Entomological Society of
Ontario

Proceedings

V.A9

,

-Ninth Annual Report

ag = THE
tomological Society

OF ONTARIO

1918

aed PRINTED BY ORDER OF

‘THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO

-e .

i TORONTO : .
yy A. IT. WILGRESS, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty
1919

Ontario Department of Agriculture

Forty-Ninth Annual Report

‘

=

Entomological Society
’ OF ONTARIO

1918

>

PRINTED BY ORDER OF
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO

TORONTO :;
Printed by A. T. WILGRESS, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty
1919

>
>
Hype!
pt.

7
s
'
“s
i
+

THE

4

To His Honour, Str JoHN STRATHEARN HeENprix, a Lieutenant-Colonel in the
Militia of Canada, etc., etc., etc.,

Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario.

May 1T PLEASE YOuR Honour:

The undersigned begs to present for the consideration of your Honour, the
Report of the Entomological Society for 1918.

Respectfully submitted,

Gro. S. Henry,
Minister of Agriculture.
Toronto, 1919.

% [3]

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2009 with funding from
University of Toronto

htip://www.archive.org/details/proceedings49ento

CONTENTS

’ PAGE
PISReeEOUMIGERS KOR 1918-1919 ye. seh 2c Peed ace ec ects ee eet ees eeecess 6
ERE SS TACTIE MEINE 25 oo c.c.c 0. o/c, wa 016 chet Ais om oj'e1e ie acre sere # ae 6/5 0m dani aie. 5 0 a'Ke els stag oe 6
ae eT NP EE ES Sos eso SS echoes) <, Sea he ove. aos) hinl's a els ates < ciel se eyetensysie.n asus Sisers «sls 7
List oF MEMBERS ON ACTIVE SERVICE .......... Pee ae See RT oleae on evan io Bo ey rene ate $
PUM TEDIERED SR UE or 5 he cicls oc) afagen is oun etals eile wise abseqele sa ors¥oie, orele¥oo)s0e. 8) ws’ 9
PuPICEL GT UAE COMNOINS 26 eae BR eB OOr ao Soot onine ian One Soe Dee mre i ierecroioe 9
* POTEET AT a eee, Tis Shatenaje te ahe oo ane sao sheicyahy Gieks ofe ag: ot 11
7 SSIS IGOR ob 2s Side Sistas ight cin i SNS Shae ee oo ee 11
ae wi DEERE WW BSR NE OE Ae eon eer” Cun ee Cee oa ea eon eer eeae i 12
ee AanONUO eEeVaMCNae sens | A aearsge es iadacahalertte ae ale clale sisters Sielelete wg aterel aie 12
rt TENT Bis Oa brical ¢ Pd Be Oe Ce ee te ee ee Sar 14
= Wamu CGilay ball Chur a ecricmrctcieitiaies weicie cca Sivas wae Salo w.s wise ',s 15
* Directors on Insects of the Year:

RavaSlOM SING ote An COSE NG rae ae cis Siatec cars Sekiae s vaahs 15
AF ka SOON G2 ea aaa ce 17
pa Garr WitiNORTED Rac). pebrcineiz = « get. Yai ete Rohe ts 3 19
PSeeroEeraer SCASOM lh ONtATIO ae Wir LA IROSSe . crcis & Ste Sle sltterele ate 5 ols bee eww da 23
ss 2; Owehee sDistriccs, ~ Gas sWPArEwy xen. obs eS Sek SL oR URS yar |
wage DLE E? UREnP TERETE NC Gi i Hes) Ree eee ee ee ee 28
Mmsccieeroulemsoim tie Prairie Provinces: N., CRIDDLE ~~. 2.22 ..2...2s..e.ceeer ee 32

The Recovery in Canada of the Brown Tail Moth Parasite, Compsilura concinnata:
oD aR OMEME VANDI so. MGIGATNE 6... fos c.cic'sie cc cia oe acts see eget Ses teeaecaas 35
nC MeEemeNSloLy.otd Erobby Horse: EH J. A. MOERIS!.:..4.-..%....0cesee00-08% 22
Prcscuebayeeroplems, in wantomolosys. J.7d. DAVIS, Pe..5% cca tes es See eect ecw 47
Insects as Agents in the Dissemination of Plant Disease: L. CAESAR ..-........ 60
BromeaprArcenoonvMarcot:. Ee |. ERUCKETT 22. c-. Jeiecas cece obec wee Se ete colitis 67
Some Chapters of the Early History of Entomology: W. LOCHHEAD ............. 69
aPC oul ama ntaniOs= VW. A. GROSS... ccras«ms ce otis ee cl ces cas een eeec eas 81
Soncrolmor ine Apple Macro. Ii CAnSAR AND W. A. ROSS .... 5.2.2 see ce wee eee 96
Spo Bpopcieer TERS" (CR AME tou RNS a ee er cee 93
icsniomolonmical records AinrmGn GIBSON . «08. 25 si. cow ere ese cece eee eeeer’ 97
TUE . os 4a QRS OL eee ae tee MEW Oe AACA 6 PR See tena 125

Entomological Society of Ontario

OFFICERS FOR 1918-1919

President—Pror. LAwson CAESAR, Dept. of Entomology, Ontario Agricultural College,
Guelph.

Vice-President—Mr. ARTHUR GIBSON, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture,
Ottawa.

Secretary-Treaaurer—Mr. A. W. BAKER, B.S.A., Lecturer in Entomology, O. A, Col-
lege, Guelph.

Curator—Mr. Ertc HEARLE, B.S.A., Guelph.

Librarian—Rev, Pror. C. J. S. BeETHUNE, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Professor of Ento-
mology and Zoology, O. A. College, Guelph.

Directors—Division No. 1, Mr. J. M. Swarnr, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agri-
culture, Ottawa; Division No. 2, Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Dr. A. Cosens,
Toronto; Division No. 4, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; Division; No. 5, Mr. J. W.

Nosie, Essex; Division No. 6, Mr. J. F. Hupson, Strathroy; Division No. 7, Mr. W. A.
Ross, Vineland Station.

Directors (ex-Presidents of the Society)—Rev. Pror. C. J. iS. BerHung, M.A., D.C.L.,
F.R.S.C., Guelph; Pror. JonN D&rARNEss, Vice-Principal, Normal School, London; Rey.
THomaAS W. FYLEs, D.C.L., F.L.S., Ottawa; Pror. Wm. LocHHEAD, B.A., M.S., Macdonald
College, Que.; JouHn D. Evans, C.E., Trenton; Pror. E. M. WALKER, B.A., M.B..
F.R.S:C., University of Toronto; C. Gorpon Hewirt, D.Sc., F.R.S.C., Dominion Ento-
mologist, Ottawa; Mr. ALBERT F. WINN, Westmount, Que.

Editor of “ The Canadian Entomologist ’’—Pror. EH. M. WALKER, Toronto.
Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada—THE PRESIDENT.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT

For year ending October 31st, 1918.

Receipts. Expenditures.

@ashwon hand. Ode -lies erg nee $42 10 Nxpense:. ss os.o.e eee $52 00
AMiverlisementd™ pee ecemriae 15 25 Cork and Pins) eee eee eee 51 60
Back. INWUMDEMSi aerate sie cutee ares 75 94 Printing i Oe sec eoeereeen oeee 1,316 00
Conky an enbd tN Syivoserech vet token eos one 74 87 Annual-Mecting 9-.. eee 101 17
IDIIOSR pevecRera.coercteretireis Sieve Sees 93 34 Annual Reports. ee eee 25 00
SUDSCHIPLLONSs aces ie oe eee 443 60 Salaries: edc .Qesais setae 125 00
Bank @imteTrestccs tots ook oie aie 8 95 InSuUranGe” ». coRie ee eaters 26 00
Government) "Grant. Foes.. che eee 1,000 00 Cash on hand soc eee eee 5 28
$1,754 05 $1.754 05

To ‘balance due on. printing 620..-cae. cies celal eee $102 59

By: cash..ion “Hand sis cate see Seis beeree ce eee chet eee 57 28

Net deficitz -22s0.cneeeer Fos onasd oe ohare PR bend ee $45 31

Auditors: LL. CAESAR.
J. E. How1tTtr.
Respectfully submitted,

A. W. BAKER,
Secretary-Treasurer

[6]

LIST OF MEMBERS

ONTARIO
Aitchison, James ........ Grimsby.
maaGrews: Els Di s.:.css Toronto.
EMC TAA WV 6 meine) 3 Sata Guelph.
BeasleyooMiss Gi ic... ce Toronto.
[EELS id ol Ottawa.
eee. \\/ al Hamilton.
EURO. Nal Toronto.
SLES Lae | ss
LEC od an Bloomfield.
JETS OS Ce Toronto.
PPEOGETICK Hs ot. ee ea os
Sree toes. el Guelph.
TSS Eh ee 0
MUEIUEGEE ete Ne 566: oie: 0.500). « London.
meystiby Re Nell, 2.6... Ottawa
LSE Se Cee Guelph.
Glemens;, WA. c:....... Toronto.
WBSENR DE. At cic eee cle MY
“DST eA eee Guelph
Mearaess: Prot. J. ..c...%s London
MepweHer Je. s.0sesessce Toronto.
DCT NSM SS Ottawa.
IDET (243 Epo Hamilton.
Wunlop; JaMeSs .......<.. Woodstock.
Peper ISS INS sas.2 o> 2s ss Toronto.
LOG TUG SS sf
LOTS COA eee eee ee f
GipSOMe CATEAUP. oo... 5.35 Ottawa.
Cousernam, ©. Bi ......: 7
Gupiiie, 1 ORD ae Orillia.
Ssh) 1 | o
ETAOGIVER ID Wats 60s 2 Ottawa.
EMPRESA fore aheis claves 2 oe: Toronto.
ISIEEA ri DS NS ee Sudbury.
1B TUTTO 0 ee ee Toronto.
IC ALIGneUTIC) © oS ess aces. ae Guelph.
PICSKORUES Sacis is cbs 3 cs Toronto.
Hewitt, Dr. C. Gordon ... Ottawa.
ISPTGR aL 15 GL ee Strathroy.
Huntsman, Dr. A. G. .... Toronto.
Rimnnehinesme Cy By fic. Ottawa.
else IRs Ree eeaener St. Thomas.
JCI SIE | ee Toronto.
PRIA WIOOGs, AS. | ccc. os + 3s s =
PTAA ee bie le te c's Loe ea's s Ottawa.
LACTIC UM i 8 rr Toronto.
ILE Gi US 3 ee eee oe
Macuiamara, Cl ...5.5...% Arnprior.
Martine Howard ......05. Toronto.
Wire As) os ene ke ee Peterborough.
Mossop, Miss B. K, E. ... Toronto.
DESEO WV swiss che wie tee ase -
ITH dk A Essex
TE 27 Cl (OSD nea eae Ottawa.
VEIT), 1G 1 eee Todmorden.
BTS Vie Vineland.
SOS0075 od Bal) Glee Toronto.
SAT hou A ee Guelph.
Se pO 10 5 ere Ottawa.
Sarton ATGNUT <2 ...2.55- Toronto.
enawelle,; Cy so... eo “
Suencer Capt. G. J. -.... Guelph.
Shiite dei QI 00 2 i Ottawa.
Sutiiney ds al ee ‘
PPOMPSOn, We. .2 5.0... Toronto.
Mamunson. A. H. ....... Guelph.
Walker Prot. Hi. M. ...... Toronto.
waren. Dr: A. H. R....... Port Hope.
REC APAS oo. as wie es Snelgrove.

[

]

Williams, G. A. . ... Port Hope.
Wrishity) Bs x. .haestede Toronto.
Zi VAGZ iH dam prac crore ciao *
QUEBEC
Barwick hie .2-. ec ae oneal:
Burgess, Dr. T. J. W. .... Verdun.
Chagrion. VGey S43. se4e-oee Montreal.
Chapaisi a C22 shee St. Denis.
Clayson. -Gocba ccc e Montreal.
Corcoran’. J wAae ee aoe €
Cimmines. Rone Soas.kk %
Dunlopy.G: iC. a2 5 sa sos a: 7
Du Porte, E. M. .. . Macdonald
College.
Germain DEO. Ca0-% oes Three Rivers.
GH) 0) od ess PARE Re em ea Montreal.
ETI Geil erp Bes, ss Bee che Ee
ENUArG wReCVA WscAS. 2h: 2 Quebec.
Jackson, Dr ks es. -S: Montreal.
Keemyoneehiae Bas ost acc cie< Outremont.
Leopold, Rev. Father ....La Trappe.
Iihetounneaus h.. 22.)s...4). Oka.
Lochhead, Prof. W. ...... Macdonald
College.
DVNCUING Ti BiG de naeccehnslg cee Quebec.
INDOTETIGSEAS o5 5 <cic, sven oh Montreal.
ORCMEEES Serta oictavs sicieete Outremont.
SHE DHErd AG Oe. af eke Montreal.
DPouthee Gs WAY eG acausee os
Vall aves Drs MAG: ss oS €
Ven Ta TIE ANG eas ccc csi ae os Westmount.
New BruNSWICK
RIPE MPASMES Ss co cce'e bo) e erere lel Fredericton.
iow aulil OA bb Peis es ermine ee “e
Nova Scotia
JN ey SS Di ak CL oe Are ier ie Truro.
Brittain eco Weitiwe. o. *
Connely, Proi. A. J. ..... Antigonish.

WMawvVoiie! i. A. s\.. cee e. LrUro:

asta. Gets < sj. sars= = Annapolis
Royal.
GHTt I ee ee ee i ee Truro.
oUt Cee toe eo wie cre eters eye. Annapolis
’ Royal.
Gone Oe AC eos. eras ae Truro.
FROUSREIIOA. cararte asal'e-aarehe "ares Annapolis
Royal.
Mindsay; Miss H. EB. ....< Truro.
boeneley. Miss Miss. 203. Paradise.
Wacker At Et. Scare sre Halifax.
McMahon, E. A. ......... Annapolis
Royal.
Leia is ea Eat leer ae ree! eae Annapolis
Royal.
PUVATes Sh EA. | Shacice Siete oe < Granville
Ferry.
POrRin “GOSEDRS osp ese acs Halifax
Perrys Error sete Gus ee swe Wolfville.
Reinhart Bo Bio escle 5 6 Halifax.
SSI eT Ser ti Gee sv wwnmis ee Truro.
SSD DE Lue ee Ms veceictre te ws a 0 “
Wetmore: HRalph <4. 2....; Yarmouth.
Whitehead, W. BE. .....- Truro.
Wyitrnmieon. Gh Tes: Rew s fi5. one Lawrencetown
PRO See ASS acre, gh ate caine Brighton.
NEWFOUNDLAND
DE ide Se Cg Sea eh ee ee Wabana.

8 THE REPORT OF THE

Be eee a

MANITOBA
IB TOOKGM occ bd sii ictainlenstors Winnipeg.
Gardhouse;, CC. (Gee ce see Rathwell.
Criddle, Norman .:...... Treesbank.
Hippisley, Mrs. W. W. ... Dauphin.
ERIN ter pL wae votre sae Teulon.
12cohaeime lea IDL agence Winnipeg.
Wallis: dp sem cls mvc eersicrare a
SASKATCHEWAN
Androchowicz, E. .......- Humboldt.
Bentley, Missy ee. er Mellville.
Enitehimsons) bers tectke cr Starblanket.
MacBean: (GiGi tes. <r Assiniboia.
Neville, 3S J... «AES Cee Cottonwood.
Rackstraws = wees. Turtleford.
Walling: rote DawNes eee Saskatoon.
ALBERTA
An tijutiie iss Bis s-iaerls Diamond City.
Baind (2RNOSs fopuciee incre High River.
Bowman cK sete ection Edmonton.
Garr; “Hes Stace see acer s3
Dod, #. He Wolley -..22./: Midnapore.
Hinke: Joseph s.c-seee ce Calgary.
Mackie, Donald... ....1. Edmonton.
Wihitehouses-H) Ca a... Red Deer.
BritIsH CoLUMBIA
MME Wie li Seo pacec Victoria.
Blackmones bi bly eevee cer “f
BT OWI Wc Ate es creeks sf

No. 36

HONORARY MEMBERS

Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A... Boulder, Col.

Comstock, Prof.J--He ©. ithaca, Nave

CNCSSOMMeEIZ Tate ens cy rareeese Philadelphia,
Pa.

Brinkman pric ee Victoria
Cameron abr: A. Bia. 2 ee Agassiz.
Carterar ws Rin tee ee eee Victoria.
Cockle, 5 Wists os eke eee Kaslo.
Cunningham sC. s:. eee Victoria.
Day; 'GuiOr .2s6 .csereeee Duncan's.
DOWNES UWe) 3. cok 3 eee Victoria.
Bastham, 1); \W.2)-o5 eee Vancouver.
Hldridge; Hiv... 2. scenes Victoria.
French, Pt =. eee Vernon.
Garrett..C) B:; Di 3 Cranbrook.
Hanhamy AW... ..eee eee Duncan's.
Harris; Miss Meee Deroche.
Hook) (Gatos: eee Cobble Hill.
Hugh, 'G. Wi >..c ean Victoria.
Johnstone. W:. (Bese Arrow Lake.
Kermode, EF. 32eeeeee Victoria.
Lallemond, CC) Ae eeee Lytton.
Leach; ‘D: Hii’. hee Salmon River.
Mathers; (G.0W 222 Vancouver.
Metcalf; \W.GR; Sa jesse eee Peachland.
Phair, Al WsAi ees eee Lillooet.
Robson, “A. Cale Victoria.
Ruhman, iMo 2 -=ee2 eee Vernon.
Sherman; RatS22 oe Vancouver.
Taylor; Li 2 Vee Kelowna.
Treherne, Ro*C) -- see eeeee Agassiz.
Venables, -H.=2) 33252-oee Vernon.
Ward, W.-C 2. sose eee Vancouver.
White, EW see eee Victoria.
Winson, J Wee. eee Huntingdon.
Felt,. Dr: E. Be aoneeeeene Albany; N.Y.
Howard, Dr. Ose Washington,
DC.

Wickham, Prof. H. F..... Iowa City, Ia.

LIFE MEMBERS

‘OGerlig risks
Entomol-
Agricul-

Bethune, Rev.
Professor of
ogy, Ontario

tural College 2... =aeee Guelph.
Evans, John D., C.E. .... Trenton.
Fyles, Rev. Dr. T. W. .... Ottawa.

MEMBERS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO
ON ACTIVE SERVICE

Bind = Mig Liste. ciersctcscieeten Prince Rupert,

B.C.
TOUT My A pte at asec reketiele Victoria, B.C.
Brodiessbisee ace = Dom. Ent. Lab.,
Agassiz, B.C.
IBUTTOWS, cAG lus. «ore eres O.A.C., Guelph.
SBUSH-awWA: SE. «sy cer bens. Vancouver, B.C.
Sleeves: AcHCe xi8 ois ares O.A.C., Guelph.
@reesesEl. Ey ss eerhion Kelowna, B.C.
CUTAN pe Eleois avons ho cree ee Dom. Ent. Lab.,
Vineland, Ont.
Dickie wO-g Mor, cies ake ee Kentville, N.S.
Dod, F. H. Wolley .... Midnapore, Alta.
Good dient. CA. 4... tT: Nes:
ETAT VGN 7 EectaVic merase sine Victoria, B.C.
FW GSOnN. wht. Hersek eo Entomological
Br., Ottawa.
STAINS) Virwac cee etarslonee Bureau of Ento-

mology, Wash-
ington, D.C.

Pru ted h ee, tea South Vancouver,
B.C.

Matheson, Jc. basses Kelowna, B.C.
McCubbing, C. .... .Salmon Arm, B.C.
Neville sSii ese ee Cottonwood,
; Sask.
Prewett,\ Hd. occ Toronto, Ont.
Rive, “Henrys. eee Victoria, B.C.
Robertson, wee bee oe!
Robson vA] Baaveaee eee 5
Rowland hk eee O.A.C., Guelph.
Simms, H. M. . .. Montreal, P.Q.
Snazelle, Chasi eee Thornloe, New
Ontario.

Spencer, Capt. G. J. ...0.A4.C., Guelph.
Strickland, E. H. .... Entomological

Br., Ottawa.
Venables, B...P. 2-2 <=. Vernon, B.C.
*Walsh, Lieut. F. W. . O.A.C., Guelph.
Williams) C2 2. sear -Nappan, N.S.
Wilson, hidiiee a eee Vancouver, B.C,

Wright, Lieut. W. H. ..0.A.C., Guelph.

* Killed in action,

Entomological Society of Ontario

ANNUAL MEETING

The Fifty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario was
held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Wednesday and Thursday,
December 4th and 5th, 1918. The chair was taken by Prof. Lawson Caesar, the
President. The following were present at the meeting: Mr. J. J. Davis, West
Lafayette, Ind.; Prof. P. J. Parrott, Geneva, N.Y.; Prof. R. Matheson, Ithaca,
N.Y.; Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt; Messrs. Arthur Gibson, C, E. Petch, C. B. Hutchings,
F. W. L. Sladen and Dr. S. Hadwen, Ottawa; Prof. E. M. Walker and Dr.
W. A. Clemens, Toronto; Mr. James Dunlop, Woodstock; Mr. W. A. Ross, Vine-
land: Mr. W. E. Biggar, Hamilton; Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; Mr.
H. F. Hudson, Strathroy; Father Leopold, La Trappe, Que.; Prof. W. Lochhead,
Macdonald College, Que.; Mr. F. Letourneau, Oka, Que.; Prof. W. H. Brittain,
Truro, N.S.; Mr. John D. Tothill, Fredericton, N.B.; Mr. Norman Criddle,
Treesbank, Man.: Professors C. J. S. Bethune, L. Caesar, J. E. Howitt and
D. H. Jones; Dr. R. E. Stone; Messrs. A. W. Baker, H. G. Crawford, Eric Hearle,
R. M. Aiton, H. C. Huckett and others, Ontario Agricultural College.

By the kindness of Dr. Greelman the visitors were entertained in the College
Residence during their stay in Guelph. This arrangement added much to their
pleasure by affording many opportunities for social converse, and also saved
the time usually spent in travelling to and from the town.

During the morning of Wednesday, Dec. 4th, a meeting of the Council was
held, at which various matters of business were brought up and discussed. It
was decided that the next place of meeting be Ottawa, the date to be fixed later.
A suggestion was made and afterwards adopted at the general meeting, that the
Canadian Entomologist be issued in ten instead of twelve numbers, but that
the quantity of matter remain as heretofore; and also that the size of the page
be increased to conform with the majority of scientific publications.

In the afternoon the Society met at 1.30 o’clock. After opening the meeting
the President read a letter from Mr. Wolley Dod, from Mesopotamia, which was
much appreciated. The following message, proposed by Messrs. Gibson and Tothill,
was sent to Dr. Fyles:—

“Entomologists from Canada and the United States now in session at
Guelph, extend to you their warmest greetings and regret your inability to
attend.”

The Reports of the Council, Treasurer, Librarian and Curator were then
read and adopted. The Reports of the various Branches, the delegate to the
Royal Society of Canada, and the Directors were taken as read.

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its report
for the year 1917-1918.
The Fifty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Society was held at Macdonald
College, P.Q., on Thursday and Friday, November 8th and 9th. The President
9
2-E.

tit THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

of the Society, Mr. A. F. Winn, Westmount, P.Q., occupied the chair. There
was a very satisfactory attendance of members and visitors; among the latter
were Messrs. A. F. Burgess, Melrose Highlands, Mass., and J. H. Emerton,
Boston; Drs. T. J. Headlee, New Brunswick, N:J., and W. C. O’Kane, Durham,
N.H. A large number of papers of interest and importance were read and dis-
cussed, of which the following is a list. Reports on Insects of the year in the
various Divisions of the Province by the Directors, Messrs. Gibson, Cosens, Morris,
Noble and Ross; “ Further Notes on the Imported Onion Maggot and its Control,”
by Mr. Arthur Gibson; “The Entomological Service of Quebec,’ by Mr. Georges
Maheux ; “ Some Important Insects of the Season,” by Prof. Caesar; “The Apple
and horn Skeletonizer,” by Dr. E. P. Felt; “Some Notodontian Larve,” by
Dr. J. A. Corcoran; “ The Problem of Mosquito Control,” by Dr. T. J. Headlee;
“The Black Cherry Aphis,” by Mr. W. A. Ross; “A Comedy of Errors,” by
Mr. F. J. A. Morris; “'Transcanadian Spiders, ” by Mr. J. H. Emerton; “A
Further Report on the Value of Dusting vs. Spraying,” by Prof. L. Caesar;
‘“ Notes on the Ecology of Insects,” by Prof. W. Lochhead; “ Effects of Stable
and Horn-fly Attacks on Milk Production,” by Mr. A. W. Baker; “Two Unusual
Garden Pests in Nova Scotia,” by Prof. W. H. Brittain; “The LEnto-
mological Record,” by Mr. Arthur Gibson. These papers have been published
in the Forty-eighth Annual Report of the Society which was issued by the Ontario
Department of Agriculture in October last. The following papers were also read
but not submitted for publication: “ Black Fhes in the Dixville Notch,” by Dr.
W. C. O’Kane; “ The Nervous System of Caterpillars and its Relation to Classi-
fication,” by Mr. J. M. Swaine; “ Habits, Behaviour and Tropisms of Insects,” by
Dr. Arthur Willey. By the courtesy of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, were
exhibited motion pictures of “ Field and Parasite Work Against the Gypsy and
Brown-tail Moths,” through Mr. A. F. Burgess and Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, and
of “ Orchard Spraying in Nova Scotia,’ by Prof. W. H. Brittain. A symposium
was held at the close of the evening session on the question of how Canadian
Entomologists can help to increase food production, led by Dr. Hewitt and parti-
cipated in by many of the members.

The Canadian Entomologist, the official organ of the Society, has been regu-
larly issued each month. The fiftieth annual volume will be completed by the
issue of the forthcoming December number. The forty-ninth volume, published
during 1917 contained 440 pages, illustrated by 21 full page plates and 41 figures
in the text. The contributors to its pages numbered 64 and included writers in
Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, Alberta and British Columbia, and also
in eighteen of the United States. The series of papers on “ Popular and Practical
Entomology ” was continued each month and provided interesting and instructive
information for the general reader. In the systematic papers there were described
four new genera, 137 new species and 10 new sub-species or varieties. As a
result of the publication from year to year of a large number of articles on
descriptive and systematic entomology, there is a constant demand for back numbers
and volumes.

Twenty-five new members have been added to the rolls of the Society.

It is with deep regret that the Council records the removal by death of one
of our oldest and most distinguished members, Mr. William Hague Harrington,
who died at his home in Ottawa on the 13th of last March in the 66th year of
his age. He was well-known to Entomologists throughout North America by his
systematic work in the order Hymenoptera, and was justly regarded as our best

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. it

Canadian authority on this department of the insect world. Of late years he
had taken up the study of Botany with characteristic energy, and became familiar
with the Flora as well as the Fauna of Ottawa and the surrounding country.
An appreciative memoir by Mr. Arthur Gibson and an excellent portrait appeared
in the June number of the Canadian Entomologist.

To the Society’s Roll of Honour in the world-wide war, have now to be
added the names of Captain R. V. Harvey and Lieut. Vernon King, who have
laid down their lives on the battlefield in defence of the Empire and the freedom
of mankind. Captain Harvey was for nine years Secretary of the British Columbia
Branch of our Society (1902 to 1911) and the success of the Branch during that
period was almost entirely due to his enthusiastic work. In the collection and
study of insects he devoted himself at first to the Lepidoptera and of late years
to the Diptera. At the outbreak of the war he joined the 7th Battalion and was
with the first Canadian forces who went to France. In April, 1915, he was
severely wounded in a charge and died a few weeks later in a German prison
camp. Lieut. King, an Englishman by birth and a graduate of the Ontario Agri-
cultural College, was employed in the Cereal and Forage investigation branch of
the U. 8. Bureau of Entomology, where he was doing excellent work. He could
not, however, resist the call of patriotism and in November, 1914, he returned
to Canada and entered the British Army. He served in Egypt and the Dardanelles,
and subsequently joined the Flying Corps in France. During an air fight against
heavy odds he lost his life on April 11th, 1918.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN.

Owing to the want of funds available for the purpose, the only books pur-
chased for the Library during the year ending October 31st, 1918, are Fabre’s
“The Life and Love of the Insect,” Burmeister’s “ Manual of Entomology,” and
Comstock’s “The Wings of Insects.” Including these works, fourteen bound
volumes have been placed upon the shelves, making the total number 2,285. There
is a large accumulation of unbound periodicals, bulletins, reports and pamphlets,
which, it is to be hoped, may some day be bound and made more readily available
for reference.

Respectfully submitted,

CuHarites J. S. BeTHUNE, Librarian.

REPORT OF THE CURATOR.

The Society’s collections have been examined from time to time, and the
necessary steps taken to prevent injury from museum pests or other causes. At
the present time they are in good condition.

Respectfully submitted,

Eric HEARLE.

1. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH.

The 376th regular and 45th Annual Meeting of the Montreal Branch was
held at the residence of the President, Mr. A. I. Winn, 32 Springfield Ave.,
Westmount, on Saturday evening, May 11th, 1918.

The report of the Council showed that during the season seven meetings
were held with a total attendance of 85, or an average of over 12 per meeting.
A public meeting was held in March at the Redpath Museum, McGill University,
when Mr. J. M. Swaine came from Ottawa and gave an illustrated lecture on
“Tha Protection of Shade Trees in Cities.” At this time the Lyman Ento-
mological CoHection was opened for inspection.

During the season the following papers and talks were given before our
Society :—

1. Presidents: Annual Address! eemenane pane ee Pee eee A. F. WINN.
2. An account of insects) in veretable) plots go 4.1). eee Dr. Corcoran.
oo PUSSOCK. “MOEIS. aris tas we tec ete ol ote ote arte ee eee Dr. F. S. JACKSON.
4. A trip to the Provincial Forest Nursery, Berthierville, Q....A. F. WINN.
p. A tew moths trom: Bondyille @., Olt «2 7ssseee eee A. F. WINN.
6. Notes (on. D@OS) 6) asso teteeee ced olens bye ee RE Oe ee CG mere bet SUN tee
7. Report of annual meeting of Ent. Soc. of Am. at Pittsburg,

Pa ad, ae she SPW a ola he, Sele Asie aes aos a ee Dr. CORCORAN.
8. Notes on the Geometrid species of Genus, Acidalia, Guenesia,

IWADOTA a.) 5 G.cioe ate sae. artis cnnionees Si OOOO OC eee G. CHAGNON.
9. Hemiptera found in a backyard! garden, 1917 2255-2 ..5-.5 Gro. A. Moore.
10. Description of Entomological work in England, 1917 ....... LACHLAN GIBB.
LE Chiloscomptulatalis*Hulst=.. 4-4 eee eee eee A. F. WINN.
12. The protection of shade trees in cities)... o2.4.5. 52-500 ene J. M. SWAINE.
3. H. P. Van Duzee’s catalogue of Hemiptera of America ...... Geo, A. Moore.
id: Collecting in: Eneland> 197 J 22er esc eee eee eae LACHLAN GIBB.

15. The Daylight Saving Act, what it will do for Entomologists..A. F. WINN.
16. Directions for collecting and preserving Orthoptera for the
CADINETL Botnet os Fete = nis [n/c ine spate mp oleas ets patel eaten G. CHAGNON.

The Treasurer’s Report showed a balance of $150.93.
The following were elected as officers for the coming year :—

IPRESIDETILE. “Moarinr ee co oe A. F. WINN.

ViCe2Eresidentwee cee: see ce G. CHAGNON.

Secrelary-Treasures, Sass. Gro. A. Moore.

USUD TOTO ale seein ion Gates G. CHAGNON.

COUNCILE Ns. Seo ae G. A. SoutHER, Dr. Corcoran, J. G.(Hoimes, G. H. Hate.

Respectfully submitted,

(Gro. A. Moore, Secretary.

REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH.

The 217th meeting and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Toronto Branch of the
Entomological Society of Ontario, was held in the Biological Building of the
University of Toronto, Nov. 21st, 1918, the President, Dr. Clemens, in the
chair. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. The
report of the Council, the financial statement, and the report of the Librarian
were presented and adopted.

The report of the Council showed that during the season of 1917-1918, six
regular meetings, one special meeting, and the Annual Meeting were held in

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13

the Biological Buildmg of the University of Toronto. The average attendance
at the regular meetings, including visitors, was 15 persons. During the season
the following papers were read before the Society :—

1917.
Pert TOFS DrINE. PONGS o..0. 25 so cclese sc was sa ee es Dr. E, M. WALKER.
eens.) War services of Entomologists ~ .. 2.2.2... 0.8.0: Dr. W. A. CLEMENS.

Summer Work of New York State Food Commis-
SUTTER ge SSE 2 Ee AS oa ec JOHN DETWEILER.

1918.
Saino he, 19; Collecting ‘Season ~............s........ MR. H. V.. ANDREWS.
Phep. Da TESA IEE) LESS ge eet A ne a Pror, L. CAESAR, Guelph.
ee EO SSTE OINSCCES 2). n ecto ond Ganda wae eke eae ees ee Dr. A. COSENS.
Apr. 4. Injurious Shade Tree Insects and their Control..Mr. J. M. Swaine, Ottawa.
May 9. Personal Experiences with Tropical Insects ....Mr. F. J. Harris.

Seven new members were elected during the year: Messrs. D. E. Reid, B.
Wright, Frank Foulds, John Detweiler, R. W. Blakely, F. J. Harris, F. Broderick.

We regret to record the death of two esteemed members, Mr. Samuel T. Wood
and Miss Dorothy Fraser. Mr. Wood was well known among nature lovers
throughout Canada by his charming writings, particularly the weekly editorials
in the Globe, on various phases of wild life, and his loss is keenly felt by a
large circle of friends, to whom he had endeared himself by his kindly, unassum-
ing personality.

Miss Fraser who was on the staff of the Biological Department of the Uni-
versity of Toronto, graduated from this department in 1917 with the highest
honours in Biology. She won the esteem and admiration of all her colleagues
by her fine character, her unfailing industry in spite of delicate health, and her
unusually keen scientific judgment.

At the meeting of December 13th, 1917, steps were taken toward the forma-
tion of a special committee for the purpose of organizing a campaign against
the Tussock Moth in Toronto. This committee met five times between January
and May. The following programme was drawn up and carried out :—

1. Stirring articles were written by several members of the Society and
published in the daily papers. These articles dealt briefly with the destructiveness
of the Tussock Moth caterpillars, methods of control, and the responsibility of
the citizens in helping to combat the pest.

2. On April 4th a special joint meeting of the Toronto Branch, the City
Parks Department, and the Toronto Horticultural Society, was held in the large
lecture hall of the Biological Building of the University of Toronto, at which
-Mr. J. M. Swaine gave a very able and interesting address on “Shade Tree
Insects,” dealing particularly with the Tussock Moth.

3. An attractive illustrated pamphlet was prepared, and 5,000 copies were
printed and distributed to the schools of the city.

4. Through the courtesy of the City Parks Department, four sets of lantern
slides were prepared, bearing the same illustrations as the pamphlets, and giving
short concise directions for controlling the pest. These were circulated among
various motion picture theatres in the city.

Special donations amounting to $35.00 were contributed by the following
gentlemen: Major R. J. Christie, Mr. James O’Brien and Mr. Paul Hahn.

The results from the campaign were very gratifying.

The financial statement showed a balance on hand of $19.97.

The report of the librarian shows that a large number of pamphlets and
periodicals have been added to the library during the season of 1917-18,

14 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

Special arrangements have been made with the Department of Biology,
University of Toronto, in regard to filing and shelving space, and by which
members of the Department may have access to the literature. Good progress has
been made in re-arranging and cataloguing.

The publications received since the last meeting were presented.

The election of officers was then proceeded with, and the results were as
follows:

PrESICCNE Mie ee ae eee Dr. W. A. CLEMENS.

Vice=PTeSsidents \..cc eter retake Mr. H. V. ANDREWS,

\ECretary-LVCASUTET. Pans ease aac. S. Locier.

MOT ATAUN FE OE ne aba Miss NorMA Forp.

COUNCTY 4b a Eee ees Dr. E. M. Waker, Dr. A, Cosens, MEssrs.

T. B. Kurata, J. HANNIBAL, '‘C. K. BRogst.

The business of the evening finished, the meeting was then left open for
short talks by members and for discussion. The following members spoke:

C. K. Brobst on the Tussock Moth work in Toronto in summer of 1918.

Dr. A. Cosens, on “ Observations on the Monarch Butterfly.”

Mr. H. V. Andrews, on “A trip to Go Home Bay for Oeneis chryxus, var.
calais.”

Dr. E. M. Walker on “ Oeneis chryxus, var. calais.”

Mr. 8. Logier, on “ Observations on parasitized caterpillars.”

Those present at the meeting were: President Dr. W. A. Clemens, Dr. Cosens,
Dr. Walker, Miss N. Ford, Messrs. Kurata, Andrews, Harris, Reid, Wright,
Hannibal, Blakely, Broderick, Brobst, Logier, and five visitors, in all, 19 persons.

Respectfully submitted,

SHELLEY Locater, Sec.-Treas.

REPORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH.

The 1%th Annual Meeting of the British Columbia Branch was held in the
City of Victoria, B.C., Saturday, February 23rd, 1918. The morning session was
called to order by President E. H. Blackmore. Secretary William Hugh handed
in his financial statement and read a report of the Society’s work during the

past year.
The following papers were read and discussed :—
President's, AGATESS® 0)... 5. sisis ec ale oteielsls cre 6 wile eiaile ofere) outoln se se le tel Bla E. H. BLACKMORE.

Notes on the Classification and Bionomics of the Hemiptera ....WM. DOWNES.
Collecting in the Lillooet District—A trip to Mount McLean ..A. W. PHarr,

Life-History of Perigrapn@ PraeSeSw Gite ec cieelelcl- = = clo ters] eal omeioren Gro. O. Day.
Qn''Parthenogenesis inthe Honey: Bee es... icici cissie oe elererorae WILLIAM HuGH.
Imsect; Notes: Ofthe! Year syjyicievciter ere syevens) ceeusteteroke, Stare rete houeli eeees ena R. C, TREHERNE.

Afternoon Session.

Notes on the Mycetophilidae of B. C.:
A Revision of the B. C. species of the genus Hydriomena
based on the character of the male genitalia .......... E. H, BLACKMORE.
Notesion; the Acolothriprd ae sa waid sic claleiamertas Seeiereie ies iene R. C, TREHERNE.
Natural Control Investigations in B. C.:
Life History of the Leaf-Eating Crane Fly, Cylindrotoma
spendens, Doane (Diptera, Tipulidae) ................ Dr. A. E. CAMERON.

or

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1

The following were elected to the several offices for the year 1918 :—

PITT CSUOLCIUG batcteia's, <,.si)0. 6, ein; nceln/a els EF. KerMopeE, Provincial Museum.

JES ESAT ee ee AE ee an ore R. S. SHERMAN, Vancouver, B.C.

Vice-President (Interior) ........ J. W. Cocks, Kaslo, B.C.

Wace-Prestaent (Coast) .. 2)... Wm. Downes, Victoria, B.C.

PAO IS CCTCLOTY=1 7 COSUT EN: ac cl<m, ones WILLIAM HuGH, Box 20, Cloverdale, B.C.
SOR U DOGTO: oo . os . Joss else ane he Messrs. E. H. BiackMore, R. C. TREHERNE,

G.-0. Day, A. W. Hannam, L. A, Breun.

The Society offered the Vancouver Exhibition Association two prizes for the
best collection of types of beneficial and injurious insects put up by-school children.

REPORT OF THE NOVA SCOTIA BRANCH.

Since our last report was presented to our parent Society a new number of
our “Proceedings” has been issued, comprising approximately 100 pages and
including considerable new data on Nova Scotian insects and the problems con-
nected with their control. Another Annual Meeting was held on July 26th of the
present year, when a number of papers were read by the members and a successful
session was held. The speaker of the occasion was Mr. J. D. Tothill, of the
Dominion Entomological Branch, who gave a paper on “The Meaning of Natural
Control.” The following officers for the year were elected :—

ENON ORGI-E TCSIOCING, Fac 5 6.2 = a.cs0.0 8 Bs Dr. A. H. McKay, Halifax.

IPIPESCUCT AR ape O CE CI IESE ..-»L, A, DEWOLFE, Truro.

WECTCLORY-ETCASUTEL sx ~ 52s cc's sae s W. H. Brirratn, Truro.

ASSie ee SCCTELOFY-TTECQSUTET 5.05 <0s E. C. ALLEN, Truro.

CODD TINE a age Dene ore A. KELSALL, Annapolis Royal, and Miss AIlLrEEN

HENDERSON, Lawrencetown.

Like all other organizations our Society has suffered many inroads in its
membership on account of the war. In spite of this we have been able to keep up
our members to the pre-war level and are particularly fortunate in the fact that
none of our members who have gone overseas have actually lost their lives in the
great struggle. With the return of peace time conditions and the removal of
all hindrances to our expansion, we are hopeful of healthy, vigorous growth from
now on.

W. H. Brirrarn, Secretary.

REPORTS ON INSECTS FOR THE YEAR.
Division No. 3, Toronto District—A. CoseEns.

The unusual abundance of the Monarch, Anosia plexippus, during the past
two years, led me to hope that this season I could obtain a series of notes that
would be of interest concerning this wide-ranging Canadian butterfly.

In looking over these notes, however, I find only a few of sufficient importance
to include in this report. This was owing chiefly to the butterflies not being
sufficiently numerous to prevent an ebbtide in the enthusiasm of the early part
of the season.

it THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

Concerning the first to arrive of the migrants from the south I have made
the following note :—

June 15th. ‘Two specimens of Anosia were seen flitting about a few milk-
weed plants on the Old Belt Line, near the Humber; one of the butterflies ap-
peared to be ovipositing, but the eggs could not be found.”

The above apparently represents, in general, the date of the first appearance
in Ontario of this butterfly, since it agrees with that noted by other observers.
In 1900, Mr. C. W. Nash, Toronto, states that he saw the Monarch first on June
14th, and in 1901, Mr. J. A. Moffat, London, noted its arrival there on June 12th.

While the middle of June may be taken as the average date of their arrival
in this Province, there must be at least isolated butterflies that return much
earlier.

With reference to this I find in my notes :—

June 19th. “Mr. Martin saw, on milkweed plants, a nearly full-grown
Monarch larva, also a much smaller one.”

Later in the day we found the larger larva but did not get the smaller.
The one we captured was one and three-fourths»inches in length. The egg from

Fig. 1.—Gall produced by Neuroterus flavipes Gill on
Bur Oak, Quercus macrocarpa Michx.

which this larva emerged must have been deposited the end of May or very early
in June. .

