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Saas LL | Tieaees Yury Wy * owt he Se Lala | bere peeetee MERA CREE ; Vseryytteny nny ee PR fe et | |p ; fue : ; s t 7 Ar es | ve l a cae a e ewe " ij tHe e. ape cccanee att TS ¥ ¥ . othe UG 19 ee rye! owe rT TET ie yt"ve, 6, SP ALLL) RT en TTT yee Waa lees Li Ln wets OL fel RRL aL SSRN thd rT ne r) d fi i ay we d | ; /*¥ as de i pmayetyevell ( we? g-a ies ener ¥ .' di anee™ Peer pet Ey "as TULLE Sep erone rome HUH ait | pees on Ie win wird Allee a fe fe JEL Ee 7 Lee ee * ™ yeetorrncdnet co Lie " “Se et I oak: AS eatmre witha t Anew Bintan © rer A I } ay ( ay ¥ 4 yaw sf NAAN 414 7a ther : a] = | © ae r | Pid arn | cae. iad WRN Fp itd HH | | | Mt | fel ee ie geeees v* ek Ou - seo arate Berane att tbaymand gs dajtscunTmAMee x arene or ne ph mreBeh SDE +O Ohad LALA Cee oT Ang Ageeryprieg natell a: ‘NAN Gh PEUTIIT EE leer “ SON enact en Bel Hai Ne PLIUP, ap RAL. wee: Om We ERIN Ae i Apr wi e% : A TH vey v Ate AMAA wt meant NAMIE cc craton Ate | SR SN All tt NS 1 il e- an veg jy te | ~’ CTE oY A yes &! Are rw nett an eS E) ae 4 ae = Se he Lsnoors a Hy crete . "ee ect n: Pras is |, “ asl | , Sead Altar Ne: a yu Stes ana ee y) Nh ‘y see oe in occ lw ? wh = . | | DF een erent ott Powe “ky > ss veeuuiT ¢ y Me eo) ae f aeons . Bet 1h] Vy ae “Gy ¥ Ae ty) Ae WV, Bate even, saiittin a i a gilt weigh NTNRRIONS nee. NVM tT : & itil Oe aman Ww tT Ne . AA Aj ask ne wei Se os a siniarailiniliencihtecnessceuas einen Vagacbganrer j UE “e cer g SU beet wpb pre e: > DARA AL Lae c oat vad titi cocerns eee A ve S 4 sap “tee Ly iy etd “t aT AI ok : 4 ALATA | eS OF aloo Leet Se a es, eet aces oe AAA, eighty CEES os&q teu ba W Wires ee ss ie’ 4 SAX. oe! we ES = " eeeuy ces ees HL a tay, ; agi { aa SS Ge 4 a’ wt 4o 4 bs os 4 a ) ] = zar +, eee Tt © aaa wi Pvaly a ew: iw id Oe 4¢@ “y | B Le. | fal 4%: n Oey ees ~ WALT 28 yy w\, ¥ “™ ry he ‘\ 4 + 6 gj «@ Pity Dt. NA 403 wy ass 3 We NaS OSG RR a 2 Da | eatin Manatee Pe Te be ae ik w~.° Me é Ce | eee’ Gees on eer ce Ye be A Sy oe pod ae = st : am bet ss Mb ase Tt] | fen A) A so atset eit K a, etch eaten “eae . = ne priv ji: sg peeeew PiY i es *vve MWA ire Bee gM Sefel MOY WA inpees a8 S ge tla as, é ‘Nes P og. Pt ae a ; Whit | | ae. met ws AO gyn” Sil | i Matty GATT aS | Es vey Dy, LL | Py wi yt te Ms, Weeseeat ret oot eo Ai Sart ~ Sh i Ne ved a |e ox “t Uwresy YS cyt Ns a mpl ote., uid ane eu *Sceee vr + pS “by L Vl a Ry Atty bee Ty tet “ab BP Wg @ .. LD a oe Tis, why » "Pre a v=! 4 aN\ un wh cyur* a, wre whe, wre ns qn¥ che wee We Molo NN haa ttle iceeee spite, qt é s My v ad tet PAT T Peay 1 bbl Hp AL a 4 tu seth e. . a t \. Hers Ady, beste oe me ae - = are eo a | i | mage a LUDA he TELL REPT 1M Ato et tol, A hae t | op tanrnyet” ii Metageeeere UCU TTT iver y vag o | TTT wet: nde TULL AT tidbit go WT lb ee ae wot : { YVuu. .. ‘eh Paw wumusele.. is ge poe FOURTH SERIES, VOL. V. 1917-1922. Nos Qanval Rebort Be race Bristol Naturalists’ Society. Gdited by the Honorary Secretary. SVAN Nm Z See — J ist Aaa rs tie, oN , EY Fo 6 Asan 548% ‘Rerum cognoscere Caus&s. Oe aie ®tlonal Mm yseds> ‘ BRISTOL PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. MCMXXIII. Elworthy & Son, Ltd., Bristol. INDEX TO VOL. Alien Plants Annual Meetings Araucaria wmbricata Baynes, E. S. Birds and Brochs in Shetland ,, Common, and Nests ,, Of the Downs ... wai Ee Pey ... Bitton Geology Blood, Dr. B. N. Bolton, Edith i. Botanical Bibliography Botany of Bristol Brimstone Moth Bristol Museum Meeting Bristol Royal Infirmary Broadfield Down Geology Brochs and Birds _... Buckmaster, Prof. G. A. Bucknall, Cedric Camouflage in Insect World Campion, CO. T. oe Carboniferous Limestone Chara species Charophytes, The Chlorophyll ... Cladium Mariscus Claverham Geology . - Clevedon Coast Erosion » Geology Coal Balls 3 Coal Measures, Lower, Coast Erosion Coe, Percy F. Cook, Dr. E. H. Cundall, F., Paintings Dandelion Seedings . Darbishire, Dr. O. V. Nad Darwinism, Present position of Davies, A. T.... a TH. 9 81 170, 182, 202, 238, 245 ee 17 V. (FOURTH SERIES). PAGE We AO ods ZOLe267 LS Oe 116, 163, 165, 238 5) 153 123 84 17, EL, 165, 240 deh (241 17 167 INDEX TO VOL. V. (FOURTH SBRIES). Diatom, Life of a » Fossil ou #5 Beery Donations Dreams : Dust and Dirt | Earth Sculpture Economic Entomology, Aims of Eggs, Colouration of Birds’ Egypt, Dead Life in ; Entomology, Exhibits of Exchange List Excursions Exhibits Fairy Flies Flea, The 4 Lf Fossil Plants and Animals ,, how preserved Frenulum of Moths, The Fumaria Martini General Meetings Geology Papers a Griffiths, Geo. C., Papers » William Haemoglobin and cue Hall, H. 8S. Ne Herbarium, The Hoyle, Dr. W. KE, Human Development Hunter, Charles India, Southern 4% Insects, Lore and Legend J and Disease .. Jervis, W. W. Keynsham Geology .. King’s Weston Limestone Lancashire Coal Measures .. Lantern Flies Laws, New » revised Leather Tanning Lees, A. H. Lepidoptera, Diurnal and Nocturnal PAGER BY: rie) 53 veh Soon lees wae Rei oe 10, 62, 111 iF 15 117 241 116 239 67 A 14, 66, he. 162 11, 63, 112, 159, 223 16, 69, 119, 164, 167, 240 .. 16, 17, 69, 119, 164, 168, 239, 241 15, 67, 116, 163, 165, 238 30, 92, 120, 138. 145, 268 22, hte 121, 239 S33 ‘de 8 2SS .. 166 15, 168 ... 240 70 192 259 INDEX TO VOL. V. (FOURTH Lightining Discharge or Limestone, Clifton to Westbury re King’s Weston leis Limestone Gravel Lord Mayor of Bristol Mantide Maps oe Medical Entomology Meetings Members ,, Honorary Mentha Pulegiwm Mesopotamia, poole of Milk’ ... . Mine Rescue Work ... Morgan, Prof. C. Lloyd Natural Sources of Energy Nierenstein, Dr. M. ... Nitella mucronata ci translucens ... Obituary We Octopus, The Officers 21 ae e of Sections ... Oxygen in Mine Work Palmer, Dr. L. S. Plankton Plant Galls_... Plantation Rubber in “Malaya” Potamogeton upsaltensis Drucei ... Presidents’ Addresses Privet Hawk Moth Protoplasm streaming Purbeck Geology Pyrus cordata Rafter, James , Rameay, Sir William | Reports of Council . Entomological Séction , Geological Section , Librarians » Ornithological Section , Treasurer a acne Period of Twigs Reynolds, Prof. S. H. Roper, Ida M. SERIES). 145 “156, 238 yea 50, ‘92, 299 we Bil UES 15, 67, 116, 163, 165, 238 5, 56, 105, 152. 226 59, 108, 155, 229 ie 44, 82 82, 137 19, 243 Ait ba 70 ... 4, 00, 104, 151, 225 ... 4, 95, 104, 151,225 4 xa eeu ets) 192 Pal Oo 66, 168 163 18 a 43 ra TAS 12 i 170, 182, 245 aie ae ee boN 81 120 40 15 A 22 Ay 60, 109, 156, 230 aks 66, 115, 162, 235 13 65, 114, 161, 236 ee LONG2 Ol ble oos 232 a Se 4 oo 61, 110, “157, 231 . San wah ee) 16, 92, 120 eo fgets INDEX TO VOL. V. (FOURTH SERIES). Sandwith, Mrs: Cecil Sexual Selection in Birds Smith, Dr. G. Munro eo). Dr. D, Munro Spartina Townsendi Stachys germanica Stigmariz Thompson, Sylvanus P. Tolypella glomerata 5 mtricata ‘Triassic beds at Yatton Tuckett, Coldstream Tutcher, J. W. iS Typha angustifolia Vegetable Sea Viola lactea : Wallis, F. S. Watkins, D. E. Webb, H. Vicars White, J. W. Wing beats of Insects Wing Organs of Wingate, H. M. Witches’ Brooms Womersley, d. Wrens, The Three Willow os Yatton Geology : FOURTH, SERIES, VOL. ¥, Part Tey. issued (1919, for 1917.) held 3 PRICE Two SHILLINGS. Ni es . Bai ) ANNUAL REPORT PROCEEDINGS OF THE ae ad ~[HB1 wuset ae EER wee 7 UU a Ault ASSO 3 e f LAN Mle TRAIN ; aes . A ules : lings ee atl Ans bait ‘* Rerum cognoscere causas,’’—VIRGIL. : : . } TG y Sites 5 t 3 ( 4 - a Sy Ate uv BRISTOL * Pit | PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. Ae e MCMXIX. FOURTH SERIES, VOL. V., PartI. issued (1919, for 1917.) PrRicE Two SHILLINGS. | ANNUAL REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRISTOL NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY. fi « fs PA, “la Uiales Cae Se ( lines oe ‘* Rerum cognoscere causas.’’—VIRGIL. BRISTOL PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, MCMXIX, TABLE OF CONTENTS. FOURTH (SERIES. | VOL. V., PART I. (1919, issued for 1917). PAGE Officers for 1917 i 4 Officers of Sections for 1917 4 List of Members 5 Honorary Memberts ... 7 Report of Council 8 Greasurer’s Report ... 9 Librarians’ Report ... be HD HO Maaeck ue. Lee wis 10 Exchange List + ee ae ae Be cat nt 11 Report of Geological suction ies ae wh Bey ae x 13 Report of Entomological Section ue woe He 14 Account of the General Meetings and Meee Meeting ee ae 15 In Memoriam, ieee Munro Smith, M.D.” Be 19 Presidential Address, ‘“‘ Some ERD Wing-Organs of Insects,”’ by G. C. Griffiths, BES. 22 “Lower Coal Measures in Relation to Fossil Plants stich aia a by Edith Bolton, B.Sc. ... Bt f Ue, aa 30 Bristol Botany in 1917, by Jas. W. WHITE, FL. S. vale LON 39 “Local Coast Erosion and Its Cure,” by Ida M. Ree BLS. oe 46 For information concerning the Bristol Naturalists’ Society generally, or concerning its meetings, please apply to the present Hon. Secretary and Editor— Miss IpA M. ROPER, 4, WOODFIELD ROAD, REDLAND, BRISTOL. All Books, Pamphlets, Reports of Proceedings sent by way of | exchange, gift, or otherwise, and all correspondence relating thereto, should be addressed to— Hon. LIBRARIAN, BRISTOL, Nat. Soc., UNIVERSITY CLUB, 20, BERKELEY SQUARE, BRISTOL, OFFICERS FOR 1917. President : G. C. GriFFiTHs, F.E.S. Past Presidents : Prof. C. LLoyp MorGcan, LU.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. Prof. SYDNEY YouNG, Sc.D., F.R:S. A. B.: PROWSE, M.D., F:R:C.S: C.:K: Rupee, RCP MRCS, J. W. WHITE, F.L.S. . G. Munro SmrtH, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P, Miss IpA M. RopsErR, F.L.S. Vice-Presidents : B. A. BakER, F.G.S. J. RAFTER, M.A. Members of Council: H. F. Barkg, 1914. C. Isaac, 1916. R. B. WEBB, 1914. C. T. GrmincHaM, 1916. Miss MCINTVvRE, 1915. W. H. WICKEs, 1914 C. J. Hopecson, 1914. Mrs. SANDWITH, 1915. Miss I. WORSLEY, 1916. Hon. Treasurer : " w. A. SmrrH, M.A., M.B., 70, Pembroke Road, Clifton, Hon. Auditors : HH Cooxe+Se Di CHARLES BARTLETT, A.C.A. Hon. Secretary and Editor : O. V. DARBISHIRE, B.A., Ph.D., The University, Bristol. Hon. Reporting Secretary : J. T. Kemp, M.A. Hon. Librarian : A. B. PROWSE, M.D., F.R.C.S. Miss I. M. Roper, F.L.S., Hon. Sub-Libravrian. OFFICERS OF SECTIONS. Botanical : President—CEDRIC BUCKNALL, Mus. Bac., 13, Whatley Road, Clifton. Entomological : President—G. C. GRIFFITHS, F.E.S.,°3, Leigh Road, Clifton. Secretary—-CHARLES BARTLETT, 8, Woodhill, Portishead, Som. Geological : | President—S. H. REvNoups, M.A., Sc.D., F.G.S., The University, Bristol. secretary--B. A, BAKER, F.GS., Henbury House, Henbury. « mae List of Members, December, 1918. A Associate Member. * Has contributed Papers to the 9 Adams, Miss S.E. Almond, Stanley Banory, lf; ... Atkinson, E. C. Audcent, H. L. Badock, Stanley H. ... Baker, B. A., F.G.S. .. Balfour, A., B.A. ° imatice. EL) E>)... Bartlett, Chas. ... Batten, Miss L., M. Sc. Baynes, 2. S. ... é Blackmore, J. C., F. G. S Blood, B. N., M. D Blood, Geo. EB. ; Bolton, Miss E., B. Sei) Brebner, Mrs. CG. oe Bryant, Miss B. Bucknall, C., Mus. Bac. Cay, Arthur Charbonnier, T. City Librarian ... Clarke, A. be Cogan, Miss R. Cook, E. H., D.Sc. Cottle, A. W. ... Crozel, Prof. G. Curran,’ F.C. Darbishire, O. V., Ph.D. Darell, D., F.G.S. ite Davies, A. T., F.R.M.S. Waviesi EL.) ... Dear, G. L. Dixon, Miss Dunscombe, Miss Praticis, H. A.... Bryer, A.» C.); Ph.D. Gibbons, H. J. Gimingham, C. T. Gea Rey RB. W. . Goulding, Thomas Griffiths, G. C., F.ES._ Griffiths, Miss D. M. ... Grove, Otto Gummer, Horace + Lite Member. oe Proceedings.” Redland House, Durdham Park, Bristol Edenhurst, Pembroke Road, Clifton 29, Beaufort Road, Clifton 5, Pembroke Vale, Bristol 34, Belvoir Rd., St. Andrew’s, Bristol Holmwood, Westbury-on-Trym Henbury House, Henbury 22, Duchess Road, Clifton, Bristol 8, Woodhill, Portishead The University, Bristol 29, Cotham Road, Bristol 36, Whatley Road, Clifton, Bristol 5, Brynland Avenue, Bishopston ee 9, Upper Belgrave Road, Clifton The Museum, Bristol 22, Victoria Road, Cotham, Bristol 9, Hanbury Road, Clifton 13, Whatley Road, Clifton, Bristol Lyndhurst, Leigh Woods, Bristol 9 Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton Central Library, Bristol 16, Woodstock Rd., Redland, Bristol | 71, Worrall Road, Clifton 27, Berkeley Square, Bristol Black Horse Hotel, Kingswood, Bristol Chemin des Célestins, 17, Ouillons (Rhone), France 49, Springfield Road, Cotham, Bristol The University, Bristol Hillfield House, near Dartmouth Avon House, Keynsham, Bristol Down House, Stoke Bishop, Bristol 10, Canowie Road, Redland, Bristol Colston Girls’ School, Bristol 4, The Quadrant, Redland, Bristol 10, Victoria Square, Clifton 13, Eaton Crescent, Clifton 8, Nugent Hill, Cotham, Bristol Cider Institute, Long Ashton, Bristol. 6, Victoria Square, Clifton 6, Nelson Street, Bristol Penhurst, 3, Leigh Road, Bristol Penhurst, 3, Leigh Road, Bristol Cider Institute, Long Ashton, Bristol Herbert Lodge, Cotham Park, Bristol mt Ra A XA AS AS ma * LIST OF MEMBERS. Herbert, Josiah Hill, Miss Edith Hodgson, C. J. Hony, Ge Bw ite. Horder, Miss M. G. Hoyle, W. E., D.Sc. Hudd, A. H., F.S.A. Ivens, H. P. Ivens, W. B. Jermyn, Col. T. Qolly, ay) Hes Just, Mrs. Ulrich Knowlson, James F. ... Knowlson, Mrs. Lang, C.J Lee,.Miss E. M., M.Sc. Linton, Dr. Marion, M.B. Llewellin, W. H. cn McIntyre, Miss . Male, H., B.A., TAM, Mappin, S. W. # Matthews, H. EB Matthews, lL. H. Merrell; 55. \70ie. tec ae Morgans, Thos., M.I.C.E. Morgans, Mrs. See Mortimer, Mrs.. C. Mullock, Miss Norman, G., M.D. Prowse, A. B., M.D. Prowse, Mrs. Prowse, Miss Pullin, W. H. Rafter, J:, M.A. Read, E. iene Reynolds, SEL ‘Se. D) EGS. Richardson, Frank ‘ : Roper, Miss I. M., F.L.S. Rudge, C.K., L.R.CP., Bee Salmond. P.W.... Salter, Mrs. Samson, F. Ws Sandwith, Mrs. ... Sandwith, N. Y. Scott, W. G. Seyler: | Cr vanes Shaw, Miss M. G. Shepherd, G. D. Sinnott, Jas. 4, Southfield Road, Cotham, Bristol 17, Tyndall’s Park Road, Clifton 5, Cotham Terrace, Bristol 4, Beaufort Road, Clifton Highweek, Brislington, Bristol National Museum, Cardiff 108, Pembroke Road, *Clifton, Bristol 18, Alexandra Road, Clifton, Bristol 49, Ravenswood Road, Bristol Highcliff, Weston-super-Mare Glenavon, Clifton Down, Bristol 57, Hampton Park, Redland, Bristol 9, Downfield Road, Clifton 9, Downfield Road, Clifton 6, Northumberland Road, Redland, Bristol 55, Logan Road, Bishopston 21, Oakfield Road, Clifton 8, Cotham Lawn Road, Bristol 67, Claremont Road, Bristol 14, York Place, Clifton ie Pembroke Road, Clifton, Beietol Clifton Park Road, Clifton ik Clifton Park Road, Clifton 34, College Green, Bristol 7, Elton Rd., Tyndall’s Park, Bristol 7, Elton Rd., Tyndall’s Park, Bristol 4, Cambridge Park, Bristol 23, Berkeley Square, Bristol 12, Brock Street, Bath 5, Lansdown Place, Bristol 5, Lansdown Place, Bristol 33, Caledonia Place, Clifton 56, St. John’s Road, Clifton The University, Bristol 72, Victoria Road, Bedminster 13, All Saints’ Road, Clifton 15, Percival Road, Clifton 4,Woodfield Road, Redland, Bristol 145, Whiteladies Road, Bristol * 9, Oakfield Place, Clifton 25, Harcourt Road, Redland, Bristol 4, Woodfield Road, Redland, Bristol 26, Canynge Square, Clifton 26, Canynge Square, Clifton 25, Duke Street, Cardiff Nelson Terrace, Swansea 25, Elliston Road, Redland, Bristol Gresham Chambers, Kingsway, Cardiff 15, Beaufort Road, Clifton . * LIST OF MEMBERS. . 7 A Smith, Miss A. M. Wed ... 70, Pembroke Road, Clifton A Smith, Miss E. J. ... 70, Pembroke Road, Clifton * Smith, D. Munro, M. RCS. woe!) 18) Apsley Read, Clifton ; Smith, H. C. ... 13, Acraman’s Road, Southville, Bristol Smith, W. A., M.B. aay ... 70, Pembroke Road, Clifton A Smith, Rev. W. ne ... 14, Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton A Smith, Mrs. W. eee ... 17, Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton Stanton, D. W. 42, Alma Road, Clifton Stewart, D. McDonald, EGS. 25, Woodstock Road, Bristol t Strickland, Thompson ... 13, Victoria Square, Clifton = iateher, J. Ww. me 3 ... 57, Berkeley Road, Bishopston, Bristol A Underhill, J. T. Ae, ... 2, Brynland Avenue, Bristol A wWwalton,, J, C.. A. Mh ... 18, West Park, Bristol Warren, Mrs. Crosby ... ... 15, Upper Belgrave Road, Bristol A Webb, H. Vicars vs ... 12, Sefton Park Road, Bristol A West, Mrs. A. ... _... 5, Devonshire Road, Westbury Park *.. White, Jas. W., E16. | ... 18, Woodland Road, Clifton, Bristol White, Mrs. Ley : ... 18, Woodland Road, Clifton, Bristol * Wickes, W. H.. hae ... 16, Oakfield Grove, Clifton Wills, G. A. Bit ee ... Burwalls, Leigh Woods, Bristol Wilson, EF. A.. .. ... The Hydro, College Green, Bristol A Wingate, Miss aa M.., M. A. ... 40, Alma Road, Clifton A Woodey, EB. L.. ts bie Worsley, Miss I ua ... Rodney Lodge, Clifton Yabbicom, T. H., M.I.C.E. ... 23, Oakfield Road, Clifton Honorary Members. Prof. George §. Brady, M.D., LL.D., D.Sc, F.R.S. F.L.S. Park Hurst, Endcliffe, Sheffield. Henry J. Charbonnier, Haw Lane, Olveston, Tockington R.S.0., Glos. Prof. G. A. Lebour, M.A., F.G.S. (deceased). Prof. C. Lloyd Morgana, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., 5, Kensington Place, Clifton, Bristol. R. M. Prideaux, F.E.S., Brasted Chart, nr. Sevenoaks, Kent. . Prof. H. S. Hele Shaw, M.I.C.E., LL.D., F.R.S., 64, Victoria Street, West- minster, S.W. 1. Prof. W. J. Sollas, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.G.S., University Museum, Oxford Sir W. A. Tilden, D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in the Imperial College of "Science, S. Kensington, S.W. 7. ‘ William Whitaker, B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Freda, Camden Road, Croydon. Prof. Sydney Young, D.Sc., F.R.S., Trinity College, Dublin. REPORT OF COUNCIL. To December 31st, 1917. COUNCIL feels that there is no reason to regret that a pro- gramme of Meetings has been carried out during the past year, as it has afforded mental relaxation to members, and papers _ have been forthcoming. . The Society has unfortunately suffered heavy losses during the year by the death of nine members, and these include Dr. G. Munro Smith, President 1910-11-12 and afterwards a Vice-President, Mr. Philip Henry Vaughan, almost the last of our original members, Mr. Philip John Worsley, M.A., J.P., a member for nearly as long, and Mr. H. E. Hippisley, J.P. ; all three of them for many years our steady supporters; Miss K. I. Williams, M.Sc. ; Mr. Upfield Green, an earnest student of geology ; Mr. Charles Isaac, a member of Council, and in the last days of the year Mr. John Tabor Kemp, M.A., our Reporting Secretary. The total membership now stands at 114 ; 75 ordinary members and 39 Associates. | The attendance at the meetings has been steady and averaged about 30. The following papers were given during the year :— Feb. ist.—‘‘ Some Subsidary Wing-Organs of Insects” .. The President. Nov. ist.—‘‘ Dreams ”’ A a Mr. James Rafter, M.A. Apr. 5th.—‘‘ Gilbert White’s ‘Three Willow Wrens’”’ Mr. H. S. Hall, M.A. May 3rd.—‘‘ Southern India ’”’ .. Prof. S. H. Reynolds, Sc.D., F.G.S. Nov. ist.—‘‘ Local Coast Erosion and its Cure’ .. Miss I. M. Roper, F.L.S, Dec. 6th.—‘‘ The Flea ”’ Hg Mr. A. T. Davies, F.R.M.S. In June the Annual Summer Excursion took place in the Leigh Woods, when Dr. C. Lloyd Morgan, F.R.S., ably described the ancient earthworks, and in October a successful Exhibition evening - was carried out. The two Sections of the Society, viz., Geological and Entomo- logical, have been in active work throughout the year. No ‘‘ Proceed'ngs.’’ have been published this year, but those for 1915 and 1916 are now in the press to form a joint volume. Council desires to record its thanks to Mr. Edward A. Leonard, of Clifton, for his gift of two large portfolios of New Zealand and Madeira Ferns. ‘It was with regret that Council heard in November that Dr. O. V. Darbishire felt obliged to give up the Honorary Secretary- - ship for want of time, caused by his military duties. Miss I. M. Roper took on the work to the end of the year. Council earnestly invites the co-operation of all members in the furtherance of the study of Natural History and Geology. There is abundant need for fresh workers in every field, if the | Society is to continue as beneficial to the district as it has been in the past. IDA M. ROPER, | Acting Hon. Secretary. “LIBI ‘4aqu2a(q stonpny} VOV WLHTLaVd SHTAVHO : “MOO) ‘H LSHNYa ‘~o2IIOD puNnoy pue poypny T OL 65 T OL P65 S--6=— GL yuegq pue puey url ysey “ £10) AUR ‘UOF{:0} onp sourjeg “ 0-61 1 ELL ‘TOR, «OJ ONP sourfeg “ G.€& R&P preMIOF soueyeq “ © G—¢ sormyery “ 0 LILO uOIsINox’y uo yorg “ GL € ‘Oyo ‘soseysog “ 0 TL SsUuIpss00Ig jo s[es “ 9 8ST 8 oot pue Areiqry jo jue. “ 0 0 OT popeTfoo sireoiry “ Ges} ==() ee SUSE Sty 0 SLO SUvApPe UI suoTydisosqns ‘ 6 PIE : - Sunuig 2 0 SLO : Sdo,JT voueIqUy “ 9 OLO a sueds oor, pue suomIm,) 0 SL 9 ayeloossy Ua! 3 = key 0 0 ATeuUlpIO —SaI}91N0G 0} suordriosqns Ag —-suorjdiiosqng sioqmiey OF, pod ie es °) ‘LI6T UVAA HHL AOA LNOQOOOV “IVAANAD “ad “ALAIOOS SISIIVUNLVN TOLSIYA 94} YIM JUNODDY Ul YAYNSVAUL “NOH UL 10 LIBRARIANS’ REPORT. For the Year 1917. [URE the past year 17 Members have borrowed books ; and the number taken out has been 89. In addition many other volumes have been consulted at the Library. One book borrowed in 1916 has not been returned, and 12 of recent date-are still in use. Again during the year no books have been sent to the binders, and it is suggested as advisable that a fund, by special donations, should be formed forthwith, to be spent later in binding the many ‘* Proceedings ’’ of Scientific Societies, which are of ek interest, but are not now available for study. We have received by subscripton British Marine Annelids, Vol. 3, and Worsdell : Principles of Plant Teratology, Vol. 2 (Ray Society) ; by purchase Donisthorpe : British Ants ; and by exchange from the corresponding Societies 102 parts of current publications. There has been a moderate demand for the sale of various ‘* Proceedings’ and Reprints of the Society, most of which have been supplied. To the following donors of books we offer our sincere thanks. Dr. SYDNEY YOUNG, F.R.S., for Philosophical TV GRSAaes of the Royal Soctety, Series B., Vol. 207 (1916). J. W. WurrTe, F.L.S., bp Journals of the Linnean Soctety (Botany and Zoology), and the Proceedings 1913-1917. Mons. CHARLES JANET, for Monographs on Algae and Volvox. TRUSTEES of the BrritisH Museum, for three Guide Books and six Publications of the Economic Series. GEOLOGICAL SECTION, B.N.S., for certain parts of the Geological Magazine. » EntomoLocicat SECTION, B.N.S., for parts of the Entomologist and the Entomologists’ Monthly. The gift to the Society from EDwarp A. LEONARD, Esq., of two large portfolios of New Zealand and Madeira Ferns has been ‘received, and is placed in the Library. Six Societies belonging to enemy nations have been removed from the Exchange List. ARTHUR B. PROWSE, Lieut.-Cor., R.A.M.C., Hon. Libranan. IDA M. ROPER, F.L,.S., Hon. Sub-Librarian, EXCHANGE LIST. Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire Barrow Naturalists’ Field Club Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Sie Bristol Museum and Art Gallery British Association British Museum (Natural History), S.W. Cardiff Naturalists’ Society Chester Natural Science Society Cornwall, Royal Geologicai Society of , Royal Institution of ——, Royal Polytechnic Society _ Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club © Croydon Natural History and Scientific Society Ealing Scientific and Microscopical pOceLy Edinburgh Geological Society ———— Royal Botanic Society Essex Field Club | Geological Society of London Survey and Museum, London Geologists’ Association Glasgow, Geological Society of ‘ ——_——.,, Natural History Society of Philosophical Society Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club Liverpool Geological Society ———— Literary and Philosophical Society —— Science Students’ Association Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society Microscopical Society ———— Museum Library Marlborough College Natural History Society North Staffordshire Field Club Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society Nottingham Naturalists’ Society Plymouth, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom Institution, and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society Quekett Microscopical Club Royal lish Academy Royal Microscopical Society- Rugby School Natural History Society Torquay Natural History Society Woolhope Natural History Field Club Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society —_——— Naturalists’ Union Philosophical Society Our “‘ Proceedings’’ ave sent as a free gift to :— British Museum Library Edinburgh, Advocates’ Library Cambridge University Library Oxford, Bodleian Library Dublin, Trinity College Library Patent Office Library, rena AUSTRALIA. ° Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science New South Wales, Geological Survey ———_—_—___—_———_, Royal Society of Queensland Museum, Brisbane Victoria, Royal Society of V1 12 EXCHANGE LIST. CANADA. Canadian Institute, Toronto Hamilton Scientific Association Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science (Halifax) INDIA. Agricultural. Journal of India Agriculture, Imperial Department of Geological Survey of India, Calcutta FRANCE. Lyon, Société Linnéenne de Rennes, University of NORWAY. Det Kongelige Norsk Universitet Christiania SWITZERLAND. Lausanne, Société Vaudois des Sciences Naturelles Zurich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft UNITED STATES. American Museum of Natural History, New York Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois Boston, Mass., Natural History Society Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Coldspring Harbour California, University of, ‘Berkeley Californian Academy of Sciences, San Francisco Cincinnati Natural History Society ~ , Lloyd Library Colorado College, Colorado Springs , University of, Boulder Denison Scientific Association, Ohio Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Chapel Hill, N.C. Essex Institute, Salem, Mass. Illinois, University of, Urbana Indiana Academy of Science Michigan Academy of Science Missouri Botanical Gardens Academy of Science, St. Louis New Mexico, University of, Albuquerque Ohio State University, Columbus Oklahoma State University Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences ———, Wagner Free Institute of Science Smithsonian Institution, Washington Tufts’ College, Mass. United States Geological Survey, Washington National Museum, Washington Yale University, Connecticut ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. Buenos Aires, Muses National de Historia Natural one URUGUAY. __ Montevideo, Museo Nacional de MEXICO, Mexico, Sociedad Cientifica 13 GEOLOGICAL SECTION. 1917. [HE year started with 41 Members, and there were only eight meetings, with an average attendance of 17. I have to report with regret the deaths, during this year, of two old members, Mr. Upfield Green, F.G.S., and Mr. J. T. Kemp, M.A. At the Annual Meeting, Prof. S$. H. Reynolds, Sc.D., F.G.S., was re-elected President, and B. A. Baker, F.G.S., Hon. Secretary and Treasurer for the year. The following papers were read :— January 18.—‘“‘ National Progress in Geology ; foreign’”’ Prof. S$. H. Reynolds, Sc. D., F.G.S. February 16.—‘‘ Rivers”’ (illustrated by lantern slides) Miss E. N. Tipson March 15.—‘‘ Lower Coal Measures of Lancashire, and their Rela- tions to Palaeo-Botany and Palaeo-Zoology’’ (illustrated by lantern slides) Miss Edith Bolton, B.Sc. April 26.—Exhibition Meeting May 17.—‘‘ Mountains and Hills’”’ (illustrated by lantern slides) Miss I. Harris October ie Elephants, Living and Fossil”’ Prof. S. Hi) Reynolds, Sc.D). 48.G:S: November 15.—‘‘ Belemnites ”’ J. We Tutcher December 20.—‘‘ Gems”’ (exhibition of cut specimens) Miss M. Tuck The Financial Report shows the year started with a balance of £1 6s. 7d. in hand. ‘The total receipts from subscriptions amount to £3 12s. 6d., making a total to the credit of £4 19s. ld. The expenses amount to £4 17s. 10d., which only leaves a balance of ls. 3d. in the hands of the Hon. Treasurer, so the Society could not subscribe to the Palaeontographical Society for this year. Seventeen subscriptions for 1917 and previous years remain unpaid. B. A. BAKER) Hon. Secretary and Treasurer. 14 ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION. 1917 ‘THE Section now consists of eighteen members. Seven meet- ings and. one excursion were held during the year. ‘There were no papers, but many rare and interesting exhibits and notes were brought forward, of which the following were the most important :— January 19—Miss Roper, Oak Twig with swelling due to pre- sence of Andricus trilineatus under the bark. Mr. G. C. Griffiths, Lepidoptera of genera Caligo, Morpho and Heliconia. February 16—Miss Roper, Yew with clusters of leaves at end of twigs caused by the larva of the Dipteron Oligotrophus taxt. Mr: Griffiths, Silk Moths and South American Butterities. Mr. C. Bartlett, Coleoptera from New Guinea, Demerara and Jamaica. March 16—Miss Roper, Coleoptera. Mr. A. E. Hudd, speci- mens of Limnobia nubeculosa, Rhyphus fenestralis, and others : also recorded the taking of Dytiscus dimidiatus at Wedmore. April 27—Mr. A. E. Hudd, 25 species of British longicornia including Lamia textor, M onochammus sutor, Saperda carcharis Calludium violaceum, C. variabile, C. sanguineum and Agapantha lineaticollis. Miss Roper, some British coleoptera. Mr. G. C. Griffiths, Endromis versicolor, Solenobia pomonae and others. May 26—Excursion to Weston Big Wood, Portishead. Thirteen species of Diurni were taken and Heltodes arbutt. Mr. and Mrs. C. Bartlett extended hospitality to the party. October 26—Miss Roper, Libellula quadrimaculata from Black Down. Mr. G. C. Griffiths, Papilio davdanus in its various forms and its mimics. November 9—Miss Roper, Monochammus sutor taken in Chel- tenham Road. Mr. G. C. Griffiths, Lepidoptera. December 21—Mrs. Sandwith, Tipula gigantea and others ; Mr. G. C. Griffiths, Dasypoda hirtipes, etc. LIST OF MEMBERS. G. C. GriFFitus, President. Miss E. BoLtTon Col. T. JERMYN H. J. CHARBONNIER J. F. KNowLson A. T. DAVIES P. J. MOUNTNEY H. A. FRANCIS J. NoRTHMORE C. T. GIMINGHAM Miss I. M. ROPER G. B. Hony Dr. C. K. RUDGE A. E. Hupp Mts. SANDWITH W. B. IvVENS Dr. W. A. SMITH CHARLES BARTLETT, Hon. Secretary 15 Account of the General and Annual Meetings. The following accounts have been compiled by the Hon. Secretary, and the earlier Reports are based on the summaries made by the Reporting Secretary, the late Mr. J. T. Kemp, M.A., which appeared in the local Press after each meeting. THE 54TH ANNUAL MEETING. February Ist, 1917. Mr. G. C. Griffiths, F.E.S., was re-elected President for the year, with minor alterations only in Council and Officers. He then delivered his first Presidential Address entitled ‘‘ Some Subsidiary Wing-organs of Insects.”’ (Printed in full in the present ‘‘ Proceed- dI\ ings ’’). THE 4601s GENERAL MEETING. March Ist, 1917. ‘‘ Dreams,’ by Mr. James Rafter, M.A. In the opinion of the lecturer dreams are intimately associated with life’s activities, and he discussed at length their causes. They appear to be common amongst all nations and classes, the tendency beginning about 5 years of age, and becoming less frequent or entirely forgotten after 65 years. Dreams are probably worked out in a very short space of time, just before an awakening, and they are usually due to excitement of the brain, brought about by ill-health, by local warmth or cold, or by external stimuli on the sense organs, and as one or other of these come into play trivial details may assume great significance and turn life upside-down, and the reality remain unquestioned. Various examples and tests were instanced in support of these different causes. Exhibit by Miss E. M. Lee, M.Sc., of male and female cones of Avaucaria wmbricata from the only known tree which bears both kinds at Bicton, Devon. THE 46lst GENERAL MEETING. - April 5th, 1917. ** Gilbert White’s ‘Three Willow Wrens,’’”’ by Mr. H. S. Hall, M.A. Gilbert White was the first naturalist to distinguish in 1768, that three species of Wrens were to be met with in England, and he based his opinion on their varying notes. From subsequent 16 - ACCOUNT OF THE GENERAL AND ANNUAL MEETINGS. examination of specimens these three tiny birds, the smallest in the British Isles, had their differences set out in scientific words. - The Wrens are the wood, the chiff-chaff and the willow, the two first being much alike, but each with a distinctive song, that of the willow being very pleasing. All build a domed nest, lined with hair or feathers, whilst the eggs are marked differently by red or purplish spots on a whitish ground. The clutches are usually large, and the lecturer mentioned his observations on two females of the wood wren which shared one nest. The chiff-chaff and the willow are constantly to be seen on Durdham Down during the spring and summer. Exhibits by the President of eggs of the - mourning dove, cow blackbird, and mocking bird from Florida, U.S.A. ; by Miss Ida M. Roper, F.L.S.; of photographs of an elm in St. Anne’s Wood, Brislington, having near its top a ‘‘ Witches Broom” of large size, and rarely occurring on this kind of tree ; by Mr. J. W. White, F.L.S., specimens of Ceterach officinalis, var. crenatum from Blagdon. THE 462np GENERAL MEETING. May 3rd, 1917. 5 : ‘‘ Southern India,’ by Prof. S$. H. Reynolds, Sc.D., F.G.S. The Madras Presidency, in which the lecturer had lived for two years, was known formerly by residents in Northern India as the ‘‘ benighted Presidency,’ but proved an interesting subject. It is larger than Great Britain, and in addition to the views of temples and mosques there were shown a large number of slides to illustrate the life of the people, their religious festivals, schools, trades, groups of types of natives, the special boats for the surf, and many forms of activity. Exhibits by Miss Ida M. Roper, F.L. s. of the edible Morchella esculenta from Shipham ; by Miss E. M. Lee, M.Sc., of the fungus Tulostoma mammosum from Staunton Sands, Devon ; by Drug: Be Rudge, of the shell of a horse mussel from the Dogger Bank, with painted scenes. ANNUAL EXCURSION. June 9th, 1917. The summer excursion was made to Leigh Woods, where a numerous party of members was joined by Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan, F.R.S., who gave a clear account of the ancient camps. Other items of interest to Naturalists were also discussed. = ACCOUNT OF THE GENERAL AND ANNUAL MEETINGS, 17 THE 463rp GENERAL MEETING. October 4th, 1917. Exhibits of Natural History by the Members. The President, Mr. G. C. Griffiths, F.E.S., collection of harmful butterflies and moths, including Pieris sp., Papilio Turnus, Samia cecropia, Tvopasa luna, etc. Miss Ida M. Roper, F.L.S., living specimen and lantern slide of Nutella mucronata, var. gracilluma, Groves and Bullock-Webster, a new variety lately discovered growing in a pond near Bristol, the species being known only in six English counties. Mrs. Sandwith, Stachys germanica, from waste ground near Bristol, not hitherto noted in the district ; Hypericum linaritfolium, from Cornwall, and purple and brown hair streak from Devonshire. Mr. A. FE. Hudd, F.S.A., a case of Diptera of the family Syrphidae taken by him locally. Dr._O. V. Darbishire, old botanical books, including Gerard’s ‘Historie of Plants”’ (1597), Parkinson’s ‘‘ Paradisus,” and ‘“Theatrum Botanicum’’ (1640), and the ‘‘ Anatomy of Plants,” by Nehemiah Grew (1680). THE 464TH GENERAL MEETING. November Ist, 1917. ‘Local Coast Erosion and its Cure,” by Miss Ida M. Roper, F.L,.S. (Printed in full on page 46). Exhibit by Mr. J. W. White, F.L.S., of six water-colour draw- ings of local wild flowers painted by Miss F. Cundall, a former member. THE 4651s GENERAL MEETING. ° “The Flea,” by Mr. A. T. Davies, F.R.M.S. Most people do not care to dwell on the charms of the flea, but the lecturer made clear how interesting its study may be by a description of the various species of the total forty-six kinds known to be British, some being of beautiful structure, as shown on the ® 18 ACCOUNT OF THE GENERAL AND ANNUAL MEETINGS. lantern screen. Hach species lives on a particular host, and is not irritating to others, except the rat flea, whilst all possess mandibles of a spike-like form, and antennae that can be erected at will or depressed into a groove. ‘The life history begins with. eges that are hatched in a couple of days, when the larvae move about by means of hairs, and in a fortnight turn into the perfect insect ready for a meal of blood. Exhibits by Mr. H. J. Gibbons, of Papilio bianor, a butterfly of China and Japan, captured at Darlstone Head, Dorset, by a schoolboy, probably an escape from a breeding house; and Colias Helice, the white form of the Clouded Yellow butterfly ; by Miss Ida M. Roper, F.L.S., of Potamogeton upsaliensis, a sub- species of pondweed new to the British Isles gathered by her recently in Dorset. ; GEORGE MUNRO. SMITH, M.R.CS. (By permission of the “Bristol Medico-Chirurgical Journal.” » 19 De ep In (Memoriam. George Munro Smith, M.D. (Bris.), L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S. (Lond.). [? is with deep regret that we have to record the death of George Munro Smith, one of our most active and esteemed members. Born in 1856, he died on January 13th, 1917, at the com- paratively early age of 60, in the prime of life, and with many possible years of useful activity before him. The son of a medical man, he chose his own medical career, and living in Clifton he naturally was educated at the Clifton College. Much of his future success was doubtless due to this early training, and his teachers there would have encouraged the indications they found that he was a born naturalist, anda eens worker in many other fields of activity. Afterwards he joined the Bristol Medical School, and there soon showed his interest in the profession of his choice ; he won the Clarke Scholarship and was prize-man in various ‘subjects. He was. Demonstrator in Physiology from 1885 to 1887. He then decided to attend a course of Physiology at the University College, London, where the work of Sir Burden Sanderson, and Drs. Klein and Foster, was attracting much notice. He was appointed Lecturer in Physiology to the Bristol Medical School from 1887 to 1893, when he became Professor of Physiology at University College, Bristol, from 1893 to 1899. He was always associated with the work-of Bristol Royal Infirmary. From 1889 to 1897 he was Assistant Surgeon, and became full Surgeon in 1897, which office he held until 1909, when he was appointed Consulting Surgeon. He was held in much esteem by his colleagues and medical friends, and his work was much valued by the students with whom he was so much in contact, and he had the power of winning the affection and confidence of these young men. His personality was gteat, his sympathies were wide and various ; he was a good lecturer, clear in his demonstrations, keen in the service of science. He wrote many papers, several being published in the “Journal of the Bristol Medico-Chirurgical Society.” Two of these are of especial note, the ‘‘ Vis Medicatrix Nature,’ 20 IN MEMORIAM, Presidential Address of the Annual Meeting of the Bath and Bristol Branch of the British Medical Association, and the other was entitled ‘‘ The Medical Life,” an address given at the open- ing of the 29th session of the Bristol Medico-Chirurgical Society. Latterly, much of his time was taken up with work for the Army, as one of the officers of the 2nd Southern General Hospital. He was called up at the commencement of the War, and the great addition to his work, entailed by the office of Lieut.-Col., R.A.M.C. necessitated daily attendance for many hours at the Southmead War Hospital. George Munro Smith was elected a member of our Society in 1882, and from that time forward, a period of thirty-five years, he took the keenest interest in the work of the Society. He became a member of the Council in 1886, and was President of the Society for the years 1910, 1911 and 1912. He was a true lover of Nature, a born field naturalist, an accurate observer and careful interpreter of facts. He was especially interested in the birds of the Bristol district, more particularly our rarer summer, and winter migrants ; the nesting of many of which he has recorded in this locality from time to time. He was most successful in obtaining photographs of nests built in high trees, and other inaccessiblesituations ; and was thus able to illustrate his papers with charming lantern pictures taken from life. Many of his observations on bird life were made on the Downs, the Avon banks, and the flats and marshes, on the Severn shore. He was very regular in his attendance at the monthly meetings of the Society, often exhibiting objects of interest, and taking part in the discussions. The list of papers given in the Bibliography, shows the variety of subjects that he was inter- ested in. In his first Presidential Address, he mentions an extraordinary irruption of Cross-bills into England ; in 1909 large flocks being general in most of the Southern Counties, several flocks occurring in this neighbourhood. In the spring of 1910 he found three nests of this bird, at King’s Weston. Munro Smith’s great work ‘‘ The History of the Bristol Royal Infirmary,’’ which occupied the last few years of his life, and was published after his death, a handsome volume of some 500 pages, gives a valuable record of the foundation, and history, of one of the oldest Provincial Hospitals of this country. In a review of this book in the Zimes occurs the following sentence: ‘‘ Many hospitals of late have had a life and work written of them, mostly London hospitals, but this History of Bristol Royal Infirmary beats them all. Its history is delightful, not as a romance, but as a vivid, minute, intimate, and faithful picture, of 180 years of the life of IN MEMORIAM. 21 Bristol, and pages and pages of Munro Smith’s writing are as amusing as Pepys.” ‘This history will be a lasting memorial of his labour. Munro Smith will be greatly missed at the meetings of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society, where his cheery personality and ready wit were always appreciated by his fellow members. Chis BIBLIOGRAPHY. Papers Contributed to the Proceedings of the Society. ‘“The Heart Beat.’ ““Sleep and Dreams.”’ ‘“ Germs.” ‘Effect of Wine on the Human Body.”’ ‘““The Apparatus used for Physiological Research.’ “The Water Cells of the Camel’s Stomach.”’ ““ Muscle.” “The Physiology of Melancholy.’ ““The Micro-Structure of the Body.” “Talking Canaries.”’ “The Growth and Decay of Turner.’’ “The Structure of Organs.” ““The Domestic Cat.’’ ““Some Observations in a Clifton Garden.” ‘““ Bird Notes,” 1912, 1913. The Presidential Address for 1910—‘‘ Notes on a Few Birds of the District.’’ The Presidential Address for 1911—‘‘ Nature’s Appeal.”’ The Presidential Address for 1912—‘‘ The Point of View.” 22 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. By GEORGE C. GRIFFITHS, F-.E.S. “Some Subsidiary Wing-Organs of Insects.” ALTHOUGH our thoughts throughout the past year have been tinged and shadowed by the Great War, our Society has on the whole had good attendances at its meetings, and they have been very instructive and enjoyable ones, at least they ~ certainly were to your President. We deeply regret that during last year our President from 1884 to 1887, Sir William Ramsay, has passed away. This great chemist, so well known for his researches on Argon and Helium, was for some years Principal of our University College, and was the author of several valuable papers read before this Society. Death has also called away Prof. Sylvanus P. Thompson, who contributed several papers to our ‘‘ Proceedings,” and also four other members, including a late President, Dr. G. Munro Smith. | Some 25 years since my attention was drawn to the study of the Frenulum, that remarkable organ which unites the fore and hind wings of some of the Lepidoptera during flight, and it is the subject with which I propose to deal to-night. In 1914 I was invited to exhibit in Germany a model or photographs of this organ, and I would point out the splendid state of preparedness and organisation, which did not even allow a paper read before the Entomological Society of London in 1897 by so obscure and unknown a worker as myself to be overlooked by the Germans. The whole subject of the Flight of Insects is a most fascinating one, though on account of the small size of the creatures and the . extreme rapidity with which the wings are moved, it is surrounded with difficulty. | Thanks to the vast improvement in modern photography, much has been done by various patient and painstaking observers, in the forefront of whom may be named the distinguished French Scientist, Marey, who has calculated the number of wing-beats per second of certain common insects, but it seems probable that owing to friction many examples were retarded in speed. Some of his results are as follows :— Wing-beats per second. Common Fly be Ne MN Meyers) Drone Fly .. Me us Ae et a) Beene i ai oe, ee pian b 21) Wasp uP 4 m a ay hala Humming Bird Hawk Moth Mh He ea ie ie Dragon Fly .. ne ae 28 White Butterfly .. ~.. As a 9 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS, 23 Prof. Robert Von Lendenfeld, of Prague, also published in 1903 some remarkable instantaneous photographs, and was good enough to send me unasked a copy of his paper. One of the photos shows a series of clear representations of 10 to 15 phases of one wing-beat of Calliphora vomitoria (the blue bottle), some of these being secured by an exposure of 1-42,000th of a second, and taken at intervals of 1-2,130th of a second. But I wish to-night to call your attention to some varying ways, or artifices if I may call them so, by which the characteristic flight of certain insects has been brought about. First of all we find that the thorax of an insect consists of three rings, each of which carries a pair of legs, and the second and third rings usually each carry a pair of wings. The muscles moving these wings are de- scribed by Prof. Ainsworth Davis in his work, ‘‘ The Natural History of Animals.’ He says, “‘ The thickened portion of the wing may be regarded as a lever, of which the fulcrum is situated in the wing-joint. To the short arm of the lever, internal to this, a muscle is attached, by which the wing is raised. The downward stroke is effected by a more powerful muscle, which is attached to the wing a little way outside the fulcrum. Other muscles which are not attached directly to the wings, but alter the shape of the thorax, help to bring about the upward and downward movements. This region of the body is flattened by vertical muscles during the contraction of which the wings rise. There are also longitudinal muscles by the action of which the thorax is shortened and the wings lowered.” In the Dragon Flies, possessed of an exceedingly powerful flight, we find that the hind wings are as large, or in some cases even larger than the fore-wings. The two pairs of wings appear to be capable of independent action or of being used in conjunction, - and consequently the muscular arrangements are very complicated. In addition to elevator and depressor muscles there are others, by means of which the wings can be rotated and adjusted. ‘Those of us who have captured or tried to capture dragon flies, must have noticed the adroit and instantaneous way in which they steer their flight to avoid a butterfly net, sometimes over it, or under it, some- times by a rapid turn, which is most difficult to follow, this re- - markable flight stamps them as the long-winged falcons of the Insect World, and enables them to overtake their prey by swoop or ‘gyration too swift for the eye to follow. Well may one of the fastest French aeroplanes bear the title of Demoiselle, the name by which these beautiful insects are known in France—a more poetical name truly this, or its German equivalent “‘ Wasserjungfer,’ than our countryside appellation of ‘‘ Horse Stinger,” or the American titles of ‘‘ Devil’s Needles”? or ‘‘ Snake Doctors,’ the latter referring to the superstition among the oer negroes that they bring _ dead snakes to life. 94. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. But if the exigencies of its hawk-like flight have developed the Dragon fly's wings in one direction, namely, independent action, the varied conditions of flight in other orders have brought about certain contrivances to cause the two wings of each side to act together, at least during the down-stroke. In the Hymenoptera the fore and-hind wings are united by a row of hooks on the front margin of the hind wing, which lock into a fold in the hind margin of the fore-wing. These hooks are called hamuli, and may be clearly seen with the microscope, in both the bee and the wasp. They are also to be found in the other insects of the order, with the exception of some minute species. Newport says the hooks are arranged “‘ in a slightly-twisted or spiral direction along the margin of the wing, so as to resemble a screw, and when the wings are extended attach themselves to a little fold on the posterior margin of the anterior wing, along which they play very freely when the wings are in motion, slipping to and fro like the rings on the rod of a window-curtain.”’ Among the Trichoptera or Caddis-flies, the leathery-winged insects so familiar to us in the neighbourhood of rivers and streams, we find the fore and hind-wings of many species united by means of ajugum, or yoke. This is a small lobe extending from the base of the fore-wing under the costal or front margin of the hind-wing. We may illustrate this by Rhyacophila dorsalis. The organ is evidently a primitive one, and we meet it again in two archaic groups of the Lepidoptera, to which the Trichoptera are certainly closely allied. These are the Micropterygidae, small moths resembling the Tineids in appearance, and the Hepialidae or Ghost swifts, some of which in Australia attain to a very great size. A female specimen of Zelotypia stacyt in my collection is 8? inches in expanse of wings, whilst a male of the same species measures % inches. Other Australian species belonging to the same group expand to 5or 54 inches in the female sex. We may illustrate the jugum in these two families of the Lepidoptera by the small Mzcro- pieryx purpurella, and one of our British Ghost-swifts, Hepzalus humult. ‘The flight of these Swift-moths is very rapid, but at the same time peculiar ; the male of H. humuli, the common Ghost- moth, is often seen swinging to and fro in the air with an almost pendulum-like motion, whilst the female, with whom in that species selection seems to rest, makes a sudden dart into the assemblage of swinging males and strikes down the mate which she has chosen. But the jugum, whilst perhaps suitable for the singular mode of flight of the Ghost-moth, would be quite inadequate to the strong, straight-forward motion of many moths, such as the Sphingidae or Hawk Moths, some of which on occasion cover leagues of land and sea when the furor of migration impels them. We, there- 2 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 25 fore, find in the majority of the Heterocerous Lepidoptera another and more complicated organ, the frenulum, which we shall have to consider more in detail. But first we must just mention that certain ofthe great Bombycine Moths and all the Butterflies, with the exception of one very singular species, Euschemon rafflesia, have no frenulum or jugum, but the necessary connection of fore and hind wings is brought about by the pronounced shoulder of the fore edge of the hind-wing, which extends under the fore wing almost to the costa, and so causes the down-stroke of our broad surface of wing- area. This may be seen in Telea polyphemus, one of the largest North American Bombyces. We may observe, however, that Bombyx mort, the well-known Silkworm moth, although possessing this shoulder to the hind wing, has yet a very small rudimentary frenulum-spina, as also have the’ two remarkable North American. Moths, Cicinnus melshermeru and Lacosoma chiridota, called by Comstock the sack-bearing frenulum-losers. That author says that the presence of this rudiment first suggested to him that those families of the Lepidoptera, termed by him “‘ frenulum-losers,”’ wete descended from frenulum-bearing ancestors. The beautiful group of the Urantidae, so difficult to assign to a satisfactory position in classification, also have a similar develop- ment in the humeral portion of the hind wings and the frenulum is absent so far as the genus Urania is concerned. As regards other Uraniid genera, Nyctalemon has in some few instances a very imperfect rudiment, but Sematura possesses a frenulum, though so feebly developed as to be of little use. Covonis on the other hand in the thirteen species examined by me has a frenulum which, though rather slender in both sexes, is probably sufficiently strong to be effective. ev Passing on to consider the frenulum in those genera of Lepi- doptera which possess it, as I have fully gone into the bibliography of the subject in my paper already referred to, I will not weary you with the various references to it in Entomological literature, but simply say that the first mention of it was in a volume published by the Swedish naturalist, De Geer, in 1752. He found the appli- ance only in the male, however., On the 2nd June, 1789, a paper entitled an ‘*‘ Account of a Singular conformation in the Wings of Some Species of Moths,” by Esprit Giorna, of Turin, was read before the Linnean Society of London and published in its ‘‘ Trans- actions,’ I., p. 1385. Giorna was unaware of De Geer’s mention of ' the frenulum, and lays claim to the discovery of the organ. ‘To this he is in fact partially entitled, as he calls attention to the similar but differentiated apparatus found in the females of many species, which had not previously been recorded. We may now deal shortly with the comparative development of the organ in the various groups. And first we find the highest perfection of the frenulum in the Sphingidae, or Hawk Moths, the 26 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. spina of the male attaining to maximum size and strength, and the retinaculum being powerful and capable of holding with a firm grip. The spinulae of the female too are strong, and their extremi- ties converge to a fine point, thus forming a claw or hook, which catches the bunch of scales on the median vein of the forewing with considerable effect. These characters hold good with the great majority of the species, but some members of the sub-family Amorphinae form a noteworthy exception. Of one of these, A. pepult, Giorna states that it is without the frenulum. Such however is hardly the case; the male possesses in the position occupied by the spina in other species, a process standing out from the margin of the wing, rounded in outline, and in some few ex- amples which I have examined, terminated in a minute point. The female has 4 much more largely developed apparatus, a perfectly ' formed group of spinulae, which however are too small to be of any functional use. It will be evident on consideration that the peculiar rest attitude of A. popult would be quite impossible in a species with fully developed frenulum, inasmuch as the humeral angle of the hind-wing always projects beyond the costal margin of the fore-wing, and it would be necessary for the moth to with- draw the bristle from its loop every time it composed its wings for rest. I feel strongly convinced that A. populs had once a functional frenulum, but since the species has adopted its protective rest position, in which it resembles a bunch of leaves, it has lost the appliance except as a rudiment. A similar rudimentary state of development also occurs in other allied species. We may specially instance the fine Australian moth, Caequosa triangularis, which has the spina very short and probably quite useless. Some other of the Smerinthine group such as the genus, Minas of Hubner, which includes our tiliae, (live hawk-moth) and the Continental M. quercus have the organ fairly developed. The very fine and remarkable South African Moth, Lophostethus dumolint, usually placed in this sub-family, has the appliance in both sexes. The flight of many Smerinthinae is so different from that of the typical Sphingidae, and their habits are so\much more sluggish, that it is interesting to note the diversity in the apparatus. In such powerful fliers as S. convolvult and some of the American Sphinxes, the strong yet elastic grip of the spina and the wire-like retinaculum, must have the effect of bending over the costal edge of - the fore-wing just in the same way that the carefully calculated curve or ‘‘ camber’’ of the upper fore edge of the aeroplane gives stability to the machine in its flight. The Agaristidae and Arctiidae have the organ strongly and fully developed, the retinaculum in many of the latter being of very unusual length, as may be seen in Arctia sp ?, Florida. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 27 Nearly all the species of the great family Noctuidae have the frenulum normally developed, but of the Indian genus Stictoptera, Hampson writes : ‘‘ Frenulum of male very strong ; single in female.”’ This single spina of the female is very interesting, as being at: vari- ance with all the nearly related genera. In the Geometrida the frenulum is found in most of the genera, but, as may be expected from the frail and slender structure of their wings and bodies, we find it of weaker development than in the stronger-bodied Noctuidae. In the genera Pseudoterpna, Geo- metra and Phorodesma, the humeral anglé of whose hind wings is ‘much produced forward we find in the male a very weak spina, whilst in the female the spinulae are either nearly rudimentary or altogether wanting. In Iodis the frenulum is absent in both sexes. In one section of the genus Synegia as defined by Hampson in his book, “‘ The Moths of India,” the retinaculum is a tuit of hair, in a second it- forms a large spatulate plate, whilst in a third it is described as bar-shaped. The same author names some genera of Indian geometers—Genusta, Hupulia, part of Naxo, Eucrostts, Paramaxates and Thalera as being without the organ. Prof. Comstock (‘‘ Study of Insects,’ p. 260) writes of the Sesiidae—‘* Another remarkable feature of the forms that we have studied is that in the female the bristles composing the frenulum are consolidated as in the male.’ Among our British Sesias this -holds good in respect of S. ichneumontformis and S. cymipriforms, but S. myopaeformis and S. ttpultformis have the spina single for almost one-third of its length and bifid at the tip. The last named species also occurs in North America, and this peculiarity has appar- ently been overlooked by Comstock, and this is not surprising, as the spina under microscopic examination appears at.first sight to be single and its divided nature is only revealed under slight pressure. The spina of the female rests under a catch composed of scales proceeding from the costal nervure of the fore-wing, which bends over very strongly, thus differing from the normal development in the female sex, in which such scales are placed on the median nervure. The Tortricina and most of the Pyralidina have the frenulum of the usual character, but it is in some of the members of the latter group that the most singular variations of the organ are found. _ Hitherto we have found that the spina of the male insect works through a retinaculum arising from the costal nervure of the fore-wing, but in several species of the British Pyralides the male spina locks into a fasciculus of strong scales on the median nervure, in fact in the manner generally characteristic of the organ in the female. Amongst these are Agroteva nemoralis, Endotricha flammealis, Diasemia lteralis, Stenia punctalis, Botys flavalis, B. 28 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. fuscalts, B. verticalts, and B. asinalis. In each of these species the female insect has two spinalae, but in Cataclysia lemnalis, which has. the male frenulum as above described, the female has a single spina exactly similar to that of the male. In the Phycitinae, according to Ragonot and Hampson the spina of the frenulum is single in the female, as in the male. Both these authors refer to a striking peculiarity of the Chrysauginae. In many species the spina of the male is described as being much thickened, flattened and contorted, and in some instances accompanied by a strong lower fork. This very singular development appears not to have a parallel in any other group. Hampson (“‘ Moths of India,” IV., p. 371) refers to certain species of Crocidolomta as having a thick tuft of hair spring- ing from the sub-costal nervure, whilst from a fringe below the median nervure arise four strong curved spines playing on the sub-costal tuft. At first sight these processes appear to be ancillary to the frenulum, but after a careful examination of several speci- mens from Queensland I have come to the conclusion that this is. not the case. No binding of the wings can be due to these spines, as both they and the tuft’ of hair belong to the fore-wing only, whilst the supposition that they hold down the point of the spina after passing through the retinaculum is negatived by the fact that they are at too great a distance from the base of the wing to come into contact with it. Turning to the great group of the Tineina we find in the Psy- chidae the frenulum of the male is usually weak and slender, in all . the genera except Narycia and Diplodoma the females are wingless, and examination therefore only applies to the male. My researches in these were carried out at the instance of Mr. Tutt, for his book ~ on ‘‘ British Moths,” and as neither his collection nor my own con- tained certain very rare species, he borrowed a number of specimens, including one or two practically unique, for my examination. I can only say that I made this in fear and trembling, lest any accident should happen to these valued insects, and it was with feelings of relief that I packed them up and returned them to the lender. A much more detailed and elaborate examination was made for Mr. Tutt’s book, in another group, the Alucitids or Plume moths, and this was productive of some interesting results. At Mr. Tutt’s suggestion, a comparative measurement of the length and diameter of the spina was undertaken, and these dimensions were found to vary very much in the several species. The greatest length of those measured was 1-16th of an inch in O. lithodactyla, and the smallest, in B. paludum 1-40th of an inch, whilst the diameter varied from 1-425th of an inch in P. tsodactyla to 1-1,130th of an inch in B. paludum, but it must be borne in mind that individual variation in size might occur to modify these figures. Many specimens, of 38 British and allied European forms, were dealt with, and I was PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 29 surprised to discover that, of these, 25 species possessed in the female imago a single spina, which of course in normal Lepidoptera is char- acteristic of the male, whilst in the remaining 13 species, the female spina is double. More than this, when my tabulated statement was sent to Tutt, he found that my grouping of the species exactly coincided with his own table of genera, arrived at from an independ- ent consideration of the other specific characters. That is to say, my “‘single spina’”’ group included all his Platyptilids, and my ‘‘ double spina’’ group all his Abucitids. Referring to this, Tutt remarks (“‘ British Moths, Vol. 5, p. 118): ‘‘ This is a marvellous result, because it gives us a dichotomous division of the super- family agreeing with our Platyptiliinae and Alucitinae, the Agdis- tids in this respect suggesting a branch of the former.” This concludes a cursory glance at the development of this singular organ in the various Lepidopterous groups, but I still feel that much more remains to be done in its study, particularly amongst the exotic Pyralidae, which will certainly repay the student. I cannot close without expressing my appreciation of the kind help and encouragement received on many occasions from Prof. Poulton, Mr. William White, the late Mr. J. W. Tutt, and for the facilities which have been given me by Mr. H. Bolton and the Museum and Art Gallery Committee for the examination of Lepi- doptera in the Bristol Museum collections. 30 Lower Coal Measures in Relation to Fossil Plants and Animals. By Evita Boxton, B.Sc. Read before the Geological Section, March 15th, 1917. STRATIGRAPHY OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF LANCASHIRE. Almost the whole of our knowledge of the paleozoic plants has been derived from careful study of the plant remains found dn the Bullion Mine of the Lower Coal Measures of Lancashire. This mine, together with its continuation into Yorkshire, as the Halifax Hard Bed, is unquestionably the most interesting, and from a purely scientific point of view, the most valuable coal seam in the world. It has yielded more botanical treasures than all the other coal seams in the world put together. In no other place are plant remains found in such an excellent state of preservation. The coal seam of the Bullion Mine with its associated flora and fauna has not yet been fully considered, and I propose therefore to give a general outline of the main facts relating to it. The position of this mine will be best understood by the following list of the seams known to occur in the Lancashire Lower Coal Measures : : Der das: Upper Mountain or Forty Yards or Half-Yard Mine* 1 6 Two-Inch Coal .. a bch 3 ut 3 2 Bullion or Upper Foot Mine, 8ins. {Five Feet or Gannister Mine, 2ft. 6ins. oo \Wnion Mines), 5 0 Lower Foot Mine by, tt eae cy a se 10 Bassey or Salts Mine .. a ay te sg 2. 6 Coal (Ten-inch) .. ny she gh ae a 10 To say that the Bullion Seam is the uppermost but one of the Lower Coal Measure seams is not wholly correct, nor is it wholly correct to say that the seam in which the coal balls with plant remains occur is the Bullion or Gannister seam. ‘This is often done, however, and requires some explanation. Over a considerable area the Gannister and Bullion seams are separated by some 46 ft. of rock, but along a line running north-west and south-east between Burnley and Rossendale the two unite and form a single seam. In the area where these seams are separated, the Gannister seam has a thickness of 2ft. 8ins., the Bullion Seam being only 8ins. At the point of union they well out to a thickness of 7ft. to 8ft., and afterwards maintain a thickness of nearly 5ft. *In North-east Lancashire, coal seams are usually termed ‘‘ Mines,” LOWER COAL MEASURES. 31 The shales forming the toof of the Gannister coal contain a large number of flattened doubly convex nodules of hard compact limestone, usually with a thin crust of iron pyrites. Very little is known of the “ 8-in.’’ Bullion seam, as it does not pay to work. There are, however, numerous exposures in gullies and cloughs, and in these it can be seen to contain those irregular nodules of matted vegetation, stems, leaves and fruit mixed with earth, to which the name “‘ bullion-ball’”’ or ‘‘ coal-ball”? has been given. The limestone nodules which occur on the roof of the seam were formerly termed ‘‘ baum-pots’’ by the old miners, but the term appears to be no longer used. The union of the Gannister and Bullion seams was traced many years ago for a distance of about three miles across the north-eastern end of Rossendale, and at the Sharneyford colliery the limestone nodules were found separating the two seams for a distance of 70 yards, before perfect union of the two seams took place. The first discovery of the union of these two seams was made by Capt. J. Aitken*, who accounted for the union as follows :— He supposed that the area represented by the Gannister or Yard seam was an area of subsidence, the submersion going on until a sufficient depth beneath the water was obtained as to allow of the deposition of sufficient material to form the beds of rock over- lying that mine, and separating it from the thin coal above. He goes on to say in his paper ‘‘it would further appear that the surface over which the Five-Feet Coal was then in process of. formation remains stationary and undisturbed, and that the operations of nature were not in any way disturbed.’ ‘This view is supported by the fact that the coal of the Five-Feet Seam or Union Seam is considerably thicker than the aggregate of the two seams while separated ; thus conclusively showing that the formation otf coal was in operation during the period of Sule iKe eesciles ot the Gannister Coal. This period of rest of the surface occupied by the Five-Feet Coal must have continued until after the formation of the Higher Foot Seam, when the whole area occupied by the Gannister and Five Feet Seams respectively was submerged and the whole surface received uniformly the super-imposed shales, forming the roof of the two seams, with its embedded nodules and fossils. At the time this theory was put forward it was called in question by many, but no other has been put forward which explains so easily and conclusively the circumstances under which a union of the two mines could be brought about. * Aitken, Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., Vol. XIX., p. 224. 32 LOWER COAL MBASURES. CoaL BALLS. s It is in the Union or Five-Feet seain that coal balls have been found in greatest abundance and along a line corresponding some- what to the line of union of the two seams. The coal balls which formed the subject of study by Binney, Williamson, Hicks, and the earlier workers upon Palzeo-botany, all came from the Union Seam in the vicinity of Bacup, notably at Sharneyford and Dulesgate. The general appearance of a coal ball, or strictly speaking a calcareous plant nodule, suggests a soft, pulpy mass of decaying vegetable debris, through which roots were able to bore their way as in a piece of peat or leafy mould. In these nodules, we find that not only has the framework of the tissues been preserved, but frequently the remains of cell contents are clearly seen. In some cases the cells of a tissue may contain in each cavity a. darker coloured spot which is probably the mineralised cell nucleus. The contents of secretory cells, such as those containing gum: or resin, are frequently found as black material filling up the cavity of the cell or canal. Occasionally the plant tissues have assumed a black and somewhat ragged appearance, giving the impression of charred wood. A section of a recently burnt piece of wood resembles very closely some of the fossil twigs from the coal seam nodules. It is possible that these fossils are portions of mineralised tissues which were first burntina forest fire, or by lightning, and then infiltrated with a petrifying solution. i In many of the fossil plants, there are distinct traces of fungus or bacterial ravages, and occasionally the section of a piece of mineralised wood shows circular spaces or canals which have the appearance of being the work of some wood-eating animal, and small oval bodies occur in such spaces, which may be the coprolites of a xylophagous intruder. Later workers, especially Dr. Marie Stopes and Dr. D. M. S. Watson opened up an old colliery at Shore, near Littleborough, in the Union Seam, and found enormous quantities of coal balls, throughout the whole depth of the seam. The main object of these palzobotanists was to obtain material, the study of which would help in the elucidation of the probable phylogeny of present-day plants. Very valuable evidence has been obtained from the plant remains found in these coal balls, still the fossil records remain fragmentary, and so produce many gaps in the racial history of plants, which have yet to be bridged. LOWER COAL MEASURES. (ao FLORA OF THE LOWER COAL MEASURES OF LANCASHIRE. The fossil plants found are for the most part excellently preserved and give evidence that they are remains of what were once vast swampy forests. Perhaps the best known plants of the Palaeozoic Floras are the genera Lepidodendyon and Sigillaria, types which are often spoken of as Giant Club Mosses. Of these genera, but particularly Lepido- dendron, the coal balls of the Bullion Mine have yielded abundant records in a condition which has made it possible to obtain fairly complete information, not only with regard to habit and external features, but also to anatomical characters of vegetative and reproductive shoots. The structure of Lepidodendron, however, differs too widely from that of the recent Club Mosses to justify the statement that this prominent member of the Palaeozoic Flora is a direct ancestor of any living plant. Prof. Seward’s suggested restoration is as follows :—‘‘ A tapering trunk rising vertically to a height of 100 ft. or more from a dichotomously branched sub- terranean axis of which the spreading branches, clothed with numbers of rootlets, grew in a horizontal direction, probably under water.’ A description by Mr. Rodway, of Lycopods on the border of a savannah in Guiana, forming a miniature forest of pine-like Lycopodiums, might, with the omission of the qualifying adjective ‘miniature,’ be applied with equal force to a grove of Lepidodendre. The equal dichotomy of many of the branches gave to the tree a habit in striking contrast to that of our modern trees. Linear or oval cones, agreeing in size and form with the cones of Spruce Fir and other Conifers, or with the male flowers of Avaucaria, terminated some of the more slender branches. Needle-like leaves varying considerably in length in different species, covered the surface of young shoots, in crowded spirals, and their decurrent bases formed an encasing cylinder continuous with the outer cortex. The fact that leaves are usually found attached only to branches of small diameter, seems to point out that Lefidodendron, though an ever- green, did not retain its foliage for so long a period as do some of the Conifers. Very common amongst the broken-up vegetation, which goes to the formation of a coal ball are the roots and rootlets known as Stigmaria. These are characterised by a smooth or irregularly wrinkled surface bearing spirally arranged circular scars, bounded by a raised rim and containing a central pit. ‘These scars mark the bases of long single, or occasionally forked, appendages (rootlets). The occurrence of these rootlets radiating through the shale or sandstone affords proof that the Stigmarie are often preserved in their position of growth. This fact was recognised by Steinhauer* — * Trans. Phil. Soc, Mrathica. NS., Vol, re 1818, ie o4 LOWER COAL MEASURES. and Logan*, and has been more recently emphasised by Potonief, as an argument in favour of the view that the beds containing such specimens are old surface beds. In 1842, Logan drew attention to the almost complete mono- polisation by Stigmaria of the underclays, a rock which, as a rule, occurs below a seam of coal. This fact, which has played a very conspicuous part in the perennial discussion on the origin of coal, led to the almost general recognition of the underclays as surface soils of the coal forests. In the same year Hawkshaw described certain fossil trees, the largest of which had a circumference of 15ft. at the base, discovered in the course of excavating for a railway in Lancashire, in soft shale, the tree being at right angles to the bedding. The occurrence of numbers’ of Lepidodendron cones (Lepidostrobus) near the roots led him to recognise the possibility of a connexion between Stigmarian roots and Lepidodendron stems. In 1846 Binney{, at Dukinfield, near Manchester, discovered trees of a similar character. It is now generally accepted that Stigmaria is anatomically related to the Lepidodendron, but there still appears to be some doubt as to whether it is a true root. In many cases the isolated fossils obtained by the earlier workers and given different generic names have been shown in the light of recent research to be different portions of the same plant. As an example, let us take the genus Calamites. ‘The name Cala- mites has been applied to the tapering internal cast of the stem, the roots were called Astervomyelon, the foliage which occurred as im- pressions was called Calamocladus, Astrophyllites or Annulania by the different discoverers. The cones also had three names—Calamo- stachys, Microstachys and Pal@ostachys. ‘This diversity of names is probably accounted for by the fact that nearly all the specimens were found in different stages of preservation and in no way connected with each other. It is only of recent years that the various genera have been found so situated that there was good reason for believing them to be different parts of the same plant. The fossil Calamites was in all probability a gigantic tree with the appearance of a modern Horse-tail (Equisetum) with which it is now grouped as an ancient ancestor. Among the plant fragments of the coal balls, Prof. Bertrand discovered in 1894 fragments of petrified leaves and twigs of a small herbaceous Lycopodiaceous plant, which he named Mtadesmia membranacea. It affords an example of a paleeozoic plant compar- * Trans. Geol. Soc., London, Vol. VI., p. 491. ¢ Zeits. Deutsch. Geol. Soc., 1893. iyi ss s8 $ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. II., p. 390, LOWER COAI, MEASURES. 35 able with /soetes (Quillwort) and Selaginella (a modern Lycopod). On the ground of its general anatomical features Miadesmia has been included among the extinct representatives of the Pleridophyta. It has, however, crossed what it is customary to regard as the boundary of Pteridophytes and Phanerogams, by possessing megasporangia with the attributes of seeds. A very common fossil in the Coal Measures is Sphenophyllum, a type, however, which cannot legitimately be included in any of the existing groups of Vascular Cryptogams. Although this Paleozoic genus possesses points of contact with various living plants, it is generally admitted by paleeobotanists that it constitutes a somewhat isolated type among the Pleridophytes of the Coal Measures. Our knowledge of the anatomy of both vegetative shoots and strobile is now fairly complete, and the facts that we possess are in favour of excluding the genus from any of the three main divisions of the Pteridophyta (Lycopodiales, Equisetales and Filices). Sections of the stem of Sphenophyllum are easily recog- nised by the solid triangular mass of xylem. Few fossil plants are so familiar as the well preserved carbon- aceous impressions of compound leaves on the Coal Measure shales which were referred by other earlier workers to recent genera and species of ferns and even accepted by many later workers as un- doubted examples of Paleozoic ferns. The discovery of these pseudo-ferns recently christened Pteridosperms or seed-hearing fern- like plants has added enormously to our knowledge of plant evolu- tion, and at the same time rendered more difficult the task of unravelling the past history of the true ferns. It is still true, as Prof. Tansley says, ‘‘ that the biggest gap in the plant kingdom at the present time is undoubtedly that which separates the Pteri- dophytes from the plants definitely below them in organisation.’ True fossil ferns in the Lower Coal Measures are represented by the Cenopteridea which include Botryopterea and Zygoptertdea, the latter can often be recognised in section by the anchor-like xylem, which is particularly well seen in Ankyropteris. Binney instituted the genus Stauvopteris for Jeaf petioles, which he found in the Lower Coal Measures of Oldham, Lancashire. It is characterised by a stele composed of four groups of xylem. Williamson spoke of this genus as “‘ one of the most beautiful and also one of the most perplexing of the plants of the Coal Measures.” He discussed its possible affinity with both Lycopods and ferns, deciding in favour of the latter group. The name Sphenofpteris is one of the many generic names insti- tuted by Brongniart, and it is the generic designation used for a great number of Palzozoic and later fronds. The most characteris- 36 LOWER COAL MEASURES. tic species of the Middle and Lower Coal Measures is Sphenopteris furcata. Some of the pinne found have organs which appear to be true sporangia. The plants having these organs are grouped together as a new genera called Telangium, the type species T. Scotti being based on material from coal balls from I,ancashire. One of the commonest of fern-like plants of the Coal Measures is that known as Alethopteris. The frond of A. lonchitica consists of a stout mid-rib supporting on either side a number of long narrow pinnules, which are attached by their bases. Each pinnule is marked on its dorsal surface by a deep furrow, from which minute veins pass out at right angles to the free edge. The bases of the pinnules are generally united with each other as well as with the main axis. The apex is usually very acute. Closely allied to this genus is the common tri-pinnatifid frond of Pecopters. The first expressed doubt (1883) that these fern-like plants were all ferns arose from the persistent absence of sporangia. Later the anatomy of several forms was discovered to show characters combining those of ferns and cycads, and for such forms the group name Cycadojfilices was proposed (1899). In 1903, seeds were found on the leaves of certain Cycadofilices and the group name Plertdo- sperms was. proposed to include the Cycado/filices that bear seeds. The knowledge of the existence of ferns during the Carboniferous period came to depend more upon inference than upon any sure _ recognition of their remains. At any rate, it seems certain that almost all of the so-called fern vegetation of the Carboniferous belonged to these primitive seed plants. Another paleeozoic group of gymnosperms contemporary with the Cycadofilices is the group Cordaitales, and these two groups made up most of the seed plant vegetation of the Paleozoic, the Cordaitales being the dominant gymnosperm forest type. The two groups appear side by side as far back as the records go, but intergrading forms indicate that the Cordattales probably arose from the Cycadofilices at a very early period. ‘The Cordaitales were tall and slender trees probably with a dense crown of branches, and a great abundance of simple and large leaves. ‘The general appearance of these trees differed from — that of any living gymnosperm. It seems reasonable to conclude, therefore, that the Coniferales have been derived from the palzeozoic Cordaitales, which also gave rise to the Ginkoales (the Maiden Hair tree). The Coniferales, however, have retained fewer primitive characters than the Ginkoales. FAUNA OF THE LOWER COAL MEASURES OF LANCASHIRE. The ‘‘ baum-pots” are exceedingly refractory, and usually split very unevenly, so that the contained fossils, invariably in most excellent preservation, are often broken, Nevertheless, an interest- : . LOWER COAL MEASURES. 37 ing group of animal remains has been discovered in them, and of forms which must have been contemporaneous in time with the plants occurring in the nodules. The fauna of the Lower Coal Measures is comparatively poor, although most of the divisions of the invertebrate animal kingdom are represented. The Echinoderms are represented by the Crinoids ot Sea Lilies, and by the early form of Sea Urchin, Archeocidans. Spirorbis pusillus and Arenicola carbonara are the only examples of the Worths, but many of the shales show peculiar markings which are believed to be worm tracks and burrows. The Brachiopoda are tepresented by seven genera—Lingula mytuoides with its thin nearly equi-valved shell is fairly common, so also is Orbiculoidea nitida. ‘Three species of Productus are known to occur, namely, P. semireticulatus, P. scabriculus, and Chonetes hardrensts. Of the Lamellibranchiata or Pelecypoda, Carbomicola is by far the commonest ; at least five species of this genus have been re- corded. ‘This genus is very similar to Unio, but the anterior part of the shell is broad and tumid, and the posterior part narrow and compressed. It was in all probability a fresh-water mollusc. Pterinopecten papyraceus and Posidomella levis are the only other common pelecypoda. Gasteropoda occur, but few have been named, only species of Raphistoma, Euphemus, Pellerophon, Macrochetlus, and Aclisina (Loxonema) have been described from the Lower Coal Measures of Lancashire. At Carre Heyes near Colne, the late George Wild* discovered in close association with the Bullion seam, a bed called by him the ‘‘ Soapstone Bed,’ in which were a great accumulation of clay ironstone. Nodules full of the shells of young Gonzatites, Goniatites fry and the remains of a small amphibian, Hylonomus Widt. More recently new forms of what are possibly Myriapods have been described by Dr. Henry Woodward, F.R.S.+ New species of Gomatites and Orthoceras have been discovered. Some of the smaller nodules from Carre Heyes have had all the lime washed from them by water infiltration, and are now only made up of loose earth, which can be brushed away, and the fossils liberated in perfect condition. * A, Smith Woodward. ,“‘ On a Microsaurian (Hylonomous Wildi, sp. un.) item) the . Lancs. Coal-field’” Geol, Mag. N.S., Decade iii., NOR Vill.) ps 2in. + Geol. Mag., N.S., Decade v., Vol. II., pp. 433-444. Oct., 1905, 38 LOWER COAL MEASURES. , Summarising our general knowledge of the Paleeo-Botany and Paleeo-Zoology of the Lancashire Lower Coal Measures, we may fairly assume, that the period was one in which primitive types of plant life appeared and even underwent considerable development, and that the vegetation gréw upon mud and alluvial flats adjacent to a shaliow sea. ‘The animal life of the period, as contrasted with that of the Carboniferous Limestone, was a poor one, many forms disappeared and others presented a starved and stunted condition. The dominant forms were mainly Cephalopods and Fishes, whilst Gasteropods were in the main very minute ‘and are even yet little known. ‘The highest type of life appearing during the period is represented by the little amphibian-Hylonomus Wildi from Carre Heyes, Colne. 39 Bristol Botany in I9I7. By JAS. W. WHITE, F.L.S. 1 ae following instalment of notes on the district flora contains a mention of the more important observations that have been reported during the year and adds several peeuusued species to the local list. Ranunculus floribundus Bab. In one of the old strontia pits (now ponds) south of Hall End, this plant bore flowers with 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 petals—the only instance known to me of such an occur- rence amongst the Water Buttercups. R. fluitans Lam., var. Bach Wirtg. From the Avon near Newton St. Loe, 1917; Miss Roper. No form of R. fluttans had previously been observed in the district. Miss Roper’s plant was approved by Mr. James Groves, and by Mr. Hiern, who suggested that it might be placed under the var. Bachi. [‘‘ Avabis alpina L.” Fl. Brist., p. 145. Mr. Druce informs me that he finds the specimen in Herb. Watson to be labelled ‘‘ White- hall,” not ‘‘ White House,” as written by Banks. Although this makes the locality clearer, Whitehall being a district of East Bristol, Mr. Druce thinks the plant gathered is probably A. albida.]} Viola lactea Sm. Discovered in June on Yate Lower Common G. and more abundantly among the heathy herbage of an enclosure at no great distance. This ericetal rarity is a welcome addition to the Bristol flora. It seems to be absent from several Western and Midland counties and to be always a local species confined to undisturbed ground on heaths and commons. There is now little doubt that the plant called V.canina, var. lanceolata (Fl. Brtst., p. 177) is really a hybrid—canina x lactea, as Mrs. Gregory would have been inclined to name it had V. lactea been known in the vicinity at the time. Geramum pheum L,. Hedgebank in Rickford Combe, Blagdon, S. H. S. Thompson. [Staphylea pinnata I. Several tall bushes on the bank of a stream to the north of Bishop’s Hill Wood, Wickwar, G., at a long distance from any garden; Capt. Gordon.| [Rhamnus Alaternus 1, A small bush amid hawthorns and brambles on Penpole Point, G. ; no other introduced plants being at hand! H.S. Thompson. Of interest as being the second Bristol locality for this alien shrub.] 40 BRISTOL BOTANY, Ulex Galli Planchon. ‘‘ Aug. 26, 1836. Noticed [at St. Vincents Rocks] a Ulex that appears to be new. Mr. Forbes said that it exactly resembled U. provincialis of the south of France.’’ Memorials of C. C. Babington, 57. ‘This was written some thirteen years before the plant was described by Planchon. Lotus tenuis W. and K. Waste ground, Cranbrook Road, Bristol ; H. S. Thompson. Prunus imsititia L. Hedgerow between Northwick and the Old Passage, G.; Mrs. Sandwith. Failand Hill! Winterhead-on- — Mendip ; Miss Roper. Hillside above Clapton-in-Gordano, five or six trees ; Misses Cundall. Several bushes bearing yellow fruit in a field hedge near Backwell, S. Agrimomia odorata Mill. Asham Woods, S.; R. V. Sherring. Potentilla argentea L,. On sandstone at Longwell Green ; and one plant with Filago minima at Mr. D. Fry’s station for that species at Hanham, G. ; Miss Roper. About a dozen plants where rock is exposed in a field below Old Down, Tockington, G. ; Id. _ [P. norvegica L. Plentiful on waste ground near a quarry in Kingswood parish, G., and as a weed in a garden adjoining !] _ Rubus hirttfolius Muell and Wirtg. Stapleton, G. ; Rev. H. J. Riddelsdell. Nailsea Heath and the Heath Drove, 5. ! R. lasioclados Focke, var. angustifolius Rogers. Durdham Down, Bristol, G. Once found by Mr. Riddelsdell in the Gully. Now conspicuous on a portion of the open Down, and in this instance less suggestive of hybridity than is often the case with plants of this aggregate. Geum rivale a svlreay KOVAL A ek Wa Mice Ol o Pile: DISTRICT (From the “Kew Bulletin,” by permission of H.M. Stationery Office.) re | li LOCAL COAST EROSION AND ITS CURE, 51 appear to have taken root, and this may be where the beating of the waves during rough weather is particularly strong, because the sea-bank on the shore opposite this stretch has been breached recently by such waves, and the path along it cannot at present be used. From enquiries made it was learnt that the landowner had shown a practical belief in the advantages to be obtained from scientific knowledge, and had determined to apply its teachings to protect his land from further erosion, and no doubt to lessen the cost of putting stone facings to the saltings and of repairing the sea-banks. He is stated to have procured three years ago from Hayling Island a quantity of Spartina Townsendi, which he had split up into one thousand small tufts, consisting of two or three plants in each, and these he planted one yard apart in a straight line in the mud close against the upright earth-bank of the saltings. The waves, however, would have none of this, and promptly floated them all out, and deposited them 40 or 50 yards seaward. Here most of them fortunately took root, and gradually settled down in a more or less straight line opposite the part where they were originally planted, with many of them shifted nearly half-a-mile northwards. The little tufts have increased greatly in number and grown remarkably in size, many of them being after three years’ growth, more than one yard in diameter, and are scattering about many offshoots. Scarcely any of the tufts, however, have so far had time to grow sufficiently large to join actually together, and all of them in their present position are covered by a foot or two of water at each tide for one or two hours. If the present rate of growth goes on with equal rapidity the mud will soon appear with a thick vegetation upon it, and to judge by the inspection of one of the present tufts, the hitherto soft mud will give sufficient support for a man to stand upon the ground without making more than a footmark. The numerous stems keep back amongst them during each immersion a tiny quantity of mud, which serves to raise the ground a little and allow the roots to hold it together, and at the same time a cettain amount of sand brought in with the tides is left on top, which still further makes firm the mud. ‘Three years is a very short time to watch such changes, and it will be interesting to see in the near future if the Spartina can hold its own against the force of the waves, and increase in such quantities as to render their beating action of small account, after they have travelled across the thick growth to the foot of the saltings. If the waves lose their force at this spot the experiment will have been a success, and it may be anticipated that a.further growth of the grass will line the foreshore with a stretch of firm ground that will protect the sea-bank more effectually than was done by the original saltings, when they were left outside for that purpose. uy On t & Son, ae T. O, ELworty ‘i Ve om BROAD STREET, BRISTO D if ay WAR eee OER ' . f ‘ A ¢ NY = ie ; Bs \ > 7 * = " a te } 7 ; - mR aya ‘ 4% £ st } ‘ F 4 é, Py f w Wi { ~ i ¥ ¥ . . j i Re ha t / é i s ! ty \ “a i LE EROS ; { t S iat! i iB Benes A UN dT ED, y ue { ~ - { ; ‘ Y 4 t 29 : Nf F eda A Ra ‘ 'P id te opt - Nt aah ve te « me A Two SHILLINGS. yl! 12 AiO UO HBS a Ba ‘9.9'400F a a) She Ka 8 t 2 i afta qin | dhe Rerum cognoscere causas."—Vircm. 9 yt =~ FOURTH SERIES, VOL, V., Part II. (issued 1920 for 1918} PRICE Two SHILLINGS. ANNUAL REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE Bristol Naturalists’ Society. wi ry ee “ Rerum cognoscere causas.’’—VIRGIL.. BRISTOL PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, MCMXX. ese 4 As TABLE OF CONTENTS. HOURTH SERIBS: | VOL: V.,) PART II. (1920, issued for 1918). PAGE Mimcers for 1915... : ays sie am m als wy 55 Officers of Sections for 1918 WY a ae Ns SA neuen D5 List of Members... AP a ie we ate a ve 56 Honorary Members .. a Je oh ‘i Ke si ee 59 Report of Council .. wn i ahi A he ey au 60 Treasurer's Report .. hs as le eye ue es is 61 Librarians’ Report .. Aha “ae Hs she ers ny oa 62 Exchange List i i oe cp Ai Al ve Be 63 Report of Geological Section aye ie er iy ise sit 65 Report of Entomological Section Ny ah av oe oe 66 Account of the a and General Meetings e 67 Presidential Address, ‘“‘ Insects: Their Lore and | Legend, 5: by G. C. GRIFFITHS, F.E.S. wt 71 “ The Charophytes,’’ by CECcIr, Seats ee ae 76 “ The Growth of the Dandelion Seedling,’ by D. E. WATKINS .. 84 Hricstol Botany in 1918, by JAS. W. WHITE, F.LS. .. at te 88 “The Carboniferous Limestone of the Clifton-Westbury-Kingsweston moace, by S. WH. REYNOLDS, M.A., Se.D. .. BA as aes 92 For information concerning the Bristol Naturalists’ Society generally, or concerning its meetings, please apply to the present Hon. Secretary and Editor— Miss IDA M. ROPER, 4, WOODFIELD ROAD, REDLAND, BRISTOL, All Books, Pamphlets, Reports of Proceedings sent by way of exchange, gift, or otherwise, and all correspondence relating thereto should be addressed to— Hon. LIBRARIAN, BRISTOL NAT. Soc., UNIVERSITY CLUB, 20, BERKELEY SQUARE, BRISTOL, 55 Officers for 1918. President : G. C. GRIFFITHS, F.E.S. Past Presidents : Prof. C. LyovD MORGAN, LL.D.) ERS) eae Prof. SYDNEY YOUNG, Sc.D., F.R.S. A,B. PROWS®E, (MUD 20 RECs: CUR: RUDGE, eR ICR aN REGS: Jo Wi. WHITE, VES Miss IDA M. RopsEr, F.L.S. Vice-President : JAMES RAFTER, M.A. Members of Council : H. F. BARKE, 1914. H. J. GIBBONS, 1918. ‘T. MorcGans, 1918. C. T. GIMINGHAM, 1916 Miss McINTvRE, 1915. Miss I. WorSsLEY, 1916. C. J. Hopcson, 1914 Mrs. SANDWITH, 1915. Dr. O. V. DARBISHIRE, 1918. Hon. Treasurer : | W. A. SmiITH, M.A., M.B., 70, Pembroke Road, Clifton. Hon. Auditors : iH. Et. Cook) sec, CHARLES BARTLETT, A.C.A. Hon. Secretary and Editor : Hane Miss IDA M. RopER, F.L.S., 4, Woodfield Road, Redland, Bristol. Hon. Reporting Secretary : Hon. Librarian : A. B. Prowsek, M.D., F.R.C.S. Miss I. M. Roper, F.L.S., Hon. Sub-Liktvarian. Officers of SeciibAL. Botanical : Presidenit—CEDRIC BUCKNALL, Mus. Bac., 13, Whatley Road, Clifton. Entomological : Presideni—G. C. GRIFritus, F.E.S., 3, Leigh Road, Clifton. Secretary—CHARLES BARTLETT, 8, Woodhill, Portishead, Som, Geological : President—S. H. REYNOLDS, M.A., Sc.D., F.G.S., The University, Bristol. ; Secretary—B. A, BAKER, F.G.S., Poulton Lodge, Sneyd Park, Bristol, a, pis nae List of Members, A Associate Member. 56 December, 1919. + ITjife Member. * Has contributed Papers to the “ Proceedings.” Adams, Miss S. E. Alexander, D. A., M.D. Almond, Stanley meray DN. Atkinson, E. C. Audcent, H. L. Badcock, Stanley H. .. Baker Bo ALF .G.S. .. Balfour, A., B.A. Barke, H. F, Barrow, I,., M.I.Mech.F., F.C.S Bartlett, Chas. .. “i Batten, ee ie DESC, Baynes, E. ; Blackmore, 2 Ci GS Blood, B. N., M. AD : Blood, Geo. E. Bolton, Miss E., B.S Bolton, H., M.Sc. ERSE, BGS Brebner, Mrs. G. Bryant, Miss B. Bucknall, C., Mus. Bar Carter, Miss F. Say (attr |. Chamberlain, W. Charbonnier, T, be Charbonnier, Mrs. T. .. City Librarian .. Clarke, A. ; Cockle, Miss L, Cogan, Miss R... Sook W.,: D.Sc. Cooper, i Cottle, A. W. . €rozel, Prof. G. Curran, F. C. Darbishire, O. V., Ph.D. Dare F.G.S. d’ Assis-Fonseca, E. C. M. Davies, A. T., F.R.M.S. Bees y Ta. Bt Dear, GC) L. Dixon, Miss Py Dunscomhbe, Miss oe TS EOE Se eOEOeOEereese Redlend House, Bristol 30, Berkeley Square, Clifton Edenhurst, Pembroke Road, Clifton 29, Beaufort Road, Clifton 5, Pembroke Vale, Bristol 34, Belvoir Rd., St. Andrew’s, Bristol Durdham Park, Holmwood, Westbury-on-Trym Poulton Todge, Sneyd Park, Bristol 7, Gloster Row, Clifton, Bristol 27, Berkeley Square, Clifton Wolverley, King’s Norton, Birming- ham 8, Woodhill, Portishead The University, Bristol 29, Cotham Road, Bristol 36, Whatley Road, Cliften, Bristol 5, Brynland Avenue, Bishopston 9, Upper Belgrave Road, Clifton The Museum, Bristol S. The Museum, Bristol 22, Victoria Road, Cothem, Bristol 9, Hanbury Road, Clifton 13, Whatley Road, Clifton, Bristol 14, Charlotte Street, Brandon Hill, Bristol Lyndhurst, Leigh Woods, Bristol 51, Oakfield Road, Clifton 9, Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton 9, Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton Central Library, Bristol 16, Woodstock Rd., Redland, Bristol 64, Worrell Road, Clifton 3, Elton Road, Clevedon 27, Berkeley Square, Bristol 43, Station Road, Ashley Down, Bristol Black Horse Hotel, Kingswood, Bristol Chemin des Celestins, 7s Quillons (Rhone), France 49, Springfield Road, Cotham, Bristol The University, Bristol Hillfield House, near Dartmouth 8, Arlington Villas, Clifton Avon House, Keynsham, Bristol Down House, Stoke Bishop, Bristol 10, Canowie Road, Redland, Bristol Colston Girls’ School, Bristol 4, The Quadrant, Redland, Bristol Pas eS “RA A + RON * AS AY 57 Evans, Ivor W. Francis, “H. Av: Bryer, Awe) ani. Gibbons, H. J. Gimingham, C. T. ne Goodall, Rev; R. W.°.. Goulding, Thomas : Crit ths iGO te IS, Griffiths, Miss D. M. Grove, Otto Gummer, Horace Hellyan, aR: Heslop, J. R. pe ewer oki i, Hill, Miss Edith Hodgson, Cae Hony, a ie : Horder, {iss M. G. Hoyle, a EAN Se: adds A. Ra wee Ivens, H. P. Ivens, W. B. Jermyn, |Cole 1, dL oN eatin Capa Shas nS Just,.Mxs. Uirich Knowlson, James F. Knowlson, Mrs. IDebatos Ooh i Tee, Miss E. M., M-Se. Lemin, M. Linton, Dr. Marion, M. B. Llewellin, W. H. Mahood, A. E., M.B... Male, A Boat TM: Mappin, S. W. Matthews, H. E. Matthews, I. H. McIntyre, Miss Merrell) Fe). ii Morgans, Thos., M.1.C.E. Morgans, Mrs. .. : Mortimer, Mrs. C., Mullock, Miss Norman, G., M.D. Odell, Miss D. A Potter, Miss M. H. Prowse, A.. 5.) ve LIST OF MEMBERS, 46, Horfield Road, St. Michael’s, Bristol 10, Victoria Square, Clifton ” 13, Eaton Crescent, Clifton 8, Nugent Hill, Cotham, Bristol , Cider Institute, Long Ashton, Bristol i 6, Victoria Square, Clifton Li 6, Nelson Street, Bristol 4 Penhurst, 3, Leigh Road, Bristol ; Penhurst, 3, Leigh Road, Bristol i Cider Institute, Long Ashton, Bristol Herbert Lodge, Cotham Park, Bristol 18, Redland Grove, Bristol 34, Henleaze Gardens, West bury-on- Trym 24, West Shrubbery, Redland, Bristol 17, Tyndall's Park Road, Clifton 5, Cotham ‘Terrace, Bristol 4, Beaufort Road, Clhiton Highweek, Brislington, Bristol National Museum, Cardiff 108, Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol 18, Alexandra Road, Clifton, Bristol 49, Ravenswood Road, Bristol Highcliff, Weston-super-Mare Glenavon, Clifton Down, Bristol 57, Hampton Park, Redland, Bristol 9, Downfield Road, Cliton 9, Downfield Road, Clifton 6, Northumberland Road, Redland, Bristol 55, Logan Road, Bishopston 3, All Saints Road, Clifton 21, Oakfield Road, Clifton 8, Cotham Lawn Road, Bristol 27, St, Paul’s Road) Cita 14, York Place, Clifton 100, Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol Hillcroit, Nore Road, Portishead 6, Peas s Hall, Cam bridge 67, Giaremond Road, Bristol . 34, College Green, Bristol 7, Elton Rd., Tyndall’s Park, Bristol 7, Elton Rd., Tyndall’s Park, Bristol 4, Cambridge Park, Bristo] 23, Berkeley Square, Bristol 12) Brock) Street; “Bath 22, Berkeley Square, Clifton 40, Alma Road, Clifton’ ; sy ‘Lansdown Place, Bristol ag Ay AS R&A A * A&A ‘Roper, Miss I. M., LIST OF MEMBERS, . 58 Prowse, Mrs. Prowse, Miss Rafter, J... M.A. Peewee BEL... n a Neynolds, S: Hs Sc-D., F.G.S. Richardson, Frank “i a8 RS: ee Padee, CK T,.R.C.P..M.R.C.S. Salmond, P. W. Salter, Mrs. Samson, F. Sandwith, Mrs. . Sandwith, N. Y. Seott; W. G: pOewmen ey AN! ae eB Shaw, Miss M. G. ute hs Shepherd, G. D. Sinnott, Jas. Smith, Miss A. M. Smith, Miss E. J. Ae ar: Bee) Dye Munro, MR.C:S. . Sue Ve GC. , Smith, W. A., M.B. Smith, Rev. W. Smith, Mrs. W. Stanton, D. W. Stanton, Mrs., ae iva Stewart, D. McDonaid, F.G.S. Strickland, Thompson Sulley, Hy T. oe Dutcher, JW. Uudertnl, J). T. Vaughan, Mrs. .. Matto. (JO EL, Warren, Mrs. Crosby .. Webb, H. Vicars iest Mrs. A... ae Mnite.