ie. s > Aue ee eee ste ae Myzus /ribis: sce assure ere eee 81 | ‘Thrips affecting oats <....-soseeeee 63 Thysanoptera, Moulton’s Synopsis of INAECISSHS Ly. te. hele: ccc ee 45 IN. “AMEriCan 7. <:--. 2-5. seem os ie eee 97 Some new or unrecorded Ontario Insect Pests: L. CAESAR.........-...-+eeeees 100 Notes on Injurious Insects in British Columbia, 1912: R. C. TREHERNE........ 106 Arsenate of Zine as a substitute for Arsenate of Lead: L. CARSAR............. 111 Entomological, RECOra c:ic. 272 eiae c2ysmwisen eforsine ets) ossveiavs\orel cous srokePeiere here eT ae ee 113 i bole (-> Cer ee OMA Sein ark aOThSCOCOIaAmIt Oman O OGdo COGocca a. © 141 [4] FORTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Entomological Society of Ontario 1912 To the Honourable James S. Duff, Minister of Agriculture. Sir,—l have the honour to present herewith the Forty-third Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario. The Forty-ninth Annual Meeting of the Society was held at Ottawa on the 19th and 20th of November, 1912, and was marked by the unusual variety of sub- jects discussed and the large number of members who contributed addresses and papers. ‘These, together with the reports of the various officers and branches of the society, are given in full in the following pages. The “Canadian Entomologist,” the society's monthly magazine, has been regularly issued during the past year, and has now completed its forty-fourth volume. It continues to maintain the wide circulation and scientific value which have characterized its reputation in the past. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, EDMUND M. WALKER, Editor. Biological Department, University of Toronto. Entomological Society of Ontario OFFICERS FOR 1912-1913 President—Rev. C. J. S. Bernune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Professor of Entomology and Zoology, O. A. College, Guelph. Vice-President—Dr. C. GorvoN Hewirr, Dominion Entomologist, Central Experimental] Farm, Ottawa. Secretary-Treasurer College, Guelph. Curator—Mkr. G. J. SPENCER, Assistant in Entomology, O. A. College, Guelph. Directors Division No. 1, Mr. ArrHtur Gisson. Division of Entomology, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa; Division No. 2, Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Mr. A. Cosens, Parkdale Collegiate Institute, Toronto; Division No. 4, Mr. C. W. Nasu, East Toronto; Division No. 5, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Port Hope; Division No. 6, Mr. R. 8. HAMILTON, Collegiate Institute, Galt; Division No. 7, Mr. W. A. Ross, Jordan Harbour. Directors (Ex-Presidents of the Society)—Prorrsson Wa. SaunpDeErS, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S.C., F.LS., late Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion of Canada, Ottawa; Rev. C. J. S. BerHune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Guelph; W. HaGuE HARRINGTON, F.R.S.C., Ottawa; Proressor JouN DrarNess. Vice-Principal Normal School, London; Henry H. Lyman. M.A., F.E.S., F.R.G.S., Montreal; Rey. THowas W. Fytes, D.C.L., F.L.S., Ottawa; ProrEssor Wm. LocHHEAD, B.A., M.S., Macdonald College, Que.; JoHN D. Evans, C.E., Chief Engineer, Central Ontario Railway, Trenton; PROFESSOR TeNNyson D. Jarvis, B.S.A., Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph; E. M. WALKER. B.A., M.B., University of Toronto. Editor of * The Canadian Entomologist *—Dr. E. M. WALKER. Toronto. Delegate to the Royal Society—Mr. A. F. Winn, Montreal. Auditors—MEssrs. J. E. Howirt, M.S.A., and L. Carsar. B.A., B.S.A., O. A. College, Guelph. Mr. A. W. Baker, B.S.A., Demonstrator in Entomology, O. A. FINANCIAL STATEMENT For the year ending October, 1912 Receipts. Eaependitures. Balance from P1911 ©. 225.72. $ 826 20 IObMAbNE Ss so5qnpnrnc soos ocesss $1,114 81 Members? fees! 2 ssac ols sees SD. pul! Cork ands pins #: 5.2m cena 11359 Advertising 72). eces see 30 75 BEX PCHSE' 7s cise sscaessewra ct 70 67 Government grant ........... 1,000 00 Salaries Se: jis .:0k ae eran 200 00 Sale of reports and back num- TDL ary: oi ion s.che 3 See ee 121 35 DELS) isicyeetemeitls cis eiexoeine cls 109 34 Annual Meetirg .....52 4.222. 24 40 Sale of cork and pins ........ 120 30 Annual Reports acmrseceeeaee 90 95 iEMaie MME on tc Sandsasaneo See INSUraNncey i.6 nepscrdsclae otek 26 00 sae Bank exchangemerencs-ai cece 1 32 $2,467 97 Balanceion hand. pee eee oo eee 698 8& $2,467 97 (Signed) A. W. BAKER. Treasurer. J. E. Howirt. Auditors. { iE, CUNSSINR. [6] —_ DR. E. M. WALKER, President of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1911-1912, LIST OF CANADIAN MEMBERS ONTARIO. moti Or. A. Reo... eee Toronto. PEPEPOO Mer C acsie sus sie ee Port Arthur. MGs 1S Ree eraorooinoe Toronto. SEI GPNCIIV «ieee sw ace oss Guelph. ol: 2 12 London. BewmMMer PYOL, .. 25.60 Guelph Beaulieu, Germain ...... Ottawa COST 25 Legace Hillier. alia, 1050 or Guelph. 2 2 London. Clnbshit. TUE) Ae eee eee Guelph. RHEMENS OW aA. oi... se Toronto (Cae) 1589s a eee * BEOSENIRSMO AG. Galale) sisveivie.oine «04 ns MPBARGESS lic sie ces cee se oe London. LUT SD 2555 oS - Ottawa. Din, LEE eae .» Port Hope. DURIGD JAMES . 2.55... -» Woodstock. west db 1D Sa eeeneioe - Trenton. IDATIES) 1843 0 0) Aeon - Ottawa. Germain, Bro, ......5.... $f SSO ATEAUE 2... see fs (Cont, (Cie) ke .. Orillia. RPPURIE diate civcve eee Toronto. IRM ne)i 1D), 15 Os Sane eee . Sudbury. FIATRNESS OD: — esse we Jordan Harbor. Harrington, W. H. ....... Ottawa. BewitieOr CG. ....:..- ty Howitt, Prof. J. B. ....... Guelph. Hudson, H. F. ...........Ottawa. eh Ai” Ses ee eee . Hamilton. JRGRSUI. is. Gog peace . Toronto. Lo) Ss . Ridgeway. Lomi 0 So on66 Seen Toronto. Suet Aa) 7 London. MeCreddy. 9. B. ovo... Guelph. sin (Sg eee . Toronto. INGLES SS eee . Guelph. attenson, “AL Me oss ces Toronto. iPehicin, (Chapa cee nee Ottawa. iaiste \iy JA Jordan Harbor. Pameers eG. Be sence. c ees Ottawa. Saunders, Dr. Wm. ...... London. SE De ANG Ro ogeee eee Toronto. SAIC 16a - Ottawa. Shira Gs ee Toronto. Snazelle, Chas. .......... “ Si Gon, (C8 eee eae . Guelph. Tanner Harold .......... Stratford. Thompson, W. R. ....... . London. Tomlinson, Robert ...... . Toronto. SMeid aN (eet De ar Ottawa Walker Dr. BH: M. ....... Toronto. Watson, Dr. A. H. R. ....Port Hope. Washington, i; PP. ......% Hamilton. Witte; James %........... Snelgrove. Vv CU BSE s Toronto. WGGCL Sie oe AWS) 20s Guelph QUEBEC. Agricultural Editor, Week- ly Witness Barwick, E. C. Brainerd, Dwight BUG ZS ler Uec Vir cictclencieks C@hapnonh (Giyarccciessacee Clayson, (Go He Gna cn DumlOpiiGrw Caan cisiccieciera cts Earby, A. Greene, L. R. Hedge, Miss L. Tua RCW Ver Aww ceva avatar Lochhead, Prof. Montreal. “ Levis. Quebec. Tiyan’ Ele EDS ye \ecoa iste e's sy sie Montreal. MooresiGs Ay ceiecceesacs of Norris eA srs 33588 cation a Southees Ge AS ose. As Sunderland) JH. os. os... s MTMourchop Aw ls cts atten St. Hyacinthe. Waly At OHM. fot sotrae ater sicnes Montreal. ALBERTA, Baird’ “RHOSN ect ctectetrcnitere High River. Dod, F. H. Wolley....... Midnapore, RAT <0 oe cesiaveretecerctctetetets .s Edmonton. Moody, SIMISSM arcane ele West Calgary. MANITOBA. Griddles Norman 320... 6 Treesbank. RIGGING IDEN a5 oe ceclaomedn Cartwright. TaN VeY 13th ein bis roo DIY © Manitou. lala ID ds voeigombos Teulon IW aula ead ay ona pent es ak chat aroene Winnipeg. Nova Scorta. Matheson; Dry Bsc...) Truro. Mackay, Dri vA. Fe aereteratere Halifax. Paiyriey MEY «Give nuerecratere teeters Granville Ferry. New BRUNSWICK. Vroom, J. St. Stephen. SASKATCHEWAN. Androchowicz, EB. ........ Humboldt. ING Villes Sir aen ere syenens abereyors Cottonwood. iWwallingwProf TONG. <1.) ae Saskatoon. BRITISH COLUMBIA. ADDS SRAM Wi. sevevsrerevomchove rare Vancouver. AD DOLE RNG. a erscve sxetele ater. Mission City. PANTS ee re ah os vevetuteeueti, Nakusp. Anderson, Bi Mi. Gace. cere Victoria. /Mieledstory dike Sampocooda s [9] Macdonald College 10 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Britis CotumBpia.—Continued. Reed, E. Baynes ......... Victoria. RY se bel De Sie cma A aout Duncans. Bain, T. H. ............-.North Vancouver-popertson, W. H. .......-- Victoria. thaadnli IIS Bosmoacddoo0o Kelowna. Ross. -AtueDee ee eee Nelson. Bd iN Secretar ssske cotta sx Vancouver. Rowland aAw pee cee Vancouver. Blackmere, G: .........<. Victoria. Rihiisns. Meee ee Vernon BONCHHE, CAS, iese,= w)ols\alh onder Vancouver. Russell, M. W. ......---- Kelowna. Brand, Jas. .....+..+++++ ve Scott; WAB o.esen ee: Victoria. Brealey, A. ....--.+---++- Hatzic. Shermanwit. Somer Vancouver. SERGEANT AWW sed -- ui For studying the habits of bumble-bees I have, during the ‘past two years, employed a wooden hut on the shelves of which I have placed my nests in little _ wooden boxes covered with glass. Each nest communicates with the outside by means of a special wire tube, up and down which the bees soon learn to pass. When __ the nest is small, one small box will hold it, but as it grows a larger one is placed on top and later a third one, still larger, is added. For strong nests a fourth box _ isneeded. To keep the nest sweet and clean it is necessary to place a tray contain- _ ing earth between the nest box and the end of the wire tube. A sheet of glass is _ placed over the tray and the entering and departing ‘bees can be observed passing _ under it. The next slide shows a comb of Bombus terrestris built in one of these nest boxes. In these boxes we can see everything that the bumble-bees do in their nest, such as constructing the cells, depositing honey and pollen in them, the feed- ing of the young, the laying of the eggs, the spirited defence of the new-laid eggs by the queen against the attacks of the workers who endeavour to devour them, the hatching of the young bees, which are often assisted by their older sisters in their struggles to get out of their cocoons, and many other details. Bumble-bees occur further north than honey-bees. As they do not have to store honey for the winter they can exist where the season is short and flowers compara- tively scarce. The light nights of the arctic are an advantage to them, for they _ work on the flowers as long as they can see and their furry coats help them to withstand the cold. In the collection of bumble-bees at the Central Experimental t Farm, Ottawa, are some specimens from Nottingham Island, in the Hudson Strait. Species have also been recorded from the Boothia Peninsular, and I have seen a _ specimen from Melville Island. There can be no doubt that bumble-bees inhabit _ almost the whole of Canada, and that they play an important part in the preserva- tion of the native flora. Several unknown species probably occur in Northern Canada and I am anxious to get specimens of these for our collection, while speci- mens from the better known regions, provided they are sent in sufficient numbers, _are also likely to include interesting varieties and possibly novelties. _ The red clover, which is almost exclusively fertilized by bumble-bees, is an important fodder crop to the Canadian farmer. In the Ottawa district there seem } be more than enough bumble-bees to fertilise the red clover, but Mr. Morley 56 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Pettit, the Provincial Apiarist, tells me that in some parts of Ontario bumble-bees are scarce, and that a farmer in one of these districts got a splendid crop of red clover seed by procuring nests of bumble-bees and putting them around the field. At the close of the lecture a vote of thanks to Mr. Sladen for his interesting and instructive address was proposed by Mr. Grisdale and seconded by Prof. Lochhead. SECOND DAY’S SESSION—WEDNESDAY, 20th, 1912. At 9.15 a.m. the members met in the Carnegie Library, and the session com- menced with the election of officers for 1912-1913. A list of these is given on page 6. An interesting address was then delivered by Mr. J. H. Grisdale, Director of the Dominion Experimental Farms, who spoke of his early entomological associa- tions and of his warm friendship for the late Dr. James Fletcher, by whom his first real interest in entomology was awakened. He referred to the importance and value of the work that is now being done in economic entomology in Canada, ' particularly by the Division of Entomology, and of the rapid development of the Division since the appointment of Dr. Hewitt as Dominion Entomologist. He expressed his keen interest in the work of the Society, and his readiness to do any- thing in his power to assist in the advancement of economic entomology. The remainder of the forenoon and the afternoon were-deyoted to the reading and discussing of papers, all of which appear in the following pages. Dr. Hewirr: Owing to Mr. Tothill’s illness, I shall read his paper, as I am naturally well acquainted with the work which Mr. Tothill has been carrying on. As I told you when we last met, we proposed to start the introduction into Canada of such parasites as we could obtain of the Brown-tail and Gipsy Moths. Experiments in this direction are now being carried on and this season we have instituted field stations for the purpose; one has been established in New Brunswick and one in Nova Scotia. Mr. Tothill’s work in New Brunswick has been directed especially to the question of the introduction or the possibility of the introduction of parasites of the Brown-tail Moth. The Brown-tail Moth in New Brunswick has spread over a very large area during the past two seasons, and it seems to us that the only method of combatting this pest was to import the controlling parasites of the insect. With that object in view, I made arrangements with Dr. Howard, of the United States Bureau of Entomology which, as you know, during the past few years have been importing from Europe and Asia parasites of the Gipsy Moth at an enormous expense. We are, therefore, able to make use of the results of the work of the United States Department of Agriculture in this connection, in view of Dr. Howard’s willingness to assist us in this manner. One of the two insects that we could make use of is a Carabia beetle which is predaceous on the Brown-tail and Gipsy Mioth-larve. It also feeds on the caterpillars of certain — other native insects. You will thus realize that this insect is extremely useful on this account. Therefore, we decided to import that insect as one of the two valuable enemies in checking the Brown-tail Moth. The other insect parasite is a fly, a Tachinid, which Mr. Tothill has studied specially; this is parasitic on the larve of the Brown-tail Moth and the Gipsy Moth and other native insects. Mr. ~~ Tothill’s paper is as follows. 1913° ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57 PROGRESS OF THE INTRODUCTION OF THE INSECT ENEMIES OF THE BROWN-TAIL MOTH, ZUPROCTIS CHRYSORRHOLA LINN. INTO NEW BRUNSWICK AND SOME BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE HOST. = J. D. Toruityi, Division or ENromoLocy, Orrawa. During the season just closed a beginning was made at the suggestion of and under the general supervision of the Dominion Entomologist, Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, in the introduction into New Brunswick of the insect enemies of the Brown-tail Moth. Owing to the fact that the host insect is at the present time exceedingly scarce in the Province, attention has been necessarily confined to the introduction of facultative rather than obligate species. Of these facultative species, special effort has been made to introduce two spcies both of which are native to Europe and ‘both of which have become established, through the efforts of Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the United States Bureau of Entomology, and his assistants, in Massa- chusetts. Each of these species has abundantly proven its practical worth in - Massachusetts as a valuable factor in the natural control of both the Brown-tail and Gipsy Moths. These insects are respectively the Tachinid parasite Compsilura concinnata Meig, and the predatious ground beetle Calosoma sycophanta Linn. In order to secure a supply of the Tachinid fly, a journey was made by the writer to Boston during the first week of July. This resulted in the collection of 12,000 caterpillars of the Gipsy Moth from points in Massachusetts where the parasite was known to be plentiful. These caterpillars were placed in Fiske trays and through the kindness of Mr. A. F. Burgess were given quarters at the Gipsy Moth Parasite Laboratory at Melrose Highlands. Within ten days’ time the very satisfactory total of 2,395 puparia of Compsilwra was obtained from the trays; these were picked out of the trays from time to time and sent by mail to Fredericton. The shipments arrived at Fredericton in excellent condition, and there were sufficient puparia for the establishment of two strong colonies. Suitable localities were found near St. Stephen and Fredericton respectively, and consequently these two places served as the liberating points for the parasites. After the time for the issuance of the adult flies had expired the puparia were examined, and it was found that about 75 per cent. had successfully given the adult; this gives a total of about 850 adult flies for each colony. In the case of the Fredericton colony an observation was made demonstrating the fact that this Tachinid is a strong flyer and is capable of rapid dispersion. At a point three miles from the point of liberation as the crow flies, some eater- pillars of Hyphantria cunea were collected and subsequently dissected; these were found to contain first stage maggots of Compsilura so easily recognized in this stage by the presence of anal hooklets and by the feeding locality. The observation is of special interest in that the female fly responsible for the three maggots had, in order to find the particular caterpillars, to cross the River St. John, which at the place is almost three-quarters of a mile wide. Thus a fertilised female fly of Compsilura is capable of flying three miles, including a body of water, almost three- quarters of a mile wide before the completion of larviposition. : In regard to the predaceous ground beetle Calosoma, a single shipment was _ on June 11, through the kindness of Dr. L. O. Howard, and Mr. A. F. 58 THE REPORT OF-THE No. 36 Burgess. It consisted of 80 adult beetles collected in the field near Melrose High- lands, Massachusetts. All were in excellent condition on arrival and were im- mediately paired off, each pair being placed in a glass breeding jar partly filled with earth. Breeding operations were continued throughout the summer, but with only fair success, as the season was unusually cold and wet, the liberal supply of food necessary for strenuous reproduction was found to be hard to maintain, and it seems likely that most of the beetles were young ones (1 year old) which normally have a very much smaller reproductive capacity than old specimens (2 years old). Sufficient larvee were reared, however, to enable an experiment to be planned with the view of finding out whether or not these insects in the pupal state will survive the boreal winters of New Brunswick. Toward the end of the breeding season a small colony of the adult beetles was planted near St. Stephen, and the remainder of the beetles, some fifteen pairs, were allhowed to go into hibernation under laboratory, but at the same time natural, con- ditions at Fredericton. These latter will afford data on the subject of hibernation of the adults under New Brunswick conditions. Next spring, therefore, exact data will be available on the ability of Calosoma to hibernate in both the pupal and adult conditions in this Province. Should hibernation prove successful in both conditions it will be possible to conduct extensive breeding operations at the laboratory next summer. The remarkable success which has attended the introduction of Calosoma sycophanta into Massachusetts leaves it to be sincerely hoped that the insect may flourish equally well in boreal as in transition zones. On visiting Massachusetts this summer this insect was more in evidence than any of the several insect enemies of £. chrysorrhoea and P. dispar that have been introduced up to date. The writer had occasion to examine several hundred burlaps within a radius of five miles of Melrose Highlands and it was no uncommon occurrence to find five or more Calosoma larvee under a single burlap, while it was quite uncommon to find a purlap without any of the larve. Before leaving the subject of Calosoma, the opportunity may be taken to record an American parasite of this European insect. One of the adult beetles soon after its arrival from Massachusetts died. It was opened up and found to contain four Tachinid larve. Two of these were reared through to the adult state and proved to be Biomyia georgie B & B. This insect is recorded* as a para- site of two native Calosomas namely C. calidum Fab. and C. peregrinator Guér. In addition to Calosoma and Compsilura there are four more insect enemies of the Brown-tail Moth, all true parasites, known or suspected to be in New Brunswick. The ones known to be in the Province are respectively the egg parasite Trichogramma sp. reared last year by Mr. George Sanders of the Division of Entomology from eggs of the host secured in Charlotte County; and the Tachinid fly Phorocera leucanie Coq., a puparium of which was secured this summer from a host caterpillar mailed to the laboratory by Mr. P. N. Vroom from Charlotte County. Both of these are native insects. The two species suspected to be in the Province are Pteromalus egregius Forst. and Monodontomerus aereus Walk., both of which through the efforts of the United States authorities were introduced into Massachusetts a few years ago and both of which have recently been found in the State of Maine not far distant from the New Brunswick border. *J. M. Aldrich, Cat. N. A. Diptera, 1905, p. 448. - 1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59 The presence in, or in proximity to the Province of New Brunswick of these four parasites naturally suggests the question of whether or not the insect enemies of the Brown-tail Moth now established in Massachusetts will be able to withstand . the colder winters of New Brunswick; the change involved is of course from the transitional to the boreal life zone (these as recognized by Dr. C. Hart Merriam). No definite statement can be made at the present time either one way or the other. At the same time, considerable evidence bearing upon the subject has accumulated, all of which supports the theory that the insect enemies introduced from Massa- chusetts will flourish equally well in New Brunswick: the native Phorocera and Trichogramma are known to be parasites of the Brown-tail Moth in both Massa- chusetts and New Brunswick; the imported Pteromalus and Monodontomerus by natural spread from Massachusetts have almost if not quite reached the borders of New Brunswick; the host insect has shown itself adapted to the climate of _ Massachusetts and New Brunswick, and an insect with a wide climatic range may _ be reasonably expected to carry a sequence of parasites with the same range; and _ finally by making a study of the parasites of Hyphantria in both places, the writer - has found that the sequence of parasites on that insect in each place is precisely the same, and if the parasites are the same for Hyphantria in both ‘places analogy would argue them the same for Huproctis. In regard to the Brown-tailed Moth itself it was found that the life history of the insect in New Brunswick differs at the present time in two points of con- siderable economic interest from the life history in Massachusetts; these two points are (1) in the selection of the host plants and (2) in the number of eggs deposited by each female. - In the matter of host plants the bringing together of the host records of all the winter nests found in the Province during the winter destruction work of 1911-12 shows that pear, plum, and willow trees, which are favorite hosts in Massachusetts, are scarcely attacked in New Brunswick. The following table serves to illustrate the point: List oF TREES AND SHRUBS ON WHICH NESTS ARE FOUND. Host. No. of B.T. Nests. % of total nests. SEM aes ass cc os siceiecaneriecicveaees 2.196 89.55 _...... = > GSS SSSR eee | 1 04 Sn raw os a os veins Ss vine Ssieeclees 13 ' 51 MTC a oo sos oss oc en wise ve dsiee sees 45 1.83 oe. Let (Uti eer 12 48 EI Sort wn ass Sec cece cceciaveccces | 11 44 Et NETS coco ic nya eo xd oisleisiess siecle e ve aie 80 3.26 |... +o: ee SS CSRS RRS See eee 15 61 PET oc ccicis ce cccee eves ccesccce| 2 08 ST 2. 1 04 EMIT oioie ioc ls:sis.6 s0.s eae acess Sup Ran eee 1 04 eee ic ccc cs ce se cciecccetcceccess 73 2.97 oo. ane Joa: CSS SOBER = 2 08 | 2,452 100.00 approx. The column at the right hand side indicates the percentages of the total nests that were found on the particular hosts. It will be seen that nearly 90 per cent. f the total nests were found on apple, 3.26 per cent. on bilberry, 2.97 per cent. an 60 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 on thorn, and so on down the list, whilst only a very small per cent. were found on pear, plum and willow. In the case of pear and plum the explanation is readily found in that, whilst these trees are plentifully grown in Massachusetts they are rarely met with in New Brunswick. Im the case of willow, however, the same explanation will not hold, as in the Province of New Brunswick willow trees are quite plentiful, especially along the banks of rivers and streams, and the species are almost certainly the same as those found in Massachusetts—yet only one nest out of a total of 2,452 was found on willow! Two reasons for this suggest themselves, one of which is found in the origin of the New Brunswick moths. It has been abundantly established that the pre- vailing north-easterly winds have played an important role in the distribution of the pest on the North American continent; and moreover it is reasonable to suppose that moths hatched out on high lands have been more subject to this method of distribution than those hatched out in valleys and sheltered places. The primary supply of moths in New Brunswick was therefore probably blown into the country from the high lands or ‘ridges’ of the adjoining State of Maine. The host plants on these high lands are conspicuous, arguing from the similar conditions of Charlotte County, New Brunswick, by an absence of willow, and would be made up largely of apple, bilberry, choke-cherry and thorn. This at least partially accounts for the absence of New Brunswick nests taken on Salix. Another reason may probably be found in the tendency of the moths to breed back or lay their eggs upon a host plant of the same species upon which their respective caterpillars were reared. This ‘breeding back’ is a well-known and well- established. trait among certain Lepidoptera an a choice of food plants, and there seems no reason for supposing that 2. chrysorrhoea is not subject to the tendency. If the insect is subject to the tendency it would not be expected, in view of the scarcity of Salix in the localities from which the New Brunswick supply of moths originated, that willow would be selected as yet in the Province as a food plant. These two factors working either separately or more likely together seem to be sufficient to account for the peculiar difference in the food habits of the moth in New Brunswick and Massachusetts. As the insect increases in the Province, and food plants become relatively scarce there will probably be developed a strain depositing eggs on willow—and also on elm. Before leaving this subject of host plants it may be pointed out that just as the lack of nests found on Salix can be explained so and in precisely the same manner can the abundance of nests found on apple, bilberry, thorn and choke- cherry be explained. From these four host plants was bred the original stock tha was blown into New Brunswick; the moths found themselves blown onto th ‘ridges’ of Charlotte County where plants of the same species were abundant; the tendency to breed back onto the original host plants was present; and the resul was that 97.61 per cent. of all the nests found in N. B. in the winter of 1911-1 were taken on apple, bilberry, thorn and choke-cherry. In regard to the egg laying capacity of #. chrysorrhoea, there was found to be decrease in New Brunswick as compared with Massachusetts of 110 less eg per female. In 1907, Mr. A. H. Kirkland* had-.389 winter webs collected ai various points throughout the then infested district and examined; these gave *A. H. Kirkland, Third Annual Report of the Superintendent for Suppressing Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths, Boston, 1908, pp. 168-169. 1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61 i eer _ average larval content of 286 per web. This spring (1912) the writer instigated an examination of 121 webs collected at various points in New Brunswick; these gave an average larval content of 175.81 per web, or approximately 110 less larvee per web than in the case of the more southern relatives and progenitors. ‘This discrepancy probably appears slightly greater than it actually is on ‘account of the fact that as the total number of feathered enemies apparently remains unchanged, while the total number of caterpillars becomes greater it , would naturally be expected that birds would be responsible for a greater mortality 4 ‘of the wintering larve in the thinly infested Canadian area than in the thickly infested American one. Also Mr. Kirkland’s nests possibly contained a few more ‘compound’ ones than did the Canadian ones. These two factors, however, by no _ means eliminate the discrepancy. The explanation of the discrepancy seems to be that the lighter females, i.e., those containing fewer eggs, have better chances of fiying long distances and that it is therefore only such moths that have up to the present time succeeded in reaching New Brunswick. Lower temperatures may also possibly have a tendency to reduce the number of eggs laid, but there is no direct evidence in support of such a view. __ The two points in the biology of the Brown-tail Moth that have just been ; mentioned are both illustrative of differences between the insect in Massachusetts and New Brunswick. SAN JOSE SCALE IN NOVA SCOTIA. G. E. Sanpvers. Division oF ENToMOLOGY, OTTAWA. In scouting for Brown-tail moth in the orchards a eae aT aS Valley ent, on the lookout for San José Scale. ‘dis the San José Scale fad never been rted from Nova Scotia, and the majority of the imported nursery stock came Ontario, where it was considered that proper measures were taken to safe- d the buyer, the chances of finding Scale were thought to be very remote. spection during 1912, however, proved this opinion in regard to trees shipped into Nova Scotia to be very inaccurate. » On April 8th, while scouting the property of Thomas Wagner of Aylesford, Some Stark trees of 1911 planting from Ontario were found to be moderately infested with what appeared to be dead San José Scale. It was plain that unless his was an exceptionally bad lot of trees, the finding of living San José Scale was y a matter of inspecting a large enough number, no matter how well the fumi- was carried on. As the Brown-tail moth work occupied the time fully until May 1st, no time ng that month could be spent in hunting for living Scale. The matter of finding id Scale was reported to Principal Cumming, Provincial Secretary for Agriculture Nova Scotia, through Dr. Hewitt, and he immediately published notices in-the papers asking the owners of recently imported Ontario trees to report them and nspector would be sent to examine the stock. In this way many lots of trees reported and examined, but no living San José Scale found. In addition, the | importation was examined as it arrived and it was the exception rather than 62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 f the rule to find a lot of trees arriving free from San José Scale. About 30 per cent. of all trees arriving from Ontario bore more or less San José Scale. In re- considering the situation in the Thos. Wagner orchard at Aylesford, it seemed impossible that adult female scales should remain on the trees since the autumn of 1910, although the previous examination had revealed none living. On May 28th, these trees were examined for a second time, and three living Scales found on one tree. Principal Cumming was immediately notified, and on June 3rd, a mass meeting under the auspices of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers’ Association was held at Kentville, and recommendations were made by them that.a force of in- spectors at once be employed to examine all recent importations from Ontario and that regulations be framed governing the further importation of nursery stock v9 FS Fig. 15—Pear infested with San José Scale. into Nova Scotia. On June 4th, regulations were passed by the Province of Nova Scotia empowering their inspectors to destroy without indemnity trees infected with living San José wherever found, and such adjacent “trees as they thought necessary. Application was made by Principal Cumming to the Ontario Nurse firms doing business in Nova Scotia for a list of their customers covering the years 1910-11-12, and the largest “jobbers” in Nova Scotia at once furnished lists of customers supplied with Ontario stock by them. With these lists to start with, the first of the inspectors started working systematically from Aylesford on June 5th. The inspectors formerly employed on Brown-tail moth were the first to be taken on, on account of their knowledge of the country and of dealing with the publie, and it is mainly due to this fact, that the inspection was so successfully carrie on. The number of inspectors from this date until Nov. 1st varied from six t twelve. The inspectors first devoted their attention to the districts where planting was heaviest and the orchard interests most important, viz., the district abo 1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63 Middleton, Berwick and Kentville. As it could not be determined if the Scale on 1912 trees was living or dead the trees of 1911 planting were first examined. About one week after starting, living Scale was found on five trees of 1910 planting. This, together with the fact that the nurseryman’s lists were very slow in arriving, and in some cases very inaccurate as well as incomplete, compelled a change of programme. The lists for the time were abandoned and a house to house canvass of the whole Annapolis Valley for trees of 1910-11-12 planting from any point outside of Nova Scotia. On the first inspection all trees of 1910-11 planting were carefully examined, and on the second inspection which started about July 20th, all trees of 1912 planting were carefully examined and infested plantings of 1910 and 1911 looked over for the second time. During September inspectors were sent to the districts lying near the Valley and to the counties of Digby, Yarmouth, Queens, Shelburne and Lunenburg, while the Chief Provincial Inspector with our assistant remained in the Valley to make a more thorough in- Spection of some plantings which-were in doubt and to attend to complaints and reports of uninspected stock, etc. Fig. 16.—Part of stem infested with San José Scale. During the season, the whole western portion of Nova Scotia has been covered. Every suspicious tree of which any trace could be obtained examined, and every house in the Annapolis Valley between Windsor and Digby visited in the effort to locate all recently planted nursery stock. In all 157,065 trees of 1910-11-12 planting, distributed on 1,742 properties throughout Kings, Annapolis, Hants, Digby, Yarmouth, Shelburne and Lunenburg Counties were examined. The following table gives the results of the summer’s work: | Total No. of properties | No. of properties carrying No. of properties — carrying outside stock infected withSan José} carrying living San Nursery Stock. Seale living or dead. | José Scale. l re 247 3 3 a 699 71 | 71 a 1,023 711 127 oT 1,742 785 201 64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 | Total. numberof trees) examined © :.2. 4... hese eee Oe 157,065 : Number of trees of 1910 planting destroyed.....................--- i Number of trees of 1911 planting destroyed.................ccceece 345 Number of trees of 1912 planting destroyed.............2...eeccecs 341 ‘Total number of ‘trees ‘destroyed: ..\....i0 Scan cree ne ee eee eee 693 Percentage of total planting of 1910-11-12 destroyed ..................... 0.4414 Estimated percentage of trees of 1912 planting infected.................. 3 Number of nurserymen shipping stock infected with living San Jose Scale Into’, NOVA “SCOtA 5 «.\o1 sieve ase nisrenesensbegevevenmetaiacevara ooo eer ance ee ee 8 The infected properties were scattered over Hants, Kings, Annapolis, Digby and Yarmouth Counties or about 175 miles of territory. In most cases the trees showed signs of fumigation and a large proportion of the trees in-1912 plantings showed most of the Scale to be dead. It was common to find only one or two Fig. 17—San José Scale; an infested twig, scales and larve on back much enlarged. trees bearing living Scale in a lot of 100, while often 50 to 60 per cent. bore dead Scale. Only one lot apparently arrived in 1912, which had not been fumigated. Lots of one variety from one nursery almost invariably bore living San José Scale. Whenever Scale was present on this variety, it was alive, and on the more heavily infested lots there was no dead Scale beyond the ordinary winter-kill. In one lot of 100 of these trees the inspectors destroyed 25, the highest percentage founid. In closing, mention must be made of the high class of work done throughout by the inspectors and to the attitude of the fruit growers of the Valley to the work in hand. Soon after the work started, the Valley was flooded by letters from — Ontario nurserymen, some assuring people that their trees were absolutely clean, that they had never had Scale in their nursery, and that if their trees bore Scale it had got on the stock after planting in Nova Scotia. Others cited well-known authorities to say that it was impossible for living Scale to be on their trees after the treatment they had received, and asked if they were sure that the inspetors— ae 1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. : 65 knew San José Scale. Others went so far as to assure people that the spray for San José Scale was of so much benefit to their orchard that it was a positive blessing; and that they could not understand why the inspectors destroyed the trees. On account of the previous work of the inspectors being well and favour- ably known, and the fruit growers knowing what San José Scale meant to them, once they were convinced that living Scale was present, they were ready to do all in their power to help in the work of eradication. The fact that on 200 of the 201 properties on which trees were destroyed, the owners assisted the inspectors in every way, and the most common complaint was “ Why couldn’t you get to my place sooner?” shows that the fruit growers of the Annapolis Valley are more alive to the danger from importing noxious insects than probably any other district in eastern America. On the other hand, that the inspectors dealt with such a number of people and in spite of nurserymen’s assurances and no compensation for the trees destroyed, ard in only one case were slight objections made which were done away with in a ‘ew minutes, speaks for their tact and the respect which they have gained. At the present time it seems a possibility to eradicate the Scale in Nova Scotia, although the idea is scorned by most entomologists. However, the follow- ing points are in favour of eradication: The Scale is all on trees of 1910-11-12 planting. So far it has not been found spreading from the trees on which it was imported ; the people of Nova Scotia will, to a man, do ezerything in their power to help in the work of eradication; and lastly, Dr. Matheson, who recently took the work in charge, has to assist him under H. G. Payne, Chief Provincial Inspector, the finest lot of inspectors the writer ever had the pleasure of directing. Mr. Carsar: On what dates did you find the scales running? Mr. Sanpers: The first scales were found moving on the trees about July 10th, perhaps earlier. Mr. Carsar: Are you sure? July 1st is the earliest date this year for the Niagara District, and Nova Scotia has a colder climate than Southern Ontario, _ where the San José Scale is found. Dr. Hewitt: I should think there would be a difference of about a fortnight _ between Niagara and Nova Scotia. Mr. Sanpers: The scales were very ab uaieeat about the middle of July on the trees on which they were found. Mr. Carsar: Were they 1912 trees? Mr. SANDERS: 1912. Mr. Carsar: Did you find any trees on which the scale was moving later? Mr. SAnpers: Yes, as late as in August. Mr. Gipson: What is the average date for Ontario? Mr. Carsar: The average date is between June 10th and 30th. Mr. Cazsar: Do you think that, considering climatic conditions,. the San - José Scale is likely to be sufficiently serious in Nova Scotia to be of economic importance ? Dr. Hewitt: We cannot attempt to answer that question, and we should give no insect the chance to become of economic importance if such a likelihood is ' possible and it is in our power to prevent it. Mr. Cazsar: The reason I ask this question is that in Ontario the most northerly record for the San José Scale is Woodstoek, and although trees infested with the scale have been planted year after year throughout Ontario, yet east of 5 Es. 66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Toronto, where there are many young orchards and where the scale must have been sent as well as to Nova Scotia, we know of no orchard that is infested with the scale. I know that temperature alone does not control the San José Scale; but it would seem very probable that it would not thrive in Nova Scotia, as it has been prevented from gaining a foothold in Eastern Ontario by climatic conditions. Mr. SANDERS: There are two things in favor of its becoming a serious pest in Nova Scotia: First, it survived the winters of 1910-11 and 1911-12, which were quite cold in Nova Scotia. The worst infected trees we had were of 1910 planting. One of the trees was very badly infested. Second, the lowest temperature in the United States, where the scale occurs, is 15-18 degrees below zero, and Mr. Caesar has said that the scale will survive a temperature of 22 degrees below. Mr. CarsaR: For a short time only. Dr. MatHerson: In Idaho the temperature sinks to 30 degrees below, at Binghampton 40 degrees below, yet the San José Scale survives. Nova Scotia is not very different in temperature from Western New York. I have had much pleasure in listening to Mr. Sanders’ paper, and speak in high commendation of his work. It is my hope that the San José Scale may be speedily controlled. Dr. Hewitt: The discovery of the San José Scale in Nova Scotia has been in a way responsible for the appointment of two Provincial Entomologists, Dr. Robert Matheson for Nova Scotia, and Mr. L. Caesar for Ontario. Mr. Caesar will have a serious task in dealing with the question in Ontario, on account of the great interests and the many difficulties which many nurserymen raise. I know it will be a hard task for the next few years to get things in good order. The regulations passed by Nova Scotia will have a beneficial effect generally. The inspection of nurseries in Ontario is absolutely necessary, and we know that the fumigation has been and is in many cases carelessly carried out. We have assisted in bringing about this requirement concerning inspection, whereby Ontario nurserymen will not be allowed to ship stock into Nova Scotia unless inspected and found free from scale. The work of Mr. Caesar in connection with this in- spection service will be of much help in this problem which we have to face. Mr. Cazsar: Much information is still wanted in Ontario. I have been thinking over many nursery questions, and had planned a thorough study of this matter before I was appointed Provincial Entomologist and before the question in Nova Scotia came up. I have not been responsible for the inspection work up to ~ the present time. The discussion of the San José Scale in the newspapers, ete., has done a great deal of good, and anything that serves to emphasize the import- ance of clean stock is a benefit. The legislation of Nova Scotia will be very disastrous to the nurserymen: of Ontario this year. It is claimed by the nursery- men that stock arriving in Nova Scotia after the journey, and being subjected to what would be a second fumigation there, would probably result in injury to the trees. As a test of the fumigation work in Ontario, I took heavily infested trees and placed them in various places in the fumigation building and apparently all the scale was killed. I hope that, if we get the expected grant, we may have enough men and inspectors to inspect the various nurseries thoroughly. Mr. Gipson: Are the houses tight? Mr. Carsar: This is being looked into. The whole question will be thoroughly investigate !. 1913 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67 RECENT WORK ON THE APPLE MAGGOT IN ONTARIO. Wituram A. Ross, Division or ENTOMOLOGY, OTTawa. This past season I devoted most of my time to an economic study of the Apple Maggot in Eastern Ontario. In this investigation I had a very capable and help- ful co-worker in Mr. Chas. Good, a Guelph student, who acted under the instruc- tions of Mr. Lawson Caesar, Provincial Entomologist. I am sorry I cannot eulogize my other co-worker, the weather man. He served chiefly to try my patience by substituting rain water for liquid baits, by drowning larvae, and by making everything wet and unpleasant. I have now the pleasure of presenting to you a report of the investigation. EMERGENCE oF Aputts, Etc. In the Bowmanville orchard in which we did most of our work, adults were in evidence from the first week of July to mid-Sep- tember. (The period of emergence in our rearing boxes extended from July 6th to August 20th). However, no egg laying was noticed until the third week in July. Some entomologists have an idea that flies, developed from maggots which infested early apples during the previous season, leave the soil before those developed from late fruit larvae. However, this is merely a supposition and not a fact. According to our daily record of emergence, adults bred from fall varieties actually commenced to leave the soil before those bred from early Harvest apples. ADULTS IN CONFINEMENT. Our attempts to study the habits of adults in confinement met with every indifferent success. Two cages made of fly screen were hung on trees and each was so arranged that a branch bearing apples was inside it. We also constructed from the ground up a cage big enough to enclose a large branch well laden with fruit. Adults were confined in these cages. - However, in place of observing these flies at work, we spent most of our time replacing their dead bodies with other adults—all, with the exception of two females, refused to live longer than four or five days in confinement. One of the exceptions completed her third week and the other lived four weeks. When fourteen days old the latter was found in copula with a sexually mature male which we had introduced into her cage. J'wo days after this she tried to oviposit; however, on this occasion and on all later occasions her attempts were ineffectual. She would extrude her ovipositor, raise herself and go through ovipositing motions, but she seemed to be too sluggish and lazy to pierce a passage through the cuticle, the tip of her ovipositor would merely slide up and down the surface of the apple. I cannot understand why these confined flies did not respond in a more satis- factory way to our care. They were not cramped for room (especially in the large cage). They were provided with nourishment and moisture and lived under con- ditions as natural as possible. IncuBation oF Ecc. In ascertaining the duration of incubatio: of the egg, we marked newly made egg punctures, then four, five and more days after marking them we opened the punctures and examined the eggs. The average period re- quired for incubation was six days, the minimum, four and three quarter days; the maximum nine days. The fact that the rate of growth of the larvae keeps pace with the maturing ; of the fruit was noted by us, but as this interesting feature of larval development ____ has been commented on so frequently, T shall not dwell on it. 68 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Mortatiry oF Eees. The mortality of eggs is considerable. During the latter part of August after the major portion of the egg laying was done, we examined a large number of egg punctures for hatched, healthy and dead eggs. The average per cent. of dead eggs (infertile and diseased) in the September Sweet (autumn variety) was 17.4 per cent.; in the Snow (early winter variety) 34.9 per cent.; and in the Northern Spy, 17.1 per cent. Morrauiry or Eces aAnp Larvar. The mortality of both eggs and larvae was very high in all varieties, as the following table will testify: Pigtets v é ree Per Cent. of Mortality of Variety. Time of Maturing. Waps and jlarvee ETB VESE a << iec ie esses wretotovetacatets Sumner ica. sacerestas ee teres 77 per cent. September Sweet............0- VAC ATH ivbi eeeaeye Rens Seiten so 88 per cent. Snows tiecs «west ce aes os eee Barly Winter se leccerolBrousveyee ureveree 97 per cent. SD Vaieaew tea iase eis ct ake tuciyereras sreuetatos Late Wrimtet ca aclorctcineerre eioate 98.7 per cent. Balrs AND REPELLANTS. Adults before and during the egg laying period readily lapped up fruit juices and sweetened liquids. We served a varied diet of apple juice, diluted syrup, cut bananas and water to the flies in the cages. In our in- vestigation of remedial measures we made use of this knowledge of the insect’s feeding habits. Poisoned molasses was spread on several branches, other branches on other trees were treated in a similar way with Tanglefoot. Each Tanglefoot trap was sprayed with a different sweet smelling, attractive liquid. The essence of pear, peach and banana and citronella oil were used. Tin pans containing poisoned cider, essence of pear, citronella oil, and kerosene were also suspended on the branches of badly infested trees. However, the only bait which gave us any results was the kerosene. In seven pans of kerosene we secured at different times twenty males and eight females. : : With the object of repelling egg laying females, nine tin pans containing crude petroleum were hung on a Tolman Sweet. But instead of repelling, the petroleum (or rather rain water with a scum of petroleum) attracted, as vouched for by dead flies in the tins. Sprayine. We tested two spray mixtures, one composed of arsenate of lead, glycerine and molasses and the other of paris green, glycerine and molasses, but neither yielded satisfactory results. We did not notice any adults feeding on the spray material. If any of them did, not enough died to make the spraying worth the cost. CULTURAL METHODS oF CoNTROL. It does not seem to be possible to prevent the escape of flies from the soil by burying the pupae at a considerable depth with the plough, or by covering them with a baked crust of clay, or with a thick turf. One hundred pupae were placed at a depth of six to seven inches, and another hundred at twelve inches. Forty-one of the former and nineteen of the latter emerged. Two plots of stiff clay, in each of which one hundred pupae had been buried at a depth of two inches, were watered and then rolled. The sun, as you can imagine, baked the top crust and made it appear as impervious as a flagstone. However, forty adults out of the possible two hundred managed to penetrate through the hard clay. 1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69 In a grass plot, sod was turned and one hundred pupae were placed beneath the thick turf. Twenty-eight adults came to the surface in this experiment. The results obtained from these experiments will demonstrate to you the ___ uncanny power these small, fragile looking creatures possess of working their way __up to the surface. Shallow cultivation, as a remedial measure, was given a trial. Two plots infested with pupae were worked frequently with a hoe and rake to a depth of two inches. From one plot sixty-five adults and from the other thirty-one appeared. t EXPosuRE oF Pupar. Pupae exposed to frost and other weather agents stand a very poor chance of becoming adults. Only one male developed from two hundred pupae which were exposed over the winter and spring. Sort Fumicants, Erc. Interesting results were derived from our work on the destruction of pupae with soil fumigants and other chemicals. a Plots containing pupae (one hundred in each) were treated with Apterite, Vaporite and Cliffs Manurial Insecticide and these fumigants were worked into the soil. Similar plots were soaked with brine, lime sulphur, pyrethrum (in suspension), kerosene emulsion and copper sulphate. The following table shows the results:— Date of first Adults i in ; Chemical. Raieroeness No. Adults. ee cata 7:0 a July 11 15 1 TDW UL. 4s eee se 25 5 2 Cliff's Manurial Insecticide......... war cos 3 3 Beme (bs. tol gal.) ...5....06.. ES “12 36 27 Lime Sulphur (1.03)............... 13 44 33 Pyrethrum (1 1b. to 20 gals.)....... Es I 47 23 Kerosene Emulsion (Double at re home Uf | 11 5 Copper Sulphate (1 1b. to 5 gals.).. GUS al 44 38 TLE. CA | BSS tesa. Aree UE 70) 8 te) een ene ns Sees o j DESTRUCTION OF FALLEN Fruit. ‘Some day we may discover a satisfactory _ spray mixture or a perfect soil fumigant, but until that day we shall have to rely _ chiefly on the old remedial measure of destroying fallen fruit. : According to the data, which we have collected during the last two years, on the emergence of magyzots from fallen fruit, an orchard can be freed from Apple Maggot by picking up summer apples every other day, autumn and early _ Winter varieties every second week and winter varieties every third week. a I have with me a table which points out in a very marked way the influence __ which the cold and backward weather of the past summer had on the emergence of maggots: 70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 EMERGENCE OF MAGGOTS FROM FRUIT. Variety. | Time of Maturity. | Dropped. | Emergence. ee 1911 | | 1911 RAVES Gisractit cies cetiew sete Summers. = scsi: [July 31:.... ANS < Dos feloeic 3 days Early Strawberry Seeding. MEE Tee oO te Sona oe Aug iy4= oar / Nii i PAR OO 8 days September Sweet.......... PAV Reames somod doce caae |Aug. 8 shies ATIC aS ciate , 15 days STittK, Banteenacstes cs 2 Sens oF Barly sWinter Argynnis sakuntala Skinner. Entered in last year’s Record. This form is the one recorded in the Alberta list as “ monticola Behr?” Can. Ent., XL., 151, May, 1908, (Dod). Eugonia californica Bdy. Banff, Alta.; last year this species was more or less abundant in Sept. I had never noticed or taken it before; several again this year, (Sanson) ; common in late fall of 1911; fresh looking specimens were seen in spring of 1912, but I saw no sign of the species this fall (1912)—Hanham. Coenonympha typhon laidon Bork. Perkins, Que., locally abundant for about a month; last specimen seen on July 13, (Richard). Incisalia augustus Kirby. Byron, Ont., May 16, 1908, (J. A. Morden). Limochroes bimacula G. & R. The record on page 97 of Report for 1905 should have been credited to J. A. Morden. Since, the species has again been collected at London, on July 1. Limochroes dion Edw. Hyde Park Corner, near London, Ont., July 20, 1909, (J. A. Morden). ae Marumba modesta Harris, form occidentalis Hy. Edw. Banff, Alta., June 12, (Sanson) ; Lethbridge, Alta., June, (Miss L. Bentley). Turuptiana permaculata Pack. Lethbridge, Alta., July 12, (Miss. L. Bentley). : Estigmene prima Slosson. Halifax, N.S.. June 9, (Perrin). Hyphoraia parthenos Harris. Banff, Alta., June 24, (Sanson). Panthea acronyctoides Walk. MacNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S., June 15, — (Perrin). | ee hs Riper) 1913 1008. 1053. 1097. 1109. 1151. 1199: 1211. 1215. 1331. 1360. 1391. 1419. 1420. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 141) Apatela funeralis Grt. Husavick, Man., 6 specimens, June 22, (Criddle and Wallis). Apatela tristis Smith. Winnipeg, Man., June 17, 1910: Husavick, Man., June 22, 1912, two females, (Wallis). This form was included in the original material to which the name inclara was given by Smith, that is, the series referred to under hamamelis in Smith and Dyar’s Monograph. It is probably the very form which caused the confusion of the series with true hamamelis Guen.=afflicta Grt., which it resembles very closely in colour. Plate xii., fig. 12, of the monograph is most likely tristis, (Dod). Harrisimemna trisignata Walk. Winnipeg, Man., June 13, 1 specimen at light; new, I think, to Manitoba, (Wallis) Platyperigea praeacuta Smith. Peachland, B.C., Aug., 10, (Wallis). Caradrina miranda Grt. Dunean’s, B.C., May, first record for this locality (Hanham). Hadena violacea Grt. Clayoquot; B.C., Aug. 4, 1909, (Anderson). Hadena versuta Smith. St. Therese Island, St. John’s Co., Que., July 15, (Chagnon). New to the Quebec list. Hadena stipata Morr. Bridgetown, N.S., Sept. 2, (Sanders). ‘Hadena longula Grt. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 13, (Wallis). Feralia furtiwa Sm. Hymers, Ont., (Dawson). Oncocnemis levis Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 23, (Wallis). New to Canada, (Dod). Oncocnemis laticollis Smith. (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soe., xvi., 94, June, 1906). Peachland, B.C., Aug. 14, one male (Wallis). Described from Stockton, Utah. The Peachland specimen agrees with specimens from type locality; but is rather more powdery, and has faint indications of median lines, (Dod). Oncocnemis regina Smith. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 26, (Wallis). Differs somewhat from type, but if not this species it is indescribed, (Dod). Rhynchagrotis brunneicollis Grt. Aweme, Man., July 29, (Criddle). I can find no previous record for Canada, (Dod). Aplectoides occidens Hampson. The type of this species is a female in the British Museum labelled “B.C., (Richardo). It formerly stood under imperita and was referred to by me under that heading in the Entomological Record for 1910. Another female in my own collection is a co-type, and was taken by Mr. Wallis, at Penticton, B.C., on Aug. 18th, several years ago. I have seen no others. Its nearest ally is fales Smith, which I consider an obscure form of pressa, (Dod). Platagrotis condita Gn. Husavick, Man., June 22, 23, two males, (Wallis). The name has previously been recorded from Manitoba, but these are the first I have seen like it. They come very close to Hampson’s figure but may possibly be distinct. The specimen figured by Hampson is from Montreal, and the species should be added to the Quebec list, (Dod). Platagrotis sincera H.-S. Banff, Alta., Aug. 19, 1909; Aug. 29, Sept. 1 5, 1911, four males at light, (Sanson). I use the name sincera ten- -tatively, as it stands in our lists as from Labrador. Staudinger also gives Labrador with several European and Asiatic localities. Hampson THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 1535. 1553. 1650. 1673. 1693. 1788. 1789. 1894. 1937. 1962. 2133. 2142. 2148. 2249, 2255. adds “U.S.A., mountains of northern and middle States”; on what authority I know not, as there are no North American specimens in the collection. ‘The Banff form seemed to me to come nearer some specimens under gelida, though not to the one Hampson figured as such, (Dod). Setagrotis filus Smith. This species which I recorded from Banff previously, turns out to be the vernilis of Grote, the vernilis of the Kootenai list beg apparently another species, (Dod). Feltia robustior Smith. Aweme, Man., Aug. 17, 19, (Criddle). Euxoa catenula Grt.=contagionis Smith. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 10, one female, (Wallis). This is the first true catenula that I have seen from Canada, the specimen being one of those forms which closely resemble Porosagrotis vetusta in colour and some of the markings, thus accounting for the original confusion of the two species. As to structure it has closer allies in Huxoa than in Porosagrotis, (Dod). Buxoa septentrionalis Walk.=incubita Smith. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 21, (Wallis). Though the name has previously been recorded, this is the first specimen I have seen from Canada east of the Rockies, that I have been sure of. It resembles specimens from Vancouver Island, where the species is common. It also occurs in California and Arizona. It is quite distinct from messoria, (Dod). Euxoa recticincta Smith. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 23, 1 at light,’ (Wallis). The second specimen ever recorded, (Dod). . Euxoa mollis Walk. Aweme, Man., July 18, two- males, (Criddle). Anytus derelicta Hampson. Sir George Hampson has thus decided to name the species, hitherto passing as Fishia yosemitae. I pointed out in Can. Ent. xliii, 398, Dec. 1911, that the species was not yosemitae, (Dod). Mamestra liquida Grt. McNab’s Island, Halifax, July 14, 1911, (Perrin). Mamestra capsularis Gn. Winnipeg, Man., June 15, 1911, very rare. (Wallis). Xylomiges dolosa Grt. Cartwright, Man., 1 specimen, first I have taken, (Heath). Anarta secendens Walk. Banff, Alta., July 25, 1911; June 20, 21, 1912; five males, on electrie light poles, (Sanson). The only other specimen I ever saw is the type in the British Museum, from St. Martin’s Falls, Hudson Bay territory, with which I have compared a specimen. Hamp- son places it in the genus Polia which he uses as a prior name to Mamestra, but it really agrees better with Anarta as used by him, and is nearest richardsoni in structure. It has broadly black-bordered yellow secondaries, (Dod). Heliophila rubripennis G. & R. Hymers, Ont., (Dawson). Cucullia cinderella Smith. Cartwright, Man., (Heath). Rancora solidaginis Behr. Banff, Alta., Aug. 20, (Sanson). Arzama diffusa Grt. Meach Lake, Que., July 29, 1906, (Young). New to Quebec list. Hydroecia micacea Esp. Bridgetown, N.S., Oct. 10, (Sanders). Gortyna pallescens Smith. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 26, 1912, (Wallis). Glea sericea Morr. Meach Lake, Que., Sept. 16, 1903, (Young). New to Quebec list. Epiglaea decliva Grt. Byron, Ont., Oct. 24, 1908, (J. A. Morden). Se a er ul e ' » r s * A TE ELON A 7 19138 2259. 2437. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121 Calymnia orina Gn. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 8, 1906, (Young). New to Quebec list. : Cirrophanus triangulifer Grt. London, Ont., Aug. 18, 1911, (J. A. Morden). Autographa biloba Steph. Winnipeg, Man., June 9, one only; the first specimen taken here since Hanham’s capture, (Wallis). Authographa orophila Hampson. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 10, 1912; Pentic- ton, Aug. 13, 1909, (Wallis). Anomis erosa Hbn. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 9, 1912, (Wallis). Catocala semirelicta Grt. Husavick, Man., Aug. 21, 1910, (Wallis). Catocala coelebs Grt. Bridgetown, N.S., Sept. 9, (Sanders). Catocala gracilis Edw. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 6, 1904, (Younz). New to Quebec list. Homoptera galbanata Morr. Winnipeg, Man., May and June; recorded as lineosa Sm. Hampson refers it to Morrison’s species; common at sugar and very variable, (Wallis). Homoptera duplicata Bethune. Winnipeg, Man., 2 specimens, May 24, 28, very rare, (Wallis). _ Erebus odora L. Banff, Alta., Aug. 13, 1912; a specimen also taken here on Aug. 9, 1910, (Sanson). Mr. J. D. Evans informs me that a fine specimen was taken in the office of the Canada Mines Co., at Trenton, Ont., on Aug. 29. Thysania zenobia Cram. Cartwright, Man., Sept. 5, (Heath). Eupithecia agnesata Taylor. Kaslo, B.C., one, the second specimen taken, (Cockle). Epirrita dilutata D. & S. Duncan’s B. C., Oct. 21, first specimen taken, (Hanham). Deptalia insulsaria Gn. Meach Lake, Que., July 2, 1905; Aug. 18, 1906, (Young). New to Quebec list. Chlorosea nevadaria Pack. Duncan’s B.C., one at sugar, July, (Hanham). Deilinia liberaria Walk. Meach Lake, Que., Sept. 6, 1902, (Young). New to Quebec list. Sabulodes arcasaria Walk. Meach Lake, Que., June 10, 1904, (Young). New to Quebec list. Olene styr B. & McD. Banff, Alta., July 21, 25, 1911, four males, (San- son). Paler than specimens from Vancouver Island, the type locality, but I think this species, (Dod). Diaphania nitidalis Stoll. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 11, 1903, (Young). New to Quebec list. Crocidophora serratissimalis Zell. St. John’s, Que., June 18, 1911, (W. Chagnon). New to Quebec list. Phylctaenia extricalis Gn. Meach Lake, Que., June 17, 1904, (Young). New to Quebec list. Nymphula obliteralis Walk. St. J ohn’s, Que., July, 1911, (G. Chagnon). Schoenobius unipunctellus Rob. St. John’s, Que., June 18, 1911, (W. Chagnon). New to Quebec list. Crambus pascuellus Linn. Dawson, Y.T., July 8 to 16. (Record received from Mr. Winn). 5235. 5246. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Crambus myellus Hubn. Meach Lake, Que., July 26, 1907; July 28, 1902; Aug. 3, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Epipaschia zelleri Grt. Aweme, Man., June 1, 1911, reared from Poison Ivy, Rhus toxicodendron, (Criddle). Myelois corniella Rag. Meach Lake, Que., July 28, 1905; Aug. 1-5, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Pterophorus inquinatus Zell. Trenton, Ont., Aug. 11, 15, 1911, (Hvans). Bactra lanceolana Hubn. Meach Lake, Que., June 19, 23 and 25, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Bactra furfwrana Haw. Meach Lake, Que., July 8, 11, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Exartema atrodentanum Fern. St. John’s, Que., July 29, 1911, (@. Chagnon). New to Quebec list. Olethreutes frigidana Pack. St. John’s, Que, June 22, 1911, (G. Chagnon). New to Quebec list. Olethreutes nimbatana Clem. Bridgetown, N.S., Aug. 9, (Sanders). . Olethreutes albeolana Zell. St. John’s Que., June 16, 1911, (G. Chagnon). New to Quebec list. . : Olethreutes hebesana Walk. Hull, Que., (Gibson). New to Quebec list. Olethreutes duplex Wism. St. John’s Que., June 18 and 20, 1911, (G. and W. Chagnon). New to Quebec list. Olethreutes auricapitana Walsm. Meach Lake, Que., June 25, 1903; July 18, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Olethreutes coruscana Clem. ‘Trenton, Ont., June 12, 1911, (Evans). Olethreutes glaciana Moschl. Meach Lake, Que., June 14, July 18, 28, 1905, (Young); new to Quebec list; Trenton, Ont, June 11, 18. (Evans). Pseudogalleria inimicella Zell. Montreal, June 4, 1911, (Winn). New to Quebec list. Eucosma juncticiliana Walsm. Meach Lake, Que., July 26, 1903; Aug. 5, 1902, (Young). St. John’s, Que., July, 1911, (G@. Chagnon). New to Quebec list. Eucosma nisella Clerck. Meach Lake, Que. July 27, Aug. 12, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Eucosma similana Hubn. Meach Lake, Que., Sept. 4, 1904; Aug. 27, 1907, (Young). New to Quebec list. Thiodia aspidiscana Hubn. Meach Lake, Que., June 9, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Thiodia ferruginana Fern. Meach Lake, Que., June 9, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Epinotia dietziana Kearf. St. John’s, Que., June 17, 1911, (G. Chagnon). New to Quebec list. Epinotia lindana Fern. Meach Lake, Que., Sept. 4, 11, 1904, (Young). New to Quebec list. Ancylis carbonana Kearf. Montreal, May 27, 1911, (Chagnon). New to Quebec list. Ancylis spireifoliana Clem. Meach Lake, Que., June 7, 1903, (Young). New to Quebec list. eager? pA Nem 1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 123 5255. 5261. 5299. 5309. 53824, 5381. 5407. 5408. 5427, 5446. 5451. 5488. 5519. 5578. 5659. 5661. 5664. 5104. 5Y24, 5764. 5765. 5918: 5920. 6058. Ancylis divisana Walk. Meach Lake, Que., July 8, 1904; June 23, 1905; July 1, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Ancylis goodelliana Fern. Meach Lake, Que., June 9, 1905; Aug. 9, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Alceris effractana Frol. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 4, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Alceris hastiana Linn. Meach Lake, Que., June 16, 1905; Sept. 16, 25, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Alceris americana Fern. Meach Lake, Que., Sept. 2, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Archips dissitana Grt. Meach Lake, Que., July 23, 1903, (Young) ; Hast Bolton, Que., July 20, 1911, (Winn). New to Quebec list. Tortrix packardiana Fern. Meach Lake, Que., June 19, 1903, (Young). New to Quebec list. Tortrix conflictana Walk. Dawson, Y.T. (Record received from Mr. Winn). Bulia mariana Fern. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., May 14, 1911, (G. Chagnon). New to Quebec list. Phalonia argentilimitana Rob. Meach Lake, Que., July 9, 11, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Phalonia interruptofasciata Rob. St. John’s, Que., June 17, 1911, (G. Chagnon). New to Quebec list. Periclymenobius canariellus Walsm. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 5, 1904, (Young). New to Quebec list. Choreutis inflatella Clem. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 5, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Aristotelia rubidella Clem. Meach Lake, Que., July 15, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. i Recurvaria piceaella K. Meach Lake, Que., June 19, 21, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Trichotaphe alacella Clem. Trenton, Ont., July 9, 1911, (Evans). Trichotaphe nonstrigella Chamb. Meach Lake, Que., June 8, 1903; June 9, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Trichotaphe setosella Clem. East Bolton, Que., July 18, 1911, (Winn). New to Quebec list. Anacampsis niveopulvella Chamb. Meach Lake, Que., July 15, 1904; July 28, 1905; Aug. 7, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Gelechia lugubrella Fab. Trenton, Ont., May 31, June 2, 1911, (Evans). Gelechia mediofuscella Clem. Meach Lake, Que., May 26, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Gelechia walsinghami Dietz. St. John’s, Que. June 18, 1911, (W. Chagnon). New to Quebec list. Euclemensia bassettella Clem. Meach Lake, Que., July 23, 1902, (Young). New to Quebec list. Epicallima argenticinctella Clem. Meach Lake, Que., July 8, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Batrachetra praeangusta Haw. Meach Lake, Que., July 27, 1905; Aug. 8, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. 124 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 6362. Gracilaria stigmatella Fab. Meach Lake, Que., Sept. 9, 1904, (Young). New to Quebec list. 6378. Gracilaria burgessiella Zell. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 12, 1904; July 28, 1905; Aug. 2, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. 6418. Lyonetia speculella Clem. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 22, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. Argyresthia thuiella Pack. Hull, Que., (Gibson). New to Quebec list. Monopis insignisella Walk. Dawson, Y.T. (Record received from Mr. Winn). 6503. Tinea fuscipunctella Haw. St. John’s, Que., June 18, 1911, (W. Chagnon). New to Quebec list. Mr. Evans has taken this species at Trenton, Ont., in the middle of June. 6534. Amadrya effrenatella Clem. Meach Lake, Que, July 9, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. 6558. Adela ridingsella Clem. Meach Lake, Que., May 3, 1903; June 22, 1904; June 29, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. 6622. Epimartyria auricrinella Walsm. Meach Lake, Que. June 19, 1905, (Young). New to Quebec list. COLEOPTERA. (Arranged according to Henshaw’s list of the Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico). : 18c. Cicindela montana Lec. Yorktown, Sask., July, (Harms). 25f. Cicindela limbalis K\. Yorktown, Sask., July, (Harms). 34. Cicindela pusilla Say. Yorktown, Sask., July, (Harms). 118. Carabus chamissonis Fisch. Rampart House, Y. T., (Nelles). 167%. Loricera caerulescens Linn. Port Medway, N.S., Aug., (P. G. Bolster). 172. Opisthius richardsoni Kirby. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 22, (Miss D. Church). 175. Notiophilus nitens Lec. 18 miles south of Rampart House, Y. T., (Nelles). 195. Nebria sahlbergi Fisch. 18 miles south of Rampart House, Y. T., (Nelles). 449. Tachys nanus Gyll. 18 miles south of Rampart House, Y. T., (Nelles). 583. Pterostichus luczotiti Dej. Banff, Alta., June 12, 1909, (Wallis). 595. Pterostichus hudsonicus Lec. 18 miles south of Rampart House, Y. T., (Nelles). 627. Amara cylindrica Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 27, 1909, (Wallis). 667. Amara protensa Putz. Winnipeg, Man., May 7%, 1909, (Wallis). 678. Amara remotestriata Dej. Peachland, B.C., July 24, 1909, (Wallis). 682. Amara subaenea Lee. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 5, 1909, (Wallis). 683. Amara musculus Say. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 2, 1909, (Wallis). 743. Calathus ingratus Dej. Aweme, Man., May 5, 1905, (Criddle); 10 miles south of Rampart House, Y. T., May 10, (Nelles). 794. Platynus affinis Kirby. Husavick, Man., July 11, 1910, (Wallis). 801. Platynus hardyi Lec. Weymouth, N.S., Aug., 1900, (P. G. Bolster). 823. Platynus bembidioides Kirby. Regina, Sask., May 24, (Willing). 990. Zacotus matthewsii Lec. Mt. Lahman, B.C., (S. Hadwin) ; Victoria, B.C., (EB. H. Blackmore). tegen | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 125 Chlaenius niger Rand. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Oodes fluvialis Lec. Ottawa, 1 sp., Oct. 18, (Beaulieu). Harpalus amputatus Say. 33 miles south of Rampart House, Y. T., (Nelles). Haliplus vancouverensis Matheson. “Vancouver Island, B.C.,” Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xx, 168. Haliplus connexsus Matheson. “Canada, (Nova Scotia),’ Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. xx, 164. Coelambus sellatus Lec. Vernon, B.C., (Venables). Agabus semipunctatus Kirby. Vernon, B.C., (Venables). Agabus clavatus Lec. Vernon, B.C., hibernating in rotten logs in swamps, Noy. 7, (Venables). Rhantus tostus Lec. Vernon, B.C., April 12, (Venables). Hydrobius tessellatus Zieg]. Port Medway, N.S., July, (P. G. Bolster). Hydrobius scabrosus Horn. Millarville, Alta., (Dod). Silpha trituberculata Kirby. Aweme, Man., May 26, 1909,(E. Criddle) ; Husavick, Man., June 23, (Wallis). : Aleochara bimaculata Grav. Aweme, Man., Aug. 22, 1910, (Criddle). Heterothops fumigatus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 8, 1909, (Wallis). Quedius capucinus Gray. Winnipeg, Man., May 21, 1909, (Wallis). Philonthus longicornis Steph. Port Medway, N.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster). Philonthus fusiformis Melsh. Husavick, Man., Aug. 27, 1910, (Wallis). Philonthus sordidus Grav. Port Medway, N.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster). Stenus bipunctatus Er. Vernon, B. C., (Venables). Lathrobium punctulatum Lec. Aweme, Man, (Criddle). Conosoma knowxit Lec. Aweme, Man., Oct. 11, 1910, (Criddle). Olisthaerus megacephalus Zett. 24 miles south of Rampart House, Y. F., (Nelles). ; Olisthaerus substriatus Gyll. Ottawa, Nov. 6, (Beaulieu). Bledius strennus Casey. _Aweme, Man., May 26, 1909, (T. Criddle) ; June 29, 1911, (N. Criddle). Bledius assimilis Casey. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Bledius armatus Er. Aweme, Man., July 30, 1907, (Criddle). Bledius politus Er. Aweme, Man., (Criddle).’ Bledius rubiginosus Er. Aweme, Man., May 28, (S. Criddle). Oxytelus sculptus Gray. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Oxytelus fuscipennis Mann. Aweme, Man., Oct. 2, 1909, (Criddle). Oxytelus nitidulus Grav. Treesbank, Man., July 25, 1910, (Wallis). Sacium lunatum Lec. Ottawa, Sept., (Beaulieu). Coccinella monticola Muls. 18 miles south of Rampart House, Y.T., (Nelles). Harmonia 12-maculata Gebl. Aweme, Man., June 24, 1911, (EH. Criddle). Pentilia misella Lec. Ottawa, Aug., (Beaulieu). Hyperaspis nevadica Casey. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Hyperaspis infleca Casey. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Hyperaspis proba Say. Aweme, Man., July 4, 1911, (Criddle). Scymnus brullei Muls. Aweme, Man., Aug. 23, 1911, (Criddle). Scymnus puncticollis Lec. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 126 THE REPORT OF THE ~ No. 36 3157. Scymnus lacustris Lee. Aweme, Man., May 18, 1905, (Criddle). 3314. Pediacus fuscus Er. Rampart House, Y.T., (Nelles). * * * & *“e* & *& &¥ He He HH HH Lasconotus schwarzi Kraus. Victoria, B. C., (Hubbard & Schwarz, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XIV, 37. Simplocaria columbica Csy. “ British Columbia (Cariboo District)” Morychus insulsus Csy. Vernon, B. C., (Venables). Cytilus longulus Csy. “ Washington State and British Columbia to Colo- rado.” Byrrhus brunnescens Csy. “Lake Superior, (White Fish Point).” Byrrhus manitoba Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Byrrhus angustulus Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Byrrhus criddlei Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Byrrhus laramiensis Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Byrrhus egenus Csy. Donald, B. C., (A. G. Smith). Byrrhus consuetus Csy. Aldermere, B. C., (Keen). Porcinolus hystrix Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Lioligus striolatus Csy. Metlakatla, B. C., (Keen). Tioligus keeni Csy. Metlakatla, B. C., (Keen). Tioligus equabilis Csy. Victoria, B.C., Tioon speculare Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). The above new species of Byrrhide are described by Thos. L. Casey in his Memoirs on the Coleoptera, III, issued March 20, 1912. 3797. 3849. 3929. 3954. 3970. 4003. 4478. 4621. 4623. 4646. 4716. 4718. 4742. 4787. 4791. 4815. Corticaria pubescens Gyll. Saskatoon, Sask., Oct. 9, (Willing). Peltis ferruginea Linn. 18 miles south of Rampart House, Y. T., (Nelles). Elmis elegans Lec. Port Medway, N.S., July, (P. G. Bolster). Ancyronyx variegatus Germ. Port Medway, N.S., July, (P. G. Bolster). Heterocerus undatus Melsh. Vernon, B.C., July, 1909, (Venables). Helodes pulchella Guer. Port Medway, N.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster). Corymbites triundulatus Rand. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Poecilonota cupripes Casey. Husavick, Man., July 7, 1910 (Wallis). Melanophila drummondi Kirby. Rampart House, Y.'T., (Nelles). Melanophila gentilis Lec. Peachiand, B.C., July 19, (Wallis). Chrysobothris carinipennis Lec. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 2, (Wallis). Chrysobothris verdigripennis Frost. Port Maitland, N. S., Aug. 2, 1910, (W. Rieff). Chrysophana placida Lec. Peachland, B.C., July 19, (Wallis). Mr. Harrington has one specimen taken on Vancouver Island, B.C. ~ Eupristocerus cognitans Web. Greenfield, N.S., July 12, 17, 1910, (P. G. Bolster). Agrilus politus Say. Greenfield, N.S., July 13, 16, 1910, (P. G. Bolster). Agrilus lateralis Say. Greenfield, N.S., July 18, 16; Port Medway, July 7, 1910, (P. G. Bolster). Agrilus pensus Horn. Greenfield, N.S., July 13, 16; Port Medway, Aug. 14, 1910, (P. G. Bolster). Eros aurora Hbst. Banff, Alta., June 10, 1909, (Sanson). Eros trilineatus Melsh. Port Pe i N.S8., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster). Ellychnia corrusca Linn. Rampart House, VT., (Nelles). 1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 127 5185. Thanasimus undulatus Say. 18 miles south of Rampart House, Y.T., (Nelles). 5185a. Thanasimus nubilis Kl. Rampart House, Y.T., (Nelles). 5468. Aegialia lacustris Lec. Husavick, Man., June 12, 1909, (Wallis). 5914. Aphodius erraticus Linn. Port Medway, N.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster). 5552. Aphodius brevicollis Lec. Saskatoon, Sask., Oct. 3, (Willing). 2 5603. Geotrupes balyi Jek. Port Medway, N.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster). 5658. Dichelonycha canadensis Horn. Millarville, Alta., (Dod). 5771. Lachnosterna marginalis Lec. Port Maitland, N.S., (W. Rieff). * Asemum brevicorne Casey. “ Ontario,” Memoirs on the Coleoptera, III, by Thos. L. Casey, issued March 20, 1912. * Asemum costulatum Casey. Aldermere, B:C., (Keene); Memoirs on the Coleoptera, III, by Thos. L. Casey, issued March 20, 1912. 5975. Criocephalus agrestis Kirby. 18 miles south of Rampart House, Y.T., (Nelles). 5974. Criocephalus productus Lec. Banfi, Alta., Sept. 28, 1911, (Sanson). 5976. Criocephalus asperatus Lec. Banff, Alta., Sept. 8, 1911, (Sanson). 5981. Tetropium velutinus Lec. Aweme, Man., April 15, 1904, (Criddle). * Tetropium columbianum Casey. Inverness, B.C., (Keen) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, III, by Thos. L. Casey, issued March 20, 1912. 5986. Gonocallus collaris Kirby. Aweme, Man., June 11, 1906, (Criddle). * Callidium frigidum Casey. “ Canada,’ Memoirs on the Coleoptera, III, by Thos. L. Casey, issued March 20, 1912. * Hypermallus canadensis Casey. “Canada (Ontario) ”; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, III, by Thos L. Casey, issued March 20, 1912. Callidium antennatum Newm. 18 miles south of Rampart House, Y.T., (Nelles). Tylonotus bimaculatus Hald. Ottawa, Aug.-Sept.,. (Beaulien). Obrium rubrum Newm. Aweme, Man., June 29, 1903, (Criddle). Molorchus longicollis Lec. Vernon, B.C., at thorn blossom, May, 1908, (Venables). Purpuricenus humeralis Fab. March, Ont., (Miss Sweeney). Batyle saturalis Say. Saskatoon, Sask., July 4, (Willing). Cyllene antennatus White. Victoria, B-C., July 11, (Miss Farmer). Cyllene decorus Oliv. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 26, (Wallis). Xylotrechus columbianus Casey. Aldermere, B.C., (Keen); Memoirs on the Coleoptera, III, by Thos. L. Casey, issued March 20, 1912. Xylotrechus undulatus Say. 18 miles south of Rampart House, Y.T., (Nelles). Neoclytus conjunctus Lec. Victoria, B.C., 1911, (Miss Farmer). Neoclytus muricatulus Kirby. Greenfield, N.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster). Necydalis levicollis Lec. Victoria, B.C., July, (E. H. Blackmore). Centrodera decolorata Harr. Port Medway, N.S., (W. P. Henderson). Tozotus trivittatus Say. Aweme, Man., July 11, 1911, (Criddle). Acme@ops supilosa Lec. Banff, Alta., June 26, 1911, (Sanson). Acme@ops proteus Kirby. 18 miles south of Rampart House, Y.T., (Nelles). THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 6782. 6827. 6842. 6905a. 6917. 6932. 6933. 6945b. 10416. 6988. 7027. 7032. 7068. 7124. 7661. 7696. isle 7724, 7846. 7975. 8306. 8360. Acme@ops pratensis Laich. 18 miles south of Rampart House, Y.T., (Nelles). Leptura emarginata Fab. Near Parry Sound, Ont., June, (record sent by L. Caesar). Leptura subhamata Rand. Chelsea, Que., males and females in coitu, July 14, (Gibson) ; Hochelaga, Que., June, 1897, (Beaulieu). Leptura instabilis Hald. Banff, Alta, July 25, 1910, (Sanson). Leptura nigrella Say. Aweme, Man., June 15 to July 4, (E. & N. Criddle). Leptura quadrillum Lee. Shawnigan, B.C., July 8, (Wallis). Acanthocinus obliquus Lec. Peachland, B.C., July 19, (Wallis). Saperda obliqua Say. Port Medway, N.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster). Saperda cretata Newm. Winnipeg, Man., June 30, 1911, (Wallis). Oberea tripunctata Swed., var. bimaculata Oliv., form aculaticollis Say. Winnipeg, Man., June 17, 1911, (Wallis). Oberea basalis Lec. Aweme, Man., June 25, 1911, (BH. Criddle). Oberea mandarina Fab. Winnipeg, Man., June 10, 1911, (Wallis) ; Port Medway, N.S., July, (P. G. Bolster). Triachus atomus Suffr. Greenfield, N.S., July, 1910, (P.G. Bolster). Fidia viticida Walsh. Windsor, Ont., July 6, specimens of adults and in- jured foliage sent to Division the past summer. The only Ontario record I have. On May 28, 1908, Mr. J. M. Swaine found the beetle at Mac- donald College, Que., and in the following year the insect was again found at the same place, in small numbers. Rhabdopterus picipes Oliv. Treesbank, Man., July 29, 1910, (Wallis). Prasocuris obliquata Lec. Vernon, B.C., (Venables). Plagiodera oviformis Lec. Vernon, B.C., March, 1908, (Venables). Gomioctena arctica Mann. Rampart House, Y.T., (Nelles).« Galeruca punctipennis Mann. Vernon, B.C., June, 1910, (Venables). Monozia consputa Lec. Vernon, B.C., (Venables). Oedionychis vians Ill. Port Medway, N.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster). Oedionychis lugens Lec. Banff, Alta., May 5, 1910, (Sanson). Oedionychis limbalis Melsh. Port Medway, N.S., Aug. 1912, (P. G. Bolster). : Pisonycha crenicollis Say. Banff, Alta., May 18, 1911, (Sanson). Orepidodera subcrinita Lec. Vernon, B.C., July, (Venables). . Phyllotreta albionica Lec. Vernon, B.C., July, (Venables). Mantura floridana Cr. Port Medway, N.S., July, (Venables). Microrhopala cyanea Say. Aweme, Man., May 24, 1910, (Criddle). Bruchus discoideus Say. Treesbank, Man., July 21, 1910, (Wallis). Carebara longula Lec. Port Medway, N.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster). Stenotrachelus arctatus Say. Banff, Alta., Sept. 29, 1911, (Sanson). Salpingus virescens Lec. Saskatoon, Sask., July 20, (Willing). Calopus angustus Lec. Banff, Alta., May 5, 1911, (Sanson). Mordellistena unicolor Lec. Banff, Alta., Aug. 138, 1909, (Sanson). Anthicus coracinus Lec. Port Medway, N.S., July, 1910, (P. 'G. Bolster). Chetechus setiger Horn. Port Medway, N.S., July, 1910, (P. G. Bolster). Lepidophorus lineaticollis Kirby. Yukon Crossing, Y.T., (Nelles). : 1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 129 8430. Phytonomus comptus Say. Lumsden, Sask., July 18. (Willing). 8436. Lepyrus gemellus Kirby. Banff, Alta., Aug. 5, 1911, (Sanson). 8473. Pissodes costatus Mann. Rampart House, Y.T., (Nelles). 8479. Hylobius pales Hbst. Saskatoon, Sask., June 22, (Willing). 8487. Jncus rubellus Rand. Vernon, B.C., Sept. (Venables). 8532. Dorytomus brevicollis Lec. Banff, Alta., Nov. 6, 1910, on snow, (Sanson) ; Saskatoon, Sask., Sept. 29, (Willing). 8630. Anthonomus quadrigibbus Say. Aweme, Man., May 24, 1912; June 5, 1903. (E. & N. Criddle). * Trypophloeus nitidus Swaine. Weymouth, N.S., (Sanders); Can. Ent. xliv, 349. DIPTERA. (Arranged according to a catalogue of North American Diptera, by J. M. Aldrich, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. XLVI, No. 1,444. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue). Considerable collecting in this order was done during 1912. The tipulids mentioned below were all determined by Dr. Deitz, and although some of the species are not what one might term rare, the definite records are valuable, as they add to the known distribution of the insects. 78. Rhipidia maculata Meig. Ottawa, Aug. 7, (Beaulieu); Aweme, Man., (Criddle) ; Winnipeg, Man., Sept., (Wallis). 78. Dicranomyia brevivena O. S. Winnipeg, Man., Sept., (Wallis). 79. Dicranomyia distans O. S. Rigaud, Que, June 25, 1906, (Beaulieu) ; Ameme, Man., (Criddle) ; Winnipeg, Man., June, (Wallis). 79. Dicranomyia haeretica O. S. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). %9. Dicranomyia immodesta O. S. Montreal, June 14, 1906; Rigaud, Que., June 25, 1906, (Beaulne) ; Ottawa, Aug. 29, (Beaulne) ; Aweme, Man., (Criddle) ; Winnipeg, Man., Sept. (Wallis). 79. Dicranomyia liberta O. S. Montreal, June 14, 1906, (Beaulieu) ; Ottawa, Aug. 29, Sept. 8, Oct. 12, (Beaulne) ; Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 79. Dicranomyia moriodes O. S. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 79. Dicranomyia pudica O.'S. Montreal, June 10, 1906, (Beaulieu). 80. Dicranomyia venusta Berg. Peachland, B.C., Aug., (Wallis). 80. Limnobia cinctipes Say. Aweme, Man., (Criddle) ; Husavick, Man., June, (Wallis). 80. Limnobia immatura 0. S. Winnipeg, Man., June, (Wallis). 81. Limnobia solitaria 0. S. Ottawa, Sept. 5, (Beaulne); Aweme, Man., (Criddle) ; Husavick, Man., Aug., (Wallis). 81. Limnobia triocellata O. S. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 81. Limnobia tristigma 0. S. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 81. Rhamphidia flavipes Macq. Montreal, Aug. 5, 1906, (Beaulieu) ; Ottanva, Sept. 2, 13, (Beaulne) ; Husavick, Man., July, (Wallis). * Elliptera astigmatica Alex. Roger’s Pass, B.C., July 30, 1908, (J. C. Bradley) ; Psyche, xix, 164. ; 85. Erioptera septemtrionalis O. S. Montreal, June 10, 1906, (Beaulieu) ; Ottawa, Oct. 4, (Beaulne). 9 ES. 130 101. 101. 101. 101. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Goniomyia blanda O. S. Peachland, B.C., June, (Wallis). Epiphragma fascipennis Say. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulne). Limnophila adusta O. 8. Husavick, Man., July, (Wallis). Limnophila quadrata O. 8. Montreal, June 24, (Winn) ; Ottawa, Aug. 29, (Beaulne). Pedicia albivitta Walk. Ottawa, Aug. 24, (Beaulne); Aweme, Man., (Criddle). ‘ Liogma nodicornis O. 8. Stoke Centre, Que., June 26, (Winn). Bittacomorpha clavipes Fab. - Montreal, Aug. 14, 1906, (Beaulieu) ; Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Oropeza obscura John. Rigaud, Que., June 27, 1906, (Beaulieu) ; Peach- land, B.C., Aug., (Wallis). Oropeza albipes Teh. Montreal, June 27, 1906, (Miss Beaulieu). Xiphura fumipennis 0. S. Montreal, June 10, 1906, (Beaulieu). Pachyrhina altissima O. 8. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Pachyrhina collaris Say. Montreal, July 18, 1908, (Beaulieu). Pachyrhina erythrophrys Will. Aweme, Man., (Criddle); “Br. Col”, Aug. 14, 1910 (record received from Beaulieu) ; Winnipeg, Man., June, (Wallis). Pachyrhina eucera Loew. Montreal, July 18, 1906, (Beaulieu) ; Ottawa, Aug. 30, 1912, (Beaulne). Pachyrhina ferruginea Fab. Ottawa, July 4, Sept. 10, Oct. 2, (Beaulne). Aweme, Man., (Criddle)’'; Winnipeg, Man., June, (Wallis). Pachyrhina incurva Loew. Ottawa, June 3, (Beaulne). Pachyrhina lineata Scop. Montreal, June 17, 1906, (Beaulieu) ; Ottawa, Oct. 8, (Beaulne). Pachyrhina lugens Loew. Ottawa, July 4; (Beaulne). : Pachyrhina occipitalis Loew. Aweme, Man., (Criddle) ; Winnipeg, Man., Sept., (Wallis). Pachyrhina sodalis Loew. Montreal, July 21, 1906, (Beaulieu) ; Ottawa, Sept. 24, (Beaulne). Tipula abdominalis Say. Ottawa, Sept., 10, (Beaulne). Tipula angustipennis-Loew. Ottawa, June 3, Oct. 8, (Beaulne) ; Aweme, Man., (Criddle) ; Winnipeg, Man., June, (Wallis). Tipula bicornis Loew MS. Newaygo, Que., June 9, (Winn); Montreal, June 7, (Beaulieu). Tipula calva Doane. Rigaud, Que., June 25, 1910 (Beaulieu) ; Ottawa, July 8, (Beaulne). Tipula cincticornis Doane. Montreal, Aug. 21, 1906, (Beaulieu). Tipula costalis Say. Ottawa, Sept. 3, (Beaulne). Tipula cunctans Say. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Tipula eluta Loew. Ottawa, Sept. 29, (Beaulne). Tipula flavicans Fab. Ottawa. Sept. 5, (Beaulne) ; Aweme, Man., (Crid- dle) ; Peachland, B.C., Aug., (Wallis). Tipula hebes Loew. wes Mars 30, Sept. 10, Oct. 4, (Beaulne) ; Aweme, Man., (Criddle): Tipula illustris Doane. Rigaud, Que., June 25, 1906, (Beaulieu). Tipula impudica Doane. Peachland, B.C., Aug., (Wallis). Fipula inermis Doane. Montreal, June 17, 1906, (Beaulieu). 1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 131 103. 104. 104. 104. 143. Tipula pallida Loew. Newaygo, Que., June 9, (Winn). Tipula serta Loew. Ottawa, July 8, (Beaulne) ; Aweme, Man., (Criddle) ; Peachland, B.C., June, (Wallis). é Tipula sulphurea Doane. Montreal, July 18, 1908, (Beaulieu) ; Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Tipula trivittata Say. Montreal, June 14, 1910, (Beaulieu) ; Husavick, Man., June, (Wallis). Epicypta punctum Stan. Ottawa, reared from a myxomycete (Reticularia lycoperdon Fall), emerged in late autumn, (J. W. Eastham). * Allodia bella Johannsen. Downie Creek, Selkirk Mt., B.C., Aug., (J. C. Bradley) ; Bull, 196, Maine Agri. Exp. Station, p. 319. * Hrechia nugax Johannsen. Rouville Co., Que.; Bull. 200, Maine Agric. * Exp. Station, p. 68. Ezechia palmata Johannsen. Selkirk Mts., B.C., (J. C. Bradley); Bull. 200, Maine Agric. Exp. Station, p. 71. * Mycetophila edentula Johannsen. Selkirk Mis., Rogers’ Pass, B.C., July, * * * * (J. C. Bradley) ; Bull. 200, Maine Agric. Exp. Station, p. 105. Mycetophila pectita Johannsen. Selkirk Mts., B.-C., (J. C. Bradley) ; Bull. 200, Maine Agric. Exp. Station, p. 101. Dynatosoma placida Johannsen. Kearney, Ont., July, (M. C. Van Duzee) ; Bull. 200, Maine Agric. Exp. Station, p. 77. Sciara abdita Johannsen. Kearney, Ont., (M. C. Van Duzee) ; Bull. 200, Maine Agric. Exp. Station, p. 125. Sciara habilis Johannsen. Kearney, Ont.; Bull. 200, Maine Agric. Exp. Station, p. 126. Nemotelus bonnarius John. Fairwell Creek, South Saskatchewan, Aug., 1907, (Mrs. V. A. Armstrong) ; Psyche, Vol. XIX, p. 4. Chrysops merens Walk. Husavick, Man., July 5, 1910, (Wallis). Haematopota americana O. 8. Husavick, Man., July 7, 1910, (Wallis). Tabanus affinis Kirby. 18 miles south of Rampart House, Y.T., (Nelles). Tabanus epistates O.S. Bird’s Hill, Man., June 5, 1909, (Wallis). Tabanus illotus O. S. Husavick, Man., July 4, 1910 (Wallis). Tabanus lineola Fab. Winnipeg, Man., June 23, 1910, (Wallis). Tabanus septentrionalis Loew. Husavick, Man., Aug. 18, 1910, (Wallis). Anthrax gracilis Macq. Lumsden, Sask., July 18, 1910, (Willing). Anthrax molitor Loew. Phippen, Sask., July 16, 1909, (Willing). Anastoechus nitidulus Fab. Moose Jaw, Sask., Aug. 12, 1909, (Willing). Thereva duplicis Cog. Regina, Sask., July 25, 1907, (Willing). Thereva ustulata Krober. “Laval Co., Que.”; Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 1912, p. 265. ; Thereve nigra Say. Battleford, Sask., July 1, 1907, (Willing). Stenopogon morosus Loew. Saskatoon, Sask., Aug. 3, 1907, (Willing). Sympycnus lineatus Loew. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu). Neurigona lateralis Say. Ottawa, July_2, (Beaulieu). Dolichopos albicora Aldrich. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu). Dolichopos brevimanus Loew. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu). Dolichopos calcaratus Aldrich. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu). Dolichopos flagellitenens Wheeler. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu). Dolichopos lobatus Loew. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu). 132 THE REPORT OF THE - No. 36 303. Dolichopos palaestricus Loew. Ottawa, July , (Beaulieu). 305. Gymnopternus barbatulus Loew. Ottawa, ee 2, (Beaulieu). 305. Gymnopternus difficilis Loew. Ottawa, July 2 , (Beaulieu). 309. Pelastoneurus vagans Loew. Ottawa, July 2, (Beauliea. * Pinunculus caudelli Malloch. Kaslo, B.C., ae 16, 1903, (A. N. Caudell) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 299. * Pipunculus eailis Malloch. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Malloch) ; Proc. U. 8. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 295. = Paina aA Mie Malloch. Medicine Hat, Alta., Oct., 1911, (Mal- loch), Proc. U. 8S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 296. * Pipunculus occidentalis Malloch. Medicine Hat, Alta., Oct., 1911, (Mal- loch) ; Proc. U. 8. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 292. * Pipunculus stigmatica Malloch. Kaslo, B.C., July 16, 1903, (A. N. Cau- dell) ; Proc. U. 8. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 294. * pe cay trochanteratus Malloch. Kaslo, B. C., (R. P. Currie ; Proe. U..S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 298. ~ Ryanair pecs Malloch. Kaslo, B.C., June 22, 1903, (R. P. Currie) ; Proc. U.S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 427. * Aphizeta leer Malloch. eal! B.C., (A. N. Caudell) ; Proc. U.S N. M., Vol. 43, p. 446. - porte ursina Malloch. London Hill Mine, Bear Lake, B.C., July 29, 1903, altitude 7,000 feet, (R. P. Currie) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 476. * Aphiocheta monticola Malloch. Kokanee Magatane. B.C., 8,000 feet, Aug. 11, 1903, (R. P. Currie) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 479. * rae dubttata Malloch. Kokanee Manciaee B.C., 8,000° feet, Aug. 11, 1903, (R. P. Currie) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 481. * Aphiocheta atomella Malloch. Oxbow, Sask., (F. Knab) ; Proc. U.S.N.M Vol. 43, p. 481. * Tphiocheta borealis Malloch. Kaslo, B.C., July 8, 1903, (R. P. Currie) : Proce. U. 8. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 489. * Aphiocheta perpleza Malloch. London Hill Mine, Bear Lake, Kaslo, B.C., 7,000 feet, July 21, 1903, (R. P. Currie). * Aphiocheta dyari Malloch. Kaslo, B.C., (H. G. Dyar) ; Proc. U. 8. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 493. * Aphiocheta fuscopedunculata Malloch. Kaslo, B.C., June 25, 1903, (R. P. Currie) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 499. * Plastophora curriet Malloch. Kaslo, B.C., (R. P. Currie); Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, p. 501. 349. Chrysogaster pulchella Will. Ottawa, July 2, (Beaulieu). * Helophilus willingii Smith. Regina, Sask., June 19, 1905, male; July 8, 1906, female; (Willing) ; Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. XIV, p. 119. 350. Pipiza nigripilosa Will. Ottawa, Aug. 18, (Beaulne). 359. Platychirus chetopodus Will. Ottawa, Aug. 16, Sept. 8, (Beaulne). 368. Syrphus zxanthostoma Will. Ottawa, Aug. 20, (Beaulne). 423. Alophora eneoventris Will. Ottawa, Sept. 17, 1911, (Tothill). 428. Eulasiona comstocki Town. Chelsea, Que., May 30, 1908, (Fletcher). 445. Plagia americana Van der Wulp. Ottawa, June 10, 1901, (Gibson). Varichaeta aldricht Town. Ottawa, (Gibson). 456. Exorista chelonie Rond. Chelsea, Que., (Tothill). 1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 133 457. Hxorista endrye Town. Ottawa, Aug. 27, 1906, (Fletcher). 457. Hxorista futilis O. S. Ottawa, May 21, (Fletcher). 458. Hzorista nigripalpis Town. Ottawa, Sept., 11, 1908, (Fletcher) ; Chicou- timi, Que., Maniwaki, Que., specimens emerged at Ottawa in June, 1911, in Div. of Ent. 458. Hzorista pyste Walk. Chicoutimi, Que., specimens emerged at Ottawa, July 3, 1911, in Div. of Ent. 464. Sturmia albifrons Walk.- Ottawa, (Fletcher). 464. Sturmia iniquinata Van der Wulp. Ottawa, May 22, 1900, (Gibson) ; June 11, 1900, (Young). 466 Masicera eufitchie Town. Ottawa, May 18, 1900, (Gibson). 470. Tachinomyia robusta Town. Ottawa, June 22, 1908, (J. A. Letourneau) ; May 22, 1900, (Gibson). 472. Blepharipeza adusta Loew. Ottawa, June 16, 1908, (Gibson). 472. Blepharipeza leucophrys Wied. Meach Lake, Que., July 21, 1907; (Fletcher). * Winthemia fumiferane Tothill. Maniwaki, Que., Duncan’s, B.C., reared in Div. of Ent., Ottawa; Can. Ent. Vol. XLIV, p. 3. 473. Winthemia quadripustulata Fab. Ottawa, June 26, 1904, (Metcalfe) ; May 5, 1901, (Fletcher). 475. Phorichaeta sequar Will. Ottawa, June 10, 1903, (Gibson). 576. Borborus geniculatus Macq. Montreal, Oct. 1, 1905, (Beaulieu). 640. Stegana coleoptrata Scop. Montreal, June 14, 1906, (Beaulieu). 655. Ornithoica confluens Say. Ottawa, from English Sparrow, Sept. 27, 1909, (Hewitt). are HYMENOPTERA. Little collecting has been done in this order during the past season, and only small collections obtained previously have been worked up. Consequently few records are included this year. Mr. F. W. L. Sladen, Assistant Entomologist for Apiculture, Div. of Entomology, Exp. Farm, is making a special study of the aculeate hymenoptera and would be glad to receive specimens from any locality. Myrmica brevinodes Em., var whymperi Forel. Banff, Alta., June 18, 1908, (Sanson). Recorded from British Columbia. Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl., var. glacialis. Forel. Banff, Alta, May 21, 1908, (Sanson). Recorded from Brit. Col. Lasius niger L., var. americanus Em. Banff, Alta., May 28, 1908, (San- son). Lasius umbratus mixtus Nyl. var. aphidicola Walsh. Banff, Alta., May 15, 1911, (Sanson). Formica rufa L. subsp. obscuripes Forel. Banff, Alta., June 16, 1908, (Sanson). Formica fusca lL. var. argentata Wheeler. Banff, Alta., May 2, 1908, (San- son). Formica fusca L. var. neorufibarbis Em. Banff, Alta., May 21, 1908, (Sanson). Camponotus herculeanus L. var. whympert Forel. Banff, Alta., June 8, 1908, (Sanson). 134 * x % % * * * * % * * % x ne * * % * THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Cephaleia criddlei MacGillivray. Aweme, Man.; Can. Ent. XLIV, 297. Pamphilius nigritibialis Rohwer. Oxbow, Sask., June 15, 19, 1907, (F. Knab) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 48, 206. Macrophya zabriskiei Rohwer. “One male from Canada, C. F. Baker col- lection”; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, 218. Tenthredo anomocerus Rohwer. Banff, Alta., (Sanson) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, 223. Monophadnus truncatus Rohwer. Oxbow, Sask, June 1, 1907, (F. Knab) ; Proc. U. 8. N. M., Vol. 43, 232. Pracharactus nigrisomus Rohwer. Oxbow, Sask., June 21, 190%, (F. Knab); Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 43, 232. Euura serissimae Rohwer. Toronto, Ont., (A. Cosens) ; Proc. U. S. N. M,, Vol. 43, 240. Buura nigrella Rohwer. Fort Erie, Ont., April 7, 1910, (M.C. Vane ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 438, 241. Pontania crassicornis Rohwer. Toronto, Ont., (A. Cosens); Proc. U. 8. N. M, Vol. 43, 242. Pontania lucide Rohwer. Toronto, Ont., (A. Cosens) ; Proc. U. 8. N. M., Vol. 43, 242. : Amauronematus knabi Rohwer. Oxbow, Sask., June 15, 19, 1907, (F. Knab). Proc. U. 8. N. M., Vol. 438, 245. Sirex abdominalis Harris. Banff, Alta., summit of Sulphur Mt., Sept. 9, 1907, (Sanson). - : Sirex bizomatus Steph. Banff, Alta., Aug. 23, 1911, (Sanson). Sirex flavicornis Fabr. Banff, Alta., Aug. 29, 1909, (Sanson). Apanteles fumiferane Viereck. Reared at Ottawa from Spruce Budworm material received from Montcalm and Chicoutimi, Que., issued June 18, 20, 1911; Proce. U. S. N. M., Vol. 42, 139. Meteoris fhachanoilis Viereck. Maniwaki, Que., issued June 20, July 35 1911; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 42, 142. Conoblasta fumiferane Vierecke Maniwaki, Que., Duncan’s and Teqaieee B.C.; Proc. U. S. N, M:, Vol. 42, 148. Epiurus innominatus Viereck. Esquimault, B.C.; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol., © 42, 149. Phygadeuon plesius Viereck. Maniwaki, Que.; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 42, 148. Mesochorus diversicolor Viereck. Duncan’s, B.C., issued July 18, 25; 1911; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 42, 149. Amilyteles Fraieenis Cress. St. Therese, Que., (Mignault). Trogus canadensis Prov. St. Therese, Que., (Mignault). Polynema regina Girault. Vancouver, B.C.; Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., Vol. Xiv., 24 Rhopoideus fuscus Girault. Maniwaki, Que., Montcalm, Que., St. Gabriel de Brandon, Que., reared at Ottawa; Can. Ent., xliv., 7. Dasymutilla coloradella kamloopsensis Rohwer. Kamloops, B.C., (Wick- ham) ; Proc. -U. 8. N. M., Vol. 41, 459: Ammophila gryphus Smith. St. Therese, Que., (Mignault). Chelynia ricardonis Cockerell. Vernon, B.C., June 19, 1902, (Miss Ric- ardo) ; Can. Ent., xliv., 293. 1913 ‘ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ~* 135 ———————————————— * Megachile vernonensis. Cockerell. Vernon, B.C., July 7%, 1902, (Miss Richardo); Can. Ent., XLIV, 354. * Osmia novaescotiae Cockerell. ‘Nova Scotia (Ent. Club)”; Can, Ent. XLIV, 356. * Osmia subarctica Cockerell.- “Hudson’s Bay”; Can. Ent. XLIV, 357. Osmia tersula Cockerell. ‘“‘Hudson’s Bay”; Can. Ent. XLIV, 358. * Phileremulus mallochi Crawford. Medicine Hat, Alta.; Can. Ent. XLIV, 360. Perdita- canadensis Crawford. Medicine Hat, Alta., Can. Ent., XLIV, 360. * HEMIPTERA. During the past year several small collections of hemiptera have been deter- mined by our good friend Mr. E. P. Van Duzee. In July last Mr. Van Duzee visited Canada, and while at Ottawa, Montreal, and other points collected some interesting species (See The Ottawa Naturalist, Aug.—Sept. issue, 1912). While in Canada he also visited Quebee City, where he made a study of the Provancher collection. The results of this study are given in The Canadian Entomologist, Nov., 1912. Ceresa brevis Walk. Banff, Alta., Sept. 8, 1909, (Sanson). Thelia bimaculata Fabr. St. Ives, Ont., (H. F. Hudson). Carynota stupida Walk. “ Rat Portage,’ Ont., (now called Kenora) ; no collector’s name on label. Glossonatus godingi Van D. