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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FOURTH SERIES

Vou. IX S
1919
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PRINTED FROM THE ep

JOHN W. HENDRIE PUBLICATION ENDOWMENT

SAN FRANCISCO
PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY
1919

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION
GrorGE C. Epwarps, Chairman

C. E. Grunsky BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, Editor

CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX
Prates 1-20

PAGE
ible page ene espe ocekaseteiolesetais oie Yale reve a ienstal sie noieyai s/vejalsvateln a wid osm ieieie.eia.eie(niete i
(GOMES MES eerie res Se edt oes hats ah cal= Seerarorstals loses «aie taveinss,e(s/s)svevera”=eraine ili
Notes on West American Chitons—I].............. eee cece eee eee eee 1
By S. Stillman Berry
(Published June 16, 1919)
Life-Zone Indicators in California .........0cceeeees cece essere eeeee 37

By Harvey Monroe Hall and Joseph Grinnell
(Published June 16, 1919)

Notes on Mammals collected principally in Washington and California
between the Years 1853 and 1874 by Dr. James Graham Cooper.... 69

By Walter P. Taylor
(Published July 12, 1919)

Climatic Relations of the Tertiary and Quaternary Faunas of the
GalixorniasReelons ce sec let estaeisse aisles, olezatelereveretelsiais'e aie'e/arstais,sielsiaveiere 123

By James Perrin Smith
(Published July 12, 1919)

Contribution to the Optics of the Microscope............2.eeeeeeeeee 175

By C. W. Woodworth
(Published July 12, 1919)

The Gopher-Snakes of Western North America............-.....005 197

By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin
(Published August 26, 1919)

News Ores one lDip tera some iatsein seleieierels siete eievaie niet Oe cictaleicteln siove eie.sieis 221

By F. R. Cole and A. L. Lovett
(Published August 26, 1919)

Key to the North American Species of the Dipterous Genus Medeterus,
witht D escniptionsiOfu News oDECIES areersvetelarece sista) sieharetals/sfahelere/siouetelesisye 257

By Millard C. Van Duzee
(Published August 26, 1919)

Description of a New Fossil Fish from Japan..................-00++ 271

By David Starr Jordan
(Published October 22, 1919)

Notes on the Avifauna of the Inner Coast Range of California....... 273
By Joseph Mailliard
(Published November 25, 1919)

New Species of Flies (Diptera) from California.................+.. 297

By J. R. Malloch
(Published December 23, 1919)

Mechanism in the Production of the Throat-Fan in the Florida Chame-
Jeon, wAMOlIsHcarolinensisl <ciersrasere lerelcisys cicjee sis /osi sis sonia :siaieistersiasei*' aisle 313

By Chas. E. von Geldern
(Published December 23, 1919)

New Hemipterous Insects of the Genera Aradus, Phytocoris and
GCamptobrochy swe aec crcieletesate eet ace eiel selon miaeiessiesaie. Sein siele lal 331

By Edward P. Van Duzee
(Published February 5, 1920)
Report of the President of the Academy for the Year 1919........... 357
By C. E. Grunsky
(Published August 4, 1920)
Report of the Director of the Museum for the Year 1919
By Barton Warren Evermann
(Published August 4, 1920)
TRUSS 4- Polio aondonie saddotcnc canned Sood brobeHenonnn HApoaoenGEncmaee 397
November 17, 1920.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtH SERIES

Vor. EX; No; 1, pp. 1-36, pls.1-8 June 16, 1919

NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN CHITONS—II.

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY, REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA

3. ON THE GENERIC OR SUBGENERIC POSITION OF CERTAIN
West AMERICAN CHITONS

Specimens now in hand of the two Australian species,
Ischnochiton australis (Sowerby) and JI. novehollandie
Gray, make it evident that most of the species from other
regions which have been associated with them in the section
or subgenus Jschnoradsia of Shuttleworth, of which the
former species must be taken as the type, have no true rela-
tions with them whatever. One of our West North Ameri-
can species which has clearly been incorrectly included here is
the aberrant Jschnochiton trifidus Carpenter, 1864. As this
species appears to have no close connection with any other
known to us, while it offers several rather remarkable features
of its own, I propose to make it the type of a new group,
Tripoplax, which for the time being may be tentatively re-
ferred to [schnochiton as a subgenus. In the true [schnorad-
sia, not only is the sculpture, especially that of the lateral and
terminal areas, of a different order, but the girdle scales are
relatively quite large, thick and heavy, and bear a conspicuous
vertical carination on their outer aspect. In the West Ameri-
can species the lateral and terminal areas have only a rela-

June 16, 1919

2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Ser.

tively small number of low, flat, smooth, even ribs, and the
proportionally much smaller girdle scales, which become even
more minute toward the margin, are without any undue outer
thickening or carination. In passing it may be noted that the
so-called ‘“Ischnoradsias’”’ of Northern Japan can evidently be
associated neither with the Australian species nor with
I. trifidus. This phase of the matter will be treated more in
detail upon a subsequent occasion in connection with a dis-
cussion of the radular characters.

Ischnochiton regularis (Carpenter 1855) was referred by
Pilsbry (92, p. 142) to his section Radsiella, evidently be-
cause of its radsioid valves. But Radsiella, as he has it, is
an even more heterogeneous assortment than /schnoradsia,
the species referred to it including not only J. tridentatus Pils-
bry from Lower California as type, and J. regularis, but also
I. viridulus (Couthouy) from Tierra del Fuego, the J. trifidus
above mentioned, and /. tigrinus (Krauss) from the Cape of
Good Hope. I am not sure that the actual degree of rela-
tionship is sufficiently close for the association of any two of
these in the same group: certainly the three West American
forms have each striking peculiarities to distinguish them.
Quite recently Thiele (:10, p. 112, 113) has shown that the
radular characters of regularis indicate an affinity with the
otherwise very different appearing Lepidozona and Callisto-
chiton. This fact, together with the multiplication of inser-
tion slits and other shell characters, causes me to propose here
a second new group, Rhombochiton, to rank near or under
Lepidozona, with I. regularis (Carpenter) as type. On my
labels I am retaining both of these groups under /schnochiton
until certain further investigations upon which I am engaged
can be carried through to completion. I do not think that our
present knowledge of the detailed morphology of either the
shell or the radula can be implicitly trusted to provide the key
for working out the true relationships of all these groups, so
as conservative a treatment as possible seems now the safest
to adopt.

Through the kindness of Professors J. C. Merriam and
B. L. Clark of the University of California, there have been

Vor. IX] BERRY—NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN CHITONS 3

placed in my hands for study a few specimens of chitons from
the collection of the late Dr. J. G. Cooper, which are of inter-
est as having presumably been determined by Dr. P. P. Car-
penter. Among these I have been interested to find a single
specimen, represented by a few loose valves, of the very insuf-
ficiently known “Trachydermon gothicus’ of Carpenter ('64,
p. 649; ’66, p. 212). This bears the Catalogue Number 2388
[S. S. B. 478], and was taken by Dr. Cooper at San Pedro,
California, on shells of Haliotis. At near the same time a
second specimen came to me through the generosity of Mr.
W. H. Golisch of the Southwest Museum. This one, which
is fortunately complete, was found by Mrs. Golisch at Dead
Man’s Island, San Pedro, California, in 1909 [S. S. B. 1060].
For some time I have felt that gothicus constituted a distinct
element of its own in the heterogeneous mixture comprised in
the Carpenterian genus Trachydermon, yet I was not alto-
gether prepared to find revealed a second species of my own
group Dendrochiton (Berry :11, p. 487), of which D. tham-
noporus (Berry) stands as the type and, up till now, the only
known species. This group was founded largely because of
its girdle characters, and of course one would not expect the
complex and fragile setze to persist in dried specimens such
as these, but in the specimen found by Mrs. Golisch a few
pore-like dots are evident opposite the sutures in situations
corresponding to the position of the major series of setz in
D. thamnoporus. From this circumstance, coupled with the
fact the shell characters of the two species are evidently but
elaborations of the same general plan, I think there is no
question that the two are congeneric. On the other hand
their specific separation would appear to be easy. The more
conspicuous. features in which D. gothicus differs from tham-
noporus are:

(1) the greater elevation and more acute angle of the
ridge;

(2) the much narrower, more numerous (about 13 on the
central valves), and straighter ribs of the pleural areas, blend-
ing into a rather obscure, fine, irregular, longitudinal thread-
ing on the jugal tract;

(3) the relatively solid texture of the interspaces between
the pleural ribs; in thamnoporus, under moderately high

4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41TH See.

Fig. 1. Dendrochiton thamnoporus (Berry). Camera sketch of dorsal
aspect of right side of valve v of type [8a], from off Monterey.

ee
uN

Fig. 2. Dendrochiton thamnoporus (Berry). Camera outline of valve v
of type [8a], anterior elevation.

Fig. 3. Dendrochiton gothicus (Carpenter). Camera sketch of dorsal
aspect of right side of valve iv of specimen [478] from San Pedro.

Imm.

Fig. 4. Dendrochiton gothicus (Carpenter). Camera outline of valve
iv [478], anterior elevation.

Vor. IX] BERRY—NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN CHITONS 5

power (x36), these interspaces are conspicuously spongy,
while in gothicus they are not;

(4) the heavier granulation of the lateral areas.
The two species are of about the same size, and both are
brilliantly colored. As a further aid in separating them, |
append the accompanying rather rough sketches (text figs.
1-4). No doubt the receipt of good alcoholic material of
gothicus will reveal additional important features of taxo-
nomic value in the girdle. Gothicus is so far recorded only
from the immediate vicinity of the San Pedro Channel, tham-
noporus from Monterey Bay. In the original description of
the latter species, a Japsus calanu resulted in the spelling
hamnopora. The correction to thamnoporus is made in ac-
cordance with Article 19 of the International Code.

LITERATURE CITED.
Bernyy.S: :

‘11. A new Californian chiton. < Proceedings Academy
Natural Sciences Philadelphia 1911, pp. 487-492, text fig. 1-7,
pl. 40, October, 1911.

Carpenter, P. P.

55. Descriptions of (supposed) new species and varieties
of shells, from the Californian and West Mexican coasts,
principally in the collection of H. Cuming, Esq. < Proceed-
ings Zoological Society London 1855, pp. 228-235, 1855.

‘64. Supplementary report on the present state of our
knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the West Coast of
North America. <Report British Association Advancement
Science 1863, pp. 517-686, August, 1864.

‘66. Descriptions of new marine shells from the coast of
California. Part III]. <Proceedings California Academy
Natural Sciences, v. 3, pp. 207-224, February, 1866.
Pilsbry, Hi. A.

92. Monograph of the Polyplacophora. (Lepidopleu-
rid, Ischnochitonidze, Chitonidee, Mopaliide). Manual of
Conchology, v. 14, pp. i-xxxiv, 1-350, pl. 1-68, Philadelphia,
1892.

Thiele, J.

:10. Revision des Systems der Chitonen. II. Teil.

<Zoologica, Bd. 22, pp. 71-132, pl. 7-10, Stuttgart, 1910.

6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser.

4. New Cuitons CoLitectep By Dr. HARoLD HEATH IN
MonTerREY BAy, CALIFORNIA

From time to time considerable interesting material in the
way of chitons preserved in alcohol, principally from collec-
tions made by himself in the neighborhood of Pacific Grove,
California, has been placed in my hands for study by Dr.
Harold Heath of Stanford University. On the whole the
list of species represented in his collections in this region is
much the same as that given by Pilsbry (98) some twenty
years ago from material taken by the same collector, but
three of the forms now before me, including a member of
one genus totally new to our fauna, appear to have been
previously undescribed. Preliminary descriptions of these are
accordingly given below.

Genus Leptochiton Gray 1847?
Subgenus Xiphiozona Berry 1919
Leptochiton (Xiphiozona) heathi Berry 1919
Pl. 1; figs: 1-25 \pl.2

Diagnosis: Shell small, oval, well arched, the jugum ob-
scurely angled; side slopes strongly convex.

Anterior valve with numerous (100-120), closely placed,
radial series of minute, low, round, flattened pustules, usually
distinct from one another and not overlapping. Median
valves not beaked, their sculpture similar to that of the
anterior valve; lateral areas not raised, poorly defined, their

17 am not entirely certain as to the proper generic name to be used for most
of our West American Lepidopleurids. Tredata (:14, p. 127-128) has lately reminded
us that by reason of Gray’s own designation Chiton cinereus must be regarded as
the orthotype of his genus Leptochiton. This is a Linnean species belonging, as
shown by Hanley, to quite a different group than the shells which have been
referred to Leptochiton by most or all subsequent authors, If this were all. we
would at once be barred from using Leptochiton in the present connection at all,
and this is evidently the opinion of Iredale. But the trouble comes in when we
remember, as has been pointed out by Pilsbry ('92, p. 14), that L. ctnercus, as in-
terpreted by Gray, appears not to be the Linnean form, but really the Chiton
asellus of Spengler, which is a Lepidopleurid. Whether, under a strict construction
of the International Code, we must call Chiton cinereus Linneus the type of Lepto-
chiton Gray, or whether cinereus Montagu, Gray, et al. (non Linnwus) can be re
tained in this office, I cannot decide without access to more of the relevant litera-
ture than is now available to me. Nor, if Leptochiton be unavailable, can I sueg-
gest just what name had best be used in place of it. One has, of course, the
option to fall back, for the time being, on the old blanket name Lepidopleurus
Risso, that long-enduring receptacle for every chiton without recognizably developed
insertion plates one is otherwise uncertain what to do with. But as the Californian
species seem none of them to be properly congeneric with L. cajetanus (Poli), the
Mediterraneo-Atlantic species which is the type of Risso’s genus, I prefer for the
present to retain Leptochiton with the explanation above given.

Vor. IX] BERRY—NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN CHITONS 7

granules less regular than those just described, those of the
central areas showing a tendency to overlap or coalesce so as
to form distinct longitudinal riblets. Posterior valve with
similar sculpture; semicircular; mucro conspicuous, much
elevated, projected posteriorly, and almost overhanging;
posterior slope steep and strongly concave. Margins of
tegmentum everywhere finely crenulate.

Interior of valves grayish white, translucent, minutely pit-
ted; median valves thickened at the middle; posterior valve
with a conspicuous V-shaped, laterally branching callus.
Sinus broad. Sutural laminz triangular.

Girdle narrow, for the most part with a pilose covering of
excessively minute, short, pointed spinelets, among which are
interspersed sundry long, conspicuous, stiletto-like, or more
often curved spines, appearing especially numerous in the
neighborhood of the sutures. Marginal spines minute.

Ctenidia 12-16 on a side, extending past the middle of the
6th valve.

Radula with strongly bidentate major laterals.

Color of dorsal surface a warm yellowish brown, very
finely and copiously, though variously, mottled with longi-
tudinal and radial streaks of a dark slaty gray. Girdle with
dorsal mottlings or almost unicolored.

Measurements: Long. 13.1, diam. 7.0 mm.

Type: An alcoholic specimen [S. S. B. 123], comprising
Cat. No. 3513 of the author’s collection. Paratypes deposited
in the collections of the California Academy of Sciences, the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the United
States National Museum, and the Department of Zoology of
Stanford University.

Type Locality: 15 fathoms, off Monterey, California; H.
Heath, summer, 1908; 12 specimens.

Remarks: I have had this species in hand for a number of
years without hitherto being able to attach a satisfactory name
to it. It is a well marked and not at all a rare form, chiefly
characterized by its peculiar coloration and a girdle armature
quite unlike that of any of the better known West American
species of the genus. For a time I was (very doubtfully)
inclined to identify the species with the insufficiently under-
stood L. nexus Carpenter 1864, but Carpenter’s description

8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser.

(I have seen no specimens to accord with it) differs too
markedly to render such a disposition satisfactory, even if
we accept the specimens mentioned by him as a variegated
variety of nexus (cf. Pilsbry, 92, p. 11) as surely conspecific
with the type. Recently the receipt from Dr. W. A. Hilton
of Pomona College of a specimen dredged by him in 10
fathoms, off Laguna Beach, California [S. S. B. 404], which
agrees very fairly with Carpenter’s description of his “var-
iety”, confirms the separate identity of the Monterey species,
although it evidently belongs to the same section of the genus.

L. heathi is particularly marked by its elevated, roundly
Gothic-arched outline, poorly delimited lateral areas, steep
slope back of the projecting mucro, and minute girdle scales.

The specific name selected is in honor of Dr. Harold
Heath, who collected the type.

Genus Hanleya Gray 1857
Hanleya spicata, new species
Bist ihe.3

Diagnosis: Shell small, oblong, rather elongate, lateral
outline nearly straight.

Valves sharply beaked; lateral areas distinct, but not con-
spicuous except by transmitted light, not ridged or grooved.
Sculpture consisting of numerous rounded tubercles (trans-
parent by transmitted light) irregularly scattered over the
lateral areas, but over the central areas slightly smaller and
disposed in 14-16 ill-defined, slightly oblique, longitudinal
series, most crowded and irregular near the jugum. Head
valve sculptured like the lateral areas. Tail valve with mucro
somewhat in front of the middle, elevated.

Girdle of moderate width, beset dorsally with numerous,
faintly striate, glassy spicules of three main types: 1) very
small, ovoid, pointed spinelets, forming a rather loose cover-
ing over the entire girdle, these being plainly striate near their
apices; 2) elongate, dagger-like, marginal spinelets; and
3) a few scattered, needle-like spines, often over twice the
length of the marginal spicules, some of these distributed
here and there over the general surface of the girdle, but the
greater proportion occurring in loose groups of 5-8 at each

Vor. IX] BERRY—NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN CHITONS 9

Fig. 5. Hanleya spicata Berry. Camera sketch of dorsal aspect of type [63].

suture, where they extend well up between the valves; though
distinct, these groups scarcely tuft-like, and unaccompanied,
so far as noted, by evidence of sutural or intersutural pores.
Ctenidia about 8 on each side.
Color everywhere a pale brown or brownish white, deepen-
ing in tone at the beaks, but without other markings.
Measurements: Long. 4.5, diam. 2.0 mm.
Type: A specimen mounted in balsam [S. S. B. 63], Cat.
No. 4102 of the author’s collection.

Fig. 6. Hanleya spicata Berry. Camera sketch of edge of valves li
and ili, with adjacent portion of girdle [63].

10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH Ser.

Type Locality: From ledge off Point Pinos, Monterey
Bay, California; depth “‘probably 200 feet’; H. Heath, sum-
mer, 1904; 1 specimen.

Remarks: This small species possesses no very remarkable
characters of its own, except the presence of the conspicuous
groups of sutural spines on the girdle. It is undoubtedly
nearest to the circumpolar H. hanleyi (Bean 1844), from
which the sutural spines and more sparse granulation (cf.
Pilsbry, 92, pl. 3, f. 72) are here relied upon to distinguish
it. The girdle also appears notably wider in proportion to
the width of the valves, upon which it somewhat encroaches
at the sutures. The specimen is quite likely not mature, so
it is uncertain just how much value should be reposed in the
features outlined. Eventually H. spicata may prove only a
variant of the older species, but the balance of evidence at
the present time appears to me in favor of its distinctness.

The species itself is not of so great interest as the fact
that it for the first time establishes the genus Hanleya in
Pacific waters. Thiele, however, (:09, p. 15) has reported
a specimen of H. hanleyi from Plover Bay, Siberia (Bering
Sea).

Genus Mopalia Gray 1847
Mopalia phorminx Berry, 1919
Pls. 3-5

Diagnosis: Shell small, elongate-oval, only moderately
elevated; dorsal ridge carinate; side slopes straight. Entire
surface finely granulose.