\ Jas, W., FL.S. White, Mrs. a Wickes, W. H. Wills, G. A. Wills, W. M. Wilson, FE. A. Womersley, H. Wingate, Miss H. M., M.A. Woodey, FE. L te Worsley, Miss I. Yabbicom, IT; H.; M.1:C:E; 5, Lansdown Place, Bristol 33, Caledonia Place, Clifton he University, Bristol 72, Victoria Road, Bedminster 13, All Saints’ Road, Clifton 15, Percival Road, Clifton 4, Woodfield Road, Redland, Bristol 145, Whiteladies Road, Bristol 2 9, Oakfield Place, Clifton 25, Harcourt Road, Redland, Bristol 4, Woodfield Road, Redland, Bristol 26, Canynge Square, Clifton 26, Canynge Square, Clifton 25, Duke Street, Cardiff Nelson Terrace, Swansea 25, Elliston Road, Redland, Bristol Gresham Chambers, Kingsway, Cardiff 15, Beaufort Road, Clifton 70, Pembroke Road, Clifton 70, Pembroke Road, Clifton 73, Downs Park Fast, Westbury-on- Trym 13, Acraman’s Rd., Southville, Bristol 70, Pembroke Road, Clifton Tyo Ny vyan, berrace, (Cliiton 17, Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton 42, Alma Road, Clifton 42, Alma Road, Clifton 25, Woodstock Road, Bristol 13, Victoria Square, Chiton Scottish Widows’ Buildings, Bristol 57, Berkeley Rd., Bishopston, Bristol 2, Bryuland Avenue, Bristol 42, Fernbank Road, Rediand, Bristol 18, West Park, Bristol 15, Upper Belgrave Road, Bristol 122, Sefton Park Road, Bristol 5, Devonshire Road, Westbury Park 18, Woodland Road, Clifton, Bristol 18, Woodiand Road, Clifton, Bristol 16, Oakfield Grove, Clifton Burwalls, Leigh Woods, Bristol Bracken Hill, Leigh Woods, Bristol Southey House, College Green, Bristol 17, Devonshire Road, Westbury Park, Bristol 40, Alma Road, Clifton Rodney Lodge, Clifton 23, Oakfield Road, Clifton 59 LIST OF MEMBERS. Honorary Members. Prof. George S. Brady, M.D:, LU.D., \D.Se., F.R.S., PAS) Bae ere, Endcliffe, Sheffield. : Henry J. Charbonnier, Haw Lane, Olveston, Tockington R.S.O:, Glos. Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., 5, Kensington Place, Clifton, Bristol. % R. M. Prideaux, F.E.S., Brasted Chart, Nr. Sevenoaks, Kent. Prof. H. S.. Hele Shaw, M.I.C.E., LL. D., F.R.S., 64, Victoria Street, West- minster, SW.1. Prof. W. J. Sollas, M.A., LL.D., F.RS., F.R.S.E., F.G.S., University Museum, Oxford. Sir W. A. Tilden, ee F.R.S.. Professor ee Chemistry in the Imperial College of Science, S. Kensington, S.W. 7 William Whitaker, B.A., F.R.S., F.GS., Freda, Camden Road, Croydon. Prof. Sydney Young, D.Sc., F.R.S., Trinity College, Dublin. REPORT OF COUNCIL. To December 31st, 1918. ‘THE decision to continue the Meetings so that members could at intervals find relaxation of thought from trying conditions of the year has proved a success. The attendances have been satisfactory in spite of the dark and dangerous state of the streets, and even more gratifying is the fact that there have been only two resignations, whilst in addition the membership has steadily increased by 17 new members joining, made up of 13 ordinary with four associates. The total number in the Society at the end of the year is 121 members. Loss by death has been sustained of two old members Mr. Francis J. Fry and Mr. M. W. Dunscombe, who have been long connected and interested in different branches of work in the Society, and of Prof. George LTebour, Vice-Principal of Armstrong College, Newcastle, one of our honorary members. The Society had the honour of adding the name of Dr. C. Lloyd Morgan to the list of honorary members in recognition of his distinguished work for science. We have issued the Society’s “‘ Proceedings,’’ so as to complete the volume to the end of 1916, and have distributed them to the ordinary members and to Corresponding Societies ; and the first part of the next volume has been prepared, and is in the press. Early in the year Dr. Darbishire proposed an addition to Law 2, for the Society to give definite teaching courses to help forward Natural History studies. After long consideration, Council agreed to the spirit of such a change in the objects of the Society, but unexpected difficulties caused it to be abandoned. In June, the Summer Excursion took place, and this side of the Society’s work might receive further consideration if a number of members could be relied upon to attend. Hight meetings have been held during the year, at which exhibits were shown, and papers read on attractive subjects, including one by our member, Dr. W. E. Hoyle, of the National Museum of Wales. IDAs MEO ROPER: Hon: Secretary. 61 SHON ‘M009 “H JSUNYH ‘qQ9IIOD Puno; puv poyIpny a vl eT SSS 8 #1 SIit Cec 67 Sera Pee nee) = O- 0— Zz : soymyeig “ i fe 3 IOINSBIIT, ‘UOFT 0} onp soueleq ‘“ e=-6=6 ‘Oyo ‘soseysog “ (Ce eG ies LI6I mor} preMIOJ souvrjeq “ 0 FLL emeoe pue Aleiqr’y jojuoy “ G SIL F mee, , SaH Coa | 7 Jo-a[eS 9 L oe : ene SEO MS 0 OLT es ze : suoljenuog “‘ 02- FZ : = sunning 04 Te = : = pepPo2]oo sively “ 9. 9 Sp °° OI-SI6T «. ae OSes) 0 OT : : soURApPe UI suoldriosqne “ 9 OT z3 "* BaDBISNID SIOTART, 0 OLT = = "* Soa ooueIyOY ‘ 9 OI = i yyedyoo a pue suomuto) 0=6= 4 = = = ** 9} ePOSsSY 0 I I ee ee oe ACY 0 OI CI ee ee ee ee AICUIPIO —sarja10g 0} suoldisosqng Ag —Ssuor}diiosqng siequsyy oy Bes 7 ‘ps F eS) ‘S161 UVHA HHL WO LNNOOOV ‘IVAHNAD “ad “ALAISOS VOV LLHILavd SH’TAVHO ‘SI6I ‘4aqumacag ‘SSLSITVYNLVUN TOLSIUG 247 YUM JUNOSZY Ul YIUNSWIUL “NOH 24L 62 LIBRARIANS’ REPORT. For the Year 1918. [URING the past year some practical use has been made of the Library by members consulting books there, but only 15 have used the privilege of borrowing any for further study, and these numbered 80 volumes. Eight books of recent issue are still in use, and three taken out in 1917 have not been returned. No volumes have been bound during the year. We have received a number of current publications from many of the Corresponding Societies, but they have reached us in an irregular series, and under present conditions it is not certain that all the Societies have issued “‘ Proceedings’ for this year. Thanks are given to the following donors of books, etc. :— Mr. A. E. Hupp, F.S.A. Lowe: British and Exotic Ferns. Mr. J. W. WHITE, F.L.S. Journal and Proceedings, Botany and Zoology, of the Linnean Soctety, 1918. Tieut.-Col. A. B. Prowse, 9th Report of the Botanical Committee of the Devonshire Association, 1917. Miss 1. M. Roper, F.L.S. Newspaper Cuttings of B.N.S. Meetings for 1862 and 1863. Entomological Section, B.N.S. The Entomologist and Entomo- logist’s Monthly, several parts. Here again it is probable that publications usually given have not been issued, including those due to us by subscription. By purchase, 14 volumes of the Somersetshive Archeological and Natural History Soctety’s Proceedings, from 1849-1867 have been added to complete the early series in the Library. Croydon Natural History and Sctentific Society has been added to the Exchange list, and we have received 36 volt:mes of its Proceedings and Transactions from 1871 onwards, and given in return a still more complete set of our own publications. _. The demand for the sale of back numbers and reprints has Increased, and in most cases have been supplied. In response to the demand by Government for waste paper, for re-manutacture, 2 cwt. of suiplus material has been sold. ARTUR Bo PROW SEH, Lisut.-Cor)’ RVAM.C., Hon. Librarian. 1DA* M,.) ROPER) RiLS.. Hon. Sub-Librarian. 63 Exchange List. Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire Barrow Naturalists’ Field Club Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society Bristol Museum and Art Gallery British Association British Museum (Natural History), S.W. 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United States Geological Survey, Washington National Museum, Washington Yale University, Connecticut ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. Buenos Aires, Muses National de Historia Natural URUGUAY. Montevideo, Museo Nacional de MEXICO, Mexico, Sociedad Cientifica 65 GEOhLOGICAh SECTION. 1918. "| HERE were 40 Members on the Register at the end of the year, but a great many had not paid their subscriptions, chiefly students ; it is doubtful if they had not left the Section without giving notice. The meetings have been mutch better attended, the average number at each meeting being 25, and interesting discussions have followed the reading of the papers. January 24.—Annual Meeting Exhibition of Geological photographs. Prof. S. H. Reynolds, M.A., F.G.S., was re-elected President, and B. A. Baker, F.G.S., Hon. Secretary and Treasurer for the year. The following papers were read :— February 21.—‘‘ Some Geological Reminiscences ”’ (illustrated by lantern slides) Prof. C. Lieyd Morgan,” F.R.S: March 21.—“‘ Prehistoric Man ”’ (illustrated by lantern slides) Miss G. Snowden May 16.—‘‘ Fossil Plants”’ (specimens and microscopic sections illustrating the chief group of fossil plants and their nearest living allies) Miss I. Batten, M.Sc. October 17.—“‘ Fossil Birds ”’ (illustrated by lantern slides) Prof. S$. H. Reynolds, M.A., F.G.S. November 21.—‘‘ Algae and Rock Builders ” (illustrated by lantern slides, specimens and rock sections) — Miss E. Bolton, B.Sc. December 18.—‘‘ Corallian Rocks of England’: Miss M. Tuck, Unfortunately the financial position of the Section is in a very bad state, as so many subscriptions are unpaid. The Section is in debt to the Hon. Treasurer to the extent of £1 9s. 3d., and there still remains the rent due to the University for the use of the Theatre. B. A. BAKER, Hon, Secretary and Treasurer, 66 ENTOMOhOGICAIa SECTION. 1918. FIVE Meetings were held during 1918, but no papers were read * and no excursions made. ‘The following is a short record of the principal exhibits and notes brought forward :— February 15—Mr. G. C. Griffiths was re-elected President and Mr. C. Bartlett Hon. Secretary. Mrs. Sandwith exhibited specimens of the dragonflies Cordulegaster annulatus and Libellula quadrima- culata. Miss Roper, Cherry-gall on oak leaf with hymenopteron Dryophanta folit bred from it. Mr. E. §. Baynes, living specimens of the woolly aphis and scale insects. Mr. A. EH. Hudd, lepidoptera and diptera taken in February, 1918. Notes by Mr. C. Bartlett were read on the capture of a large number of the longicorn Acan- thocinus cdilis in larval, pupal, and perfect states found in pine logs washed up from a wrecked vessel at Woollacombe in September, 1917, and a coloured drawing of the insect in various stages was shown, also specimens of Vanessa c-album from Portishead were exhibited. Mr. G. C. Griffiths, Papilio bianor and P. maacku from China and Japan. . March 18—Miss Roper, Timarcha cortaria and other coleoptera. Mr. N. Sandwith, Pyvausta atrata. Mr. G. C. Griffiths, living cases of a Psychid found by Rev. C. R. N. Burrows in Essex and made some interesting notes on their habits. April 26—Miss Roper, Coleoptera. Mr. A. EK. Hudd, Diptera, and Miss Bolton, larva of Hepialus humuls. November 22—Miss Roper contributed a list of dipterous galls found by her in the Bristol District, containing 56 species. Mr. A. E. Hudd contributed notes upon the fungus gnats. Mr. L. H. Matthews, specimens of Arge galathea, Hesperia linea, Cherocampa elpenor and Saturnia pyri from Salonika. Mr. G. C. Griffiths, three drawers of Erycinide. Mr. C. Bartlett, a box of lepidoptera taken this year at Portishead, including Syvrichthus alveolus, var. taras Tephrosia consonaria and Acronvcta alnt. A resolution was passed requesting the Bristol Museum Com- mittee to place the large and valuable collection of insects in a more convenient and larger room for the better use of students. This was sympathetically acknowledged, with a promise that the ques- tion would come up as early as possible for serious consideration. December 13—Mr. G. C. Griffiths exhibited a store box of European butterflies of the genera Satyvus and Cenonympha, also of the family Hesperid, underside varieties of Lycena alexis and L. agestis, CHARLES BARTRETD, ‘Hon. Secretary, 67 | Account of the Annual and General Meetings. THE 55th ANNUAL MEETING. January 17th, 1918. Mr. G. C. Griffiths, F.E.S., was re-elected President for the third time, with only minor alterations in Council and Officers. His Presidential Address was postponed. THE 466TH GENERAL MEETING. February 7th, 1918. Mr. G. C Griffiths, F.E.S., ie ee his Presidential Address, entitled ‘‘ Insects, their Lore and Legend ”’ (printed in abstract on page 71). Exhibits by Mrs. Sandwith, of Tolyfella intricata, a new plant in the Bristol district, and the aliens Centaurea solstitialis and Mentzelia albicaulis ; and by Miss Ida M. Roper, F.L.S., of three local dragonflies. THE 467th GENERAL MEETING. March 7th, 1918. “‘ Dead Life and other thingsin Egypt,’ by Mr. C. T. Campion, M.A. The lecturer showed about 50 slides, taken by himself from carvings on tombs and remains in Egypt, chosen to illustrate the manner in which the artists expressed their ideas of the traits of various animals, birds and fishes. Especially natural were some geese, a sacred cow, dancing girls and athletic contests. Parts of carvings of processions were included, and although the ignorance of perspective caused the beasts illustrated therein to appear almost ‘grotesque, the artist had succeeded in portraying some of their ‘fitful attitudes. These and the suggestions offered about the meaning of the pictures gave much enjoyment. THE 468TH GENERAL MEETING. April 4th, 1918. “Familiar Birds of Prey,’ by Mr. H. Vicars Webb. This title properly includes a number of birds that eat insects and harmful pests, whereby they are useful to maintain the balance of Nature, but for small damages at certain seasons are often slaughtered in forgetfulness of their good work ail the year round. ACCOUNT OF THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETINGS, 68 Recent sanctuaries, however, are proving helpful to preserve and increase these birds. Apart from their usefulness, the habits of the various species are a constant joy to students, and this was made clear by the help of many coloured lantern slides to illustrate personal observations. ‘The falcon or kestrel has taught lessons to airmen by its wonderful powers of flight and hovering, and whilst the little sparrow hawk is bold and paralyses its prey by terror, the golden eagle is itself most timid. The distinctive call of birds again are of interest, such as the screech of the barn owl, the hoot of the wood or brown owl, the mewing of the buzzard, the scolding scream of the jay, or the goose-like chatter of the heron. Numerous points were brought out about feeding and nesting, with the devices for safety and concealment, and about methods of catching prey, as well as reference to local haunts, and the benefits to bird life in general during migration from rests now provided on certain lighthouses. Exhibits by Mr. H. J. Gibbons, of eggs of Bombyx Neustria; by Miss Ida M. Roper, F.L..S., of a milk-white form of the Primrose. THE 469TH GENERAL MEETING. May 2nd, 1919. ‘Birds and Brochs in Shetland,’ by Miss H. M. Wingate, M.A. The island of Mousa in the Hebrides offers a specially favourable place for coming into close contact with both the wonderful bird life and the ruins of the houses of the ancient Norsemen. The Arctic terns contrast by their swallow-like flight as they skim to and fro around the human intruder with the frightened screams of gulls and oyster catchers, whilst the Shags are content to utter their deep, low croaks of protest as they stretch out their long necks and move their heads from side to side. The young can be seen in all their quaint moods, whilst at times the on-looker may experience the threats of violent attacks from the fiercer Arctic Skuas, and watch them force by actual blows the hard-won food from the less pugnacious gulls. Glimpses may be obtained by perseverance of the doings of the Greater Black-back Gulls, ravens, eider ducks and even of seals, to which by the best of good fortune may be added the excitement of a school of bottlenose Whales being driven into shallow water by the fishermen from the ‘sea. It was this same island of Mousa that Sir Walter Scott chose for the scene of some exciting parts of ‘‘ The Pirate,” and he tells of the ancient ruins called brochs. ‘These were the fortified dwel- lings of Norse chieftains; and must have existed long before 900 A.D. 69 ACCOUNT OF THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETINGS. Formed of dry walling in the shape of a dice box, about 60 feet in diameter, they had, facing the inner courtyard, anumber of super- imposed galleries that formed the dwelling rooms, and without, other houses for the retainers protected by another lofty wall. The lecture was illustrated by a fine series of lantern slides. Exhibit by Mr. H. J. Gibbons, of Carex digitata and Polystichum lobatum from the Leigh Woods. ANNUAL EXCURSION. June 8th, 1918. The summer excursion took place along the right bank of the River Avon to Sea Mills, in order that members might have the advantage of the presence of Prof. S$. H. Reynolds for geology, Dr. O. V. Darbishire for lichens, and Mr. C. Bucknall for wild flowers. These gentlemen pointed out and explained the numerous features seen in the Gorge to an interested company. THE 4701 GENERAL, MEETING. October 3rd, 1918. Exhibits of Natural History by the Members. - The President, Mr. G. C. Griffiths, F.E.S., collection of entomo- logical specimens captured locally and at Lynton, including the scarce Chalk Hill Blue. Mr. J. W. White, F.L.S., fossil Stigmaria ficoides, from cutting near the place of meeting ; and the air-bladders of the Bream. Mr. J. C. Blackmore, F.G.S., specimens of Iias from Lyme Regis. Mrs. Sandwith, rare Lepidoptera; herbarium specimens of Andromeda polifolia from Yorkshire; species of Horned Poppies ; and Potamogeton lucens, var. acuminatus from Worcestershite. Mr. H. J. Gibbons, Ophioglossum vulgatum with trifid spike. Prof. S. H. Reynolds, Sc.D., series of limestones from Black Rock Quarry, Clifton, including some containing nodular lumps thought of late to be fossil algae ; and some volumes of Geological photographs on loan by the British Association. Mr. L. H. Matthews, birds’ eggs ; fasciated growth of Carlina vulgaris; and rare Lepidoptera. Miss Ida M. Roper, F.L.S., Ovmithopus perpusillus, trom Providence, Long Ashton, as likely to prove the westward extension of the Millstone Grit (see Proc., B.N.S., 1888) ; Rubus saxatiis, and “Cladium Mariscus a first record from the Gordano Valley. ACCOUNT OF THE ANNUAI, GENERAL MEETINGS. 70 THE 471st GENERAT, MEETING. November 7th, 1918. “The Charophytes,’ by Mrs. Sandwith: (Printed on page 76.) _ Exhibits by the President, Mr. G. C. Griffiths, F.E.S., of hornets taken by Colonel T. Jermyn from a nest at Westbury, Wilts, in which he counted 265 males, 102 females and 120 workers, an unusually large colony ; by Dr. O. V. Darbishire of four species of Laminaria ; and Miss Ida M. Roper, F.L.S., reported on the year’s growth of Spartina Townsendi at Clevedon. THE 472ND GENERAL MEETING. December 4th, 1918. ‘“The Octopus in Science, Literature and Art,’’ by Dr. W. Evans Hoyle, M.A. (Director of the National Museum of Wales). The outward form of the octopus with its bag-like body and fixed protruding eyes may not be attractive, but the graceful move- ments of its four pairs of arms serve to redeem it ; whilst its power to adapt its whole colouration to its surroundings adds special interest. Both divisions of the family possess this power by changes of the pigments in cells in the skin, and they also agree in having air suckers for holding their prey, in using the arms for locomotion over the sea bottom and in the sea, and for a quicker backward movement by a current of water expelled from a special funnel within the mantle, after suction inwards over the air gills. Both likewise have boney parrot-like mandibles and can throw out a black liquid to hide their movements from enemies. The species of the argonauts secrete the beautiful shell for carrying about their eggs by means of a special adaptation of one pair of arms, and the pearly argonaut forms its coiled shell by adding each year a new and larger compartment till its final and largest one, in which it spends its mature life. The octopus and nautilus figure in literary descriptions as terrible monsters and dainty beauties respectively, wanting, how- ever, in actual facts, whilst in Art carvings more correctly, starting with early Cretan and Greek examples to the many grotesque applications in modern Japanese work. 71 PRESIDENTIAhM ADDRESS. By GEORGE C. GRIFFITHS, F.E.S. “Insects: Their Lore and Legend.”’ [? may interest you in the first place to hear when the word ““ Insect ’’ was first introduced into the English language. It first occurs in a translation into English of Pliny’s Natural History, published in 1601 by Philemon Holland, who defines Insects as ‘little vermine or small creatures which have (as it were) a cut or division between their heads and bodies, as pismires, flies, grass- hoppers, under which are comprehended earthworms, caterpillers, &e.”’ You will observe that this quaint definition is more compre- hensive than our present acceptation of the term, which regards the earthworms as belonging to a separate Order. Now in searching the ample stores of Ancient and Modern Literature for references to the Insect world, we must not be sur- prised to find these far less numerous than those to higher groups, such as the Mammalia and the Birds. These, either by their commanding presence, or beauty and grace of form, or the sweet notes of the songsters of the woodland, have from the earliest times drawn the notice and admiration of the classical writer, or fired the imagination of the poet. But although this is so for the most part, yet certain of the Insects have, either from their vast abundance, or by reason of some striking characteristic, useful or noxious, impressed their presence on bard and seer, and have made their mark on the literature of all time. Others again, have been regarded with veneration or even as objects of worship. Conspicuous among these is the Sacred Beetle, Scavabaeus saucer, so frequently reproduced in Egyptian picture-writing and sculpture, in the stone-carved Scarabs found in mummy-cases, or as a head-ornament in the representations of the god Ptah. The Beetle was called Kheper, and Prof. Flinders Petrie says it was regarded as an emblem of the Creator, Khepura, the Father of the Gods. Hence this insect and four or five other closely allied species living in the same region, were regarded from very early times as symbolic of being or exist- ence. It appears sometimes with outstretched wings, or with a ram’s head and horns, as the vivifying soul. An insignificant little British Beetle, the Death-watch, A nobium _ tessellatum, has often been the subject of dread to the superstitious, | and by its association with the latter days of William III. was brought for a time into notoriety. Swinton records that about the time of the King’s fall from Sir John Fenwick’s sorrel pony in the Home Park, much was said of the “‘ ticking ’’ of the Death-watch beetles in the Royal residence, and the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society were occupied by long papers from the savants PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. ae of the day, Allen, Dereham, and Stackhouse. These observers catried out an examination of the beetles, and agreed that the mysterious and ominous ticking was but the call of the amorous insect to its mate, and her feebler reply. Stackhouse declares that the sedge of a chair, where one was beating, was depressed “‘ for about the compass of a silver penny.”’ An insect frequently represented in Egyptian hieroglyphic sculpture was the bee, known by the name of Khet, the meaning of which in their picture-writing is either the Northern hemisphere ot Lower Egypt. The form of the insect as pictured, however, rather suggests a wasp in an aggressive or threatening attitude. To this day, I believe the Egyptian rock-scuiptures are sometimes occupied by the wild bees for their nests. The Venerable Bede speaks of Ireland as ‘‘an island rich with milk and honey,” on account of the number of bees found there in his day, the eighth century, A.D. In Coverdale’s translation of the Book of Ecclesias- ticus, chap. xi., 3, we are quaintly told ‘‘ The Bey is but a small beast amonge the foules, yet is hir frute exceeding swete.’’ In Heraldry the bee frequently appears in armorial bearings. Ark- wright, the inventor of the “‘ spinning jenny,’’ and Sir Robert Peel, both bore bees in their coats of arms, and from the discovery of gold bees in the tomb of Childeric, Napoleon Buonaparte took the idea of covering his mantle with bees, and adopting the insect as the badge of his family. Keats speaks of the ‘‘ yellow girted bees ”’ and the “‘ bee bustling down in the bluebells,’’ and Tennyson sings of the ‘‘ murmur of innumerable bees,’’ a beautiful line, which at once brings up in our minds the memory of a hot summer’s day on a clover-decked hillside. Perhaps no insect received more attention from the Greek and Roman writers than the Cicada or Tettix, although in many refer- ences the insect appears to have been confused with species of crickets or grasshoppers, which also make a stridulous noise, though this is produced in a quite different manner from that of the Cicade. Probably the first mention of the Cicada occurs in Homer (Iliad, Book 3), in which certain Greek chieftains of advancing years are compared to the Tettix. We quote Ird Derby’s translation— “Sage chiefs exempt from war, but in discourse abundant, As the cricket on high, From the topmost branch of forest trees sends forth His delicate music.”’ Of all insects which infest hot countries the most dreaded and most terrible are the Locusts, by reason of their countless numbers, their size, their migratory habits, and the rapacity with which they devour every living plant in their resistless march. Hence the historical and prophetic books of the Old Testament abound in references to the locust ; the species referred to in Exodus as descending in its swarms upon the land of Egypt, was probably the io PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS, Acridium peregrinum, which inhabits the Northern regions of Africa, and the coasts of the Red Sea. The palmerworm, locust, cankerworm and caterpillar, mentioned by the Prophet Joel, were probably four different kinds of locusts or locusts in different stages of growth. ‘The bald locust, named in Leviticus among the kinds of ‘‘ winged creeping things that go upon all four, which have legs above their feet to leap withal upon the earth,’’ and which might lawfully be eaten by the Israelites, was probably one of the species of Truxalis, which are remarkable for their long hard heads. As to the immense numbers of the locusts, the Arabs, quoted by Bochart, make a locust say to Mahomet ‘“ We are the army of the Great God; we produce 99 eggs ; if the hundred were completed, we should consume the whole earth and all that is in it.” Southey, in ‘‘ Thalaba the Destroyer,’ compares the marks on the locust’s ‘‘ yellow circled front with lines mysterious veined ”’ to Arabic letters of cryptic meaning. In America, the migratory species of locust which has frequently done great damage in the Rocky Mountains region and Manitoba is Caloptenus spretus and the cricket which makes the woods vocal is Cyrtophyllum concavum, the Katydid. Oliver Wendell Holmes, in describing the quiet of the New England Saturday evenings which ushered in the Puritan Sabbath, says that in his boyhood the music of the evening crickets seemed peculiar to Saturday evenings. The very singular shape and attitudes of the Mantis have at all times attracted much attention. The name ‘‘ Mantis ’’ is of Greek origin, and Westwood tells us is employed in one of the Idylls of Theocritus to designate a thin young girl, with slender elongated arms. ‘They are found on plants and trees, and have a habit of sitting motionless for hours together with the thorax raised and the long fore legs held up like a pair of arms, ready to seize upon any insect which may unwarily approach them. A species found in South Africa, we are informed by Sparrmann, is worshipped by the Hottentots as a tutelary deity ; and if it chance to alight on any person, he is at once considered to be asaint. ‘The Turks and other nations also consider the strange attitude of the Mantis as suggestive of an act of devotion, and the creature has thus been called Prie- Dieu, and specific names of veligiosa, sancta and oratoria have been bestowed by Naturalists on various forms. Many of the Mantidee are beautifully coloured in resemblance to leaves and flowers, but the purpose of this is not to protect the insect itself, but to enable it to attack the unsuspecting prey which ate attracted by the flowers of the plant on which it has settled. Annandale, in his account of the Insects of the ‘‘ Skeat Expedition ”’ (P.Z.S., 1900) describes and figures a beautiful and rare example of this—Hymenopus bicornis, found on a plant of Melastoma polyan- thium in Siam. At first sight it appeared to him that one of the PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 74 flowers was slowly swaying from side to side, and it was not for several seconds that he realized that it was not a flower at all, but an insect. Sir Charles Dilke states that a small Mantis found in Java resembles a pink orchid, and Dr. Anderson exhibited living immature specimens of Gongylus gongyloides before the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1877, which on the ventral surface were found to possess in coloration and markings a strong similitude to a flower. This species, one of the most singularly shaped in this grotesque group, though known to Aldrovandus, a century-and-a-half before the appearance of the Systema Nature of Linneeus, had always been described and figured in various works from dried and faded specimens, hence the floral resemblance had not been previously detected. , China, Java, and other parts of Asia produce a number of species of Lantern-flies, of which Hotimus candelaria from India and China and H. subocellatus from Hongkong are some of the most striking, and here again travellers vary diametrically as to whether they areluminousornot. C.F. Holder, in Harper’s Magazine, 1883, gives a woodcut of a shrub brilliantly alight with dots of living fire, and Wood states (Insects Abroad, p. 736) that a General in Hong- kong saw a number of boys throwing stones at an object on a wall, which, according to his account, shone like a star. This proved on examination to be H. subocellatus. Westwood tells us that at one time there was a Chinese Edict forbidding young ladies to keep lantern flies. Annandale, in the paper already quoted (P.Z.S., 1900, p. 867) gives a very different explanation of the purpose of the very prominent proboscis or nose of these insects, which has been the supposed seat of their luminosity. He says that he noticed a specimen of Hotinus spinole seated on the trunk of a Durian tree, and attempted to catch it in his hand. The insect drew in its legs towards its body, and pressed its claws firmly against the bark, until his hand was almost upon it. Then it lowered its head with great rapidity, flew up into the air without spreading its wings, and alighted on the roof of a house 6 feet behind the tree, and consider- ably higher than the place from which it started. On examining the insect after death in the cyanide bottle, he found a crease or indentation across the middle of the nose, and that the chitin was flexible at that one point. He also found that if the tip of the nose and the dorsal surface of the abdomen were pressed together between the finger and thumb, and then: suddenly released, the insect would not fall straight to the ground but would be propelled for some distance through the air. Annandale adds that he has examined many specimens of Fulgoridez in the Hope Collection, Oxford, and has found the same crease in the noses of sixteen species, but, of course, it is difficult to trace in dried specimens, and impos- sible to experiment as to the elasticity of the organ. He intimates that it is probable that the bulbous nose of the American Fulgora may have the same purpose ; certainly it has a deep hollow across 75 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. it, which may correspond to the crease in Hotinus. Whether, therefore, the creatures are luminous or not, it seems that their grotesque nasal appendages have a very important use. The great humming and stinging Tabanid flies, which often make our visits to the New Forest and other woodlands a pain rather than a pleasure, are known in old English literature under the various names of Horse-flies, Breeze-flies, Dun-flies, Clegs, Stouts, Brimseys, Brimps and Gad-flies ; in Kent the species of Haematapota are still called Brimps, a word ‘probably ce from the Norse, meaning a roar, or buzz. The ancients frequently represented Psyche by a butterfly, and according to Thomas Brown the Fable of Psyche and Eros, so beloved by poets, may be the invention of Apuleius. It was the capture of a butterfly, from which to paint the wing of a sylph, which led Thomas Stothard, R.A., to study Entomology. His fellow artist, Fuseli, was also a collector of Lepidoptera, as at the present time is Dollman, one of the most popular painters of the Great War. It may also be of interest to note that Charles Darwin actively collected Insects, and Coleoptera in particular, during the voyage of the ‘‘ Beagle’’ between 1832 and 1836, and that many of the South American beetles then acquired, and now in the hands of the British Museum, are only in this present month being described by Mr. G. C. Champion in the Ann. and Mag. of N.H. and the Ent. Mo. Mag. We can also claim as an Entomologist the poet Crabbe, who refers in his poem “‘ The Borough,”’ to his friend the Weaver and his captures of butterflies. The scholarly Gray also studied the insect tribes, and turned the characteristics of the Linneean Orders into Latin hexameters, the MS. of which is still preserved in his inter- leaved copy of the ‘ ‘Systema Nature.’’ These verses are quoted in Kirby and Spence’s ‘‘ Introduction to Entomology.” Mouffet, referring to that household pest the common Clothes- moth, says that he believes the Ancients possessed an effectual method of preserving stuffs from the attacks of moths, because the robes of Servius Tullius were preserved in Rome up to the death of Sejanus, a period of more than 500 years. But our time is gone; we are unable to-night to obey un admonition of the Wise King—‘ Go to the unt!” or visit many other notable creatures, but I trust our excursion through some of the by-paths of Entomology may have been of interest to you. 76 The Charophytes. By CEcIL SANDWITH. (Read 7th November, 1911. Professor Babington places the Characeae at the end of his Manual of Botany, with the following reservation :—‘‘ The position of this order is very doubtful.’ And in face of the fact that the Charas are not flowering plants, it may be wise to go back to the beginning, and consider how they came to be included—as they ate now very generally included—in works, and County Floras, dealing more particularly with Phanerogams. The name Chara was first used for these plants in 1719 by Vaillant. The Greek word Chara expresses ‘‘joy’’ or ‘‘delight,”’ but it had been used as the name of a star, and on account of the star-like appearance of the floating branchlets, the name may have been adapted to these water plants. It was in the year of the Battle of Waterloo that the Family name Characeze was first used for the Group. Linneeus, with true insight, at first considered these plants to be Algee, and classed them as such, but later, he followed a mistaken idea with regard to the reproductive organs, and finally placed them with the Phanerogams. Other botanists have tried to find some connecting link between these plants and other water plants such as Myriophyllum, Ceratophyllum, or even the Frogbit. In the Journal of Botany for 1878 there are interesting papers by Mr. Alfred Bennett, Prof. Caruel, and Prof. Vines, all dealing more ort less with the position of the Characez in the order of plants. Mr. Bennett, after much complicated discussion, suggests that the Charas are “‘An abnormal form of Muscineee—of Cellular Cor- mophytes, aquatic in their habits, in which the tormation of the non-sexual generation is altogether suppressed’’! Prof. Caruel, on the other hand, struggles to prove the relationship of the Charas to the Phanerogams. Prof. Vines, in a paper on the pro-embryo of Charas in the same volume, weighs up the respective merits of the two ideas put forward by Bennett and Caruel :— (1) That the Charas may be mosses, rendered abnormal by their aquatic habits ; (2) That the Charas should be placed between the Vascular Cryptogams and the Flowering Plants ; and he decides that although the Charas bear strong resemblances to the Mosses, yet in their composition and peculiar cortication they also resemble some of the Carposporee, and therefore he considers them an intermediate group. He makes short shrift of the idea that they can be linked in any way to the Phanerogams. LL THE CHAROPHYTES, The Charas are undoubtedly Algz, as Linneus first thought but they belong to no particular group of Alge and are a higher form of development. | The Family of Characeze includes several genera, but at present only three are known in the district embraced by the Flora of Bristol :—Chara, Nitella, Tolypella. Of these, representatives of Chara are by far the most numerous. ‘They can easily be dis- tinguished by the cortical cevering, which is lacking in the Nitellas and Tolypellas ; by their stouter appearance, and stronger odour ; and also, on closer examination, by the persistent crown of 5 equal cells to the nucule. ‘There are other differences, but these - are particularly obvious. The Nitellas and Tolypellas resemble each other more closely, both having the stem transparent, and no stipulodes, They differ in the position of the fruit, and the division cf the segments, and like so many other things in the world, when known, they are easy to distinguish. Huxley has an interesting chapter in his Practical Biology on these plants, which he calls Stoneworts. He describes their develop- ment as “‘ a sort of alternation of generation, though the alternating forms are not absolutely distinct from one another.” ‘This point Mr. Bennett evidently disagreed with in the article already men- tioned, where, when speaking of the Charas as “‘ abnormal aquatic mosses,” he adds: ‘‘in which the formation of the non-sexual generation is altogether suppressed.” Pringsheim, in 1863, discovered the growth of the spore, and he writes that “‘the sprouting spore does not at once produce the perfect plant, but first a pro-embryo, etc.,”’ (translated). And Prof. Vines explains this very clearly : ‘‘ In certain cases the embryo produced by the spore differs more or less widely from the adult form, and does not directly develop into it, but bears it as a lateral outgrowth. This mode of embryogeny is indirect . . . . as in the Characesze, where the oospore gives rise to an embryo of limited development upon which the adult sexual form arises as a lateral branch.’ This growth from the spore is illustrated by de Bary in his well-known figure of a very ungainly-looking Chara plant, arising from the irregular provisional verticil of a pro-embryo, attached to the oospore. These spores are the ripe fruit of the Characeee, and, when the autumn comes, may be found lying in the mud, or caught up in the general debris of the wayside ditch. After fertilization, the 5 spirally twisted cells, which wrap tightly round the ‘“‘ Mother ”’ cell, become hard, and change to a dark brown or slaty grey colour, and the fruit, well-protected by its hard outer shell, rests, until the appointed time comes for germination. ‘These resting spores are very minute, oval, or roundish, according to species, and always striate, marked with the slightly raised spiral lines of the enveloping cells. THE CHAROPHYTES. 78 These lines vary in number with different species, and are sometimes difficult to see owing to the calcareous substances with which the plants are often encrusted. It is interesting to note that C. fragilis is less subject to incrustation than many species, and is therefore better for examination, both with regard to the cortical cells, and also the fruit, of which latter I have some- times been able to collect perfect examples. As the time approaches for germination, changes have been taking place under the hard outer shell of the oospore. The cell, which was so carefully pro- ~ tected by the enveloping tubes, becomes two by division ; a small cell near the apex of the nut ; and a large cell, filling the lower part, and stored with starch and fat for feeding the plants. The small cell contains protoplasmic matter, and grows until it splits the outer shell across, at the Crown, then it divides into two, and one cell growing upwards becomes the pro-embryo plant, while the other, growing downwards, forms the first root node. The pro-embryo is at first colourless, and grows up to a point, where, by division of cells, it seems to be putting out leaves ; but these are merely appendages, without form, and quite irregular, and only setve as the starting point, from which a cell arises which gives birth to the true Chara plant. The stem of the true plant is green from the first, and is compcsed of long cells, called internodes, which lengthen with the growing of the plant, but do not divide. These are partitioned off at intervals by smaller cells, which form the node, and divide, giving rise to the leaves and branchlets. Properly speaking, there are no leaves in a Chara plant. The so- called leaves are formed, like the stem, of internodes and nodes, but are limited in their growth. Botanists have beccme accus- tomed to speak of the branchlets as leaves, and so the name persists. in the genus Chara, the stem and branchlets are covered with a Cortex (or bark) composed of cells which originate in the nodal system. As the stem elongates, these nodes vary in their position one above the other, each node diverging about half the space between the cells, so that the cortical cells, growing down to join those growing upwards from the node below, do not meet over the internode with any regularity, but overlap and “‘ interdentate,”’ giving the twisted spiral appearance to the stem which is so peculiar and interesting. ‘This is particularly noticeable in C. polyacantha. The unconventional behaviour of the cortical cells in this species forms quite an interesting study. I have seen the stem so rugged and billowy that it might almost be compared to a storm at sea. C. fragilis is one of the best examples to study for perfect regularity. It is rather strange that the rule which governs the position of the stem nodes should not apply to those of the branchlets (or leaves). In the case of the leaves, the nodes are formed one above the other, and the cortical cells from above and below meet with regularity. Some authors speak of the slight twisting which may sometimes be noticed in the branchlets, and add that this is generally 719 THE CHAROPHYTES, in the opposite direction to that noticeable in the stem. This may have some connection with the protoplasmic streaming in the cells, which is, I think, invariably in the opposite direction to the stream- ing in the stem cells. Prof. Ewart, speaking of the Characez, in his excellent work on Protoplasmic Streaming in Plants, writes :— ‘That the spiral direction of streaming . . . . may be of biological utility is quite possible, just as may also be the spiral twisting of the cortical cells themselves, but teleological explanations afford no indication of casual relationship.” However this may be, there is food for reflection, when we ~ consider, not only the spiral twisting of the cortical cells and the spiral direction of the protoplasmic streaming, but also the spiral of the enveloping cells, which form a covering for the spore, and the little spiral antherozoids which are shaped like tiny corkscrews. It is necessary to know something about the cortical cells, for it is by studying these that botanists are able to classify their plants. The fully-developed cortex system consists of three cortical cells to each branchlet in the whorl, i.e., a central nodal cell, with its node and spine, and two lateral cells. It is only the main, or primary cortical cell, which develops nodes, and spines, and it is the position of this cell that the botanist observes when studying Charas. Sometimes only one lateral cell is developed, as in our com- monest Chara, C. vulgaris, which is placed in the class termed Diplostiche, possessing two cortical cells to every branchlet in the whorl. C. fragilis is a good example of the fully-developed cortex, Tviplostiche. ‘To each branchlet in the whorl there is a primary, and two lateral cortical cells. We have one British Chara, which comes under the class Haphlostiche, C. crinita Wallr, also known as C. canescens. ‘This plant develops no lateral cortical cells, and the primary cells with their spines are so close together that the stem has a very prickly appearance. From the same node which develops the cortex, spine cells appear beneath the whorls of leaves. These are called Stipu- lodes, and are only found in the cortex-covered Charas. The long transparent stems of the Nitellas and Tolypellas have no spines, and no stipulodes. ‘The leaves, which are no leaves, but merely branchlets of limited growth, develop bracts, or rays, from their nodes. ‘These all have to be taken into consideration when deter- mining the species ; for they differ in number, size, and position, and some Charas develop no bracts on the outside of the leaf, whilst the development of others is only rudimentary, and these points are useful and definite in distinguishing specimens. The reproductive organs are of two kinds, round red glob- ules, Antheridia (male), and oval nucules, Oogonia (female). These are always borne on the leaves, or at the forking of the branchlets, and originate from the node. In its early stages the Antheridium THE CHAROPHYTES, 80 is almost transparent and of a pale green colour; it is globular, but appears to be cut into four divisions in the centre. As time goes on the cells divide, and the whole appearance changes. The Antheridium becomes red or orange, and appears beautifully and symmetrically marked with a raised pattern. This is owing to the eight triangular shields, of which the outside is formed, four above and four below, shaped and fitted together with interlocking edges, so that they seem but one piece. Inside, and attached to each shield, is a cell called the Manubrium. The name suggests the idea of a handle, and these eight Manubria act in that capacity, bearing the round capitulum cells, to which are attached six smaller cells known as the secondary Capitula, from each of which proceed long filaments, two to four in number, and each divided into from 100 to 200 cells, which are partitioned off and contain protoplasmic matter. This substance does not long remain colourless or shape- less. Rapid changes take place amongst the little thread-like- bodies that are evolving themselves out of apparent nothingness in each cell, and when the Antheridium is ripe, the interlocking shields divide quite symmetrically, and about 20,000 to 40,000 little Antherozoids escape from their cells, and literally swarm in the water, looking like microscopic corkscrews, guided along by vibratile cilia, until by some curious power of attraction they are led to the open neck of the Oogonium, and swimming in, perform the work of fertilization. After this the Ocospore sinks to rest, to await its further development. Looking at one of these split globules, one realises that it would take something more than mere human ingenuity to fit together again the 265 parts of which it was composed, and re-fill it with the 40,000 lively little antherozoids that so lately made their escape. There is little more to be said about the Cogcnium, as its later stages have been described already. It is formed on the leaves, and is “‘the enlarged terminal cell of the leaflet which it represents’ (Vines). By the formation and division of cells, there appears a terminal cell which is the spore, a cell which becomes the stalk, and a cell below which forms a node, and from which spring five spiral cells ; these grow round the spore cell, and coiling tightly, envelop it. These spiral cells lengthen and divide at last into smaller cells, forming what is known es the Corona, or Crown. In the genus Chara there is only one division, so that the Crown consists of five cells, but in the Nitellas the enveloping cells make two divisions, forming a crown of ten cells in two rows. The Characeze increase and multiply largely in a vegetative manner, asexually. It is interesting to examine them when the season is over, and the old stems and nodes have thickened, and filled with starch. One may grow these old plants, and watch new cells rising from 81 ‘THE CHAROPHYTES, the old nodes, and the new plants growing out from the deformed brown joints. C. aspera develops round or oval bulbils on the rootlets. I found these very numerous on plants growing under difficulties and making a struggle for existence, where apparently for some reason or other they could not, or did not, bear fruit. Pringsheim has gone fully into the study of the two modes of asexual reproduction shown by the Charas :— (1) The gymnopodal, or bare-foot branches. These are abnor- mal in their lower joints, sometimes having a defective cortex, and sometimes no cortex at all. (2) Embryonic branches, which appear on the two-year-old nodes, and develop as the pro-embryo of the Chara plant develops from the spore, first with a colourless section, and then with an irregular verticil having the appearance of leaves. From which point, as in the case of the true pro-embryo, the new Chara plant atises aS an embryonic branch. There is one thing more of the deepest interest to be studied in these plants, but I can only touch upon it briefly. Those pos- sessed of the seeing eye and the understanding heart, can fathom these mysteries for themselves. We all know that in certain plants protoplasmic streaming can be seen in the cells. In the long transparent stem tubes of the Nitelle this can be seen very plainly. ‘There is continual motion, and the small green chloro- plastids, the little transport bearers, are carried swiftly along up the cell, from left to right in a spiral direction, and down again cn the other side in regular order, bounded by a colourless spiral line, ‘“‘the indifferent line,’’ which seems to part the upgoing stream from that which returns. The chloroplastids have no active power of movement of theirown. ‘Their workis to construct organic matter out of the air, and water, by the help of the sun and their energy ; and they are borne along by the streaming of the denser layers of protoplasm to distribute food to the growing plant. Prof. Ewart considers this continual streaming to be essential to the life of the plant, andthatitis of great importance for rapid translocation; and Alex. Braun showed that the direction of streaming influenced the development of the lateral leaves and roots. These statements may be tested, for the Bristol district is richin material. The commoner forms, C. vulgaris L., C. frags (Desv), and C. delicatula Braun, are frequently to be met with. And C. Iuspida L., C. Hedwig Ag., and C. polyacantha Braun have also been found, the latter a rare and most interesting species. These plants thrive best in ponds or. dykes, where the water is more or less stagnant. In one case C. polyacantha has chosen a situation which is positively putrid, and the wonder is that it can continue to exist there. No Nitella was known in the Bristol paste THE CHAROPHYATES, 82 district up to the year 1910, when Mr. Cedric Bucknall