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1911, (Wallis). Telamona pyramidata Uhler. Regina, Sask., Aug. 10. Platycotis nigromaculata Proy. (var. of sagittata Germ.). Victoria, B.C. Elidiptera_septentrionalis Prov. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Lamenia maculata Van D. Trenton, Ont., Aug. 17, 1911, (Evans) ; Bull. P Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences. Vol. x., 503, June, 1912. Stenocranus felti Van D. Winnipeg, Man., May 26, 1909, (Wallis). Aphrophora angulata Ball. Victoria, B.C., Sra Aphrophora permutata Uhler. Dunean’s, B.C., July 4, 1911, (Hanham), Gypona albosignata Uhler. Winnipeg, nee Fume 30, 1911, Deals Pagaronia 13-punctata Ball. Victoria, B.C., (Bachan: Oncopsis sobrinus Walk. Kaslo, B.C. , (Cockle). Dicraneura carneola Stal. Ottawa, (Metcalfe). Typhlocyba comes var. infuscata Gill. Ottawa, (Metcalfe). g Typhlocyba lethierryi Edw. Ottawa, (Metcalfe). * Aphalara fascipennis Patch. Hull, (Beaver Meadow), Que., June 7, 27, 1903, (Metcalfe) ; Maine Agric. Exp. Station, Bull. 202, 217, issued Sept. 20, 1912. * Psylla breviata Patch. Ottawa, June 14, 1903, (Metcalfe) ; Maine Agric. Exp. Station Bull. 202, 220, issued Sept. 20, 1912. * Trioza aylmerie Patch. Aylmer, Que., May 20, 1906, (Metcalfe) ; Maine Agric. Exp. Station Bull. 202, 225, issued Sept. 20, 1912. * Trioza forcipula Patch. Hull, Que., May 17, July 26, 1903; Ottawa, May : 29, June 5, 1904, (Metcalfe) ; Maine Agric. Exp. Station, Bull. 202, 227, aq issued Sept. 20, 1912. * se 136 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 * * * Trioza stylifera Patch. Brockville, Ont., Oct. 25, 29; Nov. 1, 15, 1903, (Metcalfe) ; Maine Agric. Exp. Station, Bull. 202, 229; issued Sept. 20, 1912. Neotriozella ottawanensis Patch. Ottawa, June 1, 1904, (Metcalfe) ; Maine Agric. Exp. Station, Bull. 202, 231; issued Sept. 20, 1912. Pentatoma ligata Say. Banff, Alta., (Sanson). Pentatoma uhleri Stal. Kaslo, B.C., Aug. 28, 1905, (Cockle). Aradus debilis Uhler. British Columbia, March 10, (G. W. Taylor). Aneuris septentrionalis Walk. Nepigon, Ont., (J. Fletcher). Nysius minutus Uhler. Saskatoon, Sask., July 22, 1907, (J. Fletcher). Trapezonotus agrestis Fallen. Winnipeg, Man., June 6, 1911, (Wallis). Tollius setosus Van D. Ruby, Sask., (J. Fletcher). Stictopleurus crassicornis Linn. Nepigon, Ont., June 25, 1895, (J. Flet- cher). Liorhyssus viridicatus Uhler. Saskatoon, Sask., Aug. 23, 1907, (J. Fletcher). Corythuca incurva Uhler. Aweme, Man., June 5, 1904, (Criddle). Tingis clavata Stal. Winnipeg, Man. June 30, 1911, (Wallis). Rasahus thoracicus Stal. Victoria, B.C., May 1, 1905, (Hanham). Ranatra americana Montd. Selkirk, Man., Sept. 23, 1911, (Wallis). Macrotylus tristis Uhler. Ottawa, July 25, 1908, (Gibson). Diaphnidia capitata, Van D. Ottawa, on hazel nut, July 26, 1903; Aug. 2, 1904, (Metcalfe). ‘ Trigonotylus tarsalis Reut. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1911, (Wallis). Adelphacoris superbus Uhler. Ruby, Sask., July 19, 1907, (J. Fletcher). Tropidosteptes canadensis Van D. Ottawa, on white ash, Aug. 1, 1904, (Metcalfe) ; Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. x., 486, June, 1912. Criocoris canadensis Van D. North Hatley, Como and Lachine, Que., July and August, (G. A. Moore); Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. x., 511, June, 1912. Mr. Metcalfe has also taken the species at Ottawa, June 27, 1903, and at Hull, Que., June 24, 1911. Irbisia brachycerus Uhler. Massett, Queen Charlotte Islands, (Keen). Irbisia sericans Stal. Massett, Q. C. I., June 15, 1892, (Keen). Camptobrochis validus Reut. Victoria, B.C., (G. W. Taylor). Orectoderes obliquus Uhler. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1911, (Wallis) ; Calgary, Alta., (J. Fletcher). Horcias dislocatus var. nigrita Reut. Winnipeg, Man., June 30, 1911. Salda explanata Uhler. Little Current River, Hudson Bay Slope, July 11, 1903, (W. J. Wilson). Salda coriacea Uhler. Nepigon, Ont., July 14, 1892, (J. Fletcher). Nevuropreroip Insects (Excepr OponarTa). (Arranged according to a catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects (except Odon- ata) of the United States, by Nathan Banks; American Entomological Society, 1907. 10. iG The numbers refer to the pages of the catalogue.) ARCHIPTERA. Acroneura abnormis Newm. Banff, Alta., Sanson. Isogenus frontalis Newm. Rosebank, Ont., (P. Halm). ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 137 Perla lycorias Newm. Winnipeg, Man., July, 1909, (Wallis). Alloperla coloradensis Banks. Banff, Alta., (Sanson). Alloperla imbectlla Say. Banff, Alta., July 21, 1906, (Sanson). Nemoura perfecta Walk. Toronto, Ont., (Walker). ' Leptophlebia cupida Say. Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont., (W. A. Clemens). Leptophlebia nebulosa Walk. Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont., (W. A. Clemens). Bactis propinquus Walsh. Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, and Toronto, Ont., (W. A. Clemens). Choeon dubium Walsh. Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont., (W. ‘A. Clemens). Siphlonurus alternatus Say. Toronto, Ont., (Walker). Siphlonurus siccus Walsh. Go Home River, Ont., (W. A. Clemens). Heptagenia canadensis Walk. Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont., (W. A. Clemens). Heptagenia flavescens Walsh. Winnipeg, Man., June 13, 1911, (Wallis) ; Go Home Bay, Ont., (W. A. Clemens). Heptagenia frontalis Banks. Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont., (W. A. Clemens). Heptagenia tripunctata Banks. Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont., (W. A. Clemens). Ecdyurus maculipennis Walsh. Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont., (W. A. Clemens). NEUROPTERA. Mantispa brunnea Say. Thousand Islands, Ont., (Miss Coleman). Hemerobius canadensis Banks. Banff, Alta., (Sanson). Hemerobius humuli Linn. Winnipeg, May 13, 1911, (Wallis); Banff, Alta., Aug. 29, 1910, (Sanson) ; Toronto, Ont.,' (Walker). Hemerobius moestus Banks. Sulphur Mt., Banff, Alta., on snow, Nov. 15, 1909, (Sanson). Hemerobius stigmaterus Fitch. Toronto, Ont., (Walker). Boriomyia longifrons Walk. Winnipeg, Man., July, 1909, (Wallis) ; Banff, Alta., on snow, Noy. 19, (Sanson). Boriomyia disjuncta Banks. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 12, 1911, (Wallis) ; Sulphur Mt., Banff, Alta., Aug. 17, 1908, (Sanson). Chrysopa chlorophana Burm. Banff, Alta., (Sanson). Chrysopa oculata Say. Banff, Alta., June 2, 1909, (Sanson). Chrysopa rufilabris Burm. Toronto, Ont., (Walker). Chrysopa ypsilon Fitch. Toronto, Ont., (Walker). TRICOPTERA. Neuronia angustipennis Hagen. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1910, (Wallis). Neuronia concatenata Walk. Rosebank, Ont., (Hahn). Neuronia postica Walk. Montreal, (Winn); Levis, Que., (Fyles). Neuronia stygipes Hag. St. Hilaire, Que., May 24, 1910, (Winn). 138 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 _ 36. Limnephilus coloradensis Banks. Winnipeg, Man., May 23, 1911, (Wal- lis). 36. Limnephilus combinatus Walk. Banff, Alta., Aug. 23, 29, 1911, (Sanson). 36. Limnephilus luteolus Banks. Banff, Alta., Aue. 10, (Sansaa 3%. Limnephilus submonilifer Walk. Toronto, Ont., (Walker). 37. Anabolia bimaculata Walk. Banff, Alta., Aug. 5, 1908, July 28, 1911, (Sanson). 38. Glyphopsyche irrorata Fabr. Banff, Alta.,(Sanson). 38. Pycnopsyche guttifer Walk. Rosebank, Ont., (Hahn). 40. Chilostigma alascensis Banks. Banff, Alta., Oct. 14, 1910, (Sanson). ' 45. Leptocerus ancylus Vorhies. Winnipeg, Man., June 29, 1911, (Wallis). 45. Trienodes grisea Banks. Stony Mt., Man., Sept. 16, 1911, (Wallis). 47. Hydropsyche scalaris Hagen. Toronto, Ont., (Walker). ODONATA. % Coenagrion angulatum Walker. Carduff, Sask., July 16, 1900, (Willing) ; Aweme, Man., July 4, 1905, (Criddle) ; Winnipeg Beach, Lake Winnipeg, June 19, 1909, (Wallis) ; Prince Albert, Sask., June 18, 1905, (Willing) ; Can. Ent., xliv., 259 Sympetrum scoticum Don. Giant’s Tomb Island, Georgian Bay, Ont., July 14, 1912, (Walker). : Sympetrum corruptum Hagen. Giant’s Tomb Island, Georgian Bay, Ont., ~ July 14, 1912, (Walker). : Erythrodiplax berenice Dru. East Bolton, Que., July 6, 1911, (Winn). ARANEIDA. (Arranged according to Banks’ Catalogue of Nearctic Spiders, U. S. N. M., Bulletin 72. The numbers refer to the pages in ‘the catalogue.) In The Ottawa Naturalist, Dec., 1895, a list of 100 species of spiders, occurring in Canada, determined by J. H. Emerton, appears, and in the same publication for Jan., 1896, J. B. Tyrrell adds records of the further distribution of 11 species in- cluded in above list. W. H. Harrington contributed, also in The Ottawa Naturalist, for April, 1896, and Jan., 1897, lists of Ottawa spiders, enumerating in all 76 species. Since the short lists which I included in the Entomological Records for 1908 and 1909, Dr. Banks has determined several collections of Canadian spiders, and the records mentioned below not only add considerably to our list, but extend our knowledge of the distribution of species mentioned in the papers above referred to. Those now added from Ottawa are not included in Harrington’s lists. %. Zelotes atra Hentz. Chelsea, Que., (Gibson); La Siene River, District of Rainy River, Ont., June, (W. McInnes). 8. Herpyllus ecclesiasticus Hentz. Winnipeg, Man., April 13, 1911, (Wallis). 8. Pecilochrea montana Emerton. Winnipeg, Man., July 5, 1910, (Wallis). 9. Gnaphosa gigantea Keys. Husavick, Man., Aug. 29, 1910, (Wallis). 1. Castianeira longipalyis Hentz. Stony Mountain, Man., Aug. 10, 1910, (Wallis). 14. Clubiona tibialis Bu nevesse Treesbank, Man., July 17, 1910, (Wallis). 15. Calotes calcaratus Keys. Ottawa, April 20, (Gibson). . wer é 1913 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 139 Cybeus reticulatus Simon. Mt. Ebbe, Pointe Warde, June 30, (collector unknown). Cybeus recticulatus Simon. Metlakatla, B.C., (Neen). Agelena nevia Walck. Stony Mountain, Man., Aug. 15, 1910, (Wallis). Tegenaria derhami Scop. Ottawa, April 20, (Gibson) ; Winnipeg, Man., Oct. 5, 1911, (Wallis). Amaurobius bennetti Blackwall. a Seine River, District of Rainy River, Ont., June, (W. McInnes). Amaurobius pictus Simon. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen); Inverness, B.C., July, (Keen); Mt. Ebbe Port Warde, June 30, (collector unknown) ; Bradfield Inlet and North River, May, (J. A. Cadenhead). Theridium sexpunctatum Emerton. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Theridium tepidariorum Koch. Ottawa, Dec. 23, 1910, in a greenhouse, (Beaulne). Lithyphantes corollatus Linn. Husavick, Man., Aug. 15, (Wallis). Steatoda borealis Hentz. Husavick, Man., Aug. 15, (Wallis); Ottawa, May, 1907, (Gibson). Gongylidium perplera Keys. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Labulla altioculata Keys. Bradfield Inlet and North River, end May, (J. A. Cadenhead) ; Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen) ; Inverness, B.C., July, (Keen). Tinyphia phrygiana Koch. Treesbank, Man., July 28, 1910, (Wallis). Linyphia pusilla Sundvall. Inverness, B.C., July, (Keen). Linyphia reducta Keys. Metlakatla, B.C., (IXeen). LTinyphia rubrofasciata Keys. Inverness, B.C., (Keen). Eugnatha straminea Emerton. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1911, (Wallis). Tetragnatha extensa Linn. Husavick, Man., July 11, 1910, (Wallis) ; In- verness, B.C., July, (Keen) ;-Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen) ; Bradfield Inlet, Kahpto Range, 2.350 altitude, July 10, 1894, (J. A. Cadenhead); Pt. Warde, Mt. Ebbe, June 30 (J. A. Cadenhead) ; La Seine River, Lac des Mille Lacs, Ont., July, (W. McInnes). Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz. Jua Seine River, Lac des Mille Lacs, Ont., July, (W. McInnes) ; Treesbank, Man., July 17, 1910, (Wallis). Larinia borealis Banks. Husavick, Man., Aug. 15, 1910, (Wallis). Cyclosa conica Pallas. Treesbank, Man., July 17, 1910, (Wallis) ; La Seine River, Rainy River District, Ont., Jume 30, (W. McInnes). Zilla californica Banks. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Epeira californiensis Keys. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Epeira domiciliorum Hentz. WHusavick, Man., July 8, 1910, (Wallis). Bpeira ocellata Clerck. Bradfield Inlet and North River, end May, 1894, (J. A. Cadenhead) ; Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen) ; Husavick, Man., July 7, 1910, (Wallis). Epeira sericata Clerck. Husavick, Man., July 2, 1910, (Wallis). Epeira thaddeus Hentz. Treesbank, Man., July 17, 1910, (Wallis). . Epeira trofolium Hentz. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Xysticus elegans Keys. Treesbank, Man., July 17, 1910, (Wallis). Xysticus formosa Banks. a Seine River, Lac des Mille Lacs, Ont., July, (W. McInnes). Xysticus gramineus Emerton. Husavick, Man., July 5, 1910, (Wallis). Xysticus gulosus Keys. Stony Mountain, Man., Aug. 10, 1910, (Wallis). THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Coriarachne versicolor Keys. Winnipeg, Man., April 13, 1911, (Wallis). Misumena vatia Clerck. Husavick, Man., July 3, 1910, (Wallis) ; Metla- katla, B:C., (Keen); Banff, Alta., (Sanson). Misumessus asperatus Hentz. Winnipeg, Man., June 17, 1911, (Wallis). Thanatus lycosoides Emerton. Winnipeg, Man., May 17, 1911, (Wallis). Tibellus oblongus Walck. Husavick, Man., July 5, 1910, (Wallis). Philodromus wnquisitor Thorell. Husavick, Man., July 7, 1910, (Wallis). Philodromus pernix Blackwall: Husavick, Man., Aug. 13, 1910, (Wallis). Philodromus rufus Walck. La Seine River, Lac des Mille Lacs, Ont., July, W. McInnes). Dolomedes fontanus Emerton. La Seine River, Rainy River District, Ont., June 30, 1890, (W. McInnes). Dolomedes sexpunctatus Hentz. Husavick, Man., July 8, 1910, (Wallis). Pisaurina undata Hentz. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 10, 1910, (Wallis). Lycosa avida Walck. Treesbank, Man., Aug. 2, 1910, (Wallis). Lycosa frondicola Emerton. Treesbank, Man., July 28, 1910, (Wallis). Lycosa pratensis Emerton. Husavick, Man., Aug. 29, 1910, (Wallis) ; La Seine River, Lac des Mille Lacs, Ont., July, (W. McInnis). Pardosa grenlandica Thorell. Nashvack, Labrador, Aug. 31, 1903, (A. Halkett) ; Fullerton, Hudson Bay, July, 1904, (A. Halkett) ; Winnipeg, Man., June 3, 1911, (Wallis). Pardosa lapidicina Emerton. Husavick, Man., Aug. 29, 1910, (Wallis). Pardosa modica Blackwall. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen); Husavick, Man., July 8, 1910, (Wallis). Pardosa xerampelina Keys. Husavick, Aug. 20, 1910, (Wallis). Trochosa rubicunda Keys. Treesbank, Man., July 25, 1910, (Wallis). Pirata insularis Emerton. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1911, (Wallis). Phidippus electus Koch. Chelsea, Que., May 30, 1907, (Gibson). Dendryphantes octavus Hentz. Winnipeg, Man., May 17, 1911, (Wallis). Pellenes falcata Clerck. Treesbank, Man., July 23, 1910, (Wallis). Tutelina similis Banks. Winnipeg, Man., June 17, 1910, (Wallis). ACARINA. * Macrocheles canadensis Banks. Ottawa, from a guinea pig, (Hewitt) ; Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., Vol. XIV., 98. IN Page Peenrina RECOrd Of ... «2-02. ..ceee 140 PRPOIASTISClIA . cece ec ce eee s scene 72 PRIME XILLOSA: 81 Hemiptera, records of, 1912 ......- 13 Hessian fly .....20.scees es eeeees 83, 97 Heterocordylus malinus ........-. 103 Hewitt, C. Gordon, article by.....- 34 Horse radish flea beetle ......-.--- 13 Hudson, H. F., article by ...-..---- 46 Hylastinus ObSCUrUS ..---+s-+eerss 13 Hymenoptera, records of, L912! ere 188 Hyphantria textor ......---.+++++5 15 Imperial Bureau of Entomology ... 35 Imported currant borer ....---+-- 81 Insect pests of southern Manitoba. 99 No. 36 Page Insects the chief food of fresh water FISHES sho 6. Free weie Cele orsls Stee Introductory letter ...........-- ate 5 Ips: coelatus: ..< ssic0-.c. ee eee 89 Ips perturbatus .....<....s- 4 ee 89 Tsaria fungus? ho. 5... cre ele seen 87 Janus imteger 5 ..2:.% <'c sieves c 82 _ Pemphigus acerifolii .............. 88 MSRMTAEOMUICAC. |... cc ee eee 73 » Pepper grass beetle ............... 99 fy CGT 91 BeEOMUurOMa SAUCIA ...........0.0.0% 17 Srerilius bimaculatus ....:......... 82 meectcn, CG. E:, article by ........... 72 _ Phieotribus liminaris ............ 88 Phiyctaenia ferrugalis ............ 17 _ Pieris protodice in Manitoba....... 99 _ Pine, insects injurious to ......... 88 SeeeeCaneIHINer -)...........0.5.% 90 SS TMS 6 S46 (0 630E Nee 88 Soin CIP on 2a 73, 75, 86 Beeodosesia syringe ................ 88 _ Polygraphus BMMAMENMIS «06. \c ces oe 89 - Poplar BCAPMBCEDIC) 5. is. c cee eee 10 “ Saperda calcarata injurious ‘ 3. cote ee 91, 100 _ Potato beetle, Colorado ...... 17, 82, 111 _ Provincial Entomologist ee eS ENE 37 _ Psithyrus _ .ocs=32 Bee eee 54 Beswlin nyricola ................:.. 79 _ Publications on insects, 1912...... 113 _ Pyrameis PREGRACEEERY 5-15 ysio 01s cs. 6.0ls a,c’ 18 200? G2) OSes 17 Quebec, injurious insects ......... 12, 85 See) a 73 "Raspberry cane borer ........... 82, 86 | g TOL? 0h) See eee 81 _ Record Entomological ............ & 2h -Red admiral butterfly ............ 18 SUT 25 79 LD ea 91 eview of entomology relating to DLDED jostdh 65SAasee 34 Rhagoletis TTR) SB 79-100 DEST . eee 79-100 Mg pomonella ....14, 73, 80, Bs Root OLPBREU! on Sean ORB pees Rose attacked by Pyrrhia umbra.. = Che Ae ee 80 Meeesine, America .............. 17 Ross, W. A., article by ........... 67 yal Society, delegate’s report.. 25 ‘Sanders, ome Pismarticle’ DY- ../c..s/.. 61 an José scale Meise aie aicisis: stress 61, 78, 107 Mendis CAlcarata .......0.s02006 91-100 oh Pere) 72 juunders, Wm., article by ........ 84 80 TE eae 37 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 143 Page AWAY SDE UCEM sexcar-sefoeciavaistecie ccc 88-100 et WHE CSL OMM et fe a soc steicretticys ars 98 Seale, oyster-shell ........ 15; 19) 72, 186 jt eS SANM OSCE atetorciatec seven « 61, 78, 107 SS SECLTAD ING er eae tolo sales sideaert 72 Schizoneura americana ........... ~ 88 te lanivera’ sei. ets 78, 107 Sladen, F. W. L., article by........ 50 Sileepy= weevil <.. c.seesioeni cae es ores 13 Sale LeU iN SECHS hss ci cicte cece cine 109 Smith, Arthur, report by ......... 23 Spiders, Canadian species ........ 138 Spittloe insect, svd.acre.ceos tee honcho 18 SToaukes. Wal Avfiel eesseneos coor. dee 16 ce insects injurious to ....... 89 + BaUwilliye shes cr. stetevon seer eevee 88, 100 CALE fe) vextarese cosa, cinverd astern, obebe etevete 100 SUMKMDU LS neat ees To oe eae 73 Stomoxys! calcitrans —....:..2-..-. 100 Strawberry “Weevil Soiscws sore. oe 82-109 Striped cucumber beetle .......... 82 Swaine, J. M., article by ......... ‘$7 VAevarAlDIG Aw = Noctis secs e 107 Parnished’ plant Pugs sa.5,.ce. ele =/«/elalelsteleletenateiate 9 DIST ORS MEMBERS)! Foci ore chelcfeteysiwiv clots -velciater Velen cleyoilelctolei=y-tclel oteite nfesehtelo). oh=taiay shen ope tel ieee 11 ANNUAL SIMMER TING! seicveisieicra ea tokerersyoustorsteus le eieler cress olen euciete) cheletencter oxofere sole atari ote vet cknt etiam 13 Address ‘of WelCome — se oc ccc sao cet o-nscio ts wre socane loveseler shave: Siplesanareys SiSles=) eye! 0g he fe Tota eee 14 Reports on Insects for the Year: Division No. 1, A. GIBSON ................. 15 Division (No: 3; A; (COSENS® <).\sc:e ts) eeeeieee 18 Division No: 5; E. J. A. MoRkis@..- eee 21 Division No: 7; W. A. Ross). s-.--.0--eeee 23 Report, Of «the MGOunil) oa.) kph iaiees ceesstesatevny ose] she yevanecor 4 efete) acovelcveveletanet skeet eet eee 26 ss cs Montreal Branch ce cieciatestnctomieneisiocie seis and esa feues) « cya 0ls a 27 - Morontoy Bran Cheeeeeeeeeterere eee tee be, SD as cae eee 28 ot aes @UTrator’ 425 ., Sse ew wveiS ieee eve Wi eiwi ays enolase! ale loko) she Vereen teil Geneon 30 be es Leila hat: ys ene Inrn ne San eine See MIGnEOG amu OMT! ocos oc 30 a ss Delegate to the, Royal “Society <. .... scien cme ccm 30 Greetings from Surviving Original Members) <2 -~ <2. cose 0je cttw ne -iereloieneeeeteee 32 letter from the Royal) Society (of Canada srcrteic ee ceicinielclcieietrelerstelelsioteneietatetetenemena 32 Addresses: by. Delegates! sicvesc sicselececaccie ce inyores stern) cfaseret= ieg-tey tenets eastetne) Sele eee 33 Ietters: of Coneratulationy cjace cic miele cielete me cveteleierclelelaletateictelelotelels alters iateteaananen 36 Presidential AGGress) cicc'c theresa eres svenckebenete o's wvoverave:oicearenecedsietelone clo ranenc tots Rectan aaa 37 List of MEntomologists: In.Canadain 1862) fae cece te reine cle ite tele pases 40 An Entomological Picnic: (©. J-cS] BETERUNE. ce-elelers siete ie tetova ere tee 41 Green, anes’ and Byways TOMAS: We HivGWS ooo e cece ete eleiercie eosin nee 43 Insects of the Season in Ontario, Ts (CABS AR ocre lec cl cee iereraletaie erecta aera 49 The Immature Stages of the Tenthredinoidea: A. D. MACGILLIVRAY.......... 54 Adaptation in the’ Gall’ Midges:9H PP» Wern se. c sets eee 76 Chrysomelians' of Ontario: yd: Am MORRIS iis oet-ie)aetael stele teeters ee tee 83 Insect: (Galls=(Ac> COSENS > 6.51 ¥accswiseeles @ eine Soe-are Shetuers wuckeel Von Nae RIG Sere 97 Ants: “Ws Mi WHEELER) 6 .- (aleRals=ie aeons 130 FORTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Entomological Society of Ontario 1913 To the Honourable James S. Duff, Minister of Agriculture. Smr,—I have the honour to present herewith the Forty-fourth Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario. The fiftieth Annual Meeting of the Society was held at Guelph on the 27th, 28th, and 29th of August, 1913, and was one of the most important occasions in the Society’s history. It was attended not only by a large number of the Society’s members, but also by many distinguished entomologists representing other societies and institutions in the United States and Great Britain. The addresses and papers presented, together with the reports of the various officers and branches of the Society are embodied in the following pages. The Canadian Entomologist, the Society’s monthly organ, has now completed its forty-fifth volume, and continues to maintain its wide circulation and high scientific value. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, EDMUND M. WALKER, Editor. Department of Biology, University of Toronto. Entomological Society of Ontario OFFICERS FOR 1913-1914 President—C. Gorpon Hewitt, D.Sc., F.R.S.C., Dominion Entomologist, Central Ex- perimental Farm, Ottawa. Vice-President—Mr. A. F. Winn, Westmount, Quebec. Secretary-Treasurer—Mr. A. W. BAKER, B.S.A., Demonstrator in Entomology, O. A. College, Guelph. Curator—Mkr. G. J. SpENcER, Assistant in Entomology, O. A. College, Guelph. Librarian—ReEv. C. J. S. BetTHuNne, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C:, Professor of Entomology and Zoology, O. A. College, Guelph. Directors—Division No. 1, Mr. ArrHuR Gisson, Division of Entomology, Central Expe- rimental Farm, Ottawa; Division No. 2, Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Mr. A. CosENS, Parkdale Collegiate Institute, Toronto; Division No. 4, Mr. C. W. Nasu, East Toronto; Division No. 5, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; Division No. 6. Mr. R. S. Hamitton, Collegiate Institute, Galt; Division No. 7, Mr. W. A. Ross, Jordan Harbour. Directors (Ex-Presidents of the Society)—ProrEssor Wm. Saunpers, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S.C., F.L.S., late Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion of Canada, Ottawa; Rev. C. J. S. BerHune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Guelph; W. HaGuE HARRINGTON, F.R.S.C., Ottawa; Proressor JoHN DEARNESsS, Vice-Principal Normal School, London; Hengy H. Lyman, M.A., F.E.S., F.R.G.S., Montreal; Rev. THomas W. Fvrtigs, D.C.L., F.L.S., Ottawa; ProFessor WM. LocHHEAD, B.A., M.S., Macdonald College, Que.; JoHN D.- Evans, C.E., Chief Engineer, Central Ontario Railway, Trenton; Proressor TENNYSON D. Jarvis, B.S:A., Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph; Proressor E. M. WALKER, B.A., M.B., University of Toronto. : Editor of ‘ The Canadian Entomologist *—Pror. E. M. WALKER, Toronto. Delegate to the Royal Society—Mr. H. H. Lyman, Montreal. Auditors—Proressor J. E. Howirt, M.S.A., and Mr. L. Carsar, B.A., M.S.A., O. A. College, Guelph. FINANCIAL STATEMENT For the year ending October, 1913 Receipts. Expenditures. Balance from 1911-12 .......... $698 88 Cork: and pitts. . ... 5... eee $81 03 iWembhersiefees ky sersieser ieiteteh ears 387 20 Printing” . 2.30%. cause ee eee 1,014 56 Advertisements = cmic-raec eects 40 71 EXXpPeENSe: =o adsense woe 48 17 Government grant ............. 1,000 00 Salaries. «.<. a. epee or tase 250 00 Sale reports and back numbers. 208 74 Library 370. c.-sacokieae eee 38 22 Satexcorkandepins irene 63 10 Annual meeting 2i.c.)- eee 98 55 Jubilee:mectinet sc. =. cee eee 28 36 Annual> report 3.2-.165- eee 125 95 iBank interest, jeisicisieia.c ciels mine ayareee 30 43 Jubilee: meeting... 22.5. sa. eee 197 90 Bank exchanee 4... J202 oe eee 3 95 Balance) on hand) =... -.-)-e 599 09 $2,457 42 $2,457 42 Respectfully submitted, A J. E. Howrrr, A. W. BAKER, coer Ge CAESAR. Secy.-Treas. [8] PRESIDENTS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO BEBODA clonic es 6 PROFESSOR CROFT. 1864-5....... Wm. SAUNDERS. 1865-8....... Rey. W. HIncks. TSG8-(1...5... PROFESSOR CROFT. ML-G.0 «6s Rev. C. J. S. BETHUNE. 1876-87...... Wm. SAUNDERS. Pest-90). .s.:.. JAS. FLETCHER. TR90-3.\.... 5. Rey. C. J. S. BETHUNE. ROS-6 5.05505 W. Hacur HARRINGTON. WSOG-Sicerserciere J. DEARNESS. 1898-1900....H. H. Lyman. URES are agor Rev. T. W. FYLEs. URSA eacs Pror. WM. LOCHHEAD. UM US ae J. D. EVAns, USOT Ore eaten Dr. JAS. FLETCHER. SOOO ae... T. D. JARvIs. WOO = Dire sexeyers Dr. E. M. WALKER. NOM eS in eee sieve Rey. Pror. C. J. S. BETHUNE. VICE-PRESIDENTS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO HSG4-5....... Rey. W. HINcKs. ESOD-Sie 50s 3 = Wm. SAUNDERS. BAGH clei cic ess JOHNSON PETTIT AND WM. SAUNDERS. BGO. o10 ss os E. BAyNrES REED AND B. BILxines. CG SaSeree Wm. SAUNDERS. STAG c crocs . = E. Baynes REEb. ST O-Gs so... 5 oe R. V. RoGErs. ASTG-8....656 Rev. C. J. S. BETHUNE. 1 E. BAYNES REED. EST9-80s. . Rey. C. J. S. BETHUNE. TE Des Ree JAS. FLETCHER. PERS icie wc re Rey. C. J. S. BETHUNE. TSS2-4 0. 655s G. J. BowLes. 1884-6....... JAS. FLETCHER. WSS6-Bi sen Rey. C. J. S. BETHUNE. SS SOc eres E. BAYNES REED. at} Pee JAS. FLETCHER. IR EVAGS Bacaod W. Hacue Harrineton. S9B=4aeeettes J. M. DENTON. WS O4=Gr cieel- cle J. DEARNESS. IS 9 G-Siven ents H. H. Lyman. WSOS-Oo erence Pror. J. H. PANTON. 1899-1900....Rev. T. W. FYLes. I900-3er mea. Pror. WM. LOCHHEAD. USB Deo ceo ue J. D. EVANS. U9OD=Te ater. Dr. Jas. FLETCHER. Iie oanoeds TENNYSON D. JARVIS. USE oe dee Dr. EB. M. WALKER. IGT nd /tera elects Dr. C. Gorpon Hewitt. SECRETARY-TREASURERS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO 1863-4....... Wm. SAUNDERS. 1893-1901....W. E. Saunprrs anp US 26 ae Rey. C. J. S. BETHUNE. J. A. BALKWELL. U871-4...-... E. Baynes REED. UG Se cawe W. E. SAUNDERS AND BSA Decor ca) ore. « Jas. WILLIAMS. J. H. Bowman. IRTS-Olejo.s «cio J. H. McMecHan. USES eae 6 W. EH. SAUNDERS AND MSTS-OF cine = Jas. WILLIAMS. J. A. BALKWELL. AST9-81.....% Jas. H. BowMan. DOG Sievert L. CAESAR AND BUS BIE-S cee = ores E. BAYNES REED. Pror. S. B. McCreapy. 1888-91...... W. E. SAUNDERS. aE its =a ba Poe ae J. E. Howrrr. 18 Cale Reet W. E. SAUNDERS AND OT Brera cienate A. W. BAKER. J. M. DENTON. CURATORS ESBS. . sc ss Jas. HUBRBERT. 1889-1905....J. A. Morrart. 1865-8....... Rosert V. RoGErRS. WN lec ac roe Rey. C. J. S. BETHUNE. 1868-9....... W. H. ELtis OO 7-ORte as, te J. E. Howitt. 1869-72...... W. OSLER. UGE rescore L. CAESAR. VSR B-Day ay +s Henry S. SAUNDERS. IPA IPES Reoo or G. J. SPENCER. HONORARY MEMBERS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO Honorary Members. 1. Francis Walker, F.L.S.°Assistant in the Entomological Department of the Brit- ish Museum, Elm Hall, Wanstead, Essex, England. 2. Ezra T. Cresson, Hymenopterist, one of the founders of the American Ento- mological Society, Philadelphia. 3. William H. Edwards, Coalburgh, Kana- wha Co., West Va., author of “The Butterflies of North America,’ and of a long series of papers in the “ Cana- dian Entomologist.” cos [9] Elected. Died. Feb. 16, 1865. Oct. 5, 1874. aged 65. Noy. 10, 1868. Noy. 10, 1868. -Apl. 2, 1909, aged 87. 10 oo ~] ea) 10. ia 16. 16 18. 19. 21. THE REPORT OF THE Honorary Members. . Prof. Townend Glover, Entomologist to the Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D.C. . Augustus Radcliffe Grote, M.A., Buffalo, N.Y., Lepidopterist. Described a large number of new species and contributed for many years to the ‘Canadian Entomologist.” . Dr. George H. Horn, Philadelphia, Pa., Coleopterist. Joint author with Dr. J. L. LeConte, of the “ Classification of North American Coleoptera,” and other works. . Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., Peabody Academy, Salem, Mass. Author of numerous works on systematic, technical and popular Entomology. . Dr. C. V. Riley, Missouri; State Ento- mologist, chief of the United States Bureau of Entomology, Washington, DiC. . Dr. S. H. Seudder, Boston, Mass. Author of “The Butterflies of Eastern United States and Canada,” and of various works on Orthoptera, Fossil Insects, etc. Dr. J. L. LeConte, Philadelphia, Coleop- terist. Author of a large number of books and papers on systematic Coleop- terology, and the describer of an im- mense number of species. Baron R. Von Osten Sacken, Russian Embassy, New York, Dipterist. Author of some of the earliest works on North American Diptera, published by the Smithsonian Institution. . Dr. Herman Hagen, Cambridge, Mass., Neuropterist, Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. . Dr. Asa Fitch, the first State Entomolo- gist of New York. Albany, N.Y. . P. R. Uhler, Baltimore, Md., Hemipterist. For many years the chief authority on North American Hemiptera. . V. T. Chambers, Covington, Ky.. Lepidop- terist. An early contributor to ‘‘ The Canadian Entomologist.” Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod, LL.D., St. Al- bans, England. Pioneer worker in Econ omic Entomology in Great Britain, and authoress of a series of annual reports issued during more than twenty years. Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Entomology. Washington, D.C. Prof. John B. Smith, Se.D., State Ento- mologist of New Jersey, and Professor of Entomology in Rutgers’ College, New Brunswick, N.J. Prof. F. M. Webster, Wooster, Ohio. In charge of investigations regarding in- sects attacking cereal crops, Bureau of Entomology, Washington. D.C. . Prof. H. F. Wickham, M.A., Coleopterist, Professor of Entomology, Iowa State University, Iowa City, Iowa. Dr. Wm. A. Ashmead, Hymenopterist. Author of many papers on the order. U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. Elected. Nov. 10, 1868. Nov. 10, 1868. Noy. 10, 1868. Nov. 10, 1868. Noy. 10, 1868. Nov. 10, 1868. Nov. 10, 1868. Sept. 22, 1869. Sept. 22, 1869. Sept. 22, 1869. Sept. 25, 1873. Sept. 25, 1873. Sept. 25, 1873. Oct. 12, 1899. Oct. 12, 1899. Oct. 12, 1899. Oct. 12, 1899. Oct. 27, 1904. No. 36 Died, Sept. 8, 1883, aged 70. Sept. 12, 1903, Nov. 24, 1897, aged 5/. Feb. 14, 1905 aged 66. Sept. 14, 1895, aged 52. May 17, 1911, aged 74. Nov. 15, 1883, aged 58. May 20, 1906, aged 76. Nov. 9, 1893, aged 77. Apl. 8, 1879, aged 70. Oct. 21, 1913, aged 78. Aug. 7, 1883, aged 52. July 19, 1901, aged 73. Mch. 12, 1912. aged 54. Oct. 17. 1908, aged 53. 1914 ENTOMOLOGI( Honorary Members. 22. prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, Hymenopterist. Author of numerous papers on Cocci- dae. Apide, and Fossil Insects. Univer- sity of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. 23. Prof. J. H. Comstock, Author of the “Manual for the Study of Insects.” “The Spider Book,” etc., Cornell Uni- virsity, Ithaca. N.Y. 24. Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist of New York, Albany, N.Y. AL SOCIBTY. 11 Elected. Oct. 18, 1905. Died. Nov. 23, 1911. Nov. 23, 1911. LIFE MEMBERS . Dr. WiLL1AmM SAUNDERS, C.M.G., LL.D., F. of the Dominion.—October 20, 1886. cultural College, Guelph.—November 3, [J>) ber 23, 1911. . Rey. THomas W. Fytes, D.C.L., former P Branch, O.tawa.—August 28, 1913. R.S.C., Director of the Experimental Farms. . Rey. C. J. 8. BerHune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Professor of Entomology, Ontario Agri- 1910. . EDMUND BAYNES REED, Director of the Meteorological Station, Victoria, B.C.—Novem- resident of the Society and of the Quebec LIST OF MEMBERS ONTARIO. PESEMMOOM | Os. s.00 vc ethos Port Arthur. PETE Me oie dics ss aca Toronto. Wee 26 1 Guelph Beaulieu, Germain ....... Ottawa URE TE Prete sicisic sc ccice ees London HMemune, Prof. .......... Guelph. Csr. 18h 104 apa eaaian Toronto. nl OB LOA oee eens . Grimsby. EER OMED etiam olsiciore 20's 6 6 London. Berrows, A. BR. .........- Guelph. | GRE ILS bo Ricco eeeceerea ce BOCIVETE MYT IN.) (c/s -c0 oes 3s s (Cae e5 dS 1S" Ae eee London. METHODS OW) AL... ss ce Toronto. (Cth (es GDRs Gees & (PHDDiy (6 SAR eee ees se Ey, 1s Guelph. MMESITESE,. Di (ice oes 2 oi cess London. SS a Gi Ottawa. Tit, ChE SRARCcOs eee Toronto. MOMMA Ee 3s cee oe es . Port Hope. WAmlop, JAMES .......... Woodstock. iS yr . Trenton. LMG h 1 1D) Ottawa Srermaimmy BLO. .......28%6 aS PBNOMATCOUT 2.2... cee = Erni) (7 SSS eSoeneene .Guelph SES (Cho ee eee Orillia AUST ATEL croc ose cs vanes Toronto. lathe IDE 3 Bi eee Sudbury. PICEA, DDS ce Jordan Harbor. mMarnineton, W. H. ....... Ottawa. Hewireor: ©: G. ......5. Hawitt, Prof. J. BE. ...... Guelph Onis GS 13 Rd Ottawa JEG» 20) 0 Hamilton (ONS "eae Toronto. mata AS HT. os eae Ridgeway. [2 U0. 10 445 Ottawa. LDENGI, \\ 0 SSB gee Toronto. LG Gs JAS es London. IMONTIS HAD eA van isjerelovere ee Peterboro. MeCready;:S5 Ba 2.5 cea: Guelph. MeKerhniem dn bereits Toronto. Nash yi Cre wWstsciccs ces stovre.ele ss INODLeSerdis Wiles tans ercvelnve crcrs London. PattersonseAnsMesne yar cies Toronto Petch Ci Sheu rach oeren: Ottawa. Prewett)We de cages 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41 Eee Couper, William, National Bank Building, John Street, Quebec. “Entered the entomological fields of Canada in 1843, and still continues his researches. Collects all the orders, and studies the geographical distribution of Coleoptera.” Cowdry, Thomas, M.D., York Mills, County of York, C. W., all orders. Cowdry, N. Harrington, York Mills, C. W. Croft, Prof. Henry, D.C.L., University College, Toronto. Collects all orders, but more especially Hymenoptera and Coleoptera. His collection of Coleoptera is the finest in the Province. Crooks, Miss Kate, Hamilton, C. W. Cummings, Willoughby, Chippawa, C. W., Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Denton, J. M., Dundas Street, London, C. W., Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Devine, Thomas, Crown Lands Department, Quebec. Dewar, Miss, London, C. W., Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Edwards, W., Port Stanley, C. W., Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Gibbon, Miss, St. Mary’s, C. W., Lepidoptera. Girdwood, G. P., Asst. Surgeon, Grenadier Guards, Montreal. Girdwood, Mrs. G. P., Montreal. Grant, Francis, Orillia, C. W., Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Hill, Rev. Geo. S. J., M.A., Markham, County of York, C. W., Coleoptera and Diptera. Hincks, Rev. William, F.L.S., Prof. of Nat. Hist., University College, Toronto. Studies all orders, but does not collect. Hubbert, James, Knox College, Toronto, and (during vacations) Grafton, County of Northumberland, C. W., Diptera, Neuroptera, and, to some extent, Coleoptera. Kreighoff, C., Quebec. Insects of all orders; pays particular attention to Lepidop- tera (Heterocera) and Coleoptera. Lawford, J. M., Toronto, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Lawrason, W. L., Dundas Street, London, C. W., Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Morris, Beverley R., M.D. Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Blind, 490 Queen Street, Toronto. All orders, but chiefly Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. = Provancher, Rey. L., St. Joachim, Montmorency, C. E. All orders, except Aptera; Pays special attention to Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Reed, E. Baynes, London, C. W., Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Reynolds, T., Financial Director, Great Western Railway, Hamilton, C. W., Lepi- doptera. Rooke, Capt. W. S., Scots Fusilier Guards, Montreal. Coleoptera and Diurnal Lepidoptera. Saunders, William, Dundas Street, London, C. W. All orders, chiefly Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. ‘ Turton, F., Simcoe Street, London, C. W. All orders, chiefly Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Rogers, Robt. V., Jr., St. James’ Parsonage, Kingston, C. W. AN ENTOMOLOGICAL PICNIC. Rev. Pror. C. J. S. BETHUNE, GUELPH. The first Entomological picnic held in Canada took place on the 8th of July, 1868. The annual general meeting of the Entomological Society was held by in- vitation of the London Branch in their rooms in the City Hall, London, on Tues- day, the 7th of July. The next day “the members met at 8.30 a.m. and drove a few miles into the country for an Entomological field day and picnic. On arrival at the selected place, all betook themselves to the woods, fields and river side and _ spent a few hours in the capture of insects of various orders. Many rare and inter- -* 42 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 esting specimens were taken and fair success was obtained by all. At midday they reassembled for lunch, which was kindly provided by the London members, and after it had been duly discussed and enjoyed, another sally was made upon the in- sects in the neighborhood until the time of departure arrived. A photograph of the members of the group was taken by Mr. Griffiths as a memento of this first pleasant gathering of the Society under its new constitution.”—(The Canadian Entomologist, Volume I., No. 1. Page 8, August, 1868). In the accompanying photograph may be seen sitting upright on the fence, Mr. Wm. Osler, now Sir Wm. Osler, Baronet, Regius Professor of Medicine at the University of Oxford. Reclining on the fence is Mr. Edmund Baynes Reed, one of the original and most active members of the Entomological Picnic at London, Ont., July 8, 1868. Society. He is now in charge of the Meteorological Station at Victoria, British Columbia. Reading from left to right, the boy was Mr. Symonds, afterwards a druggist in London; second C. Chapman, bookbinder, London; third, Mr. J. M. Denton, for many years a very active member; 4th, the Rey. C. J. S. Bethune; 5th, Wm. Saunders, and, standing in front of him, his son, W. E. Saunders, now well known as one of the best ornithologists in Ontario; 6th, Dr. Sangster; 7th, his son; 8th, Professor Croft, first President of the Society; 9th, the Rev. R. H. Starr. Sitting on the ground are Mr. J. Watterman and Mr. C. Symonds. Several of those represented were not greatly interested in entomology, and after some few years ceased to be connected with the Society. This is the only photograph of Professor Croft that is possessed by the Society, and is therefore of considerable interest. 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43 SC”: ”™mm nn GREEN LANES AND BYWAYS. Rey. TuHos. W. Fytzs, D.C.L., Orrawa. Otp Country LANEs. =| I “Through the green lanes of England, a long summer day, When we wandered at will in our youth’s merry May; When we gathered the blooms o’er the hedge-rows that hung, Or mocked the sweet song that the nightingale sung. “In the autumn we knew where the blackberries grew, And the shy hazel-nuts hidden deep in the shade; And with shouting and cheer, when the Christmas drew near, In search of the ripe, ruddy holly we stray’d.”’ These lines appeared in the “ Illustrated London News” for January the 24th, 1852. ‘They are dear to my remembrance, for they were sung to me by a much-loved companion—long gone to his rest—as we strolled along an English _ lane, one day in the summer, after their appearance. From this friend* I received my first lessons in Entomology. The enclosures in the rural parts of England, by which the road-ways pass, have been from times immemorial, and for the most part they are known each by its proper name, as “ Nether lea,” “ Ea-side,’” “ Haly-well Croft,” “Twenty acres,” _ “Basket lot,” etc. The boundaries of the fields are quickset hedges, with ditches on the outer sides. Six feet from the roots of a hedge was allowed for the ditch. The original growth of the hedges was Hawthorn (Cretegus oxycantha L.), but, as time passed on, birds and other agents dropped seeds of many plants among _ the thorns. The most noteworthy of the intruding growths are: Blackthorn _ (Prunus spinosa), Dog-rose (Rosa canina), Honeysuckle (Caprifolium perfol- tatum), Holly (Ilex aquifolium), Traveller’s Joy (Clematis vitalba), Elder (Sambucus nigra) and Bindweed (Convolvulus sepium). The mud from the ditches—washings from the roads and fields—is thrown up periodically to the hedge-bottoms, and the fresh soil maintains the varied growth in constant vigor. Some of the byroads of England were formerly important highways. In a tour I made, in my youth, to Tennyson’s country in North Lincolnshire, I came one day to a little place that, I was told by a countryman, was “ Spittle-in-the- Street.” After a little thought I understood the name. “ Spittle” was *Spital, a contraction of Hospital, and the “Street” stood for the Stratum, the Roman way from Lincoln (Lindum Colonia— the Colony-in-the-Marsh) to the Humber. Yes, along that way, centuries ago, marched the legionaries of the Cesars, in stern array, while the woad-stained Coritani peeped out upon them from their coverts, in hatred and fear. Tn after and pre-reformation days, a religious house of entertainment for travellers was erected beside the ancient road, and this was the Hospital-in-the- Street. There remained of it a farmhouse and the chapel. In the latter a clergy- man from a neighbouring parish held services at stated intervals. ha *Mr. Edwin Tearle, in after years Rector of Stocton, in the Diocese of Norwich. a 44 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 In some parts of England where the country is of rolling surface, and the soil light—the lanes being frequently cut up by heavy farm waggons, and but little cared for—the soil is constantly washed by the rains to lower levels, and hollow ways are formed, such as those spoken of by Kirke White in one of his sonnets: “God help thee, traveller, on thy journey far, The wind is bitter keen, the snow o’erlays The hidden pits and dangerous hollow ways, And darkness will involve thee.” In that powerful description of the Battle of Waterloo, given by Victor Hugo in Les Miserables, we are told of a grand charge made by three thousand five hundred French cuirassiers upon the English centre. At full speed, in the fury of the charge, the warriors came to the hollow way of Ohain, twelve feet deep, of which they were unaware. Unable to check their steeds, they plunged in, one upon another, and piled up—a writhing mass, crushed and broken. “ One-third of Dubois’ brigade’”—says Hugo—“ fell into that abyss.” “ This,” he says, “ began the loss of the battle.” But let us quit the contemplation of disasters and consider the delights of English lanes. And, truly, those lanes are delightful—with their hedgerows gay with blossoms, diffusing sweet perfumes and jubilant with the song of birds! English hedges are famous nesting-places for many of the feathered tribes. I can recall the pleasure of my first inspection of the nest of the Long-Tailed Tit ' (Parus caudatus). It was a seemingly compact ball ‘of the finest and greenest moss; but it had on one side a small round entrance, closed with a feather. The Tit lays many tiny white eggs, spotted with lilac. Another nest that attracted my attention in my early days was that of the Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio L). The mother bird was sitting on her pretty, cream-coloured, richly spotted eggs. Meanwhile her mate was busy attend- ing to her wants. He kept her larder well supplied. On the thorns around her were impaled little blind mice and callow birds, shewing that the common: name of Butcher-bird was justly given to this feathered pillager. But—as an Eastern Township housewife said in praise of her husband, so we may say of the Shrike— “He is a good provider.” ~~It is said* that the English ornithologist, Gould, dated his interest in bird life from the time when, in his childhood, he was lifted up to see the pretty blue eggs in a hedge-sparrow’s nest. Here and there, in the South of England, a lane leaves the enclosures and traverses a piece of common land covered with bushes of the Furze (Ulex europeus). This strange plant, which has spines instead of leaves, is, in its season, gorgeous in its wealth of golden bloom. Linnzus, on first beholding it upon Wandsworth Common, fell upon his knees and thanked God who had created a thing so beautiful. Elsewhere the lane enters, it may be, a stretch of woodland, the game preserve of the lord of the surrounding Manor; and there, truly, the wayfarer is in the midst of charming sights and sounds. In early spring the woods around him are ankle-deep with blue-bells, anemones and primroses. Later in the year the stately foxglove (Digitalis purpurea L.) rears its shafts of purple bloom, and “lords and ladies ” look out from their stalls. *“ Country Walks of a Naturalist with His Children,” p. 109. Or 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 4 Many beautiful butterflies sport around. I can mention but a few of them. The pretty Speckled Wood (Lasiommata wgeria) is everywhere in evidence. The lovely Peacock (Vanessa io) and the Brimstone (Gonepteryr rhamni) show well against the surrounding foliage. The Silver-washed Fritillary (Argynnis paphia) flits over the brambles, on which its larve feed. Once in an age a Queen of Spain Fritillary (Argynnis lathonia) makes its appearance—blown over, it may be, from France. The Bath White (Pierts daplidice) sometimes shows itself, and formerly the Black Veined White (Aporia cratewgi) could often be seen. Years ago, in such a wood, I saw what English entomologists seldom see—a specimen of the Camberwell Beauty (Vanessa antiopa). It came sailing over _ the tree-tops and lit upon an oak sapling immediately before me, and then opened its lovely wings. A moment— and it was gone! And I saw it again no more. : Where oak trees are plentiful in the forest, the monarch of English butter- flies, the stately Purple Emperor, may sometimes be seen, and there the Purple Hairstreak will surely be found. Remarkable instances of insect mimicry will engage the attention in such a wood. Here by the road-side is a bush of Broom—the Planta genista of olden times, from which the great Plantagenets of English History derived their sur- name: “That name Count Geoffrey did assume When, riding to the chase, He wore in his casque, instead of plume, A nodding crest of the yellow Broom, In its fresh and fragrant grace.” As the traveller approaches the shrub, he will be surprised tu see a number of supposed leaves of the plant detach themselves from the twigs and flutter away. They are specimens of the tiny Green Hairstreak (Thecla rubi). At another time, noticing the long cylindrical catkins of the birch, he will be astonished to see that which he had taken to be one of them move away with alternate loops and strides. It is a larva of the Large Emerald Moth (Geometra papilionaria L.). In the woodland lane the ear is— charmed with concord of sweet sounds.” Suppose yourselves in such a lane—call to your imagination its sights and sounds, Let us recline beneath this tree, So ragged with lichens—ragged and gray; Its fretwork of leaves shall our canopy be, Our carpet the moss where the sunbeams play. And we'll list to the pipes of the robin and wren, To the flute of the merle so loud and clear, To the trumpet call of the cuckoo, and, then, To the deep bassoon of the stock-dove near. See you the black-cap ’mid the leaves; With his glad song his bosom heaves; His efforts rouse to rivalry The pride of all Pan’s company Of choristers, sweet Philomel, And now soft cadence and rich swell, rs And hurried note and note prolonged, Echo the glades and thickets through; As oft, when Sol is borne from view, In his car of crimson clouds they do, Till heaven with listening stars is thronged. o —T. W. F. 46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The linnet, the goldfinch, the bullfinch, the greenfinch, the whitethroat, the yellowhammer, the thrush, the misselthrush, and other birds, do their best to render the concert of the feathered tribes effective. Here and there in the road-side hedges a crab-tree may be seen, and here and there a holly. : The holly is sometimes grown as an ornamental hedge. John Evelyn had such a hedge, and he tells how the Czar of Muscovy (Peter the Great) and his outlandish crew amused themselves by trundling one another in a wheel-barrow, backwards and forwards through the prickly barrier. Evelyn had lent his house and grounds for the accommodation of the Muscovites. When the foreigners retired, they left a muss behind them. he CANADIAN LANES. Doubtless, in olden times, when men were few and land grants under the feudal system extensive, hedging and ditching were ready means for enclosing and draining the land, and they have been enduring means. In Canada the roads that remind one of English lanes, though in truth they are very different, are such as lead through parts of the country in which the old- fashioned snake-fences still enclose the farms and in which brush has been allowed to grow freely in the angles of the fences. In such localities, old roads abandoned for new ones, concession roads leading to a few homesteads off the main lines of travel, rodds through sugar-woods and the uncleared forest—these, in their quiet- ude and freedom from dust, are suggestive of English lanes—though they lack much of their beauty. T will speak briefly of a few such roads: THE CALEDONIA RoAp.—Skirting a tract well known to the naturalists of Ottawa, by the name of “ The Beaver Meadow,” is a lane connecting the Aylmer Road with the Chelsea Road. It was originally a “Corduroy road,” and it still ends in the remains of a swamp, in which Typha latifolia grows freely. Improve- ments in the neighbourhood have altered its appearance: the logs are gone, and the bed-rock is seen in much of its length; and this, in summer, is carpeted with Stone- crop (Sedum acre L.) Alas! the Beaver Meadow has now been cleared, drained and laid out into building lots. The city naturalists will have to go farther afield for their investi- gations, and the Caledonia Road will soon become a city street. When I lived in Hull, however, I spent many tranquil hours within its quiet limits. Muddy spots in the road were much frequented by butterflies. In bright days in April hibernated specimens of Aglais milberti Godart might be seen there. The spring larve of this species may be found feeding upon the young shoots of the Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.). I raised two batches of them in 1911. They went into chrysalis in the first week of June. Sixty per cent. of them were parasitised by Protopanteles atalante Packard. The grubs of this fly issued from | the larve of the butterfly—not through the spiny upper parts, but—through the tender ventral portions. They spun their white, compact cocoons in clusters attached to the skins of their victims. The first imagos of milberti appeared in my breeding-cage on the 13th of June. 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47 The large Skipper (Yudamus tityrus Fab.) might be seen on the Caledonia Road. I had become acquainted with this insect on Mount Royal, where its larve fed on the Hog-peanut (Amphicarpwa monoica Nutt.). but there I had seen it in short flights only, as it skipped from bush to bush. When then I witnessed s rapid flight through the open for the first time, I was puzzled. Its direct eourse; the peculiar motion of its wings; the flashes, in the sunshine, of the large, heart-shaped, silvery patches on the under side of the hind wings—all were new to me. I had to catch the insect to make sure of its identity. In the neighbour- hood of Hull its larvee feed on Robinia pseudacacia LL. It gathers several leaflets of the tree together, binds them, and feeds under their cover. A stream, the outlet of Fairy Lake, crossed the Caledonia Road, and over it a rude wooden bridge was thrown. At this point the Turtle-head (Chelone glabra L.), the Vervain (Verbena verticillata H. B. K.), the lovely Swamp Loosestrife (Decodon verticillata H. B. K.) and the Joe Pie Weed (Eupatorium purpureum L.) grew in a tangle. On the last named the larve of the handsome Tiger Moth Arctia caja L.) fed. _ Ought not this specific name to be written and pronounced Caia? Linneus, in naming it, probably had in mind the form of words spoken by the bride in the Marriage ceremonies of the ancients: Ubi tu Cavs, ibi ego Caia.”’ We have an instance of the use of the long i, or j, in the last of the numerals representing four —inj. Halleluiah was spelt with a j in former times; and I once knew a worthy ‘clergyman whose name was Micaiah, but who always spelt it Micajah, with a thought, I doubt not, of the sacred name in the 68th Psalm.* ___ On the growth spoken of above the pretty Neuropteron Chauliodes serricornis Say was often to be seen. _ Along the Caledonia Road locusts were numerous. In 1909, particularly, our largest species, Dissosteira carolina 1.., abounded. But a natural check to its undue increase came; many of the insects were affected by Entomophthora grylli, ‘and the species has not been so plentiful since. Levis Mizitary Roap.—A by-way of interest to naturalists is the road con- ing the Forts on Levis Heights. The ramparts raised for the defence of this are now overgrown with brush, and bushes and young trees have sprung up m both sides of it. In the scrub the tall Diplopappus umbellatus (Miller) grows bu undantly, and upon this the galls of Gnoremoschema galladiplopappi Fyles may What a formidable name “Gnoremoschema” is! It was derived, I suppose, from the Greek, Gnorimos—well known, and Cheima—in winter. The insects that ause the galls, however, do not occupy them in winter. Having escaped their enemies and come to perfection, they quit their dwellings in August, or September at the latest. But in some instances the galls are not without winter tenants, several kinds ehneumon flies, having preyed upon the former inhabitants, spin their cocoons thin the galls and remain in them till summer comes around. The young gregarious larve of that lovely butterfly Melitea harristi Scudder Sey be found, late in the season, in dingy, closely clinging webs, on the stalks of Diplopappus. In the spring they disperse and thrive rapidly on the young ots of the plant. ~ _ *Praise Him in His name Jah and rejoice before Him. Psalm Ixviii: 4. 48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 In this locality the Large-leaved Aster (Aster macrophyllus L.) grows plenti- fully. An insect of remarkable habits feeds upon it, viz., Tricotaphe levisella Fyles. The larve of this species fasten the edges of the large bottom leaves to- gether and thus form ample tents within which they feed. A full description of the insect in its different stages is given in the 33rd Annual Report of our Society on page 28. Another insect deserving of notice that may be met with along this military road is the fine ruby-winged locust described by Harris under the name Locusta coraliina (See “Insects Injurious to Vegetation.” p. 176). Op St. Henry Roap.—This road, when I lived at South Quebec, was a rich hunting ground for the naturalist. No less than eight species of the Cicindelide frequented it, viz., longilabris, 6-guttata, limbalis, purpurea, vulgaris, 12-guttata, repanda and hirticollis. I took Lexis bicolor Grote on this road. Thecia titus Fabr. was plentiful there, and Debis portlandia Fabr., Phyciodes nycteis Dbl. and Pamphila paniscus Fabr. were there to be seen. Where the road passed through damp woods, a plant that attracted attention was the White Lettuce (Nabalus altissimus Hooker). Its stout stems rose like spires, from the wayside, tall as a man, and clothed with long leaves. This plant is a habitation and food-store for Aulax nabali Brodie. By slitting its stalks late in the season, the cells or cocoons of the species may be found. The imagos bite’ their ways of exit from their hibernacula in March. EastERN Townsuip LANEs.—There are lanes and by-ways in the Hastern Townships that more nearly resemble the green lanes of England than those I have spoken of, and interesting objects appear in them. Riding slowly through one such lane in the year 1867, I witnessed a sight which I had never seen before, and which I do not expect to see again, namely— a small flight of Passenger Pigeons (Ectopistes migratorius). There were seven or eight of them. They lit on some second growth maples a few yards in advance of me. They flapped their wings, and flirted their long tails, and preened their fine plumage, greatly to my delight. Two other kinds of birds especially worthy of notice that came under my observation in the Eastern Townships’ lanes were the Great Grey Owl (Scotiaspex nebulosa) and the Barred Owl (Striz varia). The former whose big round head seemed too large for his body was greatly disturbed at my appearance. It rolled its head and fidgeted and blinked at me, but seemed to doubt the propriety of taking flight—it may have been recently mobbed by other birds. I left it un- molested to its wise cogitations. The Barred Owl is a smaller bird—trim and alert. Green lanes in those parts are frequented by the strangely elusive and tanta- lizing butterfly Grapta j-album, Boisd. & LeC. It is an insect of rich colouring and powerful wing. It rises before you, and you watch its direct and rapid flight, and note the spot where it alights. You hasten thither, and, drawing nigh, walk - warily; but, look carefully as you may, you cannot perceive it. Suddenly it starts up, a few yards before you, and dashes away, and so on, till you abandon the pursuit. Its under side is of sober browns, like the fencing on which it usually alights. Gosse took this insect in the “Grove Lane” at Compton, P. Que. He named it the “ Compton Tortoise.” (See Canadian Naturalist, p. 247). —_—_——= 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49 eee rr Along a by-road leading to the estate of the late Col. Calvin Hall in Kast Farnham a row of white elms nad been planted. When 1 took notice of them, they were about fifteen feet high. It was in the Fall of the year, when, from some cause or other, the leaves of the elm curl over, and form rolls, on which the veins of their under sides are very conspicuous. The trees I speak of had been visited by the Sphinx, Ceratomia amyntor Hubner, and I found a number of the larve of this insect feeding upon them. Strange to say, the larve took positions in which they Closely resembled the rolled leaves—the ribbed sidelines of the caterpillars mimicking the veins of the leaves. As the season advanced, the leaves of the elms changed from green to rusty brown, and a corresponding change took place in the colour of the larve. But it is time I brought this paper to a close. It is one of reminiscences—a record of days gone by. I have written it in the hope that some into whose hands it may fall may be led by it to take a deeper interest in Nature Studies, to per- ceive a little more clearly some of the beauties in God’s marvellous works, and to look up with deeper feelings of love and reverence to Him, for whose pleasure all these things are and were created. INSECTS OF THE SEASON IN ONTARIO. L. Casar, O. A. C., GUELPH. With a few exceptions there have not been many complaints this year of serious injury from insect pests. OrcHARD INSECTS. Coptine Morn (Carpocapsa pomonella). Each year, even in the most favor- able localities for development, adds to the number of those who are proving that one thorough spraying just after the blossoms fall will control this pest. ‘There is no doubt that in old apple orchards the use of gasoline outfits with high pressure has been one of the main factors in obtaining this result. The percentage of infestation this year was high in a few of the warmer districts, due rather to the crop of apples being much smaller than usual than to any excessive number of the insects themselves. San José Scare (Aspidiotus perniciosus). A good many complaints of damage being done by this, our worst insect pest, have been received. ‘his was largely due to the difficulty last spring of getting on the land in time to spray affected trees thoroughly. In some cases old orchards were not pruned and scraped before spraying and consequently it was impossible to do a good job. In a few cases the mixture used may have been too weak. Prum Curcurio (Conotrachelus nenuphar). This insect was not nearly so prevalent as usual in most parts of the province, though in some neglected apple orchards in Prince Edward County it was very abundant and had attacked most of the fruit. The surroundings here were specially favorable. 4 ES. 50 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Appip CurcuLio (Anthonomus quadrigibbus). In several localities I found apples punctured by this pest but the total number affected was small. It is evidently a rare insect in apple orchards in Ontario. Lear-RoLters (Archips spp). From Durham County complaints of damage to apples from so-called “ Green Fruit Worms” have been received. On question- ing more closely I found that it was not this insect but Leaf-rollers that were responsible. Arsenical sprays are not so satisfactory against these as one could wish, but the total damage done does not, I think, warrant any special treatment. The most common species seems to be Archips rosaceana and not A. argyrosphila. LessER AppLe-WorM (Hnarmonia prunwora). I have been considerably surprised to see that a large percentage of the so-called Codling Moth injuries to fruit in Wellington County this year has in reality been caused by the Lesser Apple-Worm. ‘This pest is, as mentioned in previous years, very common in haws. TENT-CATERPILLARS (Malacosoma spp.). Both the American and Forest Tent-Caterpillars have spread widely since last year. ‘The former species is now becoming abundant in some counties west of Toronto. Hast of Toronto and especially from about Trenton on down the St. Lawrence River both species are very numerous and have done much injury to fruit trees. Several kinds of forest trees, especially maples and poplars, have also been severely attacked. From Morrisburg in August I brought to Guelph a number of clusters of egg masses to test how severely these were parasitized. Only about 20 parasites emerged and an examination of the clusters seemed to indicate that the prospects for another serious outbreak next year were only too good. No well sprayed orchard either last year or this year has suffered from these pests. In this connection it is very interesting to learn that the regular spring strength of lime-sulphur applied soon after the caterpillars emerge from the eggs, which is about the time of the opening of the buds, destroys almost all those hit, no arsenical being necessary. This was well tested by Mr. Bradt near Morrisburg on fourteen apple trees, two other trees being left as a check. Fatt CANKERWORM (Alsopiiila pometaria). For the last two or three years this species of Cankerworm has been very abundant and destructive in the County of Wentworth. Wherever the orchards are-cultivated and well sprayed it is kept under good control, but many neglected orchards are defoliated. Judging from the number of females to be seen throughout November there will be numerous caterpillars again next year. In the County of Haldimand there is another eolony of this insect but I have no report as to the amount of damage being done. Apuips. These insects have not been general throughout the province this year but in some localities apple trees have been severely attacked. On the whole I should call it an average year for aphids on all kinds of fruit trees and shrubs. Fruitgrowers are more familiar with the injury they do and are more easily alarmed than would have been the case a few years ago. AppLeE Maacor (Rhagoletis pomoneila). There has been a remarkable dim- inution in the number of this apple pest, probably due to the excessive moisture and low temperature of the summer and autumn of 1912. I have now discovered its presence in sixteen counties thus showing that it ranges from the extreme east near Ottawa to the west near Sarnia. It is evidently not nearly so serious a pest as it formerly was thought to be. 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51 BuFraLo TREE-HOPPER (Ceresa bubalus). Specimens of apple branches severely attacked by this insect have been received from time to time, but appar- ently there is no special increase in its numbers. Capsips. Fewer complaints than usual of injury to fruit have been received. An exception should be noted of some badly deformed apples forwarded from the office of the district representative at London, with the statement that the whole orchard was affected in the same way. I hope, if possible, to visit this orchard next spring and determine the species responsible. Apple TREE-BORERS. From St. Joseph’s Island and the adjacent mainland there are complaints of serious damage from borers which attack both nursery and orchard trees. These and winter injury are the two great foes to the fruit industry in those parts. I was not able to obtain specimens either of the larve or adults but was informed that both the Flat and Round-headed species were at work. The presence of so much forest may be the explanation of the greater degree of injury in these parts. Bup Morn (T'metocera ocellana). The effect of our ordinary methods of spraying apple orchards upon the control of this pest was excellently illustrated by two orchards south of Hamilton. One of these has been well sprayed three times each year for several years and scarcely any bud moth larva could be found; the neighboring orchard about 200 yards away is neglected and is very severely attacked, worse than I have ever seen an orchard before. CHerry Fruit Furs (Rhagoletis cingulata and R. fausta). These flies though moderately abundant were not so numerous as in 1912. We have not yet been able to determine how widely they are spread throughout the province, but have proven that they are to be found all through the Niagara district aid are much more destructive than has been supposed. We have worked out their life histories and means of control with the exception of a few minor points. Next year we hope to give a full account of them. SHor-HOLE Borer or Fruir TREE BAarx BEreTLes (Lecoptogaster rugulosus). This species of Ipidae seems to be on the increase again. A peculiar or to me new form of injury from it was the destruction of the terminal part of numerous twigs on Sweet Cherry trees near Fonthill. At first sight I felt sure from the dead leaves that the trouble must be due to Brown Rot, but an examination showed that the beetles had bored into the twigs and caused the death of the part beyond. European Rep-Spiper (Tetranychus pilosus). For some time I had sus- pected that a good deal of the so-called Red Spider work could not have been caused by Tetranychus bimaculatus. Specimens of the mite were captured and sent to Mr. Nathan Banks who at first thought they must be the Southern Red Spider (Tetranychus mytilaspidis) which had escaped from citrus plants in the greenhouse, but on my sending him more material he identified them as the European species, not hitherto reported in North America. This species is most common on European plums but is also found on apples. It probably occurs on many other kinds of fruit trees also though I am not sure of this. I have found it on plums from Forest to Bowmanville, and from Guelph down to Fonthill, so that it is very widely spread and must have been in the province many years. It is [ _ believe more destructive to plums than the ordinary red spider, being apparently much more abundant on these. 52 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Ce ee ee ee ee eee Prar Psyt1a (Psylla pyricela). There have been very few Psyllas seen in the province this year, though here and there complaints of their presence have been reported. Prach TREE Borers (Aegeria pictipes, Sanninoidea exitiosa). In the Niagara district a good many peach trees have cankers on the branches caused by the so-called “ Gummosis” disease. These wounds have given opportunity for the entrance of borers, apparently the Lesser Peach-borers. From some of the new peach districts of Elgin and Norfolk complaints of injury from Sanninoidea exitiosa have also been sent in. In the Niagara district this insect is not often very abundant. BusH Fruits. ImportED CuRBANI-BoreR (Aegeria tipuliformis). Nearly every currant plantation is becoming badly infested with this pest. It looks as if better sug- gestions for control are badly needed: Rep Spiper (Zetranychus bimaculaius). One of the main causes for the early dropping of currant foliage is the attack of numerous Red Spiders. Nearly every plantation I examined in the Niagara district was affected by these mites. RAspBERRY Root-Borer (Lembecia marginata). Old plantations of rasp- berries in Niagara are severely attacked by this insect. The remedy would appear to be the plowing up of badly infested plots late in autumn after all the eggs have been laid. Ail roots should of course be collected and burned. ‘This is not a very difficult task. Ploughing as soon as the crop is off would also be satisfactory as the adults have not then emerged but the growers are usually too busy. VEGETABLES AND FIELD CROPS. Pea Aputs (Macrosiphum pist). There have been very few complaints of injury from these aphids for three years. In south-western Ontario they have heen troublesome again in a few localities this year. Caspace Apuis (Aphis brassicae). This pest is again becoming abundant in many parts of the province but is not yet nearly so destructive as it was about tive years ago. On1on Maccor (Pegomyia ceparum). Many plots of onions have been badly infested with this maggot. Nothing more satisfactory in the way of control has apparently been discovered than Cook’s carbolic wash, though this is by no means an easy or entirely efficient remedy. PERILLUS BIOCULATUS, var CLAUDUS. We are pleased to be able to report the continued presence of this friend in our midst. Whether owing to its aid or some other cause or both, the potato beetles were so effectively kept under control in a number of fields that spraying for them was not necessary. AspaRAGus BEETLES (Crioceris asparaai and C. 12-punctata). Both these insects are now widely spread through the province. The former occurred in 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53 enormous numbers on a field of asparagus examined during the cutting season near Niagara Falls. Sometimes a single shoot would have 40 or more adults on it and numerous eggs. They are not uniformly abundant in the province each season as they vary greatly in numbers from year to year. GrassHoPrErs. In spite of the moist weather of 1912 grasshoppers have been very numerous and destructive in Norfolk County this year. The complaint is made that none of the remedies recommended are giving satisfaction. Serious losses for several years in that county have led to requests for a thorough study of the pest. Hesstan Fry (Mayetiola destructor). I hoped that the wet weather in 1912 and the late sowing of the wheat would have done much to check the Hessian Fly. These probably did help some but the insect has caused a considerable amount of Joss this year again. FoREst AND SHADE TREES. Spruce GaALt-Lice (Chermes similis and C. abietis). In most districts _ visited this year there was good evidence to show that some cause was operating to control these two pests. In most cases there had been very few new galls formed this year. THe European Fruit Lecantum (Lecanium cornt). This scale is remark- ably abundant at present on Elm trees in the Niagara district. It has also on several occasions been sent in on Blackberry canes, these being almost covered. Fruit trees in a few localities are moderately infested. About six years ago this same scale was very prevalent but from some cause, “probably parasites, it almost disappeared. I observed that = considerable per- centage of the scale this summer showed the emergence holes of parasites so that we are hopeful it will not prove very destructive. THe TeERRAPIN ScaLe (Lulecanium nigrofasciatum). This once much ‘dreaded pest is still to be seen quite abundant on Soft Maples at St. Catharines and some other places. No trees, however appear to have been specially weakened. The scale is heavily parasitized. I have not yet seen it on any fruit tree. ENGLISH WALNUT ScALe (Aspidiotus juglans-regiae). Many peopie seeing this cireular scale on shade trees and mistaking it for San José Scale have been alarmed lest the cities may be denuded of their deciduous trees. This fear is of course not justified as the scale is not nearly so prolific as the San José and is also quite heavily parasitized, it being a common thing to find 50 per cent. of the “insects with parasite emergence holes in them. The Soft Maples are much infested with the English Walnut Scale in St. Catharines and to a lesser extent in many other places. We have also found some species of poplar severely attacked. ____ An interesting scale insect was found in 1907 by Prof. Jarvis on willows at Collingwood and again by me this year on the same kind of plants at St. Catharines, The Washington experts believe this to be a cross between Aspidiotus uglans-regiae and A. ostreaeformis. 54 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 THE IMMATURE STAGES OF THE TENTHREDINOIDEA.* Atex. D. MacGriiivray, UNIVERSITY oF ILLINOIS, URBANA, ILL. An interest in the study of the adults of the Tenthredinoidea has emphasized the necesity for some knowledge of the immature stages. The differentiation of species from adult characters is at times a difficult one. It is frequently found that species closely related and difficult to separate as adults have larve that are not only very different structurally, but also in their habits. - It was hoped from a study of the immature stages of the Tenthredinoidea that some information might be obtained as to the validity of the species based on obscure anatomical details. This opportunity came through the offer of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station to collect, breed, and study the Tenthredinoidea of Maine during the summer of 1913. In all phylogenetic studies the groups marking the beginning of things are always not only of the greatest interest, but of the greatest importance, because a study of their structures always shows something as to the origin of the strue- tures found in the higher, more specialized groups of the same order. The superfamily Tenthredinoidea is such an order, so that any morphological study of the forms included within this group should be of particular interest. It contains the most generalized species of the order Hymenoptera, and has been considered by all students of the order as the most primitive group. = The adult insects of this superfamily have the proximal segments of the abdomen similar in form and the abdomen broadly joined to the thorax as in the beetles or locusts. Among all other groups of the Hymenoptera, the conditions are very different. There is a deep constriction between the first and second abdominal segments. The construction is so deep that many systematists have considered this as the point of separation between the thorax and the abdomen. The true first abdominal segment is completely fused with the metathorax and the spiracles borne by this segment, usually considered as the metathoracic spiracles, are the spiracles of the first abdominal segment. This constriction between the first and second abdominal segments of the adult arises during pupal life and is used to separate the Hymenoptera into two distinct groups. These groups are usually designated as suborders by systematists. To the one including the Tenthredinoidea, the early students of the order gave the name ~ of Phytophaga, from the fact that their larve are all plant feeders. The later workers, however, have adopted the name of Chalastogastra, based on the struc- — ture of the base of the abdomen. These terms are co-extensive with the super- — family name Tenthredinoidea as here used. The early systematists divided the group into two families, the Tenthredinidee ~ and Uroceride, the saw-flies and the horn-tails. This grouping was followed for many years, but has been quite generally discarded now. The English entomologist, Peter Cameron, was the first to subdivide these families. He recognized four ~ families, Tenthredinide, Cephidew, Siricide, and Oryssidew, which were subdivided” into subfamilies and tribes. These additional families are a result of a splitting of the family Uroceride, now known as the Siricide through the displacing of — the generic name Urocerus by Sirex. —a *Contribution from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of Illinois, No. 38, and Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Entomology No. 70. el la PLATE 1—Immature stages of the Tenthredinoidea. [55] 56 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Various subdivisions and combinations have been proposed by modern writers. Konow in 1890, recognized a single family divided into three subfamilies and these in turn divided into eleven tribes. Dalla Torre in his Catalogue, recognizes one family and eighteen subfamilies. A still different grouping is that of Ashmead, published in 1898, where eighteen families are recognized, but different in extent from those of Dalla Torre. The most recent grouping is that of Rohwer, who would divide the group into four superfamilies. These superfamilies comprise fourteen families, and one of these families, the Tenthredinide, includes eleven subfamilies. In the following paper the classification proposed by the writer in 1906, based on a phylogenetic study of the wings, has been followed, in which a single superfamily and nine families are adopted. Representatives of the families Blasticotomide and Megalodontide are not found in America, and they are not considered in any reference in the following pages to the group as a whole. These families would be grouped as follows :— The generalized Tenthredinoidea. ‘The ayem SR: u Gonserversiornvc.ohs Soc eee ee ee Xyelide Mie xvelnmisLOSersy%s, a1 cysisiemiect-sas see oe ee eee Pamphilude The specialized Tenthredinoidea. The cell R, group. i Primitive cell > conservers < -je.-.--- =n COnSGe Blasticotomide Primitivescell st. slOsersatye tctaerrer eter ier teksario terete Tenthredinide The cell R, group. The radial cross-vein and M, conservers. The Medio-cubital cross-vein conservers ....... Atphydriide The medio-cubital cross-vein modifiers. The M and m-cu equalizers. The Cell. C-}-¢, losere 2052025: 25 ones oer Stricide. The cell C-+Sc, conservers ............. Megalodontide. ThesM ‘and m-cu-modifiers: 7-0. .<)-eie Cephide. The radial cross-vein and M, losers ............... Orysside@. The great difference in the number and rank of the groups is due in the main to the difference in opinion as to what position shall be assigned the com- ponents of the restricted family Tenthredinide. This family contains a large com- plex of genera that are readily segregated into a number of definite groups that are easily differentiated by means of structural characters, but they all have a similar or common habitus. The writer believes that these groups are best handled by considering them simply as subfamilies. In the work referred to above, twenty- four subfamilies are listed. Of these, the following are found in the United States and Canada: Tu Contraction of the anal cell conservers ............---0+0+202 Lophyrine Emphytine Selandriine Dolerine Phyllotomine 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 5 SS eee ~ Contraction of the anal cell losers. Anal cell conservers. Second anal vein conservers ....-....+:.++2+--+-se5s Lycaotine Tenthredinine Cimbicine Second anal vein losers. Second anal cell reduced by atrophy. Costal area conservers. Radial cross-vein conservers ....---.-++-- Hoplocampine Dineurine Radial crogs-vein losers ..........-----4l Monoctenine Cladiine Nematine Clagmil frean IOROE Sobous caannopodoouconagonu! slennocampine Fenusine Scolioneurine Second anal cell reduced by coalescence ......... Hylotomine Schizocerine MamMratIMlOSers: occ ccc ciecncitee clec cine odie nema ciacecmee of 4 cordulecerine There are many facts in the development of the Tenthredinoidea of great interest. One of these is the method of reproduction of many of the species. A great variation exists in the number of individuals of the two sexes; in only a few species are the males as numerous as the females. The males, while fre- quently differently colored, do not ordinarily differ markedly in structural charac- ters, though they are usually smaller in size. The number of males is always less, not only among captured, but among bred individuals. Males are unknown in certain species, while in others, where the males are known, the females repro- duce parthenogenetically. Practically none of the American species have been experimented with from this point of view, but much has been written with regard to the European forms. Von Siebold has shown that males are unknown for about one-fifth of the German species and Cameron that they are unknown for about one-third of the British species. The fact that no males are known for any given species does not signify that the species reproduces only partheno- genetically, for many of the species are rare, in many cases only a few individuals have been collected, the number of males is always much less than that of the females, so that the possibility of the collection of males is much less. It has, however, been shown conclusively by many different investigators that eggs laid by virgin females of certain species will produce larve. The parthenogenesis is a mixed one, for among the known parthenogenetic species males are known. for certain species and in the case of these species larvae may be produced from eggs laid either by virgin females or impregnated females. The conditions would suggest that the parthenogenesis was a progressive one, for in certain species the eggs laid by virgin females produce both males and’ females, in others only males, and in still others only females. The known parthenogenetic species all belong to the family Tenthredinide. Pteronus ribesii and Lygaeonematus erichsonii are well known examples. 58 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The eggs are always laid by the female within the tissue of the host plant. Where the ‘Tarver are borers, Xiphydriide, Siricide, Cephide, and Orysside, they are laid in holes bored in the stems of bushy plants or in the limbs or trunks of living or recently dead trees. Where the larve are leaf-feeders, the eggs are placed in slits sawed by the female from the under surface and located between the two layers of parenchyma. A few species insert their eggs in the petiole of the leaf, some of the gall-making species in the leaf-buds, and Hoplocampa cooket in the blossoms of cherry on the sepals or the upper part of the calyx cup. The eggs are oval in outline, flattened, usually white in color, though sometimes bluish or greenish, and very difficult to locate when first laid. They swell after a short time, varying with the species, to twice their original size and push out the surface of the leaf so that it appears to be covered with little mounds. The end of the egg may project from the slit at this time. The cause of the swelling is unknown. The number of eggs laid in a single leaf varies greatly. A large majority of the species distribute their eggs over the adjacent leaves of the host plant, one or two in a leaf, and some, if one may judge from the distribution of the larve collected, on widely separated bushes. Some species on the other hand lay a large number of eggs within the same leaf, as in the case of Macremphytus varians, thirty or forty, distributing them generally over the under surface, while in Pteronus fulvicrus there are usually about twenty placed in a group at the extreme tip of the leaf. The eggs are usually located along the larger veins, as in Pteronus ribesw or along the margin of the leaf. In Macremphytus they are placed near the secondary veins, but in Pteronus fulvicrus, Cimbea, Trichiosoma, and many of | the species whose larve are leaf-miners, the veins are disregarded. From twelve days to three weeks are required to complete the embryonic life. The young larve issue through the slit made in the leaf by the female in inserting the egg. The length of the feeding time of the larval life varies considerably with the species. There are five to seven instars, the number being different in the different groups, which usually require about fifteen days, sometimes as few as twelve in some species, and as many as twenty or even more in others. Each species is quite constant in its method of feeding ; that is, whether the larve feed singly, solitaire, or a number together, gregarious. The way in which the eggs are placed by the female has suede to do with this. In no species where the eggs are well distributed has it been noted that the larve were other than solitary feeders, but in Macremphytus, where many eggs are laid in a group, the larve feed gregariously for the first half of their life and solitary for the last half, while in Pleronus fulvicrus, where the eggs are also Jaid in a group, the larve are gregarious throughout their feeding ete. An apparent exception is found in the case of the larve of the Lophyrine, where a number of eggs are placed in the needles at the apex of a single branch and the larvee hecome gregarious through the consumption of the adjacent needles. The manner of feeding is strikingly varied. In many nematids and hoplo- campids, the young larve as soon as they emerge from the egg eat holes through the leaf and continue feeding around the circumference of the hole, clinging to the leaf with their thoracic legs and holding the body S-shaped in the hole. When a number of eggs are placed adjacent to each other, the larve continue this method, feeding until this portion of the leaf is devoured, and then they migrate to another part of the leaf or an adjacent leaf and are edge feeders for the remainder of 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59 their feeding life. Some species are leaf-skeletonizers for the first two or more instars and then either feed from the edge or eat holes in the leaf. The great majority of species are edge feeders. In some groups, as the Nematine and Hoplocampinez, the larve cling to the edge of the leaf with the thoracic legs and with the abdomen lying against the edge of the leaf, but free. There are exceptions even in these subfamilies, for some of the species cling to the upper or lower surface of the leaf, as Pteronus thoracicus, which feeds stretched out flat on the upper surface and holds itself in place with the thoracic legs. ‘The Emphytine and Selandrine rest stretched out flat on the under surface and feed at the edge or eat holes in the leaf. Some of the species of these subfamilies throughout their feeding period and others as they approach the end of their feeding period curl themselves up into a ring or helix-like and cling to the under surface of the leaf with their thoracic legs. The Phyllotomine are leaf-skele- tonizers throughout their feeding period and feed from the under surface. They remove only the lower parenchyma. Most Cladiine are also leaf-skeletonizers, but they remove everything but the larger veins. The Pamphiliide feed both solitarily and gregariously. The solitary feeders roll the edge of a leaf, tying the folds together with silk, forming a case open at each end, in which they live and feed upon the edge of the leaf. The gregarious feeders tie several leaves together with silk, forming an irregular nest and feed upon the enclosed leaves. _ The larve of this family are the only members of the superfamily that spin silk other than for the formation of the cocoon, that occur in the ~United States or Canada. The larve of Cimbea and Trichiosoma cling to the dorsal surface of the leaf with their thoracic legs and feed on the edge of the leaf; when not feeding they rest with the body curled helix-like. The members of the subfamily Lophy- rine feed on various species of conifers; they clasp the needles between the thoracic legs and feed at the free end. The larve feed on the needles until only short stubs are left and then migrate to others, so that, while the eggs are placed singly or only a few in a needle, they become gregarious in the latter part of their feeding period from the consumption of the greater part of the needles on the branch. Some species will feed only on the needles of the year old growth, others are indiscriminate, feeding either on the new or the old growth. None of the larve of the Dolerine have been absolutely identified for the American species. What are believed to be larve of this subfamily are grass and sedge feeders. They usually occur singly or several individuals on the same stem, clasping it with their thoracic and abdominal legs. The Acordulecerine feed only on the under- surface. They are gregarious, arrange themselves in a file along one side or across the end of the leaf and feed toward the stem, leaving intact the larger veins, so that the tip looks badly frayed. The frayed leaves seen commonly in July and August, on oaks is the work of the larve of this subfamily. The species that I have studied are double brooded. The Scolioneurine and Fenusine are leaf-miners and feed in blotch-mines in the leaf. The larve that cling to the edge of the leaf with the thoracic legs are rarely easily jarred from the host plant. The same is true of a number of those species that have the thoracic legs well developed and cling to the surface of the leaf. The larve of the Emphytine and Selandriine are very easily disturbed. It is impossible many times to turn over a leaf containing a larva in order to examine it without its dropping to the ground and coiling itself up into a ball that is usually difficult to locate. The larvee of Macrophya and Tenthredo also have this same habit. The most sensitive larva that I have examined is one that is found s a : 60 THE REPORT OF THE ~— No. 36 on the Tall Meadow Rue (Thalictrum polygamum), where it feeds on the white flower clusters. These larve will drop to the ground when one is four or five feet from the plant on which they are feeding. When they reach the ground they curl themselves up in a ball. The adult has not been bred. In striking contrast to this larva is that of Dimorphopteryx, which feeds resting upon the upper surface of the leaves of birch, linden, maple, black oak, and shadbush. It is impossible to shake these larve loose and difficult sometimes to pull them loose with the forceps. The larve of certain genera and subfamilies of Tenthredinide are entirely different in appearance during their last larval period; white larva may become spotted, the spotted white or green, and the spiny spineless. When the larve are through feeding, they cast their skin, which may take place either before or after leaving the host plant. It is the period during which they are preparing for pupation. For one who has not observed the differences found at this time it is difficult to appreciate the change that takes place. My first experience was with a larva that was glazed white when I examined it in the afternoon; the next morning the breeding cage contained almost entirely larve that were white with small irregular black patches. This stage has been named by Dr, H. G. Dyar, who has done more than all the other American workers together in elucidating the transformations of the Tenthredinoidea, the ultimate stage. The assumption of an ultimate stage does not seem to be peculiar to subfamilies or genera. The modifications in color and structure will be discussed more fully later. : There is considerable variation in the method adopted by the larve in pre- paring for pupation. The Xyelide and Pamphiliide transform in cells in the ground. The species of Emphytine and Selandriinz for the most part bore into rotten wood; this is particularly true of the species that feed on different species of ferns, of which there is a considerable number. ‘These larve will transform in absolutely no other way. They will travel round and round a breeding cage for days searching for the rotten wood, and if placed upon a piece, will be out of sight within it in a few minutes. They cut a smooth, straight tunnel of the same diameter as their bodies and plug the open end with the dust from their cuttings. The tunnel is usually not lined with silk, although a few species prepare a very slight silken lining. All the species of Macremphytus, Emphytus, Strongy- logastroidea, Strongylogaster, and Tazvonus transform in this way, also a few nematids. The larve of the Blennocampine, transform in cells in the ground. The Lopherine, Dolerine, Phyllotomine, Tenthredinine, Hoplocampine, Hylo- tomine, and most Nematine transform in cocoons just beneath the surface of the ground and in the breeding cage will form their cocoons, if no soil or trash is provided, on the bottom or side of the jar. Some Lophyrinz, also Cimbex and Trichiosoma, sometimes attach their cocoons to the host plant. The cocoons of all these groups except the Hylotomine are brownish or blackish in color and dense in structure, the cocoons of the Hylotomine on the other hand are white and lace-like and appear much larger in size in proportion to the size of the adult. The cocoons of the Acordulecerine are minute, dense, and opaque white — in color, and are probably placed just beneath the surface of the ground. They were made among the debris of the food material in the bottom of the cage. The Scolioneurine and Fenusine leave their mines and enter the ground, where a part of the species at least form cocoons. The larve of the Niphydriide, Siricide, Cephide, and Orysside transform in their tunnels, some, if not all, \ ot ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61 d a a a ee ee On Sa forming cocoons. Most of the larve of the genus Pontania which form galls or abnormal growths on the leaves of Saltz and Populus, leave the galls and trans- form in cocoons in the ground, in rotten wood, or in the pith of plants, differing with the species. Some of the species leave their galls and evidently craw] over _ the bush and enter the vacant galls of cecidomyiids or of other individuals of the “same species, where they transform. Practically all the adults of Pontania pisum that I have seen were bred from cecidomyiid galls collected on Salix. The larve of Huura, which form galls on the stems of Salix, transform in cocoons either in the galls or enter the ground. The larve of the Cladiine transformed in the breeding cages in cocoons made of a thin, transparent, homogenous sheet of silk formed between the leaves of the food plant. In nature they probably transform in the ground. In most insects with a complete metamorphosis that transform in rotten wood, in cocoons, or in cells in the ground, the body of the larva becomes shortened while preparing its place for pupation and almost immediately after its completion, a few days at the most, the last larval skin is shed and the pupal condition is assumed. A very different condition is found in the Xyelide, Pamphiliide, and enthredinide. The most of the species are single brooded, that is, the larve emerge early in June, complete feeding by the end of the month, enter the ground or rotten wood, spin cocoons, and the adults emerge the following April or May. Writers in referring to the transformations of species of these groups frequently state that they pupated at a certain date, referring to the time when the larve entered the ground or rotten wood. Such a statement is incorrect, for in all March-or April, or even later. The pupal period is, therefore, very short and many of the metamorphic changes must take place during this quiescent period of the larva. The larve of the leaf-feeders, if one may judge from breeding cage experiences, have many idiosyncrasies. Just before they are ready to cast their larval skins and become pupx, they may leave their cocoons or earthen cells or their tunnels in rotten wood and force themselves to the surface of the soil, yhere they will remain as if dead, only wriggling the body when disturbed. Such arve may pupate on the surface of the soil and produce adults or they may die. he larve are very subject to the attacks of hymenopterous and dipterous para- tes, but in no case observed did any of these larve produce parasites. The pupe are typically hymenopterous in type, the antenna, legs, and wings are enclosed in separate cases, the wings are pad-like in structure. The pupe are ordinarily green in color, becoming darker with age, sometimes with yellow r orange spots. The pupal state lasts about twelve or fifteen days. ‘The adults when they emerge from the pupal skin remain in the place of pupation until he wings are fully expanded and the cuticular parts hardened. They emerge from the cocoon by roughly cutting out one end; but in the Lophyrine and Cimbex ind Trichiosoma a neat lid is cut and is left attached to the cocoon. With the exception of the Tenthredinide, all the species are clearly single brooded. While many of these are single brooded, others apparently have ore than one brood. Any statement as to the number of broods should made with care. It is a well known fact of observation that many ies of insects, probably a large majority, appear at a stated time, the males iently a few days before the females, a week or ten days covering the entire od. This is not true in this family, for adults may appear over a period to six weeks, so that with some species, full grown larve and just emerged } ~ 62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 larve may be found on the same leaf. Some of the first larve to emerge may have matured, pupated, and produced adults. For the sake of convenience, the females developed from wintering larvae may be designated, as spring emerging females and those developed from larve produced the same summer as summer emerging females. The small larve found on the same leaf with the almost mature larve may have been produced from eggs laid by late maturing spring emerging females or they may have been produced from eggs laid by a summer emerging female. There results field conditions that would warrant the consider- ing of the species as single brooded, while breeding experiments would show two or more broods. It is a matter of record that there is a second lot of larve produced in the case of Pteronus ribesw, Lygaeonematus erichsonii, Taxonus nigrisoma, and various species of Lophyrus. The number of larve produced at this time is always much less than the number produced by the spring emerging females. There is no question but that in many species, only a small number of the larve produced by the spring emerging females pupate the same season and emerge as adults; the great majority do not emerge until the following spring. So that in most species a full second or third brood does not exist. That the great majority of the species of Tenthredinide are single brooded and the other species partial second or third brooded is also shown by the collec- tion of adults. They are most abundant during six weeks or two months of the spring, May and June or June and July, depending upon the latitude and the altitude of the region. Only a few individuals are taken after this period, as is shown by the many collections that have been received for identification and my own collecting during the past twenty years. ‘The adults are usually taken flitting about on or near the host plants upon which the larve feed. They are found more abundantly during the early part of the forenoon in sunny places. The great majority of the species are peculiar to the boreal and transitional zones, but in the east and middle west extend into the upper austral zone. A limited number of species extend into the lower austral, while the subfamilies Hylotominz, Schizocerinx, Acordulecerine, and certain genera of Selandriine find their greatest development in tropical ‘regions. The food-plants of the larve are, therefore, for ihe most part such species as are peculiar to the boreal and transitional zones. The various conifers, species of Salix, Alnus, Betula, Quercus, various genera of filices, Populus, Viburnum, and Sambucus harbor the largest number of species. The species of Cornus, Corylus, Fragaria, Carya, Rumex, Ulmus, and the various kinds of sedges are next in im- portance, while the following are the more important of the remaining host plants: Amelanchier, Fraxinus, Pyrus, Crataegus, Rosa, Prunus, Rubus, Viola, Robinia, — Acer, Juglans, Tilia, Carpinus, Ostrya, Polygonum, and Vitis. Before the taxonomy of any group can be accurately determined, the struc- ture of the forms to be grouped needs to be carefully examined. But little has been done in homologizing the parts of the external skeleton of the larve of any of the orders with a complete metamorphosis and practically nothing has been ~ written dealing with the anatomy of the larve of the Tenthredinoidea. This is sufficient reason for a somewhat detailed discussion of their external anatomy. The larve of the Tenthredinoidea, with the exception of the leaf-miners, are — cylindrical in form (Figs. 1 and 27), caterpillar-like. They consist of a well dif- 3 ferentiated, globular head and a series of similar segments. The segments are 4 clearly indicated and the thoracic segments can be distinguished by their form — 1914 : ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63 and position in the legless species and by the presence of true thoracic legs in the remainder. The larve of the leaf-miners are usually depressed, the body is moniliform with the head depressed and triangular in outline. The entire head and body, as is common with all insects, are covered by a sheet of cuticle, which is thin and transparent in many species of Tenthredinoidea. It is so transparent in some species that the form of the dorsal vessel or heart, the alimentary canal in part, the air-tubes or tracheae, and the form and location of a part of the masses of adipose tissue or fat, can be determined in the living animal. The head (Fig. 27), except as specified above, is globular in outline and the mouth directed ventrad or caudad. The external head skeleton, the head capsule, is strongly chitinized, fixed in form, and not readily changed from its natural shape. The shape and hardness of the head distinguish it from the remainder of the body. The only other difference worthy of note is found in the genus Dimorphopteryz, where the head is distinctly triangular in outline. The head in the Xyelide, Pamphiliide, and Tenthredinide is fully exposed, but in Cephus and Tremex (Fig. 10), a condition exists which is probably characteristic for all the boring larve. The cephalic part of the prothorax on the dorsal and lateral aspects is produced into a broad fold which conceals the caudal part of the head. This condition undoubtedly marks an early stage in the retraction of the head into the thorax, so characteristic of many of the larve of the higher Hymenoptera. The parts of the head may be divided into two classes, the fixed parts and the movable parts. The fixed parts of the head comprise all the immovable parts of the head skeleton. The surface of the head skeleton may be entirely glabrous or with a few scattered sete about the ventral margin as in Pamphilius or with numerous pro- miscuously arranged short sete, more abundant on the ventral half of the head, as in Tremex, Lophyrus, Caliroa, Abia, and Croesus or with long seta as in Pteronus or with numerous very long sete as in Trichiocampus. The surface may also be polished, opaque, or roughened. If the surface is roughened, there can usually be recognized many closely placed quadrangular or oval areas with one or more cen- tral brownish spots. These areas are distinct in Cimber, Empria, Lagium, and Iyygaeonematus. They probably mark the location and extent of the hypodermal cells located beneath the cuticle. There is a large opening in the caudal aspect of the head (Figs. 4 aud 5, of} the occipital foramen, through which the alimentary canal and other organs pass from the head to the thorax. This opening can not be identified, except in a general way, until the head has been removed from the thorax. In the heads of adult generalized insects, as the cockroach, there is a suture (Figs. 2, 3 and 9, e), the epicranial suture, extending from the caudal aspect of the head along the meson to the middle of the cephalic aspect, where it divides into two arms, which extend toward the compound eyes, making a figure shaped like an inverted Y. This suture can be identified on the heads of most Tenthredinoidea as a faint line, like a break in the cuticle in brown or black colored heads and as a slightly depressed line in opaque white colored heads. The compound eyes are wanting in larve and the arms of the Y after making a broad curve (Fig. 3, e) extend directly to the ventral margin of the head capsule. The exact course of the arms of the epicranial suture varies but little in different species. The stem of this suture originates at the occipital foramen (Figs. 4 and 5, of). In Tremex E* 10), all parts of the epicranial suture are wanting. 