Anterior valve with 8 radiating series of coarse, closely
placed, downwardly directed, almost overlapping, pointed
pustules, 9-10 in a series, one or rarely two series of smaller
and more widely separated but otherwise similar granules
occurring in alternation; in addition to above, each posterior
margin dentated by a series of larger, more elongate, back-
wardly directed tubercles, so that including these the number
of primary radial series is 10; between the posterior series
and the next of the primary series in front are three of the
secondary series above noted, the median of which is com-
posed of larger tubercles than the other two.

Vor. IX] BERRY—NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN CHITONS 11

Median valves: lateral areas not in themselves raised, but
in front showing a strong, diagonal, rib-like succession of
about 10 coarse, somewhat overlapping pustules like those of
the primary series on the head valve; on the sutural margin
behind a series of large, backwardly directed tubercles like
those of the postero-marginal series of the head valve; the
flattened area between these two series heavily and closely
pustulose with 2-5 variously sized, radial series of granules,
with sometimes also one or two similar series in front of the
main diagonal rib. Central areas on each side elegantly
sculptured with 10-14 sharp, flexuose, longitudinal ribs,
curved at first with the concavity inward, but the longer ribs
showing a secondary curve in the reverse direction toward
the anterior margin; outer ribs more or less broken behind,
sometimes resulting in the formation of the aberrant series
of granules already noted; inner face of ribs buttressed by
numerous, irregular, claw-like, transverse ridges extending
part way across the otherwise merely granular interspaces ;
inside ribs more oblique and shorter, in valves iii-vii fusing
anteriorly with a single rather weak, median rib along the
ridge; valve ii with the jugal rib bifurcating anteriorly, a
new median rib developing between the forks, the adjacent
ribs of the central areas at the same time more or less
anastomosing.

Posterior valve with the mucro little elevated, strongly
posterior in position, the area in front of it sculptured like
the central areas of the median valves, but with only 7-8
ribs on a side; posterior area coarsely, irregularly, concen-
trically rugose, the rugosities best developed in front, where
they tend to form a sort of pseudo-rib; slope behind mucro
slightly concave.

Interior of anterior and intermediate valves slightly thick-
ened across the middle. Posterior valve with a strong cres-
centic callus behind, and a strong, V-shaped, median callus.
Teeth short and broad, their bounding fossa at the base
shallow but distinct. Sutural laminz of intermediate valves
wide, arcuate, in tail valve more angular at margin; sinus
narrow and relatively deep. Insertion slits with rather in-
distinct radial lines of transversely slit-like pores leading into
them. Eaves short and inconspicuous. Anterior valve with

12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41m Ser.

8, intermediate valves with 1-1, posterior valve with 1-1
slits and a strong bay or sinus in the medio-posterior margin.

Girdle rather narrow, clothed above with a fine armature
of numerous, microscopically minute spinelets, and in addition
bearing a large number of beard-like setze in several series,
one, which we may denote as the primary or sutural, com-
prising much larger, darker colored, and very definitely placed
bristles, as compared with those of the other series, one
standing in the angle of each suture, two behind the tail
valve; and perhaps six or seven around the head valve: re-
maining seta more numerous near margin; all more or less
broken in the specimen at hand. Individual sete long,
slender, bearing numerous, slender, recurved, hair - like
branches along the upper side.

Ctenidia 14 on a side.

Color of outer surface of shell a soiled brownish cream,
abundantly painted and mottled with light yellowish brown.
Interior of shell white. Girdle brownish.

Measurements: Maximum length of type specimen, 16.5:
maximum width, 9.0; altitude, 3.0; length of sheil only, 15.0;
width of tegmentum in valves iv. and v., 7.0 mm.

Type: A specimen preserved in alcohol [S. S. B. 549], com-
prising Cat. No. 1769 of the author’s collection.

Type Locality: On a fragment of rock from ledge off
Point Pinos, Monterey Bay, California; “depth probably 200
ft.."; H. Heath, summer, 1904; one specimen.

Remarks: This very odd appearing little chiton is evi-
dently a member of the same group as the two Carpenterian
species, sinuata and imporcata, but is readily distinguishable
from either by its unique and very elegant pattern of sculp-
turing, notably by such details as the heavy pustulation of
the lateral tracts and the sinuous, buttressed riblets of the
central areas.

No specimens other than the type have thus far come to
hand.

The specific name is derived from the Greek ¢épu0%—a
much ornamented kind of lyre, and is chosen primarily with
reference to the above-mentioned sculpturing of the central
areas.

Vor. IX] BERRY—NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN CHITONS ]

ws)

LITERATURE CITED.
Iredale, T.

:14. Some more notes on Polyplacophora. Part I.
< Proceedings Malacological Society London, v. 11, pp.
123-131, June, 1914.

Pilsbry, H. A.

92. Monograph of the Polyplacophora. (Lepidopleuride,
Ischnochitonide, Chitonide, Mopalide). <Manual Con-
chology, v. 14, pp. i-xxxiv., 1-350, pl. 1-68, Philadelphia, 1892.

08. Chitons collected by Dr. Harold Heath at Pacific
Grove, near Monterey, California. < Proceedings Academy
Natural Sciences Philadelphia, 1898, pp. 287-291.

Thiele, J.

(09. Revision des Systems der Chitonen. I. Teil. <Zoo-

logica, Bd. 22, pp. 1-70, text figs. A-E, pl. 1-6, Stuttgart, 1909.

5. A New Mopatria From SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA

The first note in the present series (Berry, :17) was de-
voted to a preliminary discussion of a collection of chitons
collected by Mr. George Willett in southeastern Alaska,
chiefly at Forrester Island, from 1913 to 1916. Some of this
material, particularly among the smaller Mopaliide, I found
myself unable at that time to identify to my satisfaction.
Certain later material which has since been handed me by
Mr. Willett shows that one of the species represented,
although one of the most interesting of all the Mopalias, is
apparently an undescribed form. A diagnosis is accordingly
offered below.

Mopalia egretta Berry 1919

Pls. 6-7

Diagnosis: Shell rather small, elongate-oval in outline,
moderately elevated, with a sharply carinate, somewhat
pinched-in, dorsal ridge; side slopes slightly, though dis-
tinctly arcuate; valves slightly beaked. General surface very
finely pitted rather than granulose.

14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

Anterior valve with eight radiating series of strong, regu-
larly increasing, closely ranked, rather smoothly rounded
tubercles, 7-8 in a series; posterior edge of valve dentated
by a pair of similar series of larger, more compressed and
backwardly directed tubercles; entire surface between these
rib-like series rather finely sculptured by a quite uniform
reticulum of pitting and netting arranged almost in a checker
pattern; all sculpture worn or obsolete toward apex.

Median valves with lateral areas strongly elevated; general
surface of these sculptured like the anterior valve; bounded
behind by a sutural series of 9-10 strong, oblique tubercles
dentating the suture, and in front by a much wider, stronger
diagonal rib, formed by the partial coalescence of its com-
ponent, strongly transversely elongate, compressed tubercles,
and often more or less bifurcated by a shallow furrow down
its center. Central areas very neatly sculptured by strong,
inwardly arching, longitudinal riblets, traversed by slightly
more zigzag, and otherwise rather less regular, obliquely
arcuate riblets radiating from the beak and ridge, the whole
forming a very regular net-like reticulum, the meshes of
which are represented by fairly deep, squarish pits, always
larger and deeper toward the sides; the posteriormost of
the radial threads characteristically stronger than any of
those in front, and the pits enclosed between it and the
diagonal rib larger and deeper than those in front of it, thus
sharply setting off the diagonal rib and lateral areas from
the central areas; jugal area in the posterior two or three
valves with a very narrow smooth tract on the ridge, the
netted sculpturing in the other valves extending clear over,
merely becoming a little less regular on the ridge where the
central areas come together.

Posterior valve with the mucro at about the posterior
third of the tegmentum, scarcely elevated; diagonal ribs
weaker than those of the intermediate valves; area in front
sculptured similarly to the central areas of the intermediate
valves, but with fewer ribs on a side, and although the pits
in front of the diagonal ribs are a little larger than the
remainder, the difference is less conspicuous here than in
the other valves; posterior area sculptured with irregularly
nodulose, longitudinal ribs, corresponding in position to the

Vor. IX] BERRY—NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN CHITONS 15)

tubercles of the diagonal rib and the riblets in front, the
innermost ones bending in abruptly behind toward the deep,
acute, A-shaped caudal sinus.

Interior of anterior valve with the eight whitish radial
lines leading to the marginal slits very conspicuous, each
accompanied by a series of seven or eight transversely slit-like
pores in the overlying translucent articulamentum. [nter-
mediate valves with a slight transverse thickening across
the middle; whitish lines radiating to the slits as in the
anterior valve, but the overlying pores 12 or more in number.
Posterior valve with 2-3 of the pores conspicuous below the
slits, but the white lines not visible, perhaps because of the
heavy, transverse, posterior callus; an oblique thickening also
extends forward on each side of the central depression lead-
ing to the sutural sinus. Teeth in all valves but the last
short, broad, squarish; insertion slits bounded on each side
by conspicuous tile-like upturnings of the edges of the teeth
and sutural lamine. Sutural laminz of intermediate valves
exceedingly thin and fragile, very broad, only slightly
arcuate in front, the sinus small and narrow; posterior valve
with proportionally rather longer, more sinuous lamin, the
narrow sinus sharply squared at the base; caudal sinus of
articulamentum about as in tegmentum but more rounded
at apex.

Eaves short, thin, sharp; very slightly projecting over the
thin layer of coarsely spongy tissue beneath. Anterior valve
with 8, intermediate valves with 1-1, posterior valve with 1-1
slits.

Girdle moderately wide, only slightly encroaching at the
sutures; sharply slit posteriorly; dorsal surface covered with
numerous very minute spines or scales, with larger dirk-
shaped spinelets at the margin; inner central portion devoid
of sete; sutural setze conspicuous, long, erect, comprising each
a long, slender, curved, amber-colored bristle, from the basal
portion of which are given off on the upper side numerous
nearly straight, long slender, needle-like, whitish aciculz ; four
such sete around the head valve, one in the angle of the
first six sutures, one nearly halfway out on the girdle on
each side opposite the last suture, and one very strongly
tufted unpaired seta in the caudal sinus a little less than half

16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41H Ser.

way between the shell margin and the apex of the slit in
the girdle; remaining series of sete about four in number,
much smaller, all on the outer third of the girdle, those of
the more marginal series very minute and more bushy
(i. e., their spines less asymetrically arranged) than the
sutural seta, those of the inner series progressively larger
and except for their smaller size and somewhat shorter
acicule similar in general makeup to the sutural setz.

Ctenidia about 20 on a side.

Color of tegmental surface of shell a rather light brownish
or brick red, with more or less brownish-maroon and gray-
buff maculation, the latter color usually prevailing on the
third valve and sometimes the seventh as well; in one speci-
men the sides of valve vil being light yellow. Upper sur-
face of girdle green in the type, reddish in all other speci-
mens. Interior flesh tinted, shading darker in the deeper
portions.

Measurements: Maximum length of type specimen, 29.0;
maximum width, 11.2; altitude, 3.7; length of shell only,
18.3; width of tegmentum in valve iv., 8.5 mm.

Type: A specimen preserved dry [S. S. B. 281], entered
as Cat. No. 3939 of the author’s collection. A paratype
collected in 25 fathoms by Willett in 1914 [S. S. B. 285] is
deposited in the collection of the California Academy otf
Sciences, and another taken in 15-20 fathoms in 1917
[S. S. B. 641] is in the private collection of Mr. George
Willett.

Type Locality: 20 fathoms, Forrester Island, Alaska;
George Willett, August 5, 1915; two specimens.

Remarks: Though ranking among the smaller and less
conspicuous forms, close acquaintance reveals M. egretta as
one of the most beautiful of all the Mopalias. It is one of
the Forrester Island species which Mr. Willett obtained on
several occasions, though never in any numbers, and to
which J referred on pp. 239-240 of the first paper of the
present series. His discovery of another specimen in 1917
served to confirm the validity of the diagnostic characters I

7A specimen in alcohol [284] and a series of dislocated valves [640] have also
been drawn upon for portions of the foregoing description and therefore rank as
paratypes. These are at present in the author's collection.

Vor, IX] BERRY—NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN CHITONS 17

had previously outlined in MS. and convinced me that the
species was properly regarded as distinct. It is not closely
similar to any of our other West American types except
only the peculiar little M. sinwata of Carpenter. With this,
in dried specimens at least, one finds a degree of careful
discrimination necessary, although the present species is dis-
tinguished by the following important and, in the scanty
material I have had available, apparently constant characters :

1.) Considerably larger size (x about 1%).
) Much less high-arched outline.

) Distinctly arcuate side slopes.
4.) Bright reddish coloration.

) Distinctly raised lateral areas.

) Heavier and more coarsely pustulose diagonal rib.
7.) Heavier dentation of the sutures, which is strong and
distinct in egretta.

8.) Fewer and coarser longitudinal ribs of central areas
in shells of the same size.

9.) Strong pitting and appearance of an incipient sec-
ondary riblet in front of the diagonal rib.

Unfortunately none of the Forrester Island simwata were
preserved in alcohol, so a direct comparison of the girdle
characters as they exist in adequately preserved material
cannot be made, though even the dried shells indicate that
here also are interesting differences. A single alcoholic
specimen of egretta [284] has furnished the basis for the
description of the girdle given in the foregoing diagnosis.
A curious circumstance in both this and the dried specimens
is that the sete frequently carry one or more encrusting
foraminifera.

The specific name egretia is chosen because of the resem-
blance of the sutural sete to small egret plumes.

LITERATURE CITED.
Berry,,.9:|9:
:17. Notes on West American Chitons—I. < Proceed-
ings California Academy Sciences, (4), v. 7, pp. 229-248,
text figs. 1-4, September, 1917.

18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

6. A New Leprpozona From SoUTHERN CALIFORNIA

For several years past various specimens have been ac-
cumulating in my hands which do not seem referable to
any of the described species. Some of these, particularly
from among the Mopaliide, | shall withhold for the present
in the hope of securing more or better material, but there
are certain ones of which I either have had ample material,
or else see no immediate hope of getting more, or which are
likely to be referred to in forthcoming papers of this series,
hence must needs be published. A preliminary diagnosis of
one of these forms is therefore offered in the following pages,
while others will be published in succeeding papers of the
series. These descriptions are purposely made as brief as
the exigencies of an exact identification of the species referred
to will permit. The results of my examination of the radula,
the microscopy of the girdle armature, and some other fea-
tures are held over for a later work, in which it is intended
to describe, illustrate, and discuss all the western North
American species in as much detail as possible.

Ischnochiton (Lepidozona) asthenes Berry 1919
(Pl. 8)

Diagnosis: Shell small, thin, nearly lusterless, oblong-oval,
moderately elevated, carinate along the ridge, the side slopes
convex; valves barely beaked behind. General surface
strongly rough-scaly-granulose, this condition prevailing over
the head valve, the lateral and jugal areas of the intermediate
valves, and the jugal and posterior areas of the tail valve; on
the pleural areas obscured or replaced by the fine sculpturing.

Anterior valve with 11 or rarely 12 low, broad, rounded
ribs or flutings, bearing traces of radial series of minute,
easily abraded pustules, 2-4 in a series, though in absolutely
non-abraded specimens there would no doubt be a few more;
grooves between ribs shallow and narrow, but fairly distinct.

Intermediate valves with lateral areas distinctly raised and
strongly radically bicostate®, the ribs broad, flattened. or the
center of each even somewhat obsoletely grooved, their dividing

®* The lateral areas are apparently rarely tricostate, as witnessed by the second
valve of one of the specimens.

Vor. 1X] BERRY—NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN CHITONS 19

sulcus narrow, but distinct; each rib ornamented by two or
sometimes only one series of small, easily abraded pustules
similar to those of the anterior valve, 2-5 in a series; central
areas on each side sharply and finely sculptured with 15-18
narrow, minutely granulose, longitudinal riblets, finely inter-
latticed between so as to resemble knitted work; jugal tract
usually devoid of distinct ribbing or other sculpturing except
the scaly granulation already noted, though sometimes a con-
tinuation of the pleural sculpturing is evident extending to
the ridge as a more or less obsolete, irregular reticulum.

Posterior valve with mucro well in front of the middle,
and the posterior slope nearly straight; region behind mucro
with sculpture similar in nature to that of the anterior valve,
but in every way weaker and sometimes nearly obsolete;
region in front sculptured like the central areas of the inter-
mediate valves.

Articulamentum transparent, hyaline, that of the inter-
mediate valves somewhat thickened across the middle.
Sutural lamin thin, sharp-edged, broadly arcuate, connected
across the sinus by a short, very delicate, weakly and rather
irregularly dentate plate, apparently surmounted by an ex-
tremely thin, delicate, anteriorly projecting rounded process
of the tegmentum forming a sort of “false beak’’. Insertion
teeth sharp, distinct, their edges perhaps sometimes very
weakly crenulate. Eaves thin, more or less fluted, rather pro-
jecting, but shorter than the teeth. In a dissected specimen
anterior valve with 9, intermediate valves with 1-1, posterior
valve with 12 slits.

Girdle very delicate and fragile in dried specimens; mod-
erately wide; covered dorsally with a rather irregularly
imbricating armature of delicately ribbed-striate, convex
scales, rather small, but not proportionally to the size of the
shell, the ribs about 8-11 in number on each scale.

Color of outer surface of shell a yellowish brown, under
a lens seen to be more or less mottled with a deeper tone.
Girdle usually maculated above by alternating bands of
brown and tan, corresponding respectively in position with
the sutures and valves. Interior of shell hyaline or slightly
porcellanous, underlain with white, and with the gray or
brown of the tegmentum showing through.

20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Measurements: Maximum length of largest specimen
[471a], 9.5; maximum width, 5.9; altitude, 1.4; length of
shell only (est.), 8.5; width of tegmentum of valve iv.,
3.9 mm.

Type: A shell preserved dry [S. S. B. 466], entered as
Cat. No. 3913 of the author’s collection. Paratypes have
been deposited in the collections of the California Academy
of Sciences, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
the United States National Museum, and the private collec-
tion of Mr. Allyn G. Smith.

Type Locality: Under stones at low tide, White’s Point,
Los Angeles County, California; Allyn G. Smith, August
14-18, 1916; 70 specimens.

Remarks: It is a surprise to find a littoral species of such
abundance apparently undescribed, yet after the most ex-
haustive comparisons possible to me, I have been unable to
identify this very neat little species with any of the described
forms. I have been at particular pains in this connection to
re-examine the descriptions of the numerous Ischnochitons
described by Carpenter from Central and Southern California,
more especially since several of these still lack authentic
rediscovery and are but very insufficiently known. Without
access to the original specimens this naturally becomes a
hazardous task, but nevertheless I feel reasonably safe in the
conclusion reached.

The descriptions of J. scabricostatus remind one very much
of the present species, but fortunately I have seen authentic
specimens of this, and the comparison shows that it differs
distinctly in its conspicuously greater elevation, more numer-
ous ribs (3-5) of the lateral areas, and also (24-30) of the
anterior valve, and the fact that the lateral areas are only
slightly raised. The two species resemble one another in
the short, wide, dorsal girdle scales, more polished and _per-
haps somewhat smaller in scabricostatus, and in the scaly-
granular character of the surface of the shell.

I. retiporosus of northern waters impresses one as perhaps
being somewhat near of kin, but still no special comparison
is necessary to distinguish them.

Minus a good lens, J. asthenes might at first glance be
confounded with the young of Callistochiton decoratus punc-

Vor, IX] BERRY—NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN CHITONS Dy

tocostatus Pilsbry, but differs in 1) the lower and more
regular radial ribs of the anterior valve; 2) the much more
numerous ribs and finer reticulation of the central areas;
3) the more strongly carinate ridge; 4) the two rows of
easily abraded pustules on each rib of the lateral areas;
5) the fine granulation of the lateral areas, and 6) the
posterior area of the tail valve being finely granular, perhaps
sometimes with small pustules like those of the lateral areas,
but not distinctly ribbed.