discovered Nitella opaca Ag.in three ponds on Yate Common, the only record being an old one in 1868 from a pond at Berkeley, mentioned in the Flora of Bristol. The year 1917 was marked by the discovery of a new and distinct variety of the rare N. mucronata Miquel, var. gracillima, found by Miss Roper between Wickwar and Yate. This plant appeared to be confined to one small pond in an enclosure at that time ; but it is consistent with the vagaries of these fugitive plants to note that this one has changed its position each year since its discovery, seemingly abandoning the old ponds, or growing itself out, and starting its career again in a new pool some little distance off. In May, 1917, I was fortunate enough to find a new habitat for N. opaca Ag., and also to record the first Tolypella for the district, both in the neighbourhood of Yate. Tolypella intricata Leonh. still persists in a small way in the insignificant pool where it was first found, but in February, 1918, was discovered in some abundance by Messrs. White, Bucknall, and myself, growing with the already-known NV. opaca in one of the ponds on Yate Common. This must have been quite two miles from the first station recorded. That these apparently fragile-looking plants can live through severe weather is proved by the fact that I have found the Yate plants bearing antheridia under thick ice, as on another occasion in York- shire I found N. opaca with antheridia in December and January in a frozen ditch. From personal observation I should assume that some of these plants are protandrous, and in the case of NV. opaca that the male plant is more plentiful than the female form. Since I gave my paper, several important discoveries have been made, and I have been asked to mention these. In November, 1918, I, with N. Y. Sandwith and Mr. T. H. Green, of Weston, Bath, examined the Canal near Bathampton, and found Tolypfella intricata and N. opaca both growing there, very brittle and incrusted, but still distinguishable, though useless for herbarium specimens. In the following spring I gathered material which confirmed the records, which were new for the N. Somerset side of the Bristol district. More important still was the finding of Nutella translucens Ag., in June, 1919, by Miss Honor Perrycoste with N. Y. Sandwith and myself, growing abundantly in several deep pools left by peat diggers, in a lonely part of the turf moor between Ashcott Station and Glastonbury. These deserted holes are often full of water, and the Nitella was in splendid condition, literally shining, as its name suggests, with its pellucid stems and balls of golden fruit. N. tvanslucens was not only a record for the Bristol district, but also for the entire County of Somerset, and it is satisfactory to note that within the last three years one Tolypella and two Nitellas have been added to the flora of N. Somerset, in addition to the valuable discoveries made in West Gloucestershire, 83 THE CHAROPHYTES., There is a question often asked: What use are these plants ? Are they good for food ? I do not think anyone would be tempted to eat a Chara. Its scent is its best protection from wholesale demolition. Hassall asks : What is the part of a Charain the plan of the Universe? I do not remember his exact words, but it seemed to me that he felt the hand of the Creator and was looking for His purpose, realising that such perfection could not be purposeless. Prof. Reynolds, in his lecture on the formation of rocks, showed pieces formed from fossilized Algee, and even now Mr. James Groves, one of the greatest living authorities on the Characeee, is doing research work amongst fossil Charas found in the Purbeck beds. It may not be long before some of these problems are solved. In the meantime let us consider that these littie Stoneworts are ‘* doing their bit’’ towards the making of a New Earth. And we know— That nothing walks with aimless feet ; That not one life shall be destroyed, Or cast as rubbish to the void, When God hath made the pile complete. Tennyson. Se 84 The Growth of the Dandelion eran: By D. E. WATKINS. (Department of Botany, University of Bristol). BEFORE the growth of the dandelion seedling can be quite understood a short description of its germination as observed when grown on damp blotting paper is desirable. The dandelion fruit is small. As regards shape, it is flattened and broader at the end to which the parachute is attached than at the other. The pericarp has two very deep longitudinal grooves running down it and several smaller ones. On the ridges between the grooves small hooks are arranged in rows with the hook pointing downwards. ‘hese hooks are especially numerous at the top of the fruit and get smaller and less in number towards the bottom. Their use may be either to help in the seed scattering,or to fix the seed in the soil when once it has been scattered. After two or three days on damp blotting paper the fruits begin to show visible signs of germination. ‘The pericarp has begun to open at the base and split up the longitudinal grooves for a short distance. The small yellow root then appears through the hole, and as it grows, the fruit wall splits more and more along the deeper grooves. Ina very short time the root cap with the fine root hairs behind it, can be seen. The cotyledons begin to swell, and in doing so, split the fruit wall still more, until in another two days, the yellowish cotyledons have freed themselves of the coat altogether. The coat remains on the tips of the cotyledons in most cases until they have become accustomed to the light, and during this time they change in colour to a bright green. After this, the root and the cotyledons elongate at a fair rate, and each cotyledon gradually becomes differentiated into a definite blade and petiole, the former with a very indefinite mid-rib. The bud for the first foliage leaf is formed between their petioles. Very few seedlings live beyond this stage on the blotting paper, for apart from not being able to obtain sufficient nourishment, the conditions are very unnatural. The fruits planted in soil germinated, and their cotyledons appeared above the soil after two weeks. At first they were bent tight over in the form of a loop above the soil. As they grew accustomed to the light, they became green, grew upright, and then opened out. Some seedlings did not come up iu exactly this way, but pushed their cotyledons above the soil in an upright posi- tion and retained the fruit wall over fee till they were better able to stand the light. | The seedling itself is very characteristic. It is quite small at first, varying in height from 1 cm. to 14 cms. It consists of a hypocotyl coming from the ground, which is quite short in com- 85 THE GROWTH OF THE DANDELION SEEDLING parison with the petioles of the cotyledons. The hypocotyl swells out slightly at the top, and from the swelling the cotyledons grow out by their two long petioles which separate at an angle, from 30° to 40°. The hypocotyl and the petioles are a very pale green in comparison with the blades of the cotyledons, which are bright green and glossy, and have an indistinct mid-rib. The shape of the cotyledons varies somewhat, but generally speaking, is broadly oval, rounded at the apex, entire, and narrowed at the base into the petiole. They turn back in an horizontal position at the top of the petioles. At the base of the hypocotyl is a slight twist where the hypocotyl passes into the main root, which tapers downwards and is very long in comparison with the rest of the plant. The first foliage leaf is produced from the end bud between the cotyledons. ‘This at first looks more like a third cotyledonary leaf, but as development takes place, the mid-rib and net-veining become distinct, the shape characteristic, and the margin serrated. The further development of the seedlings is interesting because of their behaviour in firm and loose soils. In the first case, the fruits were sown in very rough, loose soil and no care was taken with the sowing. After seven weeks (in October - November) about sixof the plants had grown to a good size, and most of them had reached the stage when the two cotyle- dons and two foliage leaves had developed. The hypocotyl was 1 cm. above soil and in consequence the whole plant was loose and not at all firmly established in the soil. During this time the leaves grew very slowly indeed, and after a week no fresh leaves had developed, and the others had grown but very little. This point stood out above all others because beforehand the plants had been growing exceedingly quickly. At the end of another twe weeks one new leaf had developed and the hypocotyl appeared to be wrinkling a little (see Fig. J.a). One of thespecimens was pulled up, and it was found that the hypocotyl below the soil had also wrinkled up considerably. At the end of another week, the hypocotyl had wrinkled down its whole length, and the part of it above ground was decidedly shorter (Fig. /.5), Also, during this week, the plant had been growing much more quickly. By the end of a fortnight the plant had been pulled down completely into the soil. No hypocotyl appeared above ground and the leaves looked to be growing straight up from the soil (Fig. I.d). In afew more days the plant had grown tremendously but was still being pulled deeper into the rough soil. This continued till the bases of the older leaves and the whole of the young bud were below soil (Fig. J. g). By this time the plant had established itself firmly and was-able to give up its energy for growth. Several series of plants were tried in this way, and in every case the same thing happened to those in rough soil. In every case the hypocotyl which had disappeared from above the soil was Ahan THE GROWTH OF THE DANDELION SEEDLING. 86 examined and found to be in a very wrinkled condition below the soil. A longitudinal section was taken of the hypocotyl and the top of the root. The wrinkling of the outer layers of the hypocotyl could be seen, but beyond the base of the hypocotyl there was no wrinkling in the root. It must be supposed that the inner layers of the hypocctyl contract. The roots are fixed firmly in the soil so do not give, and in consequence the contraction affects the shoot and pulls it down. ‘The contraction of the inner layers of course causes the wrinkling of the outer layers. Other fruits were planted to try to obtain similar results, but care was taken with the sowing, and the seeds were placed on firm soil and covered with a firm layer. ‘hey appeared above ground after the same time as the others, but the hypocotyls of the majority of them did not grow to any distance above the soil, and conse- quently, most of them were firmly established from the beginning. They certainly grew more quickly than the rough soil seedlings, but this may have'been partly due to the fact that they were sown in the warmer month of April. A few of these same seedlings, how- ever, were not firmly established, they probably being of a different species as the conditions were the same for both. After 2 weeks the hypocotyls of these appeared to wrinkle, and they were drawn firmly into the ground after another week. The hypocotyls of several of the plants which had been firmly established from the beginning were examined and were found to be quite smooth and absolutely devoid of wrinkles as no contraction was needed in these cases. Some older dandelion plants were dug up and examined, to see the appearance of the hypocotyl and roots. In about twelve specimens which were examined, ten showed the deep wrinkling | of the hypocotyl as in Fig. J/., and two specimens only had smooth hypocotyls. Most of the plants were fixed firmly in the soil, but a few that were not firm had-wrinkled hypocotyls 14 ins. to 2 ins. above the soil. When these plants were dug up, it was found that the main root was broken off at the base of the hypocotyl. Because of this injury, the pulling force exerted by the hypocotyl was probably of littie use, as the root was not there to keep the bottom of the plant firm, and there was nothing for it to pull against. Some still older plants from a rockery were examined where conditions were very adverse, and the roots of these were very long indeed and thick, and the tops of the roots and the hypocotyls were strongly marked with wrinkling. In conclusion, a summary of this investigation can be made. From the above experiments it seems that dandelion fruits scattered in rough places as they often are, can germinate and grow to a certain extent, but usually they are not at all firm in the ground: 87 THE GROWTH OF THE DANDELION SEEDLING. In consequence, growth becomes very slow and the plant devotes all its energy to establishing itself firmly in the soil. The inner cells of the hypocotyl contract, causing a wrinkling up of the outer layers and the shoot is pulled firmly into the ground, after which, it can devote its energy to the growth of its leaves and roots. The contraction of the root, and the subsequent drawing down of the very short above-ground stem of the dandelion plant, con- tinues after the seedling stage has been passed. It is due to this that the leaves and flower stalks of the current year always arise just on the surface of the soil. The above investigation was carried out at the suggestion of Professor Darbishire, in the Botany Department of the University of Bristol. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. Fig. I.ato Ig. The settling down of a seedling growing in rough soil :— a, after 14 weeks : ; b, after 15 weeks ; c, after 16 weeks ; d-g, subsequent stages. ; Fig. IJ, A mature plant which has been grown in rough soil, and has been pulled well into the ground. f y { g A ay ‘* t Bi. ; | c ; 88 Bristol Botany in 1918. By Jas. W. WHITE, F.L.S. NOTWITHSTANDING the pressure of other occupations and restrictions on travelling some good work was done during the year by industrious members of the Society and outlying correspondents. Limitation of space forbids the publication of every note ; those of most interest, therefore, have been selected. Ranunculus parviflorus Ll, Clevedon Court Wood; d. S. Thompson. Fumana pallidiflora Jord. Burnham ; Watson in Journ. Bot. 1917, p. 180. Corner of churchyard, Axbridge. The Axbridge roadside plant (F7. Brist. 1389)—and the churchyard colony appears to be the same—has been determined as his var. Babingtoni by Mr. H. W. Pugsley. J. officinalis L., var. Wurtgent Haussk. Knowle, Somerset, 1881 (as F. officinalis); W. H. Painter in Herb. Brit. Mus: Cornfield near Keynsham, S. May, 1918; Miss Roper. VioLA.—Notes by Miss Roper, save where otherwise specified. V. palustris I, Emborough Grove and Eaker Hill Wood ; B. W. Tucker. ‘The Watchetts, near Wells. In two places on the Ashcott peat moor; H. S. Thompson. Shapwick Moor. The rare form alba is on Mendip; J/.W.W. V. epipsila Led., var. glabrescens. Priddy-on-Mendip, 1897 (as palustris); J.W.W. Still there. V. odorata, var. precox, Gaunts Earthcott, G. Hallatrow, S. V. hirta L,., var. propera, Backwell Hill, S$. V. Muvta x odorata, West Hill, Wraxall. Lyncomb Hill, Sandford. Barley Wood, Wrington. Asham Woods, Frome. x V. sepincola, Cadbury Camp. x V. collina, Black Rock, Cheddar. Cardamine pratensis 1,. With double flowers at Bishopsworth, 1880 (F7. Brist. 146). Still persists in four meadows. But observa- tion shows apparently that the change of stamens into petals is due to gall mites affecting the young buds. The condition, therefore is not necessarily reproduced year by year in the same plant. At Pipley Bottom, North Stoke, fine double flowers were blooming a fortnight later than single ones; F. Samson. Lychnis Flos-cucult 1,. With white flowers. Berwick Wood, Hallen, G.; H. J. Gibbons. Ashcott Moor; Miss Roper. Cerastium pumilum Curt. Banwell Hill; Miss Roper. Geramum sanguineum T,. Still in Ebbor Gorge ; Miss Roper. Medicago satiwal,. Inarecent number of The Garden, Mr. H.S. Thompson has a paper on Lucerne and its colour-forms: He 89 BRISTOL BOTANY, mentions that at Burnham the tints vary from pale yellow to black- violet, and he claims very little importance for such colour varia- tions, especially in plants with normally blue, purple or red flowers. Trifolium medium I,. The Perch, Axbridge ; Miss Roper. Vicia lathyroides I,. Above Charlecombe Bay, west of Portis- head ; Miss Roper. Ervum nigricans M.B., Cicer arietinum I,., Lathyrus satiwus I,. Aliens on the Eastville tips ; Miss Roper. Spirea Filipendula I,. Old Down, Tockington ; Miss Roper. Rare in the Gloucestershire division of our district. F vagaria moschata Duch. Woodmancote, Dursley ; Miss Roper. Confirms St. Brody’s record dated 1868. Rubus sulcatus Vest. Wood, Walton Moor; Miss Roper. R. Godrom, var. robustus, P. J. Muell. Rowberrow Bottom; Id. R. anglosaxonicus, vat. setulosus Rogers. By the Avon, G. ; Rev. H. i is Riddelsdell. R. Drejeri, var. Leyanus Rogers. Sea Mills and Crom- hall, G.; Id. Worle Hill, S.; Rev. A. Ley. Shapwick Moor; H. S. Thompson. R. radula var., echinatoides Rogers. Stinchcombe Hill, G. ; Rev. H. J. Riddelsdell. R. Balfourianus Blox. Hedge on Tocking- ton Hill, G.; AZiss Roper. Westridge Wood, Wotton-under-Edge ; Rev. H. J. Riddelsdell. Bupleurum tenmssimum J, Land Yeo estuary, Clevedon ; Rev. E. Ellman. Sambucus nigra 1, A tree with yellow fruit on an ancient track above Weston-in-Gordano ; Miss Winsome Bartlett. Dipsacus pilosus I, Along 100 yards of a hedge on Yate Lower Common; J. W. Haines. Onopordon Acanthium 1, On Breakheart Hill, Dursley, in some quantity; C. FE. L. Gardner. Inula Helenium \,. Corner of field between Congresbury and Churchill ; Mrs. Sandwith. Hieracium maculatum Sm. Holcombe, S., just within the district ; Miss Roper. H. rubiginosum F. J. Hanbury. A second locality at Cheddar, on heights opposite the Black Rock ; Id. Artemisia Tournefortiana Rchb. An Asian introduction. Several plants in a cabbage-patch on Wapping Wharf, Bristol Harbour. On rubbish at St. Anne’s, Brislington. Fowl-run near Kingswood, G; Miss Roper. Garden weed at Failand; D. Williams. Occurred at Didcot, 1895 (Druce); and at Ledbury, 1907 and subsequently (Bickham). Of peculiar habit—erect, slender, unbranched and fi nose BRISTOL BOTANY. 90 tall, up to four feet in height. In Koch’s Synopsis this species is described as being glandular-viscid, but our plants are not so and it has been suggested that they may be A. brenmis Willd. from North America. A. scoparia W. & K. Railway siding, Wapping Wharf. _Lepachys (Rudbeckia) columnaris, the Prairie Cone-flower of the western plains, U.S.A. Determined at the Missouri Botanic Garden. Site of mule camp near Long Ashton, $.; Miss Roper. Vaccinium Myriillus l,. Three distinct patches still exist and produce fruit in Leigh Woods ; Miss Roper. Windmill Hill, between Failand and Portbury ; 7d. Further consideration has led me to believe that the Bilberry may be native on the Court Hill, Clevedon. It is thought to have disappeared at Durbin’s Batch. Atvopa Belladonna J, A number of plants have been reported from fresh spots in Leigh Woods. Digitalis purpurea I, Inthe Journal of Genetics for May, 1918, Miss Saunders has established the fact, apparently not hitherto recognized, that the Common Foxglove shows itself, both in Britain and on the Continent, under two distinct forms ; the one, usually looked upon as the type, with stems densely hairy throughout and thus grey-tinted = D. purpurea—pubescens ; the other = D. pur- purea—nudicaults with bright green stems smooth and polished up to near the flower-spike where hairiness begins. It is stated further that the latter form is more frequent and of wider distribution than the other. This, however, is not yet shown to be the case in the Bristol district, where the hundreds of plants examined were practi- cally all hoary, the form nudicaulis being met with chiefly in gardens. Blhitum virgatum I. Casual at Queen Charlton, S.; Miss Roper. Chenopodium ficifolium Sm. Grassy roadside waste amid nettles between Ken and Kingston Seymour ; Rev. E. Ellman. C. polys- permum I. Chapel Allerton, Wedmore ; Mrs. Sandwith. Odatfield near Yate Court, G.; Miss Roper. On rubbish at Eastville with C. hybrnidum T,.; Id. Euphorbia platyphylios I, Cornfield on Wedmore ; Rev. E. Ellman. Eptpactis atroviridis W. R. Linton. Grayfield Wood, Halla- trow ; Miss Roper and R. V. Sherring. Cephalanthera pallens Rich. Westridge Wood, Wotton-under- Edge, sparingly ; Miss Roper. Still in woods near Hinton Abbey, whence it was recorded by Sole in 1805 ; Jd. Cladium jamaicense Crantz. Walton Moor, near Clevedon, extending about 100 yards along a ditch on the southern side of the moor; Miss Roper. In view of the amount of botanical work 91 BRISTOL, BOTANY. that has been done in the Walton Valley during many years it is astonishing that so fine a sedge should have escaped observation until this summer. Eleochans aciculanis R. & S. Still on the canal bank near Bath, where it was discovered by Mr. D. Fry in 1893. Phleum asperum Jacq. (P. paniculatum Huds.) “‘ Waste ground, Bristol’? ; Mrs. Sandwith. Fowl-run, near Kingswood, G; Miss Roper. | Avena strigosa Schreb. One plant on a waste heap at Eastville, G.; Miss Roper. An introduced plant, probably not a native of Britain, now observed in this district for the first time. Polystichum aculeatum Roth, var. lonchitidioides. Asham Woods, S. fide A. Bennett ; Miss Roper. Nitella intrica'la Braun. Appeared in another pond near Yate at the beginning of February. Observed in the canal at Bath, together with N. opaca Ag. by Mrs. Sandwith in November. Be eset ai ‘ 4 a Scale: 2inches 1 mile. ° Dips shown thus—> 40 \ —- indicates vertical strata S 2 BAS: } Winebriates Faults shown thus ——F 5 “ a A Homes <= PZ Fs 1A hGPE i7 ©, Ye i N/ 1] . at CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF CLIFTON AREA. 92 The Carboniferous Limestone of the Clifton— Westbury—King’s Weston Ridge. By SIDNEY H. REYNOLDS, M.A., Sc.D., Professor of Geology in the University of Bristol. CONTENTS : I. Introduction. II. Disturbances affecting the area. III. Description of the ‘exposures. IV. Conclusion. I, INTRODUCTION. (a) Geological Structure. The rocks described constitute the eastern portion of the faulted and much denuded periclinal uplift, the remainder of which is formed by the Clifton-Clevedon ridge and the Clevedon-Portishead ridge. The mouth of the Avon and its associated flats are respon- sible for the wide gap in the limestone between Penpole Point and Portishead. ‘The area differs from the neighbouring pericline of Broadfield Down in having been greatly denuded in pre-Triassic time, so that the core of the anticline consists of Old Red Sandstone largely concealed under Triassic rocks, and forming a lowland surrounded by the horseshoe-shaped outcrop of the Carboniferous Limestone. Owing to the overstep of the Trias the lower beds of the Carboniferous Limestone series are concealed throughout a considerable part of the outcrop along the inner margin of the horseshoe, while along its outer margin between Redland and Brentry the Iias overlaps the Trias and rests directly on the Carboniferous Limestone. Owing in part to the varying amount of overstep and in part to variation in dip, the width of outcrop of the Carboniferous Limestone varies from its maximum of about a mile near the Avon at Durdham Down, to about 300 yards at a point near the top of Westbury Hill. Much of the area is built over, which adds to the difficulties of mapping. On the other hand the recent great development of allotment gardening has increased the number of exposures. (b) Previous Work. The only publication containing more than the briefest allusion to the rocks which form the subject of this paper is Vaugh- an’s Classical paper ‘‘ On the Paleontological sequence in the Car- boniferous Limestone of the Bristol Area’’; all references under ““Vaughan’’ are to this paper. The rocks are alluded to under the names and symbols adopted by Vaughan, 93 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF CLIFTON AREA. II. DISTURBANCES AFFECTING THE AREA. The northern limb of the horseshoe forms a continuation of the line of faulting which extends from Clevedon towards Clapton- in-Gordano. It shows some interesting evidence of disturbance which here takes the form of folding rather than faulting, the facts being as follows. At Penpole Point the rocks have the normal northerly dip at an angle of about 40°, but as they are fcllowed eastwards the dip increases, till at the Iron Bridge the rocks are vertical, and further to the north-east are inverted and dip at 120° (1.e., have a south-south-easterly dip of 60°). A similar south- south-easterly dip is seen to the north of Combe Dingle, while near Combe Farm there is evidence of sharp folding. In the old quarry 350 yards south-east of the Pavilion on Combe Down, and in the big quarry at the eastern end of the Down the rocks are vertical, or have a normal (N.N.W.) dip at an angle of about 80°. At Brentry the dip is still normal, and not quite so high as in the last- mentioned quarry, but further to the east the dip again increases, the rocks in the old quarry at Brentry Farm being vertical, while in the last set of exposures, those at Upper Knole the rocks in the old disused quarry north of the road are considerably overfolded, dipping at 115° (7.e., having a reversed dip of 65°). Those in the northern part of the big quarry south of the road are slightly overfolded, while those in the main part of the quarry are vertical. III. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPOSURES. (1) The Cletstopora (K) Beds. No permanent exposures of this horizon are seen-in the area except in the immediate neighbourhood of the Avon and north of Combe Dingle. In the wooded slopes leading down from Sneyd Park to the river there are several exposures of the K-beds. Thus the Bryozoa-bed is finely exposed along the eastern boundary of the grounds of Cook’s Folly, where also something is seen of the Km-beds. Exposures of K2 are seen by a path leading from the grounds of Avon Wood towards Press’ Quarry. In the l-inch Geological Survey Map the K-beds are shown (as Lower Limestone shale) extending north-eastward from the — Avon for rather over a mile, 7.¢., till near the top of Parry’s Lane, where they are overlapped by the Dolomitic Conglomerate. I have seen no exposures along this line except a temporary one of the Bryozoa-bed made in 1919 near the north end of Julian road. The K-beds are not shown in the Survey Map from near the top of Parry’s Lane for a distance along the outcrop of about two miles, 7.¢., till the neighbourhood of Combe Dingle is reached. The K-beds are not however concealed under the Dolomitic Con- CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF CLIFTON AREA. 94. glomerate everywhere along this line as limestone with abundant Orthotetes crenistria mut. K1,and other characteristic K fossils was thrown out in 1919 in digging an allotment just N.E. of Cote Grange. From this point as far as near Combe Dingle I have seen no exposure of K-beds, and at the latter place they are small and poor. The Bryozoa-bed is seen at two points, one by the path leading from Combe Mill to the Blaize Castle entrance and just west of the point of junction of the two branches of the Trym, and a second in the bed of the stream just west of the sluice gate a short distance along the path to Westbury. At both these spots the rocks are vertical or have a very high northerly dip. The path leading down to Combe Dingle from the western end of Combe Hill affords a poor section of the Z and K-beds, and in the little wood at its southern end there are some exposures of K1, consisting of grey and mottled limestone and shale. The rocks are apparently sharply folded, as in the northern part of the wood, the dip is north-north-westerly andinitssouthern part south-south-easterly, the dip being in each case at about 70°. A third area where K-beds occur is in the Penpole Point neigh- bourhood. ‘The only exposure I have seen there is one of reddish mottled limestone with Productus cf. martint thrown up in digging at a point about 200 yards west of Wood Lodge. In Shirehampton Park the K-beds occupy a depression between the high ground formed by the Z-beds and that formed by the Old Red Sandstone. 2. The Zaphrentis (Z) Beds. Small exposures,;of the base of Z are seen by the path leading from the grounds of Avon Wood towards Press’ Quarry. Passing northwards from the Avon Section the first exposure of the Z-beds is in allotments in the fields north of Stoke Park road. In 1918 highly fossiliferous Z1-beds were exposed close by in the main road. A small exposure of crinoidal limestone occurs at the top of Parry’s Lane and another containing Orthotetes crenistria and Spirifer clathratus at the corner of the road north of Eastfield House, Westbury. In the grounds of Holmwood, Westbury-on-Trym, there are many highly fossiliferous exposures of the Z-beds dipping S.E. A little quarry at the western end of the wood, just beyond the garden wall forms an excellent collecting ground for Z1 fossils, while higher beds are seen along the path leading to the Southmead quatties. In the large field between Elmfield end Greenway Farm much Carboniferous limestone débris has been thrown up by the plough. The material is to a large extent unfossiliferous dolomite and pro- 1 Q.J.G.S. vol. LXI. (1905) pp. 181-307. 95 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF CLIFTON AREA. bably comes from the base of Z. No fragments indicating the top of the K-beds were met with. As one passes up the Brentry road dolomitized crinoidal lime- stone with Spivifer clathratus and other Z-bed fossils 1s exposed by the roadside. ‘The dip is difficult to ascertain, but the rocks appear to dip at 45° N.N.W. Z-beds are poorly exposed in the old quarry to the west of the road on Henbury Hill, the dip here being probably about 80° N.N.W. From this point westwards as far as near Combe _ Dingle there are several small quarries with Z-beds and many exposures of fossiliferous limestone in the woods. All along here the beds have avery highdip or are actually inverted as in the little quarry tc the northof CombeFarm. Thestratanear CombeFarm have | nota uniform dip as in the lane by the farm a north-north-westerly dipisseen. A south-south-easterly dip implying inversion or sharp folding is also to be seen at Bowden’s field near Combe Dingle. Z-beds are poorly exposed in the lane to the north-west of Hillside. No other exposure of the Z-beds is seen for about a mile, the next exposure being a small onein Shirehampton Park, a quarter-of-a-mile west of the Iron Bridge; here highly fossiliferous crinoidal lime- stone (top of Z2) is seen with the normal northerly dip. Penpole Point is formed of Z-beds, the lower (Z 1) beds being exposed almost continuously along the southern scarp while the upper (Z2) beds are seen in the big quarries along the northern face. (3) The Syringothyns (C) Beds. There are very few exposures of this horizon in the south- western part of the area, except in the neighbourhood of the Gully where the Canimia-oolite crops out at many points, and near the old track leading from the northern end of the Rifle Range quarry to the Downs where there are exposures of the Caninia-dolomite. No other exposure of the C-beds occurs for a distance of two miles, 1.é., till the Southmead quarries are reached. ‘These quarries which are opened along the strike of the rocks, provide a magnificent section of the Syringothvris-beds nearly half-a-mile long. They were opened for the sake of the Caninia-oolite, which with the base of the overlying Canimza-dolomite forms a scarp on the eastern side of the quarry, while the Laminosa-dolomite forms the dip slope on the west. Good exposures are seen of the Suboolite-bed in the Bathing Pool quarry. Vaughan (p. 234) describes the section somewhat iully. A short distance north of the point where the quarries end is an exposure cf the top of the Canimia-oolite and of the base of the Caninza-dolomite with algal layers. ‘This exposure is out of the line of strike of the main exposure and the outcrop has probably been shifted westward by a fault. In the northern limb of the anticline, the strip of country occupied by the C-beds which extends across Henbury Hill and CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF CLIFTON AREA. 96 the golf course on Combe Hiil is almost devoid of exposures, but the different levels can be recognised along the path leading through the Blaize Castle grounds to the Pennywell entrance. ‘The rocks along this path are practically vertical. A fault occurring near the western boundary of Blaize Castle grounds shifts the outcrop of the C-beds about + mile to the north, and then they extend westwatds forming the main part of King’s Weston Hill. Exposures ate not numerous, but the Caninia-oolite is seen in the path leading down from the Roman camp to Echo gate, and there are several exposures of the same horizon in the woods along the northern slope of the hill. There is a small exposure of the Laminosa-dolomite at the northern end of the path leading from Echo gate to Combe Dingle. The considerable quarry near the western end of the hill is in the main in Caninia-oolite, but in the northern part Canima-dolomite is seen dipping at about 45° below the oolite, the rocks being inverted. The quarry still in work (1919) in the wood at the south-western end of King’s Weston Down is in Jaminosa-dolomite with a south-south-easterly (7.¢., reversed) dip of 60°. In the road cutting below the Iron Bridge, laminosa- dolomite is seen south of the Bridge, Canina-colite north of it. It is very difficult to be certain about the dip, but I think the rocks are vertical. Small exposures of Jaminosa-dolomite are seen by the path west of the Iron Bridge. (4) The Seminula (8) Beds. The S-beds are more fully exposed than any other horizon. Their outcrop is seen along the edge of the Downs as far as a point West of the end of Northcote Road. ‘The lowest beds exposed in the road-cutting leading up to the Downs from Proctor’s Fountain are the top of the ‘‘ Concretionary”’ beds, and the same beds, including coarse white oolite are seen at the edge of the Downs over- looking the big bare rock-face South of the Rifle Range Quarry. The quarry (now filled up) near the top of Pembroke Road Man id ene upper So-beds: Just to the: north of, it ' near the air shaft the base of the ‘“‘ Concretionary Beds’’ is fairly well shown. The shalléw workings to the south of the Reservoir are partly in $1 beds which include white china-stones, but those nearer the edge of the Downs are in Seminula-oolite (S2) ; Vaughan (p. 233) gives a list of fossils from the $1 beds here. ‘The district known as “‘ the Quarry’ to the west of Black Boy Hillis now built over, but at least one exposure oi limestone is still to be seen. The rocks here are upper S2, and manv finely weathered specimens of the ““ Concretionary Beds’’ may be seen built into the walls to the north of Worrallroad. In the quarry to the north of Worrall road there is a big exposure of S-beds dipping S.E. at 35°, but they are in poor Condition for examination. ‘There is an exposure of S-beds 97 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF CLIFTON AREA. on Black Boy Hill and at the present time (1919) limestone with Seminula bands is seen in a bit of waste ground to the north of the Tramway company’s establishment on Black Boy Hill. In the big quarry now used as a garden lying between Durdham Park and the Westbury road there is a fine section of the greater part of the S-beds and a bedding plane with Lithostrotion basalit- forme and L. martini finely weathered out is conspicuous. This band is probably on the horizon of the Lithostrotion basaltiforme band in the Rifle Range quarry of the Avon Section. Higher up in the series are massive limestones with four bands of chert and much Lithostrotion martini, and overlying them is a good section of Seminula-oolite. Above this are more massive limestones with Lithostrotion martini and bands full of Chonetes papilionacea, while the highest beds seen at the southern end of the quarry are the lowest ‘“‘ Concretionary Beds.’’ The ‘‘ Concretionary Beds” dipping east at 35° are finely exposed at a point 150 yards south of St. Alban’s Church, Coldharbour Road. Between Halsbury Road and Upper Cranbrook Road, New Clifton, there was formerly a small exposure of the Seminula-beds. Vaughan (p. 234) refers to this exposure as in Westbury Park, near Coldharbour Farm. In this neighbourhood much Semimula-bed material with Choneles papilonacea and Lithostrotion martini has been thrown out during the last few years in digging allotments. From the neighbourhood of Henley Grove to near Southmead no exposures of S-beds are seen, in part owing to the westward extension of the Lias. The last exposure of the S-beds before the limestone finally disappears under the Ljias is in a quarry about 300 yards N.N.W. of the Barton Regis Union ; here Lithostvotion martini is abundant. _In the northern limb of the anticline exposures of the S-beds are frequent from Upper Knole on the east to Lawrence Weston on the west. It will be convenient in describing them to begin at the eastern end and work westwards. The big quarry south of the toad at Upper Knole shows a fine section. The main part of the quarry is in fossiliferous Semsnula-oolite, the beds lying vertically. The southern part of the quarry provides one of the finest sections of the ‘‘ Concretionary Beds”’ in the district. Bedding planes show the algal nodules finely weathered out, while when the rocks are broken across the bedding the ‘‘ Cotham Marble” structure is remarkably well seen. The ‘““Concretionary Beds”’ are slightly overfolded, dipping at 75° or 80° under the oolite. 51 westwards the Si-beds are seen in a small overgrown quaity cast of Brentry Farm, and here the rocks are vertical) in the long quarry at the side of the road at Brentry Hill there is a splendid section from D1 to the bottom of $2, the ‘‘ Concretionary Beds,” which are about 100 feet thick, being very well seen, and including about eight well-marked concretionary bands. ‘The CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF CLIFTON AREA. 98 shaly partings are sometimes crowded with Seminulas. While part of the limestone between the concretionary bands is oolitic much is of calcite-mudstone type. The main part of the quarry 1s in massive grey limestone representing the Seminula-oolite. ‘The old overgrown quarry opposite to the turning to Upper Knole is in $1 — in the main very compact dark china-stone, weathering white and with Seminula-bands. Exposures of the S-beds occur in the grounds of Henbury Hill House, but the next exposure of importance as one passes westward is in the big quarry on Henbury Hill at the eastern end of the golf course. Here the rocks (Seminula-oolite) dip at 80° to 85° N.N.W., 1.¢., they are nearly vertical. Several small exposures of S-beds occur in the golf course, and in Blaize Castle grounds the same rocks are seen in the neighbourhood of Goram’s chair. A fault passing from Bowden’s fields to Echo Gate shifts the outcrop northwards, and the only remaining exposures of undoubted S-beds are near Lawrence Weston. One of these is in the old quarry at the north-eastern corner of Greenhill Plantation, where disturbed reddish limestone with shaly partings and grit bands dips N.W. at 70°. The presence here of Caninia cylindrica mut. 1 with Lithosirotion martim shows the horizon to be upper $1. The other is in the field west of Fernhill, where small exposures of algal limestone from lower $1 occur. In the neighbourhood of King’s Weston House the Survey Map shows a patch of Old Red Sandstone. The rocks are a good deal disturbed and practically vertical. Lithologically the sandstone does not resemble the local Old Red Sandstone, being very uniform in character, and free from pebbles. I am inclined to think it is a local sandy development of S!, comparable to those occurring at this level to the west of Wraxall, at Sodbury, and at Olveston. Observatory Hill consists of the 52 beds repeated by the Clifton fault, and an interesting section occurs on the right of the road leading to the Bridge. ‘The higher beds seen are the base of the** Concretionary Beds’ and several well-marked concretionary bands are exposed. Below come white partly oolitic limestones crowded with Seminula,Carcinophyllum mendipense and Syringopora. The Seminulae, which sometimes show the _ spiral arms, often have the carbonate of lime deposited concentrically round them forming the Semsnula-pisolite structure of Vaughan. An equally fossiliferous exposure of this bed is seen by the winding path leading up to the Observatory. Below come white limestones, largely oolitic, seen in the old quarry near the Observatory where they dip at 25° S.S.E. Along the northern margin of the Camp on Observatory Hill are many exposures of the S-beds, including two bedding planes which show the concretionary structure remarkably well. ‘hese beds which dip nearly due east while the normal dip is $.S.E., have probably beén carried northward by one of the 99 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF CLIFTON AREA. minor thrust planes which traverse the limestone of Observatory Hill. Their discordant dip is probably due to the close proximity of the Clifton fault. (5) The Dibunophyllum (D) Beds. This horizon is comparatively little exposed. The upper Di-beds, chiefly consisting of massive red grits and coarse oolites, ate well seen by the side of Bridge Valley Road, while the lower D1-beds, consisting sometimes of white oolitic limestone, sometimes of pseudobreccia, are seen by the side of the road leading from Proctor’s Fountain up on to the Downs. Pseudobreccias are also well exposed by the railings at the northern corner of ‘‘ Fairyland ”’ and along the edge of the Downs as far eastward as opposite the entrance to the Zoological Gardens. Grits and less often limestones of D1 and D2 age are exposed at various points between the Promenade and Bridge Valley Road. Vaughan (p. 234) gives a list of fossils found in the exposures at the edge of the Downs. Nothing more is seen of the D-beds till the northern limb of the uplift is reached. In the old quarry to the north of the road at Upper Knole, Di-beds consisting of limestone with Cyatho- phyllum murchison and red shaly bands containing giganteid Producti are inverted dipping at 65° below the $2 beds of the big quarry to the South. There are many exposures of white limestone containing Di fossils in the wood which bounds the grounds of the Royal Victoria Home, Brentry,on the north, and the base of D1 is seen at the northern end of the long roadside quarry at Brentry. Castle Hull, Blaize Castle, and a large part of the grounds to the south of the Trym also consist of D-beds. Along the path leading from the Henbury Hill Lodge, coarse oolites and red grits are seen dipping $.S.K. at 80°. An east-north- easterly strike, the normalone for this part of the area, is not every- where maintained for many exposures have an easterly dip ; others a westerly. It is clear that the rocks are a good deal disturbed, and this explains the fact that they have a wide outcrop, in spite of the dip being very high. It is necessary, however, to be on one’s guard against mistaking masses which have slipped down into the ravine for rocks in situ. Vaughan (p. 235) gives a list of D2 fossils found at Blaize Casile. D-beds repeated by the Clifton fault form a band with a maximum width of nearly 300 yards, which extending on the west from the Old Zigzag path to near Windsor Terrace, stretches eastwards with a gradually decreasing width as far as the Victoria Rooms. ‘The tract being completely built over, there are few exposures. Several are, however, seen in the western part of CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF CLIFTON AREA. 100 Victoria Street, and in some of them the coarse oolite so character- istic of the D-beds is well seen. Pseudobreccias are well exposed near the top of the Old Zigzag path. Some years ago, when King Edward’s statue was being erected in front of the Victoria Rooms, the excavations for the purpose showed that the rock there was the extreme top of the D-beds. The characteristic fossil Productus scabriculus occurred abundantly. Many exposures of red grit occur in Clifton Wood and to the north of the Hotwells. Thus there is a big exposure under the western end of the Paragon, another one opposite the end of Cornwallis Crescent, and another at the eastern end of Clifton Wood Terrace. Probably some of these are bands in the D-beds, but it is impossible here to accurately map the boundary between D2 and the Millstone Grit. 4, CONCLUSION. The only point of general interest to which allusion might be made is the existence of a line of disturbance extending along the northern limb of the uplift from Kingsweston to Upper Knole. Along this line the rocks are often vertical or overfolded. My thanks are due to the many people who have kindly allowed me to explcre their grounds, and in particular to the late Mrs. Harford, of Blaize Castle, and Mr. S. H. Badock, J.P., of Holmwood, Westbury-on-Trym. oe n THO: ELWORTHY Se SOM ia ae: Printers and Stationers, : ns NEWMARKET AVENUE, ue BROAD STREET, BRISTOL. ‘SERIES, VOL. V., Part IIL. (issued 1921 for 1919). Prick Two SainLINcs. | NUAL REPOR in | | Vick y: “I vis Meritt mls PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. NE CME, | A ON (aie feeekliy SERIES, VOL. V., Part III. (issued 1921 for 1919). PricE Two SHILLINGS. ANNUAL REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE Bristol Naturalists’ Society. eS Vl i y :. lie ee ay: 40 Sewer peo | eae a % A if | hl ( mi it at W/, ~ tae: | ‘Ep i \ H ee \ BRISTOL, aes y ~ ~ d fs) na ¥iusSe t\ Y PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. onal, Museu MCMXXI. Sad PARE (OF CONTENTS. POWRTE Bob RLS VOL) ov. PART Ii (1921) issued for 1919), PAGE @imeers for 1919 .... he a Ay wae sie Shed poe aS, Officers of Sections for 1919 bie ne ‘ae nat BSc iu ge 104 ist of Members. ... ‘ee sien woe as ie sa ceed EOS Honorary Members ... ae re aa ase si vis oe) LOS Report of Council ... sis fas das oe ne oe crab that OF Treasurer’s Report a a ee oe ee ee a ecw 6) Librarians’ Report ... si Ae a one sa < eon meclel Exchange Vist Bie ist tae ee Se ce Rae ne 112 Report of Geological Section An 2 ae a + ere biG Report of Entomological Section are Wee ae ah Scag AS Account of the Annual and General Meetings a) ues econ NG Presidential Address, ‘‘ Camouflage in the Insect World,” by G. C. Griffiths, F.E.S. es ae ihe ae se Yites Foaebaal Pahieriiine or a Diatom;,’ by Cedric Bucknall, Mus. Bac., Oxon ... 126 ppReport on Spartina Townsendi,’’ by Ida M. Roper, F.L 5S. Seg LO Existol Botany in 1919, by Jas. W. White, F.1L.S. ... ae Aen ie 1) “Some Geological Studies at Clevedon, Somerset,” by Edward Greenly,. DSc. Bh om ay iste aa Bie Be a ial key) “The Pleistocene Formations of Claverham, etc.,” by Edward Greenly, D.Sc. ane 145 For information concerning the Bristol Naturalists’ Society generally, or concerning its meetings, please apply to the present Hon. Secretary and Editor— Miss IpA M. ROPER, 4, WOODFIELD ROAD, REDLAND, — BRISTOTI,. All Books, Pamphlets, Reports of Proceedings sent by way of exchange, gift, or otherwise, and all correspondence relating thereto should be addressed to--- HON. LIBRARIAN, ‘Briston Nat. Soc. UNIVERSITY CLUB, 20, BERKELEY SQUARE, BRISTOL, . 104 Officers for 1919. President : BEd. (COOK SC.40) Past Presidents : Prof. C. LroypD Morcan, L1,.D., F.R.S., F.GS. Prof. SYDNEY YOUNG, Sc.D., F.R.S. A> B. PROWSE, WD: FF RIC. C.K: Rupes, Ri CsP ERs: J. W. Warts, F.L.S. Miss IpA M. Ropgr, F.L.S. G. C. GRIFFITHS, F.E.S. Vice-Presidents : WW. E. BOvLE, Disc, W. A. Smith, M.A., M.B. Members of Council: Miss McINTYRE, 1915 H. J. Grpsons, 1918. T. Morcans, 19138. C. T. GIMINGHAM, 1916. J. RAFTER, 1919. Miss I. WorstLky, 1916. C. J. Hopcson, 1914. Poh: OLY. SEO Le: Dr. O. V. DARBISHIRE, 1918. Hon. Treasurer : W. A. SmrrH, M.A., M.B., 70, Pembroke Road, Clifton. Hon. Auditors : Be Cook; SsexD: CHARLES BARTLETT, A.C.A. Hon. Secretary and Editor : Miss IpA M. Ropsr, F.L.S., 4, Woodfield Road, Redland, Bristol. Hon. Reporting Secretary : Hon. Librarian : #.. B. PROWSE, M.D), FRCS: Miss I. M. Ropsr, F.L.S., Hon. Sub-Librarian. Officers of Sections, Botanical : President—CEDRIC BUCKNALL, Mus. Bac., 13, Whatley Road, Clifton. Entomological : President—G. C. GRIFFITHS, F.E.S., 3, Leigh Road, Clifton. Secretavy—CHARLES BARTLETT, 8, Woodhill, Portishead, Somerset. Geological : President—S. H. REYNOLDS, M.A., Sc.D., F.G.S., The University, Bristol. Secretavy—B, A, BAKER, F.G.S., Poulton Lodge, Sneyd Park, Bristol, —— ma * List of Members, A Associate Member. 105 December, 1920. “+ Life Member. "ries coutributed Papers to the “ Proceedings.:’ PPI BAIYI ISI Adams, Miss S. E. Alexander, D. A., M.D. Almond, Stanley Amory, T.-H. ~... Atkinson, E. C. ... wudeent, EH. 1), ... Badock, Stanley H. Baker, B. A., F.G.S. Balfour, A., B.A. Balfour, Mrs. A. Barke, H. F, sie Barrow, L,., M.L.Mech.E., FE es. Bartlett, Chas. % : Baynes, FE. S. Bickford, FD: ».: Blackmore, 1 Ore EG.S. Blood, B. N,, M.D. = Blood, Geo. ‘2 Bolton, je We Rome agy Re. S, E., EGS. Brebner, Mrs. G. : Brittain, Col. R. Bryaat, Miss B. oe Bucknall, C., Mus. Bace Carter, Miss F. Cay, Arthur Chamberlain, W. Charbonnier, IT. .:. Charbonnier, Mrs. T. City Librarian Clarke, A. as Cockle, Miss lL. ... Cogaa, Miss R. Cook, 5.2 b.,--1.Sc. Cook, Mrs. E. H. Cooper, J. es Cottle, A. W. Crozel, Prof. G Daniels, Miss x ae Darbishire, Prom O. Wie Ph, )D eee Darell, D., F.G.S. j qd’ Assis- Fonseca, Ba, M. Davies, A. T., E.R.MS. Davies, be 8G a ; Dear, e L. : Dunscombe, Miss NN a I Ne Redland House, Durdham Park, Bristol 30, Berkeley Square, Clifton Edenhurst, Pembroke Road, Clifton 29, Beaufort Road, Clifton 5, Pembrcke Vale, Bristol 34, Belvoir Rd., St. Andrew’s, Bristol Holmwood, Westbury-on- Trym Poulton Lodge, Sneyd Park, Bristol 7, Gloster Row, Clifton, Bristol 7, Gloster Row, Clifton, Bristol 27, Berkeley Square, Clifton Wolverley, King’s Norton, Birmingham 8, Woodhill, Portishead 29, Cotham Road, Bristol 91, Devonshire Rd., Redland, Bristol 36, Whatley Road, Clifton, Bristol 5, Brynland Avenue, Bishopston 9, Upper Belgrave Road, Clifton The Museuin, Bristol 22, Victoria Road, Cotham, Bristol Failand Hill, near Bristol 7, West Park, Clifton 13, Whatley Road, Clifton, Bristol 14, Charlotte Street, Park St., Bristol Lyndhurst, Leigh Woods, Bristol 51, Oakfield Road, Cliftcn 9, Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton 9, Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton Central Library, Bristol 16, Woodstock Rd., Redland, Bristol 64, Worrall Road, Clifton 3, Elton Road, Cievedon 27 Berkeley Square, Bristol 27. Berkeley Square, Bristol 43, Station Rd., Ashley Down, Bristol Black Horse Hotel, Kingswood, Bristol Cheinin des Celestins, 17, Ouillons (Rhone), France Cranford House School, Clifton The University, Bristol Hillfield House, near Dartmouth 8, Arlington Villas, Clifton Avon House, Keynsham, Bristol Down House, Stoke Bishop, Bristol 10, Canowie Road, Redland, Bristol 1, The Quadrant, Redland, Bristol 106 LIST OF MEMBERS. Evans, Eyvor Wares Evens, F. W. Francis, = Er Ne 5-2 Francombe, J. T. ity, 7 Re Cibbous; nla Gimingham, C. T. Goodall, Rev. R. W. Goulding, Thomas Greenwood, C. Grifiths, G 9G. So. Griffiths, Miss D. M. Griffiths, G. J. Grove, Otto Gummer, Horace Hellyar, R. Herbert. ; nie Heslop, J.