64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Arising from the dorsal part of each lateral margin of the occipital foramen, there is on each side a furrow or suture, more distinct than the epicranial suture, which extends in a broad curve across the lateral aspect of the head to the cephalic - aspect, where it becomes obsolete (Figs. 1, 4, 5, and 27, vf). These are the vertica! furrows. ‘They are not represented in lepidopterous larve. They are also wanting in the Scolioneurine and Fenusine and Phlebatrophia, which is a leaf-mining phyllotomid. In Cephus the vertical furrows are distinct, but do not project be- yond the cuticular fold of the prothorax. They are also present in Tremex, but not so distinct as in Cephus. The dorsal, lateral, and the greater part of the cephalic and caudal aspects of the head form a single area, the epicranium. This area is ordinarily subdivided into three definite areas, the vertex, the front, and the genae, but in larve and generalized insects the number is greater. In some species these areas or sclerites are surrounded by sutures; in others a part of sutures are wanting. The shield-shaped area enclosed by the dorsal part of the arms of the epicranial suture is the front (Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 9, f). There is not much varia- tion in the size or shape of the front; the most marked is as to whether it is as broad or broader than long. In Scolioneura the stem of the epicranial suture is only about one-half the length of the arms and the dorsal end of the front is an acute angle. The surface of the front is usually similarly sculptured to the ad- jacent parts. An exception is found in Cimbez, where it is roughened by irregular anastomosing lines. Z Tke area’on the dorsal aspect of the head included between the vertical fur- rows is the vertex (Figs. 1, 2, and 4, v). It extends ventrad on each ‘side of the front to the ventral margin of the head and bears on its ventral portion the an- tennae (Fig. 2, at) and the simple eyes or ocelli. The vertex is divided into two dis- tinct pieces by the stem and arms of the epicranial suture. The front and vertex are fused in Tremer through the obsolescence of the epicranial suture (Fig. 10). In lepidopterous larve there is a narrow plate, the adfrontal plate, formed by the fusion of a part of the tentorium to the ental surface of the vertex along the epi- cranial suture and extending as a narrow plate along each lateral margin of the front like an inverted V. This plate is wanting in the Tenthredinoidea. The caudal portion of the head between the parts of the vertex on each side is occupied for the most part by the gene (Figs. 1, 4 and 5, g). The gene can not be considered other than as an area in these larve; there are no sutures separating it from the vertex. It is questionable whether it is ever more than an area of the vertex. The portion of the head between the eyes and the ventral margin of the head is usually designated as the gene. Between the genz of each side and the lateral margin of the occipital fora- men, there is a distinct triangular sclerite in Pamphilius, the postgene (Figs. 4 and 5, pt.). The apex of this triangle is located at the caudal end of a vertical furrow and its base forms a part of the ventral boundary of the head. The suture forming the lateral boundary of each postgena is not so distinct in Cimber, and each postgena, while triangular in outline, extends only to the middle of the lateral aspect (Fig. 5). There is a transverse suture in Painpliilius extending on the dorsal part of the caudal aspect of the head between the caudal ends of the vertical furrows, separat- ing off a distinct sclerite, the occiput (Figs. 4 and 5, oc). This suture is subob- solete at the middle of its course and the occiput is distinetly constructed at middle. In Cimber this suture extends on each side to the dorsal end of a postgena and 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65 in no part of its course is it as distinct as in Pamphilius, while the occiput can be identified as a narrow band of cuticle closely fused with the vertex and gene. There is no well marked suture between the occiput and postgene in Cimbex. On the ventral part of the cephalic aspect, there is a distinct suture in both Pamphilius and Cimbex and related species connecting the ventral ends of the arms of the epicranial suture. This is the clypeal suture (Figs. 2, 3, and 9, ¢.), so named from the fact that it separates the two parts of the clypeus and should not be confused with the fronto-clypeal suture (Fig 2, fe), which will be described later. Adjacent to the ventral margin of the front and the ventral ends of the arms of the epicranial suture there are several small sclerites. Just ventrad of the middle of each arm of the epicranial suture, there is a distinct pit, which marks the point of attachment of the dorsal arms of the tentorium (Figs. 2 and 3, id). At the ventral ends of the arms of the epicranial suture, there are also distinct thick- enings, which mark the point of attachment on the ental surface of the head of the anterior arms of the tentorium. There are short sutures extending from the point of attachment of the dorsal arms of the tentorium to the clypeal suture. The small triangular areas (Figs. 2 and 3, ap) on each side enclosed by the sutures just named and the arms of the epicranial suture have been given the name of antecoxal pieces of the mandibles by Comstock. They do not so far as I am aware occur other than in the larve of insects with a complete metamorphosis and then only in the more generalized groups. In the ventral margin of each antecoxal piece, there is a distinct notch. This notch forms an acetabulum for the cephalo-mesal condyle of the mandible. Along the ventral margin of the gena there is another small, transverse scler- ite, which is also peculiar to generalized insects, but is found in both larve and adults. The mesal end of this sclerite (Figs. 2 and 3, tr) is adjacent to the ante- coxal piece of the mandible. These sclerites have been named by Comstock the trochantins of the mandibles. They are well developed in Pamphilius. In Pamphilius there is a faint transverse suture (Figs. 2, fc) extending from the middle of the suture forming the mesal boundary of an antecoxal piece to the corresponding suture of the opposite side. On the ventral side of this suture, there is a narrow transverse plate (Figs. 2, 3, and 9, cl), bounded on its ventral side by the clypeal suture. This narrow plate is the first clypeus and the plate along its ventral margin and separated from it by the clypeal suture is the second clypeus (Figs. 2, 3, and 9, c2). The faint suture extending between the antecoxal pieces and forming the dorsal boundary of the first clypeus is the fronto-clypeal suture. The second clypeus usually has its lateral margins oblique and its ven- tral margin emarginate. In many species of larve the fronto-clypeal suture is obsolete and the first clypeus is fused with the front, but in some the first clypeus has been greatly reduced in size and the clypeal suture becomes faint or obsolete and the fronto-clypeal suture is distinct. In generalized adult insects, the clypeus, so called, is a fusion of the antecoxal pieces of the mandibles, and the first and second clypeus; the lateral ends of the clypeal suture are frequently distinct and the mandibles are articulated with the lateral ends of the clypeus. This articulation is undoubtedly homologous with the articulation found in the antecoxal piece of the mandible described above. There is a small movable flap, the labrum (Figs. 2, 3, and 9, 1), attached to the ventral margin of the second clypeus. The labrum is usually emarginate along 5 Es. 66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 its ventral margin; in some species the emargination is so deep as to almost divide it into two pieces. The labrum varies considerable in size and shape. In the larv of insects with a complete metamorphosis, the eyes, if present, are represented by one or more simple eyes or ocelli, placed in a group on each lateral aspect of the head. The portion of the head capsule bearing this group of simple eyes is usually different in color or in sculpture. In order to differentiate this region from the adjacent parts, it has been designated as the ocularium (Fig. 9, ol). The ocularium in the Tenthredinoidea bears a single ocellus (Fig. 3, 0). The presence of a single ocellus on each side of the head is the most useful character for differentiating the larve of the Tenthredinoidea from those of the Lepidoptera, which usually have five or six. In certain larve the mouth is directed to the front and certain of the neck pieces fill the space on the ventral aspect of. the head. The area, designated as the gula, is wanting in the larve of the Tenthdelinoidea. The external head skeleton is supported by three pairs of pillars, which extend in different directions, and are known as the tentorium. The postgene are con- nected by a transverse bar, which extends within the cavity cf the head. This bar is a part of the tentorium (Figs. 4 and 5, tn). It is known as the body of the tentorium. The place of attachment of two of the pairs of arms of the tentorium has already been described, the third is attached near the ends of the body of the tentorium (Fig. 5, tp). The movable parts of the head comprise the antenrie, the mandibles, the maxillx, and the labium. The antennze are inserted in round depressions, the antennal sockets, located on each side of the head near the ocularium. In Pamphilius (Fig. 2, as) they are placed between and a litile above the ocularium and the front; in Cimoex (Fig. 3, at), between the ocularium and the ventral margin of the vertex, their usual loca- tion in the larve of the Tethredinide; and in Tremezx (Fig. 10, at), they are located laterad of the ocellus, the ocellus being placed between the antennal sockets and the front. The antennal sockets (Fig. 2,, as), are surrounded by a membranous ring in the Pamphiliide, but in all the other larve examined they are completely filled by the proximal end of the antennz. The antenne of the Pamphiliide (Figs. 2 and 9, at), are the most generalized in form. In this family they consist of seven segments and their length is equal to one-half the width of the head. In no other Tenth- redinoidea examined do they approximate such a condition, while they may consist of as many as five segments, yet they are hardly more than mere tubercles in length. The fusion and reduction of the segments of the antenne are gradual and are of value in showing the sequence of the groups. In the Emphytine, Dolerinz, Selan- driine (Fig. 16), and some others, they consist of five ring-like segments; in the Nematine (Fig. 18), they consist of transverse plates that appear to be closely appressed to the surface of the antennal socket, each plate is supplied with sensory sete and represents an antennal segment; in the Acordulecerine there are only two of these plates; and in Cimbex (Fig. 14), they are reduced to mere blunt stubs. As already noted, one of the condyles of each mandible articulates in an ace- tabulum in an antecoxal piece (Figs. 2 and 3), the other condyle articulates in an acetabulum on the caudal aspect of the head at the ventral end of the suture separat- ing the gena and postgena (Figs. 4 and 5). The mesal margin of each mandible closes under the edge of the labrum and clypeus, is provided with prominent teeth, and together with the clypeus and labrum closes the ventral part of the head. (Fig. 9). Sate 2S ee eee 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67 The caudal part of the mouth-cavity is closed by the maxille and labium. They form a transverse band with the labium in the centre and the maxille on each side (Fig. 9). The maxille of Pamphilius (Fig. 13) is the most generalized. Each contains a cardo (cr) consisting of two pieces, a proximal, quadrangular area and a distal triangular area. The cardo is bent at right angles to the stipes (st) and separated from it by a distinct suture. The ectal surface of the stipes is an oblique, strongly chitinized*plate, which bears on the lateral margin of the distal part a prominent rounded shoulder, the palpifer (pf), which in turn bears a four seg- mented maxillary palpus (mp). The distal end of the stipes bears on its lateral corner a two segmented appendage, not so strongly chitinized as the other parts and with the distal segment bluntly and roundly pointed. This two segmented appendage is the galea (gl). The mesal margin of the distal end appears as a con- tinuation of the ectal chitinzed plate of the stipes, much broader at its distal end than the galea and bearing a number of black sete. This is the lacinia (Ic), its form can be determined best from the ental surface. In the larve considered as standing higher in the series as Cimbex, Trichiosoma, Macremphytus, and Croesus, the same parts can be identified, but all the parts are soft and uniformly chitinized and without differentiation into sclerites on the ectal surface except by transverse folds. The maxillary palpus has fewer segments, two or three, and the lobe bearing the palpifer is expanded. The labium (Fig. 13) in Pamphilius consists of a broad proximal piece, the submentum (sb), concave at its distal end, in which the transversely oval mentum {m) fits. The distal portion of the labium, the ligula (lg), bears a pair of seg- mented appendages on its distal end, the labial palpi (la). On the ental surface of the ligula and laterad of the labial palpi, there is cn each side a protuberance, a paraglossa. Between the labial palpi and arising on the ental surface, there is a prominent lobe, which represents the glossa. The glossa has been modified into a spinneret (Figs. 9, and 13, sp.) for the opening of the duct of the silk glands. The spinneret in Cimbea and most other larve of the Tenthredinids, is located at the distal end of the labium. The shoulder bearing the labial palpi in Pam- philius is inconspicuous but is large and distinct in Cimber, the labial palpi are also more prominent. The head is usually a different shade of color from the remainder of the body. It may be entirely black, brown, green, white, or spotted. When spotted there ap- pears to be a definite relation between the spots and the head areas, as the front, the dorsal part of the vertex, the gene, and the ocularium. When the head is black, the minute ocellus, which is usually white, is readily identified. The ocularium in most of those larve where the head is pale, is a prominent, round, black spot with the ocellus placed at its centre or nearly so. (Figs. 1, 2, and 3). A common type of marking in the Nematinw, where the head is usually green or white, is to have a fuscous shade along the parts of the epicranial suture and the vertical furrows. In the Emphytine and Selandriinew the head markings are various combinations of a spot on the vertex between the vertical furrows, a spot including the ocularium and extending to the caudal margin of the head, and a spot on the front. The spot on the front may be wanting and the spot about the ocularium expanded until it meets the spot on the vertex, forming a broad black band around the circumference of the head and giving the head the ap- pearance of being covered by a sun-bonnet. This was a common type among the supposed dolerid larve. The spots on the front and about the ocularium may be 68 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 reduced to a narrow, connected band forming a continuous mark across the lateral and cephalic aspects of the head. Larve marked in this way usually hold the head so that the black line coincides with the cut edge of the leaf. The second clypeus and labrum are usually of the same color as the head. In the black-headed species they are sometimes lighter or entirely pale. The head is usually very pale in color immediately after moulting. If the head is normally green or white in color, this is not noticeable, but in the black or brown headed species it is strikingly so. In the Tenthredinine, while some of the species have the head entirely green or white throughout their life, most of those studied had one or more black spots. These were located on the vertex, front, or gene. Although usually coal black in color, they completely disappeared during the ultimate stage and the head became glassy green in color. The region behind the head consists of thirteen segments, the cephahc three (Fig. 1, tl-3) belong to the thorax and the caudal ten to the abdomen (Fig. 1. al-10). The thoracic segments are frequently more robust than the abdominal segments, while the tenth abdominal segment is quite different in shape from the others. The thorax, while apparently consisting of three parts, is in reality a com- pound of four. The microthorax (Figs. 1 and 27, mc), the so-called neck, which is the segment bearing the labium, forms the cephalic part of the first segment of the true thorax. The folds of cuticle between the head and thorax conceal the microthorax for the most part, it shows as a darker colored V-shaped area along the cephalic part of the ventral margin of the lateral aspect of the pro- thorax and is closely associated at its cephalic end with the labium. Similar V- shaped areas are found in practically all tenthredinoid larve, as Croesus, Pter- anus, Lygeonematus, Abia, and Lophyrus. This area is reduced to a protuber- ance in Cimbez, to a slight brownish mark in Cephus, and is completely wanting in Tremex. (Fig. 10). In larve containing black or fuscous markings, this area of the microthorax (Fig. 27; mc) is almost invariably so marked. The three sub-regions of the thorax can usually be identified by the presence of thoracic legs. This is true in the Xyelide, Pamphiliide, and Tenthredinide. In the remaining families the thoracic legs are generally represented by short, un- segmented stubs or swellings (Fig. 10, tl). The mesothorax and metathorax are similar in form, the prothorax resembles them closely, but in many species, par- ticularly among the Tenthredinide, the thorax is greater in diameter than the head, and the dorsal portion of the prothorax is declivous. Among most larve other than the Tenthredinoidea, it is quite characteristic for them to have a trans- verse plate on the dorsal aspect of the prothorax and sometimes even on the other subdivisions of the thorax, such a chitinized plate or dorsal shield is found in the Tenthredinoidea only in the family Pamphiliide (Fig. 1, d). where it appears to be characteristic of all the species. In some species this plate is divided into three parts. The segments of the abdomen as already indicated are quite similar in form to each other except the tenth (Figs. 1, and 27), which will be discussed more fully later. The external openings of the respiratory system, the spiracles (Fig. 1, s), are usually distinct and frequently surrounded by a different color from the adjacent parts of the body. There is a pair of spiracles on the prothorax, located near its caudal part in Pamphilius, and near the middle of the segment in the Tenthredinide (Fig. 2%). These spiracles are morphologically the mesothoracic spiracles, which have migrated from their position between the segments on to the prothorax. They . oe } eS eee eee 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69 are usually the largest spiracles on the body. There is a pair of rudimentary spiracles . between the mesothorax and metathorax (Fig. 1). The presence of these spiracles is of interest, they are open spiracles in the nymphs of insects with an incomplete metamorphosis so far as observed, rudimentary or wanting in the larve of insects with a complete metamorphosis, but large and prominent and open in many of their adults. These rudimentary spiracles have been found in all the larve examined, they can be identified as minute brownish spots in line with the other spiracles. The abdomen bears a pair of spiracles on segments one to eight. The spiracles on the first abdominal segment may be as large as the spiracles located oa the prothorax or only half their size, they are usually larger than the spiracles on segments two to seven. The spiracles on the eighth segment are usually larger than those on segments one to seven, frequently twice as large and sometimes as large as the spiracles on the prothorax. The spiracles are usually all of the same color and frequently surrounded by a triangular black or fuscous mark as in (Fig. 6, s) Cimbec. Tke thoracic legs (Figs. 1, and 27) are fleshy and robust at their proximal ends, slender and pointed at their distal ends. The coxa or proximal segment con- stitutes the largest part of the leg, not only in length but in width. In the Tenthre- dinidz the coxa is divided longitudinally by a suture into two parts the edges of the suture and the proximal part of the coxa are frequently of a different colot from the adjacent parts, so that the legs appear to be marked by a brownish or fuscous Y. The trochanter is a short narrow ring in the Pamphiliide, but is hardly indicated in the Tenthredinide. The femora and tibie are sub-equal in length to the trochanter in the Pamphiliide, though smaller in diameter, but in the Tenthredinide the femur is considerable longer than the tibia and much longer than the trochanter. The tarsus and claws of each leg are fused and but little if any longer than the tibia. The claw is hooked at apex. Many of the species which cling to the edge of the leaf with the thoracic legs, have their legs black, except at the joints. Abdominal legs or prolegs (Fig. 27, pl) are present in the families Xyelide and Tenthredinide. They are fleshy protuberances and differ from the prolegs of lepidopterous larvae in that they lack the circlet of terminal hooks. In the Xye- lide the prolegs are small and there is a pair on each segment. The most of the sub-families of Tenthredinide have prolegs present on segments two to eight and ten. In the Nematine, Hoplocampine, and Acordulercerine the prolegs are large and placed on segments two to seven and ten, while in the Hylotomine they are placed on segments two to six and ten. In the Nematine and Hoplocampine the prolegs are placed along the lateral part of the ventral aspect of the segments while in the Acordulecerine they are minute tubercles placed close together ad- jacent to the meson. In Phlebatrophia, which is a leaf-miner, there is a pair of protuberances on each thoracic segment between the thoracic legs in line with the abdominal prolegs. In those groups where the prolegs are present, they differ from lepidopterous larve in that they always have a pair of prolegs on the second abdominal segment. The prolegs are generally of the same color as the ground color of the body; in some species there is a round, black spot, pad-like, on the cephalic side of each proleg. In some black larve, as Pteronus ventralis, the pro- legs are white. The prolegs of the tenth abdominal segment, the anal prolegs, are usually larger than the others, longer and broader, and comprise the greater part of the tenth segment (Fig. 27). In the larve of certain species of the genus Pachynem- 70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 atus and Pteronus, the caudal third of the abdomen is narrowed and bluntly point- ed, the prolegs of the tenth segment are correspondingly reduced or rudimentary-. In the Pamphiliide the tenth abdominal segment bears on each side a dis- tinctly segmented appendage, an anal cercus (Fig. 1, ac). These appendages are not segmented in any other group of the superfamily and never so large. In a number of genera, though not characteristic for the genus, there is a pair of pointed projections, which have been homologized with the anal cerci (Figs. 27, and 11, ac). They are of more frequent occurrence in the Nematine than in any other subfamily of the Tenthredinide. They are also present in the cephids and in Tremez. There is a distinctly chitinized dorsal plate on the tenth segment in the Pampiliide (Fig. 1, 210), which is wanting in all the other groups. In the bor- ing larve the tenth segment bears a fleshy or chitinized mesal spine (Fig. 11). The anal opening is a transverse slit located along the dorsal part of the anal pro- legs and its lips usually bear transverse rows of fine setae. In certain species where the larve are opaque white or green in color, the centre of the dorsal aspect of the tenth segment bears a fuscous or black spot. This is ot freqnent occurrence in those larve that curl themselves helix-like on the underside of a leaf. The black spot is placed eye-like in the centre of the coil. Each abdominal and thoracic segment is crossed by transverse lines. These lines are interrupted in the region of the spiracles so that the dorsal and ventral lines are not continuous. There is also generally a difference between the thoracie and abdominal segments in the number of these depressed lines. These lines divide the surface of the segments into elevated ridges. These ridges are known as annulets (Fig. 6, and 1-7). The number of annulets is constant for each — species. In inflated specimens that are abnormally inflated and in specimens that are dropped directly into alcohol and shrunken, they are difficult to identify, but in living specimens and carefully prepared specimens they are easily followed and undoubtedly will prove of great service in the classification of these larve. If the condition found in the Pamphiliide may be assumed to be the general- ized condition, the primitive number of annulets would be four (Fig. 1), since the larvee of this family have that number on both the dorsum and the venter. The ventral annulets of the Pamphiliide are as well marked as the dorsal, but in the groups bearing prolegs the ventral annulets are greatly reduced (Figs. 7, 8, and 12). The ventral annulets are usually difficult to identify in the Tenthredinide and are rarely more than three. While in some species the number of thoracic annulets is the same as the abdominal, as a rule there is a difference: in the great majority of the species the primitive number of four is retained, but in some species there may be more than four, and in others less. The usual number of annulets on the dorsum of the abdominal segments is six, as in the Emphytine (Fig. 12), Selan- driine, and Lophyrinz. This number has probably arisen from the primitive four by a subdivision of the second and third. The maximum number is found in Cimbex (Fig. 6), arfd Trichiosoma, where the number is seven: the minimum num- ber is found in the Acordulecerine, so far as observed, where there are three. In the Pamphiliide, as already indicated, there are no annulets on the tenth segment and they are frequently wanting in the larve of the Tenthredinide (Fig. 27). The annulets of the dorsal and ventral surfaces are not continuous, as already indicated, but interrupted in the region of the spiracles. In the Pamphiliide there is an elevated longitudinal fold extending the length of the segment just below the spiracle, which has-been designated the spiracular area (Fig. 1, sa). This “ » , Ce 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. v1 area is also distinct in the Tenthredinide (Figs. 6-8 and 12, sa). There is also an area that is marked in certain larve, which is located above the spiracular area and behind the spiracle and appears to be formed from the fourth and sixth annulets. This has been designated the postspiracular area (Figs. 6-8, 12 and 27, pa). There is a third area, which is located between the base of the proleg and the spiracular area, the pedal area (p). This area varies considerably, even in the same insect; on some segments it may be a single area and on others divided into. two (Fig. 27, p). The body, comprising the thorax and the abdomen, may-be either black, white, green, spotted or banded. The great majority of the larve are white or green. In the green larve the color is due in great part to the blood or the food contained in _ the alimentary canal. In such larve the dorsal vessel or heart also usually shows as a darker median band. The air tubes or trachex along the lateral margins of the dorsal vessel and along the lateral aspect of the body and connecting the spiracles, show as silvery or frosted lines, either one or both of these may be obscured. In a few species there is a double row of dorsal yellow spots in certain Nematine and a lateral row of similar spots on the postspiracular area of certain segments. These yellow spots are due to the presence of patches of yellow adipose tissue or fat, which can be seen through the transparent cuticle. Markings due to the food, the colour of the blood, the air-tubes, or the adipose tissue are serviceable in separ- ating different species, but unfortunately they disappear wholly or in part when the larve are preserved in alcohol. Frequently, however, an entirely new set of colour characters appear, due to the preservative fluid. Many species of larve are ‘marked by bands or spots of varying degrees of prominence, which are due to pigmented colours. The median dorsal black line of Cimber is such a color, a median black line is usual for the group and is charac- teristic for the genus. When pigmented dorsal bands are present, they are usually located one on each side of the dorsal vessel. ‘There is also frequently a band on each side along the line where the dorsal and lateral aspects meet. These lines are continuous with the fuscous bands found on the vertical furrows. The bands, while appearing continuous to the unaided eye, are seen, when examined with a lens, to be a series of spots interrupted by the crossing of the furrows between the annulets. There are frequently interrupted bands on the pleural aspect formed by a series of spots on the spiracular and pedal areas (Fig. 27). The thoracic and abdominal segments of most of the larve examined bear sete (Figs. 6-8, 12, and 27). The arrangement of these sete, as groups of sete, not as individual sete, is characteristic for genera at least. In the Emphytine, cer- tain Selandriinz, and Tenthredinine, the sete are fine and of the same colour as the body cuticle (Fig. 12), consequently inconspicuous and readily overlooked. They are arranged in transverse bands and are usually placed on the first and third annulets or the first, third, and sixth annulets. There are also longitudinal bands on the spiracular and pedal areas. In many Blennocampine (Fig. 8) the sete are large and spine-like, bifurcate at apex. In some species of this subfamily the terminal bifurcate portion is wanting and they are represented by white protuber- ances or black spots. These larve during their ultimate stage, even the spiny species, have apparently naked bodies. The bifurcate spines are replaced by fine colourless set like those of the Emphytine. A different condition is found in certain Nematine and the Acordulecerine, where the sete are fine and colourless and difficult to locate in all the stages but the ultimate, where each seta is placed _ on a small black or fuscous spot, completely changing the appearance of the larva and distinctly marking the location of the sete. i" ~? “ THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 In certain Nematine (Fig. 27) and the Hylotomine (Fig. 7), the sete are arranged in groups or singly on small elevated areas. The larve of Pteronus ribest. and of Hylotoma show the maximum type of the development of this form of maculation, where the spots bearing the sete are arranged in transverse bands on the dorsal and lateral aspects of the annulets and in longitudinal spots on the areas adjacent to the spiracles. The number and size of these spots, which are black, give the larva a predominance of this colour. These black areas are constant in their location for a given annulet for successive segments for a given larva. This has been assumed by some writers to be the generalized type of maculation, but an examination of a series of species will show that it is an extreme type of specialization. In some nematids similar spots are found only on the thoracic segments, in others they may be limited to the dorsal aspect of the body or to the lateral aspect. The larva of Croesus latitarsus, which apparently has a somewhat similar type, is in reality entirely different. The individual spots in this species extend on to two or more annulets without regard to the sete, while in Pteronus ribesti (Fig. 27) the sete are all located on the spots, but in Hylotoma (Fig. 7) there is an abundance of sete between the spots. There is still another type of colouration, which is characteristic of a large number of larve of the Emphytine and Selandriine. These larve during the first two or three instars are opaque white in colour. The lateral aspects of the body in the region of the spiracles, as they age, becomes gradually infuscated. The venter, including the prolegs and a narrow band along the ventral margin of the lateral aspect, remains opaque white. This lateral infuscated band is only slightly indicated in the first stages of its appearance and in some species never gets any stronger throughout the life of the larva. But among other species all degrees of intensity occur, from a light brown to a chocolate brown and black. The median part of the dorsum is white in the infuscated species, but with the increase in intensity of the lateral bands, the dark colour suffuses over the entire dorsum and in the very dark species the pleura and dorsum are a uniform dark chocolate colour during the last instar. The larve which develop this type of colouration usually rest curled up on the underside of the leaf like a snail shell or helix. In the very dark coloured forms the white of the ventral surface is com- pletely obscured, and the anal prolegs, which are white, are turned so as to be exposed and to form the apex of the helix and look like a white eye. Each seta is placed on a minute white spot; with the dark background they stand out distinctly. The larve of certain Tenthredinine have a similar type of colouration, but they differ from the Emphytine and Selandriine in that they have an ultimate stage. No matter what the colour during the preceding instars, they are immacu- lately glassy-green during the ultimate stage. ; The Cladiine feed stretched out flat on the surface of the leaf. The adults have generally been assumed to be closely allied to the Nematine and usually associated with them. All the larve of this group that have been examined are entirely different in appearance from the nematids. They practically all have the same type of colouration described above for the emphytids and selandrids and during their last instars are highly coloured. Their resemblance to the Emphytine is enhanced by their flat body and method of feeding. They are also peculiar in having a great abundance of long sete on the head as well as on the body segments. In Cimber and Trichiosoma the body is green or white, a median dorsal black line in Cimbezx. The pleural part of the annulets and the areas adjacent to the spiracles bear a number of papilla-like elevations (Fig. 6), which are more prom- nd 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 73 inent in Cimbex. The surface of the body in addition is densely covered with minute granulations in this genus, the sete appear to be wanting on the dorsal aspect and are few and fine on the pleural aspect while in Trichiosoma, although they are small, they follow the ordinary arrangement described for the Emphytine. None of the large granulations bear sete. Several subfamilies of Tenthredinide have glands on the thorax or abdomen which open on the external surface of the body. These glands excrete a fluid which is used either for effecting the food plant or for protection. The most striking of the protective glands are peculiar to the Cimbicine (Fig. 6, pg.). If the spiracles of abdominal segments two to eight are examined, a small round opening will be noted just above them. A watery fluid is poured from these openings; it is this fluid that makes the body of the larva wet when it is taken in the fingers. The larve are also able to throw this fluid in a jet for a distance of a foot or more; they feed exposed; rest curled up into a ring on the upper surface of the leaf. The ability to wet their bodies and to throw out this fluid in jets is undoubtedly a protection to them. All the larve of the genus Caliroa so far as examined have a pair of long, finger-like glands attached to the prothorax between the head and the prothoracic legs (Fig. 26 ph). They are longer and larger than the legs, so that in preserved specimens the larve look as if they had four pairs of thoracic legs. These larvee are leaf skeletonizers, feeding on the under surface. They feed with these glands folded around the front of the head, much as one would fold their arms across their face. ‘The ventral part of the head is completely concealed, and if a feeding larva is examined with a lens, it will be seen that the glands and mouth-parts are enveloped in a gelatinous substance like thin cherry-gum. This substance evi- dently influences in some way the surface of the leaf on which the insect is feeding. The glands are wanting in Hndelomyia and, if present in Phlebatrophia, are not exserted at all times as in Caliroa. In the larve of the Cladiine, Hoplocampine, and Nematine, there is on the yentral aspect of abdominal segments one to seven a single gland located on the meson. ‘The mouths of these glands are located between and slightly behind the prolegs (Fig. 22). The transverse slit marking the position of the mouth is elevated and is readily identified in preserved specimens even if the glands are not extruded. The glands are retracted sacks like the osmateria of certain butterfly larve and are usually extruded when the larve are killed in hot water (Figs. 20-21). The extruded glands vary greatly in form from short ovate knobs to long club- shaped structures three or four times as long as broad. They are heart-shaped in Lygaeonematus (Fig. 23), and club-shaped in Croesus (Fig. 21). It has already been noted that the larve of the Cladiine rest flat on the surface of the leaf, like- wise certain Hoplocampine, and a few Nematine. All the other larve of the Hoplocampine and Nematine are edge feeders. They grasp the edge of the leaf with the thoracic legs and rest with the abdomen stretched along its edge or slightly to one side, but ordinarily not clasping the edge of the leaf with the pro- legs, or with the abdomen elevated and bent in the form of a letter S. If the food plant is jarred, the abdomen is thrown over until the dorsal surface of the abdomen either rests upon or is close to the dorsal surface of the thorax. The placing of the abdomen in this position brings the mouths of the ventral glands to the exterior and to the point where attack would be expected. If an ichneumon approaches such larve, the abdomen is waved back and forth through the air. The action 74 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 of the larva in bringing the glands into prominence would suggest that a fluid or disagreeable odour was poured out from them. Although larve representing several species and genera were examined, no fluid or fetid odour was noted. It may, how- ever, be a fetid odour perceptible only to insects. The larve collected on sedge and believed to belong to the Dolerine have on abdominal segments one to seven a pair of deep oblique folds. These folds are located on the segments in line with and behind the prolegs. There has been no opportunity to study sections of these structures, and the mouths of the folds do not appear like the mouths of glands. It has been assumed that they were glands from the general occurrence along these folds of plate-like masses, which are striated, grayish in colour, and project downward for a considerable distance, and have all the characteristics of a glandular secretion. After so full a discussion of the metamorphosis, anatomy and coloration of the larvee, a word should probably be said in conclusion as to their classification. The larve are divisible into four types. The first three families, Xyelide, Pam- philiide, and Tenthredinide, represent three of these types. They have distinct thoracic legs, which would suggest some relationship. The two generalized families, Xyelide and Pamphiliide, are clearly the most primitive in their larval as well as in their adult characters, and like the adults would suggest that they have arisen along different lines. The Pamphiliide with distinctly segmented and long antenne and segmented anal cerci are the more primitive so far as their larval structures are concerned. The lack of prolegs is difficult to explain. The Xyelide with inconspicuous antenne and without segmented anal cerci are readily differ- entiated from the Pamphiliide, while the presence of prolegs on each abdominal segment would suggest a generalized condition entirely different from that found in the Pamphiliide. From the structure of their wings the Xyelide are unques- tionably the most generalized, but from the structure of their larvee the Pamphiliide are unquestionably the most generalized. The Tenthredinide suggest a stage of specialization from the Xyelidw. They have a similar type of antenna, with a reduc- tion in the number of prolegs. The general similarity of the habitus of the larve of the various subfamilies would suggest, like an examination of their wings, that they represented a single homogeneous group instead of several of higher rank. The Xiphydriidex, Siricide, Cephide, and Orysside are correlated together as adults, they should likewise be associated from larval characters. The most striking is the loss or reduction of the thoracic legs, the lack of prolegs, and the presence of a caudal cuticular horn. The antenna of Cephus is similar to that of the Nematine. Not enough is known regarding the larve of these later groups to offer anything as to the interrelation of the families. 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. a 1-10..Abdominal segments one to ten. mx....Maxillary palpus. Aare s Anal cercus. Olt ae Ocellus. 22h Annulets. OCR eek Occiput. SU chs:0.5 Antecoxal piece of the mandible. Obrscisiec Occipital foramen. apl....Anal proleg. Oli sieve Ocularum. SLL ereaiia/s Antenna. We leverston Pedal area. aS Antennal socket. Da sre Postspiracular area. RANE Stvin.c Anus. Dine sic: Palpifer. MOET, cites Clypeal suture. DE ree a= Pleural gland. ¢cl.....First clypeus. WNASons Prothoracie gland. ¢2.....Second clypeus. Dliechce Proleg. ¢ch.....Caudal horn. DSiicvnas Prothoracic spiracle. ecr.....Cardo. 1) Postgena. d......Dorsal shield. HWodaoc Spiracle. e......Epicranial suture. Baiy-cotts Spiracular area. Tame at ron t, As acne Submentum. Teron; Fronto-clypeal suture. : SDise nave Spinneret. eto... Gena. Stores: Stipes. 1 eos Gland. t1-3....Thoracic segments one to three. gl.....Galea. Paseo Anterior arm of the tentorium. 1......Labrum. tasters Dorsal arm of the tentorium. : Saar Labial palpus. 1 aoe Thoracic leg. 1b.....Labium. £Dpiicce Posterior arm of the tentorium. eee Ligula. laa AoE Tentorium. A iaiei5-c Mandible. Cachet. Trochantin of the mandible. mc....Microthorax. Wisiarersiers Vertex. me....Mentum. Wareerelele Vertical furrow. mg. ..Mouth of gland. Veccas Ventral gland. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. . Pamphilius dentatus. Lateral view of entire larva. . Pamphilius dentatus. Cephalic aspect of head. . Cimber americana. Cephalic aspect of head. . Pamphilius dentatus. Caudal aspect of head. . Cimber americana. Caudal aspect of head. . Cimber americana. Lateral view of third abdominal segment. . Hylotoma sp. Lateral view of third abdominal segment. . Periclista sp. Lateral view of third abdominal segment. . Pamphilius dentatus. Ventral view of head. Tremex columba. Head and prothorax. . Tremez columba. Abdominal segments nine and ten. Macremphytus varians. Lateral view of third abdominal segment. . Pamphilius dentatus. Maxillae and labium. . Trichiosoma triangulum. Antenna. . Hylotoma sp. Antenna. . Caliroa limacina. Antenna. . Cephus pygmaeus. Antenna. . Pristiphora bivittata. Antenna. . Lophyrus sp. Antenna. . Croesus latitarsus. Ventral view, showing extruded ventral gland. 21. Croesus latitarsus. Laternal view of ventral gland, enlarged. 22. Croesus latitarsus. Ventral view, showing mouth of ventral gland. 23. Lygaeonematus erichsonii. Lateral view of ventral gland and proleg, enlarged. 24. Lygaeonematus erichsonii. Ventral view, showing extruded ventral gland. 25. Macremphytus varians. Ventral view of an abdominal segment where gland is wanting. 26. Caliroa limacina. Ventral view of head and thorax, showing prothoracic glands. 27. Pteronus ribesii. Lateral view of entire larva. el ee lO lo SPMDARMNREWNHEOODMNANHL wre 76 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 ADAPTATION IN THE GALL MIDGES. E. P. Fert, ALBany, N.Y. Adaptation is defined in the Century Dictionary as an “advantageous varia- tion in animals or plants under changed conditions.” This definition is sufficiently broad to include practically every modification resulting in a variation from what might be construed as the normal for a given family, tribe, genus, or even species. It is well known that every animal is exposed to numerous natural hazards during its life. Existing species must be equal to these perils or become extinct. It is convenient to group the forms of adaptation under their heads. 1. StReNGTH, AGGRESSIVE AND DEFENSIVE.—We can all recall forms which appear well-nigh invincible because of superior physical development—muscular or defensive. The lion and rattlesnake represent two familiar and diverse types belonging in this category. One is remarkable for its superior muscular develop- ment and the other possesses a peculiarly efficient means of defence. 2. ProLiricAcy.—There are numerous species with no particular physical efficiency. Some of these latter owe their existence largely to prolificacy. The common river shad, for example, may produce from 60,000 to 156,000 eggs, while a seventy-five pound cod may contain 9,100,000 ova. ‘This extraordinary pro- lificacy is evidently a provision of nature to offset the numerous perils threatening the fry. Some of our plant lice attain the same end by producing a number of generations annually; for example, the common hop plant louse is capable of producing twelve generations in a season, the final progeny amounting to over ten sextillion. The increase in this latter species is by geometrical, not arith- metical progression. 3. Evasive Apaprations.—There are hosts of species which escape extinction by the exhibition of more or less cunning in avoiding the many natural perils. This may be the result of modifications in the biology, peculiarities in habit, specializations in structure, or even cryptic or other resemblances. We have some- times wondered if these factors, physical development or strength, prolificaey and evasive adaptations would be assigned sufficiently exact values so if two were known the third could be ascertained. * * a * * The gall midges exhibit a most interesting condition. The approximately 800 American species known probably represent only one-third to one-fifth of our fauna. Some 450 species have been reared from 183 plant genera representing 65 plant families. The largest of the gall midges is only about one-fourth of an inch in length, while the smallest measures scarcely one-fiftieth of an inch. Local in habit, slow of flight, fragile in structure, and far from attaining an extraordinary prolificacy in many instances, how do these multitudinous species maintain themselves? Physical development, either aggressive or defensive, is hardly worth mentioning. 4. Brotoarcan ADAPTATIONS.—There are good reasons for believing that gall midges are allied to the fungus gnats or Mycetophilide, many of which live as larve in decaying organic matter. he inner bark of various trees in incipient decay may contain hosts of Miastor and Oligarces larve. These maggots are remarkable because they exhibit a modification of parthenogenesis known as pedo- 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 71th genesis, an adaptation of inestimable value to species living under such conditions and dependent upon weakly organized adults for their establishment in favorable conditions. ‘These midges produce only a few eggs and evidently possess very limited powers of flight. The larve are capable of penetrating only the weaker, semi-rotten tissues of bark and sapwood, and are preyed upon by voracious maggots Fig. 3—Gall Midge Structures. _ belonging to the genera Medeterus, Lonchea and Lestodiplosis. All too frequently the only evidence of Miastor infestation is the abundance of predaceous maggots which have devoured practically every inhabitant of a cnce populous colony. The ability to produce young in an indefinite series of generations by maggots advancing _ in unoccupied tissue is a great advantage in avoiding such enemies as those men- & 78 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 | tioned above. We also have in this series of pedogenetic generations an example of multiplication by geometrical progression such as obtains among our plant lice. Certain species like the Hessian fly, sorghum midge, violet midge and rose midge depend for existence to a considerable extent upon the production of several generations annually; in other words, increase is by geometrical progression. The extraordinary efficiency of this form of adaptation is strikingly illustrated in plant lice as mentioned above. Such species, if abie to subsist upon farm crops or other products valuable to man, are potentially serious pests. One generation annually appears to be the normal for many midges, and consequently the ability to pro- duce more in a season must be considered a favorable adaptation to existing con- ditions. Midge Gails—Recalling the fact that the more ancient type of gall midges appear to be related to the fungus gnats or Mycetophilide, and that they further- more exhibit similar preference in that the larve occur in organic matter in various stages of decay, one would expect to find a series of galls showing gradual modifications from this comparatively simple habitus to the more complex-type of shelter so frequently observed in this group. Bud Galls.—Possibly the simplest type of midge gall is to be seen in the irregular, loosely and variously developed bud galls produced by some species of Dasyneura and its allies. The eggs appear to be simply dropped among the developing floral organs or leaves, and the larve obtain their sustenance by, ab- sorbing nutriment from adjacent tissues. The weakening of these latter prevents normal development, and, in some instances at least, we have the conspicuous and rather characteristic rosette galls such as those of species of fee upon solidago and Rhabdophaga upon willow. The growing point of a plant stem, whether it forms a leaf, bud, or a flower, affords such ideal conditions for nourishment that it is not surprising that certain ~ genera should be restricted in large measure to such a favorable habitus. This is particularly well marked in Asphondylia and certain of its allies which not only confine themselves largely to bud galls, but have become so specialized that they are particularly adapted to the production of such deformities. Leaf Galls—The leaf«gall, like the bud gall, usually begins as a development upon expanding or tender tissues. The simplest type is probably a marginal leaf roll, and this_differs from certain of the loose bud galls simply by the fact that in the roll only a portion of the leaf is involved, while in the bud gall all or several leaves may be distorted or have their development arrested. Vein folds are pro- duced simply by the larve congregating or restricting their operations to this — portion of the leaf rather than to the margin. They vary greatly in character — and may be limited to the midvein or to the lateral veins, may be comparatively — simple and composed of greatly hypertrophied tissue or ornamented with a con- spicuous white pile or other development such as is found in that of Cecidomvia niveipila O.S. These leaf rolls and vein folds are usually produced by a number or small colony of larve. Blister leaf galls and the more highly developed globular or conical galls are generally produced by single larve hatching from eggs de-~ posited in or upon the buds before the leaves have unfolded. The peculiar blister galls on solidago and aster are multiocular, are easily recognized by the typical discoloration and thickening of the leaf and are produced almost without excep- tion by the genus Asteromyia. These galls represent a slightly more advanced con- — dition than obtains in certain species which live between the upper and lower — a ss" 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. BG, epidermis and either produce only a slight discoloration as in certain species of the genus Cincticornia, vr else excavate a fairly well defined mine such as that of Lasioptera excavata in Crataegus. The globular or lobulate galls of Cincti- corma globosa and CU. pilul@ respectively, as well as the conical and globose en- largements of various species of Caryomyia upon hickory must be considered as extreme types or modifications of the blister gall. Fig. 4.—Gall Midge Structures. Stem Galls.—No part of the plant is exempt from infestation by the small tepresentatives of this large family, be it seed, flower, leaf, stem or root. The stem gall is usually subcortical, and in those produced by midges, development generally begins while the tissues are still in a soft and plastic condition. They are usually polythalamous and are frequently irregular, more or less confluent swellings in the bark. 80 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The medullary, stem or branch galls differ from the preceding in that the larve confine their operations to the interior of the affected tissues, frequently restricting themselves to the pith and producing rather characteristic deformities. Root Galls——There are only a few root galls known, probably because of the great difficulty in finding them. There appears to be no marked difference between these and stem galls, aside from the point of location. Recalling the fact that gall midge larve are small, without defensive armor or apparatus, with masticatory or boring organs poorly developed or absent, it is obvious that this gall-making habit is one of the most important adaptations of the family. The gall midges have been able to maintain themselves in hosts and in many and varied forms by adaptations which have led to their seeking susten- ance and shelter in places comparatively free from invasion by other insects. Not only have these small insects learned te prey upon numerous plants, but some have found it advantageous to wring sustenance from their associates. The species of Lestodiplosis, in particular, may be reared from a great variety of galls, and the larve have even been observed preying upon gall midge maggots, especially those of Miastor. Members of this family have also learned the value of other insects as food, and we now have records of a number of species preying upon scale insects, various plant lice and red spider. Intimate relations exist between certain genera of gall midges and families and species of plants. It is perhaps sufficient to note in this connection that the genus Cincticornia is practically confined to Quercus,-Caryomyia to Carya, Rho- palomyia largely to solidago and aster, and Rhabdophaga mostly to Salix. The mere statement of these facts indicates a correlation which has been discussed more fully by the speaker elsewhere and need not be dealt upon at the present time. 5. SrrucTuRAL ADAPTATIONS.—It might be thought that this host of gall midges with its general similarity of habit would exhibit comparatively slight variations in structure. Modifications in anatomy almost invariably mean varia- tions in habits, and consequently they are worthy of note, even though they be but signs of unknown facts, in the same way that irregularities in the movement of a celestial body may mean the existence of an unknown planet. We wish for a few minutes to call attention to some of the more striking structural modifica- tions. Antenne.—The antenne in this family present a most extraordinary range in development, varying from comparatively insignificant and presumably relatively useless organs with but eight segments in Tritozyga and Microcerata to the rather highly specialized organs with as many as 33 segments in Lasioptera querciperda. There is an equally great variation in the form of the antennal segments and’their © sensory organs. The cylindric antennal segment is undoubtedly the more general- — ized type, and is the one found most frequently in the Mycetophilide. This may — be modified to form a cylindrical larger base and a greatly produced distal stem, in some instances the latter attaining a length three times that of the basal enlargement. The basal portion of the antennal segment may be conical, as in many Campylomyzariz, or globose as in Joannisia, while in the Itonididinarie. we have a dumb-bell-shaped structure, the basal and distal enlargements being separated by a stem, with a similar constriction at the apex of the segment. This peculiar modification undoubtedly means greater efficiency in the sensory organs, since they are more widely separated, and is characteristic of the males in one large tribe. 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81 — _ The antennx of the more primitive groups such as the Campylomyzarie and the Heteropezine bear a number of peculiar sensory organs, the more remarkable of which are the so-called stemmed disks in the genus Monardia. These are prob- ably olfactory in function. The Itonididine, as limited by us, may be easily recognized by the presence of peculiar, colorless, threadlike, homogeneous, chitinous structures which we have named circumfili because they invariably run round the segment. They originate or arise from the interior of the segments, are presumably auditory in nature, and are discussed by Europeans under the names of arched filaments (verticili arcuata and filets arques) and bow whorls (Bogenwirtel), since these common names aptly describe the structures as seen in the males. These organs in the females generally form a slender girdle near the base and distal portion of the enlargement on the flagellate antennal segments, the two being connected by one or two longitudinal threads. In the males the development may be very diverse. In the case of the male Asphondylia the circumfili consist of a more or less variable series of ex- tremely tortuous, slightly elevated threads reaching from the base to the apex of the segment. In the Itonididinarie the circumfili of the male are frequently prolonged into a series of bow-like loops girdling the basal and apical enlarge- mients of the antenne; one on each in the bifili and in the trifili with two on the distal enlargement. ‘The loops of the circumfili or bow whorls may be simply conspicuous sinuosities as in Caryomyia, or greatly prolonged on one side and having a length equal that of the entire segment as obtains in Aphidoletes and Bremia. A unique form of circumfili occurs in the genus Winnertzia. Here these structures greatly resemble minute, horseshoe-like appendages, one on each face of the segment, the produced free ends extending beyond the apex of the enlarge- ment, while the supporting vertical threads give the appearance of a series of nails. The peculiar circumfili, quite distinct in structure from auditory hete, suggest our latest means of communication, the much vaunted “wireless,” and present distinct analogies thereto. Both respond to impulses conveyed through the air. It is possible the circumfili are “tuned” to vibrations unrecognizable with our finest instruments, and while the devices of men may convey signals several _ thousand miles, there is no reason for thinking that these unique antennal struc- tures are relatively less efficient. PalpitThe normal number of palpal segments appears to be four, though these organs may become greatly reduced in any one of the tribes and in one genus, Oligarces, appear to be wanting. The development of these organs affords a good systematic character, and is correlated, in certain instances at least, with important modifications in habit. Wings.—The organs of flight are of great value in taxonomic work and, in this family, present satisfactory characters for the delimitation of subfamilies and tribes. There is a cross-vein connecting subcosta and the third vein which occurs in a well-developed condition in the Lestremiine and the Epidosarie, it being rudimentary or absent in the other groups except certain Heteropezine. The pre- sence of the fourth vein is limited to the Lestremiine, in which subfamily it may be either forked or simple. ‘he fifth vein also presents important modifi- cations in that it may be simple, in which case there is frequently a sixth vein or forked, in which latter instance the sixth has become partly fused with the fifth. Certain genera in the Heteropezine are remarkable because of the weak wings and greatly reduced venation. 6 Es. 82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Tarsi—The normal number of segments is five, members of the Itonididine invariably having the first segment greatly reduced. Certain genera of the Hetero- pezine have four, others three, and in Oligarces there are but two tarsal segments. ‘The claws may be simple, pectinate or dentate. They vary greatly in development and the same is true of the pulvilli. There are other structures presenting equally significant modifications. This is particularly true of the generative organs and is especially well shown in the modified ovipositor which reaches an extreme development in the needle-shaped organ of Asphondylia, an instrument evidently designed for the piercing of thick bud tissues so that the egg may be deposited close to the growing point and in a place where conditions are most favorable for the development of the young. It will be seen from the foregoing that the gall midges can not be counted as particularly strong or prolific forms, yet they have been able to maintain them- selves largely by what we term evasive adaptations, which have resulted in their securing a very large degree of protection at the expense of the host plant. This summary is not intended to exhaust the subject, but is presented for the purpose of calling attention to a group exhibiting numerous unsolved and exceedingly in- teresting biological and morphological problems. There is, perhaps, no insect family better suited for the study of adaptation in numerous ways than the gall midges, a large group which up to recent years has been almost ignored by students. EXPLANATION OF Fies. 3 AND 4. - 1. Antenna of Microcerata spinosa, male, showing 9 short segments. This organ is shorter in this species than the palp. 2. Sixth antennal segment of Colpodia diervillae, male. Note the greatly produced distal stem. 3. Fourth antennal segment of Prionellus gramine, male, showing the conical shape and the peculiar whorls of long sete arising from distinct crenulate chitinous ridges. 4. Fifth antennal segment of Karschomyia viburni, male, showing a binodose, almost trinondose structure of the segment and the peculiar circumfili or bow whorls. 5. Seventh and eighth antennal segments of Monardia toxicodendri, female, showing the general shape of the segments and the characteristic stemmed disks. 6. Fifth antennal segment of a Rhopalomyia, female, showing the generalized type of segment and the low circumfili commonly occurring in the female Itonididinariae. 7. Sixth antennal segment of Asphondylia monacha, male, showing the low, very tortuous character of the circumfili. 8. Fifth antennal segment of the pear midge, Contarinia pyrivora, male, showing the binodose character of the segment and the two well developed circumfili, the latter characteristic of the bifili. 9. Fifth antennal segment of Caryomyia caryae, male, showing the short though plainly sinuous circumfili, the three on a segment being characteristic of the trifili. 10. Fifth antennal segment of Aphidoletes hamamelidis, male, showing its binodose character, the three circumfili, and particularly the greatly produced loops and setae on the dorsal aspect. 11. Sixth antennal segment of Winnertzia calciequina, female, showing the peculiar horseshoe-like circumfili attached to opposite faces of the subcylindric segment., 12. Extended ovipositor of the nun midge, Asphondylia monacha, female, showing © the basal pouch, the thick reversible basal portion of the ovipositor and the highly developed needle-like terminal part. 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83 CHRYSOMELIANS OF ONTARIO. F. J. A. Morris, Port Horr, Onv. The title of my paper may be misleading to some of you, and I should like at the outset to explain my attitude. It is simply that of a nature-lover led (more or less by accident) to collect some of the insects observed by him about trees, flowers and leaves, while roaming about the countryside with what Wordsworth calls “a heart that watches and receives.” Of technical knowledge I have little or none to offer, and my interest in the economics of Entomology is subject to prolonged fits of catalepsy; indeed. I doubt if it has ever shaken off this blanket of suspended animation sufficiently to appear in really stark-naked wide-awakeness. The fact is, an amateur collector is drawn chiefly by the giddy pleasure of the eye; most of the time he goes about craving new specimens, preferably those of large size and bright colour; he is an enthusiastic and irresponsible schoolboy, easily pleased, easily deceived. I knew a collector once in England,—I should have called him then, in my ignorance, an old man—he certainly had grey hairs in his head. He was a respectable married man and a regular church-goer, but alas, gentlemen, a lepidopterist in an advanced stage. He greatly coveted specimens of the swallow-tail butterfly. This is almost extinct in Great Britain, though still occasional in the fens of Cambridgeshire. The made- in-Germany kind that are exported from the continent to English dealers, ready set and pinned, did not satisfy him, and at last he was obliged to compromise matters by rearing some imported larye and liberating the imagoes in his back : garden, in order to catch them again with his butterfly-net. Now what is that _ but childish make-believe? Unfortunately, most of us left this faculty of self- , deception behind in the nursery, and are incapable of hoodwinking ourselves so ; easily. Yet I confess to a greater liking for my specimens of Asparagus Beetle since I took them on wild plants that were not growing in a garden, and I never _ Teally loved the Potato Bug and the Squash Beetles till I caught them on my side : of the farmer’s fence, the one feeding on the Bittersweet and the others on blossoms _ of the Goldenrod. { Moreover, were it not that such a consummation would jeopardize the exist- _ ence of one of the world’s lilies and eventually defeat its own end, I would sooner see every stalk of asparagus in my own as well as in all my neighbours’ gardens _ devoured by either species of Crioceris (both, perhaps) than invent or discover _ an insecticide that should prove fatal to so pretty a beetle. It is, I admit, bearding the lion in his den to appear before an audience _ largely composed of economic entomologists and talk from so alien a point of view as this about the Chrysomelidae of all insects in the world; for in the whole order of Coleoptera this is probably the one family that most violently flaunts its exist- ence before the public eye, by its invasion of the kitchen garden. Is there such a thing as a beetle-fancier, I wonder? If there is, that’s what _ I am; and to show you that I have the courage of my opinions, I invite you all as _ fellow-members of this Society or as guests interested in insects to join me in a _ cross-country tramp north of Port Hope on a fine day about the middle of July. E We shall start from our honored President’s old home of Trinity College School, and in order thoroughly to enjoy the day I’ll ask each of you for a little while to faney yourselves back at school once more. Throw away the burden of years and ee EP OF 34 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 the cares of a responsible position; drop the handle from your name, college degree and the rest of it; forget it all. What you want is a little zest for the day’s captures, and (as we shall be out all day) a sandwich or two in your pocket against the noontide hour. We have green lanes and fields right at our door, but as our road will in any case be a long one, we shall condescend to get a lift by boarding the morning train for Peterborough and riding as far as Quay’s Crossing, 5 miles up the track. I am giving myself as well as you a treat, for this is a favorite walk, and I may not have many more opportunities of taking it. But for all the hundreds of times that I have trodden these paths and roamed the woods and fields, I do not think I have ever come out entirely or even primarily as a Coleopterist. The countryside all means far more than beetles to me, so I must ask you to pardon the digressions, which may be many; I hope they will not weary you. During the few minutes of our train ride let us briefly review the family of Chrysomelians. There are no less than 18,000 species of these leaf-eating beetles known in the world; the vast majority are tropical; North America can claim only about 1-25th of this amount and Ontario about 1-70th. But even Ontario’s share, nearly 300 species, makes a long list, the mere detailing of which would take some pages, while anything like systematic treatment, with specific or even generic description, would require a volume: it would, besides, be more than tedious—it _ would be deadly dull. Henshaw’s check-list makes about as inspiring reading as the least inspired of Walt Whitman’s poems, and for the same reason—it’s a mere catalogue. There are purple patches. I grant you, and not a few, in Le Conte and . Horn or in Blatchley as there are in Professor Wickham’s papers on the ‘Chrysomelidae of Ontario and Quebec (contained in volumes 28 and 29 of the Canadian Entomologist, 1896-7). What are these purple patches of interest ?— these oases in a desert of dry description? Ait first sight they seem of varying nature; sometimes a brilliant generalization or an ingenious analogy; at others a quaint observation of habits or a personal experience. But they all resolve them- selves, at last, into the personality of the writer; it is the personal element that lends interest to a book or a paper on a technical subject; it is just this that makes the old-fashioned Lexicon of Samuel Johnson or Noah Webster an enthralling romance beside a modern dry-as-dust scientific work-of-a-syndicate like the Standard Dictionary. ; It would obviously be impossible to write an interesting account of 264 species of beetles or even of 96 genera, but for the convenience of systematic treatment, this enormous mass of individuals, countless as the sands of the sea, has been marshalled, like the children of Israel, into twelve tribes and every one of these tribes has several representatives in Ontario. In our day’s tramp we shall run across at least one representative of each tribe from Reuben the first-born to little Benjamin our ruler; in plain terms, from Donacia, the Reed beetle, cousin german to the more ancient Cerambycidae, to Chelymorpha and Coptocycla the little Tortoise. — Of these twelve tribes, the most numerous in boreal America as well as the most im- portant are the five numbered VI-X. These comprise more than 450 species out of — a total (to the family) of less than 600 and more than 70 genera in a total of about 100; i.e., three-quarters of the entire genera and species belong to five — consecutive tribes out of the twelve. Of these five tribes again, two are supreme, the 9th and 10th, included by LeConte and Horn in the single tribe of Galerucini t or Helmet-grub beetles, with a total of more than 200 species and over forty « genera, i.e., nearly half the family. i a a xe b. 4 | 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85 In the tropics, where vegetation is most luxuriant, these beetles play an im- 9 ‘portant part in checking the too-lavish growth, but in the Temperate zone where Givilized man has brought the earth under cultivation, these twelve tribes, the chosen people of my paper, are nothing better than one of the plagues of Egypt, a most destructive pest, and man’s best wits are taxed to prevent an annual loss of n any million dollars. The Chrysomelians represent a later development than the Cerambycidae or _ wood-borers, and their adaptation to succulent herbage and the deciduous foliage of _ flowering plants pari-passu with changes in’ the vegetable kingdom from sporo- phytes and gymnosperms, presents in its way as wonderful an illustration of adap- j tive development as more specific examples such as the symbiosis which has isolated the Yucca and its moth from all creation, till each depends on the other for its very existence and on the other only. : The larve of the Chrysomelians are in general soft and helpless; feeding as __ they do in the open and gregariously, they are easily destroyed, but several factors . contribute to their notable success in the struggle for existence: their immense numbers, the rapidity of their growth (which enables them to produce more than one brood in a season); and the ability of the mature insect, in most cases, to , hibernate. A few of them retain traces of an earlier condition in being stem-borers, or - in tapping the roots of plants, as the Donacias: and it may be a sort of atavism _ that impels Cryptocephalus and Glyptoscelis to resort to the needles and bark of white pine. Our train is now slowing down to let us off at Quay’s Crossing, and for the _ rest of the day we will have to put our best foot forward, for it is going to be shank’s mare with us. First we go a quarter of a mile east to Mose Robinson’s mill-pond and Pine Grove School-house. Just after crossing the stream here we _ turn south down a grassy lane, flanked on the west by an old snake fence and on the east by a still more ancient stump-fence; the snake fence appears to spring from a bed of oak-fern and brittle bladder. The lane is filled with sweet-briar and _ the stump fence festooned with wild grape-vine; a fortnight ago the briar and _ gtape-vine were both in bloom and the lane was redolent with two of the most delicious scents on earth. A little way on at the foot of a sandy slope we cross a _-tiny brook of lovely, cool spring water, its surface mantled with water-cress. Here in the early season, as early as April, are nearly always io be found about the _ grass-blades, some specimens of the Donacia. This is our representative of Tribe T, a small tribe generically, consisting of two members only; the genus Haemonia has only one species, but the Donacia (Reed beeile. as the Greek name implies) has more than twenty species in North America. The kind I have found here is much like a Longicorn, and in early days was mistaken by me for a member of that _ family: it differs from the Chrysomelians in being long and narrow in shape, usually yellowish-brown in colour and of a metallic lustre. The larva feeds about the roots and bases of aquatic plants, and has acquired the power of living under _ water by tapping the air-vessels of its food-plant. It has actually a small process on the body which it uses as a probe. When about to pupate it encloses itself in an air-tight cocoon which is fastened to the root or stems of the food-plant beneath the surface. The beetle is covered on the under side with a pubescence that acts _as a perfect protection, shedding the water like oilskin. The species found here ‘in the cool days of April is more or less cylindrical (convex on the upper side) and - sluggish in habit, but the Donacia of the dog-days in the height of summer is 1 86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 a very different creature. 1 well remember during my first visit to the Algonquin Park how one day I went over with the late Dr. Brodie to ithe little land-locked Cranberry Lake in the heart of the hardwood forests. It was a glaring hot day, with the sun at its height and perfectly calm. We rowed a boat down to the cranberry marsh at the foot of the lake, where all sorts of botanical treasures awaited us. On the way we passed through a patch of water-lilies and fiushed a covey of Donacias; there must have been hundreds, leaping and flying from the lily- pads, striking the sides of the boat, and alighting sometimes in the water, occasion- ally on our clothes, darting and glittering in the sun like sparks from the molten surface of the cauldron of heat formed by this woodland lake at high noon beneath an August sun. The activity of movement and extraordinary vitality in the sun’s heat are not common among the Chrysomelians, but they are among some of the Longicorns, with which the Donacias have a close affinity. Lords, for the nonce, of all three elements, earth, air and water, they moved easily about all three, per- fectly at home and at their ease. On cooler days or when ‘the breeze blows, they love to sit on their beloved lily-pads, like miniature batrachians, their thorax and head partly raised and their antennae thrust forward alertly, something like the asparagus beetle when it scents danger. We shall now stroll south about a mile, along the edge of a wood we call the North Wood, a wood sacred by many memories, rich in flowers, the home of some rare orchids, in and about which I have found more than twenty species of ferns and a wide range of warblers and other birds at the spring migration; it is, besides, the scene of many of my best captures among the Coleoptera. Ten minutes’ walk brings us to where the wood narrows close to a division fence, running west across meadow-lands to the railway. Just here stands on the edge of the wood a haw- thorn, whose blossom for some reason or other has proved a beetle-trap or bait for an extraordinary number of species. It was on this blossom that I first captured specimens of the Orsodacna, our representative of Tribe II, and on the top-rail of the snake fence beside it, I took one of the few specimens I have ever seen of Syneta, another of the four genera contained in this tribe. The Orsodacna (or Bud-gnawer) is said hy Blatchley to feed on willow blossoms, and this season as early as April I was on the look-out for it about clumps of willows in bloom, but the only thing new to me that I observed was a small moth dancing up and down in lively zig-zag flight over the willow-bushes; it was almost as small as a clothes- moth, blackish with a cream or white bar near the apex of the wing. From its extremely long hair-like antennae, I should judge it a species of Adela. We have but one species of Orsodacna and I have always found it on hawthorn, twice in great numbers, once here and once at Lakefield. The specific name is atra (black) but it is very variable and specimens sent by me to Guelph, taken all at the same time off this hawthorn bush some years ago were returned labelled under no less than four varietal forms. The pigmentation of the elytra, normally black, becomes less heavy and the wing-covers show light brown with darker disks and markings. In some of its forms the blend of colours is very pretty: the beetle is narrow- oblong and the texture of its upper surface is of an oily smoothness, Let us cross the meadow west to the railway track; near the fence that extend from the hawthorn tree to the railway, on the south sae are some sand-drifts where T have captured no less than six species of Tiger-beetle at various times in the season. The meadow to the north is less sandy and springs ooze out from its surface and meander over the grassy slopes: here in September the meadow is white and fragrant with Spiranthes cernua, the nodding Ladies’ Tresses, one of our haaalin tie sivtnatiarniciahie ee 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 8? autumn orchids. Just where we strike the railway is an immense patch of that rather rare plant the Grass of Parnassus, whose green-veined creamy white blossoms in August and September make as brave a show as the Anemone in June and July. It is a sure sign of springs in the soil and further south there are _ traces of an old sphagnum moss swamp; though it is years since the railway hacked _ away the trees and shrubs, marsh pyrola and the showy Ladies’ Slipper annually _ ear their upright stalks and unfold their blossoms for gauze-winged visitors to _ gather nectar from beneath the July sun. Here, along the right of way, grows wild Asparagus, and on it you will find _ at least one species of the Asparagus beetle, which we shall take to stand for Tribe Ii. The first specimens I ever saw of this beetle were in a Kentish garden; they _ belonged to the species commonly known as the striped Asparagus beetle, and at first I did not recognize the insect; all I had by way of guide was an old book of Stevens with colored illustrations that were several times magnified. The picture _ showed a gorgeous insect, in rich dark green and cream hues, which to my excited _ imagination must be nearly as large as a June Bug. I found, however, to do the old naturalist justice, that though in the dead insect the sutural stripe, the basal _ marks and the cross-bar on the elytra appear black on a ground color of opaque A _straw-yellow, in life these colours are a rich, vivid, dark green en a ground colour of translucent cream, extremely beautiful when scanned with a lens. The 12- “spotted species which seems the commoner in Ontario and is apparently more- nardy I first found in the late Dr. Brodie’s back garden in Toronto. Until five or six years ago neither species had made its way to Port Hope, but the spotted one appeared in several gardens then, followed a season or two later by the striped, ‘and two seasons ago I first found the Crioceris duodecimpunctata on wild _ Asparagus. There is only one other genus in this tribe; the Lema, of which there are no less than sixteen species in North America; only a few occur in Ontario, and I have only found one,—Lema trilineata, a beetle which sometimes shares with one’ of the Blister beetles the. title of “the old-fashioned Potato Beetle”: it feeds on " various planis of the Potato family and I have found it in some abundance on the _Physalus or Ground Cherry, while searching vainly for specimens of Coptocycla clavata, the rough Tortoise Beetle. Before we leave the Asparagus and return to our little brook a mile north, I may mention that it was on some garden Asparagus at Lakefield that I found my reward for a day’s umpiring at a cricket match, in the _ shape of a beetle called Anomoea laticlavia. This is the only species in the fourth : ‘Tribe known to me; for though North America has seven genera in the tribe and over twenty species, there are but four genera represented in Canada, each by a” _ Single species. It is for'a Chrysomelian a decidedly large insect, stout and of _ striking appearance, light-brown in colour, with a black sutural stripe, which is slightly thckened from about midws ay down the elytra to near the apex. I have never since seen it on Asparagus, but more than once I have taken it feeding in _ large numbers on willow-shrubs about the right of way, a few miles north of our regent halting-place on the Peterborough railway. Last year’ I discovered it very abundant, almost a pest, on wild grape-vines near Sackville’s Swamp, on the south “shore of Rice Lake, between Bewdley and Gore’s Landing. : We now return to the little brook where our first Donacias were captured. Just over the fence, on our right hand, is a small pine wood out of which indeed iti is that our little brook emerges. This wood isa great place for early morels: it s also yielded some very interesting species of Longicorn and Clerid on the C asional windfall a white pine. Towards the north-east side of it where our 88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 way lies, grows a patch of raspberry canes, where I captured once in fuil flight, with my hand, that most elusive of dodgers, the Oberea. On the leaves of these raspberries one day I saw some tiny dark conical galls, as I supposed, and one of these I tried to tear from the leaf; to my surprise, when I partly wrenched it aside, it distinctly moved and glued itself back on the leaf. This was something new for a gall, and I pulled it away from its fastening to find that it contained a live larva whose legs were kicking frantically to get back to the leaf. You have often seen a refractory man-child plucked suddenly up by the nurse from the place where it was playing? Well, that’s how this caterpillar kicked. It was Chlamys, one of two genera that represent the fifth tribe. These insects construct a case out of their own excretions and under cover of this tiny, steeple-crowned brownie’s cap of a case, they move about and feed securely; when the time comes to pupate, they simply close the door at which they have grazed and behold, a ready-made cocoon. The insect itself is dark brownish black and covered with little warty excrescences ; when alarmed it closes its legs and falls to the ground, where it escapes notice entirely or is passed over by warblers and other insectivorous birds as a pebble or a pellet of dirt; one more instance of protective mimicry EEE in this creature through all stages of its existence. On these same raspberry leaves is often found a small yellow beetle with a black thorax ornamented by two white spots; it frequents many other leaves . besides such as basswood and hazel, but it is most abundant on raspberry. It is Bassareus luteipennis, the first of seven genera that constitute Tribe VI. These seven genera contain over 100 species, about fifty being found in Ontario. Three of the genera, containing over 35 species are represented right in this wood. Bassareus on the raspberry, Cryptocephalus quadrimaculatus (the size of the insect as usual in inverse proportion to its same) on the young shoots of white pine where the needles are soft, and Pachybrachys on the willow shrubs at the lower end of the wood. The members of this tribe are small, sometimes minute and stoutly cylindrical in shape, what we would call “chunky ”—indeed Pachybrachys (the Greek for “thick-short”) is only a grand name for “chunky.” Some of the species of Crytocephalus (which means “hidden head”) are very pretty, especially venustus which I have found on the blossom of the meadow-daisy, and mutabilis taken on birch and spiraea. As we walk back to the road that we left at Mose Robinson’s we can collect no less than five genera of the next or seventh Tribe. In the hollow at the north-east of the wood where the clump of willow and dogwood grows, you will find Xanthonia on the leaves of the former and Adozus on those of the latter; the first a small and the second a medium-sized beetle, closely resembling each other in shape and general color; about the trunk and limbs of that newly felled pine on the bank, Glyptoscelis, a fairly large beetle, metallic brown in color but looking lighter from its pubescence; on the common Dogbane (Apocynum androsaemifolium) you will find Chrysochus aureus, a large dazzlingly brilliant bluish-green beetle; it is said to feed on Indian hemp (Apocynum cannabinum) and on Milkweed (Asclepias), but I have never found it on any milkweed or on any other species of Dogbane than the common, sweet-scented species with pinkish blossoms; Apocynum cannabinum has greenish-white blossoms and no scent; as the Dogbane is filled with a white milky juice just as abundant as that of the Milkweed, Blatchley’s description may be erroneus; on the Dogwood, again, both leaves and blossom, a fifth genus of this tribe (Colaspis) is often found. a eee ia os eee eee ete a i a dle pl —e eS ere Pmt 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89 Returning to the road just east of Robinson’s we face east. South of us lie two upland meadows of rough grass, somewhat rocky and covered with hummocks and watery hollows, a favorite place for the kill-deer plover; here too sometimes in the fall is heard the peculiar cry of the Yellowlegs. As I was walking along here at the end of last April, I heard a strange bird-note; a long, loud whistle, melodious and with something of the plover’s plaintiveness about it. After some time I discovered a bird with long narrow wings circling at some height over the meadows, and several times the strange cry was repeated. I brought a friend out _ with me next week and with the aid of field glasses we watched as many as three pairs of the birds feeding, running and flying about these meadows. On alight- ing they would raise their wings over their backs till the tips met and then slowly fold them down at the sides, at the same time uttering this long drawn whistle. The bird I had first heard, however, was certainly calling as it hovered and circled high over the field, and as I stood under it I distinctly saw its neck and wings grow rigid for a moment as it forced the cry out on to the air; it was the Bartramian Sand-piper, and this was its mating call. I had the luck to startle a hen bird off her nest of eggs early in May quite near the fence that we are going along. Once the eggs are laid the birds become very shy and can rarely be approached. But in the mating season they seem fairly tame, and we watched one settle twice on the top of a fence post just north of where we are now, within stone’s throw of a farm- house. I was standing in the roadway at the time, and my friend was at the snake-fence, his foot on the bottom rail and his field glasses resting on the top, when I noticed a weasel running along the bottom rail in our direction; it showed ' not the slightest fear and never hesitated, but advancing steadily, stepped right _ over my friend’s foot; in its teeth it held by the nape of the neck, limp and lifeless, a large field-mouse, doubtless the family dinner. These creatures are very bold __and show the utmost unconcern of human beings. I remember being stopped some _ years ago by a section boss on the railway who asked to show me a nest under a culvert that his gang had been cleaning out: “There,” he said, disclosing four little blind nestlings, “ What’s them”? “Why,” I said. “they look like weasels.” ' “That’s what they*are, I reckon,” came the answer, “and the mother fought like a good one for nearly an hour to get back to them: we had to drive her off with stones before we could get at work on the culvert.” Along this stretch of road, within the space of a few rods, we shall find no less than five genera belonging to the eighth Tribe on our list. Under chips of wood by the roadside in the early spring, I have frequently found a small beetle, _ variegated black with yellow-brown stripes, called Prasocuris; on the common milkweed the large handsomely marked orange and black Doryphora clivicollis and __ on the bittersweet growing over that stone-pile, its cousin Doryphora decemlineata, that ubiquitous pest, the Colorado potato-beetle; in the blossom of the dogwood, a small metallic dark-green beetle that feeds also on elm leaves. Plagiodera viridis; about the knotweed at the wood’s margin, the pretty little Gastroidea polygoni with yellow-brown thorax and peacock-green elytra: while in the grass a little further on I took two specimens of Lina scripta as early as the end of April; no doubt hibernated specimens, probably from the willow clump nearby, for that is a favorite food plant of the Lina scripta; it is a somewhat variable species, of _ which I have found two quite distinct forms on the willow, one the normal form at Guelph and the other near Lindsay. There still remains in this tribe a genus that I have so far left unmentioned, the most beautiful of all the family and well worthy of the high compliment (pace the economic entomologist) paid it by Sl Chel ware fs os ae 90 THE REPORT OF ‘HE ‘No. 36 naturalists,—Chrysomela (Golden Apple—or is it an Homeric word meaning “oolden sheep”’?) from which the tribe gets its name of Chrysomelini or Chrysomela-like beetles, and the whole family its name of Chrysomelidae, ihe scions or clan of Chrysomela. This is a most beautiful beetle; the characteristic appearance being roundish-oval in shape and decidedly convex above; head and thorax mostly dark metallic and wing-covers a creamy white, daintily sculptured with metallic greenish or bluish black. It suggests old ivory inlaid with ebony or jet. In the early days of collecting, this was a beetle I coveted more than any other; the species that above all took my fancy being Chrysomela scalaris. There ~ was a brother-collector in town whose cases | was continually poring over. But it was in my second season as a collector that I first had the luck to “ strike ile,” and it was right on that dogwood bush behind the north fence of our road. I found here several specimens of a Chrysomela rather smaller than scalaris with greenish-black head and thorax, elytra cream-coloured and finely sculptured and dotted with metallic greenish black; it proved to be Chrysomela philadelphica, and a short search among dogwood shrubs yielded me some 50 specimens of the beetle. This was at the end of June and in July I migrated with all my bug-and-weed paraphernalia to the Rideau Lakes. It wasn’t long before I found grazing on basswood leaves along with walking-stick insects, whole flocks of a small whitish larva, marked with black, somewhat louse-shaped, and so strongly resembling the larva of the Potato-beetle that visions of Chrysomela scalaris began again to float before my excited imagination and to haunt my dreams. I separated about _ fifteen of the best grown lambs of the flock and shepherded them home to a domestic fold. But they seemed to scorn captivity and quite obviously pined in their cardboard box. Twice a day I brought them fresh fodder from their native pasture, but they wouldn’t browse worth a cent; and I lost one or two with every moult; less than half a dozen reached maturity and of these two died in pupating. However, three emerged safely and proved the realization of my dream, Chrysomela scalaris, all the more lovely in being home-grown. The knowledge that hundreds of these creatures must have matured about the basswood trees where I had made my captures drew me out to their feeding- grounds again. This time I searched in vain, not a larva could I see on any of the leaves, still less a mature insect; for the full-fed larva in this genus drops to the ground in order to pupate, and though it was the beetie itself that I had found © gregarious on the dogwood, there seemed to be no such luck in the case of this species; at the end of two hours I was still empty-handed. It was when I was passing across a stubble-field in the open from one part of the edge of the wood to another that I felt something crawling on the back of my neck. Of course, gentlemen, you all know the extraordinary phenomenon of an insect crawling on the back of the neck. No matter how rare it may have been when it first settled. if once you reach with your hand to make a capture it nearly always—well if you wish for an exact figure, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred it turns into an aculeate hymenopteron and poniards the cord of your neck with ihat most venomous of stilettos, the wasp-sting; in the hundredth case of course, it simply flies away. I was on the horns of a dilemma: if that creature was Chrysomela scalaris 1 wanted it badly; on the other hand I stood good chances of being stung. literally or figuratively, by its proving a wasp or something worthless or making its escape. My embarrassment was worse than that of the cockney sportsman (as _ pictured by Punch) when the bird he was aiming at suddenly settled on the middle of his gun-barrel; because, though I am told this would make a very difficult shot, 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91 at least the man knew what he was trying to bag. There were big risks, it was a daring shot, but I took it and grabbed the insect as it was pushing down behind the collar of my negligé. An awful moment, while I waited for telegraphic com- munication from my neck to my inner consciousness of the sensation of five inches of hatpin jabbed viciously in to the quick and centre of one’s being, that matter-of- * fact people call a wasp-sting; but there was no telegram, this was the hundredth chance, and sure enough, when I came to look at my capture, it was what I had been looking for—Chrysomela scalaris. Where had it come from? I am certain there was none on the basswood; it had simply dropped out of pure cussedness on to my head, I presume from the sky. Next season I found three more species, _ one on willows very like Chr. philadelphica of the dogwood, but with the front and _ sides of the thorax margined with cream; I have taken a great many specimens of ’ this beetle in various places, always on the willow: it is Chr. bigsbyana. The _ second new species was a smaller member of the genus called Chr. elegans, first _ found early in the season crawling on railway ties, which are not its food-plant, " but afterwards found feeding in abundance on water smart-weed about the surface — of a stream a couple of miles south-east of here. There is another species of small size closely resembling this, called Chr. _ suturalis. I have never discovered the food plant to which this beetle resorts _ about Port Hope, but I have twice found a stray specimen on grass-blades. One year in August when I returned from my holidays, I was looking over my friend’s collection of Chrysomelas, mentally checking off their food-plants as my eye roved 3 from species to species; basswood, dogwood, willow, water smartweed and so on, __ when suddenly, my attention was arrested by a whole row of fine specimens of this beetle. “Hullo,” I exclaimed, “where did you get these?” “Oh, on the beach, just a few days ago.” In an instant I had- registered a silent vow, and next morning hastened off to fulfil it in our old stand-by, the North Wood, equipped _ for the sacrifice with some sandwiches and a cyanide bottle. All the morning I searched beech trees diligently, without success, and all the afternoon the same, and at last went home, weary and footsore, having got nothing but aching eyes and a stiff neck. In the evening I was around again at my friend’s collection. . “Are you sure that you got those beetles on the beech?” I asked. “Oh, yes, and they were in fine condition: in fact one of them was still alive. I guess a thunder- - storm the day before had blown them out over the lake: when I went down the ‘south-east wind was washing them up on the beach.” My beech with an “‘ e,” was his beach with an “a”: he had taken his specimens on the lake shore. Disappoint- ments like these are bound to occur; I have spent days in search among spiraea and hazels which the collectors say are the invariable food of certain species and so far the result has been an absolute blank. We will move east about a mile, past Davison’s old chair-factory on the Rice _ Lake Road, up hill, down dale, and up hill again as far as Bethel. Here we turn - south down a grass Jane to a wood of pine, oak and maple, and skirt along the edge of this wood, “keeping close to the fence. Notice that sandy knoll in the wood, just west of us, with a large burrow at the top: I was approaching this one day from the south, gathering morsels as I went, when I felt that curious sense of being watched that we sometimes have. Looking up I saw what I took to be a young collie dog, reddish-brown, sharp-faced, staring straight at me; as soon as it saw "me look at it, it made a movement that is very characteristic of the collie, dropped flat on the ground, its head couched between the outstretched fore- -paws and so lay, , > 92 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 alert and watchful; 1 took a pace or two forward, when suddenly it did what no collie ever did, dived headlong into a sand-burrow and disappeared; it was a puppy to be sure, about half-grown—a young red fox. A quarter of an hours walk south-east brings us to our favorite lunching- ground, a huge pine tree surrounded by glacial boulders right at the top of a steep slope facing south; for we are on a table-land here, some 300 feet above Lake Ontario, with a magnificent view, east, west and south. This is probably the old shore line of Lake Ontario. Indeed a few miles west there are clear traces of an old beach five or six miles north of the Lake’s present boundary. The top of this hypothetical cliff overlooking an ancient Lake Ontario is clearly marked east and west by its fringe of white pine. Hast of us there must have been a magnificent bay, for the edge of the table-land recedes in a sharp curve for nearly a mile north, and then comes forward again with a sinuous sweep to the east. Out of the two corners of this bay now proceed south-west and south-east two little trout streams whose union half-way down the sloping valley results in Gage’s Creek, a stream that meanders along through five or six miles ot level farm land and at last reaches the lake just east of Trinity College School. After lunch we descend the slope to a rough meadow at the foot, on the edge of a tamarack swamp. Here we can examine some genera of the ninth Tribe of Chrysomelians; on the golden-rod which earlier in the year was badly eaten by the larva of Trirhabda canadensis, we see the mature insect; a large soft-winged beetle of a yellowish colour with a black or dark grey line on the outside of its wing- covers and a sutural stripe of the same down the centre of the back. Later in the year you will find two species of Diabrotica, commonly known as the spotted and the striped kind respectively of Squash beetle, their favorite food (especially in the larval state) being cucumber and melon vines. A third genus of this tribe I got two specimens of, on the edge of the swamp south of this meadow, but I only once have found it abundant and that was in the Algonquin Park, in a marshy bay at the shore of Cache Lake; it is said to be rare and Blatchley states its food- plant to be Arrow Arum (Peltandra) ; I found hundreds of it, feeding on a small species of the Skull Cap or Scutellaria; it is oblong, soft--winged, light yellow- brown in colour, with two black patches on each wing-cover,—a small one at the base and a large one near the apex; its name is Phyllobrotica discoidea. One more genus is represented here,—Galerucella decora, on the willow, and luteola on elm shoots at the west end of the meadow; a third species, nymphaea, is found on lily-pads; some species are quite a pest, appearing in immense numbers and des- troying a great deal of foliage. We will now walk west along the north end of Holdsworth’s farm to the road that runs south between Holdsworth’s and a farm of John Hume, the Port Hope seedsman. After crossing the road we come to a little brook. On the water smart- weed that grows in this stream I found, three or four years ago, quite a number of medium sized black and light-brown striped beetles that worked a new trick on me in methods of escape and with considerable success. I was used to beetles that took to flight suddenly and also to beetles that dropped from their perch on leaf or plant into the tangle of vegetation below, but except for the small flea-beetles of grapevine, alder, turnip, horseradish and so on I was not prepared for jumpers. But this whole tenth Tribe consists of jumping-beetles and their hind-thighs are creatly thickened in consequence. Their name Halticini is taken from the genus Haltica or Flea-beetle: the name simply means “the jumper.” This beetle of the water smartweed, is Disonycha pennsylvanica; a much larger beetle of the same 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93 genus I have often found on willow bushes by the railway near Carmel, twelve miles north of Port Hope, and also at several points in the Algonquin Park. It is light yellow-brown with a black margin round each wing-cover and a black stripe down the middle of the same; thighs and abdomen orange-coloured; it is Disonycha _ caroliniana and a most active leaper. There is one more genus of these leapers that I have found, said to be uncommon in Ontario; it is a very pretty beetle of fair size, with a close superficial resemblance (in size, shape and colour) to Chrysomela lunata; reddish brown all over, this color, on the elytra, being broken into irregular stripes by narrow wavy lines of yellow. I have found it abundant on the north shore of the Upper Rideau, feeding aiways on the Fragrant or Canada Sumach. Blatchley describes it as “common on the sumach,” but I have never found it on the poison-ivy or the stag-horn, only on the Canada sumach, which is a small shrub about the size of a gooseberry bush, having leaves almost identical with those of the poison-ivy, i.e., divided into three leaflets and slightly toothed on one or both margins; the bark and wood are fragrant, but with a certain pungency, not altogether pleasant. I shall never forget the time and the place that I first found this beetle, Blepharida rhois; for I got that day several treasures—this new beetle, a new fern (the ebony spleenwort) the rock selaginella, a new tree (the red cedar) and a new shrub (the Canada Sumach). i We are now on our way home. First we strike south-west for a couple of miles, through fields and woods: just before we reach the Sowden farm, we pass through some stumps of basswood, round whose base a sheaf of leafy twigs has sprouted. On these leaves I have found a smallish wedge-shaped beetle, reddish- brown in color, with some small, darker marks on it; its surface is peculiarly striated lengthwise by alternate furrows and ridges. It is called Odontota rubra, a leaf miner, feeding between the upper and the under surfaces of leaves and often in the larval stage very abundant on bass wood; it is the only representative of the eleventh tribe known to me. At the Sowden farm we turn west on the old York coach road from Toronto to Kingston and pass presently through Dale or Bletcher’s Corners. Arrived at the railway track we go south along it to the iron bridge over the Ganaraska at the head of Corbett’s pond. Just before we cross you will notice on the steep embankment to our right hand a great growth of wild convolvulus or Morning Glory. It was here that I first found the Coptocycla aurichaicea, a little tortoise beetle of most marvellous brilliance: it looks, when seen alive on its food-plant, like a dew-drop sparkling in the sunshine and equally iridescent, but this dazzling lustre fades after death to a red gold. It was on the south shore of the lower Rideau that I first met this last tribe of the Chrysomelidae, the Tortoise-beetles. Feeding together on wild convolvulus, meadow-rue and one or two other plants by the margin of the lake, I found two sorts of beetle, one large and the other small. _ There were larve as well as beetles of both kinds on the same plant and often on the same leaf. They proved to be Coptocycla guttata, a less brilliant beetle than aurichalcea, and Chelymorpha argus. I took some larve and pup as well as imagoes home with me and watched them mature. These insects have devised a most extraordinary means of protecting themselves. From the end of the larva’s abdomen protrudes what naturalists are pleased to call a forked process: on this Miniature rack the creature’s moults are spread and converted into a sort of tarpaulin by liquid excretions; this is then retroverted and dangles over the creature’s back like an umbrella. I wonder if any of you ever came across an old book called the “ Voyage and Travels of Sir John Mandeville”; this mediaeval = E THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 De Rougemont, borrowing some of his choicest traveller’s tales from Herodotus, Pliny and others, describes a one-legged race of men in Africa who go so fast that (as the author justly observes) it is marvellous. As disuse jeads to atrophy, much use produces hypertrophy, and Mandeville declares these one-legged men have developed such enormous feet that in the heat of the day they sit on the sand and hold their foot as a parasol over the head. In my edition of the work there is a woodcut illustrating this description, in which a native is seated on his one haunch (how to balance oneself must be as great a problem with that race as Columbus tackled in the hen’s egg), shading himself from the sun with his foot over his head. Some naturalists think that these larve are seeking protection from the sun in spreading this forked process over their back. But it seems more likely that they do it to escape detection by some bird-foe for whom they would be a dainty morsel. What makes me think so is that the pupa, too, is protected in a curious way. The full-grown larva pupates attached by some silk thread to the leaf, more or less exposed and helpless, but as soon as the pupa forms almost its entire surface turns greyish or bluish white; it looks like a creature that has died and been attacked by a fungus growth of mildew. It so deceived me that I was on the point of throw- ing specimens away. It was only when I took one between finger and thumb and felt it writhe firmly under my touch that I realized the deception. Doubtless one more case of protective mimicry. Now, gentlemen, we are nearly home. We skirt the side of Corbett’s Pond, where in May you will sometimes find on the mud flats seven or eight species of plover and sandpiper at a time, and passing along Hope Street turn up a lane near the C. N. R. bridge at Ontario Street. This takes us to De Blaquiére Street, and one block brings us to the plantation of young trees sent from Guelph to Trinity College School a few years ago. Here we cross the cricket ground and gain the school, my home for more than twelve years. We have been out all day, and walked some fifteen miles, and I seem to have done a great deal of talking. I only hope I have not wearied you. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY FOR THE FARMER. F. M. WesstEr, WASHINGTON, D.C. Of all husbandmen, the true farmer, the grower of grains and forage crops for sale or consumption on his premises, has been the last to profit by the applied science of entomology. He in the past has indeed supposed himself as helpless against the inroads of insects upon his crops as the Indian squaw whose only hope of saving her patch of Indian corn was in the effect of charms and incantations in warding off attacks of wireworms, cutworms, and perhaps other similar pests. The beginnings in applied entomology consisted in dusting garden vegetables with soot, lime, ashes, and, somewhat later, with powdered hellebore. But to the farmer these precautions meant practically nothing. Though his farm might not be a large one, the area was usually too wide to render these measures practicable even if they proved effective in a small way. It is true that the trapping of cut- worms under compact bunches of elder sprouts, milkweed, clover and mullen, “placed in every fifth row between every sixth hill,” was known as early as 1838, but 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | 95 these constituted only a trap or baits, the worms found under the traps being killed by some sharp instrument. This measure, however, seems never to have become popular. The spread of the so-called Colorado potato beetle over the country from the west eastward brought the use of Paris green and London purple as insecticides to the front, but, again, this did not help in the least the troubles of the ordinary farmer. The work of Riley, Packard and Thomas, on the western migratory locust was the first important effort made to aid the farmer in devising practical measures of fighting destructive insects over large areas. The spread of the cabbage butterfly from the east to the westward brought into use as an insecticide the powdered blossoms of Pyrethrum, but the farmer does not raise cabbage as either a grain ora forage crop. Studies of the cotton worm, by Riley and others, brought Paris green again into use and developed that useful insecticide, kerosene emulsion, but the farmer cannot make use of these in his cultivation of wheat, oats, corn, rye or barley; neither can he apply them to insect pests on his broad acres of forage crops. In the same way, fighting the codling moth and San José scale have developed the use of arsenical sprays, as well as those of lime and sulphur, crude petroleum and other sprays and washes. But none of these are of the slightest use to the farmer in his fields, no matter how valuable they may have been to the fruit grower. The farmer has therefore largely occupied the position of a skeptical spectator, who, while seeing clearly the benefits derived from applied entomology by his brother husbandmen, the fruit grower, the gardener, and even the cotton planter, was seem- ingly himself debarred from sharing in these benefits, because of the measures being inapplicable to his crops, and, even if this were not the case, his wide areas would render their use impracticable. Besides all of this the farmer has, himself, held somewhat the position of a eritical onlooker as the result of other causes. Before the advent of experiment stations, and even for some time afterwards, letters addressed to the members of university faculties, complaining of the ravages of insects and asking relief, brought the actual farmer little consolation. The replies he received to his appeals for relief were usually couched in terms to which he was unused, and much of the text of these replies in a language that he did not understand. Moreover, the replies were usually penned by men who had little or no practical knowledge of agriculture, and thus there grew up between the two not only a continually widening breach, but in many cases an absolutely intolerant feeling on the part of each for the other. This was approximately the relative position of the man from the campus and the man from the farm, at the time of the establishing of the Experiment Sta- tions, though there were, of course, some brilliant exceptions. Besides this, many, probably the majority, of those who were afterwards to make the Experiment Sta- tions a success, were yet to be trained and given their practical experience in com- bining the science and practice of agriculture; and it may be stated that the science of entomology, for reasons. previously given, has impressed the farmer the least favourably. Farmers had always looked upon insect depredations precisely as they did other natural phenomena like drouth, storms and floods, fully convinced by ages of experience that nothing could be done to prevent them, and, therefore they must be endured to the end. Entomological literature, however elementary and 96 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 popular, they simply would not read. This was, generally speaking, the situation, at the time when I was just beginning my entomological work among the farmers of Illinois. We will now step over the intervening twenty-five years and look at the situation as it is to-day. It will be an obscure section of the country indeed, if, where there are serious insect depredations going on, we at the Department of Agriculture do not promptly receive a report of it through one or the other of several sources. These reports are received through letters addressed direct to either the Depart- © ment or Bureau, and are coming each year with increasing frequency, through experiment stations, the press, and, last though not least, through members of Congress. Perhaps nothing better illustrates the changed condition and rapid growth of agriculture as a science than the immense strides made by economic entomology as applied over and throughout the broad acres of the ordinary farmer. At the present time, instead of receiving a stereotyped reply to his applications for relief, when he applies as an individual, or for his neighbourhood, to the Department of Agri- culture, either directly, or, as is becoming every day more and more frequent, through his representative in Congress, he is very often surprised when, within two or three days after the receipt of his complaint, there appears in his neighbourhood a young man who, in most cases, has grown up a farmer’s son on the farm, and, besides this, has had a thorough university training, and, perhaps, is further equipped by having been engaged in the investigation of insects over a wide range of country, including perhaps no small number of the United States. Instead of receiving a letter which to him might, perhaps, so far as practical aid is concerned, have been written in a foreign language, he finds that his visitor can go about over his and his neighbours’ farms with him, and with a clear understanding of the crops cultivated can point out the work of insects and tell them in what manner they might have avoided these injuries and saved their money. He will tell him of things that, though he may have spent a lifetime in farming, neither the farmer nor his neighbours have ever yet been able to observe. His caller not only fits into their farm life and speaks to him in the language of the farmer, but is able to explain, m a perfectly natural and intelligible way, much of what to him has heretofore been a mystery. The young man points out to him wherein their farm methods have, in many cases, been primarily responsible for their previously sustained losses by insect attack. The farmer is now in a position to read entomological literature intelligently and with pleasure to himself. It does not greatly matter of what State he may be a resident, if his locality is not too inaccessible, and the matter is of more than local importance, any of the men located at the fifteen different field stations can be wired instructions that will send them to his relief. In this way entomology as applied to the broad acres of the farm has within the last twenty-five years become completely revolutionized. This means much to the growers of grains and forage - crops and to the stock breeder. Moreover, it means almost equally as much to the banker, the manufacturer and. the merchant, all of whom are coming to recog- nize the fact. It has been my own practice to take up only such investigations as involve several States, leaving local matters to State institutions, where such are equipped for the work, and, when called upon to deal with such, I have urged that the State be at least given an opportunity to help itself, while we stood ready te reinforce their efforts if need be. This course has been followed especially with — reference to local outbreaks of grasshoppers. Where investigations can be carried 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97 out in any State, as a part of an extended plan of work, notably that of wheat sowing in fall to evade the fall attack of Hessian fly, we have carried out such experiments with the co-operation of farmers at whatever points seemed most desir- able for obtaining results which would benefit the greatest number of farmers. In many cases these sowings have been also made in co-operation with State institu- tions. The alfalfa weevil investigation have been carried on in co-operation with the State agricultural college and station at their request. Besides the field laboratories there are being carried on field experiments, out on the farms, under precisely the same conditions as those which the farmer has himself to meet. These experiments are conducted in such a way that farmers can see just what is done, how it is done, as well as the object of the experiment itself. They can also see what results are obtained, and what we have done, under their conditions, they, under like conditions, can do for themselves; and the proof thereof is right before their eyes in their own fields. We find that these object-lessons and personal contact are primarily worth vastly more than whole volumes of literature, and gradually the farmer is coming to learn that there is help for him as well as for the horticulturist, in combating insect pests, even though his acreage may be many times theirs and his crops radically different in nature. INSECT GALLS. By A. Cosens, Pu.D., Toronto. (Abstract of Lecture, illustrated by lantern slides.) In the evolution of the study of galls there are different epochs, each merging gradually into the following. From early historical times these abnormal structures have excited attention. In the first instance, this was in all probability due to the fact that they presented phenomena unusual and out of the ordinary. At this earliest epoch witchcraft and like fanciful explanations were proposed to account for their origin. Gradually, as they were better understood and seen to involye a stimulus by a parasite and a response by a host, the examination of them became more scientific, and the hypotheses concerning their causes, as a consequence, more valuable. The problem presented was recognized as one of great scientific interest, since it presented the unique feature of a foreign organism stimulating and controlling for its own benefit the growth of a host. Within the last few years it has been shown that a close relation exists between the structure of the bacterial crown gall and certain malignant animal tumors. Thus the second epoch with the subjects of theoretical interest seems gradually to be passing into a third in which it will rank as one of the greatest practical importance. The term “gall” is applied to any enlargement of plant cells, tissues, or organs induced by the stimulus of a parasitic organism as a regular incident in the life history of the parasite. Galls are divided into two classes, according to the agent that produces the stimulus—namely, Phytocecidia, those owing their origin to parasitic plants, and Zoocecidia, those produced by animal parasites. The former are caused by many different classes of plants, myxomycetes, bacteria, alge and fungi. Even the flowering plants are represented among the gall producers, since the witches” 7 ES: PLATE 2.—Structures of Insect Galls and their Producers. [98] a ) 3.—Structures of Insect Galls and their Producers. PLATE [99] PLATE 4.—Sponcy OAK APPLE. (Amphibolips confluens, Harris.) nission of William Beutenmiiller, New York, from the s of Amphibolips and their Galls,” Amer. Mus. of Nat. [Reproduced by special per author’s edition of ‘‘ The Specie Hist., vol. 26. art. 6, 1909.] [100] 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101 brooms and the spherical stem swellings on the black spruce are due to the stimulus of the dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium pusillum. The latter are incited by mites (Acarina) and by insects in several different orders as follows: Hemiptera (Families Aphidide and Psyllide), Diptera (Families Cecidomyide and Trype- tide), Coleoptera (Families Buprestide, Cerambycide and Curculionide), Lepi- doptera (Families Gelechiide, Sesiide, Tineide), Hymenoptera (Families Cyni- pide and Tenthredinide). From the Bryophytes to the Spermatophytes nearly all plants are subject to gall formations of this class. : The type of gall produced by the orders Acarina and Hemiptera is simple in structure, consisting usually of a more or less pronounced folding in the leaf of the host, often accompanied in the former by an abundant production of trichomes as on plate 2, Figs. 4 and 5. The Coleoptera and Lepidoptera originate galls that show little differentiation of tissues and an entire lack of a well-defined nutritive layer. The Dipterous forms are in some cases as simple in structure as the Acarina pouch galls (Fig. 3), but in others are as complicated as any of the highest types of galls. In the order Hymenoptera are two families, Cynipide and Tenthre- dinidz, the members of which produce galls that are in marked contrast to each other. The sawfly galls are characterized by a very pronounced proliferation of tissue without differentiation into distinct layers except at the very earliest stages of gall production. These layers can be seen in Fig. 13. The Cynipid galls, by way of contrast, have invariably three distinct zones of tissue, and only seldom is a fourth absent. These layers have the following relation to each other. Lining the larval chamber is the nutritive zone with cells oriented usually in a radial direction (Fig. 8). Bounding this layer on the outside is situated the protective sheath, the zone that is absent in a few types. Outside of that again the paren- chyma or tannin zone is differentiated, passing out to the epidermal layer. One fundamental and far-reaching principle of gall production by insects is that the stimulus does not endow the protoplasm of the host with power to produce new types of organs, tissues, etc. Structures are in many cases originated that are not found on the same part of the normal host, but invariably their prototypes are present on another part of the plant or a nearly related species. The proto- plasm is so stimulated that not only are dominant characteristics strengthened, but also in certain cases latent properties are called into activity, and thus the apparent new type of production appears in the host. The principle can be illustrated in the case of glands, trichomes and aeriferous tissue. It may be stated, as an unvarying rule, that when glands are present in the normal tissue, they are always more plentiful or larger in the gall originating from that tissue. This is exemplified in the galls produced by Hurosta solidaginis Fitch (Fig. 2), Aulacidea nabali Brodie, and numerous other species. But glands also occur in certain galls on parts of the host that are normally glandless. Thus they are plentiful in the gall produced by Neo/lasioptera perfoliata Felt, on Hupatorium perfoliatum L., but are not found in the same location in the normal, but are, however, present at the base of the stem. In #. urticewfolium Reichard they likewise occur in the transitional region between stem and root, while in Z. purpwreum L. they are present in the roots, petioles and flowering axes, as well as in the cortex and pith of the stem. In the case of gland production, it is clear that not only have active characteristics of the protoplasm in that direction been stimulated to an activity greater than the normal maximum, but nearly dor- mant properties have sometimes been aroused into action. 8 Es. 102 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The trichomes exemplify the principle in a very similar manner to the glands. _ When the gall produces types different from the normal, these are almost invari- ably found on the reproductive axes of the host. The unicellular acicular hairs of Hriophyes querct Garman, are totally unlike the stellate hairs of the leaf, but their exact counterparts are found on the reproductive axes of the host Quercus macrocarpa Michx. The much convoluted type of hair present in the Acarina dimple gall on the leaves of Acer negundo L. (Fig. 5), are found plentifully dis- tributed over the reproductive axes, although the normal leaf hairs are straight. The trichome-producing activity of the protoplasm has thus been stimulated by the foreign organism to a degree reached in the normal only at the time of re-, production. The production of aeriferous tissue in certain Salicaceous galls also substan- tiates the principle in a very striking manner. These galls contain examples of a typical aeriferous tissue, comparable indeed, to that found in such aquatics as Nymphea, Potamogeton or Saururus; while in the corresponding part of the host it does not occur. Indeed, this statement may be extended to include all the species of the host genus. A cross section of the gall originated on Salix cordata Muhl. by Rhabdophaga triticoides Walsh, shows this tissue surrounding each larval cell. It is present in the abnormal stem and extends entirely across the pith, as can be seen in Fig. 1. While this tissue is present in the primary cortex of the normal stem of both Salix and Populus, and indicated in the pith of. the latter, it is entirely absent from the pith in the corresponding part of the stem of Salix. It is abundant in such primitive regions of Salix as the reproductive axes, nodes and leaf traces. Thus the unexpected appearance of this tissue in the gall cited is readily explainable on the same grounds as in the case of the glands and trichomes -—namely, the power to produce this tissue is latent in the protoplasm of the host, and it becomes sufficiently active to reinstate the tissue only when the gall-pro- ducing stimulus gives rise to unusual conditions. A further illustration of this principle is shown in the production of cork in an aphid gall on the leaf of Passiflora suberosa. While this tissue is entirely absent from the unstimulated leaf, the stem produces it normally. Also, Rhodites multi- spinosus Gillette stimulates the usually unarmed stem of Rosa blanda Ait. to the production of an execeedingly spiny gall. The production of spines, however, is a marked characteristic of the genus and a dormant activity has again been aroused. Concerning the mode of application of the stimulus by the parasite, it may be stated that in none of the families of insects except the Tenthredinide is there any evidence that indicates the beginning of gall formation before the hatching of the larva. In this family the source of the stimulus is in all probability the ovi- positor of the insect, since it has been conclusively shown that the gall structure is well advanced while the larva is still within the egg membranes. This fact is exemplified in Fig. 13. From observations on the galls of Neuroterus leviusculus and Biorhiza aptera, Adler concluded that cell division commenced only after the larva emerged from the egg. Weidel lately has shown that such is the case in the gall produced by Neuroterus vesicator Schlecht. It may, as a consequence, be accepted as proven that the source of the stimulus in the galls produced by the Cynipide is the larva of the producer. As already published*, the writer has proven by a series of experiments, that the larva of Amphibolips confluens Harris, secretes an enzyme capable of changing *Transactions of the Canadian Institute, Vol. IX, 1912. 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 103 starch to sugar, and has also demonstrated the presence of salivary glands opening externally in Philonic migra Gillette (Fig. 11), and Amphibolips confluens Harris. We may conclude, then, that at least one enzyme is present 1n the salivary secretion of the larve of the Cynipide and that this acts as a pre-digestive ferment on the contents of the nutritive zone. By its action, starch is changed into a readily soluble substance, and is consequently readily absorbed by the digestive tract of the larva. The fact that excrement is not found in Cynipid galls has formerly been explained by the assumption that the alimentary canal of the larva ends blindly. As the writer has demonstrated its completeness in Philonia nigra Gillettee (Fig. 10), and Amphibolips conflwens Harris, this is probably the case in all of the species. The correct explanation for the absence of frass is that the larva uses as food only the cell contents of the nutritive zone, and these have been rendered capable of complete absorption by the amylalytic ferment in the larval secretion. A very marked feature of the nutritive zone of the galls is the gradual collapsing of the cells as their contents are removed. Compare Figs. 6 and 7. Since the cell walls lining the Cynipid larval chamber are not broken by the larva in feeding, the interior of the cavity remains smooth, a marked contrast to the ragged, broken edge of tissue left where an inquiline larva has been feeding. A comparison of Figs. 8 and 9 will demonstrate this. The difference in the nature of the food is shown in the stomach contents of the Cynipid and the inquiline larva. The former consists of a mass of extremely fine particles, among which can be detected nothing that is recognizable as having formed a part of a cell (Fig. 8). but the latter is composed of much coarser material in which crystals and parts of cell walls can be easily detected (Fig. 9). As well as thus acting as a pre-digestive factor the ferment in the larval sali- vary secretion has an indirect action on the production of the gall. Owing to its influence the nutritive zone will become stored with an unusually large amount of available nourishment which can diffuse to all parts of the gall. The protoplasm of the latter is thus rendered unusually active, since it receives an abnormal quantity of available food material in a limited area. The hypertrophy and cell prolifera- tion and probably also the appearance of vestigial tissue, or other primary characters are explainable as the response of the protoplasm of the host to the additional food supply. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES 2 AND 3. Fic. 1. Rhabdophaga triticoides Walsh on the stem of Salix cordata Muhl. Transverse section of a young gall, in which is shown the general arrangement of the larval cham bers and the distribution of aeriferous tissue throughout the cortex and pith of the gall. The edges of three larval chambers are bounding the pith of the gall. ><50. Fie. 2. Eurosta solidaginis Fitch on the stem of Solidago canadensis L. Transverse section showing the proliferation of glandular tissue. 25. Fic. 3. Cecidomyia ocellaris O.S. on the leaf of Acer rubrum L., showing the almost unchanged character of the leaf immediately below the larva, and the great amount of proliferation in the region surrounding it. 30. Fie. 4. Eriophyes sp. (Fagus grandifolia Ebrh.) Section through a number of capitate trichomes. The almost normal character of the leaf is shown. ><50. Fic. 5. Eriophyes sp. (Acer negundo L.) Section through the gall, showing a large number of convoluted trichomes. 35. Fic. 6. Dryophanta palustris O.S. on the leaf of Quercus velutina Lam. Section of a very early stage in which the inner and outer galls are still in contact. 30. Fic. 7. Dryophanta palustris O.S. on the leaf of Quercus velutina Lam. Section of the larval chamber of a mature specimen, showing the insect breaking out of the inner gall. At this stage the nutritive layer has entirely collapsed. 15. 104 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Fic. 8. Holeaspis bassetti Gillette on the stem of Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Sec- tion through the gall cavity with enclosed larva. The character of the cells of the nutri- tive zone is shown and the unbroken edge of the inside boundary. >< 60. Fia. 9. Section of a larval inquiline from the gall Holcaspis bassetti Gillette. The broken edge of the tissue on which the larva has been feeding is shown, also the com- paratively coarse material of the stomach contents. 60. Fic. 10. Philonix nigra Gillette. Longitudinal section of the larva, showing the external opening of the alimentary canal. 15. Fic. 11. Philonix nigra Gillette. Longitudinal section of the head of the larva pass- ing through a salivary gland and its associated duct. The opening is just below the mouth. 40. Fic. 12. Rhabdophaga strobiloides Walsh on the stem of Salix cordata Muhl. Longi- tudinal section, showing the larva in contact with the small-celled tissue at the apex of the stem. 25. Fie. 13. Pontania hyalina Norton on Salix alba L. Section of gall with larva still within the egg membrane. Proliferation is shown well advanced in all the tissues of the leaf. 365. ANTS. (Abstract of Illustrated Lecture on “Ants,” by Prof. W. M. Wheeler.) By way of preface the lecturer made some general statements in regard to the 5,000 known species and sub-species of ants, and -described the development and metamorphosis of the individual ant, the various castes, or polymorphic phases represented by each species and the function of each of these castes in the life of the colony. Then the general behaviour of ants was treated from the stand- point of the three basic biological activities, namely reproduction, nutrition and protection. Special emphasis was placed on the behaviour of the female, or queen ant and her methods of establishing the colony in contrast with the behaviour of the queen honey-bee and with the male ant, which takes no part in the activities of the colony as such, but functions only as a fecundating agency during the nuptial flight. The queen ant was shown to possess all the instincts of the worker forms in addition to some of her own and thus to represent the most complete embodi- ment or epitome of the species. This statement requires qualification only in the case of certain parasitic and slave making species, in which the queen is degenerate like the queen honey bee and no longer able to establish a colony and bring up the first brood of her offspring without the aid of workers either of her own or of an alien species. The peculiar structure of the ant’s alimentary tract was described in some detail, with its “social” and “individual” stomachs, which enable the insects not only to store their liquid food in the most economical manner but also to distribute it equally among the various members of the colony both larval and adult. For the purpose of illustrating this portion of the lecture more fully the various adapta- tions of ants to living in very dry regions, such as deserts, were examined, and it was shown that these insects have evolved four very different methods of circumventing the difficulties inseparable from life under conditions that imply a great scarcity of their natural insect food. A certain number of species have exaggerated their primitive predatory instincts and have become rapacious hunters (e.g. the species of Cataglyphis in the North African deserts). Others have taken to storing quantities of liquid food in the crops, or social stomachs of certain —— ' } 7 seen 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105 — workers of the colony for. the purpose of tiding over the long droughts (e.g. the honey ants of the South-western States and Australia belonging to the genera Myrmecocystus, Melophorus, Camponotus, Leptomyrmez, etc.) Other species have become agricultural or havesting ants (the species of Messor, Pogonomyrmex, many species of Meranoplus, Pheidole, Solenopsis, etc.) and have therefore become addicted to a vegetable diet. These forms store the seeds of various desert plants in their nests. Lastly, a group of American ants, comprising the species of Atta and allied genera, has learned to grow fungi for food on pieces of leaves, cater- pillar excrement or other vegetable detritus. Although this habit seems to have originated in the moist woods of South and Central America, several of the species which acquired it were able by its means to invade the deserts of the Mexican plateau and of the South-western States and thus to remain independent of the precarious supply of insect food peculiar to those regions. This represents the most specialized stage of ant dietetics. The protective instincts of ants, apart from their stinging and biting pro- clivities, attain their most striking expression in the construction of the nests. The various types of these structures were briefly considered: the small crater nests in the soil, the nests under stones and in wood, the larger mound nests, which are characterized by a superstructure of accumulated vegetable detritus which is used as an incubator for the larve and pupe, the carton nests constructed in trees by various tropical ants of the genera Cremastogaster, Azteca, Dolichoderus and Polyrhachis, and the extraordinary silken nests of Oecophylla smaragdina and some species of Polyrhachis and Camponotus, which are woven by the ants using their spinning larve as shuttles. THE EXCURSION TO GRIMSBY. In accordance with the pre-arranged programme the visiting entomologists were all invited to participate in an excursion to the town of Grimsby, which is situated near the centre of the chief peach district of the Province. About thirty- five availed themselves of the opportunity. It had been expected that the party would arrive at Windsor soon after noon, but owing to a very severe thunderstorm the previous evening the electric cars were running very irregularly and it was not until about 2 p.m. that the party arrived there. Lunch was at once served. After lunch there were two or three very interesting short addresses of appreciation of the pleasant trip and of the entertainment. Immediately afterwards those who were enthusiastic collectors set out in a body to search the flower-clad side of the so-called mountain for their favorite kinds of insects. The remainder, under the guidance of Mr. Cesar, visited the neighboring orchards, especially the peach orchards. Fortunately the peaches were just ready to pick and the healthy trees with their luxuriant green foliage and the branches bending down almost to the breaking point with the weight of golden fruit, aroused the enthusiasm and ad- miration of those who had never before seen an Ontario peach orchard. About two hours were spent driving through or past peach and other orchards, noting at the same time a few of the special insect pests of the locality, and then all re- turned to the hotel to meet the party of collectors, who reported a considerable number of interesting captures. Farewells were given, and the convention was at an end. Ibs (OL 106 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1913. ARTHUR GIBSON, CHIEF ASSISTANT ENTOMOLOGIST, DIvISION oF ENTOMOLOGY, OTTAWA. The season of 1913, in most parts of Canada, has been favorable for systema- tic work in entomology. In many districts the cold, backward spring was followed by perfect weather for collecting, and in consequence, in many localities, interest was awakened which resulted in valuable work being accomplished. In British Columbia, largely through the revival of the B.C. Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario, collections were made at several points; throughout the prairie provinces new collectors were heard from, and in the older settled districts of east- ern Canada, entomologists took advantage of the continued favorable weather to gather many species, and in certain groups which had been somewhat neglected, large series of specimens were secured, which added new records and much informa- tion as to distribution. At the field stations of the Division of Entomology, which have been recently established in the different provinces, the officers in charge have made collections of insects in their respective districts and these will be added to from year to year, and the material worked up by specialists. During 1913, as far as we know, no special expeditions were made to Canada for the purpose of collecting insects. Small collections were made in the Yukon Territory and other distant places, by members of Dominion Government survey parties. Dr. E. M. Walker, of Toronto, made a collecting trip, particularly to certain parts of British Columbia and brought back many specimens. Some of the officers of the Division of Entomology while visiting western Canada officially, gathered material at various points. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt collected ants and bees and new records were obtained. Mr. J. M. Swaine spent July, August and September in British Columbia and made important collections of certain groups of coleoptera. The writer collected interesting species in Manitoba, Alberta and British Columbia. It is again our pleasant duty to acknowledge the continued assistance received in the determination of material from the recognized authorities in the United States and elsewhere. Particular acknowledgment is due to Dr. L. O. Howard and his associates at Washington—Dr. Dyar, Dr. Banks, Messrs. Schwarz, Crawford, Busck, Rohwer and Knab; Sir George F. Hampson of the British Museum; Mr. W. D. Kearfott, of Montclair, N.J.; Prof. H. F. Wickham, of Iowa City, Iowa; Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, of San ieee Cal.; Mr. J. A. Grossbeck, of New York; Dr. Henry Skinner, of Philadelphia, Pa. ; Dr. E. M. Walker, of Toronto, Ont.; Col. Thos. L. Casey, of Washington, D.C.; Mr. C. W. Johnson, Boston, Mass. = Mr. Chas. Liebeck, of Philadelphia, Pa.; Mr. F. H. Wolley-Dod, of Midnapore, Alta. ; Mr. J. D. Evans, of Trenton, Ont.; Prof. H. S. Hine, of Columbus, Ohio: Mr. Chas. W. Leng, New York, N.Y.; Prof. J. M. Aldrich. La Fayette, Ind., and Dr. W. G. Dietz, of Hazleton, Pa. LITERATURE. Among the publications which have been issued during 1913, and which are of interest to Canadian students, mention may be made of the following :— AuLMANN, G. Psyllidarum catalogus: W. Junk, Berlin, 1913. We are glad to see a catalogue of the Homopterous family Psyllide, published by the well ee 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 10% known firm of W. Junk, Berlin. It is gotten up in the same style as the Coleop- terorum catalogus, which is now becoming familiar to coleopterists. This cata- logue includes the species of the world and is complete in 92 pages. It will cer- tainly prove of value to students of that family and they should know of its exist- ence.—Entomological News, March, 1913. Barnes, W., and McDunnovueH, J. H. Contributions to the Natural History of the Lepidoptera of North America: Decatur, Ill. (to be obtained from Dr. W. Barnes). Vol, II, No. 1—Tllustrations of Rare and Typical Lepidoptera (con- tinued), 21 plates, issued March 10, 1913; Vol. II, No. 2.—The N. American species of the Liparid Genus Olene, pp. 47-76, plates 1-7, issued April 15, 1913; Vol. Il, No. 3—New N, Am. Lepidoptera with notes on described species, pp. 93- 146, plates 1-9.. We were very glad, indeed, to receive the above additional num- bers of the Contributions. They are valuable publications and the illustrations, on the whole, are excellent and very helpful. Casgy, THos. L. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, IV ; published by the New Era - Printing Company, Lancaster, Pa., issued Noy. 30, 1913, pp. 400. This fourth Memoir is divided into two parts: I—Studies in the Cicindelide and Carabide of America; I].—Further Studies among the American Longicornia. In Part I., 186 species are described as new (10 of which are from Canada), and 56 as new subspecies; of these latter seven are from Canada. In Part II, 227 beetles are described as new species (four of these are from Canada) and 21 as new sub- species (none from Canada). Fautt, J. H., et al. The Natural History of the Toronto Region, Ontario, Canada: The Canadian Institute, 1913, 419 pp. In this most interesting volume (received 13 Sept., 1913), chapter XIII, is devoted to Insect Galls of the Vicinity of Toronto (By Dr. A. Cosens), and chapter XXII to Insects and their Allies (By Dr. E. M. Walker). In this latter chapter, which occupies pages 295 to 403, lists are presented of insects, in the various orders, which are known to have been collected in the district of Toronto. Altogether 2,488 species are listed, as follows: Orthoptera 61; Dermatoptera 1; Plecoptera 2; Ephemerida 12; Odonata 60; Hemiptera 92; Neuroptera 8; Trichoptera 5; Coleoptera 1,079; Lepidoptera 619; Hymenoptera 263; Diptera 249. Unfortunately, entomologists are few in Toronto, and comparatively little systematic collecting has been accomplished outside of two or three of the better known orders, and even in these the work has been con- fined largely to certain families. The lists presented are of much value and will it is hoped lead to greater zeal in collecting so that many additions may be made. Fotsom, J. W. Entomology with special reference to its Biological and Eco- nomic Aspects; Second Revised Edition, with four plates and 304 text figures, Philadelphia: P. Blakeston’s Son & Co., 1913; price $2.25. The new revision of this very useful book contains only 402 pages as com- pared with 485 pages in the first edition. This is due to the fact that the type form has been enlarged to 4%4 x 7 inches; the paper is also a little thinner. Much additional information is given in the new volume. Chapters I to VI remain with the same titles; chapter VII on “Origin of Adaptations and of Species” is omit- ted; chapters VIII and IX, correspond to VII and VIII of the new edition; in the latter, chapter IX “Transmission of Diseases by Insects” is new; chapters X, XI, XII and XIII remain with the same titles, Additions have been made to the bibliography at the end of the volume. ‘The coloured plate illustrating pro- tective mimicry among butterflies does not appear in the Revision. 108 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 FRANKLIN, Henry J. The Bombide of the New World: Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XXXVIII, pp. 177-486 (issued Jan., 1913); XXXIX, pp. 73-200, plates I-XXII (issued July, 1913). This extremely valuable monograph, the appear- ance of which has been eagerly looked forward to, is now available for students of the hymenoptera. Chapters on “Characters of the Bombidx,” “ Geographical Distribution,” “Climatic Variations,” “Economic Importance,” “ External Ana- tomy,” etc., precede the systematic discussion of the species. The first part treats of “Species north of Mexico,” and the second, “Species south of the United States.” In Part I, four species are described as new and one as a new subspecies ; one of the new species is from Newfoundland. Thirty-seven species of Bombide occur north of the United States. GROSSBECK, JOHN A. Bibliography of the published writings of Professor John B. Smith. Proceedings of the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences, Vol. IV. A copy of this bibliography has recently been received. Students of Lepidoptera will welcome this list of the writings of our late friend. In this order alone 144 references are given to published papers. Hampson, Sir Grorce F. (Bart.). Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalenz in the British Museum, Vol. XII, Noctuide, 1913, 626 pp., plates excii-cexxi, received 18th March, 1913. In this volume the swbhfamily Catocaline (in part) is classified ; 63 genera embracing 643 species are presented; these are characterized as follows: “Vein 5 of the hind wing is fully developed and arises from close to the lower angle of the cell; the eyes are smooth and not overhung by ‘ cilia’; the mid tibize are always spined, and the fore and hind tibie may also be similarly armed.” This volume is of much value to North American students, including as it does many species known in American literature under the genus Catocala. Records of 109 species from North America are given, 35 of which are from Canada. The beautiful plates which accompany the volume are excellent in every way. Hewitt, C. Gorpon. Bibliography of Canadian Entomology for 1911: Ottawa; Trans. Royal Soc, of Can., Third Series—1912, Vol. VI, Section IV. This use- ful annual publication, which is now compiled by Dr. Hewitt, will be found of much interest especially to Canadian workers. References to 116 papers are given. A new addition is the subject index which appears at the beginning. Howarp, L. O., Dyar, H. G. and Kwan, F. The Mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies: Washington, D. C., published by the Car- negie Institution of Washington. Volume One: A general consideration of Mos- quitoes, Their Habits and Their Relations to the Human Species; issued Jan. 21, 1913. Volume Two: Plates; issued Feb. 24, 1913. It is impossible in the space available here to more than simply note the appearance of the first two volumes of this monumental work on mosquitoes. Volume One consists of 520 pages. Im- mediately following the introduction, the “ Early accounts of Mosquitoes” are dis- cussed, followed by chapters on the structure of the adult, the larva, etc. Exten- sive chapters on collecting, etc., the relation of mosquitoes to man, economic loss from mosquitoes, examples of mosquito control, etc., contain most valuable and exceedingly interesting matter. The arrangement of the text, the illustrations, etc., are excellent in every way. Volume Two consists entirely of plates, to the number of 150. Plate 1 shows a diagram of culicid larve; plates 2-40 illustrate the male genitalia of 270 species; plate 41 shows the wings of 22 species of ano- phelines; plates 42-85 illustrate mature larve; plates 86-129, details of larve; 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109 plate 130, larval float-hairs; plate 131, head of larva, ventral view; plates 132-135, maxille of larve; plates 136-138, mandibles of larve; plates 139-144, mental plates of larve; plates 145-147, eggs; plates 148-150, pupe. Mercanr, C. L. The Syrphide of Ohio: Ohio Biological Survey, Bulletin No. 1, Vol. I.; Ohio State University, Columbus, 1913, pp. 7-122, plates i to xi. This extremely valuable contribution is very welcome. The insects of this family are of very considerable economic importance. The paper is divided into three parts: Part I.— General discussion of the family, characters, etc.; Part I1.—Key to known larvee, synopsis of life-history studies, ete.; Part I1I—Keys to genera, species, etc. This bulletin will be of special use to Ontario students. Mortery, Cuaupe. A Revision of the Ichneumonide based on the Collection in the British Museum (Natural History) with Descriptions of New Genera and Species: British Museum (Natural History), 1915. Part II., Tribes Rhyssides, Echthromorphides, Anomalides and Paniscides; pp. 140, 1 plate (coloured). This is a continuation of the “ Revision” commenced by the same author in 1912. Tn this second part 291 species are included, 71 of which are described as new. _ Records are given of 7 species from Canada, which are in the British Museum; 2 of these are described as new. Among the North American species treated of, several not represented in the British Museum occur in Canada. WHEELER, Wi1LLIAM Morton. A Revision of the Ants of the Genus Formica (Linné) Mayr; Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. LIII, No. 10, Cambridge, Mass., October, 1913. In this most useful contribution, pp. 379-565, the author recognizes 31 species, 19 subspecies, and 43 varieties as belonging to the North American fauna. Many Canadian records are given, and several species, sub- species, and varieties are described as new. One form which occurs in Canada is given specific rank. The taxonomic and other notes given after many of the descrip- tions will be found of much value to students of these insects. In order to facilitate the identification of the various species, subspecies, and varieties of Formica the _ author gives dictotomic tables of the worker phases, as well as tables of the females of the rufa and microgyna groups. The following is a list of the names and addresses of collectors heard from during 1913: Anderson, E. M., Provincial Museum, Victoria, B.C. Baird, Thos., High River, Alta. Beaulieu, G., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Beaulne, J. I., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Bethune, Rev. Prof., 0.A.C., Guelph. Blackmore, E. H., Victoria, B.C. Brimley, J. F., Grimsby, Ont. Brittain, W., Agric. College, Truro, N.S. Bush, A. H., 1105 Broadway, Vancouver, B.C. Caesar, L., O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. Chagnon, Gus., Box 521, Montreal. Chagnon, W., St. John’s, Que. - Chandler, Frank S., Kaslo, B.C. Cockle, J. W., Kaslo, B.C. 110 THE REPORT OF THE Cosens, Dr. A., Parkdale Collegiate Institute, Toronto. Crew, R. J., 561 Carlaw Ave., Toronto. Criddle, Evelyn, Aweme, Man. Criddle, Norman, Aweme, Man. Dawson, Horace, Hymers, Ont. Day, G. O.; Duncans, B.C. Dod, F. H. Wolley-, Midnapore, Alta. Emile, Rey. Bro., Longueuil, Que. Evans, J. D., Trenton, Ont. Fyles, Rev. Dr. T. W., 368 Frank St., Ottawa. Germain, Rey. Bro., 125 Empress St., Ottawa. Gibson, Arthur, Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Hahn, Paul, 433 Indian Road, Toronto. Haight, D. H., Sudbury, Ont. Hanham, A. W., Duncans, B.C. Harrington, W. H., P. O. Dept., Ottawa. Heath, E. F., Cartwright, Man. Hewitt, Dr. C. Gordon, Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Hudson, H. F., Strathroy, Ont. Keen, Rev. J. H., Metlakatla, B.C. ; Kitto, V., Inland Revenue, Dept. Interior, Ottawa. Leavitt, A. G., St. John, N.B. Lyman, H. H., 74 McTavish St., Montreal. McIntosh, W., St. John, N.B. Mignault, Rev. J. B., Ste. Therese, Que. Moore, G. A., 850 St. Hubert St., Montreal. Metcalfe, W., 134 O’Connor St., Ottawa. Nicholls, Arch., Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. Perrin, Jos., McNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S. Petch, C. E., Covey Hill, Que. Richard, Rey. A. E., Perkins, Que. Ross, W. A., Vineland Station, Ont. Sanders, G. E., Bridgetown, N.S. Sanson, N. B., Banff, Alta. Simpson, W., Dominion Observatory, Ottawa. Simms, H. M., 192 Ontario East, Montreal. Sladen, F. W. L., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Stewart, G. M., 83 Smith St., Winnipeg, Man. Strickland, E. H., Experimental Station, Lethbridge, Alta. Swaine, J. M., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Tothill, J. D., Fredericton, N.B. Treherne, R. C., Agassiz, B.C. Venables, E. P., Vernon, B.C. Walker, Dr. E. M., Univ. of Toronto, Toronto. Wallis, J. B., Machray School, Winnipeg, Man. Willing, Prof. T. N., Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. Wilson, Tom, 1105 Broadway, Vancouver, B.C. Winn, A. F., 32 Springfield Ave., Westmount, Que. Young, C. H., Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa. No. 36 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 111 NOTES OF CAPTURES. (Species preceded by an asterisk (*) described during 1913.) LEPIDOPTERA. (Arranged according to Dyar’s List of North American Lepidoptera, U.S. Nat. Museum Bull. No. 52.) (Dyar’s number. ) 65. 134, 869. 878. 1740. Hurymus eurytheme Bdy. McNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S., Oct. 25, 1912; first record for the district, (Perrin). “Brenthis triclaris Hbn. Prince Albert, Sask., June 26, (Walker). Neoarctia yarrowt Stretch. Banff, Alta., 7,500 ft. elevation on Sulphur Mt., July 9, (Sanson). Apantesis parthenice Kirby. A perfect specimen of this species with yellow hind-wings was received from Mr. Norman Criddle, taken at Aweme, Man., Aug. 12. This is the only specimen of this species which I have seen with yellow secondaries, (A. G.). Apatela marmorata. Sm. Duncan, Vane. Is., B.C., (Day). New to British Columbia. Catabena lineolata Walk. Cartwright, Man., first I have taken, (Heath). Hillia discinigra Walk. Montreal, Que., Sept. 21, 1912, (Winn). New to Quebec list. Hadena finitima Gn. Quamichan Lake, B.C., May 22, a pair at sugar; the first specimens taken here, (Hanham). Epidemas cinerea Sm. Victoria, B.C., Oct. 2, (Hanham). Polia extincta Sm. Cartwright, Man., Aug. 1, (Heath). Polia contadina Sm. Quamichan Lake, B.C., Sept. 15, (Hanham). - Trachea delicata Grt. St. John’s, Que., July 16, (W. Chagnon); Mont- real (Aug.) only record in Winn’s Quebec list. Oncocnemis homogena Grt. Hope Mountains, B.C., July 26, 1908, (Day). New to British Columbia. Platagrotis condita Gn. Quamichan Lake, B.C., May 26, (Hanham). Noctua havile Grt. Duncan, Van. Is., B.C., (Day). |New to British Columbia. Paragrotis brocha Mory. Duncan, Vance. Ts., B.C., (Day). Paragrotis hollemani Grt. Dunean,. Vane. Is., B.C., (Day). New to Canada. Paragrotis infausta Walk. Quamichan Lake, B.C., Aug. 13, Sept. 1, (Han- ham). Paragrotis pinder Sm. Quamichan Lake, B.C., Sept. 9, (Hanham). * Mamestra mutata Dod. Calgary, Alta., June 22-Aug. 9, (Dod); Mineota, 2185. 2210. Cartwright, Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 3-Sept. 20, (Dennis, Heath and Han- ham) ; Can. Ent. Vol. XLV, 29. Papaipema unimoda Sm. Cartwright, Man., Sept. 5, (Heath). Pseudoglea blanda Grt. Duncan, Vane. Is., B.C., (Day). * Parastichtis lignicolora atriclava B. & McI). Duncan, Vane. Is., B.C., (Hanham) ; Contributions to the Nat. Hist. of the Lep. of N. A., Vol. II, No. 3, issued April 15, 1913. 112 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 * Parastichtis purpurissata B. & McD. Duncan, Vane. Is., B.C., (Hanham). Contributions to the Nat. Hist of the Lep. of N. A., Vol. II, No. 3, issued April 15, 1913. 2241 - Scopelosoma devia Grt. Bridgetown, N.S., April 15 (Sanders). 2617. Hustrotia includens, Wik. Cartwright, Man., July 25, (Heath). 297%. Pheocyma horrida Hbn. Ste. Therese Island, near St. John’s, Que., July. 1, (W. Chagnon). New to Quebec list. 3002. Pheocyma duplicata Bethune. Bridgetown, N.S., June 28, (Sanders). * Olene vagans vagans B. & McD. St. John’s, Que., July 1 and 11 (Chag- non); Windsor Mills, Que., July 4, (Winn); Contributions to the Nat. Hist. of the Lep. of N. A., Vol. IT, No. 2, April 15, 1913. New to Quebec list. * Olene vagans grisea B. & McD. Cartwright, Man., (Heath); Pincher, Alta., (Willing) ; Kaslo B.C., July 8-20, (Cockle) ; Contributions to the Nat. Hist. of the Lep. of N. A., Vol. J!. No. 2, April 15, 1913. * Olene vagans willingi B. & McD. Humbolt, Sask., June 13 and 27, (Will- ~ing); Hymers, Ont., (Dawson); Contributions to the Nat. Hist. of the Lep. of N. A., Vol. II, No. 2, April 15, 1913. Olene pint Dyar. St. John’s, Que., (Chagnon). New to Quebec list. 3353. Hustroma nubilata Pack. St. John’s, Que., July 1, (W. Chagnon) ; Rim- ouski, (Aug.), only record in Winn’s Quebec list: Mesoleuca walkerata Pearsall. Newaygo, Laurentian Mts., Que., July 5, (G. A. Southee). New to Quebec list. Hydriomena transfigurata Swett. Nipigon, Ont., June 18, (Walker). Ania limbaria var. chagnoni Swett. Ste. Therese Isle, St. John’s, Que., July 9, 1912, (Chagnon) ; Can. Ent., Vol. XLV, 76. 4211. Sesia novaroensis Hy. Edw. Victoria, B.C., Aug. 7, 1911, (Blackmore) ; Departure Bay, B.C., July 24, (Walker). 4587. Crambus ruricolellus Zell. Bridgetown, N.S., Aug. 19, (Sanders). 4802. Megasis atrella Hulst. Cartwright, Man, May 16, (Heath). _ 5033. Olethreutes capreana Hbn. Ottawa, July 15, 1902, (J. Fletcher). 5045. Olethreutes roseomaculana H.S. High River, Alta., vuly 7, 1907, (Baird). 5047. Oleuthreutes chionosema Zell. Guelph, Ont., (Caesar). 5142. Hucosoma otiosana Clem. Bridgetown, N.S., Aug. 8, 1912, (Sanders). 5143. Hucosoma similana Hbn. Bridgetown, N.S., Sept. 2, 1912, (Sanders). 5335. Cenopis reticulana Clem. Bridgetown, N.S., Aug. 16, (Sanders). 5348. Sparganothis puritana Rob. Cartwright, Man., July 12, (Heath). 5391. Pandemis limitana Rob. Bridgetown, N.S., Aug. 15, (Sanders). 5396. Tortrix pallorana var. nervosana Kearf. Bridgetown, N.S., Aug. 9, 1912, (Sanders). 5489. Periclymenobius dentiferellus Wism. Cartwright, Man., Aug. 26, (Heath). 5868. Depressaria klamathiana Wism. Ottawa, Sept. 11, 1908, (J. Fletcher). 5893. Semioscopsis packardella Clem. Cartwright, April 28, (Heath). 5895. Semioscopsis inornata Wlsm. Cartwright, Man., April 11, (Heath). 6514. Tinea misella Zell. Ottawa, June 18, 1906, (J. Fletcher). 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113 COLEOPTERA. (Arranged according to Henshaw’s list of the Coleoptera of America, North of 86. 155. 156. 164. 173. 178. 191. 262. 316. 322. 337. 349. 375. 380. 462. 483. 509. * * *# *¥ # *¥ HF # * * * * Mexico.) Omophron concinnum Csy. Rare in damp sandy stretches along the Cowichan River, near Duncan, Vance. Is., B.C., May, (Hanham). Cychrus elevatus Fab. Birds Hill, (near Winnipeg), Man., May 24, (Hanham). Carabus nemoralis, Mull. Montreal, Que., June 26, (Bro. Germain). In the Can. Ent., Vol. 24, 112, Mr. W. H. Harrington records this species as well as C. granulatus Dej., from St. John, N.B. Mr. G. Beaulieu has also taken C. nemoralis at this latter place. (See also Ent. Rec. 1901). The occurrence of the species on Mount Royal, Montreal, is of interest. Cicindela montana canadensis Csy. Calgary, Alta. Cicindela spissitarsis Csy. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). Cicindela criddlei Csy. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). Cicindela limbigera nympha Csy. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). Cicindela limbalis awemeana Csy. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). Cicindela decemnotata albertina Csy. Lethbridge, Alta. Cicindela venusta versuta Csy. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). Cicindela kirbyi Csy. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). Cicindela bucolica Csy. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). The above new species and new subspecies are described in Memoirs on the Coleoptera, IV, by Thos. L. Casey, issued Nov. 30, 1913. Elaphrus fuliginosus Say. Aylmer, Que., July 13, (Bro. Germain). Elaphrus lecontei Cr. Winnipeg, Man., June 17, 1911, (Wallis). Blethisa quadricollis Hald. Longueuil, Que., May, (Bro. Emile). Notiophilus eneus Hbst. Ottawa, Nov. 1, 1902, (Harrington). Notiophilus sibiricus Mots. Ottawa, April 13, 1883, (Harrington) ; Kings- mere, Que., (Simpson). Leistus mgropiceus Usy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen): Memoirs on the Coleoptera, IV, Nov. 30, 1913, by Thos. L. Casey. Nebria columbiana Csy. Inverness, B.C., (Keen) ; Memoirs on the Coleop- tera, IV, Noy. 30, 1913, by Thos. L. Casey. Nebria testaceipes Csy. “British Columbia: Glenora,” (Wickham) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, IV, Nov. 30, 1913, by Thos. L. Casey. Nebria obtusa Lec. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 21, 1912, (Wallis). Clivina punctulata Lec. Duncan, Vane. Is., early in spring, along the Cowichan River, (Hanham). ~ : Bembidium bifossulatum Lec. Brandon, Man., rare, Oct. 8, (Hanham). Bembidium longulum V.ec. Winnipeg, Man., Oct. 24, 1911, (Wallis). Bemlidium 4-foveolatum Mann. Peachland, B.C., July 12, 1912, (Wallis). Bembidium bimaculatum (Wirby. Husavick, Man., July 24, 1912, (E. (Coates). Bembidium indistinctum Dej. Victoria, B.C., July 4, 1912, (Wallis). Bembidium variolosum Mots. Lethbridge, Alta., July 21, 1912, (Wallis). Tachys granarius Dej. Winnipeg, Man., June 6, 1911, (Wallis). Trechus chalybeus Mann. Selkirk, Man., June 10, 1911 (Wallis). Pterostichus castaneus Dej. Mt. Arrowsmith, 4,500 ft. elevation, June 26, (Hanham). 114 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 56%. Pterostichus convexicollis Say. Hull, Que., April 27; Aylmer, Que., May 11; Ottawa, April 26, (Beaulne). * Holciophorus vancouverit Csy. Victoria. Vane. Is., B.C.; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, IV, Noy. 30, 1913, by Thos. L. Casey. * Pterostichus novellus Csy. “Vancouver Island” ; Memoirs on the Coleop- tera, IV, Nov. 30, 1913, by Thos. L. Casey. * Pterostichus metlakatle Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, IV, Nov. 30, 1913, by Thos. L. Casey. * Pterostichus scenicus Csy. “British Columbia” ; Memoirs on the Coleop- tera, IV, Nov. 30, 1913, by Thos. L. Casey. * Calathus labradorinus Csy. West St. Modest, Labrador; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, IV, Noy. 30, 1913, by Thos. L. Casey. 667. Amara protensa Putz. Ottawa, April 23, (Beaulne). 678. Amara remotestriata Dej. Ottawa, Aug. 16, (Beaulne). 821. Platynus bogemanni Gyll. Vernon, B.C., (Brittain). 822. Platynus quadripunctatus DeG. Under toes on sandy banks of Cowichan River, near Duncan, Vane. Is., B.C., Nov. 8, (Hanham). 823. Platynus bembidioides Kirby. Duncan, ven Is., only two specimens taken in British Columbia, in 12 years, (Hanham). 851. Galerita janus Fab. Montreal, Que., Nov. 12, 1899, (Beaulieu). 852. Galerita lecontei Dej. Winnipeg, Man., Oct. 4, 1912, (Wallis). 884. Lebia pleuritica Lec. Winnipeg, Man., June 13, 1912, (Wallis). 898. Lebia depicta Horn. Lethbridge, ines Aug. 23, 1912, on solidago, (Wallis). 915. Azinopalpus biplagiatus Dej. Victoria, B.C., Oct. 15, (Hanham). i021. Chlenius pennsylvanicus Say. Swan Lake, B.C., appears to be rare species in Brit. Col., only one specimen taken, June, (Hanham). 1031. Chlenius purpuricollis Rand. Brandon, Man., (Hanham). 1060. Agonoderus infuscatus Dej. Ottawa, May 3, (Bro. Germain). 1118. Harpalus varicornts Lec. Ottawa; May 14. (Beaulne). 113%. Stenolophus anceps Lec. Cowichan River, near Duncan, Vane. Is., B.C., under logs, Noy. 8, (Hanham). 1166. Tachycellus atrimedius Say. Winnipeg, Man., (Hanham). 1222. Haliplus borealis Lec. Ottawa, Sept. 21, (Beaulne). * Haliplus subguttatus Robert. Antigonish, N.S., (Swaine) ; Montreal, Que., (Chagnon); Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle); Peachland, B.C., Husavick and Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis); Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXI, June, 1913. * Haliplus strigatus Roberts. Treesbank and Stony Mt., Man., (Wallis) ; Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle); Frazer Valley, B.C., (G. Weidt); Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. xxi, June, 1913. * Peltodytes tortulosus Roberts. Winnipeg Beach, Man., (Wallis) ; Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXI, June, 1913. 1233. Cnemidotus edentulus Lec. Ottawa, Sept. 23, (Beaulne). 1378. Ilybius ater DeG. Ottawa, June 28, (Beaulne). 1385. Ilybius ignarus Lec. Ottawa, June 11, (Beaulne). (9300) Agabus confinis Gyll. Ottawa, June 20, (Bro. Germain). 1466. Rhantus bistriatus Bergst. Ottawa, July 18, (Bro. Germain); July 9, 1912, (Beaulne). 1478. Hydaticus levipennis Thom. Ottawa, June 12, (Bro. Germain). 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115 1493. Acilius fraternus Harr. Lake Abitibi, Ont., Aug. 26, (W. S. Odell). 1496. Thermonectes basilaris Harr. Hull, Que., Nov. 2, (Beaulne). 1579. Ochthebius holmbergi Makl. Winnipeg, Man., May 20, 1910, (Wallis). 1589. Hydrophilus mmbatus Say. Winnipeg Beach, Man., Aug. 5, 1910, ; (Wallis) ; Ottawa, June 3, (Bro. Germain). 1724. Catoptrichus frankenhaeuseri Mann. Duncan, B.C., (Hanham). 2004. Fagaria venustula Er. HE. Ont., (Evans). Atheta fungi Grav. Ottawa, June 13, (Beaulne). Atheta sordida Marsh. Ottawa, Aug. 21, (Beaulne). Aleochara defecta Csy. Ottawa, Aug. 14, (Beaulne). (9557) Aleochara morion Gray. Ottawa, Aug. 21, (Beaulne). Aleochara thoracica Csy. Ont., (Evans). Orypoda demissa Csy. HE. Ont., (Evans). Oxypoda orbicollis Csy. HE. Ont., 1884, (Evans). Oxypoda tenuicula Csy. E. Ont., (Evans). Oxypoda stygica Csy. Trenton, Ont., Sept. 23, 1904, (Evans). Pasilia virginica Osy. EH. Ont., (Evans). Micrearota reperta Csy. EH. Ont., (Evans). Datomicra vacwa Csy. HE. Ont., 1884, (Evans). Acrotona adjuvans Csy. HE. Ont., (Evans). Traumecia tenuicula Csy. HE. Ont., (Evans). ; Coprothassa sordida Marsh. EH. Ont., Sept. 1883, (Evans). 2079. Gyrophena flavicornis Mels. Ont., (Evans). 2326. Stenus scrupeus Csy. H. Ont., (Evans). 2364. Stenus pusia Csy. HE. Ont., (Evans). 2389. Stenus vinnulus Csy. E. Ont., 1886, (Evans). 2401. Stenus juvencus Csy. EH. Ont., (Evans). 2451. Stenus canadensis Csy. EH. Ont., (Evans). : (9745) Trogophleus temporalis Csy. Trenton, Ont., Sept. 24, 1904, (Evans). ' 3071. Harmonia 14-guttata Linn. Aweme, Man., on Acer negundo, June, (E. Criddle). ' 3421. Dermestes talpinus Mann. Ottawa, May 19, (Bro. Germain). $ (9944) Hister electus Csy. Victoria, B.C., in moss on large boulder, late in fall, (Hanham). 3665. Cercus pennatus Murr. Ottawa, June, (Bro. Germain). 3725. Prometopia 6-maculata Say. Ottawa, June 29, (Beaulne) ; Montreal, Que., June, (Beaulieu). 3898. Syncalypta echinata Lec. Brandon, Man., under stones on_ hilltops, (Hanham). 8971. Macropogon testaceipennis Mots. Mt. Tzouhalem, Vance. Is., B.C., June 14, (Hanham). (10021) Melasis rufipewnis Horn. Quamichan, B.C., flying around and alighting on stacked cord wood, June 1; never taken on any other occa- sion (Hanham). 4031. Dromeolus basalis Lec. Victoria, B.C.; Duncan, B.C., August, rare, (Hanham). 4064. Anelastes drurti Kirby. Aweme, Man., Aug. 25, 1905, (N. Criddle). 4074. Adelocera pyrsolepis Lec. Victoria, B.C., (Hanham). 4082. Adelocera brevicornis Lec. Aweme, Man., May, Aug., (N. Criddle). THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Adelocera profusa Cand. Victoria, B.C., (Hanham). Alaus melanops Lec. Quamichan Lake, B.C., under bark of stump, March, (Hanham). ; Cardiophorus tenebrosus Lec. Quamichan Lake, B.C., (Hanham). Cryptohypnus fumebris Cand. Cowichan River, near Duncan, B.C., (Hanham). Cryptohypnus tmpressicollis Mann. Aweme, Man., May 25, 1909, (N. (Criddle). (10054) Cryptohypnus caurinus Horn. Cowichan River, near Sahtlam, B.C., June, (Hanham). ; Hlater mixtus Hbst. Aweme, Man., June 22; 1904, June 27, 1905, (N. Criddle). Llater laieralis Lee. Quamichan Lake, B.C., Sept. 29, (Hanham). Agriotes mancus Say. Aweme, Man., May, 10, 1910, (N. Criddle). Agriotes stabilis Lec. Aweme, Man., May, June, (N. Criddle). Melanotus castanipes Payk. Husavick, Man., June 20, 1912, (N. Criddle). Limonius venablesi Wickham. Vernon, B.C.; May 14, (Venables) ; Psyche, Wall, sae, BA Limonius discoideus Lec. Vernon, B.C., (Brittain); Quamichan Lake, B.C., (Hanham). Limonius wger Lec. Aweme, Man., May 4, 1909, (N. Criddle). Athous nigripilis Mots. Victoria, B.C., Quamichan Lake, B.C., (Han- ham). Ostodes tenuicollis Rand. Aweme, Man., July 20, 1910, (N. Criddle). Corymbites sjelandicus Mull. Aweme, Man., June 19, 1909, (H. Criddle). Corymbites vernalis Hentz. Oak Bay, Victoria, B.C., one under bark of fallen oak tree, no other record for Brit. Col., (Hanham). Corymbites tarsalus Melsh. Victoria, B.C., new tomy Brit. Col. list, (Han- ham). Corymbites caricinus Germ. Aweme, Man., May, June, (N. Criddle). Corymbites fraternus Lec. Goldstream, B.C., (Hanham). Corymbites propola Lec. Aweme, Man., June, July, (N. Criddle). Corymbites conjungens Lec. Vernon, B.C., (Brittain). Dicerco se:cualis Cr. Quamichan Lake, B.C., May 21, my first capture of this species (Hanham). Trachykele blondeli Mars. Goldstream, B.C., June 22, 1901, (Hanham). Melanophila gentilis Lec. Quamichan Lake, B.C., April 20, (Hanham). (10076) Chrysobothris caurina Horn. Quamichan Lake, B.C., (Hanham). Eros trilineatus Melsh. Meach Lake, Que., July 6, (Bro. Germain). Podabrus basilaris Say. Ottawa, June; Wakefield, Que., July 1, (Bro. Germain). Telephorus nigritulus Lec. Ottawa, June, (Bro. Germain). Eucrada humeralis Melsh. Ottawa, June 21, (Beaulne); Mr. Harrington has also taken this species under beech bark. Bostrychus bicornus Web. Aylmer, Que., June 18, (Bro. Germain) ; Hull, Que., June 9, (Harrington). Amphicerus bicaudatus Say. Ottawa, May 4, (Bro. Germain). Aphodius columbiensis Wick. Vernon, B.C., (Venables); Psyche, Vol. ee Palle Opsimus quadrilineatus Mann. Quamichan Lake, B.C., (Hanham). oe 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. inl 6094. 6099. 6189. 6219. 6229. 6230. 6238. 6239. ’ 6241. 6560. 6403. 6471. 6484. 6498. 6543. 6556. 6590. 6804. 6864. 7067. 7553. 7579. 7746. 7759. 7777. 7779. 7783. * * * * * Hybodera tuberculata Lec. Quamichan Lake, B.C., (Hanham). Molorchus longicollis Lec. Victoria, B.C., (Hanham). Aylotrechus plamfrons Lec. Vernon, B.C., (Brittain) ; Quamichan Lake, B.C., (Hanham). Atimia dorsalis Lec. Duncan, B.C., (Hanham). Prototrichus vittiwollis Lec. Quamichan Lake, B.C., at bloom, May, (Han- ham). Leptalia macilenta Mann. Quamichan Lake, B.C.; Victoria, B.C., (Han- ham). Toxotus schaumu Lec. Winnipeg, Man., June 26, (Hanham). Toxotus flavolineatus Lec. Goldstream, B.C.; Maple Bay, B.C.; July, - (Hanham). Toxotus virgatus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., June 26, (Hanham). Leptura valida Lec. Quamichan Lake, B.C., June, (Hanham). Evodinus vancouveri Csy. “Vancouver Island” ; Memoirs on the Coleop- tera, IV., Nov. 30, 1913, by ‘Thos. L. Casey. Brachyleptura cuneatuia Csy. “Ontario” ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, IV., Nov. 30, 1913, by Thos. L. Casey. Strangalepta keeni Csy. Inverness, B.C., (Keen); Memoirs on _ the Coleoptera, IV., Nov. 30, 1913, by Thos. L. Casey. Xestoleptura columbica Csy. “British Columbia” (Keen); Memoirs on the Coleoptera, IV., Nov. 30, 1913, by Thos. L. Casey. Xestoleptura vancouveri Csy. “Vancouver Island” ; Memoirs on _ the Coleoptera, IV., Nov. 30, 1913, by Thos. L. Casey. Synaphoeta guexi Lec. Victoria, B.C., July 17, (Blackmore). Ataxia crypta Say. Winnipeg, Man., June, July, (Hanham). Saperda discoidea Fab. Hull, Que., June 21, 1912, (Kitto). Oberea schaumii Lec. Winnipeg, Man., (Hanham). Donacia pusilla Say. Quamichan Lake, B.C., (Hanham). : (10337) Syneta hamata Horn. Cameron Lake, B.C., June 27, (Hanham). Zengophora consanguinea Cr. Ottawa, July 9, 1912 (Bro. Germain). Coscinoptera dominicana Fab. Brandon, Man.; the larve were taken from around nest of large red ant, alongside of railway track on April 23, and the first beetles made their appearance on May 17, (Hanham). Chrysomela precelsis Rog. Birds Hill, (near Winnipeg) Man., July 1, 1899, (Hanham). Luperus varipes Lec. Vernon, B.C., (Brittain). Microrhopala excavata Oliv. Ottawa, July 9, 1912, (Bro. Germain). Helops regulosus Lec. Vernon, B.C., (Brittain). Strongylium tenuwcolle Say. Montreal, Que., July 29, (Bro. Germain). Xanthochroa testacea Horn. Quamichan Lake, B.C., end July and August, (Hanham). : Ozacis bicolor Lec. Quamichan Lake, B.C., Aug., (Hanham). Cephaloon tenuicorne Lee. Cowichan Lake, B.C., June 18, (Hanham). Mordella quadripunctata Say. Husavick, Man., July 11, 1910, (Wallis). Mordella melena Germ. WHusavick, Man., July 11, 1910, (Wallis). Mordella marginata Melsh. Husavick, Man., July 11, 1910, (Wallis). 8002. Meloe montanus Lec. Quamichan Lake, B.C., (Hanham). 6011. Meloe strigulosus Mann. Quamichan Lake, B.C., (Hanham). 9 Es. 118 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 8258. Anametis grisea Horn. Winnipeg, Man., on Hleagnus argentea, (Wallis). * Dyslobus bituberculatus Pierce. “North Bend, B.C.,” June 6, 7, (Hubbard and Schwarz collection) ; Proc. U. 8S. N. M., Vol. 45, 388. - * Schwarz) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 45, 396. 8358. Trichalophus planirostris Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 20, 1911, (Wallis). 8482. Hypomolyx pinicola Coup. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (Wallis). 8526. Cleonus vittatus Kirby. Victoria, B.C., July 4, 1912, (Wallis). 8530. Dorytomus laticollis Lec. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 21, 1911, (Wallis). 8536. Dorytomus squamosus Lec. Aweme, Man., June 3, 10, 1902, (N. Criddle). 8575. Hndalus ovalis Lec. Selkirk, Man., June 10, 1911, (Wallis). 8578. Anchodemus angustus Lec. Husavick, Man., July 11, 1910, (Wallis) . Magdalis austera Fall. Ridgeway, Ont., (A. H. Kilman) ; Toronto, Ont.; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol. xxxix, 29. 5615. Magdalis barbita Say. Aweme, Man., July 1, (E. Criddle). 8616. Magdalis aenescens Lec. Vernon, B.C., (Brittain). 8644. Anthonomus musculus Say. Aweme, Man., on Elwagnus argentea, June 2, (E. Criddle). 8660. Anthonomus elongatus Lec. Aweme, Man., June 13, 1907, (N. Criddle). 869%. Tychius tectus Lec. Aweme, Man., July 4, 1903, (N. Criddle). 878%. Cryptorhynchus bisignatus Say. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (Wallis). 8808. Piazwrus californicus Lec. Peachland, B.C., July 15, 1912, (Wallis). : Balaninus pardalis Chit. Aweme, Man., June 31, 1904, reared from acorns of Quercus macrocarpa, (N. Criddle). % DIPTERA. (Arranged according to a catalogue of North American Diptera, by J. M. Aldrich, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. XLVI., No. 1,444. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue). A good deal of material in this order has been studied and determined by specialists during the year. Dr. Dietz has continued to name collections of Tipulide, as has also Mr. C. P. Alexander. Many of the species determined are well known, but the records are of interest to us and add to our knowledge of the distribution. 78. Rhipidia maculata Meig. Truro, N.S., July 26, (R. Matheson). 79. Dicranomyia heretica O. S. Truro, N.S., July 13, (R. Matheson). 79. Dicranomyia halterata O. S. Ottawa, June 13, (Beaulne); Truro, N.S., July 7, (R. Matheson). 79. Dicranomyia immodesta O.S. Truro, N.S., July 13 (R. Matheson). 79. Dicranomyia liberta O. S. Truro, N.S., July 26; Debert, N.S., June 21, (R. Matheson). 79. Dicranomyia longipennis Schum. Aweme, Man., June 13, (E. Criddle). 81. Limnobia solitaria O. S. Truro, N.S., July 12, (R. Matheson). 83. Antocha opalizans 0. S. Coaticook, Que., Sept. 6, (Beaulne) ; Truro, N.S., July 7, 26, (R. Matheson). 83. Cryptolabis paradoza O. 8. Truro, N.S., July 7%, 12, (R. Matheson). 84. Hrioptera armata 0.8. Truro, N.S., July 7, (R. Matheson). Panscopus (Nomidus) ovalis Pierce. Banff, Alta., June 10, (Hubbard and’ i rnctigas — a ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 119 Erioptera armillaris O. 8. Truro, N.S., July 12, (R. Matheson). Hrioptera caloptera Say. Truro, N.S., July 7, (R. Matheson). Erioptera chlorophylla O. 8. Truro, N.S., July 7-12, (R. Matheson). Erioptera septentrionalis O. S. Aweme, Man., June 16, (E. Criddle) ; Truro, N.S., July 26, (R. Matheson). Erioptera venusta O. 8. Coaticook, Que., Sept. 6, (Beaulne). Goniomyia cognatella.O. S. Aweme, Man., June 28, (HE. Criddle) ; Truro, N.S., July 7, 12, 26, (R. Matheson). Goniomyia subcinerea O. 8. Coaticook, Que., Sept. 6, (Beaulne). Goniomyia sulphurella O. S. Truro, N.S., July 7, 12, (R. Matheson). Rhabdomastix flava Alex. Truro, N.S., July 12, 26, (R. Matheson). Trichocera bimacula Walk. Ottawa, Aug., 5, 1901, (Gibson). Epiphragma fascipennis Say. Aweme, Man., June 12-26, (E. Criddle). LIamnophila adusta O. S. Ottawa, July 4, (Beaulue) ; Truro, N.S., July 7, 26, (R. Matheson). Limnophila contempta O. S. Aweme, Man., June 26, (HE. Criddle) ; Coati- cook, Que., Sept. 6, (Beaulne). Limnophila imbeciila O. S. Aylmer, Que., June 29, (Beaulne). Limnophila inornata O. S. Aweme, Man., June 25, (HE. Criddle). Limnophila macrocera Say. Truro, N.S., July 12, (R. Matheson). Limnophila noveboracensis Alex. Truro, N.S., July 13, (R. Matheson). Iimnophila recondita O. S. Truro, N.S., July 13, (R. Matheson). Limnophila rufibasis O. S. Ottawa, June 18; Aylmer, Que., June 15, (Beaulne) ; Aweme, Man., June 16, (E. Criddle). Limnophila tenuipes Say. Ottawa, Sept. 9, 1900, (Gibson). Limnophila ultima O. S. Banff, Alta., (Sanson). Eriocera longicornis Walk. Little Current River, July 8, 1903; Nagagami River, June 20, 1903; Mamamattawa River, (Hudson Bay Slope), June 21, 1903, (W. J. Wilson). Eriocera spinosus 0. 8S. Truro, N.S., larva, May 19, (R. Matheson). Amalopsis calcar O. S. Meach Lake, Que., Sept. 2, 1903, (J. Fletcher) ; Rostrevor, Ont., Sept. 21, 1903, (Gibson). Amalopsis inconstans 0. S. Ottawa, June 9, 1900, (Gibson) ; Aweme, Man., June-July (H. Criddle) ; Aylmer, Que., June 15, (Beaulne) ; Truro, N.S., July 7, (R. Matheson). Amalopsis vernalis 0. S. Truro, N.S., July 12, (R. Matheson). Pedicia albivitta Walk. Londonderry, N.S., (Faribault). Liogma nodicornis 0. S. Aweme, Man., June 16-25, (E. Criddle). Bittacomorpha clavipes Fab. Ottawa, Sept. 12, 1908, (J. A. Letourneau) ; Aug. 27, 1911 (Gibson): Massett, Q.C.I., Br. Col., (Keen); Truro, N.S., May 24, (R. Matheson) Oropeza albipes John. Aweme, Man., June, (KE. Criddle). Oropeza sayi John. Aweme, Man., June 23, (E. Criddle). Ctenophora angustipennis Loew. Aweme, Man., June 25, (E. Criddle) ; Duncan, B.C., April 24, 1904, (Hanham). Pachyrhina eucera Loew. Truro, N.S., July %, (R, Matheson). Pachyrhina ferruginea Fab. Prince Albert, Sask., July 27, (J. Fletcher) ; Truro, N.S., July 12, 26, (R. Matheson). - Pachyrhina incurva Loew. Aweme, Man., July 7, (E. Criddle) ; Aylmer, Que., June 29, (Beaulne) ; Ottawa, June 15, 1906, (J. Fletcher) ; Truro, N.S., July 26, (R. Matheson). * ° THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Pachyrhina occipitalis Loew. Coaticook, Que., Sept. 8, (Beaulne). Pachyrhina pedunculata Loew. Ottawa, July 4, (Beaulne) ; Ottawa, June 28, 1906, (Gibson) ; Truro, N.S., July 13, (R. Matheson). Pachyrhina sodalis Loew. Aweme, Man., June 25, (E. Criddle). Pachyrhina tenuis Loew. Ottawa, June 18, (Beaulne) ; Truro, N.S., July 7, (R. Matheson). Tipula abdominalis Say. Truro, N.S., July 7, Aug. 7, (R. Matheson). Tipula angulata Loew. Aylmer, Que., June 24, (Beaulne). Tipula angustipennis Loew. Chelsea, Que., May 30, 1908, (J. Fletcher) ; Kalso, B.C., May 24, (Cockle); Banff, Alta., (Sanson). Tipula apicalis Loew. Ottawa, July 4, (Beaulne); Truro, N.S., July 7, (R. Matheson). Tipula bicornis Loew.MS. Ottawa, June 18, (Beaulne). ; Tipula caloptera Loew. Middleton, N.S., May 27, 1911, (Coll. unknown) ; Truro, N.S., July 12, 13, (R. Matheson). ~ Tipula fasciata Loew. Truro, N.S., July 12, (R. Matheson). Tipula grata Loew. Aylmer, Que., June 24; Ottawa, July 11, (Beaulne). Tipula hebes Loew. Truro, N.S., July 12-26, (R. Matheson). Tipula macrolabis Loew. Aylmer, Que., June 24, (Beaulne) ;: Aweme, Man., June 25, (HE. Criddle). Tipula megaura Doane. Ottawa, June 28; Aylmer, Que., June 29, (Beaulne). : Tipula platymera Walk. Banff, Alta., (Sanson). ~ Tipula tephrocephala Loew. Aweme, Man., June 31, (EB. Criddle) ; Ottawa, June 19; Aylmer, Que., June 15, (Beaulne). : Tipula tessellata Loew. Banff, Alta., (Sanson). Tipula trivittata Say. Truro, N.S., July 7, (RB. Matheson). Tipula valida Loew. Aylmer, Que., ae 15; Ottawa, June 18, (Beaulne). Theobaldia incidens Thom. Old Crow Riven: Y-T., June 1, 191255 (Gieeue Jessup). Sciara coprophila Lint. St. Catharines, Ont.. (W. A. McCubbin). Cystipkora canadensis Felt. Toronto, Ont., reared July 10, (Cosens) ; Can. nt. XLV., 417. Bibio femoratus Wied. Montreal, Que., Aug. 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). Simulium hirtipes Fries. St. Hilaire, Que., May 24, 1906, (Beaulieu). Simulium pictipes Hagen. Ottawa, July 30, 1912, (Beaulieu). Simulium venustum Say. Rampart House, Y.T., Aug. 20-29; Old Crow River, Y.T., Aug. 20-23, 1912; Long. 141, Lat. 69-10, Aug. 14- 17, 1912, (J. M. Jessup). Allognosta obscuriventris Loew. Ottawa, July 2, 1912, (Beaulieu). Stratiomyia apicula Loew. Aweme, Man., June and August, 1912, (N. Criddle). Euparyphus limbocutris Will. Aweme, Man., July 11, 1911, (E. Criddle). Euparyphus tetraspilus Loew. Aweme, Man., July 11, 1911. (E. Criddle). Nemotelus canadensis Loew. Aweme, Man., June 15, 1911, (E. Criddle). Nemotelus glaber Loew. Ottawa, July 2, 1912, (Beaulieu). Chrysops frigidus 0. S. Youghall, N.B., July 3, 1908, (Gibson). Chrysops indus O. 8. Mer Bleue, Carlsbad Springs, Ont., June 20, 1908, (Gibson). Chrysops niger Macq. Shelburne, N.S., July 1, 1911, (Gibson). —— ee ee S tt ane NEE On a ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121 294. 328, 334. 335. 337. 338. * * * Chrysops vittatus Wied. Rostrevor, Ont., Sept., 3, 1907, (Gibson). Tabanus affinis Kirby. Weymouth, N.S., June 8, 1911, (Sanders). Tabanus emstates O. S. Shelburne, N.S., July 1, 1911, (Gibson). Tabanus microcephalus O. 8. Shelburne, N.S., July 11, 1911; Rostrevor, Ont., Sept. 15, 1907, (Gibson). Tabanus osborni Hine. Firth, Y. T., (Long. 141, Lat. 68-41-33), June 2%-July 9, 1912; Shore of Arctic Ocean, Long. 141, (Lat. 69-40), July 27-30, 1912; Old Crow River, Y.T., Aug. 20-23, 1912, (J. M. Jessup). Tabanus septentrionalis Loew. Youghall, N.B., July 2, 1908, (Gibson). Tabanus thoracicus Hine. Mer Bleue, Carlsbad Springs Ont., June 1, 1903, (Gibson). Tabanus zonalis Kirby. Shelburne, N.S., July 1, 1911, (Gibson) ; Aweme, Man., June, 1910, (N. Criddle). Arthropeas magna John. Beulah, Man., Can. Ent, XLV, 12. Oncodes incultus O. 8. Aweme, Man., July 5, 1911, (N. Criddle). Oncodes melampus Loew. Long. 141, Lat. 69 to 69-20, July 12-20, 1912. (J. M. Jessup). Oncodes pallidipennis Loew. Aweme, Man., June 15, (N. Criddle). Anthrax alternata Say. Aweme, Man., Aug. 23, 1908, (N. Criddle). Anthrax lateralis Say. Aweme, Man., Aug. 4, 1909, (N. Criddle). Anthrax morio Linné. Aweme, Man., June 18, 1909, (N. Criddle). Anthrax sinuosa Wied. Aweme, Man., July-Aug., 1909, (N. Criddle). Bombylius pygmeus Fab. Aweme, Man., May, June, 1909, (N. Criddle). Systoechus vulgaris Loew. Aweme, Man., July 12, 1909, (N. Criddle). ° Cyrtopogon dasylloides Will. Rampart House, Y.T., Aug. 20-29, 1912, (J. M. Jessup). Holopogon seniculus Loew. Aweme, Man., June 17, 1911, (E. Criddle). Neurigona arcuata Van Duzee. Kearney, Ont., July 3, 1909, (M. C. Van Duzee) ; Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. VI, March, 1913. Neurigona bivittata Van Duzee. Bear Lake, B.C., July 20, 1903, (R. P. - Currie); Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. VI, March, 1913. Neurigona deformis Van Duzee. Kearney, Ont., July 8, (M. C. Van Duzee); Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. VI, March, 1913. Neurigona disjuncta Van Duzee. Toronto; Ridgeway, Ont., (M. C. Van Duzee) ; Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. VI, March, 1913. , Neurigona maculata Van Duzee. Toronto; Kearney, Ont., (M. C. Van Duzee); Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. VI, March, 1913. : Neurigona carbonifera Loew. Rigaud, Que., June 25, 1906, (Beaulieu). Tteaphila macquarti Zett. Rampart House, Y.T., (D. H. Neélles). A very northern record. Dorniphora concinna Mg. Montreal, Que., June 10, 1906, (Beaulien). Hypocera femorata Mg. Montreal, Que., Aug. 24, 1906, (Beaulieu). Aphiochata rufipes Mg. Montreal, Que., April 15, 1906, (Beaulieu). Trineura aterrima Fab. Rampart House. Y.T., Aug. 20-29, 1912, (J. M. Jessup). Pipunculus discolor Banks. Montreal, Que., July 18, 1908, (Beaulieu). Chilosia variabilis Panz. Firth, Y.T., (Long. 141, Lat. 68-41-33), June 27-July 9, 1912, (J. M. Jessup). Prof. J. M. Aldrich, who determined the species, states that this European insect has not heretofore been noted from the North American continent, (A. G.). 518. 519. 521. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Baccha aurinota Walk. Aweme, Man., June 16, 1911, (EH. Criddle). Syrphus arcuatus Fall. Old Crow River, Y.T., Aug. 20-23, 1912, (J. M. Jessup). Syrphus contumaz O. 8. Long. 141, Lat. 69 to 69-20, July 12-20, 1912, (J. M. Jessup). Syrphus ribestt L. Old Crow River, Y.T., Aug. 20-23, 1912, (J. M. Jessup). Volucella bombylans li. Long. 141, Lat. 69 to 69-20, July 12, 1912, (J. M. Jessup). Prof. Aldrich, who made the determination, states that this species has not heretofore been noted from North America. He further adds: “Williston noted that Volucella evecta Walk. is hardly distinct from bombylans, and I presume it is properly to be considered only a variety.” (A. G.). Eristalis pilosus Loew. Long. 141, Lat. 69 to 69-20, July 12-20, 1912, (J. M. Jessup). Eristalis temporalis Thoms. Rampart House, Y.T., Aug. 20-29, 1912, (J. M. Jessup). Oncomyia abbreviata Loew. Aweme, Man., July 11, 1911, (E. Criddle). Siphona geniculata DeG. Montreal, Que., May 20, 1906, (Beaulien). Panzeria radicum Fab. Long. 141, Lat. 69 to 69-20, July 12-20, 1912, (J. M. Jessup). Ezorista ordinaria Van der Wulp. Ottawa; Aug. 25, 1912, (Beaulien). Gonia capitata DeG. Between White Horse and Yukon Crossing, May 15-20, 1912, (J. M. Jessup). Echinomyia florum Walk. Long. 141, Lat. 69-10, Aug. 14-7, 1912, (J. M. Jessup). Sarcophaga helicis Town. Montreal, Que., May 20, 1906, (Beaulieu). Ernoneura argus Zett. Shore of Arctic Ocean, Long. 141, (Lat. 69-40), July 27-30, 1912, (J. M. Jessup). Prof. Aldrich informs me that this European species has not heretofore been recorded from North America; it is an Arctic form in Europe, (A. G.). Cynomyia cadaverina Desy. Old Crow River, Y.T., June 18-20, 1912; Long. 141, Lat. 69 to 69-20, July 12-20, (J. M. Jessup). Calliphora erythrocephala Mg. Long. 141, Lat. 69-20, Aug. 4-8. 1912, (J. M. Jessup). Lucilia cesar L. Rampart House, Y.T., Aug. 20-29, 1912. (J. M. Jessup). Lucilia sericata Mg. Rampart House, Y.T., Aug. 20-29, 1912, (J. M. Jessup). E Phormia terre-nove Desy. Old Crow River, Y.T., June 18-20: Rampart House, Y.T., Aug. 20-29, 1912, (J. M. Jessup). Pyrellia cyanicolor Zett. Old Crow River, Y.T., June, 18-20. 1912, (J. M. Jessup). * Fannia tibialis Malloch. Kaslo, B.C., June 9, 15, 1903, (R. P. Currie) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 44, 461. * Fannia ethiops Malloch. Ainsworth, B.C., (R. P. Currie) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 44, 628. Fannia incisuralis Zett. Montreal, Que., Aug. 21, 1906, (Beaulieu). * Paralimnophora brunnesquama Malloch. Ottawa; Montreal: St. John, N.B., (W. McIntosh) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 45, 605. 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 123 * Anthomyia bidentata Malloch. Kalso, B.C., (R. P. Currie) ; Proc. U. 8. N. M., Vol. 45, 606. * Trizoscelis fumipennis Melander. Aweme, Man., June 12, 1911, (N. Crid- dle) ; Psyche, XX., 168. 575. Limosina crassimana Haliday. Montreal, Que., June 17, 1906; Ottawa, July 20, 1912, (Beaulieu). 57%5. Limosina frontinalis Fallen. Montreal, Que., July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). * Borborus arcticus Malloch. Fortchimo, Ungava Bay, Labrador, (L. M. Turner) ; Proc. U. 8S. N. M., Vol. 44, 367. 576. Borborus geniculatus Macq. Ottawa, July 20, 1912, (Beaulieu). 581. Sepedon armipes Loew. Aweme, Man., June-July, (H. Criddle). 586. Sapromyza rotundicornis Loew. Rampart House, Y.T., Aug. 20-29, 1912, (J. M. Jessup). 61%. Calobata pallipes Say. Aweme, Man., June-July, (EH. Criddle). 629. Parydra quadrituberculata Loew. Ottawa, July 26, 1912, (Beaulieu). 633. Ohlorops assimilis Macq. Ottawa, July 2, 1912, (Beaulieu). 635. Hurina exilis Cog. Aweme, Man., June 17, 1911, (EB. Criddle). 638. Oscinis coxendix Fitch. Montreal, Que., July 16, 1906; Ottawa, July 2, 1912, (Beaulieu). 644. Diastata vagans Loew. Montreal, Que., (Beaulieu). * Agromyza longispinosa Malloch. Bear Lake, B.C., July 20, 1903; Kalso, B.C., July 18, 1903, (R. P. Currie) ; Kalso, B.C., July 7, 1903, (A. N. Caudell) ; Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. VI, Sept. 1913. * Agromyza canadensis Malloch. Cottage Beaulieu, Montreal, Que., (not Ottawa, Can., as in Mr. Malloch’s paper), Aug. 14, (Beaulieu) ; Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. VI, Sept. 1913. * Agromyza dubitata Malloch. Montreal, Que., (not Cottage Beaulieu and Isie de Montreal, Ottawa, as in Mr. Malloch’s paper), June and July, 1906, (Beauliew) ; Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. VI, Sept., 1913. 647. Agromyza eneiventris Fallen. Ottawa, July 2, 1912; Montreal, Que., July 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). 648. Agromyza lateralis Will. Montreal, Que., June 3, 1906, (Beaulieu). 648. Agromyza neptis Loew. Montreal, Que., July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). Agromyza scutellata Fallen. Montreal, Que., July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). 649. Agromyza terminalis Cog. Montreal, Que., Aug. 18, 1906, (Beaulieu). 649. Desmometopa m-nigrum Zett. Montreal, Que., July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). 651. . Milichia indecora Loew. Montreal, Que., July 10, 1905; Rigaud, Que., June 25, 1906, (Beaulieu). Tethina rostrata Hendel. Prof. Aldrich informs me that this species, which was described in Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, XXX., 41, 1911, was collected by him on Pender Island, B.C., not at Pender, Idaho, as stated in the journal quoted, (A. G.). * Phytomyza major Malloch. Ungava Bay, Laborador, (L. M. Turner) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 46, 150. 652. Ochtriphila polystigma Meig. Ottawa, July 2, 1912, (Beaulieu). 124 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 HYMENOPTERA. During 1913, Mr. F. W. L. Sladen, of the Division of Entomology, has studied several collections of aculeate hymenoptera, from various parts of Canada. In the Ottawa district large collections have been made by Mr. Sladen, throughout the season. Many of these have been definitely determined and records are given below. We are specially grateful to Dr. 8. Grenicher, of the City Museum, Mil- . waukee, Wis., for determining many of the Apoidea. Some, it will be seen, are not of uncommon occurrence, but little has been published regarding species occurring in eastern Ontario. Megarhyssa greenei Vier. Preston, Ont., (H. Groh). * Hzochilum neglectum Morley. “Four pairs including the type were taken about Hudson’s Bay, in 1844, except a single male found by Redman in Nova Scotia, about the same time”; Revision of the Ichneumonide, Part II, by C. Morley, (British Museum) p. 76. * Ezochilum verticale Morley. “Taken about 1844 in the district of Hud- son’s Bay, by George Barnston ”; Revision of the Ichneumonide, Part II, by C. Morley, (British Museum), p. 78. * Microdus ocellane Richardson. Kentville, N.S., July 28, 1912, (Sanders) ; Can. Ent. Vol. XLV, 212. « Xyela dissimilis Rohwer. Banff, Alta., (Sanson) ; Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 45, 270. c * Celinidea ferruginea Gahan. Ottawa, July 21, 1899 (J. Fletcher) ; Proce. U. S. N. M., Vol. 46, 434. Lasius brevicornis Em. Arnprior, Ont., Aug. 4, (Hewitt). Aphenogaster fulva Rog. var. picea Em. Arnprior, Ont., Aug. 4, (Hewitt). * Formica bradleyi Wheeler. Medicine Hat, Alta., (J. C. Bradley); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoology, Vol. LITI, No. 10, 423. Formica fusca L., var. subenescens Em. Arnprior, Ont., Aug. 4, (Hewitt). Formica neogagates Em. Anprior, Ont., Aug. 4, (Hewitt). Formica sanguinea Latr., sub. sp. rubicunda Em. Arnprior, Ont., Aug. 4, (Hewitt). Vespa carolina Drury. Point Pelee, Ont., May 31, (P. A. Taverner). Chlorion harrisi H. Fernald. Chatham, Ont., Aug. 24, (Sladen). Cerceris fulvipes Cr. Ottawa, Aug., (Sladen). Crabro aciculatus Prov. Montreal, June 22, 1906, (Beaulieu); Ottawa, July 4, (S. N. Lord). Colletes lacustris Swenk. Ottawa, June 11 to July 7, at flowers of Rubus, (Sladen). Colletes armatus Patton. Ottawa; Hull; Kazabazua, Que., Aug. 9 to Sept. 5, (Sladen). Colletes brevicornis Robt. Aweme, Man., June 23, ( Criddle). Colletes inequalis Say. Ottawa, April 24, 1911, (Beaulne). Colletes gilensis Ckll. Similkameen, Okanagan, B.C., Sept. 11, 1913, (Tom Wilson). : Sphecodes ranunculi Rob. Ottawa, May, 1911, (Beaulne). Sphecodes dichrous Sm. Ottawa, June, Aug., (Sladen). Sphecodes prosphorus Lov. and Ckll. Ottawa, July, Aug., (Sladen). Sphecodes nephlelotus Lov. and Ckll. Ottawa, Sept., Oct., (Sladen). Sphecodes levis Lev. and Ckll. Ottawa, Sept., Oct., (Sladen). 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 125 * Sphecodes hudson Ckll. Hudson Bay; Can. Ent. Vol. XLV, 13. Halictus lerouxii Lep. Ottawa, May, July, Aug., (Sladen). Halictus coriaceus Sm. Ottawa, June, Aug., (Sladen). Halictus truncatus Robt. Ottawa, April, Aug., (Sladen). Halictus provanchert D. T. Ottawa, May, July, Aug., (Sladen). Halictus pilosus Sm. Ottawa, Aug., Sept., (Sladen). Halictus lineatulus Crawf. Ottawa, Sept., (Sladen). Halictus zephyrus Sm. Ottawa, May, Sept., (Sladen). Andrena vicina Sm. Ottawa, May, (Sladen). Andrena radiatula Ckll. Ottawa, April 23, (Sladen). : Andrena cockerelli Gren. Ottawa, April, 1911, (Beaulne). Andrena crategi Robt. Ottawa, June 2, (Sladen). Andrena hippotes Robt. May 28, 1911, (Beaulne). Andrena illinoiensis Robt. Ottawa, April 21, (Sladen). Andrena flavoclypeata Sm. Ottawa, June 23, (Sladen). Andrena thraspu Graen. Ottawa, June 26, (Sladen). Andrena robertsonti D. T. Ottawa, June 23, (Sladen). Andrena nubecula Sm. Ottawa, Aug. 13, (Sladen). Andrena nivalis Sm. Ottawa, June 18, (Sladen). Andrena hirticincta Prov. Ottawa, Aug. 13, (Sladen). Andrena canadensis D.T.- Ottawa, Aug. 12, (Sladen). Perdita octomacuiata Say. Ottawa, Aug. 15, 1912, (Beaulne). Callionsis andreniformis Sm. Ottawa, June to Oct., (Sladen). Melissodes aurigenia Cr. Thompson River. B.C., August 13, on “wild sun- flower” (Tom Wilson) ; Ottawa, July 15 to Aug. 8, on Rudbeckia and Coreopsis; Guelph, Ont., Aug. 27, (Sladen). Melissodes obliqua Say. Chatham, Ont., Aug. 22, (Sladen). Melissodes cnici Robt. Ottawa, July 11 to Aug. 8, on Canada Thistle, (Sladen). Ceratina dupla Say. Ottawa, June to Sept., (Sladen). Xylocopa virginica Dru. St. Catharines, Ont., June 3, (G. J. Spencer). Megachile wootoni Ckll. Ottawa, June, 1912, (Beaulne); June, July, (Sladen). Megachile latimanus, Say. Ottawa, July, Aug., (Sladen). Megachile pugnata Say. Ottawa, Aug. 20, 1912, (Beaulne) ; June-August, (Sladen). Megachile infragilis Cr. Ottawa, June to Sept., (Sladen). Megachile vidua Sm. Hull, Que., Aug. 31, (Hewitt) ; Montreal, Que., (A. Willey). Megachile generosa Cr. Ottawa, June-Aug., (Sladen). Megachile brevis Say. Ottawa, June-Aug., (Sladen). Celiorys ribis Ckll. Ottawa, July, (Sladen). Celioxys alternate Say. Ottawa, July, (Sladen). Celioxys lucrosa Cr. Ottawa, June 14, (Sladen); Montreal, Que., (A. Willey). Celiorys octodentata Say. Ottawa, June 27, (Sladen). Celiorys rufitarsus Sm. Ottawa, July-Oct., (Sladen). Osmia atriventris Cr. Ottawa, April 25 to June 5, (Sladen). Osmia canadensis Cr. Ottawa, May 4 to June 5, (Sladen). Heriades carinatus Cr. Ottawa, June 28 to July 31, (Sladen). 126 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 ” % * ‘ Heriades leavitti Craw. Nerepis, N.B., Aug. 22, (Leavitt) ; Can. Ent. Vol. XLV, 270. Anthidium wallist Ckll. Peachland, BC., Aug. 9, 1909, (Wallis) ; Can. Ent. Vol. XLV, 14. Alcidamea simplex Cr. Ottawa, June 3 to July 13, (Sladen). Andronicus cylindricus Cr. Ottawa, June 5 to Aug. 4, (Sladen). Clisodon terminalis Cr. Ottawa, June 6 to Aug. 18, (Sladen). Anthophora bomboides Kirby. Ottawa, June 28; Kazabazua, Que., July, (Sladen). Bombus morrisont Cr. Ashcroft, B.C., (Rev. W. M. Roger). Bombus terrestris, var. moderatus Cr. Rampart, Y.T., (D. H. Nelles). Bombus separatus Cr. Aweme, Man., June 1, (Gibson) ; Ottawa, June 12; Chatham, Harrisburg, Guelph, Ont., Aug. 27, (Sladen). Bombus bimaculatus Cr. Grimsby, Ont.. Aug. 29, (Sladen). Bombus bolsteri Franklin. Bay of Islands, Little River, Humber River, near Deer Lake, Newfoundland, (P. G. Bolster) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXXVIII, 357. Psithyrus insularis Sm. Ottawa, June 4-18, (Sladen), only record we have from Ontario. EEMIPTERA. A small number only of insects of this order have been received during the year, and as far as we know no systematic collections have been made in any part of Canada. Small lots of specimens collected in other years have been determined, and of these, records of the following seem worthy of inclusion here. Scolops sulcipes Say. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 8, 1908, (Hanham) ; Covey Hill, Que., Sept. 10, 1912, (Petch). Heliria scaiaris Fairm. Laval Co., Que., (Beaulieu). Ophiderma salamandra Fairm. Chelsea, Que., July 3, 1909, (Gibson). Elidiptera variegata Van D. Ottawa, Nov. 4, 1902, (J. Fletcher). Macropsis nigricanus V. Duz. Rudy, Sask., July 19, 1907, (J. Fletcher). Oncopsis variabilis Fitch. La Sienne River, District of Rainy River, Ont., July, 1890, (W. McInnis). Halticus apterus Linn. Bondville, Que., July 28-Aug. 2, (Moore). Lygus convexicollis Reut. Bondville, Que., July 28-Aug. 2, (Moore). Phytocoris eximius Reut. Bondville, Que., July 28-Aug. 2, (Moore). Phytocoris tibialis Reut. Bondville, Que., July 28-Aug. 2, (Moore). Mimoceps insignis Uhler. Bondville, Que., July 28-Aug. 2, (Moore). Aradus funestus Bergoth. “Canada . . . Northern U. S., from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean ”; Can. Ent. Vol. XLV, 4. Corizus nigrosternum Sign. Bondville, Que., July 28-Aug. 2, (Moore). Corizus nove-boracensis Sign. Bondville, Que., July 28-Aug. 2, (Moore). Alydus quinquespinosus Say. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 16, 1900, (Hanham). Brochymena quadripustulata Fabr. Covey Hill, Que., July 27, 1912, (Petch). Ailia americana Dall. Winnipeg, Man., June, 1900. Mormydea lugens Fab. Arnprior, Ont., Aug. 4, (Hewitt). Podisus cynicus Say. Covey Hill, Que., July 29, (Petch). ee ee ee ee . 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 127 NervuroprErow Insrots (Hxcepr Oponata). (Arranged according to a catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects (except Odo- nata) of the United States, by Nathan Banks; American Entomological Society, 1907. The numbers refer to the pages of the catalogue). IsOPTERA, 6. Termopsis angusticoilis Hag. Departure Bay, Vance. Is., B.C., July 5, (Walker). ARCHIPTERA. 10. Pteronarcys californica Newp. Edmonton, Alta, (F. S. Carr). 13. TIsoperla bilineata Say. Go-Ilome Bay, Ont., May 29, 1912, (Clemens). Ephemerella bicolor Clemens. Go-Home Bay, Ont., July 1-12, (Clemens) ; Can. Ent., Vol. XLV, 336. * Ephemerella lineata Clemens. Go-Home Bay, Ont., June 14, 15, (Clemens) ; Can. Ent:, Vol. XLV, 336. * Hphemerella lutulenta Clemens. Go-Home Bay, Ont., May 29-June 19, (Clemens; Shawanaga Bay; Penticost Island; French River and Stur- geon Bay, Ont., (R. P. Wodehouse) ; Can. Ent. Vol. XLV, 335. Siphlurus flecus Clemens. Go-Home Bay, Ont., May 23-June 12, (Clem- ens) ; Can. Ent., Vol. XLV, 338. Heptagenia lutea Clemens. Go-Home Bay, Ont., emerged June 2?-July 3, (Clemens) ; Can. Ent., Vol. XLV, 254. Heptagenia rubromaculata Clemens. Go-Home Bay, Ont., emerged June 22-July 29, (Clemens) ; Can. Ent. Vol. XLV, 258. Heptagenia fusca Clemens. Go-Home Bay, Ont., emerged June 23, 24, (Clemens) ; Can. Ent., Vol. XLV, 254. Ecdyurus lucidipennis Clemens. Go-Home Bay, Ont., emerged July 4 and 17, (Clemens) ; Can. Ent. Vol. XLV, 329. * Ecdyurus pullus Clemens. Go-Home Bay, Ont., June 27-July 2, (Clemens) ; Can Ent. Vol. XLV, 330. * * x * NEUROPTERA. 22. Raphidia assimilis Albarda. Departure Bay, Vance. Is., July-Aug. (Walker). 22. Raphidia oblita Hag. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., Aug. 8, (Walker). 23. Climacia areolaris Hag. Go-Home Bay, July 31, 1912, (Walker). 24. Polystoechotcs punctatus Fab. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., B.C., Aug. 5, (Walker). 