There are notes under two other dates in June.

June 24th. “ Anosia butterflies plentiful around the milkweeds at Mimico
Creek.”

June 27th. “In the same locality as the preceding, caught three males and
two female butterflies. These specimens were all much faded and worn, the wing
margins were also badly torn. The butterflies were frequently mating at this
time.”

Nothing of interest appears to have been observed for a month, as the next
note reads :—

July 27. “Many Mvnarch butterflies ovipositing, all the specimens captured
were faded and torn. Larve were frequently seen, these varied from one-half to
full-grown: ten of the latter were collected.”

July 30th. ‘Several of the larve taken on the 27th have pupated.”

With very little further feeding these larve eventually all passed into the
chrysalid stage, and all emerged, sometime between the 9th and the 22nd of
August, the exact date unknown owing to absence from the city.

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | 17

Although these butterflies, during the last two seasons, gave ample oppor-
tunity, in this locality, of observing their congregating habits, 1 was not fortunate
enough this fall to see a single flock.

I wish also to report the securing of the producers from a gall on Bur Oak,
Quercus macrocarpa. These producers have been kindly identified by Mr. Wm.
Beutenmuller as Neuroterus flavipes Gill.

The gall, which is polythalamous, is an elongated, irregular swelling from
the midrib of the leaf, but also extending out slightly along the veins. It is
somewhat triangular in cross section. Opening on the upper surface of the leaf,
from which the gall chiefly projects, are minute canals, one passing to each
larval chamber.

Length of gall parallel to the axis of the midrib 10-15 mm.

In all probability a revision of the Cynipidae will place this species in the
genus Andricus, as it closely resembles A. piger Bassett and A. petiolicola Bassett.

The former is a polythalamous gall produced by the swelling of the petiole
er midrib of the Scarlet Oak, Quercus coccinea. The latter is also located on the
petiole or midrib of the leaf, but the host in this case is the White Oak, Quercus
alba. It is an irregular, spherical swelling drawn out at some place on its surface
into a short tapering projection. At the summit of this is an opening surrounded
by a dense ring of coarse, brown trichomes.

Division No. 5, PereRBoroucH Districr—F. Morris, PETERBOROUGH.

My report for the present year again deals chiefly with Cerambycidae. The
first series of observations made relate to the obscure little Anaglyptus, Le Conte’s
Microclytus (or rather Cyrtophorus) gibbulus. This insect had been taken in
considerable numbers in 1916 and 1917, feeding on choke-cherry blossom, dog-
wood and spiked maple, during the first three weeks of June. In the former
season the blossom was well out by June 3rd, in the latter by June 10th. This
season | made my way out to the place of capture about the middle of May, and
found the corner of the wood where the insect had been prevalent already in the act
of falling beneath the woodman’s axe! It was ‘too early for the blossom and
there was no trace of the insect. Before paying the spot another visit, I decided
to wait till the end of May. Soon after this decision, however, a hot spell brought
the blossoms on with a rush, and I was dismayed on passing a woodyard in the
city one day to see a shrub of choke-cherry in full bloom; next day (May 23rd)
I hurried out to the “ Wood of Desire” and found the shrubs actually shedding
their bloom. I had missed the height of the insect’s season. The air that day
was cold, and I found only a single specimen. It was the more disappointing
that I had arranged to go north over the week-end. However, on Tuesday, May
27th, I was back at the hunting ground and had the good fortune to find two
or three trees of choke-cherry in a somewhat less exposed position on the margin
of the wood; here I secured more than 20 of the insect, including five natural
pairs secured from specimens taken home alive and mating in captivity. June
proved a very poor blossoming season in our district, and almost no captures
were made on dogwood, viburnum and spiked maple. Beyond a single specimen
of M. gibbulus taken on dogwood on June Ist, I saw no further trace of this
elusive little insect. In each of the last three years when it has been captured,
the season of its prevalence has been limited to a fortnight and is practically
dependent on the blossoming of the choke-cherry clusters: viz.. 1916, June 4-18:
1917, June 9-24; 1918, May 20-June 1.

18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

On May 24th, while at Lake Catchacoma, some 30 miles north of Peter-
borough, I found an extraordinary number and yariety of insects drawn in the
hot sun to the choke-cherry clusters; besides about 10 species of Longicorn, there
were a large number of species of Chrysomelians, Scarabs and Elaters; among
these last, three species of Corymbites including C. hamatus and C. vernalis;
but the most interesting by far to me of the day’s bag was a pair of the very
handsome Cantharid, Pomphopoea aenea. Only once before had I ever seen this
insect, and that was at Port Sydney towards the end of June, when I found a
pair on the Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago). It is a large insect of a beautiful
grey-blue-green shade and of satiny texture; the antennae biack, and the legs
orange-tellow with black knees and feet. Of the species I am not quite sure ;
Dr. Bethune who kindly identified the earlier capture thought it P. sayi, but
according to Blatchley the yellow and black legs belong to P. aenea. This had been
1909, for it was just a few weeks before Dr. Brodie’s death, with whom I was
staying in North Muskoka at the time.

On the first of June I captured two specimens of the so-called Currant-borer
(Psenocerus supernotatus) settling on a newly fallen poplar stem. On June 10th
while ranging about a tamarac swamp for Pyrola and Cypripedium, I had the
good fortune to capture a breeding pair of Tetropium cinnamopterum resting in
the shadow on the underside of a recent windfall of white spruce, the only tree
I have ever captured this insect on. On June 15th—rather an early record—
while foraging about at the “ Wood of Desire,” I spied a specimen of Desmocerus
palliatus, flying from a small clump of the late elder; examination of the shrubs
led to the capture of a dozen of these handsome borers; they had evidently just
emerged and were crawling up into the sunlight from the stems, a few were
already pairing and taken at rest on the underside of the foliage. A specimen
of Goes oculatus was taken the same day on newly fallen poplar. On June 18th,
while exploring a very rich corner of tamarac swamp, I made two finds especially
that awoke happy memories; after an interval of 19 years, I found again that
local rarity among the orchids, Orchis rotundifolia, and on the swamp Valerian—
just as three years before near Trenton—I found Leptura chrysocoma feeding on
pollen. Between June 18th and 20th, I took three specimens of this beetle always
among tamaracs. On June 25th, I captured a specimen of Saperda tridentata on
an elm log, and on a large billet of poplar in a woodpile, a pair of Pogonochaerus
mixtus,

On June 29th and 30th, during a short stay in Port Hope, I paid a visit
to some woods four miles north where a season or two before the woodman’s axe
had been very busy—far too busy, for every windstorm since has taken heavy
toll of the surviving timber. The work of tramping in hot sunshine through
bush, and stumbling or slipping on hidden logs and stumps was very exhausting,
but a number of interesting captures were made. Among these, one Leptura zebra
on the sheaf of foliage about an oak stump, five Neoclytus erythrocephalus taken
running on the trunk and limbs or two fallen trees, a basswood and a butternut,
one Clytus marginicollis on white pine, three Physocnemum brevilineum on
fallen elm, three Leptostylus sea-guttatus in brush-heaps of white pine, one
Leptostylus macula on basswood, one Goes oculatus and one Urographis fasciatus,
both resting on the underside of a lodged trunk of maple, three Hoplosia nubila
on basswood, two Lepturges symmetricus and one Eupogonius subarmatus on a
recent windfall of basswood.

On July 4th a trip from Peterborough to the “ Wood of Desire” proved very

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 2

successful: among other captures, two Liopus variegatus on fallen poplar, one
Lepturges querci on sumac, one Xylotrechus undulatus on spruce, two Desmocerus
palliatus from the same little clump of late elder as had yielded several captures
nearly three weeks earlier, two Oberea tripunctata and one very small and faintly
marked specimen of Clytanthus ruricola on raspberry foliage. Next day, on a
dead branch of sumac I took a specimen of Neoclytus erythrocephalus. On July
6th I took a specimen of Hoplosia nubila near Chemong from the same dead limb
of basswood as yielded over a score last season. On July 8th, three Liopus alpha
from dead or dying sumac branches, On July 11th in the heart of a large tamarac
swamp on various blossoms including yarrow, daisies and fleabane (feeding on
pollen in the hottest of sunshine) 19 Leptura chrysocoma, and on the edge of
the swamp in milkweed blossom, three Typocerus velutinus and two T, zebratus;
I strongly suspect LZ. chrysocoma to bore in the tamarac, for I have never found
it far from that tree. On July 17th, I took fifteen T. zebratus on blossom of
sumac and milkweed, and one Leptostylus macula on a dying branch of sumac.

On July 18th, while with a brother botanist on a corduroy road in a tamarac
swamp north of Bethany, I noticed a strange butterfly that at first I took for a
fritillary or silver-spot; on capture it proved to be the very beautiful “‘ Baltimore,”
Melitaea phaéton. Investigation in September showed a plentiful growth at the
roadside of Chelone glabra or Turtlehead, the food plant of this insect’s larva.

On. July 20th, I paid a farewell visit to the “ Wood of Desire” before going
north to camp in the Algonquin Park. The day was spent following in the wake
of the axe; here were taken, running on white pine logs that lay scorehing in the
sun, three Neoclytus muricatulus (including a mating pair); one Urographis
fasciatus resting on foliage of a basswood stump; Lepturges pictus on a dying
branch of basswood; these were all in the open or on the edge of the wood; in
the depths among a confusion of felled hemlock, spruce and balsam, I took two
Leptura subhamata and three Xylotrechus undulatus all on spruce.

The active collecting for the season came to an end between July 27th and
Avgust 3rd in the Park with the capture of some Leptura canadensis and four
specimens of Leptura biforis, taken in flight about our little camp clearing on
Big Island in Cache Lake.

Division No. 6, Essex District—J. W. NoBLe, DEPARTMENT oF AGRICULTURE,
Essex, ONT.

ATTACKING Fretp Crops. Wireworms, white grubs, cutworms, grasshoppers,
crickets. Considerable damage was done in the spring by white grubs to straw-
berry beds, wireworms to potatoes, cutworms to cabbage and tobacco plants, espe-
cially to the latter; a considerable acreage of tobacco had to be replanted on
account of the ravages of the cutworm. In July owing to the very hot weather we
had more trouble with grasshoppers and crickets than has been experienced in
this county for some years. Grasshoppers stripped considerable vegetation but
largely confined their energy to cutting binder twine after the sheaves had
been tied. Many reports have been received in some instances where crickets
and grasshoppers had destroyed binder twine in wholesale quantities. Clover seed
midge was reported from a number of fields, but is not believed to be common
throughout the county. Hessian fly: some reports of injury during fall of 1918.

Arrackine Fruit Trees. Codling Moth very plentiful especially in uncared
for orchards; considerable damage done in orchards that had not been sprayed,
about three broods reported in many instances.

20° THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

Plum Curculio very plentiful in plum orchards this season, considerable
damage to apples.

San José Scale appears to be considerably winter killed during severe winter
of January, 1918, still quite plentiful in uncared for orchards.

Tent caterpillar not common, few nests seen. Fall webworms rather plentiful.

Aphids. Considerable damage to tree fruits, very effectively controlled by
tobacco decoction.

Peach tree borer very plentiful especially on trees which winter killed last
winter, :

Apple Maggot noticeably plentiful in one orchard, very little damage on the
whole.

Frurrs aNd VaecerasLes. Melon aphid and cucumber aphid again this
season accounted for a great Joss among the cucumber and melon growers but
after the experience of last year a great many fields were saved by early spraying,
tobacco decoction being the most popular remedy.

Onion thrips very plentiful in the Pelee marsh, no remedy as yet found
satisfactory.

Onion root maggot again very plentiful, considerable acreage lost.

Asparagus beetles plentiful but as the acreage is limited very little reported.

Capsids were considered by Dr. Bethune to have been the cause of white
spots appearing on the early tomato crop. Upon careful examination no insects
were found and no cause could be located. It occurred in two fields and accounted
for considerable loss.

Squash bugs and cucumber beetles. Considerable loss to the pickle growers
resulted from these insects. Trapping was tried but with little success, application
of a repellant seemed to have only partial results.

Greenhouse Insects. Greenhouse men experienced considerable trouble during
the winter of 1917-18 with greenhouse white fly and with aphids. Nematodes
were also plentiful. The best growers, however, practised soil sterilization and
occasionally fumigated with hydrocyanic gas.

Tne Presipent: I shall now ask Father Leopold to read his paper on
“ Economic Entomology in Quebec.”

Farner Leopotp: Mr. President, | was so anxious to secure further informa-
tion on spraying that ] did not prepare a paper but a series of questions which
I hope you and other entomologists who have been studying spray mixtures will
answer. I believe this will be of more value than my paper would have been.
My questions are :—

1. What spray mixtures should I recommend to our people next year for
apple orchards?

2. Is it true that Bordeaux mixture causes very great injury by russeting
the fruit? If so, which application causes most of the russeting?

3. What recommendations should be made in regard to dusting ?

Tur Presipenr: As neither Mr. Sanders nor Prof. Brittain are here from
Nova Scotia I shall ask Dr. Hewitt to tell us something about Mr. Sanders’
results and what he intends to recommend this year in Nova Scotia.

Dr. Hewirr: I cannot, of course, respond to your request with as much
satisfaction to those who are interested in this subject as Mr. Sanders would have
been able to give had he been here.

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21

Owing to what appears to be an injurious effect of lime sulphur in reducing the
crop of apples in Nova Scotia, Mr. Sanders turned his attention to Bordeaux
mixture which had been almost entirely given up in favor of lime sulphur as the
fungicide in apple spraying. While it is, of course, not our function to investigate
fungicides we were compelled to study them as carriers of insecticides. In Nova
Scotia there is not the same demand for a scale destroying spray such as lime
sulphur as in Ontario owing to the absence of San José Scale, the existence of
which insect was chiefly responsible for the adoption of lime sulphur in other
parts of the country.

Coupled with the scalicide properties of lime sulphur was its easy preparation
and the powerful advocacy of the manufacturers. We found that when Bordeaux
was substituted for lime sulphur in certain of the sprays we obtained better results
both from the point of view of production and condition of the foliage; we also
found that the trouble of russeting could be obviated by not using Bordeaux in
the third spray, that is, the spray when the blossom petals have fallen which is
apparently the period when the setting fruit is most susceptible to the Bordeaux
injury.

In view of the excellent results that we obtained in our experimental plots
and that have been obtained by some of the more prominent fruit growers in
Nova Scotia, we are recommending the use of Bordeaux mixture instead of lime
sulphur in the first, second and fourth sprays. In the third spray we find that
sodium polysulphide has given us the best results. As an insecticide we are
recommending in each spray the use of arsenate of lime.

We have felt that far too little is known with regard to the chemistry and
bio-chemistry of spraying. Spray mixtures have often been recommended without
a careful study of their chemical constitution or of their effect on foliage, fruit
or insects. Accordingly, we are now making a very careful study of the chemical
nature of the different compounds that result from mixing various insecticides
with fungicides and of the effect of such compounds on the trees and on the
insects that they are expected to destroy. By these means we hope to secure exact
data that will enable us to experiment to better advantage and to secure results
of real value.

But after all, I feel that the ultimate test will be made by the fruit grower
who will be the best judge as to the sprays giving the best results, and after
having carried out our investigations to the best of our ability we shall have to be
content to leave the matter in the hands of the grower. If we can demonstrate
to him the superiority of one spray over another he is generally willing to be
convinced and to act according to our-advice. Further, it is a mistake to assume
that a spray combination that is the best in one fruit growing section of the
country will be the best in another. Spraying systems must be worked out to
suit the various localities. The day of the universal spray calendar has long
passed and for this reason we are endeavoring to study our spraying problems
locally.

Pror, Caesar: T shall briefly answer Father Leopold’s questions and then
ask Prof. Parrott to give us the benefit of his experiments in New York State.

I myself intend to recommend as usual lime-sulphur for the first spray, that is
the one given either before or as the buds are bursting or just after they have
burst. For the second spray, the one just before the blossoms burst, I shall recom-
mend either lime-sulphur, 1 gallon to 35 gallons of water, or Bordeaux mixture,
4.4.40, and to each of these either arsenate of lead or arsenate of lime. For

nd)
favs)

THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

the third application, the one just after the blossoms have fallen, I shall recom-
mend lime-sulphur 1 gallon to 40 gallons of water, and the usual amount of
arsenate of lead.

At present I do not feel like advismg against the substitution of arsenate of
lime for arsenate of lead with lime-sulphur, though I am not yet convinced that
it is so safe. A warning, however, should be given, that some brands of arsenate
of lime are much inferior to others and much less safe.

Jn a very wet period I should prefer Bordeaux to lime-sulphur for the spray
just before bloom, because it will remain on the trees longer and thus keep
off scab longer than lime-sulphur. I do not recommend it for the third application
because it russets the fruit, some years very badly and every year to some extent.

As to the dropping of fruit which follows later applications of lime-sulphur
in Nova Scotia, this has not taken place in Ontario in my own or any other
person’s experiments that I am aware of. I believe the difference in climate
between the two Provinces accounts for the different results obtained.

As to the dust method of treating orchards, I do not intend to recommend
it for the present. I have obtained good results from it myself but the fruit
growers do not succeed well with it. They also object to the cost. The new
spray guns have made them much better satisfied with liquid sprays.

Pror, Parrorr: In our State I believe we have more pests to combat than
you have in your fruit growing sections. We have San José Scale, and use lime-
sulphur because it is cheap and nearly fool-proof from the standpoint of the
farmer. We have the Pear Psylla, which is a very common pest in our pear
growing sections, and we rely on lime-sulphur to combat that insect; and we have
the various mites which are held in check by sulphur sprays. Considered from
the standpoint of the dormant application we have to consider some spray mixture
which will handle those particular pests.

Our change from Bordeaux to lime- -sulphur was brought about by the attitude
of our fruit growers. There was a period in the *90’°s and ten or fifteen years
ago when growers suffered severe injury from Bordeaux mixture. As a result
of this injury the farmers swung over to the use of the lime-sulphur, because
the fruit presented so much better an appearance from its use. As far as New York
is concerned (and I think I am safe in speaking for the men at Cornell as well
of those of the New York Experiment Station) we would not dare to recommend
Bordeaux to apple growers in our State; it causes too much injury.

I have been very much interested in the question of dropping of fruit. ~ It
seems to me it is one of the points which should be looked into. For two years
we have carried on comparative experiments with lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead
and Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead, and in 1917 we had a larger drop
on the check trees than on those sprayed with lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead
or Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead.

We tested nine brands of calcium arsenate this summer and also tested a
formula given by our Federal Government for home-made calcium arsenate. In
the work on the station grounds we had no injury, not even yellowing, in any
plot sprayed with a commercial brand, notwithstanding the fact that we gave all
four applications. We had, however, serious yellowing following the second applica-
tion of the home-made preparation.

A point was made in regard to dusting. There is involved a consideration
of the fact that in certain districts of New York the red bugs are a most injurious
pest. We have no contact dusting material which favorably controls them. I
doubt whether dusting will get very much encouragement the coming season.

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23

INSECTS OF THE SEASON IN ONTARIO.

W. A. Ross, Dominion ENTomoLoGicaL LABorATORY, VINELAND STATION, ONT.,
AND L. CaAEsAr, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH.

ORCHARD INSECTs.

San JOsE ScaLe (Aspidiotus perniciosus). The severe winter of 1917-18
destroyed a very high percentage of the scale. Inspectors from all scale districts
report less of this insect this year than for many years. In two Woodstock
orchards infested for at least the past ten years, it has, so far as the Provincial
Inspector could judge, completely disappeared, no live scale being found on
fruit or branches in October.

GREEN APPLE APHIs (Aphis pomi). During the summer there was a wide-
spread outbreak of the Green Apple Aphis. In most orchards the infestation
did not attain serious proportions until about mid-July, and from then on it
was somewhat rapidly brought under control by hot, dry weather and by insect
enemies, until by the second week of August comparatively few aphids were left
on the trees.

In most cases no great damage was caused by the aphis apart from coating
the fruit with the sooty honeydew fungus. Fortunately, most of this was washed
off before picking time by heavy rains.

WauitE-MArKED Tussock Motu (Hemerocampa leucostigma). In view of
the abundance of the tussock moth egg masses on orchard trees last fall, the out-
break of this season came as no surprise. Apple and plum orchards throughout
the Niagara District and Western Ontario were badly infested and much damage
was done to the fruit.

Fortunately for all concerned, the tussocks were parasitized so heavily by
hymenopterous and tachinid parasites that only an insignificant number reached
the adult stage. We can safely look forward to next year as a season of com-
parative immunity from this pest.

Pear AND CHERRY StLue (Caliroa cerasi). During June and July, cherrr,
pear and plum trees in various parts of the Province were seriously injured by
this insect. In many orchards the foliage, particularly of sour cherry trees. was
almost wholly destroyed. At picking time much of the fruit on badly infestcd
sour cherry trees was wizened, slug-eaten and unfit for sale.

A very large percentage of the second generation eggs were destroyed by a
minute parasite, Trichogramma minutum Riley.*

Pear Psyiia (Psylla pyricola). This pest was again very abundant in
various pear orchards from Burlington to the Niagara River. It is worth while
recording here that large numbers of trees which had been seriously injured by
pear psylla in preceding seasons succumbed to the low temperatures of last

~ winter. —

Fruit Tree Lear-rouuer (Tortrix argyrospila). This insect has apparently
almost completely disappeared east of Toronto, but there are some indications
that it may be on the increase in the south-western part of the Province. At
Simcoe, it caused considerable loss to Greenings. At Ancaster, there are a good
many egg masses, indicating that in this locality there will likely be considerable
injury from the leaf roller next year.

*Species determined by Mr. A. B. Gahan, U. S. Bureau of Entomology.

24 - THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

Crerry Fruiv Furies (Rhagoletis cingulata and fausta). In the Burlington
and Niagara Districts, the crop in some unsprayed orchards of Montmorency and
Morello cherries was a complete loss because of the large percentage of wormy
fruit.

The severe losses caused by the fruit flies last year induced nearly all the
larger growers to spray this season. No sweetening was used, and in many cases
a fungicide was added to the poison without detriment to the’ efficiency of the
treatment.

A braconid parasite, Opius ferruginea Gahan,* was found in fairly large
numbers ovipositing in maggot-infested fruit in an orchard near Jordan, and
in another orchard at Burlington. The same species was bred from wormy cherries
in late August and early September.

Bup Morn (T'metocera ocellana). East of Toronto and in parts of Western
Ontario, the bud moth was very prevalent this spring.

Lesser Apple LEAr-ROLLER (Alceris minuta). In September, a farmer of
Bruce County wrote for information about a caterpillar that folded apple leaves
over and fastened the edges together. Specimens were asked for but when he
went to gather them on October 29th, he found the larve had deserted the leaves.
This fact and the description given of the caterpillar and its work indicate almost
without doubt that the species was Alceris minuta. The farmer stated that almost
every leaf in the orchard was folded. The Lesser Apple Leaf Roller is not
common in Ontario.

THE Rep-HUMPED APPLE Worm (Schizura concinna), the YELLOW-NECKED
Apple CarerPILLAR (Datana ministra), and the Fatn Wespworm (Hyphantria
cunea) were prevalent in the Niagara and Burlington districts.

THe Pear Turips (Taeniothrips tnconsequens). This species, hitherto un-
recorded in Ontario, was taken on pear trees last spring in a large orchard near
Beamsville. Fortunately, the thrips was present in very small numbers and
apparently was not causing any appreciable injury.

It is highly probable that this insect has been present in the Niagara district
for a number of years and has not been observed heretofore simply because it
has never assumed economic importance.

Insects INJURIOUS TO SMALL FRUITs.

Brackperry Lear-mtner (Metallus bethunei or M. rubt). This miner,
though very abundant last year, was even more abundant this year. Practically
every leaf in several plantations had from one to fifty mines, and nearly all the
older and lower leaves died and fell off in late July and early August. These
were replaced by new foliage which in turn became mined in September. All
efforts to control the insect failed. In experiments conducted at Burlington
large numbers of adults were poisoned by spraying the leaves with sweetened
arsenate of lead. It was found, however, that to be effective the spray would
have to be applied daily for almost a month because the adults continued to
emerge for about that long, and they were found to feed only upon the mixture
before it dried, paying no attention to it after this.

In experiments with contact insecticides the sawflies were easily hit but
even when drenched with kerosene emulsion, usual summer strength, or with
whale oil soap 1 Ib. to 4 gals., they recovered as soon as dry and were quite
uninjured,

*Species determined by Mr. A. B. Gahan, U. S. Bureau of Entomology.

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

rad)
Or

Last year many parasites were present but this year there were very few
cases of parasitism seen.

STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus). This species was unusually
destructive in Halton County and in the Niagara district. In many strawberry
plantations, especially in those adjoining wood-lots, from 30 per cent. to 50 per
cent. of the crop was destroyed by this pest.

In a strawberry plantation at Vineland the depredations of the weevil were
apparently completely checked by a heavy application of sulphur and arsenate
of lead dust (80 parts of sulphur, 10 parts arsenate of lead, 10 parts filler).

StrawBerry LEArF-RoLLER (Ancylis comptana). At Buriingtcn on July
25th many strawberry leaves were found infested with this roller and numerous
moths .could be seen flying over the plants late in the evening. All stages of
the insect—eggs, larvee, pup and adults—were to be found at that date. Com-
paratively little injury was done. Growers say that the insect, although common
for years, has not caused much loss.

Rep Sper (Tetranychus bimaculatus or T. telarius). During the latter part
of July raspberry bushes in the Vineland district were seriously injured by
the red spider.

Insects INJURIoUS To TRUCK CROPs.

CABBAGE Root-MAGGor (Chortophila brassicae). This pest has seldom been
more destructive to cabbage, cauliflower and radish than it was this year. Com-
plaints were received concerning it from all parts of the Province. In Carleton
County considerable loss was caused on some farms by the maggots attacking and
destroying young turnips.

Onton Maccor (Hylemyia antiqua). This insect, though not so abundant
as the cabbage root-maggot, was present in considerable numbers in many localities.

Seep Corn Maceor (Chortophila fusciceps). Not nearly so many complaints
of injury to beans from this maggot were received this year as last. Seed potatoes
in the vicinity of Brantford were badly attacked. A few complaints of injury
to beans, seed corn, and potatoes were received from other districts.

Cappace Worm (Pontia rapae). In the Niagara district this pest was
unusually abundant.

Breer Lear-MINER (Chortophila vicina). Numerous mines caused by this
miner were seen at Guelph and Burlington on beets and a considerable number
on mangels. On July 2nd many eggs were to be seen on the under surface of the
leaves. Nearly all these eggs or the maggots from them must have perished, for
very few mines were observed after that date.

Parsnip WEBWorM (Depressaria heracliana). This species was decidedly
destructive to the parsnip seed crop in parts of Western Ontario, and at Guelph
and Vineland.

Carrot Rust Fry (Psila rosae). Specimens of carrots injured by this fly
were received from Guelph, Fergus, Toronto, Shelburne, St. Mary’s and Listowel.

CurworMs: Corn and garden crops suffered to a considerable extent from
cutworm injury.

INsEcTs INJurIoUsS To FIELD Crops.

For the most part, field crops were injured very little by insects.
Wueat Insects. The Wheat Midge (Thecodiplosis mosellana Gehin) which
caused so much alarm in 1917 was not at all abundant this year. In rearing

26 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

cages at the Vineland Station Entomological Laboratory, adult midges emerged
from June 18th to July 4th, most of them coming out about June 23rd and 24th.

While looking into the wheat midge situation, a shght amount of Hessian
Fly (Mayetiola destructor) injury was noticed near Ridgeway, Welland County,
and in two wheat fields near Beamsville, the Wheat Joint Worm (Isosoma tritict)
in considerable numbers was found at work.

Wrreworms. According to Mr. H. F. Hudson, the oat crop in Caradoc,
Middlesex, was seriously injured by the wireworm, Agriotes mancus.

MISCELLANEOUS PESTS.

Warsie. Fry (Hypoderma bovis). Numerous complaints of cattle gadding
were received. Farmers who had not previously seen their cattle stampeded in
this way and who learned that a fly was the cause, became much alarmed lest
the pest should increase.

It looks as if Hypoderma bovis were becoming more abundant and more
widely distributed through the Province. In some districts, however, it does
not seem to be present yet, for stock men in these claim they never saw their
cattle gadding.

Rose Mrpvce (Dasyneura rhodophaga). This undesirable alien, already well
established in a large rose garden near London and in Toronto greenhouses, has
invaded another part of Ontario, viz., Port Dover, where it was found this year at
work in Messrs. Ivey & Sons’ greenhouses.

In order to prevent the further spread of the midge, the following recom-
mendations have been made to florists :—

(1) Whenever possible, growers should propagate their own roses.

(2) New stock should be obtained from non-infested greenhouses.

(3) Rose plants and scions purchased through commission houses or from
places not known to be free of midge, should be imported before the end of February.
This recommendation is made because such stock, provided it has been planted
in November or December, will not have been exposed to infection.

(4) Greenhouse roses brought in later than the end of February should be
carefully examined for rose midge injury, and any infested plants should be
destroyed. In addition to this, the soil should be washed off the roots of the plants
and should then be thrown into the furnace or scalded with hot water or steam.

Rosz Lerar-Ronter (Cacoecia rosaceana). During March this insect was
remarkably abundant on roses in a Toronto greenhouse.

NemaropEs. Cyclamen were seriously injured by Nematodes in a Hamilton
greenhouse. The species concerned was not determined.

CuerMeEs. The galls made by C. abietis and C. similis were more conspicuous
on spruce trees this season than they have been for several years.

LADyBirp BEETLES. Coccinella 9-notata and Adalia bipunctata were remark-
ably common this year. The latter species was very frequently found i im large num-
bers this fall in dwelling houses in the Niagara district.

Powprer Post Breties (Lyctus striatus). This beetle was found infesting
and seriously injuring oak floors, base-boards, and an oak cupboard in a Vineland
house. Some of the wood in the cupboard was badly worm-eaten. A species of
Lyctus was also found injuring woodwork in a church in Hamilton,

Pror. Parrorr: I should like to hear from Mr. Ross regarding the dis-
tribution of the pear thrips. We find it both on pears and apples in Western
New York. So far, it has only been injurious with us in the Hudson River

eo
2

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Valley. There it is very destructive and is found in varying numbers from
season to season.

Mr. Ross: This season I found the thrips only on pear and in only one
locality—Beamsville. Next year I am going to look into the question of dis-
tribution more thoroughly. I should like to ask Mr. Davis if he can tell us
anything about the Rose Midge.

Mr, Davis: I cannot tell you any more than what little I have published.

Mr. Ross: Do you know if it occurs all over the United States?

Mr, Davis: Everywhere east of the Mississippi River. In connection with
the control of the midge, what you and others have published is all that is known
- concerning it.

Mr. Ross: Mr. Sasscer of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology obtained absolute
control in a Baltimore greenhouse by fumigating with tobacco smoke and at the
same time covering the soil with tobacco dust. He fumigated the house as long
as the adults were seen. He also sprayed the sidewalks with kerosene emulsion

INSECTS OF THE SEASON IN QUEBEC DISTRICT, 1918.
GEO. MAHEUX, QUEBEC.

The summer of 1918 may be considered normal, as regards the insects
injurious to cultivated plants. We did not have to register any real plague,
and the common insects only appeared in rather small numbers. Only one pest
appeared to have increased in numbers, and this one has worked more damage
than usual in this district; it is the potato flea beetle, Epitrix cucumeris Harr.

On the other hand, the Colorado potato beetle, although well represented,
shows a decrease compared with 1917. Certain districts in the northern part
of the Province, such as the Lake St. John district, were visited by only a few
individuals. It is advisable to note here that if the severe winter we have had
has contributed to the partial bankruptcy of the multiplication of pests, it is
equally important to emphasize the fact that for two or three years the use of
insecticides and sprayers has spread considerably. Moreover, the inquiries we
are receiving throughout the summer from farmers, and which are continually
increasing, show the importance that the latter now attach to the question of the
protection of plants. We consider as a remarkable improvement the fact that at
least 80 per cent. of farmers use an efficient insecticide for their potatoes. The
sale of sprayers yearly increases in a wonderful manner, and before long the
great majority of farmers will own a good spraying machine.

The potato flea beetle, Epitrix cucwmeris Harr., bored through the leaves of
tomato plants as well as potatoes, but the other vegetables only suffered an
occasional injury. Poison sprays check them rapidly.

The various Cruciferae of our gardens have had to stand the attacks of
numberless cabbage worms (Pieris rapae L.). It was, without any doubt, the most
injurious pest of the season.» Much difficulty was experienced to gather cabbages
and cauliflowers that were not infested. The cabbage maggot (Phorbia brassicae
Bouché) like the cutworms, caused only insignificant damage.

In most of the war gardens, which had been fallow lands for a long time,
potatoes were injured by white grubs (Lachnosterna sp.); 10 per cent. of the
crop was spoiled for this reason.

28° THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

In a few places, the Zebra caterpillar (Ceramica picta Harr.), the corn
maggot (Phorbia fusciceps Zett.). the pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum 1.) made them-
selves known, but without causing any serious loss.

Aside from injurious insects, slugs showed up in large numbers and worked
considerable havoc in bean crops, which failed in many districts.

The only insect on fruit shrubs worth mentioning was the imported currant
worm (Pteronus ribesti Scop.), which destroyed a number of currant and goose-
berry bushes. On the other hand, the currant aphis (Myzus ribis Linn.), which
was very numerous last year, was hardly represented this year.

Satisfactory conditions prevailed in orchards; very few apple aphis, a few
caterpillars, Datana ministra Dru., Schizura concinna S. & A., and Hemerocampa
leucostigma 5. & A., the latter being the most numerous. As regards the rest, condi-
tions were about normal. A good many tussock moth caterpillars were noticed on
ornamental trees, as well as a few spiny elm caterpillars (Vanessa antiopa).

APHIDS; THEIR HUMAN INTEREST.
A. C. Baker, WasHineton, D.C.

The aphids, or as they are commonly called, plant lice, are among the most
interesting of all insect forms. Their importance from several standpoints only
adds to the interest which their peculiar habits arouse and their wide distribution
and abundance force them on the attention of all those who are in any way
interested in plant growth. Thus the early philosophers were attracted by these
curious insects and were at a loss to understand their origin. Some claimed
they were engendered of the dew, others that they developed from the waste
products of ants.

The galls produced on plants by certain species are among the principal
ingredients in the manufacture of inks and dyes. Galls of Melaphis chinensis are
known on the market as nut galls or Chinese galls, and are used almost exclusively
in some of the secret methods of sealskin dyeing. The trade in these galls alone
reaches into the millions of dollars annually. The galls of this species were known
and used by the Chinese many years before Europe learned of them and a rather
extensive account is given in the Pen tsao kang mu. They are gathered, steamed
and dried and are then ready for shipment. Galls of certain species of Pemphigus
have been used for many years in Syria, China, ete., for the preparation of bright
colored dyes for the fine silks which we value so highly, and_ these galls are listed
on the market at a high figure. Some of the better known ones have been imported
into this country and Europe but a large number of species remain yet unstudied
and the uses to which their galls may be put are as yet unknown.

Most species produce in large quantities the substance known as honeydew.
This is merely the excrement of the aphids, and not, as is very often supposed, a
secretion of the cornicles or so called honey tubes. This substance has been
known for many centuries, but its origin was in the early days not understood.
Pliny speaks of it as the sweat of heaven or the saliva of the stars, and it was
not until fairly recent times that its true nature was made known. The sub-
stance was gathered, however, in large quantities. The Arabs used it on their
cakes much as we have all used honey in our boyhood days, and it is used in
parts of the world as a medicine. In France it has been employed by the peasants

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29

in diseases of the chest, and it has also been claimed to cure certain affections
of the eyes. In Italy it has been used as a salve for the treatment of wounds
and sores.

Honeydew is gathered and stored in large quantities by bees at certain
seasons of the year when the nectar flow is low. While this is a disadvantage to the
beekeeper in that he can not dispose of it, under the present laws, as pure honey
it has the advantage of making available, with little expense, large quantities
of honeydew. At present in this country the honeydew thus secured is nearly
all used by our bakers in the making of cakes, etc. It is, however, a source
of some of our rare laboratory compounds, and no doubt in the future will be
used in the manufacture of products formerly imported at a high price, for it is
available in large amounts. It is interesting to note that the cornicles were so
long associated with honeydew. Morren’ even claimed that they were employed
in giving nourishment to the newly born young much in the way that the mammary
glands supply nourishment to young mammals.

In recent years aphids have been associated with the transmission of im-
portant plant diseases. Prof. D. H. Jones’ early indicated by his experiments
that aphids are one of the factors in the transmission of pear blight. In connec-
tion with disease like mosaic and spinach-blight apids have been credited with
an important role but the study of the relation of these insects to plant diseases is
as yet in its infancy.

It is claimed by some workers that large numbers of certain aphid species
on forage plants are responsible for the injuring of cattle. In China and other
eastern countries, on the other hand, some of the galls have been employed as
food and as native medicines. In medicine they are employed chiefly as astringents,
although they have also been used in other ways.

The relations between ants and aphids have been a favorite subject of study.
In return for the honeydew many ants take great care of aphid colonies, building
shelters for them, protecting them from their enemies and transferring them
when necessary to new feeding grounds. Some even carry the young above
eround during the warm sunny hours in spring and return them to their nests
for the night. The writer has supplied ants with several hundred wingless aphids
and watched these insects distribute them over the most tender feeding areas of
a young tree there to start new colonies.

The peculiar habits of the species afford a field of study paralleled in few
other groups. Alternation of hosts is commonly met with, and this habit adds
to the difficulty of tracing life cycles. Some species on their primary hosts
are remarkably different in structure from the same species on their alternate hosts.
The writer has found that if species can be made to live on one host, forms
which normally show characters associated with a secondary host will develop the
characters, in part at least, of the forms occurring on the primary host. Thus
races may be reared which have a definite relation to a given host and quite a
definite structure. In some cases these races become more or less fixed after long
periods, and it is with the greatest difficulty that they are again established on
their original hosts. When this is done they ultimately reassume the characters
associated with their original hosts.

The presence of winged and wingless forms has given rise to studies on wing
production. This subject has been attacked from several standpoints. The

1Morren, Chas.—Ann. des Sciences Nat., 1836.
? Jones, D. H.—Bull. Ont. Agr, Coll.

30. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

occurrence of definite intermediate forms was pointed out by W. F. Turner?
and the writer. These forms retain the wings in a more or less rudimentary
condition and they tend to lose also the other characters which are associated
with the winged form. In some species like Aphis pomi DeGeer, it is possible to
rear an almost pure apterous line and a line with a high percentage of winged
forms. It is noteworthy that in certain aphid groups it is impossible to rear
apterous forms while in the more specialized groups the winged forms are often
absent for many generations. Sometimes a species may be reared for 100 or
more generations without a winged insect appearing. It is thus evident that
in the family nature has eliminated the wings to a large extent in the specialized
groups.

Search has been made for the controlling factor here and several different
ones have been claimed. Ewing* worked from the standpoint of temperature
and in Aphis prunifoliae Fitch (avenae of authors) was able to control the
winged condition by varying the temperature. This species is one hke pom
in which both winged and wingless forms are common. Ewing also obtained inter-
mediates (calling them paedogenetic nymphs), adults between the winged and
apterous condition. Several factors were not considered in his experiments. The
affect of varied temperature on the availability of food and its nature when avail-
able was not ascertained and the genealogy of the specimens tested was apparently
not considered.

Gregory? worked with Macrosiphum pisi L., and obtained control by varying
the food in the previous generation. With insects from different regions, however,
she obtained slightly different results. Her experiments were conducted without
a definite temperature control and without considering the descent of her insects.

Shinji® has made experiments in feeding different chemicals to aphids and
finds that he can define two groups of compounds one of which will result in the
development of a high percentage of winged forms and the other of which will
prevent wing development. His work follows that of Clark’ and is very interest-
ing. It is noteworthy, however, that his experiments as recorded were conducted
almost altogether during fall, winter or spring, and he gives no records of the
ancestry of the specimens whereby we can judge of the percentage of winged
or apterous forms which would normally be expected from the individuals treated.
The writer has found that in some cases the offspring of an individual will be
nearly all winged or apterous at the beginning of the period of reproduction
and the reverse toward the end of the period. It is important to remember that
Shinji was unable to produce any apterous forms in the aphid groups which have
not yet eliminated the wings. That is, the ancestry of these forms was more
important than his wing preventing substances. On the other hand, in groups
which are nearly all apterous he did not experiment with his wing producing
substances. It is curious that tannin is listed as preventing wing development
and yet several species develop wings while feeding on galls containing 60 per
cent. of tannic acid. On the other hand, sugar is given as a wing producing
substance and yet the writer has reared an apterous line of Hriosoma lanigera for
two years on galls containing an abundance of sugar. «That Shinji overlooked

some factors is evident for he says “ Macrosiphum rosae also produced alate forms
Net ee ee
’Turner & Baker—Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., XVII, No. 1, 1915.
‘Ewing, H. E.—Biol. Bull., XXXI, No. 2. 1916.
° Gregory, Louise H.—Biol. Bull., XX XIII, No. 4, iy
° Shinji, George O.—Biol. Bull., XXXV, No. 2, 1918.
7 Clark, W, T.—Journ. Tech., U. of Cal., I, No. 3, 1903.

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31

even on a relatively younger shoot but it is utterly impossible to raise winged
Myzus persicae on a similar host without the application of a wing developing
substance.” The writer has reared very large numbers of persicae on just such
an host without the application of any such substance, and has repeatedly obtained
90 to 100 per cent. winged. But this was where winged forms would be expected
in the line in large numbers.

The peculiar life histories of members of this superfamily have led to studies
on the predetermination of sex. Morgan,® for example, has shown that in
Phylloxera caryaecaulis there are two types of males depending on the fate of
one of the small sex chromosomes when the polar body is about to be produced.
Each of these males thus produces a different type of spermatozdon, one female
producing and one male producing. If the sexual egg is fertilized by the female
producing spermatozoon the resulting ‘stem mother will give rise to the line which
results in the sexual female. If it is fertilized by the male producing spermatozéon
the resulting stem mother will give rise to a line which results in the production
of the male. It is thus seen why we have two types of stem mothers, one giving
the large egg migrants and the other small egg migrants.

The production of plant galls by aphids has given rise to studies on these
modifications of plant tissues and attempts to determine the factors at work. In
some instances it has been claimed that the agent might be an enzyme present
in the saliva for in such galls as those of Hriosoma lanigera the normal starch
is replaced by sugar. The gall makers, too, have led to observations on the sensory
organs of aphids. Those species which inhabit galls as well as many of the
subterranean species have larger and more prominent sensoria on the antennae
than have other species. ‘These are in striking contrast to the sensoria on the
antennae of the solitary and free-living forms. The gall formers and subterranean
forms also have a larger number of Hicks organs or olfactory pores on the wings
than do the solitary species.