The specific name chosen has reference to the fragile
nature of the valves and girdle.

Note: Owing to an unlooked for delay in the publication
of the foregoing paper, and the necessity of using the names
in another connection, certain of the taxonomic terms origi-
nally intended to be used for the first time here have already
been briefly characterized in Lorquinia, v. 2, pp. 44-47,
January 6, 1919. This reference should therefore be added
to the preceding bibliographies of relevant literature. )

All of the illustrations in the accompanying plates are from
photographs by John Howard Paine.

22

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc, 41H Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1
Fig. 1. Leptochiton heathi Berry. Dorsal view of entire animal (type)

[123]: x7.

Fig. 2. Leptochiton heathi Berry. Ventral view of entire animal (type)
VAT TRE S705

Fig. 3. Hanleya spicata Berry. Dorsal view of entire animal (type)

[63]: x 15%.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCl., 4th Series, Vol. IX [ BERRY] Plate 1

Bhi tt aie ; i

24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41H Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2

Fig. 1. Leptochiton heathi Berry. Dorsal view of head valve of para-
type [124a]:x 12%.

Fig. 2. Leptochiton heathi Berry. Dorsal view of fourth valve of
paratype [124a]:x 12%.

Fig. 3. Leptochiton heathi Berry. Dorsal view of tail valve of
paratype [124a]:x 12™.

Fig. 4. Leptochiton heathi Berry. Interior view of head valve of
paratype [124a]:x12™%.

Fig. 5. Leptochiton heathi Berry. Interior view of fourth valve of
paratype [124a]:x12™%.

Fig. 6. Leptochiton heathi Berry. Interior view of tail valve of
paratype [124a]: x12”.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCl., 4th Series, Vol. IX | BERRY | Plate 2

Va” Oo

7

iy

26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3

Fig. 1. Mopalia phorminx Berry. Dorsal view of entire animal (type)
after removal of valves i, v, and viii [549]: x7.

Fig. 2. Mopalia phorminx Berry. Ventral view of entire animal
(type) [549]: x7.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX [ BERRY | Plate 3

.

28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4ru Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4

Fig. 1. Mopalia phorminx Berry. Dorsal view of head valve of type
[549]: x 15.

Fig 2. Mopalia phorminx Berry. Dorsal view of valve v of type
[549] : x 15.

Fig. 3. Mopalia phorminx Berry. Dorsal view of tail valve of type
{549] : x 15.

[| BERRY] Plate 4

., 4th Series, Vol. IX

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI

iy i Ki)

ie

Ais ite
Hen

>

ke

ee
LF Work

30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 5

Fig. 1. Mopalia phorminx Berry.
{549}: x 15.

Fig. 2. Mopalia phorminx Berry.
[549]: x15.

Fig. 3. Mopalia phorminx Berry.
[549]: x15.

Interior view of head valve of type
Interior view of valve v of type

Interior view of tail valve of type

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX {BERRY ] Plate 5

32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 6

Fig. 1. Mopalia egretta Berry. Dorsal view of type specimen

[281]: x 5%.

Fig. 2. Mopalia egretta Berry. Left side of valves ii-v and adiacent
region of girdle of paratype [284]: x 15.

e6

[ BERRY ] Plat

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX

Fig. 1.
type [640]:
Fig. 2.
type (640]:
Fig. 3.
type [640]:
Fig. 4.
type [640]:
Fig. 5.
type [640]:
Fig. 6.
type '640]:

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7

Mopalia egretta Berry. Dorsal view of head valve of para-
x 12%.

Mopalia egretta Berry. Dorsal view of valve vi of para-
x 12%.

Mopalia egretta Berry. Dorsal view of tail valve of para-
x 12%.

Mopalia egretta Berry. Interior view of head valve of para-
x 12M.

Mopalia egretta Berry. Interior view of valve vi of para-

x12.

Mopalia egretta Berry. Interior view of tail valve of para-
x 12%.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX

[ BERRY] Plate 7

° %
‘ 4 ?
td Rd
. +]
1

-.

°
>

Ht

' = _

(
: cane
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. drm Ser, vat

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 8

Fig. 1. Ischnochiton asthenes Berry. Dorsal view of paratype
[471a]: x 10.

Fig. 2. Ischnochiton asthenes Berry. Left side of valves ii-vi and
adjacent region of girdle of paratype [47la]: x 21.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX [BERRY ] Plate 8

nod 3

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourTH SERIES

Vor; IX, No. 2, pp. 37-67 June 16, 1919

II

LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS IN CALIFORNIA

BY
Harvey MonrorE HAL
Associate Professor of Botany, University of California
AND

Jos—EpH GRINNELL
Director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California

INTRODUCTION

An increasing number of naturalists, both botanists and
zoologists, are finding in the life-zone system a useful means
of handling the facts of distribution. The satisfactory
diagnosis of life-zones in the field has been dependent hitherto
upon an extensive familiarity with the occurrence of plants
and animals over large areas, and this has been possible only
to a few persons with abundant opportunity for field work.
It is the experience of the present writers that certain critical
species can be selected as “‘life-zone indicators’, through the
recognition of which the zonal position of any one locality

June 16 , 1919

38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

may be determined with approximate accuracy without an
exhaustive study of the entire flora and fauna. The object
of the present paper is to make available a partial list of the
plants and vertebrate animals which may be depended upon
to establish the zonal identity of any locality within the State
of California, and so to make it possible for the inexperienced
person to “find himself” zonally.

THE LIFE-ZONE CONCEPT

Field biologists of the Pacific Coast are in general agree-
ment as to the value of the life-zone concept. It not only
fits in with well established facts but has direct practical appli-
cation in studies dealing with the ecology and geographic
distribution of plants and animals. That there are difficulties
in its application, and that there are numerous apparent in-
consistencies among life-zone workers, is readily admitted.
However, these will doubtless be cleared up as we come to a
more intensive study of environments and to a more careful
application of the fundamental laws of geographic distribu-
tion. In this connection it should perhaps be pointed out
that the life-zones as here accepted are not to be compared
with the mountain regions of Schimper (1898) and others,
nor even with the so-called life “zones” or belts of some
workers in our own country. We here refer to those classi-
fications which are based largely upon altitude and latitude
and sometimes upon topography. Such zones or belts may
be somewhat useful in popular treatises, but are of slight
scientific value since their use entirely ignores the local con-
ditions which often greatly modify zonal position.

The idea that life-zones are altitudinal or latitudinal is
correct only in a very general way or incidentally. They are,
instead, primarily biologic, that is, they are composed of and
determined by a certain assemblage of plant and animal
species, and are affected by altitude or latitude only as these
modify the climate, more especially the temperature during
the critical periods of an organism’s existence. This effect
of a change in latitude or altitude is sometimes overshadowed
by the influence of local conditions, resulting in the so-called
misplacement and spotting of zones. So frequent is this the

Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS 39

case that the distribution of a taxonomic group can be ac-
curately stated in terms of latitude and altitude only by
making the range so inclusive as to render the statement of
but general interest.

It is just this failure to recognize the importance of local
disturbing conditions that has led some investigators to under-
value both the scientific basis and the utility of the life-zone
concept. The more important local influences which interfere
with the normal, orderly succession of life-zones may be
specified and briefly discussed as follows:

1. Slope exposure. Next to altitude and latitude this is
apparently the most important determinant of temperature
and consequently of zone positions in our western states. As
may be determined mathematically, the amount of heat
received by a slope with the most favorable gradient is 1.4
times as great as that received by an equal area of level land,
other conditions being constant (Hal!, 1902, p. 34). It is
evident, from such considerations, that any life-zone will
occur at higher altitudes on southeriy facing slopes (in the
Northern Hemisphere) than it will on level areas, and that
it will be correspondingly depressed on northerly facing
slopes.

2. Air currents. It is well known that cold air flows
down the cafons in mountainous districts, especially at night.
This results in a depression of life-zones, particularly in
narrow valleys and canons. On the other hand, proximity
of a desert area or other source of warm air often greatly
elevates the position of life-zones on mountain slopes, be-
cause of the warm ascending currents. (See Merriam, 1899,
pols Shreve, 1914, pps'197-202.)

3. Streams carrying cold water. The effect upon the
growth conditions of plants whose roots are in moist soil
near these streams is considerable, as indicated by the per-
sistent manner in which species of the higher zones fringe
the water courses at lower levels. As an alpine stream
descends to the plains, its rise in temperature is much less
than is generally supposed. This is indicated by thermo-
metric observations (not yet published) made in the moun-
tains of Colorado by Dr. Gideon S. Dodds.

40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

4. Evaporation from moist soil. This likewise depresses
the temperature and works in harmony with No. 3. The
effect is also noticeable around lakes and moist depressions.
The influence is sometimes very local. It is even possible
that in tall forests the tree species may belong to one life-
zone whereas the communities beneath these trees may con-
tain herbaceous plants and terrestrial animals from the zone
next above. In such cases we must consider, in addition to
evaporation, such influences as shading, the movement of
cold air, the effect of cold water, etc.

5. Proximity to large bodies of water. Water is usually
an equalizer of temperature, but the presence of unusually
cold or warm bodies and ocean currents must be taken into
account.

6. Influence of lingering snow banks and of glaciers.
Because of peculiar topography snow accumulates much more
abundantly in some places than in others. These deep snow
fields require a longer time for their complete melting, or
may persist throughout the summer, thus acting as refriger-
ators for the immediate neighborhood. The effect is often
very local and gives rise to a “spotting” of life-zones which
cannot be accounted for on other grounds. Glaciers may
produce similar effects.

7. Changes in the vegetable covering. Forest fires, ava-
lanches, and other denuding agents may result in a change
from a previously existing life-zone to the one next below
(Merriam, 1899, p. 51). As the laws of plant succession
become operative the species will again change to those of
the climax formation, and there will be going on in the
meantime a nice adjustment between temperature conditions
and plant covering, each acting upon the other. In such
cases relicts are sometimes present. These may persist for
many years side by side with species brought in by the
changed conditions. Such phenomena are exceedingly per-
plexing to the student of life-zones.

8. Extent of a mountain area. The larger a mountain
mass the less will be the effect of surrounding influences.
For example, in a desert region the zones will occur at

Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS 41

lower altitudes on a broad, massive mountain than they will
on a sharp, isolated peak. (See Grinnell and Swarth, 1913,
p. 216.)

9. Rock surfaces. Rocky slopes, outcroppings, and talus
are usually warmer than surrounding areas, and the life-
zones are raised in consequence.

10. Miscellaneous local influences. The explanation of
the apparently abnormal occurrence of a species at stations
far removed from the zone in which it is usually found
should be sought in a minute examination of local condi-
tions. The influence of man is especially important, and one
must be certain that the species is actually established.

THE SELECTION OF LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS

When all of the numerous disturbing “factors”? are taken
into account we may be able to explain many of the apparent
incongruities in the position of life-zones as we find them in
nature. In the meantime, it is our clear duty to map these
zones in as definite a manner as possible, using for this pur-
pose the occurrence of stenothermic species of animals and
plants rather than any preconceived idea as to the tempera-
ture or other environmental factor. In selecting these indica-
tive species, or “‘life-zone indicators’, as they are called, one
must have regard for a number of considerations. A few
of the criteria which the authors have used in making selec-
tions for the indicators enumerated beyond may be set forth
as follows:

1. Only breeding records have been taken into account.
This applies to plants as well as to animals, for seeds are
sometimes carried above the normal position for the species.
The resulting seedlings may live through several or many
seasons and yet not be able to reproduce because of insufficient
summer heat. Conversely, plants and animals may be carried
to stations below their proper zone, there persist and even
reproduce during a few favorable seasons, but without be-
coming thoroughly established. It is thus evident that the
sporadic occurrence of a few individuals does not necessarily

42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41H Ser.

indicate the presence of a zone of which the species is
characteristic.

2. In the case of plants, perennials are usually preferred
to annuals (Coville, 1893, p. 17).

3. The more abundant a species the greater is its value
as a life-zone indicator. Rare or local species may be
restricted by other factors than those which influence zone
position. A dearth of facilities for dispersal may account for
the restricted occurrence of a species which would otherwise
inhabit two or more zones. Conversely, organisms with
effective provision for wide dispersal may be considered as
having been already distributed and tried out over a number
of zones, so that their absence from any one of them may be
taken as evidence that they are there unable to persist.

4. Certain indicators may be absolutely constant as to
their zonal position in one portion of their range but quite
unreliable when the entire range of the species is taken into
account. This may be due to a variety of causes, chief of
which is perhaps the possible development of hardy strains in
one portion of the range and not in another. Allowance
should also be made for the presence of biotypes which may
be so similar in external characters as to escape detection by
the taxonomist but which react differently to their environ-
ment. Whatever the cause, it should be borne in mind that
in a few cases a particular indicator may be of no value
when widely separated faunas or floras are to be compared.

5. Since the delimitation of life-zones as outlined by
Merriam is accepted in the main by the present authors, these
zonal limits are determined as far as possible by means of
indicators listed by Dr. Merriam himself, especially in his
later publications (Merriam, 1899, etc.). Since the nomen-
clature first proposed by Merriam has now become well estab-
lished we consider it highly undesirable that any other should
be promulgated. Uniformity in the use of terms applied to
the various zones is essential to ready intelligibility and to
scientific accuracy. However, the present authors do not
commit themselves as to the exact temperature factors limit-
ing the various life-zones and the distribution of species as
laid down in some detail by Merriam (Merriam, 1898).

Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS 43

RECOMMENDED PRECAUTIONS

It is perhaps needful here to warn those who make use of
our lists of indicators that life-zones are not often abruptly
defined one against the other, but that belts of some width
may mark their boundaries, where overlapping or mixing of
ingredients occurs. If the locality to be tested happens to
be situated in such an indifferent position, trouble will nat-
urally be encountered and the true state of affairs will not
be discovered without a floral and faunal reconnoissance
radially in different directions; if on a steep slope, a few
rods may suffice; if on more level ground, some miles may
need to be traversed.

Another thing to keep in mind is that only a few of the
species here listed for a given zone will be likely to occur in
any one locality. Various faunal and associational divisions
of life-zones exist (Grinnell, 1914, p. 64), so that the critical
species are usually limited in their distribution to but a
portion of their life-zone. But every such subdivision is
represented in our lists by two or more species.

Then it is possible that some of our “indicators” have been
selected as such through an incomplete knowledge of their
distribution; in other words, in some cases where a species
is at first supposed to be an “indicator” (that is, a species
not occurring in two or more zones, but in only one), as its
distribution becomes better known the less closely may it be
found restricted within the limits of one zone, and therefore
the poorer “indicator” it becomes. However, a majority of
the species of both plants and animals we have selected are
conspicuous and well-known species, easily detected. In
some of the cases there 7s more or less “spilling over’’ locally
from the critical zone, in one direction or the other or in
both directions, though not involving an entire adjacent zone;
and with such species letters are affixed by which the zone or
zones in which it also occurs are designated. With each of
these species, its metropolis is so emphatically within the zone
for which it is listed, that its value as an indicator is para-
mount, especially when the observer takes pains to verify
the presence of two or more indicators—the more the better.
With migratory birds the zonal position indicated is, of
course, that of the breeding area.

44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Axiomatic is the tenet that accurate systematic determina-
tion of species must be the foundation for any distributional
study.

For life-zone maps relating to California, either for the
entire state or for particular areas within the state, the fol-
lowing papers should be consulted: C. Hart Merriam, 1898;
C. Hart Merriam, 1899; H. M. Hall, 1902; J. Grinnell, 1908;
A. O. U. Committee, 1910; J. Grinnell, 1913; J. Grinnell
and H. S. Swarth, 1913; J. Grinnell, 1915. Useful dis-
cussions of the life-zone system of distributional treatment
of plants and animals will be found in the following papers:
C. Hart Merriam, 1899; H. M. Hall, 1902; J. Grinnell, 1915.
(For full titles of all these papers, see list of ‘Literature
Cited” on a subsequent page of the present contribution. )

LISTS OF LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS
LOWER SONORAN ZONE

Species closely restricted to this zone, and particularly characteristic of it, are
marked with a star (*). Species marked U occur also in the Upper Sonoran Zone.

Plants

Ephedra californica Wats.
Pleuraphis rigida Thurb.*

Tridens pulchellus (H. B. Kk.) Hitche.
Washingtonia filifera Wendl.*
Hesperocallis undulatus Wats.*
Yucca brevifolia Engelm. U
Yucca mohavensis Sarg.

Agave deserti Engelm.

Anemopsis californica Hook. U
Phoradendron californicum Nutt.
Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.
Atriplex hymenelytra (Torr.) Wats.
Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) Wats.*
Spirostachys occidentalis Wats.
Mirabilis froebellii Greene
Lepidium fremontii Wats.

Isomeris arborea Nutt. U
Crossosoma bigelovii Wats.

Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS

LOWER SONORAN ZONE—Continued
Acacia greggii Gray*
Astragalus aridus Gray
Astragalus limatus Sheldon
Astragalus pomonensis M. E. Jones
Cassia armata Wats.*
Cercidium torreyanum (Wats.) Sarg.*
Lupinus odoratus Heller
Olneya tesota Gray*
Parkinsonia microphylla Torr.*
Parosela californica ( Wats.) Vail
Parosela emoryi (Gray) Heller
Parosela schottii (Torr.) Heller
Parosela spinosa (Gray) Heller
Prosopis glandulosa Torr.*
Prosopis pubescens Benth.*
Sesbania macrocarpa Muhl.
Fagonia californica Benth.*
Larrea divaricata Cav.*
Thamnosma montana Torr. « Frem.
Krameria canescens Gray
Krameria parvifolia Benth.*
Condalia parryi (Torr.) Weberbauer
Malvastrum exile Gray
Spheralcea emoryi Gray
Spheralcea orcuttii Vas. & Rose
Fouquieria splendens Engelm.*
Eucnide urens (Gray) Parry
Petalonyx nitidus Wats.
Petalonyx thurberi Gray
Echinocactus leconte1 Engelm.
Echinocactus polycephalus Engelm.
Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. « Big.
Opuntia bernardina Engelm.*
Opuntia echinocarpa Engelm. « Big.*
Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck
Oenothera brevipes Gray
Asclepias subulata Dec.*
Philibertia linearis heterophylla Gray
Coldenia palmeri Gray

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4Tm Sra

LOWER SONORAN ZONE—Continued

Lippia nodiflora Michx.

Hyptis emoryi Torr.

Salazaria mexicana Torr.*

Datura meteloides DC. U

Datura thomasii Torr.

Lycium andersonii Gray

Nicotiana glauca R. Grah.

Nicotiana trigonophylla Dunal

Mohavea breviflora Coville

Mohavea viscida Gray

Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet*
Beloperone californica Benth.

Cucurbita palmata Wats.

Acamptopappus sphzrocephalus Gray
Amphiachyris fremontii (T. & G.) Gray*
Aster carnosus Gray

Aster spinosus Benth.

Aster tortifolius (T. & G.) Gray*
Atrichoseris platyphylla Gray

Baccharis emoryi Gray

Baccharis sergiloides Gray

Baileya multiradiata pleniradiata (Harv. « Gray) Coville
Baileya pauciradiata Harv. & Gray
Bebbia juncea (Benth.) Greene*
Brickellia arguta Rob.

Brickellia desertorum Coville

Brickellia frutescens Gray

Brickellia incana Gray

Brickellia multiflora Kell.

Cheenactis macrantha Fat.

Chzenactis stevioides H. & A.
Chrysothamnus paniculatus (Gray) Hall
Chrysothamnus teretifolius (Dur. « Hilg.) Hall U
Conyza coulteri Gray

Dicoria canescens T. & G.