24. Hemerobius pacificus Banks. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., B.C., Aug. 13, (Walker). 2%. Chrysopa assimilis Banks. Okanagan Landing, B.C., Aug. 17, (Walker). 27%. Chrysopa chi Fitch. Nipigon, Ont., June 19, (Walker). 2%. Chrysopa chlorophana Burm. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., B.C., July 6, (Walker). 2%. Chrysopa coloradensis Banks. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., B.C., July 1%, (Walker). 2%. Ohrysopa majuscula Banks. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., B.C., Aug. 3, (Walker). THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 30. . Helicopsyche borealis Hag. Go-Home Bay, July 31, Aug. 1, 1912, (Walker). Chrysopa ypstion Witch. Nipigon, Ont., June 18; Dauphin, Man., June 22; Prince Albert, Sask., June 23; Departure Bay, Vane. Is., B.C., (Walker). ; Myrmeleon imnaculatum DeG. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., July 25-Aug. 5, (Walker). TRICHOPTERA. (Determined by Dr. Nathan Banks.) Neuronia concatenata Walk. Gray Island, Georgian Bay, Ont., June 27, 1912, (Walker) ; Lonely Lake, Vane. Is., B.C., July 18, (Walker). Agrypnetes curvata Banks. Nipigon, Aug. 6, 1910, (Walker) ; Banff, Alta., r June 29, (Walker). Glyphotaelius hostiis Hagen. Nipigon, Aug. 6, 1910, (Walker). Limnephilus combinatus Walk. Lonely Lake, Vane. Is., B.C., July 18, (Walker). Platyphylax lepida Hag. Go-Home Bay, Sept. 7, 1912, (Walker). Parachiona parvula Banks. Banff, Alta., June 29, (Walker). Apatama tripunctata Banks. Sulphur Mt. Banff, Alta. June 28, (Walker). : Chimarrha aterrima Hag. Muskoka Mills, Georgian Bay, Ont., June 30, 1912, (Walker). Molanna uniophylia Vorhies. Go-Home Bay, July 2-Sept. 3, 1912. (Walker). Leptocerus angustus Banks. Go-Home Bay, Aug. 8, 1912 (Walker). Leptocerus recurvatus Banks. Go-Home Bay, Aug. 12, 1912. (Walker). Trienodes flavescens Banks. Go-Home Bay. Aug. 29, 1912. (Walker). Leptocella uwarowi Kolen. De Grassi Pt., Ont., July 1, 1912, (Walker). (cetina avara Banks. Go-Home Bay, July 31-Aug. 22, 1912. (Walker). (Ecetina fumosa Banks. Go-Home Bay, Aug. 12, 1912, (Walker). Gcetina immobilis Banks. Go-Home Bay, Aug. t-Sept. 4, 1912. (Walker). cetina incerta Walk. Go-Home Bay, July 31-Sept. 3, 1912. (Walker). Mystacides sepulchralis Walk. Go-Home Bay, Aug. 2-12, 1912. (Walker). Hydropsyche alternans Walk. Go-Home Bay, Aug. 20, 1912, (Walker). Hydropsyche chlorotica Hag. Go-Home Bay, Sept. 4,.1912, (Walker). Hydropsyche slossone Banks. Go-Home Bay, June 7, 1912, (Walker). ODONATA. Lestes congener Hag. Departure Bay, Vance. Is., B.C., July 19-Aug 10, Okanagan Landing, B.C., Aug 16, (Walker). Lestes uncatus Hag. Prince Albert, Sask., June 23; Departure Bay, B.C., June 23-July 30, (Walker). Nehalennia irene Hagen. Dauphin, Man., June 22; Prince Albert, Sask., June 24, (Walker). r Ischnura cervula Selys. Banff, Alta, June 29, (Walker). New to Alberta — list. Enallagma ebrium Hagen. Dauphin, Man., June 23, (Walker). 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 129 Coenagrion resolutum Selys. Prince Albert, Sask., June 24; Banff, Alta, June 29, (Walker). Coenagrion angulaium Ki. Walk. Prince Albert, Sask., June 24, (Walker). Ophiogomphus severus Hag. Prince Albert, Sask., June 26, (Walker). Aeshna caerulea septentrionalis Burm. Banff, Alta., June 29, (Walker). New to Alberta list. Aeshna sitchensis Hag. Banff, Alta., June 29, (Walker). Aeshna interrupta interrupta E. Walk. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., July 31- Aug. 12 (Walker). Aeshna eremita Scudd. Prince Albert,~ Sask., July 26; Departure Bay, Vane. Is., July 31, Aug. 10, (Walker). Aeshna canadensis H. Walk. Prince Albert, Sask., July 26; Departure Bay, Vane. Is., Aug. 10, 18, (Walker). New to Saskatchewan list. Aeshna tuberculifera K. Walk. Departure Bay, B.C., Aug 10, 13, (Walker), First record west of Wisconsin. Aeshna umbrosa BE. Walk. Hughes Station, Ont., (near Cochrane), Sept. 24 (W.S. Odell). Most northerly Ontario record. Somatochlora walshti Scudd. Dauphin, Man., June 23, (Walker). New to Manitoba list. Somatochlora minor Calv. Prince Albert, Sask., June 26, (Walker). New to Saskatchewan list. Dorocordulia libera Selys. Fort William, Ont., June 20, (Walker). Most northerly record. Cordulia shurtleffi Scudd. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., July 19, (Walker). Sympetrum madidum Hag. Prince Albert, June 23: Departure Bay, Vance. Is., July 30, (Walker). _ Sympetrum obtrusum Hagen. Okanagan Landing, B.C., Aug. 16 (Walker). These specimens are identical with eastern obtrusum. Leucorrhinia hudsonica Selys. Prince Albert, Sask.. June 26 (Walker). New to Saskatchewan list. Leucorrhinia glacialis Hagen. Prince Albert, Sask., June 26; Departure Bay, B.C., July 19, (Walker). New to Saskatchewan and B. C. lists. Leucorrhinia proxima Calv. Departure Bay, July 19, (Walker). Leucorrhinia borealis. Hag. Dauphin, Man., June 23; Prince Albert, Sask., June 25, (Walker). Leucorrhinia intacta Hagen. Prince Albert, (Sask.), June 25, (Walker). Most northerly record and new to Saskatchewan list. THYSANURA. Isotoma nigra MacG. Arnprior, Ont., on snow, Dec. 25, (C. Macnamara). Determined by Dr. Folsom. PAGE Acarina,. LAlISmOl preys sepsis eierestoe 101 Acleris; tractivittanal cme) eee 20 Soeeeelreind elaniaymerterctertarterites ste 20 INGORUB eos ioe aparece aa atecenedonsyetamene bere stetaiote 88 Aereria ipictinesn 52 a COLMETOOtME eels mcrsiieaicrerrars 25 Le ereenm pea clrataeieielsirerreriiaiaiore 23 STI Vi Te AGACLS epee repereleleretey=tstene 25 TU AEN ic gadoceo oc OUROGOD OD Fou 52 swoollys pple Vinrere ein cietetsiet o's ily/ Apple CHECUIION 2 oj eteclerel-veieier= = islam 50 Le MTN OEE Olan latte ate eh agence Li 20,000 Apple-tree borers ............0+.--- 51 Apple-worm, lesser ..........-.... 50 Applied entomology for the farmer 94 Arehips fractivittana ............- 20 # TOSACCAN AL er einlelenteterste relat 50 Asparagus beetles ..........--. poetry wil Aspidiotus juglans-regiae ......... 53 He PeETNICIOSUS) Foc weet 49 Aulmann’s Psyllidarum catalogus.. 106 Barnes and McDunnough’s Lepidop- tera. of IN American fe cr cinstaiere 107 Bassareus luteipennis ............. 88 Beet) leakminer sy eis wis, <.antowtec kickers 25 iBenibecia marecinatawes sceneries 52 Bethune, C. J. S., articles by..33, 37, 41 IGE, TAOS Soposcnobeocanons 93 BordenedlisallOws ... 2s eee 88 Chrysomela bigsbyana ............ 91 es elegans: v sicis.: -..- ioe iets! 33h. Cen eae 92 Diptera; galls ‘of ;,.:..2).....ceaeaeee 101 a records) (Of \.y..)940 sere 117 Disonycha caroliniana ............ 93 fs pennsylvanica ......... 92 Doryphora clivicollis .......sccee65 89 & decemlineata .......... 89 Eccoptogaster rugulosus .......... 51 Ectoedemia populella ............. 19 Knarmonia, priunivora -). seen 50 Entomological record ...........-. 106 Entomologists, list of Canadian in 1862. 20s Anes oo cee oe 40 Entomology juvenile ............. 22 Ephestia kuehniella .............. 25 Eulecanium nigrofasciatum ....... 53 Eurosta solidaginis, gall of ....... 99 Felt; Ei PB: article Dy -=.\..-0 ~aneeie 76 Field crops, insects attacking..... 15, 52 Flour moth, Mediterranean ....... 25 Folsom’s Entomology ...........+. 107 Forest trees, insects attacking....17, 53 Franklin’s Bombidae of the New WOT vo. Fc stepetercucrse eek terete 108 Fruit: fites) cherry fees einen 51 Fruit trees, insects attacking...... 16 HNyles; TI. W.., article iby, yams 43 Galerucella decora) %.~ = <-. 93 CRLGn TON 52 MRRMMPIEIOANIBCCES) 5.5... . ccc eee ees 49 (OLULD SD posh ARe eee 86 JF 21S) 46g CG pn eee 88 Papaipema cataphracta ........... 16 LG UWE 0 52 Pear psylla 131 PAGE Pegomyia CeEparuMen, ci wc, tomological Society OF ONTARIO 1914 c BY_THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO) : nt PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO s >: TORONTO: L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 1915. Forty-Fifth Annual Report OF THE Entomological Society OF- ONTARIO 1914 (PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO) PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO TORONTO: Printed by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 1915. Pig . : * Le = 4 is t : a4 1 eee | d 1 ; » ¥ 4 . : . ot ee ‘ v7 « 4 ; y fs ah Printed by WILLIAM BRIGGS TORONTO 29-37 Richmond Street West on a 4 aD. .-e Pea rae ees es eee de ciee peas niet - ao & a we 4 thy ae 5 a oe ie * rH os : y we be ‘ » - ad - ‘Honour Joun StraTHEARN Henprig, C.V.O., a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Militia of Canada, ete., etc., etc., Tieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario. ‘PLease Your Honour: n The undersigned begs to present, for the consideration of your Honour, the eport of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1914. Re 8S : Respectfully submitted, JAMES S. DUFF, . Minister of Agriculture. ron 915. ronto, 1915, [3] . As r CONTENTS 2 PAGE TLE TIER > OF) TRANSMISSION io rac. cesele oom gare ae oawies areroyeraidiniel --b) c:ahe canal eterno nen Bee] OFFICERS FOR _ 1914-1915 «2:0 55.0.5 ce bic enlsis Sie etaice + bere © examina cee stele caeeichen eet ean 10 BINANCTAT STATEMENT 92 a2 cercs aceite sc nails Woleeciateutle SD aharoe sae 9) eae 10 Tats :0R" MEMBERS 05:55). Riess ea. 5 stare a ate Sievegatamnin Sadie cues cle erehe eigen each eee aan ee 11 AIVINTOAT, MGRTING fore or= nint=) inte ola olerel>(=,ara as =) spa) ote shetiefe ot ots teva arelevayakaraeale Tete tet tae 13: Reports on Insects for the Year: Division No. 1, A. GmpSON .......... ee Sara 13 Division No. 2,/C. EB. GRANT ..... int Soe 16 Division. No. 3; A. (CoSENS “2...00 Henry. Toyman™ or. S.: 22 el elves ye ol hw casein sie fe 0 sta otal ee eee Obituary:, Dr. Wimi Saunders? 8 co o.t. erate oe aterm, cheteaasendelelajerate scone hel a ete) eae ee The ‘Entomological Records: <5 2 s)-nte Jordan Harbour hae as H Jn ke poem SRG de Mie... se ees Woodstock. Goad! Coenen a schgt ame ted . ae = 01) aa aan MacKay, Dr. A. H.......- Halifax. Sladen, Perl... ... Giiawa Payne, He G. owen. cm << Granville Ferry mith AMAUT....-....... Toronto. Snazelle, C........-..----- 5 New BRUNSWICK. Spencer, G. J......--.++-+5 Guelph. Strickland, E. H.......-.. Ottawa. Wirooms, Seseeeedee ton sas St. Stephen. Thompson, W. R.........- London. BEER Ue Donic .ls ace De +e Ottawa. Walker, Prof. E. M.......- Toronto. SASKATCHEWAN. Ware, Thomas............ Paris Station. Watson, Dr. A. H. R...... Port Hope. Androchowicz, H.......... Humboldt. White, James..........-- Snelgrove. TODMBONS Gels elec ee ota Moose Jaw. Williams, J. B...... eset ats Toronto. MeCulloch, A. J......--... Regina. < ingernlbice SE Usgonwercodnonad Cottonwood. Guelph Walling Proreehe se Ne smt.tate ol Saskatoon. [11] 12 THE REPORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA. ABOU G pres Hos cocies's byeie.mis relate Mission City. PAID erAsy Wide) «ol siaie etalute apatare Vancouver. TION ciate sie. cfeis/ein eel arate .. Nakusp. Anderson, BE. M........... Victoria. PATHOTSON “le Etoers oie vieistevateie e MAM EUS, _M, ctocusorers sete arse Peachland. Renin Fe ete ae claetsiisie nels N. Vancouver. Ban Rss Weds aictare fete rsierevans Salmon Arm. leche Meh UME lO WES a oon gasnAde Kelowna. dosh Wie be See aGonc avec Vancouver. Blackmore, ©. H..% -.. sass Victoria Brand eJAMEN.occyeichite siecle Vancouver Brealey, Ab acts sts ciactten Hatzic Brett; “Wi Wiisicsisecehices were Armstrong. Breune Ey, Av aetercteve SPORT Victoria. Bryants (Lace eitace kee Ladysmith ESP VM ON Is Moe cise ier ehercieteie Victoria. lajitsl aw 9s Co Ginn Soca occ Vancouver. Chapman WiGcuc..\vicjeiciseisteere Vancouver Marke Fs ss ionyaie cies tetsvos bate sf Gockle: Tso Wiesen, sia cetera Kaslo. OMMinipas iy NVAocoodouocanc Grand Forks. Golpits wReaD oe cie stciierse = at Revelstoke. Crease; mE, Se niciciarele scien Kelowna. Grokere AGnca certhi see Victoria. Cunningham, "Toacse....s Vancouver. GurrieieH BR: sc cace esteees Salmon Arm. Davidsonsdoe ls. acecs eee Vancouver. BAY, | GRO Severe erat rteonarete ie oe Vancouver Island. Bivansy ets ea cioecsiaetavcinte Okanagan Centre. Wrench: PP Wiss. |. 2 icje0teertale Salmon Arm. Feu fOn Gye cries. cieieis serene Kelowna. Wulton; (Ge Hey aen.c ote clere aes Port Haney. GAVGEMED seca od ie. onersterheniette Vancouver. Gemmel, M..... Dolce, sree Sechelt Getchell, “Hes ies. selene Vancouver. Had wens Drs Semi ieieiecices Agassiz. Hanham, A Wescceeccn ae Duncan’s Station. lsitiakagelies Ko acoceneaad = Victoria. Heselwood, R. J......:... Kelowna. EVIIV Tommie: ions etcvaicvaie e'ecers Vernon ERAT OU, We See «cicero sie ate Abbotsford. Hippisiey, Mires scicce0 ces « Terrace. ELOY HES stones tuofetiefayayelsieinie oie «Vernon. Eline lie Wi cmintclsictajaieroieierers alee Victoria. JS hited DaM CAF ING OOD ECA San Creator VACKSON, Whar acicivisidie's cle ales Creston. {HONORARY MEMBERS Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A...Boulder, Col. Comstock, Prof. J. H...... Ithaca, N.Y. Cresson, Ezra T.. 0... Philadelphia, : Pa. Wehtare Te, Hse itesiels alanis Albany, N.Y. No. 36 SAMEEREN Sa aleve aotereieicate Victoria. Kyte ReDim eeotere ine Notch Hill. Landelis® Rovt ot cccwnc neste Golden Tange Wer Asss.ciac Serna Peachland. Leach; Di dewey acieercion Salmon Arm. Lyne, “W:He ecs oso at Vancouver. Matheson) J? 0B svc cent .stettne Kelowna. MeCubbiney Gio sc coset as Salmon Arm. MeHardys 1G) Winarc.cee aie Nelson. McKenzie Ks sc. ..c2 eee . Kelowna, Melhuish; JocSi cc ecmet ote Walhachin Middleton, M.............4 Nelson Mitchell; Ditne..scteeeeee Tappin. Nicolle; W.4%. « seincctnoeren Nelson. Norman; Roos scent tere Victoria, Northcote; Missi. cere Mission City. iE Wbisty ose Ih Wak aoogdaccan: Vernon. Palmer, Re OM. nc csc rece South Cowichan Parham) (Goob.2 sew c eeteie Invermere. Patch; Al Mi Wee. se ccc Vancouver. Peters Revs Aeterna Victoria. Reed, E. Baynes......... Z Rich, sHidithtee.ws se eeeee Ladner. Rine@ henry ss ccc ectee ec Victoria. Robertson, W. H......... oe Robinsons HE oseoces eee = Ross; sAY SEDs 2 ae sary ssfs aces Nelson Rowland) AC secede ou oe Vancouver. Ruhman,; Me... tcceeeeceee Vernon Russell) Dik. scorers Lavington. Scott: XColesBiwawieene case Salmon Arm. Scott; Welw cc sccractereroente Victoria. ShermansiRS:. caeeucnee Vancouver. Simons; (Anglais see A Siminis; VAs Gi. ence ene Summerland Skimmer, Hi) Mie mec cesinies Victoria. Stanton, ES He. caeeeeee Duncans, Taylor: WL, Hes wae ceieetaceies Kelowna. Thomson, C...... Gono cios cic W. Summer- land. Tomlinson, iA. H.......... Prince Rupert. Treherne; ROG. siete aeons Agassiz. Venables Pi. rccrecnseters Vernon. Wallace; Wi Az. 52.2.0 a. Victoria. Ward s°Wolbie sc. ceanutes Vancouver. Whiting, |B. HS. aveceece Rock Creek. Wilkerson, G. E.......... Victoria. Willson} gE Seems eters Armstrong. Wilsonss omc ae sicteless cteiele Vancouver. Winslow; Ri ONG «jet - oss Victoria. Wiha im Wereierorevarerelesterstane Sardis. Woods, Mrs. E. A......... Grand Prairie. howard rl: caves eer Washington, D.C. “ Webster, Prof. F. M....... Wickham, Prof. H. F..... Iowa City, Ia. LIFE MEMBERS Bethune, Rev. C. J. S..... Professor of Entomology, = Ontario Agricultural Col- jege, ‘ Guelph. Fyles, Rev. Dr. T. W.....Ottawa. Reed, E. Baynes.......... Director of the Meteoro- logical Station. Victoria. The Entomological Society of Ontario ANNUAL MEETING The Fifty-first Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held at Toronto on Thursday and Friday, November 5 and 6, 1914, Dr. C. Gorpon Hewirr, President of the Society, occupying the chair throughout the sessions. Among the members present were: Prof. J. H. Comstock, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.; Rev. T. W. Fyles, Ottawa; Dr. C. G. Hewitt and Messrs. A. Gibson and J. M. Swaine, Entomological Branch, Ottawa; Messrs. N. Criddle, W. A. Ross, E. H. Strickland and H. F. Hudson, Field Officers of the Branch; Rev. Prof. C: J. S. Bethune, Prof. L. Caesar and Mr. A. W. Baker, Ontario Agricultural ‘College, Guelph; Prof. Wm. Lochhead, Macdonald College, Que.; Prof. J. Dearness, London; Dr. A. Cosens, Prof. E. M. Walker and Messrs. J. B. Williams, A. Smith, C. Snazelle, E. H. Craigie, Geo. Duff and S. -Logier, Toronto; Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; Mr. J. D. Evans, Trenton; Prof. W. H. Brittain, Truro, N.S.; and Mr. Vernon King, Charleston, Mo. Among the visitors were Prof. C. R. Crosby, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.; Mr. J. C. Chapais, St. Denis-en-bas, Que.; Rev. Father Leopold, La Trappe, Que., and Messrs. A. B. Baird and S. H. Lord, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. On Thursday morning a meeting of the Council was held in the Biological Building of the University of Toronto. Various matters of business were brought | up and discussed and the report of the proceedings of the Society during the past year was drawn up. Much satisfaction was expressed regarding the vigorous con- dition of the Society, particularly in the rapid development of the British Columbia * Branch, arid in the Society’s excellent financial position. A suggestion that the next Annual Meeting be held at Ottawa was afterwards put before the general meeting and adopted. In the afternoon the Society met in the Lecture Room of the Royal Canadian Institute, the proceedings commencing at two o’clock. The chair_was taken by Dr. Hewitt, the President, and the first order of business was the reading of the reports of the Directors on the insects of the season in their respective divisions. REPORTS ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR. Division No. 1, Orrawa District—ArTHuR GIBSON, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA. During the growing season of 1914 serious outbreaks of certain well-known insects occurred in the Ottawa District. Weather conditions were very favourable for insect increase and many letters relating to injurious species were received from farmers and others. The following are the pests chiefly complained of: Insects Attackinec Fretp Crops. Tue Army-worm (Leucania unipuncta). Immediately following the out- break of the Army-worm in Brant County, western Ontario. considerable anxiety among farmers was experienced when infestations were discovered at Carp, Kin- [13] 14 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 burn and one or two other places in the Ottawa District. The Carp and Kinburn outbreaks were investigated by me on July 21st, when fields of oats, barley and corn were found to be freely infested. Many hundreds of thousands of the worms were present. The Army-worm outbreak in Canada, however, during the past season is discussed on page 72. ~ Locusts. The Migratory Locust (Melanoplus atlanis) was again enormously abundant at Bowesville, near Ottawa, and at several other places in the district. The crops chiefly attacked were those which I mentioned in my report last year, viz., oats, barley, timothy and corn. Rather extensive experiments were con- ducted by the Entomological Branch with the Kansas poison bran formula and other remedies. A brief account of this work is given on page 97. The Kansas formula gave excellent results and we have no hesitation whatever in recommend- ing it. \Curworms. These destructive caterpillars were again very abundant through- out the district. The interesting outbreak was that of the Common Striped Cut- worm (Hu«oa tessellata), which was very abundant on the Central Experimental Farm, destroying annual flowering plants, tobacco, ete. The Dark-sided Cutworm (Luxoa messoria), was also numerous and ruined many young plants, particularly vegetables. The Red-backed Cutworm (Huroa ochrogaster) was injurious in the district and reports were received of injury to peas, beans, clover, corn, mangels and carrots. The Glassy Cutworm (/Zadena devastatriv) Was present in numbers in tobacco fields near Ottawa. Roor Maccors. These regularly-occurring insects were again very destruc- tive in eastern-Ontario; and a good remedy for the preservation of radishes and onions is still a desideratum. (Cabbages and cauliflowers were again protected on the Central Experimental Farm by placing around them at the time of planting out, discs made from tarred felt paper. Wherever they were applied properly excellent results were obtained. THe Carrot Rust Fry (Psila rose). My attention was called to an out- break of this insect in a private garden in Ottawa. At the time of my visit, July 13, the bed of carrots had been completely destroyed, and the tops were wilted and lying on the ground. It is several years since the insect has occurred in- juriously in the Ottawa District. Unfortunately, it is rather difficult to control. When young carrots are being thinned out, the spraying of the remaining plants with ordinary kerosene emulsion, one part in nine of water, has been found useful as a protection against injury by this insect. In the Maritime Provinces, where the insect has also been destructive the past season, some growers found the kerosene emulsion of value. Applications should be made once a. week during June and first half of July. Tue CrLery CATERPILLAR (Papilio polyxenes) was more than usually abundant in the district, the chief injury noticed being to parsley in early July. Owing to their conspicuous markings—green with transverse black stripes—they are easily seen, and unless present in extraordinary numbers the remedy of hand- picking is usually all that is necessary. Tur Dramonp-BAack Morn (Plutella maculipennis) was.very apparent in the latter half of June and its injuries were readily observed in fields of cabbages. It is not a difficult insect to control. Paris green in the ordinary strength (1 pound to 160 gallons of water) or arsenate of lead (2 pounds to 40 gallons of water) will control the caterpillars. It is perfectly safe to use either of these arsenites up to a week or two of the time the cabbages are to be used as food. — Te Te ee 1915 . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 ee When spraying cabbages, on account of the smoothness of the leaves a “ sticker ” should be added to the mixture. Such can be made by boiling together for about an hour two pounds of resin and one pound of sal soda (crystals) in a gallon of water. -This is sufficient for 40 gallons and if used with Paris green, one pound of fresh lime should be added. AYTACKING Frurr AND Forest TREES. The two species of Tent Caterpillars, the American Tent (Malacosoma americana) and the Forest Tent (JJalacosoma dissiria) were again noticeably present in many places, but the injury was much less than that effected in either of the three previous years. _ _The Pear Stue (Eriocampoides limacina) was abundant in orchards on plum and cherry trees. It is an easy insect to control. If only a few trees are attacked freshly slaked lime dusted on the leaves is a sufficient remedy. If the occurrence is widespread, spraying with either Paris green or arsenate of lead should be adopted. Other common pests such as the CopLtiNc Mots, the Eyr-srorrEeD BuD-MOTH and the CicgaRk-cAsr BEARER were troublesome in unsprayed orchards. ATTACKING GREENHOUSE AND GARDEN PLANTS. THe Rose Lear-Hoprer (Typhlocyba rose). The foliage of roses through- out the district was heavily infested with this insect. The whitish patches resulting from the attack of the insects were very conspicuous in the middle of June. In some gardens the attack was stopped by a weak application of “ Black Leaf 40.” Tue Vioter SawFly (Emplhytus canadensis). Pansies were injured to some extent by the bluish-black false caterpillars of this sawfly. At Ottawa they were found in the middle of June, and at this time the larvee were approaching maturity. They feed, as a rule, during the night. We have found that dusting the plants in the evening with white hellebore, or with Paris green mixed with 50 times its weight of common flour, will destroy the larve. Tue TarnisHep Prant Bue (Lygus pratensis) was destructive to dahlias and other flowering plants. It is an extremely difficult insect to control. I know of no satisfactory remedy. The bugs are most active during the heat of the day, but in the early morning they are comparatively sluggish, at which time they may be beaten off the plants into an inverted umbrella and then put into some re- ceptacle containing coal oil and water. Apuips of many kinds were more or less destructive to greenhouse and garden plants. THe GrepNHousE Lear-tyer (Phlyctenia rubigalis) was present notice- ably in one greenhouse, and Rep Sper was responsible for much damage to many __ kinds of plants. At the conclusion of his report, Mr. Gibson exhibited a specimen of the European Praying Mantis (Mantis religiosa L.), and said that the specimen was found in a potato field at Carrying Place, Prince Edward County, Ontario. It was, he thought the first specimen ever sent in to the Department at Ottawa. The habits of the insect were briefly discribed and reference given to the first American records in New York State. Dr. BetHune: I had a specimen taken near Simcoe, Norfolk Co., about two ‘years ago. I thought that was unique for Ontario. 16 THE REPORT OF THE : _ No. 36 Division No. 2, Ort~tra Districr—C. E. Grant, ORILLIA. I have not been able to give much time to the recording of insect destruc- tiveness this season. I wish, ‘however, to note the appearance in this neighbour- hood of the two asparagus beetles, Crioceris asparagi and C. 12-punctatus. I visited the gardens of several friends who had complained of something that was eating their asparagus. In two of these places the tops of the plants looked like a lot of dry sticks, they were so completely stripped of foliage. I found both species of beetles in abundance on the plants. I think they were both equally plentiful. I was also informed that the pest had been noticed the year before, but I never had observed their appearance, though I had been on the lookout for them for some time. Army Worm (Leucania unipuncta). I was informed that in the Township of Orillia some eight or ten miles from town there was a slight outbreak of this insect, and the moths were very numerous at light here, but I did not see any destruction close to town. I never saw the moths so abundant since 1896 when there was considerable damage done in the Township of Mara, oe of Ontario, which abuts on the boundaries of Orillia. JUNE BretLes (Lachnosterna). I never saw these insects so abundant It was impossible to sit near the lamp which I keep lighted to attract insects, on account of the constant bombardment by them. CuTWoRMs were not reported plentiful this season. ONION and CaBBAGE Maccors were rather plentiful. RasPBERRY CANE Borer (Agrilus ruficollis). This ‘species has been very abundant the last few years, the wilted canes shewing up conspicuously. Tent CATERPILLARS (Malacosoma americana and M. disstria) were abundant. Their webbs were noticed and the moths were abundant in July and lasted right into August. I took a specimen of Telea polyphemus on August 20th, quite a late record for that insect. I took quite a few new insects but not at present being able to determine them, I must leave a report of them to a future time. Division No. 3, Toronto District—A. CosENs. During the season the following insect pests were abundant enough to attract attention. The Cutworm (Huzoa), was particularly destructive in the northern part of the city. In that district a thin layer of loam covers a sandy sub-stratum, furnishing suitable conditions for the maturing of the larve. In some gardens the tomato and cabbage plants were regularly cut off until a sprinkling of poisoned bran was used with good results. In the same locality the Onion Maggot (Pegomyia cepetorum) has been unusually abundant during the summer. A dahlia grower, who invariably has a number of flower buds destroyed by the attacks ~ of the Tarnished Plant Bug (Lygus pratensis L.), informs me that this insect was not so plentiful as usual this season, but Dr. Walker states that he has found the Four-Lined Plant Bug (Poecilocapsus lineatus Fabr.) in large numbers on many different species of plants. The market gardeners of Mt. Dennis, a suburb of Toronto, state that the larve of the May Beetle (Lachnosterna fusca Froh.) are becoming more numerous. Two apparent causes are contributary to this con- dition. These gardens are situated in a swamp area, which is cleared and drained a few acres at a time, and as the trees are gradually being removed the birds, that act as a natural check on this pest, are forced to nest in other localities. Also { 4 J ; a ae ee Se ees Sr a ae rT a; einai Sane telat Datla : 1915 ° HNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17 the star-nosed mole, that feeds on the larve, is dug out and killed whenever possible. This can probably be defended, as the undermining of the moles often causes breaks in the rows of vegetables due to the wilting of the plants. Last fall the larve of Metzneria lappella Linn., were exceedingly abundant in the heads of the Small Burdock (Arctiwm minus Bernh, ), In some infected plants almost every head contained from one to three occupants. A collection was made and kept in a cool place during the winter and a large number of moths emerged in June. Rey. Dr. Fyles first reported this insect in 1898, having found it at Levis, Quebec, where he thinks it was probably first introduced into Canada. It has been in Toronto at least since 1904. In looking over the published life histories of this insect I have not seen mentioned the following feature that appears to be a distinct adaptation to its mode of life. After the moths emerge from the seed heads, small silken tubes are to be seen projecting beyond the scales of the involucre. Through each tube a moth has been able to pass safely the hooked points of the scales and reach the outside. These tubes are either formed by the larve in the spring before pupation or are a part of their silken, winter envelope which has been torn away and carried out by the moth during its emergence. I have not yet definitely decided by observation between the two explanations. Owing to the large number of seeds that are prevented from germinating by the larve of this species, it is usually considered to be beneficial, but the fact that fewer seedlings will thus appear at one place may operate favorably to the burdock owing to the natural thinning out that has resulted. While in the vicinity of Toronto the good collecting grounds are gradually being reduced in number, some still remain. Among the best of these is the Mt. Dennis locality mentioned above. In that district a level depressed stretch, several acres in extent, of rich peaty soil produces a rank growth of asters, golden rods and other plants adapted to such a habitat. Skirting this low-lying area are sloping ridges still covered with the oaks and maples of the original forest, while willows, dogwood and viburnum form a transition zone between the highland and the typical meadow flora. On the 17th of July, while Mr. Nash and I were col- lecting over the low land, we found the butterfly Melitaea phaeton Drury, quite plentiful. Numbers of them were flitting about in company with the more common Fritillaries and Meadowbrowns. We captured a dozen specimens, and could have taken many more. The food plant of the species, Turtle Head (Chelone glabra L.,) is not plentiful in the locality, but Mr. Nash found colonies of the larve estab- lished on this plant later in the season. A very casual examination of gall literature reveals a large number of species, the producers of which are undescribed. To this group belongs the Cynipid gall on the petiole of Wild Strawberry (Fragaria virginiana Duch.). The deformity consists of an elongated cylindrical enlargement that when mature shows shallow annular constrictions at the junction of the larval cells giving the gall a somewhat segmented appearance. As the leaves, on which the galls are produced, wither before these are mature it is very difficult to find specimens at that stage. The plan that suggested itself was to transplant the host where it could be kept under observation. From material thus treated, producers emerged from May 12th to 15th. Specimens were sent to Wm. Beutenmiiller, New York, and he reports them to be an undescribed species of Diastrophus. The sawfly gall on the base of the petiole of Salix humilis Marsh, is common in High Park of this city, and last fall it was particularly plentiful. Induced by this fact to forget several unsuccessful attempts to rear the producer, I collected 18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 a large number of the galls and kept them during the winter under as nearly natural conditions as possible. A number pupated a couple of inches below the. surface of the soil in the breeding jar, and several adults emerged between June 3rd and 10th. S$. A. Rohwer, Washington, D/C., to whom specimens were sent, has not yet published his description, but has sent me a manuscript copy of it. The species which has been named Puwra cosensi n. sp., is said to be closely con- nected with Huura nodus Walsh, a form that produces stem galls on Salix longifolia Muhl. From this species it may readily be differentiated by the shape of the sheath and the different sculpture of the head. The following list includes all the sawfly gall producers as far as reported from this locality. Fig. 1—E#uura cosensi Rohwer, a sawfly gall on the leaf petiole of Salir humilis Marsh. Euura cosenst Rohwer. Host, Salix humilis Marsh. The gall, which is produced on the leaf petiole, is conoidal in shape with a long tapering point, towards the blade of the leaf. Huura gemma Walsh. Host, Salix humilis Marsh. Tn this species, the gall is formed by the abnormal swelling of a lateral bud. Buura ovum Walsh. Host, Salix humilis Marsh. An elongated oval swelling on one side of a twig constitutes the gall in this case. The three preceding species are common in and near Toronto. Luura serissime Rohwer. Host, Salix serissima Fernald. 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19 a The gall consists of the enlarged petiole of the leaf. The leaves infested are borne on the branchlets from which the pistillate catkins spring. j In this vicinity only a few examples of the host plant occur, but all of these seem to be infested with the gall. Pontania crassicornis Rohwer. Host, Salix humilis Marsh. The gall resembles the well known Pontania pomum, Walsh, in shape, but is considerably smaller. It is densely pubescent and several are usually crowded together on one leaf. Pontania desmodiodes Walsh. Host, Salix humilis Marsh. A smooth, flattish gall with a semicircular outline originating frem the mesophyll of the leaf of the host. The last two galls mentioned are abundant in this locality. Especially in the western part of the city the numerous ridges and plains consist largely of sand sorted over and deposited by the wave action of the glacial. Lake Iroquois. In the light. soil thus produced pines and oaks flourish and in the open. spaces among these Salix humilis finds sn ideal habitat. The resulting frequent occurrence of this food plant contributes to the abundance of several of our sawfly galls parasitic on this host. Pontania hyalina Norton. Host, Salix alba UL. The galls are arranged in two almost parallel rows, one on each side of the midrib of the leaf. This is the most plentiful willow gall in this vicinity. The host has been planted in large numbers and few of these escape infection. Pontania lucide Rohwer. Host, Saliz lucida Muhl. The gall is produced as an enlargement of the petiole or midrib of the leaf. Throughout the district in general this species is not common. Pontania pisum Walsh. Host, Salix discolor Muhl. An almost spherical pea-like gali, with a small point of attachment to the leaf of the host. Only rarely found in the locality. Pontania pomum Walsh. Host, Salix cordata Muhl. A large globular gall originating from the leaf of the host. It is greenish- yellow in colour usually with a rosy tint on one side. Among the numerous sand ridges, referred to previously, are many streams and ponds of water. These are skirted, often for long stretches, by a screen of the heart-leaved willow. The majority of these host plants are always infested with this gall. THe Prestpent: The heartiest thanks of the Society are due to Dr. Cosens for his excellent report, full as it is of the most valuable original observations which should form the basis of considerable further work, and be a very welcome contribution to our Proceedings. 20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Division No. 5, Port Horr District-—-F, J. A. Morris, PErTeRBoroucH, From Port Hope, Mr. H. L. Bowers records:—“Aphids very bad on peas and consequently Coccinellide very plentiful; cut-worms very bad in spring, destroying many cabbage and tomato plants. The turnip Root-maggot was also bad. The White Cabbage Butterfly did a great amount of damage; Pieris protodice was plentiful. The Army Worm caused no damage near Port Hope—a few were noticed not many miles west; about fifty of the moths were taken in a light trap. ‘Tent Caterpillars were numerous and caused some damage; the Forest Tents were very noticeable. The Milkweed Butterfly was very rare last year, Fig. 2—Pontania pomum Walsh, a sawfly gall on the leaf on Salix cordata Muhl. but was more numerous this year than at any time in the last five seasons. Butterflies of the genera Argynnis, Phyciodes and Grapta were scarce; Limenitis arthemis very common; also Chrysophanus thoe; Pieris napi and varieties common. All Papilios scarce. May-beetles were very bad, and much trouble from their grubs may be looked for later. They ate the leaves from very many young fruit trees. Below is a list of captures :— Apantesis intermedia. Apantesis virguncula. Apantesis parthenice. Lycomorpha pholas. Euchetias oregonensis. Microcelia diphtheroides. ee Se ae at lt De ee). Ae ot i 1915 ‘ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21 Microcelia diphtheroides var. obliterata. Euchalcia putnami. Buchalcia venusta. Huchaleia cuspidea. Buchaleia contexta. Chamyris cerintha. Catocala relicta. Catocala relicta bianca. Synelys alabastaria. Caripeta divisata, Synanthedon acernt. Atrytone pocahontas. Mr. R. S. Duncan (from Port Hope) of the Department of Agriculture writes in answer to enquiries that he has not noticed many insect pests about the orchards. He was called on to fight the Army Worm (1) on the Cobourg Road east of Port Hope, and (2) on farms near Charlecote, Perrytown, Newcastle and Solina. The pest was bad, but not nearly so troublesome as in Western Ontario. The insect collections made by school children have been steadily increasing. At each of the five school fairs in the county, from two to seven collections of insects have been exhibited; some of them very neatly and correctly labelled. Dr. Watson reports some interesting captures in Coleoptera, including a longicorn (Goes oculata) new to his collection taken under a butternut tree during the spell of unusually hot weather about thé middle of September. In the neighbourhood of Peterborough the most noticeable pest was the Tent Caterpillar. Very early in the spring the webs became conspicuous on wild cherry, hawthorn and other trees and shrubs about the lanes and fence-corners outside the city. The newly hatched grubs destroyed even foliage-buds before the leaves had expanded. In neglected orchards they were also very abundant, and had been nearly as bad the season before. Next to nothing was done to cope with the pest till the caterpillars were nearly full-grown; there was then an agitation, and in several places torches were used, but more than half the larve escaped by scattering. Towards the end of June the full-grown larve began to swarm in masses round the lower trunks of the trees and it was only then that the extent of the mischief became apparent; throughout the city the shade trees showed great ravages in the heart of the foliage,-especially basswood, maple and elm. For a week when the creatures swarmed in great masses on the tree trunks, they could be destroyed very easily, but the job was evidently too disagreeable and was left undone. In every mass examined a few of the individual worms proved to be those of the Orchard Tent Caterpillar, the vast majority being the _ Forest Tent Caterpillar. In an orchard adjoining our house every tree was stripped of foliage and when fire was applied to the webs so many of the caterpillars escaped that the houses on all sides were fairly besieged and many garden shrubs, rambler roses, for instance, were stripped. In the “fresh fields and pastures new” afforded by a change of residence some interesting observations were made during the season, and quite a large number of additions secured to your district director’s collection of Coleoptera, the collecting grounds being chiefly fungus, the fermenting bark, trunks and branches of newly felled trees, and green foliage. At the beginning of May a Jarge alder swamp, partly cleared. yieided some interesting forms of Chrysomelian, at first, of course, specimens that had hibernated. These included three species 22 . THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 of Chrysomela, viz., a well-marked variety of C. scalaris (if the normal form is that found on basswood), and a very handsome form of C. philadelphica, more robust than the normal form and with the ground colour rich chestnut; both of these were taken on alder, feeding freely and abundant. The normal form of C. philadelphica was taken in the same locality on dogwood, and C. bigsbyana on willow. Later on several interesting longicorns were captured on the trunks of newly-felled white pine, attracted by the fermenting sap and breeding there. Other captures were made on some fallen basswood, and in fungus that had freshly spread over the top of basswood stumps. A pair of longicorns, quite new to your collector, was captured in alder foliage at the end of May; and in the last week of June nearly fifty specimens of the beautiful Elder Borer (Desmocerus palliatus). I had only once before seen this creature alive and for the benefit of other collectors I will add some notes. The beetles may be looked for first about June 20th in our latitude and may be taken as late as July 20th. They were nearly all captured on Early Elder (Sambucus racemosa), which at this season is bright with crimson clusters of ripe berries; the later species of Elder (S. canadensis) having just opened its flat cymes of white blossom. ‘The beetles love to rest on the under side of the foliage, and more frequently were found in small thickets of Elder within the borders and under the shadow of hardwoods. Very few were found on the Late Elder and none on the blossom. During July immense numbers of Rose Chafers (Macrodactylus subspinosus) were observed in High Park, Toronto, feeding on the pollen of New Jersey Tea, and a few on the Late Elder. About the 20th of July,’some fifteen specimens of Hupagonius. subarmatus were taken in Niagara Glen, breeding on the bass- wood. They were all captured on the underside of the foliage, their instinct to escape by dropping from their perch being utilized in their capture. In August, while camping in the Algonquin Park I revisited a certain bay on White’s Lake and found, after seven years, the same colony of Phyllabrotica decorata feeding on the same clump of Skull-cap (Scutellaria galericulata). On the willow bushes adjoining the railway Disonycha caroliniana was abundant, and among the raspberry patches a very wasp-like clear-wing moth was seen quite frequently. - THE PRESIDENT: We are sorry that this report is the only contribution we shall have as a result of Mr. Morris’ season’s work. It is plain that he has lost none of his old enthtsiasm and delight in his new locality. Division No. 7, Nracara Disrrict—W. A. Ross, JorpAN HARBOUR. As insect pests have been very numerous and troublesome this past season in the Niagara District, I have before me the rather difficult task of condensing what would fill a respectable volume on economic entomology into a brief report. ORCHARD INSECTS. , AppLe Maacor (Rhagoletis pomonella). This year some further work was done on the control of the Apple Maggot. Two Hyslop crab-apple trees, nicely laden with fruit and as near alike as possible, were chosen and each was enclosed in a large cheese-cloth cage. One tree was sprayed four times with sweetened arsenate of lead (2-3 Ibs. arsenate of lead: 10 lbs. molasses: 40 gals. water) ; the other was used as a check. Forty female and nineteen male flies were liberated on the treated tree and fourteen females and eleven males were confined in the check cage. No eggs were laid in the fruit on the sprayed tree, whereas practically 4 — To et ieee eo ee. ee ee ee Tl 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23 » every apple on the check was infested with maggots. This experiment was duplicated by Mr. Lawson Cesar and me in a laree orchard near Mountain, and excellent results were obtained, about which Mr. Cesar no doubt will have something to say. Appte ApHips. This spring at Vineland Station Laboratory we commenced an investigation of three species of plant lice injurious to apple trees—Aphis pom, A. sorbi, A. avene. Aphis pomi was found to be the most destructive species im nurseries and young orchards, but sorbi proved to be the greatest depredator in bearing orchards. The life histories of the three species were studied and the important discovery was made that A. sorbi spends the simmer on the common plantain (Plantago major) and on ribgrass (P. lanceolata). (It is very probable that other species of Plantago act as summer hosts). Another interesting point demonstrated was that sorbi will remain on the apple all year if overcrowding of the aphids is prevented. As our study of remedial measures was of a preparatory nature, I shall not mention this phase of the investigation except to call your attention to the gratifying results obtained in the destruction of eggs by fumigation. Seven young trees well stocked with healthy eggs and all taken from the same nursery were used in the experiment. Three of them were fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas, 1 oz—100 cu. ft., 1.1.3 formula and the others were used as a check. None of the eggs on the fumigated trees hatched, whereas about 30 per cent. hatched on the check. THe Pium Curcurio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) was exceedingly trouble- some on the Experimental Farm at Vineland. Apples, pears and stone fruits were attacked. Apricots and crab apples suffered most severely from its depredations. THE Pear Psytua (Psylla pyricola) was responsible for a considerable amount of damage in several Queenston pear orchards and in one near Beamsville. Tue AppLe Lear-Hoprer (Hmpoasca mali) and its work—sickly, mottled and sometimes curled foliage—were only too evident in some apple orchards in the Vineland district. CEcRoPIA (Samia cecropia) was quite abundant this past season. Larve taken from plum and apple trees were sent into my laboratory frequently, and during June numerous adults were found fluttering against the windows of the Administration Building, Experimental Farm, Vineland. Trumpet Lear Miner (Tischeria malifoliella). This autumn I have noticed more work of the Trumpet Leaf Miner on apple foliage than I have seen during previous years. _ Tetranychus pilosus. Some experimental work on the control of this plum mite was done on a small scale at Vineland Station, and excellent results were obtained from (1) flour paste (4 lbs.-40 gals.), (2) lime sulphur (1.009 sp. gr.) and flour paste (2 lbs.-40 gals.), (3) lime sulphur (1.009) and tobacco decoction (1 1b.-2 gals.). The last two mixtures proved to be more reliable than the flour paste. Cnerry Fruit-riies. I observed Rhayoletis cingulata at work amongst Mont- morency and English Morello cherries in a Beamsville orchard, and on the so-called Mountain south of Vineland, I found the fruit on cherry trees growing along the roadsides badly infested with maggots. THe Grare FLra-BEerLe (Taltica chalybea\ was present in injurious num- bers in several sections of the Niagara District this spring. Numerous complaints were received regarding the depredations of the adults on the buds and of the larve on the foliage of grape vines. 24 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 THe Raspperry Sawerty (Monophadnoides rubi) was unusually abundant this year and many raspberry bushes were badly injured by it. In an experiment with arsenate of lead (& lbs. to 40 gals.) 100 per cent. of the larve were killed, but unfortunately the spray severely burned the raspberry foliage. This injury was not due, as one would suppose, to an excessive amount of arsenic oxide in the arsenate of lead, because according to an analysis made by Dr. Shutt, Dominion Chemist, only .31 per cent. of the soluble oxide was present. Can anyone present suggest a factor or factors which might have been responsible for the burning of the foliage? Tue Currant Worm (Pteronus ribesii) and the currant aphid (Myzus ribis) were very plentiful this past season. White Grubs again proved themselves to be relentless enemies of the straw- berry grower. In the strawberry plantation of the Vineland Experimental Farm, a large percentage of the plants had to be dug up because of white grub injury to the roots. Frrtp anD Truck Crop I[NSECTs. Pea Apuis (Macrosiphum pisi). There was a serious outbreak of pea-aphis this summer in Grantham township, near St. Catharines. When I visited the infested fields during mid-July, I found the outbreak on the decline, due to the effective work of coccinellids, their larve, syrphid maggots, aphis-lions and braconids. Unfortunately the work of these checks came in late to prevent serious injury to the pea crop. On the Vineland Experimental Farm I noticed that where peas were grown under irrigation (overhead system) the aphids were satisfactorily controlled by a fungus, Entomophthora aphidis. THE Army Worm (Leucania unipuncta). In regard to the remarkable prevalence of army worm in Ontario this year, I am pleased to say that the out- break in the Niagara District was comparatively very light. Corn suffered more than any other crop. AsPARAGus BEETLES (Crioceris asparagi and C. duodecimpunctata) were un- usually destructive in some localities. Squash Bues (Anasa tristis) and Cucumber beetles (Diabrotica vittata) were responsible for a considerable amount of damage to cucarbits, Tue Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) was remarkably scarce, at least in Vineland locality. In my own plot of potatoes I did not find a single beetle. THE CABBAGE BuTTERFLY (Pontia rape) was quite abundant. Insects ATTACKING TREES AND SHRUBS. DaTANA CATERPILLARS. Black Walnut trees were, in some cases, almost completely defoliated by Datana inteqerimma. and the larve of D. ministra were found feeding on American Elm and Basswood trees. San José Soar (Aspidiotus perniciosus). A young Black Walnut tree on the Rittenhouse school grounds, Vineland Station, was killed by this destructive scale this year. Eim Apuips. Scotch elm trees growing in the vicinity of the Experimental Farm were attacked by the leaf curling species (Schizoneura ulmi) (fodiens) and by the gall-maker (Tetraneura ulmisaccult). a POORLY 1915 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIBTY. 25 Locust Borrr (Cyllene robiniw). Because of the work of this notorious borer it.seems to be impossible to grow black locust trees successfully in our neighbourhood. On the Experimental Farm lawn one tree was killed and another was rendered worthless by this insect. Adult beetles were very plentiful during August. ms Rep Spipers (Tetranychus bicolor) were abundant on oak and chestnut trees this past summer. THE Basswood LEAr-RoLLER (Pantographa limata) was very common in the Experimental Farm wood lot. Rhopalosiphum ligustri. Private hedges in different sections of the Niagara District were severely injured by an aphid which I have every reason to believe is the European species, R. ligustri. THe Prant Lous (Phylluphis fagi) was present in injurious numbers on copper beech trees. The worst foe of our spruce trees and hedges, Chermes abietis, | am pleased to say, was exceedingly scarce last summer. MIscELLANEOUS INSECTS. Myzus persice was by far the most destructive aphid in the Experimental Farm greenhouses this year. It was especially troublesome on radishes. Tue VARIEGATED Curworm (Peridroma saucia) made itself notorious in a Niagara Falls greenhouse this month by attacking the heads of chrysanthemums and razing off the florets. Dahlias grown in the Rittenhouse school gardens were a complete failure this year, because of the depredations of the TaRNIsHED PLANT Bue (Lygus pratensis). This year superheating proved to be a highly satisfactory method of ridding _ houses of bedbugs (Cimezx lectularius). A considerable amount of wheat was ruined in a granary near Ball’s Falls by the Granary WeeEvit (Calandra granaria). THE PRESIDENT: [ think Mr. Ross’ report shows how very diligently he has worked at the Dominion Entomological Laboratory at Vineland. It refers to a number of subjects upon which probably some of the members here would like to ask questions. Pror. Carssnr: In regard to the apple maggot, I had not intended making any comments until next year. The entomologists of the Provincial and Dominion Departments of Agriculture are working together on this pest. We have refrained from publishing up to the present, because we want to be abso- Iutely sure of our results before we put them into print. I have selected one of the worst orchards I have seen for next year’s test of the sweetened poison mixture. This. year Mr. Ross and I co-operated in spraying 22 acres of apple orchard which was last year very bad with the Apple Maggot, or | Railway Worm as it is commonly called. We feel sure that there were plenty of adults there this year. For instance, I took 400 live pup in two hours at the one place just by hand. The apples had been left piled up under the trees from last year as they could not be sold because of the insect. I simply removed the apples, took the pup out of the soil, put them into some earth and sent them to Mr. Ross, who used them in connection with caged trees. We sprayed this orchard twice, 3 BS. vt E.° special attention that the spray should get on the underside of the leaves. _— - 26 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 I did the first spraying and Mr. Ross the second. We sprayed the under surface of the leaves thoroughly. Both of us went back on September 15th and thoroughly examined the trees, and found but eight punctures in the whole orchard—that is in the 22 acres. I had chosen the orchard and had chosen the check. The check consisted of about two acres. ‘To our surprise it was just as clean as the other part. I should have said, “in a way to our surprise,” and yet the experience with the Cherry Fruit Fly shows that it should not be a surprise at all; for a check in the same orchard, unless it is a large one and on the side away from the prevailing wind, is almost useless. We went into the neighboring orchard and examined there and found that about fifty per cent. of the Tolman Sweets were punctured. We feel satisfied that there is no other explanation of the success of this orchard than the spraying. THE PRESIDENT: Mr. ‘Caesar’s addition to the contribution of the discussion has shown how very important it is to carry on these experiments for several years even though you may think that you have secured conclusive results. Those who have followed the work which has been done on fruit-flies in general, but on the Apple Maggot in particular, will be impressed with the divergent character of the results, and the more you investigate the matter the more divergent seem to be the con- clusions. Therefore, we shall look forward with very great interest to the results of this co-operative investigation carried on by the Dominion and Provincial Govern- ments and continued for several years, in which investigation larger acreages have been treated and studied than has been done in the past. A number of results have been based upon the spraying of just a few trees, and as the work has shown, you cannot base any good conclusions upon any such restricted experimentation ; therefore I think the Society is indebted to Mr. Ross and Mr. Caesar for bring- ing this matter before it. FATHER Lropotp: What mixture did you use and when did you apply it? Pror. 'CaEsar: I used three pounds of arsenate of lead to forty gallons of water, in which was one gallon of the cheapest molasses procurable. _ A question for entomologists in this connection is, are you going to kill the bees? There was quite an agitation over the use of the sweetened mixtures this year. I used the mixture within fifty feet of a hive of bees. I also used the mixture for the grasshoppers on the same farm, and there was not a bee that came to the molasses so far as could be seen. ‘Those of you who have read in the Canadian Entomologist the articles on fruit-flies will see it stated that if you use sugar for sweetening, the bees will feed upon the foliage where it is applied and you may have serious loss, but in the case of molasses they have not been known to do so. In the cherry orchards I kept a sheet spread underneath a tree, covering the whole surface beneath it and, tied to the branches all round, and I never found a bee on that. No bees were seen visiting the sprayed trees. The same thing is true of the work upon the apples for the Apple Maggot and of the grasshopper remedy. Further, I had one of the assistants at the College prepare this mixture and strew it along the ground—that is the grasshopper remedy—within twenty feet of the hives, to see if the bees fed on it. Only two lighted there, but quickly got up and went away. He then held it within a yard of them for nearly an hour. No bees went to feed. I have written to Kansas to Prof. Hunter and to Prof. Dean, and also to Prof. Parrott of Geneva, N.Y., and some others, asking for their experience in regard to the effect of the sweetened poison upon bees, and none of them report 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27 any complaint. 1 am quite satisfied that there is no danger to the bees though at first 1 was certainly afraid as to what was going to happen. Father Leopold has just asked me when you apply these mixtures for the Apple Maggot. The first application should be made as soon as the adults begin to appear. That is part of the secret of success. You will find that it will take about ten days for the adults to be sufliciently matured to lay eggs, and in that time they must be destroyed. Then there should be another application two weeks after the first. In Father Leopold’s district it would be approximately the 15th July for the first application. The second application should come about the end of July. We applied the first on the 14th to 16th, and the second on the 2nd August. The adults emerge early in the warmer parts of the Province. THE PRESIDENT: We are discussing the Apple Maggot, and as I do not think that it is a subject which will come up in any of the later papers so far as I can see, 1t is very important that it should be fully discussed at the present time. We are very glad to have with us to-day Prof. Brittain, Provincial Entomologist of Nova Scotia, in which Province the Apple Maggot has recently been discovered. - I am sure you will be glad to hear from him a few words as to the occurrence of this insect in Nova Scotia. I should like to take this opportunity of heartily welcoming Prof. Brittain to our meeting, as I think this is the first one that he has attended. Pror. Brirrain: It was not my intention to say anything about the Apple Maggot. Although I have done a little work this year, it is far too early to say much in that connection. We might however say something about its distribution. The main fruit belt in the Province of Nova Scotia consists of the Counties. of Kings and Annapolis, which compose respectively the Cornwallis and Annapolis Valleys. We received a great many reports of the Apple Maggots being found in these places. One man reported that he was certain that he had it, but when we went out we found that it was the Green Fruit-worm. We had dozens of reports, but were never able to locate any manifestation of the Apple Maggot in the main fruit growing sections of Nova Scotia. On the other side, however, in western Annapolis and Digby (County, and in the County of Hants, we have already located outbreaks. Late this fall I got a report that some of the insects had been found near Windsor in the Avon Valley, and we found there several orchards extremely badly infested. They were very small orchards and none were sprayed. We never found the Apple Maggot in the Province in an orchard which had been sprayed except in one case where we found two trees infested. The maggot is confined to those districts where very little spraying is done and no care is taken and where orchards are not considered important. In the County of Digby, no spraying is done, and there the insects are worst. Last year one of the inspectors found maggoty apples in Yarmouth County. He went back this year and was not able to find any although probably there were some present. Although we have found the maggot in several places we have not found it in Kings or eastern Annapolis. We found it in districts quite remote from each other. One inspector brought in some fruit from North Middleton, away in the north woods five miles from any dwelling of any kind, which were simply full of maggots. So that it looks as if this insect is not a new one but a pest of pretty long standing in the Province, but it has never been found in the best fruit counties. There has at least been no outbreak of any importance or we would have located it. Our inspectors visited every farm of importance this summer and we have been doing a little work in it of a preliminary character and received some results which are suggestive for further work. That is all we can say about it. 28 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Tur Presiwent: If there is no further discussion, that concludes the first part of our programme, the reading of the reports of the Directors. As Mr. Winn, our Vice-President is not here, | will call upon our ex-president, Dr. Bethune, to take the Chair while I read my Presidential Address. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. C. Gordon Herwirr, D.Sc., F.R.S.C., Dominion Enromotogist, Orrawa. In welcoming you to the Fifty-first Annual Meeting of our Society, it is my sad duty first to call attention to the deaths, since our last meeting, of two of our former Presidents, one of whom was at the same time one of the«founders of the Society, and both have placed us under a deep debt of gratitude by their devotion to the welfare of the Society and to entomology in Canada. I refer, as you will all know, to the deaths of Dr. William Saunders, 'C.M.G., LL.D., and to Mr. Henry H. Lyman, M.A. Worthy tributes to these two men have been written by a more competent hand than mine in the current volume of our journal,* but I should like to add a few words of personal appreciation. *Henry Herbert Lyman, by C. J. S. Bethune, Can, Ent. Vol. 46, pp. 221-225. 1914. Dr. William Saunders, by C. J. S. Bethune, Ibid pp. 333-336. Henry Herpert LYMAN, ~ The memories of the terrible disaster to the steamer “Empress of Ireland,” on the 29th of May last are still acute in the minds of many of us who lost friends and knew the ship; I came out to Canada on her in 1909, and recrossed two years later. To me the feelings of horror were intensified by the fact that I had spent some time with Mr. Lyman on the afternoon of the 27th, when as your Delegate, he attended the meeting of the Royal Society in Montreal and read his report to that Society. His high sense of duty which characterized all his actions was par- ticularly exemplified at that meeting. The afternoon was hot, the time available for receiving reports was very brief, and most of the delegates from Societies presented their reports by title. In view of these circumstances and for personal reasons, for he told me how unusually busy he was preparing for his departure to Europe, I strongly suggested to him that he should hand in his report to be read by title. But no, the report was read in the voice we all knew so well, and the meeting was informed of the manner in which we celebrated our Jubilee meeting. I believe the reading of that report was his last public act, and that I was the last entomologist who performed the duty of an ear for him and conversed with him | by means of his scribbling pad; I cannot forget the happy banter of our con- versation. He filled a unique place in our meetings, and in entomological meetings which he so zealously attended in other countries, and we shall miss his kindly presence and good-humoured impatience with those who, like myself, presented papers at the meetings without having prepared manuscript which his increasing deafness required as a substitute for the sound of the speaker’s voice. At our Jubilee meeting we welcomed his charming wife, and our hope that his constant attendance at our meetings would by her assistance be assured will never be realized. (See Plate, page 8.) ) ‘ 4 4 * 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29 WILLIAM SAUNDERS. The illness which prevented Dr, Saunders from attending the Jubilee Meeting of our Society last year was responsible for his death in September last in his seventy-ninth year. I shall have occasion to refer to his influence on Canadian - entomology in my address to you. Those of us who had the privilege of coming into close contact with Dr. Saunders, and of working with him, can understand the : _ Teasons for the successful development of all he undertook: his private business as 4 S ‘ 3 4 ; F os sale Dine i aah Ss a druggist, the progress of our Society and success of our journal The Canadian Entomologist in the early and more difficult days, and finally the organization and development of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion. The last will ever stand as a lasting monument to his enthusiasm and untiring industry. The signi- ficance of his work in connection with the development of Canadian agriculture has not been sufficiently recognized by ‘Canadians generally. No man has ever done more, and no single man will ever have the opportunity which he had and of which he took the fullest advantage, to increase the production of the land in Canada. The value of such an accomplishment cannot be reckoned in terms of dollars and cents, it is inestimable; but it is appreciated by those who, in all countries, are siriving towards the same ends. We are concerned with him, however, as an entomologist. He was before all things a lover of nature, and his passion found an outlet.in the study of insects and plants. In association with Dr. Bethune he marshalled the scattered workers of kindred tastes and our Society came into being. He was one of the first to realize the practical significance of entomological work, as our records show. In addition to the contributions to our Annual Reports he published in 1883 his “ Insects Injurious to Fruits,’ which for many years was the standard work on the subject, and is now one of our entomologicai classics. When I undertook, five years ago, the organization of the Division of Entomology under his direction I had ample opportunity of appreciating his kindly thoughtfulness, and though he had grown _ out of touch with the modern developments of his old science, owing to the exacting demands of other branches of’ agriculture, his interest in the subject which he had done so much to advance in Canada never flagged, and his reminiscences were always full of interest. His career and industry should be an inspiration to all of us. (See Plate, page 6.) I have chosen as the subject of my address: APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY IN CANADA: ITS RISE AND PROGRESS. Several reasons have guided me in the choice of the subject of my address as your President. Last year the Society reached the fiftieth year of its existence, and while our proceedings were enriched with delightful reminiscences of earlier years, no record was given of the gradual development in Canada of the economic or practical side of entomology, the growth of which has been so closely associated with the history of our Society. I have already referred to the loss during the past year of one of our founders, Dr. William Saunders, who, with the co-operation of Dr. Bethune, was largely responsible for the early development of our work. Moreover, it was my desire to pay a tribute to the work of these leaders in applied entomology in Canada by describing its growth and present status. The economic aspect of entomology was first recognized “ officially ” in Canada in 1856, when the Bureau of Agriculture and Statistics of the Canada of that day, 30 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 which of course comprised only Upper and Lower Canada (Ontario and Quebec), offered three prizes of £40, £25 and £15 for the three best essays on “ The Origin, nature and habits—and the history of the progress, from time to time—and the cause of the progress, of the weevil, Hessian Fly, midge and such other insects as have made ravages on the wheat crops of Canada; and on such diseases as the wheat crops have been subjected to, and on the best means of evading or guarding against them.” The essay was to be designated by a motto. The first prize was won by Prof. H. Y. Hind, Professor of Chemistry at Trinity College, Toronto, whose “ Essay on the Insects and Diseases Injurious to Wheat Crops” was published by the Government in the following year 185%, and_was widely distributed to the farmers. Whether the agriculturists of that day were impressed by Prof. Hind’s motto, history does not relate, but he selected the following extract from a speech of Napoleon III: “ The progress of agriculture ought to be one of the objects of your constant care; for upon its improvement or decline depends the prosperity or decline of Empires.” Even the suggested relation of insect pests to the decline of Empires did not produce any impression upon the mind of the Government of that day sufficiently great to induce it to do more than distribute the prize money—and the essays, for we have no record of any further official activity until about twelve years later. Nevertheless, systematic entomology prepared the way for the permanent entrance into Canadian affairs of its practical sister. In 1863 our Society was organized as a result of the activities of the Rey. 'C. J. S. Bethune and Mr. William Saunders, and I have been fortunate enough to hear the story of its origin and early years from the lips of both of these sponsors, but this story is told elsewhere. It may be remarked, however, that the origin of the Society in Canada may be traced to the publication in the Canadian Naturalist and Geologist for June, 1862. of a “ List of Entomologists in Canada” by these two gentlemen. This list con- tained the names of thirty-six persons interested in the study of insects. The objects of the Canadian Entomological Society were: The formation of a collection of (Canadian insects; the charge of a depository of duplicate specimens for distribution among members, and the holding of entomological meetings. It was inevitable that in the course of these mutual studies the members should be concerned from time to time with those species of insects which attracted the atten- tion of other persons than entomologists, and insects of economic importance therefore received attention. In 1865 the Hon. George Brown engaged Dr. Bethune to edit the entomological section in The Canada Farmer, and for eight years information on injurious and useful insects was given through this medium to the farmers and fruit growers. Added stimulus to the investigation of the life- histories and habits of insects affecting the-agriculturist was given by the deter- mination of the Society five years after its foundation to publish an entomological journal The Canadian Entomologist, which came into existence in 1868 and soon began to publish articles of value to the practical entomologist. The real birth of economic entomology in Canada, in my opinion, took place in 1869 when our Society received a grant of $400 from the Council of the Agri- cultural and Arts Association of Ontario, on condition that “the Society furnish an Annual Report and form a cabinet of insects useful or prejudicial to agriculture, and horticulture, to be placed at the disposal of this Council, and that they also continue to publish their journal.” These conditions were readily accepted by the Society, and accordingly the “First Annual Report of the Noxious Insects of the Province of Ontario” was prepared in 1870 and published by the Provincial ro 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31 Government of Ontario in 1871. It contained three papers on the insects affecting the apple, the grape and the plum, written respectively by Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Wm. Saunders and L. Baynes Reed. Most of the insects were. illustrated. Until a few months ago these pioneers were still with us. We are happy to know that Dr. Bethune is still able to carry on the duties of Professor of Entomology at the Ontario Agricultural ‘College, Guelph, and that Mr. Baynes Reed, though he has transferred his attentions from insects to that still more elusive natural pheno- menon, sometimes noxious, generally beneficial—the weather, takes a kindly interest in the work of his successors. The popularity of the first Canadian entomological report is evidenced by the fact that an edition of three thousand copies was soon exhausted. Further government aid to Economic Entomology was received in 1871, when the Government of the Province of Ontario passed a statute incorporating the Entomological Society of Canada as the Entomological Society of Ontario, which was instituted for “the investigation of the character and habits of insects, the im- provement of entomological science, and more especially its practical bearing on the agricultural and horticultural interests of the Province.” A grant was made to the society by the Provincial Government, and the “First Annual Report of the Ento- mological Society of Ontario” was published. Without intermission that series of annual reports has been continued, and with the assistance of the government grant, which now amounts to one thousand dollars per annum, our Society has continued to render its services of increasing value not only to the agriculturists of the Province of Ontario but to the Dominion generally ;‘and I feel that I must confess my regret, which is shared by others whose interests are not confined to Ontario, that it was not possible to retain the old name of the Entomological Society of Canada, which the Society virtually is, as it has as aftiliated Societies the Entomo- logical Society of British Columbia and a branch in Montreal, and members are to be found in every Province. Thus we trace the origin of applied entomology in ‘Canada and find that the teal stimulus to its development came from the agricultural society (The Agri- cultural and Arts Association of Ontario). In this connection it is of great interest to note in passing that applied entomology had a similar origin, which preceded ours, in the United States. First in the State of New York and sub- sequently in Illinois and Missouri the development of entomological work, with which the names of Fitch and Riley are associated, can be traced to the agri- ~ cultural societies of these States. We have seen that applied entomology in Canada had its genesis and official recognition in the Province of Ontario. Let us turn to the recognition by the Dominion Government of the fact that the study and control of injurious insects constitutes an integral factor in the development of agricultural and forestry resources of the country. DEVELOPMENT OF DoMINION WORK. In 1884 the Minister of Agriculture, (Hon. J. H. Pope), on the reecommenda- tion of a Select Committee, and in accordance with recommendations from different parts of the country, appointed a Dominion Entomologist; the position being an honorary one in the first year. Fortunately for the country there was at hand a man eminently suited to undertake such work, and the appointment of the late Dr. James Fletcher, at that time working among books in the Library of Parliament during the day, and among insects during his “spare” and happier moments, was a 32 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 most happy choice, for I have reason to know to what extent he endeared himself to all with whom he came in contact, and with what zea! he worked to create in the minds of the agriculturists an interest in insect pests and later, in farm weeds and other plants, for his work became of a dual nature. In 1886 the Dominion Experi- mental Farms were established, under the direction of an entomologist, the late ‘Dr. Saunders, who continued their direction until 1911. As that was the only scientific branch of the Department of Agriculture at that time, and to increase his sphere of action, Dr. Fletcher was attached to the staff of the Experimental Farms Branch in the joint capacity of Entomologist and Botanist, a position which he occupied until his death in 1908. The uninterrupted series of Annual Reports which he published from 1884 until he died in harness testify to the infinite variety of problems with which he dealt. Here I wish to digress a little, and in order to indicate in the words of one closely associated with him the character of Dr. Fletcher’s work and the conditions which existed until the time of his death, I will quote the conclusion of Dr. Bethune’s valuable paper on “ The Rise and Progress of Entomology in Canada,”* written in 1898. Concluding a most interesting review of Canadian entomology he says: “ Of one other name I must make special mention—-that of our much es- teemed colleague, Dr. James Fletcher. No one in Canada has done so much as he to instruct the people in a practical knowledge of their worst insect foes and the © best means of dealing with them—but how strange it is that he should not be provided with adequate assistance. As Dr. Howard, President of the Association of Economic Entomologists of America well expressed it; ‘Canada has the map and the knowledge, but has been hampered by want of funds. The result is that while she has immediately and intelligently adopted the results of researches made in the United States, she has not been able to lead us in original investigations.’ ” After describing the extent to which entomological work was supported in the United States, particularly at Washington, Dr. Bethune concluded: “Here in this vast Dominion of Canada we have only Dr. Fletcher, with merely one assistant, a secretary to help him in his immense correspondence, whereas he ought to have not only further help in Ottawa but also at least one competent entomologist under his direction in each province and territory from the Atlantic to the Pacific It is earnestly hoped that this unsatisfactory condition may soon be rectified, and that entomology, especially in its economic aspect, may no longer be starved in their country, but with liberal aid may make more and more progress in its own field of work, and by its practical results justify all that may be done for it.” Following the death of Dr. Fletcher the entomological.and botanical sections of his work were separated, and new Divisions of Entomology and ‘of Botany of the Experimental Farms Branch were instituted. By my appointment as Dominion Entomologist in 1909 it fell to my lot to organize the new Division of Entomology, the staff of which consisted of Mr. Astnas Gibson, as Assistant Entomologist, and one clerk. ~The next step in the development of the Dominion work was the enactment of The Destructive Insect and Pest Act in 1910. The San José Scale Act, passed in 1898, concerned itself with one insect only; under the Act ports of entry were determined for nursery stock and fumigation stations were established there. The threatened introduction of certain insects, particularly the Brown-tail and Gipsy Moths, made it necessary that the Dominion should have power to take steps to *Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 2nd Ser.. Vol. 4, Section IV; pp. 155-165. 1898. — 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33 prevent the introduction and spread of any serious insect pest. These powers were secured by The Destructive Insect and Pest Act, and since its enactment regula- tions have been passed which have as their direct object the prevention, of the introduction of the San José Scale, the Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths, Potato Tuber Moth, Mediterranean Fruit Fly, and Woolly Aphis, and as their indirect objects the prevention of the introduction and spread of numerous other insects whose presence can be detected by inspection or death caused by fumigation. ‘The passage of this Act enabled us to add to the entomological staff gradually a number of trained officers as Inspectors and Field Officers. Additional men have been appointed on the outside staff in connection with the next important development of the Dominion work. With so extensive a territory to serve involving a great diversity of climatic, soil, topographic, and cultural conditions, with a pressing need for original investigations by trained men of our more serious insect pests in the regions where they occurred, involving the most important feature of all, namely, direct contact with the men whose problems we were studying and whom we desired to assist, an immediate extension of our work along definite and obvious lines was necessary ; field or regional laboratories in different parts of the country were required. The first of these was established in the Niagara Peninsula in 1911 for the study of fruit insects. Additional field stations have been established each year until there are now nine stations from the Atlantic to the Pacific* each in charge of a trained entomologist, and the problems that are being studied cover the whole range of applied entomology. The value of the work of the Dominion field officers in various parts of Canada _ cannot be overestimated. In most cases they are carrying on pioneer work, studying problems in provinces in which no previous entomological investigations have been carried on, and thus assisting in a most highly important manner in the develop- ment of entomological work in hitherto neglected fields. Such missionary work is undoubtedly the most necessary and at the same time the most valuable kind of endeavour to which our efforts can be devoted, and great credit is due to the men who are ploughing the virgin soil. As a result of this development along special lines both in regard to adminis- trative work and. the investigation of entomological problems the Entomological Service was separated from the Experimental Farms Branch in April last and raised to the status of an independent Branch of the Department of Agriculture. The sanction of Parliament to increased appropriations, which are now more in accord with the needs of the country, is encouraging evidence of a desire to afford the means whereby the entomological service of the Dominion shall be in a better position to meet the requirements of the situation. Our greater ability to assist the agrieulturists, foresters and others demanding our help in preventing the in- troduction of insect pests, and in controlling by natural and artificial means the spread of those already within our borders, haz been the stimulating factor in our development. and I venture to think that the grounds for Dr. Bethune’s earlier reproach which I have quoted have been already removed. *The Dominion Entomological Field Stations are established at the following points: Bridgetown, N.S.; Fredericton, N.B.; Covey Hill, Que.; Vineland Station, Ont.; Strath- roy, Ont.; Treesbank, Man.; Lethbridge, Alta.; Agassiz, B.C.; Vancouver, B.C. 34 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 THe DEVELOPMENT OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY IN THE PROVINCES. It is natural that the study of insects affecting agriculture, using the term as I do {n its widest and inclusive sense, should develop early and make the most progress in these provinces in which agricultural methods and practice were most advanced. Accordingly, in tracing the early development of applied Entomology we have seen that it had its birth in Ontario, and forty years ago could be said to have been a sturdy though solitary infant. I now propose to trace the development and to give briefly the present status of applied entomology in the various provinces of the Dominion. We shali find that the impetus ‘to the development of Entomo- logical work in the provinces, as in the Dominion, has been largely due to the necessity of combating serious insect pests which have set foot in the country. Ontario. The early history of applied entomology in Ontario has been given, as it alone constitutes the earlier work in Canada. Such advances as were made on the science were entirely due to the activities of our society and of its members. When the headquarters of the society were removed to the Ontario Agricultural College additional stimulus was undoubtedly given to the work of the College in applied entomology. The Entomological Department of ithe Ontario Agricul- tural College has always combined with its function as an educator of the agricul- tural student the duty of assisting that wider circle of students, the farmers and fruit growers of Ontario, in solving their entomological problems. In this latter respect it has been virtually, and still is, the entomological bureau of the Provin- cial Department of Agriculture. This is certainly the case in so far as the inyesti- gations of insect pests and the assisting, of the agriculturists and fruit growers are concerned. Sheer necessity has also helped to develop the entomological work in the Province, and we shall find the same to be true not only in this Province, but in all the provinces in which the control of insect pests is undertaken by the Govern- ment, and the same applies to the Dominion. In fact, it is the outstanding feature of the origin of government entomological work that is forced upon the govern- ment from the outside usually by an exceptionally serious outbreak, or by the in- troduction or threatened introduction of an insect, the seriousness of which has been demonstrated by previous experience elsewhere. ‘The most notable example is the San José Scale, which has been the original cause of most of the legislative measures in the United States and Canada. Following the discovery of the San José Scale in Ontario in 1897, the Provin- cial Government passed an Act forbidding the importation of infested plants and providing for the inspection of orchards and destruction of infested trees. As a result of the drastic steps which were necessarily involved in energetically carrying out this Act opposition was created, but a Commission of Inquiry supported the policy of the Government, and a further Act was passed in 1899 providing for the fumigation of nurserv stock and the inspection of nurseries. This work was at first under the direction of the Professor of Entomology at the Ontario Agricul- tural College (then Prof. Wm. Lochhead), whose skilful management did much to prevent the spread of the scale in those early days. The Fruit Pest Act was passed in and was amended in 1912. ‘This Act is administered by the Fruit Branch of the Ontario Department of Agriculture. So that the entomological work is now a (1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35 ¢arried on jointly by the Fruit Branch and the Entomological Department of the Agricultural ‘College, whose teachers direct the work of the inspectors in addi- _ tion to carrying on the educational and investigatory work in the Province. In 1912 the very necessary step of appointing a Provincial Entomologist was taken, and Mr. Lawson Caesar, who had carried on for several years the duties of such an office with commendable zeal and success was appointed to the position. His recent promotion to be Associate Professor of Entomology in the Agricultural College is a deserved reward for the excellent practical work which our fellow member is ‘carrying on. [I have no hesitation in saying that the provincial entomological organ- ization in Ontario, under Professor Caesar, who directs an excellent staff of in- spectors, will not suffer from comparison with similar services in the states to the south of us. British Columbia. Prue, Te as ee ¢ , As early as 1887 the Rev. George W. ‘l'aylor, whose subsequent reputation as an entomologist was by no means Confined to this country, was appointed Honorary Provincial Entomologist of British Columbia, but I am inclined to believe that the duties were more along the lines of systematic than applied entomology. Owing no doubt to the fact that a considerable proportion of the people who settled in the Pacific coast province came out from England, and because of the rich and attractive insect fauna which was discovered there, we find that entomology has _ always had a number of zealous devotees in the province, among whom may be _ mentioned the names of Taylor, Harvey, Hanham and Day. In spite of the tem- _ porary suspension in 1908 of the activities of the British Columbia Entomological Society, which was started in 1901 and affiliated with out society in 1905, the interest in entomology did not die out, for the society was resuscitated through the energetic efforts of Mr. R. C. Treherne in 1911. . During this period a change in the public estimation of entomology in the province has been brought about. Formerly it signified the collection of insects _ and their study; now it involves not only this systematic aspect but a consideration of the practical bearing of insect life upon human activities. I have no hesitation in saying that with the co-ordination of these two independent sections of entomo- logical work entomology in British Columbia has a firm establishment, and the present growing society will not suffer the fate of the former society, which had not the same amount of human interest in the subject. For this entomological revival in British Columbia much credit is due to Mr. Treherne, who, as an officer of the Dominion Entomological Service, was sent out to take charge of the work in that province in 1911, and in 1912 commenced ~ a series of investigations at the Dominion Entomological Field Station established that year at Agassiz. The applied entomological work of the Provincial Government has, until a year or two ago, taken the form of the administration of legislation having for its object the prevention of the introduction of insect pests into the province. Great praise is due the Province for its activities in this important direction. Follow- ing the organization of the fruit-growers about twenty-five years ago, the Provincial ; _ Government passed the Horticultural Board Act in 1894, under which a Provincial _ Inspector of Fruit Pests was appointed. ‘This officer’s duties were somewhat exten- _ Sive; they were educational. in that he was required to “hold meetings through- _ out the Province in the :nterests of horticulture and impart such information and 36 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 instructions to fruit-growers and farmers as may tend to the improvement and expansion of the fruit industry of the province.” In addition (and this, as this title would indicate, has proved to be the chief duty of the officer), the Inspector of Fruit Pests was required to carry out the Board’s regulations relating to the pre- vention of the introduction and spread of insect pests and plant diseases. The first inspector was Mr. R. M. Parker. It is largely due to the zeal and extraordinary enthusiasm of the present Inspector of Fruit Pests, Mr. Thomas Cunningham, that the Province is so remarkably free at the present time from such orchard insects as the Codling Moth and San José Scale, to mention the most important, when other newly-developed regions have succumbed to their invasion. The work is now carried _ out under the Agricultural Associations Act of 1914. Formerly the fumigation and inspection of imported nursery stock and plants was carried on by the Dominion and Provincial Governments at Vancouver, but the duplication of work which necessarily followed has been abolished by an arrangement whereby compliance with the Dominion regulations is effected by the Provincial Inspectors of Fruit Pests under the supervision and with the co-operation of the Dominion Depart- ment of Agriculture, and the system is working admirably. In passing, mention should be made of the entomological work of Mr. J. R. Anderson, formerly Deputy Minister of Agriculture, who has always been a keen observer and has assisted in the development of applied entomology in the Pro- vince. His bulletin on “ Farmers’ Foes and Their Remedies,” published in 1908, has done much to create an intelligent interest in the subject of insect pests in the province. In the spring of 1912 Mr. W. H. Brittain was appointed Provincial Entomo- logist and Plant Pathologist under the Fruit Branch of the Department of Agri- culture, but his removal to Nova Scotia in 1913 caused a cessation of the investi- gations on fruit insects which he had started, and which, with those carried out by the Dominion Field Officer, Mr. Treherne, constituted the first serious efforts on the study of practical entomological problems in the province. I should include in this statement the investigatory work of Dr. Seymour ~ Hadwen, of the Health of Animals’ Branch of the Dominion Department of Agri- _ culture, who in the course of his study of animal diseases has been able to carry on entomological work on insects affecting live stock, which studies have been pro- : a ductive of excellent results, his work on the Warble flies (Hypoderma spp.) and ticks being particularly important. The provincial entomological work, apart ‘from the inspection work under the | Provincial Horticultural Board, is being carried on at present by the Provincial — Plant Pathologist, pending, I venture to hope, the appointment of a Provincial Entomologist, upon whom will devolve a large amount of highly important work as British Columbia has many problems peculiar to itself. Nova Scotia. Although Nova Scotia is one of our oldest provinces where educational facili- ties have always been exceptionally good, we do not find any early development of — practical entomology; indeed, the number of collectors in the province has never been so great as one would expect. From the establishment of the Provincial Agri-— cultural College, Truro, until 1912. Prof. H. W. Smith, Professor of Biology. under- took any local entomological work that might be required. such as replying to enquiries regarding the control of insect Ress, chiefly those affecting fruit. and. . 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37 attending meetings of fruit-growers and agriculturists. He also contributed articles on applied entomology to the Annual Report of the Provincial Department of Agriculture. In 1900, following the activities of the Dominion and Ontario De- partments of Agriculture, the Provincial Government passed a San José Scale Act, but no enforcement of the provisions of the Act were required. The necessity of possessing wider powers, indicated by the introduction of the Brown-tail Moth, led to the passage of the Injurious Insect Pest and Disease Act in 1911. ‘This Act-was more comprehensive and enables the Provincial De- partment of Agriculture to appoint inspectors and io take the necessary steps to prevent the introduction of and eradicate insect pests. ‘This measure was passed none too soon, for in 1912 Mr. G. E. Sanders, of the Dominion Entomological Ser- vice, discovered San José Scale in the province, into which it had been introduced on nursery stock from Ontario. It is an ill wind that blows no one any good, and again the discovery of a serious insect pest led to necessary progress in applied ento- mology. Not only did the Nova Scotian Government appoint a Provincial Ento- mologist in 1912, in the person of Dr. R. Matheson, but the Ontario Government recognized the need of such an official to have charge of the nursery inspection. Dr. Matheson organized an inspection service, and it is largely due to the ener- getic measures taken by him in eradicating infested trees that the Scale has been pratically exterminated in the Province. Dr. Matheson returned to Cornell Uni- versity in 1913, and was succeeded by Mr. W. H. Brittain, who now occupies the position of Provincial Entomologist and Professor of Entomology in the Provincial - Agricultura] College. In addition to the San José Scale inspection work carried on by the Provincial Department of Agriculture, the Province co-operates with the Dominion Depart- ment of Agriculture in the work against the Brown-tail Moth, for which work the latter Department is responsible, by supplying an equal number of inspectors to those employed by the Dominion. _ The prospects for applied entomology in the Province are unusually bright; there are many important problems awaiting solution and much educational work is necessary. Already the joint efforts of Mr. Brittain and the Dominion Field Officer, Mr. G. E. Sanders, who has charge of the Brown-tail Moth work in the Province, have had a marked effect, particularly in the direction of increased efforts on the part of the fruit-growers, not only to control insect pests but to do so in- telligently. Quebec. While insect pests have not spared the fields and forests of Quebec during its development, the progress of ideas in regard to the scientific control of insect pests has been slow. Although the Abbé Leon Provancher was a most industrious student and a prolific worker on the insects of Quebec, he did not concern himself with the practical application of entomological knowledge, but confined his attention to the collection and classification of insects of the Province, in which work he persevered in spite of lack of access to literature and other collections. The results of his efforts are evident in the pages of “ Le Naturaliste Canadien,” which he founded in 1869, and in which he commenced his “ Faune Entomologique du Canada ” in 1874, which he completed in 1890, two years before his death. Prior to the establishment of Macdonald College, in 1907, and the location of a Dominion Entomological Laboratory at Covey Hill, Que., in 1912, I do not know of any investigations on insect pests. For a number of years, however, Mr. THIS REPORT OF THE No. 36 HS vo wm J. C. Chapais, of St. Denis en Bas, has taken advantage of his journeys through the Province as Assistant Dairy Commissioner for the Dominion Department of Agriculture to disseminate useful information regarding the control of insect pests affecting agriculture, and his pioneer work in this direction is deserving of much credit. Valuable educational work was also carried on in the Province, particularly in the Eastern Townships, by the Rev. "T. W. Fyles, who, in 1880, was awarded a prize by the Missisquoi Agricultural Society for an essay on “ How to Guard against the Ravages of the Potato Beetle, Locust, etc.,” which was subsequently published in the Provincial Journal of Agriculiure. By his charming popular writings and exhibits of insects he has done much to create an interest im entomology in the minds of those who would be benefited by its practical application. As a society we are pleased that, in spite of his increasing years, he is still able to take part in our deliberations and to contribute to our Proceedings. The establishment of the MacDonald College, at St. Anne’s, in association with McGill University, brought Prof. Wm. Lochhead and a staff of enthusiastic workers who have taken the most prominent part in the arduous task of developing ihe study and practice of applied entomology in the Province. In 1908 Prof. Loch- head founded the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants from Insect Pests and Fungous Diseases, which receives a grant from the Provincial Department of Agriculture to enable us to carry on the valuable and very necessary educational work in the Province. The wide range of subjects and.useful character of the ~ practical information contained in the six annual reports of the Society which have heen published up to date indicate the important part it is playing in the develop- ment of applied entomology in the Province. The Department of Agriculture of Quebec realising the necessity of safeguard- ing the interests of its nurserymen and fruit-growers appointed a Provincial En- tomologist in 1912, the Abbé V. A. Huard, Curator of the Provincial Museum at Quebec, and editor of “ Le Naturaliste Canadien,” being selected for the position and in 1913 an Act was passed providing for the inspection of nurseries and giving the Provincial Entomologist the necessary powers to make such inspections and issue certificates. We are looking forward with interest to the development of the practical side of entomology under the Provincial Department of Agriculture, the Fruit Branch of which is displaying commendable activity in connection with their work in demonstration orchards. Before this review of work in Quebec is closed reference should be made to the educational work that is being carried on in certain of the educational institu- tions in which, as our correspondence indicates, there is a growing interest in ento- mology. Particularly should the energetic efforts of Father Leopold, of the Trappist Agricultural College at Oka, P.Q., be mentioned in this connection, as his influence will be widespread in directions in which information on the scientific control of insect pests is sorely needed. New Brunswick. For a number of years Mr. Wm. McIntosh, Curator of the New Brunswick Natural History Society’s Museum at St. John, N.B,. has carried on pioneer work of an educational character in the province, particularly in the schools, and he has assisted the Provincial Department of Agriculture in entomological matters from time to time. Particularly valuable has been his educational work since the estab- e 1915 HN'TOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 lishment of the Brown-tail Moth in Canada. ‘The work of Mr. R. P. Gorham, Assistant Horticulturist in the Provincial Department of Agriculture, is also de- serving of mention. Since the field work against the Brown-tail Moth was commenced in the Province by the Dominion Entomological Service in 1911, the Provincial Depart- ment of Agriculture has co-operated in the work by providing half the staff of inspectors required, this excellent plan being followed in both the infested provinces, Noya Scotia and New Brunswick. A further necessary step was taken by the Pro- vince in 1913, when an “Injurious Insect and Pest Act” was passed giving the Provincial Department of Agriculture powers to take the necessary steps to pre- vent the introduction and spread of serious insect pests and plant diseases. Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. In the three prairie provinces the agricultural conditions are probably re- sponsible for the fact that, except for occasional serious outbreaks of locusts or eutworms which have been of the usual duration, there has been no insistent de- mand for entomological work. With the adoption of more diversified methods of farming and the necessity of increasing the production and discontinuing “mining” the soil, greater attention must be paid to the methods of insect control. The . farmers in these provinces have looked to the Dominion Department of Agricul- ture for assistance and have been well served. ‘The establishment of field stations in southern Manitoba and southern Alberta for special investigations indicates the intention of the Dominion Government to assist the agriculturists of the West. Notwithstanding the fact that no official Provincial Entomologists have been ap- pointed in the prairie provinces, there are a number of men who have had a marked influence on the progress of applied entomology in - important section of the country. In Manitoba Mr. Norman Criddle has studied the native injurious insects for many years. His work first came to the notice of Dr. Fletcher in 1901. _ Not only has he become widely known to the farmers of Manitoba through his contributions to the agricultural press, but his investigations have been productive of results of practical value. His remedy for locusts, now well known as the “ Criddle Mix- ture,” has proved of immense value. His appointment in the Dominion Service to carry on investigations in Manitoba is a deserved recognition of his ability, and an important step in the direction of assisting the grain growers in the control of in- sects affecting cereals. Prof. F. W. Brodrick, Professor of Horticulture at the Manitoba Agricultural College, Winnipeg, Man., has also taken a keen interest in entomological work, and he and Prof. V. W. Jackson, Professor of Botany, have done much to extend a knowledge of the control of insect pests among the students and agricultural community in the province. I understand that the establishment of an Entomological Department in the Agriculiural College, with a competent man in charge, is contemplated: such a forward step would be in every way desirable and justified. Throughout Saskatchewan the name of Mr. 1’. N. Willing, Associate Professor of Natural History in the Saskatchewan Agricultural College, Saskatoon, is knowp for his educational work among ihe farmers. By lectures at Institute meetings and exhibits of injurious and beneficial insects he has performed a real service to the agricultural community. Previous to his present position Mr. Willing held the position of Chief Inspector of Weeds for the Department of Agriculture in Sas- 40 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36_— katchewan, and combined with the botanical work such entomological propaganda as he was able, all enquiries respecting the control of insect pests being referred to him. In the Province of Alberta there existed some years ago the North-West Ento- mological Society, which had for one of its objects the dissemination among the agriculturists of information relating to the control of insect pests, and its Presi- dent, Mr. P. B. Gregson, of Waghorn, was particularly active in this aspect of the Society's work. I do not think the society exists at the present time, although there are several entomologists in the province, of whom Mr. F. H. Wolley-Dod is well known on account of his work in Noctuide. The Provincial Department of Agriculture of Alberta has not taken any steps in the direction of educational or other work regarding the control of insect pests. No action has been taken by the Provincial Government of Prince a Island regarding entomological work. In briefly touching upon the various phases of the progress of applied ento- mology in the provinces nothing has been said concerning a number of agencies not entomological, all of which have helped in the general development of ento- mological work among the agriculturists. Such agencies are the Farmers’ Insti- tute meetings, agricultural fairs, demonstration orchards, district representatives, the more recent “ Better Farming” special trains; all of these varied activities, through the zeal of those who have charge, have and will have in an increasing measure a potent influence in developing our science. No one is more conscious of the rambling nature of the foregoing account than its writer, but if the description appears to lack co-ordination, like the soli- tary efforts of those who have been the pioneers in our work in Canada, you cannot fail to observe the single motive which runs through all the efforts—an unquenchable desire to place scientific kowledge at the disposal of those who will profit by its application to the advantage of the country at large. Entomologists are sometimes wont to resolve themselves into two main classes: the systematists, who collect and classify, and the economic entomologists, who study how to control species affect- ing man in his varied activities. Octasionally I have heard the former section speak somewhat disparagingly, even scornfully of those who apply their knowledge to every day life; on the other hand, a reversal of such opinions is sometimes heard. We need not concern ourselves with the opinions of those who collect insects as they would stamps or china, but I would remind those systematists who are inclined to hold aloof from the practical application of their science that to the work of economic entomologists they owe almost entirely that large measure of respect with which entomologists and entomological work is now regarded by the general public. The prevention and eradication of diseases carried by insects and the control of insects which have devastated our forests and crops and de- populated whole districts is regarded as work indispensable to national develop- ment. Such work has led people to appreciate the value of entomological work to humanity at large, and incidentally to recognize that there is no ground for ihe assumption that a man wilh a net is to be pitied, or, as in one instance that came to my knowledge, confined to the local gaol as insane. Applied entomology is, as its name applies, science with practice. It was preceded by the study of the science for its own sake, and such a study must necessarily furnish the basis for all entomological work that is to be of practical value. The pioneer: of applied entomology in Canada were all men who loved the science of entomology primarily for its own sake, and not on account of the practical value of the knowledge they (1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41 gained regarding insects. When they were able to put their knowledge to a practical purpose and to take up its application they did so with untiring zeal. This is the lesson taught by a study of the subject of my address, and in directing your care- ful attention to it I would urge the necessity of our emulating the example of ihe founders of applied entomology in Canada. Let it be our constant endeavor in developing the work of our society and of our work in Canada to recognize the need of, and endeavor at all times to secure the closest co-operation between the man who collects and studies our insects’ for the mere pleasure of gaining the won- derful and unequalled insight into nature that it gives and the man whose studies lie in the laboratory and in the field and forest. With such co-operation there can be no doubt as to the place which entomology in Canada will occupy. Dr. Brruune: We have all, I am sure, listened with the greatest possible interest to the admirable address which Dr. Hewitt has just given us. It is certainly the most complete and exhaustive history of the rise and progress of economic entomology which has yet been prepared in this country, and I think we all must feel that we owe a very hearty vote of thanks to Dr. Hewitt for his successful efforts in this respect. Dr. Hewitt has come.in at the end of the first period of history in this respect, and we may look to him with the greatest confidence to carry on and develop to a far greater extent than we who belong _to the earlier period ever dreamed of, this work of economic entomology in Canada, and to mature the systematic side as well. The two cannot exist satis- factorily away from each other, and there must be this co-ordination to which -he has referred in order that we may have success in both directions and in the al le ee ee ee, ~ ee 4 important field of economic entomology. Dr. Fries: We have all listened, I am sure, with the greatest pleasure to the able and stimulating address that Dr. Hewitt has given us, and we all feel, I am sure, that the Government has the right man in the right place. It is indeed a great thing to have a man who brings it before us in such an able way, and urges men to carry on works which are now being undertaken to develop practical entomology as Dr. Hewitt has done. Iam sure we all feel that he is entitled to our warmest thanks, and while we feel this, at the same time it is a great pleasure to us to see our friend Dr. Bethune, our old President, the Editor of our paper. for so long a time, present amongst us and occupying the chair, and while we are sorry that several old friends have passed away, as some of our dear friends have lately done, it is a source of rejoicing that we still have Dr. Bethune amongst us. Long may he continue his services to the Entomological Society of Ontario. We are glad to see younger men coming up and doing the work in such an able way as so many of the younger men are carrying on the work in distant parts of the country for the general good. I beg to second the vote of thanks that Dr. Bethune has proposed to Dr. Hewitt, and hope that he may long continue his work with his able assistant Mr. Gibson. If you go to the new apartments of the Department of Entomology in Ottawa, and go upstairs in one of the towering buildings which men are putting up in these days, you will find large rooms there devoted to our favourite science, and there you will find Dr. Hewitt and Mr. Gibson ready to afford you all information in their power and to show you very valuable collections that. are there gathered. THE PRESIDENT: I thank you all for your very cordial and most encouraging reception of my paper and for Dr. Bethune’s and Dr. Fyles’ encouraging words, and I only hope, as I endeavoured to show in my paper, that it is upon the wonderful example of our founders, particularly that of Dr. Bethune, that we are basing our efforts, and hope as best we can to follow that example in the development and progress of our work in Canada. (eS 42 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 INSECTS OF THE SEASON IN ONTARIO. L. Carsar, O.A. COLLEGE, GUELPH. ORCHARD INSECTS. Most of our common orchard insects, such as Codling Moth, Plum Cureulio, Bud Moth, Case-bearers, Biister Mite, Round-headed Apple-tree Borer, and Pear and Cherry Slugs have scarcely done so much damage this year as usual; at. any rate, no complaint of dificulty in keeping any of them under control has reached me. Trent-CaTerPILLars (Malacosoma americana and M. disstria) were again abundant in the eastern part of the Province, and the former has spread westward throughout a large part of the Province. In the east, however, neither species — was quite so numerous as usual, and, according to the reports of district repre- sentatives and others, many caterpillars died before pupating, indicating probably — that they were attacked by disease. In July, J examined numerous cocoons of disstria, the more common species, and observed that 90 per cent. of them were Fig. 3—Work of Plum Curculio- (Conotrachelus nenuphar). infested by a tachinid larva. There are fewer egg masses of both species this fall in the east than last year, and many of these masses have the surface roughened as if injured in some way. It is probable that the long siege of Tent- caterpillars is about at an end. Lime-sulphur applied as the eggs are hatching proved once more an excellent remedy, even without any poison. Sawn JosE ScaLe (Aspidiotus perniciosus). The last two seasons with their long warm autumns have given the scale a wonderful chance to increase rapidly in infested orchards. This pest has not, however, so far as known, spread much since our last report, though it has been found in several new places in districts where we suspected it might be. A more vigorous campaign than’ ever is being carried on against-the pest. The chief trouble in control is to get trees thoroughly sprayed. A large number of parasites were imported in September from Pennsylvania — and were distributed in various places in Niagara district and in Essex County. More will be forwarded from the same State next spring. Seven small twigs. averaging 414 inches long and % of an inch in diameter, were reserved and ~ placed in breeding jars. Parasites continued to emerge for one month from date of sending. About 80 individuals were obtained, nearly all of these being Pro- spaltella perniciosi, Tower. It is hoped, therefore, that a large number of these parasites have become established in the orchards, especially as the weather was warm and fine for considerable time after they arrived. 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43 Apuips. The injury from these has, on the whole, probably not been so great as usual, but there have been some exceptions. It seems that orchards and nurseries situated near the great lakes and influenced by the moist, cool breezes are much more severely infested than those further inland. In the control of aphids 10 lbs. soluble sulphur and 4 lbs. common laundry soap to 40 gals. water, applied as soon as the eggs have all or almost all hatched, promises to be the cheapest remedy. This will burn if the buds have opened and the leaflets appeared. Black-leaf 40 and lime-sulphur is also good but more costly. AppLtE Curcutio (Anthonomus quadrigibbus). Injury to apples from this insect can be found here and there all over the Province. It seems to be worst in the eastern part. One orchard at Mountain, twenty-five miles from Ottawa, showed in September, 50 per cent. of the Tolman Sweets deformed by punctures. Doubtless many more apples had dropped off early in the season. Carsip (Neurocolpus nubilus). The nymphs of this Capsid were found on June 16 in large numbers in a forty-acre orchard in Norfolk County attacking Fig. 4—Work of Apple Curculio (Anthonomus quadrigibbus). a block of Spy trees. Approximately 50 per cent. of the apples were attacked, though some of them were not permanently injured. At this date the apples were about two-thirds of an inch in diameter, so that they had reached the stage where the nymphs were ceasing to feed on them and were attacking the tender leaves and stems of shoots from main branches and of the suckers that sprang up from the crown. This part of the orchard was in grass but it is not probable that this accounts for the presence of the pest. In 1912 I reported a similar injury from this species to Spy apples at Woodburn, not far from Grimsby. The nymphs are light green, interspersed with brown or reddish brown. The antenne are very conspicuous. They are longer than the body, reddish brown with alternating broad white rings. The occurrence of numerous black capitate hairs give to the second joint especially a swollen appearance. The adults are about the size of the Tarnished Plant Bug (Lygus pratensis) but are somewhat longer and narrower. The general dorsal- colour is brown mottled with black with a reddish area near the costal margin. of the upper wing just in front of the membrane. The antenne are longer than those of L. pratensis, and have the basal segment longer, thicker, and covered with black capitate hairs. Fig. 5.—Moths of Fruit-tree Leaf-roller (Archips argyrosphila), about natural size. Fig. 6.—Work of Fruit-tree Leaf-roller on Young Apples, natural: size. Fig. 7—Work of Fruit-tree Leaf-roller on Apple Foliage. (44) * ae 4 k 4 * 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45 FRUIT-TREE LEAF-ROLLER (Archips argyrosphila). In the above Norfolk orchard, and in the very same part of it, the Spy apples were severely attacked by this leaf-roller. The insect did not confine its attack to the fruit but riddled numerous leaves as well, especially all over the top of the trees. It was estimated that at least 40 per cent. of the apples had been injured. The larve feed on the fruit from the time it begins to form until it is about two-thirds of an inch in diameter. Irregular holes are eaten into it, and, when these callous over, they _leave the apple badly deformed in many cases. In our cages the moths began to emerge the third week in June.~> In the orchards in the eastern part of the Province moths were seen as late as July 17th. Eggs are laid in small brown clusters on the twigs and evidently hatched in Norfolk about the time the blossoms fell from apple trees. The winter is passed in the egg stage. There is only one brood a year. The insect has been found in such widely distributed portions of the Province that it is now present probably in all or nearly all the apple districts. In several localities in New York and several other States, it has caused serious loss to apple growers. It is a very difficult pest to combat as the ordinary Codling Moth spray does not control it. Possibly heavy applications of double strength arsenate of lead would do so. Experiments by the Washington, D.C., investigators indicate that these give moderately good results. We need not be surprised if there are several serious _ outbreaks next year as there are many eggs, at least in the Norfolk orchard. Prar Psyxtua (Psylla pyricola) was abundant in a few orchards while nearby orchards had almost none.’ The time of spraying probably accounts for the ‘difference. GRAPES AND BusH Fruit INsEcts. GRAPEVINE FLEA-BEETLE (Haltica chalybea). This beetle was more common and injurious to the bursting buds this year than I have ever seen it before. Rose ‘CuHarer (Macrodactylus subspinosus). There were probably on the whole about the usual number of these beetles but at Fonthill in a neglected vineyard they were so abundant that almost all the grape clusters were destroyed. BLACKBERRY LEAF-MINER (Metallus bethunei). This insect has been referred to several times in reports as infesting severely Blackberry leaves. A few weeks ago Dr. McGillivray stated in the “Canadian Entomologist” that it was a new species and gave it the above name. The life history, as observed, is as follows: The winter is passed in the larval stage in the ground an inch or so below the surface in a small oval earthen cocoon. Adults appear in July and lay their eggs beneath the epidermis of the leaves. The larve from these become mature early enough for a second brood, some larve of which may be found in the leaves even up into November. The insect does not seem to be so abundant this year as usual. THE RAspBERRY SAWFLY (Jonophadnoides rubi) was very common in Niagara this year. THE CuRRANT STEM GiRDLER (Janus integer) was found at St. Catharines by my assistant, Mr. J. Shipton. This little known insect has now been reported from Lambton, Wentworth and Lincoln Counties. It has not done a great deal of damage anywhere, so far as known. VEGETABLE, CEREAL AND FoppEerR INSECTs. Tue Pea Apuis (Macrosiphum pisi) has caused much injury to late peas, especially in Prince Edward County and the counties along the southern part of Lake Huron. Early peas in most cases escaped. a +6 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Tue Army Worm (Heliophila unipunctata) which was so abundant this year, has been dealt with by Mr. Baker in a separate paper. GrassHopPers (Melanoplus atlanis, M. femur-rubrum, and Camnula pel- lucida) were very abundant in a number of localities, especially in old pastures and waste places. The new Kansas remedy was used with excellent results and can be highly recommended. Results should not be looked for until two or three days after the application. Beekeepers feared injury from this sweetened poison, but field observations and experiments showed their fears were not justified. GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE INSECcTs. Miuuipepes. The last few years an increasing number of complaints of injuries to garden plants from these have been sent in. It would be a boon to learn of any simple and effective remedy. TARNISHED PLANT-Bue (Lygus pratensis). This insect is a great foe to growers of dahlias as it punctures and destroys the blossom buds. A remedy is badly needed. THE GREENHOUSE LeEAF-TIER (Phlyctenia ferrugalis). The caterpillar of this small brown moth seems to be quite abundant in some greenhouses, and so far as my experience goes, is most common on Chrysanthemums, the leaves of which it ties together and feeds upon. Rose Lear-Hoprer (T'yphlocyba rose). It is remarkable how many roses have their foliage injured by this little pest. Tests with. soluble sulphur—2 lbs, to 40 gals. water—and with lime-sulphur, 1.010 specific gravity, and also with Black-leaf 40 and a small quantity of soap, showed that any one of these would control the pest if applied in May before the nymphs had become full grown. FoRESTt AND SHADE TREE INSECTS. Tue Bronze BrrcH-Borer (Agrilus anxius) has during the last two seasons destroyed many beautiful European ‘Cut-leaved Birches in the neighbourhood of Guelph. Cryptorhynchus lapathi is in several parts of the Province doing much injury to some species of swamp willows, and in some cases to some of the so-called weeping willows on lawns. THE Evropean Fruit-Lecanium (Lecanium corni) has again become very abundant, especially in a number of forest trees. It is, however, becoming heavily parasitized. ; a THE Cottony MapLe Scare (Pulvinaria vitis) was abundant on soft maples at Guelph this autumn, but is heavily parasitized by Coccophagus lecanii Fitch. ADDENDA. Guassy Curworm (Hadena devastatrix). Since writing the above, speci- mens of this cut-worm have been sent me from Grey County with the statement that much damage is being done to winter wheat in fields that were not ploughed early but late, or comparatively late. The larve at this date (November) are for the most part, about one inch long, though a few are an inch and a half. - Pror. CaEsar: I should like to hear from Prof. Crosby on the Tarnished Plant Bug, and how to control it. 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47 Pror. Crospy: In regard to the Tarnished Plant Bug, in Rochester where it is a great pest in nursery stock. I think that in that region at least, the injury to peach buds is caused almost entirely by this insect, though in other portions of the country it may be caused by something else. I have never been able to find there a mite doing any perceptible injury. We worked on-this question last year, and the results were published in the winter. This summer we continued our work with the same results as before. We did not succeed in doing anything to prevent their injury or destroy the bug. This summer we surrounded a portion of the peach block with a six foot wire screen fence of the ordinary mesh Fig. 8—European Fruit Lecanium Scale (Lecanium corni). On the left are the full-sized scales, some of them with holes from which parasites have emerged. On the right is the winter stage of the scale. The tiny scales or specks in the centre are also winter stage that were removed from the twig. ‘Note the small size of this stage compared with the adult scale. we have on windows. A few observations we made last year led us to believe that they would not fly over such a fence to any extent. We also put a band of tanglefoot round the top. We found that a great many would walk over the tanglefoot quite easily while other insects got caught. Some flew over. There are many high winds there, and by the end of the season of injury, which was about the middle of July, there were as many stung nursery trees inside the fence as outside. We also had the idea of putting paper bags on the top of the trees to prevent injuries. We had to put the bags on so early in the season that the trees were too tender and would bend over with the weight of the bags. That had to be abandoned. Finally we thought we might be able to help the trees overcome the injury by a system of summer pruning. The results. of this 48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 have not been ascertained yet. I do no not think that we have as yet found any practical means of preventing in any way the injury from this insect to peaches. In the matter of injury to asters, we found that when grown in the shade of apple trees in old orchards, they would give the best results. Pror. CazsaR: I think it would be very interesting if we were to hear from Prof. Brittain in regard to the Capsid attacking the apples down in Nova Scotia. PROF. BRITTAIN: Last winter when I was going round the Province, ev erybody was asking me what caused the woody pears. Some said it was due to the iron in the soil or something or other which made their appearance woody, so that when one tried to eat them it hurt one’s teeth. I did not have the slightest idea then what they meant, but this is what it was. These are pears that are affected by a plant bug which has been determined as Lygus invitus, the False Tarnish Plant Bug. They were extremely numerous in Nova Scotia this year, and caused immense damage to apples and pears. In pear orchards the injury is more conspicuous, because they cause quite a good sized corky aree to appear on the surface of the pears, and this corky area or hard woody area extends into the pulp, and makes it unfit for eating as well as unsightly. When the pears are first punctured, a little drop of exudate oozes out, and finally the injury becomes larger and hard and woody, rendering the pears unfit for human consumption. If the apples are attacked when small they invariably drop to the ground, but if attacked a little later there is considerable malformation and the fruit is no good. It also works on the tender growing shoots. When. the insect stings these shoots and the growth takes place rapidly, it makes large marks. It is hard to realize that it is possible for the marks to be caused by the puncture of so small an insect. The marks are of such a size that they can quite easily be photographed. In one orchard of which I am thinking they were very numerous. It was a particularly well-cared-for orchard, and the best sprayed orchard in ‘Nova Scotia, and the insects were so numerous that the leaves looked as if they had been punctured full of holes. On looking it over, a careful examination showed that the trees were literally swarming with nymphs of the Plant Bug, millions on every tree. Simply by standing near and pointing one’s finger at the branch or twig all the nymphs would come around to look at your veer and when they had sized you up, they would suddenly drop to the ground. The farmers never suspected that there was anything like that present. There was only one man who did, and he was a very careful observer. I heard one man giving directions to a foreman not to kill the red bugs with black spots on the wings, because they ate the bugs that were doing the damage, and on no account to disturb them. He was pelos to the nymphs of this Plant Bug. This insect is prac- tically everywhere, and the farmers all complain of woody pears. On one occasion I knew of a negro who took an axe and cut down all the trees, because as he said they all grew woody fruit and were no good. Pror. LocHuEap: Haye you noticed that these deformed apples may appear on.a single branch of a tree. I have come across some of these apples deformed to various extents. Some are only slightly deformed and others badly. Some being confined to a single branch. I could not find any bug and did not know what to do. Those who knew most about botany said that it was a case of Bitter Pit, while those who knew most about entomology said that it was some Capsid. Pror. Brirratn: I have seen these deformed apples on only certain branches, but am in doubt in the case I have in mind whether this is really due to an ES ee ee eee 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL ‘SOCIETY. 49 insect or to a form of the Bitter Pit disease. The Bitter Pit disease will occur on isolated branches of a tree with only a half dozen fruits on it while the next tree may have a whole lot of fruit on it and no disease at all. The Bitter Pit disease can be told by putting a cut through, and seeing the brown areas. Pror. Crospy: The more insects there are, the more a tree will be affected. This year in New York, we have more red bug injury than ever before. The increase in the injury until this year I attributed to greater attention being given to the matter, but there is a real increase in red bug injury this year. x PUBLIC MEETING. On Thursday evening, a public meeting was held in the Lecture Hall of the University Biological Building, and was well attended, many members of the university staff and those of the various collegiate institutes and of the Royal Canadian Institute having been noticed in the audience. The President, Dr. Hewrrr, introduced the lecturer, Pror. J. H. Comstock, of Cornell University, who gave a most interesting and stimulating address on “The Habits of Spiders,” a subject upon which there is probably no one more competent to speak. THE HABITS OF SPIDERS. t J. H. Comstock, Proressor or ENroMoLogy, EmMperrrus, IN CORNELL UNIVERSITY. Professor Comstock’s address was a popular account of the habits of spiders, and was illustrated by many lantern slides of extraordinary beauty made from his photographs of the various types of webs and nests of spiders and of original figures illustrating the structure of these animals. The address began with the following statement :— “Of all our little neighbours of the fields there are none that are more universally shunned and feared than spiders, and few that deserve it less. There is a wide-spread belief that spiders are dangerous, that they are liable to bite, and that their bites are very venomous. Now this may be true of certain large species that live in hot countries; but the spiders of the Northern United States and of Canada are practically harmless.” “Tt is true, spiders bite and inject venom sufficient to kill a fly into the wound made by their jaws. But they are exceeding shy creatures, fearing men more than they are to be feared. If an observer will refrain from picking up a spider there is not the slightest danger of being bitten by one; and, excepting a single uncommon species. no spider is known in this part of the country whose bite would seriously affect a human being, and the venomous nature of this species is not established.” “On the other hand, spiders do much to keep in check various insect pests, amid hence must be regarded as our friends. It is, however, from a different point of view that I wish to consider them at this time. It is as illustrations of remark- able development of instinctive powers, and of wonderful correlation of structure and habit. The student of nature can find no more available or more fertile field from which to make interesting subjects for study.” 50 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The more striking features of the structure of spiders were described, and especially the structure of the spinning organs and the glands that secrete the different kinds of silk, of which seven kinds have been recognized. The yarious uses of silk were indicated; its use in the making of webs for capturing prey, for enveloping prey, for making egg-sacs, for making retreats, as a drag-line, and for travelling through the air. The methods of procuring food were described: by stalking their prey, by lying in ambush, by the use of irregular webs, by the use of sheet webs, by sheet webs and irregular webs combined, by webs containing a hackled band, and by orb-webs. Photographic illustrations of all these different types of webs were shown. A detailed account of the making of an orb-web and of the different types of orb-webs was given and illustrated by lantern slides. Photomicrographs of the different kinds of silk were shown. Especial atten- tion was called to the hackled band of Filistata, in which there are four kinds of silk, and to the structure of the viscid line in an ordinary orb-web. Under the head of “ The Motherhood of Spiders” an account was given of the different ways that spiders care for their eggs, and the care of their young by the members of certain families. At the clos? of the address a view of a “ gossamer sea” was shown. This was from a photograph of a plowed field, which was so completely covered with the silk of aeronautic spiders that it had the appearance of.a lake, the furrows re- sembling waves. A hearty vote of thanks, proposed by Prof. Lochhead, and seconded by: Prof. Dearness, was extended to Prof Comstock for his instructive and entertaining address. = After the lecture an informal gathering took place, at which refreshments were served by Mrs. B. A. Bensley, Mrs. E. M. Walker and Miss Snazelle, and a pleasant chat was enjoyed by the members and visitors. ce SECOND DAY’S SESSION, FRIDAY, NOV. 6TH, 1914. On Friday morning, at 9.350 o’clock, the President took the chair in the lecture room of the Royal Canadian Institute, and opened the meeting by calling upon the Secretary-Treasurer to read the Report of the Council. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its report for the year 1913-14. The Fiftieth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society was held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, August 27th, 28th, and 29th, 1913. The meeting of the Council and business meeting were held in the Biological Lecture-room, and the open sessions in Massey Hall. The chair was occupied by the Vice-President, Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dr. Bethune being unable to act in a presidential capacity as a result of impaired eyesight. aE ay ye oe 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51 The meetings were well attended, not only by members of the Society, visitors from the town and students and staff of the Ontario Agricultural College, but also by a considerable number of distinguished entomologists from the United States and Great Britain, present as delegates from various societies, institutions and government services. The members and delegates were entertained during the meetings by the College authorities, being provided with accommodation in Macdonald Hall. The Council wishes to take this opportunity of expressing its appreciation of the hospitality shown by the College authorities during the course of the meeting. The annual meeting of the Council was held on Wednesday morning. It was decided on discussion that the proposed changes in the constitution be referred to the Society, along with certain other business items. Recommendation was made to the Society that the next Annual Meeting be held in Toronto. On Wednesday afternoon the members and delegates were formally welcomed by President Creelman of the College. Congratulatory addresses were then de- livered by the various delegates and the meeting closed with a highly interesting paper by Dr. Felt, State Entomologist, of New York, on “Adaptations in Gall Midges.” On Wednesday evening Dr. and Mrs. Creelman received the delegates and members at their home, where a very enjoyable evening was spent. Thursday morning, at 9.30, a business meeting of the Society was held. ‘The chief business enacted was the adoption of the revised constitution of the Society. Election of one life and several corresponding members then took place. The election of officers followed, and the meeting closed with the extension of a hearty vote of thanks to Dr. and Mrs. Creelman for the numerous and varied kindnesses shown the delegates and members of the Society during the course of the meeting. At 10.30 on Thursday, a general meeting was held. Letters and communica- tions of a congratulatory nature were read. Dr. Bethune then delivered the presidential address on “Reminiscences of the Early Days of the Society.” The remaining time of the morning and afternoon meetings was occupied with the reading of the following papers: “Green Lanes and Byways,” Rey. Dr. Fyles, Ottawa. “On the Immature Stages of the Tenthridinide,” Dr. A. D. MacGillivray, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. “Galls,” Dr. A. Cosens, Toronto. “Chrysomelids of Ontario,” Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough. “Applied Entomology for the Farmer,’ Prof. F. M. Webster, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. On Thursday evening a very interesting lecture, illustrated with a large number of beautiful lantern slides, on “Ants” was delivered by Dr. W. M. Wheeler, of Harvard University. Friday, the last day of the meeting, was occupied with an excursion to Grimsby and the Niagara fruit district, and lunch was partaken of at the Village Inn, Grimsby. * The “Canadian Entomologist,” the monthly journal of the Society, has been issued regularly each month. The 45th volume was completed in December last. It consisted of 438 pages, and was very extensively illustrated. The circulation of the journal is now approximately 700, so the circulation has not been lowered by the increased subscription price. 52 : THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 In the Annual Report of the Society, besides the proceedings of the Jubilee Meeting, the reports of the various officers and branches of the Society were published, and also the following papers: “Insects of the Season in Ontario,” L. Caesar, 0.A.C., Guelph. “The Entomological Record,” Arthur Gibson, Division of Entomology, Ottawa. Regular meetings of the Society were held in the Biological Lecture-room of the Ontario Agricultural College on altertiate Thursday afternoons during the winter months. In addition to the enaction of considerable business, the following papers were read and discussed: “Entomological Notes in Egypt,” by Prof. T. D. Jarvis. “The Apple Maggot,” by Mr. C. A. Good. “Insect Pests of the Season,” by Mr. L. Caesar. “The Mole Cricket,” by Dr. Bethune. “Collecting Insects,” by Mr. A. W. Baker. “The Cherry Fruit-fly,” by Mr. G. J. Spencer. A meeting was also held in conjunction with the Wellington Field Naturalists’ Club, at which Dr. W. A. Riley, of Cornell University, delivered an address on “Tnsects as Carriers of Disease.” The reports of the various branches showed that the year 1912-13 was a very successful one withal. The Council takes much pleasure in announcing that during 1913-14 seventy new members have joined the Society. It is with the deepest regret that the Council records the death of two distinguished members of the Society. Mr. Henry H. Lyman, President, 1897- 1899, was lost.in the wreck of the steamship “Empress of Ireland” on the 29th of May last. Dr. William Saunders, C.M.G., died at his residence in London, Ontario, on the 13th of September; he was one of the original founders of the Society, for many years Editor of the “Canadian Entomologist,” and filled various offices, including the Presidency of the Society. Full obituary notices and por- traits of both of these eminent Entomologists have already been published in the July and October issues of our magazine. It was,moved by Mr. LocHHeEapD, and seconded by Mr. Gipson, that the Report of the Council be adopted. (Carried.) THE PRESIDENT: In putting this motion to the Society, I am sure that you will appreciate the fact that our Society is in a very strong and prosperous position. The increase in membership recorded is very gratifying to all members of the Society, who have felt sometimes that possibly the Society was not making the headway they would like. We certainly have no grounds for that fear at the present time. The report of the Council in regard to the Canadian Entomologist is most encouraging and gratifying, showing that our journal is in a very live state. I think we all appreciate the results which are following the efforts of Dr. Walker and those assisting him to make the journal a worthy Canadian journal. It is larger this year than ever before: the standard of the papers is higher, and above all, the character of the illustrations and the method of reproduction are such as have never appeared in our previous issues. Therefore, we have every reason to be proud of our journal at the present time. eS) ee eS 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53 REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH. The Montreal Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario, begs to report as follows on the work of the members for the year 1913-1914. The 344th regular and. 41st annual meeting was held on Saturday, May 9th, 1914. The Council reported an average attendance of over six per meeting, and regretted to report the death last summer of one of our members, Mr. EB. Denny. Two new members had been added to our roll and two had resigned. The papers presented at the meetings were as follows: feannial Address of President .. 22.20.2000 sc0cceeseesccscee G. A. Southee. 2. On the Egg of Macronoctua onusta Grote .,................ A. F. Winn. 3. Captures of Lepidoptera at light for the season of 1913...... G. H. Clayson. 4. Hemiptera taken at Bondville, Que., July, 1913 ............. Geo. A. Moore. 5. Lygus pratensis Linn. A Hemipterous Insect as seen by a PESTER CRESTSEOLIS Ee nine wants Rak cte vow taV ars ese: a.oiaenuss ha Vatiart are arayn die sare ate ae A. F. Winn. 6. Heliotropism in Butterflies, or Turning Towards the Sun.... £ A. F. Winn. 7. Notes on Lepidoptera Collected by Dr. E. M. Walker on a Tripeto, British Columbia. ........- A. F. Winn. ERT RLNE LC Wyte. so fe ci cdieys c=, <7os)9 %= vies tay. Sy Olaucvey Fave oe wks 4 Wisi oreo’ Geo. A. Moore. 9. The Breeding of Papaipema stenocelis Dyar, in one fifty mile madins of New York, by H: Bird; read by <..........c000 H. H. Lyman. MeEntessonethe Season. invWNsland . j.cc. dee cs esses nscale se L. Gibb. a EE oc 55 NG oie. al oe Soe. Sales) 0 tie, dude iesehevarss « arava oe, ab A. F. Winn. PT TaN ESTATE ta 2 Noy sos £92, 72 members. ulletin No. 4; January, LOI4 2.222.502.5550 97 members. 5 Es. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 on [o4) A few members have dropped out during this year (1914) several having left the Province to reside elsewhere. On the other hand, the executive has several more names on their records for membership at their forthcoming annual meet- ing in January, 1915. Many of the members of the Branch are not active collectors or recorders. but they find a knowledge of an entomological nature useful to their business, consequently, with their application for membership before the executive, they are included as members to receive such publications as are issued. Respectfully submitted, R. C. TREHERNE, Secretary B. C. Branch Entomological Society, Agassiz, B.C. REPORT OF THE CURATOR. The collections of the Society have been regularly examined and kept free from museum pests. Only a few additions of Diptera have been made during the last year. The Society is urgently in need of named specimens of Hymen- optera, Diptera and Hemiptera, and contributions from members would be greatly appreciated. Respectfully submitted, G. SpeNcER, Curator. REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. During the year ending October 31st, 1914, eighteen bound volumes have been added to the library, making the total number on the register 2,207 A large number of periodicals, bulletins and pamphlets are received in exchange for the Canadian Entomologist and as gifts from authors and publishers; these continue to remain unbound owing to the absence of local facilities for doing the work properly. During the Jast three months very few publications have come from the continent of Europe owing to’the war, and we have cs mailing our magazine to the countries involved. The library continues to be used to a large extent by the staff and students of the Biological Department of the Ontario Agricultural College, to whom it is of great value, and also to a limited extent by members of the Society at a distance. Respectfully submitted, Cuartss J. 8S. BetHuNE, Librarian. REPORT OF DELEGATE TO THE. ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. Tue Prestpent: I think the brief referencé which I made yesterday in my Presidential address to the late Mr. Lyman’s attendance at the Royal Society meeting can be taken as a report of the delegate to the Royal Society, if that is your wish. 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59 ELECTION OF OFFICERS. The meeting then proceeded with the election of officers. (See page 6.) THe Preswwenr: The meeting is now open to receive nominations for mem- bership in the society. Pror. LocuueEap: Besides the names of those who have ees been sent in, I would beg to nominate our friend Father Leopold, of the Trappe, as a mem- ber. He has taken a great deal of interest in horticultural work—that is his speciality—but he is also a missionary or instructor of entomology amongst the French-Canadian students at Quebec. He is doing excellent work and will be one of the most valued members of our society, aad the fact that he has taken the trouble to come up here on this occasion shows that he has an interest in the work. I have much pleasure in presenting Father Leopold as a member. Mr. Gisson: I take much pleasure in seconding that motion. We have known for many years of the splendid work which Father Leopold has accom- plished for the Province of Quebec, and I am sure that his identity with our society now will be a great help to all of us. I would also like to take this opportunity of nominating Mr. J. C. Chapais as a member of the society. Tre PrestpenT: I think the society will feel it a privilege to elect these two members. As I pointed out in my Presidential Address, they have each done niost valuable work of a pioneer character in entomology in Quebec, and will certainly be an additional source of strength to the society, and, therefore, in putting their names to the meeting for election I should like you to show your appreciation of their work by a unanimous election. Tue SEcrETARY then read letters from various distinguished entomologists in the United States who had been invited to the Society’s meeting, but had been unable to be present. Tue PresIDENT: Prof. Lochhead is down on the programme for a paper on “The Injurious Insects of Quebec in 1914,” but I understand that he has also prepared an account of the work of Fabre, the celebrated French entomologist, whose work has come so much to the front during the last year or two. I, there- fore, suggest that Prof. Lochhead give us a very brief note of the insects of Que- bec, and then read to us his paper on Fabre. BRIEF NOTES ON SOME OF THE INJURIOUS INSECTS OF QUEBEC, 1914. W. LocHHEAD, MacponaLn CoLLEGE, QUE. > Climatic and other conditions have apparently been somewhat unfavourable to the development of injurious insects in Quebec. Dry weather prevailed during April, May and June. Over Western Quebec there occurred a period of twenty- six days—in May and June—when no rain fell. The summer of 1913 was also a dry one, and under such conditions for two successive seasons some insect forms tended to multiply. The Army-worm and the Red-Backed Cutworm (Huzoa ochrogaster) appeared in large numbers in some localities, the former doing damage in Pontiac County, and the latter im many sections, more especially to corn and roots. 60 THER REPORT OF THE No. 36 Tent-caterpillars, which were very destructive last year, were again in evidence, but not nearly in such large numbers. Moreover, the mortality was very high, due to a bacterial disease and to dipterous and hymenopterous parasites. It,is very prob- able, therefore, that tent-caterpillars will not be troublesome again for some years. Farm Crops. Aside from the Army-worm and the Red-backed Cutworm referred to, farm crops did not suffer much from insect attack. Last year, for the first time, the Clover-seed Chalcid (Bruchophagus funebris) was observed. This year it was again present, and a large percentage of the developing seed in the field was destroyed. A large number of larve and pupe were obtained from samples of seed sown in the spring. This insect usually winters over in the seed as a well-developed larva; the pupal stage is rather short, and the adult, which is a minute black four-winged fiy about 1-12th inch long, lays her eggs in May and June. The first of the adults of this brood appear in July and August, but some do not come out until the following spring. THE TuRNIP FLEA-BEETLE (Phyllotreta vittata) was common on crucifers in spring, and did considerable injury to seedling turnips. Later in the season Systena hudsonica was found feeding on clover and potatoes, as well as on a number of wild plants. THE Pra-aPHis (Macrosiphum pist) was present in inate numbers on peas in yarious parts of the province and did considerable injury. GRASSHOPPERS AND Locusts were abundant in pasture lands, but not in suffi- cient numbers to cause alarm to the farmers. Crovrer-roor Borer (fylastinus obscurus) was also abundant. ORCHARD AND GARDEN. The Bup-worm (7metocera ocellana) is one of the most serious pests in apple orchards in Quebec. At the college the larve were found on apples, pear, plum and cherry. Mr. Du Porte found four different hymenopterous parasites in the pupe. Perhaps, however, the most important parasite is Pentarthron minutum, which destroyed over seventy-five per cent. of the eggs. The young apples in many orchards were injured by a species of GREEN FRUIT- worm (Xylina), and many apples in August and September showed peculiar spotting of the flesh resembling Bitter Pit, which could not be accounted for satis- factorily. It is probable that some of this injury is caused by the punctures of capsids, but these were never observed at work. Neither the Coptrne Worm (Carpocapsa pomonella) nor the RAtLROAD WoRM or Appte Maccor (Rhagoletis pomonella) was so abundant this year as last. In fact very few complaints reached us regarding injury from either insect. The latter insect is very common on lands in the vicinity of Macdonald College. In some pear and cherry orchards the Pear Stue (Eriocampoides Timacina) completely defoliated the trees in June and July, and again to some extent in September. Prompt treatment with arsenate of lead, white hellebore, freshly slaked lime, or black leaf 40, 1 pint in 100 gals. water, would have prevented injur The Pium Apuis (probably Myzus. mahaleb) was abundant in the early sea- . ' 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61 son, but, as was to be expected, it became scarce later. It has the habit of migrating to other plants and feeding on them for the rest of the season. Apple APHIDS (mostly Aphis pomi), were also abundant, but it was observed that they were partially held in check by lady-birds and by Syrphid# and lace-wing larve. The TARNISHED PLANT-BuUG (Lygus pratensis) continues to be troublesome on a great variety of vegetable crops and flower gardens. It is the “ Dahlia Bug” of the florist and the “‘ Strawberry-button Bug” of the gardener. Potatoes were attacked severely by the Poraro FLEA-BEETLE (Hpitria cucu- meris) and the CoLorapo Porato BEETLE. The PERILLUS was not observed feed- ing on the latter to any extent. Currants and gooseberries were attacked very much as usual by the Currant SAw-FLy and CurraANtT SPAN-worm (Cymatophora ribearis), but both were readily controlled by arsenicals. Various species of Roor-mMaGGors were present, and did much injury to onion (Phorbia cepetorum), to cabbage, cauliflower and radish (Phorbia brassicae), to turnips and corn (Phorbia fusciceps), but not to the same extent as last year. The Beet-LeEAF Miner (Pegomyia vicina) attacked the spinach in the college plantation last year. Some varieties of mangels were badly injured. In this Province there is much need for more information regarding the Gapsidae and the Jassidae, for the impression is deepening that the bugs belonging to these two families are of much importance economically. More detailed field studies are also required of WrrEworms, CurworMs and WHITE Gruss, for very little seems to be known about their distribution. JEAN HENRI FABRE, THE FRENCH ENTOMOLOGIST. W. LocHHEAD, MACDONALD COLLEGE, QUE. During the past summer I came across two volumes of entomological essays . by J. Henri Fabre, and read them with very great interest. His name was already known to me through his writings on Spiders and Bees, but I had no adequate conception of the wide field of insect life which Fabre has thoroughly studied during his long life. Later I picked up three other volumns of essays, likewise selections from the “ Souvenirs Entomologiques,” and these I found as entertain- mg and instructive as the first two. Ashamed of my ignorance of this master * observer, I looked about for information as to his life, and I was fortunate in securing Legros’ work, entitled, “ Fabre, Poet of Science,” published by the Cen- tury Company, which gave much of the information I desired. (See Plate, page 7.) Jean Henri Fabre was born December 22nd, 1823, in St. Léons, in the De- partment of Vaucluse, near the mouths of the Rhone. His father was poor and thriftless. and moved about from place to place as a café-keeper. Young Fabre’s school days, often most uninteresting, were passed at St. Léons, at Rodez, at Toulouse, and at Montpellier. At seventeen he obtained by competition a bursary into the Normal School at Avignon, where he remained two years and got his superior certificate, which permitted him to teach. His first experience along this line was gained as a primary teacher in the College of Carpentras.. While there, however, he found time rot only to gratify his passion to know the world of nature ie ror) FS) THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 about him, but also to study for specialist certificates in mathematics and physical science. From Carpentras he went to the College in Ajaccio, in Corsica, as Professor of Physics and Chemistry, where he had an opportunity of studying nature under new and wilder conditions. He explored and collected assiduously whenever his regular duties, which were heavy. permitted. It was at Ajaccio that he came in contact with Requien and Moquin-Tandon, two celebrated naturalists, and his bent for natural history was strengthened. From Ajaccio he went to the College at Avignon, where he remained twenty years, as Assistant-Professor of Physics. His salary was small, and his teach- ing duties were heavy. Notwithstanding all the difficulties he had to contend against he studied and investigated. He secured by examination his Doctorate in Sciences from Paris, and continued his researches among insects. His fine abili- — ties as a teacher attracted the attention of Duruy, Minister of Public Instruction, who visited him and later summoned him to Paris, where he was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He refused, however, to accept any offer held out to him, under the belief that independence of thought and action would be inter- fered with. = In 1871 Fabre left Avignon on account of the hostility of the faculty and went to live aft Orange. There he wrote his celebrated scientific primers for schools, which influenced a whole generation of French youth, and which brought in some much-needed revenue. ‘There, too, he met John Stuart Mill, who helped him out of some financial difficulties. He continued his studies of insect life, and ‘n 1878 appeared: the first volume of his * Souvenirs Entomologiques,” which have made him famous throughout the entomological and literary world. : From Orange, Fabre moved to a secluded spot at Serignan——* The Hermitage ” - -where he lives with his family, continues his observations, and meets the many friends who come to do him homage. At last Fabre is recognized as one of the greatest naturalists of the time. The ten volumes of “ Souvenirs Entomologiques ” are a monument to his genius. The tardy recognition given him by his own countrymen is due, partly at least, to his dislike for public notoriety, his aversion to the acceptance of any position which would interfere with his independence of action, and to his extreme poverty, which prevented him from leaving the little world in which he loved to labour. (See note, p. 68.) The main purpose of this paper is to draw attention to Fabre’s wonderfully delightful series of descriptive observations, studies and experiments on the habits of many common insects, a series but little known, I believe. to Canadian students of insect life. We have bech so busy classifying, dissecting, and working out life- histories that we have overlooked that other interesting field of work in which Fabre has done such magnificent and lasting service. But there is another reason why I bring Fabre-to your attention. His de- scriptions are masterpieces. Maeterlinck, himself a student of insect life and a master of literary expression, calis Fabre the “ Insects’ Homer, whose brow should be girt with a double and radiant crown.” It is a pleasure to turn from the prosaic pages of most of our entomological waiters to the charming descriptions of this great French writer. His pages remind us of those of Gilbert White of Selborne, and of Thoreau, whose pure literary style still charms us, and at the same time causes many of us to feel that, as a rule, we do not give sufficient attention to the literary form in which our observa- \ . 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63 ‘tions are clothed. However valuable our observations may be, it is almost certain that posterity will hardly remember them as literature. Fabre is more than a great observer and literary artist; he is also a scientific philosopher, probing into the mysteries of life and trying to find satisfactory ex- planations for the things he sees. He possesses, moreover, the creative imagin- ation of a poet. He sees everywhere about him great problems of life to be solved, and his success is largely due to his marvellous knowledge of the sciences allied to his own. Everywhere throughout his essays he applies physics, chemistry, and mathematics in the discussion of his problems. The results he obtains are thoroughly original from his standpoint, since he disdains to make use of the work of other investigators. His library is scanty and he reads but little. He makes no effort to get into touch with the great minds of the day, preferring to get his information from nature herself. It is interesting to note how Fabre looks upon evolution. His independent mind does not take kindly to theories, and his studies remind him forcibly that there are too many exceptions in nature to be pinned to any great sweeping hypo- thesis. He has, however, a warm affection for Darwin, with whom he corresponded because he saw in him a man searching after truth, but he could not bring him- self to adopt Darwin’s views of changes by slow variations. With Fabre “ species are horn as a whole, each at the same time and at the same moment.” He sees, however, in creation continuity of progress. We wonder how he views mutations. Legros gives us an insight into the manner of work of this remarkable man. His mornings are devoted to experiments and to writing the results of his ob- ‘servations; his afternoons to excursions and observations. He is unable while sitting to get his ideas into shape for writing. “ Moving like a circus-horse about the great table of his laboratory, he would begin to tramp indefatigably round — and round, so that his steps have worn in the tiles of the floor an ineffaceable re- cord of the concentric track in which they moved for thirty years. His mind would grow clear and active as he walked, smoking his pipe and using his “marrow- bones,” He was already at work; he was “ hammering” his future chapters in his brain. He would wait until the word quivered and palpitated and lived.” Then only would he sit at his little walnut table and begin to write, “his pen dipped not in ink only, but in heart’s blood,” first in ordinary note ‘books, then, after compilation, “on loose sheets of paper, making one draft after another, patiently fashioning his style and polishing his -work.” Another feature of Fabre’s writings must not be overlooked. His language is uncommonly free from scientific technicalities and terminologies. He prefers the popular words and phrases which every person can understand. He has little use for the scientific jargon which often obscures and seldom makes clear. After a careful reading of the volumes before me one is struck with the mar- vellous patience, the scientific minuteness and precision. the ingenuity, and the faculty of expressing his observations with wonderful clearness and, order, shown by the author. He reveals a new world, a world so full of mystery and of tragedy that one is dazed with the new problems which are open for solution. To these difficulties Fabre says in his humility of mind: “Success is for the loud-talkers. the self-convinced dogmatists ; everything is admitted on condition that it be noisily proclaimed. Let us throw off this sham and recognize that, in reality, we know nothing about anything, if things were probed to the bottom. Scientifically, nature is a riddle without a definite solution to satisfy man’s curiosity. Hypothesis fol- 64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 lows on hypothesis; the theoretical rubbish-heap accumulates; and truth ever eludes us. To know how not to know might well be the last word of wisdom.” The limited time at my disposal makes it impossible for me to show ade- quately how Fabre treats his themes. I venture, however, even at the risk of sacrificing the beauty, delicacy and precision of his descriptions, to make a few excerpts relating to the habits of a few forms he discusses. First, regarding the Praying Mantis. Fabre describes minutely how it cap- tures its prey, the mating process, and the making of its nest. I shall quote a few paragraphs of his description of its cannibalistic courtship. After mating, “the two finally separate, but they are soon to be made one flesh in a much more intimate fashion. If the poor lover is loved by his mistress as the giver of fertility, she also loves him as the choicest of game. During the day, or at latest on the morrow, he is seized by his companion, who first gnaws through the back of his neck, according to use and wont, and then methodically devours him, mouthful by mouthful leaving only the wings. Here we have no case of jealousy, but simply a depraved taste. I had the curiosity to wonder how a second male would be re- ceived by a newly fecundated female. The result of my inquiry was scandalous. The Mantis in only too many cases is never sated with embraces and conjugal feasts. After a rest, of variable duration, whether the eggs have been laid or not, a second male is welcomed and devoured like the first. A third succeeds him, does his duty, and affords yet another meal. A fourth suffers a like fate. In the course of two weeks I have seen the same Mantis treat. seven husbands in this fashion. She admitted all to her embraces, and all paid’ for the nuptial ecstasy with their lives.” ; Here is his description of a massacre of Pine-caterpillars by Golden Gardeners (Carabus auratus): “In a spacious, glazed insectorium I have twenty-five Carabi aurati. At present they are motionless, lying beneath a piece of board which I gave them for shelter. Their bellies cooled by the sand, their backs warmed by the board, which is visited by the sun, they slumber and digest their food. By good luck I chance upon a procession of pine-caterpillars, in process of descending from their tree in search of a spot suitable for burial, the prelude to the phase of the subterranean chrysalis. Here is an excellent flock for the slaughter-house of the Carabi. I capture them and place them in the insectorium. The procession is quickly reformed: the caterpillars, to the number of perhaps a hundred and fifty, move forward in an undulating line. They pass near the piece of board, one following the other like the pigs at Chicago. The moment is propitious. I ery Havoc! and let loose the dogs of war: that is to say, I remove the plank. The sleepers immediately awake, scenting the abundant prey. One of them runs for- ward; three, four, follow; the whole assembly is aroused; those who are buried emerge: the whole band of cut-throais falls upon the passing flock. It is a sight never to be forgotten. The mandibles of the beetles are at work in all directions: the procession is attacked in the van, in the rear, in the centre; the victims are wounded on the back or the belly at random. The furry skins are gaping with wounds; their contents escape in knots of entrails, bright green with their ali- — ment, the needles of the pine trees; the caterpillars writhe, struggling with loop- like movements, gripping the sand with their feet. dribbling and gnashing their mandibles. Those as yet unwounded are digging desperately in the attempt to take refuge underground. Not one succeeds. They are scarcely half-buried before some beetle runs to them and destroys them by an eviscerating wound.” Again, Fabre makes these observations regarding egg-laying in the case of the * .- a a! ial see Trees ~y aoe tes te Unitas bie ee 191s HN'TOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65 Pea-weevil : “ We should expect to find signs of a procreative economy which would impel the female to take into account the number of peas contained in the pod _ which she has just explored; we might expect her to set a numerical limit on her eggs in conformity with that of the peas available. But no such limit is observed. The rule of one pea to one grub is always contradicted by the multiplicity of consumers. My observations are unanimous on this point. The number of eggs deposited on one pod always exceeds the number of peas available, and often to a scandalous degree. However meagre the contents of the pod there is a superabund- ance of consumers. Dividine the sum of the eggs upon such or such a pod hb that of the peas contained therein, I find there are five to eight claimants for each pea; I have found ten, and there is no reason why this prodigality should not go still further! What is to become of all these supernumeraries, perforce excluded from the banquet for want of space ?” _ Some of Fabre’s most interesting observations and descriptions in the second volume before me relate to the habits of Dung Beetles, the Sacred Beetle, the Spanish Copris, Geotrupes, and. others. This is how he describes the making of the ball of manure by the Sacred Beetle, which is to serve as food later on: “Armful by armful, the material is neaped up under the belly, between the four legs, which, by a slight pressure, impart their own curve to it and give it a first fashion. ‘Then, between whiles, the rough-hewn pill is set spinning betwixt the four branches of the two spherical compasses; it turns under the Dung Beetle’s belly until it is rolled into a perfect ball. Should the surface layer lack plasticity and threaten to peel off, should some too-stringy part refuse to yield to the action of the wheel, the fore-legs correct the faulty places; their broad beeters pat the ball to give consistency to the new layer and to imbed the recalcitrant scrap into the mass. “Under a hot sun, when the work is urgent, one stands amazed at the turner’s feverish activity. And thus the business proceeds apace: what was but lately a scanty pellet is now a ball the size of a walnut; soon it will be a ball the size of an apple. I have seen greedy-guts manufacture a ball the size of one’s fist. Here, of a certainty, is food in the larder for days to come!” The ball is then rolled to its burrow, often with great difficulty, either alone or with the help of a comrade. “Let us call the two fellow-workers partners, although that is not the proper name for them, seeing that the one fastens himself upon the other, who probably accepts outside help only for fear of a worse evil. The meeting, however, is absolutely peaceful. ‘The beetle owning the ball does not cease work for an instant at the arrival of his assistant, and the newcomer seems animated by the best intentions and sets to work on the spot. The way in which the two partners harness themselves differs. The owner occupies the chief position, the place of honour; he pushes behind the load, with his hind-legs in the air and his head down. The assistant is in the front, in the reserve position, head up, toothed arms on the ball, long hind-legs on the ground. Between the two, the ball rolls along, pushed before him by the first, dragged towards him by the second.” No one has described so well as Fabre the life and love of the dangerous Languedocian Scorpion. With his usual patient and ingenious experiments he lays bare for us the domestic life of these curious Pages. He reveals their home life, their canibalistic mating, and the production of young. Here are a few extracts relating to their mating habits :— “There are BE neaes poses of the highest originality. Front to front and a 66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 claws drawn back, two wrestlers assume the acrobat’s ‘ straight bend,’ that is to say, resting only on the fore-quarters, they raise the whole back of the body, so much so that the chest displays the four little lung-sacs uncovered. Then the tails, held vertically erect in a straight line, exchange mutual rubs, glide one over the other, while their extremities are hooked together and repeatedly fastened and unfastened. Suddenly, the friendly pyramid falls to pieces and each runs off hur- viedly, without ceremony.” Again: “Two scorpions face each other, with claws outstretched and fingers clasped. It is a question of a friendly grasp of the hand and not the prelude of a battle, for the two partners behave to each other in a most peaceful way. There is one of either sex. One is paunchy and browner than the other: that is the female; the other is comparatively slim and pale: that is the male. With their tails prettily curled, the couple stroll with measured steps along the pane. The male is ahead and walks backwards, without jolt or jerk, without any resistance to overcome. The female follows obediently, clasped by her finger-tips and face to face with her leader. . . . Often they tack about. It is always the male who decides which fresh direction the pair shall take. Without releasing her hands, he turns gracefully to the left or right about and places himself side by side with his companion. ‘Then, for a moment, — his tail laid flat, he strokes her spine. The other stands motionless, impassive.” And again: “The idyll of the evening is followed, during the night, by a hideous tragedy. Next morning, we find the scorpioness under the potsherd of the previous day. The little male is by her side, but slain and more or less devoured. He lacks the head, a claw, a pair of legs. I place the corpse in the open, on the threshold of the home. All day long the recluse does not touch it. When night returns she goes out, and, meeting the defunct on her passage, carries him off to a distance to give him a decent burial, that is to finish eating him.” Fabre bas furnished characteristic descriptions of several species of flies, published in “The Life of the Fly.” The following extracts are taken from his chapter on the Grey Flesh Flies :-— “Two flies of the genus Sarcophaga frequent my slaughter-yard: ‘Sarcophaga carnaria and Sarcophaga hemorrhoidalis, whose abdomen ends in a red speck. The first species, which is a little larger than the second, is more numerous, and does the best. part of the work in the open-air shambles of the pans. It is this fly, also, who, at intervals and nearly always alone, hastens to the bait exposed- on the window-sill. She comes up suddenly, timidly. Soon she calms herself and no longer thinks of fleeing when I draw near, for the dish suits her. She is sur- prisingly quick about her work. Twice over —— Buzz! Buzz!—the tip of her abdomen touches the meat; and the thing is done: a group of vermin wriggles out, releases itself and disperses so nimbly that I have no time to take my lens and count them accurately. As seen hy the naked eye, there were a dozen of them. What has become of them? One would think they had gone into the flesh, at the very spot where they were laid. so quickly have they disappeared. But that dive into a substance of some consistency is impossible to these new-born weaklings. Where are they? [I find them more or less over aete in the creases of the meat; singly, and already groping with their mouths.” “Let us first consider the grub. It is a sturdy maggot, easy to distinguish from the Greenbottle’s by its larger girth, and especially ts the way in which its body terminates behind. There is here a sudden hreaking-off, hollowed into a deep cup. At the hottom of this crater are two breathing-holes, two stigmata 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67 with amber-red tips. ‘The edge of the cavity is fringed with half a score of pointed, fleshy festoons, which diverge like the spikes of a coronet. The creature can close or open this diadem at will by bringing the denticulations together or by spreading them out wide. This protects the air-holes which might otherwise be choked up when the maggot disappears in the sea of broth. Asphyxia would super- vene, if the two breathing-holes at the back hecame obstructed. During the im- mersion, the festooned coronet shuts like a flower, closing its petals and the liquid is not admitted to the cavity.” “Enclosed in her pupa, the nascent fly begins by bursting the lid of her casket with a hernia which comes beween her two eyes and doubles or trebles the size of her head. This cephalic biister throbs: it swells and subsides by turns. owing to the alternate flux and reflux of the blood. It is like the piston of an hydraulic press opening and forcing back the front part of the keg. “The head makes its appearance. The hydrocephalous monster continues the play of her forehead, while herself remaining stationary. Inside the pupa a deli- cate work is being performed: the casting of the white nymphal tunic. All through this operation, the hernia is still projecting. The head is not the head of a fly. but a queer, enormous mitre, spreading at the base into two red skull-caps, which are the eyes. To split her cranium in the middle. siunt the two halves to the right and left, and send surging through the gap a tumour which staves the barrel with its pressure: this constitutes the fly’s eccentric method. “For what reason does the hernia, once the keg is staved, continue swollen and projecting? I take it to be a waste pocket into which the insect momentarily forces back its reserves of blood in order to diminish the bulk of the body to that extent and to extract it more easily from the nymphal slough and afterwards from the narrow channel of the shell. As long as the operation of the release lasts, it pushes outside all that it is able to inject of its accumulated humours; it makes itself small inside the pupa and swells into a bloated deformity without. Two hours and more are spent ir this laborious stripping. “At last the fly comes into view. The wings, mere scanty stumps, hardly reach the middle of the abdomen. On the outer edge they have a deep notch, similar to the waist of a violin. This diminishes by just so much the surface and the length, an excellent device for decreasing the friction along the earthy column which has next to be sealed. The hydrocephalous one resumes her performance more vigorously than ever; she inflates and deflates her frontal knob. The pounded sand rustles down the insect’s sides. The legs play but a secondary part. Stretched behind, motionless, when the piston-stroke is delivered, they furnish a support. As the sand descends they pile it and nimbly push it back, after which they drag along lifelessly until the next avalanche. T'he head advances each time by a length equal to that of the sand displaced. Each stroke of the frontal swelling means a step forward. In a dry, loose soil, things go pretty fast. A column six inches high is traversed in less than a quarter of an hour. . “As soon as it reaches the surface the insect, covered. with dust, proceeds to make its toilet. It thrusts cut the blister of its forehead for the last time, and brushes it carefully with its front tarsi. It is important that the little pounding- engine should be carefully dusted before it is taken inside to form a forehead that will open no more: this lest any grit should lodge in the head. ‘The wings are earefully brushed and polished: ihey lose their curved notches; they lengthen and spread. Then, motionless on the surface of the sand. the fly matures fully.” I could give many more passages from Fabre’s delightful “Souvenirs Ento- an 4 a eS er \ eo 68 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 mologiques,” all showing a master living close to Nature and with infinite patience unravelling insect secrets which have heretofore escaped less careful observers, but it is far better to read the full descriptions as he gives them. ‘To me the perusal of these volumes revealed a great, if not the greatest, observer of the last two genera- tions. Nores. Darwin makes reference in the “Origin of Species” on three occasions to Fabre, who is termed “that inimitable observer”: Chapter 4, page 108, Part L.; Chapter 8, page 336, Part I.; and Chapter 14, page 252, Part II. A year or two ago, when it became known that Fabre was in meagre circum- stances, if not in want, many noted scientific men and readers of his works were prepared to heip him. He wrote: “I am poor, it is true, but I am also happy; a modest shelter, frugal food, perhaps a glass of the wine of the country or a pipe, and the delight of a Provencal garden where I can observe my beloved insects— what more could an old man whe loves nature want. Thank you, but NO!” SELECTIONS FROM “ SOUVENIRS ENTOMOLOGIQUES,” AVAILABLE TO ENGLISH READERS. Published by “social: Life: inthe: Insect World?) 2..- wns. seein steer tae te Sheer ave Movers The Century Co. “The Life and Love of the Tnsect). ceca < cide etsroens sueisvelelcy- i heropmeleretetetaie ec A. & C. Black. SMEG AVAL Cl: ISG Co maoiny phate er iin ta Siete Soke Dae paste hehe tera aR a oa Ae Dodd, Mead & Co. THE 1914 OUTBREAK OF THE ARMY WORM IN CANADA.* ARTHUR Gipson, CHIEF Assistant ENTOMOLOGIST, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Orrawa. Farmers in many parts of Canada, particularly in the south-western portions of the Province of Ontario, will long remember the devastating hordes of the cutworm-like caterpillars of the ARrmMy-worM, Cirphus (Leucania) unipuncta, which appeared in their fields in the latter half of July and the first part of August of the present year. The outbreak was very similar to that which oceurred in Ontario in the year 1896, when 39 counties and 118 townships were infested. In the same Province, during the present year, 42 counties and districts reported Army-worms, 234 townships being infested. In many of these, however, the infestation was light, and at such points apparently little damage ‘was done. Fig. 9.—Army-worms in trench, Carp, Ont., July 21, 1914. This trench should have been deeper (Original). . Fortunately, too, the caterpillars appeared at a time when many fields of grain, such as oats and barley, were approaching maturity, owing largely to the dry season which forced the growth. In Ontario, the following counties and districts were infested: Essex, Kent, Lambton, Elgin, Middlesex, Huron, Bruce, Perth, Norfolk, Oxford, Waterloo, Wellington, Grey, Dufferin, Simcoe, Peel, Halton, Wentworth, Brant, Haldimand, Welland, Lincoln, York, Ontario, Durham, Victoria, Northumberland, Peter- borough, Muskoka, Parry Sound, Nipissing, Algoma, Manitoulin, Hastings, Prince Edward, Lennox, Renfrew, Lanark, Leeds, Grenville, Carleton and Temiskaming. The Ontario outbreak of the Army-worm was investigated chiefly by Mr. H. F. Hudson, Field Officer of the Branch, who conducted a vigorous campaign in Brant and Oxford counties where much of the chief damage took place. Mr. Hudson worked jointly with Mr. A. W. Baker, of the Ontario Agricultural College, and the various Ontario District Agricultural Representatives, and for such co- operation the Entomological Branch of the Dominion Department of Agriculture is grateful. *This is discussed in full in a bulletin on the Army-worm soon to be issued by the Entomological Branch of the Dominion Department of Agriculture. 1915 . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. %3 + In Quebec Province the following counties were infested: Pontiac, Wright, Richelieu, Quebec, Portneuf and Champlain. In New Brunswick these counties were infested: Kings, Queens, Sunbury, York, St. John, and Albert. In Nova Scotia: Yarmouth, Digby, Queens, Annapolis, Kings, Hants, Lunen- burg, Halifax, Colchester, Cumberland, Pictou, Antigonish, Guysboro, Cape Breton and Inverness. In the western provinces no injury which we could trace to the Army-worm occurred. In several instances reports of injury were received, but upon investiga- tion the insect was found to be the Sugar Beet Webworm (Lozostege sticticalis). Fig. 10—Individual corn plant, showing Fig. 11—Army-worms in trench, near Kin complete defoliation by army-worm, burn, Ont., July 1914 (Original). Kinburn, Ont., July, 1914 (Original). In Manitoba the moths of the Army-worm were present in numbers in the earlier part of August, which would indicate that caterpillars were numerous in some localities. No injury, however, was reported. The crops attacked were oats, barley, corn, hay, spring wheat, alfalfa, clover, peas, mangolds, beets, turnips and millet. The chief damage was done to oats and to pasture lands. In Ontario in the counties of Oxford, Brant and Elgin, where the Army-worms were most abundant, whole fields of oats, corn, and barley were devastated. It is difficult to estimate the loss caused by the Army-worm during the past summer, but undoubtedly, all things being considered, such as destruction of crops, 6 ES. 74 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 loss of time caused in fighting the pest, with consequent neglect of other important work at such time, cost of extra labor, Paris green, etc., and threatened ‘shortage of food, in some instances necessitating the sale of live stock, the total loss in the Province of Ontario alone will exceed at least a quarter of a million dollars. In Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick probably fifty thousand dollars would be a conservative estimate of the loss to crops. At the request of the Entomological Branch, the Census and Statistics Office issued a special inquiry to its crop correspondents in Ontario regarding the occurrence of the Army-worm, and this has been of great assistance in the deter- mination of the extent of the infestation and the approximate amount of damage effected. Farmers will be interested to know that no caterpillars of the over- wintering brood of the Army-worm have been detected, even in the districts Fig. 12—Corn field devastated by army-worm, Kinburn, Qnt., July 21, 1914 (Original). worst infested. Special searches have been made for these without success. The injurious brood of larve were heavily parasitized, particularly by the Tachinid fly, Winthemia, and in addition a bacterial disease destroyed great numbers. Predaceous beetles were also found feeding on them. The above brief statement will indicate the serious nature of the Army- worm outbreak of 1914. The outbreak was, I think, the most serious of any of which we have definite knowledge. The chief infestation, as above stated, occurred in Ontario, but I shall not say anything further of that outbreak here, as Mr. Baker is discussing it in his paper which treats of his investigation in that Province. A full discussion of the subject will, however, be included in a bulletin which I am preparing, and which we hope to publish shortly. The Army-worm when full grown is about an inch and a half long. It is a brown or blackish, smooth SS iiee with three conspicuous yellowish or pale coloured stripes above, one down the middle and the others on either side of the’ back. These latter are bordered above with a narrow band of black. On each side are three conspicuous wide bands, the central one being blackish and the ss . 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. %5 upper and lower ones of a yellowish colour, more or less flushed with red. There ~ are two annual broods in Canada, the moths appearing in June and again in August and September. Those which emerge in late summer lay eggs which hatch in about ten to twelve days. The young caterpillars winter in a partially grown condition beneath tufts of grass and other low herbage, and in the spring complete their growth feeding chiefly on grasses. In June moths from these caterpillars appear and lay eggs, producing another brood of caterpillars, and this brood, which is present in July and early August, is the one which in almost every instance has injured crops in Canada. The chief method of fighting Army-worms is io plough furrows as deeply as possible, or dig trenches in advance of the caterpillars’ line of march. These trenches should be at least ten inches deep, and along in them post holes at least one foot deep—two feet are better—should be dug every fifteen feet. The side of the trench nearest the crop to be protected should be straight, trimmed, if necessary, with a spade. In this year’s outbreak, in clay land, it was found advisable, before the soil became dry, to rake lightly with a garden rake the vertical side. The soil as it dried became crumbly and fell off with the Army- worms which attempted to climb up. Such raking is important, otherwise the soil becomes baked like cement and the worms will crawl up it easily. When the Army-worms reach the furrow or trench they are blocked by the straight side and at once change their course, wandering along in the trench until they reach a post hole into which they fall. When thus trapped they are easily destroyed by pouring coal oil into the hole, or by crushing them by means of the blunt end of a post. Other methods of control will be given in our Departmental publication. THE Present: Mr. Baker is to give us an account of the outbreak of the Army-worm in Ontario, and for that reason I am going to defer the discussion on both these papers until after Mr. Baker’s paper. Mr. Gibson pointed out, and I should like to point out also, that so far as our work in Ontario was concerned, it was largely of a co-operative nature with the Provincial Department of Agri- culture, and Mr. Baker was responsible for as much of the work that Mr. Gibson has described in his paper as our officer, Mr. Hudson at the Laboratory at Strathroy, Ont. The work was carried on in the entirely co-operative manner in _which we wish to have all such-work carried on. THE ARMY WORM IN ONTARIO IN 1914. By A. W. Baker, 0.A.C., GUELPH. 4 On Tuesday, July 14th, word was received from the Provincial Deputy Minister of Agriculture that an outbreak of Army Worms was taking place in Burford Township of Brant County. On July 15th, Army Worms were found in nimbers at Guelph and reports of occurrences then came in rapidly from various parts of the Province. The writer left for Burford Village immediately - on the arrival of the report from that district, and found the infestation very heavy. A visit, in company with Mr. J. E. Brethour, who rendered much assis- tance during the outbreak in Brant County, was at once made to Mr. W. H. Milmine, Reeve of Burford Township and Warden of Brant County. A meeting | of the township council was called for Wednesday afternoon. This meeting was ce 76 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 3 addressed by the writer, and the Reeve then issued a proclamation calling on the farmers of the township to aid in the fight and authorizing expenditure on the part of the township where necessary. On Wednesday, Mr. H. F. Hudson of the Dominion Entomological Branch arrived at Burford, and the remainder of the week was spent with him in a farm to farm visit of infested districts in Brant and Oxford Counties outlining control measures to the farmers and assist- Fig. 13.—The army-worm, Heliophila (Leucania) wunipuncta, Haworth. Fig. 14.—Parasites of the army-worm. Red-tailed Tachina-fly. a. Ichneumon canadensis, Cress; b. Paniscus geminatus, Say; ec. Ichneumon sp.; d. Win- themia 4-pustulata, Fabr. a, Adult; b. Pupae; c. Larva, showing eggs of ing them in the fight where necessary. Visits were then made to infested dis- tricts in various other counties by the writer and other members of the staff of the College. A press bulletin was also issued by the Department of Entomology, Ontario Agricultural College, describing the pest and outlining con- trol measures. The infestation in Brant County was very heavy, due to the large areas of admirable breeding grounds provided by the bottom lands of the various large ioe : 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 7 ereeks running through the county. The loss in Brant was accordingly severe but the outbreak was brought under control, and the damage confined largely to restricted areas by the thorough and willing work of the farmers. In many eases men not threatened with attack came considerable distances to aid those attacked, and iin instances gangs of eighteen or twenty men with half a dozen teams were busy trenching around infested areas. Where the men of a district co-operated in this way the damage was usually restricted to small areas. Disrrreution WirHIN THE PRovINCE. The Army Worm occurred practically throughout the whole Province. The following is a list of the infested counties or districts and townships. The extent of occurrence and injury has been summed up from reports by the District Representatives of the Department of Agriculture, from various private reports sent in to the Department of Entomology of the Ontario Agricultural College, and from personal observation. The writer is indebted to Mr. Arthur Gibson of the Dominion Entomological Branch for records of occurrence in townships not other- wise reported. Essex County. General in distribution throughout the county, but serious damage only in three or four districts. Greatest injury to oats, but because of heavy crop county yield probably about normal. Reported from the following townships: Anderdon, Colchester North, Colchester South, Gosfield North, Mersea, Malden, Pelee, Rochester, Sandwich South. Kent County. General in distribution, but serious damage confined to small areas. Reported from following townships: Camden, Chatham, Dover, Harwich, Howard, Romney, Tilbury East, Zone. Lambton County. Extensive in distribution. Greatest injury to oats. Over half crop destroyed on forty or fifty acres, less than half on 1,000-2,000 acres. Also light infestation in various small areas. Reported from following town- ships: Brooke, Dawn, Enniskillen, Moore, Plympton, Sarnia. Elgin County. General in distribution. Greatest injury to oats. Serious loss only in a few small districts. Reported from following townships: Aldborough, Bayham, Dorchester South, Dunwich, Malahide, Southwold, Yarmouth. Middlesex County. General in distribution. Most extensive outbreak in Nissouri township and here greatest damage to pasture. Outbreaks on individual farms in other townships with chief damage to oats. Reported from following townships: Biddulph, Caradoc, Delaware, Dorchester, Ekfrid, London, Mosa, Nissouri West, Westminster. Huron County. General in distribution. Serious damage restricted to small areas. Reported from following townships: Ashfield, Colborne, Grey, Hay, Mc- Killop, Morris, Tuckersmith, Usborne, Wawanosh. Bruce County. General in distribution. Damage not serious. Only two fields completely destroyed. Reported from following townships: Amabel, Alber- marle, Arran, Brant, ‘Carrick, Culross, Eastnor, Elderslie, Greenock, Huron, Saugeen. Perth County. Extensive occurrence only on one farm: chief damage to pasture. Reported from following townships: Blanshard, Downie, Ellice. Norfolk County. General in distribution and extensive damage especially in northern part of county. Reported from following townships: Charlotteville, Middleton, Townsend, Walsingham, Windham, Woodhouse. Fig. 16.—View of a trench showing army-worms in bottom (a), and collected in post hole (bd). (78) Fig. 17—A poorly-constructed trench. Note the loose, uneven wall up which the worms are readily passing. Fig. 18.—Oat sheaves, showing injury by army-worms to heads before grain was cut. [79] 80 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Oaford County. General in distribution. Extensive injury in four large areas and numerous small ones. Great damage, especially to pasture. Reported from following townships: Blandford, Blenheim, Dereham, Nissouri East, Norwich North, Oxford East, Oxford North, Oxford West, Zorra East, Zorra West. Waterloo County. Serious damage only in few areas. 2,000 acres largest area. Reported from following townships: North Dumfries, Waterloo, Wilmot, Woolwich. : Wellington County. General in distribution. Injury only in small areas. Greatest damage to oats. Reported from following townships; Eramosa, Guelph, Nichol, Puslinch, West Garafraxa, West Luther. Grey County. General in distribution, but damage comparatively slight. Reported from following townships: Derby, Egremont, Glenelg, Keppel, Proton, Sullivan, Sydenham. Dufferin County. Limited in distribution. Areas of infestation small. Re- ported from following townships: Amaranth, Hast Garafraxa, Melancthon. Simcoe County. General in distribution. Greatest injury to late oats and corn. Damage to other crops not over 10 per cent. in infested areas. Reported from following townships: Flos, Innisfil, Orillia, Sunnidale, Tecumseh, Tiny, Vespra. F Peel County. Most serious in Toronto Gore township. Greatest damage to oats. Reported from following townships: Chinguacousy, Toronto, Toronto Gore. Halton County. General in distribution, but chief damage in a few limited areas. Reported from following townships: Nelson and Trafalgar. Wentworth County. General in distribution. Damage not extensive. Most serious in pastures. Reported from following townships: Ancaster, Barton, Beverly, Binbrooke, Flamboro East, Flamboro West, Glanford, Saltfleet. Brant County. General in distribution. Infestation over large areas. Greatest loss to pastures, but also extensive damage to timothy, oats and corn. Reported from following townships: Brantford, Burford, Dumfries South, Oak- land, Onondaga, Tuscarora. Haldimand County. General in distribution. Infested areas small. Greatest injury to green oats. Reported from following townships: Cayuga North, Dunn, Moulton, Oneida, Rainham, Seneca, Walpole. Welland County. General in southern half of county. Serious only in a few small areas. Reported from following townships: Bertie, Humberstone, Stam- ford, Thorold, Wainfleet. Lincoln County. Limited in distribution. Damage not extensive. Reported from following townships: Grantham and Niagara. York County. General in distribution. Damage extensive over considerable areas. Reported from following townships: East Gwillimbury, King, Markham, Scarboro, Vaughan, Whitchurch. Ontario County. General in distribution. Considerable damage to grain crops and loss in pasture extensive. Reported from following townships: Mara, Pickering, Reach, Thorah, Uxbridge, Whitby. Durham County. Limited to a few small areas. Damage slight. Reported from following townships: Clarke, Darlington and Hope. Victoria County. General in distribution. Present on most of farms of county but damage slight on most. Reported from following townships: Eldon, Emily, Fenelon, Laxton, Mariposa, Orps, Verulam. : Northumberland County. General in distribution. Damage not extensive. 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81 Corn and oats attacked but chief injury to pasture. Reported from following townships: Brighton, Haldimand, Hamilton, Murray, Seymour. Peterboro County. General in distribution. Damage not extensive over large areas. Reported from following townships: Dummer, Galway, Otonabee, Smith. Muskoka District. Extensive in distribution. Damage considerable over large areas. Injury to timothy, oats and corn. Reported from following town- ships: Chaffey, Draper, Macaulay, Monck, Stisted. Parry Sound District. Extensive in distribution. Damage over considerable areas. Reported from following townships: Armour, Hagerman, Himsworth, MeMurrich, Ryerson. Nipissing District. Chief occurrence in small isolated areas. Damage not extensive. Reported from following townships: Chisholm, Glackmeyer, Lamarche, Maisonville, Papineau, Springer. Temiskaming District. Distribution general wherever much clearing. Damage not extensive. Reported from following townships: Armstrong, Dack, Dymond, Evanturel, Harley, Hilliard, Henwood, Hudson, Ingram, Kerns, Marter, Whitney. Algoma District. Most extensive occurrence, over 500 acres in Bar River settlement. Also in neighbourhood of Sault Ste. Marie. Injury to timothy- Reported from following townships: Korah, Laird, Macdonald, Tarentorus. Manitoulin District. TOnjury only in three localities. Chief damage on 100 acres in Carnarvon township. Reported from following townships: Assignack, Barrie Island, Carnarvon. Hastings County. General in distribution. Chief injury to new seeding. Little done towards control. Reported from following townships: Madoc, Rawdon, Sidney, Thurlow, Tyendinaga. Prince Edward County. General in distribution. Damage extensive, espe- cially to pasture and corn. Reported from following townships; Ameliasburg, Athol, Hallowell, Hillier, Marysburg, Sophiasburg. - Lennox County. General in distribution. Damage extensive, especially to corn. Reported from following townships: Adolphustown, Ernesttown, Fredericks- burg North, Fredericksburg South, Kaladar, Richmond. Renfrew County. Chief occurrence in south-western part of county. Con- siderable damage in small areas. Greatest injury to barley. Reported from following townships: Admaston, Alice, Bromley, Horton, Ross, Westmeath. Leeds County. No appreciable damage. Reported in small numbers in one locality of the township of Lansdowne. Grenville County. No appreciable damage. Reported in small numbers in one locality of the township of Edwardsburg. Lanark County. Occurrence only in two small areas. ‘Chief damage to pas- ture. Reported from following townships: Pakenham and Sherbrooke South. Carleton County. Occurrence only in northern part of county. Chief damage to oats. Reported from following townships: Fitzroy, Huntley, Torbolton. The above records of distribution refer only to areas where Army Worms were present in sufficient numbers to do any real or appreciable damage. An examina- tion of the appended map will show that the pest was general in distribution throughout Old Ontario with the exception of the counties in the eastern peninsula. The most northerly record was near Cochrane in Glackmeyer township of Nipis- sing district, and the most westerly in the neighbourhood of Sault Ste. Marie, Algoma District. _ 82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Previous OUTBREAKS. In the annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, for 1896, Professor J. Hoyes Panton gives details of an extensive outbreak of Army Worms during that season. He also mentions that the Army Worm was reported as present in Eldon Township, Victoria County in 1833, common in many places throughout the Province in 1861, and doing considerable damage in the counties of Lambton and Victoria in July, 1894. The 1896 outbreak was extremely extensive. An examination of Prof. Panton’s map will show the distribution. As would be expected he has no records of occurrence in New Ontario. A comparison of the 1896 and 1914 outbreaks in Old Ontario shows a striking similarity of distribution. A notable exception is Brant ‘County. There is no record of occurrence in Brant County in 1896, whereas in 1914 it was the seat of the heaviest infestation. Since Brant County contains large areas of admirable breeding grounds, this apparent non-occurrence in 1896 is difficult of explanation. In 1896 the Army Worm was reported from 39 counties and 118 townships; in 1914 from 42 counties or districts and 234 townships. Foop PLANtTs. The following are the cultivated plants on which the-larve fed during 1914, arranged in order of preference: pasture grasses, timothy, oats, corn, millet, barley, wheat and rye. The greatest part of the feeding was on these grasses and cereals. Beets and mangels were largely free from attack; so also were potatoes, tomatoes and buckwheat. The various legumes were also practically exempt. In some cases the white clover in a pasture field was eaten to a limited extent, but not till after the grasses were entirely devoured. The writer examined numerous pea and bean fields in which the worms were present in large numbers, but in none did he see any signs of injury to the crop. Numerous weeds and wild plants were devoured with varying degrees of avidity. No feeding on the foliage of trees was noticed, although the larve were observed at considerable heights on trunk and branches. Frepine Hapits. During bright weather the worms lay inactive to a great extent during the heat of the day, taking refuge beneath sods, loose sticks, stones, etc. At about four o’clock in the afternoon they became active, and where they were present in large numbers, moved off to new feeding grounds. Feeding-appeared to take place largely during the late afternoon and evening—but during dull weather the worms fed all day in numbers. The manner of feeding varied considerably with different plants. In pastures the worms devoured all the green grass, leaving only the dead grass from the previous year, so that the ground appeared bare and brown. In timothy fields the leaves and heads were eaten, only the bare stalks remaining, so that in badly infested fields the crop was-practically a complete failure. Although the leaves of oat plants were eaten to a considerable extent, much of the feeding seemed to be in the head, in the course of which the grain was cut off, so that the yield was often greatly reduced even though the infestation might not be very heavy. F 1915 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83 On mature corn the chief feeding was in the heart of the plant where the larve lay concealed. Where the corn was badly attacked when still young, it was stripped to the ground. In the few fields of millet which came to the notice of the writer the entire plants were devoured, so that no vestige of the crop remained in the field. In most fields of barley the worms confined their feeding to the awns, though there was some feeding on the leaves and some injury through gnawing off the grain. Wheat and rye were both so far advanced that there was little feeding upon them, though some loss was occasioned through the larve gnawing off the grain from the heads. Loss TO THE PROVINCE THROUGH THE 1914 OUTBREAK. The loss occasioned through the feeding of the Army Worm is extremely difficult to determine. Mr. Arthur Gibson, of the Dominion Entomological Branch has estimated it at not less than a quarter of a million dollars in Ontario. In the opinion of the writer this estimate is not at all high. Estimates have been received from many of the District Representatives of the Ontario Depart- ment of Agriculture. These have all been based on injury to grain crops. A great part of the loss to the Province, however, was through the destruction of pastures and this is very difficult of estimation. Considerable loss also resulted indirectly from the loss of pastures. Men were forced to sell beef cattle at a sacrifice because of loss of pasture, and in some cases deterioration of the cattle themselves through lack of food resulted. Many dairy farmers experienced a decrease in the milk output as a result of loss of pasture, and some were even forced to sell milch cows. Considerable loss resulted from destruction of new seeding in many parts of the Province. The loss to grain crops and timothy was, of course, very great, and if we were to add to this the direct and indirect losses through destruction of pasture and expense of time and materials used during the campaign against the pest, we would find Mr. Gibson’s estimate of a quarter of a million dollars not at all excessive. Notes on Lire History. Mr. Gibson has discussed the life history of the Army Worm in his paper, | so it is not the writer’s intention to say anything on the detailed life history here. A few general points, however, may be of interest. One is the length of time from the first appearance of the first brood of larve till its last appearance July 15th to August 15th—at Guelph, showing that egg laying must have gone on over a considerable period of time. ‘The first brood seems on the whole to have been later than in the outbreak in 1896. Egg laying in most cases was apparently on rank grasses in low grounds, but several instances were found where egg laying had clearly been on high ground. No egg masses were found in the fall in the field and only two small imperfect egg masses were obtained in the insectary from reared specimens. No individuals of the second or fall brood were found nor were any reared in the insectary. Several reports of the occurrence of a fall brood were received, but all proved unfounded. Cannibalism was exhibited by starved larve in captivity as has been recorded by various writers. ContTRoL MEASURES. 