°R..-P: A Hewer, T. F. AS AS eS Hodgson, -€:/ J. Hony, G.- Bb: nn Hopkins GG, us Horder, Miss M. G. Hoyle, .W; —., Dise: Tevens; ©) +22: Ivens, W. B. Jenkins, Mrs. Jermyn, Col. T Jervis, W. W., MSc., F.G.S. Jolly, H. F. Knowlson, James F. Knowlson, Mrs. ... Lee, Miss FE. M., M.Sc. Lemin, M. Linton, Dr. Marion, M. B. Liewellin, W. H. Lord, Mrs. Lynn, Miss L, i. Male, H., a NG we M. Mappin, S.W. . Matthews, Ibe Morgans, Thos., fee Morgans, Mts. Nierenstein, M., Ph.D. ... Norgrove, J. W. Nuell, F. H. Odell, Miss D. A. 46, Horfield Ras St. Michael’s, Bristol 8, Rokeby Avenue, Redland, Bristol 10, Victoria Square, Clifton Southville, Bristol 1, Niblett’s Hill, St. George, Bristol 8, Nugent Hill, Cotham, Bristol Cider Institute, Long Ashton, Bristol 6, Victoria Square, Clifton 6, Nelson Street, Bristol Farleigh, Flax Bourton, Somerset Penhurst, 3, Leigh Road, Bristol Penhurst, 3, Leigh Road, Bristol 73, Kingsdown Parade, Bristol Cider Institute, Long Ashton, Bristol Herbert Todge, Cotham Park, Bristol 18, Redland Grove, Bristol 4, Southfield Road, Cotham, Bristol 34, Henleaze Gardens, Westbury-on- Trym 24, West Shrubbery, Redland, Bristol 5, Cotham Terrace, Bristol 4, Beaufort Road, Clifton 32, Canynge Square, Clifton Highweek, Brislington, Bristol National Museum, Cardiff 18, Alexandra Road, Clifton, Bristol 49, Ravenswood Road, Bristol 10, Napier Road, Redland, Bristol Highchiff, Weston-super-Mare The University, Bristol Glenavon, Clifton, Down, Bristol 9, Downfield Road, Clifton 9, Downfield, Clifton 55, Logan Road, Bishopston 3, All Saints’ Road, Clifton 21, Oakfield, Road, Clifton 8, Cotham Lawn Road, Bristol 14, Charlotte Street, Park St., Bristol 15, Arlington Villas, Clifton 14, York Place, Clifton 100, Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol King’s College, Cambridge 7, Elton Road, Tyndall’s Park, Bristol 7, Elton Road, Tyndall’s Park, Bristol 30, Cavendish Road, Bristol 22, Alma Road, Clifton 63, Springfield Road, Bristol 22, Berkeley Square, Clifton mh * A #8 A List OF MEMBERS: 107 Pamuer 1, S., M.Sc. ... ... The University, Bristol Erowse, A. B., M.D. ... ... 5, Lansdown Place, Bristol Prowse, Mrs. oe. ... 5, Lansdown Place, Bristol Prowse, Miss sere aie ... 5, Lansdown Place, Bristol Ratter,- Jz; M.A. es ... The University, Bristol Reyuolds, S. H., Sc.D., F.G.S. 13, All Saints’ Road, Clifton peogen. Frank ai ... 15, Percival Road, Clifton Robbins, F. a ... 938, Tyndall’s Park Road, Clifton Rogers, W. H. M. ... 18, Fairlawn Road, Montpelier Roper, Miss I. M., F. ie 4, Woodfield Road, Redland, Bristol Rudge, C.K., L.R. Cc. Py M.R.C. S) 145, Whiteladies Road, Bristol Rutter, Miss E. M. “i . Cambridge House School, St. John’s Road, Clifton Salmond, P. W. ° oe ... 9, Oakfield Place, Clifton Samson, F. ay ae ... 4, Woodfield Road, Redland, Bristol Sandwith, Mrs. ... AO ... 26, Canynge Square, Clifton Sandwith, N. Y. ae .«. Keble College, Oxford Scott, W. G. Ge ae ... 25, Duke Street, Cardiff Selman, Miss M. M. es. ... 9, Buckingham Place, Clifton Seyler. CA. oe ae ... Nelson Terrace, Swansea Shaw, Miss M. G. aes ... 4, Kenilworth Road, Redland, Bristol Shepherd, G. D. ae ... Gresham Chambers, Kingsway, Cardiff Sinnott, Jas. Hee Me ... 15, Beaufort Road, Clifton Smith, Miss A. ae ... 70, Pembroke Road, Clifton Smith, Miss E. e ... 70, Pembroke Road, Clifton Smith, D. Munro, M.R. CS ... 73, Down’s Park E.,Westbury-on-Trym Smith, W. A., M.A., M. B ... 70, Pembroke Road, Clifton Smith, Rev. W Leen ae ... 17, Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton Smith, Mrs. W. deers ... 17, Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton Stanton, D. W. ... ie ... 42, Alma Road, Clifton Stanton, Mrs. ah. hos i. 42. 7Alnia) Road, Clitton Stevens, F. H. ... 9, Osborne Villas, St. Michael’s, Bristol Stewart, D. McDonald, E.G SS. .... 25, Woodstock Road, Bristol Suiliy. E.. ‘I. ce , -.. 105 Durdham Park, Bristol auitener, J. W. ... ee ... 97, Berkeley Rd., Bishopston, Bristol Underhill, J. LT. ... aa ... 2, Brynland Avenue, Bristol Vaughan, Mrs. ... ce .. 42, Fernbank Road, Redland, Bristol Wallis; F. S. ae ... 9, Windsor Terrace, Clifton Walton, Teac st oe ... 18, West Park, Bristol Webb, H. Vicars es ... 122, Sefton Park Road, Bristol Wrest, Mrs. A. ... ae ./, 5, Devonshire Road, Westbury Park Wwihate, Jas. W., F.L,.S. ... 18, Woodland Road, Clifton, Bristol White, Mrs. Se oe ... 18, Woodland Road, Clifton, Bristol Wickes, W. H. ie ... 16, Oakfield Grove, Clifton Wills, G. A. ieee ae ... Burwalls, Leigh Woods, Bristol Wills, W.-M. ae ie ... Bracken Hill, Leigh Woods, Bristol Wilson, EF. A. . ” ... southey House, College Green, Bristol Wiltshire, Oia) ae B. Scy BA Neganda, Long Ashton, Bristol Womersley, Es se Beep ... 17, Devonshire Road, Westbury Park, Bristol, Wingate, Miss H. M., M.A... 40, Alma Road, Clifton Worsley, Miss I. te ... Rodney Lodge, Clifton WMapbicom, I. B., MECE. .. 23, Oakfield Road, Clifton 108 Lisi’ OF MEMBERS. Honorary Members. Prof. George 8S. Brady, M.D., L.D., D.Se., F.R.S) ee Sa eae ele Endcliffe, Sheffield. Henry J. Charbonnier, Haw Lane, Olveston, Tockington, R.S.O., Glos. Prof, C. Lloyd Morgan, LL,.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., 5, Victoria) Square, ©ion Bristol. R. M. Prideaux, F.E.S., Brasted’ Chart, near Sevenoaks, Kent. Prof, H. S. Hele Shaw, MI.CE., LL.D., F.R.S., 6% Victoria Street, West- minster, S.W. 1. Prof. W.. J. Sollas, M.A.,’ UL.D., F.R.S, FRS Bi Gras em seteies Museum, Oxford. Sir W. A. Tilden, D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in the Imperial College of Science, S. Kensington, 5.W. 7. . William Whitaker, B.A., F-R.S., F.G.S., Freda, Camden Road, Croydon. Prof. Sydney Young, D.Sc., F.R.S., Trinity College, Bubim. 109 REPORT OF COUNCIh. To December 31st, 1919. oe year has been a success both on account of the improved attendance at the meetings, and the number of new members elected ; also because the papers read proved to be of special interest, and were all given by members or local scientists. The membership has received an addition of 23, of which 19 were ordinary and 4 associates under the age of 21; and what is equally gratifying, there were only 3 resignations. ‘Thus in the last 2 years the Society has added 40 new members and lost only 5 by withdrawals, and the total membership now stands at 144. Another point to be noted is that three Associates have become ’ Ordinary members, an example which is hoped will be followed by others. The ‘‘ Proceedings ’’ for 1917 were published early this year and distributed to members and Corresponding Societies. This formed Part I. of Vol. V. 4th S., and the contents for Part IT. have been prepared and are in the Press. Council has thought it adviseable to alter some of the Laws, and the opportunity was taken to revise them throughout. ‘This was done by a Committee at a series of meetings, and its. work has received the approval of Council, and it is proposed to submit them for members’ acceptance at an early date. In December a Special Meeting was held, convened by 7 members, about holding, during the session, additional but informal Exhibition Meetings, in order to offer opportunities for present and new members to show ean increased interest in Natural History on different lines. After full discussion it was decided by vote that the experiment should be tried, and the holding of them should not be added to the work of Council, but left entirely in the hands of the Sections to arrange. A Sumimer Excursion took place in June to the Clifton Zoological Gardens, and was very well:supported. The Society was received by the President of the Gardens, and the celebrated collection of Ferns was explained. On January 9th members were invited by the Committee and Director of the Bristol Museum to a reception held to pay honour and thanks to the retiring President, Mr. G. C. Griffiths, for the great help he had long given to the arrangement for their Entomo- logical collections. There were eight General Meetings, including an Exhibition night, which as stated before were very successful in interest and in attendance of members. IDA M. ROPER, Hon, Secretary, VOV Walavg Sava 7 ‘6I6IL ‘4aquasag SAOJIPN . MOOD “H LSHnazy ‘JOoII0D punoy pue peipny tL € OLts Its 00 OM ‘Three inches or more in length, and as thick as a finger, its apple-green body has stripes of lilac, edged with white, seven in number, on each side. Its head is probably raised, showing an emerald green face, bordered with brown, and on its tail is a formidable looking horn. But place the creature on a branch in the midst of a privet-bush, and it straightway dis- appears from view, though you would judge that the narrow leaves, could scarely serve for its concealment. ‘The side-stripes cut up the bulk of the caterpillar, and thus make it resemble the privet leaves and their shadows, whilst the creature’s face simulates one of the unripe berries, which at that season are precisely of the same shade of green, the brown border giving the requisite globular appearance. If we are fortunate enough to meet with the sincular cater- pillar of the Lobster-moth (Stauropus fagt), which I have twice beaten out of lime in Leigh Woods, where it is very uncommon, we find another and very different form of disguise. The larva, when young, strongly resembles a red ant, the second and third pairs of legs being long, and very different to those of most Lepidopterous larvae. When full grown and at rest, it much resembles a curled and withered leaf of the beech, which is its usual food, as the scientific name of the moth implies. The tail 122 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. claspers of the larva are modified into two long thin appendages, which are often held together and represent the leaf-stalk. The legs are doubled up and resemble the bunches of brown scales which enclose the buds of the beech, and hang down after the latter are unfolded. But if the caterpillar be disturbed, it at once throws its fore part almost upright, and waving its elongated legs in a most threatening manner, seems like a great spider pre- paring to spring upon its prey. At the same time, the hinder part of the body is erected, so that the two tail appendages are protruded above the head, and the movement of these and the sides of the body help to add to its grotesque and alarming alarm- appearance. Muller has suggested that this spider-like appearance is a defence against the attacks of ichneumon flies, which, he has observed, keep out of the way of spiders and are rarely found in their webs. ‘This is rendered still more probable by the fact referred to by Poulton, that on the fourth and fifth body-rings there is an intensely black patch sunk below the surface and covered by a flap when the creature is at rest. When irritated this flap is lowered and the patches become visible, giving, as Muller suggests, the appearance of stings of ichneumon flies, warning off the fly by an intimation that the body of the larva is already inhabited by a parasite. Poulton points out, however, that the rarity of the Lobster caterpillar is a proof that in spite of its many devices it frequently succumbs to its enemies ; two species of ichneumon flies, at least, are known to prey upon it. There is a caterpillar of a rather rare moth, Acronycta alni, one of the most striking of our Noctuae, which in its yc unger stages of development is exceedingly sluggish in its demeanour, and when at rest neatly always turns its head round against the body, resembling with its curious white and grey colouring, a round patch of bird’s dropping. I have kept some of these larve, and have often been struck by this peculiar rest-attitude. But when the larva is nearly full grown and has assumed the final garb of its caterpillar life, it comes out in a startling velvet black, barred by broad bands of yellow. Black and yellow, we may remark, are perhaps the most usual colours of distasteful cater- pillars, namely, those that birds refuse to eat. One of cur large Bombycine moths, Gasiropacha querctfolia, bears a most remarkable resemblance to a bunch of brown and withered leaves, and the rest-position always assumed by it is such as to bring out this likeness to the fullest effect : the fore wings being held almost vertically over the body, whilst the hind wings are spread out horizontally. This moth, many years ago, used to occur on the gas-lamps on Ashley Down, and I have been told this attitude was nearly always assumed, though of course the disguise would not be nearly as effective on a lamp as when occurfing in its natural surroundings on a tree-trunk, PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS, _ 123 The beautiful Kentish Glory moth, Endromis versicolora, when at rest upon a birch tree, is described by Holland as strongly resembling a bunch of dead leaves. In the very young stage of its larval existence, however, it is described by Gascoyne as resting in companies on the ends of the small twigs, when they are com- pared to the little black stumps so common on the birch. When they are a little larger, they are of a dull green colour, and still sit in companies on the twigs, and then resemble its catkins ; I found this most striking on breeding the larvee some years ago. But if these larve are disturbed they throw back their heads and then bear a strong likeness to the larve of Tenthridinide, which Poulton has proved by experiment to be distasteful to birds. When still larger, the larvee no longer appear in companies, but rest on the twigs singly, and as the colour is now green, with yellow and dark green side stripes, the resemblance is to a half-opened leaf, where the side stripes do duty for the leaf veins. A striking and handsome moth, the Black Arches, Psilura monacha, is beautifully protected in its larval, pupal and imaginal stages, by its resemblance to the lichens, which so often flourish on the various forest trees on which it feeds. The larva is thickly covered with greyish hairs and often rests on a lichen- covered branch, the pupa is black, but with tufts of hair upon it, and is enclosed in a thin loose cocoon of white silk, fastened into a chink in the bark, whilst the moth itself, its wings decorated with delicate scroll-markings on a white ground, settles itself on the grey lichens of the tree-trunks. This moth occurs much more frequently in the New Fcrest and in Surrey than in the more western parts of England. The caterpillar of one of our commonest moths, Rumia crataegata, the Brimstone Moth, is protected in a most remark- able degree by its resemblance to one of the short blackish-brown twigs of the hawthorn, on which it feeds. If we look at these twigs, we shall probably find some of them bent in the middle, and a little projection just at the bend. ‘This is exactly reproduced in the larva. There are several variations in the colouring of this caterpillar, but all of them seem to tend towards similarity to the trees on which they are found. Some extensive and careful experiments carried out by Prof. Poulton and Miss Lilian Gould seem, says Barrett, to prove that the varying colours of the larvee are directly affected by their environment, ‘‘ the green colour being gradually assumed by almost every larva which was fed on very green and light coloured focd ; whilst thcse fed on old dark green leaves, with dark twigs, remained in a large proportion dark brown, Whilst watching these experiments Miss Gould discovered that. when hanging by a thread from the food-plant, the larva would whirl itself round when disturbed, and spin upon the thread with such swiftness as to become quite indistinguishable from any bit of dead leaf twirling in the wind cn a thread of spider’s web.” 124 PRESIDENTIAL, ADDRESS. On the Scotch fir, Pinus sylvesivis, may be sometimes found the larva of the pretty moth, FPidomia piniaria, the two sexes of which are strikingly dissimilar ; the caterpillar has lateral stripes which when in position on the growing pine-needles render it most difficult to detect. On the same tree we may find the larva of a Noctuid moth, Panolis piniperda, which is also protected in an exactly similar way ; the moth itself, however, is fond of settling on the reddish trunk and branches of the pine tree, and escapes notice by ‘its singular likeness to the bark ; we thus find that both moth and caterpillar are protected by resemblance to their environment, though in different ways. The pretty larva of Larentia cesiata, which feeds principally on heather, is beautifully protected when upon its food plant, but the moth, with its grey-banded colouration, finds its security by resting on the grey rocks or boundary wall of the northern moors and hills, which are its principal habitat. I have taken it myself on moors in the counties of York and Durham, and it seems almost restricted to these mountainous districts, the most southern recorded locality being the Black Mountain, Herefordshire, except as to one solitary specimen taken in 1870 on Durdham Down, by a former member of our Society, the late Mr. J. W. Clarke. This specimen is now in my collection, and I have the pleasure of ex- hibiting it here to-night. One of our butterflies, the Comma, Vanessa C- album, which is sometimes abundant in Herefordshire and the Wye Valley, and is certainly far more frequently found in the West of England than elsewhere, has with its curiously indented wings, with their dark mottled undersides, a striking resemblance to dead leaves. It has also a habit, which I have noticed once or twice in Leigh Woods, of settling on tree-trunks, where, in spite of its bright fulvous ground colour, the black spotting of the upper surface renders it auite inconspicuous. But any account of the disguises of butterflies would be incomplete without some mention of the Kallimas or Indian Leal Butterflies, the first records of which were made by Alfred Russel Wallace in his great wc1k on the Malay Archipelago. The descrip- tion of his first acquaintance with Kallima has been so often quoted that I forbear to repeat it in part, preferring rather to advise you to read it in full in his book. Other strongly leaf-like disguises may be seen in the under-sides of the beautiful genus Anaea, a South African group, also in the pretty little Lzbvthea celtis, a South European species, which has for near relatives in its genus, L. labdaca, from West Africa and L. geoffroyi from the Austro-Malayan Region, each of which is remarkable for the long snout-like fcrm of its palpi, and the curious foliaceous appearance of its under surface. After dealing with so many of the insects of the Order Lepi- doptera, we may just touch upon the remarkably pertect disguise of some of our Dipterous flies, which masquerade in a dress which is a close copy of that of the Humble-Bees (Bomb1). ‘The specimens PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 125 exhibited belong to the form plumata of Volucella bombylans. ‘This fly, though so closely resembling the bee, may be at once dis- tinguished by its beautifully plumed antenne. These Dipterons lay their eggs in the nests of the Humble-bees, which they so nearly imitate, and the mimicry is Aggressive rather than Protective, as it enables the fly to pass unchallenged into the nest cf the bee, and there its progeny will feed on the provisions stored for the bee- larvee, or even upon the larve themselves. The insect to which I shall next draw your attention is a beetle, though one of a very remarkable shape and appearance ; so much so that its proper place in the classification of the Cole- optera has been in debate amongst different authors. Its scientific name is Mormolyce phyllodes, and it is a native of Java and Penang. In the latter locality, Distant states that it is known as the Fiddler, on account of the queer resemblance of its outline to a fiddle. The - ‘* Autocrat of the Breakfast Table’ remarks in his delightful pages, ‘“Nature never leaves a crack or a crevice, mind you, or a joint in a tavern bedstead, but she always has cne of her flat-pattern live timekeepers to slide into it.’ Holmes may well have thought of this msect as an example, for certainly it is dithcult to conceive of any creature which is flatter in pattern. The wide-spreading elytra are so thin and transparent that it is possible to read printing through them. ‘The insect is found under fungi growing on the bark of or beneath the trees, usually in a shallow crevice under the fungus. If disturbed it runs away with great rapidity. The elytra are soft during life, and it is oniv when the beetle is dead that they assume their hard and crisp texture. Of course, this pliability enables the creature to adapt itself in shape to the cranny in which it lurks. ‘The leaf-like appearance which gives it its specific name, must be a great protection when amongst leaves on the ground. Some of the Orthoptera are very beautifully protected by resemblance to twigs, notably the Stick-insects or Phasmida, which carry out the likeness to a most remarkable extent, and in the fullest detail. Some are green like the young growth of a bough, others dark brown as the older twigs. Lastly I must call your attention to the very singular leat- insect Phyllium scythe, a native of India, in which wing-cases, body and legs all present the very closest approach to leaves, even the veining of the leaf being accurately reproduced. This is a vegetable feeder and perfectly innocuous to other insects, and its disguise has the sole purpose of safe-guarding the creature from its foes, thus being in absolute contrast to the leaf-like pose of the Mantis, which is assumed in order to enable that rapacious insect to seize its prey. With these I cannot deal this evening, and must be content simply to“mention them. The whole subject is so large that it is impossible to mark its limits ; I can only sayin the words of the Arabian Nights Entertainments, quoted by Kipling as a motto for a recent work—‘‘Praised be Allah for the diversity of his creatures !”’ 126 The Life of a Diatom. By CEDRIC BUCKNALL, Mus. Bac. (Oxon.) HE Diatomacee or Bacillanee, are minute aquatic plants forming a division of the Alga, and are characterised by their silicified cell-wall and the golden-brown or olive-brown colour of the endochrome. Each individual diatom consists of a single cell, invisible to the naked eye except in the case of the largest forms, and therefore practically unknown as a distinct organism except to the micro- scopist. Iiving diatoms in masses may often be seen forming a brown film on the mud and stones of wayside pools and ditches, on the mud of tidal rivers, floating in thick masses on the surface of deeper water, or on logs and the timber of piers. Diatoms are also found in lakes, clothing aquatic plants with a gelatinous film or growing on them as parasites ; in brackish water, on moist sand on the seashore, amongst seaweeds, and floating in enormous numbers in the open sea as plankton, esp@cially in the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans, where they are even found growing on blocks of ice. Of their occurrence as fossils mention will be made later. Since the invention of the achrematic microscope their siliceous valves have been studied assiduously, and during the last 100 years about 12,000 species have been described and named. In form, diatoms are of every conceivable symmetrical figure— linear, oblong, square, triangular, polygonal ,circular, sometimes furnished with horns or processes of various shapes. ‘Their valves are most variously and beautifully sculptured with ribs, lines, dots and other markings, often requiring the highest powers and finest modern lenses for their resolution. In some species over 100,000 lines to the inch have been counted. ‘The siliceous valves being indestructible by ordinary means are easily preserved and mounted for the microscope, and the majority of diatomists in the past have been content to study them in this condition, but it is only by the study of the living plant that a true knowledge of its structure can be attained. Since the discovery of diatoms as living organisms, certain problems connected with their life-history have exercised the minds of students. As yet these problems have been only partially solved, and there is still much to be learnt with regard to their mode of reproduction and their power of movement. Several distinguished investigators have studied the life-history of diatoms, and we are indebted to Lauterborn for a very complete account of the structure, cell-division and movements of certain species which are specially suitable for the purpose. A diatom- cell consists of two Valves, each furnished with a marginal Gzrdle- THE LIFE OF A DIATOM 27 band, one of which fits over the other like the lid of a box. ‘The complete cell is called a l*vusiule. One of the diatoms selected by Lauterborn for study was a large species of Pinnularia. ‘This is oblong in form and rectangular in section, and each valve is furnished with marginal, transverse, hollow ribs, which leave a clear median longitudinal space, and have openings communicating with the interior of the cell. In the median space there are two terminal and one central nodule connected by two longitudinal clefts which together form the Raphe and open to the exterior by pores at the central nodule. If we examine a living specimen of this diatom with a power of 200 or 300 diameters, we see that it is coloured greenish-brown by a layer of chlorophyll. This is suffi- ciently transparent to allow of a central mass or bridge of proto- plasm being visible, and thts contains the nucleus of the cell. Sometimes we can discern in the protoplasm short, slender rods in pairs, which generally point towards the centre, and also traces of delicate protoplasmic bands which extend to the ends of the cell, There are, irregularly scattered, or sometimes in fixed positions, globules of different sizes, some of which consist of oil, and in some species there are vacuoles containing bodies named after their discoverer, ‘‘ Buetschli’s red granules,’ and also small bodies containing albuminous protein called Pyrenoids. Starch is absent. With a high power lens of wide aperture the protoplasm is seen to be reticulate or honeycombed in structure, and, treated with various stains and reagents, the nucleus, with one or more nucleoli and a small body called the Centrosome, becomes more visible. The nucleus also shews a reticulate structure with minute granules of chromatin at the nodes of the network. The mode of reproduction in diatoms is only partially known, but multiplication by cell division is common to all species, and results in an enormous number of individuals. This commences with the division of the nucleus, a complicated and interesting process, which has been thoroughly worked out, described, and illustrated with beautiful drawings by Lauterborn. ‘The following is a brief outline of this process. The reticulation of the nucleus becomes looser, the chromatin granules form bead-like strings, and the beads coalesce, forming bent rods called Chromosomes. The centrosome increases in size, and at length forms a Central Spindle, which takes up a position across the centre of the cell, and the chromosomes arrange themselves round its centre parallel with the axis of the diatom. They then move round through an angle of 90° to the two ends of the central spindle, and each group of chromosomes resolves itself into a new nucleus. ‘Two new valves are formed on the central line of the diatom, and these becoming silicified, the cell-division is complete, with the result that two new frustules are formed, each containing one old and one new valve. 128 ‘HE LIFE OF A DIATOM, It has been supposed that through continued cell-division, the frustules must at length reach the smallest size compatible with the species, but if this is the case in some genera, it is by no means universal, as long flat bands or cylindrical threads are sometimes formed by repeated cell-division and the adherence together of the frustules, and these are the same size throughout. This is exemplified in species of Fragilarra and Melosiva, often found in great abundance in ditches and pools. This brings us to the question of reproduction by other means than that of cell-division. In certain species the contents of two frustules combine and form a large cell called an Auxospore, and Pfitzer in 1871 believed that this took place when the frustules had reached their smallest size, and that the auxospore then started cell-division as before. ‘The fact is that this process has only been observed in a few species, but it is common in the genus Melosiva, where chains of frustules may be found containing large auxospores es well as cells of the normal size, which, however, is very variable. Several examples of auxospores are figured in Smith’s British Diatomacee. Microspores have been observed in the genera R/uwzosolenia and Chaetoceros, which inhabit the open sea, and in these the protoplast divides into 16 spores. In Corethron, an antarctic species, the cell-contents divide into 128 globular cells, which escape and hang about in clusters. These fuse together in pairs, increase in size, and divide into daughter-cells, which grow into diatoms. Microspores have been suspected in other genera, but Corethron is the only one in which the growth into diatoms has been traced. Iauterborn states that in the thousands of diatoms which he has examined he has seen no trace of spores, but hundreds of cases in which division has taken place. The writer’s experience is the same. Fresh gatherings from all sorts of localities have been examined, containing diatoms of many species, large and small, but each species was of the normal size, or varying within certain limits, without any smaller forms that could be taken for immature forms of any species. Ttarly in the year the brown film already mentioned appears in ditches and pools, and often consists of the fully-tormed bands of vagilaria or the cylindrical chains of Melosirva. What were these in a younger stage, when and where did they attain maturity and their full size, and after having been dessicated by the heat of summer, what becomes of them until they reappear in the fcllowing season ? There can be no doubt that these questions could be answered as a result of careful observation and research. A mucilaginous substance is secreted abundantly by many, and probably by all diatoms. It unites frustules together in bands or chains by their valve faces, into zig-zag chains by their angies, forms little cushions by which the diatoms are attached THE LIFE OF A DIATOM, P29 ~ to larger plants, or elongates so as to form a simple or branched stem. In some genera the diatoms live in tubes of mucus, in others in shapeless masses or in seaweed-like fronds. Many diatoms are endowed with the power of movement, those with a raphe being as a rule the most motile. Large Pinnu- laviae move in a slow and stately manner, while small Navicule and Nuilzschie move mote rapidly and by jerks, travelling for a certain distance, and then returning. ‘The writer has seen a smell 'Navicula charge into a mass cf debris, adhere to it, and drag it along like a steam tug towing a haystack. Ehrenberg, one of the pioneers of microscopical science, believed in 1838 that this movement was caused by cilia, pseudo- podia, or by an undulating membrane, but no such organs have ever been detected. Naegeli, in 1849, suggested csmotic action, water being absorbed-at one end and forcibly expelled at the other. Mueiler, in 1889, attributed the movement to streaming of proto- plasm in the cpen cleft of the raphe. Buetschli, in 1892, and Lauterborn, in 1894, studying the movement of a species of Pinnulariain water mixed with Indian ink, observed a mucilaginous filament, made visible by the particles of Indian ink, proceeding from the central nodule and elongating by jerks. ‘They believed this to be the motive power, but Mueller considered it to be in- sufficient, and maintained, as lately as 1999, that the movement was due to protoplasmic currents in the raphe. The writer has repeated Buetschli’s and Lauterborn’s experiment with Indian ink, and has seen the particles collect and move along the raphe, form little groups at the central nodule, and then stream away in threads from the side of the frustule. The pressure exerted on the water by these mucilaginous threads is probably sufficient to cause the movement of the diatom. A very curious movement takes place in Bacillaria pavadoxa, the frustules cf which are 1 d-shaped and adhere to each other in bands by their valve-faces. When in motion the frustules slide along each other until they are almost end to end in long chains, and then slide back until they are as far extended in the opposite direction. Diatoms are found as fossils in many parts of the world forming strata of considerable thickness. Freshwater deposits have been formed at the bottom of lakes, as at Dolgelly in Wales, ‘Toome Bridge in Ireland, and Loch Kinnord in Scotland. Barbadoes earth, a marine deposit, has long been known to diatomists. »s % S 3 ‘LNISWIOTINIG VW IISA YO THO1WOLENE ) dad0yng NI SSau90dq NYWNLH 20 4dAdN’) ADV ANSQDOLS|4 Id 56 ay any? AY? 000°00€ 000 00% FAILYTIY LW ISIVS ae ZR Sa. > ‘ : —_ MOILWATTIF INISWIYITT —— ‘IONISWTYINI SYIAY INY7 W200F WHIVTD pine = TIGN/W fet BET ——_ HI0dI TWIIWTO gyl HI0d7 WHICTD {sl 4 SSSVS 4 ZNND \ ON szeg PRY om =—_—=— LSIAOS JYNLOS IAW IL SG INISZAA 7€6 NL Ween A suv zk 000 00F q 5 LSIYOS NYITIZY & E NUINITCOIOW . % a dG Y DI/HMLITOIN / aa PWM DAG 3) J — SIN NOG UNSIUAY. N¥377TFHO NOAASTA LS DIHLITOF 12610 NYIYTLSNOW NOITNIHIY 000 002 (NWAITIHID 000 OOF NVASTALS “SYeFA 000005 _ sy DYIITIG IH SNAOYHLNYIFTH LI V © NMOGLI/S (xv1t7yg/2) 0 WHLYFONY IH Le) TR 7OHLYTONW IV ee y q 31 : GNV] AY JO Svady SALLWTAY-7) NEN) adNLvasdW3] -g wep IN UME e Due) Mien I CERIO EIDE) “AdOUN NI SSIYDOUY NYWAL JO ANN) -V/ NOILYZITINID SIWWM bh) ATYYT ? STOHLYSONOCSTIN SO NO/LINMILXFT “AOV SNFD0TSIata Nana opted: (4 IND S&P OINbS1 s) LNIMASOTIATA = FAILYTIY FIG. S. A=GLACIAL EPOCH. A: Cy RVE or UMAN DEVELO PM ENT. ARRIVAL OF BRYTHONS INTELLECTUAL /ROWE CANOES B- Temperature Curve. ery ARRIVAL OF GO/DEL BRONZE, | C-Revative AREAS orDry LAnp. ae COPPER, ROR WEAVIN ENGLAND ISOLA TEOS, of Wi 7 A POPTERY. Ny VILLAGE. 2 : AGRICUL URE jf vA / POL rset APRIVAL OF DOMESTIC ANAMALS GRENELLE | E& MEDITERRANEAN, CLOSING OF MEN. (QE 7) STRAITS OF f fi | G/BRALTAR | PLLATIMELOEUELOPHIENT COMUTOTE RS UNMEGE)) | ye ee 2 ee ee ia ae = BEGINNING OF MODERN CIVILIZATION AND ENVIRONWTGVENT EXTINCTION OF IVEANDERTHAL MAN. & EARLY MAMMALS. ABORIBIMEES, 1 | BONE A I | CARV/NG | | FISHING | DOMESTIC | MUSIC ANIMALS (2) | zasman AN. ART, AHUTS. | AUSTRALA | ARRIVAL OF . SPEECH 4 CRIMTALO! & ne speecH (e) - MEN. TRAL ( FIRE CLOTHING “~~ aus CAVES - f\. LOWER FPALAZOLITHIC PALAEOLITHIC S| 690,000 YEARS 50,000 40.000. 30,000 22 000. 1/0000 $000 0. 192! MOUSTER/IAN AURIGNACIAN SOLUTRIAN. AZ/LIAN BRONZE, $$ MAGOALENIAN. VEOLITHIC Wows 25 =a ------ ------ HUNTER S.------- 707 2 MHL RDSMENN ™ TARMERS#X? %S 60000 YEARS. 0 000. 30.000 PRESENT TEMPLRATURE fe) N — 2% GLACIAL EPOCH.—— Ze GLACIAL EPOCH. ° Se, COLDER ACHEN wurby ZL BUHL MATES 60000 YEARS, 50000 30.000, 1990090 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREHISTORIC MAN. 194 Ill.—THE CURVES OF ENVIRONMENT. Fortunately the environmental conditions which exerted most influence upon man’s development are those about which we can obtain the most exact information. They are:— (1) Climate and (2) Relative dry land areas. Both these factors can be more or less accurately determined for a given district from geological, astronomical and physical evidence. The climate is rep 5, resented by the Temperature Curve at the bottom of Figs. 2 and &.. The relative areas of dry land are shown by the second curve at the bottom of the same figures. Since these curves refer to Western Europe in general, they cannot be applied to any given locality in detail. They are illustrative of the principles which apply all over Europe, but which require to be modified according to the particular conditions of any given district. Thus a broad modification for England will be that indicated approximately by the dotted temperature curve. This change is due mainly to the position of England compared with Western Europe in general. ‘This lower curve may also be applied to Norway. Such a curve explains partly the lack of similarity between the European glaciations of Penck and those for which there is direct evidence in England and Norway. ‘The first occur- rence of inter-glacial warm fauna in England is to be found in the higher Thames Valley terraces and at Cresswell Crags, where the straight tusked elephant and ‘“‘ Forest bed” flora are associated with Chellean and Acheulean flint implements. Prior to this England seems to have experienced arctic conditions with no evidence of kuman occupation. These differences might be anticipated from the two temperature curves in Fig. 2. The dotted temperature curve for England, if drawn on Fig. 3, will also be in agreement with the fact that Aurignacian and Solutrean man have not been found in districts north of the Paviland Caves. A similar reason may account for his absence in the Alps. It is probable that warmer conditions prevailed in England prior to the Gunz Glacial Epoch, and that man was also present in the country. IV.—DEDUCTIONS FROM THE CURVES. A peculiar point disclosed by Fig. 1 is the abnormal position of Cro-magnon man, who seems, at least physically, to have been much in advance of his time. On the whole, physical development seems to have progressed slowly and steadily. It may be men- tioned that the continuity of all the curves does not indicate any continuity of descent. The data at present available is insufficient to draw separate curves for each type of man. 195 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREHISTORIC MAN. From the lower curves of Fig. 2, a comparison of the position of the bends emphasizes the dependence of dry land areas upon the quantity of water locked up as ice. For some particular localities this comparison cannot be made since a lowering of the land may have been such that there was no change in the relative dry land area during an arctic period. The land area may even have decreased if the subsidence more than compensated for the lowering of the normal sea level. Similarly, it the land rises, land areas may increase during the usually moist periods following an ice age. An example of this can be seen in the decrease in size of the Littorina Sea about the same time that the Straits of Dover were formed. The. most interesting deductions arise from a comparative study of the development curves of the three figures. The Aus- tralian aborigines do not appear to have experienced the same mental stimulus as in the case of the European peoples. It may have been that the Australian was prevented from responding to such stimulus owing to adverse environinental conditions. A. conspicuous change in the slope of the curve of European in- tellectual progress occurs in Aurignacian times and also in the Azilian period where the curve again rises sharply. A third advance took place with the introduction of metal after Neolithic times. A further point of interest is the temporary isolated pro- gress in England after the formation of the Straits of Dover. Not only was there no copper age in England, but a time interval occurred before Continental knowledge passed into the island. No such retardation can be noticed after the increased road and - water transport facilities of about 500 B.C. From Fig. 3 it appears that the closing of the Straits of Gibraltar, probably about 25,000 and 10,000 B.C., and the forma- tion of land bridges from Africa to Italy was closely associated with the arrival of new peoples from Africa and, for similar reasons, from the East. ‘These facts together with the retirement of the ice and the extinction of the early types of mammals were probably some of the main causes for the rapid cultural development which occurred at Aurignacian times. In addition, the ability to speak and to communicate ideas was, from anatomical considerations of Neanderthal skulls, much greater than in the Mousterian period. The introduction of art and possibly the harp (contemporary with the bow and arrow) with which we can safely couple chanting and dancing, all point to a progress of quite a different rate from the steady slow advance of the earlier cave men. In fact modern conditions of life and environment commenced with the Aurig- nacian period. ‘The curve does not, however show a sharp bend or kink and there is no reason to suppose so great a discontinuity in man’s evolution that it would be visable on the scale used for HE DEVELOPMENT OF PREHISTORIC MAN. | 196 these curves. Even Neanderthal man possessed some form of elementary religion whilst his flint implements have some charac- teristics (e.g., re-touching) which, though developed independently, are typical of the early Aurignacian period. An appreciable increase in the rate of progress might be expected when the power to communicate ideas by speech enabled one man to benefit in- tellectually {but not physically) by the experience and thoughts of other members of his community. Thus, after this stage, cultural progress would be the result of the accumulated know- ledge of the many, whilst physical progress would be the result of the isolated effort of the individual. We may toughly consider intellectual progress to have taken place “ geometrically ” whilst physical progress has taken place “ arithmetically.” The fact that the curve of Fig. 1 is not therefore a straight line is due to inherited physical tendencies being, to some extent, the accumu- lated result of more than one generation, and not merely an additive process from one individual to the next. At Azilian times a further increase in intellectual progress took place. From the lower curves ot Fig. 3 it can be seen that similar changes in the physical conditions existed. ‘They were less marked and there was no conspicuous change in the types of mammals. It therefore appears from these considerations that the Aurignacian period was a time of greater transition than the Azilian period. The occurrence of both transitional periods owes much to the favourable geographical conditions then pre- vailing, and also to man’s state of evolution which enabled him to take advantage of them. V.—CONCLUSIONS. 1. There was a fundamental difference in the rate at which prehistoric man had developed physically and in the rate at which he had progressed intellectually. 2. The former rate was comparatively slow, being dependent on the effort of the individual, whilst the latter rate became more and more rapid as man became more and more capable of taking advantage of the intellectual attainments of his fellows. 3. The occurrence of environmental conditions favourable to man’s progress was a probable cause of the Transitional Periods, during which the rate of intellectual development abnormally increased. ; 4. The curves also suggest that the Aurignacian period was the first and greatest advance after which a continual progress towards modern conditions took place. The Azilian period, though similar, seems to have been of a less revolutionary character since it was an increase in the rate of progress towards present civilization rather than a change from ancient to modern con- ditions. 197 Bristol Botany in 1920 and 1921. By Jas. W. Wuirte, F.L.S. [s recent years the coastal mud-flats on our side of the Bristol Channel, from some unknown cause, have undergone changes in configuration so extensive that (as I am informed) a re-arrange- ment of guiding buoys has become necessary. Another remarkable result is that a large acreage of mud between Brean Down and Burnham is now covered with vegetation. Mr. H. S. Thompson, who has undertaken an ecological and photographic survey of this area, reports that far out on the mud seaward of Berrow there is much Salicornia dolichostachya Moss, a new plant for this district. The grass Glyceria maritima is abundant and flowers during several weeks, although submerged in sea-weter at every tide. Mr Thompson also detected, oppusite Berrow, several large patches of Spartina Townsendt. The probability is that these originated from detached roots washed down Channel via Sand Point and Brean Down from the foreshore below Clevedon, 15 miles N.N.E., where Spartina was planted about the year 1913. It is still impracticable to publish more than a small number of the reported notes on our rarer plants. Ranunculus Lingua L. In an overgrown pool N. of Charter- house-on-Mendip ; approachable as a result of the great drought ; H. J. Gibbons. : Fumana Martini Clavaud. (f. pavadoxa Pugsley.) Culti- vated land on Combe Down, Bath; Mrs. Sandwith. See Journ. Bot., Jan., 1921. A very rare colonist, hitherto only known in Cornwall and Guernsey. Polygala calcavea~F. Schultz. Over several acres of hilly, rough pesture at about 300 it. above Combe Hay, at least half-a- mile from the original station. An important extension of the plant’s area in the district ; H. S. Thompson. Cerastuum arvense 1, Limestone outcrop on the edge of Lime- ridge Wood, Tickenham, $.; C. and N. Sandwith. Sagina nodosa l,. In plenty near the top of Backwell Hill, S., for more than 200 yards along a grassy lane and on the open moor, Sept., 1920; H. S. Thompson. Trifolium squamosum L. (T. maritemum Huds.). Re-discovered in St. Brody’s station on the Severn bank below New Passage by C. and N. Sandwith. By the Channel, near Easton-in-Gordano ; H, J. Gibbons. Lathyrus lirsutus l,. Casually in a garden at Webbington, S ; A. E. Stephens. i a BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1920 anp 1921. —~—6©- 198 Crategus oxyacanthoides Thuill. In a hedge on Yate Lower Common, G. one fine bush ; C. and N, Sandwith. By a stream near Wickwar, G.; Miss Roper. New to the vice-co. C. Azarolus L. A native of the Mediterranean region, established a short distance from Shapwick Station, S. ; and reported by several botanists. Geum intermedium Ehrh. Roadside at North Widcombe near Bishop Sutton, S.; Miss Koper. Potentilla argentea 1, Exposed limestone on the Cadbury ridge beyond ‘Tickenham, S. ; about a mile from Rev. E. Ellman’s locality on that ridge and proving apperently that this plant may be native on limestone; C. and N. Sandwith. Epilobium hirsutum 1, There was noticed last September along a ditch-bank on Kenn Mocr near Yatton, by Mr. H.S. Thomp- son, a remarkable monstrosity of this species in which flowering tops were replaced by heavy vegetative masses concealing rudi- mentary ot abortive flowers. Mr. W. C. Worsdell, consulted on it, reported that the phenomenon of inflorescence being replaced by vegetative growths is widespread, and might occur with any plant. Cause unknown. No trace of injury by fungus or insect could be detected. E. montanum f. verticillatum. One plant in the Zoo- logical Gardens, Clifton, G., and another in a lane at Chewton Keynsham, 8. ; C. and N. Sandwith. Also at Nailsea ; Miss Roper. Crithmum marntimum I, A clump amongst stones at Avon- mouth Dock, G.; Miss Roper. Viscum album J,. Ona Mountain Ash at Flax Bourton, 1920; Myr. F. Tutin. On Robima at Publow Leigh, near Pensford ; and on Ash at Chewton Keynsham; Miss Roper. Mynophyllum altermflorum DC. Pond on Yate Common, G. 1910; Herb. Bucknall. Confirming the old records for vice-co. 34. Antennaria dioica Gaertn. Loxton Hill, S. with Filago minima, June, 1920; Miss Roper. Vaccinium Myrtillus I, Windmill Hill, Portbury, S.; Miss Roper. Symphytum tuberosum I, Wood by Compton Greenfield, G. ; Miss Roper. Wood near Mells, S$. H. S. Thompson. S. orientale Bieb. Waste ground, Clevedon ; Miss Livett. S. peregrinum Bieb. About Fortnight Farm, near Bath; C. and N. Sandwith. Limosella aquatica I, was discovered last August by Messrs. H. J. Gibbons and C. Alden on the mud of a dried-up duck-pond some five miles N.E. of Bristol. The plant grows in fair quantity. Save for a locality in the Forest ot Dean, this appears to be the 199 BRISTOI, BOTANY IN 1920 AND 192]. first authentic record for West Gloucester ; and the species is 1ew to the Bristol district. Scrophularia nodosa J,., vat. Bobarti Pryor. On the railway bank, Black Rock Quarry, G. 1920; Ivor W. Evans. Antirrhinum Orontium I, Spatingly in fields of mangold, between, Yate and Iron Acton, G. ; Miss Roper and H. J. Gibbons. Stachys sylvatica \,.,{. monstrosa. The corolla tube not exserted, - the perfect flowers green with reddish margins, leaves yellowish- green with red markings. ‘Tickenham, S.; C. and N. Sandwith. S. ambigua Sm. Good specimens of this rarity in the old Cyperus ground at Walton-in-Gordano, S.; €. and N. Sandwith. Leonurus Cardiaca I, By Portishead Dock. Noticed by B.N.S. members on one of the summer excursions. Galeopsis speciosa Mill. Discovered September, 1920, on, cultivated land between Ashcott Station and Glastonbury by C. and N. Sandwith. See Journ. Bot., 1921, p. 21. This may be regarded as a recently introduced colonist. It should hold its own and, spread, although the G. sfeciosa at Ebbor, years ago, failed to do so. In fact a single plant was seen a year later, on Shapwick Moor by N. G. Hadden. Pinguicula vulgaris L. Re-discovered on the peat-moors of N. Somerset, July, 1920, by T. H. Green, who saw seven plants in an enclosure S.E. of Ashcott Station. And in another neighbouring enclosure by H. Slater. Very few persons have seen this Butterwort flowering in the Bristol district. Salicornia dolichostachya Moss. A new plant for the local flora as described in the introductory note. Reported also from St. George’s Wharf, Pill, by Miss Roper. Polygonum minus Huds. In two spots on the moors between Nailsea and Kenn, S.; C. and N. Sandwith. Euphorbia Cypanssias I, An old occurrence at Saltford, S., was repotted by T. B. Flower (£7. Bist. 525). Several plants have appeared lately in Manor Lane, near Saltford; R. E. Laylor. E. platyphyilos l. Recorded by Ray as abundant near Keyn- sham in 1670 (Fl. Brist. 