Much interesting work has been done on the relation between aphids and
their parasites, both animal and plant, and their predators. It is claimed by
some workers that certain lower forms are associated with aphids in a commen-
salistic relationship and may be even passed from one generation to the next
through the egg. Many of the parasites so reduce the numbers of aphids that a
species otherwise very destructive need scarcely be considered.

Finally certain aphids are among the most injurious species of insects with
which the farmer has to deal. The woolly apple aphis for example, had become
so important even in 1832 that the Académie de Rouen offered a gold medal for
the working out of its life history. The outbreaks of Toxoptera graminum in
the grain growing areas of the world have done enormous damage and it is only
necessary to watch the exchanges to see the influence this one insect sometimes
has in the business world. In one outbreak according to Rondani the swarms
of aphids appeared like dark clouds and later their dead bodies covered all the
streets of the city.

It is thus seen that aphids have a very vital human interest. They supply
materials worth much to the arts. They furnish certain quantities of food.
And they have given the clews which have resulted in the working out of im-
portant biological problems. On the other hand they contribute some of our
worst enemies of agriculture. But in our fight against these species we are
aided by natural factors without which many of our important crops would be
impossible.

* Morgan, T. H.—Journ. Exp. Zool., XIX, No. 3. 1915.

ow

THE REPORT OF THE No. 36.

Tue PreswweNnt: I am glad Dr. Baker sent us this paper. It is one I am
sure all of us will be glad to read over at our leisure. I should like to ask
Dr. Matheson if the woolly aphis is of much importance in New York State.
In Ontario it is certainly of minor importance.

Dr. Marneson: I hesitate to answer your question for New York State,
for I have not done very much on the woolly aphis. I do not think it is‘a very
important factor except in some nurseries on sandy areas.

Pror. Parrorr: Dr. Matheson has expressed the economic status of the
insect so far as New York is concerned. Our attention to the work of the woolly
aphis is usually called by its presence in young orchards of five, six or seven
years of age which have not received any spraying. This refers to the aerial —
and not the root form. It is very seldom our attention is called to its work
on the roots of nursery trees. From our eorrespondence it does not appear to
attract a great deal of attention.

I think we owe a great deal to the entomologists of Canada for the work
which has been done on the cherry aphis. l’am referring particularly to the
work of Mr. Ross on the ultimate hosts of the insect. This has been a great aid -
in our studies.

Pror. Brirraty: The woolly aphis is of practically no importance in Nova
Scotia.

THe PrestpENT: I think we in Canada and New York State hardly ap-
preciate the advantage we have over States farther south regarding woolly aphis.
It is one of the worst pests of the States to the south. I know in Ontario of
only one or two cases where the woolly aphis has been found in nurseries attack-
ing the roots.

Dr. Hewirr: The woolly aphis has proven to be quite a serious pest in
British Columbia, where we get the root form as well as the aerial form. There
was one point which Dr. Baker raised in his paper, which leads to an interesting
biological phenomenon which it would be well for all of us to bear in mind when
we are carrying on our studies, and that is the possibility of the formation of
races of insects. During the last year we have found in British Columbia what
is evidently a distinct race of the apple maggot on the Snowberry, which is used
as an ornamental shrub. Wherever we found this shrub, whether in the south
or farther north, we got this infestation by the apple maggot, though apples
in the vicinity were not attacked.

SOME INSECT PROBLEMS IN THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES.
Norman Crippie, Enromonocican LABORATORY, TREESBANK, MAN,

Conditions in the Prairie Provinces are, as a rule, so totally different from those
.of Eastern Canada and the problems we have to contend with differ so much in
general, that in reality they are often only alike in the broad outlines to which
all insect problems must be approached. Take for instance, the general trend
of these meetings; the papers and discussions lean decidedly towards the problems
of fruit insects and insecticides, whereas in the West you would find fully 75 per
cent. related to field crop insects and few indeed to those of fruits or sprays. To
us these last are of quite secondary importance, and instead we have to deal far
more with poisoned baits and methods of cultivation. Another point, and this

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33

has often led to misunderstanding, is that of presuming because an insect occurs
across the continent, that it is therefore identical in its life habits throughout its
range. As a matter of fact very few are. This was brought prominently to my
notice during some recent studies in white grubs (Lachnosterna spp). In the east
and southward through Indiana, where Mr. J. J. Davis has made such a thorough
study of these insects, the life cycle is usually three years, whereas in southern
Manitoba it is four years. Now supposing we had studied only the eastern habits
and applied them to the west, we should be a year out in our prognostication. It
is of interest to note here that I found a similar variation in the life cycle of tiger
beetles (Cicindela) as compared with habits worked out by Professor Shelford
at Chicago. I am also of the opinion that we shall find the habits of some of
our wireworms to differ in the same way. Another example may be found in the
Hessian Fly, though in this case it is simply a matter of a reduction in the number
of generations.

In the past there was a general tendency to supply the habits of old world
insects to those of the new and occasionally we find an instance where this is still
marring our progress. An example of this occurs in a well known pest of the
Prairie Provinces, namely, the Western Wheat-stem Sawfly, Cephus cinctus. This
insect was originally confused with the European Cephus pygmeus, consequently
as no further studies seemed necessary at that time, the old remedies were recom-
mended, and are in some instances still, in spite of the fact that every effort has
been made to show that they do not apply.

It might be asked, what are the outstanding differences that so alter the habits
of identical insects. There are several, but the chief ones are those of climate;
greater extremes of temperature, especially on the downward trend in winter,
and less precipitation. I have already shown how lack of snow is responsible for
the destruction of a large percentage of our Colorado potato beetles. We had
another remarkable instance of this last winter, which in the vicinity of my home
near Treesbank, Man. was responsible for a total extinction of the species. Thus
it will be seen that our frosts are of some value after all. Incidently I may
mention that these same invigorating winters have proved an important factor
in restricting another invader, namely the brown rat. The chief inclination of
our climate, however, is to prolong the life cycle and this seems a general rule
where native species are concerned.

The study of climate and meteorological changes in relation to animal life
is a most interesting one and also important. Occasionally even a native insect
gets caught by abnormal conditions of weather of which we had an instance last
spring when a serious lepidoptercus tree pest was reduced to quite insignificant
proportions through the actions of a belated storm cutting off the food supply.
I remember what promised to be another instance some years ago during a severe
locust outbreak. The young hoppers had been hatched about two weeks when along
came a severe snow storm accompanied by frost. Naturally the prophets predicted
a total extermination of the plague, but like some well-known weather prophets
their predictions were not verified, in other words, the locusts were in no way
affected.

Since we do not grow apples to any appreciable extent, nor are much troubled
by other fruit pests, we are able to concentrate largely upon cereal insects and
those attacking root or vegetables. The field for this work is a very large one
as can well be imagined when it is known that Saskatchewan alone had more than
22,000,000 acres under crop in 1918.

3-F.

34 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

There are many different pests taking toll from these crops, six of which have
been especially noteworthy in the past. They are: The Western Wheat-stem Sawfly,
Cephus cinctus; Grass-stem Maggots (Oscinidae); Hessian fly; Wireworms;
Locusts and Cutworms. Five of these are native species which before the advent
of farming occupied their allotted space in the, scheme of nature just as any other
harmless creature might do. As usual, however, man upset the balance of things
in his attempt to increase production and in doing so provided an unlimited supply
of food for these insects. Thus we have the Western Wheat-stem Sawfly spreading
from wild grains to cereals and what is almost as important, in most cases, leaving
their natural enemies behind them. In their former state they were kept in check
by two agencies, namely, lack of flowering stems in which they bred, or parasitic
enemies. Under present conditions it would seem as if both these checks had been
overcome and there remains, therefore, but one means of keeping them under
control, namely, deep, well-turned, packed ploughing done either in the fall or
before June of the following year.

The grass-stem maggots embrace many species and include such well known
pests as the Greater Wheat-stem Maggot (Meromyza americana), Frit Fly (Oscinis
frit) and many more. There is much variation in the life-history of these flies.
Some are very injurious, others become so at times, while yet others actually do
good. A few years ago less than a dozen species were known from Canada but
within the last three years many more have been discovered including several that
are new to science. The life of these flies is extremely variable. Some produce
several generations in a season, others but one, while some again, pass the winter
in the adult stage, others doing so as larve. ‘They are by no means all grass
feeders and some prefer decaying matter to living. Thus there is endless variation
in their habits and much to be learned concerning them.

The Hessian fly is the only one of those mentioned that is not a native of
our country and as is the case with many of our introduced animals it is subjected
to inconveniences at times, through our variable climate. We have had seasons
when fully 40 per cent. of the crop was injured by this insect, but its attacks,
as a rule are few and far between, due chiefly to a lack of humidity at critical
periods of the insect’s life. In other words moisture is an essential factor in the
insect’s increase, while dryness reduces it to insignificance. Thus it is only during
wet seasons that we have to be on our guard for possible outbreaks. Indeed, we
have had but two severe infestations in thirty-five years.

Wireworms are with us always, but as is their habit elsewhere, they perpetuate
most freely in grass lands. Several species are involved in our losses, the life habits
of which are little known, but the average investigator is not anxious to undertake
their study owing to the length of time it takes to rear them through all their
stages. I personally have had an individual under observation for three years
and it has hardly grown in that time.

One of the greatest scourges we have to contend against is that class of insects
known as cutworms. They are always present. Sometimes in one part, at others
in another. They come and go, but there are so many species involved that the
farmer is often at his wits’ end to know what to do. When the outbreaks are
excessive large areas are swept off, much as army-worms would clear them. Thus
hundreds of miles of territory may be involved. At other times the outbreaks are
quite local but we are never wholly free from them and in gardens they are a
permanency. There is much variation even in the life of these insects. Some
deposit their eggs upon weeds, others in or on the soil. Some hatch from eggs the

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 30

same season, others do not do so until the following spring. They differ, too,
in other ways but in appearance the general colour scheme is so similar that it
is not surprising if the farmer fails to differentiate between one kind and another.
Even the most experienced are puzzled at times owing to the sudden increase of
a previously rare species. I had an example a few months ago when I received
a consignment from Alberta. The species involved looked very like an insect to
which my colleague Strickland had devoted such profitable attention a few years
ago, namely, the army cutworm, but the larve seemed too large for the time of
year, besides being considerably farther north than usual. However, the fact
remains that they were very numerous and that they give every promise of causing
injury next spring.

The last on my list is locusts. Probably all have read of the time in the
seventies when an old enemy, the Rocky Mountain locust (M. spretus), came in
millions and devoured all in sight. It was before my time but eye witnesses telt
me that not a leaf remained and that the insects suddenly commenced to drop
from a clear sky and were soon falling as a severe snowstorm does. The species
is not, however, a native of our prairies; consequently, while it may breed for a
season or two in millions, the time must come when the climate proves unsuitable
and so they perish. Unfortunately we have several native species almost as de-
structive. One of them the Lesser Migratory Locust (M. atlanis) has on more than
one occasion caused serious damage, while several others assisted materially in
the depredations. A few dry seasons are generally sufficient to increase them to
injurious numbers and even when the weather proves unsuitable close at hand
they readily fly from elsewhere, consequently an outbreak a hundred miles o or more
away may easily lead to one close at hand.

T need hardly add in conclusion that there are many other pests requiring
attention and we are never sure when others will appear. Army worms, aphids,
tree pests and those of live stock all provide their periodic outbreaks and thus
while our problems -are seldom fruit ones, we have, nevertheless, much to keep
us occupied.

THE RECOVERY IN CANADA OF THE BROWN TAIL MOTH PARASITE
COMPSILURA CONCINNATA (DIPTERA, TACHINIDAE.)

Joun D. Toruitt anp Leonsrp S. McLartne, EntomoLocicat BrancH, O'7TAwA.

With considerable truth Oliver Wendell Holmes remarks that all boarding
houses are the same boarding house. He means by this that there is a monotonous
sameness about all of them, and that to know one of them is to know all of them.
Until about a decade ago it was thought that tachinid flies resembled boarding
houses in the monotonous sameness of their activities and that to know one of them
was to know all of them. We were shaken out of this rather comfortable notion
chiefly through the work of Pantel in France and Townsend in the United States
who showed that these two-winged parasites exhibited among the different species
a highly diversified and interesting set of methods for attacking their victims
and gaining a livelihood.

One of the species studied by these authors was Compsilura concinnata the
little fly that forms the subject of the present paper. As to its method of attack
it was found that instead of depositing a large egg upon the skin of the victim—the
method of the bourgeoisie among the tachinids—it placed a fully developed maggot

36 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

in the wall of its mid-intestine. This it was enabled to do by reason of a piercing
ovipositor, beautifully adapted for the purpose. Moreover, this fly was found
to be one of the chief factors in the natural control of the brown-tail and gipsy
moths in Europe.

With characteristic energy the United States Government, through Messrs.
Howard, Fiske, Townsend and Burgess, took steps to introduce this parasite into
the New England States where the gipsy and brown-tail moths were creating
such havoc. The story has been told of the collection in Europe of thousands of
these parasites and of their liberation in Massachusetts, and of how after several
years of anxious waiting the species was finally recovered and known to be breeding
on American soil. It has also been related that with almost incredible swiftness
the fly increased in numbers so as to take its place in the American fauna as
one of the most potent factors in the control of the two insects it was expected to
attack.

Fig. 2—Compsilura adult. This
excellent parasite of the
Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths
is now established in Canada.
(After the U.S. Bureau of
Entomology.)

When the brown-tail moth spread into Canada the country was confronted
with a situation demanding immediate action, and the Dominion Entomologist
arranged not only for a field campaign against the invader but also for the intro-
duction from Massachusetts of its natural enemies.

The question of what to introduce into the Canadian brown-tail moth area
had to be thought over very carefully, because it was realized from the first that
our Canadian problem differed in important respects from the New England one.
The fine beetle Calosoma was available and was colonized rather as a safeguard
against a possible outbreak of the gipsy moth than in the hope of its being
of immediate assistance in our brown-tail moth situation; for like most
predacious animals it can increase only when the food supply is abundant. An
Apanteles which was available had done fairly good work in Massachusetts and
was also brought across the international boundary in the hope that it might
live in our more rigorous climate and be of equal usefulness. The insect, however,
that seemed to warrant almost any amount of effort to introduce was our little
friend Compsilura.

We needed a parasite that could live upon native hosts as well as on our

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37

brown-tail moths—preferably something with two or more generations a year
so as to insure a rapid increase. We also needed something that would develop
its greatest usefulness against the Brown-tail Moth while that host was still
relatively scarce. All these attributes were possessed by Compsilura and the work
of importation began with hopes running high for the success of the venture.
What we did not know, of course, was whether this fly could live under boreal con-
ditions, where the climate is so much more erratic and severe than in France and
Massachusetts.

Seven years ago, in 1912, two colonies of Compsilura were liberated in New
Brunswick strong enough and under good enough conditions to warrant recovery
speculations. The next year, however, no Compsilura could be recovered from
the colony sites and the work of importation had to be continued. At first there
was no occasion to worry about the non-recovery of Compsilura, for it had taken
three years to prove establishment in the United States. However, being human
we worried a little and increased our efforts to secure more material for liberation.
After four years of colonization, without apparent results, we redoubled our efforts

Fig. 4—Piercing device of
female Compsilura. With
this hollow, sickle-shaped
instrument (1 mm. in
length), the female fly punc-
tures the skin of a cater-

Fig. 3—Abdomen of female Compsilura show- . pillar. With her somewhat
ing piercing device. The ventral part of seg- inconspicuous _larvipositor

_ Mments 2, 3 and 4 is flattened into a keel she then places a maggot
shaped structure. Note the clusters of spines in the wound after which
on segments 2 and 3 that have been she flies to another victim.
developed for holding the caterpillar when (Original. )

, using the piercer. (Original.)

to secure a large number of flies. Host caterpillars were collected in great quanti-
ties in Massachusetts and a very large number of the flies were bred out for
liberation, as the chart shows, in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario.

At the close of that year, 1916, it was felt that every opportunity had been
given Compsilura to become a part of the Canadian fauna—in a period of five
years about thirty thousand flies had been lhberated—and the work of importation
was consequently stopped.

In 1917 a considerable amount of energy wes penile in the attempt to
recover this elusive fly, but once again the results were discouraging. This year
(1918) the recovery work was continued and the insectary at Fredericton filled
with thousands of tussock, datana, and red humped larve, collected from likely
places in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. One day Mr. Keenan, who had charge
of the tray work, brought in several dozen tachinid puparia bred from tussock
larvee collected at Fredericton. Among these were five little pupariasthat had the
ear marks of Compsilura. With the same sort of tender “soli ible. that worker
ants bestow upon larye just stolen from a nearby colony;“we Wa warwatched over these
five puparia. After a week or two of anxious waiting five flies emerged; three
were males and two females and all were Compsilura concinnata.

38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 86

As the last liberations had been made in 1916 it followed that this parasite
had successfully hibernated through at least two New Brunswick winters, and |
that it could now be considered a thoroughly established member of our fauna.

It has taken seven years to bring about the establishment of this parasite.
The comparatively low cost of introducing this and other parasites of the brown-tail
moth has been largely due to the splendid co-operation offered at all times by
the United States Bureau of Entomology, particularly through Dr. Howard and
Mr. Burgess who afforded the Entomological Branch every facility for carrying
on the work of collecting material in Massachusetts and other parts of New England.

By way of conclusion it may be pointed out that Compsilura is now a national
asset of considerable importance. As a parasite of the brown-tail moth it has
already proven its worth in Massachusetts—especially in areas where the moth
is not very abundant. It is also a splendid parasite of the gipsy moth both in
Massachusetts and in Europe, and the cost of introduction would be much more
than justified if only as a measure of security against a possible invasion by that
despoiler of deciduous trees. In Massachusetts it has also proved to be one of the
most, if not the most, effective enemy of the white-marked tussock—an insect
now so conspicuous in many Canadian cities. That it is continuing this good work
is shown by the fact that our five recovered specimens were all bred from white-
marked tussock at Fredericton.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE PARASITE COMPSILURA CONCINNATA IN CANADA.

NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS LIBERATED

— | 1912 1913 | 1914 | 1915 1916
Fredericton; NoBiis.o0 fc ae oe eee ICE emoseooos|. 2Usit OO MRA ceeistatc cove
Harveys “NB eee eee wie desiesseheie aC ROR eee (tenth 2000) dieseemen. 6
Keswick, N.B......... edb bee caceen ce ere | sew ¢ 'x.aaro/| Recon etre PAGO) cic cs otis
Lower Woodstock: N-B. ;..%. ...monsc ose ea Eee Base or aigeveherersl lofapeiererereranl ew OO
Nerepiss Ni Be eco ee nee Oo eceiae cmos allsacdaooc VBOO erect ieee etereeeetenet oles one e's
Oromoeto,N, Bis o.ics scutes «scene docu eee eee oon: as) suaut tae loye euavetel tetelekeretetatal tenebememeters 1200
Pokiok, N.Bi ooo. scatitnedsc once lee eel Eee 4 saws seraterelteMereete S eiai| uorereet are: 1200
Rosborough, N.B. ...+.....s0sseeess0ee0se ct conslseee een eae See 1200
St. Stephen, N.B..... betas 's adie Sener ee Bee) okt) WOO ieesickesevall perenne | aeeiaree “
Memples NsBes eee tic waco b6 RA Pee as amir aerclstiocisccolonodoaeo 1200
Upper ':Gagetown, N.B.03...5.025 12 bee eee PRA re I nnn 55 Gclicconouds 1200
Woodstock, N.B. oo .c..c:c0s oe 00 v's 0s acleeene deem Senne Eee L5OOM A eestor ale Pe Stas
Annapolis: Royal,’ N:Sitccocs ct 3 oe Pre be saeecolloges s avose fete cheveteretel WeEpELESUMDE: allleveterona sexe
Bear River, 8.2. ods c.ceens cs cee eee teens sae: A500 i aeeemee sa a ee
Ayer's ‘Clift, PQ. v2.0 sccheeee nee errr oc osos clans é egoretsl Gecsienarersrei 200
Coaticookasb: Gs. -n eee Pern ocean noose solaoodcocollcse coos 1200
Stanstead PQ sie dae eee wes leer o ace we'll cue ener arenedl eretensleat tenet | ketererenterte 1200
Way's Mills; "PiQ\..'., ....2 snenencte ae eee |e woes wu le ach Go telle nent e tl Sennen eetenag
Vineland; Ont, 4:0. ac05 20 ee eee PP TAA IAGo Gos oslicecocc ne vette) 1200

SUMMARY.

Compsilura concinnata is one of the most important enemies in mee and
Massachusetts of the brown-tail and gipsy moths.

Between 1912 and 1916, inclusive, about 30,000 of these flies were collected
in Massachusetts and bemeed in the Cannan Baswne tail Moth area.

The parasite was first recovered in Canada in 1918—seven years after the
first colony liberated—and can now be considered as established in New Brunswick.

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39
EE EE EEE

Compsilura is now a national asset of considerable importance. It is a most
efficient parasite of the brown-tail moth; affords protection against a possible
invasion-.of the gipsy moth; and is already attacking in Canada the white-marked
tussock. as

EVENING SESSION.

On Wednesday evening, at 7.30 o’clock, a public meeting was held in Massey
Hall, Ontario Agricultural College. Dr. G. C. Creelman, the President of the
College, welcomed the members, delegates and visitors to the institution. Mr. F.
J. A. Morris then gave an entertaining account of the “Life-history of a Hobby-
horse,” which was followed by the special address of the evening, on “ Some Present-
day Problems in Entomology,” by Mr. J. J. Davis of West Lafayette, Ind.

At the close of this meeting a smoker was held at Dr. Creelman’s residence.

THE LIFE HISTORY OF A HOBBY HORSE.

Francis J. A. Morris, PETERBOROUGH, ONT.
Part I (aet. 3-13).

Before I was three years old, so my elders and betters have informed me, 1 made
my escape one day from the nursery and was caught in the garden crawling
through a thicket of laurels. On being haled back to captivity by the nurse, |
disclosed to her horrified gaze, clutched in one grubby paw, a happy family of
“wee beasties” as I called them—an earwig, a “ woolly-bear,” a centipede and
two “slaters” or sow-bugs, which I had collected on this my first entomological
trip.

Some two years later, while staying at the seaside near Ailsa Craig, I called
one day to an older sister who was hurrying down by me, to know if I might
play with a pretty fly I had discovered on the staircase window; she was too busy
with some private quest to do more than throw me a careless “ yes, certainly,” and
pass on without turning to examine my playmate. The pretty fly, which was large
and banded with yellow and black, so resented my stroking it that it backed
down suddenly on the end of my finger, and I was removed howling to the
kitchen to have my first wasp sting treated with washing blue.

It was from here or from Stonehaven, south of Aberdeen, where we stayed
the following summer, that I brought home a whole chestful of shells gathered
on the beach and a scrap book of variously tinted seaweeds. These two visits
to the coast made a lasting impression on me, and for many months must have
coloured my inland life with the bright hues of romance; for, one day, I rushed
into the house from bowling my hoop along the highway, my eyes bulging with
excitement, to announce that I had just seen a crab hopping along the Gilmerton
Road. As we lived in the heart of Strathearn, 30 miles west of Perth, I presume
the crab was a toad.

40 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

Children notice very small things, but their looks, I believe, are far from
critical. At any rate I had never thought of counting the legs of crabs and
frogs, either out of curiosity or from a sense of precaution; though, I well
remember how I tried with a brother of mine to count the legs of a centipede
after being told what its name meant. But, beyond all question, at the stage when
we are ourselves still quadrupeds and creeping face downwards, like reptiles, over
the surface of the earth, nothing is too small to be noticed.

It was in these days—i.e., before I had grown up into a biped more or less
star-gazing—that I made the acquaintance of certain minute spiders known to
those in sexless garments as “soldiers,” and the name seemed very appropriate,
for they were bright scarlet and bore on their back the distinct impression of
a knapsack. “Clocks” and “jumping-jacks” were also among the marvels of
what to every child is a new world full of all kinds of wonderful sights and
sounds; “ jumping-jacks ” were a small elater or click-beetle, and “ clocks” were
weevils with a stupendous power of grasping and clinging in their six pairs of
toes. Another mystery we soon got to the heart of was the little blobs of spittle
that appeared on the stems of meadow-grass where we played; and at the core
of these queer little froth-cocoons we found the tiny atomy that makes them, still
spitting for all its life was worth. Quite a formidable monster in this nursery
land, I remember, was the “ devil’s coach-horse,” a large black staphylinid or
cock-tail beetle, that when cornered would turn at bay threateningly, raising its
head and front up from the ground and arching its tail over its back; even snails
—as the nursery rhyme reminds the more forgetful of us, with their sudden out-
thrustings of long horns, were a fearsome beast not to be approached without
due caution.

All this time flowers and ferns and mosses were an equal fascination, and I
don’t think there was a day when I didn’t bring home a handful of these treasures
to be told their names; daisies and gowans, buttercups and dandelions, the tiny
blue veronica of the hedgerow that we knew and loved as “ bird’s eyes,” the little
wild pansy or heart’s ease, baby brother to the “ Johnny-jump-ups ” of our cottage
gardens; then, as we went further afield, poppies and cornflowers, dogroses and
sweetbrier, the primrose and the periwinkle, ragged-robin and cuckoo flower, wild
thyme, eyebright, fox-gloves, bluebells and forget-me-nots. The very names make
music in the memory; and it was just the names that we wanted to know. I
don’t think once heard they were ever -forgotten. These names and images cling
all through life and gather about them whole clusters of fond associations of
time and space. In childhood, perhaps, they are little more than sense im-
pressions, but as the spirit ripens into maturer years, they become informed
with emotion, filling our imagination with fragrance and colour; such memories
are good wholesome food for manhood’s prime and the sweet solace of old age.

About this time my father’s hobby of gardening seized hold of me; more, |
suspect, for the gardener’s sake than the garden’s. One’s father in those days
was. the strongest possible proof that giants if not gods still walked the earth
in the semblance of men; and to help him water the garden was to be in paradise.
I am afraid my help was little more than a hindrance, but I still see myself
staggering along behind him with a watering pot; he was so absorbed in his work
that the self-constituted under-gardener was often forgotten. I have sometimes
since suspected this particular Olympian of being absent-minded.

He was a great smoker and nearly always had his pipe going: for use out of
doors he carried a box of “ fusees,” a wonderful long-headed wooden match that

oa, ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41

sputtered out a jet of fire capable of lighting pipes in wind or rain; the head
was secured to the stick by wire-braid and retained its heat long after being
thrown away, as I discovered on a certain memorable occasion when I tried to
pick one up. It is told of my eldest sister that once as she toddled after my
father in his majestic course down the garden path, one of these newly spent
fusees thrown carelessly over his shoulder lodged on her neck and sizzled her
into an agony of shrill screams that must have rudely dispelled the smoker’s
reverie.

My father was very fond of flowers, fonder still of shrubs—lilac, syringa,
ribes, laburnum, laurel, cypress, golden yews and silver firs, but fondest of all
of rhododendrons: “ Roddy dandrums,” so the mid Perthshire proverb flew,
“Roddy dandrums are the minister’s maggot ”—All procurable varieties from
white to wine-dark crimson flourished in the parsonage garden.

Tt stands out in my memory as clear as yesterday—so proud a day it must
have been—how my father took me along with him one evening for a walk past
some nursery gardens. Here he spotted a rhododendron a shade darker than any
he had; finding the nurseryman out, he scribbled a note for him and returned
with wheelbarrow and spade to the scene of the prize.- The shrub was carefully
dug up, mounted on the vehicle, and carted exultantly away, the very barrow
calling aloud lke a guinea fowl at every turn of the wheel; what a triumphal
procession that was! I was still too small to help trundle the trophy home, but
like the fly on the wheel I thought myself the hero of the day.

To grow these shrubs successfully, my father had cartloads of peat drawn
from the neighboring loch of Ochtertyre, and every shrub was lowered into a great
pit and filled in with well-pressed peat. One day, | remember, my father came
in to lunch from the garden, and behold! the large silver watch was gone from
his fob. Most of the afternoon was spent in undoing his morning’s work, and
it was only after three or four rhododendrons had been dug up and their peat-
beds carefully sifted over that the watch was recovered. It still keeps good time,
and has been an inmate of my waistcoat pocket for more than thirty years now.

Hitherto, I had been a rather solitary little mortal, but there now came
into my life a close companion and bosom friend. This was a brother nearly two
years older than I who came home at last from a prolonged visit to the south
coast of England, as the rigors of our Scotch climate had been too much for him
and he had been sent to the seaside in Sussex. He had stayed there so long
that at first coming among us he seemed lost in an alien world and nothing could
be found to comfort him. My panacea, to gather “wooden enemies” in the
Beech Wood, did seem for the moment to brighten him up, but when he found
the “ wooden enemies” were only wind-flowers, and a walk to the Beech Wood
led up hill through trees to a stone quarry instead of down over sand to the
sea, his wrath and disappointment were greater than ever. After some weeks,
however, he grew reconciled, and as he made friends very readily, he and I were
soon as thick as thieves and always together. Our, friendship was all the stronger
that we were of somewhat different natures; like twin stars we helped to round
each other’s lives out to a fuller sphere of wider orbit. An aunt of my father’s
who stayed with us then, gave us nicknames that stuck for many a long day;
she called me “Merry Andrew,” and my brother “Slyboots.” We were both
of a height and could wear each other’s clothes quite comfortably. As we were
always dressed alike, there were very few outside the family circle who could
tell us apart, and the less intimate half of our world supposed we were twins.

4-F.

42 THE REPORT OF THE . No. 36

Certainly, not even the Siamese twins were more inseparable; we even slept
together, in a little attic at the end of a long passage off the kitchen staircase.

Our partnership had not long been formed before we were sent to attend an
institution in the town called “ Morrison’s Academy.” Here we took an active
part in the school games and made many , friends and acquaintances. These
were always boys who loved country life, and though none of them ever drew
so close to David and Jonathan as to come between us, it often meant that three
or even four of us would start out together for a holiday tramp.

Whenever I ponder over this community life of a bodys’ school, I am filled
with wonder at the vast mass of tradition preserved in such a place. I¢ offers
a good illustration of the close analogy between children and savages; an immense
lore is handed down unconsciously by bigger boys to the small fry from one
generation to another. A great deal of this knowledge is forgotten by the in-
dividuals as they grow up, but it still survives in the schoolboy community. If as
old men we could go back like Mr. Bultitude in “ Vice Versa” to our school
days we should be reminded of a thousand facts and fancies, primitive beliefs
and superstitions, that the young barbarians of to-day have inherited by unbroken
tradition from us boys of fifty years ago.

Local names (and even book names) for flowers and insects of wayside and
wood, for beasts of the field and fowls of the air; original remarks, shrewd observa-
tions and quaint reasonings about their appearance, their habits, their haunts;
all these form a common stock of ideas, food for conversation and thought as
well as a basis for action, among hundreds of school boys more or less guiltless of
the three R’s of Reading, Riting and *Rithmetic.

“Slyboots ” and I fell heirs at an early age to a collection of birds’ eggs
made by our elder brothers when they were at school at Glen Almond. This
was quite an extensive collection, ranging in size from a swan’s to a golden crested
wren’s (gold-crowned kinglet’s) ; it represented not only most of our inland birds
of Perthshire from game birds and birds of prey to the sparrows and warblers,
but sea birds like guillemots, razorbills, herring-gulls, curlews, sea-mews and terns.

Largely through our big brothers’ kind offices we soon learned to associate
every egg with the name of the bird that laid it; then we made it our daily
business to recognize every bird we saw in the countryside by its plumage, flight,
song, habits and haunts; we even ferreted out, in the home of a companion, a
large work in several volumes on Birds, British and Foreign; we used to pore over
its pages, especially the colored illustrations, till we knew the appearance of many
birds, even hawks, ducks, and seagulls, far beyond the ken of our county. (120
birds’ names. )

We were very tender-hearted for boys, and largely eschewed the society of
the rough and tumble urchins who robbed birds’ nests. A golden rule impressed
on us almost from infancy was never to take more than one or two eggs at most
from a nest, and always to leave at least half the clutch, or the birds would
desert; indeed, we rarely took eggs at all, if we had any others of the same kind
already. My recollection of the neighborhood is that, among the grown-ups at
least, bird life was greatly respected. I well remember once with what a thrill
of dread it struck me while bending over a “mossie cheeper’s” nest by the
roadside, to hear a cottager call out as she passed “ Eh, laddie, ye’ll never thrive,
harrying the birds’ nests!”

It was certainly a good thing that we had only one collection between us
and seldom went in company on these excursions. For with the crowd there

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43.

was a regular code of law—an immemorial custom; as soon as a nest was
spied, “ Bags I first!” came the ery, “second!” “third!” and so on; here, bird’s
nesting was a ruthless pursuit, hardly an egg could escape, and the boys’ sharp
eyes went everywhere. My brother and I jogged along a much more innocent
way, drinking in beauty and pleasure at every turn, and fostering a love of nature
that has never left us. That we really were more innocent must have been obvious
to the gang of nest-harriers and bird-killers, the bigger boys of the town, who-
despised us as simpletons and gulled us shamelessly in our chafferings and barters
at school. As, for instance, on the flagrant occasion when I was persuaded that a’
lesser redpolle’s egg of mine was only an undersized chaffinch’s and agreed to
dicker it for a cock’s egg, which I was told was of very rare occurrence, as
indeed it is.

Among the birds familiar even in childhood were three especially that filled
us by their cry with a strange sense of mystery; one was the cuckoo whose
influence on his boyhood Wordsworth has immortalized; anothed was the corn
crake or landrail that called from the depths of the meadow grass below our
attic window on warm June nights; and the third was the lapwing or crested
plover. This last was known to our fraternity as the “peewit” or “ peesweep.”’.
Like other shore birds, waders and runners (the sandpiper, for instance) this
plover has a wonderful instinct for luring enemies away from its brood; when
surprised near its nest, it will hobble and flutter and run just ahead of you,
trailing a wing on the ground and holding out various signals of distress till it
has coaxed you far from the danger zone; then up it soars with loud cries of.
triumph or derision; in the air it wheels round and round with calls of alarm;
naturally, you hunt beneath this magic circle expecting to find the nest; but its”
‘circle is really an eccentric one, a sort of horizontal spiral whose centre is con-
tinually shifting; and it is safe to say that the nest is never under these move-
ments of the bird, which are simply an ingenious form of camouflage or decoy.
Like many of the birds that build little or no nest and breed gregariously, the
plover often fails to hatch its young, and addled eggs are not infrequently
met with. ji

I remember one day when my brother and I had found some of these plovers’
eggs by going to and fro through a piece of bare pasture, we happened in with
a gang of four or five bigger boys. They too had been hunting for peewits’
eggs and had met with considerable success. They hailed us, and we drew
together for a spell beside a cattle trough filled with water. One of the older.
boys asked us if we knew the way to tell fresh eggs from bad ones; on our
replying in the negative, he showed us how, as he said, the fresh floated while
the bad ones all sank; this was a wonderful discovery to us, and when he added
to his kindness by exchanging our eggs that sank for some of his that floated we
were overjoyed. As we turned to go, a wave of emotion seemed to overcome
him—I suppose he was fairly nauseated with our innocence—he seized one of the
freshest of the eggs (for it was floating high on the surface of the trough) and’
threw it full in my face. I was wearing, I remember, a new cricket cap of
bright blue flannel; the shell of the bomb exploded on the peak of my cap and
I was deluged with the contents of this miniature Chinese stink-pot and very
badly gassed.

One memorable summer when I was eight or nine years old, we went to stay
in Kent with some relatives in a large country house with extensive gardens and
grounds. All kinds of wonders met us here, in the woods, hyacinths and wonderful

H THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

birds; magpies, jays, green woodpeckers, wrynecks, bottle-tits, goat-suckers; in-
doors and out, tame things galore; rabbits and hares, rats, mice (white mice, field
mice, dormice), doves, canaries, love-birds, toucans, and—most fascinating of
all—silkworms.

Our cousins had trays and trays of these grey caterpillars, fed with fresh
leaves every day from the mulberry tree on the lawn. To watch these creatures
feed and grow and moult, to see each one taken when it stopped feeding and
put into a paper twirl or “poke ”—a miniature cornucopia, to watch them spin
their cocoon, and then to assist at the business of tearmg away the rough outer
scaffolding of yellow strands and fluff, pick out an end from the close-wound
cocoon, set the cocoon in a glass of water and reel onto a skein-winder the whole
interminable thread of golden silk, the cocoon bobbing about on the surface of
the water in the glass, till finally the newly formed pupa sank through the last
meshes of its hammock, and was put carefully away in dry bran for the moth to
emerge: to see the moth lay its eggs, one after another, side by side, in batches on
a sheet of paper spread over the bottom of the box, eggs that soon darkened
from creamy color to leaden gray; all this was enchantment and we were soon
bound fast under the spell. A whole room was devoted to the work, and its
curtains and walls were hung with these inverted paper cones of spinning and
pupating caterpillars.

The rage for silkworms travelled back to Perthshire that September on the
Scotch express, to spread like influenza; not only did we send next spring to a
London dealer in Natural History supplies, for some batches of eggs, but bit
some of our particular friends with the mania, so that a silkworm cult was
established in the Town of Crieff.

I am afraid the industry never throve; for one thing the mulberry does
not grow in Scotland, and although lettuces make a fair substitute, the cater-
pillars are smaller and less hardy, so that quite a high mortality ensues between
egg and adult. But we made, I remember, some interesting discoveries. In the
first place, we devised quite an original form of incubator to coax the grub out
of the egg a few weeks earlier than the natural season. We began by keeping
the eggs on the kitchen mantelpiece just over a good fire that was always going;
but presently, too impatient to wait, we tried putting some of the egg hatches into
the warm—almost—hot oven; the success of this experiment was almost too great,
for the specks of grubs hurried out to feed before the lettuce got up from its
bed in the garden to be fed on. It was at this time that we made our second
discovery of dandelion leaves as a substitute for lettuce. The supreme result
of keeping silkworms, however, was that it decided my brother and me to begin
a collection of insects. :

Several seasons earlier I had tried rearing some of my favorite woolly-bears,
which I found feeding on dockleaves. This had been so far successful that I
understood the connection of caterpillars with moths and butterflies, and the
mystery of the chrysalis. And after my woolly-bears had been transformed to
gorgeous tiger moths, I had gathered from the garden all the caterpillars I could
find on cabbages, currant bushes and so on. But J must have been too young
to collect systematically, for I don’t think it ever occurred to me to keep the
imago after its emergence. Two incidents of this earlier experience come back
to me; one, how I watched a green caterpillar of the smaller white butterfly,
when full grown, spin its little button and sling of silk and contract as though
about to pupate. A day or two after when I looked for the chrysalis I found

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45

to my amazement that a cluster of tiny yellow-silk cocoons had rent my larva
in twain just about amidships. I took the box to my father and asked him, did
caterpillars ever have young ones? The phenomenon was as big a puzzle to him,
1 remember, as to me, but he advised me to keep the brood under their glass
lid and see what would happen. I don’t think either of us was much wiser for
seeing some small winged flies in the box a little later; I know I wasn’t. The
other incident was even more disappointing. In a lane near the town I found one
day a strange chrysalis lying on the ground. It was certainly somewhat hard,
but I suspected no guile, and, taking it home carefully, kept it for months in a box
of bran; when at last I realized it wasn’t going to hatch out, into some gorgeous
new butterfly, “like the other chrysalises,” I shed tears of disappointment. My
chrysalis, in fact, was nothing more or less than a common date stone.

However, all this had been years before when I was quite little. Now I was
nearly ten and had a partner almost two years older. Our collection grew apace
in its first two seasons, and many notable accessions were made to it; among
these, I remember, a large box of tropical butterflies bought at a bazaar; the
pupa of a Death’s Head Sphinx dug up in the potato garden; a magnificent green
caterpillar with purple diagonal stripes on its sides and a horn on its tail found
on a weeping willow at the end of the lawn; several rich velvety brown cater-
pillars of an Emperor moth taken feeding on heather up in the hills ; and, superb-
est of all, our first Peacock butterfly. ©

This regal beauty is not found in Perthshire, but one of our next door
neighbors, a boy five years my senior, had a fine collection of Lepidoptera and
offered one of these gorgeous things as a prize to whichever of us could beat the
other in a fight. New David and Jonathan often fought in the heat of some
momentary difference, but to be asked to stand up to one another in cold blood
seemed a little too much; still, peradventure, for the sake of a Peacock butterfly !
At last we managed to strike a bargain with the stony-hearted judge; whichever
threw the other in a wrestling bout should have the butterfly, and we flew together
before. our chieftain in a close Scotch hug not unworthy of Donald Dinnie at
the annual gathering of the Highland games in Strathearn. Whether “ Slyboots ”
had figured it all out beforehand or not I shall never know, but I found it far easier
to throw him in the wrestling bout than to pick up his friendship after the fall.
The butterfly was mine, when we turned moodily away to go home; it was his ten
minutes later when we entered the parsonage gate, deep in friendly converse and
of joyful countenance.

If you think for one moment our little lives by now were full to bursting
with all this hotch-potch of country fare in the few short months of a Highland
summer, you've sadly forgotten the days of your youth. Children are much like
dogs, they have a voracious appetite and they cover far more ground in the course
of a day’s journey than your sober-paced man; they haven’t his steadiness of
purpose and they hate to stay on the high road; but they’re all eyes and ears
and full of tireless energy, forever ranging over the surface of things, if never
digging deep.

Between you and me and the gatepost, then, I haven’t as yet so much as
hinted at our really and truly favorite sport of the summer, a sport that at one
time grew to a devouring passion and threatened to swallow up all its rivals.
This Aaron’s rod of our childhood was the rod that according to Dr. Johnson
has a worm at one end and a fool at the other, but so long as the worm caught
fish we didn’t care a button what names you called the fisherman. As long,

46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

almost as I can remember, a fishing trip was the greatest holiday treat we could
think of. In my case, I am sure, there was never any danger of other interests
getting crowded out; for I was never so absorbed in the gentle art that I didn’t
keep an eye open, to say nothing of my ears, for the rest of nature; everything living
was fish to my net, and the contents of my wicker creel went far beyond the finny
tribes. ‘‘ Slyboots” caught more trout, but “ Merry Andrew’s” basket showed
quite as big a catch; among other “ queer fish,” I brought home, I remember, a
young rabbit, a sandpiper, two half grown wood pigeons (“ cushie doos”), a bat,
a swallow, an owl, a squirrel, a hedge-hog, and once, incredible as it may seem,
a pair of full grown weasels. I had spied them playing together near the Forth,
but when I hurried up with a collie dog that had made friends with me on the
way, they took refuge in a drain-pipe; here I prodded them so with the butt of
my rod that they rushed out to be mauled by the dog; whether I could ever have
tamed them into pets, remains a moot point, for both died next day, and by the
advice of a friend—an old naturalist-—-were laid out in the shrubbery as a bait
for carrion beetles. As for the bat and the swallow, they had both flown at my
fly-cast as it went sailing over my head and had actually been hooked in mid air.
Many a strange adventure and many a rare sight met us on those fishing trips;
once we actually had the luck to see a large otter with a sea-trout in its motth. ©
The older we got, the further we went; and the further we went, the longer grew
our list of the wonders of creation.