Dysodia cooperi Gray

Dysodia porophylloides Gray

Encelia farinosa Gray*

Encelia frutescens Gray U

Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS

LOWER SONORAN ZONE—Continued

Eriophyllum pringlei Gray
Eriophyllum wallacei Gray

Franseria dumosa Gray*

Gerzea canescens T. & G.

Gutierrezia lucida Greene*
Heterotheca grandiflora Nutt.*
Hoffmanseggia densiflora Benth.
Hofmeisteria pluriseta Gray

Isocoma veneta acradenia (Greene) Hall
Lepidospartum squamatum Gray*
Lygodesmia exigua Gray

Malacothrix californica DC.
Malacothrix coulteri Gray
Malacothrix glabrata (Eat.) Gray
Monoptilon bellioides (Gray) Hall
Nicolletia occidentalis Gray

Palafoxia linearis Lag.

Pectis papposa Harv. & Gray

Perityle emoryi Torr.

Peucephyllum schottii Gray

Pluchea sericea ( Nutt.) Coville
Porophyllum gracile Benth.
Psathyrotes annua ( Nutt.) Gray
Psathyrotes ramosissima (Torr.) Gray
Psilostrophe cooperi (Gray) Greene
Tetradymia comosa Gray
Trichoptilium incisum Gray

Viguiera deltoidea parishii (Greene) Rose
Viguiera laciniata Gray

Amphibians

Batrachoseps major Camp
Bufo cognatus cognatus Say
Bufo cognatus californicus Camp
Bufo punctatus Baird « Girard
Bufo alvarius Girard

48

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 41H Ser.

LOWER SONORAN ZONE—Continued
Reptiles

Coleonyx variegatus (Baird)
Dipso-saurus dorsalis (Baird & Girard)
Uma notata Baird

Callisaurus ventralis ventralis (Hallowell)
Crotaphytus silus Stejneger

Sauromalus ater Dumeéril

Uta stansburiana elegans Yarrow U
Uta stansburiana hesperis Richardson U
Uta graciosa (Hallowell)

Uta ornata Baird & Girard

Sceloporus magister Hallowell
Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard
Phrynosoma m’callii (Hallowell)
Xantusia vigilis Baird

Cnemidophorus tigris tigris Baird « Girard
Cnemidophorus tigris mundus Camp U
Cnemidophorus hyperythrus beldingi (Stejneger )
Leptotyphlops humilis (Baird « Girard)
Thamnophis marcianus (Baird « Girard)
Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope

Sonora occipitalis (Hallowell)

Sonora episcopa (Kennicott)
Lampropeltis conjuncta Cope
Rhinocheilus leconte1 Baird & Girard
Coluber flagellum frenatus (Stejneger )
Arizona elegans Kennicott

Tantilla eiseni Stejneger

Crotalus atrox Baird & Girard

Crotalus mitchellii (Cope)

Crotalus cerastes Hallowell

Testudo agassizii (Cooper )

Birds

Lophortyx gambeli gambeli Gambel
Melopelia asiatica trudeaui (Audubon)
Falco mexicanus Schlegel U
Micropallas whitneyi whitneyi (Cooper)

Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS

LOWER SONORAN ZONE—Continued

Otus asio gilmani Swarth

Dryobates scalaris cactophilus Oberholser
Centurus uropygialis uropygialis Baird
Colaptes chrysoides mearnsi Ridgway
Phalenoptilus nuttalli nitidus Brewster
Chordeiles acutipennis texensis Lawrence
Calypte coste (Bourcier)

Tyrannus vociferans Swainson
Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus Sclater
Pica nuttalli (Audubon) U

Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmelin )
Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgway
Pipilo aberti Baird

Guiraca cerulea salicarius Grinnell
Piranga rubra cooperi Ridgway

Vireo belli pusillus Coues

Vireo belli arizonzee Ridgway

Vermivora lucize (Cooper )

Dendroica zstiva sonorana Brewster
Mimus polyglottos leucopterus ( Vigors )
Toxostoma lecontei lecontei Lawrence
Toxostoma crissale Henry

Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi (Sharpe)
Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps (Sundevall)
Polioptila plumbea (Baird)

Polioptila californica Brewster

Mammals

Scapanus latimanus grinnelli Jackson
Scapanus latimanus campi Grinnell & Storer
Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi Baird
Macrotus californicus Baird

Myotis velifer (J. A. Allen)

Myotis occultus Hollister

Myotis yumanensis yumanensis (H. Allen)
Myotis californicus pallidus Stephens
Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus (H. Allen)
Pipistrellus hesperus merriami (Dobson) U

49

50

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

LOWER SONORAN ZONE—Continued

Euderma maculatum (J. A. Allen)
Corynorhinus rafinesquii pallescens Miller
Antrozous pallidus (LeConte)

Antrozous pacificus Merriam U

Eumops californicus (Merriam)

Canis ochropus estor Merriam

Vulpes macrotis macrotis Merriam

Vulpes macrotis muticus Merriam

Vulpes macrotis arsipus Elliot

Urocyon cinereoargenteus scotti Mearns
Procyon lotor pallidus Merriam

Mephitis estor Merriam

Onychomys torridus pulcher Elliot
Onychomys torridus tularensis Merriam
Onychomys torridus ramona Rhoads
Peromyscus crinitus stephensi Merriam
Peromyscus eremicus eremicus (Baird)
Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus (Miller)
Sigmodon hispidus eremicus Mearns
Neotoma albigula venusta True

Neotoma intermedia intermedia Rhoads U
Neotoma intermedia desertorum Merriam U
Thomomys botte angularis Merriam
Thomomys bottz pascalis Merriam
Thomomys bottz pallescens Rhoads
Thomomys perpallidus perpallidus Merriam
Thomomys perpallidus albatus Grinnell
Thomomys perpallidus aureus J. A. Allen
Thomomys perpallidus perpes Merriam
Thomomys perpallidus mohavensis Grinnell
Thomomys operarius Merriam

Perognathus longimembris brevinasus Osgood
Perognathus bombycinus Osgood
Perognathus inornatus inornatus Merriam U
Perognathus inornatus neglectus Taylor
Perognathus formosus Merriam U
Perognathus penicillatus penicillatus Woodhouse
Perognathus penicillatus stephensi Merriam
Perognathus fallax fallax Merriam

Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS 5l

LOWER SONORAN ZONE—Continued

Perognathus fallax pallidus Mearns
Perognathus californicus ochrus Osgood
Perognathus spinatus spinatus Merriam
Perodipus tularensis Merriam

Perodipus swarthi Grinnell

Perodipus dixoni Grinnell

Perodipus mohavensis Grinnell

Perodipus ingens Merriam

Perodipus microps Merriam U

Perodipus levipes Merriam

Dipodomys deserti Stephens

Dipodomys merriami simiolus Rhoads
Dipodomys merriami parvus Rhoads
Dipodomys merriami nitratoides Merriam
Dipodomys merriami exilis Merriam
Citellus tereticaudus tereticaudus (Baird)
Citellus tereticaudus chlorus Elliot

Citellus tereticaudus eremonomus Elliot
Citellus mohavensis (Merriam)
Ammospermophilus leucurus leucurus (Merriam) U
Ammospermophilus nelsoni nelsoni (Merriam)
Ammospermophilus nelsoni amplus Taylor
Lepus californicus richardsoni Bachman
Lepus californicus deserticola Mearns U
Sylvilagus auduboni vallicola Nelson
Sylvilagus auduboni arizone (J. A. Allen)
Cervus nannodes Merriam

Odocoileus hemionus eremicus (Mearns)
Ovis canadensis nelsoni Merriam U

UPPER SONORAN ZONE
Species closely restricted to this zone, and particularly characteristic of it, are
marked with a star (*). Species marked L occur also in the Lower Sonoran Zone;

those marked T occur also in the Transition; those marked C occur also in the
Canadian,

Plants
Ephedra viridis Coville
Cupressus macnabiana Murray
Cupressus sargentit Jepson
Juniperus californica Carr. L

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

UPPER SONORAN ZONE—Continued

Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frem.*
Pinus sabiniana Doug.

Pinus tuberculata Gordon

Stipa pulchra Hitche. L

Lilium rubescens Wats.

Nolina parryi Wats.

Yucca whipplei Torr.*

Juglans californica Wats.
Castanopsis chrysophylla minor DC.
Quercus agrifolia Nee.

Quercus douglasii H. & A.

Quercus dumosa Nutt.*

Quercus wislizenii DC.

Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. L
Aristolochia californica Torr.
Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. « Frem.) Wats. L
Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq. L
Grayia spinosa (Hook.) Mog. L?
Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. L
Dendromecon rigidum Benth.*
Dicentra chrysantha H. & A.

Ribes gracillimum Cov. & Britt.
Ribes malvaceum Smith

Ribes speciosum Pursh

Adenostoma fasciculatum H. « A.*
Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.
Cercocarpus betulzfolius Nutt.*
Cercocarpus parvifolius Nutt.
Photinia arbutifolia (Ait.) Lindl. T
Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt.) Walp.
Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. T
Cercis occidentalis Torr.*

Hosackia glabra (Vogel) Torr.
Pickeringia montana Nutt.*

Ptelea baldwinii T. & G.

Rhus diversiloba T. & G. T

Rhus ovata Wats.

Rhus trilobata Nutt.

Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.

[ Proc. 47H Ser.

Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS

UPPER SONORAN ZONE—Continued

Ceanothus crassifolius Torr.*
Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.*
Ceanothus divaricatus Nutt.*
Ceanothus oliganthus Nutt.

Ceanothus perplexans Trel.

Ceanothus vestitus Greene

Malvastrum fasciculatum (Nutt.) Greene L
Hypericum concinnum Benth. T
Mentzelia aurea (Lindl.) Baill.
Mentzelia levicaulis (Dougl.) T. «& G. L
Datisca glomerata (Presl) B. « W. T
Garrya pallida Eastw.

Garrya rigida Eastw.

Garrya veatchii palmeri (Wats.) Eastw.
Arctostaphylos canescens Eastw.
Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.
Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.
Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry
Arctostaphylos pungens H. B. K.
Arctostaphylos viscida Parry

Styrax californica Torr.

Fraxinus dipetala H. & A.

Gilia californica (H. & A.) Benth.
Salvia apiana Jepson L

Salvia clevelandii (Gray) Greene
Salvia leucophylla Greene

Salvia mellifera Greene

Salvia spathacea Greene

Sphacele calycina Benth.

Trichostema lanatum Benth.

Castilleia foliolosa H. & A.

Pentstemon cordifolius Benth.
Pentstemon heterophyllus Lindl.
Pentstemon ternatus Torr.

Artemisia californica Less. L
Artemisia tridentata Nutt. T C
Brickellia microphylla (Nutt.) Gray
Ericameria arborescens (Gray) Greene
Senecio eurycephalus T. & G.

53

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

UPPER SONORAN ZONE—Continued
Amphibians

Aneides lugubris lugubris (Hallowell) T
Batrachoseps attenuatus (Eschscholtz) T
Ambystoma tigrinum (Green)

Hyla arenicolor Cope L

Rana aurora draytonii Baird « Girard T

Reptiles

Sceloporus occidentalis occidentalis Baird & Girard T
Sceloporus occidentalis bi-seriatus Hallowell L
Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger

Gerrhonotus scincicauda scincicauda (Skilton) T
Gerrhonotus scincicauda webbii Baird L

Xantusia henshawi Stejneger

Plestiodon skiltonianum Baird « Girard T
Thamnophis ordinoides hammondii (Kennicott) L T
Diadophis amabilis Baird «& Girard T

Lampropeltis californiz (Blainville)

Coluber lateralis (Hallowell)

Coluber tzniatus (Hallowell)

Crotalus exsul Garman

Crotalus tigris Kennicott

Birds

Lophortyx californica vallicola (Ridgway) LT
Gymnogyps californianus (Shaw)

Strix occidentalis occidentalis (Xantus) T
Dryobates nuttalli (Gambel)

Melanerpes formicivorous bairdi Ridgway T
Phalenoptilus nuttalli nuttalli (Audubon)
Phalenoptilus nuttalli californicus Ridgway
Calypte anna (Lesson)

Aphelocoma woodhousei (Baird)
Aphelocoma californica californica (Vigors)
Aphelocoma californica oocleptica Swarth T
Aphelocoma californica immanis Grinnell
Icterus parisorum Bonaparte

Astragalinus lawrencei (Cassin)

Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS S5

UPPER SONORAN ZONE—Continued

Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus Swainson
Chondestes grammacus strigatus Swainson L
Spizella atrogularis (Cabanis)

Amphispiza belli (Cassin)

Amphispiza nevadensis canescens Grinnell
Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps (Cassin)

Pipilo crissalis crissalis (Vigors)

Pipilo crissalis carolee McGregor

Pipilo crissalis senicula Anthony L

Vireo huttoni huttoni Cassin

Vireo vicinior Coues

Dendroica nigrescens (Townsend) T
Toxostoma redivivum redivivum (Gambel) L
Toxostoma redivivum sonome Grinnell
Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus Ridgway T
Thryomanes bewicki eremophilus Oberholser
Thryomanes bewicki charienturus Oberholser
Thryomanes bewicki drymcecus Oberholser
Thryomanes bewicki spilurus (Vigors) T
Beolophus inornatus inornatus (Gambel)
Beolophus inornatus murinus Ridgway
Beolophus inornatus griseus (Ridgway)
Psaltriparus minimus minimus (Townsend) T
Psaltriparus minimus californicus Ridgway
Psaltriparus plumbeus (Baird)

Chameea fasciata henshawi Ridgway

Chameea fasciata fasciata (Gambel)

Polioptila czerulea obscura Ridgway

Mammals

Sorex californicus californicus Merriam

Sorex sinuosus Grinnell

Myotis orinomus Elliot

Corynorhinus rafinesquii intermedius H. W. Grinnell
Ursus californicus Merriam T

Ursus magister Merriam T

Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus Mearns T
Bassariscus astutus raptor (Baird) T

Onychomys leucogaster brevicaudus Merriam

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser.

UPPER SONORAN ZONE—Continued

Onychomys leucogaster fuscogriseus Anthony
Reithrodontomys megalotis longicaudus (Baird) T L
Peromyscus truei truei (Shufeldt)

Peromyscus truei gilberti (J. A. Allen) T
Peromyscus truei martirensis (J. A. Allen)
Peromyscus crinitus crinitus (Merriam)
Peromyscus californicus californicus (Gambel) T
Peromyscus californicus insignis Rhoads
Thomomys botte mewa Merriam

Thomomys bottz diaboli Grinnell

Thomomys botte nigricans Rhoads T
Thomomys scapterus Elliot T

Perognathus longimembris panamintinus Merriam L
Perognathus californicus californicus Merriam
Perognathus californicus femoralis J. A. Allen
Perodipus perplexus Merriam

Perodipus venustus Merriam T

Perodipus elephantinus Grinnell

Perodipus streatori Merriam

Perodipus panamintinus Merriam

Perodipus leucogenys Grinnell T

Perodipus monoensis Grinnell

Dipodomys californicus californicus Merriam
Dipodomys californicus trinitatis Kellogg
Microdipodops californicus Merriam
Microdipodops polionotus Grinnell

Citellus mollis stephensi (Merriam)

Eutamias pictus (J. A. Allen) T

Eutamias panamintinus (Merriam)

Eutamias sonome Grinnell T

Eutamias merriami merriami (J. A. Allen) T
Eutamias merriami kernensis Grinnell « Storer T
Eutamias merriami maripose Grinnell « Storer T
Lepus californicus californicus Gray

Lepus californicus wallawalla Merriam T
Sylvilagus auduboni auduboni (Baird)

Sylvilagus bachmani bachmani (Waterhouse)
Sylvilagus bachmani cinerascens (J. A. Allen)
Sylvilagus bachmani maripose Grinnell & Storer

Vor. [X] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS 57

TRANSITION ZONE
Species closely restricted to this zone, and particularly characteristic of it, are

marked with a star (*). Species marked U occur also in the Upper Sonoran Zone;
those marked C occur also in the Canadian.

Plants

Abies concolor L. « G. C?

Abies venusta (Dougl.) Koch
Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw.
Libocedrus decurrens Torr.*

Pinus lambertiana Doug!.*

Pinus muricata Don

Pinus ponderosa Dougl. (typical form) *
Pinus radiata Don

Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britt.
Sequoia gigantea (Lindl.) Dec.
Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb.) Endl.*
Taxus brevifolia Nutt. C

Torreya californica Torr.

Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene C
Clintonia andrewsiana Torr.

Lilium pardalinum Kell. U

Lilium parryi Wats.

Scoliopus bigelovii Torr.

Smilax californica (DC.) Gray
Trillium ovatum Pursh

Trillium sessile chloropetalum Torr.
Trillium sessile giganteum H. « A.

Iris hartwegii Baker

Iris hartwegii australis Parish

Iris missouriensis Nutt.

Castanopsis chrysophylla (Dougl.) DC.
Corylus rostrata californica DC.
Pasania densiflora (H. & A.) Oersted
Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. U
Quercus kelloggii Newb.*

Asarum caudatum Lindl.

Asarum hartwegii Wats.

Actea spicata arguta (Nutt.) Torr. C
Vancouveria parviflora Greene
Boykinia major Gray

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

TRANSITION ZONE—Continued

Heuchera micrantha Doug].

Mitella diversifolia Greene

Mitella ovalis Greene

Saxifraga peltata Torr.

Tellima grandiflora (Pursh) Dougl.
Whipplea modesta Torr.
Chamebatia foliolosa Benth.*
Cratzgus rivularis Nutt.

Fragaria californica C. & S.

Fragaria californica crinita (Rydb.) Hall
Fragaria chiloensis Duch.

Fragaria virginiana platypetala (Rydb.) Hall
Geum macrophyllum Willd.
Horkelia tenella (Wats.) Rydb.
Horkelia tridentata Torr.
Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Ktze. U
Prunus demissa (Nutt.) Walp. U
Rubus leucodermis Doug.

Rubus parviflorus Nutt. U C
Rubus spectabilis Pursh

Hosackia crassifolia Benth. U
Hosackia macrantha Greene
Lathyrus sulphureus Brewer
Geranium incisum Nutt.

Acer circinatum Pursh

Acer macrophyllum Pursh*
Ceanothus cordulatus Kell. C
Ceanothus integerrimus H. « A. U
Ceanothus palmeri Trel.

Ceanothus prostratus Benth.*
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Esch.
Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. C
Viola lobata Benth.

Viola sarmentosa Doug].

Angelica tomentosa Wats.

Cicuta douglasii (DC.) C. & R.
Ceelopleurum maritimum C. & R.
Aralia californica Wats.

Cornus nuttallii Aud.*

[ Proc. 4ru Sez.

Vou. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS 59

TRANSITION ZONE—Continued

Pyrola aphylla Sm.

Pyrola picta Sm. C

Sarcodes sanguinea Torr. C

Arbutus menziesii Pursh U
Arctostaphylos patula Greene C
Gaultheria shallon Pursh

Rhododendron californicum Hook.
Rhododendron occidentale (T. & G.) Gray
Vaccinium ovatum Pursh

Frasera neglecta Hall

Frasera nitida Benth. U

Frasera tubulosa Cov.

Draperia systyla (Gray) Torr.*
Cynoglossum occidentale Gray
Agastache urticifolia (Benth.) Ktze. C
Scutellaria angustifolia Pursh
Scutellaria californica Gray

Pentstemon labrosus Hook.

Kelloggia galioides Torr. C
Adenocaulon bicolor Hook.

Anaphalis margaritacea occidentalis Greene
Antennaria argentea Benth.

Antennaria rosea Greene C

Petasites speciosa (Nutt.) Piper
Rudbeckia californica Gray

Amphibians

Plethodon croceater Cope

Aneides ferreus (Cope)

Aneides iécanus (Cope)
Ambystoma ensatum (Eschscholtz)

Reptiles

Sceloporus graciosus graciosus Baird & Girard U
Sceloporus graciosus vandenburgianus Cope
Gerrhonotus cceruleus Wiegmann U

Charina botte (Blainville)

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 41H Ser.