1. TrencHES. Where the worms were moving from one area to another they were stopped by trenches placed across their line of march. Except under ideal 84 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 conditions a furrow run with a plow did not prove effective, it-being found that the trench must at least be finished out by hand with a spade. After seeing trenches in various soils it was decided that a trench, to give satisfactory results, should be as follows: 15 inches to 18 inches in depth, with a clean straight side toward the direction in which the worms are going. This side may even be cut under if time will permit. The loose soil removed should be placed as a crown along this wall. In a heavy wet soil, as clay or muck, it will be found advisable to rake the surface of the straight side lightly with a garden rake before drying, otherwise the soil in baking will provide a hard continuous surface, up which the worms will readily travel. This raking should be repeated after a rain. The depth of the trench depends directly on the character of the soil and crop. In a clean sandy soil with a shallow rooted crop the trench need be only comparatively shallow. In a clay or gravel soil or one with a deep rooted crop the trench should be much deeper. At intervals of fifteen feet in the bottom of the trench post holes a foot in depth should be dug. When the worms are unable to pass up the wall of the trench they will travel lengthwise and collect in the post holes where they may be crushed with a post. During 1914, many persons attempted to Inll the worms in the trenches by burning straw over them. The objection to this lies in the fact that the straws which are not burned may provide bridges out of or across the trench over which the Army Worms will pass in hundreds. Where only part of a field is attacked and the remainder is to be protected by trenching, it wiil be found advisable to cut a swath through the grain and rake this off before the trench is dug. This is necessary to insure a clean trench, and a clean trench is essential. Where trenches were properly constructed excellent results were obtained, the worms being readily restricted to certain areas. 2. PorsoneD Bran MasH. Where Army Worms were already present in a field and the trenches were of no value, poisoned bran mash scattered over the field gave excellent results. When tested even on areas of comparatively light infestation it gave high death counts, and in a number of districts injury to grain crops and corn was largely prevented through the timely use of the poisoned mash. The poisoned mash which gave the best results is prepared and used as follows: Formula: BEAD eg cpc ais See See allele Celene TI or erie 20 lbs. Paris Greemiin ss ct niciciose oh meseele icin ieleredicite rears eae 1 Ib. FIO@MONS NOT OTAN LES Hr ai. ai etoere.c ates ence pata eye omterer= 2. Or 3. fmiits, Water <.6.:ce> 7a grains are fat Shera Rare cane ae ae Nene Ter aes ee ea ehrere About 2 gals. Mix the bran and paris green in a tub, dry, add the molasses to the water, squeeze the juice of lemons or oranges into liquid, run the rind and pulp through a meat chopper and throw this into the liquid, then pour the liquid on the poisoned bran and mix thoroughly till all is like sawdust—not sloppy. Scatter this in the evening by hand very thinly over the infested field as if sowing grass seed. The above amount should be sufficient for at least three acres. 3. SPRAYING WITH Parts GREEN oR ARSENATE oF Leap. In the past the use of a poison spray has been rather widely recommended for the Army Worm. The plan has been to spray a belt of foliage in advance of the worms. The writer had the opportunity of witnessing the results of the use of such a spray at various strengths. In some cases as much as 4 lbs. of paris green, or 6 Ibs. of arsenate of lead to 100 gals. of water was used in conjunction with 4 lbs. 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85 of soap as a sticker. At no strength and under no conditions which came to the writer’s notice did the spray give even fair results. It was looked on in most places as a decided failure. The difficulty appeared to lie in the fact that where the worms were coming in large numbers they would pass through even a very wide poison belt without stopping to feed. 4, Limn, Saur or Woop-AsH Barriers. Reference has been made at various times to the use of barriers of lime, common salt, wood-ashes, etc., placed across the line of march of the worms. ‘The writer saw barriers of these various materials used in individual cases and none of them proved of any value in checking the advance of the worms, unless the barrier was so high that it proved a mechanical obstacle. 5. Lanp Rotters. In several instances which came under the writer’s notice land rollers were used with good effect where the worms were crossing a level piece of road. The rollers, of course, were kept going constantly so that the worms were crushed as they came out of one field and before they were able to reach the other. Good results were obtained with a roller, however, only when the ground was very level. 6. BrusH Drags. A correspondent has informed, the writer that during the 1896 outbreak heavy brush drags were used on pasture fields with good results. Unfortunately, this information arrived too late to test on the 1914 outbreak, but the writer sees no reason why a heavy brush drag would not give good results where the worms were present in a level pasture field or roadside. SUGGESTIONS FOR ConTROL or FururE OUTBREAKS. From a summary of the above results one is led to conclude that any future outbreak of Army Worms can be handled successfully by: 1. The use of trenches where the worms are to be confined to a certain area. 2. The use of the poisoned bran mash where they are already scattered. through a crop. 3. The use of land rollers and \brush drags where conditions render practicable. PREDACEOUS* ENEMIES, Various predaceous enemies did much to control the Army Worms in some localities. 1. Domestic Anrmats. Pigs, chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese and pigeons were all seen to feed to engorgement on the larve. In one or two instances the worms were certainly kept down over small areas by the feeding of pigs and poultry. 2. INsEcTIVoRous Birps. Various species of birds fed in considerable num- bers on the larve. 3. PRrEDAcEOous INsEcts. Various species of large ground beetles, such as Calosoma calidum, Fab., C. scrutator, Fab., and Harpalus caliginosus, Fab., as well as many smaller species were observed feeding on the larve in large numbers. PARASITES. ¢ The larve were heavily parasitized by insects during 1914, and this extensive oceurrence of parasites had doubtless much tto do with ‘the rapid reduction in numbers of the first brood. 86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The material from which the parasites given below were reared was all collected at Guelph. Accordingly ‘the distribution throughout the Province of most of the species is unknown to the writer. The “Red-tailed Tachina-fly,” Winthemia 4-pustulata, Fab., and Apanteles militaris, Walsh, were general in distribution and numerous in all the counties visited. The following are the species of parasites reared from the Army Worm at Guelph during 1914. Tachinide. 1. Phorocera (Huphorocera) claripennis, Macq. Reared one specimen at Guelph. 2. Wagneria (Phoricheta) sequax, Will. Reared one specimen at Guelph. 3. Winthemia 4-pustulata, Fab. Reared in large numbers at Guelph, and generally distributed throughout ‘the Province, farmers in all parts being familiar with ithe white eggs deposited on the thorax of the caterpillar immediately behind the head. The adults were first observed egg-laying on July 16th in Burford Township of Brant County, and on July 17th at Guelph. Early in the season only one or two eggs were laid on a single Army Worm, but as the season advanced and the Tachina-flies increased in number, the mumber of eggs per larva also increased. The largest mumber of eggs found ion one larva was 38. It was noted that late in the season when the number of eggs per larva was large the percentage of eggs hatching was smaller than earlier in the season when the number of eggs per larva was smaller. Winthemia larve were observed ‘to pupate within the body of the host as well as without, but those which came out to pupate emerged earlier than those which remained within the body of the host. Parasitized Army Worms which were killed by poisoned bran mash on July 22nd still contained living Tachinid larve on July 24th. One of these Army Worms was opened on this date and five Tachinid larve were found. Four of these were retained for examination, but one was placed back in the body of the dead Army Worm. This larva lived. It pupated on July 26th and the adult emerged om August 8th. Individuals of this species were reared through as follows: Woon elai dence satele seeiesiects Aug. 8th giant ; pose hatehede esters ete Aug. 12th Inet on pe ee Larve pupated .......... Aug. 16th Larval period 4 days. Adults emerged ......... Aug. 29th Pupal period 13 days. In this case out of six eggs laid on the Army Worm four adults were obtained. Ichneumonide. 1. Ichneumon canadensis, Cress. eared in considerable mumbers and ob- served commonly during 1914 outbreak in the fields at Guelph. 2. Ichnewmon jucundus, Brulle. Reared in considerable numbers and ob- served commonly at Guelph. 3. Ichneumon, sp. This is a yellow banded form which has not yet been satisfactorily identified to species. It was the most common Ichneumon parasite at Guelph, being present in the infested fields in large numbers. 4. Paniscus geminatus, Say. Reared in numbers and numerous specimens captured on the wing. 5. Mesochorus vitreus, Walsh. Reared in numbers at Guelph. Walsh origin- ally described this as a primary parasite of the Army Worm but Riley later stated that it was a parasite on Microgasters. In this case it was probably parasitic on Apanteles. : F 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87 Braconidae. : 1. Apanteles militaris, Walsh. Present in large numbers at Guelph and apparently general throughout the Province. The cocoons of this species are placed in a loose white mass. These cocoon-masses were found in almost every infested area and were often mistaken by farmers for the eggs of the Army Worm. As many as 28 Braconid larve were dissected from one Army Worm. 2. Apanteles, sp. This species, which has not yet been identified, differs from A. militaris in that it has an elongate compact sulphury cocoon-mass. It was frequent at Guelph and in various other parts of the Province. 3. Meteorus communis, Cress. One specimen reared at Guelph. s Chalcidide. Eupteromalus sp. eared in large numbers at Guelph from Army Worm larve and pupe. As many as 74 Chalcid pupe were dissected from one Army Worm pupa.. In additiion to the above insect parasites the Army Worms were attacked by a bacterial disease. The identification of Tachinide parasitic on the Army Worm were made for the writer by Mr. J. D. Tothill, of the Entomological Branch of the Dominion Department of Agriculture. The Hymenopterous parasites listed were deter- mined by Mr. A. B. Gahan, ‘of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. * The writer is indebted to Mr. J. P. Henderson, of Toronto, for numerous photographs of the outbreak in Brant County, some of which are reproduced. The laboratory and insectary work in connection with the study of the Army Worm and parasites was carried on lby Messrs. A. R. Burrows and R. 8. Hartley, student-assistants ‘of the Department of Entomology, Ontario Agri- cultural College. Pror. Dnarness: I saw the worms in Brant County in 1896. Mr. Baxer: Brant County has a number of large creeks running through- out the county, and large areas of flat lands stretching on each side of these which provide excellent breeding grounds. In many cases the roads would be black with them passing up from the flat areas to the crops. I can hardly credit the report of Prof. Panton that in 1896 when there was a severe outbreak, Brant and Oxford Counties should be free. Pror. Cansar: For fear that it should be overlooked, I want to refer to a letter sent me by Prof. Dean of Kansas in connection with the army worm. I have had some correspondence with him on two or three things, and he made some reference to the army worm in that correspondence. He said he had found the new remedy for the grasshoppers so effective in preliminary tests that he recommended to the various counties in his section of Kansas that they set apart a day for army worm control and that they call it “army worm day” just as they had done in previous years for the grasshoppers. Their outbreak was in the spring of the year. Asa result of this remedy—the sweetened poison bran—he said that one day’s treatment resulted in complete control of the army worm all over the counties that used the remedy. I think that is very valuable. No doubt he will publish a paper on’ that subject, and we shall have fuller details sometime early in the spring. THE ‘SEcrETARY: Could you let us know how much they used there. Pror. Caxrsar: I cannot give you the details of it. I intended to write to him for I was especially interested in the control of the army worm in corn fields. Those 88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 of you who have observed the work of the army worm in such fields find that in the day time the worms are in the sheath concealed by the foliage, and the question arises, can a poison bran destroy the pest in the corn under those conditions. Per- sonally I did very little work with the army worm. I made the test of the poisoned bran incidentally, and had to go away at.once. The report when I came back was very favourable, we were not able to see it tested out in the grain fields. There were 270 killed to one yard im our test. That was where it was thrown over a field just like you would for the grasshoppers—five pounds to about 4 acres. THE PrestDeNT: We are very pleased to have with us Mr. Vernon King, who is a former student of the Agricultural College, and is now on his way to England to take part in the defense of the Empire, in which he will have our very sincere wishes for his safe return and success, and we should like to hear from him his experience in Missouri, where I believe they had some work carried on with the army worm under Mr. Webster of the United States Bureau of Entomology, Wash- ington. i Mr. Kine: Thank you for your kind wishes for my welfare. As regards my work in Missouri, things are a little different. There are different conditions as re- gards entomological work than there are here. We have not the diversity of crops which you have here, and we do not meet with the difficulties in controlling the army worm down there. In two years—the last two years, 1913 and this spring—the army worms were very numerous in our locality, and always appeared in the wheat earlier, and were always preceded by large numbers of Bobolink and Red-winged Black birds, so that the farmers even now believe that they are responsible for the army worm. They do not distinguish between the two birds. They just give them a casual glance. The strange thing is that both times I have been there, the birds did precede the army worm, and when the latter were most numerous the birds went, so-they asked me for an explanation. They would say that the birds had the germs in their wings and fluttered them out over the wheat. I tried to explain that that was not the case, and they wanted to know how I knew. I tried to explain that, too. I cannot account for the fact that they come when the food is plentiful unless the birds happen to be migrating at that time and going north, and possibly they may feed on the army worm. ; As to the control of the army worm, I have had an opportunity of seeing large numbers of instances of ditching. As Mr. Baker said, it depends upon the soil and the way they do it. The best way I have seen is to plough a furrow and drag along by a chain a log about 8 inches in diameter; a darkey would sit on this with two sticks to balance himself. I have tried that, and it takes a little practise, especially in turning corners. That is the first process with a little log of small diameter which gets right to the bottom of the furrow. Next they use a little larger log of about 14 inches diameter. That of course gets some at the bottom and some at the side, and they finish off with a barrel, the darkey still sitting on it with his legs crossed and resting on the whipple-tree. That is in the morning about 8 o’clock. The worms come out about 2. The barrel makes the sides smooth. The worms continue for about ten days. I have seen some men in the hard land dig post holes, but that has-no effect whatever for the holes soon fill up with clods. The best success was with the dragging. The farmers claimed that the worms were beneficial in the wheat because they ate the leaves off. In the post holes the Calosoma Beetles gathered in large numbers, and so while I was collecting some army worm parasites (there are lots there, ] ; 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89 and snakes and toads and everything else) it occurred to me that the beetles might be useful. I wired Prof. Webster and he told me to send them to New Mexico. The chief harm done by the army worm was the time lost by the farmers. I managed to send hundreds and thousands of black beetles to New Mexico for the control of the Range Caterpillar. Later when the army worm had gone, the beetles came to the light and were found under the wheat sheaves. I be- lieve that if it was not for the army worm there would have been no beetles. So far as the control is concerned, I found that the ditching was the only way. I did try poison, but there were too many of them, and they would go over it and get into the ditch and the corn. Pror. Dearness: Regarding the sudden appearance of the army worm is there any explanation ? Mr. Greson: It is not thoroughly understood how such insects increase in num- bers so suddenly, but I believe, of course, that it is largely a question of parasites and weather conditions. As far as we know the army worm hibernates as a partly-grown caterpillar. We have been trying to find out definitely in what stage the caterpillar does pass the winter, but we have not been able to hear of any locality where speci- mens of the overwintering brood were located. One correspondent reported that he found four caterpillars of the fall brood on corn. These, however, were specimens of the corn ear worms. I should like to know if Mr. Baker has received any reports regarding this brood. _ Mr. Baker: We received reports of the second brood, but found none on exam- ination. All reports proved to be false. We have no definite record of any second brood this year. Any records we received proved on examination to be something else. Mr. Grsson: In Nova Scotia Mr. Saunders spent several days searching for eggs and young larvae, but was unable to find any specimens whatever. Mr. Hudson also made search in Western Ontario, and investigations were also undertaken near Ottawa where the worms appeared, without results. Mr. Baxer: We have failed at Guelph also in securing the egg stage. We got one small cluster of eggs in the field, but no appearance of eggs in our rearing cages. Pror. Drearness: Mr. Gibson mentioned that a large number of the moths had been taken on Sable Island. I suppose they were carried there by the wind. Mr. Grzson: We intend to look up the records in this respect to find the direc- tion of the wind during the days the moths were attracted to the lighthouses, but we have not yet been able to do so. Sable Island is 140 miles east of Nova Scotia. THE PRESIDENT: That observation regarding the occurrence of the army worm moths at Sable Island was more or less incidental or accidental. The primary reason for getting it was that we wrote to the Superintendent at Sable Island, which is under the Department of Marine Fisheries, in connection with our work on the Brown-tail Moth in order to get records of flight. We hoped to be able to get de- tails as to seasonal flight, etc. of those moths attracted there by the Sable Island lights. We did not receive any Brown-tail Moths, but we got adults of the army worm which we happened to be working on at the same time. Mr. Kine: At what date do the birds migrate? Would it be about the middle of May? THE PresIDENT: I think Mr. Criddle would be better able to give you data regarding the migration of these two species of bird, or Mr. Calvert, but Mr. Criddle is in Manitoba which is more on the direct line of migration. There should be no migration during the time you speak of. There may possibly be, but the reason 7 ©.S. 90 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 would be that tne red wing blackbirds and the Bobolink would find the presence of enormous quantities of these larve too much of a good thing, and would get out. Mr. Crippie: My observation of the Bobolink is that the migration would be during the middle of May. The Red-wing Blackbird is a very early bird and arrives in Manitoba about the first week in April. It retires to the marshes to breed about the end of that month and this might account for their leaving the fields infested by army worms. Mr. SwarNne: Have you observed that they feed upon the caterpillars in the South to a great extent? I thought the Bobolink in particular was a grain feeding bird while in the Southern States. Mr. ‘CripDLE: So far as I know, the Bobolink is certainly a rice feeding bird, particularly in the autumn, but in the north it is almost entirely an insect feeder. There are two distinct features in the bird’s life. In the one case it is injurious but in the other beneficial. I think the United States Department in their laws have protected the birds at all times of the year, except in the rice growing region. Pror. LocHHEAD: Can these men who have been in the field prophesy as te next season ? Mr. Baker: Everyone who has been in the field working on the army worm has been prophesying since the middle of June, and I think that—working on the basis of the fact that there is no appreciable second brood, and in view of the fact that it would be unique in the history of the army worm with us that there should be any second occurrence, I think we can say that there will be no outbreak next year. I have not been able to get any records of a second outbreak under such con- ditions as we have here. Mr. Krne: There is a recurrence in Missouri and those States, frequently. In fact the army worm is present every year. That I think is not in the same class as our outbreak here, and also there is the fact that we had no second brood. Mr. Gipson: The second brood would be very difficult to find and I do not think that this brood which occurs in autumn and over winter would ever be found to be injurious. Mr. Baxer: Not injurious, but present. Dr. BetHuNE: Would they not become extinct if there were no second brood? Pror. LocHHEAD: The conditions depend upon climatic factors and parasites. Climatic factors are very important. Two seasons would do it. All dry seasons— for instance, this season as far as Eastern Ontario was concerned—we had nearly a month or 26 days without rain during parts of May and June in Montreal—that held up as far as Ottawa, and last season was also a very dry one. These two factors seem to stand out as important in all cutworm attacks. The dry weather favours the development of cutworms. Mr. Baxer: In Brant County where the worst infestation occurred all the areas that were attacked, practically without exception, were flooded deeply in June. There were heavy rains early in that month and all the areas where the army worm fed were deeply flooded for a period I believe of two or three days. 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS. Rev. Dr. THomas W. Fyues, Orrawa. In that stretch of country which lies between Lake Memphremagog and the River St. Lawrence, the natural elevations are striking features of the scenery, and add much to its beauty. A continuation or spur of the Vermont passes through the Townships of Sutton, Brome, Potton, and Bolton; and in the lower country tise solitary peaks of remarkable formation—Shefford Mountain, Yamaska, Rouge- mont, The Pinnacle, Beloeil, Montarville, Mount Royal, and others. At the foot of Mount Royal, and rapidly extending around it, lies the City of Montreal. In this city, in the year 1861, I took up my abode. Montreal, at that time, was a comparatively small and quiet place. A few particulars will help you to realize the change that has taken place in it. Where St. George’s Church, and the Canadian Pacific Railway Station now stand, there was then an orchard of Pomme gré and Fameuse apples, skirted by a lane which bore the name of St. Janvier Street. To the east of this was a large cemetery. Between Dorchester Street and Sherbrooke Street were vacant fields. The City of Westmount was then undreamt of. The Grand Trunk Railway ran from a small and shabby station, on Bonaventure Street, to the main line’ at Lachine. Travellers for the east had to find their way to Point St. Charles as best they could. In 1862 I began to form the collection of Lepidoptera which is now in the Pro- vincial Museum at Quebec. My hunting-ground was the Mountain, and a productive one I found it. To reach it, I walked along the Céte-des-Neiges road, as far as the grounds of Judge McCord, who had a house built in form of a Grecian temple, with portico and cclumns. I had permission to pass through the premises at any time. Beyond the garden fence the mountain rose, steep, and rough, and thicketty. One day, in the height of summer, I crossed the mountain brow, and a charming ing scene lay before me. There were a sugar bush, cultivated land, and a peaceful dwelling. The sun was bright; the air was still; and— “The insect world was on the wing.” I was well acquainted with the British Rhopalocera, and had a warm apprecation of its beauties, but here a new insect fauna was represented. ; Dancing over the meadow-land, were scores of butterflies of the species Argyn- nis cybele Fabr.; and amongst them—smaller and less stately, but closely resembling them—were numbers of Argynnis aphrodite Fabr. Around the second growth trees at the borders of the clearing, Papilio turnus Linn. and Limenitis arthemis Drury sported gaily. I watched them with great delight. But in this nook on the mountain top there were not only fine insects; there were beautiful birds. To mention a few there were: The Blackburnian Warbler, Dendroica blackburnie Baird. The Yellow Warbler, Dendroica aestiva Baird. The Red-eyed Vireo, Vireosylva olivacea Linn. The Cedar Waxwing, Ampelis cedrorum Gray. The Purple Finch, Carpodacus purpureus Gray. Having come from the Old ‘Country, where white butterflies abound, I wondered at the paucity of such in the scene before me. One or two specimens of Pontia oleracea Harris only, were to be seen. In Harris’s “Insects Injurious to Vegetation” (Flint’s edition published in 1862) this insect is well figured and its life history is given. Dr. Bethune also gave a good account of it in 1871, in the 2nd Report of our 92 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Society. Since those days it has been strangely mixed up with the English Pontia napi Linn. It is now, said to be ‘one of several forms of this species. By a “form” T suppose is meant a variety that reproduces itself. I think we may fairly ask, Does the form ever return to the type? Has anyone ever raised napi from eggs of oleracea, or vice versa, has anyone ever raised oleracea from eggs of napi? The mountain did not always present to me the charm of a smiling countenance. My duties as a Deacon in old ‘St. George’s under Archdeacon Leach and the Rev. W. B. Bond, often took me to Céte-des-Neiges ; and friends there showed me a short cut over the mountain, which brought me out near the Reservoir not far from the head of Drummond Street. On one occasion I was detained till nightfall, and a thunder storm overtook me on my way home. My walk was a dreary one, but I amused myself by stringing together these lines: The Ethiop, Night, her darkest shadow flings; With densest cumuli the sky is spread; And solemn Silence, on her owlet wings, Glides fitfully around the mountain’s head. The city’s many lights below are scatter’d, And, here and there, a fire-fly’s lamp is seen,— Ah, now the tempest comes! The clouds are shatter’d, And from the Thunderer's hand the lightnings gleam. Birches and pines above my pathway quiver; And, for a moment, blue, unearthly bright, The city and the mountains and the river (Oh, wondrous fairy vision!) burst in sight. _A moment more, and deafening is the din, As if high heaven’s huge dome were tumbling in. How wonderful is the illuminating power of the lightning! Not only the im- mediate surroundings were momentarily brought into view by it, the far-away moun- tains were also shewn. I wondered what sort of folk lived among those distant hills. I little thought that twenty years of my life would be spent among them. During those twenty years I gathered, and since that time I have been gathering scraps of information in Natural History, and with your permission I will say a few words respecting (1) some of the mammals; (2) some of the birds, and (3) some of the insects I' have learned of. : MAMMALS. A few months ago my son Mr. Francis F. Fyles of Riverdale, Abercorn, Sutton Township, took me for an automobile ride up the Pinnacle, as far as the last farm on the shoulder of the mountain. On our way we passed two Skunk Preserves, or “farms” belonging respectively to Mr. Byron Spencer and Mr. Ernest Johnson. — A short account of Mr. Johnson’s farm appeared in Rod and Gun for May last, with an illustration showing the owner and four friends holding up live skunks each by the tail, but very little information is given respecting the animals. j The skunk-yard is enclosed with sheet-metal sunk to a considerable depth, and bent inward at the top, that the animals may not escape, either by burrowing or climbing. Snug dens are provided for the comfort of the animals, and divisions are made in the yard for their separation when necessary. A few skunks captured by the aid of a dog, were placed in the pens. They rapidly increased in number, for the females bring forth from three to nine young at a litter. These are pretty little creatures as frolicsome as kittens. They are in their 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93 prime in a year. To kill them the owner catches them up suddenly by the tail and strikes them a smart blow on the head with a stick. When lifted from the ground by the tail, they are unable to eject their offensive fluid. Of the pelts there are four grades: No. 1. All black, valued at from $3.00 to $4.00. No. 2. Having a short white stripe, valued at $1.75. No. 3. Having a long narrow white stripe, valued at $1.00. No. 4. Having a long broad white stripe, valued at $0.50. These values are per skin (prime). The skunks are not costly stock. They are fed upon corn-bread, johnny cake, potatoes, green corn, scraps of meat, etc. Strange to say the fetor of the skunk is not repulsive to every one. An English gentleman came to see me when I lived at South Quebec. He was interested in Natural History. In the course of the evening I went to my front door. A skunk had passed over the lawn in front of it, and left a strong taint. I called to my visitor, “Sir, there is something here you should know of.” He came, and sniff! sniff! “What is that? What is that? Do you know I rather like that.” Well, every one to his taste. : : In a state of nature the female skunk chooses for her abode a deserted Wood- ehuck’s burrow lining the chamber with leaves and grass. There she brings forth and suckles her young, blanketing them with her ample tail. Notwithstanding her ill savour, she should be ranked among the farmer’s friends, for she lives—as does her mate—on grasshoppers, crickets, June beetles, white grubs, cutworms, and other pests. Of course she should be kept from the poultry houses. The skunk is not at all a shy animal, it seems to be conscious of its powers. One day I was walking by a wood-side, when I saw a skunk, and it saw me. It came trotting towards me, but I respectfully declined a closer interview, and hurried away as fast as I could with dignity. The Woodchuck (Arctomys monax) is an animal familiar on our hillsides. It is a vegetarian, and does mischief in our fields and gardens. I shot one of these creatures that had a burrow on my land in Brome, intending to make a drawing of ~ it, but, when I came to take it up, I found that it was covered with ticks. The num- ber of these was incredible. When their host died, they let go their hold on its flesh, and came to the outside of its fur. Once on’a time I witnessed a battle royal. Behind the Missisquoi High School at Cowansyille (which belonged to the English Church) I had a large garden. At the back of the school stable, a load or two of stones were piled. On a certain oc- ~casion I went to my garden followed by my little dog, Pepper, a Skye Terrier. A woodchuck ran from among the vegetables and disappeared in a burrow it had made under the pile of stones. Pepper was at his heels and followed him into his den. I was aware of a desperate underground struggle. The woodchuck whinnied like a horse. It was heavier than its opponent, but the dog prevailed. It not only killed the woodchuck, it dragged it out of its den. But so exhausting had been the struggle that the little victor threw himself on its side, stretched out its limbs, and lay as if dead. I began to think it was dead. But in ten minutes it arose and shook itself, and after receiving my commendations, followed me complaisantly home. Since the game laws have been more strictly enforced the red deer (Odocoileus americanus) has often been seen on our hillsides. My son has a wood-lot and pasture about a-mile from his home in the valley. On several visits to these he saw two deer companionably grazing with his young stock. Bos 94 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The Fox (Vulpes pennsylvanicus) is still common in the hill country. Travelling in the train on one occasion I saw, through the car window, a fox hunting for mice and ground birds in the meadows below. The animal paused, lifted up its head, and with the utmost nonchalance watched the train go by. Among other wild animals that frequently, or occasionally visit our mount- ainous districts, are the Bear (Ursus americanus), the Lynx (Lynx canadensis), the Raccoon (Procyon lotor), the Porcupine (Hrethizon dorsatus), the Hare (Lepus americanus). A hunter told of seeing tracks of a Sable (Mustela americana) on Round Top, the highest of the Sutton peaks. BIrpDs. Of birds that are seen on our hills many: are summer visitors. These mostly arrive about the 10th or 15th of May. I saw, season after season, in the maple woods near the frontier that handsome bird the Scarlet Tanager (Piranga erythromela, Vieill), and his modestly attired mate. The notes of the male some- what resemble those of the robin. The Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Habia ludoviciana, Linn.) was another fine bird that now and then adorned the fields and woods. Welcome to every one was the dear little Bluebird (Sialia sialis sialis, Linn.) which came to cheer us with its sweet notes, and to render its services to the husbandman and fruit grower. : Wilson thus sings in its praise: “He flits through the orchard, he visits each tree, The red-flowering peach, and the apple’s sweet blossoms; He snaps up destroyers wherever they be, And seizes the caitiffs that lurk in their bosoms; He drags the vile grub from the corn it devours, The worms from the webs where they riot and welter; His songs and his services freely are ours, And all that he asks is in summer a shelter.” One day, approaching a stump about six feet high, I disturbed a female of this species. She had a nest in a hole near the top of the stump and in it were five bluish eggs. aos : The American Goldfinch (Astragalinus tristis, Linn.) is another welcome visitor. I found a nest of this species in a bush by the road-side, on one of my early excursions on Mount Royal. It was beautifully formed, compact, and lined with down. In it were five white eggs tinged with blue. When we lived at South Quebec, my wife purchased a young canary from a cottager at Hadlow. The woman said to her, “ Here is a little bird I should like to give you. I bought it when it was a fledgling from a boy who had robbed a nest; and it has been brought up with the canary. The birds would be lonesome apart.” My wife took it; it was a goldfinch and a great pet it has proved. In the spring it assumed its lovely golden dress—the toga virilis of its kind. This it puts off in its September moult. ; When we moved to Hull the two birds were put in one cage which was wrapped in a shawl. When uncovered it was found that the goldfinch had been injured in one eye. It lost the sight of it. Then the other eye was affected, and it became totally blind. It seems to have become quite reconciled to its lot. It is interesting to mark the tokens of perfect confidence it has in its mistress. It hears her voice; and it calls to her for its morning greeting. It comes to the 1915 ’ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95 wires of its cage to welcome her. When it is time for its bath, of which it is very fond, she puts in her hand and it hops upon her finger and she places it in the water. When it has been in long enough she again lends it her finger and lifts it into its swing. There it shakes itself and preens its feathers till dry. To give it occupation its mistress scatters some grains of hemp on the bottom of the cage. These are a great luxury. It turns its head sideways and gropes on the floor with open bill, and not a grain escapes it. It knows when its seed and water are changed and when a lump of sugar, a dandelion, a bunch of chickweed, or a stalk of plantain is placed in the wires of the cage for its delectation. It likes to be placed in the balcony where the busy twitter of the sparrows amuses it. It carols all the day and at night-fall it climbs to its swing and rocks itself to sleep. I will speak of only one other bird, the Ruby-throated Humming Bird (Trochilus colubris, Linn.). I found a nest of this bright and active little creature on a branch of a young birch tree which overhung a mountain rivulet. The structure resembled a knot of the tree and was covered with lichens and fragments of bark. From my station om the bank of the stream I could look down into the nest and see the two tiny white eggs. When the mother bird took her place on the nest the green of her upper plumage harmonized with the tints of the nest and its surroundings and made its disguise complete. : The male bird is a bold, dashing little fellow. He comes before you—his gorgeous breastplate flashing in the sun, and—presto/ he is gone! ‘ For the guidance of these, and other dependents on its bounty, a beneficent Providence hangs out gaily painted signs, to shew where stores of nectar may be had, by the thirsty without cost. INSECTS. The insects are “in number numberless.’ Winn has given in his List—of Quebec Lepidoptera only, the names of 1,191 species. Lest I should weary you, I will confine my remarks to one genus only—that of Catocala—the beautiful Underwings. The word Catocala is often pronounced in the Old Country Catdécala. The genius of the English language is to throw the accent back. We do not say Cata- stréphe but Catas’‘trophe—though this word is also from the Greek. The first Catocala I saw in Canada was in the maple wood on Mount Royal, which I have mentioned. I thought at first that it was the rare English moth, Catocala fraxini, Linn.— the Clifden Nonpareil,” but when it spread its-wings I saw that I was mistaken; it had not the deep blue underwings of C. fraaini. It was C. relicta, Walker—“ the Relict.”* I found C. parta, Guenée—“ the Mother,’ to be plentiful in Brome. This insect has scarlet underwings. C. concumbens, Walker—“ the Sleepy One,” which has fine magenta under- wings, was also rather common in the same locality. C. cerogama, Guenée—‘ The Yellow-belted,” I took on Cape Diamond, Quebec. The beautiful form of C. ila, Cramer, viz.—C. osculata—< the Beloved” I took in East Farnham, and there also I captured C. subnata, Grote—“ the Youthful.” *The English names I use were those given by Holland, in his ‘“‘ Moth Book.” 96 THE REPORT OF THE ; - No. 36 C. unijuga, Walker—* the Once Married,” and C. briseis, Edwards, I took at Cowansville. That beautiful moth Catocala bianca, Henry Edwards, I found at rest on a fence on the Heights of Abraham. Some, if not all of these insects may, I dare say, be found in the lowlands, but all my captures of them were made in elevated regions. I have spoken af the beauty of some of the living creatures that frequent our mountain districts. 1 will say in conclusion a few words on the lovely scenery that those districts present. I do not think 1 fully realized this till one day when driving from Waterloo to Magog (between which places a railway now passes) I met with John A. Fraser, the artist.* He was lodging at a cottage by the way- side, and was engaged in painting a view of Mount Orford and Orford Lake. He had portrayed the mountain as it appears at early morning; with the glow of the rising sun lighting up its higher projections, and contrasting finely with the deep shadows of its wooded recesses; while in the water below the charms both of colour- ing and outline were reflected. But I think the most wonderful mountain view I ever witnessed in the eastern townships was an evening scene. To understand it you must remember that early in spring, before the buds open into leaf, the young twigs of the maples are deep red. I was driving under the long western front of Gale Mountain, in East Farnham. The slope was clothed with maples from head to foot. The sun was setting in all its regal splendor over the low-lying French country; and its crimson beams struck full upon the ascent. The effect was marvellous—it can hardly be imagined. The whole slope glowed and sparkled with the lustre and tint of rubies. As I recall the scene the words in the Canticle—Benedicite, omnia opera—rise spontaneously to my mind, and furnish a fitting close to my address. “OQ ye Mountains and Hills, bless ye the Lord, praise Him and magnify Him forever.” THE PRESIDENT: I am sure I am voicing the feelings of all who are here when I say that we could not have enjoyed this paper with anything like the same degree of pleasure, had Dr. Fyles sent it to be read by someone else as an alternative to coming and reading it himself in his own inimitable way. We are so pleased to find from his paper that his pen has lost none of its beautiful descriptive power, and from the illustrations on the screen that his hand has lost none of its cunning. We hope that we shall continue to receive these papers from year to year as long as Dr. Fyles is able to give them to us.- I have already suggested to him the subjects of two future papers for next year’s meeting and that of 1916! *John A. Fraser was an English portrait painter who came to Canada and worked for William Notman, the noted photographer of Montreal. Fraser became a charter member of the R.C.A. in 1880. He died in 1898. Two pictures from his hand are in the National Art Galery of Canada. 2 , 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97 EXPERIMENTS WITH POISONED BRAN BAITS FOR LOCUST CONTROL IN EASTERN CANADA. ARTHUR Gipson, CuleF AssIsTANT ENTOMOLOGIST, DEPARTMENT OF AGRI- CULTURE, OTTAWA. During 1914 we had an opportunity of testing out on a fairly large scale the value in Eastern Canada, of the Kansas formula for the destruction of locusts.* This formula which was originally experimented with by Mr. F. B. Milliken, when employed by the Kansas Experiment Stationy consists of: IEDOT, -b AN GOO HOD COD EOOIEE Oo On G20 DIES ICOOC OC 6 OOOR CInCCIene 20 lbs. Pariss2reens WOPewhites ALSCWIC (2 .oisiele sieleicle ciela icicles: sn spuie o+/ais aby ey SOD) (VBE SE CS ice daceuus ccd ducd aD pdOn OULOONDTOCIUOSE 2 ats. SAME C ROT CMIO INS firs telereyancl ciate icf ote lafotelers clerereicis)clase! oteictereie 3 fruits. SELES PNG aware cuaicte) afareaata: aster eis die.die elev e}ece: ov e(sToveahaueievete 314 gals. In preparing the bran mash, mix the bran and Paris green, or white arsenic, thoroughly in a wash tub while dry. Squeeze the juice of the oranges or lemons into the water, and chop the remaining pulp and the peel to fine bits and add them’ to the water. Dissolve the syrup in the water and wet the bran and poison with the mixture, stirring at the same time so as to dampen the mash thoroughly. Bran and Paris green with sweetened water had, of course, been previously used in the United States, as well as in Canada, for the destruction of locusts. In Fletcher’s reports as Entomologist and Botanist to the Dominion Experimental Farms, frequent reference is made of the success obtained in the use of bran poisoned with Paris green. Near Douglas, Man.,$ where an application was made, he records having counted 117 dead locusts in 18 inches square. In 1901, Mr. Norman Criddle, now Field Officer of the Entomological Branch, co-operatively with the farmers in his immediate district used large quantities of bran and Paris green and enormous numbers of grasshoppers were killed. In the same year he tested out on a large scale the value of horse manure as a substitute for bran and this was found to be a decidedly better remedy. The day after the first application an average of 25 dead locusts was found to the square foot, while many more were dying. : Bran and arsenic have also been used in the control of locusts for many years. In 1885, Coquillett used a mixture of arsenic, sugar, and bran, to which was added a sufficient quantity of water to make a wet mash. This mixture was experimented with in California where about 300 acres of orchard and vineyard were treated, and in about two weeks after the application scarcely a living locust was to be seen, the ground in many places being covered with the dead insects. In 1888, bran, sugar and arsenic were used by Fletcher at Ottawa and large numbers of locusts were killed. The results of the experiments conducted in Kansas in 1913 showed con- elusively that the addition of the fruit—oranges or lemons— made the bait more attractive and appetizing, and consequently was eaten by more of the locusts. Prof. Dean, Entomologist, Kansas State Agricultural ‘College and Experiment *The species chiefly responsible for the destruction to crops was the Lesser Migratory Locust, Melanoplus atlanis. Associated with it, however, to a comparatively slight extent, was the Pellucid Locust, Camnula pellucida. +For an account of this work see “Grasshopper Control in Western Kansas,” by Geo. A. Dean, in Journal of Economic Entomology, Feb’y, 1914, p. 67. § Report Ent. and Botanist, Dom. Exp. Farms, 1901, p. 223. 98 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 — Station, referring to the application of the mixture, states: “ The damp mash or bait shonld be sown broadcast in the infested areas early in the morning, on about the time the grasshoppers are beginning to move about from their night’s rest. _ It should be scattered in such a manner as to cover five acres with the amount of bait - made by using the quantities of ingredients given in the above formula. Since very little of the bran is eaten after it becomes dry, scattering it broadcast in the morning, and very thinly, places it where the largest number will find it in the shortest time. Sowing it in this manner also makes it impossible for birds, barnyard fowls, or live stock to secure a sufficient amount of the poison to kill them. Inasmuch as the poisoned bait does not act quickly it will be from two to four days before the grasshoppers are found dead, and these will be more numerous in the sheltered places. It does not require, much of the poison to kill them. Even a small portion from one of the poisoned flakes will be sufficient to cause death.” j In view of the remarkable success in Kansas in the control of locusts, by — adding to the poisoned bran the juice of lemons or oranges, the Entomological — Branch decided to test out this remedy, near Ottawa, and also to experiment with other mixtures. These experiments were conducted at Bowesville, where a large — section of the country is heavily infested with these insects. The results obtained — were indeed very promising and would indicate that the Kansas formula, partic- ularly when lemons are used, will be found of equal value in Canada, at least in the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec. In addition to the Bowesville experiments, applications were also made, under our direction, in Quebec Province near St. Etienne de Gres where locusts have been extremely destructive, and owing to which — farms, on which the insects have been breeding for several years, have been abandoned. © . The initial -Bowesville experiments were conducted on the farm of Mr. ~ Freeman, Sr., and we are particularly grateful for assistance received from Mr. | Dowler Freeman. On June 18, I visited Bowesville and arranged to treat ahs q different fields, of about four or five acres each, with the following mixtures: Pield ‘No: 1—Bran ssc Fes 0.5.5 dea. des es sere es ele tackle «anes Oe ae oe 20 lbs. ‘ Paris, 28Teen © xix ese cs eek kane an Une een eee 1 Ib. , Molasses ssiej Ss ape ks Rac cnn ciate Mae ase ones ee eee 2 qts. ; Bananas’ sc cvice tec inio ers siuiain Sea Ae sek 0) pera ate Oe eae 3 4 Water sons kc acct emis soleil eeieom isielnne els dies bietis a aia eee 316 a Field No. 2—Same as 1 with juice of 3 lemons: instead of 3 bananas. Field No. 3—Same as 1 with juice of 3 oranges instead of 3 bananas. Field No. 4—Same as 1 but with no fruit and instead of 344 gals. of water, 3 gallons and 1 half gallon of coal oil. Field No. 5—Criddle Mixture. 4 These five mixtures were applied as soon after the above date as weather and time would permit. The locusts were very numerous and only a few, compara- tively, had wings. The mixtures were broadcasted early in the morning and . counts were made four days later in all the fields except that in which the mixture containing the oranges was used. Unfortunately, owing to a misunderstanding no counts were made in this field. The following are the results obtained: Field No. 1—35 to 75 dead locusts to the square yard. “ 2—50 to 414 dead to the square yard. ve « 4—Average 35 dead to the square yard. 5—Average 50 dead to the square yard. ~ ~ As regards the mixtures containing the fruit, that with lemons will probably give the best results. This fruit too is easily squeezed and of course, is cheaper than oranges. 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. oo As a result of these experiments, Mr. W. D. Jackson, the District Representa- tive of the Ontario Department of Agriculture for Carleton County arranged to supply bran, molasses, Paris green and lemons—sufficient to treat 400 acres— to the farmers in the immediate district where the locusts were abundant. On June 30, accompanied by Mr. Jackson and his assistant Mr. Waterman, five farms were visited where it had been decided to apply the mixture. At this time the locusts were mostly in the winged condition although a-number were still in the hopping stage. Within a week after the application counts were made diagonally across oat fields, etc., and these gave from 13 to 124 dead locusts to the square yard, the average being 57. The farmers of the district reported later that they were well pleased with the results of the experiment. Tn addition to the Bowesville experiment at our request the Rev. J. I. Trudel and Rev. E. Fusey arranged to treat fields in their parishes, St. Etienne de Gres, Fig. 19—Corn Field, Bowesville, Ont., devastated by Lesser Migratory Locust. (Original). and Valmont,-Quebec, and in this Province even better results were obtained with the Kansas formula. Some farmers used lemons, and some oranges, and a stronger strength of Paris green was used, viz., 114 lbs. to the 20 lbs. of bran. The Rey. J. I. Trudel reports that eight days after the poisoned bran was broadcasted counts were made in various fields and these gave from 900 to 1,200 dead locusts to the square yard. These results are certainly very remarkable. At the time of the applications the locusts had their wings and were migrating from one place to another. In treating large areas with such a mixture, it is of the utmost importance in order to secure the results desired—that is the destruction of a very large per- centage of the locusts—-to make the applications while the insects are in the hopping stage and before they begin to migrate. Farmers should make special arrangements to co-operate and apply the mixture at the same time. This was done in Kansas and, as a result, from 60 per cent. to 80 per cent. of the insects were destroyed. Prof. Dean states: “The remaining grasshoppers were so left to _ the mercy of the parasitic and predaceous enemies that only a few of them escaped.” 100 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 THE Cost or APPLYING THE KANSAS FORMULA. At Bowmanville, Ont. - HOO US. OTA, aye. ccaxeyeteloraisiovelersleceisteteeyalovetetetthareletateiete Cheraietererere eee $1 25 5 lbs: Paris Sreen wii ccs n'a ccs, 0 ote the tate sieoe ere akin antes 1 25 2. Balls. MOLASSOS Ns aie. s.ches Srecere is assis cj5Persyer estore Restate aerate 1 00 HG: TEM ONS as ceidie-cisis nia cle a wiatsis'e. elu crewiele pusiciaicle eimetenacie caine 0 30 Labour,e'6; Ours; Sec foc Sas aisherciet aces more oencie reheat ne eit ote eastie 1 20 $5 00 Applying 20 lbs. of the bran to 4 acres the cost comes to 25 cents per acre. At St. Etienne des Gres, Que. 20° Ibs: “DEAD. eens sod coe eeleens wee See Oa Eee $0 25 1% 1bs: (Paris Sree! 2.56.0. eiesintesstkaicte eons loom eee on 0 38 2: OES PMOLASSES i saree sra,-teacarsvaccletoie cota etare aie Tetemaickaneaeteee 0 22 PUL: cis csiaselerdicve «ssf ase stp etdicceseuereceiaastovcls Sievar ceo oTonarer cece ore 0 05 — $0 90 In this locality the 20 lbs. was scattered over 5 acres, the cost being 18 cents per acre, exclusive of labor. Mr. R. Davey, of Tyrone, Ont., used the Kansas formula during the past season and he informs me that the cost was about 20 cents per acre. THE PRESIDENT: This subject is naturally one of very great interest to Can- adians, because locust control has become a very serious question with us in many parts of Canada. We were very fortunate in being able to make use of the results of the Kansas people and also in discovering that their formula gave such good results in the first season. It is particularly important in Quebec where it is not generally realized how serious the locusts are. I had a long conversation with Fathers Fusey and Trudel regarding the outbreak of locusts in the Three Rivers region, in the neighborhood of Valmont. In that region where the soil is sandy the results have shown that the mixture killed upwards of 1,200 locusts to the square yard. This shows not so much the effectiveness of the mixture as the abundance of the locusts in that region, and so serious are they that large numbers of farms have been abandoned and people are leaving the district. When a situation like that arises, locust control becomes a serious question, and is raised from being an in- teresting problem to the entomologist to an important economic question. Mr. Gibson has not mentioned the fact, but it may be interesting to those present to know that the Entomological Branch has also been carrying on some experiments in the use of the bacterial disease, the Coccobacillus of Dr. Herelle of the Pasteur Insti- tute, Paris, France. Two years ago through the kindness of the Director of that Tnstitute, I was able to obtain some of Dr. Herelle’s culture from Paris, and last vear (1913) Mr. Petch, who had charge of this work, carried out some preliminary experiments at the laboratory at Covey Hill, Que., where he found that the bacillus was pathogenic for Canadian species, which is interesting, but owing to the conditions we were not able to try it out on a large scale. We continued the experiments this year with the same results both regarding the Coccobacillus being pathogenic to our species, and in being unable to obtain results on a large scale. The failure of the experiments in the field was not so much due to the fact that the Coccobacillus cannot be utilized under field conditions, but to the fact that we had ‘to send the bouillon culture so far from our laboratory. Our laboratory was in Quebec, and it had to be shipped to Montreal and thence to Ottawa. The conditions are such that the culture does not remain in a viable condition more than 48 hours. —— ee a ee 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101 Mr. Grsson: This year we were able to get it to the locality where it was tried out within 16 hours, and under ideal conditions. Tuer Present: But unfortunately without good results. The failure may be due to the fact that we had to transfer it from the place of manufacture to the place where it is used. In its manufacture you have to carry out so many experiments. First it is necessary to inoculate one series of grasshoppers. Then you have to take the virus from them and to go through at least twelve series of grasshoppers, some- times fourteen or sixteen. You then make the bouillon and this is used to prepare the final fluid. Next year all being well, I propose to move the seat of the experi- ments, if it can be arranged, to this district in Three Rivers, and have it right in the locality where the locusts are so abundant, in the hope of trying it out there. Whether it will be successful or not, it is difficult to say. It is claimed that they have had success with it in the Argentine and also in Northern Africa. But whether we can secure success in Canada remains to be seen. I do not think it will ever take the place of the Kansas formula, because its use necessitates the presence of a bacteriolo- gist and bacteriological plant to manufacture the bouillon, and the facilities in re- gard to getting it away to outside points is somewhat limited. Unless therefore, there was an unusually severe outbreak which would warrant the locating of a labor- atory of that kind, it might be preferable to use the more simple poisoned bran remedy. Pror. Cazsar: I have tried the Kansas remedy too, and have had a number of district representatives try it. They have all been well pleased. There are three little matters which I should like to refer to in connection with this. First in regard to the cutting of the pulp and rind of the lemons. If you run them through a meat- chopper it is handiest and the quickest way you can find. The second point is in re- gard to the amount of water. I myself used considerably less water than the Kansas people and Mr. Gibson. I only use two gallons where he uses three. I find that to be eminently satisfactory, and the reason I did it was because I had used the bran on other occasions and found that with a smaller amount of water it was easier to get the bran into the form of sawdust which form is necessary. It must go through the fingers easily. Third in applying it, it is not necessary to cover every foot of ground, because the grasshoppers move here and there. I made about 21% gallons of it to over an acre. It will go over an acre and a quarter just as easily. Twenty pounds are sufficient for five acres. I take a handful of it and scatter it much as I should if sowing grass seed. It is not at all necessary to cover the ground uniformly. You may miss some here and there, and it makes very little difference. The number of insects you are going to get to each square yard depends entirely upon the number there,are. I have never found so many as Mr. Gibson did. I think 120 was the largest number I got. Mr. Crippte: As regards locust work in Manitoba, we have not used the Kan- sas bait yet owing to the fact that the locusts were scarce this year, but I find that a very important factor is that of temperature and, of course, moisture. I do not know whether it has been noticed here, but the grasshoppers in our district do not come out at all when the temperature is below 50 degrees. We have tried the poison bran on cold days but with no results. The hotter and dryer days gave the better results. In that respect moisture plays a very important part. In fact if you put out an ordinary pail of water and put in a little sugar to sweeten it, the grasshoppers will be attracted for at least fifty feet around and drown themselves in the pail. We haye only tried the horse manure and bran and that sort of thing. In the case of horse manure in Manitoba, I have noticed horses go 100 yards or more 102 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 into a green field and leave droppings and presently thousands of grasshoppers would be there. That is where we originally got hold of the idea of using manure. I should like to ask whether such fruit as lemons, or other substances attract the grasshoppers in that way from a distance. Mr. Grsson: In a recent paper published in the Journal of Economic Entomo- logy, 8. J. Hunter and P. W. Claassen gave an account of a number of experiments which they carried out in Kansas in placing out fruit juices to attract grasshoppers, and they found that they would come very considerable distances, attracted by the aroma of the fruit. THE PresipENT: I was in Atlanta, Georgia, last year when these two papers were read by Professor Dean and Hunter, and they dwelt particularly upon the fact that it was the lemon that was the attractive quality, and they described, as you have, how many feet they would travel to reach it. Mr. CrippiE: I recently tried some experiments with sawdust in place of bran. Sawdust can be obtained for practically nothing in our district. In the ordinary way with salt added I got just about the same results as with bran. In Manitoba the grasshoppers have a habit of coming to anything which you may be holding attracted ‘by the salty flavour left through contact with the hands. That induced me to try sawdust with salt added. It would be interesting to try further experi- ments along that line. THE PRESIDENT: The plan which Mr. Criddle has suggested would ne very useful in the Three Rivers District where you can get sawdust practically for noth- ing, and it is difficult sometimes to get either bran or horse manure. That would be a very useful thing for the farmers, and would cut down the cost considerably. Pror. Drarness: I noticed a question raised in the reports as to the different kinds of fruit. It reminds me of the concession one of my pupils got at the World’s Fair for selling Orangeade. He told me that he used about three oranges per barrel. The material he added to that was not directly aMfied to the oranges, and I think | there was some cheap material that was added to intensify the effect of the fruit. It might be possible, in order to obtain greater acidulation, to use some cider or soured liquor of some kind. This might be experimented with with a view to getting something which would attract these insects still further. If there is any particular virtue in the lemon over the orange or banana, it would be either in the taste or in the odor and it would be a matter of experimentation to get something which would be better than either. Tue Present: Hither Prof. Dean or Prof. Hunter did carry out experiments with essential oils and chemicals of that kind which are the bases of the pungent qualities of these fruits. Mr. Kiva: I have used apples with the poison for the Fall Army Worm larvae and they have travelled towards the place, but I do not know whether that was due to the apples. AN IMPORTED RED SPIDER ATTACKING FRUIT TREES. By L. Cazrsar, O. A. C., GUELPH. Tn the autumn of 1912, when examining the leaves of European plum trees that were severely attacked by what at first was supposed to be our common Red Spider, Tetranychus bimaculatus, though the mites themselves were not seen, my suspicions were aroused that it was some other mite and not 7. bimaculatus that was ee ee = ‘ el 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 103 the offender. The reasons for these suspicions were: first, that the few unhatched eggs were red, whereas the eggs of 7. bimaculatus are almost colorless ; second, there was no visible fine web underneath the leaves as in the case of 7’. bimaculatus; third, the eggs were on both surfaces, being very common in the furrow of the midrib of the upper surafce ; and, fourth, all the eggs were attached directly to the surface of the leaf. These last two characteristics are for the most part contrary to the habits of T. bimaculatus. In 1913, having again found numerous trees affected in the same manner and thé mites causing the trouble present in large numbers, I sent specimens to Mr. Nathan Banks of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C., who at first thought they were Tetranychus mytilaspidis, the Southern Red Spider, which attacks citrus trees, and which he supposed had escaped from the greenhouse. On sending further material with some account of the wide territory over which the mite was being found, together with its host plants, he answered as follows : “The red mite on the Fig. 20.—Imported Red Spider. Fig. 21—Common Red Spider. (Tetranychus pilosus.) (Tetranychus bimaculatus.) plum is the European Tetranychus pilosus, which occurs there on pears and other fruit. Its relation to 7. mytilaspidis is very close and perhaps identical, but the latter species has been only known to us from the south and mostly on oranges.” He stated further that this was the first record of T. pilosus in America and asked for more material and data, which were at once forwarded. -DESCRIPTION OF APPEARANCE OF TETRANYCHUS Pitosus 4s Seen UNpEr a HaAnp LENs. The mites are about the same size as 7’. bimaculatus, but are stouter and more nearly circular in outline of body. Unlike 7. bimaculatus, the females are apparent- ly always, even in the immature stages, red in colour. The mature females are dark red, some being decidedly blackish, but the mouth parts and often a median dorsal longitudinal area, especially on the posterior half of the body, are paler red. The ventral surface is paler than the dorsal. The legs are whitish, tinged with red. On the dorsal surface are a few small, whitish tubercles arranged in parallel rows. Four longitudinal rows with three tubercles in each can easily be seen. There are, how- ever, more tubercles but not easily made out with a hand lens. From each tubercle 104 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 — a fine, whitish hair or bristle arises. The legs, as in the case of 7’. bimaculatus, do not differ much in length. The front pair is held extended in front of the body when at rest. From this description it will be noticed that the easiest way of distinguishing this species from 7. bimaculatus is the presence of the whitish tubercles on the dorsum, each with its fine hair. These tubercles are not present in the latter species. Copulation was not observed, but smaller, more slender, adult mites, evidently males, were frequently seen caressing females after the manner of the males of T. bimaculatus. ‘These resembled very closely the males of the latter species, and were yellowish-white anteriorly with darkened abdomen, sometimes strongly tinted with red. DISTRIBUTION IN ONTARIO. I have found the mites very widely distributed through the Province from Prince Edward County on the east to Lambton County on Lake Huron on the west, and from Guelph in the north to St. Catharines in the south. There seems, there- fore, very litle doubt that further observations will show that they occur all over the fruit growing parts of the Province. Foop PLANTs. Up to the present this Red Spider has been found on European plum, apple, sour cherry, pear, peach, hawthorn, mountain ash and rose. It probably occurs also on sweet cherry and Japanese plum. The favorite host plant by far is the European ~ plum, and in searching one is always sure to find it on the leaves of this tree if pre- sent anywhere in the orchard. The apple is apparently the next choice, and then sour cherry. Pears, peaches, mountain ash and roses are very little attacked in my experience, and Japanese plums alongside European varieties have apparently been untouched. A few hawthorn trees have been badly attacked, but these seem to have been exceptions rather than the rule. No other plants have so far been seen to be infested. NatTuRE AND EXTENT OF THE INJURY. The injury is caused in the same way as that of the Red Spider, Tetranychus bimaculatus, and resembles this to a large extent. Feeding, however, takes place on both surfaces of the leaves. Badly infested plum and apple foliage looks at a distance as if it had been covered with very fine road dust. On closer examination it can be seen that the upper surface of the leaves is studded thickly with fine white- ish blotches. With the further feeding of the mites many of the leaves turn brown- ish, thus giving the foliage the dusty appearance just referred to. Whole plum, and in a few cases, whole apple orchards, have been affected in this way. Often, however, only a few of the trees are severely attacked, and sometimes very little damage is done. Some seasons the mites are much worse than others. They were worse last year at Guelph and in Niagara than this year. It is difficult to estimate how much damage even a bad infestation causes. Perhaps as much as-one should say is that it must interfere considerably with the function of the leaves in manufacturing food, and so weaken the tree and lessen its power of producing large crops of good sized fruit. It is not probable that the mites would ever kill a tree though they might so weaken it that it would succumb to a very severe winter. It can, however, safely be said that on fruit trees this is at present much the most destructive of the Red Spider type of mites in Ontario. le i —S ve ny Peers? 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105 How Lone tHE Mitr Has BEEN IN ONTARIO? The chief means of distribution is doubtless on nursery stock and by birds and flyig insects. These agencies may soon distribute a pest over a great deal of ter- ritory, but from the fact that the Blister Mite (Hriophyes pyri), though known in the province for many years and distributed in the same manner, has not yet reached nearly all our orchards, it seems clear from the wide distribution of this mite that it is no recent importation, but has been here for many years and has hitherto been mistaken for the Red Spider, 7. bimaculatus. Lire History So Far As OBSERVED. The winter is spent in the egg stage. The eggs are small, globular and blood red, and are deposited in great abundance in the axils of branches and twigs on infested trees. Many eggs were found also in the calyx and stem ends of apples. Egg laying was observed this year (1914) on October 7th, but many had been laid before this date. Not a few adults were still present at the above date on the leaves. Until last year (1913) the writer had supposed that these eggs had all been de- posited by Bryobia pratensis, but haying actually seen 7’. pilosus laying the eggs, and noticed that infested trees regularly had these eges whereas uninfested ones were almost without them, he is convinced that so far as Ontario is concerned the most of these eggs are laid by this new species, and not by Bryobia pratensis. It may be worth mentioning that as soon as a female of 7’. pilosus deposited an egg she spent approximately a minute in fastening a few silken threads to or or over it, apparently with the object of holding it in place. T. mytilaspidis has, I believe, the same method of attaching her eggs. At Guelph this year the eggs hatched about the time the leaves on the European plums were expanding viz. about May 15th. The exact date was not determined, but it was some time after the buds had burst. On May 23 little, immature, red mites were found and brought into the laboratory. By May 27th these had become adults and were then easily identified. By May 28 a few eggs were laid on the leaves of a well sheltered European plum tree in the writer’s garden. The winter eggs had probably hatched earlier on this tree than in the average orchard. No study was made of the length of the incubation period of the eggs, nor of the larval stages or number of generations a year. It is evident, however, from the rapid rate of increase that there are many generations and breeding continues right up to the cold weather in autumn. The severe frosts then evidently kill off all the adults. CONTROL. A tree badly infested in the early part of this summer was seen to be almost free from mites in August. It was also noticed that in the Niagara district the mites were not nearly so numerous as last year, whereas in Norfolk County they were still very abundant in October. It is, therefore, apparent that there is some natural means of control that is very helpful, but what this is was not discovered. A year ago when the mites were very abundant on an isolated European plum tree the writer had this thoroughly sprayed with the ordinary summer strength of lime-sulphur, the spray being applied to the under surface of the leaves. The result was very satis- factory. It is very probable, therefore, that where orchards are badly infested the mites can be controlled by using lime-sulphur instead of bordeaux mixture for the 8 ES. 106 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 ordinary sprayings and giving an extra application about August Ist or as late as safe before the fruit is ripe. It is clear, however, from the presence of the mites in scale infested areas where strong lime-sulphur is used before the buds burst, that this muixture will not destroy the eggs. Prov. Drarness: I should like to ask how the eggs of Bryobia pratensis can be distinguished from these of this new species. Pror. CaEsar: There does not seem to be any way of distinguishing them. Pror. Brirrarn: Has anybody noticed in Ontario or the Maritime Provinces that so called rusty leaf or silver leaf mite? It has occurred in British Columbia causing this silvery appearance on the leaves to be mistaken for a disease called Silver Leaf. When I left British Columbia, I took with me Northern Spy nursery stock which had these incrustations. It makes very unsightly looking nursery stock. This year the mites came out proving it to be the same species. It makes these incrustations and spoils the appearance of the bark. It does not do any harm. They do not seem to flourish in British Columbia, but they have found mites of the same species in King’s County, so they are apparently found there too. It is well distributed in North America, in Washington, Oregon and New York State, so there is nothing surprising about it. There is another mite in British Columbia which makes its appearance on leaves. It causes raised blisters, black in colour or very dark. The mites are on the under side hidden among the hairs and are never found much unless you look with a microscope. I saw some leaves on apple trees with marks ‘which looked as if they might be there. Has anybody found that mite in Eastern Canada? I have seen botanists deceived by it more than once, thinking they had the apple scab. In fact it has been diagnosed as apple scab frequently. THE Preswent: Mr. T. Jarvis is more of a specialist on these mites, but that question as to the Phytoptid mite is very interesting. Prof. Crosby is probably interested in the matter because he may have had similar experiences. Three years ago Mr. Giissow, the Dominion Botanist, and I first received specimens of this northern spy nursery stock from the Coldstream Nurseries in British Colambia bearing these reddish brown incrustations to which Prof. Brittain has referred. I am not sure, but I think the stock at the time was being condemned as being diseased and not fit for sale, and it was sent up to have the disease determined. I looked into the matter personally and examined quite a number of these young seedlings, and found the characteristic small tubercles which are caused by the 2m poasca when it deposits its eggs. I found the egg of this insect and naturally assumed that this was the cause of the trouble. The next spring we reared the larvae of Hmpoasca mali from the tubercles which later took the form of incrustations where the bark was ruptured. At that time the silver leaf on the apples in British Columbia was at- zracting attention. I do not know whether it was Prof. Brittain himself or in con- junction with Mr. Giissow, who discovered that there were two kinds of silver leaf, one caused by the Sterewm and the other caused by the little Phytoptid mite which I believe also causes silver Jeaf in peach, I think the original record from North America was on peach. Later we had further samples sent of these seedlings bearing incrustations. Mr. Dash of the Provincial Horticultural Department found these ~ Phytoptid mites under the brown incrustations which we said were due to the emergence of the Empoasca larve. We corresponded about the matter each referring to the same thing though believing the other meant something different. Finally when we-found that both of us had been talking about the same thing, the whole story worked out in this way. The Empoasca deposits egg under the surface of the bark which is ruptured when the larva emerges. This rupture increases in size with ~ 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107 the growth of the tree and forms a brown incrusted area the under surface of which is then invaded by the Phytoptid mites, and these eat away the tissues underneath the bark and in that way separate the bark and cause the spreading of these brown incrustations which are not therefore really produced by the Empoasca. In that way the whole story was brought together. It is most interesting to find that Prof. Brittain has discovered it in Nova Scotia. There is a very great deal to be learnt regarding these various forms of mites. Pror. Brirrarn: The mark caused by the mites has a very much more metallic appearance. The lustre is more metallic, while the other has a softer gloss. THE PRESIDENT: They hibernate under that incrustation in enormous numbers. CHERRY FRUIT FLIES. L. Carsar, 0. A. C., GUELPH. In 1910 as the result of a complaint about insects attacking a cherry orchard at St. Catharines, I found that the pest was Rhagoletis cingulata. In 1912, when examining another orchard near by Ff. fausta was discovered. 1. R. fausta has a black abdomen. R. cingulata has white cross bars on the abdomen. 2. The markings on the wings are quite different. Fig. 22—-A female Black-bodied Fig. 23—A female White-banded Cherry Fruit-fly (Rhagoletis Cherry Fruit-fly (Rhagoletis cin- fausta.) Note the arrangement gulata.) Note the arrangement of the dark markings on the of the dark markings on the wings, and also the black abdo- . Wings, and the presence of white men without white crossbands. crossbands on the abdomen. DISTRIBUTION OF THE FLIEs. R. cingulata in Canada has apparently been reported only from Ontario. In Ontario it is found in a number of orchards and gardens from Oakville to Niagara: Falls, a distance of about 75 miles. Hither it or fausta occurs at Cobourg and pro- bably at Berlin. &. fausta has practically the same range in Ontario fruit districts, but has also been found in British Columbia and on one occason in North Ontario at Kearney. It has not been reported from any other part of Canada and is very scarce in British Columbia. _ R. cingulata is on the whole the more abundant, but there are many exceptions. Some badly infested orchards will have 99 per cent. cingulata, others within two miles 99 per cent. fausta. 108 THE REPORT OF THE. | No. 36 ~ Foop PLants. Sour cherries, especially Montmorency and Morello, are the favorites, but late sweet cherries are also infested. Early Richmond (a sour variety) and early sweet cherries are only to a very small extent injured, probably because they are nearly ripe before the eggs are laid and because the flies prefer to lay eggs in green cherries or those just beginning :to turn. Wild sweet cherries, offsprings of cultivated sweet varieties, are also attacked, but no other kinds of wild cherries were found with any magEots in them. NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE INJURY. The injury is caused by the larvae—little white mag ggots—tearing the pulp — around the pit with the hooks that serve as jaws and absorbing the juice. This soon renders the interior unsightly and the cherry unfit to eat. The surface above where the feeding is done often collapses. Wormy cherries are subject to the Brown Rot disease, and then spread this to neighboring cherries. Moreover the sale of wormy fruit spoils the market for good cherries. : 3 Many orchards in the Niagara districts are infested. In some the loss is very small, in other it is very great. About one dozen fair-sized orchards have been visited that had each from 30 to 90 per cent. of the fruit wormy. There is no doubt ~ at all that the insects are very important and need to ‘be combated. The Plum Curculio larva has a distinct brown head, and a stout curved, creamy white body. The Cherry Fruit-fly larva has no head, a pair of black hooks taking the place of a head. The body is not curved and tapers strongly towards this end, the anal end being blunt. The colour varies from glossy white to light yellow in both ~ species. The adults of R. fausta begin to emerge in Niagara the first week in June, that is a few days before the early Richmond cherries have begun to show any red. R. cingulata adults are approximately a week later, not beginning to emerge until about the 10th or 12th. The majority of R. fausta came out this year between June Sth and 13th, and of R. cingulata between June 16th and 21st, that is a little over a week later. The average length of life of both species is a little less than one month, pos- sibly not more than three weeks. A few adults, however, live somewhat longer. There are more females than males, though towards the end of the season there are at least five males of cingulata to one female. This is not true of fausta, the females being in the majority even late in the season. LenetH or Time From EMERGENCE To Eac Layne. This is difficult to determine, but from a number of experiments was found to be somewhere between ten and fourteen days. The eggs are laid by the sharp sting-like ovipositor just beneath the skin. They — can easily be seen with a hand lens by cutting across the cherry just below the sur- - | face. Eggs of both species are white and nearly elliptical. In large cages 44 | larvee were the most obtained from any one fly, but a dissection of mature ovaries | showed as many as 240 eggs either fully formed or clearly distinguishable. Others © would doubtless be formed as these were being laid. It would not be surprising | ‘f one fly laid 300 eggs or more. The operation of laying requires less than thirty 15 a ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIBTY. 109 seconds on an average. In one case a female Jaid five eggs in thirty minutes. -Punctures are often made without any eggs being laid, for instance 42 punctures 2» . . . were found in one cherry in the orchard, but only five eggs deposited. _ The eggs hatch in warm weather on an average in five days. Sometimes only four days are required, but in colder weather this is not infrequently increased to eight days. Noumper or Larvm iN A CHERRY AND LENGTH OF THE LARVAL STAGE. It is claimed that there is only one larva to a cherry, but we found as - high as four in one instance, three in several others, and two in many cases. One _ is, however, the usual number. + The larval stage varies with the rate of the ripening of the fruit after the egg hatches. In July it is about 13 or 14 days on an average. In colder weather it may be three weeks. _ In most cases the larvae, when they are half grown or more, make one or some- _ times two little holes in the skin of the fruit. These are supposed to be for breath- _ ing purposes. " PUPATION, _ As soon as they are full grown the Jarvee come out of the ripe fruit, drop to the ground and at once seek to enter it. Having done this they contract the _ anterior and posterior segments to form the puparia, and after the lapse of some time change to the pup inside these. Bs The usual depth is about one inch where the soil is soft and well cultivated, but _ in cracks in hard soil they go several inches deep. Sometimes in hard soil, covered _ with grass, puparia are to be found almost on the surface in among the roots and _ protected by these from the sun. : ‘The puparia of fausta are whitish or cream colored: those of cingulata brown. - Vhis may not be true just at first, but is after the lapse of some weeks. It has been proved in Ontario as well as in New Hampshire that the Apple Mag- ot may remain through two winters in the pupal stage before emerging. We have not had an opportunity to test this with the Fruit Fies, but observed that some pup, which did not emerge in the summer, were still healthy in the autumn. This suggests that it is possible a few do remain in this stage two seasons. ie SEN Naturat MEANs oF ‘Conrron. 1. Ants destrov many freshly emerged adults before their wings can become _ developed. They also capture many larve after they leave the fruit and before they can enter the soil. . : 2. Spiders capture a number of adults. 3. Birds, including poultry, feed on pupe and larve on or in the ground. A 4. Numerous larve, where the surface is hard, fail to enter the surface and die from exposure to heat or fall a prey to ants or other predaceous foes. Pupe must have protection from sun and dry atmosphere. ConTROL BY SPRAYING. : The flies can easily be controlled by two applications of a sweetened poison on _ the fruit and foliage. ‘The first should be made as soon as the earliest adults are seen, which in Niagara is the first week in June, or about a week before the early 110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Richmonds begin to show any red;- the second about 10 or 12 days later. The mixture we used was 21% to 3 lbs. arsenate of lead to 40 gallons of water, sweetened with nearly one gallon of molasses (black strap). The nozzle on the spray rod was moderately coarse, and care was taken to cover the underside of-nearly all the leayes as well as the upper side. We believe in spraying fairly well so that very few leaves are missed, but not in drenching the trees. It takes.very little time to cover 100 ~ large trees which are close together. The total cost for the mixture, labour and all, is about five cents per tree. It was found that, owing to rains, one application was not sufficient in the ordinary season, though it lessened the percentage of wormy fruit greatly. Arsenate of lead will, without the molasses, control the pests, but it is advisable to use the molasses, because the flies are very fond of sweet substances. If the treatment is repeated two years in succession, it should free the orchard for many years, provided there is no nearby infested orchard. Useless cherry trees should be cut down and burned. Neighbors should also be asked to co-operate. TESTS WITH SWEETENED PoIsONS AND WITH ARSENATE OF LEAD ALONE. In 1913 an orchard of 183 trees was sprayed twice, June 13th and 23rd, with 3 lbs. arsenate of lead to 40 gals. of water, sweetened with 1 gal. molasses. This orchard had been so badly infested the previous year that much of the fruit could not be picked. Numerous flies emerged in 1913. In one cage, 4 x 1% ft, a total of 38 flies emerged from the ground, showing that the infestation was abund- ant. From six trees 175 were captured in between two and three hours by Mr. Spencer and myself. Result.—In a little more than a week from the second application very few flies could be seen, and at picking time a crop of $1,000 in value was harvested without either the pickers or ourselves finding a single wormy cherry, though an orchard less than quarter of a mile away under the same kind of cultivation was so badly infested that less than half the crop was harvested. The variety was Montmorency. A second orchard on the same farm, consisting of 91 sour cherries planted among plums, peaches and early sweet cherries, had the east half sprayed, the west not sprayed. Results—Unsprayed, 10 to 40 per cent. wormy; sprayed, 1 to 13 per cent. wormy. It was clear that the flies flew about from tree to tree to a greater extent than was usually supposed. In 1914 one orchard of 140 late sour cherries was sprayed on June 8th and June 23rd with the same mixture as above. This orchard had been very badly infested by R. fausta the previous year, and scarcely any cherries picked. It had been well cultivated. Numerous flies emerged and pupe were easy to obtain. Results——The flies were very scarce in about 10 days after the first application, and never became abundant for any length of time. In a sheet spread on June 10th under one tree 70 dead flies were captured, most of them in the first 8 days, June 11th to 18th. At the time of picking none of the pickers found any wormy ~ fruit, nor did my assistant. The owner’s wife found a very occasional worm when storing the fruit, but so rare that one could not easily state it in terms of per- centum. A few unsprayed trees several hundred yards away had %5 per cent. wormy. A second orchard of 180 trees, chiefly Montmorency, received two applications, the first on June 13th, with the same sweetened poison, and the second on June =- % : . 3 4 d q ‘ So a pe ee a ae ee 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 111 20th, with arsenate of lead alone, 3 lbs. to 40 gals. of water. This was so badly infested that cages on the ground indicated that nearly 700 adults emerged to a tree in parts of the orchard. “ Results.—The flies were never seen copulating or egg laying, and at picking time the Montmorencies were entirely free from worms. May Duke and Morello had much less than one per cent. wormy fruit on the worst infested trees. It is believed the flies that laid these flew in from a few badly infested trees about 200 yards away. Check orchards not any worse infested the previous year showed 30 to 95 per cent. of wormy fruit. ImporTANT PoInts TO REMEMBER. 1. The spray must be put on early enough to kill the flies before they are old enough to lay eggs. They begin to lay in about 10 days, therefore great prompt- ness is necessary. 2. All those who tried to control the pest with one application where it had been bad the previous year failed, hence two are necessary. 8. Cultivation is useless as a means of control. 4. Useless cherry trees should be cut down and burned. 5. The co-operation of neighbors should, where possible, be secured. THE Present: I am very pleased that Mr. Caesar gave us this account of the conclusion of the work on the fruit flies, of which we have had interesting accounts from year to year. He did not mention anything about the distribution of the fruit fly elsewhere. Pror. Cazsar: I wrote to British Columbia a year ago, and they have no re- port now of any orchard in which either of these species is present. The black- bodied species was originally discovered in British Columbia. Mr. Good, who has been in Nova Scotia and is now working with Prof. Brittain, says that he has seen none in that province. Pror. Brirrain: A Mr. Chesley Allan sends a report and says that he has found a cherry fruit fly, but they would not let him have it. I told him that the next time I went down I would look it up. THE PRESIDENT: It would be likely to occur there on account of the large num- ber of cherries grown there. I am almost sure that it occurs in Quebec. There is a dipterous iarva which affects cherries down there. I should like to ask you by what means you differentiate the different larvae? Pror. ‘Carsar: The larve may be separated by the little hooks. Mr. Spencer has worked on this a good deal and he finds that on the concave surface, the under surface, there is a little projection or lobe in one species not found on the other. There are apparently some other very minute differences in the structure of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Tue PresipenT: Did he compare the characters of the anal spiracles? Pror. Carsar: Yes, but they do not help. It is very hard to distinguish the larvae, no matter how carefully you examine them, even under microscope. THE PresIDENT: You said that the adults lived up to about a month; how did you keep them? Pror, CAESAR: We enclosed whole trees in cages. THe PresipenT: Did you try to keep the adults in tubes? Se 5tst iy. 112 } THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Pror, CaEsar: Yes, but it was not satisfactory. A very hot day hastens their death. We could not get ideal conditions. THE PRESIDENT: My experience with Muscid flies in keeping them alive is strange. You would expect that the larger the cage the longer you could keep them alive. Pror, Carsar: That was the case with the Cherry Fruit-flies in our experience, small cages were very unsatisfactory. Our cages enclosed the whole tree. THE PRESIDENT: The converse was true in my experience. I found that in the case of such flies as Stomoays the way to keep them alive longest is to keep them in glass tubes, 6 to 8 inches long, with absorbent wool stoppers. Pror. Carsar: I might add that we watered these cages every day that there was no rain. THE CONTROL OF FOREST AND SHADE TREE INSECTS OF THE FARM. J. M. Swartne, AssisTANT ENTOMOLOGIST FoR ForrEst INSECTS, OTTAWA. The beauty and comfort of any farm home depend to a not inconsiderable degree upon the shade trees which surround it; and yet we see many farmhouses, even in Eastern Canada, quite without shade trees of any kind. Such places are usually unbearably hot in summer, and unspeakably dreary in winter. A few fine shade trees would make a wonderful change. It is, however, rather with the pre- servation of the trees that occur that this: society has to do. The most serious enemies of shade trees in this country are certain insect and fungous pests and _ heavy wind or sleet storms. ‘he injuries from these sources are closely related. In many cases parasitic fungi, the cause of wood decay, gain entrance to the wood through tunnels of boring insects; fungus-injured branches and trunks provide breeding grounds for many insects; and insects, and particularly parasitic fungi, enter through storm-injured. branches and wounds in the trunk. It is possible to control most insect and fungus outbreaks on trees which are valuable enough to warrant individual treatment; but very many of these injuries could be prevented by proper handling of the trees, and considerable expense and trouble could thus be avoided. Mistakes are made often in selecting the trees for planting. Good stock should be chosen of varieties which are suited to the climate and soil conditions of the location. Trees which are likely to succumh to local insect pests should be avoided. It is almost useless, for instance, to plant the imported cut-leaf birches in districts where the Bronze Birch Borer is abundant, or the black locust tree in regions infested by the Locust Borer. The trees should be planted carefully and properly. Unless used for hedges, wind-breaks or close clumps, the individual trees should have sufficient room to develop the normal shape. A good fertilizer should be applied when it is needed, and an abundance of water should be furnished to the roots in dry seasons. The weaker, unthrifty trees should receive special attention. “Numbers of our bark-boring and wood-boring insects, which normally breed in dying trees, will attack trees in an unhealthy condition, particularly when the insects are present in great numbers. Other 1915 EN'TOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113 species which are notoriously destructive to healthy ‘trees prefer weakened bark and wood, and attack it most readily; this is true, particularly, of numbers of bark-beetle species. Vigorous trees in full sap are much better able to withstand the attack of some of these destructive borers, and are of course more likely to recover from attacks by defoliating or sucking insects, or from injuries of any sort. _ We have numbers of inquiries each season with regard to dying branches of conifers. When these trees are grown in a close stand they normally lose the lower branches as the dense growth of the crowns above gradually cuts off the supply of light. This is certain to occur if the trees are close together, and does - not indicate an unhealthy condition. It is possible to retain the beautiful conical shape of the spruce, for example, only when the light has free access to all parts _ of the tree. Spruces are commonly seriously affected by gall aphids, and often lose many branches from this cause. It frequently happens. however, that several “branches will die in a season on apparently healthy isolated spruces. The needles turn yellow during midsummer and drop; small portions or entire branches may be affected. There is no insect and apparently no fungus injury, and the trees otherwise appear to be quite healthy. This trouble appears to be more in evi- dence during dry seasons, and it is probably due to lack of sufficient moisture. Protection from injuries, and the proper treatment of those received, are of the utmost importance. Whenever the bark is broken and left, untreated, in- sects and fungi are almost certain to gain entrance. Many of the most serious injuries from decay originate from neglected wounds through which the para- sitic fungus enters. All such wounds should be properly cared for. The broken branches and those to be pruned should be cut off even with the trunk; wounds on the trunk or limbs should be trimmed smooth; and all such cut surfaces should he disinfected with creosote or bichloride of mercury solution and coated. with coal- tar or good paint. Any needed pruning is best done during the dormant period of the trees, while the sap-flow is not sufficient to break through the coating on the wounds. Injury from wind and sleet storms can be lessened by chaining or bolt- ing weaker upright branches together or to the trunk. Reasonable care in the prevention of injuries, and in the proper treatment of those which occur, will pre- vent much trouble from insects and fungous rots. Trees which have been badly injured by decay can be saved in many cases by proper surgical treatment. The decayed portions should be entirely removed and the healthy surface thus laid bare, disinfected with creosote or a solution of bichloride of mercury, and then painted with coal-tar or good paint. The parts should then be bolted together, if such support is required, and the cavity filled with cement. It is best to have _ any important work of this kind done by an expert in tree surgery, if such ser- vices are available. Clean Culture——All dying and dead branches and trees should be removed and burned. Many -insects and rot-causing fungi breed in such material and emerge therefrom to attack weakened or even healthy trees or branches [f is of the utmost importance to cut out or collect all such material promptly and burn it so as to destroy the pests which ii contains. Make it a rule to remove and burn dymg wood as soon as it is detected, and each fall or winter remove all dying and dead trees and parts and burn them before spring, so as to destroy the pests which they contain. ; 114 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROL, The chief injurious insects included here may be grouped as defoliating in- sects, sucking insects, and borers in the bark and wood. Most leaf-eating insects may be controlled readily enough by the ordinary poison sprays of paris green or lead arsenate. Very strong mixtures are at times required, and it is sometimes advisable to employ a spray of strong. contact in- secticide as a more rapid control for hordes of caterpillars. Very young Tent Caterpillars, where in immense numbers, are best controlled in this way. Sucking insects are controlled by spraying with strong contact insecticides, such as kerosene emulsion, fish-oil soap, and good tobacco extracts. The spraying of shade-trees requires the insecticides and, in general, the methods employed in the spraying of orchard trees; except that we have to reach greater heights, and in such cases need a more powerful apparatus. For spraying the lower foliage the ordinary nozzles and equipment are used; but to reach the top of the higher trees it is necessary to employ a solid stream and a power-sprayer of large capacity. A few of the power spray-pumps sold for orchard work will maintain a solid stream for 60 feet from the nozzle; other pumps, excellent for general work in the orchard, have a small pump capacity, and are unable to main- tain a solid stream above 40 ft. By using a good “solid stream” nozzle, such as the Worthley, and elevating the nozzle on a platform or ladder, the average orchard power-sprayer can be made fairly effective for shade-tree-work. For towns and cities where large numbers of tall trees are to be sprayed 4 special power-sprayer for shade-tree purposes should be obtained. Such pumps are now available, cap- able of maintaining a solid stream from 80 to 100 feet up from the nozzle. Spraying for shade-tree insects should be thorough. A mist spray at high pressure should be employed for as high as the extension will reach; and for the higher portions the solid stream is necessary. The latter uses the spray mixtures very rapidly and should be employed with discretion. It is, of coursé, quite necessary to understand the habits of the insects to be controlled and to make the sprays at the proper time. Hand-picking is effective to a very limited extent. The tents of the American Tent Caterpillar can be removed by means of tree-trimmers or torches; egg-masses of the tent-caterpillars and the tussock moths can be removed by hand at times with profit; and the larger caterpillars, which rarely occur in great numbers, can sometimes be removed from low foliage by pod more cheaply and effectively than in any other way. The Destruction of Larger Borers: When living trees become infested with large boring grubs or caterpillars it is necessary to kill the borers within the wood with the least possible injury to the trees. When the borers are near the surface it is often possible to cut them out with a knife or chisel without much injury to the wood; or a wire thrust into the borings can sometimes be used. effectively. It is usually possible to kill the grubs by injecting carbon bisulphide or benzine into the openings. The fluid should be injected with a syringe or oiling can, and the opening should be immediately closed with soap or putty. After several hours the plug should be removed and the grubs extracted if easily reached, decaying wood cut away, and the holes thoroughly syringed with strong lime sulphur or copper sulphate, or with a solution of bichloride of mercury, and finally filled with cement or putty. “The fluid should be injected into the flatter holes from which sap and borings have been oozing, and which evidently lead to the tunnels of living larve. 