Our earliest fishing trips took us to Ochtertyre after perch; the way to this loch
led over fields past the corner of a small lake known as the Serpentine; here we
caught our first dragon-flies and the little copper butterfly, gathered bullrushes
and water-lilies, found our first nests of coots and waterhens, and were given once
2 swan’s ege by one of the game-keepers. Later on, we found from a summer
spent (with whooping cough) at the village of Gargunnock near Stirling, that
we could catch brook trout; after that still-fishing for perch with a coloured float
lost all its charm; even trolling for pike, and the novelty of hauling flounders
and bream out of the tidal waters of the Forth paled before the fierce joy of
climbing the trout stream, with its linns and grey mare’s tails overhung with
rowans and birch—the haunt of water-kelpies—up through the wooded glens to the
wind-swept heathery moor where the lonely whaup goes crying among the mountain
erags.. Here with the spirit of solitude dwelt Mystery and Romance, and with
beckoning fingers—all unknown but none the less imperiously—drew our boyish
lives up to heights far above the welter of mundane things. And well for us
both, that this Education of Nature had sped apace; for I was only just thirteen
when a bolt from the blue brought the whole palace of delights tumbling about
our ears with the sudden death of my father. By the time we had crawled painfully
out of the ruins to build up the wreck of our happiness, we found ourselves living
in a London suburb.

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 4

PRESENT DAY PROBLEMS IN ENTOMOLOGY.
J.J. Davis, WEst LAFAYETTE, ILL.

Cereals have always been our most necessary economic crop but the existing
war conditions have greatly emphasized their importance and as you are all aware,
insect pests are one of the chief causes of crop losses. Within the past year the
United States Department of Agriculture has been able to increase crop acreages,
especially that of wheat, by efficient publicity methods made possible through
the co-operation of the State agricultural authorities and the County agricultural
agents. This programme resulting in increased cereal acreages has brought about
numerous changes in agricultural practices, such as rotations, an overbalancing
due to the increased production of certain crops, and the introduction into certain
localities of crops heretofore seldom if ever grown. These changes suggest new
entomological possibilities which will become realities and more evident in later
years.

At this time I wish to discuss briefly some of these conditions and to follow
with a treatment of certain important cereal and forage crop insect enemies which
are problems of the moment in the States of Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan,
Indiana and Ohio, and which closely approximate conditions: occurring in many
parts of Canada, more especially in Southern Ontario.

As has been stated the effort for increased production of wheat, has resulted
in the disregarding of certain rotations and an increase in the wheat acreage
amounting, in Indiana, to 35 per cent. above normal or 50 per cent. above the 1916
crop, which may be considered a typical increase for the area under discussion.
Without certain precautions this condition is almost sure to present advantages
for the wheat insects, giving them unlimited breeding grounds under most favor-
able conditions. In some localities where the growing of spring wheat was dis-
continued a score of years ago on account of the continued ravages of insect
enemies, the growing of spring wheat has again become common. It is not
unlikely that if we must continue the growing of spring wheat in these areas
we will again be confronted with the insect problems which brought about the
change in cropping some 20 years ago. In fact, the Hessian fly has already
made its appearance in threatening abundance in one locality where wheat was
a crop of no consequence until the last year or so.

The problem of the cereal insect investigator differs greatly from problems
confronting the entomologist dealing with orchard or garden pests, for the culture
of cereals is less intensive and the expense of such practices as spraying is almost
out of the question. We must rely almost entirely on general cultural methods
although there are exceptions, notably the control of cutworms and grasshoppers
by the use of poison baits. The present high prices for foodstuffs increase the
possibility of using more intensive. methods for controlling pests of general farm
crops although here again we are limited because of the shortage of man power.

How we can most effectively assist the farmer to combat the many insect
pests is itself a problem of huge proportions. In years past we have issued
bulletins which were sent to persons interested or who requested specific informa-
tion. Experience has taught us that the promiscuous mailing of such bulletins
is a waste. At the present time a majority of the counties in the States have
what is known as a county agricultural agent, a man who has made a success of
farming or who has completed a course in an agricultural college or preferably

48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

a man with both qualifications. Such a man cannot be familiar with all phases
of farming and he is least likely to have a knowledge of the insect problems.
lt 1s evident that we must continue our detailed work and must publish our
results, but it is equally evident since the conspicuous advent of the county agent
that we should write publications which will appeal and be a help to him. The
county agent is a busy man, having calls which keep him almost continuously
in the field with little or no time for reading and he must therefore have ready
references where he can secure the necessary information without having to read
laboriously through pages of unnecessary matter. We have reference books which
are well suited for this purpose, but these are usually out of date a few years
after they have been published, and have in many instances resulted in recom-
mendations for insect control which had been superseded by more efficient measures,
discovered since the publication of the book. J have in mind a type of publication
which should be more nearly what is needed to meet the county agent’s require-
ments. Such a publication would discuss a certain class of insects, for instance,
the more common corn insects, as a group rather than individual insects, and
with it would be synoptic tables enabling the county agent to determine the
trouble either from the type of injury or from the insect itself. These would
be accompanied by typical illustrations of the insect and injuries. A table showing
the seasonal appearance of the different insects would enable one to be on the
lookout for certain pests. In such a bulletin the reading matter should be brief
and concise and consist principally of methods of control and references to
available publications where more detailed information could be obtained. To
supplement such a bulletin the county agent should be provided with well illus-
trated leaflets treating of individual insects which could be handed to the farmer
and these should contain just the points required by the farmer and nothing more.
Since the advent of the county agent there has been a still further specialization in
the form of extension entomologists, horticulturists, animal husbandmen, ete.
Their duty is to keep closely in touch with the farmers through the county agents,
to demonstrate their respective problems and in other ways to show the farmer
hy personal contact the better methods of farming. One might surmise that the
advent of the State extension entomologist would preclude the need of publications
for farmers. While this may to a certain extent limit the need of bulletins, on
the other hand it may and does enlarge the value of the published data. For
example, as recently given in a letter following a visit to help the farmers in a
grasshopper stricken district, and as has been repeatedly stated to us, the farmers
are pleased to know that such assistance is theirs for the asking and they become
more receptive to bulletins and are more likely to make use of our published data.

I have briefly discussed how we may assist the farmer but we have another
problem—how may we assist those who follow our recommendations but whose
neighbors continue to disregard the proper methods of control and thus threaten
the crops of those about them. Heretofore we have issued the necessary informa-
tion by means of bulletins, institutes and demonstrations, hoping that farmers
would adopt the practices. There are any number of instances, however, where
the disregarding of recognized control measures by one has been the means of
infesting a neighbor’s crops. Two methods seem adaptable. One would consist
in furnishing the farmer, from State or County funds, the necessary materials
for combating insect outbreaks. Thus in Kansas, Prof. George A. Dean has found
it practical for counties to furnish to farmers, poison bait for use in fighting
grasshoppers. It seems that this is a step in the right direction for the farmer

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49

seeing an impending outbreak, even though skeptical of the value of recommended
control measures, will usually follow a practice if the materials are furnished
free, or he may feel that since he will pay his share anyway in the form of taxes,
le may as well get that which is coming to him. This method of procedure seems
adaptable for fighting such insects as grasshoppers where the principal problem
is procuring the materials but it does not answer the question of the wheat
grower who wishes to protect his crop from Hessian fly by certain cultural prac-
tices. This brings us to the second method, namely, control by legal process.
For years certain of the States have had laws requiring the spraying of orchards
infested with San José Scale and other insects and nearly every State has a
nursery inspection law requiring inspection of all nursery stock by competent
inspectors, to prevent the spread of noxious insects. More recently, Dr. S. A.
Forbes has advocated laws requiring a general use of all reasonable and practicable
measures for the control of insect pests likely to spread from infested fields to
the injury of the property of others, for, as Dr. Forbes has said, “ Why should
the farmer allow the chinch-bugs he has raised in his wheat to escape into his
neighbor’s corn any more than he should allow his cattle to break out of their
pastures to feed on that neighbor’s crops?”* Such a law is now in force in
Illinois. The requirement of certain practices to safeguard the community by
legal process is not uncommon in certain countries where it has proved an
advantage and there seems to be no reason why the same requirements might not
be an advantage in our own countries.

The conditions resulting from the war are giving the entomologist a greater
opportunity to prove and illustrate the value of his work and are showing to him
his shortcomings. With these changing conditions and especially with the coming
of the county agent or district agricultural expert the duties of the economic
entomologist are changing or, probably better, being advanced. The entomologist
of the future must continue to investigate the problems dealing with the life
histories of insects and to give practical demonstrations of the contro] measures
and especially to standardize entomological practices. He must in addition delve
deeper into the mysteries of insect life in its relation to physical and biological
factors, especially meteorological influences and the changing field conditions
due to varying crop rotations, more intensive farm practices, and the like. These
- will lead to another important phase of the future entomologist’s activities, namely,
the forecasting of insect outbreaks: in fact, we are already able and are making
general forecasts of possible insect troubles, especially such insects as the Hessian
fly, chinch bug, grasshopper, plant lice, and white grub. Our efforts thus far
are quite primitive and not altogether certain but the speaker believes it will be
a matter of but comparatively few years until the forécasting of the scarcity or
abundance of this or that insect will be a routine. and an important’ routine, of
the entomologist’s office.

In a recent article+t I had occasion to discuss the relation of entomology to
allied agricultural subjects and attempted to point out the importance of co-ordi-
nating our work with that of the agronomist, the horticulturist and others and
the work of the entomologist of the near future, as I see it, makes this action not
only desirable but imperative. To a like degree is it important for the student
specializing in economic entomology to study entomology not as a subject by itself

*The insect, the farmer, the teacher, the citizen and the state. Illinois State Labor-—-
atory of Natural History, 1915, p. 12.
+Jour. Econ. Ent. Vol. 11, No. 5, Oct. 1918, p. 406.

50 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

as is now so commonly the rule, but in relation to other agricultural subjects; in
other words he should use ecology in its broadest and practical sense, which is
nothing more than relations between insects and the innumerable conditions affect-
ing themselves and their hosts, and the economic application of these interrelations.
The student, whether he is specializing in entomology or along general agricultural
lines, should also be encouraged to*read more of the general literature dealing
directly or indirectly with insect problems. I have in mind one article which to
me is a masterful essay, so scientifically accurate and yet so simply stated that it
could not but impress the student. I refer to a paper entitled “The Insect, the
Farmer, the Teacher, the Citizen, and the State,” by Dr. S. A. Forbes. Other
papers which I have in mind which should be read by every student in entomology
which bear upon the problems discussed this evening are Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt’s
capable address before the American Association of Economic Entomologists on
“Insect Behavior as a Factor in Applied Entomology ’; Crosby and Leonard’s
paper suitably treating “The Farm Bureau as an Agency for Demonstrating the
Control of Injurious Insects”; Forbes’ address before the Entomological Society
of America on “The Ecological Foundations of Applied Entomology,” and the
timely discussions, one by Cooley on “ Economic Entomology in the Service of
the Nation,” a second by Felt on “ Entomological Research and Utility”? and the
third by Forbes, “ Entomology in Time of War.” * .

These few remarks are given that we may think more of‘and possibly foresee
some of the problems which are to confront us as a consequence of the changing
conditions partly resulting from the war, and to emphasize the importance of giving
more consideration to our methods of publicity, and are not intended to suggest
any specific methods or changes.

The insects of cereal and forage crops which have come to our attention the
past few years and which are likely to continue troublesome are not numerous
but are of immeasureable importance, and we will briefly discuss the different
problems individually.

THe Hesstan Fry (Mayetiola destructor).

The Hessian fly, supposedly introduced into this country by the Hessian
soldiers of Prussia, is, as Dr. Forbes has so-truly put it, still a Hessian and is
without doubt the greatest insect menace to wheat production in the United
States. Especially at this time when wheat is so essential does this pest show
up as one of the most important, if not the most important and most pro-German
insect pest in the States. A year ago the Hessian fly was of little consequence,
and again this fall it is not sufficiently abundant to cause undue anxiety but from
past observations and the trend of conditions, and especially if we find the parasites

*Forbes, S. A. “The Insect, the Farmer, the Teacher, the Citizen and the State.”
Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 1915.

Hewitt, C. Gordon. ‘Insect Behavior as a Factor in Applied Entomology.” Jour.
Econ. Ent., Vol. 10; Feb., 1917, p. 81.

Crosby, C. R., and Leonard, M. D. “The Farm Bureau as an Agency for Demon-
strating the Control of Injurious Insects.” Jour. Econ, Ent., Vol. 10, Feb., 1917, p. 20.

' Forbes, S. A. “The Ecological Foundations of Applied Entomology.” Annals of

Ent. Soc. America, Vol. 8, Mar:, 1915, p. 1.

Cooley, R. A. “Economic Entomology in the Service of the Nation.” Jour. Econ.
Ent., Vol. 11, Feb., 1918, p. 16.

Felt, E. P. ‘‘ Entomological Research and Utility.” Scientific Monthly, Dec., 1917,
Dappile

Forbes, S. A. ‘Entomology in Time of War.” Circular, Office of Illinois State
Entomologist, 1917. :

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51

losing hold this fall as anticipated, it will only be a year or two before they are
again an item of greatest importance to the wheat grower. The Bureau of Ento-
mology, Division of Cereal and Forage Insects, under the direction of Mr. W. R.
Walton, has instituted a series of stations in the principal wheat-growing areas
of the United States where detailed studies are being made, in co-operation with
the state authorities. Sowing experiments, where wheat is sown on different dates
and variously handled, are in progress, in the district covered by the Lafayette
Indiana Station, from Michigan to Tennessee. At Centralia, Illinois, in the centre
of the southern Lllinois wheat belt, we have a substation comprising 18 acres of
land in charge of Mr. C. F. Turner and conducted_in co-operation with Dr. 8. A.
Forbes. There intensive studies are made and much stress is laid on the effect of
meteorological conditions. For obtaining meteorological data the several instru-
ments giving records which may have a bearing on fly activities are utilized; thus
we haye in continuous operation not only the hygrothermograph, soil thermograph
and rain gauge, but also the atmometer, an instrument which measures the com-
bined effects of temperature, air currents and humidity, terrestrial radiation
thermometers, anemometers, etc. This work has been in progress for two years
and many valuable data have already been obtained.

The principal remedies advocated at the present time are sowing after the
fly-free or safe date and destruction of infested stubble and subsequent volunteer
wheat. Since one of these important recommendations is sowing after the so-called
“fly-free ” or “safe” date and since this date is necessarily not identical year
after year, efforts have been made to determine a simple means whereby the county
agricultural agent or a group of farmers can determine for their locality the safe
sowing date each year. Thus various types of cages-are being used to determine
which are giving emergence records similar to natural conditions and checks are
obtained by making daily records of Hessian fly caught on tanglefoot covered
screens erected in the field and by daily egg counts made on specified plants.
Sowing at the proper time is not alone a remedy and at most is not a preventive
for spring infestation. To be 100 per cent. effective it must be accompanied by
the destruction of wheat stubble wherever possible and the elimination of volun-
teer wheat. Our experiments show that plowing wheat stubble to a depth of 6 or
8 inches and subsequent harrowing destroys at least 92 per cent. of the flies but
the practice of sowing clover in wheat makes it difficult to secure the universal
practice of this measure and until the sowing of clover with other crops or by
itself becomes more general we must continue to depend largely on sowing at
the proper date to escape fly injury. Here again the value of proper sowing is
dependent to a large extent on another factor, namely co-operation. If all of the
_farmers in the community do not follow the practice of sowing after the fly-free
date, the one or more farmers disregarding the proper sowing date will furnish
breeding grounds for the first brood of flies which may, if weather conditions are
favorable, mature and infest the later sown wheat or at least the early sown crops
will produce a generous supply of flies to infest the wheat in spring. Our laws
do not. make it possible for us to specify sowing dates and we must depend on the
intelligence and honor of the community and much can be done towards securing
the co-operation of a community by honor conditions. This is aptly illustrated
by an occurrence which happened in southern Indiana a year or so ago when
we were conducting a campaign in a particular locality to secure the co-operation
of farmers to hold off sowing wheat until advised. One young man asked to learn
the penalty if he promised to hold off sowing, but for some reason or other went

52 THE REPORT OF PE No. 36

ahead and sowed before the proper time, and immediately an older man in the
back of the room stood up and’said “JI guess there wont be any penalty but a
heap sight of dishonor.”

There are of course other considerations in the control of the Hessian fly such
as the proper preparation of seed bed and use of fertilizers which enable plants
to withstand injury, but it is not my intention here to go into details as I wish
only to call your attention to the general subject of our problems. All of the
methods of preventing or overcoming Hessian fly injury are what we might term
cood agricultural practices. Plowing under wheat stubble, except where it bears
a good stand of clover, is good piactice according to the agronomist, sowing after
the fly-free date is, generally speaking, the best date to sow wheat regardless of
insects, and the preparation of the seed bed and use of fertilizers are good agronomic
practices pure and simple. Progress has been made with so-called fly resistant
wheats and one or’ more of the wheats which are showing promising resistant
qualities likewise rank above the average in yields.

Fig. 5—Three year old apple orchard of 1,500 trees, completely defoliated
by grasshoppers. Most of the orchard under cultivation and planted
to navy beans which were destroyed previous to the orchard defolia-
tion.

Grassuoppers (Melanoplus femur-rubrum et spp.)

The past season we have experienced the most general and serious outbreak
of grasshoppers for many years. Two years ago the grasshoppers were noticeably
abundant in a few localities and in general the areas of grasshopper abundance
were somewhat enlarged last year, while the past season they have appeared quite
general and destructive in states where they have heretofore been of but compara-
tively little importance. There is every reason to believe that they will continue
to be abundant next year, although probably not as severe as the past season.

As would be expected, the grasshoppers originated in fields such as timothy,
blue grass and clover. The casual observer first noticed injury to clover towards
cutting time when he found the plants completely defoliated, nothing remaining
hut the bare stalks and heads. The hoppers then left the clover for new fields,
attacking such crops as were handy, as corn, soy beans, and navy beans; and not
infrequently young orchards were defoliated. Thus at New Concord, Ohio, we

~

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53

observed a three-year old apple orchard of 1,500 trees completely defoliated on
August 17, and before the grasshoppers attacked the tree foliage they had cleaned
up the navy beans which had been planted between the trees over most of the
ground covered by the orchard. The insects even girdled the twigs in many places.
At the same place we observed a bearing orchard with 20 per cent. of its ripening
peaches destroyed, in some cases only the seed being left attached to the tree.
It sometimes happens that the grasshoppers remain active until after wheat appears
above ground in which case they may keep the wheat plants cut off close to the
surface and as might be surmised, it requires but few of the insects to cut off the
young tender wheat plants over a considerable area.

Excellent results in combatting grasshoppers have been obtained by the appli-
cation of two standard remedies, namely, poison bait and the grasshopper catcher.
As a general rule we have continued to recommend the standard poison bait formula
ef bran, molasses, fruits or lemon extract and a poison, preferably Paris green or
erude arsenious oxide or white arsenic if neither of the first two mentioned are

Fig. 6—Ripening peaches damaged by grasshoppers. Some-
times only the seed remained attached to the tree.

available. However, the experiments of the past year, and especially the experi-
ments conducted at Janesville, Wisconsin, by Mr. D. A. Ricker of the Lafayette
Laboratory, indicate the non-essentialness of fruits or lemon extract when dealing
with mature grasshoppers and that further studies based on age of the insect,
meteorological conditions, et cetera, will show the need of important changes in
the formula for grasshopper bait. Likewise a half and half mixture of hardwood
sawdust, preferably that taken from an ice house, and bran has given results
sufficient to warrant its recommendation. Indeed, Mr. FE. E. Twing, county agricul-
tural agent of Kalkaska County, Michigan, reports thorough suceess the past season
in his county campaign against grasshoppers, using sawdust alone in place of bran
in the poison bait. He used several tons of white arsenic for paison bait for
practically all of which sawdust was used as the base. The crude arsenious oxide
mentioned is a by-product of the copper smelters of the western states and is
obtainable in barrel lots at 8 to 9 cents per pound; and in ordering, a powdered
grade should be specified. It has given excellent results the past season wherever
we have had an opportunity to observe its use and the results are practically equal
to those obtained where Paris green was used. It was tested out in a grasshopper

54 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

infested section in Michigan, for example, where it gave such good results that
the farmers of that section of the state, according to information furnished by
Mr. Don B. Whelan, extension entomologist of Michigan, will order a car load
in anticipation of grasshopper and cutworm troubles next year.

We find that the poison bait can best be used in fields such as clover about
the time they are cut, by first cutting around the field leaving a small central
area uncut in which the hoppers will congregate and here they can be slaughtered
by the use of a comparatively small amount of poison bait. The bait is likewise
of ereater value in corn-fields, orchards, and amongst other crops where the grass-
hopper catcher cannot be used; and in corn fields it is advisable to make the bait
more adhesive by an extra amount of water or, better, twice as much molasses,
scattering the mixture forcibly amongst the crops so that small particles will
adhere to the foilage.

The grasshopper catcher, such as was first recommended by Dr. EH. D. Ball.
and later advocated by Cooley and others, proved highly successful wherever tried. _

Fig. 7—Field cf navy beans being destroyed by grasshoppers entering
from an adjoining field.

This catcher differs from the better known hopperdozer by having a screened box
attached to the back (as illustrated), into which the grasshoppers are carried.
This has a money value advantage over the hopperdozer in that the insects can be
used as poultry feed. After filling the box it is a simple matter to haul the appa-
ratus to the poultry yard where the grasshoppers can gradually escape through the
front opening at a rate agreeable to a fair sized flock of chickens, thus giving us
an ideal poultry self-feeder. Or, probably better, the insects can be bagged and
allowed to die and dry within the bags and laid aside for winter use. Such
feed for hens in winter appreciably increases egg production, not a small item
these days. We have been able to secure an analysis of mature grassioppers'
through the kindness of Mr. E. G. Proulx, State Chemist of Indiana, with the
following results.

‘Melanoplus femur-rubum.

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Or
Or

Fig 8—Grasshopper catcher ready for action.

Analysis Based on Live Weight.
Mormstine: atu LOOS® with hydrogen’ 23: oS seb.. cals « betere es ores 68.40%
COIni® Tah 6665 555.600 Aone moniter kor tora ice wie eee 1.94%
brea ed CMMREVECRU CMM eee rae crcl fe feiss oz cictaie a, soe epardausrsimegate oolole,0. clove cous sein 25.07%
MONTSIN COMMELE TTC MEP eRe eiicsf. ooo =). ooo, Sods, 'ol Said eevee ce elie'e Sasha olen e ahelets opaieTousie ts 3.419%
ROMEO TE aCe. oko ke iave chevans Gon sida ayerele tig o suche s stave stabsl< eo - 1.24%
Tigh 5 eee SPL 5 mete So ce 100.06%

: Caiculation of Ash Constituents.
STE TIBET CO MOSULA CLT c.5 sce ats cree! cio qa)ssb as ars: suet ela oy Gh cca ohGue, slielavaus) <i she None
TEMG 5g 56 oo © Sic SRO IEE oe tek nr oa 0.59%
Hite 5rd) MO re ears ra Sats, 2, 50, Szeto ol So sue ee che Sara oS Ni teeudle ais severe, «16.8 808 Trace
nets) Pe ee is oc rah oy Sede Sead eves sue pot arate POs ce Dis) olan siereens Trace

On this basis dried grasshoppers would contain approximately 75 per cent. of

protein.

Fig. 9—Grasshopper catcher in operation.

a THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

Our counts show an average of 500 live adult grasshoppers (Melanoplus femur-
rubrum) to a pint and about 1,530 to a pound live weight or 4,500 to a pound
dry weight. The cost of a grasshopper catcher is from $15 to $25, according to
the amount of new materials which must be purchased, and usually it is possible
to secure the tin, the largest individual item of cost, as second hand roofing. Con-
sidering that such a machine will last for many years, it is easy to see that the
cost is repaid in poultry food in a comparatively short time, to say nothing of the
value derived by eliminating the insects.

It is not possible to recommend one or the other of these two grasshopper
control measures as the more valuable. Im some instances, where for example large
comparatively level acreages are to be covered and where labour is not scarce, the
evasshopper eatcher can be used to better advantage and more economically than
the poison bait, while in other cases the opposite is true.

Curworms (Noctuidae).

We can expect trouble from cutworms every year, and the past season has
not been an exception to the rule. In many sections, more especially in Iowa and
Wisconsin, they have been more severe than ordinarily, damaging principally corn
and garden crops. The Feltias were most generally common, although in many
localities the Euxoas were the principal depredators. In southern Indiana the
bottoms of the Wabash river and tributary streams are subject to what are commonly
termed overflow worms (Agrotis ypsilon). Some injury occurred the past season,
but the insects were not nearly so general as the year before. ‘They invariably
appear following a late overflow, that is on land which is overflowed and covered
with water as late as early June. As the water leaves the ground the moths
make their appearance from the higher surrounding land and lay their eggs in the
still wet soil; and any crop planted on this ground, which is usually corn, is likely
to be damaged if not completely destroyed by the cutworms. It is unusual for
a cutworm moth to lay its eggs in moist soil, but this appears to be the usual
habit of this species (Agrotis ypsilon) and it has already been recorded as a serious
pest in the areas overflowed by the Ganges and other rivers in India. Woodhouse
and Fletcher * and other authors have given us very interesting accounts of the
habits of this species as worked out in India.

You are all familiar with the methods of controlling cutworms. Aside from
early fall plowing and certain rotations whereby ground likely to be infested is
planted to crops not susceptible to cutworm injury, we have on'y one method of con-
trol, which fortunately is quite efficient. Our experience teaches us that poison baits
such as are used against grasshoppers are equally effective against cutworms.
In the case of the overflow worm it is also possible to escape injury if the ground
is cultivated immediately after the water leaves the land and before the moths
lay their eggs, but this practice is applicable only for small sections of individual
farms, for it is not possible for the individual to cultivate a very large area before
the moths appear and begin oviposition.

Tne So-cattep “Srix Bucs” (Diabrotica 12-punctata and D. longicornis.)

An insect, or rather two insects, which have ruined corn crops for many years
in the overflow lands of the Ohio river in south-we:tern Indiana but which haye

*Woodhouse, E. J., and Fletcher, T. Bainbridge. ‘“‘The Caterpillar Pest of the
Mokameh Tal Lands.” Agric. Jour., india, Vol. 8, rt. 4, Od., 1912, pp. 343-354.

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57

been called to our attention only recently, are old and well-known reprobates more
familiarly known to us as the southern corn root worm or bud worm (Diabrotica
12-punctata), and the northern corn root worm (D. longicormis). ‘They are com-
monly pests of corn plants when in the larval stage, but as the “ silk bug-” it is the
beetle that causes the damage and in an entirely different manner for it appears
just as the ears are silking, cutting off the silk before the kernels become fertilized,
thus causing the production of barren ears. One would expect the corn plant
to be injured by the larvae of these beetles earlier in its growth but such seems
not to be the case, at least the corn shows no apparent injury. The probable reason
for this is because the land is overflowed every winter and large amounts of rich
humus are deposited, leaving the ground so rich that corn is planted year after
year and the plants make such rapid growth that they overcome all injury to the
root system inflicted by the larvee of these two beetles.

We have no remedy for these pests under the conditions just given. As already

Fig. 10—Field of cane damaged by White Grubs (Lachnosterna spp.)

stated the farmers prefer to grow corn on the ground year after year, giving
the one species (D. longicornis) at least, ideal conditions for reproducing itself.
Poisoning the beetle appears to be out of the question, but there is a likelihood of
reaching them by the use of repellant dust sprays. More information on the life
history and habits of the species under these conditions, new to us, is necessary
before the problem can be intelligently attacked.

THe Wuite Grup (Lachnosterna spp).

Since the common white grubs have been serious pests in the northern states,
this problem has been given considerable attention at the Lafayette Laboratory.
The general results bearing on their economic relations have been published,
and the natural enemies have been fully discussed in a paper soon to be issued.
Many interesting data on their ecological and taxonomic relations have been, and

58 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

are continuing to be, accumulated through the co-operation of entomologists in
Canada and the United States.

As might be expected for an insect having so widespread distribution and
involving a life cycle of three years, the white grubs have several definite destruc-
tive broods.. The important brood which occurs more or less continuously through
the northern states from South Dakota to the Atlantic coast and in southern
Ontario is present in the beetle stage every three years, 1917 being the last year
the May-beetles were numerous. The year following the flight of beetles might
be termed the “grub year ” since the grubs are then in their most destructive stage.
The important brood under discussion evidently began in an accumulative way
some score of years ago. By 1909 and especially in 191%, they had become very
abundant and destructive over a considerable area. In 1915 the grubs were again
as abundant, or more so, as in 1912 but the damage was much less evident because
the season was wet, which greatly assisted the corn and pastures to overcome some
of the destructive work of the grubs. The past season (1918) grubs were again
abundant, although less numerous than for several years past, but fortunately the
conditions have been against the pests and comparatively small damage resulted.
Parasites, predaceous enemies, and diseases have played a part in this result but
certain climatic conditions are in a large measure responsible. In the spring of
1917 May-beetles were apparently as numerous in the soil as in any previous
beetle year but the season was late and cold and the beetles came to trees in small
numbers until quite late. Only a small percentage of the normal number of eggs
were laid and most of these late in the season. As a consequence the grubs were
abnormally small when cold weather set in, many of them too small to pass the
winter successfully. This year the comparatively few grubs were small when the
ground warmed up and they did not reach their destructive developmental stage
until late in the year. From general observations it appears certain that the years
of maximum abundance are passed and that we may expect fewer grubs of this
particular brood for a number of years before conditions will again fayor their
enormous increase.

The principal methods of combatting white grubs are rotations and utilization
of hogs and poultry. In white grub districts rotations should be arranged so that
corn and other susceptible crops will not be planted on ground likely to contain
grubs the year of their abundance, or better, the use of clover in the rotation,
the clover to be followed by corn, since the beetles do not deposit many eggs in
ground covered with a stand of clover during the May-beetle flight. The value of
hogs to clear land of grubs has been repeatedly demonstrated. Other practices,
such as fall plowing and the collection of May-beetles and grubs are only partially
successful, but are good practices when supplemented by the measures already
mentioned.

I have purposely discussed several of the more important insects of cereal
and forage crops which have occupied our attention the past year or two. It is
usual and to be expected that the economic entomologist spends much of his time
with insects which appear in conspicuous numbers. There are however, hordes of
insects of less importance which nevertheless are always present and which con-
stitute a continuous drain on our crops but because of the inconspicuousness and
gradualness of the losses they are not recognized seriously. Many of these incon-
spicuous insects are taking a heayy toll, and I believe we are coming to a time
when they will be given their just consideration and it might be added, their just
deserts. .

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59

Fig. 11.—Field of corn showing typical spotting of field caused by White
Grubs (Lachnosterna spp.)

Fig. 12.—Trees defoliated by May-beetles (Lachnosterna spp.). The trees
in centre are bur oak and the tree to right an elm.

Fig. 13.—Hickory woodlot defoliated by May-beetles (Lachnosterna spp.).
The undefoliated tree to left is an apple.

60 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

INSECTS AS AGENTS IN THE DISSEMINATION OF PLANT DISEASES.
Lawson Cansar, O. A. C., GuenrH.

The following was delivered as the President’s Address:

There are three great classes of plant diseases in the dissemination of which
insects play a part. These are:—first, diseases due to fungi; second, diseases-
due to bacteria; and third, diseases whose cause has not been discovered but which
are of a decidedly communicable or infectious character. This last class is often
called “ Physiological Diseases,” or “ Diseases of Unknown Origin,” the latter term
being preferable.

Before discussing the role of insects as disseminators it may be well to give
a list of the common agents in the spread of plant diseases. They are: wind, rain
(especially wind-driven rain), infected seed, infected manure, infected soil, insects,
slugs, man with his teams and implements, birds and a few other animals.

Of these various agents every plant pathologist would say that so far as the
dissemination of spores of fungi is concerned, wind and rain are, with very few
exceptions, such as perhaps Ergot of Rye, vastly more important agents than in-
sects. In the case of diseases that have been introduced recently and that are not
yet widely spread, insects may play an important part in long-distance distribution
and in the establishment of new centres of infection, especially if the spores of such
diseases are of the type that is held together by a gelatinous substance which pre-
vents their distribution by wind alone, though after being dissolved in moisture
they may be blown short distances. by wind-driven rain.

In the dissemination of plant diseases insects may function in three ways.
First, they may serve as mere carriers of the spores or other causal organisms
from plant to plant. The amount of disease thus spread compared with that by
other agents is probably small. Second, they may cause wounds of various kinds
which afford ideal conditions for spores or bacteria to germinate in and establish
new infections. This is of course a very important function because many kinds
of spores and a large percentage of bacteria seem unable to enter plants in any other
way than through wounds. Third, they may serve as direct inoculators, not only
bringing the organism with them upon or within their body but actually inserting
it, when feeding, into the tissues where it finds favorable conditions for develop-
ment. This last is on the whole the most important of the three methods.

Insects AS DissEMINATORS OF FuNGUS DISEASES.

Sucking insects with a few exceptions, such as in the case of the spread of
Ergot of Rye by flies and of Downy Mildew of Beans by bees, do not appear to
play nearly so important a part in the spread of fungus diseases as do biting insects.
This is probably because such sucking insects as feed upon plant tissues have minute,
needle-like mandibles and maxillae and in feeding make very small wounds.
These wounds do not expose the moist inner tissues cr afford much better places
for spore entrance and germination than do stomata and lenticels. Moreover,
insects with such mouth-parts are not adapted for feeding upon spore masses and
so seldom get their mouth-parts contaminated and act as direct inoculators of
healthy plants. Biting insects are therefore much more important in the dis-
semination of fungus diseases of plants.

It is worth noting here that several species of Coleoptera and Orthoptera
as well as some Lepidopterous larve feed freely upon spore masses, and not only

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 6i

become covered externally with the spores but pass many of them uninjured
through their body in the excreta. When this is deposited on healthy leaves or
on other parts of the plant it affords an additional source of possible infection,
either through the spores germinating and working their way through the un-
injured tissues or through their being washed by rains into wounds.

Exampies oF Funcus DisgEases DISSEMINATED BY INSECTs,

Ercor or Rye (Claviceps purpurea). ‘This disease of cereals and grasses
is said by plant pathologists to be spread in the summer chiefly through insects,
especially flies, which are attracted to the sweetish, somewhat milky fluid in which
the conidia produced on diseased ovaries of florets float. As this fluid is sticky
the flies become contaminated and carry the spores to healthy florets, thus setting
up new infections.*

Downy Minpew or Lima Beans (Phytophthora phaseoli). Sturgis has
shown that this disease is apparently largely distributed by bees. He found that
the Mildew failed to appear to any appreciable extent until the flowers began to
expand, but that it became well established by the time the blossoms had fallen.
He also found that it began regularly in those inner parts of the flower which
were touched by the bee when seeking nectar, thus strongly indicating that the
bees were the carriers and inoculators.

CueEstnut Buicut (E£ndothia parasitica). This is a recently introduced
disease and therefore its distribution to each new locality is much more important
than would be the dissemination from tree to tree of some old, well established
fungus. Studhalter, Ruggles, Metcalfe and others have studied the relation of
insects to the Blight and have shown that while many insects distribute the spores
it is chiefly those insects that cause wounds on the trees that are important as
disseminators: because the disease can enter the tree only through wounds in
the bark. Ruggles discovered that the Seventeen-year Cicada and a bast-miner
were important agents and that the disease in many cases had entered through
wounds made by them. The Cerambycid, Leptostylus macula, is important as a
carrier and possibly also as an inoculator.

Wuite Pine Buster Rust (Cronartium ribicola). This is, as everyone
knows, another recently introduced disease, and it is not yet established in our
northern pine forests. Its spores lend themselves to wind dissemination, but it
is thought that insects play an important role in the spread of the disease. Only
a few months ago Gravatt and Posey gave an account of their finding tiny Gipsy
Moth larve feeding greedily upon the spore pustules of the disease on pine trees,
and becoming almost yellow with the countless spores that adhered to the hairs
of their body. It has been shown that these tiny larve can be carried even 20
miles by the wind, so that distant spread of spores of the disease by them would
be expected: Gravatt and Posey examined wind-borne larve found on Ribes (the
alternate host of the disease) and found aeciospores on them. They also found
that leaves fed upon by the larve contracted the disease. There seems to be no doubt
that such larve are in the New England States important agents in distributing
the White Pine Blister Rust.

GoosreBerry Twic DiszeAsE (Undetermined fungus). In Burlington I have
seen a large, well-cared-for garden of gooseberries in which almost every plant

recently been demenstrated that wind plays a more important part in distribution of
conidia of ergot of rye than was formerly believed possible.

62 | THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

had from one to ten or more twigs dead or dying. Diseased twigs were sent to
Geneva and examined by J. G. Grossenbacher, who wrote that the trouble was
due to an undetermined fungus which entered through openings made by a
Cambium Miner, apparently Opostega nonstrigella.. The disease seemed to enter
solely through these wounds. ,

Swati Canxers on Appies (Leptosphaeria coniothyrium). Parrott, Gloyer
and Fulton in their study of Snowy Tree-crickets have shown how, the cricket,
Oecanthus niveus, is the agent in introducing the fungus that causes the small
cankers around cricket egg punctures on apple trees. These cankers are found
in Ontario as well as New York. This fungus, Leptosphaeria contothyrium, is
also the fungus that causes Raspberry Blight and is believed by the plant
pathologists of Geneva to enter many raspberry canes through the wounds made by
the egg punctures of the Tree-cricket, Oecanthus mgricornis.

lizarr Rots or Forrest AND SHADE TREES (Several species of fungi). In
almost every city may be seen maple trees with unsightly wounds, due to the
burrows of the Maple Borer (Plagionotus speciosus). These wounds commonly
allow the entrance of heart rots, which injure the wood and weaken the trees, often
shortening its life. It seems reasonable to assume that similar diseases enter
various forest trees, through injuries caused by Cerambycids, Buprestids or Ipids.
It is true that most of these attack only sickly, dying or dead trees, but some
attack healthy trees. Such gaping wounds as those caused in poplars and willows
by the Snout Beetle (Cryptorhynchus lapathi) could scarcely fail to admit fungi.
The evidence tends to show that this beetle is an important factor in the trans-
mission of the European Poplar Canker (Dothichiza populea).

Referring to a species of Scolytus that attacks White Fir, Hopkins says “ When
the attack is not sufficient to kill the trees, these wounds heal over, but in the
meantime a decay often sets in at these injured places, which extends through
the heartwood and for several feet above and below the wound, thus rendering the
wood worthless for lumber and often for fuel.” In the same bulletin he says
“Tt appears that insects contribute more to the spread of fungus of the bark and
wood of the main trunck than do such diseases to the spread and ravages of insects ”

Brown Ror or Frurrs (Sclerotinia cinerea). The spores of this disease are
readily carried by the wind, but they usually fail to infect peaches and sour cherries
in Ontario except through wounds or where fruits touch each other. Some varieties
of plums and sweet cherries are very susceptible, even though their surfaces be
unwounded. The joint investigations of the Bureaus of Entomology and Plant
Pathology of the U. S. Department of Agriculture proved definitely the important
part played by the Plum Curculio in the spread of this disease on peaches. TIlling-
worth, Spencer and the writer in their studies of Cherry Fruit Flies found that sour
cherries infested by the maggots of these flies were often conspicuously affected
by Brown Rot and that where these insects were completely controlled very few
cherries rotted even though they were left on the trees until overripe. Moreover,
there is no doubt that placing maggoty cherries in baskets along with sound ones
favours the development of rot, especially in warm weather; because even though
the infected cherries be not rotten, they exude juice from the breathing holes made
by the maggots and this gives ideal conditions for rot development.

Lack of space prevents our giving more examples of fungus diseases spread
by insects, so we shall now pass on to the bacterial diseases.

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63

Insects AS DISSEMINATORS OF BACTERIAL DISEASES.

Compared with other agents insects play a much more important part in the
spread of bacterial than of fungus diseases. This is partly because bacteria do not
to any great extent lend themselves to dispersal by the wind, whereas wind is
the chief means of fungus spore dispersal. Another reason is that during the
growing season,—the time of greatest dissemination,—the bacteria in some plants
are wholly concealed within the plants and are only obtained for fresh inoculations
by penetration through the surface to them. This insects do. A third reason
is that about half of our worst bacterial diseases can enter plants only through
wounds and such wounds are made chiefly by insects. It is worth noting that
though insects like Aphids or Capsids with very slender, piercing mouth-parts
play but little part in the spread of fungus diseases they are often very important
in the spread of bacterial diseases. This is because they feed indiscriminately on
healthy and diseased portions of plants and thus by penetrating the diseased areas
get their mouth parts contaminated; for no set of mandibles and maxillae are too
small to carry numerous bacteria if once they reach them. Once the mouth-part
is contaminated inoculation of healthy parts is easy. It looks, however, as if White
Flies and Red Spiders were exceptions and did not play much part as spreaders.
There are also cases like Cucumber Wilt in which it is doubtful whether Aphids
can act as inoculators. Further study will doubtless explain such exceptions.

The fact that out of the eight common and important bacterial diseases of
plants in-Ontario three are disseminated almost exclusively by insects, shows the
Importance of insects in relation to bacterial diseases.

EXxAMpues oF BAcTERIAL Diseases DISSEMINATED BY INSECTS.

Cucumper Witt (Bacillus tracheiphilus). It has been definitely proven
that the Striped Cucumber Beetle (Diabrotica vittata), and to a less extent the
12-Spotted Cucumber Beetle (Diabrotica 12-punctata) are the chief and probably
almost the sole distributors of this destructive disease and that if they could be
exterminated the disease would almost disappear. It is very interesting to learn
too that the disease is not only disseminated by these insects but is supposed to
be carried over from one year to another by them and not through the soil.