TRANSITION ZONE—Continued

Thamnophis ordinoides atratus (Kennicott) U
Thamnophis ordinoides elegans (Baird « Girard) C
Contia mitis Baird « Girard U

Lampropeltis pyromelana multicincta (Yarrow)

Birds

Oreortyx picta plumifera (Gould) C
Bonasa umbellus sabini (Douglas) C
Columba fasciata fasciata Say

Accipiter velox (Wilson) C

Strix occidentalis caurina (Merriam)
Glaucidium gnoma californicum Sclater
Glaucidium gnoma grinnelli Ridgway U
Xenopicus albolarvatus albolarvatus (Cassin) C
Xenopicus albolarvatus gravirostris Grinnell C
Sphyrapicus varius daggetti Grinnell
Chetura vauxi (Townsend)

Selasphorus alleni Henshaw U
Nuttallornis borealis (Swainson) C
Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (Ridgway) C
Cyanocitta stelleri carbonacea Grinnell
Carpodacus purpureus californicus Baird
Zonotrichia nuttalli Ridgway

Junco oreganus pinosus Loomis

Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson) C
Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns
Lanivireo solitarius cassini (Xantus)
Vermivora ruficapilla gutturalis (Ridgway)
Dendroica occidentalis (Townsend )
Oporornis tolmiei (Townsend)

Nannus hiemalis pacificus (Baird)

Certhia familiaris occidentalis Ridgway
Sitta pygmza pygmza Vigors

Sitta pygmza leuconucha Anthony
Penthestes rufescens rufescens (Townsend)
Penthestes rufescens neglectus (Ridgway)
Penthestes rufescens barlowi (Grinnell)
Hylocichla guttata slevini Grinnell

Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS 61

TRANSITION ZONE—Continued
Mammals

Scapanus townsendii (Bachman) C
Scapanus latimanus sericatus Jackson
Neurotrichus gibbsii gibbsii (Baird)
Neurotrichus gibbsii hyacinthinus Bangs
Sorex montereyensis montereyensis Merriam
Sorex montereyensis mariposz Grinnell
Sorex pacificus Baird C

Myotis longicrus longicrus (True) U
Myotis longicrus interior Miller U
Lasionycteris noctivagans (LeConte)
Urocyon cinereoargenteus sequoiensis Dixon U
Peromyscus boylei boylei (Baird) U
Peromyscus boylei rowleyi (J. A. Allen) U
Phenacomys longicaudus True

Thomomys alpinus awahnee Merriam

Zapus orarius Preble C

Eutamias quadrimaculatus (Gray)

Eutamias townsendi ochrogenys Merriam C
Eutamias hindsi (Gray)

Eutamias merriami pricei (J. A. Allen) U
Sciurus griseus griseus Ord

Sciurus griseus nigripes Bryant

Sciurus griseus anthonyi Mearns

Sylvilagus nuttalli nuttalli (Bachman) U
Sylvilagus nuttalli grangeri (J. A. Allen) U
Sylvilagus bachmani ubericolor (Miller)
Cervus roosevelti Merriam

CANADIAN ZONE

Those species marked T occur also in the Transition Zone; those marked H occur
also in the Hudsonian.

Plants

Abies grandis Lindl. T?

Abies magnifica Murr.

Abies magnifica shastensis Lemmon
Picea sitchensis (Bong.) T. « M. T?
Pinus contorta Dougl. T

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41H Ser.

CANADIAN ZONE—Continued

Pinus monticola Don H

Pinus murrayana Balf. H

Pinus ponderosa jeffreyi (Balf.) Vas. T
Allium validum Wats. H

Populus tremuloides Michx. T

Salix glauca villosa (Don) Anders. H
Castanopsis sempervirens (Kell.) Dudley T H
Quercus vaccinifolia Kell.

Lewisia triphylla (Wats.) Rob. H
Aconitum columbianum Nutt.

Caltha biflora DC. H

Delphinium glaucum Wats. H
Mitella breweri Gray H?

Mitella pentandra Hook. H
Saxifraga arguta Don

Saxifraga bryophora Gray H

Pirus occidentalis Wats. H

Potentilla breweri Wats. H

Potentilla flabellifolia Hook. H

Acer glabrum Torr. T

Pyrola minor Linn.

Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray H
Vaccinium occidentale Gray H
Polemonium pulcherrimum Hook. H
Mimulus lewisii Pursh H

Pentstemon gracilentus Gray
Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. H
Arnica longifolia Eat. H

Erigeron salsuginosus Gray H
Hieraceum gracile detonsum Gray H

Reptiles
Sceloporus occidentalis taylori Camp
Gerrhonotus palmeri Stejneger

Birds

Dendragapus obscurus sierre Chapman T
Astur atricapillus striatulus Ridgway

Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS

CANADIAN ZONE—Continued

Otus flammeolus (Kaup)

Sphyrapicus thyroideus thyroideus (Cassin)
Chordeiles minor hesperis Grinnell T
Stellula calliope (Gould) T

Empidonax hammondi (Xantus)
Empidonax wrighti Baird T

Perisoreus obscurus obscurus Ridgway
Perisoreus obscurus griseus Ridgway H
Hesperiphona vespertina californica Grinnell T
Carpodacus cassini Baird H

Melospiza lincolni lincolni Audubon
Passerella iliaca canescens Swarth

Passerella iliaca fulva Swarth

Passerella iliaca monoensis Grinnell & Storer
Passerella iliaca mariposae Swarth
Passerella iliaca stephensi Anthony TT
Passerella iliaca brevicauda Mailliard T
Oreospiza chlorura (Audubon) T

Sitta canadensis Linneus T

Regulus satrapa olivaceus Baird T
Myadestes townsendi (Audubon) T
Hylocichla guttata sequoiensis (Belding) H
Ixoreus neevius nzevius (Gmelin)

Mamanals

Neosorex bendirei bendirei (Merriam)
Myotis lucifugus altipetens H. W. Grinnell H
Ursus americanus Pallas T

Vulpes cascadensis Merriam H

Vulpes necator Merriam H

Martes caurina sierre Grinnell « Storer H
Martes pennanti pacifica (Rhoads) H
Mustela muricus (Bangs) H

Evotomys obscurus Merriam

Evotomys californicus Merriam

Microtus montanus dutcheri Bailey H
Thomomys jacinteus Grinnell & Swarth
Thomomys alpinus alpinus Merriam H

63

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

CANADIAN ZONE—Continued

Thomomys monticola monticola (J. A. Allen) H
Thomomys monticola premaxillaris Grinnell
Thomomys monticola mazama Merriam H
Zapus major Preble H

Zapus trinotatus alleni Elliot H

Erethizon epixanthum epixanthum Brandt T
Aplodontia rufa californica (Peters) T H
Eutamias amcenus ameenus (Allen) T
Eutamias amcenus monoensis Grinnell « Storer
Eutamias speciosus speciosus (J. A. Allen) H
Eutamias speciosus frater (J. A. Allen) H
Eutamias speciosus inyoensis Merriam H
Eutamias senex (J. A. Allen) T

Glaucomys sabrinus flaviventris Howell
Glaucomys sabrinus lascivus (Bangs) T
Glaucomys sabrinus californicus (Rhoads) T
Lepus washingtoni klamathensis Merriam

HUDSONIAN ZONE

Species marked C occur also in the Canadian Zone; those marked A occur also
the Arctic-Alpine.

Plants

Pinus albicaulis Engelm.

Pinus balfouriana Murr. C?
Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Sarg.
Polygonum shastense Brewer A
Draba corrugata Wats. A
Ribes montigenum McCl.
Potentilla fruticosa Linn. C
Fragaria sibbaldifolia Rydb. C
Epilobium obcordatum Gray <A
Cassiope mertensiana Don
Kalmia polifolia microphylla (Hook.) Rehder A
Artemisia norvegica Fries
Erigeron compositus Pursh A
Erigeron ursinus Eat. A
Macronema discoidea Nutt. C

Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS 65

HUDSONIAN ZONE—Continued

Macronema suffruticosa Nutt. <A
Stenotus acaulis Nutt. C

Amphibians
Spelerpes platycephalus Camp

Birds

Picoides arcticus (Swainson)
Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson) C
Pinicola enucleator californica Price
Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forster)
Hylocichla guttata polionota Grinnell C

Mammals

Gulo luscus luteus Elliot

Citellus beldingi (Merriam)

Eutamias alpinus (Merriam)

Ochotona schisticeps schisticeps (Merriam)
Ochotona schisticeps muiri Grinnell «& Storer C A
Ochotona schisticeps albatus Grinnell A

Ovis canadensis sierrze Grinnell C

ARCTIC-ALPINE ZONE

Species marked H occur also in the Hudsonian Zone.

Plants

Trisetum congdonii Scribn. « Merr.
Carex breweri Boott

Salix arctica petrzea Anders.
Oxyria digyna Camptd. H
Lewisia pygmea (Gray) Rob. H
Ranunculus eschscholtzii Schlect.
Draba breweri Wats.

Saxifraga tolmiei T. « G. H
Horkelia pygmza (Gray) Rydb.
Sibbaldia procumbens Linn. H

66

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

ARCTIC-ALPINE ZONE—Continued

Podistera nevadensis Wats.
Primula suffrutescens Gray H
Polemonium eximium Greene
Pentstemon davidsonii Greene
Antennaria media Greene H
Hulsea algida Gray

Hulsea nana Gray

Raillardella argentea Gray H
Senecio petrocallis Greene

Birds

Leucosticte tephrocotis dawsoni Grinnell

LITERATURE CITED

American Ornithologists’ Union Committee.

1910.

Check-list of North American Birds. Ed. 3, re-
vised (New York, Amer. Orn. Union), 430 pp.,
2 maps.

Coville, F. V.

1893.

Botany of the Death Valley Expedition. Contrib.
U. S. Nat. Herb., vol. 4, pp. 1-363, pls. 1-21, map.

Grinnell, J.

1908.

1913.

1914,

1915.

The Biota of the San Bernardino Mountains. Univ.
Calif. Publ. Zool., vol. 5, pp. 1-170, pls. 1-24.

A Distributional List of the Mammals of Califor-
nia. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 3, pp.
265-390, pls. 15, 16.

An Account of the Mammals and Birds of the
Lower Colorado Valley, with Especial Reference to
the Distributional Problems Presented. Univ. Calif.
Publ. Zool., vol. 12, pp. 51-294, pls. 3-13, 9 figs.
in text.

A Distributional List of the Birds of California.
Pac. Coast Avifauna (Cooper Ornithological Club),
no. 11, 217 pp, 3 pls. (maps).

Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS 67

Grinnell, J., and Swarth, H. S.

1913. An Account of the Birds and Mammals of the San
Jacinto Area of Southern California, with Remarks
upon the Behavior of Geographic Races on the
Margins of their Habitats. Univ. Calif. Publ.
Zool., vol. 10, pp. 197-406, pls. 6-10, 3 text figs.

Hall, H. M.
1902. A Botanical Survey of San Jacinto Mountain.
Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot., vol. 1, pp. 1-140, pls. 1-14.

Merriam, C. Hart
1898. Life Zones and Crop Zones of the United States.
U. S. Dept. Agric., Div. Biol. Surv., Bull. no. 10,
79 pp., 1 map (colored).
1899. Results of a Biological Survey of Mount Shasta,
California. U. S. Dept. Agric., Div. Biol. Surv.,
N. Amer. Fauna, no. 16, 179 pp., 5 pls., 46 figs.
in text.
Schimper, A. F. W.
1898. Pflanzen-geographie auf physiologischer Grund-
lage. Pp. 1-877, figs. 1-502, maps 1-4.
Shreve, F.
1914. The Role of Winter Temperatures in Determining
the Distribution of Plants. Amer. Journ. Bot., vol.
1, pp. 194-202.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtTH SERIES

Vor EX, Novis) pp 69-121 Jury 12, 1919

III

NOTES ON MAMMALS COLLECTED PRINCIPALLY
IN WASHINGTON AND CALIFORNIA BETWEEN
THE YEARS 1853 AND 1874 BY DR.

JAMES GRAHAM COOPER

BY

WALTER P. TAYLOR
U. S. Biological Survey

INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Dr. James Graham Cooper was one of the most active stu-
dents of birds and mammals on the Pacific Coast in the middle
nineteenth century. In view of the importance of his pioneer
work in mammalogy, it has seemed desirable to list all the west
coast specimens of mammals collected by him which are still
extant and accessible, to note their condition, and to determine,
so far as possible, their systematic status according to current
conceptions.

The 114 specimens examined are distributed as follows: in
the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at the University of Calli-
fornia, Berkeley, California, 57; in the United States National
Museum, Washington, D. C., 45; and in the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts, 12.

July 12, 1919

70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

It is highly probable that a number of Dr. Cooper's speci-
mens were deposited in the Museum of the California Academy
of Sciences, San Francisco, California; but if so, they were
destroyed in the great fire of 1906.

Doubtless a few of Dr. Cooper’s mammal skins are still to be
found in widely scattered places among the museums and col-
leges of this country and possibly Europe. Of 83 specimens of
Cooper mammals listed in the catalogue of the United States
National Museum, only 45 could be located on January 1, 1918.
It is not unlikely that most of the missing specimens have been
distributed to other institutions, in accordance with the policy
of distribution and exchange followed by Professor Spencer F.
Baird.

It is of interest to note that Dr. Cooper collected types or
cotypes’ of the following eight species of North American
mammals, seven of which belong to the Pacific Coast (names
given first are as used in publications by Cooper) :

Scalops Townsendii=Scapanus orarius orarius True. Shoal-
water Bay, Pacific County, Washington.

Sorex vagrans=Sorex vagrans vagrans Baird. Shoalwater
Bay, Pacific County, Washington.

Neosorex navigator=Neosorex palustris navigator Baird.
Fort Vancouver, Washington, according to label; actually, the
headwaters of either the Naches River or the Yakima River,
Washington.

Lasiurus noveboracensis=Nycteris borealis teliotis (H.
Allen). Probably from southern California.”

Neotoma occidentalis=N eotoma cinerea occidentalis Baird.
Shoalwater Bay, Pacific County, Washington.

Arvicola pauperrima = Lagurus pauperrimus (Cooper).
“Great Plains, W. T.”

[?] Spermophilus obsoletus=Citellus obsoletus (Kennicott).
Western Nebraska.

Tamias Townsendii=Eutamias cooperi (Baird). Klickitat
Pass, altitude 4500 ft., Cascade Mts., Washington.

Four of the above species were described in manuscript by
Cooper. These are Sorex vagrans, Neosorex navigator, Neo-

4 Cotype used as designating one of two or more oe together forming the

basis of a species, no type having been selected, and the specimens having been col-
lected at the same locality.

Vou. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 71

toma occidentalis, and Arvicola pauperrima. Of these the last-
named only was actually published by him (1868c, p. 535), the
others having been published by Baird on the basis of Cooper’s
notes and specimens (see Baird, 1855, p. 335; 1857, pp. 11,
15):

According to the standards of the day the specimens collected
by Dr. Cooper were well prepared. The skull was always left
within the skin, and stuffed with cotton, as with birds now.
The fore feet were either disposed irregularly forward along
the sides of the neck, or folded back on the breast and sewed to
the skin. There was no uniformity in arrangement of the hind
feet, which were usually folded forward beneath the belly,
though sometimes crossed back of the body. The tail was never
skinned, being disposed posteriorly, or if deemed too long
for this, folded forward beneath the abdomen. The body was
stuffed with cotton, and the belly slit was sometimes sewed up
and sometimes not. These methods naturally did not make for
either uniformity or durability. In spite of this, however, most
of the material is in fairly good condition after an interval of
nearly sixty years.

Dr. Cooper’s usual method of labelling was as follows: On
the front of the label he wrote, with pen or pencil, his running
number, the scientific name of the animal, the sex (using é for
males and ? for females), the locality (usually including the
state, but not in the case of specimens from the Colorado Val-
ley), the date (the year indicated by an apostrophe and the two
last figures, as ’61 for 1861), and his initials. On the reverse
side of the label he ordinarily entered eleven measurements,
(nose to eye; nose to ear; head; head plus body; tail; tail plus
hair; fore-foot ; hind-foot ; front, back, and width of ear).

A list of all of Dr. Cooper’s published contributions to
mammalogy which have been seen by the writer is included in
the literature cited (p. 118).* All references published by
Cooper to species of which I have examined specimens col-
lected by him have so far as possible been referred to their
proper places in this list according to current nomenclatural
standards.

2It is of interest to note that Dr. Cooper’s most important work on the mam-

mals of California does not appear over his name at all, being incorporated in Titus
Fey Cronise’s The Natural Wealth of California (Chapter VII, pp. 434-448).

72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

I wish to make cordial acknowledgment for helpful sug-
gestions and criticism to Messrs. E. W. Nelson, T. S. Palmer,
and Edward A. Preble of the United States Biological Sur-
vey. For access to the collections in their charge, the loan of
material, or for other courtesies I am indebted to Dr. Joseph
Grinnell, Director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology,
University of California; Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., Curator of
Mammals, United States National Museum, and Mr. Samuel
Henshaw, Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Harvard University, as well as to Dr. Glover M. Allen, secre-
tary of the Boston Society of Natural History. Mr. Vernon
Bailey, Major Edward A. Goldman, and Dr. Hartley H. T.
Jackson, of the Biological Survey, very kindly assisted in the
identification of certain specimens. For information regard-
ing the life and scientific activities of Dr. Cooper I am in-
debted to Dr. William H. Dall, of the U. S. National Mu-
seum, Washington, D. C.; Mr. James S. Cooper, of Oakland,
California, and to Mr. W. Otto Emerson, Hayward, Califor-
nia. For valued advice in connection with the paper and for
critical reading of the manuscript I am under obligation to
Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director of the Museum, Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences.

HistoricaL NOTES

James Graham Cooper was born June 19, 1830, in New
York City. His father, William Cooper (1798-1864) was
one of the most prominent of the earlier New York natural-
ists, having been an “Original Member’ of the New York
Lyceum of Natural History, now the New York Academy of
Sciences, and an active Scientific worker throughout his life.
James G. Cooper graduated from the College of Physicians
and Surgeons in 1851, spending the two years following in
the hospitals of New York. The most active period of his
life as a field naturalist was embraced in the 13 years from
1853 to 1866. It began on April 27, 1853, when he signed
a contract with Governor Isaac I. Stevens, of Washington
Territory, to act as one of the physicians to the Pacific Rail-
road Survey Expedition, which was detailed to explore the
route along the Forty-seventh and Forty-ninth parallels; it

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 73

closed in 1866, when he settled down to the practice of his
profession at Santa Cruz, California. In the year 1871 he
located in Ventura County, where he remained until 1875. He
then moved to Hayward, California, where he resided until
his death on July 19, 1902.

A biographical account of Dr. Cooper has already been pub-
lished (see Emerson, 1899 and 1902) ; it will nevertheless be
profitable, so far as accessible records will permit, to make
note of his movements year by year during the period when
he was most active as a collector.

Dr. Cooper was assigned to the western division of the
Pacific Railroad Survey Expedition to which allusion is made
above, serving as surgeon and naturalist under Captain, later
Major General, George B. McClellan. Cooper left New York
May 5, 1853, in company with Lieutenant J. K. Duncan, re-
porting to Captain McClellan at Fort Vancouver, Washing-
ton Territory, on June 14, having made the trip by way of
Panama. The expedition was organized at Fort Vancouver,
and the actual exploration began July 18, 1853. The work
was carried forward until the middle of the following Novem-
ber, the country traversed including the Klickitat Pass region
between Mt. St. Helens and Mt. Adams, the eastern side of
the Cascade Mountains, the Yakima Valley, the Okanagan
River north at least to Lake Oyosa [= Lake Osoyoos] (see
Cooper, W., 1860, p. 378), the Colville district, the Spokane
Plains, and the vicinity of Fort Walla Walla. On November
15 the party reached Fort Dalles, Oregon (Suckley and
Cooper, 1860, p. x), returning to Fort Vancouver soon
thereafter.