524). It has again appeared in neglected arable thereabout ; Miss Roper. Salix aurita I, On the highest ground in the Worlebury Wood, Weston-super-Mare ; H. S. Thompson. Cephalanthera grandiflora Gray. So few localities are known for this handsome orchid near Bristol that I was delighted to be BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1920 AnD 1921. HeeZO0 shown by Mr. Godwin about 20 plants flowering in Tyntesfield Darke S., with Solomon’s Seal and other good woodland species. Sparganium neglectum Beeby. Pond. in a field near Yate Court, G. And ina peaty ditch on Tickenham Moor, S. ; C. and N. Sandwith. A long-expected addition to our flora, but so critical a species that it needed unusually keen eyes for its detection. Wolfia arrhiza Wimm. Appears to be still spreading through the N. Somerset lowlands. In two pools by the railway near Kenn ; C. and N. Sandwith. Potamogeton panormitanus Biv. Bernh. In a cattle trough on the Tyntesfield estate, Flax Bourton, S.; Muss Roper. Zannichellia pedunculata Rchb. In quantity and very char- acteristic in a dyke between Portbury and Portishead, S. ; C. and N. Sandwith. | Cyperus fuscus I, The great drought of 1921 agreed well with this rare sedge. For a short time in late August, before the rains, there was an unusually luxuriant crop in the Walton ditches. C. longus 1,. has been planted on the margin of a pond at Henbury, G., where at present it is reported by H. J. Gibbons to be thriving. Eriophorum latifolium Hoppe. Boggy field at Churchill, S. ; Miss Roper. Carex pulicaris I,., var. montana Pugsley. Has been noted on Clifton Down, G. In quantity on the north shoulder of Crook’s Peak, 800 ft. S.; H. S. Thompson. C. divisa Huds. A large patch near the Avon in Ashton Fields, $. First noticed by H. J. Gibbons. The spot had been enclosed for about ten years within a fence of the ‘‘ White City,’ and thus protected from the riverside traffic. Before that period it is probable that the plant had been trampled into turf and prevented from flowering. It is a rather weak form, approaching the var. cheiophylla Daveau. C. Alden reports this also from the Down opposite Upper Belgrave Road, where it exists under unfavourable conditions and must certainly have been intro- duced. C. axillaris Good. Roadside between Cross Hands and Iron Acton, G. ; Miss Roper. C. pallescens I,. King’s Wood, Yatton, S.; Id. C. depauperata Curt. One is glad to hear that this—one of the rarest plants of the country—has been holding its own splendidly and fruiting freely in its Mendip locality. C. riparia Curt., var. gracilis Coss.and Germ. ‘This variety was discovered on Tickenham Moor, S$. in 1915 by Miss Roper. She writes ‘‘ It was not recognized as British until recorded in the Kew Bulletin, No. 4, 1920, from Cornwall, the Isle of Wight, and the above locality.” 201 BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1920 anp 1921. Calamagrostis Epigetos Roth. In two spots by Berwick Wood, Hallen, G.; C. and N. Sandwith. Plentiful in woodland of the Wild Country” towards Barrow Gurney, S.; Miss Roper. Koeleria britannica Domin. A form with glabrous spikelets (admitted by the author). On limestone below Hotwells, Bristol, G. ; H. S. Thompson. Cynosurus cristatus I,.,f. vivipara. Gathered by C. Alden on the Downs ; and in Leigh Woods by A. J. Gibbons—both in the autumn of 1920. A grass that is seldom seen in this condition not being on record since Miss Atwood gathered it on Clifton Down, in 1852. Festuca arundinacea Schreb. Several good clumps on sand at Uphill, near the mouth of the Axe; H. S. Thompson. Blechnum Spicant With. ‘Two plants in Oldbury Court Woods, G., where it had not been seen for many years ; Miss Roper. Scolopendrium vulgare Symons, var. latum Lowe. Nightingale Valiey, Weston-in-Gordano ; H. J. Gibbons. AulENS. Tribulus terrestris was observed at Twerton, Bath, by S. T. Dunn in 1896.. It recurred, 1920, possibly in the same spot, being recognized by the Rev. EK. Ellman. Chothyns glabistria (Phil.) » Tylothyris laminosa (M’Coy) emended North mut y (North) Chonetes papilionacea (Phil.) common Horizon y, chiefly exposed at an Old Quarry E. cf Heall’s Sears and in Goblin Coombe, is characterised by the great abund- ance and co-occurrence of Canima and Zaphrentis, in addition to the brachiopods mentioned as occurring in Ze. Syningothyris ZONE. SURFACE EXTENT. The zone forms a belt of varying width round the Z zone, the continuity being broken on the east by the Liassic overlap. It is the dominant zone in the formation of Goblin Coombe and Heall’s Scars and forms the whole of Wrington Warren. LITHOLOGICAL CHARACTER. In descending order :— (3) Massive fossiliferous grey limestones,sometimes oc litic with subsidiary ‘‘ china-stones.” A red ferruginous staining is often seen on the surface of a freshly broken specimen of “‘ china-stone’”’ frou this zone. (2) A thick band of oolitic limestone (Caninia Oolite). % The diameter of the ooliths varies in different parts of the sequence. he basement beds are always composed of a white rock with very large grains, the ooliths being much smaller in the upper beds. One band is generally deeply stained with iron, giving rise to a red oolitic bed, which always contains Productus cora. mut. C. in great abundance and occurs to the east of the western fault in Goblin Coombe, and is also seen in several quarries near Butcombe Court. ; (1) Thick beds of yellow dolomitic limestone (Laminosa Dolomites) with a few subsidiary shaly bands. These latter bands always give rise to gentle grass-covered slopes which are in marked contrast to the Caninia Oolite scarps, e.g., in Goblin Coombe and Heall’s Scars, HE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF BRAODFIELD DOWN. 210 FAUNA. Syringopora cf, reticulata Goldt. very Common Cyathophyllum my (Vaughan) i Canmima cylindrica (Scouler) mut S, (Vaughan) common at top Orthotetes crenistria (Phil.) mut C (Vaughan) common Chonetes aff. papilionacea (Phil.) Chonetes cf. comotdes (Sow.) Syringothyris cuspidata mut exoleta (North) Productus aff. cora (D’Orb.) mut C (Vaughan) ” ”) Lylothyris laminosa mut y (North) fatey Due. chat acteristic Cliothyris glabistria (Phil.) rare Bellerophon sp. abundant at certain levels Euomphalus sp. ) Seminula ZONE. SURFACE EXTENT. This zone forms the major part of the periphery of the visible extent of the Avonian of Broadfield Down. ‘The width of the outcrop is very inconsistent, chiefly because of the variable amount of denudation of the zone and of the extent of overlap of the Dolomitic Conglomerate. Dial Quarry, Bourton Coombe, Cheston Coombe, Brockley Coombe, Goblin Coombe and a large portion of the Vatton Inlier are formed of Seminula beds. The large extent of this zone in the area to the S.W. of Goblin Coombe is probably due to strike faults. No good exposures are available in this area, but frequent traverses of the district point to this conclusion, as from the examination of stones thrown out by rabbits, &c., the thickness of the Seminula Oolite would be very abnormal unless strike faulting were present. ‘The other possibility of extensive undulations in the strata was considered, but no beds other than that of Seminula Oolite were found. In support of this hypothesis of strike faulting, it may be noted that in the quarry at the entrance to Cheston Coombe a fault in the Seminula Oolite is clearly visible. ‘ senureticulatus SUBZONE (Si). ' TATHOLOGICAL CHARACTER. Massive thinly bedded limestones with a few thin shaly part- ings. ‘‘ China-stones’’ are prominent and many cf the lime-stones are dolomitised. In the upper beds the limestone is hard and black, more thickly bedded, and contains a band of pale pink lenticular chert. 211 THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF BROADFIELD DOWN. Owing to its variable lithic properties this subzone is not much quarried and hence little exposed. FAUNA. Caninia cylindrica (Scouler) mut $i (Vaughan) rare Syringopora cf. distans (Fischer) common Carcinophyllum mendipense (Sibly) ys Lithostrotion martimt (EH. & H.) enters at base — and is the dom- inant coral throughout. Seminula ficoidea (Vaughan) increases in : abundance to- wards top. Productus 0 (Vaughan) very common Choneies papilionacea (Phil.) : Productus semireticulatus (Martin) rare Euomphalus sp. is Orthoceras (Potertoceras) sp. : Canima cylindrica mut S1 is only found at the base of the subzone. In Dial Quarry, which only includes the topmost beds of Si, Vaughan (“ Bristol paper ”’ p. 241) queries its occurrence. Careful search has produced in negative results. At the top of the subzone is a band of limestone only 4—5 inches thick, containing a rich faunal assemblage. _The band is here termed the “‘ Fossiliferous Level,’’ and as it is recognisable in many parts of the area it forms a very convenient dividing line, in the field, between S: and Se. The fauna of this level is as follows :— : Lithostrotion martina (EK. & H.) Syringopora cf. distans (Fischer) Syringopora cf. vamulosa, Goldf. Productus cova (D’Orb.), mut Se (Vaughan) Productus aff. hemisphericus Sow.) Seminula ficoidea (Vaughan) Athyns cf. expansa (Phil.) Pustula elegans (M Coy) Pustula punctaia (Martin) cova SUBZONE (S2). SURFACE EXTEN. Owing to extensive quarrying, this subzone is well exposed and is specially well seen at Dial Quarry, the quarries at the entrances to Cheston Coombe, Bourton Coombe, arid Goblin Coombe, the large quarry in the Yatton inlier and near Udley. SHE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF BROADFIELD DOWN. 212 LITHOLOGICAL CHARACTER. Chiefly massive thickly bedded limestones. The lower part includes three bands of pale pink nodular and Jenticular chert interbedded in the limestone. Above this is the Seminula Oolite, followed by a series of “‘ china-stones.”’? At the top is a well- developed Modiola Phase consisting of Concretionary Beds (inter- bedded with shales), Seminula Pistolites, contemporaneously brecciated limestones and calcite mudstones. In the majority of the exposures the rocks are veined with calcitic, quartzite and ferruginous (chiefly hematite) deposits. The strata of this level are often much disturbed. FAUNA. Lithostrotion martint (Ey. & H.) very common affine Flem. rare Syringopora cf. distans (Fischer) common cf. geniculata (P hii.) rare € arcinophyllum 6 (Vaughan) Lithostrotion basalitforme (Phil.) Cyathophyllum murchisoni (E. & H.) Alveolites septosa (Flem.) r, Seminula ficoidea (Vaughan) very common Productus cora (D’Orb.) mut 5S, (Vaughan) common Productus aff. hemisphericus Sow. Chonetes papitionacea (Phil.) dd) Productus giganteus (Martin) in upper beds only Chonetes aff. comoides (J. Sow.) rare Orthotetes crentstria (Phil.) % Cyrtina carbonaria (M’Coy) rare and only in lowest beds Dibunophyllum Zone. SURFACE, EXTENT. The area occupied by this zone is very limited, partly because of enormous denudation and partly because of its concealment by Dolomitic Conglomerate and other Triassic deposits. Small patches occur at Hartcliff Rocks, the Yatton Inlier, North of Wrington, W. of Udley, near Winford Manor and S. of Butcombe Court. LITHOLOGICAL CHARACTER, _ Massive limestones, sometimes oolitic and sometimes iron- stained, with subsidiary shaly partings. Corals occur in the lime- stone bands and brachiopods in the shaly partings. 213 THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF BROADFIELD DOWN. 6 pm SuB-ZoneE (D1). Cyathophyllum murchisons (EK. & H.) very common Alveolites septosa (Flem.) i Dibunophyllum 0 (Vaughan) common Dibunophyllum y (Vaughan) Syringopora cf. distans (Fischer) Syringopora cf. geniculata ( Phil.) cis Productus giganteus (Mart.) vely common Productus hemisphericus, Sow. ; >) ”) Lonsdalia SUBZONE (D2). This subzone is best exposed in the Wrington Quarries. FAUNA. Alveolites septosa (Flem.) common Syringopora cf. distans (Fischer) ts Cyathophyllum murchisont (Ei. & H.) Lonsdalia floriformis (Flem.) Hi Dibunophyllum p (Vaughan) 4 Axophyllum 0 (Vaughan) i Lithostrotion portlocks (HK. & H.) rare ensifer (EH. & H.) :: ivvegulare (Phil.) very common Productus giganteus (Martin) common Productus hemisphericus Sow. if Productus latissumus, Sow. ; rare Crinoids, common Fenestella sp. ” IV. (a) DESCRIPTION OF THE BEST EXPOSURES. In order to avoid undue repetition in the following descriptions, mention will only be made of pcints of special interest, it being understood that in other details the section follows the general lithological and paleontological details given in HI. 1. Dat Quarry (Dod’s Quarry of Vaughan, “* Bristol Paper,” p. 241) is situated on the N.E. flank of the area, and is about one mile due south of Barrow Gurney. It shows by far the best section in the area, the top of S1 and the whole of Sz being splendidly exposed (see Fig. No. I). he chert bands of top Si and base Se are well seen in the S.W. part of quarry, the Seminula Oolite occupies the middle portion and the ‘‘Concretionary Beds’’ with associated “‘ china- stones’’ and shales are well seen in the N.E. corner. The rocks are very little disturbed, and the haematite deposits, so characteristic of the Sz of Broadfield Down, are absent. . SHE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF BROADFIELD DOWN 214 The small fragments of Cyriina carbonana were found here, which fixed the division line between Si and Se as immediatel y above the ‘‘ Fossiliferous level.” The ‘“‘ Fossiliferous level’? was first detected in this quarry, and afterwards found in many other parts of the area. 2. HAartTcLirF Rocks form a small interesting section about 500 yards S.E. of Dia] Quarry, and includes upper Se and lower Di, The beds are much disturbed and extensively veined with calcite and hematite. In the majority of cases the hematite (rarely limonite) occurs as a vein deposit in cracks and fissures in the lime- stone, with a sharp line of demarcation between it and the country tock. Sometimes calcite occupies the centre of the vein and hematite the marginal portions, whereas in other cases quartz nearly fills the middle portion, the final stage being a thin deposit of hematite in the middle of the quartz. Veins with quartz only occur immediately underlying the pocket of Dolomitic Conglomerate, and as chert nodules have been found in this latter deposit, in all probability the silica came from that source. All veins coalesce upwards, and both the calcite and quartz crystals (forming the gangue) have their long axes at right angles to the direction of the vein. Ina few cases, the hematite appears to be a bedded meta- somatic replacement of the limestone. Here the junction with the country rock is very indefinite. Another interesting deposit is the pocket of Dolomitic Con- glomerate, consisting of blocks of Carboniferous Limestone (fossil1- ferous and of Sz and Di age). Some of the fragments are rounded, elsewhere the deposit.is more in the nature of a breccia. The matrix is scanty. No fault can be traced to account for the position of this deposit, and it appears to fill a solution valley in the Carboni- ferous Limestone, possibly made by a small Pre-Triassic dip-stream flowing North. Rock’s Wood to the east contains abundant fossil evidence of Di. The extent of this tongue of limestone has been slightly modified from the Survey mapping. 3. BouRTON CooMBE. The Quarry at the entrance to the Coombe (about 450 yards S. of Flax Bourton) shows a typical Broadfield Down development of Sz—massive limestones with extensive calcite and hematite-veining, capped by a marked development of the Sz Modiola Phase. The whole of the Coombe lies in Sg beds. In the lower half it cuts across the strike, whilst the strike is followed in the upper half. The wall (shown on 6” map) marks the end cf the Coombe proper and the beginning of a much broader valley in Si. The cheits and silicified Lithostrotions of lower Se are well seen, and the ‘“ Fossiliferous level’? can easily be detected. 215 THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF BROADFIELD DOWN, The Coombe, in common with similar Coombes in this area, is in a bad state for geological observations, moss, fungi, etc., covering the rocks. 4. CHESTON COOMBE, BACKWELL. This is very similar to Bourton Coombe. The quarry at the entrance to the Coombe shows a portion of Se. The ‘‘ Concretionary Beds’’ are present, though the usual calcitic and hematitic deposits are absent. The whole of the Coombe is in S2 beds. The ‘‘ Fossiliferous level ’’ is well seen in a smell quarry neat Jubilee Stone at the head of the Coombe. 5. BrockLEY CooMBE. ‘The whole of this Coombe lies in the S. zone. It is divided into three sections by two right angle bends, and geologically it may be described in these three parts. In the first section (near the Bristol road) the Coombe is at right angles to the strike. In the middle third it runs parallel to the strike, the high scarp face on the N.W. being formed of Seminula Oolite. In the last third the direction of the Coombe varies, some- times being parallel to and sometimes crossing the strike at an oblique angle. The ‘‘ Fossiliferous Level’’ has not been detected here, and hence the exact line of division between Si and Se is uncertain. 6. GoBLIN CooMBE.—The quatry opposite the school at the entrance to the Coombe is in massive Se beds and shows a good development of the ‘‘ Concretionary Beds.”’ The lower portion of the Coombe up to the N. and §$.. wall (shown on 6” map) cuts the strike obliquely, and hence lower hori- zons are seen as the Coombe is ascended. Cleeve Toot is formed of Se beds, its prominence being due to bands of chert, interbedded with the limestones. On the northern slope of the Coombe, East of the wall, are two scarps, the higher one formed of Ce, the lower of Caninia Oolite (Ci). Immediately below the latter scarp is a grassy slope formed of the Laminosa Dolomites, this being followed by another steepei scarp of y beds. Both Canima and Zaphrentis are extremely abundant in these latter beds. The next scarp face is formed of Caninia Oolite, and hence a fault must occur between these two scarps. ‘The strike now changes to nearly N. and S., though it soon swings back to the old W.S.W.-E.N.E. direction. These changes in strike are accom- panied by similar variations in the direction of the Coombe. On the W. side of the second wall is a grassy slope formed of Laminosa Dolomites, whilst on the E. side is the first of the volcanic exposures. Immediately following the volcanic rocks is a small SHE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF BROADFIELD DOWN. 216 tract devoid of exposures, the next scarp face being formed of Caninia Oolite. ‘This is followed by the usual grassy slope of Laminosa Dolomites, and then the y beds which are brought to the surface by a reversed fault, the fault giving the explanation of the absence of volcanic beds at this junction. The eastern velcanic development appears in normal sequence, another reveised fault cutting out the basalt in the area to S.E. of Warren House (see Fig. 4b), where it should normally occur. Thus the Caninia Oolite plays a large and important part in the formation of Goblin Coombe, whereas the courses of Brockley, Cheston, and Bourton Coombes are determined by rocks of the S zone. 7. YATTON INLIER. A large quarry on the N.W. flank shows in the lower part a splendid section of the Sz Modiola Phase. Con- cretionary Beds, Seminula Pisolites, contemporaneously brecciated limestones and calcite mudstones are all well developed. The upper part shows a development of iron stained -Di limestones, brought in by a small strike fault. The extension of this fault is unknown, as careful search for D beds on the opposite side of Cadbury Hill produced negative results. 8. UDLEY QUARRY, situated about 1 mile N.W. cf Wrington, shows a section in upper Se. The apparent thinning of the beds on the western side of the quarry is due to the weathering of a Pre-Triassic valley. The valley was subsequently filled with Dolomitic Conglomerate, which now rests with marked uncon- formity on the Carboniferous rocks. The rocks are very fossiliferous, the rare occurrence of Alveo- lites septosa and Cyathophyllum murchtisoni in beds of Seminula age, being recorded from this quarry. 9. WRINGTON QUARRIES. These well known quarries have been so fully described by Vaughan in his ‘‘ Bristol Paper,” p. 242, and by Professor Reynolds in his ‘‘ Excursion Handbook for the Bristol District,’ Ed. 11, p. 72, that the mere mention of them will suffice here. They still form a good collecting ground for De corals, and are interesting as the only De exposures on Broadfield Down. (b) List oF CHIEF EXPOSURES. Only exposures In a fair condi’ion for examination are included here, small exposures in hedges, etc., being omitted. ‘The reference is to the 6” O.S. maps of Somerset. 217 ‘THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF BROADFIELD DOWN. Zaphrentis ZONE. Old Quarry in field N. of Oatfield Ferm .. Old Quarry, Pottershill ss Quarry N.E. of Church, Lulsgate Bottom Quarry, Lulsgate Bottom Quarry, half-mile S.W. Lulsgate Bottom Quarry S. of Warren House Scarp 350 yards S.W. of Warren House .. Exposures at top of Goblin Coombe Syringothyris Quarry S. of main road, 450 yds. S.W. Dial Quarry : Old Quarry S. of main road, "350 yds, S.W. Dial Quarry, Old Quarry N. of main road, 1, 600 yds, 5. W. Dial Quatry ~.. Old Quarry, 800 yds. W. aE Di: al Quarry. Old Quarry N.E. of Freeman’s Farm, Batrow Hill ae Heail’s Scars Small exposure N. Backwell Hill : Old Quarry, 500 yds. N. cf Warren House Old Ouariy 4a, Pots stole wbnockley, Coombe Several scars S$. and $.W House, Goblin Coombe a4 Scar on N. side of Goblin Coombe, aside N. and 8. wall . ue Small exposures S. of Broadfield Farm .. Quarry, 550 yds. N.W. of Butcombe Court Seminula ZONE. Dial Quarry (1 mile S. of Barrow Gurney) Hartclifi Rocks, S.E. cf Dial.Quatry ... Old Quarry, N. of main road, 350 yds. S.W. of Dial Quarry Old Quarry, 650 yds. W.N.W. es Dial Quarry i Old Quarry, Naish il ane J ‘ Bourton, Coombe, Flax Bourton Quarry, 200 yds. E. of Old Quarry, Baer Hill si Old Quarry, SE, of Backwell .. Cheston Coombe, $.E. of Backwell Small Coombe, S. of Cheston Coombe (with Water Co. supply pipes) of Hyatt’s Wood, Ape Warten ZONE. Hor.y Z2 Z2 Z2 ZA Lk Hor.y Ze & Hor. y Ce Cy Ci Or 11 N.E. Li NE. Ny, 11 N.E. 11 N.E. ll N.E. 11 N.W. 11 N.W. 11 N.E. 1 NA. I] N.E. 11 N.E. 1] N.E. 1i N.E. 5 N.E. 11 N.W. 1] N.W. 11 N.W. 1] N.W. 11 N.E. 11 S.E. 11 N.E. 1] N.E. LUNE, 1] N.E. 1] N.E. fo Or Or Or S. S. 8. S. 8. S Bib Or THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF BROARFIELD DOWN. 218 Quarries, 950 yds. E. of West Town Sz (top) 5S.W. Quarries, N.E. of Tap’s Coombe .. 2 11 N.W. Brockley Coombe to B.M. 302.9 . 31 & Se 11 N.W. Old Quarries, N.W. of Cleeve Hill Se 1] N.E. Quarries at e1trance to Goblin Coombe .. Sz 11 N.W. Cleeve Toot and lower portion of Goblin Coombe 91 & Se 11 N.W. Old Quarry, S.W. of Wrington Hill o.) Si tp) 1] N.W. Ole OQuarcies H. and W. of pee aa Hill a S2 ll N-W. Quarry E. of Cadbury Hill Se 11 N.W. Old Quarry, 300 yds. S.E. of Rhodyate House’). . S2 & Di 1] N.W. Old Quarties, S. of Cadbury Hilt: 52 10 N.E. Frost Hill Quarry, S.E. of Yatton 52 10 N.E. Quarry, N. of Cadbury Hill Se Occ Oy 10 N.E. Old Quarry, 400 yds. W. of Prospec’ atin o, . Se 11 S.W. Quarry, N.W. of Udley, rae _Wrington Sz (top) 11 S.W. Old Quarries nr. Meeting House Farm, 13 miles N.E. of Wrington .. ray) 02 Li SAW. Quarry, 800 yds. N.E. of church, Red- hill ot . 11 S.E. Quarry, 200 yds. N. i. of veicay Red- hill ae Sz (top) b> Ey Quarry, 700 yds. S. E. ‘of Butcombe Court S2 & D1 ILS, Quarry, S.E. of Winford Manor Heusen cel Oh 11 N.E. Quarry, N.E. of Winford Manor S2 & Di 1d Nee. Quarry, 300 yds. S. of ei aati 92 11 N.E. Quarry at Kingdown a S1 (top) Lb Nek, Dibunophyllum ZonE. Quarries 5. of Row of Ashes Farm, near Butcombe Court Di 1S.5;, Quarries N. of Wrington .. De 11 S.W. All exposures showing both S and D beds are included under the Seminula Zone. V. COMPARISON OF THE AVONIAN OF THE BROADFIELD DOWN AREA WITH THAT OF THE BRISTOL AND MENDIP AREAS. As ae be supposed from the geographical position of Broad- between the Bristol and teristics are intermediate between the developments of he. two named areas. The description given in 111 amply proves this, and it is noticed that sometimes the development of Broadfield Down leans towards that of the northern facies and at other times 219 THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF BROADFIELD DOWN. towards that of the southern facies. The following references (in addition to the ‘‘ Bristol Paper’’) were consulted in making this comparison :— “ Carboniferous Limestone of Mendip area.” Dr. T. F. Sibly, Q.J.G.S., 1906, here referred to as the ‘‘ Mendip Paper.”’ ‘“ Avonian of Burrington Coombe.’ Dr. A. Vaughan and Prof. S. H. Reynolds, Q.J.G.S., 1911, here 1eferred to asthe: Bummineton Paper.” ZLaphrentis ZONE. Over the whole of the Bristol District the exposures of this zone are very similar both in their lithology and palaontclogy. Broadfield Down proves no exception to this similarity. The area strongly leans to the southern facies in its strong definition of horizon y, 7.e., beds characterised by great abundance and co-occurrence of Caninia and Zaphrents. Although chert occurs both in the Bristol and Mendip areas, it has not yet been exposed (or is absent) on Broadfield Down. | In the abundance of Tvlothyris laminosa mut y at the top of Z2 a close resemblance is shown to the Mendip facies, as this fossil does not reach its maximum until lower Ci in the Bristol area. Syringothyris ZONE. | In the lower part of this zone, the development of the Laminosa Dolomites and Caninia Oolite shows a similar type of sedimentation to that of the Avon Section, though the thickness of the Caninia Oolite is much greater. The upper part of the zone leans more to the southern facies, consisting as it does of massive fossiliferous grey limestones, some- times oolitic and with subsidiary ‘‘ china-stones.”’ It has been clearly shown (*‘ Bristol Paper,’ p. 185, and ‘“Mendip Paper,’ p. 357) that there is a relative acceleration cf certain coral-groups on the brachiopod progression as we pass from north to south in the Bristol District. A detailed study of the coral fauna of Broadfield Down supplies another link in the chain of evidence. This Caninia cylindrica mut Si attains a maximum in C2 of the Mendip area, in the topmost beds of Ce in Broadfield Down, and not until $1 in the Bristol area. Seminula ZONE. semireticulatus SUBZONE. In this subzone the development is similar to that of the Bristol area, though as yet no trace of algal action in the lime- THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF BROADFIELD DOWN. 220 stones has been discovered. The occurrence of chert in the upper- most beds is similar to its occurrence in the Mendip area. The occurrence of Pustula elegans in the “‘ Fossiliferous level ”’ (see p. 211) is interesting, as hitherto its first recorded appearance in the eastern part of the South-west Province was in the De subzone of Mendip Area (Mendip Paper, p. 335). It has, however, been found in Ce or Si, Lydstep Point, Pembrokeshire, base Si (?) Giltar Point, Pembrokeshire, and S1 of Co. Clare, Ireland. Similar well-marked faunal bands of no great vertical thick- ness have been recorded (Q.J.G.S., 1906, p. 367, and Q.J.G.S., 1905, p. 560) from both lower and upper $1 of Cheddar and Weston. The band in upper Si has Productus aff. hemisphericus, Athyris cf. expansa, and Lithostrotion martini in common with the fossils found in the Broadfield Down “‘ Fcssiliferous Level.’’ In Dial Quarry Cyriina carbonaria has been found immediately above the ‘‘ Fossiliferous Level,’’ and hence in field work, as Cyrtina carbonaria is extremely rare, the ‘‘ Level”’ is taken as the dividing line between $1 and Sze. The occurrence of Athyris ct. expansa and Carcinophyllum mendtpense is a link with the Mendip facies, as the former is only rarely known from Di of the Avon Section, while the latter has not been recorded in the Bristol Area. cova SUBZONE. Here the lithological and paleontological sequence is similar to that of the Avon Section, except that no band of Seminula Pisolite has been recognised at the base of the subzone. ‘The Modiola Phase at the top is well marked. The abundance of Productus giganteus and Productus aff. hemisphericus at the top of this subzone is very marked in Broad- field Down, and is perhaps more characteristic of the Mendip than of the Bristol Aree. 3 Dibunophyllum ZONE. 6 pm SUBZONE. Lithologically and paleontologically this subzone is very similar throughout the whole of the Bristcl District. ‘The red ferruginous staining so notable in the Avon section may or may not occur in Broadfield Down, and does not occur in the Burrington Section. Lonsdahia SUBZONE. This subzone is only exposed in the Wrington District, where it has a very similar facies to that exposed in the Avon Section. The subzone is only exposed in very limited areas in the Mendips, DON THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF BROADFIELD DOWN. Vio. CONCUUSION: The chief points of interest may be summarised as follows :— 1. The area affcrds yet another proof of the application of Vaughan’s zonal classification of the Carboniferous Limestone to areas other than the type of the Avon Gorge, Clifton, 2, Both lithologically and paleontologically the area holds an intermediate position between the developmeuts of the Bristol area and Mendip area. 3. A well-marked faunal band (“‘ Fossiliferous Level ’’) occurs in Si and constitutes in this areaa useful field determination of the dividing line between Si and Sz. 4. Pustula elegans (M’Coy) is here recorded from the Si subzone. 5. Subzones Zi and D; hitherto unrecorded, have been . proved to be exposed in this area. In May, 1921, the Council of the Geological Society of London awarded me the ‘‘ Daniel-Pidgeon Fund.’ I take this opportunity of tendering to them my sincere thanks not only for the monetary help towards the expenses, but also for the great encouragement to further research which such an award carried with it. In conclusion I should like to tender my sincere thanks to Mr. H. Bolton, M.Sc., and Professor S. H. Reynolds, M.A., Sc.D. ; to. the former for his technical advice with) maps, "ce = to the latter for the great willingness he has always shown in dis- cussing the area with me, and his continual help in all matters relating to Carboniferous Limestone stratigraphy. To both I am indebted for much encouragement and advice through what has meant a considerable amount of field work over a large area. I must also thank Messrs. D. EF. I. Innes, M.A., and V. A. Eyles, B.Se., for several days’ helpful companionship in the field. Part of the cost of publishing this research has been delrayed by a grant from the University of Bristol Colston Society. Fig. I. Sketch map of the surface extent of Carboniferous Limestone in the Bristol District. II. Zonal Distribution Map of Broadfield Down. Ill. Vertical Section, Dial Quarry. , IV. Horizontal Section along lines AB and CD on Fig. II, SKETCH MAP of the surface extent of the CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE (shaded) of the PRISTOL) DisI RIC f- FIGs 1. Area CkKWa |} . | | aK] ae ae era ZONAL DISTRIBUTION MAP OF BROADFIELD DOWN. nay 2° 3. wy 6 @-- SOS 1% p. J S eNO, I XD OS Oe iS Scale of Miles. VERTICAL SECTION DIAL QUARRY. ‘““CONCRETIONARY BEDS” with Shale Bands. MASSIVE LIMESTONES (chiefly ‘‘ China-Stones ”) with Subsidiary Shale Bands. SEMINULA OOLITE. MASSIVE BLACK LIMESTONES. (Thinly bedded). MassIvE LIMESTONES with Three Chert Bands. MASSIVE LIMESTONES, with Chert Band and “*‘ Fossiliferous Level at top: Horizontal Sections along lines A-B and C-D on Fig. Goblin Coombe Brochley Coomd ee Samer Wy) ee 6 — ———— So 6 Top Ee 2 NCS ee ee) See Say, We S ~ FOURTH SERIES, VOL. V. Part V. (1923 issued for 1922). PrIcE THREE SHILLINGS, ANNUAL REPORT iE PROCEEDINGS eet? OF THE | Bristol Naturalists’ Society | My a ae te er V1 an — as iN BRISTOL $G 334 3 MCMXAXITI. OT ee ee eee at tt het é j mae PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETW$) 3) ij,.ag FOURTH SERIES, VOL. V. Part V. (1923 issued for 1922). PRICE THREE SHILLINGS. ANNUAL REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE Bristol Naturalists’ Society. BRISTOL PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, MCMXXITII. n \y { 4 } , i a ' Man Lae ih TABLE OF CONTENTS. FOURTH SERIES. VOL. V., PART V: (1923, issued for 1922). PAGE Officers for 1922 ee ee He de bia ie eh Bee) Officers of Sections for 1922 ae aN Bar see wes See ee List of Members sek cae ah ae hs ane ae et PA0 Honorary Members ets eh ata co ie ss eae) Report of Council ... ae se oe eh Je ae an Dol Treasurer's Report st ine Os ae ve ee eae om Librarians’ Report veh ae a: = aa ft saw oe Exchange List vis ce ae ay ae ant Be et) Zoo Report of Entomological Sein ine ee — a eso Report of Geological Section en i. hes Sas os tre PZOU Report of Ornithological Section ... i Ae an ae Bae Account of the Annual and General Meenas ee oe ser we 208 In Memoriam, ‘‘ Cedric Bucknall, Mus. Bac.” ... ae St aoe Presidential Address, 1922. “‘ Milk,” by E. H. Goon D. D.Sc. 245 “Notes on St a aaa taken around Bristol,” by BeNe Brioop, M.D. is a0 : Abe ons 253 ‘““ Some Observations on the Ree Period of Twigs of Soe Cerasus,” by C. HUNTER, M.Sc. a BAS ae wwe 209 Bristol Botany in 1922, by Jas. W. WHITE, F.L. S. se nae Sane ““Some Recent Exposures of Lias and Rhaetic about Keynsham,”’ by J. W. TUTCHER ee oie re De eo ae ies | 208 For information concerning the Bristol Naturalists’ Society generally, or concerning its meetings, please apply to the present Hon. Secretary and Editor :— Miss IDA M. ROPER, 4, WOODFIELD ROAD, REDLAND, BRISTOL, eres Se ee ee All Books, Pamphlets, Reports of Proceedings sent by way of exchange, gift or otherwise, and all correspondence relating thereto should be addressed to :-— Hon. LIBRARIAN, Bristor, Nat. Soc., THE MUSEUM, BRISTOL, Officers for 1922. President : H, WOMERSLEY. Past Presidents : Dr. C. LLovp. Morcan,; LL.D, F:RS;, Ges: Prof. SYDNEY YOUNG, D.Sc., F.R.S. A. B. PrRowsE, M.D., F.R.CS. C.K REDE, WAAR Ps MERC is: MEO Wasaagg anli sy Miss IDA M. RopEr, F.1.S. G. C. GRIFFITHS, F.E.S. Ey EL CooKk, Disc Vice-Presidents : ' THOS. MORGANS _ Jas. RAFTER, M.A. Council : Dr. D. A. ALEXANDER Prof. O.V. DARBISHIRE J. W. TuTCcHER H. F. BARKE H. J. GIBBONS Mrs. VAUGHAN T. CHARBONNIER Ee JOLLY Hon. Treasurer : Ww. A. SmitH, M.A., M.B., 70, Pembroke Road, Clifton. Hon. Auditors : i. Hy CooK> DSc: CHARLES BARTLETT, A.C.A. Hon. Secretary and Editor : Miss IpA M. RoprEr, F.L.S., 4, Woodfield Road, Redland, Bristol. Hon. Reporting Secretary : T. F. HEWER. Hon. Librarian : A. B. PROWSE, M.D., F.R.C.S. Miss J. M. Roper, F.L.S., Hon. Sub-Librarian. Officers of Sections. Entomological : President—G. C. GRIFFITHS, F.E.S., 3, Leigh Road, Clifton. Secretavyy—CHARLES BARTLETT, 8, Woodhill, Portishead, Somerset. Geological : President—S. H. REYNOLDS, M.A., Sc.D., F.G.S, The University, Bristol. Secretary—F’. S. Watts, M.Se., F.G.S, 32, Aberdeen Road, Redland Ornithological : President—PRoF. C. LLOvD-MORGAN. Acting President—A. 1, FLEMMING, M.B., Ch.B. (Bris.), 48, Pembroke Road. Clifton. Secretary—-COLDSTREAM TUCKETT, 5, Beaufort Buildings, Clifton Down mi # hb * + 226 List of Members, December, 1922. A Associate Member. * Has contributed Papers to the ‘ Adams, Miss S. E. Alexander, D. A., M.D. Amory; ol. HH. a Audcent, H. L. ... Bacchus, A.D.R., F.E.S. Badock, Stanley H. Baker, B. A., F.G.S. Balfour, A., B.A. Balfour, Mrs. A. Barke, B.F.,; F.1.C. Barrow, ioe M. I.Mech. E., F.G GS. Bartlett, Chas, Lb, ae ane Bickford, F. D. Blackmore, J. C, EGS. ‘(dec’ sd) Blood, B. N., MD. Blood, Geo. BE. Boley, AJEH.) .... Bolton, Miss E., MSc.. Bolton, H. iy Sc: bo aS aoy EGS Brebner, Mrs. G. Carter, Miss F. ... Cay, Arthur Chamberlain, W. Charbonnier, T. Charbonnier, Mrs. T. City Librarian Clarke, A. ei: Cockle, Miss L. ... Cogan, Miss R. Cook, EH. H., D:Sc. Cook, Mrs. E. H. Cooper, J. Cottle, A. W. Darbishire, Prof. O. V., Ph.D.... Darell, D., F.G.S. Davies, A. tee FRMS. Davies, T. a ae * Dear, G. L. wet Dunscombe, Miss Evens, F. W. Flemming, A. L., M.B., Ch.B., Ford, Roger Francis, H. A, + Life Member. Proceedings.”’ Redland House, Durdham Park, Bristol 30, Berkeley Square, Clifton 29, Beaufort Road, Clifton 34, Belvoir Rd., St. Andrew’s, Bristol 29, Abbotsford Road, Bristol Holmwood, Westbury-on-Trym Poulton Lodge, Sneyd Park, Bristol 7, Gloster Row, Clifton, Bristol 7, Gloster Row, Clifton, Bristol 27, Berkeley Square, Clifton Wolverley, King’s Norton, Birmingham 8, Woodhill, Portishead 91, Devonshire Rd., Redland, Bristol 36, Whatley Road, Clifton, Bristol 5, Brynland Avenue, Bishopston 9, Upper Belgrave Road, Clifton 508, Stapleton Road, Bristol 58, Coldharbour Road, Bristol The Museum, Bristol yy Victoria Road, Cotham, Bristol 14, Charlotte St., Park St., Bristol Lyndhurst, Leigh Woods, Bristol 51, Oakfield Road, Clifton 9, Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton 9, Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton Central Library, Bristol 16, Woodstock Rd., Redland, Bristol 64, Worrall Road, Clifton 3, Elton Road, Clevedon 27, Berkeley Square, Bristol 27, Berkeley Square, Bristol 43, Station Rd., Ashley Down, Bristol Black Horse, Kingswood, Bristol The University, Bristol Hillfield House, near Dartmouth Avon House, Keynsham, Bristol Down House, Stoke Bishop, Bristol 10, Canowie Road. Redland, Bristol 4, The Quadrant, Redland, Bristol 8, Rokeby Avenue, Redland, Bristol 48, Pembroke Road, Clifton Hartfield, Cotham Park, Bristol 10, Victoria Square, Clifton a Niblett’s Hill, St, George, Bristol 22H Cait, Rey Pe Gass, T. A. * Gibbons, H. J. Goodall, Rev. Canon R. W. Goulding, Thomas Greenwood, C. ... Griffiths, © Ce: ES. Grffiths, Miss D. M. Griffiths, Ce ilies aes Griffiths, William Griffiths, Miss G. Grove, Otto Gummer, Horace HellyaroR HL. Eleslop yin Ix. per qe eae Hill, Miss E. inion Cee Horder Miss M. es Hoyle, WE, Disc: Humtrey, CX : Humphries, Lady ae Hunter CME Sck iS: Ivens, ELAR. Ivens, W. B. Jenkins, Mrs. Jenkaniss 7G. Jermyn, Col. T: Jervis; Wa. Wo MiSe.; Jones, Miss M. I. Knowlson, James I. Knowlson, Mrs. Lee, Miss BK. M., M.Sc. Linton, Dr. Marion, M.B. Tlewellin, W. H. Mappin, 8. W. . Matthews, L. H. Miller, M. Morgans, Thos., MLC. EB. Morgans, Mrs. ; Nierenstein, M., Ph.D. Norgrove, J. W. Nuell, F. H. Odell, Miss D. A. Palmer; ly. S.; M.Se., Ph.D. Pearman, J. V. Perrycoste, Miss ee M. M. Prowse, A. Bhi, LIST OF MEMBERS. EEGs —_——s - 51, Howard Road, Westbury Park 12, Osborne Ave., Ashley Down, Bristol 8, Nugent Hill, Cotham, B11stol 6, Victoria Square, Clifton 6, Nelson Street, Bristol Farleigh, Flax Bourton, Somerset Penhurst, 3, Leigh Road, Bristol Penhurst, 3, Leigh Road, Bristol 73, Kingsdown Parade, Bristol 23, Beaufort Road, Clifton 23, Beautort Road, Clifton Cider Institute, Long Ashton, Bristol Herbert Lodge, Cotham Park, Bristol 18, Redland Grove, Bristol 34, Henleaze Gardens, Westbury-on- Trym 24, West Shrubbery, Redland, Bristol 9, Buckingham Vale, Chfton 5, Cotham Terrace, Bristol Highweek, Brislington, Bristol National Museum, Cardiff 3, Madeira Mansions, Weston-super- Mare Ivastfield Lodge, Westbury-on-Trym ‘The University, Bristol 18, Alexandra Road, Clifton, Bristol 49, Ravenswood Road, Bristol 10, Napier Road, Redland, Bristol 6, Brandon Villas, Charlotte St.S., Bristol Highchff, Weston-super-Mare The University, Bristol 23, Beaufort Road, Clifton 9, Downfield Road, Clifton 9, Downfield Road, Clifton 55, Logan Road, Bishopston 21, Oakfield Road, Clifton | 8, Cotham Lawn Road, Bristol 100, Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol King’s College, Cambridge 7, All Saints Road, Clifton 7, Elton Road, Tyndall’s Park, Bristol 7, Elton Road, Tyndall’s Park, Bristol 30, Cavendish Road, Bristol 22, Alma Road, Clifton 63, Springfield Road, Bristol 22, Berkeley Square, Clifton The College of Technology, The Uni- versity, Manchester The Grange, Winterbourne, Glos. Clifton Hill House, Clifton 5, Lansdown Place, Bristol] epee: ¥ List, OFf eater, J., M.A. : Rewmiolds, S. H.,. ScD, GS. Richardson, Frank Robbins, F. Rodbard, G. 500 Rogers, W. H. M. Roper, Miss I. M., F. 128 ‘ ipose sh. EL. LR. C. P32 R.CS Rudge, GC iG RC, ae M.R.C.E Rudge, Miss 1G, oe Rutter, Miss EK. M. Salmond, P. W. Samson, F. Sampson, Miss De Sandwith, Mrs. Sandwith, NY. Scott, W. G “ine Selman, Miss M. M. Shaw, Miss M. G. Shepherd, G. D. Sinnott, Jas. : Smith, Miss A. M. Smith, Miss E: J. Smith, D. Munro, M.R. cs Smith, W. A., M.A.. M.B. Smith, Rev. W. Smith, Mrs. W.. Stanton, D. W. Stanton, IMEESie tea ce Stewart, D. McDonald, mes Sully, Hi. T. mavlot, RE... ae Thompson, H. 5., un Ten: Tuckett, C. Turner, ie W., B.A A. (Oxon. N E.G.S. Tutcher, EMV. 5 Vaughan, Mrs. Walliss FS) M.Sc., F.G.S. Walton, J. 4 Sh West, Mrs. A. ye White, Jas. W., FoL.S. White, Mrs. om Wickes, W. H. Wills, G. A. ce Wills, W. Kenneth, M. B. , ML, A. Wills, W. M. Wilson, aA 2 i Womersley, H. Wingate, Miss H. M., M.A. Worsley, Miss I. Vabbicom, 1, H., M.1.C.E. MEMBERS. 228 The University, Bristol 13, All Saints Road, Clifton 15, Percival Road, Clifton 38, Tyndall’s Park Road, Clifton 75, Waverley Road, Redland 18, Fairlawn Road, Montpelier 4, Woodfield Road, Redland, Bristol 8, Chantry Road, Clifton 5. 145, Whitelaedies Road, Bristol 145, Whiteladies Road, Bristol Cambridge House School, St. John’s Road, Clifton 20, Tyndall’s Park Road, Clifton 4, W oodfield Road, Redland, Bristol 30, St. John’s Road, Clifton 26, Canynge Square, Clifton Keble College, Oxford 25, Duke Street, Cardiff 9, Buckingham Place, Clifton 4, Kenilworth Road, Redland, Bristol Gresham Chambers, Kingsway, Cardiff 15, Beaufort Road, Clifton 70, Pembroke Road, Clifton 70, Pembroke Road, Clifton 479, Fishponds Road, Bristol 70, Pembroke Road, Clifton 17, Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton 17, Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton 42, Alma Road, Clifton 42, Alma Road, Clifton 25, Woodstock Road, Bristol Woodrange, Westbury-on-Trym Fonthill Villa, Keynsham 33, Southleigh Road, Clifton 5, Beaufort Buildings, Clifton The University, Bristol 57, Berkeley Rd., Bishopston, Bristol 42, Fernbank Road, Redland, Bristol 32, Aberdeen Road, Bristol i8, West Park, Bristol 5, Devonshire Road, Westbury Park 18, Woodland Road, Chfton, Bristol 18, Woodland Road, Clifton, Bristol 16, Oakfield Grove, Clifton Burwalls, Leigh Woods, Bristol 19, Whiteladies Road, Bristol Bracken Hill, Leigh Woods, Bristol] Southey House, College Green, Bristol 17, Devonshire Road, Westbury Park, Bristol. 40, Alma Road, Clifton Rodney Lodge, Clifton 23, Oakfield Road, Clifton 229 LISt OF MEMBERS Honorary Members. Prof. George S. Brady, M.D., LU.D., D.Sc, F.R.S.,. Plies.) Bateeeircs, Endcliffe, Sheffield. Henry J. Charbonnier, Haw Lane, Olveston, Tockington, R.S.O., Glos. Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., 5, Victoria Square, Clifton, Bristol. R. M. Prideaux, F.E.S., Brasted Chart, near Sevenoaks, Kent. Prof. H. S. Hele Shaw, M.I.C.E., LL.D., F.R.S., 64, Victoria Street, West minster, S.W. 1. Prof. W. J. Solias, M.A., LU.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.G.S., University Museum, Oxford. Sir W. A. Tilden, D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in the Imperial College of Science, S. Kensington, S.W. 7. William Whitaker, B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Wellesley Court, Wellesley Road, Croydon. Prof. Sydney Young, D.Sc, F.R.S., Trinity College, Dublin. 230 Report of Council. To December 31st, 1922. | eae success of the Society has continued to be satisfactory in a quiet way, and that the work it seeks to make popular amongst the scientific- minded citizens has a recognised value is shown by the Lord Mayor of Bristol giving an official Reception, to include our Society as special guests amongst other scientific workers. To entertain his guests we organised with the Bristol Field Club and the Bristol Microscopical Society an Exhibition of Natural History objects on a large scale, and it can be said without hesitation, that this effort proved how numerous are the specimens that can be brought quickly together to illustrate various groups of living or dead. organisms, and. how wide an interest exists amongst our members to obtain some knowledge of Nature’s mysteries. At the same time the number of people who are willing to join an old- established Society like ours for the purpose of encouraging each other does not seem to increase. During the year we have only elected twelve new members, which just balances the loss by death and removals that are sure to occur. The membership is 143, including 17 Associates under the old election. The year began with a new President, Mr. H. Womersley, who with his knowledge of Entomological subjects has brought about continued activity amongst those workers who have done so much for that Section during the past two years. Study in a different direction has resulted in the formation, at the end of the year, of a new Section of the Society devoted to Ornithology, and best wishes for its success are offered to Mr. Coldstream Tuckett, whose enthusiasm and labours have brought it to a promising beginning. During the year our President has devoted much thought and time to organising a Union of South-Western Naturalists. Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan has become its first President, and several of our members, with the sanction of Council, have joined the Executive. It remains for individual members to join its ranks at the moderate subscription payable by those who already belong to our Society, and to support its efforts to link up the work of the Naturalists scattered over the neighbouring counties. A fortunate opportunity arose for the Library of the Society to be deposited at the Museum and Art Gallery, and Council took advantage of it to renew an old association, and to gain advantages for the better use of the valuable collection of books. The four Excursions took place in the summer months, but for various reasons the attendance was smaller than in past years, notwithstanding the attractions of the localities and the pleasant conditions that accompanied them. We have to recall with regret the death of Mr. H. I. Jolly, an active member of the Council, and of Mr. J. C. Blackmore, F.G.S., who joined the Society fifty-eight years ago, and has at all times taken a warm interest in its welfare, IDA M. ROPER, Hon. Secretary. Zo | VOW LINMILUVE SATAVHO ‘SIOPPNY MOOD ‘H LSHNada -yaIIOD Puno}; pue pe}yIpny q 1 9917 G¢ Gt 99T7 G Ge L surpurqyoog =~ tos toy bay [pean urysey) 6 S- FI yYySsnog syoog “ 0 OT Baw SuIpula- yoog 0} suojeuog “ O-- FES sua, a BASS I jo [PAOMIOY Q FT GOT preMIoj souRjeg “ 202] "ee SonnyetD “ Get} ‘O39 «¢ SBUYP2OION ,, Joaeg GOS soseysog “‘ 0 0 G see suoljenogq “‘ Q tt Vv eucod 1s AeIgyy JO JUS Ge 022-9 pepe]foo sieaiy Qo - 2 soUeINSUT Ty 0 OLrs JoUuvAPR UI suoT}disosqns “ Oo mG suryung “ 0 cit sooyJ soueIjuyT 9G) Ly Tob Doe OZ6T ., SSUTpseBd00Ig ,, JOFSOD © ean Ves STSTAqRESH OWT 9 OT smedzooy Rue SUOTUIMIOD 0 0 F “** ayeLDossy Oe 1 ACY 0 ¢ FE AeUIpPIO —sa1}o1 0G 0} suoTdiosqng Ag —suorjdiosqng sioqmayT OL “Pi Se Oa ze) ‘tc6l UVAA AHL UOT LNOODV IVAANAD ad ‘KLAINOS .SLSVYIVHOLWN IOLSINS 04} WIM yunodDy Ul YAANSVAUL NOH ou 232 Librarians’ Report. For the Year 1922. ‘i previous Reports the lack of space for the display of the books in the Library has been mentioned, and as notification was received early in the year that the rent of the room in use in Berkeley Square would be raised, negociations were opened with the Committee and Director of the Bristol Museum and Art Gallery to provide better accommodation. The happy result was that the Society was able to deposit its Library of about 3,000 bound volumes and numerous unbound ones, during the month of June, on the shelves of an excellent room at the Museum, and once more enter into a close relationship with the Natural History collec- tions of the City. Members have expressed great satisfaction at the orderly arrangement of the books under the different subjects as well as at their appearance in the new surroundings, and the comfort in which they can be corsulted. An increased use of the books has resulted, and the number of borrowers has become more numerous. Another sign of the increased interest in the Library generally is shown by the gifts of books from various members, in some instances to fill gaps in the long series of valuable publications accumuleted on the shelves. Further gifts will be acceptable, especially of modern date. The book-binding fund is exhausted, and as there are still a great number of recent publications of scientific corresponding societies which cannot be placed on the shelves we feel this is a serious restriction to the use of the most recent works. The following gifts have been received, and thanks are given to the donors for them :— “ Somerset Archaeol. and Nat. Hist. Soc. Proceedings,” 1912-1921, from Mr. T. Charbonnier. “ Hortus Mortolensis,”’ 1912. “Waterton’s Essays on Natural History,” 2 vols., 1846. and “The Woodlands of England ”’ (pamphlet), from Mr. H. S. Thompson, E.S. Tristram, ‘The Natural History of the Bible,’ 1911, from Mr. W. Griffiths. Gray, “The Entomology of Australia,’ Pt. I., 1833, from Mr. J. W. Tutcher. Birchley, ‘‘ British Birds,” 2 vols., 1909, from Mr. C. Tuckett. “ Review of Applied Entomology,’’ 1917-1920, from Messrs. Christopher Thomas & Bros., Ltd. Lowe, “ Ferns, British and Exotic,’’ 8 vols., 1872. “ Newman’s Phytologist,” 5 vols., 1844-54. “ Dictionary of Husbandry,’’ 2 vols., 1779. and “Journals and Proceedings of the Linnean Society,” to date, from Mr i. W.-White, F.L.S. “ British Science Guild Report,’”’ 1922, from Mr. G. C. Griffiths, F.E.S. “ Peculiar form of Hygromia fusca from Leigh Woods ”’ (pamphlet), from the author, Mr. A. D. R. Bacchus, F.E.S. Smith, ‘‘ Handbook of British Lichens,’’ 1921. and Two Economic Guides on ‘“ The Cockroach,’ and ‘‘ Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals,’ from the Trustees of the British Museum. “ Paleontographical Society,’ vol. 73, 1919, end vol. 74, 1920, from the Geological Section. By subscription we have received :— ‘“ Zoological Record,’’ vol. 57, 1920. “ Taylor’s Mollusca of the British Isles,’ ’ pt. 24. The Ray Society, ‘‘ British Marine Annelids,” vol. IV., by Prof. McIntosh. ARTHUR B. PROWSE, Lieut.-Col. R.A.M.C., Hon. Librarian. IDA M. ROPER, F.L.S., Hon. Sub-Librarian. 233 Exchange List. Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire Barrow Naturalists’ Field Club Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society Bristol Museum and Art Gallery ——— University of, Speleological Society British Association ——— Museum (Natural History), S.W. Cardiff Naturalists’ Society Chester Natural Science Society Cornwall, Royal Geological Society of Royal Institution of ————, Royal Polytechnic Society Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club Croydon Natural History and Scientific Society Ealing Scientific and Microscopical Society Edinburgh Geological Society —_—_—+_——— Royal Botanic Society Essex Field Club Geological Society of London —_—_—_—— Survey and Museum, London Geologists’ Association Glasgow, Geological Society of —_—_——. Natural History Society of = Philosophical Society Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club Liverpool Geological Society ———\— Literary and Philosophical Society —_——— Science Students’ Association Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society —___—-— Microscopical Society — Museum Library Marlborough College Natural History Society Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society North Staffordshire Field Club Nottingham Naturalists’ Society Plymouth, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom —— Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society Quekett Microscopical Club Royal Irish Academy Royal Microscopical Society Rugby School Natural History Society Torquay Natural History Society Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society —_——— Naturalists’ Union Philosophical Society OuR ‘“‘ PROCEEDINGS ’’ ARE SENT AS A FREE GIFT TO :— British Museum Library Edinburgh, Advocates’ Library Cambridge University Library Oxford, Bodleian Library Dublin, Trinity College Library Patent Office Library, London AUSTRALIA. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science New South Wales, Geological Survey of - Royal Society of Queensland Museum, Brisbane Victoria, Royal Society of EXCHANGE LIST. 234 CANADA. Canadian Institute, Toronto Hamilton Scientific Association Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science (Halifax) INDIA. Agriculture, Imperial Department of Geological Survey of India, Calcutta FRANCE. Lyons, Société Linnéenne de Rennes, University of NORWAY. Det Kongelige Universitet Christiana SWITZERLAND. Lausanne, Société Vaudois des Science Naturelles Zurich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft UNITED STATES. American Museum of Natural History, New York Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois Boston, Mass., Natural History Society Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Coldspring Harbour California, University of, Berkeley Californian Academy of Sciences, San Francisco Cincinnati Natural History Society ——, Lloyd Library Colorado College, Colorado Springs University of, Boulder Denison Scientific Association, Ohio Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Chapel Hill, N.C. Essex Institute, Salem, Mass. Illinois, University of, Urbana Indiana Academy of Science Michigan Academy of Science Missouri Botanical Gardens Academy of Science, St. Louis New Mexico, University of, Albuquerque Ohio, State University, Columbus Oklahoma State University Philadephia Academy of Natural Sciences , Wagner Free Institute of Science Smithsonian Institution, Washington Tufts’ College, Mass. United States Geological Survey, Washington National Museum, Washington Yale University, Connecticut ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. Buenos Aires, Muses National de Historia Natural URUGUAY. Montevideo, Museo Nacional de MEXICO. Mexico, Sociedad Cientifica Entomological Section, 1922. ise season opened at the Museum with a joint meeting of this Section and the Entomological Section of the Somerset Archeological and Natural History Society. Four short papers were read, viz. :—‘‘ Plant Galls,’? by Miss Roper, ‘“‘ Collembola,’’ by Mr. H. Womersley, “ Psocide,”’ by Mr. J. V. Pearman, and “ Mallophaga,’’ by Mr. Coldstream Tuckett. The papers were illustrated by specimens and coloured drawings. Mr.. A. D. R. Bacchus exhibited a number of excellent coloured enlargements of the British Hemiptera. The papers named were particularly interesting and welcome, because the study of the neglected orders of insect life have hitherto received but little attention in the South of England. To judge from the success obtained in securing many specimens of spring tails, plant lice end lice that feed on the featheis of birds, the Bristol district should prove productive of numerous species. Papers have been read by Mr. Pearman on Orthoptera, illustrated by British species of the order, and by Mr. Bacchus on the bug Nabdis latioentris, also illustrated by specimens and coloured drawings. A large number of exhibits have been made by members at the meetings, both of specimens and microscopic slides, the following being the most note- worthy :— Mr. G. C. Griffiths and Mr. W. Griffiths. A large number of rare and local Lepidoptera. Mr. C. Bartlett. Many species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Miss M. M. Selman. British Odonata. Miss I. M. Roper. Specimens ot Vevonica anagallis with galls caused by the presence of the beetle Gyometvon villosulus. Mr: ‘I. . Hewer.> British Orthoptera, Mr. H. Womersley. Tvopida scita, a new record for the County, and Dr. Blood reported taking with Dr. J. P. Kryger a new genus and species of Mymaride at Brockenhurst, in the New Forest, the type, a male, being sent tothe British Museum. ‘The species is named and described in the ‘“‘ Entomo- logists’ Monthly Magazine,’’ 1922, p. 229, as Petiolaria anomala. , Dr. Blood is giving in the current ‘“‘ Proceedings ’’ an account of his work on the Mymarid@, an Order of very small iridescent flies. Excursions have been taken to Ashcot on June 3rd, jointly with the Entomological Section of the Somerset Archeological and Natural History Society, which was a great success, the day being fine and many interesting captures made ; and another to Dursley, on June 17th, did not prove so productive as anticipated. The year closes with a membership of 29. CHARLES BARTLETT, Hon, Secretary and Treasurer, ie = : Geological Section, 1922. +; Meee membership of the section now stands at 26, as against 33 at the end of 1921, the decrease being almost entirely due to the resignation of student-members consequent on the formation of the University Geological Club. Although the membership is small, it is to be recorded that each member is a “ live ’’ one and has paid the subscription to date. It is with regret that we place on record the death during the past year of two of our oldest members—Messrs. J. C. Blackmore and J. T. Underhill. At the Annual Meeting held on January 26th, 1922, both the President, Secretary and Treasurer were re-elected. Seven meetings were held during the. year with an average attendance of 19 :— Jan. 26.—Exhibition Meeting. Feb. 23.—“ Flint Implements in the’ Bristol District.” * R. H. Fitzjames Mar, 16.—“ Graptolites.’’ Dr. G. L. Elles.. Apr. 27.—“‘ China Clay and Associated Deposits of Cornwall.’”’ H. T. Harry. Oct. 19.—“ Notes on Some Alpine Glaciers.” * The President, Prof. S. H. Reynolds,-M.A., Sc.D. Nov. 16.—‘ The Occurrence of Ores Locally.’’* H. F. Barke,.F.1.C. Dec. 14.—Exhibition Meeting. | * Illustrated by specimens ov lantern. During the summer months the following excursions were held with an average attendance of eight. Apr. 22.—Messrs. J. S. Fry’s new Works at Keynsham. Leader, Mr. J. W. Tutcher. May 24.—Blaize Castle Woods. Leader, Prof. S. H. Reynolds, M.A., Sc.D. June 24.—Avon Gorge (left bank). Leader, Mr. F. S. Wallis, M.Sc. July 22.—Hanham and Conham. Leader, Mr. I. R. Fry. The financial statement shows that a balance due to Treasurer of 15s. 4d. has been changed into a balance in hand of 6d. Not excessive wealth, but our first yearly account with a credit since 1917. The subscription to the Paleontographical Society has been continued though unfortunately for the first time in the history of the Section, the subscription to the Geological Magazine has been dropped, owing to our financial situation. As this is the first break in the sequence since Vol. I. of this important magazine, it is to be hoped that some arrangements will be made during the coming year for its continuance. A working arrangement has been agreed upon with the Geological Section of the Bristol Field Club whereby members of either Geological Section are admitted to each others meetings. Whilst this Section still continues to base its papers on more detailed geological work, the Bristol Field Club confines itself to work of a more general and elementary character. The combination holds forth promise of infusing new life into both Sections. FRED S$. WALLIS, F.G.S., Hon. Secretary and Treasurer. 237 Ornithological Society, 1922. Honovary President : Professor C. LLOYD MorGAn, LL.D., F.R.S. Acting President: Dr. A. I. FLEMMING, M.B. Woes a lapse of many years the Ornithological Section of the Society has been revived. At a meeting held on the 30th November, 1922, at 5, Beaufort Buildings, Clifton Down, Dr. Flemming in the chair, it’ was decided to apply to Council for sanction to form this Section, and it was obtained. The main object of the Section is to enable members interested in any aspect of Ornithology to meet together for the discussion of points of interest. It is necessary for the success of the Section that its proceedings should be conducted as informally as possible, but it is absolutely essential that members should bring to each meeting such exhibits as they can, and join in the discussion which takes place. Everyone who thinks must have his or her own opinion on the different subjects considered. None of us pretends to be that unfortunate being “an authority.’’ Consequently all opinions will depend for their worth on the degree and quality of observation behind them. It has been noticed with regret that members of local audiences have usually very great reluctance to join in discussion or dispute any inference or statement put forward. It is hoped that in this Section we shall not be barred either by a sense of over-politeness, or by a feeling of personal lack of knowledge from questioning or adding to statements already made. There is probably very little that pleases a lecturer more than an animated discussion afterwards. It is early yet to say exactly along what lines the Section will develop, the wish is rather to be practical than popular and to deal mostly with points arising about the structure of birds, points for instance which show how long habit and custom have brought about differences between species and species, or between birds as a whole and their relations. We do not, how- ever, wish to tie ourselves to any given line, and it is particularly desired that members will suggest subjects that they would like to hear discussed. In this respect it may be well to mention that field parties will not be organised except on rare occasions to some particularly favourable place. This does not, of course, mean that the Section does not believe in the value of field work. That would be absurd, for field work is inseparable from useful, indoor work. At the same time it is impracticable for more than three ot at the most four people together, to do good observational work at any rate as far as Ornithology is concerned. COLDSTREAM TUCKETT, Hon. Secretary and Tveasuyer, 238 Account of the Annual and General Meetings. THE 59TH ANNUAL MEETING. January 18th, 1922. Mr. H. Womersley was elected President, and Mr. Thomas Morgans and Mr. James Rafter, M.A., Vice-Presidents, with minor alterations in Council. The retiring President, Dr. EK. H. Cook, D.Sc., the Lord Mayor of Bristol, delivered his presidential address for the third year, entitled ‘‘ Milk”’ (printed in full on page 245). THE 4938rRp GENERAL MEETING. February 2nd, 1922. “ Diurnal and Nocturnal Lepidoptera,” by Mr. William Griffiths. The life histories of the Butterflies and Moths are an excellent study, because of the variety met with in the changes from egg to the full-grown insect. Whilst there is no distinguishing feature between the two families, if the Lepidoptera of the whole world were taken into account, still they afford contrast in Britain, apait from the forms produced by teratology and variation. Well-known caterpillars seek protection from enemies by the resemblance to twigs or leaves, by terrifying attitudes, and by similarity of colouration, and it seems certain the females of some butterflies change their own colour to that of the males, generally the more plentiful of the species, for the extra safety to be found in numbers. Exhibit by Mrs. Sandwith of living material of Tolyfella glomerata, a new record for N. Somerset. THE 494TH GENERAL, MEETING. March 2nd, 1922. The Lord Mayor of Bristol, Dr. E. H. Cook, invited the mem- bers to a Civic Reception at the Museum and Art Gallery to mark the honour done him by the Society, in electing him President for the past three years. At his wish, in order to introduce into the reception the novelty of a scientific aspect, the members set out a large number of exhibits of Natural History, which were added to by the Bristol Field Club and the Bristol Microscopical Society. The result was full of interest to the guests, numbering over 500, and members received the heartiest congratulations on the success of their efforts and the high quality of their many specimens. 239 ACCOUNT OF THE ANNUAL AND GENERAL MEETINGS. Amongst the noteworthy exhibits were :—In Botany, Marine Algae, Prof. O. V. Darbishire; Pond Life, Mrs. Sandwith and Miss Selman. Flora of a wood in winter, H. J. Gibbons ; Genus Ranunculus prepared for the herbarium, J. W. White ; Sand dune vegetation, H. S. Thompson ; Mycetozoa, F. W. Evens; Spring flowers, Miss Roper ; Liverworts and Mosses, C. Hunter ; Lime- stone ferns, Miss Lee. In Entomology, Bristle tails, Spring tails and Horse flies, H. Womersley ; Bird parasites, C. Tuckett ; Dragon - flies, including five new to Somerset, H. Slater ; Insect mimicry, Col. ‘T. Jermyn. ; Injurious insects, W. Griffiths ; Fairy flies, Beetles, Leaf butterflies, etc., by other specialists. In Geology, Types, and figured specimens of local Fossils, J. W. Tutcher ; Strontia, B. A. Baker ; local rocks and fossils, Prof. S. H. Reynolds and others ; Cornish minerals, Mrs. Vaughan and H. W. Turner. In Ornithology, Birds’ eggs, W. Griffiths ; types of clinging, hard- billed and swimming birds, C. Tuckett and L. H. Matthews : Stuffed birds and their organs of voice, Dr. C. K. Rudge. In Microscopy, Fairy flies, A. T. Davies ; Foraminifera, A. E. Boley ; Pollen, Dr. F. R. Rose, and other objects. THE 495th GENERAL MEETING. April 6th, 1922. I. ‘‘ Vegetable Caterpillars,’ by Mr. G. C. Griffiths, FES. The caterpillar of Hepialidae pupates below ground in New Zealand and Australia, when the mycelium of species of Spheeria fungi gets inside and by growing kills it. With all the markings thus destroyed it is difficult to identify with certainty the species of the Moth, but probably Portrea enysu and P. dinodes are the two most affected. Local specimens of two Hepialus have been met with round Bristol attacked by Cordyceps fungi, and there are instances of other fungi on wasps, moths and true bugs occurring in the sub-tropics. Specimens and pictures of the various Vegetable growths were exhibited. II. ‘‘Colouration of Birds’ Eggs,’’ by Mr. Coldstream ‘Tuckett. Whether white eggs are laid by gaily coloured birds like the kingfisher, woodpecker and. parrot, nesting in holes, as a result of continuing the original colour of all eggs ; or because they need no protective colouration, or because Nature is economical in such nesting places, was set out. Since the shell is added round the yolk only 12 to 18 hours before the laying, it was suggested that with other birds the variations in markings of value for pro- tection were acquired by heredity, and have become fixed for the species. ACCOUNT OF THE ANNUAI, AND GENERAI, MEETINGS, 240 ii) The Herbarium,’ by Mr. J. W. White, F.L.S. No herbaria could be formed before the reign of Queen Anne, because no such classified collections were possible until Linneus originated the binominal nomenclature. ‘The advantages of neat- ness, order and industry were gained by the formation of such collections. THE 4961H GENERAL MEETING. May 4th, 1922. prculoropiyil’ by Prot. (0, V, Datbishire, F.1.S:. Chlorophyll is the green colouring matter of plants, and con- sists of four different substances, two of which are green and the other two yellow. It is of the utmost importance to plants, since it alone is capable of converting simple elements, taken in from the soil and air, into starch, one of the most essential foods of all green plants. Leaves are arranged so as to catch all the sun- light possible, because chlorophyll gets its energy from light, and cannot be formed without it. Mankind and all other animals are ultimately dependent for their food upon the vegetable world, and since no plants could exist if there were no chlorophyll, it is one of the most important substances in nature. It was by means of chlorophyll that the energy given out by the sun, thousands of years ago, was stored up to furnish our coal supply. Exhibit by Mr. W. Griffiths of a box for the capture of insects in the field, which he had invented and patented. FIELD EXCURSIONS. Four excursions were held during the Summer of 1922, and were fairly well attended. June 10th. Ramble from Patchway to Almondsbury Hill, with a visit to the charming garden of Mr. Hiatt C. Baker. He received the members, and showed them round his garden, pointing out the many curious shrubs and colour variations of rare hardy plants that flourish in the open. Members were entertained to tea. July 12th. Ramble from Saltford to Keynsham by the side of the River Avon, where some rare water plants, including Potamogeton Drucet, and insects were secured. Mr. and Mrs. P. F. Gibbons entertained the members to tea. August 19th. Ramble from Staple Hill to Bury Camp, Moor- end, chiefly botanical. September 2nd. Ramble to Barrow Hill and Bourton Combe. Insects were plentiful, and specimens of Collembola, Campodea, Diptera, Myrmica, etc., were taken. A fledgling of the Little Owl, Athene noctua, was also captured and released. 941 ACCOUNT OF THE ANNUAL AND GENERAL MEETINGS. THE 497TH GENERAL MEETING. October 5th, 1922. “Barth Sculpture,’ by Mr.-F. 5. Wallis, M.Sc. Paar Geological processes are still constantly at work in the world either by denudation or deposition, with transportation between. Even an ordinary shower of rain has a small effect on the sculpture ot the surface, and results in such formations as the earth pillars of Scotland and of the Continent. On a larger scale rivers wear away the earth, and in such an instance as our Avon Gorge the work has been done during vast cons of time, when the river had probably far more energy than at the present time. Other effects produced by glaciers, wind, plants and finally by waves were considered and illustrated by a series of slides. Exhibit by Mr. W. Griffiths of four clouded yellow butterflies, Colias croceus, showing slight variations in eye spots, etc. THE 498tH GENERAI, MEETING. November 2nd, 1922. Exhibits of Natural History by the Members. Objects of interest in Natural History were displayed by twenty exhibitors, and short talks were given about some of them. Dr. C. K. Rudge spoke on boring and burrowing Marine animals ; Mr. H. Womersley on Myrmecophiles and Dragonflies; Mr. W. Griffiths on Insect Teratology and Pests ; Messrs. J. R. P. Heslop and G. C. Griffiths, F.E.S., on Lepidoptera captured locally, in- cluding the rare Vanessa Antiopa and Drepama sicula ; Mr. J. W. Tutcher on Fossil Trigoniz illustrating ornament ; Mr. J. W. White on British Clovers ; and Mrs. Sandwith on Floral sports. Coffee was served during the meeting. THE 499th GENERAL MEETING. December 7th, 1922. Discussion : ‘‘ Present Position of Darwinism.” Mr. C. Hunter, M.Sc., who opened the discussion, stated that Darwin included all sorts of differences between individuals as affording the material upon which natural selection might be expected to operate. Actual observations seem to indicate that those individuals which depart least from the ideal type have the best chance to survive ; but further improvements in the same direction seem not to follow. ACCOUNT OF THE ANNUAL AND GENERAL MEETINGS, 242 Mr. J. V. Pearman, who continued the discussion, pointed out that critics of Darwinism have urged that interbreeding would cause opposing variations to cancel out, and a difference of opinion has arisen with regard to the pcssibility of the inheritance of acquired characters. Miss G. G. Gilchrist, B.Sc., then gave a summary of the work of Dr. J. C. Willis on the distribution of plants and animals. Dr. Willis considers in his book, which has been termed “‘ Age and Area,’’ that the dispersal of species is mainly mechanical—so much dispersal in so much time—and the largest families and genera in any country will be the oldest and will occupy the greatest amount of territory. The evidence of evolution derived from fossil records was dealt with by Miss E. M. Lee, M.Se., who pointed out that mem- bers of the ‘‘ Osmundacec,’’ a fern family, can be traced from the Upper Permian to the living Osmunda Regalis (Royal Fern) of to-day. Successive records of these show a definite anatomical progression. The President, Prof. O. V. Darbishire, Messrs. H. S. Thompson, W. Griffiths and F. W. Evens also joined in the discussion. Lu WMlemoriam. CEDRIC BUCKNALL, Mus. Bac. On December 12th, 1921, there passed away an old and talented member and past vice-president of this Society, one of the leading systematic botanists of the country—a man esteemed and respected both for his attainments and his demeanour. Cedric Bucknall was born et Bath on May 2nd, 1849. He shared the tendencies of a musical family, and at fourteen was the organist of a country church. Adopting music as a profession he speedily attained prominence as an executant and composer, qualified for the degree of Mus. Bac. in Keble College, Oxford, and matried in 1873, whilst holding an appointment at Southwell Minster. ‘Three years later he became organist and choir-master at All Saints, Clifton, and there continued until his death. Under his direction. the choral and orchestral music of the church was developed and perfected. An Jn Memoriam notice in the All Saints’ Parish Magazine for January speaks of his mastership of plainsong and the marked beauty and fluency of his improvisations on the organ; and testifies also to the impression made by “‘ his humility, his calm, tact and gentleness, and his thoroughness and devotion to duty.” A serious student from youth to age, Bucknall had long been attracted by the mystery of the stellar universe and by that of its minutest organisms, finding recreation alike in astronomy and the microscope. His addresses at our evening meetings are re- membered for their careful preparation and accuracy of statement, qualities which to his mind far outweighed the charm of ornate fluency or humour. From diatoms and desmids Bucknall turned to fungi. ‘The latter group engrossed his leisure for many years ; his ‘‘ Fungi of the Bristol District’ (1878—1891), published in out Proceedings, contained 1,431 species with excellent drawings fo the more interesting. More than a hundred of these were new — {IN MEMORIAM. 944 to Britain or to science. Of the figures in Cooke’s /llustrations, forty-four were taken, from Bucknall’s coloured drawings of Bristol specimens. When the supply of fungi failed him, Bucknall gave aitention to flowering plants with the same assiduity and methodical care that characterised all his work. Although this branch of botany was comparatively new to him, his industry and capacity for dealing with difficulties soon secured him a standing among systematists. His critical ‘‘ Revision of the Genus Symphytum ”’ (Journ. Linn. Soc.), and. his work among the Eye-brights, published as a supplement to the Journal of Botany in 1917, enhanced a reputation already well founded ; while his discovery near Wotton- under-Edge of Stachys alpina, a plant previously unknown in Great Britain, aroused keen interest among the botanists of the country. Bucknall was one of those who founded the University Botanical Club for students of field botany, and no member was more welcome at the fortnightly meetings when his engagements permitted attendance. For his friends could always reckon on sympathetic help with puzzling exhibits, end the reasoned judg- ment that his wide botanical knowledge enabled him to give on critical plant specimens often removed all doubt on their deter- mination. In this way and by papers ard demonstrations willingly furnished, his influence on juniors and beginners was at all times a stimulus and encouragement. - During the latter half of his life Bucknall made many Con- tinental trips, collecting plants and acquiring a good knowledge of the flora of Central and Southern Europe. In the course of these travels and in the work of determining his gatherings he had learnt to read at least six languages and could converse in four. It is decided that his extensive herbarium will remain in Bristol. Prior to the interment at Canford on December 16th a Solemn Requiem was sung at All Saints. The large congregation bore testimony to the widespread affection felt for our lamented friend. y.W.w. 245 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS, 1922. “MILK.” By HE. H. Cook, D.Sc. (Lond. & Bris.), Lord Mayor of Bristol. Gate I had the honour of addressing you as President in 1920 and again in 1921, water formed the principal subject of consideration ; to-night I propose to speak about a substance with which water is closely associated both rightly and wrongly. I mean Milk. It is not the purely local variety known all over the world as ‘“‘ Bristol Milk,’’ with which Lord Mayors of this city are supposed to be fairly well acquainted ; nor the delightful possession that Shakespeare has called the ‘‘ Milk 0’ human kindness,” which the wonderful response to my appeal for a Christmas Dinner Fund shows to be very abundant in Bristol. No, the subject of my address to-night is the common white fluid secreted by the mammary glands of all mammals, and which constitutes the sole food of this kind of animal when quite young. The general composition of the milk of all mammals is similar, although great variations of the amount of the individual con- stituents are found. ‘The fluid consists of a mixture of water, fat, sugar, nitrogenous substances which we may call casein, and mineral constituents. The proportions in which these are mixed not only varies with the species, but also with each specimen of the species, and also with the time when the sample was taken. Com- | paratively little study has been given to the milk of any other animal than the cow, but analyses have been made of the fluids given by many others. In regard to the cow, its milk has been analysed more times than any other substance. Thousands of analyses are made every day, and many well-established facts have been discovered relating to its variation in composition. In the following table I have given the average composition of the milk from four animals, each of which is used for human food :— Cow. Goat. ASS. Woman Water ia ne Sica) 86.04 90.12 88.5 Fat ae + Se ES Be 4.63 1.26 3.3 Sugar os i Rien oh Sarkis 4,22 6.50 6.7 Casein wu: sf Neds 0) 4.35 1.66 1.3 Ash pa ae ee ORT 0.76 0.46 0.2 It will be seen that the differences are well marked. Medical men are well acquainted with the fact that trouble often arises when infants are fed with cow’s milk. In order to prevent this, some dairymen have taken to preparing and selling what they call ‘‘ Humanized Milk.’ From the numbers given in PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 246 the table the mode of doing this can be understood ; the fat is slightly reduced ; the casein and ash largely, whilst the sugar has to be increased. Fart. : The Fat is interesting because it is present in the form of small transparent globules varying in size from 0.01 mm. to 0.0016 mm. in diameter. Under the microscope they are colourless as well as transparent. But milk is certainly white and opaque. How is this ? Because of the dispersion of the light by innumerable reflec- tions and refractions on its entering and leaving the globules. Chemically, milk fat, 2.e., butter, is a mixture of the glycerides of several fatty acids: principally butyric, oleic, myristic and palmitic. Of course, milk fat is lighter than water ; its specific gravity being given as 0.98. Hence the “‘ rising of cream.”’ The exact process which takes place when butter is made, 1.€., what is called the ‘‘ coming of the butter,” is not very well understood, and is still the subject of controversy ; but the sesult is that the individual globules of fat coalesce to form a granular mass. SUGAR, The sugar in milk is not the same substance as ordinary cane sugar, although it is crystalline and has the same chemical formula. It is not so sweetening as cane sugar, but is more easily digested. There is some evidence that the sugar contained in the milk of all mammals is not the same. Milk sugar is made on the large scale and is an article of commerce, being used in medicine and in Infants’ Foods. CASEIN. This name undoubtedly includes mixtures of several substances of the same or similar chemical nature. They all, however, contain nitrogen as an, essential element and are all of the general character of substances known, as ‘‘ Albumins.”’ On the addition of an acid or the substance known as ‘‘ Rennet,”’ some milks are coagulated into ‘‘ Curds’”’ and ‘‘ Whey.”’ The curd is finely divided, pressed to remove water, and. allowed to “‘ ripen,”’ and forms cheese. Casein is prepared for commerce. It forms a part of many food preparations sold under fancy names all warranted to cure all the ills that flesh is heir to. One use of casein that will perhaps surprise many is that it forms a part of several preparations used as distemper for colouring walls. 947 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. THE ASH. The ash of milk consists almost entirely of the phosphates of Calcium and Potassium, together with chlorides of sodium and potassium. ‘This is the composition. of the mineral matter as left after burning, but does not necessarily show how the elements are combined. in the milk. ANALYSIS AND ADULTERATION. I have said that of all substances milk is the one that is analysed most often. But fortunately for the Public Analyst it is not necessary to make a complete analysis such as that given in the table. All that is required is to find the amount of fat, and of the other solids clubbed together. The difficulty about arriving at a decision as to whether a given sample has been adulterated or not, is that the liquid itself is of so variable 2 composition. ‘The quality is affected by the breed of the cow. For example, a little Guernsey or Jersey gives a very much richer milk on the whole than a Shorthorn or Freisian. It is also affected by the time of milking, both daily and after the time of calving. The nature of the food affects both the quality and the quantity. When these facts are remembered, and also that, unless the water added for adulteration possesses some substance dissolved in it, which 1s easily detected, it is impossible to distinguish between the natural water in the milk and the added water ; the difficulty in detecting adulteration becomes evident. ‘The method adopted has therefore been to fix certain figures founded upon the results of thousands of analyses and to call that the milk of standard composition. ‘The figures adopted are :— Solids: mot. Maton... Me aU .. 8.5 per cent. Fat ss ee : ah iar) and it is assumed that if a Rlete contains say 8.0 per cent. of solids then it has had water added to it ; if it contains 2.75 per cent. of fat it has had cream abstracted from it. This assumption is not quite correct because at certain times some few samples may fall below, but the yield of a herd of cows of mixed breed very seldom falls below. Strangely enough, however, when the standard was first adopted Earl Rosebery was Prime Minister, and it was deter- mined to test the soundness of the figures by experiments upon the herd at the Home Farm at Mentmore, his residence. This was accordingly done, and the yield was found below the standard ! Explanations were, however, forthcoming, and no change was made in the figures. Numerous experiments have been made, and it has been found that out of 100,000 samples examined— 732 gave less than 3.0 per cent. of fat, and 2.08 aaa ern ie solids not fat. dd) PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 248 It will therefore be seen that the standard is very satisfactory. In order that injustice may be prevented as far as possible, it is specially enacted that where a sample falls below and is claimed as abnormal, a special appeal may be made to the cow. Abnormal specimens may, however, easily be obtained if the farmer is not careful. As one who has been studying these points for many years and who is brought face to face with the problem practically every day, I would advise that care should be taken to mix the whole yield from a single cow, and also to mix that of the herd before sending to market. It would be far too technical, and also tedious to go into the niceties of the methods adopted for the adulteration of milk. I therefore turn to another portion of my subject, viz., to consider the production of milk as if it were a manufacture. It may be regarded as somewhat derogatory to speak of milk-raising as a manufacture, and yet it is similar. ‘The manufacture of iron is an industry comparable in size to that of milk-making. The iron is made by means of an appliance called a blast furnace ; milk is made by means of an appliance called a cow. Iron ore, limestone, and coal are fed into the mouth of the furnace and the manufactured article drawn off at a suitable part of the structure. Similarly grass, hay, mangolds, ete., are fed into the mouth of the cow and the milk drawn off at the udder. Moreover, the amount of iron produced bears a known proportion to the amount of iron contained in the ore with which the furnace is supplied, and if a serious falling off in the yield takes place the ironmaster knows that either the furnace is not doing its work properly or something is wrong with the mixture put into it. Careful scientific study has shown what ought to be done and how defects can be remedied. Has any similar study been made with regard to milk ? Upto quite recently I think I should have been justified in saying that nothing had been done. Of recent years, however, a beginning has been made, but accurate data are not yet forthcoming. The first step in the investigation was to get an idea of what the machine really does. For some time past at many Agricultural Stations in America Milk Records have been kept, and, fostered by our Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, numerous Societies have recently been established in this country. From these we are getting valuable statistics as to the yield and in some cases quality also. So long ago as May, 1905, our Ministry issued a leaflet pointing out the value of keeping records of the milk yield of cows and advo- cating the formation of Milk Recording Societies. This advocacy was just beginning to be effective, when the blight of 1914 and subsequent years fell upon the world, and no progress was made. Since 1918, however, the importance of the subject has again become evident, and consequently the original leaflet was revised QA49 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS, and re-issued in May, 1921. ‘The advantages to be derived from a careful series of records are many. An ailing cow or cows are quickly detected, feeding may be carried out more economically, influence of a change of food or climate is quickly nected, influence of breed and selection of cow are shown, and finally much more interest is taken by the farmer and stockman in their labours. Our Ministry are making strenuous efforts to improve the breed of dairy cows, and ere so impressed with the importance of accurate data that they are giving grants to Milk Recording Societies of £3 10s. per annum per herd recorded. ‘They also issue a register, in which is included the name, age, pedigree and “‘ performance ’’ of every cow that has (1) Yielded not less than 8,000 lbs. of milk during a year, and (2) Vielded not less than 6,500 Ibs. on an average of two or ‘more consecutive years. These are steps in the right direction, and results may be expected that will be of advantage to the farmer and the general public. Striking conclusions have been obtained from the figures given in this Register and the competitions, etc., held at the various Agricultural and Dairy Shows up and down the country. For many years the Friesian cow has been regarded as the milch cow of Noithern Europe, America, Canada and our Colonies, but for some reason it is only just coming into prominence in this country. It is not what I may call an “‘aitistie”” aninial, it hasn’t the fine outline of our Shorthorns or Herefords, or the fine colouring of our Devons and Jerseys, but its remarkable pre- eminence as a milker is making it very popular. Two years ago it was not known that any cow gave more than 2,000 gallons of milk a year. But now 26 cases have been recorded, and one ot 2,500. All these, with one exception, are British Frie- sians. Moreover, the official record shows that 35 per cent. Frie- sians are 1,000 gallon cows, and that the next highest are cross-breds with 19 per cent. Moreover, it isthe cnly breed producing 1,000 Ibs. of butter a year, and is the only breed including cows giving 10 gallons a day each. Hitherto, English farmers have paid attention almost exclu- sively to the beef-producing capacity of the cow, and very success- fully too, for English beef is the best in the world. But they will now have to pay more attention to the milk-giving power as well. ‘The commercial and economic importance of the matter may be brought home by one fact. ‘The Government finds from a census taken of dairy cows that the average cow gives 1.3 gallons per day only! It would be a very poor herd of Friesians that did not average 2.6 gellons per day, or twice as much as at present, and a corresponding diminution of the price of milk ought to result, PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 250 The percentage of fat in the Friesian is not quite equal to that of some of our other breeds, but the difference is not very marked on the average. From the foregoing data we can indicate the beginning of the scientific study of our manufacture. Ten gallons a day would weigh about. 103.2 lbs. Let us take 100 Ibs. in round figures as the daily production and the amounts of the individual constituents will be exactly those given in the table. Since the 100 lbs. of milk contain 87.35 per cent. of water it is obvious that that amount of water must be taken daily at least. That is, 8? gallons. The provision of the necessary amount caused farmers a good deal of trouble during the late drought. Confining attention to two chemical elements, viz., Nitrogen and Phosphorus, the table shows that a 10-gallon cow gives about half-a-pound of Nitrogen per day and about one-tenth of a pound of Phosphorus. It is therefore necessary that its ration should contain these substances in those amounts. Meadow hay and clover hay mixed may be taken as containing 3 per cent. of Nitrogen (Analyst, vol. 23, p. 48); therefore, the cow will require about 18} lbs. of such fodder daily. In a similar way we can ascertain the amount of Phosphorus-bearing food that must be fed into our machine to produce the product required. It is, of course, obvious that the problem is not so easy as I have represented, because we are only imagining that the feed has to contain just as much of the constituents as is given out by the milk. Of course, this is incorrect, for milk is not the only product made by the cow, and we also know that some constituents must be used up in adding to the bulk of the animal herself. Nevertheless, although the subject has only been partly studied, many glaring errors in feeding have already been remedied. Some carefully conducted experiemnts have been made, especially at the Agricultural Experimental Station of the University of Illinois, where the beneficial effects of a selected ration have been proved conclusively. Illinois, however, whilst a good dairy country, is not well supplied with pure-bred cattle, and the experiments took no account, so far as I know, of the Phosphorus ration. The importance of the question is receiving attention in this country, and our agriculturists, who are not so unprogressive as some people think, have already made many observations of great value. Thus, I find in a small agricultural paper the following in answer to an enquiry :— “The ration depends entirely upon the class or breed of the cow, and the quantity of milk she is giving. The grass becomes deficient in nitrogenous constituents during the autumn, so that it is necessary 251 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. to give a little concentrated food reasonably rich in albuminoids. As regards quantity, it is generally estimated that a cow giving two gallons of milk per day will require 4 lbs. of meal or cake, an extra pound being given for every additional gallon of milk pro- duced.” . There is here an attempt at a direct relationship between the milk yield and the ration. ‘The figures quoted are interesting in relation to my own figures which I have just given, because the 10-gallon animal gives as we have seen about 12% lbs. of solids per day. Therefore, 1 gallon will contain about 1} lbs., or a quarter of a pound more solids than the agricultural expert who writes the article quoted, states is ‘‘ generally estimated”’ to be necessary to put in!! The cow could not last long under these cir- cumstances. The study of milk production from the scientific side has not hitherto received much attention, but it is hoped that our Board of Agriculture will soon be in a position to carry on continuous experiments which cannot fail to add to our stock of accurate information. One last point. This substance forms the natural food of the mamuinal, but it also possesses the necessary constituents for the food of a lot of other things. It therefore almost always contains micro-organisms, some of which may be regarded as beneficial to the human animal, and others just the reverse. All these get into the milk aiter milking, or ftom the ditty, hands) (or the milker. These micro-organisms are mostly slightly heavier than air and fall into the pails and pans into which the milk is placed. Too much care cannot be taken in regard to the milking of the cow and the storage of the milk. ‘The cowshed should be well ventilated, the cows’ udders and teats quite clean, the hands of the milker and the pails scrupulously clean, and every- thing around, including the air, as stillas possible. The milk should be conveyed from one place to another in closed vessels, and stored in similar vessels when offered for sale. It is a very nice sight to see on the counter of a dairy shop a large bowl of milk with a yellow covering of cream, but it must not be forgotten that the extra surface exposed catches all the germs that fall upon it, with, it may be, disastrous results. The enlarged micro-photographs shown upon the screen illustrate these points. Since the young mammal is built up entirely, for some short time after birth of the substances contained in milk, it follows that this substance contains all the chemical elements of which the body of the young animal is composed. It is, therefore an all-sufficient food. ‘This is perfectly true of milk, but it is not true of other foods, as a general proposition, PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS, 252 It has been found that sometimes a chemically complete ration did not suffice for the full and healthy growth of the individual. Certain diseases, such as scurvy, rickets, etc., followed the use of special kinds of food, although every element was present. Further research has shown that these foods were without certain infinite- simal amounts of bodies of unknown composition, but which bodies undoubtedly had animportant bearing on nutrition. ‘To such bodies the general names of ‘‘vitamins’’ has been given. Conversely, these diseases are cured or ameliorated by the addition to the ration of minute quantities of these bodies. Experiments are still very incomplete, but it is supposed that it has been shown that three such bodies have been proved to exist :—Fat soluble A, in butter and other things; Water soluble B, in Wheat germ, etc., and Anti-Scorbutic, in Cabbage, etc. Very few bodies contain all three, but the substance we have been talking about to-night does. ‘The universal practical experience of mankind is, therefore, supported by scientific discovery. The word “‘vitamin’’ lends itself so readily to advertisement purposes, that a great deal of nonsense has been, and will be, written about the subject. It is too early as yet to draw sweeping general conclusions, but a promising field of discovery has been opened up which may have far-reaching influence upon, the eternal food question. In conclusion, I trust that it has been shown how wonderfully constituted a substance milk is, to act as a complete food, how essential each constituent is for its special work, and also how essential it is that the most scrupulous cleanliness should be exercised in every detail of its transference from the cow to the drinker. NOTES ON TRICHOGRAMMATINAE TAKEN AROUND BRISTOL. By B..N3eBeoon: ava: HE ‘Trichogammatinz are a sub-family of the Chalcidide, and are recognised by their three-jointed tarsi, by their small size and lack of metallic colouring, and in some genera by the curious arrangement of the surface hairs on the wings, which are here atranged in regular rows radiating from the base, thus giving name to the typical genus—Trichogramma. The sub-family may be conveniently divided into three tribes : 1. TRICHOGRAMMINI.--With many regular rows of. hairs on the surface of the anterior wings, which wings are wide, and fringed with short cilia. The insects brown er yellow in colour. 2. OLIGOSITINI.—The surface hairs of the anterior wings not without a certain amount of regularity, but leaving bare patches on the wings, which wings are narrower and fringed with longer cilia. ‘he insects are generally yellow in colour. 3. BRACHISTINI.—tThe surface hairs equally distributed al over the anterior wing (except at the very base). There may be one, two, or at most three regular rows among these hairs. ‘The anterior wings are wide and fringed with short cilia. The insects are generally of darker colour—black, dark brown, or yellow, variegated with dark brown markings. . The following is a list of the British Trichogrammatine, of which I have caught all those marked with an asterisk (*) in the Bristol District :— TRICHOGRAMMINI. Poropoea stollwercki (Forster). *Trichogramma evanescens (Westwood). *Neocentrobia hirticornis (Blood). *Centrobia walkeri (Forster). *Centrobia forsteri (Kryger). *Centrobia sylvestri (Kryger). *Centrobia fumipennis (Blood). *Ophioneurus signatus (Ratzeburg). Lathromeris scutellaris (Forster). OLIGOSITINI. *Chaetostricha werneri (Kryger). Chaetostricha dimidiata (Haliday). *Oligosita subfasciata (Westwood). *Oligosita collina (Haliday). Prestwichia aquatica (I~tbbock). Notes ON TRICHOGRAMMATINA, TAKEN AROUND BRISTOL. 254 BRASCHISTINI. Branchista pungens (Mayr) or (Haliday). *Branchista nigra (Kryger). *Monorthochaeta nigra (Blood). *Asynacta longicanda (Blood). *Orthoneura bimaculata (Blood). TRICHOGRAMMINI. Porpoea stollwerckt can be distinguished by the rounded front wings, on which are about eight regular rows of hairs. The marginal nerve does not reach the froni edge of the wing, and the female has a curved, sickle-shaped oviposit or as long as her abdomen. The antenna is not widened into a terminal club. This species is not yet recorded from the Bristol District, but I hope this spring to breed it from cocoons of Attelabus curculionides; of which I gathered many in Henbury Woods. My Iriend, Mr. J. Waterston, of the British Museum, has bred it in numbers from this host. Trichogramma evanescens is Cistinguished from other genera of its tribe by the marginal nerve forming a regular S-shaped curve, and in this genus it touches the anterior wing border. ‘There are about fifteen rows of hairs on the wing. ‘The female antenna has six joints, the male antenna has four joints, the ultimate joint in each case forming a large club from which spring long curved hairs in the male. The male is dimorphic, an apterous vatiety with antenna almost like the female, being sometimes found. I have caught this insect all round Bristol ; it is a common species, breeding in the eggs of moths, butterflies, flies and stone-flies. Neocentrobia hivticornis is distinguished in the male by the non-clubbed antennae, which are composed of ten joints, of which the six outer ones give rise to whorls of large curved hairs. ‘The female is extremely like a Centrobia. In fact I hardly feel justified in forming a new genus for this insect, but that the male antenna is so characteristic and unique. I have caught a male and several females of this insect in the New Forest, and last Autumn caught three females in Brockley Combe. The ovipositor just reaches beyond the abdomen. Centrobia walkert.—I have given the generally accepted specific names for this and the two following insects, but in the future it is possible that priority will alter this nomenclature. ‘The genus Centrobia has wings with hairs even more regularly in rows than Trichogramma. It can be distinguished from Trichogramma by the fact that the marginal nerve runs for some distance along the front edge of the wing, then dips suddenly down, ending in the wing in a rounded knob. All the species have a three-jointed antennal club. ‘The species are distinguished by the length of the female ovipositor, and the males by munor differences in the wings. 255 NOTES ON TRICHOGRAMMATINAS TAKEN AROUND BRISTOL, The males can also be distinguished by comparison of their wings with the female—-the same species having identical wings in both sexes. Centrobia walkert is fairly common round Bristol, the ovi- positor is curved like a sickle, and is as long as the entire insect. Centrobia forstert has an ovipositor as long as its abdomen, it is rarer than Centrobia walkevt. J have found it at Nailsea and at Kings Weston Down. Centrobia sylvesivt has an ovipositor nearly half as long as its abdomen. It is rather rare around Bristol, but I have found both sexes at Southmead, and also in Brockley Combe. Centrobia fumipennis has a short ovipositor, just reaching beyond the end of the abdomen. It is somewhat like the female of Neocentrobia hirticornis, but can be at once distinguished by the strongly infumate basal half of the wings, which also prevents the male from being mistaken for any other insect. ‘The life histories of these centrobiz, and also of Neocentrobia hirticorms, are unknown. Ophioneurus signatus may be distinguished by the manner in, which the two ends of the marginal nerve—especially the apical or outer end—-are darkened. ‘The antennal club is three-jointed and is rather hairy in both sexes. ‘This is a rare insect in the Bristol area ; I have taken one female in Henbury Woods, and a second at Shapwick when sweeping small birch trees. This insect may be bred from the rolls made by the beetle Rhynchites betulae, on birch and alder trees. Lathromeris scutellaris I have never seen. It has not been recorded since its first capture in 1856. It can be readily dis- tinguished, as it is the only member of the vibe Trichogrammini, which has a four-jointed antennal club. Its life history is un- known. OLIGOSITINI. Chaetostricha wernert is our most common ‘Trichogramma. The hemipterous male, and his larger winged mate, can be dis- tinguished by the triangular and recurved shape of the end of the marginal vein, also by the very irregular lines of the surface hairs on the wings, and the seven-jointed antenne, in which the three- jointed club is neither wide nor large. In all the Oligositini the cheeks are darker than the rest of the head, and as we learn more of the two genera Chaetostricha and Oligosita, they tend to blend together, until the only differentiating factor left is the presence of a dark wing mark behind the end of the marginal nerve in Oligosita, which is quite lacking in Chaetostricha. ‘The life history of Chaetostricha werneri is unknown, it can be distinguished from the following species by the fact that the marginal nerve reaches well beyond half the entire wing-length. NOTES ON TRICHOGRAMMATINAS MAKEN AROUND BRISTOL. 