Pear Buicnt (Bacillus amylovorus). This, as is well known, is a very
destructive -disease of pears, apples and quince, causing an enormous amount of
damage some years and a considerable amount every year. It is nearly unanimous-
ly agreed that insects are the great factors in its dissemination both in the stage
known as “ blossom blight ” and in the later twig blight stage. If a list were to
be compiled of all the insects that had a part in the spread of this disease it would
be a long one, for it includes many of the blossom frequenting insects, most sucking
insects with piercing mouth-parts found on the apple and pear, and at least one
bark beetle. In connection with this disease | may say that we have on several
occasions found the gummy exudate at blossom time and have several times found
ants feeding upon it. We also know that ants are common frequenters of the
nectaries of blossoms. We consider ants therefore as the probable cause of the
earliest cases of blossom infection.

Sorr Ror oF VxGeETABLEs (Bacillus carotovorus). This fairly common
disease of cabbage, turnips, carrots, tomatoes, potatoes and celery is believed to
enter solely through wounds, and insects and slugs are believed to be the main
carriers of the organism as well as the chief inoculators. There has been a lot of

64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

Soft Rot of Celery this year, for which the Tarnished Plant Bug is blamed. Efforts
for control of the disease have been directed towards destroying this insect. The
disease appears to winter over in the soil.

BacrerraL WILT or Crucirers (Pseudomonas campestris). Jones and others
have shown that insects and slugs are important and common disseminators, though
there are also other agents.

Oruer BacrertaAL Diskases. Very little is known as to the part played by
insects in the spread of the other common bacterial diseases. Bean Bacteriosis
(Pseudomonas campestris), Black Spot of Plums and Peaches (Bacterium prunt),
Crown Gall (Bacterium tumefaciens) or Potato Wilt (Bacillus solanisaprus). We
know, however, that the bacteria of the first two of these may enter directly threugh
stomata without the aid of wounds.

Insects AS DISSEMINATORS OF PHysIoLogicaAL DISEASES orn DISEASES OF
UNKNOWN ORIGIN.

There are already many well known physiological diseases, and the list is
being added to each year. A considerable proportion of our worst plant troubles
come under this category. Insects do not play a part in the distribution of all,
for instance they seem to have nothing to do with the spread of Peach Yellows
and Little Peach. In many cases, however, insects appear to be either the sole
agents in distribution or else very important agents. From the evidence available
it would appear that most of the insects concerned are of the sucking and piercing
types, though there seems no good reason why biting insects cannot also play a
part. The infectious principle or virus seems in most cases and probably in all
to be taken into the body of the insect and inoculation occurs through feeding.

EXAMPpLEs oF PuystoLocicaL Disgases or DISEASE oF UNKNOWN ORIGIN
DISSEMINATED BY INSECTS.

Mosaic Disnask oF Sweer Pras... Most growers of sweet peas are probably
familiar with this easily recognized disease which weakens the plants and diminishes
the size and beauty of the blossoms. Taubenhaus has shown that it is readily
transmitted by aphids, but he says any biting or sucking insect may spread it.
Most of the spread will naturally be due to aphids, because they are the most
common sweet pea insects. }

Mosatc DisEasE oF Topacco. This is a very important disease of Tobacco
in the United States and may be identical with Mosaic Disease of Tomatoes, though
probably not with Potato Mosaic. Allard has shown that the Peach Aphis (Myzus
persicae), and also the Aphis (Macrosiphum tabacv), are very important spreaders
of the disease. White Flies and Red Spiders he thinks do not distribute it.

Mosaic DisrasE oF CucumBers. This disease causes an annual loss of
about $1,000,000 in the United States. I have not seen it in Ontario but believe
it has been found in a few localities. Doolittle and Jagger have proven that aphids
are carriers and are probably the chief agents in its spread.

Curry Tor or Sucar Brers. This disease occurs in the South-western
States and some years is exceedingly destructive. The Beet Leaf-hopper (Hutettix
tenella) has time after time been proven to be the distributing agent and so far
as known the sole agent.

Sprnacu Bricut. This blight attacks both spring and fall crops of spinach
in Virginia, Ohio and parts of New York. Leaves of affected plants become

i

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65

mottled and malformed and the plants finally die. The disease is a very important
one and is said to be spreading. It was formerly thought to be due to malnutrition,
but is now known to be a communicable disease, the virus of which is transmitted
chiefly by the aphis (Macrosiphum solanifolit) but also to a lesser extent by another
aphis (Rhopalosiphum persicae) and by the Tarnished Plant Bug (Lygus pratensis).
The most interesting discovery in connection with this disease is that not only
do aphids transmit it but also that their offspring down to the fourth generation
can do so even though none of these offspring have fed upon diseased plants.

McClintock and Smith who made the above discovery think it very probable
that aphids are also responsible for the tiding over in their own body of the disease
from spring to fall.

In conclusion we may point out that the plan of controlling such diseases
as are spread chiefly by insects by destroying the insects responsible, is in most
cases impracticable; because some of the worst offenders, such as the Striped
Cucumber Beetle, several species of aphids and the Tarnished Plant Bug, are
among the most difficult of insects to combat successfully.

It is also worth while pointing out that it is only during the last few years
that any careful study has been made of insects as agents in the dissemination
of plant diseases, and that though some very brilliant work has been done, especially
during the last four or five years, there still remains great scope for further careful
investigation by entomologists and plant pathologists working together in close
co-operation.

THe More Important LITERATURE CONSULTED.

EastHAM. The part played by insects in the spread of plant diseases. Proc.
Ent. Soe. of B.C.

Masser. Textbook of fungi.

Srurcis. Some aspects of vegetable pathology and the conditions which
influence the dissemination of plant diseases. Bot. Gaz., Vol. XXV, p. 187, 1898.

Horxins. Preliminary report on insect enemies of forests in the Northwest.
Bul. 21 (n.s.), Bur. Ent., U.S.D.A.

Primm. The European Canker in the vicinity of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Jour. Econ. Ent., Vol XI, No. 1, 1918.

Martin. Dissemination of Septoria lycopersici by insects and _ pickers.
Phytopathology, Vol. VIII, No. 7, 1918.

StupHaLtrr. Insects as carriers of the Chestnut Blight. Phytopathology,
Vol. IV, No. 1, 1914.

SrupHALTER AND Rucerzs. Insects as carriers of Chestnut Blight. Bul, 12,
Penn. Dept. of Forestry. 1915.

ANDERSON AND RAankIN. Endothia Canker of chestnut. Bul. 347, Cornell
University. 1914.

Gravatt AND Posty. Gipsy Moth larve as agents in the dissemination of
the White Pine Blister Rust. Jour. Agr. Research, Vol. XII, No. 7, 1918.

GravaTT AND MarsHaty. Arthropods and gasteropods as carriers of
Cronartium ribicola. Phytopathology, Vol. VII, No. 5, 1917.

ParRoTT AND Futon. Tree-crickets injurious to orchard and garden fruits.
Bul. 388, N.Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., Geneva. 1914.

5-E. :

66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

Parrott, Grover AND Furron. Some studies on the Snowy Tree-cricket
with reference to an apple bark disease. Jour. Econ, Ent., Vol. VIII, No. 6, 1915.

Scorr anp Ayres. The control of peach Brown Rot and Scab. Bul. 174,
Bur. Plant Ind., U.S.D.A. 1910.

Scorr AND QuarnTANcE. Control of Brown Rot of peaches. Cire. 120, Bur.
Ent., U.S.D.A. 1910.

[nninGwortH. Cherry Fruit-flies and how to control them. Bul. 325.
Cornell University.

GnrossENBACHER. Medullary spots, a contribution to the life-history of some
Cambium Miners. Tech. Bul. 15, N.Y. Agr. Expt. Sta., Geneva, 1911.

Forron. The dispersal of spores of fungi by the agency of insects, with
special reference to the Phalloidei. Ann. Bot., Vol. IIT, p. 207, 1889.

Marswauut. Microbiology.

Smiru. Bacteria in relation to plant diseases.

Ranp. Dissemination of Bacterial Wilt of Cucurbits. Jour. Agr. Research,
Vol. V, No. 5, 1915.

Ranp anp ENtows. Transmission and control of Bacterial Wilt of Cucur-
bits. Jour. Agr. Research, Vol. VI, No. 11, 1916.

Jones. Bacterial Blight of Apple, Pear and Quince. Bul. 176, Ont. Ag.
Col., 1909.

Jones. Bacteria, friends and foes. Bul. 265, Ont. Agr. Col., 1918.

Merritt. Aphids and Fire Blight. Jour. Econ. Ent., Vol. VIII, No. 4,
1915.

Burrity. Insect control important in checking Fire Blight. Phytopathology,
Vol. V, No. 6, 1915.

Stewart AND Lronarp. The role of sucking insects in the dissemination of
the Fire-Blight bacteria. Phytopathology, Vol. V, No. 2, 1915.

Merritt. Further data on the relationship between Aphids and Fire Blight,
Jour. Econ. Ent., Vol. X, No. 1, 1917.

Stewart. The importance of the Tarnished Plant Bug in the dissemination
of Fire Blight. Phytopathology, Vol. III, No. 6, 1913.

STAHL AND CarsNEeR. Obtaining Beet Leaf-hoppers non-virulent as to Curly-
top. Jour. Agr. Research, Vol. XIV, No. 9, p. 393, 1918.

BoncqueTt AND Hartune. The comparative effect upon sugar beets of
Kutettix tenella, Baker, from wild plants and from curley-top beets. Phytopath-
ology, Vol. V, No. 6, p. 348, 1916.

Boncquet and Stanz. Wild vegetation as a source of Curly-top infection
of sugar beets. Jour. Econ. Ent., Vol. 10, No. 4, 1917.

TAUBENHAUS. Mosaic disease of sweet peas. Bul. 106, Del. Agr. Expt. Sta.,
1914.

Atuarp. Further studies of the Mosaic disease of tobacco. Jour. Agr.
Research, Vol. X, No. 12, 1917.

DoomiTTLe. A new infectious Mosaic disease of cucumber. Phytopathology,
Vol. VI, No. 2, 1916.

JacGer. Experiments with cucumber Mosaic disease. Phytopathology, Vol.
VI, No. 2, 1916.

McCurntock anp SmirH. True nature of Spinach Blight and relation of
insects to its transmission. Jour. Agr. Research, Vol. XIV, No. 1, 1918.

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67

THE CABBAGE ROOT MAGGOT (CHORTOPHILA BRASSICAE).
H. C. Hucxert, 0.A.C., GUELPH.

A study of the life-history and control of the Cabbage Maggot (Chortophila
brassicae) was undertaken this year under Prof. Caesar’s guidance. The study
is still far from completion but some interesting results from different control
methods have been obtained. The most important of these is, that on the whole
corrosive sublimate has given better results than discs even where discs have been
cleaned after each cultivation. Similar good results have been obtained with
corrosive sublimate by the representatives of the Vegetable Branch, Department
of Agriculture, Toronto: in fact they made the suggestion that led to our testing it.

Another interesting feature was that round discs, with a round hole in the
centre and a slit leading to it, proved equally as effective as the hexagonal discs
with the star-shaped centres and slit leading to this. Consequently in the tables
both discs have been classed together.

Tests were also made with tobacco dust and lime and also with tobacco dust
and sulphur. The results were promising, but much further work will be required
to determine accurately their value and best method of using.

TABLE. SHOWING RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN CONTROL OF CABBAGE MAGGOT
AT BURLINGTON

38 = 2 |e af
B= RS ae E 3 lee. mS! 5,
Method of SS 2B 22% 23 23 Au a & Baa “3
Treatment. 4a}|8eS3 |s3@| se Se = SA Bye 3 &
g@8 (ac? (Fae) uh | OS | £ | Bw |aea| es
Sh | GSS 164A] 6a sz = Pe |S3a|5g
Axles Z, Z, FE SS SS SS SS
[
Corrosive sublimate....| 652 55 13 584 20} 89.6 | 86.5 8.4) 2
Ohree eee cebiatic aes e's sis 163 | 9 78 76 20 | 46.6] 34.4 5.5 | 47.9
Dises, both round and 6- |
sided. Earth remov-
ed after cultivation...| 504 71 31 402 1S et9.8 MESS oblate ae Gad
Discs, both round and
6-sided. Earth not re-
moved after cultiva-
MIONMaierte ferccrse ccs oe 474 42 161 271 37 | 57.2 | 49.4 8.8 | 34.0

CR nivepaesis t= + 326| 50| 127| 149| 31] 45.8] 36.2| 15.3 | 38.9

68 THE REPORT OF THE No.' 36

TABLE SHOWING RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS ON CABBAGE MAGGOT AT GUELPH, 1918

= No. dead e
No. : No. % %
Method used. plants. from all | No. alive. dwarfed. alive. | vigourous.
causes.
Corrosive sublimate ....... 99 0 99 0 100 100
Tarred felt paper discs,
round and hexagonal,
keptrclean ik t.< sec eistcie 101 0 101 0 100 100
Tarred felt paper discs,
round and hexagonal,
not cleaned’ s..0.4 acess 97 7 90 6 92.8 86.6
Checles ik aa a terete 99 44 55 11/3 55.6 40.4

Norse.—The better results obtained from the tarred felt paper discs at Guelph
than at Burlington were apparently due to the plants at Burlington being set
deeper in the soil and to the soil being sand, whereas the Guelph soil was clay.
The greater amount of shade and the greater difficulty in keeping soil off the plants
at Burlington gave the insects a better chance to cause injury. ‘The corrosive
sublimate in both cases was used at the strength of 1 part to 1,000 parts of
water, or one ounce to 50 pints of water, and was applied with a watering can
with a spout in which was inserted a small piece of wood to conduct the liquid
directly to the roots without waste. Four applications were given in each case,
the first, four days after the plants were set out and the remaining three at intervals
of seven days. At each application sufficient liquid was used to wet thoroughly
the roots. At Guelph more than was necessary was applied and at first a slight
yellowing of the plants occurred, but they soon outgrew this and became just as
vigourous as any plants in the plot. At Burlington no yellowing was observed
and the plants were very vigourous throughout.

Corrosive sublimate has shown itself to be a very valuable substance in com-
bating this pest, but a great deal of work is yet necessary to determine the best
strengths to use, the number of applications necessary, and the best time to make
each of these. Tests will also have to be made to determine whether this substance
can safely be used with radishes and if so in what way. There is very little doubt
that the growers would much more readily use corrosive sublimate than apply
the tarred felt paper discs. They seem to have a decided objection to using the
latter, though they have been recommended for so many years.

. Pror. Jones: In the treatment of cabbage plants for Root Maggot was there
any difference observed in the fertility of the soil to which corrosive sublimate
had been added as compared with that to which it was not added?

Mr. Hucxettr: No observable difference.

Pror. Jongs: Corrosive sublimate is one of the strongest of our disinfectants,
and in addition to destroying the egg or the larva of the Cabbage Maggot it would
have a marked influence on the bacterial content of the soil. It would destroy
the nitrogen fixer and the nitrifiers and also the decomposing species of bacteria;
and providing there was not plenty of available food material in the soil ready
for the plants to use, then on account of the corrosive sublimate I should imagine
that synthetic action of the bacteria in the soil as well as decomposition action
would be materially interfered with. That would depend upon how long the
mercuric chloride was active in the soil after it had killed the maggots. Of course -

iio: ENTOMOLOGIC2L SOCIETY. 69

the corrosive sublimate would: become inactive within a reasonably short period,
its poisonous action being neutralized by its affinity for proteid substances present
in the soil, but to what extent its action would interfere with the fertility of the
soil I think leaves room for some experimental worker to demonstrate.

SOME CHAPTERS OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGY.
W. LocuHeap, MacpoNaLp COLLEGE, QUEBEC.
Tue Brecinnines or Entomotoey.

The beginnings of all sciences are full of interest as they reveal the gropings
of earnest seekers after truth. Every natural science has an early stage when
the knowledge of nature was extremely limited and clouded with superstition.
It has been said that, “ All knowledge begins and ends with wonder, but the first
wonder is the child of ignorance ”; but while wonder and curiosity have been great
impulses to the study of that great mysterious world of nature, much of the know-
ledge of nature has come as the direct result of the experiences of early man in
gaining his livelihood. Consequently we must look for the beginnings of Ento-
mology in the practical lore of the hunter, the shepherd and the gardener long
before the facts had been collated by the early naturalists.

A few references to insects are made in early writings, locusts, bees and ants
being often mentioned by the old Hebrew writers (Exodus 8, Judge 14.14, Pro-
verbs 6, Proverbs 30, Joel 1.4, Joel 2.25, Joel 2.2-10.) and scarabeid beetles sculp-
tured in stone by the old Egyptians. It is very probable that the peoples of some
of the ancient civilizations possessed considerable knowledge of natural history,
including insects.*

Bee-keeping was a favourite occupation in Palestine, Assyria, Babylon, Carth-
age, Egypt, Greece and Rome. The Egyptians had even floating apiaries. A
hieroglyphic bee has been found sculptured on a Sarcophagus containing the
mummy of Mykerinos, King of Lower Egypt, about 3,633 years B.C., no doubt
emblematic of the relationship between the King and the people.

Silkworms were cultivated many thousand years ago by the Chinese and the
people of India, and the silkworm industry was an agricultural one.

We find also that the Egyptians had a high grade treatise on medicine 1500
years B.C., which must have been based on centuries of observation and practice,
and also upon a knowledge of related sciences. However, whatever may have been
the accomplishments of these people, no records have been preserved. To the Greeks,
therefore, belong the credit of producing the first scientific treatise on natural
history.

The first entomologist of whom we have any record was Aristotle (384-322
B.C.) Parts of three of his zoological works viz., Historia Animalium, De Partibus
Animalium, and De Generatione Animalium, have been handed down to us. These
reveal the many sided nature of his activities, for he was not only a collector and

*When we reflect that practically all our cultivated plants and domesticated animals
are of pre-historic origin, we are ecbliged to believe that pre-historic man maintained for
long ages a high civilization, when skill and labor not only transformed wild life into
cultivated fruitfulness and domestic use, but also made progress in the knowledge of
the creatures (including insects) that associated with the plants and animals. Recent
researches go to show that such an agricultural civilization occunied the Mediterranean

Basin from Portugal through Asia Minor and Persia to Korea. Pre-historic cultivation
terraces in this district still show how extensive were the plantations in ancient times,

70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

= -

classifier, but also a morphologist and inductive philosopher. He studied the life
histories of many insects, he made many dissections and resolved the organs into
tissues. His classification of inects, although based largely on external features,
remained unimproved for more than 2,000 years, and his generalizations contained
the ideas of an evolution from the simplest to the highest organisms in nature.

Concerning his own work Aristotle says: “I found no basis prepared, no
models to copy.-..-..- mine is the first step, and therefore a small one, though
worked out with much thought and hard labor. It must be looked at as a first
step and judged with indulgence.”

Although Aristotle peered in the spontaneous generation of certain insects
and other animals that appeared in the processes of putrefaction, his views re-
garding the generation of the higher animals are expressed in the sentence, “ All
living creatures, whether they swim, or walk, or fly, and whether they come into
the world in the form of an animal, or of an egg, they are engendered in the
same way.” In fact, Aristotle had very definite even modern views regarding
embryology, for he had studied the forming chick in the shell. He might be
termed an epigenist, for he believed that “the parts of the future organism do
not pre-exist as such, but make their appearance in due order of succession.”

It is interesting to note that the methods of Aristotle are those of modern
scientific workers, viz., INVESTIGATION BY OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENT. It
required, however, more than 2,000 years for workers to realize the importance
of his methods in the study of nature.

Regarding Aristotle’s knowledge of insect development and structure it may
be said that he knew that there were male and female insects, and that they re-
produced sexually. He knew that drone bees develop without fertilization, but
he called the “queen” the “king” of the hive. He thought that “nits” do not
produce animals, that spiders bring forth live worms instead of eggs, and produce
threads of their webs from the external part of their bodies, that caterpillars are
produced from cabbages daily, and that many insects rise spontaneously from
putrefaction. He believed, too, that all invertebrates were bloodless. He separated
the crustacea from insects, and divided the insects into winged and wingless.
His sub-divisions were also partly perfectly natural. He considered the larva
a prematurely hatched embryo and the pupa as a second egg.

Professor Sundevall estimates that Aristotle indicated and described about
60 species of insects and arachnidans and about 24 species of crustacea and annelids.

Aristotle is said to have written a treatise on bees, but if so, no trace of it
has reached us. Columella, however, tells us that the Greeks were proficient bee-
keepers. That the Romans practised apiculture is very evident for Virgil devotes
the fourth book of the Georgics entirely to a discussion of bees, their habits,
economy, and management. Following Aristotle, he calls the queen the king of
the hive, and believed that bees originate from decomposing bodies of bullocks
(See also Judges 15 for a similar belief).

The Greek poets occasionally refer to insects. For example, Xenarchos says:
“ Happy is the Cicada, since its wife has no voice.”

While Aristotle’s knowledge of insects was full of crudities and errors, it
must be confessed that he did a large amount of valuable work that has stood ‘the
test of time.

After Aristotle, the study of natural history declined and no work appeared
until that of Pliny the Elder (23-79 A.D.) the Roman general and historian.
His voluminous writings on natural history have been well preserved but they
contain nothing new. They are complications of the works of previous writers

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 71

and include much fable and fancy joined with fact. Pliny’s system of classifi-
cation of animals is inferior to that of Aristotle’s, although he adopts the latter’s
in the case of insects.

After Pliny the study of natural history declined rapidly and no attention
was given it for about 1,500 years. Not only during the Dark Ages following
the fall of the Roman Empire, but during the Middle Ages the study of nature
was thoroughly discouraged as “ proceeding from a prying and impious curiosity.”

Observation and reason were overthrown by biblical and classical authority
and mental activity assumed the form of metaphysical speculation.*

Happily, however, much information was handed down regarding Natural
History during these dark centuries in the form of practical lore of the farmer and
gardener to which I have already referred, so that when science again showed signs
of revival the naturalists had a basis on which to work.

THe REvIvAL OF SCIENCE.

For several centuries bold minds had revolted against the traditional ad-
herence to authority, and in the 15th and 16th centuries, Galileo, Descartes, and
Vesalius (1514-1564) working along different branches overthrew the old tra-
ditions, and the new movement for the revival of science was fairly launched.

Mention should here be made of some of the investigators of the new era
on account of their influence on the pioneer entomologists. Vesalius, a Belgian,
studied medicine in Paris and gave much attention to anatomy. His great work
“ De Humani Corporis Fabrica” is a classic and “ created an epoch,” as it “ over-
threw dependence on authority (Galen) and re-established the scientific method
of ascertaining truth.”

Harvey (1578-1667) was the pioneer physiologist, and his splendid researches
on the Circulation of the Blood have earned him a place among the great pioneers
of science who questioned and experimented with nature to find out her secrets.
Like Aristotle, he considered the larva a prematurely hatched embryo, and the
pupa a second egg (De Generatione Animalium).

THE GREAT INSECT ANATOMISTS.

The impetus given to the study of anatomy by Vesalius produced in the 16th
century a large number of workers like Wotton, Gesner, Aldrovandi, and Jonston,
who have been called the “ encyclopedists ” on account of their voluminous writings

on many topics.t+

*This attitude was expressed by Redi about 1668, thus: ‘ Because he’s Aristotle, it
implies that he must be believed, e’en though he lies.”

A curious collection of manuscripts called the ‘“ Physiologus” or the “ Bestiarius”,
and produced under theological guidance, formed the main source of information on
natural history during these times. The accounts deal with biblical as well as mythicaf
animals, such ag the unicorn, dragon, basilisk, and phenix. Many are represented as
symbolical of religious beliefs, and moral reflections are interjected at frequent inter-
vals. Locy says: ‘The Zoology of the Physiologus was of a much lower grade than any
we know about among the ancients.”

7Conrad Gesner (1516-1558), a Swiss, was an indefatigable collector, observer and
writer. His papers on insects were published after his death by Thomas Moufet, about
1634. Gesner is justly considered as the restorer of natural history. Long lost treasures
were again made known and a stimulus was given for further research.

Aldrovandi (1552-1605) described the natural history of insects at great length in
seven books. He divided insects into land and water dwellers, and these were subdivided
‘according to the structure of their wings and legs.

The writings of Gesner and Aldrovandi contain many ridiculously improbable state-
ments gathered from ill-attested sources and repeated from the writings of Aristotle and

Pliny.

THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

~
cae)

In the 17th century two insect anatomists, Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) of
Italy, and John Swammerdam (1637-1680) of Holland, made large contributions
to science. Malpighi’s treatise on the Silkworm, published in 1669, has become
a classic. It was a pioneer work in a new field. The author had the advantage
to the new aid to vision, the microscope, which ‘came into use at this time through
the ingenuity of Hooke, Malpighi, Swammerdam and Leeuwenhoek. Miall says,
“or the first time the dorsal vessel, the tracheal system, the tubular appendages of
the stomach, the reproductive organs and the structural changes which accompany
transformation were observed.” Moreover, he observed and described the nervous
system, the urinary tubules (Malpighian) and the silk-forming apparatus.

“This research,” says Malpighi, “was extremely laborious and tedious on
account of its novelty, as well as the minuteness, fragility and intricacy of the
parts which required special manipulation; so that when I had toiled for many
months at this incessant and fatiguing task, | was plagued next autumn with
fevers and inflammation of the eyes. Nevertheless such was my delight in the
work, so many unsuspected wonders of nature revealing themselves to me, that
I cannot tell it in words.”

Miall says: The last distinct glimpse we got of him is interesting. Dr. Tancred
Robinson, writing to John Ray, from Geneva, April 18th, 1684 tells how he met
Malpighi at Bologna. They talked of the origin of fossils, and Malpighi could not
contain himself about Martin Lister’s foolish hypothesis that fossils were sports of
nature. “Just as I left Bononia,” he continues, “I had a lamentable spectacle of
Malpighi’s house all in flames, occasioned by the negligence of his old-wife. All his
pictures, furniture, books, and manuscripts were burnt. J saw him in the very heat
of the calamity, and methought I never beheld so much Christian patience and
philosophy in any man before; for he comforted his wife, and condoled nothing but
the loss of his papers, which are more lamented than the Alexandrian Library, or
Bartholine’s Bibliothese at Copenhagen.”

Swammerdam’s researches on the May-Fly and the Honey Bee entitle him
to a high place among insect anatomists. He found by dissection that “the queen
is the mother of the colony, the drones the males, and the working bees the neuters ;
but he did not find out that the neuters were only imperfect females” (Miall).
Swammerdam’s contributions were collected and published after his death by
Boerhaave under the title of “ Biblia Naturae.” The folio edition is a volume
of 410 pages of text and 53 plates of excellent drawings. Swammerdam was a more
critical observer than Malpighi, as evidenced by his accurate and complete descrip-
tions and anatomical work.

Boerhaave gives us a picture of Swammerdam at work which the reader does
not soon forget. “His labors were superhuman. Through the day he observed
incessantly, and at night he described and drew what he had seen. By six o’clock
in the morning in summer he began to find enough light to enable him to trace
the minutiae of natural objects. He was hard at work until noon, in full sunlight,
and bareheaded, so as not to obstruct the light; and his head streamed with
profuse sweat. His eyes, by reason of the blaze of light and microscopic toil,
became so weakened that he could not observe minute objects in the afternoon,
though the light was not less bright than in the morning, for his eyes were weary,
and could no longer perceive readily ” (Miall).

ia

oS)

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 7

2 2 ae Se ee
The title of Swammerdam’s work is entitled as follows :—
THE BOOK OF NATURE;
OR, THE
HISTORY OF INSECTS:

Reduced to distinct CLASSES, confirmed by particular INSTANCES, Displayed
in the Anatomical Analysis of many Species.

and
Illustrated with Copper-Plates
including

The Generation of the Frog, the History of the Ephemerus, the Changes of flies,
Butterflies and Beetles:

with the

Original Discovery of the Milk Vessels of the Cuttlefish, and many other
curious Particulars

By JoHN SwamMMerpDAM, M.D.
with
Tue Lire oF THe AutHor, By HerMAN Boeruaave, M.D.

Translated from the Dutch and Latin Original Edition,

By Tuomas FLuoyp.

Revised and Improved by Notes from Réaumur and others,

By Jonun Hitt, M.D.

LONDON :
Printed for C. G. Sryrret, Bookseller, in Dean Street, Soho.

MDCCLVIII.

He studied the phenomena of metamorphosis, and showed that the butterfly is
contained within the chrysalis, and that the organs of the latter are developed in
the caterpillar. He emphasized the point that the various changes do not occur
suddenly. He distinguished between metamorphosis and moulting. Moreover,
he opposed the idea of spontaneous generation.

The 18th century produced Pierre Lyonnet (1707-1789) of Holland, who
surpassed all his predecessors in minute dissection. His memoir on the Goat or
Willow Moth, (Cossus ligniperda), published in 1750, will always remain a classic
of insect anatomy. It contains 18 quarto plates with 137 figures, but the text

4 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

is mainly a description of the plates. One does not know whether to marvel
more at the great patience and manual skill required to make out such detailed
dissections, or at his wonderful drawings and plates.

Lyonnet’s skill in dissection, however, surpassed his knowledge of anatomy.
His great monograph “ reveals the lack of insight of a trained anatomist ” largely
on account of the fact that he did not receive that careful preliminary training
in anatomy that his two great predecessors, Malpighi and Swammerdan, received.
His contributions to science are confined entirely to matters of anatomy. He
showed clearly for the first time what are now known as “imaginal disks” or
“ histoblosts.”

Coming to the 19th century, the names of four anatomists appear on the
scroll of fame, viz.: Strauss-Diirckheim, Dufour, Newport and Leydig. The
trend of research was gradually changing from a monographic study of a single
form to a comparative study of insects, and these with other invertebrate forms,
and finally to histological and embryological investigations,

Hercule Strauss-Diirckheim (1790-1865) of France, continued the work of
Lyonnet and published in 1828 a most valuable monograph of the Anatomy of
the Cockchafer, entitled, “ Considérations Générales sur ’Anatomie Comparée des
Animaux Articulés, aux quelles on a joint Anatomie Descriptive du Melolontha
Vulgaris donnée comme example de l’Organization des Coleoptéres.” It contained
many finely lithographed plates of 109 sketches which compare very favorably with
those of Lyonnet. The dissections, however, lack the marvelous details of Lyonnet’s
work, but his memoir has the merit of broadening the scope of anatomy and of
making it comparative.

Leon Dufour, a Frenchman, published between 1831 and 1834 a large number
of memoirs on the anatomy and metamorphoses of different families ot insects,
thus extending the work of Strauss-Diirckheim in the line of comparative anatomy.

Dufour merits attention also because the great Fabre got his inspiration for
his life work on reading a volume of Dufour’s that came by chance into his hand.
It was “the electric impulse that decided his vocation.”

Dufour was a disciple of Latreille, and practised as a country doctor. Perhaps
his greatest contributions to entomology were along the line of bionomics. Ile
lacked, however, the requisite patience of concentrating his attention for a long
period upon a definite object, although he enriched science with a large number
of important facts; he was to a large extent unable to interpret them. For example,
Legros relates how Fabre had his curiosity aroused when reading Dufour’s account
of his finding a small metallic Buprestis in the nest of a Cerceris wasp; apparently
dead but without any symptoms of decay. To Dufour the Buprestis was dead and
he attempted an explanation of the phenomenon. Fabre decided to make obser-
vations for himself, and “to his great surprise he discovered how incomplete
and insufficiently verified were the observations of the man who was at that time
known as the Patriarch of Entomologists.”

Newport was the first of the modern type of Entomologists, since he applied
for the first time the facts of embryology to insect anatomy. In 1832-34 he
published his researches on the modification of the nervous system during the
larval, pupal, and adult stages.

Leydig (1821-1908) is thoroughly modern; he broadened the work of Newport
by the introduction of histological methods. His great memoir, “The Structure
of the Animal Body ” was published in 1864. .

~?
or

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

GREAT INsEcT EcoLocists

By the term “ ecologist ” is meant here a student of the habits and life histories
of insects. Most of the men whose names have already been mentioned contributed
very materially to our knowledge of insect habits, but these contributions were
incidental to the study of anatomy.

Francesco Redi, the Florentine scholar, poet, physician and naturalist (1626-
1697) did much to shatter the dogma of spontaneous generation which, as we
have already seen, had been accepted as the doctrine of the Church, and the
scientific world for nearly 2,000 years. Aristotle had accepted the theory to explain
the origin of many of the “bloodless” or invertebrate animals, but had excepted
the higher animals. Redi proved by experiment that if the flesh of a dead animal
were protected carefully from intruding insects no grubs or insects developed in it.

He was not so successful in solving the problem of the generation of parasites
and gall insects where he was forced to the conclusion, in spite of contrary con-
victions, that these insects arose SPEIER The results of his researches
were Eas in 1668 under the title of “ Experiments on the Generation of
Insects.” His translator says that “The title of the work gives little hint of
its varied contents. It is a formal letter grown into a book showing the attitude
of seventeenth-century Italians towards their surroundings, and affording a clear
insight into their conception of nature. The opinions of priests, philosophers,
and poets of the period on natural phenomena of perennial interest, and here set
down with grave simplicity, enlivened by occasional humorous comment, and many
elaborate quotations from the classics are inserted as proof or refutations of
theories advanced.”

Among the other interesting topics discussed by Redi are Cherry Fruit Flies,
Sheep Bot Fles, and Biting Lice of Birds. Our President, I surmise, will be
interested in his description and drawing of the Cherry Fruit Fly. His drawings
of the Mallophaga are numerous and suggestive of much close observation. He
tells us that he used a microscope furnished with three lenses and made in Rome,
and that the drawings were made at his request, by F. Pizzichi.

To the student of the history of biology, the book is a milestone marking
the beginning of a great epoch. It records the first, and therefore the most
important, statement supported by experimental evidence of that great general-
ization named by Huxley the Theory of Biogenesis.

; It will be noted that Germany lagged behind the other countries of Europe
in the study of insects, producing only two writers of any merit. Roesel von
Rosenhof (1705-1759), a miniature painter, published “ Insecten-Belustigungen ”
which contains many observations on the habits and metamorphoses of insects.
His colored figures and sketches are interesting even at the present time. Frisch,

a school teacher, published a number of observations.

Charles Bonnet (1720-1793), acting on the suggestion of Réaumur, demon-
strated the sexual reproduction of aphids, but it was Lyonnet who discovered that
male aphids appeared towards the end of summer and fertilized the eggs that
wintered over.

Francois Huber (1750-1831), the blind Swiss naturalist, has given us much
interesting information regarding the habits and economy of the honey-bee. It is
said that “out of simple curiosity having undertaken to verify certain experiments
of Réaumur’s he was so completely fascinated by the subject that it became the
object of the rest of his life”? (Legros). He made discoveries respecting the im-
pregnation of the queen, the conversion of a worker-larva into a queen by the

THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

—
for)

workers, the origin and elaboration of wax, the nature of propolis, the manner
of constructing the cells and combs, and the ventilation of the hives. These dis-
coyeries are all the more wonderful when we remember that during the first period
of his investigation Huber employed a half-educated assistant to make the necessary
observations and experiments. During the middle and later periods of his life
his talented wife and his son Pierre acted as his assistants. The latter made
contributions of his own on the habits of ants and bees.

One of the first writers to give more attention to general habits and life
histories than to structure was Réaumur, (1683-1757). His “ Histoire des
Insectes”’ gave a great impetus to the development of the scientific method of
research by observation and experiment, and is one of the great entomological
classics. Réaumur did not possess the manual skill for dissection or drawing
of Lyonnet, Malpighi of Swammerdam, and he had to employ artists to draw for
him. He possessed, however, great patience in observation and displayed much
ingenuity in his experiments. Besides, his pages show a charm of language which
made his volumes popular and gave them a wide reading.

Baron Chas. De Geer (1720-1728) of Sweden, was an anatomist, physiologist,
and systematist, and his great memoirs on the “ History of Insects” (7 volumes)
compare very favorably with those of Réaumur. “A pupil of Linnaeus and a great
admirer of Réaumur, he combined the systematic regularity of the one with the
experimental skill and patient observation of the other.” His works have always
been considered a storehouse of important facts, clear descriptions, and enlightened
observations. They contain “ descriptions of upwards of 1,500 insects, a general
history of their manners and metamorphoses and carefully executed engravings
filling 238 plates.”

Like Réaumur, De Geer was born to wealth, and had immediate command of
everything that could help him in his investigations. Compared with Réaumur
he was more concise and precise in detailing facts and vastly more methodical.
On the other hand he showed less skill in making and recording his observations
and experiments.

GREAT INSECT SYSTEMATISTS.

Aristotle, as I have already observed, may be considered the first systematist,
and his classification remained practically unchanged until the 17th century,
when John Ray (1628-1705) made many important advances, bridging, as it were,
the Medievalist and the modern systems. Ray published: systematic works on
both plants and animals, but his chief contributions were to botany. “He was
the first to define the use of the word “ species” and to lay emphasis on anatomical
characteristics as a basis of classification.” In his Methodus Insectorum the
Arachnida, Crustacea, Myriapoda and Annelida are grouped with the Hexapoda
under Insecta.

According to Ray, all similar individuals which show constant characters from
generation to generation, or which breed true, form a species.

Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) was a compatriot of De Geer. He was essentially
a systematist. Sachs says: “ He might almost be said to have been a classifying,
co-ordinating, and subordinating machine.” It is hard for us to realize the immense .
service Linnaeus did for science by the introduction of some system of order
among the multitude of living things.

Locy says: “The chief services of Linnaeus to natural science consisted of
these three things: bringing into current use the binomial nomenclature, the

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. v7

introduction of terse formulae for descriptions, and fixing attention upon species.”
The “Species Plantarum” published in 1753 and the tenth edition of the
“ Systema Naturae” in 1758 are essentially catalogues of the names of the plants
and animals arranged in a methodical way. The terms, class, order, genus and
species, were established in classification. With the adoption of the binominal
methods, “certainty and precision were introduced into the art of description.”
Linnaeus’ classification of the Insecta is as follows :—
I.—Insects with four wings:
1. The anterior ones horny. . Coleoptera.

1
2. The anterior ones half horny and half membraneous. 2. Hemiptera.
a. All covered with scales.

3. The anterior and posterior membranous. 3. Lepidoptera.

b. All naked. The nervures

* Recticulated. 4. Neuroptera.

** Ramose. 5. Hymenoptera.
II.—Insects with two wings: 6. Diptera.
IiI.—Insects without wings: 7. Aptera.

1. With six feet, louse, flea and some others.

2. With more than six feet.

a. Head connected with thorax (spiders, crabs, etc.).
b. Head free (centipedes, wood-lice, etc.).

His Insecta corresponds, therefore, to our modern Arthropoda.

De Geer’s classification is :—

1—Insects with wings:

A.—Gymnoptera.
1. Lepidoptera.
2. Elingula (Ephemerae, etc.).
3. Neuroptera (Libellulae, and other Linnean Neuroptera).
4. Hymenoptera.
5. Siphonata (Aphides and Cicada).

B.—Vaginata.
6. Dermaptera (bugs and water bugs).
7. Hemiptera (cockroaches and grasshoppers).
8. Coleoptera (beetles).

C.—Diptera.
9. Halterata (Linnaeus Diptera).
10. Proboscidae (the genus Coccus).

‘IIl—Insects without wings. Aptera:

D.—Saltatoria.
11. Suctoria (the genus Culex).

E.—Gressoria.
12. Aucenata (the general Lepisma, Podura, Termes, Pediculus, Recinus).
13. Atrachelia (the spiders and crabs).
14. Crustacea (the Isopoda, Amphipoda, and Myriapoda of Latreille).

Fabricius (1748-1808), a Dane, was born in Schleswig and became a Pro-
fessor at Kiel. His classification, published in his “Systema Entomologiae” in
1775 followed along a new path, the orders being defined by differences in the
mouth-parts. By his system insects far remote were grouped together. His
method of using solitary characters did not make for natural grouping.

His classification is as follows:—

I— INSECTS WITH BITING MOUTHS.

A.—Two pairs of mandibles.
a. The lower ones having palpi.
1. Free without covering. 1. Class. Eleutherata (beetles).
- 2. Covered. 2: Ly Ulonata (Orthoptera).
3. Connate with labium. 3. i? Synistata (Neuroptera).
4. Distended, thin, coriaceous. 4 a Piegata (Hymenoptera).

%8 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

I

5. Horny, strongly toothed, labium 5. Class. Odonata (Libellulae).
without palpi.
6. All without palpi. 6. ¢ Mitosata (Scolopendra).
B—A pair of maxillae resembling scis- 7 ? Unogata (scorpions and

sors. spiders).
C.—More than two pair of maxillae.

1. Within the labium. 8. ef Polygonata (Isopoda).
2. Outside the lip closing the mouth. 9. sf Kleistognatha (short-tailed
crabs).
8. Clutside the lip but covered by NOs Bees Exochnata (long-tailed crabs).
the palpi.

IIl.—InNSECTS witH SuctTorrAL MOouTHS.

1. In the mouth a spiral tongue. 11. Class. Glossata (Lepidoptera).

2. In the mouth a horny proboscis, Ue es Rhyngota (Hemiptera).
surrounded by jointed sheaths.

8. In the mouths a soft unjointed ph eee eo Antiliata (Diptera).
proboscis.

Summarizing the results briefly one may say that Swammerdam based his
classification on metamorphosis, Linnaeus on wings, and Fabricius on mouth-parts.

As already observed the classifications of Linnaeus, De Geer, and Fabricius
were based chiefly upon superficial features and not upon deep fundamental
characters. The systems were artificial, but convenient for purposes of identi-
fication. The natural system was not fully established for another seventy-
five years, and was elaborated by Cuvier (1769-1832), Latreille, Lamarck, Leach, —
Kirby and Spence, Oken and Macleay. The division Aptera had long perplexed
systematists. Cuvier proved clearly that the crabs, etc., could not be retained
among insects, forming the class Crustacea for them.*

Lamarck removed the spiders, scorpions, ete., constituting the class Arachnida
for them, including therein the mites, centipedes, springtails and lice. Latreille,**
however, formed the class Myriapoda for the centipedes, the order Thysanura for
the springtails and the order Parasita for the lice.

Latreille’s ordinal classification is as follows :—

I—Apiropoda. Condylopes with more than six legs.
1. Class. Crustacea.
226 SArachnides:
oe cs Myriapoda.
Il—Hexapoda. Condylopes with six legs.
4. Class. Insecta.
- A.—Insects without wings.
a. Without metamorphosis.