The published writings of Dr. Cooper indicate that he made
his headquarters at Fort Vancouver for nearly a year or until
February 20, 1854. At this time he traveled to the mouth ot
the Columbia River* (1860a, p. 33), remaining there and at
Shoalwater Bay during the following spring. On March 26,
1854, Cooper made an excursion in a sailboat up the “Willo-
pah,” [=-Willapa] a river which empties into the north end of
Shoalwater Bay (1860a, p. 20). Specimens are on record
(Baird, 1858, pp. 777, 916) which he collected at Steilacoom
in March and April of this year.

3 Specimens were collected at least at the Mouth of the Columbia, March 2 and 9;
and Cape Disappointment, no date given (Baird, 1859, pp. 805, 882

74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47m Ser.

The Survey was disbanded on April 1, 1854, and Captain
McClellan ordered Dr. Cooper to report to Governor Stevens
at Fort Vancouver (see Emerson, 1899, p. 3). The speci-
mens were sent to Professor Baird in Washington, D. C., and
thither Cooper is erroneously said to have repaired “for the
purpose of preparing his report.” Cooper remained at Shoal-
water Bay until July 18, 1854,“ . . . collecting all that
his private means would allow. He then crossed the unex-
plored Coast Range, on foot, with a party of citizens, and
traveled to Puget Sound, where he remained a month, col-
lecting specimens about Fort Steilacoom, in company with
Dr. Suckley, returning to Shoalwater Bay in September by
way of the Cowlitz and Columbia rivers” (Suckley and Cooper,
1860, p. x).

Specimens of birds taken by Cooper at Shoalwater Bay
during the month of August as well as September are listed
by Baird (1858, pp. 242, 405, 446, 570), so that his return
to this locality may have been a few days earlier than is
stated above.

The following winter (1854-1855) was spent on Shoal-
water Bay, where, on October 7, 1854, he began to make
meteorological observations.

“Late in February, 1855, Dr. Cooper went up the coast to
Gray’s Harbor and joining the Indian treaty commission un-
der Gov. Stevens, on the Chehalis, ascended that river and
proceeded again to Puget Sound, intending to accompany the
Governor in May to the Blackfoot council at Fort Benton, and
thence to return to the Atlantic Coast by way of the Missouri
River. Meantime he made a voyage down the sound to the
Straits of Fuca [=Juan de Fuca], spent a month collect-
ing on Whitby’s Island [==Whidby’s Island] and another
near Steilacoom. Unexpected disappointments and_ losses
prevented the journey eastward which he had proposed, and
he found it necessary to return to Shoalwater Bay in July.
There he remained until October 4,* when, by the kind invita-
tion of Captain Alden, he sailed in the Coast Survey steamer
Active to San Francisco”’ (Suckley and Cooper, 1860, p. x).

Shortly afterward he spent six weeks collecting specimens
in the Santa Clara Valley, California, later proceeding south-

During August he made a side trip to Astoria, Oregon (Baird, 1857, p. 303).

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 75

ward to Panama en route to New York; and he evidently
remained in the east until the spring of 1857 (Suckley and
Cooper, 1860, p. x). During these early explorations Cooper
had spent six weeks in California and approximately two
years and three months in Washington Territory.

On April 22, 1857, Dr. Cooper was appointed surgeon to
the South Pass Wagon Road Expedition. The party of
William M. Magraw, the Superintendent of the expedition to
which Dr. Cooper was attached, left Independence, Missouri,
about July 1 (See Campbell, 1859, pp. 5, 6), reaching the
headwaters of Sweetwater River late in September, “too late
to proceed with safety through the South Pass and into the
Wasatch Range, in consequence of the severity of the winter
in that region and the hostile attitude of the inhabitants of
Utah toward the authorities of the United States at this
time.’ In consequence of these considerations the party was
disbanded on “Popo Agie, a tributary of Wind River.” Some
members of the expedition returned to the frontier, others
accompanied the chief engineer, Mr. F. W. Lander, to Wash-
ington, a few were left on the Popo Agie River in charge of
the public property, and a large number volunteered into the
service of the army of Utah, selecting their superintendent as
their captain. From records’ of specimens collected by Dr.
Cooper we learn that movements of the expedition were ap-
proximately as follows: The greater part of May and June
was spent at Independence, Missouri, records of specimens
collected at this point embracing the period between May 6
and June 30; July found the party moving in a general north-
westerly direction toward Fort Kearney, Nebraska; Fort Lara-
mie [Wyoming], the most westerly point reached by Cooper
(see Suckley and Cooper, 1860, p. x1), was reached the latter
part of August, the first specimens having been collected at
this locality on August 27; the diminished expedition had not
started on the return journey before October 5 (Baird, 1858,
p. 322), but must have moved soon thereafter, for October
10 found the party at a point 100 miles east of Laramie;
October 19, 40 miles west of Fort Kearney; October 28, 100
miles east of Fort Kearney; and November 5, 50 miles west
of Leavenworth.

5 In the mammal catalogs, U. S. National Museum; in Baird’s Mammals of North
America, 1857; and Birds of North America, 1858.

76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

There ensues a period covering the years 1858-1859 for
which I have not found any published summary of Dr.
Cooper’s activities. That he made a trip to Florida in 1859
is indicated by the fact that specimens of mammals numbered
145264-145269, United States National Museum, were col-
lected by him in that State during that year, the only precise
localities mentioned being New Smyrna [east coast of Florida,
Volusia County] and the Miami River [Biscayne Bay, Dade
County]. At the latter locality specimens were taken March
25 to 31, inclusive. While in New York and the east at this
period his time was doubtless occupied in writing. Three
reports, each of which must have entailed considerable labor,
shortly appeared, comprising Cooper’s accounts of the botany
and mammals of the route of the western division of the
Stevens Survey (see Cooper, 1860a and 1860b, and Suckley
and Cooper, 1860).

In 1860 we find Dr. Cooper making his first real transcon-
tinental trip, in the capacity of contract surgeon with a de-
tachment of recruits from New York to “Fort Columbus,
Department of Oregon.”* This assignment occupied him
until October 19, 1860, but his contract was continued until
December 1 of that year. From Dr. Cooper's contributions
to the American Naturalist under the title “The Fauna of
Montana Territory,’’ which deal with the observations and
collections made by him on this trip, we learn that his itin-
erary in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific region included
Fort Benton, Montana, and Forts Colville and Vancouver,
Washington. On October 9, 1860, Dr. Cooper collected the
type of Lagurus pauperrimus, one of the most interesting
specimens he ever secured, on the Great Plains of the Colum-
bia River. “Again as a student,’ says Emerson, “we find
him collecting along the coast from San Francisco to San
Diego (1899, p. 4)”.

It was not long before Dr. Cooper was serving once more
as contract surgeon in the Army, with headquarters at Fort
Mojave,® on the Colorado River (See Cooper, 1869, pp. 182,

* Fort Vancouver.
ere Amer. Nat., vol. 2, 1868, pp. 528-538, 596-600, vol. 3, 1869, pp. 31-35, 73-84,

®* Fort Mojave: Arizona side of the Colorado River, close to the point at which

the boundary lines of Nevada, California and Arizona mect (see Whitney's Map of
California and Nevada, State Geological Survey of California, 2nd ed., 1874).

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 77

470; 1870a, p. 66; 1871b, p. 756). The expedition left Los
Angeles on December 4, 1860, arriving at the post two weeks
later on December 19. While stationed at Fort Mojave
Cooper undoubtedly collected on both sides of the Colorado
River, usually labelling the specimens gathered “Fort Mojave,
Col’do V.” or “Fort Mojave, Col’do R.” without distinction
as to state or territory. In a few cases records of species
actually collected or observed on the Arizona side only were
without doubt credited to California (see Cooper, 1890, p.
215):

On May 28, 1861, Dr. Cooper started on his return journey
to the coast (Cooper, 1869, p. 480; 1870a, p. 66) which was
completed in approximately 14 days. May 29 found the
party in the Providence Mountains (Cooper, 1870c, p. 252);
on June 6 it had reached Camp Cady on the lower Mojave
River (a specimen of Peromyscus m. sonoriensis, No. 5625,
Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool., collected at this locality on June
6, is extant); on June 8 the expedition had arrived at the
headwaters of the Mojave River near Cajon Pass (Cooper,
1861, p. 123); and presumably they reached Los Angeles
about two days later.

Altogether Cooper spent more than five months at Fort
Mojave; on the basis of the work at this point he described
two new species of birds and one land tortoise, and listed five
mammals, 16 birds, and three reptiles as new for California
(Cooper, 1861; Grinnell, 1902, p. 104).

San Diego was evidently his next important collecting lo-
cality, though at this period he apparently spent a short time
only at this point.

Late in 1860 the Geological Survey of California was or-
ganized by J. D. Whitney. The Department of Zoology of
the Survey was instituted and Dr. Cooper appointed to the
place of Zoologist (Whitney, 1865, p. xi) on July 1, 1861.
Shortly after his appointment he traveled by land from San
Diego to San Francisco. He remained in the city until
August 9, on which date he made a trip to Monterey by
water, where he was occupied in making collections from
August 12 to September 26 (Cooper 1870b, p. 45; 1871b,
pp. 756-757). About this time he must have worked in the

vhs) CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4ru Ser.

vicinity of Santa Cruz also; for several specimens of Peromys-
cus californicus (Nos. 8547-8549, U. S. Nat. Mus.) are
labelled “Santa Cruz, 1861.”

From November 4, 1861, to May 24, 1862, we again find
him at San Diego (Cooper, 1870a, p. 68), and Whitney
records the fact (1870c, pp. ix and x) that “Dr. Cooper was
steadily employed in collecting from December, 1860, to April,
1862, and during a considerable portion of the year 1863,
being assisted for six months of 1862 by Dr. Edward Palmer.
The regions examined were chiefly the Colorado Valley near
Fort Mojave, the route to the coast from that fort, the vicin-
ity of San Diego and San Pedro, and Santa Barbara and the
islands off the coast.” The accessible data pertaining to the
period in question consist of a few scattered specimens and
published notes. Irom these we learn that Dr. Cooper was
in Stockton in February, 1863: that he collected in Santa
Clara and San Mateo counties in March, 1863: that he was
at Oakland and Santa Barbara in April; at the latter locality
again in May; at Santa Barbara Island® in May and June,
where he spent six weeks during this and the succeeding
month; on Catalina Island in June and July, as well as during
the last days in October; on San Clemente and San Nicolas
islands for a few days about the first of July; on the main-
land in the neighborhood of San Pedro later in July; in the
Sierran foothills in August; and for twenty days in Septem-
ber in the high Sierras between the altitudes of 5000 and 8000
feet, not far from Lake Tahoe (Cooper 1870a, p. 73).

“In 1864 portions of the Sierra Nevada and the coast from
Baulines [=Bolinas] Bay to Santa Cruz were zoologically ex-
plored” (Whitney, 1870, p. x). On May 24 of this same year
Governor Low commissioned Dr. Cooper Assistant Surgeon
in the Second Cavalry, California Volunteers, with which
regiment he served until its muster out (Emerson, 1899, p. 4).

According to Whitney (1870, p. x), Dr. Cooper was en-
gaged in 1865 in the preparation of reports, and subsequent
to that time he is said to have visited at the expense of the

* That the entry “Santa Barbara I.” on Cooper's specimen labels refers to Santa
Barbara Island and not to the Santa Barbara group is indicated by a reference to
the locality in one of his shell papers (1863a, p. 56). He says: “The island is about
seventy-five miles from the town [of Santa Barbara], and thirty-five from the near-
est main land.”

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER'’S MAMMALS 79

Survey portions of the State not before sufficiently explored.
Mention is made also that he did “a large amount of gratu-
itous work, in the way of elaborating the materials in various
branches of the zoology of the Pacific Slope . . . .” In
September, 1865, Dr. Cooper was at Tulare Lake (Cooper,
1870c, p. 107); and specimens collected by him in October
and November, 1865, at Drum Barracks’? and Wilmington
have been examined and included among the “Specimens
Examined,” postea.

It is of interest"! to note that while Cooper was stationed
in the vicinity of San Pedro he entertained a notable visitor
in the person of Elliott Coues, who travelled overland from
Fort Whipple, Arizona, to the coast during the early fall of
1865 (Coues, 1866, pp. 259-275). Coues’s opinion of Cooper
is indicated in the following reference (1. c., p. 260). ‘Fort
Mojave, on the Colorado River, in about lat. 35°, is interest-
ing to us as the locality whence were lately procured two rare
and curious new birds by Dr. J. G. Cooper, so well known as
an indefatigable and accurate naturalist . . . .” On
page 269 of the same contribution Coues writes of enjoying
Cooper’s hospitality during his stay at San Pedro, referring
to Cooper’s conversation as “. an encyclopedia of in-
teresting biographies of the birds of the Pacific Coast.”

Dr. Cooper was married January 9, 1866, to Miss Rosa M.
Wells, in Oakland, California. Soon thereafter we find him
at Santa Cruz (Cooper, 1870, p. 107), where he may have
resided until 1871. It will be remembered that on this date
or soon thereafter he moved to Ventura County, locating at
Saticoy; and that in 1875 he returned to Hayward, in the San
Francisco Bay region.

The examination of specimens extant shows that in the
spring of 1866 Dr. Cooper did some collecting at Santa Cruz ;
that he made a trip to the foothills of Placer County, as well
as to the high Sierras in the vicinity of Lake Tahoe, during

10 Drum Barracks, Los Angeles County, California, about three miles northeast of
Wilmington (see Whitney’s map of California and Nevada, State Geological Survey
of California, 2nd ed., 1874).

“Tt seems not improbable that the migration records for Santa Cruz published
by Dr. Cooper in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum (1880, pp. 245-250)
should be dated 1866 rather than 1865; for he was, for at least a part of that year,
fully occupied elsewhere. If the records are bona fide personal observations made by
Cooper at Santa Cruz in 1865, he must have been stationed there for a considerable
period of time, the months from March to July in the spring, and September and
October in the fall, being represented.

80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

the spring and summer of 1870; and that he worked at Novato
Point, Marin County, in November of the same year. Ina
paper published in the American Naturalist (1874, pp. 14-18)
reference is made to “my late trip through the mountains
[Cuyamacas, near San Diego],’’ but no specimens taken at this
time have been found.

Dr. Cooper was one of the most active of the early mem-
mers of the California Academy of Sciences, and was at dif-
ferent times connected with the institution in an_ official
capacity. An inspection of the Proceedings shows that during
the years 1862 to 1864, inclusive, Dr. Cooper was Curator of
Zoology of the Academy; in 1868 he was named Curator of
General Zoology; in 1869 he became Vice-President; during
the two years following he was Librarian; on June 26, 1871,
he was elected Corresponding Secretary; from 1887 to 1891
he was Director of the Museum; and from 1892 to 1896,
Second Vice-President. In addition to these offices he was
for some time Curator of Paleontology, and at the time of
auxiliary clubs he was President of the Zoological Club
(Emerson, 1899, p. 4).

From the published results of Cooper’s early work, namely,
that in Washington State (1853-1860) it appears that his
earlier scientific interests were in general natural history. His
later contributions (1861 and following), however, show a
pronounced concentration of attention on zoological investi-
gations, most of his work at this period having been done in
ornithology and conchology. The number and quality of his
published contributions demonstrate his merit as a scientific
worker, always taking into consideration the standards of the
day. His large accomplishments are all the more creditable
in view of the handicap of a frame which was apparently
never robust.

In Dr. Cooper’s personality, activity and energy were asso-
ciated with a becoming modesty and absence of a desire for
self-aggrandizement. It might well be said of him, as it was
of his father, that ‘“With exceeding modesty and being, per-
haps, over-cautious in naming new species, he generously
permitted others to use his material, and sometimes to gain
the credit that might have been his own (Fairchild, 1887,
Di Fu)

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS Sl

RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED
Scapanus latimanus latimanus (Bachman)

“Scalops Townsendit” (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise,
The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 441. (Said to
be common and universally known. )

Specimens examined.—Two: Nos. 5654, 5655, Mus. Comp.
Zool. Harvard Univ. No. 5654: obverse of label “Scalops
Townsendi Cal Monterey May 12 ’74, J. GC.” No. 5655:
obverse of label “Scalops Townsendii Haywood Cal. Apr.
75"; reverse, “Western mole.”

Both these skins have been made over into modern study
skins. The skulls are removed. The entire posterior portion
of each cranium was evidently cut off in the original process
of preparation.

Scapanus orarius orarius True

“Scalops Townsendii, Bach.” (part), Cooper, Pac. R. R.
Expl. and Surv., 12, book 2, 1860, p. 73. (Reported not
common in any part of Washington Territory visited by
Cooper; includes note on habits).

Specimens examined.—Two: Nos. 621/1772, 1381/37434,
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 621/1772: original label lost ; according
to label attached the specimen is a “Scalops townsendii” from
“Shoalwater Bay, W. T. Sept. 54. Dr. J. G. Cooper 17”;
reverse side of label bears four measurements. No. 1381/
37434: original label lost; obverse side of label attached reads
“1381 Scalops townsendii [in ink] minimus [in pencil] 2
Shoalwater Bay, Aug. 30, 55 Dr. J. G. Cooper”; reverse,
four measurements.

These specimens have both been made over and their skulls
removed. Skull No. 1772 is in fair condition, though its
posterior portion is broken off and temporal bones somewhat
loosened. No. 1381/37434 is the type of Scapanus orarius.
For detailed remarks on the condition of the specimen see
Lyon and Osgood (1909, p. 234).

Sorex vagrans vagrans Baird

“Sorex———__—_—_——-?””, Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise,
The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 441 (General note

&2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

on the shrews, on the systematic status and distribution of
which Dr. Cooper evidently did not care to commit himself.)

“Sorex vagrans Cp.” (probably part), Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad Sci., 4, 1870, p. 70 (Latitude of San Francisco said to
be southern limit of distribution).

“Sorex Suckleyi, Baird” (probably part), Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 70 (Latitude of San Francisco said to be
southern limit of distribution).

Specimens examined.—Two: No. 5629, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Vert. Zool.; No. 1675, U. S. Nat. Mus. (in alcohol). No.
5629: obverse of label ““Novato Point, Marin Co., Cal., Nov.
1st. 70 Sorex J. G. C.’’; reverse, ten measurements. No. 1675:
original label missing; obverse of museum label attached
reads “Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U. S. A. 1675
Sorex vagrans Shoalwater Bay W. T. Dr. J. G. Cooper.”

No. 5629 prepared as study skin; skull inside; forefeet
folded on breast, hind feet extended posteriorly; tail not
skinned out, curled up posteriorly. No. 1675 is the type of
the species; it is preserved entire in alcohol and is in good
condition except that the hair has come off from the entire
skin; for further remarks on the condition of the type, see
Lyon and Osgood (1909, p. 251).

I am indebted to Dr. Hartley H. T. Jackson of the U. S.
Biological Survey for confirming the identification of this
specimen.

Neosorex palustris navigator Baird

“Neosorex navigator Cooper,” Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv.,
12, book 2, 1860, p. 36 (“ . . . one seems to be peculiar
to the Territory, the water shrew [Neosorex navigator],
caught while swimming a foot below the surface of one of
the lakes at the head of the Yakima river, and at least 2,500
feet above the ocean’’); Same, p. 73 (“But one specimen of
this species was obtained during the expedition; this, accord-
ing to the label now attached, was found at Fort Vancouver,
but I am inclined to consider this a mistake, and that it was
really taken while swimming under water in a lake near the
summit of the Cascade mountains, August 31, 1853’).