1915 ‘ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115 It is useless to inject insecticides into the exit-holes, from which the adults have escaped, although such holes should be disinfected and filled with putty or cement. /p Banding the trunks of deciduous trees to prevent infestation from wandering hordes of tent-caterpillars or the wingless females of the canker-worms is often a _ necessary precaution. The most effective method is to make a complete girdle about the trunk with a sticky substance over which the insects cannot crawl. The ; adhesive should be applied in a band about four inches wide to stout paper tacked or tied about the trunk five or six feet from the ground. If the bark is uneven x cotton should be placed beneath the paper to prevent the insects passing beneath. One. of the best adhesives for banding is made by boiling resin and castor oil in equal parts and thoroughly mixing. The well-known preparation “ Tree-tangle- foot” is widely used for this purpose. The shade trees of the Eastern States are infested by several very destructive insect species which have not yet become established in Canada. The Brown-tail Moth has unfortunately gained a foothold in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, but is being successfully held in check. Flights of the moths from infested districts - in Maine have been responsible for the infestations. The Gipsy Moth spreads _ much more slowly, and is not yet known to be breeding in any part of Canada. The Elm Leaf Beetle, Galerucelia !uteola Muller, is a most deadly enemy of ; the elms throughout many parts of the Eastern States. It has not yet been re- | 3 DANGER OF INSECT JAIPORTATIONS. ; 5 ’ ported as injurious in Canada; it occurs, however, throughout the northern and. western part of New York State anc the country adjacent to Lake Ontario, and _ we may expect it in the Niagara Peninsula before many years. The adult beetle is about one-fourth of an inch long, reddish-yellow or greenish- _ yellow in coleur, with three black spots on the prothorax, and usually three black stripes lengthwise or the wing-covers. The adult beetles eat irregular holes in the leaves, and the grubs eat away ihe under surface of the leaves, which rapidly _ dry and turn brown. This species has killed great numbers of elm trees through- out its range. It can be controlled by poison sprays: but would, without doubt, _ create havoe if it were to become established in Ontario or Quebec. : {mn recent years the elms about Boston have been attacked by the Elm Bark- ; . beetle, Eccoptogaster multistriata Marsh. This small species is a most important enemy of weakened or unthrifty trees. The adults are black and about 1-8 inch _ in Jength, with a short snout. They are easily distinguished from the common, and less injurious elm snout-beetles, which are very distinctly larger and have a _ long, slender snout or proboscis. The adults of the Elm Bark-beetle bore round holes through the bark and cut egg-tunnels along the surface of the wood. From _ the eggs, laid along the sides of these egg-tunnels, the larve or grubs hatch and excavate individual galleries away from the egg-tunnels through the inner bark. After pupating in the ends of these larva mines, and transforming to adults, they & -eut small] round holes thorugh the bark to freedom. A discovery of these small black on ‘beetles with their whitish grubs beneath the bark of dying elms should receive a. immediate attention. The Hickory Bark-beetle, Eccoptogaster quadrispinosus, a much larger species _ of the same genus and with similar habits, is a destructive enemy of hickory trees ae as far north as Lake Erie. It has not been recorded as injurious in Eastern - Canada: but I have specimens taken in Southern Ontario, and we may find any _ summer that it has obtained a foot-hold in the Niagara Peninsula. oe . 5 116 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The Leopard Moth, Zeuzera pyrina Linné is another very destructive enemy of deciduous shade-trees which may eventually spread northwards. Its large eater- pillar excavates tunnels in the wood, and has become a very serious pest through- out the region between New York and Boston. All these species, with the exception of the Hickory Bark Beetle, were im- ported from Europe in various ways and at different times. It is quite possible that some definite minimum temperature will determine the northern limit of their range; but it is probable that most of them will breed readily enough in Southern Ontario. It is well, therefore, to be familiar with the appearance and habits of such possible enemies, for the successful eradication of an infestation could only be accomplished at the very inception of an outbreak. Tur Inzurtous INSECTS OF THE WooDLOT. We have been dealing thus far with the shade-trees or ornamental trees of sufficient value to the owner to warrant individual treatment. It is quite another matter to control the insect enemies of woodlands, chiefly for the reason that we have here so many trees to deal with that individual treat- ment, such as spraying, usually involves an unreasonable expense. The insects involved will be those which affect indigenous shade-trees, and they may be con- trolled by the same methods, limited always by the factor_of expense. It might, for instance, be worth while to control a serious outbreak of defoliating insects in a valuable sugar bush by banding or even by spraying the trees, having in mind the serious effect of successive defoliations upon the vitality of the trees, but such work throughout a large strip of ordinary bush land would be quite out of the question. We must depend chiefly upon “clean culture” for the control of insect and fungous pests in woodlots. A proper system of handling the trees, by whieh wounds of all kinds are largely prevented and the trees are given a fair opportunity for healthy growth, would help to reduce the injuries from insects and fungi. In- juries from fire or from falling trees should be carefully avoided. Fire-injured ce trees are particularly liable to insect attack, and wounds on the trunk and larger »ranches almost invariably become infected by parasitic fungi, as well as by various insect foes. Boring-insects of many kinds breed largely in dying and recently dead trees and their parts, and spread from such material to nearby weakened trees and branches, or even attack perfectly sound timber. The dying branches and trees so common in most woodlots are largely cause] by horing-insects and rot-causing fungi. The control of such pests consists in removing all injured, dying and dead wood and shelf-fungi during winter and burning it, as firewood or otherwise, before spring opens, so that the contained pests are destroyed before they can spread to the living trees. All slash from cuttings should be burned during winter or early spring. If green slash is left through the spring it serves as a trap for many boring insects, which may then he destroyed by burning the piles towards the end of June, but fire danger, of course, must be considered first. The stumps should be cut low and barked. Logs which must be left in the woods during the months of June and July can be preserved from borers by barking before the last of May. All trees which are badly injured or dying should come out, to give place for others and to remove breeding grounds for insects. Healthy trees are less subject to attack by most insects and fungi, and con= ditions which produce a thrifty tree growth aid greatly in preventing such in- juries. a 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ili lirg VARIATION IN THE COLOUR OF THE BRISTLES OF THE HEDGE- HOG CATERPILLAR, JSIA ISABELLA 8. and A. Artuur Gipson, Cuter Assistant ENromoLocist, DEPARTMENT or AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA. For some years the writer has been interested in the remarkable variation in the colour of the larval bristles of the arctian, Jsia isabella S. and A., and an en- deavour has been made to obtain a series of the mature larve in colours, ranging - from wholly red to wholly black. This series is not as yet quite complete, but it is, I think, of sufficient interest to present at this meeting. As almost everyone knows, in most specimens the colour of the bristles from the central segments is a rust-red, the remaining bristles being black. For some time I haye had specimens in which the red bristles predominated, and one example in which almost all of the bristles were rust-red, but it was not until the spring of 1914 that a larva almost wholly black was obtained. This latter specimen was received from British Columbia, — along with examples of the more ordinary type. The larvee were unusually abund- ant in that province and attracted considerable attention, owing to their well known habit of wandering about in-spring preparatory to pupation. A study of the colour of the bristles of the specimens shown herewith, indicates as follows :— ; _ Specimen No. 1.—This example has nearly all of the bristles from the tubercles of a bright rust-red, the exceptions being a few black bristles from the lateral tuber- cles on segments 2, 3 and 4, and a few from dorsal tubercles on segment 2. Specimen No. 2.—The bristles on this specimen are rust-red from all segments excepting those on segments 4 and 5, and a few from segments 2 and 3, which are black. Specimen No. 3.—From segments other than 3, 4 and 5, and a few from dor- sum of segment 12, the bristles are rust-red. Specimen No. 4.—The black bristles on this larva are from segments 3 and 4, and on dorsum of segments 12 and 13, and a few from lateral tubercles on anal seg- ment; the others rust-red. Specimen No. 5.—Bristles black from segments ,2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 13 and from tubercle I on segment 6; other bristles rust-red. Specimen No. 6.—This specimen shows additional black bristles on segment 6, namely, from all the tubercles excepting IT. Specimen No. 7.—Bristles from segments 2, 3, 4 and 5 wholly black, from seg- ment 6 mostly black, few rust-red bristles from tubercles IT and III, and about half of this colour from tubercle IV. ‘The bristles on the dorsum of segment 11, from tubercles I, II and III, and all from segments 12 and 13 are also black. Specimen No. 8.—This larva differs from No. 7 in having all the bristles on segment 6 black, and only rust-red bristles from tubercles VI, VII and VIIT on seg- ment 11. - Specimen No. 9.—From all tubercles on segments 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12 and 15 the bristles are black ; the others rust-red. Specimen No. 10.—In this larva the black bristles are from the same segments as is the case with No. 9, but in addition all the bristles from tubercle I on segment 7. and from tubercles I, IT and III on segment 11 are also black. Specimen No. 11.—The only rust-red bristles on this specimen are from seg- ments 8 and 9. Specimen No. 12.—Almost wholly black, only a few very dark reddish-brown bristles from lateral tubercles, particularly on central segments. 118 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 HENRY HERBERT LYMAN, M.A. The appalling calamity that befell the steamship “ Empress of Ireland,” in the River St. Lawrence, near Father Point, shortly after midnight on Friday, May 29th, was acutely brought home to the older members of the Entomological Society of Ontario by the sad tidings that Mr. H. H. Lyman and his wife were among the thousand and more who were lost. For some few days we hoped against hope, but no traces of them have been found and there is not a vestige to show in what manner death came upon them; it seems most probable that they were drowned in their stateroom before they had time to escape. Mr. Lyman was to have sailed a fortnight earlier, but owing to the pressure of business matters he postponed his departure, with so sad a result. Mr. Lyman was born in Montreal on the 21st of December, 1854, and received his early education at the High School and West End Academy. At MeGill University he took the Arts Course and proceeded to the degree of B.A. in 1876, winning the Logan Medal in Geology and Natural Science, and received his M.A. degree in 1880. On completing his college career he entered his father’s firm, Lymans, Clare & Co., wholesale chemists and druggists in Montreal; in 1885 he became a partner in the business, whose name has been changed to Lyman, Sons & Co. On the death of his father he became senior partner and president of Ly- ‘mans, Limited, which includes the branch house in Toronto. His position in these important concerns manifests his remarkable business capacity and the attention he must have paid to their affairs. "The houses are widely known throughout Canada, and bear the highest reputation for upright dealing. energy, and enter- prise. Though much engrossed with the management of a very large business estab- lishment which demanded a close attention to innumerable details, Mr. Lyman found time for an active interest in many other things. In 1877 he joined the 5th Battalion of the Canadian Volunteer Force (now the Royal Scots of Canada) and rose from ensign to majer in 1885, retiring with that rank in 1891. He was a life governor of the Montreal General Hospital; treasurer and vice-president of the Graduates Society of McGill University; fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and of the Royal Colonial Institute; one of the organizers of the Imperial Federation League in Canada, and a member of the deputation which waited upon Lord Salisbury’s administration in 1886, asking that an Imperial Conference re- presenting the whole British Empire should be summoned; the conference was held during the following year; he was also a director of the British and Colonial Press Service. Though little interested in local politics he was an ardent Im- perialist, and considered that the perpetual unity of the Empire far surpassed in importance all other political questions: he advocated Imperial preferential trade and believed that Canada should bear its share of the burden of Imperial defence. To turn to a different aspect of his life, the one in which our readers are more interested—we learn that when only eight years of age he began to observe insects and their ways, and when a boy of twelve commenced to form a collection of Lepidoptera, which has now become one of the finest and most extensive in- Canada. On January 5th, 1875, Mr. Lyman became a member of the Entomo- logical Society of Ontario by jcining the Montreal branch. At the following meting he exhibited a case of butterflies from Illinois, following a custom which has always been characteristic of the Montreal meetings. These exhibits usually led to discussions in which Mr. Lyman took an active part and spared no pains wet 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 119 in arriving at correct conclusions, studying the original descriptions, and at times taking the specimens to the United States or the British Museum for final determ- ination. He would never jump at conclusions, but, sparing no time or trouble, would not rest satisfied till certainty was assured. His first paper was presented at the meeting on October 5th, 1875, being a description of the larva and pupa of Grapta interrogationis; this was followed a few months later by a list of Diurnal Lepidoptera taken at Portland, Maine (pub- lished in the Can. Ent. XII., 7-9). For nearly ten years he spent his annual summer holiday on the Atlantic coast, where he added largely to his collections and devel- oped his love for the butterflies, which he took great delight in rearing through all their stages. The first article from Mr. Lyman’s pen which appeared in the Canadian Entomologist (Volume VI., page 38) is in the form of a letter asking question about several butterflies found at Portland, Maine. In the same volume (page 158) he described the curiously marked egg of Gastropacha americana. From the 19th to the 44th volume, none have been without at least one article from his pen, and he lately expressed his regret that he failed to contribute last year to Vol. XLIV. In addition to his articles in this magazine, he wrote several of a more popular character for the Annual Reports of our society, and contributed a few also to “ Entomological News.” A list of his more important papers is given below. The third annual meeting of the Montreal branch was held at Mr. Lyman’s residence on May 7th, 1876, at which the minute book records that “he exhibited his fine collection of local and exotic insects.” This was the beginning of a long series of gatherings under his hospitable roof; during thirty-seven years a large proportion of the monthly meetings were held there, and were thoroughly enjoyed by the members and occasional visitors from a distance. They were made especially interesting at times by his delightful accounts of visits to scientific gatherings in the United States and Europe as well as in Canada; he would re- count the proceedings often with a good deal of humour, and tell of the eminent men whom he met. In the course of years he gathered together a large collection of books on the Lepidoptera of North America chiefly, and these he was always most kind in lending to his fellow members when they required to consult them. While interested in everything connected with the Lepidoptera of this conti- nent, he paid little attention to the “ Micros,” but was always keen to acquire specimens for study and comparison of such genera as Colias, Argynnis, Grapta, Chionobas, Haploa, Hyphantria, Papaipema, Xylina and Hepialus. His papers on these subjects will always be found of value and interest. On June 5th, 1877, he was elected Vice-President of the Montreal branch, and four years later he became President, holding the higher office for two years; in 1888 he again became President, and retained the position till 1899. In 1895 he was elected Vice-President of the parent society, and in 1897 became President, holding the highest place in the society for the usual term of two years, to the great satisfaction of the members. He rarely missed one of our annual meetings, and as a permanent director of the society took an active part in the management of its affairs. His interests, however, were not confined to his native land. Many years ago he joined the American Association for the Advancement of Science and was recently much gratified at being elected a Fellow: he used to say that an amateur who did good work was really more deserving of honour and recognition than a professional entomologist, who received pay for his work. He was also a Fellow of the Entomological Society of America and of the aoe 120 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Entomological Society of London, England; an honorary member of the New York Entomological Society and the Cambridge Entomological Club; for some time he was Vice-President of the Natural History Society of Montreal. His last official act was the reading of his report as delegate from our society to the Royal Society at the meeting in Montreal on Wednesday, May 27th, the day before he started on his fatal voyage. For a long time past Mr. Lyman’s friends had been much distressed by his increasing deafness, which of late had almost become total. ‘Conversation with him could only be carried on with the aid of an ear-trumpet or by writing. In spite of this severe disability, he was always bright and cheerful, full of innocent fun and enjoying a harmless joke. He travelled about a great deal, attending scientific meetings and other gatherings, among others the International Congresses of Entomology at Brussels and Oxford, which he seemed to enjoy, though latterly he could not hear a word of the papers and discussions. The writer and many friends were greatly pleased as well as surprised when he informed us that he was . about to be married. Since the death of his mother, to whom he paid devoted at- tention during a long period of weakness and infirmity, he had been living a somewhat lonely life. Two years ago, in March, 1912, he was married to the daughter of the Rey. William Kirkby, of New York, formerly rector of Collingwood, Ontario. She attended, with her husband, the Jubilee meeting of our society at Guelph last August, and charmed all who had the pleasure of spending any time in her-company. It seems inexpressibly sad that our two friends should have had so short a period of happy married life, and have ended their days together in a tragedy so sudden and so awful. Mr. LymMan’s PUBLISHED PAPERS. To the Canadian Entomologist he contributed sixty articles, among which the following may be mentioned :— Notes on Colias Christina, Vol. XVL., 5. The North American Callimorphas, Vols. XIX., 181 with plate, and XXL, 231. Can Insects Survive Freezing? Vols. XXIV., 1, and XXX., 287. Pamphila Manitoba and Its Varieties, XXIV., 57. Prep. Stages of Nemeophila Scudderi, XXV., 248. Occurrence of Hepialus Thule at Montreal, XXV., 297, and XXXIX., 397. ‘The Larger Species of Argynnis and the Mystery of Their Life History, XXVIIL., 143. Prep. Stages of Erebia Epipsodea, XXVIITI., 274. Life History of Colias Interior, XXIX., 249. Life History of NXylina Bethunei, XXNIIT., 1. What is a Genus? XXXIV., 187. New Gortynas, XXXVIT., 305 (with plate). A North American Entomologists’ Union, XXXVITL., fie Type and Typical, XL., 141. Recent Work Among ie Borers, XL., 249. Notes on N. A. Graptas in the British Museum, XLIII., 418. The second International ees of Entomology, XLIV., 370. In the Annual Reports: No. 23, p. 32, A Trip to Mt. Washington. we ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121 . 32, p. 57, Fall Web-worms, with plate of 33 figures. . 82, p. 61, Notes on Danais Archippus. . 37, p. 39, A Hunt for a Borer. . 39, p. 145 Life History of Euchetias Oregonensis. . 40, p. 46, Origin and Diffusion of Entomological Errors In 29th Report, p. 17, President’s Annual Address, delivered.on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Montreal Branch. In Entomological News, Vol. XVIII.. p. 420, is an able article on Thecla -ealanus and T. edwardsti (with the footnote that it was read before the Ent. Soc. of Ontario at Guelph, July +, 1907). In Vol. VII., 172, On Occurrence of Chionobas tarpeia in North America. » Several short items also appear, including one regarding Hrebia discoidalis in _ the first volume, p. 146. Ce I Sab DR. WILLIAM SAUNDERS, C.M.G. - On Sunday afternoon, September 13th, after an illness which had continued for nearly two years, and which for a twelvemonth had rendered him mentally it 4 i. _ ineapable, Dr. William Saunders passed to his rest at his home in London, Ontario, im the sevyenty-ninth year of his age. He was born in Devonshire, England, and eame to Canada with his parents when a boy of twelve. His educational advantages were meagre, but he succeeded in obtaining a technical training in chemistry and set up in business as a revail druggist in London. His agreeable manners, thorougli honesty, and untiring industry brought him a fair measure of success. His love of nature led him to the collection of wild plants and insects, which could be found in abundance in the neighbourhood, and he became an ardent student of botany and entomology. Finding many medicinal plants readily obtainable, he _ began the preparation of fluid extracts, which were so pure and reliable that they soon became widely and favourably known among the medical profession, and led by degrees to the establishment of an extensive and lucrative business, both whole- sale and retail. Years later, when he became Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion, the wholesale business was transferred to his eldest son, Mr. W. _ E. Saunders, by whom it is still successfully maintained, and the retail department to two of his younger sons, who, however, afterwards relinquished it for other pursuits. During the five-and-twenty years of his business life, Mr. Saunders found time for taking an active part in many other things. Besides his scientific work in entomology and botany, he took a great interest in fruit-growing, establishing a farm of his own near the city. and becoming a zealous member of the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association, of which he was a director for many years and pre- sident from 1882 to 1885. In connection with his professional work he was ap- pointed Professor of Materia Medica in the Western University, Public Analyst for Western Ontario, and President for two years of the Ontario ‘College of Phar- macy, of which he was one of the founders. He was an active member of the American Pharmaceutical Society, and Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. His attendance at the meetings of these societies. held from year to year in various cities of North America, caused him to have a widely extended friendship with notable men of all kinds, by whom he was highly esteemed and respected. se 95.8: 122 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The writer’s acquaintance with Dr. Saunders began more than fifty years ago when we were both young men, and soon ripened into a warm friendsip, which has continued unbroken until now during all these years. In those early days, when the study of entomology was so difficult owing to the scarcity of books on the subject, we were in constant correspondence, helping each other in every way we could, and spending each summer some days together, comparing notes, studying specimens and making collecting expeditions.. Many happy hours we spent together in early morning tramps to the ponds and woods about London, and in the eyen- ing, when his day’s business was over, in examining the captures we had made. At that time there were few in Canada who took the least interest in the objects which to us afforded the keenest pleasure, but as time went on we found here and there a congenial spirit, and were led on in 1862 to attempt the organization of an Entomological Society. This was successfully accomplished during the following spring, and last year the completion of half a century’s work and progress was celebrated by the jubilee meeting at Guelph. An account of the proceedings on that occasion and the history of the formation and growth of the society have been given in the November (1913) number of the “ Canadian Entomologist ” and the 44th Annual Report of the Society. In 1868 Mr. Saunders and the writer decided upon making another venture and began the publication of the “‘ Canadian Entomo- logist,” to the first two numbers of which we were the sole contributors. For five years the latter was the editor, and was then succeeded by Mr. Saunders, who continued the management of the magazine until his removal to Ottawa in 1886. Three years previously there was published in Philadelphia his notable book “ In- sects Injurious to Fruits,” which is justly regarded as a classic by economic ento- mologists. A second edition was issued in 1892, and the author had begun the preparation of a third when his prolonged illness rendered him incapable of accom- plishing any literary work. A list of his published articles, bulletins, reports, etc., fills six columns of the Bibliography in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada for 1894, and a large number have been added since. In 1881 he had been appointed by the Governor-General of Canada, the Marquis of Lorne, one of the original Fellews of the Royal Society, and in 1906 he was elected President, having thus risen to the highest position of honour for, scientific work that can be attained in this Dominion. Twenty years ago it was said of him by an American writer that “by painstaking study and observation he had risen to the topmost pinnacle of fame as an entomologist, horticulturist and experimental agriculturist.” A very important change took place in the life and work of Dr. Saunders in 1886, when he was appointed Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion, and left his home and business in London to reside in Ottawa. During the pre- vious year he was commissioned by the Government to visit various Experimental Stations in the United States and to report upon agricultural and experimental work in Europe and America. In this new sphere of labour he applied himself with his wonted vigour, and in the course of a few years was mainly instrumental in bringing these establishments into thorough working order and into a high standard of excellence. Anyone who saw the Ottawa Farm in the autumn of 1866—a large tract of bare land, with workmen busily employed in levelling and removing stumps and boulders with dynamite—and then visited it ten or fifteen years later (as did the writer) could not fail to be impressed with the wonderful work accomplished by the genius of Dr. Saunders in turning 2 waste into a scene of beauty and a hive of industry. Here have been carried on under his direction _ a great variety of experiments in breeding and feeding live stock, testing soils and ’ cf aS pel AS, 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 123 water, growing fruit and ornamental trees of all kinds, selecting hardy varieties, improving the size and quality of any fruits suited to the climate of the Western Provinces, beekeeping, experiments and observations in economic entomology, plant pathology, and various other matters pertaining to the welfare and benefit of the farming community. Especially noteworthy was his work in crossing varieties of grain and producing new and improved kinds; one alone of these, the Marquis ~ wheat, is believed to have added millions of dollars to the value of the wheat _ products of the prairie country. All information thus acquired has been freely afforded to the farmers by distribution of seed, and bulletins and reports on all manner of subjects. The ever-growing work and its extension in every Province of the Dominion began at length to tell upon the physical strength of the man who was the main- spring of it all. His vitality, owing to advancing years and the inroads of an insidious disease, began to fail, and he felt that the time had come for his retire- ment. Accordingly he resigned about three years ago, and went with his wife and daughter for a pleasure trip to Europe—his first real holiday since he went to Ottawa. His friends expected him to return with much improved health, but it was ordered otherwise; he became very ill in England, and never entirely re- covered. He had completed his life work, his duty was well done, and he has left the record of great deeds accomplished, and of vast and widespread benefits conferred upon the people of the land. This account of a remarkable man would be incomplete without a reference to his beloved wife, who was a true helpmeet both in small things and in great. Ever cheerful and encouraging, full of kind- ness and hospitality, perfectly unassuming and free from all affectation, she is loved and esteemed by all who know her, and her children and friends rise up and call her blessed. ‘To ther, in her desolation, and to her family in their sense of loss our sympathies go out in the fullest measure. The ability and work of Dr. Saunders have been recognized in many gratify- _ing ways. In 1905 he received the distinction of Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George, conferred by His Majesty King Edward; Honorary LL.D. from Queen’s University in 1896, and from the University of Toronto in 1903; the Mantua Gold Medal for distinction in scientific knowledge. He was a fellow of the Entomological Society of London and the Royal Microscopical Society; an hono- rary member of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain and of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, and an ordinary member of a large number of scientific societies in the United States of America. C. J. 8. B. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1914. ArTuur Gisson, Cuier AssIsTANT ENTOMOLOGIST, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Orrawa. Every year new names of persons residing in various parts of Canada are added to the list of those who collect insects, and owing to the increased interest which is taken in the collection and study of insects, it seems desirable to again point out the chief reasons for the publication ‘of this annual Entomological Record. As stated in an early issue of the Record, there is no object in publish- ing year after year long lists of insects which have been taken within their a 12-4 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 kmown range, but only such data as it is thought will be of value to students of geographical entomology, and to those interested in life-histories, particularly the exact dates when the various insects occur in the perfect state. Notes on species — not known to have been previously recorded from any of the pi‘ovinces are specially desired. Where districts within any of the provinces have been fairly well worked over, any new additions to such local lists would tbe ‘of value. Such information we have endeavoured to present from year to year, in addition to. brief references to literature of interest to Canadian students. During 1914, many interesting species were collected throughout Canada, and in the determination of certain of these and of specimens gathered in former years we have again received much help from the recognized authorities in the United States and elsewhere. Our special thanks are due to Dr. L. O. Howard and his associates at Washington—Dr. Dyar, Dr. Banks, Messrs. Schwarz, Craw- ford, Busck, Rohwer and Knab; Sir George F. Hampson, of the British Museum: Prof. H. F. Wickham, of Lowa City, Iowa; Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, of Department of _ Agriculture, University of California, Berkeley, Cal.; Dr. Henry Skinner, of Philadelphia, Pa.; Col. Thos. L. Casey, of Washington, aie Mr. C. W. Joneeeee of Boston, Mass.; Mr. Chas. Liebeck, of Philadelphia, Pa. ; Prof. H. 8. Hine, of Columbus, Ohio; Mr. Chas. W. Leng, of New York, N.Y.; Prof. J. M. Aldrich, La Fayette, Ind.; Dr. W. G. Dietz, of Hazleton, Pa.; Mr. J. R. de la Torre Bueno, of White Plains, N.Y.; Mr. F. H. Wolley-Dod, ‘of I Midnapore, Alta., and Dr. Bi M. Walker, of Toronto, Ont. LITERATURE, Casry, THos. L. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, V; published by the New Era Printing Company, Lancaster, Pa.; issued Nov. 28, 1914, pp. 387. This fifth memoir consists of: Part I, Studies in Omus and Cicindela, pp. 1-24; Part II, Some observations on the Carabide, including a new subfamily. pp. 25 to 44; Part III, A Revision of the Nearctic Harpaline, pp. 45-305; Part IV, A Review of the Genus Thyce and of the North American species of Polyphylla, pp. 306-_ 354: Part TV, Miscellaneous Notes and New Species, pp. 355 to 376. In the memoir 833 species are described as new, seven of. which are from Canada. Crawrorp, Davin L. A contribution toward a monograph of the Homiop- terous insects of the Family Delphacide of North and South America; Proc. _U. 8. N. M., Vol. 46, pp. 557-640, with plates 44-49; pulblished March 4, 1914, received 11 March. In this paper 35 species are described as new, and nine as new varieties. None of these are from Canada. Five species are recorded from the Dominion. The author states that the family Delphacide was until quite recently, in fact, by some, is still, considered as a subfamily of the larger group Fulgoride. By most students now, however, it is separated from its near relatives as a distinct family, chiefly on account of the large movable spur, or calcar, at the base of the posterior tibie. Crawrorp, Davin L. A monograph of the Jumping Plant-lice or Psyllide of the New World, Bulletin 85, U. 8S. N. M., Washington, D.C., issued June 3, 1914, pp. 186, plates 30. In this important contribution, 68 species are des- cribed as new or new varieties, four of which are from Canada. In addition to these latter, Canadian records are given of 10 other species. Pages 5 to 16 are devoted to a discussion of the head, the thorax, appendages of the thorax and abdomen. Brief chapters on Locomotion, Relations to other Homoptera, Collect- ing and Preserving and Determinations from Immature Stages will be found 3 - 2 oil 4 > = ~* hn ; . : 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 125 on pages 16 and 17. Then follows a systematic discussion of the species. As the title would indicate only American genera are treated in the monograph. These have been arranged in six subfamilies—Liviine, Pauropsylline, Carsi- darine, Ceriacremine, Triozine and Psylline. Hampson, Str Georce F. (Bart.) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalwene in the British Museum, Vol. XIII, Noctuide, Sept. 1913, 609 pp. plates CCX XII- CCXXXIX; received 12 Jan., 1914. The subject of this volume is the classifica- tion of the remainder of the noctuid subfamily Catocaline and the subfamilies Mominz and Phytometrine. The Catocaline are represented in the volume by ‘44 genera and 379 species, making a total of 107 genera and 1,022 species for the subfamily. The Momine are represented by 11 genera and 74 species and the Phytometrine by 15 genera and 226 species. Records are given of 197 species from North America, six of which are described as new. 67 Canadian locality records are included. An interesting portion of the volume is the treat- ment of the species known under the old name of Plusia, also the arrangement of the species in the genus Zale. The excellent plates which accompany the volume are indeed ‘beautiful and of great value. Hewitt, C. Gorpon. The House-fly, Its Structures, Habits, Development, Relation to Disease and Control; Cambridge; at the University Press, 1914: 382 pages, 3 full page coloured plates, and 104 text figures; price 15 shillings net. This is undoubtedly the most comprehensive and complete volume which has yet appeared on the house-fly. It has been prepared primarily for the use of ento- mologists, medical men and health officers. It is divided into six parts, viz.: Part I, The Structure and Habits of the House-fly: Part II, The Breeding Habits. Life-history and Structure of the Larva; Part III, The Natural Enemies and Parasites of the House-fly; Part IV, Other Species of Flies Frequenting Houses: ‘Part V, The Relation of House-flies to Disease: Part VI, Control Measures. Hewitt, C. Gorpon. Bibliography of Canadian Entomology for 1912: _ Ottawa; Trans. Royal Soc. of Canada, Third Series—1913, Vol. VII, Section IV. References are given to 121 papers, 22 of these relate to Lepidoptera, 17 to Hymenoptera, 11 to Diptera, etc., ete. Titles of 48 papers on subjects of economic entomology are given. This annual publication indicates concisely the increasing ~ interest which is being taken in Canadian insects. Matzocn. J. R. American Black Flies or Buffalo Gnats: U.S. Dept. Agri- culture, Bureau of Entomology, Technical Series No. 26; pp. 70, plates 6; issued April 6, 1914. In this paper 15 species are described as new, three of which are from Canada. On pages 68 and 69 is given a catalogue of North and Central American Simuliide. Under the genus Prosimuiium, 5 species are given; under the genus Parasimulium, 1 species, and under the genus Simulium 37 species. _ OF the 38 species the types of 22 are in the United States National Museum. Mortey, Cuaupe. A Revision of the Ichneumonide based on the collection in the British Museum (Natural History), Parts III, Tribes Pimplides and Bassides: British Museum (Natural History) 1914, pp. 148, 1 plate (coloured) : received Sept. 1, 1914. Part I appeared in 1912 and Part II in 1913. In Part Ill, 374 species are included, 49 of which are described as new. Records are given of 15 species from Canada, which are in the British Museum: 2 of these are - described as new. SKINNER, Henry. Studies in the Genus Thanaos: Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XL. pp. 195-221, Aug. 3, 1914. This paper is of much interest. These buiter- flies have always troubled Jepidopterists, but thanks to Dr. Skinner we are now able 126 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 ~ to understand them much better. Definite records from Canada are given of five species. T'wo species are described as new. SLINGERLAND, THE LATE MARK VERNON, and Crospy, Cyrus RICHARD, Manual of Fruit Insects: New York; The Macmillan Company, 1914; pp. 503; 396 illustrations; price $2.00. This much needed book was published in July, 1914, and is an excellent work of reference. Although prepared specially for fruit growers, entomologists generally will find this volume of extreme use. It is divided into 15 chapters, the titles of which are: I, General Considerations; II, Apple Insects—The Fruit; III, Apple Insects—Buds and Foliage; 1V, Apple Insects—Aphis, Scales and Others; V, Apple Insects—Borers and Miscellaneous; VI, Pear and Quince Insects; VII, Plum Insects; VIII, Peach Insects; 1X, Cherry Insects; X, Raspberry, Blackberry and Dewberry Insects; XI, Currant and Gooseberry Insects; XII, Strawberry Insects; XIII, Grape Insects; XIV, Cranberry Insects; XV, Insecticides. In the appearance of this book the science of entomology in Canada is indeed honoured. The following words appear on the dedication page: “To William Saunders, Leader in Agricultural Enquiry, author of ‘Insects Injurious to Fruits,’ which for nearly one-third of a century has been the standard work on the subject, this book is dedicated as a token of appreciation.” Somes, M. P. The Acridiide of Minnesota. University of Minnesota Agri- cultural Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin No. 141, University Farm, St. Paul, July, 1914; pp. 100, plates 4 (3 coloured). In this very useful systematic study the author states, every effort has been made to furnish data which shall apply to the forms found in Minnesota and the tables and descriptions have been rewritten and modified to fit them to local conditions. Notwithstanding, this bulletin will be found of much value to Canadian students of orthoptera. In addition to the descriptive notes, much information is given under many of the species, on habitat, flight, ete. The plates at the end of the bulletin are, in general, excellent. Viereck, Henry L. Type species of the Genera of Ichneumon Flies; Bulletin 83, United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., issued Jan 31, 1914; pp. 186; received Feb. 13. This paper, as the author states, is an alphabetic catalogue of the genera.of the Ichneumonoidea, together with the type of each genus. It is presumed to be complete up to the end of 1912. It is a most useful contribution and will be welcomed by students of hymenoptera. : The following is a list of the names and addresses of collectors heard from during 1914: Anderson, E. M., Provincial Museum, Victoria, B.C. Baird, Thos., High River, Alta. Beaulieu, G., Ent. Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa. ‘ Beaulne, J. I., Ent. Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa. Bethune, Rey. Prof., O.A/C., Guelph. Blackmore, E. H., Victoria, B.C. Brimley, J. F., Wellington, Ont. Brittain, W., Agric. College, Truro, N.S. Bush, A. H., 1105 Broadway, Vancouver, B.C. Caesar, L., O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. Chagnon, Gus., Box 521, Montreal. 7a x a’ 3 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIBTY. Chagnon, W., St. John’s, Que. Chandler, Frank S., Kaslo, B.C. Chrystal, R. N., Ent. Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa. Cockle, J. W., Kaslo, B.C. Cosens, Dr. A., Parkdale Collegiate Institute, Toronto. ‘Crew, R. J., 561 Carlaw Ave., Toronto. Criddle, Evelyn, Aweme, Man. Criddle, Norman, Aweme, Man. Dawson, Horace, Hymers, Ont. Day, G. O. Duncans, B.C. Dod, F. H. Wolley-, Midnapore, Alta. Emile, Rev. Bro., Longueuil, Que. Eyans, J. D., Trenton, Ont. Fyles, Rey. Dr. T. W., 368 Frank St., Ottawa. Germain, Rev. Bro., 125 Empress St., Ottawa. Gibson, Arthur, Ent. Branch, Dept. Agric., Ottawa. Hahn, Paul, 433 Indian Road, Toronto. Haight, D. H., Sudbury, Ont. Hanham, A. W., Duncan, B.C. Harrington, W. H., P. 0. Dept., Ottawa. Hewitt, Dr. C. Gordon, Ent. Branch, Dept. Agric., Ottawa. Hudson, A. F., Millarville, Alta. Hudson, H. F., Strathroy, Ont. Johnson, Geo. S., Moose Jaw, Sask. Kitto, V., Inland Revenue, Dept. Interior, Ottawa. Leavitt, A. G., St. John, NB. McIntosh, W., St. John, N.B. Mignault, Rev. J. B., Ste. Therese, Que. Moore, G. A., 850 St. Hubert St., Montreal. Nicholls, Arch., Saulte Ste. Marie, Ont. Perrin, Jos.,.McNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S. Petch, C. E., Covey Hill, Que. Ruhmann, Max H., Vernon, B.C. Ross, W. A., Vineland Station, Ont. Sanders, G. E., Bridgetown, N.S. Sanson, N. B., Banff, Alta. Simpson, W.. Dominion Observatory, Ottawa. Simms, H. M., 192 Ontario East, Montreal. Sladen, F. W. L., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Stewart, G. M., 83 Smith St., Winnipeg, Man. Strickland, E. H., Experimental Station, Lethbridge, Alta. Swaine, J. M., Ent. Branch, Dept. Agric., Ottawa. Tams, W. H. T., Midnapore, Alta. Taverner, P. A., Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa. Tothill, J. D., Fredericton, N.B. Treherne, R. C., Agassiz, B.C. Venables, E. P.. Vernon, B.C. Walker, Dr. E. M., Univ. of Toronto, Toronto. Wallis, J. B.. Machray School, Winnipeg, Man. Whitehouse, F. C.. Red Deer, Alta. 128 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Willing, Prof. T. N., Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. Wilson, Tom, 1105 Broadway, Vancouver, B.C. Winn, A. F., 32 Springfield Ave., Westmount, Que. Young, C. H., Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa. NOTES OF CAPTURES. (Species preceded by an asterisk (*) described during 1914.) LEPIDOPTERA, (Arranged according to Dyar’s List of North American Lepidoptera, U.S. Nat. Museum Bull. No. 52.) (Dyar’s number.) Pieridae. 40. Pontia rape var. novanglie Scudd. Smith’s Cove, N.S., Aug. 11 (Gibson). 52. Callidryas eubule L. Mr. W. E. Saunders, of London, Ont., reports having seen three specimens of this southern butterfly on Oct. 4 and 5. One of the specimens settled within three or four feet of him and spread its wings, so that he had an excellent view of it. ~ 81. Pyrisita mexicana Bdy. Aweme, Man., Oct. 1, (N. Criddle) ; Sept. 2%, (FB. Criddle). Another very interesting record. Nymphalide. 222. Vanessa carye Hbn. Not uncommon this season, Duncan, B.C., noticed ovipositing on hollyhocks, not observed in the district before, (Hanham). Mr. R. N. Chrystal found the larvm, the past season, doing considerable damage to hollyhocks, at Vancouver, B.C. Hesperiide. 487. Erynnis comma var. lawrentina Lyman. Bonaventure Island; Que., Sept. 20, (Taverner and Young). In Dr. Skinner’s Synonymic Catalogue of the N. A. Rhopalocera (1898) the reference should be corrected to read — “Can. Ent., XXIV, 59, 1892. The same correction should be made in Dyar’s catalogue. Sphingide. ~ Hemaris diffinis var. ariadne B. and McD. (Psyche, XVII, 202, 1910).- Midnapore, Alta.: common at dandelion blossoms, May 29, 30, (Tams). This is the diffinis of my Alberta list and the form figured by Holland as thetis, on Pl. 11, fig. 1, (Dod). 653c. Hemaris diffinis var. rubens Hy. Edw. Midnapore, Alta., a male, June 18, (Tams). New to Alberta. Exactly like Vancouver Island specimens, which, according to Barnes and McDunnough, are typical rubens or as it is listed by them. “ diffinis-thetis var. rubens.” Tt appears to me distinct from ariadne (Dod). Se 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 129 656. H. thysbe Fabr. var. cimbiciformis Steph. Several at Edmonton, Alta. May 10-16, by Mr. Val. Fernekes; the same form as that entered by me as ruficaudis in the Record of 1910, but Barnes and McDunnough state that the latter name is a pure synonym of thysbe, which has dentate margins as per Holland’s figure, whilst cimbiciformis has margins even, (Dod). 657. Lepisesia flavofasciata Walk. Midnapore, Alta., May 21st, one female (A. F. Hudson). ‘Several seen flying in sunshine at the Billing’s Mill locality, on May 31st. (Hudson and Tams.) Only one previous Alberta record, (Dod). 677. Pholus fasciatus Sulz. Granville Ferry, N.S., Aug. 19, 1910, (Payne). 704. Sphina luscitiosa Clem. Edmonton, Alta., May 10-16. A female. (We Fernekes. The second Alberta record, (Dod). Arctiide, $53. Estigmene prima Slosson. Moose Jaw, Sask., June, (Johnson). 872. Hyphoraia parthenos Harr. Midnapore, Alta., May 16-18. A few flying in sunshine, and at light. (Tams and Dod). 876. Apantesis michabo Grt. Moose Jaw, Sask., Sept., 1913, (Johnson). Noctuide. © | 1029. Apatela sperata Grt. Midnapore, Alta., June 15. New to Alberta, (Dod). ( 1040. Apatela illita Sm. High River, Alta., June 19, (Baird). 1047. Apharetra pyralis Sm. Banff, Alta., (Sanson). 1050. Merolonche lupini Grt. Banff, Alta., June 25-July 12, three specimens, (Sanson).» The specimens are a deeper blue-grey and more hoary than typical /upini, with less distinct maculation, and fit Smith and Dyar’s description of ursina about equally well. But I am not at all convinced that these names really refer to distinct species, (Dod). (1145). Hillia vigilans Grt. Midnapore, Alta., Aug. 26, (Dod). 1216. Hadena contradicta Sm. Midnapore, Alta., June 30th, a female, at treacle, (Hudson and Tams). ? 1247. Hadena cinefacta Grt. Midnapore, Alta., June 29th, at treacle, (Dod). Fishia derelicta Hamps. (Ann, and Mag. N. H., Ser. 8, Vol. XII, Dee., 1913). Midnapore, Alta., Sept. 24th, a female at light. Not seen for years, (Dod). Banff, Oct. 2nd, 1913, (Sanson). This is the number’ 277 of the Alberta List. Sir George Hampson’s type is from Aweme, Man., and Calgary and Cartwright specimens are included in the type material, (Dod). 1286. Momophana comstocki Grt. Edmonton, Alita. May 13th. A fine male on electric light pole. (V. Fernekes). Agrees well with Hampson’s wood- cut and description, and with my notes on the type from New York in the British Museum. It appears to be very rare. The species which for many years passed as comstocki in Vancouver Island collections is Feralia colum- biana Smith, (Dod). Feralia columbiana Sm. Quamichan Lake, B.C., March 29, first specimen I have taken, (Hanham). 1338. Oncocnemis chandleri Grt. Midnapore, Alta., Aug. 29, at light. (Tams). The third taken in Alberta, (Dod). Oncocnemis poliochroa Hamps. (Cat. Lep. Phal.eVI, p. 175, 1906.) Mid- napore, Alta., Aug. 12-26, a few at light, (Tams). Not taken previously THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 1402. 1492. 1497. 1547. 1806. for several years. It was entered as chandleri in my Alberta List (No. 185), and so passed in other western collections until Sir George Hampson recognized it as distinct and named it, (Dod). Rhynchagrotis imelegans Sm. Shawnigan, B.C., July 9, 1912, (Wallis). New to Canada, (Dod). ; Noctua acarnea Sm. (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XIII, 194, Dee. 1905). Banff, July 2, 4, 10, on electric light poles, 3 males in good condition, — (Sanson). Described from a male from Banff taken on July 11th, 1902, — also by Mr. Sanson. This year’s captures are the only specimens I ever saw besides the type, (Dod). Noctua patefacta Sm. Midnapore, Alta., July 11-20. A few at light, (Tams). Noctua clemens Sm. Midnapore, Alta., June 29. A male at treacle. Very rare in Canada, (Dod). ; Noctua dislocata Sm. (Can. Ent., XXXVI, 149, June, 1904. Midnapore, Alta., July 2; two at treacle (Dod & Tams). Feltia vancouverensis Grt. Midnapore, Alta., June 2 and 30. A pair, at light, (Tams). I had only one previous Alberta record, June 9th, 1897_ The male recently taken scarcely differs from Vancouver Island specimens, _ (Dod). Chorizagrotis sordida Sm. (Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc. XVI, 86, June, 1908). Midnapore, Alta., a rather worn female at light. Aug. 26, (Tams). © This is the No. 225 of my Alberta list, which on the strength of a specimen compared with type I now believe to be sordida, (Dod). Paragrotis dargo Strk. Moose Jaw, Sask., (Johnson). Rumatana Sm. is an exact synonym, (Dod). Paragrotis acornis Sm. Midnapore, Alta., a few at light, Aug. 26th to Sept. — 25th, (Tams). : Paragrotis brunneigera Grt. Victoria, B.C., (Blackmore). I had formerly — given this name to a different species in ’ British Columbia, but the de-" termination is correct, (Dod). 2 Paragrotis incallida Sm. Midnapore, Alta. Two at light, Aug. 6th and ~ Sept. 25th, (Tams). , Paragrotis infusa Sm. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 23, 1912, (Wallis). Second — Alberta record, (Dod). | Mamestra carbonifera Hamps. Banfi, Alta., July 1st, 13th. Two males, — (Sanson). Mamestra nevadae Grt. Midnapore, Alta., June 16-30. A few at treacle, (Dod & Tams). High River, Alta., June 19, (Baird). Mamestra invalida Sm. Midnapore, Alta., June 29 and July 1. Two females at treacle, (Dod). Banff, Alta., several at light, (Sanson). I now ~ believe this to be identical with cristifera Walk., which however is Be ‘ distinct from Jubens Grt., (Dod). Mamestra lubens Grt. High River, Alta., June 16th, (Baird). -Mr. Baird has previously taken the species at High River, though, this is the first published record for Alberta. It is distinct from cristifera, (Dod). Mamestra rubefacta Morr. Midnapore, Alta., June 5 and 19. Two fine females at treacle. A great rarity here, (Dod). Hugh River, Alta., June 19, (Baird). 4 am 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIBTY. 131 1840. Mamestra sutrina Grt. Midnapore, Alta., June 2-18. A few at light, (Tams). Banff, Alta., (Sanson). 1874. Mamestra tacoma Strk. Quamichan Lake, B.C., May 22, (Hanham). Recorded in B.C. list only from Kaslo. 1918. Scotogramma conjugata Sm. Banff, Alta., July 3, (Sanson). 1930. Anarta cordigera Thunb. Midnapore, Alta., May 16-24. A few in sunshine at flowers of bear-berry (Arctostaphylos wva-ursi), (Hudson & Tams). New to the district, (Dod). 193%. Anarta secedens Walk. Banff, Alta., July 3 and 4, at light, (Sanson). Heliophila amygdalina Harvey. Winnipeg, Man., June 10, 1910, (Wallis). 2015. Graphiphora oviduca\Gn. Midnapore, Alta., June 2, at light, (Tams). New to Alberta, (Dod). 2048. Stretchia plusiaeformis Hy. Edw. Midnapore, Alta., April 25th, May 17th. A few at light and sallow blossoms, (Dod & Tams). The first seen for years, (Dod). 2102. Xylina georgit Grt. Midnapore, Alta., rare, April 30, at treacle, Sept. 21- 24, at light and treacle, (Dod & Tams). The species was redescribed by | Smith as holocinerea, ancilla, fetcheri and vertina. Oregonensis Harvey is apparently also the same species, (Dod). 2111. Xylina thaxteri Grt. Quamichan Lake, B-C., May 12; first I have taken in the west, (Hanham). 2146. Asterocarpus borealis‘ Sm. Red Deer Alta., about April 24, at rest freshly emerged, (Whitehouse). New to Alberta, and an extremely rare species. | The type came from Cartwright, Man. There is a specimen in the British Museum supposed to have come from Luzerne Co., Pa., but its authenticity may be called in question, (Dod). . (2168) Gortyna paliescens Sm. Midnapore, Alta., Aug. 26-Sept. 10, a few at light, (Tams). It is not certain Wliether this form is really distant from medialis, (Dod). 2190-1. Papaipema insulidens Bird. Quamichan Lake, B.C., Sept. 15. not pre- viously taken, (Hanham). Papaipema lysimachiae Bird. Montreal and north shore of Lake Erie, Can. Can. Ent. XLVI, 71. 2197. Pyrrhia umbra Hfr. Quamichan Lake, B.C., July 29: first I have taken in the West, (Hanham). In the B.C, list recorded only from Kaslo. 2262. Ipimorpha subvexa Grt. Moose Jaw. Sask. One specimen bred from a larva found spun between two poplar leaves, (Johnson). The larve are stated to have been abundant. The form occurs in Texas and Colorado, and has not previously been recorded from Canada, though it is very close to nanaimo Barnes. Grote in his 1895 list expressed a doubt as to its distinctness from pleonectusa, which is not unwarranted, (Dod). Dysocnemis borealis Hamps. Midnapore, Alta., May 8-24, at bear-berry, ~ and sallow blossoms in sunshine. Not rare, (Tams & Hudson). Only four or five specimens previously taken here. The type came from St. Martin’s Falls, Albany River. The species has been taken at Cranbrook, B.C., by Mr. C. Garrett, (Dod). 2491. Autographa flagellum Wik. Granville Ferry, N.S., July 25, 1912, (Payne). 2494. Autographa rubidus Ottol. Midnapore, Alta., June 2-14, at light, (Tams). 2501. Autographa alias Ottol. Midnapore. Alta., Aug. 27; one at light, very rare here, (Dod). 132 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 2515. Autographa epigea Grt. Midnapore, Alta., Aug. 15, at light, (Tams). Autographa orophila Hamps. Moraine Lake, hear Laggan, Alta., (White- house). 2555. Alabama argillacea Hbn. Aweme, Man., Oct. %, (Criddle); Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). 2846. Catocala pura Hulst. Red Deer, Alta., about Sept. 1, (Whitehouse). The specimen is of a species new to Alberta, and I record it as pura solely on the strength of Holland’s figure. Heath recorded it from Cartwright, Man., in the Record for 1907, (Dod) 2864. Catocala ultroma Hbn. Husavick, Man., Aug. 8, 1913, (Coates). 2872. Catocala cerogama Gn. Miami, Man., July 29, (Wallis) ; Husavick, Man., July 28, (Coates). 2890. Catocala whitneyi Dodge. Miami, Man., July 28, (Wallis). 3006. Erebus odora L. Mr. W. McIntosh informs me that two specimens of this southern noctuid were taken at St. John, N.B., during 1914, one about five miles from the city, at the end of August, by Mr. W. S. Nelson; the other specimen was collected by Mr. John McCarthy. Pericopide. 3087b. Gnophala vermiculata G. & R. Billing’s Mill, near Millarville, Alta., July 26, flying in sunshine, (Hudson). Notodontide. 3117. Notodonta simplaria Graef. Midnapore, Alta., June 6-30, at light, (Tams). One on fence-post, (Ded). 2151. Schizura unicornis 8. & A. Midnapore, Alta., one at light, (Tams). 3169. Gluphisia lintneri Grt. Midnapore, Alta., April 19-May 1. Several at light, (Tams). Thyatiride. 3177. Pseudothyatira expultrix Grt. Midnapore, Alta., June 30, at. treacle, (Tams) ; High River, Alta., June 16, (Baird). 3180. Euthyatira pudens Gn. Midnapore, Alta., June 13. at light, (Dod), and 17th, at treacle, (Tams) ; new to Alberta, (Dod). 3184. Bombycia tearlii Hy. Edw. Midnapore, Alta., Aug. 26, at treacle, (Tams). Bombycia fasciata B & McD. Laslo, B.C., (Cockle). Lasiocampide. 3223. Epicnaptera americana Harr. Midnapore, Alta., May 1-June 2, at light, (Tams). Geometride. 3233. Nyctobia viridata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., May 10-16, (Fernekes). New to Albert, (Dod). ; 3236. Nyctobia nigroangulata Strk. Edmonton, Alta.,.May 10-16, (Fernekes). ~ New to Alberta. Mr. Swett tells me that this is probably a western race of limitaria, Walk., (Dod). 3237. Cladora atroliturata Walk: Edmonton, Alta., May 10-16, (Fernekes). New to Alberta, (Dod). 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIBTY. 133 Eupithecia adornata Taylor. Midnapore, Alta., May 1-June 3. A few at light, (Tams). I cannot separate this species from a specimen named nimbicolor Hulst for me by Taylor, (Dod). 3330. Venusta duodecemlineata-Pack. Edmonton, Alta., May 10-16, (Fernekes). a New to Alberta, (Dod). 4 _ 3337. Epirrita dilutata D. & S. Midnapore, Alta., Sept. 7, found drowned in a 7 . ‘water barrel. Mr. Swett considers this specimen to be a dark variety of this species, though it differs considerably from any British series. New to Alberta, (Dod). 3391. Hydriomena californiata Pack. Midnapore, Alta., June 5, 9; the first pub- lished record for Alberta, though a few specimens have been taken pre- viously, (Dod). 3605. Orthofidonia exornata Walk. Edmonton, Alta., May 10-16, (Fernekes). New to Alberta, (Dod). 3784. Alcis sulphuraria Pack. Midnapore, Alta., July 21; new to Alberta, _ (Dod). 3862. Hetropis crepuscularia D. & S. Edmonton, Alta., May 10-16, (Fernekes). Exactly like British specimens; new to Alberta, (Dod). 4040. Leucobrephos brephoides Walk. Midnapore, Alta., flying in sunshine, April 12-19, (Tams). _ Cosside. 4 4144. Cossus populi Walk. Midnapore, Alta., june 17, July 11, (Tams). Tortricide. Vey Ae See en Oh ez ti . < vr or rere: BP 4 a =, = SA, 0s ht ailile. il : t q id 1 * Hvetria albicapitana Busck. MacDowell, Sask., (J. C. Blumer); Proce. Ent. Soc., Wash., XVI., Dec., 1914, p. 147. _ 5207. Hpisimus argutanus Clem. Aweme, Man., Sept. 2, 1913, (Criddle). ee; __ GEcophoride. 3 5920. Epicallima argenticinctella Clem. Pt. Pelee, Ont., (P. A. Taverner). - __— Bllachistide. ' ; _- * Heliodines nyctaginella Gibson. Aweme, Man., July 13, 1913, (Criddle) ; ‘§ Can. Ent. XLVI, 423. : Tineide. 3 ; 6363.- Gracilaria. rhoifoliella Chamb. Aweme, Man., Aug. 12, 1913, (Criddle). & 6455. Argyresthia oreasella Clem. Aweme, Man., June 26, 1913, (Criddle). | es Hepialide. 6605. Stenojyis quadriquttatus Grt. Midnapore, Alta.. July 10-12. (Tams). 6606.. Stenopis thule Strk. Winnipeg. Man., July, (Mrs. L. H. Roberts). As mentioned by Lyman (Can. Ent. XNXVIT.. 31, 1905), there is a speci- > men in the British Museum collected in Hudson’s Bay Territory, the a words “Albany River, St. Martin’s Falls,’ being indicated as the exact locality. As Lyman mentioned, the entry on the Museum register applied - to a number of specimens received in the same lot, and there was a doubt in his mind as to the-locality of the specimen of thule. The capture of $3 134 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 the species at Winnipeg, however, shows that it has a wide range of dis- tribution. 6608. Hepialus hyperboreus var. confusus Hy. Edw. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle). COLEOPTERA. (Arranged according to Henshaw’s list of Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico.) Cicindelide. * Cicindela pugetana Csy. “ British Columbia, (Knaus).” Memoirs on the Coleoptera V, by Thos. Lu. Casey, published 28 Nov., 1914. * (Cicindela calgaryana Csy. Lethbridge, Alta., (J. Harms); Memoirs on the Coleoptera V, by Thos. L. Casey, published 28 Nov., 1914. Carabide. 324. Bembiduim recticolle Lee. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 21, 1912, (Wallis). 678. Amara remotestriata Dej. Toronto, Ont., June, (Crew). 728. Dicelus teter Bon. Trout Creek, Toronto, Ont., May 17, (Crew). 743. Calathus ingratus Dej. St. Jerome, Que., May 13, (Beaulne). 759. Platynus hypolithos Say. Grimsby, Ont., Sept. 7, (Brimley). - 829. Platynus sordens Kirby. St. Rose, Que., May 6, (Beaulne). 895. Lebia scapularis Dej. Aweme, Man., Sept. 18, 1908, Oct. 7, 1912, (HE. & ; N. Criddle). - 925. Callida purpurea Say. Aweme, Man., Aug. 29, 1909, (N. Criddle). 92%. Philophuga amoena Lec. Aweme, Man., June 29, 1908, May 24, 1913, (N. Criddle). 948. Cymindis neglecta Hald. Aweme, Man., June 11, 1911, (\N. Criddle). .@76. Brachynus ballistarius Lec. Hull, Que., July 19, (Beaulne). 101%. Chlenius nemoralis Say. Coaticook, Que., Sept. 2, 1913, (Beaulne). 1031. Chlenius purpuricollis Rand. Ottawa, May 24, 1913, (Germain). * Harpalus lascious Csy. “ British Columbia ;” Memoirs on the Coleoptera V, by Thos. L. Casey, published 28 Nov., 1914. * Harpalus recensus Csy. W. St. Modest, Labrador, (Sherman) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera V, by Thos. L. Casey, published 28 Nov., 1914. * Harpalus fugitans Csy. “Frazier Valley, B.C.”; Memoirs on the Coleop- tera V, by Thos. L. Casey, published 28 Noy., 1914. * Harpalus plemalis Csy. “‘ New Brunswick” ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera V, by Thos. L. Casey, published 28 Nov., 1914. * Trichocellus borcellus Csy. Queen Charlotte Islands, (Keen) ; Memoirs on the Coleoptera V, by Thos. L. Casey, published 28 Nov., 1914. Dytiscide. 1293. 1298. 1325. 1326. 1349. 1411. 1433. Coelambus sellatus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., Oct. 14,1911, (Wallis). Coelambus unguicularis Cr. Winnipeg, Man., May 11, 1912, (Wallis). Hydroporus vittatus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 30, 1911, (Wallis). Hydroporus sericeus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 20, 1911, (Wallis). Hydroporus tartaricus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., April 8, 1911, (Wallis). Agabus seriatus Say. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 2, 1912, (Wallis). Agabus anthracinus Mann. Winnipeg, Man., Oct. 14, 1911, (Wallis). 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 135 1439. Agabus reticulatus Kirby. Winnipeg, Man., April 8, 1911, (Wallis). 1441. Agabus lecontei Cr. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 21, 1912, (Wallis). 1498. Graphoderes liberus Say. Ottawa, April 3, (Germain). 1499. Graphoderes fasciatocollis Harv. Winnipeg, Man., April 21, 1911, (Wallis). Graphoderes perplecus Sharp. Winnipeg, Man., June 6, 1911, (Wallis). Graphoderes elatus Sharp. Stony Mt., Man., April 23, 1910, (Wallis). Hydrophilide. 1542. Helophorus oblongus Lec. Longueuil, Que., (Emile). Silphide. 1726. Choleva luridipennis Mann. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, in weasel’s nest, (Criddle & Wallis). : ; Scydmenide. 1841. Scydmaenus salinator Lec. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (Criddle & Wallis) ; : Ottawa, July 14, 1913, (Germain). EBuconnus occulatus Csy. Ottawa, July 12, (Germain). Pselaphide. 9361. Pselaphus bellax Csy. Winnipeg, Man., April 17, 1911, (Wallis). 1886. Decarthron abnorme Lec. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (Criddle & Wallis) ; Bae Husavick, Man., June 22, 1912, (Criddle & Wallis). 1916. Bryavis brendelii Horn. Bird’s Hill, Man., (Wallis). 1938. Bryaxis puncticollis Lec. Husavick, Man., June 22, 1912, (Criddle & Wallis). Staphylinide, Aleochara pleuralis Csy. Ottawa, June 2%, (Germain). 2096a. Heterothops fusculus Lec. Ottawa, May 3, (Germain). 2102. Quedius peregrinus Grav. -Ottawa, April 14, (Germain). 2166. Philonthus cautus Er. Ottawa, July 27, 1913, (Germain). 2462. Stenus arculus Er. Ottawa, July 14, 1913, (Germain). 2560. Lithocharis (Trachysectus) confluens Say. Ottawa, Aug. 22, (Germain). 2626. Tachinus frigidus Er. Ottawa, April 27, (Germain). Trichopterygide. 2944. Trichopteryx aspera Hald. Ottawa. July 19, (Germain). Piette 3011. Saciwm lugubre Lec. Winnipeg, Man., June 4, 1912, (Wallis). Coccinellide., 3071. Harmonia 14-guttata L. Micou Harbour, Que., June ig) (Young). 3073. Mysia (Neomysia) pullata Say. Gaspe, Que., Sept. 9, (Young). Colydiide. 3271, Lasconotus pusillus Lee. Peachland, B.C., July 19, 1912, (Wallis). 3290. Cerylon castaneum Say. Aweme, Man., June 9. (Criddle) ; Husavick, Man.. : June 22, 1912, (Wallis). 136 THE REPORT OF 'THE Neda Cucujide. 3300. Stlvanus bidentatus Fab. Winnipeg, Man.,; May 18, 1912, (Wallis). 3326. Lemophieus converulus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 30, 1912, (Wallis). — Cryptophagide. ; E 3375. Cryptophagus nodangulus Zimm. Ottawa, July 19, 1913, (Germain). Mycetophagide. } 2 2 3393. Mycetophagus fleruosus Say. Winnipeg, Man., May 12, 1912, (Wallis). — Histeride. : 3482. Hister immunis Er. Ottawa, June-Aug., (Germain). 3484. Hister cognatus Lec. Ottawa, July 14, under a dead robin, (Germain). 3505. Hister sedecimstriatus Say.’ Ottawa, July 14, under a dead robin, (Ger- main). * 4 15. Hister (Phelister) subrotundus Say. Ottawa, June 19, 1913, (Germain). 524. Hister (Platysoma) coarctatus Lee. Ottawa, May 13, 1913, (Germain). 525. Hister. (Platysoma) punctiger Lec. Ottawa, June 29, 1913, a 92 Saprinus cunt Lec. Ottawa, June 13, 1913, (Germain), : 3633. Plegaderus oer er Say Ottawa, Aug. 3, 1913, (Genmanan Nitidulide. - 3700. Epurea erichsonii Reit. Winnipeg, Man., June 12,1912, (Wallis). 3704. Epurea immunda var. flavomacilata Makl. Stony Mt., Man., Oct. 8, 19 11, (Wallis). = Latridiide. = Melanopthalma cavicollis Com. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 18, 1912, (Wallis). Coninomus constrictus Gyll. Ottawa, July 13, 1913, (Germain). Enicmus tenuicornis Lec. Ottawa, July 14, (Germain). 3799. Corticaria dentigera Lec. Ottawa, May 27, (Germain). 3818. Corticaria cavicolis Mann. Onah, Man.. May 24, 1912, (Criddle & Wa Corticaria valida Fall. Husavick, Man., June 22, 1912, (Wallis). Trogositide. : a Tenebrioides occidentalis Fall. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 10, 1912, (Wallis) Heteroceride. 3960. Heterocerus tristis Mann. Stony Mt., Man., Oct. 8, 1911, (Wallis). : Heterocerus brunneus Melsh. Husavick, Mian June 22, 1912, (Cridle & Wallis). : Elateride. 4113. Cardiophorus tenebrosus Lec. Victoria, B.C., (Blackmore). 4166. Ocdostethus femoralis Lec. Aweme, Man., July 3, (Criddle). 4466. Corymbites sulcicollis Say. Grimsby, Ont., July 4, 1913, (Brimley). 4476. Corymbites medianus Germ. Aweme, Man., July 19, (Criddle). 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 137 00 a a 4484. Corymbites cruciatus Linn. Aweme, Man., June 29, 1912, (T. Criddle). 4511. Hemicrepidius (Asaphes) bilobatus Say. Grimsby, Ont., Aug. 3, 1913, (Brimley). Buprestide. 4583. Dicerca tenebrosa Kirby. Granville Ferry, N.S., July 27, 1912, (Payne). 4696a. Buprestis subornata Lec. Peachland, B.C., July 15, 1912, (Wallis). 4608. Buprestis sulcicollis Lec. Ottawa, July 3, 1911, (Germain). Lampyride. 4785. Hros simplicipes Mann. Trout Creek, Toronto, May 17, (Crew). _ 4826, Pyractomena lucifer Melsh. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1911, (Wallis). 4906. Podabrus levicollis Kirby. Husavick, Man., June 22, 1912, (Wallis). 4932. Telephorus carolinus Fab. Husavick, Man., June 22, 1912, (Wallis). Ditemnus latilobus Blatch. Onah, Man., June 24, 1912, (Criddle & Wallis). _ Cleride. 5167. Clerus quadriguttatus Oliv. Husavick, Man., Sept. 24, 1912, (Coates) . 5215a. Chariessa onusta Say. Carp, Ont., July 21, (Gibson). Cioide. Cis pistoria Csy. Winnipeg, Man., May 18, 1912, (Wallis). Octotemnus denudatus Csy. Winnipeg, Man., May 18, 1912, (Wallis). Scarabeide. 5468. Aegialia lacustris Lec. Ottawa, July 3, 1913, (Germain). 5514.. Aphodius erraticus L. Ottawa, May-July, (Germain) ; Hull, Que., May 12, (Kitto). 5538. Ophodius leopardus Horn. Aylmer, Que., July 3, 1913, (Germain), 5771. Lachnosterna marginalis Lec. Strathroy, Ont., June 23, 1913, on hazel, (H. F. Hudson). 5777. Lachnosterna ilicis Knoch. Strathroy, Ont., June 30, on locust, (H. F. Hudson). 10,235. Lachnosterna inversa Horn. Strathroy, Ont., June 23, 1913, on elm, (H. F. Hudson). 5925. Cremastochilus knochii Lec. Aweme, Man., May 14, June 10, (Criddle). Cerambycide, 5967. Tragosoma harrisii Lec. Winnipeg, Man., July, (L. H. Roberts). 6007. Merium proteus Kirby. Aweme, Man., June 9, (Criddle). 6099. Molorchus longicornis Lec. Maple Bay, V. I., B.C., July 19, only one taken before (Victoria) ; appears to be quite rare, (Hanham). 6229. Pyrotrichus vitticollis Lec. Quamichan Lake, V.I., B.C., April 26, May 2, (Hanham). Chrysomelide. 6551. Zeugophora scutellaris Suftr. Lethbridge, Alta., June, 1913, (Strickland). 6558. Syneta carinata Mann. Little Current River, (Hudson Bay Slope) Ont., July 20, 1903, (W. J. Wilson). 10 Bs. 138 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 6559. Syneta albida Lec. Agassiz, B-C., May, 1913, (\Gibson). 6560. Syneta simplex Lec. Inverness, B.C., June, 1910, (Keen). 6679. Pachybrachys peccans Suffr. Winnipeg, Man., June 17, 1911, (Wallis). Bruchide. 7147. Bruchus calvuus Horn. Aylmer, Que., July 8, 1912, (Germain). Tenebrionide. 7550. Hypophleus substriatus Lec. Husavick, Man., June 22, 1912, (Wallis). Melandryide, Pisenus humeralis Kirby. Ottawa, Aug. 8, 1913, (Germain). 7649. Penthe obliquata Fab. Husavick, Man., Aug. 27, 1910, (Wallis). %665. Huchodes sericea Hald. Aweme, Man., July 1, 1913, (H. Criddle). 666. Serropalpus barbatus Schall. Granville Ferry, N.S., (Payne); Grimsby, Ont., July 1, (Brimley). 7696. Stenotrachelus arctatus Say. Banff, Alta., Oct. 5, 1912, (Sanson). Pythide. 7707. Crymodes discicollis Lec. Micou Harbour, Que., June 16, (Young). 771%. Salpingus virescens Lec. Husavick, Man., June 22, 1912, (Wallis). Mordellide. : 7846. Mordellistena unicolor Lec. Ottawa, July 18, 1913, (Germain). Anthicide. %868. Nematoplus collaris Lec. Ottawa, May 8, 1913, (Germain). 7940. Anthicus formicarius Laf. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (Criddle & Wallis). 7943. Anthicus californicus Laf. Winnipeg, Man., April 27, 1911, (Wallis). 795%. Anthicus flavicans Lec. Winnipeg, May 13, 1911, (Wallis). 7975. Anthicus coracinus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., April 17, 1911, (Wallis). : Anthicus (Sapintus) festivans Csy. Winnipeg, Man., April 17, 1911, (Wallis). : Pyrochroide. ~ 7992. Pyrochroa femoralis Lec. Grimsby, Ont., June 15, (Brimley). Meloide. 8084. Epicauta pruinosa Lec. Winnipeg, Man., June 17, 1911, (Wallis). New to Manitoba. Rhinomaceride. 4 8199. Rhinomacer bombifrons Lec. Banff, Alta., May 20, 1909, (Sanson). Otiorhynchide. 10,796. Barypithes pellucidus Boh. Ottawa and Montreal, June, July, 1913, (Germain). : 8334. Scythropus elegans Coup. Banff, Alta., April 29, 1911, (Sanson). Ceutorhynchus cyanipennis Ill. Ottawa, July 26, 1913, (Germain). : 1915 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 139 Curculionide. 8346. Sitones hispidulus Germ. Ottawa, June 2, (Germain). 8357. Trichalophus simplex Lec. Banff, Alta., June 21, 1912, (Sanson). 8436. Lepyrus gemellus Kirby. Banff, Alta., July 15, 1912, (Sanson). 8514. Stephocleonus cristatus Lec. Monarch, Alta., May 5, 1913, (Gibson). 8581.. Linellus friliformis Lec. Ottawa, (Germain). Elleschus scanicus Payk. Ottawa, July 12, 1913, (Germain). DIPTERA. (Arranged according to a Catalogue of North American Diptera, by J. M. Aldrich, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. XLVI, No. 1,444. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue). Many of the species of diptera here recorded are well known, but they are included owing to the fact that their collection in the localities indicated extend the known distribution of most of them. Bro. Germain, of Ottawa, has collected most industriously, and to his zeal we are able to record many of his captures, the determinations having been largely made by Mr. C. W. Johnson, of the Boston Museum of Natural History. Tipulide. 101. Tipula caloptera Loew. Ottawa, July, 1913, (Germain). * Tipula ottawaensis Dietz. Aweme, Man., June 27, 28, July 30, 1913, Aug. 4, 1912, (Criddle); Aylmer, Que., April 24, June, 1913, (Beaulne) ; Ottawa, June 28, July 11, 13, (Beaulne) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XL, 349, Dec., 1914. * Tipula criddlei Dietz. Aweme, Man., June 1-20, July 20, 1912, (Criddle) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XL, 360, Dec., 1914. Chironomide. 115. Orthocladius nivorwundis Fitch. Ottawa, May 11, 1913, (Germain). 115. Camptocladius byssinus Schrank. Ottawa, May 23, 1913, (Germain). ‘118. Tanypus bifasciatus Coq. Ottawa, June 1, 1913, (Germain). 118. TVanypus monilis L. Ottawa, June 1, 1913, (Germain). Mycetophiiide. 142. Acnemia flaveola Coq. Montreal, Que., July, (Beaulieu). 151. Sciara sciophila Loew. Lethbridge, Alta., July 22, 1913, (Strickland). Cecidomyide. * Hormomyia bulla Felt. “Province of Ontario, Brodie” ;:Can. Ent. XLVI, 286. : * Rhabdophaga swainei Felt. Ottawa, May, (Swaine); Ottawa Naturalist, XXVIII, 77. Bibionide. 16%. Dilophus stigmaterus Say. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 5, (Strickland). 168. Scatopse pygmea Loew. Lethbridge, Alta., July 21, 1913, (Strickland). > 140 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Simuliide, * Simulium arcticum Malloch. Kalso, B.C., (H. G. Dyar); Bear Lake, B.C., (R. P. Currie) ; U. S. Dept. Agr., Bull. Tech. Series No. 26, p. 37. * Prosimulium mutatum Malloch. Kaslo, B.C., (H. G. Dyar); U. S. Dept. Agr., Bull. Tech. Series No. 26, p. 20. * Prosimulium pleurale Malloch. Kalso, B.C., (R. P. Currie); U. S. Dept. Agr., Bull. Tech. Series No. 26, p. 17. Rhyphide. 172. Rhyphus alternatus Say. Ottawa, May 12, 1913, (Germain). 172. Rhyphus punctatus Fab. Ottawa, June 8, 1913, (Germain). Stratiomyide. 178. Chrysochroma nigricornis Loew. Ottawa, May 3, (Germain). 179. Sargus cuprarius L. Ottawa, July 20, (Germain). 180. Sargus viridis Say. Lethbridge, Alta., June 28, (Strickland) ; Ottawa, Aug. 12, (Germain). 180. Microchrysa polita L. Ottawa, June 8, (Germain). 180. Macrosargus clavis Will. Ottawa, July 1, (Germain). 186. Odontomyia pilimanus Loew. Ottawa, (Germain). 18%. Odontomyia virgo Wied. Ottawa, May 21, (Germain). 190. Nemotelus crassus Loew. Ottawa, June 28, (Germain). 190. Nemotelus unicolor Loew. Ottawa, June 28, (Germain). Tabanide. 195. Chrysops estuans V.d. Wulp. Ottawa, (Germain). 198. Chrysops striatus O. S. Ottawa, June 24, (Germain). 201. Tabanus astutus 0. S. Aylmer, Que., May 3, (Germain). 204. Tabanus hirtulus Bigot. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 204. Tabanus eae Macq. Aweme, Man., June 17, (Criddle). 207. Tabanus sonomensis O.S Aweme, Man., Tene 14, (€zriddle): Leptide. 215. Leptis mystacea Macq. Ottawa, June 24, (Germain). 215. Leptis scapularis. Ottawa, June 21, (Germain). 216 Chrysophila proxima Walk. Ottawa, June 24, (Germain). Cyrtide. 220. Oncodes pallidipennis Loew. Ottawa,-Aug. 14, (Germain). Bombyliide. 223. Spogostylum limatulus Say. Ottawa, June 14, (Germain). 230. Anthrax fulviana var. nigricauda Loew. Ottawa, June 8, (Germain). 232. Anthrax morio Ll. Ottawa, May and June, (Germain). 234. Anthrax tegminipennis Say. Ottawa, June 8, (Germain). : 234. Anthrax tegminipennis var. sachenii Cog. Lethbridge, Alta., Sept. 16, 1913, (Strickland). Mr. C. W. Johnson when determining this specimen reported “probably a good species.” 247. Psilocephala hwmorrhoidalis Macq. Ottawa, June 10, (Germain). 248. Thereva flavicincta Loew. Otttawa, June 10, (Germain). 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 141 Asilide. 254. Leptogaster bodius Loew. Ottawa, (Germain). 254. Leptogaster flavipes Loew. Ottawa, May 8, (Germain). 262. Stichopogon trifasciatus Say. Ottawa, June 10, (Germain). 269. Pogonosoma dorsatum Say. Ottawa, June 10, (Germain). This is a rare species in the east. Mr. C. W. Johnson who made the determination states that this is the second record from the east since the species was described from “near Philadelphia.” ; 283. Asilus sadyates Walk. Ottawa, June 10, (Germain). Only recorded from Ohio in Aldrich’s catalogue. Dolichopodide. 285. Psilopodinus inermis Loew. Ottawa, July 20, (Germain). 288. Diaphorus mundus Loew. Montreal, Que., July, (Beaulieu). * Medeterus emarginatus Van Duzee. Kearney, Ont., July 6, 1909; Ent. News, XXV, 439. 297. Hydrophorus estuum Loew. Ottawa, Aug, 17, (Germain). 297. Scellus exustus Walk. Ottawa, Aug 14, (Germain). 300. Dolichopus comatus Loew. Ottawa, July, (Germain). Empidide. 310. Stilpon varipes Loew. Montreal, Que., April, (Beaulieu). 311. Drapetis medetera Mel. Ottawa, July 27, (Germain). 325, Hilaria leucoptera Loew. Montreal, Que., July, (Beaulieu). Lonchopteride. 333. Lonchoptera lutea Panz. Montreal, Aug., (Beaulieu). Pipunculide. : 343. Pipunculus similis Hough. Ottawa, July 23, (Germain). Pipunculus affinis Cress. Jr. In the Transactions of the American Ent. Soc. XXXVI, p. 283, the locality of this species is given, as “ Cottage Beaulieu, (Beaulieu) Que.” This should be corrected to read—Montreal, Que., (Beaulieu). Syrphida. 349. Chrysogaster pictipennis Loew. Ottawa, (Germain). 351. Paragus angustifrons Loew. Ottawa, July 27, (Germain). 361. Melanostoma obscurum Say. Ottawa, June 8, (Germain). 393. Helophilus integer Loew. Ottawa, June 8, (Germain). 402. Criorhina decora Macg. Ottawa, reared from larva found in rotten wood, May 3, (Germain). Conopide. 412. Oncomyia abbreviata Loew. Ottawa, July 11, 27, (Germain). Tachinide. 451. Ocyptera dorsiades Wik. Ottawa, July, (Germain). 482. Microphthalma disjuncta Wied. Ottawa, Aug. 3, (Germain). 142 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Dexiide 500. Myiocera rava V. d. Wulp. Ottawa, July 11, (Germain). 504. Ptilodexia tibialis Desv. Ottawa, Aug. 4, 12, (Germain). 50%. Thelaira leucozona Panz. Ottawa, Aug. 8., (Germain). * Sarcophaga keliyt Ald. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; Journ. Agr. Research, U.S. Dept. Agr., Sept. 21, 1914, p. 443. Sarcophagide. * Ravinia communis Parker. “‘\Canada”; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, Vol. 35, p. 55. * Ravinia latisetosa Parker. “Canada” ; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, Vol. 35, p. 63. Muscide. 523. Lucilia sylvarum Meig. Ottawa, Aug. 23, (Germain). 525. Pyrellia serena Meig. (=cyanicolor Zett.), Ottawa, July 14, (Germain). * Hypodermodes solitaria Knab. High River, Alta., (Baird); Can. Ent. XLVI, 326. Anthomyide. 540. Hyetodesia deleta Stein. Ottawa, July 20, (Germain). 542. Hyetodesia serva Meig. Ottawa, Aug. 3, (Germain). 545. Spilogaster nitens Stein. Ottawa, Sept. 14, (Germain) ; Montreal, Que., July, (Beaulieu). ; 545. Spilogaster signia Walk. Ottawa, July 12, (Germain). 546. Limnophora compuncta Wied. Ottawa, Aug. 24, (Germain). 551. Hydrophoria devisa Meig. Montreal, Que., June, July, (Beaulieu). 55%. Phorbia ruficeps Zett. Ottawa, Aug. 8, (Germain). _ 561. Cenosia lata Walk. Montreal, Que., July, (Beaulieu). 561. Cenosia pallipes Stein. Rigaud, Que., Montreal, Que., June, Aug., (Beau- heu). 563. Schcenomyza dorsalis Loew. Montreal, Que., Aug., (Beaulieu). 563. Lispa albitarsis Stein. Montreal, Que., July, (Beaulieu) ; Ottawa, Aug 17, (Germain). Scatophagide. 565. Cordylura confusa Loew. Ottawa, Aug 3, (Germain). : 566. Parallelomma varipes Walk. Ottawa, June 21, Aug 12, (Germain). 569. Scatophaga merdaria Fab. Ottawa, May-Aug., (Germain). Sciomyzide. 578. Sciomyza obtusa Fallens. Ottawa, Aug. 12, (Germain); Montreal, Que., July, (Beaulieu). Dryomyza varia Coq. Ottawa, July 27%, (Germain). Second specimen I have seen, (C. W. J.). 579. Tetanocera flavescens Loew. Ottawa, (Germain). 579. Tetanocera pallida Loew. Ottawa, Aug. 8, (Germain). 579. Tetanocera lineata Day. Ottawa, Aug. 8, (Germain). Malloch, Can. Ent. XLVI, 324, says: “This species belongs to the genus Hidroneura Handel and is synonymous with H. rufa Panzer of the European fauna. 581. Senedon fuscipennis Loew. Ottawa, Aug. 14, 24, (Germain). 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. : 143 Sapromyzide. 582. Lonchea polita Say. Ottawa, July 27, Aug. 24, (Germain). 584. Sapromyza bispina Loew. Ottawa, Aug. 8, (Germain). - Ortalide. 589. Rivellia viridulans Desv. Ottawa, Aug. 8, (Germain). 592. Melieria similis Loew. Ottawa, July, (Germain). Trypetide. 606. Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh. Lethbridge, Alta., July 19, (Strickland). The capture of this specimen in Southern Alberta extends very much the known distribution in Canada of this very injurious insect. 611. Tephritis angustipennis Loew. Ottawa, July, (Germain). 612. Tephritis geminata Loew. Ottawa, July 6, (Germain). 613. Huaresta festiva Loew. Ottawa, July 27, (Germain). Micropezide. 616. Calobata antennipes Say. Ottawa, June 24, (Germain). Ephydride. 623. Notiphila scalaris Loew. Montreal, Que., July, (Beaulieu). 627. Hydrellia ischiaca Loew. Montreal, Que., July, (Beaulieu). 628. Pelina truncatula Loew. Montreal, Que., Aug., (Beaulieu). 629. Parydra pinguis Walk. Montreal, Que., July, (Beaulieu). Oscinide. 633. Chlorops grata Loew. Ottawa, Aug. 12, (Germain). 633. Chlorops melanocera Loew. Ottawa, July 3, (Germain). 63%. Gaurax festivus Loew. Lethbridge, Alta., July 8, 1913, (Strickland). Hippelates longulus. Prof. J. M. Aldrich recently informed me (27. VII, 1914) that “there is a Hippelates longulus described by Becker (Annales Mus. Nat. Hung. X, 89, 1912, with the locality ‘1 exemplar aus Kanada (Coll. Aldrich).? The specimen was returned to me and I see that the locality was incorrectly stated; it should read Grenada, W. I. Hence ' the species should not be recorded from Canada.” Z Drosophilide. 643. Drosophila graminum.Fall. Montreal, Que., Aug., (Beaulieu). Geomyzide. 645. Anthomyza terminalis Loew. Montreal, July, (Beaulieu). Agromyzide. 646. Ptytomyza obscurella var. illicicola Loew. Hull, Que., reared from leaves of Ilex verticillata var. tenuifolia, (Gibson). 647. Agromyza angulata Loew. Montreal, Que., July, (Beaulieu). 652. Leucopsis nigricornis Egger. Ottawa, Aug. 12, (Germain). 144 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 HYMENOPTERA., Considerable collecting was done in this order in various parts of Canada during 1914, but much of the material has not as yet been worked up. The following © records seem worthy of inclusion now. Xyelide. Macroryela distincta MacG. Ottawa, Aug. 21, eee Not previously recorded from Canada. Tenthredinide. Dolerus luctatus MacG. Ottawa, July 3, (Germain). Not previously re- corded from Canada. Dolerus conjugatus MacG. Ottawa, (Germain). Dolerus dysporus MacG. Ottawa, (Germain). Dolerus neocollaris MacG. Ottawa, June 12, 1913, (Germain). Dolerus neoaprilis MacG. Ottawa, June 3, 1913, (Germain). Astochus fletcheri MacG. Kaslo, B.C., May 28, 1906, (Fletcher). Can. Ent. XLVI, 108. Tenthredo angulifera Nort. Ottawa, July 28, 1913, (Germain). Tenthredo basalaris Say. Ottawa, July 17%, (Germain). = Macrophya epinota Say. Ottawa, July 3, (Germain). Macrophya pdnnosa Say. Ottawa, July 18, (Germain). Pachynematus pubescens Marl. Ottawa, Aug. 27, (Germain). Not previous- ly recorded from Canada. Monophadnus bipunctatus MacG. Ottawa, June 27, 1913, (Germain). Monophadnoides conspicuous MacG. Ottawa, July 30, 1913, (Germain). * Metallus bethunei MacG. Jordan Harbour and St. Catharines, Ont., reared from a leaf mining larva on blackberry, (Caesar). Can. Ent. XLVI, 367. * Xiphydride. _ Xiphydria maculata Say. Ottawa, July 27, (Germain). Xiphydria provanchert Cress. Ottawa, Aug. 3, (Germain). Harrington has taken the species at Hull, Que., (June 15). Cephide. Janus abbreviatus Say. Ottawa, Aug. 3, 1913, (Germain). Cynipide. ; Rhodites gracilis Beut. Toronto, Ont., (Cosens). Braconide. Microplitis alaskensis Ashm. Kelowna, B.C., June, (Ruhmann). Ichneumonide. * Ephialtes brevis Morley. District of Hudson’s Bay (Albany River, St. Martin’s Falls, etc.), 1844, (George Barnston). Revision of the Ichneu- monide, Part III, p. 23, (British Museum) by C. Morley. 7 * Apachtis rugulosa Morley. Inverness, B.C., 1890, (Keen). Revision of the ~ Ichneumonide, Part III, p. 34, (British Museum) by C. Morley. OP pgs tee? x 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 145 aaa Ichneumon cervulus Prov. Smith’s Cove, N.S., July 15, (Gibson). Ichneumon milvus Cr. Smith’s Cove, N.S., July 15, (Gibson). Ichneumon subdolus Cr. Smith’s Cove, N.S., July 15, (Gibson). Ichneumon trizonatus Prov. Smith’s Cove, N.S., J uly, (Gibson). Amblyteles belangeri Cr. Smith’s Cove, N.S., July, (Gibson). Crabronide. Crabro (Protothyreopus) dilectus Cr. Aweme, Man., Aug. 3-13, (Criddle) ; Trout Creek and Thompson River, July 22-Aug. 12, (Wilson). Andrenide. Andrena bicolor Prov. Truro, N.S., May 18, 1913, (C. B. Gooderham) ; Aweme, Man., May 8-14, ((Criddle). Andrena fragariana Graen. Ottawa, May 10, (Sladen). Andrena helianthi Robt. Toronto, Ont., Sept. 9, 1888, (Dr. Brodie). Anthophoridz. Clisodon terminalis Cr. Shawnigan, Van. Is., B.C., (Sladen): Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere, Que., (Sladen). _ Anthophora occidentalis Cr. Lethbridge, Alta., June 28, (Sladen). Megachilide. Megachile vidua Sm. Laggan, B.C., Vancouver Island, B.C., Charlotte- town, P.E.I., (Sladen). = Bombide. Bombus borealis Kirby. Scott, Sask.; Rosthern, Sask., (Sladen). Bombus couperi Cr. Painsec, N.B., Aug. 4, (Sladen). Bombus centralis Cr. Invermere, B.C.; Vernon, B.C., (Sladen). Bombus edwardsii Cr. Without red band, Invermere, B.C.; with red band, Sidney, B.C., (Sladen). . Bombus flavifrons Cr. Agassiz, B.C., (Sladen). Bombus frigidus Cr. Invermere, B.C., June 30, (Sladen). Bombus huntii Greene. Rosthern, Sask., (Sladen). Bombus nevadensis Cr. Invermere, B.C., (Sladen) ; Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). Bombuse terricola Kirby. Salmon Arm, B.C., (Sladen). Not previously recorded from British Columbia. HEMIPTERA. As far as we know little systematic collecting in this order has been effected throughout Canada during 1914. Among the material studied the following species seem worthy of record here. Cicadide. Cicada canicularis Harr. Aweme, Man., Aug.-Sept., (N. & T. Criddle). Okanogana noveboracensis Em. Treesbank, Man., June 14, (E. Criddle). 146 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Psyllide. * Livia caricis Crawford.. Glacier, B.C., (Hubbard & Schwarz); Bull. 85, U.S. N. M., p. 23. * Arytaina fuscipennis Crawford. North Bend, B.C., (Schwarz) ; Bull. 85, Un S. Ne Me pete: * Psylla sinuata Crawford. Ungava Bay, Labrador, July 22, (L. M. Turner) ; Bull. -85, U. S. N. M., p.-140. * Psylla americana Crawford. Banff, Alta., June, (Hubbard & Schwarz) ; Bull. 85, U. S. N. M., p. 147. * Psylla americana flava Crawford. Victoria, ee (Hubbard & Schwarz) ; Bull. 85, U. S. N. M., p. 147. Aphidide. Phylloxera castanee Hald. Vineland, Ont., Sept. 18, on chestnut, (Ross). Hamamelestes spinosus Shimer. Vineland, Ont., June 22, on Betula papyrifera, (Ross). Tetraneura graminis Monell. Vineland, Ont., July 7, on Ulmus americana, (Ross). Tetraneura ulmisacculi Patch. Vineland, Ont., June 29, on Ulmus montana, (Ross). Aphis cardui L. Vineland, Ont., on Cirsium lanceolatum and Cinerarias, (Ross). *s Aphis pseudobrassicae Davis. Aweme, Man., Oct. 24, (Criddle). ‘This re- cently described species doubtless occurs in other localities. Aphis rufomaculata Wils. Grimsby, Ont., Nov. 16, on chrysanthemums, (Ross). Rhopalosiphum lactuce Kalt. Vineland, Ont., July 9, on Sonchus asper, (Ross). Rhopalosiphum ligustri Kalt. Vineland, Ont., on Ligustrum vulgare, (Ross). The arrangement of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera follows Bank’s Catalogue, (Amer. Ent. Soc’y, 1910) : the numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue. Nepide. 8. Nepa apiculata Harr. Ottawa, June 24, (Germain). Saldide. 12. Salda pallipes Fabr. Ottawa, July 26, 1912, (Germain). Anthocoride. Anthocoris repertus Uhl. Ottawa, June 20, 1912, (Germain). 24. Piezostethus sordidus Reut. Ottawa, Aug. 8, 1913, (Germain). Gerride. Gerris buenoi Wirkaldy. Ottawa, Aug. 10, 1913, (Germain). 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 147 Capside. Chlamydatus associatus Uhl. Bowmanville, July 18, 1913, (Ross). Phytocoris scrupeus Say. Moose Jaw, Sask., (Johnson). Aradide. 53. Aradus cinnamoneus Panz. Ottawa, July 12, 1913, (Germain). 54. Aneurus inconstans Uhler. Ottawa, (Germain). 55. Corythuca marmorata Uhler. Ottawa, June 20, 1913, (Germain). Lygeide. 58. Oymus angustatus Stal. Ottawa, Aug. 10, 1913, (Germain). 58. Cymus discors Horv. Ottawa, Aug. 20, 1913, (Germain). 60. Phlegyas abbriatus Uhl. Ottawa, July-Aug., (Germain). 62. Nysius coloradensis Baker. Ottawa, June 2, 1913, (Germain). Nysius providus Uhl. Ottawa, June 27, 1913, (Germain). 65. Ligyrocoris costalis Van D. Ottawa, June 27, 1913, (Germain). 66. Ozophora picturata Uhl. Ottawa, July 13, 1913, (Germain). 68. Scolopostethus atlanticus Horv. Ottawa, July 13, 1913, (Germain). 68. Trapezonotus rufipes Stal. Ottawa, June 27, 1913, (Germain). 69. Geocoris bullatus Say. Ottawa, June 2, 1913, (Germain). Corcide. * Ceraleptus pacificus Barker. “ Vancouver Island”; Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soe. XXII, 167. ORTHOPTERA. Grylloblattide. * Grylloblatta campodeiformis Walker. Sulphur Mountain, Banff, Alta., June 29, 1913, (Walker) ; Can. Ent., XLVI, 94. Mantide. Mantis religiosa LL. A specimen of this European Praying Mantis was re- ceived at the Entomological Branch on Oct. 10, 1914, from Mr. J. H. Herrington, Carrying Place, Ont. Dr. E. M. Walker informs me that the insect was also found at Picton, Ont., and through Prof. C. J. S. Bethune I learned of a specimen which was taken near Simcoe, Ont. These are the first records we have from Canada. Phasmide. Diapheromera femorata Say. Miami, Man., July 25, 1914 (Wallis) ; Mor- - den, Man., Aug., 1914, (T. South). Acridiide. Tettix hancocki Morse. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 19, 1913, (Walker). First Alberta record. Chorthippus curtipennis Harris. Spruce Brook, Newfoundland, July 27, 1914, nymphs, (Walker). 148 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Gomphocerus clavatus Thom. Prince Albert, Sask., June 23-26, 1913, (Walker). The most northerly record for this species. Podisma glacwalis var. variegata Scudd. Guelph Jct., in a swamp, Sept. 29, (Caesar). Most southern record in Ontario. ae E. M. Walker has — taken it at Lake Simcoe, Ont., and at points farther north and west. Melanoplus bruneri Scudd. Aweme, Man., Aug. 26-27, (Criddle). Melanoplus fasciatus Walk. Aweme, Man., Sept. 9, 17, (Criddle). Melanoplus infantiiis Scudd. Aweme, Man., Aug. 11, 16, (Criddle). Melanoplus packardu. Fort William, Ont., Aug. 2, 1910, (Walker). Locustide. Scudderia pistillata Brunn. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 19, 1913, (Walker). Scudderia furcata Brunn. Kaslo, B.C., Sept. 22, 1906, (Cockle). * Scudderia curvicauda borealis Rehn & Hebard. Aweme, Man., Aug. 19, 1909, (Criddle) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XL, 281, Dec., 1914. Orchelimum manitobense EB. Walk. Go-Home Bay, Ont., July 23, 1907, July 24-30, 1908 (Walker). First Ontario records. Xiphidion ensiferum Scudd. Near Rondeau Park, Kent Co., Ont., Sept. 15, 1899, (Walker). A single long-winged female. First Canadian record. Tropidischia xanthostoma Scudd. Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, B.C., July, 1908, (A. G@. Huntsman). First Canadian record. Diestrammena marmorata De Haan. Guelph, Ont., July 24, 1906, (Col- lector unknown). An introduced species from Japan, probably taken in a greenhouse. Ceuthophilus maculatus Say. Winnipeg, Man., Oct. 2, 1911, (Wallis). First Manitoba record. Gryllide. (canthus nigricornis quadripunctatus Beut. Okanagan Landing, B.C., Aug. 16, 1913, (Walker). First British Columbia record. ODONATA. Agrionide. Agrion maculatum Say. Sydney, N.S., July 24, 1914, (Walker). First record from Nova Scotia. Cenagrionide. Cenagrion interrogatum Selys. Nipigon, Ont., June, 1913; Spruce Brook, Nfld., July 27, 29, 1914, (Walker). . First records from Ontario and New- foundland. Ischnura verticalis Say. Picton, N.S., July 22, 1914; Sydney, N.S., July 24, 1914; Spruce Brook, Nfld., July 29, 1914, (Walker). First records from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Enallagma hageni Selys. Sydney, N.S., July 24, 1914. Aeshnide. Ophiogomphus severus Hag. Saskatoon, Sask., June 24, July 14, 1914, (Willing). 1915 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 149 Gomphus notatus Rambur. Lake Timiskaming, Ont., Tuly 7, 1914, two females with exuvie, freshly emerged. (C. W. Nash.) First Ontario record. Aeshna tuberculifera E. Walk. De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., Sept. 10, 1914 (Walker). Aeshna uwmbrosa E. Walk. Spruce Brook, Nfid., July 27, 1914, nymph, (Walker). First Newfoundland record. Anaz junius Drury. Saskatoon, Sask., Aug. 30, 1914, (Willing) ; Buffalo Lake, May 30, 1914 (Johnson). First Saskatchewan records. Libellulide. Pantala flavescens Fab. Husavick, Man., Aug. 6, 1914, (Wallis). First ‘Canadian record. NeEvrRopTerow INsEcts (Except OponaTa). (Arranged according to a Catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects (except Odonata) of the United States, by Nathan Banks; American Entomological Society, 1907. The numbers refer to the pages of the catalogue.) NEUROPTERA. Hemerobiide. 24. Hemerobius conjunctus Fitch. Magpie, Que., July 19, (Walker). 25. Psectra diptera Burm. Toronto, Aug. 10, (Walker). First Canadian record. Chrysopide. 27%. Chrysopa chi Fitch. Pictou, N.S., July 22, (Walker). 27. Chrysopa nigricornis Burm. De Grassi Point, Ont., Aug. 24, (Walker). 28. Chrysopa rufilabris Burm. Toronto, J uly 14, (Walker). Coniopterygide. d ie 29. Conwentzia hageni Banks. Toronto, Aug. 31, (Walker). First Canadian record. TRICHOPTERA. Limnephilide. * * Iimnephilus equalis Banks. Bon Accord, B.C., June 7, (Russell) ; Can. Ent. XLVI, 150. ; * Limnephilus argenteus Banks. Nepigon, Ont., June 18, (Walker); Can. Ent., XLVI., 152. * Limnephilus secludens Banks. Penticton, B.C., Aug. 9, (Wallis), and Saskatchewan, July; Can. Ent., XLVI, 152. * Anisogamus disjunctus Banks. Bon Accord, B.C., May and June, (Russell) ; Can. Ent., XLVI, 156. * Slenophylar hesperus Banks. Departure Bay, B.C., Aug. 1, (Walker) ; Can. Ent., XLVI, 152. 3 150 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No.. 36 — Rhyacophilide. * Glossosoma penitus Banks. XLVI, 202. Peachland, B.C., July 21, (Wallis) ; Can. Ent., * Rhyacophila bipartita Banks. Banff, Alta., Aug. 30, (Sanson) ; Can. Ent., - * XLVI, 201. ee Rhyacophila bifila Banks. Vernon, B.C., Aug. (Bryant) ; Can. Ent., XLVI, 201. Leptoceride. * * * * Leptocerus futilis Banks. Ent., XLVI, 264. Leptocerus retactus Banks. Leptocerus angustus Banks. Ent., XLVI, 263. Molanna flavicornis Banks. May, (Wallis) ; Can. Ent. (@cetina interjecta Banks. Ent., XLVI, 262. Hydropsychide. Go-Home Bay, Ont., July 11, (Walker) ; Can. Muskoka River, Ont., June 30, and Go-Home ~ Bay, Ont., Aug. 8, (Walker). Go-Home Bay, Ont., Aug. 1, (Walker) ; Can. Husavick, Man., July, and Winnipeg, Man., , XLVI, 261. Go-Home Bay, Ont., Aug. 23, (Walker) ; Can. * Hydropsyche slossone var. recurvata Banks. Go-Home Bay, Ont., (Wal- ker) ; Can. Ent. XLVL., 253. * Holocentropus longus Banks. Digby, N.S., June, (Russell); Can. Ent. XLVI, 258. SIPHONAPTERA. The following species were determined by the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild: Ceratophyllus wagnert. Aweme, Man., Oct. 9, 1913; on Hvotomys gapperi, (Criddle). Certophyllus galline. Aweme, Man., Sept. 26, 1913, from nest of Asio willsonianus, also from Hvotomys gappert, (Criddle). Ceratophyllus vison. ‘Ste. (Swaine). Anne de Bellevue, Que. on red squirrel, Ctengophthalmus pseudargyretes. Aweme, Man., Oct. 19, 1913, on Hvotomys gapperi, (Criddle). Leptopsylla selenis. Aweme, Man., Oct. 19, 1913, on Evotomys gappert, (‘Criddle). Hystrichopsylla americana. Aweme, Man., Oct. 19, 1913, (Criddle). Mr. a Rothschild, when reporting upon this species said: “It is a rare species — which is only (as far as I tion and, by one example, know) represented in the Smithsonian Institu- — in my own collection.” ACARINA. Tetranychus pilosus C. and F. Vineland, Ont., on plum, (Ross) ; Prof. ‘Caesar informs me that the species is common in Ontario. Specimens were determined by Dr. Banks. Tetranychus bicolor Banks. Vineland, Ont., on Quercus, (Ross). 4 a INDEX ~ PAGE PAGE Agrilus anxius ..... lela elevalstels Sivas . 46 Glover-roolnborer’ =.....-220 60 Anthonomus quadrigibbus ........ 43, 71 Clover-seed chalcid ............... 60 Apanteles militaris ............... 87 Coccobacillus, in control of locusts. 100 .. 5 .. 35655 eee 43 Codling-moth so7-- ee eee 15, 60, 71 PEN ycl sos ais 6 co cc's ciersele.s 23, 61 Comstock, J. H., article by.:...... 49 MUEIETANG 2.02... ec cee cecce 24 Conotrachelus nenuphar .......... 22, 71 RESIN sos sis ccasssceevenecs 24 Cosens; .A-, article by.....s..<....02 16 0) 24, 45, 60, 71 Criocerisasparacine i. ss ae 24 rr 60 # duodecimpunctata . ...... 24 Ue Cie 43, 71 Cryptorhynchus lapathi |......... 46 TNS) 22, 25, 60, 71 Cucumber beetle ................. 24 Appletree borer, flat-headed....... 71 Currant spanworm ............... 61 Applied entomology in Canada.... 29 ba Stem-girdler ya. eee 45 Archips argyrosphila .....:....... 45 = WOLDS waresiehs elayetercre cee aero 24 Army worm......... 13, 16, 24, 46, 59, 70 Cutworm): glassy (2522 oss. 46 ay MECONUOLLO£ . 22.6 s osc. eos 83 “i red-backed) tis. geese 59 “y “ food-plants of ......... 82 =a Wabreratenita. oc eter 25 = “outbreak of, in Canada. 72 Cutwormgiy.c. ton. eee ae ere 14 hk “outbreak of, in Ontario. 76 Datana caterpillars .............. 24, 70 md Seematasites of .......- 6: 85 Desmocerus palliatus ............. 22 Asparagus beetles ................ 24 Diabrotica vittata ................ 24 Aspidiotus perniciosus ........... 24, 42 Diamond-back moth .............. 14 Baker, A. W., article by..........7 76 Dominion Entomological Service... 31 Bark-beetle, elm ......... malevensteleiters 115 Eccoptogaster multistriatus ....... 115 € iti Sense 115 oa quadrispinosus ..... 115 Basswood leaf-roller ..,........... 25 Hilden borer’ as.2) sc. eee 22 (29l0.5i 2550335 25 Elm) sbark-beetle: =... 205. on ee 115 PEICARSMINET 20... 5... ee eee ee 61 pam leat_heetioget . ee Brattica- chalybea.. 5s 02. ssekiewlle sn 28, 45 Plum -curculid.......c. aor eee 23, 71 Hedgehog caterpillar ............. 117 Plutella maculipennis ........... ~~ Hewitt, C. G., article by........... 28 Poisoned bran baits, in locust con- Humming-bird, ruby-throated ...... 95 STO) ecw Te ae ee eneee «0.0 0-«:s «Ue EPVIASLINUS GDSCUTUS: <.fcc. 107 Leaf-miner, blackberry ............ 45 zs pomonella ......... 22, 60, 71 Leaf-roller, fruit-tree .:........... 45 Rhopalosiphum ligustri ........... 25 Mecaninm Gorni. 6c ook sae seewiaay 46, 47 Root-Maggots. ..55..... 0 ee. eee 14, 61 PON TATE IHOEN 46 oe niche t oar ote wisie@lere 116 Rose-chafer: os ..2.2.. «,- «00a 22, 45 Leucania unipuncta..13, 16, 24, 46, 70, 72 Ross; W._A:, article by 2..2.. seems oe Lochhead, W., articles by......... 59, 61 Sacred beetle. ss <3.....: .2c).2 nee 65 Locust borer ........ Asodeacdsc aa aca - Sarcophaga carnaria ............. 66 IMGCHALS tee see eae = = yeawene 14, 60 OG haemorrhoidalis ....... 66 EMREECOMLE ON OL Ss ci ojenajor = a.cto meats 97 Saunders, WM: .....7.2.-.. mam 29 «=f Lygus pratensis ....... 15, 16, 43, 46, 61 s obituary notice of.. 121 . LAE Galle be 13 BR ate Seas eRer St yee 28 Sawfly, currant .......:..2..s= seen 61 . “obituary notice of.... 118 * “FaspDerry <<. «ic sresee eee 24, 45 Macrodactylus subspinasus ....... 22, 42 violet =......... asres 15 Macrosiphum pisi~................ 24, 45 Scale, cottony maple.........csess 46 Malacosoma americana........ 15, 16, 42 “. oyster-shell << .+..--<.. «semen 71 “ @ISSEP Iie 5 ace chaste 15, 16, 42 « ~ San José <5... S2005 =e 24, 42 — WM NRIS A PEA YING 2s. ction ese miatae 15, 64 Schizoneura whmt =....-....ssemme < era Melanoplus REPANES © foe leieterete 14, 46, 97 Scorpions, mating of ............. . 66 femur-rubrum ........-- 43 Skunk) 2250 sees sinc tee «oc peee aa Wiltz mnacton o\s.-.<.cl - ocellana .......-.---- :60, 71 & Pear psylla .........+e+sseeeeeees 23, 45 Tree-hopper buffalo ..........-.++- 1 MUSING os 2 5. 2 sees seer eee nes 15, 60 Truck crops, insects attacking..... 24 4 Pegomyia cepetorum ........-.-.- 16 Trumpet leaf-miner ......--.--- ste ee eH OEP COREE OIE oe NI e Typhlocyba comes iio caine onde 2 aie Peridroma saucia ewe en ete nsbscccs Ea OS®” «codecs 15, 46 . 3 te oe voviens peso en 153. Violet jsawaly. 2-7-5 - Phorbia brassice .....-.-..-+ee- 61 Winthemia quadripustulata ....... a “ Geqiotornin;,.. . iti-tec-sksae 61 Woodchuck ....-+++-+++sssaee-* cee SOD $ TUSCICEDS: wane = os 1s ar Rea dG: Woodlot, injurious insects of-...... 116 Phyllabrotica decorata ..........- 22 Zeuzera PyTina ...-..2--ees--ssses 116 QL Entomological Society of 461 Ontario E68 Proceedings ve 41-45 cop.2 nie At Biologica & Medical Serials PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY th Hh ri Suber teas iy i FE ergy 1 Neate vei it Ht Hee rt TP ioe lit \ Hy ith it iit at ean rh tt sth i} Phiten oats { nf t i CUR ee RST alert