* With mandibulate organs. 1. Order. Thysanura.
** With suctorial mouths. 2. Ud Parasita. :
b. With perfect metamorphosis. 3 Ss Siphonaptera.
B.—Insects with wings.
a. Elytroptera. The anterior wing covers
the posterior like a sheath.
* Mandibulate mouth. Cases horny.
Perfect metamorphosis 4. r Coleoptera.
Cases horny, imperfect metamorphosis. 5 e Dermaptera the
genus.
Cases coriaceous. Imperfect 6. y Orthoptera.
metamorphosis. :
** Suctorial mouth. Ue re ‘Hemiptera.

b. Gymnoptera. Wings alike.
* Four wings.

*It will be recalled that Aristotle separated the Crustacea from the insects as a
separate class (Malacostraca).

**Leach first used the term Myriapoda for centipedes and millipedes.

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19
a SE a i ea ia as i a ee ee

+ Mandibulate oral organs at least
distinct mandibles.

Wings with reticulated nervures. 8. Order. Neuroptera.
Wings with ramose nervures. 9, Hymenoptera.
++ Suctorial mouth. Mandibles abortive. 10. £ Lepidoptera.
** Two wings.
+ Two distorted moveable a on ae Ue Strepsiptera.
the prothorax.
+7 Poisers behind the wings. Ae e Diptera.

Kirby and Spence’s Classification (Introduction) is as follows :—

I—Insects with mandibles. Mandibulata.
Order. Coleoptera (like Linnaeus and Latreille. Eleutherata, Fab.).

$ Strepsiptera, Kirb. (Rhiphiptera, Latr.)
i Dermaptera, Leach (Family Forficula, Latr.).
Orthoptera (like Latreille, but without Forficula).
i Neuroptera (like Linnaeus and Latreille, but without the Trichoptera).
ke Hymenoptera (like Linnaeus and Latreille).
11.—Insects with suctorial mouths. Haustellata.

7. Order. Hemiptera (like Linnaeus and Latreille).

POU 99 bo pt

8. “f Trichoptera (Leach).

9. os Lepidoptera (Linnaeus and Latreille).

10. as Diptera (like Linnaeus and Latreille).

a 5 S Aphaniptera, Kirby (Suctoria, Latr.).

12. ef Aptera (all apterous insects breathing through tracheae).

* Hexapoda (Ametabola, Leach, Thysanura, Parasita Latr.).
** Octopoda (Arachnides, Tracheales, Latr.).
*** Polypoda (Myriapoda, Leach, Latr.).

We will note that in the Aptera are included the hexapod spring-tails and
lice, the octopod mites, and the polypod centipedes.
McLeay’s Classification (Horae Entomologicae, 1821) is as follows :-—

ANNULOSA:
1. Crustacea (according to Latreille).
2. Arachnida (according to Latreille).
3. Ametabola (Myriapoda, Thysanura, Parasita of Latreille).
4. Haustellata.
5. Mandibulata.

Ptilota.
Mandibulata Haustellata.
Larvae with feet, pupae obtectae.
Trichoptera Lepidoptera

(Semblodes, Phryganea, etc.)
Larvae apods, pupae exaratae.

Hymenoptera Diptera

Larvae varying, pupae free and quiet
Coleoptera Aptera (Suctoria, Latr.).
Metamorphosis semi-complete, Larvae resembling the imago.
Orthoptera Hemiptera
? (Hemip. Heteroptera, Lat.).
Larvae with six feet, metamorphosis varying.
Neuroptera Homoptera

(Hemip. Homopt. Latr.).

Tue Srupy or ParAsiTIsM AND NATURAL METHOD OF CONTROL.

From early times students of insect life have observed that sometimes from
caterpillars and their chrysalids there emerge insects that are different from them
and that often cause-their death. According to Silvestri, Aldrovandi (1602) was
the first to observe the exit to the larve of Apanteles glomeratus, which he
thought were eggs, from the common cabbage caterpillar. Later, Redi (1668)
recorded the same observation, and others on insects of different species.

Valisnieri (1661-1730) was probably the first to discover the real nature of

80. THE REPORT OF THE : No. 36

parasitism. About the nature and work of these parasites he wrote, “ If sometimes
there are born, (from one insect different ones) they are what I should call false
individuals, being born from a different kind of worms which have been deposited
there by their mothers, so that they may feed off the real native worm. This is
a law ordained in this base world by the Supreme Creator which I have not yet
well understood, that the larger always devours the smaller, and is its tyrant,
a law which I have constantly observed in all forms of life, winged, four-footed,
and aquatic.”

Cestoni, a contemporary of Valisnieri, in a letter to him speaks at length
about the parasites of Aphis brassicae, Pieris brassicae, and finally of Aleyrodes
brassicae. He calls the insects of this latter species first “ butterfly atoms” and
then “little cabbage sheep ” and their parasites, “ wolf-mosquito.”

Réaumur, about 1735, and De Geer about 1760, published records of many
parasitic forms. About the beginning of the 19th century considerable attention
was given to the study of insect parasites by several Zoologists, and many records
were published. Ratzeburg’s great work on “The Ichneumons of Forest Insects,”
published about 1850, was for a long time the great classic on the subject. During
the last part of the 19th century entomologists of many countries made important
contributions so that by the end of the century the literature on the subject was
quite voluminous.

Professor Trotter tells us that the first person to divine the importance of
parasitism and to apply the principle successfully was Boisgiraud of Poictiers in
France. About 1840 he freed the poplars in the suburbs of his town of Gypsy
Moth by placing there Calosoma sycophanta, and he destroyed forficulids in his
own garden by using Staphylinus oleus.

These successes seem to have inspired the Milanese in 1843 to offer a medal
to be given in 1845 to any person who had in the meantime conducted successful
experiments in the artificial breeding of carnivorous insects which may be used
advantageously to destroy insects injurious to agriculture. To this appeal Antonio
Villa responded in 1844 by a pamphlet entitled: “Carnivorous Insects used to
destroy Species Injurious to Agriculture,” in which are set forth at length the
results of successful experiments carried on by him at Desio in the Province of
Milan. In these experiments Carabids and Staphylinids were used. Villa’s results
were criticized by Bassi, Bellani, and Ratzeburg. The latter said that “ Carni-
vorous insects can be applied to the needs of agriculture only by the beneficent
hand of nature and that every effort to assist it must be in vain.”

Rondani, a few years later in the sixties, made important studies of insect
parasites, chiefly dipterous and hymenoperous forms. In his “ Account of
Parasitic Insects and their Victims” he shows the importance of these insects
in agriculture, and gives a table of parasites known as enemies of injurious insects.

In France, Perris and Decaux carried on valuable experimental work with
parasites and predaceous insects in the early seventies.

From that time the U.S. have taken the lead, not only in the study of
parasitism but also in economic entomology.

REFERENCES. ;
Burmeister). Hy nieces Manual of Entomology, trans. by Shuckard ........ 1836
Greene, “Hy. ol. weve ieee Carolus Linnaeus, ©. Sower <& Coy cence ieee 1912
BMennegty Tse emer Les Insectes, Masson &' @0.3..<icn. soeisaie eee 1904
DATGING Wass sacons erence The Naturalist’s, Library... a0-coeeee eee 1852-3
Kirby and Spence ...... Introduction’ to Emtomolesy <2... sceneries 1826

Locy:, We At ee eee Biology and: its. Makers; Holt *@\Co. 4. +e teen 1908

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81

CUE SDS) 6 eee eee The Bistory.o. Biolosy,) Putnam © 2.5 2. 5 2% wed e ns ecw 1911
Maall and Denny.:....... THEECOCKTOACH, HeCVe: & CO: Flees sent eee ieee 1886
PT her yeeee ccc cne Experiments on the Generation of Insects, trans. by
E M.. Biselow, Oper .Court Fub. Co_-...... -. 5-2 s< 1909
SweainMmerdam |... ..7.. 2+. History of Insects, trans. by Thos Floyd & Hill .... 1758
SLES ie eg re A Survey of the Actual State of Agricultural Entomo-
toe yin thes United. Siatesi=..\..-\aels)ssiea tin ete 1909
UEP TS TT id. i rr The Science of Life, Blackie & Son .....:...-s«0.0.- 1899
Menpweod, J..O. ......... An Introduction to the Modern Clas:ification of
ENSECESs #2 WOIS Pests cscs hob eae en Ee 2 eee eee 1839
Article “ Entomology ” in Encyclopedia Britannica,
NS OG Feta wea isin ore cia ote Seed rae 5 a ght rea aes
THE PEAR PSYLLA IN ONTARIO. :

W. A. Ross, Dominion Entomoxocican Laporatory, VINELAND STATION.

The following paper is based largely on insectary and orchard investigations
which were conducted at the Dominion Entomological Laboratory at Vineland
Station, Ontario, in 1917 and 1918. Im the insectary the psylla was bred on
pear seedlings grown in flower pots and covered with lantern chimneys.

History AND DistTRIBUTION.

Ii is believed that the pear psylla (Psylla pyricola) was first introduced into
North America in 1832 on pear trees imported into Connecticut from Europe.
According to Slingerland and Crosby,* the insect is now generally distributed
over the Eastern United States as far south as Virginia, and it also occurs in
California.

It was first discovered in Canada in 1894 at Freeman, Ont., at which-place
it was found seriously injuring a block of three hundred Dwarf Duchess pear
trees. Since then it has been recorded from other parts of Ontario, from Nova
‘Scotia, and from British Columbia. Professor Lochhead informs me it has never
been taken in Quebec.

In British Columbia, according to Mr. R. C. Treherne of the Dominion
Entomological Branch, the psylla is present only in the lower Kootenay country
where it was first observed in the spring of 1917. As the B.C. form occurs only
on apple and as it differs slightly from its Eastern fellow, there is room for doubt,
in my mind at least, as to its being P. pyricola.

Professor W. H. Brittain, Provincial Entomologist for Nova Scotia, informs
me that in that province the pear psylla is injurious in some years and in other
years it is very little in evidence.

In Ontario the insect has been taken in the counties bordering Lake Erie
and Lake Ontario as far East as Trenton. However, outside of the Niagara and
Burlington districts (where it is only too’ frequently very destructive), it is of
comparatively little importance.

_ Our observations indicate that, in this province at least, the psylla is primarily
a pest of the large orchard or of sheltered orchards. For reasons at present not
clear to us, conditions in small plantings do not seem to be favorable for its rapid
multiplication and in such places it seldom attains destructive proportions.

*Manual of Fruit Insects.
6-E.

THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

82
NATURE OF INJURY.

The psylla causes injury by extracting with its sucking mouth-parts the’ sap
from the leaves, leaf petioles, fruit stems, and tender wood on which it feeds.
On badly infested trees, the continual sapping of the life juices by myriads of
insects robs the tree of vitality, dwarfs the fruit, produces brown, dead areas on
the leaves (Fig. 14) and, in extreme cases, causes the foliage to drop prematurely.

Trees seriously weakened by this pest are especially susceptible to winter injury
and in a hard winter like that of 1917-18 readily succumb to low temperatures.

Large quantities of a sweet sticky liquid called honey-dew are excreted by the
psyllas, and on attacked trees the foliage, fruit, twigs and branches may be covered
with this sticky material and with a sooty fungus which grows in it. (Fig. 15).
This coating of honeydew and sooty fungus not only makes the trees and fruit
very unsightly but it is very probable that it is also detrimental to the physiological]
functions of the leaves.

§
fi
EB
Fi

heer

Fig. 14.—Leaf injury caused by Fig. 15—Leaves showing honey-dew fungus and
pear psylla. nymphs.

Lire History.

Summary.

The winter is passed in the adult stage. The adults hibernate under the rough
bark on the trunks and main limbs, and under grass, leaves and rubbish near the-
infested pear trees. In late March or early April the insects leave their winter
quarters, congregate on the twigs and fruit spurs and in a short time, provided
the weather remains propitious, commence to lay eggs. Oviposition may continue
until about the time the petals drop; however, the vast majority of the eggs are
laid by the time the fruit buds have burst. The eggs are deposited on the twigs,
fruit spurs and smaller branches, chiefly on the under surface. They commence
to hatch when the fruit buds are beginning to break, and nearly all have hatched

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83

by the time the petals drop. The period of incubation varies, according to the
temperature, from 8 to 32 days, the average being about three weeks. The newly
hatched nymphs migrate to the opening buds where they feed chiefly on the
petioles and blossom stems. They grow’ rapidly and after moulting five times
reach the adult stage in about one month. This first brood is then succeeded
by three other broods, and the life cycle is finally completed in the fall by the
appearance of the winter adults—the hibernating forms.

Tue Kaa.

Description: The egg (Fig. 18) is sub-oval, blunt at the base and pointed at
the apex. In colour it is creamy or pale yellowish with orange at the base. In
length it varies from .315 mm. to .340 mm.

The egg is attached to leaf or bark by a short stalk projecting from near
the basal end, and at the apex there is a long hair-like filament.

>

Fig. 16—Showing eggs along Fig. 17.—First generation eggs laid on bark.
midrib of leaf. (Much enlarged.) (Much enlarged.)

Location of Eggs: The overwintering females deposit their eggs on the twigs,
fruit spurs and smaller branches, chiefly on the under surface. (Fig. 16). After
the buds have burst, belated females may be found laying their eggs on the young
leaves.

The eggs of the summer forms are laid principally on the leaves, singly or
in clusters, along the midrib (Fig. 17). They also may be found on the leaf
petioles and shoots.

Period of Incubation: In the case of first generation eggs, i.e., eggs laid by
overwintering females, the period of incubation was determined in 1917 from a
study of 21 batches of eggs deposited at various dates from April 14th to June 9th.
The average period was about 20 days, the maximum and minimum being respec-
tively 32 and 8 days. The average duration of the egg stage in April was 26 days,
in May 19 days, and in early June 11 days. (See Table No. 1).

84 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

TABLE No. 1.

Duration of Incubation of 1st Generation Eggs.

Year.
Date of Number of | Maximum Minimum Average
Deposition. Lots. Duration. Duration. Duration.
| Days Days Days
TOU .kg cde cece April 14-22... 8 32 23 26
NOU To ace Sete oe eee May 2-29..... 9 28 ; ib ‘ 19
1917... oe eee June 3-9...... 4 13 8 eee os Gh

In experiments with 40 lots of 2nd, 3rd and 4th generation eggs, the average
duration of the egg stage proved to be 1144 days in June, 7% days in July, 10
days in August, and 1214 days in September. (See Table No. 2).

TABLE No. 2.

Duration of Incubation of 2nd, 3rd and 4th Generation Eggs.

Year. :
| Beta, | seen. tg | eaten reece

| | Days Days. Days
(917) ooeee eet June 19-29.., 2nd 5 15 11
1918... eee June 8-12... “2nd | 8 14 10 12
Average soe csasce June 8-29.. 2nd 8 | 15 8 113
1997 223 eee July 3-81..| 2nd, 3rd 10 12 4 7
LOLS 2. Noes July 9-26,.| 2nd, 3rd 5 10 6 8
AVOYAEE soos ot July 3-31.) 2nd: 3rd 15 12 4 7k
LONTE coche teen Aug. 3-27..| 2nd, 3rd 10 15 6 10
SES: x ctees Aug. 15-26..| 3rd, 4th 3 vt 9 10
ANGTASC:. pecan Aug. 3-27..|2nd, 3rd, 4th! 13 15 6 10
a) yA Pea Sept. 5. ok) ard 1 commie 12 13
HIB otis. te Sept. 1t7e_ thea | anaes 23 6 12
Average ......... Sept. 1-17..) 3rd, 4th 4? 23 Ger 198

le

1919 _ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85

Toe Nympnu.

Description: 1st instar. Oval and very flat in shape. Antennae translucent
with dusky tips. Eyes reddish. Head pale yellow with a narrow median line of
cream. Thorax pale yellow. Abdomen yellowish with lunule of deep orange.
Legs translucent, dusky tarsi. Length .36 mm.

2nd instar. Similar to the Ist. Length .54 mm.

érd instar. Similar to the 1st. Wing-pads apparent. Length .72 mm. to
8 mm.

4th instar. Similar to the 5th. Length .9 mm. to 1.08 mm.

5th instar. Oval and very flat in shape. Antennae light brown with dark
browu tips. Eyes reddish. Head dark brown with a longitudinal median line
of creamy grey. Thorax creamy grey blotched with red, with dark brown markings
arranged as in illustration; wing-pads dark brown. Abdomen: anterior third
creamy grey with three dark brown transverse bands interrupted in the middle,
posterior two-thirds dark brown. Length 1.44 to 1.62 mm. (Fig. 18).

Fig. 18. ‘a” Egg; “bd” Various stages of
psylla nymphs. (All muea enlarged.)

Habits: Upon hatching out in the spring, the nymphs of the first generation
migrate to the opening buds where they feed principally on the leaf petioles and
blossom stems. The nymphs of the later generations are found chiefly on the
upper and under side of the foliage. They also occur to some extent on the
tender wood, especially in the fall.

The nymphs secrete copious quantities of honeydew, and, as a general rule,
are enveloped by this liquid. According to our observations, the nymphs of the
first generation secrete less honeydew than those of the succeeding broods.

Molting: The nymph molts five times, attaining the adult stage after the
fifth molt. In experiments with 39 individuals the average duration of each
instar was: Ist instar 6 days: 2nd instar 6 days; 3rd instar 6 days; 4th instar
6 days; 5th instar 8 days.

Length of Nymphal Life: In experiments conducted: with 192 individuals
of the Ist generation, the duration of the nymphal stage varied from 20 to 35 days
with an average of 28 days. ;

86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

Further data on the duration of the nymphal stage of summer and winter
forms are presented in Tables No. 3 and 4.

TABLE No. 3.

Length of Nymphal Life of Summer Forms.

Year.

| Duration. -
Piste, | Comratin | a ae [ae
days days days
YSN «5.2 te eae ee ee May 11-31... Ist 71 35 24 30
|) Ree Aa ines Stereo June 5-30...| Ist, 2nd 40 24 19 ra
ASNS cnats ok pahaess ae June 18-24... 2nd 10 27 21 254
A VOEAZE crcicidonn tesa astern June 5-380 tet 2nd 50 27 19 23
Sk SERRE oe SE ‘July 3-30...) 2nd 143 25) sk Sal < 17
LOLS Es oie. ctisre ote ictetn ete wee July 26-29... 3rd 8 27 12 224
IAYRTASES 5c srsle le weiss Atisenabrae July 3-30...) 2nd, 3rd 151 27 it 20
EO Tixctos ale ch dns ial pore Aug. 4-5.... 2nd api 27 19 23
i 7
TABLE No. 4.
Length of Nymphal Life of Overwintering Forms.
ee Date of Ganeration Number of Duration.
Hatching. * | Individuals. Mare. Min. heen
days days days
OL Tejonc;o mx aeteisee See ene Aug. 19 soca: 2nd 6 26 21 23%
MOM Hees siaye Su siote ee epee eee Aug. 1-30... 3rd 22 55 29 38
EVN, Neen ihetie Re SRE Co Aug. 26-81...) 4th 1 51 30 43
AVCTALRE cfu hiss. don Oeste Aug. 1-31...| 3rd, 4th 33 55 29 403
i its dares heise ae tteted Sept. 1-8.... 3rd 5 61 51 58

4
THe SuMMER ADULT.

The summer adult commences to appear a short time after the pear blossoms
fall, and from then until early autumn it is always present.

Description: The adult (Fig. 18) is a tiny four-winged insect bearing a
striking resemblance to a Cicada in miniature. The transparent wings slope roof-
like over the abdomen, and the legs are adapted for jumping. The differences
in the external appearance of the male and female are shown in Fig. 21. The
female is about 2 mm. in length and the male about 1.8 mm.

i

(o.6)
~

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Colour notes: Predominating colour red. Antennae yellowish. brown: 1, 11
reddish ; tips black. Head crimson, mesal suture and a spot on either side black.
Eyes dark red. Thorax crimson with black markings. Abdomen crimson with
five black transverse bands. Legs pale yellowish brown. Front wings faintly
clouded with yellow, veins pale yellowish brown, hind wings transparent.

P Mating Habits: The female mates several times, and the male is polygamous.

_ In copulating, the male gets along side the female on her right side, lifts
his left wing to some extent, grasps the upper genital plate with his claspers and
inserts the penis.

Preoviposition Period of Female: The average preoviposition period of con-
fined females was 4 days in 1917 and 6 days in 1918, the minimum and maximum
for both seasons being 3 days and 9 days respectively.

Reproductive Capacity of Female: According to our observations, one female
may lay from 1 to 61 eggs per day.

Fig. 20—Abdomen of “a”
Fig. 19.—Adult pear psylla. male, and “0b” female pear
(Much enlarged.) psylla. (Much enlarged.)

In our experiments the maximum production per insect was 695 eggs and
the minimum 65 eggs. (See Table No. 5).

TABLE No. 5.

Showing Comparative Reproductive Capacity of Summer and Overwintering Females.

Seu | Generation sepia ae | Egg Laying sake Peis

| (Summer). | aoe Period.
Max. Min. Aver.
Begme feet ks... Resist _.| ) olnmeaetee ek ee | ae | ee
METS eRe Ae ls sae Ist 5 June 7—July 25. 695 459 625
Gia po 5 Ist 12 Fane 7—Aug. 14. 695 . 427 582
2 Ufo Soop One Een 2nd 10 July 23—Sept. 4. 684 65 343
_. J oy SASS 2nd 5 July 18—Sept.10. 636 258 456
tS ee | 2nd 15 July 18—Sept.10. 684 65 399
Meee tot.y...| Srd 5 |Aug. 15—Oct. 5. 285 86 | _ 199

|

UDIS) Se ea eee | Winter 4 Aprill2—June 13. 448 121 279
}

8 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

Ce

Reproductive Period of Female: The average reproductive period of 17 females
in 191% was about 30 days and in 1918 with 15 individuals it was 36 days, the
maximum and minimum for both seasons being respectively 63 days and 16 days.

Length of Adult Life: Our observations indicate that the average length of
life of the male is about 5 weeks and that of the female a few days longer.

THE OVERWINTERING ADULT.

Description: The overwintering adult can be readily distinguished from the
summer adult by its larger size, darker coloration, and by its transparent front
wings. The predominating colour of this form is black or dark brown. The female
is about 2.43 mm. in length and the male about 2.16 mm.

Habits: In September, with the coming of autumn, the overwintering forms
commence to appear, and their production is continued until the close of the
season. They feed to some extent but do not mate or lay eggs. During the
winter they hibernate chiefly beneath the rough bark of the trunks and main
limbs and also under grass, leaves and rubbish near the infested pear trees. In
late March of early April, with the coming of warmer weather, they leave their
winter quarters, congregate on the twigs and fruit spurs chiefly in the lower
central portions of the trees, and in a short time, provided the weather remains
propitious, they mate and commence to lay eggs. They die off rapidly in spring,
and by the time the fruit buds have burst comparatively few of them are left
on the trees. A few stragglers survive until after the blossoms have fallen.

Egg Laying Period: The females usually commence to oviposit early in April,
and, by the time the fruit buds have burst, most of the eggs-have been laid. Belated
individuals continue to oviposit up to the falling of the petals in late May or
early June.

Reproductive Capacity of Female: In an experiment with 4 couples, the egg
production per female varied from 121 eggs to 448 eggs, with an average of 279
egos. Each female laid from 1 egg to 48 eggs per day.

NUMBER OF GENERATIONS.

In our insectary studies we obtained a maximum of four from the earliest
laid eggs and a minimum of two generations from the last laid eggs. This would
indicate, at least theoretically, that in the Niagara district there are two complete
eenerations, a very large third generation and a small fourth generation.

CoNTROL.
Natural Control.

Several species of insects, notably ladybird beetles, attack the psylla and check
its rapid multiplication to some extent. Jlowever, undoubtedly the most impor-
tant control agency afforded by nature is the weather. Our observations indicate
that protracted periods of cold, wet weather in spring may be disastrous to the
eggs and newly hatched young. . Hodgkiss records the destruction of hibernating
forms in spring by ice storms, heavy washing rains, and sudden changes in tem-
perature. Professor Brittain, in a letter dated September 23rd 1918, reports a
great diminution of the psylla in Nova Scotia, which he thinks was caused by the
hard winter of 1917-18. Long spells of hot, dry weather also appear to be fatal
to many psyllas chiefly, we think, because such weather renders much of the
foliage hard and dry and therefore unsuitable for the development of nymphs.

:
4
.

1919 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89

ARTIFICIAL CONTROL.

The fact that a combination of the delayed dormant spray of lime sulphur
and the post blossom application of nicotine extract will control the psylla was
demonstrated this year in a twelve-acre orchard of Bartlett, Duchess, Anjou and
Flemish Beauty pears near Beamsville. This orchard had been subject to serious
psylla injury for a number of years and last year it was very heavily infested.
This spring myriads of hibernating adults were found in it on the twigs and
' branches and a very large deposition of eggs was made.

The dormant spray of lime sulphur (winter strength) was delayed until
shortly before the blossoms opened (Fig. 21) and it was then applied with great
thoroughness, care being taken to coat every part of the tree. At this stage, the

Fig. 22—Blossoms fallen: time of second
application.
Fig. 21—Showing stage of fruit
bud development at the time
of first application.

had hatched. After the blossoms fell (Fig. 22), the trees were again thoroughly
sprayed with lime sulphur and arsenate of lead (for scab and codling worm) and
Black Leaf 40, 34 pt. to 80 gals. of spray mixture, the latter of course being
added to destroy the psylla nymphs. At this stage an ddd winter adult and a very
few belated eggs were still present on the trees.

Results: About two weeks after the delayed dormant spray was applied, an
examination of the orchard was made and it was observed that although the vast
bulk of the eggs and recently hatched nymphs had been destroyed, too many
vymphs were still present. In other words, we found that the spray for the eggs
would not by itself give us satisfactory control. The orchard was frequently
inspected after the post blossom application and up to the time the Flemish
Beauty pears were picked the trees were found to be practically free of psylla.
Early in July, we examined trees situated in different parts of the orchard and
on as much of the tree as could be conveniently looked over, we found from two

vast majority of the eggs had been deposited and many of the earliest laid eggs

90 « THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

to nine psyllas per tree. At the end of August, the orchard was still practically
free of psylla, the foilage was abundant and healthy green in colour, whereas in
our check orchard the trees were heavily infested, all the foliage was spotted with
brown and some of it was dead. The last examination of the treated orchard
was made in late October and rather to our surprise, we found that the insect
had increased to quite an extent and that the winter adults were fairly common.

Conclusions: Our results this year show that although the two applications
will not eradicate the psylla, they will reduce it to insignificant proportions. To
obtain absolute control, it seems to us in the hght of our present knowledge, that
it would be necessary to spray with nicotine extract two to three weeks after the
calyx application in order to destroy the nymphs derived from belated eggs.

Pror. Parrott: Pear Psylla is next to Blight the worst pest we have to
contend with in the upkeep of our pear plantings, and the experience of Mr. Ross
in the control of the insect resembles a great many of our experiences. Control
varies with seasonal conditions, and the numbers of females that hang over to
take part in the spring oviposition. It takes two sprays to give good commercial
control. A great many experiments have been carried on both by the Station and
by spraying experts and some years results have been almost perfect and in other
years or in other experiments the results have not been so satisfactory.

Mr. Ross: I should like to ask Prof. Parrott if he can explain why the Pear
Psylla never seems to be troublesome in small plantings.

Pror. Parrorr: I cannot explain it any more than I can understand why
roadside trees are so free from it. J think it likes sheltered, and undisturbed
areas in an orchard. As to what influences it I do not know.

CONTROL OF THE APPLE MAGGOT.
L. Cazsar AND W. A. ‘Ross.

A full account of all our tests of control measures against the Apple Maggot
would require too long an article; hence we shall give only the outstanding points
of interest and value.

In 1911 and 1912 the destruction of the fallen fruit was tested in a small,
isolated, badly infested orchard, and gave fairly satisfactory results, but the labor
involved was so great that it was seen that not many fruit growers could or would
adopt the method and in many cases live stock could not be used for the purpose.

In 1913 we tried sweetened poison sprays on individual trees or groups of
trees in the orchards and found that though the number of infested fruits compared
with those on some of the checks was lessened yet the results were not satisfactory.

In 1914 believing that a larger continuous area should be sprayed we gave
two applications of arsenate of lead and molasses to a 25 acre orchard at Mountain
and left a narrow strip of about 2 acres along the east side as a check. Both check
and sprayed portion had been badly infested the previous year and much of the
fruit had been left on the ground.

Resutt: In the whole orchard, after an examination in September by both
writers, less than a dozen infested apples were found. This no doubt would look
like a case of natural control and in no way due to spraying; but such was not
the case, because examination of the trees soon after the first application and
again during the second showed that, though the flies were not abundant yet

-

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91

sufficient were present to have punctured numerous apples even though the per-
centage thus injured might not have been high. Moreover, the season was very
dry and the owner had sprayed the whole orchard, check and all, very heavily
for Codling Moth. Much of this spray was still on the check trees at the time
of the first application to the rest of the orchard. This together with the narrow
width of the check strip and its closeness to the sprayed trees was sufficient to
account for the destruction of the flies on the check.

In 1915 we sprayed a small orchard in Simcoe village, near which were other
infested trees. ‘The season was wet and seven applications were given, but in
spite of these approximately 60 per cent. of the Tolmans, 20 per cent. of the
Snows and 15 per cent of the Spies were punctured. These results showed that
one could not hope to control the pest by spraying in a town Without treating
all trees for many rods on every side: especially would this be true if there were
high winds to help in the dispersal of the insects.

We also sprayed in 1915 all of a small, isolated orchard at Villa Nova, which
had been badly infested the previous year and most of the fruit of which had
been left on the ground.

Resuttr: Though the crop was yery light, thus making it harder to protect,
and though only two applications were given, which certainly were not sufficient
for so wet a season, approximately only 12 per cent. of the fruit was infested;
which was very encouraging.

In 1916 we sprayed with the sweetened poison two adjoining orchards on

one side of the road at Lyn, near Brockville, and left another orchard about twenty-

five rods away as a check. There was a hedge and also a house and barn situated
between this orchard and the sprayed ones. On the opposite side of the road we
sprayed a third orchard and left a check adjoining it and in the same direction
as the other check. Two sprays were given. Many flies were seen in the sprayed
orchards after the first spray and some during it.

Resutt: The two first-mentioned orchards had 95 per cent. or more of the
fruit, including such susceptible varieties as Tolman, Wealthy and Snow, free from
punctures, though most of the fruit the previous year had been so badly infested
it was left on the ground to rot. The orchard on the opposite side of the road
was not so clean, some of the Tolmans having as high as 25 per cent. of punctured
apples, though most of these apples had only one or two punctures. The check
orchards on both sides of the road showed: that the Tolman, Snow, Wealthy
and St. Lawrence, had from 75 per cent. to 95 per cent. of punctured apples, most
of the apples having many punctures.

In 1917 we sprayed these same three orchards again, and to protect the one
in which the results had not been quite satisfactory we sprayed a buffer area of
about fifteen rods between it and the check.

Resutt: No punctures were found even on Snow, Alexander or Tolman,
in the orchard farthest from the check. In the second orchard on this side
of the road punctures were found on only one tree in the extreme north corner.
The third orchard, the one on which there had been 25 per cent. of punctured

- Tolmans the previous year, was this year almost totally free from punctures, less

than two score being found in the whole orchard. In the check orchards Snow,
Wealthy and St. Lawrence and a heavily laden wild apple tree had almost every
apple punctured. There was practically no crop on the Tolmans in the check
orchard this year.

In this same year (1917) we also sprayed a small, old orchard north of Trenton,

#

92 THE REPORT OF THE No. 3S

which had been badly infested the previous year. The results here, too, were very
satisfactory, only a very few apples being punctured, and nearly all of these on
trees situated at some distance from the main orchard and near two trees that
had received only one partial spraying.

In the fall of 1917 we found-the worst infested apple orchard that we had
yet seen. It consisted of nearly three hundred trees, including Snow, Wealthy,
Tolman, Belleflower, Ben Davis and half a dozen other varieties. There had been
a good crop, which if clean should have been worth $1,000 at least, but every apple
that we could find on any variety was punctured by the insect and nearly all of
them so badly punctured as to be conspicuously deformed. We therefore decided
to make this orchard our final test. In 1918 it was given the regular sprayings
for Apple Scab and Codling Moth, and then two extra fairly heavy applications
for the Apple Maggot, the first of these being on the 12th and 18th of July and
the next the first week in August. Orchards close by were sprayed to act as buffer
orchards.

Resutts: The whole orchard was beautifully free from Scab and Codling |
Moth, and the effect upon the Apple Maggot was a clear demonstration of the
power of poison sprays to control this pest ; for instead of 100 per cent. of punctured
fruit there was less than 5 per cent. Apple buyers, fruit growers and everybody
who visited the orchard this year and had seen it last year were convinced that
our method was as nearly perfect as anyone could hope for. There is no doubt at
all that without the spraying the crop would have been ruined by the Apple Maggot,
for one of the writers visited the orchard every few days from the time the flies
began to emerge up to the end of July, and saw that they were very abundant.

It was no trouble to capture twenty or more on.a single tree in an hour even without
a net. Moreover, a neighbouring orchard used as.a check but so situated as not
to endanger our test orchard was also visited frequently to see how many flies were
present. (This orchard had not been badly infested the previous year and. the fruit
on it had been sold.) Eight or ten flies was the largest number seen on any one day;
yet at the end of the season the Snows, Wealthy, Ben Davis and Phoenix in this
orchard had 75 per cent. of the fruit infested, in fact so bad was the fruit that the
chief apple buyer of the district, who had bought the fruit on the test orchard,
absolutely refused to buy the crop on the check, declaring that it was worthless.
It may be of value to note that though so many flies were seen in the sprayed
orchard yet at no time were they observed copulating or ovipositing, whereas in| ~~
the check orchard oviposition was observed on several occasions and egg punctures :
could be readily found before the end of July. No egg punctures were visible in
the sprayed orchard at this date or at the time of fe second spraying, all having ;
evidently been made much later.

i }
ee ee

CONCLUSIONS.

The results of our field tests conducted in various parts of Ontario and spread
over five consecutive years and corroborated by laboratory tests justify us, we believe,
in stating con fidently that the Apple Maggot can be nc controlled in: apple
orchards by spraying.

The first application should be given just before or as the adults begin to
emerge, which in the south-western part of the Province is about the last week in
June, and in the parts with a somewhat colder climate such as Guelph, Stratford
and the district all along Lake Ontario, about the first week of July, and in the

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93

still colder parts such as Ottawa and the St. Lawrence River valley about the second
week in July. :

The second application should be made when the first has begun to disappear
or usually in from two to three weeks. In wet seasons like the summer of 1915,
a third application about ten days after the second will be necessary. Two years
should almost completely destroy the insect in any orchard provided that infested
orchards are not situated close by. In such case every effort should be made to
have these treated also.

In all orchards every tree whether bearing fruit or a should be sprayed,
because the adults often frequent such trees until egg laying begins.

As to the mixture to use, in 1914, 1915, and 1916 we used molasses along with
arsenate of lead, but in 1917 and 1918 omitted the molasses and fornd that the
results were equally good. This is fortunate, for molasses tends to cause the spray
to wash off more quickly, sometimes burns the foliage, adds to the cost, and may
cause complaints from beekeepers, though these complaints are not justified. We
therefore recommend the use of from two to three pounds of the paste form or one
to one and a half pounds of the powder form of arsenate of lead to forty gallons
of water. We believe that heavy rather than light applications of the mixture
should be made, especially if only two are given, because adults continue to emerge
for a period of six weeks or more, and so the poison must remain on the trees to
kill them before they can lay their eggs. Heavy applications remain on longer
than light.

OUR GARDEN SLUGS.
Gro. MAHEUX, QUEBEC.

It is only during about the past thirty years that the Mollusks of the Province
of Quebec have attracted the attention of naturalists and have been the object
of their studies. As long as they remained inoffensive, or nearly so, they were
objects of interest only to amateurs, on account of their strange forms, some pre-
senting the richest of garments, of admirable color and composition, while others are
of a viscous and almost repulsive nakedness. The day these Mollusca Gasteropoda
came to feed in our vegetable gardens their economical stature changed hastily
and the extent of their havoc soon necessitated the interference of zoologists.
Of course, the first thing was to acquaint oneself with the species composing
this branch of invertebrates: specialists devoted themselves to this study and sys-
tematic treatises were soon published; and from this departure, experimentalists
endeavored to discover an efficient remedy against these new ravagers.

In 1890, very few text-books bearing on this subject were in existence,
except, perhaps, the Manual of Conchology of Tryon, then published by Mr.
Pilsbury, of Philadelphia, and a few other works of smaller importance. The
following year (1891) our great Canadian naturalist, Abbé Provancher, published
a new part of his Canadian Fauna, an illustrated book of over 150 pages, under
the title of: “Les Mollusques de la Province de Quebec,” Part I; Pteropoda,
Cephalopoda and Gasteropoda. Provancher had been, for a long time, collecting
specimens of these animals. From his book entitled: “ Voyage aux Antilles,”
we can see that he was taking a great interest in this study and that he then
made a large gathering of remarkable shells.

94 . THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

In our days, conchologists are rather numerous and with them the science
of mollusks has enormously advanced. However, those who are interested in
economic zoology, in the relations of beasts with cultivated plants particularly,
still have much to learn as regards their habits, the noxiousness and the destructive
work of our garden slugs.

The summer of 1918 seems to have been very propitious to observers and
experimentalists. Slugs have increased in number in 12 months and their des-
tructive work has developed. Many “war gardens” in the vicinity of Quebec
have had to stand the attacks of these destroyers, usually unknown to average
people, in this capacity at least. We might say that we have very often seen
considerable damage; amateur gardeners were so much the more puzzled because
they could not see the culprit at work. The ordinary species found in our gardens
are: Limax campestris, L. agrestis, L. maximus.

The three of them seem to operate in the same manner. Everywhere they
have injured several kinds of vegetables, never all at a time but rather one after
the other. Is this a question of inclination, of caprice, of instinct or hazard?
All hypotheses are allowed, and each of these agents probably has some influence
upon the work, the choice of the beast.

The following is the order followed by the slugs and the vegetables they
successively infested :

1. Beans.—The first vegetable infested everywhere, the slug only changing its
food when this first plant has become inadequate.

2. Peas.—The relationship between beans and peas no doubt explains this
transition and the appetite of the ravager.

Turnips.—After leaving peas, slugs spend most of the summer on turnip
leaves, into which they cut large holes, with different contours.

4. Cabbages and Cauliflowers.—These crucifers equally attract slugs. At
first, they are only seen on turnips, then upon all of them simultaneously.

5. ekg ve: the end of the season, when the pumpkin has as-
sumed a good round shape and is swelled with juice, the slug penetrates into the
pulp and bores holes often as much as two inches deep.

Authors have noted the preference of slugs for cucumbers. For one reason
or another, their presence upon this plant has nowhere been noticed by us,
although, in most cases, the latter were close neighbors to turnips thoroughly
infested. by slugs.

The places they like best are gardens with a damp soil, naturally wet or kept
in that condition artificially.

The slug does not only eat the plants at night; the weather seems to direct
its line of conduct. We have seen slugs at work at night, after its coolness
began to be felt; this is evidently the most common habit. The darkness of the
night, however, is not indispensable to the coming out of these animals. They
willingly. show up when it is raining; if the sky is cloudy and the humidity
of the air high, they will sometimes be seen upon the leaves. Their presence
can even be noticed in the daytime, when the sun is shining brightly, on parts
of vegetables that are well shaded and where the moisture will easily be retained,
as, for instance, between rows of peas that have grown high and thick. It seems
that the only factor essential to their activity is moisture and the absence of
a bright light. Moreover, this is very easy to ascertain by a simple experiment;
if vegetables are watered at the close of day, they come out almost immediately
and much earlier than usual. :

eT es ee
>

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95

The damage done by the slug varies with the various plants on which it
feeds, according to their age and consistency. Amongst the vegetables above
mentioned, it is obvious that the youngest are the most badly infested.

Thus, beans had only grown three or four leaves when slugs started eating
them up; after 8 or 10 days a dried stem was all that was left. It resulted
that 50 per cent. of the plants did not bear any crop and 25 per cent. of the
remainder only yielded one-third or one-half of the normal crop; one-fourth only
was left intact or at least strong enough to bloom normally and yield accordingly.
In a field where there were several varieties, the Burpee beans were completely
cut down.

The crop of peas has only suffered a small diminution. When slugs launched
an attack upon their stems, they were already nearing ripeness and had attained

_ a remarkable degree of resistance. There has been a loss of a few leaves and

pods, or a total loss of about 2 per cent.

Of the crucifers, cauliflowers are the only ones that seem to have been
injured, and then only when the slugs were successful in penetrating into the
fruit. Finally, in the case of pumpkins, there still remained the expedient of
removing the injured part, the sides of the hole bored by the slug.

Control.—tThe following substances were used: Paris green, arsenate of lead,
Bordeaux mixture, quicklime (powder).

The first two insecticides only gave poor results; they did not seem to
diminish the number of slugs in an appreciable degree.

Bordeaux mixture containing 6 lbs. of lime to 4 lbs. of bluestone makes
slugs uneasy, kills a few of them slowly, but does not constitute an efficient
means of destruction.

Quicklime has done wonderfully well. It has been dusted on the infested
plants, in the following way:

1. At night, before slugs appear; in order that the success be complete,
it 1s important that all issues leading to the plant be closed to the slug, which
is not always an easy task.

2. At night, when the slugs are feeding upon the foliage. In this way the
best results are achieved. If we can apply lime to come into close contact with
the skin of the slug, the latter will die rapidly. The following morning, their
inert bodies, reduced by one-half, of a dark green color, are still sticking to the
leaves.

3. Applied during the day, lime loses its efficiency, because the coolness
of the night lessens its strength.

As a rule, dusted lime retains its destructive power, in whole or in part,
as long as it does not rain; it is excellent in a fresh condition. A small particle
of lime is then sufficient to kill a slug. We have watched the doings of 12 slugs
placed on a board and surrounded by a wall of lime, one-quarter of an inch in
height. Not a single one was successful in getting over the obstacle: as soon
as they came into contact with lime, they twisted convulsively and died in the
space of 2 to 60 minutes, according as the injured part was more or less great
or sensible. Secretions very abundant at first, soon become nil, coinciding with
the complete absence of movement.

It would be very difficult to find a more energetic remedy and of easier

application. By repeating the dusting of lime, particularly at night, these des-

troyers will soon be controlled.

96 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

Several other remedies are, however, to be found. In reading I happened
to come across several of them, a few of which are herewith described to bring
this study to an end, and thinking that it might interest you.

In his book, “ Recettes et Procédés,” Tissandier recommends the following
mixture, spread on the ground.

Caustic, Soda: ai... ierscse.p ptm minions wiela feats to cele ae
Qrrieklimipe ss). & astra. tye etna eee 960 gr.