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS &3

Specimen examined.i—One: No. 629/1780, U. S. Nat.
Mus.; original label lost; A “N. Pac. R. R. Survey” label is
attached, the obverse of which reads “N. Pacific R. R. Survey,
Gov. . . Stevens 629/1780 Neosorex navigator Type Ft.
Vancouver, Columbia R., W. T. Dr. J. G. Cooper.’’; meas-
urements in pencil on the back of the label.

Specimen in bad condition; for details see Lyon and Os-
good (1909, p. 246).

Merriam has discussed the type locality of this form in the
following words:

“Tt is evident that the type specimen, like many other alco-
holic mammals collected in the early days, was not labeled
until long after its capture, and that little dependence can be
placed on either of the alleged localities. Furthermore, since
the subgenus Neosorex is unknown from the Cascade region,
and probably does not inhabit western Oregon or Washing-
ton, which region is occupied by the allied subgenus Atophy-
rax, it is highly improbable that the specimen came from
either of the alleged localities. It agrees closely with speci-
mens from western Montana, and probably came from some
point in northern Idaho or the mountains east of Fort Col-
ville, in extreme northeastern Washington, which region was
visited by Dr. Cooper during the same expedition (1895, p.
OZ

Several facts germane to this problem can now be cited as
tending to fix the type locality more definitely. Though
Neosorex palustris navigator has never been taken on the
humid coast belt in Washington, in which lies Fort Van-
couver, specimens have been secured by the Biological Survey
at the following localities in the Cascade Mountains: Signal
Peak (on the Yakima Indian Reservation east of Mt.
Adams), Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Adams, and Mt. Rainier.

According to Cooper (1860b, p. 73), as quoted above, the
specimen under consideration (which became the type) was
“taken while swimming under water in a lake near the sum-
mit of the Cascade mountains on August 31, 1853.’ But in
another place Cooper refers (1860a, p. 36) to the capture of
this animal, of which only one specimen was taken, on one
of the lakes at the head of the Yakima River. On August

84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

31, Captain McClellan and a small party’* were engaged in
explorations of Naches River and Naches Pass, while the
head of the main Yakima River and Lakes Keechelus,
Kachess, and Clealum were explored September 4 to 12
(Stevens, 1860, pp. 139-141). Evidently the type came
either from the headwaters of the Naches River or from one
of the lakes at the head of the main Yakima River. Since
these places are within twenty miles of each other, the type
locality of Neosorex p. navigator may be regarded as fixed
with a fair degree of precision.

Myotis californicus (subspecies indet. )

2“V [espertilio] nitidus” (part) and “V. obscurus” (part),
Cooper, Zoology, in The Natural Wealth of California, 1868,
p. 442.

“Vespertilio nitidus Allen” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci, 4; 1868,"p. 5 (“Lat 49° W_)'T., to ‘Gape St
Lucas and Texas.’’)

“Vespertilio obscurus Allen’ (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., 4, 1868, p. 5 (“Oregon? to Cape St. Lucas’).

Specimen examined.—One: No. 7187, U. S. Nat. Mus.
(in alcohol) ; an old label in the bottle, from which the writ-
ing has almost disappeared, reads “583 Vespertilio S D”
According to the Museum catalog, in which the specimen
was entered January 19, 1864, the bat was collected by “Mr.
J. Cooper,” in California.

The specimen is in fair condition, except that the hair has
sloughed off the skin of the posterior half of the body. The
skull has not been removed.

Myotis californicus quercinus H. W. Grinnell.

“V[espertilio] nitidus’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in
Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 442.

Specimen examined.—One: No. 5601, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Vert. Zool.; obverse of label “Vespertilio nitidus Allen, San

47t is probable that Dr. Cooper accompanied Captain McClellan on this side trip.
Baird (1857, p. 465) lists a specimen of “Hesperomys gambelii” collected by Dr. J. &.
Cooper on ‘‘Nachess Pass, Cascade mountains, W. T.” on “July 1, 1854.’" The date
is evidently erroneous, for during July, 1854, Cooper was in western Washington
ae p. 74); but the record appears to indicate that Cooper did collect on Naches
Pass,

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 85

Diego Cal. Apr. 24th, 62. J. G. C.”; reverse, ten measure-
ments.

Specimen mounted dorsal side down on a strip of brown
paper, the wings extended and sewed to the paper with white
thread ; skull inside skin; specimen in excellent condition.

Not typical of Myotis californicus quercinus H. W. Grin-
nell, the terminal portions of the hairs below being buffy
brown, as in M. c. californicus, rather than light buff, as in
typical quercinus. Geographically, however, it should be
referable to quercinus, unless it represents a wandering ex-
ample of the more northerly race.

Eptesicus fuscus fuscus (Beauvois)

“Scotophilus fuscus Palisot (Allen),” Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., 4, 1868, p. 5 (Said to occur in the “whole United
States to Vera Cruz, Mexico’).

“Scotophilus fuscus,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The
Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 442.

Specimen examined.—One: No. 5600, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Palisot
Allen
Brown Bat, Mount Stanford,** Cal. 7500 ft. alt. July 29, 70
J. (G. Cooper”:

This specimen is mounted, dorsal side down, on a strip of
brown paper, the wings being extended and sewed into the
paper with black thread. The skull is inside the skin. Speci-
men in fairly good condition. Possibly faded a trifle, but
very similar to pale-colored specimens of the form in collec-
tions.

Vert. Zool., original data “1502 Scotophilus fuscus

Nycteris borealis teliotis (H. Allen)

“Lasiurus noveboracensis’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in
Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 442.

“Lasiurus Noveboracensis Erxleben (Tomes)” (part),
Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1868, p. 5 (Said to occur
in “whole United States and south to Chili.’’)

18 Mount Stanford: Nevada County, California (see Whitney’s Map of California
and Nevada, State Geological Survey of California, 2nd ed., 1874), four or five miles
a little north of east of Donner Lake, probably the present Castle Peak (see Truckee
Sheet, U. S. Geological Survey, Topographic Map of the United States, 1906).

86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Ser.

Specimen examined.—One: No. 84555, U. S. Nat. Mus.;
original Cooper label missing; oldest label attached reads
“Atalapha teliotis Cal. Acad. N. S.” With regard to the
source of this specimen, Dr. Allen, the describer of this
species, says (1891, pp. 5, 6) “The specimen was forwarded
to me by Mr. J. G. Cooper, of the California Academy of
Natural Science .’ “Habitat unknown, but it is
probably Southern California.”

The skin is in alcohol; in poor state of preservation; for
discussion of its condition see Lyon and Osgood (1909,
p. 277.)

Corynorhinus rafinesquii intermedius H. W. Grinnell

“Synotus Townsendii Cooper, (Wagner), Cooper, Proc.
Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1868, p. 6 (Said to occur in “Nebraska
and Washigton Territory to Utah [and Cal.]’’).

“Synotus Townsendii,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The
Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 442 (Said to be
“found in the desert east of the Sierra,” which is erroneous) ;
Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1871la, p. 124 (Refers to
bats of this species found in a cave in El Dorado County).

Specimens examined.—Three: Nos. 5603, 5604, 5605,
Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. No. 5603: obverse of label
“Synotus Townsendti Cooper @ Pioneer Cave ™ Placer Co.
Cal. May 12th ’70 J. G. Cooper”; reverse, nine measurements.
No. 5604: obverse of label “Synotus Townsendii Cooper
sp. 2 Pioneer Cave, Placer Co. Cal, May 12 ’70”; reverse,
nine measurements. No. 5605: obverse of label “Synotus
Townsendii Cooper Placer Co. Cal. May 12, 1870 2 J. G.
Cooper Coll.’”’; reverse, nine measurements.

Specimens prepared as study skins, dorsal side down, wings
extended; skulls inside skins; abdominal incisions not sewed
up in Nos. 5603 or 5605. No, 5604 mounted on a doubled
piece of white paper, apparently two discarded pages from an
old catalog of Cooper’s, the wings being sewed to the paper
with black thread. Specimens in fair condition except for
No. 5605: The head of the latter has been broken off and is
missing, and one wing is somewhat torn.

3# Pioneer Cave could not be located on any map examined.

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 87

The three specimens agree closely with a series of Mrs.
Grinnell’s Corynorhinus rafinesquii intermedius in the col-
lection of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.

It is highly probable that the locality where these bats
were actually secured is not far from the type locality of C.
r. intermedius (Auburn, California).

Antrozous pallidus pallidus (LeConte)

“Antrozous pallidus,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The
Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 442; Amer. Nat., 3,
1869, pp. 472, 478 (Fort Mojave).

“Antrozous pallidus Lec.,”’ Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
4, 1870, p. 74 (Colorado Valley).

“Antrozous pallidus Leconte, (Allen)” (part), Cooper,
Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1868, p. 6 (“Columbia River to Cape
St. Lucas and Texas)”’.

Specimen examined.—One: No. 5602, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Vert. Zool.; obverse of label “223 9 Ft. Mojave Coldo V
May 1 ’61 J. G. C.”; reverse, ten measurements.

Specimen is stuffed, to lie on back, wings extended; in
good condition.

Though somewhat faded, the specimen is still typical of
this form.

Vulpes macrotis arsipus Elliot

“Vulpes velox (Aud. and Bach.),’’ Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Nat. Sci., 2, 1863, p. 121 (One specimen recorded from
Fort Mojave, apparently from the California side of the
Colorado River, as the species is listed under the heading
“Known species new to the State of California’’).

“Vulpes velox,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural
Wealth of California, 1868, p. 439 (“The Swift Fox is a
small kind found on the desert plains of the interior’) ; Amer.
Nat., 3, 1869, p. 476 (Reference made to specimen taken at
Fort Mojave on March 30, 1861).

“Vulpes velox Say,” Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870,
p. 74 (Colorado Valley).

Specimen examined.—One: No. 5646, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Vert. Zool., obverse of label “156 Vulpes velox & Ft Mojave

88 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser.

Col’do R. Mch. 30 ’61 J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven measure-
ments, and a notation “J. brush grey’. A separate label has
the printed name pasted on “Vulpes velox, Aud. and Bach.
Kit Fox; Swift Fox.”

Skin in poor condition, neither stuffed nor tanned. Bones
of tail, feet, and partly of legs, attached; skull removed, neck
stuffed with brown paper, left fore leg almost broken off; tail
partly broken off, adherent by bones only.

The specimen closely resembles examples of Vulpes macrotis
arsipus from the Colorado River in the collection of the
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.

Mephitis occidentalis holzneri Mearns

“Mephitis occidentalis” (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise,
The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 436. (Common
in California) ; Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 186 (‘‘Southern coast-
slope” of California).

Specimen examined.—One, skull only: No. 7048, Mus.
Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ.; original label missing; museum
label reads “Museum Comp. Zool., Skull No. 7048 ¢ Mephitis
occidentalis Baird, Cal. Saticoy, Apl. 1873.’ On cranium,
apparently in Cooper’s handwriting, appears the following:
“Mephitis 2 Saticoy, Cal. Apr. 1873 J. G. C.”

Cranium in good condition, but with injury between left
outer incisor and canine, and with small portion of right
paroccipital process missing.

Mephitis occidentalis (subspecies indet. )

Specimen examined.—One, skin only: No. 5644, Mus.
Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ.; original label missing; items
from labels attached indicate that skin is from “California”
and was collected by “Dr. J. G. Cooper.”

Skin has been made over into a modern museum specimen.
In the absence of a cranium it is not identifiable as between

%In the case of certain Cooper specimens from the older collection of the Uni-
versity of California, now incorporated with the collection of the Museum of Verte-
brate Zoology, printed strips bearing the scientific or vernacular names or both have
been pasted on Cooper's original label. It is not improbable that this was the work

of J. J. Rivers, who at one time did curatorial duty on the collections in the Depart-
ment of Zoology at the University of California.

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 89

Mephitis occidentalis occidentalis and M. o. holzneri. It
seems not unlikely, however, that this skunk came from
Saticoy, as did the one listed on page , and that it is
referable to holzgnert.

Lynx fasciatus fasciatus Rafinesque

“L[ynx] fasciatus,’ Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv.,
12, book 2, 1860, p. 32 (Peculiar to forests of western Wash-
ington. )

“Lynx fasciatus Raf.,’’ Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv.,
12, book 2, 1860, pp. 74-75 (Abundant in the forests of
Washington Territory; habits).

Specimen examined.—One: No. 464 [probably 461], U. S.
Nat. Mus.; original label missing; obverse of label attached
“464 Lynx faciatus [so] Shoalwater Bay, W. T. Dr. J. G.
Cooper.”” A museum label attached to the specimen bears the
date “Sept. 1854.”

Specimen evidently made over into modern study skin after
receipt at Museum.

This example and another collected by Dr. Suckley are at
the dark extreme of the Lynx fasciatus series as represented
in the collections in the National Museum.

Lynx ruffus californicus Mearns

“Lynx rufus” (part), Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv.,
12, book 2, 1860, p. 75 (Abundant in California) ; Cronise,
The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 438 (Abundant
throughout California) ; Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 186.

“Lynx rufus, var. maculatus’ (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat.,
8, p. 15 (Cuyamaca Mountains).

Specimen examined.—One: No. 1167, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
original label missing; obverse of old label attached “1167
Lynx rufus? Santa Clara, Cal. Dr. J. G. Cooper’; reverse,
four measurements. The typewritten museum label attached
bears the date ‘November 1855.”

Specimen evidently worked over and made up after receipt
at Museum. Skin in rather poor condition; large hole on the
left side.

90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4tu Ser.

The specimen is a trifle darker than the type of Lynx rufFus
californicus, apparently varying somewhat in the direction of
L. r. oculeus.

Peromyscus californicus californicus (Gambel)

“Hl[esperomys] Californicus,” Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise,
The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 (General note
inserted to cover all Peromyscus listed).

“Hesperomys californicus Gamb.,” Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 63, 69. (Peculiar to California; not known
to occur north of the latitude of San Francisco Bay).

“Hesperomys Californicus,” Cooper, Amer. Nat., 4, 1871,
p. 757. (Monterey).

Specimens examined.—Eight: Nos. 5835, 5836, Univ.
Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; Nos. 8547-8552, U. S. Nat. Mus.
No. 5835: original label missing; labelled Hesperomys Cali-
fornicus ¢ Santa Cruz, Calif., April. No. 5836: original
label missing, labelled Hesperomys Californicus, from Los
Gatos, Calif., April. The specimens in the National Museum
all lack original labels; Nos. 8547-8549 are labelled Hesper-
omys californicus, Santa Cruz, Dr. J. G. Cooper, 1861; Nos.
8550-8552 come from the same locality, but are dated 1866.

Specimens prepared in accordance with Cooper's custom;
part of skull inside each skin; fore-feet folded back on breast,
hind feet either irregularly aligned posteriorly or arranged
anteriorly beneath body; tails never skinned out. Some of the
skins have very little stuffing within them; one, No. 8552, is
represented by a head only.

The condition and coloration of the pelage, the size and
especially the thickness of the tail, were principally relied on in
the identification of these specimens. The cranium of No. 8552
has been removed, and its characters confirm the identification
previously made.

Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus (Miller)

“H[esperomys| Sonoriensis’’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in
Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444.

Specimen examined.—One: No. 145276, U. S. Nat. Mus.;
obverse of label “268d Hesperomys sonoriensis @ San Diego

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 91

Cal May 26th ’62, J G C”; reverse “from old nest of Cactus
Wren 4 ft above ground 2 young on teats, in alcoh.”’

Prepared as usual, part of skull inside skin; fore feet dis-
posed irregularly on breast, hind feet bent forward beneath
body; abdominal slit not sewed up; tail straight out behind,
not skinned ; body stuffed with cotton; in good condition.

The relatively long tail, which lacks the distinct dorsal and
ventral coloration characteristic of Peromyscus maniculatus
gambelii, demonstrates the identity of this specimen.

Peromyscus maniculatus clementis (Mearns)

“H[esperomys| Gambelii”’ (probably part), Cooper, Zool-
ogy, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868,
p. 444.

“Hesperomys ————————_?”’, Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., 4, 1870, p. 77 (Collected on Santa Barbara Island, and
evidently observed on San Clemente; record of occurrence on
Santa Catalina Island is questioned).

Specimen examined.—One: No. 7184, U. S. Nat. Mus. ;
obverse of label “Hesperomys gambellit S. Barbara I. Cal.
May 27th 63 J. G. C.”

Prepared as usual; a portion of the skull is inside the skin;
fore feet folded on breast, hind feet crossed behind body; tail
not skinned. Specimen in good condition, except tail loose.

Although no characters distinguishing this specimen from
topotypes of Peromyscus maniculatus gambelii are clearly in
evidence, it should doubtless be referred to P. m. clementis on
geographic grounds alone.

Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis (LeConte)

“H{esperomys| Sonoriensis (Leconte),’’ Cooper, Proc.
Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2, 1863, p. 122 (Mojave River).

“H[esperomys| Sonoriensis,”’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise,
The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 (General note
covers all the Peromyscus).

“Hesperomys Sonoriensis,’” Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p.
183 (Southern part of California).

92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41TH Ser.

“Hesperomys Gambellii”’ (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3,
1869, pp. 473, 476 (Fort Mojave).

“Hesperomys sonoriensis Lec.” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 67, 68 (Range does not so far as
known extend north of “Southern Coast Slope’’).

“Hesperomys Boylii? Baird,” Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
4, 1870, p. 74 (Colorado Valley).

“Hesperomys Gambelii? Baird,’ Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., 4, 1870, p. 74 (Colorado Valley).

Specimens examined.—Five: Nos. 5624, 5625, Univ. Calif.
Mus. Vert. Zool.; Nos. 7183, 7186, 145275, U. S. Nat. Mus.
No. 5624: original label missing; skeleton only; Fort Mojave,
Feb. 24, 1861, J. G. Cooper. No. 5625: obverse of label “268
Hesperomys sonoriensis? [the “sonoriensis?”’ pencilled in] ¢
Mojave R. Camp Cady ** June 6, ’61, J. G. C.”; reverse, ten
measurements. No.7183: original label missing ; from two other
labels attached we learn that the specimen came from “Califor-
nia’’; it is credited to the “‘Geol. Surv. Cal.,” and is said to have
been collected by Dr. J. G. Cooper; it has been variously iden-
tified as ““Hesperomys” merely, “Hesperomys leucopus,” “Hes-
peromys leucopus?” “gambeli,” and “Peromyscus m, sonorien-
sis.’ No. 7186: obverse of label “90 Hesperomys gambelli 6
Ft. Mojave Coldo. R. Feb. 14 61, J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven
measurements. No. 145275: obverse of label “19 Hesperomys
gambelit Ft. Mojave, Col’do R. Dec. 24th ’60, J. G. C.”; re-
verse, ten measurements.

As usual with Dr. Cooper’s material these skins were pre-
pared with the skulls inside, the forelegs folded on breast, the
hind legs crossed and tied just posterior to body or disposed
beneath body; tail not skinned (end nearly broken off in No.
7183), extended posteriorly; in several of the specimens the
abdominal slit is not sewed up.

Nos. 7183 and 7186 are bright examples of Peromyscus
maniculatus sonoriensis both apparently in full winter pelage.
It is not improbable that No. 7183 came from Fort Mojave, as
did No. 7186. The other specimens are typical sonoriensts,
presenting no conspicuous peculiarities.

"4 Camp Cady: San Bernardino County, Cal., on lower course of Mojave River,
about lat. 35°, long. 116° 30’, a little south of west of the south end of the sink ot
the Mojave River (see Whitney's Map of California and Nevada, State Geological

Survey of California, 2nd ed., 1874). Camp Cady is shown on all the maps of this:
period which I have examined.