256 Chaetostricha dimidiata I do not know. From deseriptions it is like C. wernert except that the wings are larger and longer. If the end of the marginal nerve extends beyond half the length of the wing it is C. werneri, if, on the other hand, the end of the marginal vein extends only half the wing-length, then it is Chactos- tvicha dimidiata. I have never captured or seen this insect. Life history unknown. Oligosita subfasciata is easily recognised by the very strongly marked spot in the substance of the wing, forming, with the dark end of the marginal nerve, a bar of brown right across the front wing. In this species, es in the following, the antenng are com- posed of seven. joints, of which the rather small club absorbs three. I have taken this insect in both sexes in the New Forest, and one female also on Kings Weston Down. Oligosita collina. This may be distinguished by the com- paratively faint wing-bar, and by its lighter colour and more slender build. The wings of the female are narrower than in Oligosita subfasciata, and the clear lemon-coloured male is microp- terous. I caught several males of this on Kings Weston Down last year, and imagined I had discovered another new species. Later I caught. one female at Shapwick, and then realised that the males I had caught were the hitherto undescribed mates of Oligosita collina, the female of which Haliday described so well. This writer had a wonderful gift for envisageing an insect by words, and is the best writer I know for this. ‘The life histories of our Oligosite are unknown. Prestwichia aquatica. Famous because of its sub-aquatic method of living—it swims about under water by means of its legs, and is a parasite of the eggs of Ranatra and Noctonecta, the Dytiscus and perhaps other water-beetles, and several species of Dragon-flies. I have been sent specimens from the Midlands, but have not yet caught this insect near Bristol. Besides the winged females, there are hemipterous and apterous ones, the male being always apterous. It is the only species of the tribe Oligositini found under water, the only one in which the male is apterous and not lemon-yellow in colour, and in which the female has a protruding and powerful ovipositor. BRACHISTINI. Brachisia pungens was first found by Andrew Haliday in England, but he gave us no description of the species, only describ- ing it as a genus. This species was afterwards caught in Germany and there described. The wings are evenly covered with rather stout hairs, and the insect has a stout body and powerful ovipositor. The male is yet unknown. Dark brown in colour, one distinguishing characteristic of the two species of this genus is the number of 257 NOTES ON TRICHOGRAMMATINAS TAKEN AROUND BRIiS’OI,. long stout body-spines, two of which, on the scutellum, curve upwards and forwards above the insects’ head. Brachista pungens has not been caught in this country since Haliday’s time. Brachista migra is much like the former species in size and shape, differing in the colour, which is black, and in the ovipositor, which is shorter than in Brachista pungens. I have caught three females of this species at Shapwick, where they are parasites on the eggs of water-bugs and water-beetles. The males are very similar in appearance. Monorthochaeta mgra can be easily distinguished by the front row of surface hairs on the anterior wings. This row runs in a straight line to the anterior outer border. This insect is also the only one of the tribe Brachistini which has nine antennial joints and is also black in colour. The male is a strange little apterous creature with a large head and rotund abdomen, which at first sight reminds one strongly of a member of the spring-tail genus Smynthurus. I have caught several specimens of both sexes of this new insect on Kings Weston Down during 1921 and 1922. The life history is as yet unknown. Asynacta longicanda is described from one female captured by me at Shapwick last Autumn. There are three lines of regular hairs—the first arched forward and reaching outward toward the anterior border of the wing, the second line starts from the same spot—the end of the marginal nerve—and is arched backward, reaching the tip of the wing. ‘The third regular line starts close to the joint between the front and hind wings, and arching forward, runs outward towards the postero—external border of the wing. The wings and antenne of my specimen correspond exactly with the type Asynacta exigua in the Vienna Museum, but the type there has a rounded abdomen with no protrusion of the ovipositor. My specimen has a powerful ovipositor about half as long as the abdomen, or more, so I feel justified in calling it a new species. The regularly curved marginal vein, which just reaches the anterior edge of the wing at one spot, and the three rows of regular hairs on the front wing, together with its black colour, are the distin- guishing marks of this insect. Orthoneura bimaculata is a species also new to science, and can be easily distinguished by the very straight marginal vein, which hardly dips at all into the wing—there is just a small notch at its outerend. Also the colouring of the thorax more particularly the two dark brown oblong spots—one on each side of the prothorax, narrowly separated by the light brown ground colour of the insect, make it quite easy to recognise. The sexes are nearly alike, the female perhaps a shade larger, but it is not good to go by size too NOTES ON TRICHOGRAMMATINAS TAKEN AROUND BRISTOL. 258 much in these parasitic insects, and an inverted or side view will at once decide the sex. That I should be able to name my captures so well is due entirely to the excellent work which my friend, Mr. J. P. Kryger, has written, and also to the cordial help I have had from him in the fields, on many a pleasant day. A white canvas or “‘ drill” sweeping net should be used to capture these insects among grass and on shrubs. Generally grass fields in woods, young plantations, and swampy fields yield the best results. The insects can only be confounded with some of the Chalcids of the family Apheline, but when brought home, the microscope will at once show the three-jointed tarsi of the Trichogrammatine. The author will be only too pleased to help any reader who wishes to study these insects, which are really very little known, but are more interesting on that account. Some Observations on the Resting Period of Twigs of Prunus Cerasus. By CHARLES HuntTER, M.Sc., F.L.S. ‘HE occurrence and the continuance of the flowering periods of plants depend to a great extent on certain inherent factors, but climatic conditions may hasten or retard the arrival of such periods or may modify their duration. The study of the connection between meteorological conditions and the periodic activities of plants is known as phenology. Unfortunately the signification of this term is commonly restricted to the connection, between the temperature of the atmosphere and the flowering of plants. It is generally recognised that temperature has an important influence on, the time of flowering which is normally retarded by low tempera- tures and hastened by high temperatures. Temperature has been considered so important that tables have been prepared to show the total amount of heat necessary to induce the flowering of vatious species of plants. These tables are of but little value since heat is only one of the factors which affect the time of flower- ing. The flower buds of most spring flowering plants are normally formed before midsummer. Occasionally such plants flower in autumn if favourable temperature and moisture conditions continue to obtain for a sufficient period. ‘The inadequacy of the pheno- logical method of interpretation of the phenomena of the periodic activities of plants is apparent in the case of those buds which withstand many weeks of warm weather during the autumn without blooming, but proceed to this activity after the intervention of winter followed by only a few days of warm weather in the spring. Direct experiment! has proved that higher temperature alone is not always sufficient to bring plants out of their resting condition into active growth. Twigs of Prunus avium were removed. from a tree at intervals throughout the winter and placed in a greenhouse with a temperature of from 20° to 25° C. Twigs cut in the autumn failed to produce leaves or flowers and finally died, while those cut during the winter and early spring flowered after they had been exposed to the greenhouse temperature for a certain time, this period becoming shorter with the advance of the season. ‘The number of days of greenhouse conditions required to produce flowers on twigs of Prunus avium is shown, in, the accompanying table. (1) Palladin, V. I.—Plant Physiology (1914), translated by Livingston, 1917, P. 227. & brought into laborator ah of B “N Dates on which, Twigs Were cut an FR S A =9 = aw ‘on DEVELOPMENT — OF FLOWER BUDS OF PRINS GRISUS. Number of days before { lo wenring. ae 2 ' oi) 1s tae x Nasty E aed ~ 1 \, t b \ 4 ; j emis it - \ — A = . ay § \ i t ee 1 = } al Ta Pe t \ ~ . <. ane ween pane eee ee ee THE RESTING PERIOD OF TWIGS. 260 qe SE Aer Se SE Date of Cutting and Placing Period Required to in Greenhouse. ieolc jo) akeeoduce Mowers: ce December 14th 27 days January 10th 18 days February 2nd 17 days March 2nd 12 days March 23rd 8 days April 3rd 5 days In some comprehensive experiments which were carried out at Halle, Germany,” 234 species of woody plants were brought into a greenhouse between October 28th and November 4th and were kept under greenhouse conditions throughout the winter. One hundred. and twenty-five species began to make growth within two weeks ; the twigs of seventy species began to develop in the following February ; and those of thirty-six species did not become active until the month of March. From these data it would appear that favourable conditions for growth greatly reduce the normal rest period for a large number of deciduous trees and shrubs. The results of such experiments as those mentioned above probably depend largely on the condition of the buds at the time of the inception of the experiments. It is known that in many instances there is a gradual accumulation of food material during winter, both within the buds as well as in their vicinity in the stem, which is utilised when favourable conditions for development return. The insufficiency of available food is one of the chief reasons for the absence of development in certain buds when exposed to favourable conditions during their resting period. Observations made during the months of November and December, 1921, and of January, February, and March, 1922, on the development of buds of Prunus Cerasus are of interest in connection with the problem under consideration. After the tree selected had lost its leaves in the autumn of 1921 twigs were removed from it each week (with one exception) from November 11th to February 24th. These were brought into the Hiatt Baker Labore- tory of the University, placed with their cut ends under water, and kept under greenhouse conditions until the close of the experiment. During this period the temperature of the laboratory remained at 23°C. + 2°C. The water in which the twigs were placed was changed each week, and a small portion from the base of each twig | was cut off in order to prevent the wood vessels from being choked (2) Howard, W. L.—Untersuchungen ueber die Winter-ruheperiode der Pflanzen, Inaugural-Dissertation, Halle, 261 THE RESTING PERIOD OF TWIGS. by small particles of solid material present in the water, or from becoming occluded owing to the formation of wound gum in them. The first indications of the bursting of the buds were noted and also their dates of flowering. The results obtained are recorded in the table below, and they are also expressed graphically. Date of Cutting and Date of the first indica- | Date on which Placing in Greenhouse. | tion of bursting of buds. the twigs flowered. 1921 Nov. llth — apt Nov. 18th = aaa Nov. 25th aa = Dec.. 2nd = = Dec. 9th Feb. 24th, 1922 March 9th, 1922 Dec. 21st Feb. 3rd Feb. 20th 1922 Jan. 13th Feb. 3rd Feb. 18th Jan. © 20th Feb. 3rd Feb. 20th Jan. 27th Feb. 10th Feb. 18th Feb. 3rd Feb. 10th Feb. 24th Feb. 10th Feb. 24th Mar. 3rd Feb. 17th Feb. 24th Mar. 8th Feb. 24th Mar. 3rd Mar. 14th Although these observations are in accord with the data previously quoted for Prunus avium in that the twigs brought in prior to December 9th failed to develop further, yet they differ in that the time of flowering was advanced by this treatment for Prunus avium, whereas in the case of Prunus Cerasus this did not occur to such a marked degree. = One of the twigs brought into the laboratory on December 9th was for some time in such a position that the lowermost spur was submerged in water. On February 3rd it was noticed that the terminal bud of this spur showed signs of bursting, and on February 24th it was fully open. This bud developed thirteen days earlier than any of the other buds on the twigs brought in on December 9th. It would appear, therefore, that the development of this bud was due to its immersion in water. None of the buds on twigs brought in before December 9th showed any signs of development, and so a twig removed from the tree on November 25th was submerged in water from February 11th for one week. Seven days later the buds on this twig showed signs of bursting. THE RESTING PERIOD OF TWIGS. 262 This would seem to indicate that the treatment of submerging the twigs for a time in water has a beneficial effect on the subsequent development of their buds, and also that the relatively dry atmos- phere of the laboratory might to some extent have prevented the development of the buds on the twigs brought into the labora- tory before December 9th. Another interesting exception to the data recorded above occurred in the case of a twig brought into the laboratory on December 2nd, and whose apex was removed. On February 18th a foliage bud immediately below the wound showed signs of bursting, and it had completely opened on February 24th. Micro-chemical tests for the presence and distribution of starch, sugar, proteins, and fats in the stems and buds were con- ducted at weekly intervals throughout the period of experiment. During the earlier months starch formed the preponderant carbo- hydrate reserve so long as the buds remained in their resting condition. A pronounced increase in the amount of sugar present in the tissues always preceded the development of the buds. In consequence of this observation a twig which had been brought into the laboratory on November 25th was placed with its cut end in a 0.1 % solution of glucose on February 17th and left for a week after which it was replaced in water. This twig showed signs of the buds bursting on March 3rd, 12.¢., fourteen days after the treatment was commenced. Miuller-Thurgau® and Detmer‘* came to the conclusion that an accumulation of sugar was necessary in order to ensure that energetic growth of the buds of potato tubers should take place. According to their experiments the abundant production of sugar as the result of more intense action of diastase on the starch present in the tubers accompanied the development of the buds. It is very probable that these results regarding the termination of the resting period of potatoes are of significance in explaining the resting period of the winter buds of our trees and shrubs. The observations recorded above prove that the resting period of twigs of Prunus Cerasus may continue in spite of temperature conditions usually favourable to active growth, and that the ultim- ate development of the buds is not governed entirely by the external conditions prevailing. (3) Miuller-Thurgau.—Landwirthschl. Jahrbiicher, Bd. 11, p. 813. (4) Detmer, W.—Pflanzenphysiologische Untersuchungen iiber Ferment- bildung. Jena, 1884, p. 41, 263 Bristol Botany in 1922. By Jas; W. Warne” F178! Some curious departures from the normal cycle of plant-life, resulting from the unusual weather conditions of the last two seasons, have not escaped remark by ramblers interested in botany. Many herbaceous spring-flowering species, dried up and withered in a too early stage of development, bloomed a second time in the autumn after re-animating rains; and the smaller annuals that had been hurried to maturity by heat and drought in May actually reproduced themselves in another generation before the close of the year. Observations in the field kindly placed at my disposal since the last instalment of these notes was published make it clear that the Bristol district is still far from having been despoiled of all its botanical secrets. My cordial thanks are once more offered to those friends and correspondents whose records follow in due order. Moenchia erecta Gaertn. Has been detected in two additional stations in West Gloucester—at Bury Camp, Moorend ; and on Syston Common ; H. J. Gibbons. Stellaria Boreana Jord. Rocks and sand-hills at Uphill, S. ; Miss Roper and N. Y. Sandwith. Vicia sativa J, vat. macrocarpa. Determined by Mr. H. S. Thompson. An enormous plant (stems 6 it.), on an allotment border at Horfield; H. J. Gibbons. Saxifraga granulata 1, Has unfortunately been destroyed on the G.W.R. embankment in Keynsham Hams by fires along the fare: Bupleurum tenuissimum I, Plentiful on the edge of Durdham Down along the Upper Belgrave Road, and more sparingly else- where towards the Zool. Gardens. The main patch is near the site of a filled-in quarry, but as in that instance no soil was brought from the river side the plant may be indigenous. Crithmum maritimum I, Still exists on shingle below New Passage, G., where it was observed in 1910 by HK. M. Day. Eupatorium cannabinum J, With white flowers under Cook’s Folly Wood ; Miss Roper. Antennaria dioica Gaertn. A tiny patch, with one stem in flower, on a tocky slope near the upper end of Cheddar Gorge ; E. J. Hamlin, BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1922. 264 Cirsium ertophorum (1,.) Scop. In the Gardeners’ Chronicle for October 14th Mr. H. S. Thompson describes—and illustrates with a photograph—the remarkable abundance of this handsome thistle in the Chew Valley of North Somerset. Dr. Petrak, mono- grapher of the genus, makes the English plant a sub-species— (anglicum). Cuicus pratensis X palustris. A fairly good example of this hybrid, growing with the parents (C. pratensis ascendant), occurred in Max Bog, Winscombe, S. ; H. S. Thompson. Hiervacuum aurantiacum I,. Railway bank, Blagdon, 5S. ; Miss Roper. Campanula Trachelium 1, In the summer of 1890 I planted a root of the Nettle-leaved Bell-flower in a garden then being laid out for the first time. This plant seeded and reproduced itself plentifully in following years without attention, its descendants being partial to crevices among the stones of a small rockery and similar sterile situations. No variation was observed until 1921, when a single specimen produced pure white flowers and continued to do so in 1922. The subject of albinism and of cclour-variation in general is of much interest, but attempts at explanation meet with decided difficulty. We know that white-flowered sports are frequent in some genera normally possessing blue, red or purplish flowers, and that these variations are permanent in long continued cultivation. Other groups, however, are but little affected in this way ; but all flowers, whatever their tint, seem to vary most readily to white. It is known also that the colouring matter of most blue, red or purplish flowers is dissolved in the cell-sap, while a few only have chromoplastids in addition. White flowers have colourless sap and plastids. Still, little 01 nothing has been made out respecting the initial cause of such a change as happened to my Campanula after 31 years of stability. One understands that there has been a ‘ mutation,’ but how and why ? Biologists have lately owned that they are compelled to accept a theory of the origin of species by mutations so large that a Tinnean species may arise by a single step, or at most by a few successive steps, and certainly several apparent instances of stich an origin are on record. It is surmised that by the occurrence of one such mutation every fifty years or so the whole world’s flora could have been obtained. Compared with these vast speculations the mere change of colour in a flower may seem trivial indeed, vet one theory will probably apply to all alike. Linania spuria Mill. Excellent examples of peloria in this plant were detected by Mr. Gibbons in a Horfield allotment. Similar conditions have been observed in cornfields near Bath. See Fi, Brist, 265 BRISTOL BOTANY IN 19292. Veronica scutellata J, Weft bank of the Chew at Pensford, S. ; F. Samson. V. agrestis I, This Speedwell cannot be regarded as very common. in, cultivations about Bristol. Latterly, however, it has been abundant as a weed in Leigh Woods gardens, and consequently has attracted some special attention in regard to the difficulty that is occasionally found in separating it, at least in the dried state, from the closely allied V. Buxbaumi. When flowering there can be, of course, no hesitation in the matter, the corolla of agrestis being relatively small and pale with the lower lobe always white. But these corollas invariably fall directly the plant is gathered, and it is in their absence that doubt arises due to a lack of precision by British authors in describing the other parts of the plant, in particular the relative length of peduncles to leaves, and the sepals. Babington says: “‘ Leaves usually exceeding the peduneles, . . . sepals oval.’ And Hooker: ‘‘ Leaves about as long as the peduncles.”’ And Syme : “‘ Ped. as long as or shorter than the leaves.’’ I have never seen a specimen in which some peduncles were not longer than the leaves by as much as a third. And the sepals of agrestis are in fact ovate, subacute with blunt tips. Fries describes them as enerviis, but they really have three nerves or ribs, as noticed by Hooker and by Leighton. As the leaves of both species practically correspond it is of some importance, to a beginner at any rate, that such characters as can be observed in the dried plant should be accurately stated. And I note that this is well done in the Flore de France of Grenier et Godron. Littorella umflora Asch. Abundant on the margin of the Yeo Reservoir, Blagdon, S.; H. J. Grbbons. 1Amaranthus retroflexus I, I have only lately become aware that some of the plants thus labelled from Bristol waste heaps and garden ground belong to another species, viz., A. chlorostachys Willd. On reference to Continental books this is found to possess well-defined differences in the perianth and inflorescence, and it appears to be at least as frequent as A. retroflexus. I have come across apn, excellent key to the Amaranths of Western Europe in the Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, Coimbra ; now in the B.N.S. Library. Chenopodium glaucum I, Casual at Ashton Gate, Bristol ; Miss Roper. Salicornia dolichostachya x herbacea. Mud-flat below Port- bury. Confirmed by Dr. Salisbury; AH. S. Thompson. This discovery is of interest as the hybrid had only been met with previously at Hayling Island. (1) An alien genus, but inserted here as it has a place in the London Catalogue of British Plants. BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1922. - 266 Euphorbia platyphyllos . A fair quantity sprung up in an allotment at Horfield, G.; H. J. Gibbons. Juncus tenuis Willd. This introduction continues to spread in the district. It has been recognised by two observers between Nailsea and Tickenham, S. J. compressus Jacq. By the pumping station below New Passage, G.; H. J. Gibbons. Typha angustifolia 1, On the margin of the Yeo Reservoir, Blagdon, S.; Miss Roper. The first authentic occurrence of the species in our area. A stranger, observing it growing side by side with common paludal species might not easily be persuaded that it could not be a native there. But before the lake was formed by damming the Yeo Valley the spot was a piece of pasture well removed above the stream. This Typha and the Littorella that accompanies it were therefore in all probability introduced on the feet of aquatic birds or by winds, and possibly from a con- siderable distance. Although there can be no doubt as to the species, the Blagdon plant is not the typical form we are familiar with in the Norfolk Broads and elsewhere with a long cylindrical pencil-like inflorescence, but its spike is comparatively short and somewhat ovoid in outline. 7. angustifolia has been found to vary in several respects in other localities, and the peculiarity above mentioned is doubtless unessential. Potamogeton Drucet Fryer. Since this pondweed was first noticed in the Avon near Bath in 1916, it has greatly increased, the patches of floating leaves being now conspicuous on the slowly moving surface of the river. Until this summer no trace of flower or fruit had been observed in the locality, but on raking out a quantity near the Midland Station at the end of August I found that about one stem in twenty had produced a small peduncle —2 to 24”—bearing a tiny spike of abortive flowers. Specimens from the Berkshire Loddon cultivated by Mr. Fryer in Cambridge- shire ultimately bore 4-inch peduncles with flower-spikes of the same length; and in view of distinct characters presented by the fruit and stolons, unlike those of any known pondweed, Fryer abandoned the impression that the plant was a hybrid and gave it rank as a good species. Mr. Arthur Bennett, our chief authority on the genus, writing some years ago on another supposed hybrid, says: ‘‘ Fruit must be patiently waited for; that it will come may be fairly considered as a safe suggestion. In one case in the United States fruit was procured thirty years after the species had been first discovered ; and in the case of Smith’s P. lanceolatus an interval of eighty years occurred before a ripe fruit was seen.” We are thus encouraged to believe that sooner or later this Avon 267 BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1922. P. Drucet, which possibly travelled to Bath from the Loddon by way of the Thames and the connecting Kennet and Avon Canal, will shew us as good fruit as the plant has done in cultivation. Gastridium lendigerum Gaud. On the golf-links at Henbury, G.; Mrs. Sandwith. Lolium perenne I, Varying curiously with a forked spike at Ashley Hill; C. Alden. Chara contraria Kuetz. Rhine below Clapton-in-Gordano, S. ; Mrs. Sandwith. A critical species, not easy to be sure of, but Canon Bullock-Webster agrees to the determination of this gather- ing. Tolypella glomerata Leonh. Rhine on Clapton Moor, 5. ; Mrs. Sandwith. Rhine near Portbury, S.; Prof. Darbishire. ALIENS. Capnoides cava Moench. (Corydalis tuberosa DC.). Naturalised in a wood at Ston Easton, S.; Mrs. Thatcher. Lava- tera punctata All. Ona tip in Cranbrook Road, Redland ; C. Alden. Astragalus odovatus 1am. Several patches in a small area by the Avon below Bath, fruiting very sparingly. Specimens studied by Messrs. Ellman and Emile Jahandiez were identified as this Eastern species. It has occurred casually at Marseilles, and Arcangeli mentions one locality in Italy. Coreopsis tenctorra Nutt. By Avomnouth Dock; Miss Roper. Polygonum cognatum Meisn. var. alpestre, C. A. Meyer. Waste ground, Cranbrook Road, Red- . land; H. S. Thompson. Ficus Carica I,. Several strong bushes on the right bank of the Avon (tow-path), near the Midland Station. Bath. 268 Some Recent Exposures of the Lias (Sinemurian and Hettangian) and Rheetic about Keynsham. Byes W. VUTCHER: I. Introduction. II. ‘The Faunal Sequence. III. Stratigraphy. 1. Section at Saltford Mead. 2. Section at Keeling’s Quarry, Keynsham. 3. Sections at Fry’s Ground, Keynsham Hams. (a). The Railway Siding. (Bs), The Power-house and Wharf. le). Dhe> Well: 4. Rheetic Section at Bitton. I.—INTRODUCTION. Just twenty years ago a paper entitled ‘“‘’The Lias of the neighbourhood of Keynsham,” * was published in the Proceedings of this Society. An investigation of recent exposures of the rocks in the area cited makes it possible to augment, and in some respects amend, the information given before these newer sections were available. Most of the exposures described in the earlier paper were quarries which have since suffered the common fate of small limestone workings. Many of them are now derelict, some quite obliterated, the sites they occupied reverting to agricultural uses. The principal sections to be described in this paper are even more transitory ; they have been revealed by excavations for construc- tional purposes and have already passed from observation. ‘These exposures, taken together, disclose a more complete view of the local Sinemurian and Hettangian strata than any yet recorded. Therefore it appears desirable the details obtained from them should be noted in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society. A summary of the geological structure of the Keynsham area is given in the 1903 paper (p. 3, et. seq.). This need not be repeated here beyond stating that crustai movements in the area have resulted in numerous folds and faults affecting the secondary rocks. The Bitton great fault, with a downthrow to the south of about 200 feet, lies just north of Keynsham. ‘This fault throws down the Upper Lias so as to rest against the Rhetic, but many un- charted faults of smaller dimensions occur in the area ; the direction of some of these is parallel, others transverse, to the major fault. * Proceed. Brist. Nat. Soc., vol x. (1903), pp. 1—-55. ‘This will be referred to as the 1903 paper. 269 SOME RECENT EXPOSURES OF LIAS AND RH4Z#TIC. Il.—THE FAUNAL SEQUENCE. During the last decade considerable attention has been directed to the ammonite sequence in the Lias deposits of this country, and numerous terms have been suggested to indicate sub-divisions of the strata. Much detailed work remains to be done before an agreed system of Ijassic zoning, applicable to all areas, can be evolved. The purpose of this paper will be served by reproducing the zonal terms suggested by the writer in 1918. These terms at least represent the observed faunal sequence in the area under review. ZONES OF THE LOWER LiAs (LOWER Par’), Ages. Zonal terms. Name of Index fossil. obtusum, Asteroceras obtusum (J. Sow.) birchi, | Mucroderoceras bircht (J. Sow.) | turnert, — Anetites turnert (J. de C. Sow.) ‘S| sauzeanum., A gassiceras sauzeanum (d’ Orb.) ={ scipionianum, /‘Etomoceras scipromanum (d’ Orb.) vo | gmuendense. Coroniceras gmuendense (Oppel) a bucklandt, Coroniceras buckland1 (J. Sow.) votiforme., Coroniceras rotiforme (J. Sow.) conybeart, Vermiceras conybeart (J. Sow.) angulata, Schlothemia angulata (Schlot.) liasicus, Alsatites liasicus (d’ Orb.) a | [megastoma, Wacehneroceras megastoma (Waehner) } } Bh johnston, Caloceras johnstom (J. de C. Sow.) S| planorbis, Psiloceras planorbis (J. de C. Sow.) % \ Ostrea. Ostrea liassica, Strickland, and its = mutations | tater, Pleuromya tatet, Richardson and Tutcher langportensis V olsella (Modtola) langportensis, Richardson (White Lias). and Tutcher The two upper zones do not appear in the original table, but are included here as reference to them will be necessary—obtusum, bircht, and turnert must, however, be regarded as provisional terms since the deposits they indicate admit of considerable sub-division. Moreover, the relative positions of bivchi and turneri given in the above table are not always accepted for other areas. Locally these upper beds are too thin and incomplete for detailed zoning, they are much better developed in Dorset, where Dr. Lang and + Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. Ixxiii (1918), p. 279. 1. The evidence for deposit of megastoma date at Keynsham is incon- clusive, | SOME RECENT EXPOSURES OF LIAS AND RHA TIC. 270 Dr. Spath have recently worked out the ammonite sequence. In this connection the publication of their paper on ‘‘ The Shales- with-Beef,’’ read before the Geological Society in January last, is awaited with interest. There is no evidence in the Keynsham area for the oxynotum zone which usually succeeds obtusum. ‘The references to oxynotum in the 1903 paper were founded on the misidentification of a badly preserved fragment of an Ammonite. III.—STRATIGRAPHY. fee SECTION (AT 'SALTRORD MEAD. The latest deposits of Sinemurian age observed in this area were seen in excavations for the septic tanks of the Bath sewage works, two miles east of Gah and near the ‘‘Jolly Sailor Inn ’”’ at Saltford Mead. The excavations commenced below the 50’ contour and penetrated Blue Lias clays and limestones down to the gmuendensis subzone. At 15—20 feet from the base nodules of limestone were obtained containing specithens of Asteroceras obtusum, Mucro- derocevas biycht, and Artetites turnert. The preservation of Beds indicated by these Ammonites is due to an uncharted fault with a downthrow to the north of about 50 feet, and their presence was not suspected since a mural face of angulata and bucklandi limestone borders the lane from Saltford nearly to the site of the excavations. These higher beds of Sinemurian age are very rarely exposed in this district. It is therefore most unfortunate that the greater part of the section had been bricked in before the writer was aware of its existence. Hence the following account of the relative position and contents of the beds is mainly dependant on informa- tion supplied by an intelligent Clerk of Works and an examination of the excavated material :— Feet. River gravel alluvium and clay 20 Septarian nodules, extensively veined with calcite. A ster- oceras obtusum ; Zipheroceras planicosta., Nodules of similar lithic character, Microderoceras bircht. | 6 Nodules with fewer calcite veins, Avietites turnert, Calcareous concretions, non-septarian, waterworn, Arietites| turnert ; Arvetites sp. 7 Blue clay with thin layer of pyritized fossils. Avzetites sp. Blue Clay. Nautilus striatus. Blue Clay, with a 5-inch Bed of blue limestone weathering rusty brown, full of Avimocevas cf, bodley ; Armoceras spp. 27a SOME RECENT EXPOSURES OF LIAS AND RHA1IC, Blue Clay, crushed specimens of Rhynchonella semicostats, Feet. Vaughan and Tutcher.* Blue Clay. Paracoromiceras gmuendense at the base. 14 As already stated the nodules in this section were not observed in situ. Their relative positions are suggested mainly by differ- ences in the matrices, supported by statements of the workmen. There is little doubt, of course, that obtusum occupies the upper- most position. The nodules containing bivcht are similar in lithic character, while those with turneri are less septarian. ‘The con- dition of the fossils in all these is similar, the shell is preserved, and is of a whitish chelky nature. The concretions containing turnert, placed below these, are obviously different, they are non- septarian, and the fossils in them are cleanly cut casts. The Arnioceras limestone is similar in character and contents to a widely distributed bed above the Agassitceras zone in this district. Well preserved fragments of Paracoromceras were obtained from the floor of the excavation, about 10 feet above ordnance datum. 2 2. KEELING’S QUARRY, KEYNSHAM. The next section to be described is situated within the angle formed by the junction of the Bath and Burnet Roads at Keyn- sham. This quarry, within the last year or two, has been con- siderably enlarged ; it now exhibits the finest continuous section of Lower I.ias to be seen in the district. The south face is excavated to a depth of 33 feet in deposits of Lower Sinemurian and Upper Hettangian ages. But it is to the upper 18 feet (Sine- murian) that attention is here directed. All the subzones from conybeart to sauzeanum are represented. The upper portion consists of clays and shales with thin bands of marl containing many ill-preserved fossils, especially Avmtoceras and Agassiceras. Below this, hard blue limestones, with numerous species of large Arietids, predominate. The lowest bed of the Sinemurian is a conspicuous thick limestone which is generally studded with a small brachiopod, Rhynchonella calcicosta, Dav. non-Quenstedt.t For this reason the bed is referred to as the calcicosta lime- stone. The calcicosta limestone marks the division between the Sinemurian and Hettangian, no Arietids are found below it, but Schlotheimia, mainly of the charmasser type, sometimes occur a little above it. S. angulata is, however, confined to the Upper Hettangian. * 1903 paper, p. 53. t+ A series of similar Rhynchonellids usually referred to Ie. calcicosta occurs throughout the angulata zone. Davidson (Mon. vol. iv., pl. xxvi11., fig. 24-32) includes different shells, from various horizons, under this name. Buckman (Pal. Indica, p. 30, pl. x1x., fig. 11-12) renamed Davidson’s fig. 27 Calcirhynchia calcavia, Probably our shell should be referred to that species SOME RECENT EXPOSURES OF LIAS AND RHASTIC. 272 sauzeanum. Ft. Ins. Clay with 4 bands of pale calcareous marl, each about 4 inches in thickness. The fossils occur chiefly in the beds of marl. Agassiceras cl. sauzeanum (D’Orbigny) ; A. spinartes (Quenst.) ; Agassiceras sp. nov. ; Arntoceras cuneforme, Hyatt ; A. cf. cevatitoides (Quenst.) ; Arntoceras spp. ; Belemnites infundibulum, Phillips ; Pecten (Chlamys) textorius (Schlot.) ; Riynchonella semicostatt, Vaughan, scipromanum. Blue limestone with occasional phosphatic nodules at the base. Aitomoceras scipionianum (D’Orbigny); Arnioceras geometricum (Oppel) ; Pecten textorius (Schlot) ; Tere- bratula ovatissima, Quenst. ] Paper Shale with thin limestone bands at the top. fEtomoceras sp. indet.; Arntoceras sp.; Avicula cf. inequivalvis, Sow.; Pecten hehli, D’ Orb. ; Anomia er | — 5 (ots) pellucida, 'Terq. 10 Sandy Shale. 4 _ gmuendense. Blue gritty limestone, with badly preserved Am- monites. Paracoronceras cf. trigonatum (Hyatt). + Four beds of blue limestone with shale partings. Paracoromceras gmuendense (Oppel); Epammonites compressaries (Reynés) ; E. ct. latisulcatus (Quenst.) ; Megarietites cf. mertdionalis (Reynes) ; Armioceras sp. ; Plagiostoma gigantea, Sow. (small form) ; Rhynchonella cf. treplacata quvensis (Quenst.) 3 10 bucklandt. Three beds of blue limestone with shale partings. Coroniceras cf. cesar (Reynés) ; Coromceras bucklands, (Sow.) ; Schlotheimia cf. charmasset (D’Orb.) 2. 6 votiforme. Limestone and Shale. Covoniceras rotiforme (J. de C. Sowerby) ; C. rotator (Reynés) ; Nautilus inter- medius, Sow. 1 10 conybeart. Shale. Schlotheimia cf. charmasset (D’Orb.) ; Pla- gtostoma gigantea, Sow. (large specimens). 6 Blue Limestore. (The calcicosia limestone). Ver- nuceras conybeart (Sow.) ; Vermaceras sp.; Schlotheimia cf. greenhought (Sow.) ; Rhynchonella calcicosta, Dav. (very common). dey) A In this quarry there are 13 feet of limestone and clay below the calcicosta limestone. These (Hettangian) deposits will be described from the following sections. 273 SOME RECENT EXPOSURES OF LIAS AND RHAITIC, 3. SECTIONS AT KEYNSHAM HAMS. The sections next to be described occupy the site recently acquired by Messrs. J. S. Fry & Sons at Keynsham Hams. I am indebted to this firm for permission to examine the excavations as work on them proceeded. ‘The site is bounded on three sides by the River Avon, and some of the area is covered by alluvial deposits. A tongue-shaped tract of high ground projects into this area and upon this, above the 50’ contour, a road has been constructed and a factory erected. A railway siding cuts into the high ground on the eastern side, and the section thus disclosed | exhibits 23 feet of Lower Sinemurian and Upper Hettangian deposits, affected by sharp folds striking north and south (fig. 1). East of the factory a deep excavation for a power-house shows 26 feet of lower beds (lzasicus and johnstom zones), whilst a trench at the river side, cut for foundations of a wharf, penetrates still lower beds of Lias down to the Cotham marble. A well west of the factory cuts through Lower Rhetic and the underlying Keuper to a depth of 36 feet. So complete a view of the lowest beds of the Ljias is rarely obtained at one place in this district. The Alsatites liasicus zone, especially well seen here, consists of clays with subordinate bands of limestone ; these being of little commercial value are not exposed in the quarries. The beds are much thicker than was suspected when the 1903 paper was written, the clay bands, there referred to the base of angulata, commence a series of such beds shown here to be nearly 30 feet in thickness. Two sharp anticlines are visible on the west side of the railway siding, but, owing to the small angle the line of strike makes with the line of section, only one of these can be traced to the opposite bank, the other passes outside the boundary of the site. An excavation immediately north of the factory traverses these folds and exhibits much distortion of strata in the diasicus zone, the power-house section just east of the factory being parallel with the folding shows an orderly arrangement of the same beds. KEYNSHAM HAMS. A.—-THE RAILWAY SIDING. SINEMURIAN, bucklands, Ft. Ins. Limestone, much shattered, fragments of Coronsceras bucklandi (Sow.) 10 Clay. Pecten cf. heh, @ Orb. 2 rotiforme., ‘| ‘bly ‘auoJSaUV'T PLSOOIOTIVO » 247 fo uorgisod sazvoipur mousy BY °420f [Z U01902g fo 434eq oe SNVH WVHSNAASA ? ONICIS AVAVTITVE 3° ANVE LSS SOME RECENT EXPOSURES OF LIAS AND RHA#TIC. Ee Limestone. Coroniceras rotator (Reynes) ; Nautilus styiatus, Sow. ; Rhynhcwnella juvensis (Quenst.) Clay. Limestone. Covoniceras rotatory (Reynés) Clay. Limestone. Schlothermia ct. charmasset (d’Orb.), large specimens, conybeart. Clay. Schlotherma cf. charmasset (Jd’Orb.), small specimens ; S. posttaurina, Wahner ; Corontceras ct. cordiert (Canavari) (Wahner) ; Vevmueceras cf. conybeart (Sow.); Pleurotomaria sp.; Gryphaea cf. incurva, Sow. Limestone, with many specimens of Rhynchonella calcicosta, Dav. (the calcicosta limestone). HETTANGIAN, angulata. Clay. Limestone. Schlothermia angulata (Schlot.); S. ex- tvanodosa (Wahner) ; Rhynchonella calcicosta, Dav. Clay. Limestone. Lima hettangiensis, ‘Terq. Clay. Limestone. Schlothermia sp. Clay. Schlotheimia angulata (Schlot.) Limestone. Rhynchonella calcicosta, Dav. Limestone, with clay partings, small specimens of Gryphea, Clay. Timestones, nodular, with irregular clay partings. Schlotheima spp.; Lima gigantea, Sow.; L. het- tangtensis, Terq. ; Gresslya galathea, Ag. liasicus, Limestone. Modtola lillanoides, Chap. and Dew. Clay. Alsatites lasicus (VOrb.) ; Ornithella sartha- censts (d’Orb.) Limestone. Nautilus intermedius, Sow. Nodular limestones, with clay partings. Alsatites hiasicus (WV Orb.) ; Ornithella sarthacensis (d’ Orb.) ; Lima succincta (Schlot.) Clay. Alsatites sp. ; Lima succincta (Schlot.) Limestone. Schlothewmia sp. ; Modtola laevis, Sow. Clay. Limestone. Lima dunravenensis, ‘Tawney. Clay. Ostvea trregularis, Miu. Limestone. Nautilus intermedius, Sow. Clay. Limestone. Cardima ovalis, Stutch. mb 274 jp Oo © ONWN We oe ~I WNHOWWNHAH GS 275 SOME RECEN’T EXPOSURES OF LIAS AND RHATIC, B.—POWER-HOUSE AND WHARF SECTIONS. l1asicus. Clay, Limestone. Alsatites liasicus (WV Orb.) Clay. Ovnithella sarthacensis (a Orb.) Limestone. Astarte consobrina, Chap. and Dew. Clay Iimestone ) Clay Limestone Clay W aehneroceras curviornatum (Waehner) ? ; Limestone Psiloceras crebricinctum, Waehner ?; Clay \ A starte consobrina ; Limestone ,; Lima hettangiensis ; Glan Many specimens of Lima gigantea, Iimestone | but no Gryphea. Clay Timestone | Clay J johnston, Limestone. Clay. Lima dunravenensis, Tawney. Limestone in 2 bands with clay partings. Pleuromya laasinus (Schubl.) Limestone. Caloceras «inlermedium (Portlock) ; Pholadomya fraasi, Oppel. Clay. Limestone. Caloceras intermedium (Pott.) Clay. planorbis. Iimestone. Pstloceras sampsont (Portlock) ; Lima cf. gigantea, small specimens. Ostrea. Thin limestones with clay partings. Ostrea lassica, Strick., common. tater. Thin limestones. Pleuromya tater, R. & 'T. ; Macrodon hettangiensis, Yerg.; Protocardium phillipianum (Dunk.) langportensts. Light grey, compact limestone (sun-bed) Several beds of light grey, somewhat marly, lime- stone with thin clay partings. Modiola langpor- tensis, R. & I. ; Pleuromya langportensis, R. & T. ; Protocardium phillipianum (Dunk.) ; Pecten pollux, dOxrb: Clay. Cotham Marble (et: Ins! 6 2 bo OBUMAAOEAOAAGGCINA HSK ©& os Ik OS 0) SOME RECENT EXPOSURES OF LIAS AND RHAVTIC. 276 It is possible that a few of the upper beds seen in the factory foundations repeat the lowest beds in the railway siding, or there may be a small gap between them. The error, if any, is very sinall, Alsatites occurs near the top of the one and in the base of the other. ‘The lithological differences suggest that all the beds in the Power-house section are additional to those in the siding. The paucity of fauna recorded from the lower part of the Alsatites lrasicus zone is probably illusory. The difficulty of collecting from a vertical fece of newly cut rock is obvious ; more- over, the section was available for only a short time, and the lime- stones were broken up for concrete directly they were extracted, leaving very little excavated material available for examination. One fragmentary Ammonite wes obtained, of which Mr. Buckman says : ‘‘ Possibly a Waehneroceras (cf. W. curviornatum, Waehner).”’ This is interesting since it suggests some deposit of the megastoma zone, hitherto believed to be absent in this district. More research in this direction is needed, as the small amount of evidence yet available is inconclusive. The sequence from liasicus to planorbis was observed without a break, but below this the information obtained was dependant mainly on excavated material taken from the wharf trench below the river level, consequently the measurements given of these lowest beds are only approximate. It will be noted that the Alanorbis zone, indicated by a pro- fusion of Psiloceras sampsont, is confined to one bed 6 inches thick. This is the case generally in the Bristol-Bath district. Its in- significance has led to statements that the Alanorbis zone is absent ; it is, however, usually present, but often overlooked. Cie WELL SECTION. About 450 yards west of the factory. Rhett. Ete mins: Yellow clay and Lower Rhetic shale, 12 Firm, black, non-laminated shale, Wenn) Thin pyritic band, with Fish teeth, 1 Keuber. Tea-green Marl, 12 0) Red Marl, 10. O Water was obtained in considerable quantity at 36 feet from eae wsuttace after blasting a “hard rock.’ In the absence of a sainple of this rock the writer is unable to determine whether the Pennant Grit was reached, in which case the Keuper is unusually thin, or whether this bottom bed is a sandstone in the Keuper series, 277 SOME RECENT EXPOSURES OF LIAS AND RHA*TIC, It has already been stated that numerous small folds and faults affect the secondary deposits of the Keynsham area. There is reason to suppose the existence of a fault, striking north and south, on each side of this contorted tract at the Hams. After allowing for the effect of folding it is difficult otherwise to connect the beds of this elevated tract with those to the east and west. The general dip is about 3° to the north-west, but, in a quarry 500 yards east of the siding, and outside the boundary of the Hams site, the same beds are seen at a much lower level dipping east. Then the Well west of the factory commences in Lower Rheetic about 40 feet above ordnance datum, whilst at the Wharf the Lower Rheticis below 10.0.p. A bifurcating fault, striking $.S.W., is charted on the one-inch Geological Survey map No. 35, if the limbs of this fault, which are traced to the north bank of the river, be extended across it into the Hams the conditions obtaining there would be explained. This view is expressed in the generalized. section, (fig. 2), where each fault is represented by a downthrow of about 30 feet to the east. An item of geological interest, although not germane to the subject of this paper, may be recorded here. In an excavation west of the factory, at about 38 feet above the present mean level of the river, a bed of gravel 4 or 5 feet thick was disclosed. One fragment of Oolitic rock, found by Mr. Usher, of Bitton, contained two species of Callovian Ammonites, Pvo- planulites arcivuga, ‘Torng., and P. ordaleus, Buckman. The nearest. place from which Callovian fossils have been recorded is in the neighbourhood of Trowbridge, 14 miles S.E. of Keynsham. Pro- bably these pebbles were derived from deposits further west, which have been denuded since the river flowed at the higher level. 4. Ruw#TIC SECTION AT BITTON. The section here recorded is taken from a well on the premises of Mr. Whyatt, at Ryedown Lane, four furlongs due east of Bitton Railway Station. ‘he well is situated just north of the Bitton great fault. It is on the same geographical level as the Upper Tias sand pits at Jay Hill, about 300 yards to the south-east ; both are above the 200’ contour. The excavation for the well commences in the White Lias, and is carried through the Upper and Lower Rheetic down to a well-marked horizon, viz., the hard barren shale, just below which the principal Rheetic Bone-bed, when present, usually occurs.* + Proceed, Brist. Nat, Soc., vol. x1 (1908), pS, et. sseq: Fig. = A te or KEYNSHAM HAMS FIELO GROVE sa POWER HOUSE E WELL RAILWAY Si0ING & WHARF RIVER 4 + asf I Spa | Fe 1 caleircostat + 7 : 7 HOR. SCALE fe sevanas AER (SCAU Ei oem ee eg” FEET. 1. sauzeanum. 8. liasicus. 2. sctpionianum. 9. megastoma. * G E N E R A L | Z E D S eC | O N AT 3. gmuendense. 10, paitueion 4. bucklandi. 11. planorbis. or tif b 12. Ost ‘ KEYNSHAM HAMS. Gs oouybeut i ee 7. angulata. 14. langportensis. 15. RHABTIC. 16. TRIAS, Fig. 2. * Possibly absent at Keynsham. ) Upper Rhetic Lower Rhetic iS White Lias (lang portens SOME RECENT EXPOSURES OF LIAS AND RHATIC. THE WELL IN MR. WHYATT’S GARDEN. Ft Soil and rubble. 2 Creamy Limestone (Sun-bed). 1 | Rubbly White Ilias. Modiola langportensis, R. & T.; Protocardium phillipianum (Dunk.) ; | Dimyodon wntussiviata (Fmm.); Pleuromya langportensis, R. & T. 4 Shale. Cotham Marble, in typical form. Grey marl, arenaceous in the lower part. 3 Grey marly limestone. Ostracods, ] Grey marl, 2 Grey marly Limestone. Ostracods ; Estheria, | Natadittes, Black laminated shale, full of shells at several levels. Avicula contorta ; Myophoria postera ; Pecten valomensts ;, Cardium cloacinum ; Schizodus spp. 7 Hard pyritic limestone. Hard, black, imperfectly laminated shale. No fossils. 1 Thin limestone with much pyrites. Fish scales and small teeth. 4 Sere CF joel 0 In conclusion the writer desires to acknowledge his great indebtedness to Mr. S. Buckman, F.G.S., for assistance in naming the Ammonites ; to Mr. H. F. Barke, F.I.C., for help in the field on many occasions; and to Mr. T. R. Fry for submitting many important specimens. My thanks are also due to Messrs Fry & Sons, and members of the staff, who have afforded me every facility to examine the important sections at Keynsham Hams, which have added much to our knowledge of local Hettangian deposits, me ioer T. O. 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