Bellet in “ Les meilleures Recettes ” say that in order to destroy slugs, it is
sufficient to spray the spots visited by these parasites, with a solution of 600
grammes of carbonate of soda dissolved in one litre of water.

Mr. Anadyx surrounds the stem of vegetables with a border of old newspapers
and slugs disappear. - (“ La Nature,” 1904.)

Mr. Noel, of the Rouen laboratory of agricultural entomology, after several
tests, states that the most efficient destructive agent is copper arsenite. He prepares
it in the following manner: He mixes 1 kilogram of coarse wheat bran, 100
grammes of copper arsenite and about 250 cubic centimetres of water. When
the whole has assumed the form of a consistent paste, little balls are made and

distributed on the ground where slugs are expected to be found. After one

week, they will practically all have disappeared. (La Nature, 1910.)

In order to attract slugs, Mr. Hardys covers cabbage leaves with rancid
butter and places them here and there in the garden; the next morning they
are thoroughly covered with slugs which are then easily destroyed.

Finally, if the chickens are allowed in the garden, they can render valuable
services, but they must not be given dead slugs as food; they should be burnt
and buried deep.

We did not have the necessary time to try all these remedies; but we place
them before you for consideration. No doubt several experimentalists in this
assembly will want to give them a trial. The result of their experiments will
certainly be both useful and interesting.

se

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1918.

Artuur Gipson, ENromMoLoGIcAL BrancH, DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA.

The Record for 1918, as will be seen, presents data regarding distribution
chiefly in the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera. No extensive collections,
so far as I know, have recently been made in the less known orders.

During 1918 the insects collected by members of the Canadian Arctic Expe--
dition during the years 1913-1916, have been worked over by various specialists,
and it is hoped the results of these studies will soon be available in published form.
These reports will make a valuable addition to our knowledge of the insects of
Arctic Canada.

As in other years, students of insects in Canada have received much assistance
from various specialists, chiefly those resident in the United States. The list of
these specialists is every year assuming greater length, and it therefore becomes
difficult to specially mention any of our good friends to the South. All who have
assisted us in our systematic studies have our grateful thanks.

LITERATURE.

Among the books, memoirs, etc., which have appeared during 1918, of interest
to Canadian students, the following may be mentioned:

Barnes, W., and McDunnovueu, J. Life-histories of North American Species
of the genus Catocala; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,. XXXVIII, Art. V, pp. 147-
17%, March 21, 1918. This paper, which was published in anticipation of the
“ T)lustrations of the North American Species of the Genus Catocala,’ will be
valued by those doing life-history work. The ova of a number of the species
described were received from Canada, and for this reason the paper is of much
interest to our workers.

Barnes, W., and McDunnovcu, J. Illustrations of the North American
Species of the Genus Catocala, by Wm. Beutenmuller, with additional Plates and
Text. Memoirs of the Amer. Mus. Nat. History, New Series, Vol. III, Part I,
October, 1918. This most excellent memoir was received with much pleasure.
We had long known that Mr. Beutenmuller had contemplated such a work and
it was fortunate that Messrs. Barnes and McDunnough had his manuscript and
some of the plates before them. Pages 1 to 47 are given up to the text. Under
each species references to the literature are given, as well as notes on the synonomy
and distribution. Under each section and group structural and life-history notes
are given. The plates are excellent. JI to IX and part of X illustrate adults.
Nineteen larval heads are shown on plate X. Plates XI to XIV illustrate mature
larve. On plate XV there are 25 further figures of head capsuls and 16 drawings
of segments. Plates XVI and XVII also show segments. Genetalic drawings are
reproduced on plates XVIII to XXII. Plates I to XVII are in colours. Lepidop-
terists generally will welcome the appearance of this memoir. It is indeed an
important contribution.

Barnes, W., and McDunnoven, J. H. Contributions to the Natural History
of the Lepidoptera’ of North America, Vol. IV, No. 2—Notes and New Species.
This number of the “ Contributions,” pp. 61-208, plates XI to NXYV, is a valuable

q-E, |

98 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

addition to the literature. Four new species are described from Canada and one
new variety. There is a decided improvement in the plates which accompany the
number.

Casry, Tuos. L. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
The New Era Printing Co., Lancaster, Pa. This large memoir of 427 pages is the
result of studies of certain groups, the species in which are closely related. It is
divided as follows: I—A Review of the North American Bembidiinew (pp. 1-223) ;
[I—Studies among some of the American Amarine and Pterostichine (pp. 224-
293) ; 11]—Observations on the American Pogonine, including Trechus (pp. 394-
412) ; IV—Miscellaneous Notes and Corrections (413-416). In the Memoir, 26
new species are described from Canada, all from British Columbia, excepting one
from Ontario. In addition a number of Canadian records of previously known
species are included.

Comstock, J. H. The Wings of Insects. The Comstock Publishing Co.,
pp. Xvili-423, 9 plates, 427 figs. This important publication is one which has been
well received by sntorbinginid generally. Space here forbids us referring at any
length to this work. I would refer the reader to a review of the book which was
published in the February, 1919, issue of The Canadian Entomologist. ‘The price
is $3.75.

Feit, Epurarmm Porter. Key to American Insect Galls. New York State
Museum, Bulletin No. 200. This a most valuable publication of 310 pages, freely
illustrated with good text drawings, in addition to which there are sixteen half-
tone plates. Entomologists generally will, indeed, be grateful to Dr. Felt for
completing this very useful work. With this publication there is an excellent
opportunity for Canadian students to add to the known inowletee of these
interesting insects.

LocHHEAD, WitttAM. Class Book of Economic Entomology, with special
reference to the economic insects of the Northern United States and Canada.
Philadelphia, P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., 436 pp., 257 illustrations; price $2.50
This new book on economic entomology will certainly find a useful place among
economic workers. The descriptions are concise and to the point, the illustrations
well chosen and the printing excellent. Part J discusses the structure, growth
and economies of insects; Part II the identification of insects injurious to farm,
garden and orchard crops, ete., Part III, the classification and description of
common insects; Part IV, the control of injurious insects.

Lurz, Franx E. Field Book of Insects. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York
and London; with about 800 illustrations, many in colour. This field book of a
size to fit the pocket is full of useful information. Following introductory remarks,
pages 9 to 27 discuss collecting and preserving insects. Then follow chapters on
the various orders, under each of which concise information is presented. The
volume is one of 509 pages, freely illustrated, many of the figures being coloured.

Perrit, R. H. and McDantet, Evernra. Key to Orthoptera of Michigan
with Annotations. Special Bull. No. 83, Mich. Agric. College, Jan., 1918. This
publication of 48 pages will prove of interest to collectors and students in Canada.
In addition to a key to the families of Michigan Orthoptera, it also contains generic
and specific keys. Useful illustrations are included. |

Piers, Harry. The Orthoptera (Cockroaches, Locusts, Grasshoppers and
Crickets) of Nova Scotia, with descriptions of the species and notes on their occur-
rence and habits. Halifax, N.S., Trans. N.S. Inst. Sci. Vol. XIV, Part 3, pp. 201-
356, 4 plates; author’s sepe arates published 15 July, 1918. Such provincial contri-

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99

butions are of much interest and will undoubtedly assist in a better knowledge
of the species. Descriptions of all the Nova Scotia species are given, with keys
to assist in more ready identification. 'The economic species are discussed at
greater length.

Rav, Puin, and Rav, Nevir. Wasp Studies Afield. Introduction by W. M.
Wheeler. Princeton University Press; price $2.00. This volume of 368 pages
contains most interesting information on the habits of wasps that build their nests
in burrows. The chapter headings are: Some Bembicene Wasps; Behaviour of
Wasps belonging to the Family Pomphilide; Some Fly-catching Wasps; The Bee-
killing Wasps; Some Mud-daubing Wasps; The Hunters of Small Orthoptera;
The Hunters of Large Orthoptera; The Sand-loving Ammophila; Some Social
Wasps—Experiments on the Homing of Polistes pallipes; The Mining and other
Wasps of the Family Eumenide ; General Considerations.

Swaine, J. M. Canadian Bark-beetles, Part II, a preliminary classification
with an account of the habits and means of control. Bull. No. 14, Ent. Br.,
. Dept. Agriculture, Ottawa, issued Sept. 6, 1918. This bulletin was prepared with
the object of assisting students and practical foresters in determining the bark-
beetles of Canadian forests. Part I discusses “ The Beetles and Their Habits ”:
Part II “ Bark-beetle Injuries and the Means of Control”; Part III “ Structural
Characters of the Bark-beetles”: and Part IV “ Classification—A preliminary
Arrangement of the Canadian Bark-beetles.” Thirty-one plates and several figures
in the text add great value to the publication. This, the most important publication
on these insects, will be invaluable to entomologists generally.

Wasururn, F. L. Injurious Insects and Useful Birds. Philadelphia and
London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 414 illustrations in text and 4 coloured plates.
Price $2.00. This volume, although prepared particularly for high schools and
agricultural colleges, will be a useful work of reference for amateur entomologists,
gardeners, and farmers generally. Chapters I to VI deal with losses due to insects
and rodents, etc.; chapters VII to XVIII discuss insects affecting various crops.
Chapter XIX, “ Our Insect Friends,’ XX, “ The Relation of Birds to Agriculture,”
and XXI, “ Some Four-footed Pests of the Farm,” complete the volume.

Witson, H. F., and Vickery, R. A. A species list of the Aphidide of the
World and their Recorded Food Plants. Reprinted from the Transactions of the
Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, Vol. XIX, part I; issued Nov.
1918, pp. 22-355. This is divided into two parts; Part I—A species list of the
Aphidide of the world with their recorded food plants: Part II—A list of Aphid
food plants and the Aphids said to attack them. Students of aphids will find
this publication of great value. It is indeed an important contribution.

NOTES OF CAPTURES.
LEPIDOPTERA.

(Arranged according to Barnes and McDunnough’s Check List of the Lepidoptera
of North America.)
Pieride.
35. Pieris napi pseudonapi B. & McD. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman).
46. Auwthocharis sara julia Edw. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman).
64. Eurymus christina gigantea Stkr. Mile 214, 332, H. B. Ry.. Man., July,
1917, (J. B. Wallis).

100. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

68. Eurymus palaeno chippewa Edw. Mile 214, 332, H. B. Ry., Man., Jug
1917, (J. B. Wallis).

Satyride.
122. Oeneis chryxus calais Seudd. Mile 332, H. B..Ry.; Man Jule
(J. B. Wallis).

Nymphalide.

172. Argynnis edwardsi Reak. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman).

173. Argynnis platina Skin. Blairmore, Alta., June, (KX. Bowman).

198. Brenthis youngi Holl. In the Hintgmolosical Record for 1917, this species

was recorded from Klutlan Glacier, Y. T. On further study the specimen
proves to be Brenthis frigga var. improba Butl.

00. Brenthis epithore Bdv. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman).

20. Huphydryas gilletti Barnes. Nordegg, Alta., July, (K. Bowman).

26. Melitaea palla Bdy. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman).

79. Aglais californica Bdy. Regarding this species Mr. F. C. Whitehouse sends
the following note: “ Red Deer, Alta., mid-June, large migratory flight
of presumably hibernated insects from B.C.; mid-August, new brood
appeared.

313. Chlorippe clyton Bdv. & Lec. Pt. Pelee, Ont., Aug. 14, 1909, (P. A.

Taverner).

ww W LW

Lycaenide,

411. Heodes cupreus Edw. Mt. McLean, B.C., 7,000 feet, and at head of Phair
Creek, about 30 miles from Lillooet, B.C., (A. W. A. Phair).

42%. Plebeius melissa Edw. Goldstream, B.C., July 3, 1918, (E. H. Blackmore).
Rather rare. This species was not included in the “Check List of B. C.
Lepidoptera, 1906,” for some unaccountable reason, as it occurs regularly
throughout the interior, although it is very common on Vancouver Island

CHAH.B:):
432. Plebeius yukona Holl. Mile 332, H. B. Ry., Man., July, 191%, (J. B.
Wallis).
433. Plebeius icarioides pembina Edw. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman).
Sphingide.
733. Haemorrhagia gracilis G. & R. Nipigon, Ont., (J. Fletcher).
741. Pholus fasciatus Sulz. Annapolis Royal, N.S., Oct. 31, 1918, (A. Kelsall).

This is a beautiful specimen and is now in the Ottawa collection. It is
the only Canadian example I have seen, (A. G.).

Arctiide.

Be Clemensia albata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 1917, (D. Mackie).

939. Dodia alberta Dyar. Mile 214, H. B. Ry. ) Man., July, 1917, (J. B. Wallis).

9 a Phragmatobia fuliginosa borealis Staud. Vernon, B.C., April 26, 1918,
(M. Ruhmann). I have also a specimen taken at Vancom B.C... on
April 23, 1907, by the late Captain R. V. Harvey. These are the aie
two specimens known to me and constitute a new addition to the B.C.
ish. (BeBe

955. Diacrisia vagans kasloa Dyar. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman).

956. Diacrisia rubra Neum. Edmonton, Alta., June, 1916, (D. Mackie).

962. Lstigmene prima Slosson. Edmonton, Alta. and Red Deer, Alta., May-
June, 1916, (IK. Bowman).

a

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101

Noctuide. '

1214. Copablepharon viridisparsa Dod. Lillooet, B.C., Aug. 24, 1916, Cho Wi A
Phair). One specimen a trifle worn. New to B.C., originally described
from Lethbridge, Alta., (.H.B.).

1313. Euroa ontario Sm. Edmonton, Alta., and Pocahontas, Alta., July-August,
1916-1917, (K. Bowman and D. Mackie).

1315. EHuxoa quinquelinea Sm. Rossland, B.C. No date. (W. H. Danby). New
to B.C., (E.H.B.):

1315a. Huzoa quinquelinea lutulenta Sm. Okanagan Landing, B.C., August 25,
1915, (J. A. Munro). New to B.C., (E.H.B.).

1353a. Euroa divergens abar Stkr. Duncan, B.C., June 29, 1896, (E. M. Skinner).
New to B.C., (E.H.B.).

1357. Euzoa redimicula Morr. Atlin, B.C., Aug. 8, 1914, (E. M. Anderson).
This is an interesting record as showing the far northern range of this
species. (H.H.B.),

1379. Chorizagrotis thanatologia Dyar. Ottawa, Ont., June 28, July 7, 1899,

- ‘(C. H. Young) ; Ottawa, June 29, 1905, (J. Fletcher) ; Strathroy, Ont.,
July 4, 1918, (H. F. Hudson). These specimens are very close to the
variety sordida Sm., as figured by Dod, but are slightly redder. Welling- -
ton, B.C., (G. W. Taylor). This specimen is close to Dod’s figure of
boretha (Can. Ent. XLVIII, p. 4, f. 7).

1445. Agrotis esurialis Grt. Duncan, B.C., June 4, 1910, (G. O. Day).

1459. Agrotis atrata Morr. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman).

1468. Pseudorthosia variabilis Grt. Blairmore, Alta., Sept., (KK. Bowman).

1502. Lycophotia lubricans Gn. Ottawa, Ont., July 2, 1908, (C. H. Young).

1512. Aplectoides arufa Sm. Pocahontas, Alta., Aug., 1916, (KK. Bowman).

1513. Aplectoides condita Gn. Edmonton, Alta., June, 1916-1917, (D. Mackie
and K. Bowman).

1529. Anytus enthea Grt. Edmonton, Alta., Sept., 1916, (K. Bowman).

1538. Anomogyna sincera H.S. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman).

1539. Anomogyna laetabilis Zett. Pocahontas and Nordegg, Alta., July-Aug.,

: (K. Bowman).
1580. Rhynchagrotis vittifrons Grt. Penticton, B.C., (lu. A. DeWolfe). Lillooet,
B.C., Oct. 19, 1917, (A: W. A. Phair). New to B.C., (E.H.B.).

1682. Polia negussa Sm. Rossland, B.C., no date, (W. H. Danby). New to
BC (E.H1.B:). :

1693. Polia cristifera Wlk. Edmonton, Alta., and Pocahontas, Alta., June, 1917,
(K. Bowman and D. Mackie).

1697. Polia rogenhoferi Moesch. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman).

1702. Polia variolata Sm. Victoria, B.C., July 18, 1918, (E. H. Blackmore).
Taken at rest on a fence at mid-day. There is one specimen in the
Provincial Museum collection taken at Victoria in 1902. Outside of
these two specimens I have no further record from B.C., (E.H.B.).

1723. Polia pulverulenta Sm. Aweme, Man., June 1, 1918, (N. Criddle) ;
McNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S., June 30, 1914, (J. Perrin).

1734. Polia vicina Grt. Okanagan Landing, B.C., Aug. 5, 1916, (J. A. Munro).
This is the same species which has been previously listed from Kaslo as
pensilis Grt., the latter species only occurring on Vancouver Island and
in the Lower Fraser Valley, (E.H.B.).

£001. Cucullia omissa Dod. Ottawa, Ont., June 5, 1906, (C. H. Young).

102

THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

2018.
2061.

2098.
2125.
2168.
2170.
2172.
2185.

Or
2359.

2502.

Oncocnemis hayesi Grt. Blairmore, Alta., Sept., (KX. Bowman).

Oncocnemis atrifasciata Morr. Laterriere, Chicoutimi, Que., Aug. 25, 1878,
(V. A. Huard). I recently determined this specimen and am assured it
was captured at this place, (A.G.).

Momophana comstocki Grt. Near Quebec City, Que., (V. A. Huard).

Hillia discinigra Wk. Edmonton, Alta., Aug., 1916, (1D. Mackie).

Graptolitha thaxteri Grt. Edmonton, Alta., Sept., 1916-1917, (D. Mackie).

Xylena mertena Sm. Uillooet, B.C., (A. W. A. Phair).

Xylena brillians Ottol. Edmonton, Alta., Sept., 1917, (D. Mackie).

Pleroma cinerea Sm. Lillooet, B.C., May 4, 1916, (EH. M. Anderson) ;
Armstrong, B.C., no date, (W. Downes).

Trachea parcata Sm. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (IX. Bowman).

Trachea Impulsa Gu. Victoria, B.C., July 6, 1918, (EH. H. Blackmore).
First record from Vancouver Island, previously recorded from Kaslo,
(Gos eS ose

Oligia includens Wik. Edmonton, Alta., July-Sept., 1916-17, (&. Bowman
and D. Mackie).

Eremobia claudens Wik. Hymers, Ont., Aug. 16, 30, 1918, (H. Dawson).

Acronycta lithospila Grt. Chelsea, Que, June 29, 1917, (J. H. Mc-
Dunnough).

Xylomea chagnoni B. & McD. Ottawa, July 13, 1908, (C. H. Young) ;
Trenton, Ont., 1899, (J. D. Evans). In the Ent. Record for 1905, this
recently described species is recorded under the name of Hadena didonea
Sm., the specimens having been reared by Fletcher from larve found in
the roots of Phalaris arundinacea.

Andropolia aedon Grt. Dunean, B.C., no date, (EK. M. Skinner). New
to (B.C. (EL AEBS):

Arzama obliqua Wik. Duncan, B.C., June 26, 1906, (H. M. Skinner).
One specimen in splendid condition; new to B.C., (H.H.B.).

Catocala atala Cassino. Hymers, Ont., Sept. 18, 1911; Lepidopterist, II,
52.

Catocala briseis clarissima Beut. Cartwright, Man., (Heath): Winnipeg,
Man., (J. B. Wallis) ; Lepidopterist, II, 66.

Catocala blandula manitobense Cassino. Cartwright, Man., July 17:
Lepidopterist, II, 81.

Catocala blandula Hist. Red Deer, Alta., August, 1905, (IX. Bowman) ;
Ottawa, Ont., July 26, 1906, (C. H. Young).

Panthea acronyctoides Wik. Onah, Man., July 9, 1918, (N. Criddle,
J. B. Wallis and L. H. Roberts).

Autographa v-alba Ottol. Rossland, B.C., no date, (W. H. Danby). Only
B.C., previous record from Kaslo, (E.H.B.).

Autographa metallica Grt. Victoria, B.C., June 21, 1918, (E. H. Black-
more). First record from Victoria, B.C., that I know of, (H.H.B.).

Syneda hudsonica heathi B. & McD. Cartwright, Man., June, (KE. F.
Heath) ; Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., IV, 2, 12%.

Rivula propinqualis Gn. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (KX. Bowman).

Parahypenodes quadralis B & McD. Trenton, Ont., Aug. 30, 1908, (J. D.
Evans).

Zanclognatha lutalba Sm. -Edmonton, Alta., July, 1915-1917, (K. Bowman
and 1). Mackie).

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 103

3580. Hypena californica Behr. Edmonton, Alta., Sept., 1917, (D. Mackie).
* Parahypenodes quadralis B. & McD. St. Therese Island, St. John’s Co.,
Que., July, (W. Chagnon) ; Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., IV, 2,124.

Notodontide.

3669. Cerura borealis Bdy. Edmonton, Alta., June-July, 1916-1917, (D. Mackie

and K. Bowman).
3670. Cerura occidentalis Lint. Nordegg, Alta., and Pocahontas, Alta., July-
August, (K. Bowman).

Lymantziide.

3704. Hemerocampa vetusta gulosa Hy. Edw. Chase, B.C., Aug. 4-6, 1917,
(W. B. Anderson).

Geometride.
3802. Synchlora rubrifrontaria Pack. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (D. Mackie).
3936. Stamnoctenis morrisata Hulst. Goldstream, B.C., July 5, 1918—July 8,
1918, two males, (E. H. Blackmore). First record from here; recorded
from Duncan, B.C., last year by A. W. Hanham, which was the first record
from Vancouver Island, (E.H.B.).
3950. Acasis viridata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., May, 1915-1916, (D. Mackie).
3955. Cladura atroliturata Wik. Edmonton, Alta., April-May, 1915-1916, (Kk.
Bowman and D. Mackie).
* Eustroma fasciata B. & McD. Cowichan Lake, Vancouver Island, B.C.,
June; Cont. Lep. N.A., Vol. IV, 2, 137.
3981. Lygris destinata lugubrata Moesch. Edmonton, Alta., July-August, 1915-
1917, (D. Mackie).
3983. Lygris explanata cunigerata W\k. Edmonton, Alta., July-August, 1915-
1917, (D. Mackie).
* Lygris xylina serrataria B. & McD. Ottawa, Ont., (C. H. Young).
* Thera georgii benesignata B. & McD. Wellington, B.C., July 28, 1905,
Sept. 12, 1903; Duncan, B.C.; Cont. Lep. N.A. ITI, No. 4, 226.
398%a. Diactinia silaceata albolineata Pack. Victoria, B.C., April 30, 1918—July
24, 1918, (EH. H. Blackmore). First record from Victoria, (E.H.B).

3993. Dysstroma citrata L. Pocahontas, Alta., Aug., 1917, (IK. Bowman).

3995. Dysstroma walkerata Pears. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (IK. Bowman).
* Hydriomena macdunnoughi Swett. Atlin, B.C., June 11, 1914; Can. Ent.
L, 296.
* Xanthorhoe blackmorei Swett. Victoria, B.C., May 2, 19, 1915, (E.H.
Blackmore) ; Can. Ent. L, 21.
Xanthorhoe macdunnoughi Swett. Victoria, B.C., May 30, 1915; May
14, 1913; (E. H. Blackmore); Duncan, B.C., (in coll. E.H.B.); Can.

nts. 1, 17.
* Xanthorhoe atlinensis Swett. Atlin, B.C., June 26, 28, 1914; Can. Ent.
L, 20. -
4050. Xanthorhoe iduata Gn. Edmonton, Alta., June-July, 1915-1916, (D.
Mackie).

4060. Hntephria aurata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1915, (D. Mackie).
* Oporinia autumnata henshawi Swett. London, Ont., (Miss E. Morton and
J. A. Moffatt) ; Lepidopterist, I, 47, (1917).

THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

4094,

4114.

4122.

4137.
4168.
ALT.

4185.
4189.
4199,

4274.

4291.
4360a.

4372.
437 2b.

4602.

Euphyia luctuata Schiff. Victoria, B.C., June 14, 1917, (W. Downes).
First record from Victoria, (E.H.B.).

Epirrhoe plebeculata vivida B. & McD. Wellington and Goldstream, B.C. ;
Cont. Lep. N.A., ITI, No. 4, 282.

Perizoma basaliata grandis Hist. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1915-1916, (D.
Mackie).

Venusia cambrica Curt. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1915, (D. Mackie).

Edule mendica W\k. Edmonton, Alta., June-July, 1915-1917, (K. Bowman
and D. Mackie).

Eupithecia albipunctata Haw. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (D. Mackie).

Eupithecia coagulata Gn. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (D. Mackie).

Eupithecia niphadophilata Dyar. Pocahontas, Alta., August, 1917, (K.
Bowman).

Lupithecia scelestata Tayl. Pocahontas, Alta., June, 1917, (K. Bowman).

Eupithecia alberta Tayl. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman).

Eupithecia terminata Tayl. Pocahontas, Alta., June, 1917, (K. Bowman).

Eupithecia fumata Tayl. Edmonton, Alta., May-June, 1916-1917, (D.
Mackie).

Horisme vitalbata incana Swett. Caigary, Alta., June 5, 1914; June 26,
1907; June 26, 1914, (Wolley-Dod) ; Psyche, XXIV, 190.

Dasyfidonia avuncularia Gn. Blairmore, Alta., May, (IX. Bowman).

Phasiane respersata teucaria Stkr. Victoria, B.C., May 28, 1918, (i. H.
Blackmore).

Phasiane neptaria Gn. Blairmore, Alta., May and Sept., (K. Bowman).

Phasiane neptaria sinuata Pack. Victoria, B.C., May 2, 1918, (KE. H.
Blackmore). This has been previously listed as neptaria Gn., but has
been found to be conspecific with sinuata described by Packard from
Vancouver Island. It occurs sparingly throughout the province,
(E.H.B.).

Phasiane ponderosa B. & McD. Cartwright, Man., June 14, July #4;
Aweme, Man., June 20; Calgary, Alta., June 16; Cont. Lep. N.A., III,
No. 4, 235.

Phasiane ponderosa demaculata B. & McD. Calgary, Alta., May 11, July
1, 5; Banff, Alta., July 1; Field, B.C., July 2; Cont. Lep. N.A. ITI,
No. 4, 235.

Ttame bitactata Wlk. Pocahontas, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman).

Caripeta angustiorata Wik. Blairmore, Alta., July, (K. Bowman).

Cleora indicataria Wik. Edmonton, Alta., June-July, 1915-1917, (K.
Bowman and D. Mackie). ;

Cleora emasculata Dyar. Edmonton, Alta., June 1915-1917, (D. Mackie).

Cleora satisfacta B. & McD. Kaslo, B.C., Aug. 15; Cont. Lep. N.A., III,
No. 4, 244. 2

Aethaloptera anticaria fumata B. & McD. Kaslo, B.C., April-May; Cont.
Lep. N.A., III, No. 4, 244.

Nanthotype urticaria Swett. “Nova Scotia”; Lepidopterist, fig. 6, pl.
Vil W oli

NXanthotype manitobensis Swett. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; Lepidop-
terist, II, 78. ;

Glena cognataria Hbn. McNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S., June 14, 1910,
(J. Perrin).

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105

4608. Lycia ursaria Walk. Rossland, B.C., no date, (W. H. Danby). New to B.C.
* Plagodis intermediaria B. & McD. Ottawa, Ont., May 16, (C. H. Young) ;
Cont. Lep. N.A., III, No. 4, 248.
4680. Nematocampa limbata Haw. Edmonton, Alta., Aug., 1917, (D. Mackie).
* Metarranthis septentrionaria B. & McD. Beulah, Man., June 21; Aweme,
Man., May 29, June 18; Winnipeg, Man.; Cont. Lep. N.A., III,
No. 4, 257.
4744. Pero honestarius Wlk. ~Edmonton, Alta., May-June, 1915-1917, (K.
Bowman and D. Mackie).

Epiplemide.
4788. Callizzia armorata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., June-July, 1917, (K. Bowman
and D. Mackie).

Pyralide.
* Loxostege albertalis B. & McD. Gleichen, Alta.. July, (F. H. Wolley-
Dod) ; Beulah and Miniota, Man.; Cont. Lep. N.A., Vol. IV, 2, 160.
5018. Loxostege chortalis Grt. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman).
5093. Phlyctaenia itysalis Wik. Pocahontas, Alta., Aug., 1917, (K. Bowman).
5099. Phlyctaenia terrealis Tr. Edmonton, Alta., June-July, 1917, (IK. Bow-
man).
5140. Pyrausta unifascialis Pack. Nordegg, Alta., July, (K. Bowman).
5142. Pyrausta fodinalis Led. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman).
5151. Pyrausta borealis Pack. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (KX. Bowman).
5154. Pyrausta generosa G. & R. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (IX. Bowman).
5155. Pyrausta ochosalis Dyar. Red Deer, Alta., June 1917, (KK. Bowman).
5166. Pyrausta nicalis Grt. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman).
5176. Pyrausta funebris Strom. Edmonton, Alta., Red Deer, Alta., June, 1916-
1917, (D. Mackie and K. Bowman).
* Pyrausta pythialis B. & McD. Cartwright, Man., (E. F. Heath) ; Aweme,
Man., June, (N. Criddle); Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., Vol. IV, No. 2,
p. 164.

Bucosmide.

7114. Proteopteryx oregonana Wishm. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).

7129. Proteopteryx ilicifoliana Kearf. Vancouver, B.C., July 30, 1917, reared
from holly, (R. C. Treherne).

Yponomeutide.
* Swammerdamia cuprescens Braun. Field, B.C.; Can, Ent., L, 231.

Gracilariide.
* Ornix spireifoliella Braun. Field, B.C.; Can. Ent., L, 234.

Hepialide.

8486. Hepialus hyperboreus Moesch. Pocahontas, Alta., August, 1917, (K.
Bowman). Exactly like the type (B. & McD.). Hyperboreus appeared
in Dod’s Alberta list and he so named the species for Mr. Mackie, but
this, according to Sir George Hampson, is H. mathewi Hy. Edw. (K. B.).

8488. Hepialus mathewi Hy. Edw. Edmonton, Alta., Aug.-Sept., 1915-1916,
(D. Mackie and Kk. Bowman).

8-E,

106

THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

CoLEOPTERA.

(Arranged according to Henshaw’s list of Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico.)

Cicindelide.

Cicindela unijuncta Csy. Edmonton, Alta., June 16, 1917, (F. S. Carr).

30. Cicindela hyperborea Lec. Edmonton, Alta., June 29, 1917, (F. S. Carr).
Carabide.
118. Carabus chamissonis Fisch. Edmonton, Alta., June 5, 1917; July 4, 1917,
(F. S. Carr).
154. Hlaphrus obliteratus Mann. Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 14,
1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
164. Blethisa quadricollis Hald. Husavick, Man., July 4, 1917, (L. H. D.
Roberts). New to Manitoba.
172. Opisthius richardsoni Kirby. Edmonton, Alta., June 28, 1916, (F. S.
Carr).
234. Dyschirius terminatus Lee. Edmonton, Alta., April 27, 1917, (F. 8. Carr).
323. Bembidium quadrulum Lec. Mile 256, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 12,
1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
325. Bemdidium nigrum Say. Winnipeg, Man., May 19, 1917. One specimen
in my garden on Langside St., (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
339. Bembidium nebraskense Lec. Edmonton, Alta., March 29, 1918, (F. S.
Carr).
343. Bembidium transversale Dej. Lake Dauphin, Man., March 27, 1918, (Mrs.
W. W. Hippisley). .
363. Bembidium grapii Gyll. Winnipeg, Man., April 9, 1909. This specimen
has had a varied career. Prof. Wickham identified it as dyschirinwm.
Mr. Liebeck refused to commit himself. The present determination is
Dr. Van Dyke’s, (J. B. Wallis).
Bembidium constricticolli Haywd. Winnipeg, Man., April 24, 1916. Not
quite typical, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
73. Bembidium obtusangulum Lec. Leduc, Alta., May 11, 1914, (F. 8. Carr).
397. Bembidium dejectum Csy. Winnipeg, Man., May 13, 191%. Also in my

garden on Langside St., one only, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.

* _ Bembidion brumale Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on

the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 2, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

Bembidion vacivum Csy. Skeena River, B.C., (J. H. Keen): Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 22, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

Bembidion blanditum Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen) ; Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 23, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

Jembidion impium Csy. Agassiz, B.C. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII,
p- 28, issued Nov. 12, 1918. :

Bembidion deceptor Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen) ; Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 29, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

Bembidion nescium Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 30, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

Bembidion viator Csy. Massett, Q.C.I., B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VIIT, p. 31, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

Bembidion illec Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 31, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107

Bembidion haruspex Csy. Inverness and Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen) ;

: Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 31, issued Nov, 12, 1918.

* Bembidion bucolicum Csy. Stikine River Canon, B.C., (H. F. Wickham) ;
Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 34, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

Bembidion insopitans Csy. Victoria, B.C., (H. F. Wickham) ; Memoirs
on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 68, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

Bembidion vancouveri Csy. Victoria, B.C., (H. F. Wickham) ; Memoirs
on the Coleoptera, VIII, p- 73, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

Bembidion imperitum Csy. Victoria, B.C.; Memos on the Coleoptera,
WIG p.-91, 1ssued Nov. 12, 1918.

* Bembidion mobile Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 95, issued Nov. 12,.1918.

Bembidion wmitator oS Kamloops, B.C.; Memoirs on the Coleoptera,
VIIL p. 105; issued Nov. 12, 1918.

Bembidion tolerans Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen) ; Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 132, issued Novy. 12, 1918.

Bembidion gregale Csy. Agassiz, B.C.; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII,
p. 148, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

* Bembidion peregrinum Csy. Massett, Q.C.1, B.C., (J. H. Keen);
Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 159, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

Bembidion crassicornis Csy. Inverness, B.C., (J. H. Keen) ; Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 165, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

* Bembidion keeni Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on the

Coleoptera, VIIT, p. 166, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

Pogonine.

Patrobus labradorinus Csy. W. St. Modest, Labrador, (Sherman) ;
Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 395, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

a

* Patrobus minuens Csy. W. St. Modest, Labrador, (Sherman) ; Memoirs
on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 396, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

* Patrobus laeviceps Csy. W. St. Modest, Labrador, (Sherman) ; Memoirs
on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 396, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

%

Patrobus insularis Csy. St. Paul Island; Alaska; Memoirs on the Coleoptera,

ss VIII, p. 397, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

Trechus brumalis Csy. W. St. Modest, Labrador, (Sherman) ; Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 408, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

Pterostichine.
%

Hypherpes innatus Csy. “Canada (west of the Rocky Mountains)”;
Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 329, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

-* Hypherpes responsor Csy. Victoria, B.C., (H. F. Wickham) ; Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 330, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

* Hypherpes anthrax Csy. “Vancouver Island”; Memoirs on the Coleoptera,
VIII, p. 331, issued Nov. 1%, 1918.

Euferonia quadrifera Csy. “ Ontario”; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIIT,

p. 366, issued Noy. 12,-1918.

* Oryobius otariidinus Csy. St. Paul Island, Alaska; Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 374, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

3

Cryobius beringi Csy. St. Paul Island, Alaska; Memoirs on the Coleoptera,
VIII, p..374, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

108

THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

Cryobius delicatus Csy. St. Paul Island, Alaska; Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 375, issued Noy. 12, 1918.

Cryobius breviusculus Csy. St. Paul Island, Alaska; Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 375, issued Nov.,12, 1918.

Amarine.

* Curtonotus labradorensis Csy. Labrador, (W. St. Modest) ; Memoirs on the
Joleoptera, VIII, p. 231, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

* QOurtonotus scrutatus Csy. Labrador, (W. St. Modest); Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 231, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

* Bradytus nainensis Csy. Nain, Labrador, (Sherman); Memoirs on ihe
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 238, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

* Celia sinuosa Csy. Aldermere, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 277, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

* Amara keeni Csy. Inverness, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 299, issued Nov. 12, 1918.

625. Amara haematopa Dej. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 9, 1917; Mile 332,
July 1%, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). Previously recorded from Hudson Bay
territory.

651. Amara angustata Say. Onah, Man., July 9th, 1916, (J. B. Wallis);
Aweme, Man., July 10, 191%, (EK. Criddle). Rare in Manitoba.

657. Amara impuncticollis Say. Miami, Man., July 2, 1914; Thornhill Man.,
June 30, 1916; Winnipeg, Man., June 8, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). Previously
recorded by Dr. Bell from Oxford House.

658. Amara littoralis Mann. Victoria Beach, Man., June 17, 1916, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.

661. Amara cupreolata Putz. Winnipeg, Man., April 24, 1916; Calgary, Alta.,
April 7, 1915, (Tams). Previously mixed with protensa, of which spec‘es
I have but one really typical specimen, from Aweme, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.

833. Platynus gemellus Lec. Aweme, Man., Oct. 16, 1917, (N. Criddle).
110%. Harpalus laticeps Lec. Aweme, Man., May 14, 1904, (N. Criddle).
Dytiscide.

1293. Coelamibus sellatus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., April 9, 1916, (F. 8 C rr).
1298. . Coelambus unguicularis Cr. Edmonton, Alta., April 8, 1916, (F. 8. Carr).
1300. Ooelambus fraternus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., June 12, 1915, (¥ S. Carr).
1349. Hydroporus tartaricus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., May 8, 1915, (F. 8. Carr).
1355. Hydroporus vitulus Er. Edmonton, Alta., April 11, 1917, (F. S. Carr).
Gyrinide.

1472. Colymbetes strigatus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., May 5, 1917, (° 8. Carr).
1505. Gyrinus minutus Fab. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 10, 1917, (F S. Carr).
150%. Gyrinus confinis Lec. Le Pas, Man., June 30, 1917; Mile 214, Hudson

Bay Ry., July 6, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.

51%. Gyrinus maculiventris Lec. Edmonton, Alta., June 12, 1915, (F. 8. Carr).
1519. Gyrinus affinis Aube. Edmonton, Alta., May 5, 191%, (F. 8, Carr).

1524. Gyrinus pectoralis Lec. Edmonton, Alta., Sept. 15, 1917, (F. 8. Carr).
1525. Gyrinus impressicollis Kby. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., (J. B.

Wallis). “I feel sure this is the long lost or never recognized
impressicollis of Kirby, known only by the type in the British Museum ”
(H. C. Fall). |

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109

1528. Gyrinus lugens Lec. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.

Hydrophilide.

1630. Philhydrus ochraceus Mels. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., July 2, 1917,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.

9335. Cercyon tristis Ill. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 6, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.

Silphide.
1727. Choleva alsiosa Harv. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 10, 1917;
under a dead mouse, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Choleva spenciana Kby. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 10, 1917;
under a dead gopher, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
1730. Choleva clavicornis Lec. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 4, 1917, (F. S. Carr).
1732. Choleva terminans Lec. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 10, 1917;
under a dead gopher, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Choleva horniana Blanch. Aweme, Man., July 17, 1918, (N. Criddle and
J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
1812. Clambus gibbulus Lec. Le Pas, Man., June 30, 1917, (J.°B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.

Staphylinide. —
Quedius aenescens Makl. Aweme, Man., April 22, 1918, ( N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
2011. Atheta dichroa Grav. Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., July 18,.1917, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Atheta remulsa Csy. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 26, 1917, in fungus,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Atheta virginica Bernh. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 10, 1917; Mile
332, Hudson Bay Ry., July 18, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Atheta fungi Groh. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 5, 1912; Winnipeg, Man.,
May 18, 1912; Miami, Man., June 27, 1916; on bracket fungus, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Atheta dentata Bernh. Onah, Man., July 9, 1916; Winnipeg, Man., Oct.
10, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Atheta graminicola Gr. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., July 2, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Atheta irrita Csy. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 24-26, 1917: in fungus,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
201%. Atheta recondita Er. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 10, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
2022. Amischa analis Thom. Winnipeg, Man., May 10, 1912: April 24, 1916,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Paradilacra densissima Bernh. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 23, 1916, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Metarya awemeana Csy. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 18, 1912: Miami, Man.,
June 26, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
9562. Dasyglossa prospera Er. Winnipeg, Man., April 15, 1916; St. Norbert,
Man., June 24, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Gymnusa variegata Kiesw. Bird’s Hill, Man., May 5, 1917, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.

110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

2165. Philonthus basalis Horn. Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July, 1918.
One specimen now in the collection of Dr. H. C. Fall. (J. B. Wallis).
2234. Philonthus aurulentus Horn. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 6,
1917; Magnus, Man., Sept. 2, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to, Manitoba.
2432. Stenus fraternus Csy. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 25, 26, 1917,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
2447. Stenus pollens Csy. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 9-26, 1917,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
2463. Stenus punctatus Er. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 26, 1917,
with pollens and fraternus, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
2634. Tachyporus jocosus Say. Le Pas, Man.,June 30, 1917; Mile 214, Hudson
Bay Ry., Man., July 6-26, 1917; Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., Man.,
July 13, 1917, not taken in Manitoba for a number of years, (J. B.
Wallis).
2646. Conosoma littoreum Linn. Aweme, Man., Sept. 27, 1918, (N. Criddle).
2671. Mycetoporus humidus Say. Winnipeg, Man., April 24, 1916; Mile 214,
Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 6, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
2675. Mycetoporus flavicollis Lec. Aweme, Man., July 18, 1918, (N. Criddle).
3. Olophrum latum’ Mahl. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 2, 1917;
Mile 214, July 24, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). “Said to be the same as
fuscum Grav. An example of the latter from the Caucasus ... . looks
a little different,’ (H.C. Fall). New to Manitoba.

Coccinellide.

3053. Hippodamia americana Cr. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 2, 1917:
one only in wash-up of lake, (J. B. Wallis).

3065a. Coccinella abdominalis Say. Winnipeg, Man., July 30, 1917, (lL. H.
Roberts). New to Manitoba. i

3122. Hyperaspis 4-vittata Lec. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 2, 1917,
(J. B. Walls). New to Manitoba.

3156. Scymnus tenebrosus Muls. Darlingford, Man., May 28, 1916, (W. R. S.
Metcalfe). -Rare in Manitoba.

3160. Stetharus (Scymnus) punctum Lec. Aweme, Man., Sept. 9, 1918, (N.
Criddle). New to Manitoba. z

Colydiide.
3290. “Cerylon castaneum Say. Edmonton, Alta., June 9, 1917, (F. 8. Carr).

Cucujide.
3349. Brontes dubius Fab. Husavick, Man., July, 1914, (J. B. Wallis). New
to Manitoba.

llisteride.

3486. Hister foedatus Lec. Aweme, Man., Jine 2, 1912; Onah, Man., July 14,
1918, (N. Criddle).

3488. Hister punctifer Payk. Edmonton, Alta., Sept. 4, 1915, (F. 8. Carr).

3570. Saprinus comnomus nodifer Westn. Edmonton, Alta., April 2, 1915,
(F. S. Carr). .

Nitidulide.
3663. Brachyptum globulosus Mann. Edmonton, Alta., June 5, 1916, (F. S.
Carr).

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 111

3737. Meligethes sevus Lec. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 6, 1917;
on Mertensia paniculata var. longisepala. Occurred along the line of the
Hudson Bay Ry., wherever its food plant grew, (J. B. Wallis). New
to Manitoba; Edmonton, Alta., May 10, 1915, (F. S. Carr).
Nitidula nigra Schaef. Winnipeg, Man., April 23, 1916; Mile 214, Hudson
Bay Ry., July 6, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
3756. Ips vittatus Oliv. Lake Dauphin, Man., 1918, (Mrs. W. W. Hippisley).

Latridiide.
3798. Corticaria serricollis Lec. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 26, 1917,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.

Byrrhide.
3890. Byrrhus cyclophorus Kirby. Edmonton, Alta., June 23, 1917, (F. 8.
Carr).

Elateride.

4101., Cardiophorus edwardsti Horn. Lillooet, B.C., (E. P. Venables).

4217. Elater pedalis Germ. Mile 214, June 6, 1917; Mile 332, Hudson Bay
Ry., July 13, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.

4228. later socer Lec. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 2, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.

4257. Drasterius debilis Lec. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July €-13,
1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.

4414, Paranomus costalis Payk. Le Pas, Man., June 30, 1917; Mile 17, Hudson
Bay Ry., July 2, 1917; Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 9, 1917; Mile
256, Hudson Bay Ry., July 12, 1917; Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., July
17, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.

Buprestide.

4628. Anthraxia eneogaster Lap. Edmonton, Alta., June 27, 1917, (F. S. Carr).
4728. Agrilus vittaticollis Rand. Cawston, B.C., July 2, 1917, (W. R. Metcalfe).
4739. Agrilus anxius Gory. Cawston, B.C., June 24, 1917, (W. R. Metcalfe).

Lampyride.
4%87%. Eros aurora Hbst. Cawston, B.C., Aug. 5, 1917, (W. R. Metcalfe).

Ptinide.
* Hucrada robusta Van Dyke. Selkirk Mts., B.C., 1905, (J. C. Bradley) ;
Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., XIII, 6.
5337. Endecatomus rugosus Rand. Edmonton, Alta., June 6, 1916, (F. S. Carr).

Scarabeide. .
5596. Geotrupes splendidus Fab. Ft. Coulonge, Que., June 1, 1918, (J. 1
Beaulne). Addition to Quebec list.
5825. Polyphylla variolosa Hentz. Ft. Coulonge, Que., July 24, 1917, (J. I.
Beaulne).
* COremastochilus bifoveatus Van Dyke. Vernon, B.C.. May, (W. H.
Brittain) : Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., XITT, 14.

Spondylide.
5948. Spondylis upiformis Mann. Cawston, B.C., May 9, 1917, (W. R. Metcalfe).

112

THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

Cerambycide.

5967.
5986.
5988.
6010.

6183ce.

6184.
6267.

6332b.

Tragosoma harristi Lec. Nordegg, Alta., July 17, 1917, (K. Bowman).

Gonocallus collaris Kirby. Edmonton, Alta., June 7, 1915, (F. S. Carr).

Physocnemum brevilineum Say. Cartwright, Man., (E. F. Heath).

Callidium cicatricosum Mann. Edmonton, Alta., April 8, 1916, (F. S.
Carr).

Xylotrechus undulatus fuscus Kby. Le Pas, Man., July 3, 1917; Mile

214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 5-26, 1917; Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry.,

July 16, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.

NXylotrechus annosus Say. Cawston, B.C., June 24, 1917, (W. R. Metcalfe).

Acm«wops longicornis Kby. Cawston, B.C., May, 20, June 30, 1917, (W. R.
Metcalfe).

Leptura cribripennis Lee. Cawston, B.C., Aug. 5, 1917, (W. R. Metcalfe).

Leptura rufibasis Lec. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., July 2, 1917; called
a variety of subargentata, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.

Leptura mutabilis Newm. Husavick, Man., July 12, 1917, (L. H. Roberts).

Leptura aspera Lee. Winnipeg, Man., May, 1917; Mile 332, Hudson Bay
Ry., July 17, 1917. The Mile 332 specimen is the testaceous form,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.

Pogonocherus salicola Csy. Husavick, Man., July, 1914, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.

6444. Graphisurus pusillus Kirby. Husavick, Man., July 11, 1917, (L. H.
Roberts). New to Manitoba. :
Chrysomelide.

689 1a.

6932.

Prasocuris ovalis Blatch. Husavick, Man., July 3, 1917, (l. H. Roberts) ;
seems undoubtedly to be this species. New to Canada (?).

Diabrotica fossata Lee. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 23, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.

Oedionychis vians Ill. Ft. Coulonge, Que., June 1, 1918, (J. I. Beaulne).
Addition to Quebec list.

Crepidodera modeert Linn. Husavick, Man., July 8, 1917, (. H. Roberts) ;
Onah, Man:, July 9, 1918, (L. H. Roberts, N. Criddle, J. B. Wallis).
Swept from herbage in swamp.

7032. Mantura floridana Cr. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 9, 191%, (F. 8. Carr).
Bruchide.
7159. Bruchus macrocerus Horn. Edmonton, Alta., July 13, 1918, (F. 8. Carr).

Tenebrionide.

7226a.
7488.

7542,

Phellopsis porcata Lec. Lillooet, B.C., (E. P. Venables).

Anaedus brunneus Ziegl. Husavick, Man., July 12, 1915, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba. aa

Boletophagus depressus Rand. Dauphin, Man., (Mrs. W. W. Hippisley).
New to Manitoba.

Cistelide.

7626. Mycetochares basillaris Say. Miami, Man., July 6, 1914, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.

Melandryide.

7665. Enchodes sericea Hald. Dauphin, Man., 1918, (Mrs. W. W. Hippisley).

—

a

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113

Pythide.
770%. Crymodes discicollis Lec. Vernon, B.C., (E. P. Venables).

Mordellide.

7766. Anaspis atra Lec. Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., July 17, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis). Atra by Smith’s table; locality suggests. nigra (H. C. F.).
New to Manitoba.

7778. Mordella borealis Lec. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 24-26,
1917; on orange-coloured fungous growth on spruce log, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.

7785. Mordella serval Say. Aweme, Man., July 24, 1903, (N. Criddle). New
to Manitoba.

7795. Mordellistena bicinctella Lec. Aweme, Man., July 20, 1917, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.

7805. Mordellistena vilis Lec. Aweme, Man., June 19, 1917, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.

Mordellistena frosti Lilj. Aweme, Man., July 3, 1917, (N. Criddle).

New to Canada.

7807. Mordellistena decorella Lec. Aweme, Man., July 7, 1911, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.

7819. Mordellistena tosta Lec. Aweme, Man., Aug. 2, 1917, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.

7833. Mordellistena nigricans Melsh. Aweme, Man., Aug. 10, 1917, (N. Criddle).

7840. Mordellistena convicta Lec. Aweme, Man., June 19, 1917, (N. Criddle). |
New to Manitoba. .

7843. Mordellistena morula Lec. Aweme, Man., July 9, 1917, (E. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.

Mordellistena divisa Lec. Aweme, Man., July 29, 1917, (N. Criddle).

New to Manitoba. : .

7858. Mordellistena ethiops Smith. Aweme, Man., July 3, 1917, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.

Anthicide.
7918. Notozrus talpa Laf. Onah, Man., July 9, 1918, (Wallis, Roberts, Criddle) ;
Aweme, Man., Aug., (J. Fletcher). New to Manitoba.
Anthicus hastatus Csy. Thornhill, Man., Aug. 19, 1917, (J. B. Wallis).
“Does not agree with type in colour,” (H. C. F.). New to Manitoba.

Meloide.
8103. Hpicauta corvinus Lec. Husavick, Man., (E. Coates). New to Manitoba.

Rhynchitide.
8203. Auletes congruus Wik. Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., July 17, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.

Otiorhynchide.
8245. Ophryastes sulcirostris Say. Boissevain, Man., Sept. 20, 1917, (N. Criddle).

Curculionide.
8367. Apion punctinassum Sm. Miami, Man., July 5, 1916; Onah, Man., July
9, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. — ;
Apion nebraskense. Stony Mountain, Man., July 31, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba. .

114 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

8477. Pissodes rotundatus Lec. Grand Marais, Man., July 26, 1916, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.

10885. Dorytomus vagenotatus Csy. Winnipeg, Man., April 3-15, 1916, (J. B.
Wallis) ; Darlingford,-Man., April 23, June 4, 1916, (W. R. Metcalfe).
New to Manitoba.

8571. Endalus limatulus Gyll. Winnipeg, Man., July 20, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.

8576. Tanysphyrus lemne Fab. Miami, Man., June 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.

8637. Anthonomus scutellatus Gyll. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 2, 1916, (J. B.
Wallis). Rare in Manitoba.

11006. Anthonomus squamulatus Dietz. Onah, Man., July 9, 1916, (J. B.
Wallis. 3

11018. Pseudanthonomus validus Dietz. Husavick, Man., Aug., 1913, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba. :

8675. Orchestes minutus Horn. Onah, Man., July 9, 1918, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.

8676. Orchestes rufipes Lec. Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., July 13, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.

11079. Phytobius griseomicans Dtz. Miami, Man., July 5, 1916; Grand Marais,
Man., July 26, 1916; Stony Mountain, Man., July 31, 1916; Le Pas,
Man., June 30, 1917; Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., July 2, 1917; Mile
214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 6, 1917; Mile 256, Hudson Bay Ry., July
12, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). Probably equals European velatus, (H.C. F.).
New to Manitoba.

Ceutorhynchus neglectus Blatchley. Edmonton, Alta., June 28, 1915,

(ESS: (Carr):

8727. Conotrachelus posticatus Boh. Thornhill, Man., July 1, 1916, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.

8735. Conotrachelus anaglypticus Say. Miami, Man., June 28, 1916, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.

Calandride.

Sphenophorus zew. Winnipeg, Man., July 1, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).

New to Manitoba.

9044. Rhyncholus brunneus Mann. Onah, Man., July 9, 1918, (N. Criddle).

Ipide.

Lesperisinus criddlei Sw. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; St. Hilaire, Que. ;
Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 72, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., issued Sept. 6, 1918.

Cryphalus Dongen Chamberlain. Roger’s Pass, B.C., Sept. 28, 1915,
(J. M. Swaine); Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 88, Ent. Br. Dom, Dept, Agr,
issued Sept. 6, 1918.

Pityophthorus pseudotsuge Sw. Vernon, B.C., June 29, 1914, (J. M.
Swaine); Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 99, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., issued Sept.
6, 1918.

Pityogenes knechteli Sw. Jasper Park, Alta., Aug. 30, 1915, (J. M.
Swaine); Nechako Valley, B.C., Atlin, B.C., Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 106,
Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., issued Sept. 6, 1918.

Ips laticollis Sw. Near Ottawa, Ont., Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 116, Ent. Br.,
Dom. Dept. Agr., issued Sept. 6, 1918.

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115

* Ips dubws Sw. Roger’s Pass, B.C., Sept. 28, 1915, (J. M. Swaine) ;
Selkirks and Rockies, between Glacier, B.C., and Banff, Alta.; Bull. 14.
pt. 2, p. 119, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., issued Sept. 6, 1918.

DIPTERA,

(Arranged according to a Catalogue of North American Diptera, by J. M.
Aldrich, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. XLVI, No. 1,444.

The numbers refer to the
pages in the catalogue.)

Tipulide. .
* Pachyrhina perdita Dietz. Aweme, Man., Aug. 7, 1913, (E. Criddle) ;
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIV, 116.
Pachyrhina opacivittata Dietz. Aweme, Man., (FE. Criddle) ; Trans. Amer.
Ent. Soc., XLIV, 123.
* Pachyrhina festina Dietz. Ridgeway, Ont., Aug. 15, 1910, (M. C. Van
Duzee) ; Aweme, Man., (E. Criddle) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.,-XLIV, 126.
* Pachyrhina obliterata Dietz. Ottawa, Ont., July 26, 1912, (G. Beaulieu) :
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIV, 133. .
-Tipula macrolaboides Alex. “ Hudson Bay Territory ;” Can. Ent., L. 69.

Chironomide. ;

108. Johannesomyia (Ceratopogon) albaria Coq. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 15,
1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.

110. Palpomyia (Ceratopogon) subasper Cog. St. Louis Que., Aug. 8, 17, 19,
1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.

Mycetophilide.
Leia opima Lw. Outremont, Que., Aug. 25, (J. Ouellet). New to Canada,
ey M..A:).
%

Neosciara lobosa Pettey. Carbonate. Columbia River, B.C., July 7-12,
1908, (J. C. Bradley); An. Ent. Soc. Amer., XI, 333.

Neosciara ovata Pettey. Howser, Selkirk Mountains, B.C., June 22. 1905,
(J. C. Bradley); An. Ent. Soc. Amer., XI, 336.

*

Bibionide.

166. Bibio nervosus Lw. Outremont, Que., May 15, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addi-
tion to Quebee list.

166. Bibio ranthopus Wied. Montreal, Que., May 21, 1918, (A. F. Winn).
Addition to Quebec list.

167. Dilophus obesulus Lw. Outremont, Que., June 7, 1917; St. Louis, Que..
July 8, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebee list.

167. Dilophus tibialis Lw. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 8, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addi-
tion to Quebec list.

Tabanide.
197%. Chrysops mechus O.S. Joliette, Que., July 15, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addi-
tion to Quebec list.
198. Chrysops striatus O. S. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 3, 9, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.

198. Chrysops univittatus Macq. Joliette, Que., July 6, 22, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.

116 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

Therevide.

247. Psilocephala notata Wied. Coniston, Ont., July 26, 1915, (H. 8. Parish).
Mr. J. Ouellet has also taken the species in Quebec Province. Addition
to Quebee list.

247. Psilocephala nigra Say. Montreal, Que., Aug. 25, 1917; St. Louis, Que.,
Aug. 3, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.

Mydaide.
251. Mydas clavatus Dr. Longwood, Ont., July 4, 1918, (G. Blair).

Asilide.
Asilus erythrocnemius Hine. Montreal, Que., Aug. 28, 1917; Joliette,
Que., Aug. 15, 1917; St. Louis, Que., Aug. 3, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addi-
tion to Quebec list.
283. Asilus paropus Walk. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 6, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addi-
tion to Quebee list.

Dolichopodide.
297. Hydrophorus chrysologus Walk. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 6, 20, 1918, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.

Empide.
* Drapetis aliternigra Mel. “ British Columbia;’ An. Ent. Soc. Amer.,
Xe alo:
Drapetis infumata Mel. Nelson, B.C., July 17, 1910; An. Ent. Soe.
Amer., XI, 194.
Drapetis setulosa Mel. “ British Columbia ;” An. Ent. Soc. Amer., XI, 196.
Endrapetis facialis Mel. Medicine Hat, Alta., (J. R. Malloch); An. Ent.
Soc. Amer., XI, 200.
Microsania imperfecta Lw. Aweme, Man., Sept. 18, 1915, (N. Criddle).
317. Syneches pusillus Lw. Terrebonne, Que., Aug. 20, 1918; St. Louis, Que.,
Aug. 13, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
331. Rhamphomyia irregularis Lw. Outremont, Que., May 19, 1917, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.

Phoride.
Aphiocheta evarthe Mall. Strathroy, Ont., Aug. 14, 1918, (H. F.
Hudson).

Syrphide.
Pipiza festiva Mg. Mount Royal, Que., May 21, June 2, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
350. Pipiza pisticoides Will. Mount Royal, Que., May 23, June 2, 1918, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
363. Didea lava O. S. Outremont, Que., Sept. 19, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addi-
tion to Quebec list.

Syrphus perplecus Osb. Outremont, Que., June 5, Sept. 1, 1918, (J.
Ouellet) ; Rawdon, Que., Aug. 12, 1917. Addition to Quebec list.
Volucella bombylans americana Jns. Montreal, Que., June 28, 1917, (J.

Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
393. Helophilus hamatus Lw. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 16, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
393. Helophilus laetus Lw. Outremont, Que., June 5, 1917; St. Louis, Que.,
Aug. 16, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ne

399. Xylota fraudulosa Lw. Outremont, Que., May 15, June 2, 1918, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.

Conopide.
412. Oncomyia modesta Will. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 15, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.

Tachinide.

Viviania lachnosterne Tns. St. Remi, Que., June 24, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
New to Canada, (J. M. A.).

(Imitomya) Himantostoma sugens Lw. According to Aldrich Sas-
katchewania canadensis, records of which occur in the Ent. Record for
1915, is evidently the long lost H. sugens.

433. Hypostena barbata Cog. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 3, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.

440. Hutrixa exilis Cog. Outremont, Que., May 19, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addi-
tion to Quebec list.

441. Xanthomelana flavipes Coq. Terrebonne, Que., Aug. 19, (J. Ouellet). New
to Canada, (J. M. A.).

445. Metaplagia occidentalis Cog. Joliette, Que., July 10, 1917, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.

Panzeria ampelos Walk. Outremont, Que., May 20, 1917; Sept. 19, 1918;
Joliette, Que., July 5, 24, 1918; St. Louis, Que., Aug. 7, 1918, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.

Exorista caesar Ald. “TI lately got some material for determination which
almost convinced me that my Fvorista caesar, a Canadian fly, is a
synonym of nigripalpis Tns. The point of difference was the existence
of one, or several bristles on the outer front side of the middle tibia:
I now think this is sometimes variable, though usually constant.”
(oi. ME A.).

461. Phorocera erecta Coq. Mount Royal, Que., May 23, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
New to Canada, (J.M.A.).

470. Tachina robusta Tns. Newaygo, Argenteuil Co., Que. June 17, 1917,
(A. F. Winn). No definite Quebec record in Quebec list.

475. Phorichaeta sequax Will. Outremont, Que., July 29, 1917, Sept. 16, Oct.
1, 1918; St. Louis, Que., July 30, 1918, (J. Ouellet). No Quebee records
in Quebec list.

488. Echinomyia decisa Wik. Cap a l’Aigle, Que., Aug. 3-17, 1918, (A.F.
Winn) ; Mount Royal, Que., June 15, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to
Quebec list.

Dexiide.
Thelatrodes clemonsi Tns. St. Remi, Que., June 25, (J. Ouellet). New
to Canada, (J.M.A.).

Sarcophagide.
Sarcophaga latisterna Pk. Outremont, Que., May 20, June 23, Aug. 22,
1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. |
Sarcophaga cooleyi Pk. Allan, Sask., Aug. 11, 1917, (A. E. Cameron).
Sarcophaga marginata Ald. Outremont, Que., Sept. 13, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.

11g - THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

Sarcophaga vancouverensis Pk. Vancouver, B.C., May 12, 19, 1916; June
11, 1916; Savory Island, July 3, 1916; Bd. Bay, May 22, 1915, (R. &.
Sherman). Can. Ent., L, 123.

Muscide.
Phormia azurea Fall. Outremont, Que., July 28, 1917, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list. :

525. Pyrellia cyanicolor Zett. Outremont, Que., May 21, 23, 191%, (J. Ouellet). -

Addition to Quebec list.

Anthomyide.
Hydrotea houghi Mall. Outremont, Que., Sept. 21, 1917, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list. ;
Pogonomyia minor Mall. Farewell Creek, Sask.; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.,
XLIV, 280.
544. Mydea duplicata Mg. Outremont, Que., May 15, Aug. 25, 1917, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
545. Spilogaster signia Wilk. Montreal, Que., Oct. 14, 1918, (A. F. Winn).
Addition to Quebec list.
Limnophora brunneisquama Mall. St. Remi, Que., June 25, 1918, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. :
Fannia spathiophora Mall. Gold Rock, Rainy River District, Ont., July
21, 1905, (H. H. Newcombe) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIV, 294.
546. Mydwa uniseta Stein. Outremont, Que., June 11, Sept. 18, 1918, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebee list.
Mydea rufitibia Stein. Outremont, Que., May 15, 1917, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list:
Mydea nitida Stein. Outremont, Que., May 28, (J. Ouellet). Addition
to Quebec list. (—=nigripennis Walk. J.M.A.).
Anthomyia albicincta Fall. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 15, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebee list.
Hylemyia coenosveformis St. St. Louis, Que., July 30, Aug. 15, 1918,
(J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
Hylemyia pluvialis Mall. Gold Rock, Ont., July 21, (H. H. Newcombe) :
Can. Ent. L, 310.
Hylemyia tenax Johannsen. Joliette, Que., July 10, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
558. Pegomyia affinis Stein. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 8, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
Fucellia wstuum Ald. Vancouver, B.C., Aug. 8, 1917, (Melander) ;
Pender Island, B.C., (Aldrich) ; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., VIII, 157-179.
Cenosia humilis Mg. Outremont, Que., Sept. 13, 20, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
561. Canosia hypopygialis St. St. Remi, Que., June 25, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
New to Canada, (J.M.A.). |
Lispocephala alma Mg. Mount Royal, Que., April 16, (J. Ouellet). Ad-
dition to Quebec list. :

Or
ves
o.8)

Scatophagide. :
565. Cordylura latifrons Lw. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 14, 17, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
New to Canada, (J.M.A.).

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 119

567. Hydromyza confluens Lw. Brome Lake, Que., Aug. 1, 1917, (A. F. Winn).
Addition to Quebec list.

567. Opsiomyia palpalis Coq. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 16, 1918 (J. Ouellet).
New to Canada, (J.M.A.).

Heteroneuride.
Clusia czernyi Johnson. Outremont, Que., May 31, 1917, June 15, 20,
* 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.

Helomyzide.
Helomyza plumata Lw. Mount Royal, Que., June 15, 1917, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
Leria serrata L. Outremont, Que., May 6, 18, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addi-
tion to Quebec list.

Borboride.
Borborus marmoratus Becker. St. Louis, Que, Aug. 13, 1918, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.

Sciomyzide. :
579. Tetanocera lineata Day. Mount Royal, Que., Sept. 20, 1917; St. Louis,
Que., Aug. 7, 19. 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.

Sapromyzide.
Sapromyza similata Mall. Mount Royal, Que., June 13, 1917, Aug. 11,
1917, (J. Ouellet). New to Canada, (J.M.A.).

Trypetide.
603. Acidia fratria Lw. Montreal, Que., June 23, 1917, (J. Ouellet).
Rhagoletis fausta O. S. =intrudens Ald. Aweme, Man., reared from fruit
of Prunus pennsylvanica, (N. Criddle).

Micropezide.
61%. Calobata pallipes Say. St. Louis, Que., July 30, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.

Sepside.
Sepsis signifera curvitibia M. & 8S. Outremont, Que., Sept. 21, 1917,
(J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
Piophila oriens Mel. Outremont, Que., May 16, 1918, (J. Ouellet). New
to Canada, (J.M.A.).
Piophila pusilla Mg. Outremont, Que., Sept. 23, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.

Psilide.
621. Chyliza notata Lw. Montreal, Que., May 23, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition

to Quebec list.

Eephydride.
Hyadina nitida Macq. Aweme, Man., July 19, 1916, (N. Criddle). An
European species, new to Canada.
629. Parydra limpidipennis Lw. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 7, 19, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
New to Canada, (J.M.A.).

120 - THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

630. Scatella oscitans Wlk. Outremont, Que., June 17, 1917, Sept. 23, 1917;
St. Louis, Que., Aug. 14, 1918; St. Remi, Que. June 28, 1918, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.

Atissa. pygmea Haliday. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). An European
species, new to Canada.

Oscinide.
633. Chlorops crocota Lw. Aweme, Man., Aug. 11, 1917, (N. Criddle).
634. Chlorops rubicunda Adams. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
Elachiptera melampus Lw. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
Elachiptera nigriceps Lw. Outremont, Que., Sept. 22, 1917, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
Siphonella finalis Beck. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
* Dicreus incongruus Ald. Treesbank, Man., (N. Criddle); Can. Ent. L.
340
Oscinis anthracina Lw. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
Osinis incerta Beck. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
Oscinis frontalis Tucker. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
* Oscinis criddlei Ald. Treesbank and Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle); Can.
Ent. L, 341.

Oscinis scabra Ald. Treesbank, Man., May 6, 1916; Aweme, Man., Sept.
12, Oct. 138, 1916; Estevan, Sask., May 20, 1916, (N. Criddle); Can.
Ent. L, 342.

Oscinis frit li. Outremont, Que., (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.

* Lasiosina canadensis Ald. Ogema, Sask.; Estevan, Sask.; Treesbank,
Man.; Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; Can: Ent. L, 337.
Lasiosina similis Mall. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
Geomyzide.
Chyromya femorella Fall. Outremont, Que., (J. Ouellet). An European
species, new to Canada.
Agromyzide.

Agromyza pusilla Mg. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 14, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.

Agromyza posticata Mg. Mount Royal, Que., Sept. 10, 22, 1917; Outremont
Que., May 28, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.

Agromyza coquilletti Mall. St. Louis, Que., July 30, 1918; Aug. 13, 1918,
(J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.

Agromyza laterella Zett. Terrebonne, Que., Aug. 20, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebee list.

Agromyza vibrissata Mall. Outremont, Quebec., Sept. 19, 1917, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.

648. Agromyza parvicornis Lw. Outremont, Que., Sept. 8, 1917, (J. Ouellet).

Addition to Quebec list.

Desmometopa latipes Mg. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).

HYMENOPTERA.
Vipionide.
Opius fuscipennis Gahn. Aweme, Man., July 1, 1918; reared from
Rhagoletis fausta O. S., (N. Criddle).

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121

Braconide.
* Microbracon cephi Gahan. Treesbank, Man.; ‘reared from Cephus cinctus
in stems of Hlymus canadensis, (N. Criddle). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.
XX, 19.

Serphide.
Serphus caudatus Say. Aweme, Man., Aug. 28, 1915, (N. Criddle).

Formicide.
Formica bradleyi Wheeler. Aweme, Man., May 30, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Camponotus abdominalis stercorarius Forel. Lillooet, B.C., found on
imported bananas probably from Central or South America: determined
by W. M. Wheeler, (A. W. A. Phair).

Audrenide.
Andrena columbiana Vier. Mission, B.C., Aug. 8, 1904, (R. V. Harvey) ;
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIII, 374.
* Andrena persimulata Vier. Montreal Island, Que.; Trans. Amer. Ent.
Soc., XLII, 390.

Apide.
Diadasia australis Cr. Lethbridge, Alta., June 28, 1914, on Opuntia,
(F. W. L. Sladen).
Diadasia diminuta Cr. Salmon Arm, Vernon, B.C., on mallow, (F. W. L.
Sladen).

HEMIPTERA.

(Arranged according to a Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America, North of
Mexico—excepting the Aphidide, Coccide and Aleurodide; by E. P. Van Duzee;
University of California Publications, 1917.)

Aphidide.
* Symydobius americanus Baker. Puslinch Lake, near Guelph, Ont., 1909,
(A. C. Baker) ; Can. Ent. L, 318.

Pentatomide.

184. Banasa calva Say. Jordan, Ont., May 11, 1918, (W. A. Ross).

Coreide.

247. Leptoglossus occidentalis Heid. Jordan, Ont., June 30, 1917, (W. A.
Ross).

348. Corizus lateralis Say. Jordan, Ont., Sept. 9, 1918, (W. A. Ross).

Lygaeide.
* Peritrechus saskatchewanensis Barber. Oxbow, Sask., (F. Knab): Jour.
N.Y. Ent. Soc. XXVI, 60

Tingidide.
639. Corythucha arcuata Say. Aweme, Man., June 14, 1918, on Quercus macro-
carpus, (N. Criddle).

1220— THE REPORT OF THE No. 36

640. Corythucha pergandei Heid. Halifax, N.S., 1897, (W. H. Harrington).

Corythucha cydoninae Fitch. Aweme, Man., Aug. 9, 1918, (N. Criddle) ;
on Crategus and Amalanchier spicata.

Corythucha timmaculata O. & D. Lillooet, B.C., (A. W. A. Phair).

Corythucha heidemanni Drake. Ottawa, Ont., (W. H. Harrington).

Corythucha hewitti Drake. Aweme, Man., July 9, 1918, on Corylus ameri-
cana, (N. Criddle).

Corythucha salicis O. & D. Trenton, Ont., Sept. 1, 1910, (J. D. Evans) ;
Aweme, Man., Aug. 13, 1918, on Salix discolor, (N. Criddle).

Corythucha elegans Drake. Hastings Co., Ont., July 27, 1903, (J. .D.
Evans) ; Ottawa, Ont., Oct. 13, 1908, on poplar, (H. Groh).

Corythucha betule Drake. Ottawa, Ont., (W. H. Harrington).

Anthocoride.

847. Nylocoris sordidus Reut. Bowmanville, Ont., Aug. 19, 1913, (W. A. Ross).

Miride.

1019. Lygus hirticulus Van D. Jordan, Ont., July 9, 1915, (W. A. Ross).

Cicadellide.
Erythroneura ador McAtee. Halifax, N.S., Aug. 5, 1917, Sept. 1, 1917;
Can. Ent., L, 361.
Typhlocyba cimba McAtee. Halifax, N.S., Sept. 1, 1917; Can. Ent., L, 360.

OpONATA.

(Arranged according to Muttkowski’s Catalogue of the Odonata of North
America. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue).

Coenagrionide.
54. Hnallagma antennatum Say. Ironside, Que., (i. M. Stohr).
60. Hnallagma hageni Walsh. Red Deer, Alta., June 23, 1918; new to Alberta
list, (F. C. Whitehouse).
65. Nehalennia posita Hagen. Ironside, Que., (LL. M. Stohr).
7. Chromagrion conditum Hagen. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stohr).

Aeshnide, -
82. Hagenius brevistylus Selys. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stohr). First definite
record from Quebec province, (E.M.W.). .
83. Ophiogomphus anomalus Harvey. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stohr). Not
previously recorded from Canada; I have, however, seen specimens from
L. Nipigon; Ont., (H.M.W.).
97. Gomphus spicatus Hagen. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stéhr). First record
from Quebec province, (E.M.W.). ‘
Cordulegaster obliquus Say. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stohr). First un-
doubted record from Quebec province, Provanchier’s specimens being of
uncertain identity, (H.M.W.).

=
~
:

Libellulide.
* — Sommatochlora kennedyi E. M. Walk. Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, June 9,
1903, (A. Gibson); Godbout River, Que., July 29, 1918, (Walker) ;
De Grassi Point, Ont., June 19, 1917, (Walker) ; Can. Ent., L, 371.

ee

1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 123

138. Libellula luctuosa Burm. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stéhr). New to Quebec
province.

PLECOPTERA.

* — Protarcys bradleyi Smith. Lake Louise, Alta., June 25, 1908; Rogers
Pass, B.C. Aug. 7, 1908; Ground Hog Basin, Selkirk Mtns., B.C., July
22—Aug. 7, 1905, (J. C. Bradley) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIII, 470.

CoLLEMBOLA.

Mr. Charles Macnamara, of Arnprior, Ont. has continued his studies of these
insects, and during 1918 he has collected = following around Arnprior. These
have not been previously noted.

* Tsotoma macnamarai Folsom; Can. Ent., L, 291.
Seira buskii Lubbock.
Papirius maculosus Schott.
Sminthurus aquaticus Bourlet.
Sminthurus quadrimaculatus Ryder.
Sminthurus malmgreni elegantulus Reuter.

In addition to the above it is of interest to record Achorutes harveyi Folsom,
from Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). In the same locality the same collector has
found Isotoma viridis riparia Nicolet.

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PAGE

LATE INES [STOTT CCIE) fe cre ri 26
LASTED IS A O10) ee 56
ANGERS TU ei ee 24
Anthonomus signatus ..........0.. 25
Amiagmeaibs USCS Of .... sj... eae. 28
Aphids, their human interest ..... 28
ni wing production in ...... 30
ADHISHPTCEN APDIC 2.2... .058 6. 0. 23
G3 Pen 9/6 23h acre Se Bee 23

re DEUNTOMAG! oe... 5 Si es 30
Apple caterpillar, yellow-necked 24
Applesmaceot, control Of ......... 90
Apple worm, red-humped ......... 24
Aristotle, entomological work of 69
Aspidiosus perniciosus ............ 23

Bacterial diseases, dissemination by

MISGCOSMD Dts sharia) disuale esis el <iss ae aes 63
Bacterial wilt of crucifers ........ 64
Bakermesce Os article) Dyas. .s...... 28
Blackberry sleat-miner 2...220.5 6. 24
Boisgiraud, entomological work of. 80
Bonnet, entomological work of .... 75
Bordeaux mixture, russeting effects

QE \ Sa 3/9 a IsHO a ROSES BNI See 20
British Columbia Branch, report of 14
Brownerotcon FrWits sic... ee 62
Brown tail moth parasite, in Canada 35
iss iyils TOC) Cen 2,6 ohana Ee eCROReeO Caen Renee 24
Cabhbace, TOOt-wWOrMm ..0..85....64. 67
Cabbage wwOrMs we. ss). Soe is 25, 27
CacocciawTOSAceaNa 22 c.)5.6 600s oe ws 26
WRESAP Mee ALGICIO. DY? << \.joic selec sea e's 60, 90
WANE OAMCOTASIN clas are icin ees cca cb ss 23
@ankerseim apples ...%).2.6s5.6.65% 62
WAnrOurTUSte bY: 3. 6.s-cc eo cds. see 25
WEDS CINCEUS: ccs cicsetts ois eels w eee 23, 34

se EEWETAVACTIS ~ fcsilioinns evs rep) sie cad 33
WELrAMAGARIPICtA, fice. sieeelele es cols ss 28
ChermessoOueSpPruGe! 2.28 ss ek ess 26
(CHER YlG MLES) oc. afta cists ioe se 23
(CUESTA: [0 N13 1) ge ee 61
Chortophila. brassicae <.........5... 25

i. ae life history

ANGMICOMENOM Of ssc a sles ool mais 3 67
CLAVIGEPS _PUTPUTEA; «0.50 cee ees 61
ectmelia Smnotata ............... 26
Compsilura concinnata, recovery in

(CHIT) 10NR 6 65 S'cid ORBEA Ieee 35
(WOSEHA PAG WaTUICIONDY, 2..0.5-4..++-. 15
ISOUNCIECDONEH OL aac... ccs cies sae 9
Griddlew IN. vanticle! by ..........5.6. 32
Cryptorhynchus Japathi :.......... 62
SUGninasaP \vallit Sb Gs eee eee 63
(CUIMALGIRY REINO; “(0 i ae 11
Curly top of sugar beets .......... 64
MOT VONTT ee Gc eis sce Cee ee eae 28
CCUASADISCES! Vo. 1 25 Be cIeeeie eee 25, 34, 56

125

PAGE
Dasyneura rhodophaga ............ 26
Datanasministraysssaceek eee aie 24, 28
DAVIS J) Ue ALLIClON D¥acee eee 47
DeGeer, entomological work of 76
Diabroticasl2-punctatay. sce sch 2st 56
“s TOWEACOTIMNIS reese eee ee 56
Downy mildew of lima beans ..... 61
Dufour, entomological work of .... 74
Hndothia. parasitica. 2.22). 222). oes 61
Entomology, present day problems
ER Ske EPR Tas heeetnle Sh ease o aeaee 47
Entomological, some chapters of the
Carly History vOrn./.,... cisterns « cmsatee 69
SE SOCLOL yiClacrares ari Gre clon wae Oe ee ve ee 61
Hrosomalanizera. cc aes ee 30, 31, 36
Fabricius system of classification. . 7
Field crops, insects injurious to .. 25
ELT G LYS, tes ey eres ere eee ame Boe 34
Fungus diseases, dissemination of
INSECTS! [DYa Oe ceherca tations eae Seer - 60
Gooseberry twig disease .......... 61
GrasshopVersy wkoxrere ai - oR le ee 52
i remedies against ...... 3
CisarteTotsiecs cs crimes Pera cieieoreee 62
Hemerocampa leucostigma ........ 23, 28
Elessiam:s fly: =. ait eevee 26, 34, 47, 50
Fone yn.dews, Ses) OF «<:.4 os.0c retake 29
Huber, entomological work of .... 75
Huckett, oC article bynes... - 67
EM, DOCCrMA (DOVASE > «ss chro oe eter ae 26
Imsectranapomists: 5 o> wei elses es 71
aS ECOlOFISES Mi ooc. seo oe ee 75
insects as agents in the dissemina-
tion of plant diseases ........... 60
Insects of the season in Ontario .. 23
= < % Quebec pa
PSOSOMMAPERILICL: “crac orci cre eee eae ne ee 26
Kirby & Spence’s classification .... 79
Hadybird, beetles”... %..eesso. eee ee 26
iaatreille’s. classification ©... =. ... 2. 78
eeai=nniner > Deeb i. 3 ekeaa en Sos ek 25
a Dlackberry sy «oes. eck 24
Wearerollors fruit, tree: 2, .<ssicse cso 23
he SUPA WIDELDY: aster haces Sx 25
Leydig, entomological work of .... |
aiTawana LOpONu OL fcscs ences cess 11
Life history of a hobby horse .... 39
Linnaeus, entomological work of .. 76
mochhead, W. article by) ....2..-.0<. 69
TSQEUIS CS wees aio cas cre Ooi oroteinraiom are Conk 34, 35
THVGHUSUSUCDIALUS ES oie snc tl omnie Wek e %c 26
LAV TUSp-DEAECD SIS das oe ce cca ree: sias che 65
Lyonnet, entomological work of 73

126 —- ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1919
PAGE PAGE
Macrosiphum plsi A-seheeaeeeseo. 30 PterOnUs TIDES ix... ks tee Neoee 28
a TORSO: olin chrenecmuen eee 30
solanitoliy oo. eee 65 Quebec, insects of the season in .. 27
MAELO BCOMN fie srcte etek tere er eileen 28
Mazeots, 2£Tass-stem ic~ i. sue 34 Réaumur, entomological work of ..76, 80
, WiLeat-St@M {oeyrt-t- peters o4 Redi, entomological work of ...... 15
Maheux, G.; articles by, = 22.2. ser 27, 93 Reports on insects of the year ..15, 17,19,
Malpighi, entomological work of .. 72 PEON §
Maple borer, relation to heart rots Rhagoletis cingulata, ..<.5... sees 23
OLS eieis ius @ Oa eR be ene 62 ss TAUStA. 6 ic.cce eee eee 23
May-béetles: ..... cae. Sse eis eee 58 Rhopalosiphum persicae ...... ats 65
Mayetiola. destructor... ne 0c +s 26, 50 Rondani, entomological work of aE 80
MeLaine; i. S:;,sarticles bys. a0 Root-magegots” .<\-.- suisse eee 25
Melanoplus atlanisse---ee-ee oe 35 Rose! Midger wos ose ee ae 26
«s femur-rubrum ........ 52 Ross; W...A..articles tbyeaen sae eer 23, 81, 90
“ SPUCHIS ea cis eee 35
Melaphis chinensisys.n-se-hieee ieee 28 san José scale» .52. 2. . 022 ~ 23
Members; list-of (Sac ee eee 7 sSchizura \coveinna, 2.22. eee 28
Meromyza samericanay eo ano--1a-- @ et 34 Sclerotinia! cinerea \t<..can sees 62
Metallus, bethunei’ sce escent 24 ‘Silk pugs?’ . 2k Joe2 meee eee 56
re TUL oe SRP ease 24 Slug;.pear and cherry: 2s. aeseee er 23
Montreal Branch, report of ....... 12 SIUES: > 2. 7Ruen de eee eee 93
Morris, E:: articles by sco ee oe WS) Small fruits, insects injurious to .. 24
MoSsaICUdISeaSes: |. cna eee 64 Soft rot of vegetables .% cc. ree 63
MEY ZUS@ PETSICAE: = ia.. cre pierce toler 31 Spinach “plight: <i,.25% se:neeeee eee 64
: Strauss-Diirckheim, work of ...... 74
Nematodes on cyclamen .......... 26 Strawberry Jeat-rollery..-cer eee A 25
Newport, entomological work of ... 74 AS Weevil: as Reg aoe erie 25
Noble, J:-dWe articles byarciec see 19 Swammerdam, entomological work
Nova Scotia Branch, report of .... 15 OF. ietsih ose eee eee es 72
Systematists, great INSCCiatiag ee oes 76
Opius ferrugineas: cies ee eee 24
Orchard insects -..260.... eee oer 23 Taeniothrips inconsequens ........ 24
Oscinidac |: secs AAR Ee eee 34 Tarnished: planty pus. cee 65
OBCINIS SiNity 22.0255 Gees Oe 34 Thecodiplosis mosellana ........... 25
Tmetocera: ocellanag-se- eon eee 24
Parasitism and natural control, Toronto Branch, report of 2.4424 Ie
studies? early work inv<s-.28- 2 2, 79 Tothill, J. Di articles bys cee eee 3D
Péar ‘blight: f.s<ct2 a0 vbr we cernetencte 63 Toxoptera 2raminumy ee eee 31
Pear: cpSyllat str sceie's eartotore ecanc or 23 Trichogramma minutum ...... Bk: 23
s in Ontario, control of. .87,88 Truck crops, insects injurious to. 25
Pear thrips: 3 28 sc ase eee see 24 Tussock. moth. <..2pcoe eee 28, 28
Pemphigus galls, uses of .......... 28 :
Phorbia tusciceps) sees eee 28 Valisneri, work of ©. ene 79
Phylloxera caryaecaulis ........... 31
Physiological diseases of plants, dis- Warbler) fly +..< 22.4 ccu0= eee 26
semination by insects of ........ 64 Webworm; fall’ (2222 eee eee 24
Phytophthora phaseoli <2) .cose 5 o- 61 a parsnip) "2 acces eee 25
Plant diseases, dissemination by in- Wheat: insects: 2.2 s.2fe-eeemer sare 25
SECS! Of a spel cic 0 tease ener teterienreeereno cies 60 “ joint-worml), 32-e-eeeeeee 26
Plant diseases, transmission by midge... cca eee ene eee 25
APHIGS <Of\p:i2 5 schralee eee oe 29 Wheat-stem sawfly, western ....... 33, 34
Potato: flea: pectler-- nce eee eee 27 White vegrubs st.) ose oer 21; 33, a
Powder post’ beetles 7303.22 er a6 26 White pine blister rust ..........
Prairie Provinces. insect problems WireWworms, 225.5 ...6 -\.cee eee ener 34, e
1111s Bram aia 70.0 Ola nolooodes 32 J
Psyllay ‘pycicola “oc.asee ere ae 23, 81, 88 Zebra caterpillar ..:....-. oteusgye ents : 28

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