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 93

Peromyscus maniculatus gambelii (Baird)

“FHLesperomys| Gambelii,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise,
The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 (A general
note is inserted to cover all the Peromyscus).

“Hesperomys Gambellii,’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p.
473 (“The common woodmouse of California.” )

“Hesperomys sonoriensis LeC.” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 67, 68 (Range does not, so far as
known, extend north of “Southern Coast Slope’’).

Specimens examined.—Four: Nos. 5626, 5627, Univ. Calif.
Mus. Vert. Zool. ; Nos. 5652, 5653, Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard
Univ. No. 5626: obverse of label “Hesperomys Gambellii
Wilmington Cal. Oct ’65, J. G. C.”. No. 5627: obverse of
label “Hesperomys californicus—Great-Eared mouse [printed
strips pasted on] @ Sta Cruz Cal. Apr 8th, ’66, J. G. C.”
Cooper had written “Hesperomys Californicus’ on the label,
the printed strips having been pasted over his written name.
No. 5652, obverse of label “Hesperomys sonoriensis—juv. Sati-
coy Cal. May 1873 J. G. C.”; No. 5653, obverse of label (er-
roneously attached here) “Perognathus parvus Saticoy Cal.
Mich) 7.3" eG. Cas

Specimens (Nos. 5626-5627) prepared in the usual manner,
skulls inside skins, fore legs folded on breast, etc. ; abdominal
slit in No. 5626 not closely sewed up; hind feet in this specimen
disposed at right angles to body in the region of the base of the
tail, tails not skinned. In No. 5627 the hind feet are broken
so that care must be exercised to avoid separating them from
the body completely. Nos. 5652-5653 have been made over
into modern museum skins; the skulls have been removed ; that
of No. 5652 is uncleaned, and its posterior portion has been cut
away as was customary with Cooper in preparing his specimens.
I have not seen the skull of No. 5653.

The October example of Peromyscus maniculatus gambelii
from Wilmington, California, is buffy in coloration, with some
admixture of black; the April specimen from Santa Cruz is
intensely warm buff to ochraceous-buff, likewise with some
black intermixed. No. 5652 from Saticoy is a typical juvenal.

94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser.

Peromyscus maniculatus oreas (Bangs)

“Hesperomys austerus” (probably part), Cooper, Pac. R. R.
Expl. and Surv., 12, book 2, p. 23 (In western Washington
confined to prairies or their borders).

[ ?] “Hesperomys austerus Baird” (probably part), Cooper,
Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., 12, book 2, pp. 83-84 (One taken
August 11 [1853] on top of the Cascade Mountains).

“Hesperomys boylii Baird” (part), Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl.
and Surv., 12, book 2, p. 84 (One specimen collected at Shoal-
water Bay, Washington Territory.

“Hesperomys austerus?” (probably part), Cooper, Amer.
Nat., 3, 1869, p. 476 (Incidental reference to this species as
occurring in Washington Territory).

Specimen examined.—One: No. 578/1701, U.S. Nat. Mus.,
original label missing; according to other labels attached the
specimen is a female collected at Shoalwater Bay, Washington
Territory, by Dr. Cooper.

Skin made over into modern museum specimen, but vertebrz
left in tail. In rather poor condition, right ear and fore leg
broken off, several patches of hair gone from back, tail loose;
skull could not be located in the National Museum collection
on February 6, 1918.

Peromyscus truei gilberti (Allen)

“H[esperomys| Californicus” (part), Cooper, Zoology, in
Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 (A
general note covers all the Peromyscus).

“H[esperomys| Boylii (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise,
The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 (A general
note covers all the Peromyscus).

Specimens examined.—Three: Nos. 5833, 5834, Univ. Calif.
Mus. Vert. Zool.; No. 145278, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 5833:
original label missing; label attached reads “Hesperomys cali-
fornicus (young), Santa Cruz, April.” No. 5834 also lacks
the original label; it is labelled “Hesperomys californica Mon-
terey, Calif.” No. 145278: obverse of label “494 Hesperomys
boyli Baird 6 Monterey Cal. Sept. 4 ’61 J. G. C.”; reverse,
eleven measurements.

Vou. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 95

Specimens in fair condition; skulls have been removed from
Nos. 5833, 5834 for examination; fore legs folded on breast,
hind feet extended posteriorly; tail not skinned out, disposed
posteriorly. In No. 145278 the tip of tail is broken off.

The long ears, pelage quality, general size, and cranial char-
acters of these specimens all indicate their identity with Per-
omyscus truet gilberti.

Neotoma albigula venusta True

“N[eotoma] Mexicana’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in
Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444.

“Neotoma mexicana Baird” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 74 (Colorado Valley).

“Neotoma Mexicana’ (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869,
p. 477 (Said to be common and very large m the Colorado
Valley).

Specimens examined.—Three: Nos. 5608, 5609, 5610, Univ.
Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. No. 5608; obverse of label “91 Neo-
toma mexicana, Baird, Mexican Bush Rat, [printed strips
pasted on] é Ft. Mojave Feb. 15 ’61 J. G. C.”; reverse of
label, eleven measurements. No. 5609: obverse of label “92
Neotoma mexicana 6 Ft. Mojave, Col’do R. Feb. 16 61. J.
G. C.”” No. 5610: obverse of label “104 Neotoma mexicana 6
Ft. Mojave, Col’do R. Feb. 20 ’61 J. G. C.”; reverse, ten meas-
urements.

Skulls inside; fore feet either extended anteriorly and tied
together, or else folded posteriorly on breast, hind feet ex-
tended posteriorly, tied together; abdominal slit not always
sewed up; tails left unskinned, extended posteriorly.

These specimens were identified by Major E. A. Goldman of
the U. S. Biological Survey.

Neotoma intermedia intermedia Rhoads

“N[eotoma] Mexicana’ (probably part), Cooper, Zoology,
in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444.

“Neotoma mexicana Baird” (probably part), Cooper, Proc.
Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 68 (not extending north of the
“Southern Coast Slope” of California).

96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES _ [ Proc. 47H Ser.

“Neotoma Mexicana’ (probably part), Cooper, Amer. Nat.,
3, 1869, p. 184 (Cajon Pass).

Specimen examined.—One: No. 145270, U. S. Nat. Mus.;
obverse of label “Neotoma (Bairdii J. G. C. [plus an unde-
cipherable notation]) San Diego Cal. May Ist 62 J. G. C.”;
reverse, ten measurements.

Specimen stuffed with cotton; skull inside; fore feet folded
back on breast; hind feet crossed behind body; bones left in
tail, which points straight out posteriorly.

The condition of this specimen is not all that could be de-
sired for purposes of identification; but it is evidently closer to
Neotoma intermedia intermedia than to Neotoma fuscipes
macrotis, which is the only other wood rat occurring in the
region.

Neotoma intermedia desertorum Merriam

“N[eotoma] Mexicana’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in
Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444.

“Neotoma mexicana Baird” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., 4, 1870, p. 74 (Colorado Valley).

““?Neotoma Mexicana” (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869,
p. 184 (Cajon Pass).

“Neotoma Mexicana” (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869,
p. 476 (Colorado Valley).

Specimens examined.—Two: Nos. 5607, 5611, Univ. Calif.
Mus. Vert. Zool. No. 5607: obverse of label “217 Neotoma
mexicana 6 Ft. Mojave Coldo V Apr 29 ’61, J G C’”; reverse
“About half grown”. No. 5611: obverse of label “210 Neo-
toma mexicana é Ft. Mojave Col’do V Apr 27 ’61 J. G. C.”;
reverse “two thirds grown” and eleven measurements.

These skins were identified by Major E. A. Goldman of the
U. S. Biological Survey. No. 5607 exemplifies a dark phase
of coloration not normal in specimens from the Colorado Val-
ley, though in a series of specimens collected in the vicinity of
the Desert of the Little Colorado River in Arizona by Goldman
in 1917 the darker phase predominates. The other specimen
(No. 5611) exemplifies the normal coloration.

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 97

Neotoma fuscipes annectens Elliott

“Neotoma fuscipes’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise,
the Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444; Amer. Nat., 2,
1868, p. 534 (California).

“Neotoma fuscipes Cp.”, Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4,
1870, pp. 63, 69. (Believed to be peculiar to California; not
known to occur north of San Francisco Bay).

Specimens examined.—Three: Nos. 1185/2040, 2041, U.S.
Nat. Mus.; No. 5264, Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ. No.
1185/2040: obverse of label “Santa Clara Cal. Nov. ’55. Head
2% nose to tail 9 tail 8'4 Heel 1-7? Cubit 2% males J. G.
Cooper”. No. 2041: skull only; label reads “Smithsonian
2041/1159 Institution Neotoma Santa Clara Cal Dr. Cooper”.
The original label for No. 5264 is lacking; obverse side of the
oldest label attached reads ‘1159/2041 Neotoma ‘fuscipes’
Santa Clara, Cal. Nov. 55, J. G. Cooper.”

No. 1185 in poor condition, original stuffing removed, except
for wads of cotton in the regions of chest and head. Skull
removed; hole torn in head near left ear; fore feet disposed
irregularly in throat region; hind feet and tail pointing straight
out behind; bones left in tail, as usual. Parietal portion of
cranium (No. 2040) broken; nasal bones and upper incisor
teeth broken off, left lower incisor missing. No. 5624 is not
stuffed; skin of abdomen slit up nearly five inches; tail not
skinned, broken off from skin and tied to right hind foot; por-
tion of skin about head torn off. The cranium numbered 2041
in the National Museum collection evidently belongs with the
skin numbered 1159 now in the collection of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology (No. 5624, Mus. Comp. Zool.). The
skull (No. 2041) is in fragments.

Neotoma fuscipes macrotis Thomas

“N[eotoma] fuscipes”’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise,
The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444.

“Neotoma fuscipes Cp.” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 63, 69. (Believed to be peculiar to Califor-
nia; listed also as one of the animals not known north of San
Francisco Bay).

98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Ser.

“Neotoma fuscipes’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 2, 1868, p. 534,
(Casual mention of the species as occurring in California).

“Neotoma fuscipes’ (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 4, 1871, p.
757, (Monterey).

Specimen examined.—One: No. 5606, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Vert. Zool.; obverse of label “326 Neotoma fuscipes, Cooper,
Brown-Footed Rat [printed strips pasted on] Monterey, Cal.
Aug 14th 61 J. G. CC.” There is a pencilled “?” sign on this
tace of the label which was evidently put on at a later date than
that on which the rest of the label was written; reverse side of
the label, eleven measurements.

Prepared as usual, skull inside skin, fore feet folded onto
breast, hind feet extended posteriorly; tail folded anteriorly
along side of animal.

Neotoma cinerea occidentalis Baird

“Neotoma occidentalis,’ Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv.,
12, book 2, p. 32 (occurs in forests west of Cascade Moun-
tains).

“Neotoma occidentalis, Cooper,’ Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl.
and Surv., 12, book 2. pp. 85-86 (Inhabits the wooded regions
west of the Cascade Mountains; discussion of habits).

“N[eotoma] occidentalis” Cooper, Amer. Nat. 2, 1868, p.
535 (West of Cascade Range).

Specimens examined.—Two: Nos. 462/1662, 572, U. S.
Nat. Mus.; No. 462/1662: original label missing; from other
labels attached we learn that the specimen is from Shoalwater
Bay, W. T., and that it was collected by J. G. Cooper in June,
1854. No. 572: obverse of a label, apparently in Cooper’s
handwriting “No. 16 W. T. ’54 J. G. C.”; reverse, seven meas-
urements and sex, “male.’’; another label attached reads “N.
Pacific R. R. Survey Gov. I. I. Stevens 572 Neotoma occident-
alis 6 Shoalwater Bay, W. T. Dr. J. G. Cooper.” This speci-
men is the type of occidentalis. For additional details regard-
ing it see Lyon and Osgood (1909, pp. 102-103).

Both these examples of Neotoma cinerea occidentalis have
been made over into modern study skins. The skull of No.
462/1662 is in good condition, except that the posterior portion
of the cranium has been cut off and the angular processes of the
mandibles are broken.

Vo. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 99

Microtus townsendii (Bachman)

“Arvicola Townsendii, Bachman” (part), Cooper, Pac. R. R.
Expl. and Surv. 12, book 2, 1860, p. 86 (Abundant on the
meadows of Shoalwater Bay).

“Arvicola Townsendti, Bachm.” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 70 (Latitude of San Francisco said to
be southern limit of distribution. )

Specimen examined.—One: No. 5300, Mus. Comp. Zool.
Harvard Univ. ; original label lacking; obverse of oldest label
attached “N. Pacific R. R. Survey. Gov. I. I. Stevens 464
Arvicola townsendii skull 1595 Shoalwater Bay, W. T. Dr. J.
G. Cooper.”

Skull removed; skin stuffed with cotton, in good condition;
fore feet spread, pointing out to sides; hind feet pointing irreg-
ularly to rear; tail not skinned out, disposed posteriorly.

Microtus californicus californicus (Peale)

“A[rvicola] Californica’”’ (probably part), Cooper, Zoology,
in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 445.

“A[rvicola] montana’ (probably part), Cooper Zoology, in
Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 445.

“Alrvicola] edax”’ (probably part), Cooper, Zoology, in
Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 445.

“Arvicola edax Lec.” (probably part), Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 63, 69 (Believed to be peculiar to Cali-
fornia; not known to occur north of San Francisco Bay).

“Arvicola edax”’ (probably part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 4,
1871, p. 757 (Monterey; called the “Monterey Field-mouse”’).

Specimens examined.—Two: Nos. 145279, 145280, U. S.
Nat. Mus. ; No. 145279, obverse of label “424 Arvicola [‘edax’
pencilled in] Monterey Cal. Aug. 23 ’61”’; reverse, eleven meas-
urements. No. 145280, obverse of label “Arvicola montana 6
Oakland Cal. Apr. 3 °63, 950 J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven meas-
urements.

Specimens prepared as usual; skulls inside skins, fore feet
folded back on breast; hind feet disposed irregularly behind
body except in No. 145280, in which hind feet are crossed close
up to posterior end of body; tail not skinned out.

100 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

In coloration these specimens are close to examples of Micro-
tus californicus californicus in the Biological Survey Collec-
tion from Alameda, Marin and Monterey Counties; the brown-
ish dorsal coloration with the whitish of the under parts very
faintly washed with buffy can be easily matched in our series.
While it is true that No. 145279 resembles certain pale-colored
examples of edax from the Sacramento Valley, on the average
edax is considerably darker. No. 145280, an immature speci-
men, is paler than are specimens of edax of corresponding age.

Lagurus pauperrimus (Cooper)

“Arvicola pauperrima’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 2, 1868, pp.
535-536. (Original description, with notes on habits).

Specimen examined.—One: No. 10268/35071 U. S. Nat.
Mus.; obverse of label ““Arvicola 6 126 Great Plains, W. T.
Oct. 9 60 J. G. C.”; reverse, eight measurements.

This specimen, though in very poor condition (see Lyon and
Osgood, 1909, p. 90) is nevertheless of importance from the
fact that it is the type of Lagurus pauperrimus; and the species
is of interest because it is one of the earliest known members of
the group of short-tailed gray meadow mice of the uplands, now
referred to the genus Lagurus.

Mus musculus musculus Linnzus

“Mus musculus,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural
Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444.

Specimen examined.—One: No. 5651, Mus. Comp. Zool.
Harvard Univ.; original label missing. Said to have been col-
lected in “California” by “J. G. Cooper.”

Specimen has been made over into modern study skin, skull
removed but not cleaned; the posterior portion evidently cut
away in the original process of preparation.

Rattus rattus (subspecies indet. )

“M[us] rattus,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural
Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 (General note on the intro-
duced rats).

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER'’S MAMMALS 101

Specimen examined.—One: No. 5647, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Vert. Zool.; obverse of label “755 Mus rattus, L-Black Rat
[printed slip pasted on] San Diego Cal @ Feb 7th ’62 J. G.
C.”’; reverse, eleven measurements.

The specimen is prepared as usual, skull inside, hind feet
sticking out behind, fore feet folded back on breast; tail not
skinned out, turned so as to lie along back.

This animal is a pure albino; the size of its ears, length of its
tail, and character of its teeth shows it to belong to the rattus
series rather than to norvegicus.

Thomomys botte botte (Eydoux & Gervais)

“Thomomys bulbivorus’ (part), Cooper, Zoology in
Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, pp. 445-446
(Middle counties near the coast).

“T[homomys] umbrinus’ (part), Cooper, same, p. 446
(“found in the southeast quarter [of the state]’’) ; Amer. Nat.,
3, 1869, p. 183 (Southern part of California).

“Thomomys bulbivorus Rich.” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 63, 69 (Peculiar to California; not
known to occur north of the Middle and North Coast Ranges).

“Thomomys umbrinus Rich.” (part), Cooper, same, p. 68
(Does not extend north of the southern coast slope).

Specimens examined.—Seven: Nos. 5613-5617, Univ. Calif.
Mus. Vert. Zool.; Nos. 11933, 145271, U. S. Nat. Mus. No.
5613: obverse of label “Thomomys bulbivorus San Mateo Cal.
Mch 10 63 J. G. C.”’; reverse, eight measurements. No. 5614:
obverse of label “Thomomys bulbivorus—California Gopher—
[printed strips pasted on] San Mateo Cal. Mch. 7, ’63 J. G.
C.”’; reverse, eleven measurements. No. 5615: obverse of label
“Thomomys talpoides bulbiv Santa Cruz Mts. Cal. 20th May
1864 J. G. C.”; reverse, nine measurements and the word
“young ?’’; the “talpoides bulbiv’’ portion of the scientific name
was evidently pencilled in subsequent to the writing of the rest
of the label. No. 5616: obverse of label “Thomomys umbrinus
[printed strip pasted on] Drum Bks. Cal. Oct. ’65 Sonora
Gopher [printed slip containing name pasted on] J. G. C.”” No.
5617: obverse of label “Thomomys umbrinus Drum Bks. Cal.
Nov. 65, J. G. C.” No. 11933: original label missing ; Saticoy,

102 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47m Ser.

Ventura County, no date. No. 145271: obverse of label “679a
San Diego Cal Dec 6th ’61 J. G. C.”

Skins all prepared as was customary by Cooper, skulls inside,
fore feet either extended anteriorly or bent back on breast, hind
feet folded forward beneath the body posteriorly or extended
irregularly backward; tail not skinned, in two specimens (Nos.
11933, 145271, U. S. Nat. Mus.) broken off completely and
missing.

Nos. 5615 and 5617 (Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.) are
young animals. While the pelage appearance of Nos. 5613,
5614 (Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.) from San Mateo, Cali-
fornia, indicates a condition of molt, close examination of the
skin does not disclose the darkened appearance usually so char-
acteristic of the molting process. No. 5616 (Univ. Calif. Mus.
Vert. Zool.) is an adult specimen with an unusually intense
reddish brown coloration, somewhat resembling Thomomys
botte leucodon in summer pelage. The coloration of No.
11933 (U.S. Nat. Mus.) from Saticoy, California, comes well
within the range of variation of T. b. botte; while a bright-
colored example from San Diego (No. 145271, U. S. Nat.
Mus.) is very similar to specimens of botte in the Biological
Survey collection from Twin Oaks, California (compare Nos.
100161, 100164). The specimens in the collections of the
National Museum were identified by Vernon Bailey of the U.
S. Biological Survey.

Thomomys bottz pallescens Rhoads

“Thomomys umbrinus”’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise,
The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 446 (“found in the
southeast quarter [of the state]””) ; Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 183
(Southern part of California).

“Thomomys umbrinus Rich.” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 68 (does not extend north of the south-
ern coast slope).

Specimen examined.—One: No. 145273, U. S. Nat. Mus.;
obverse of label “273 Thomomys [‘umbrinus?’ written on in
pencil] 6 Cajon Pass, W. Slope. Cal. June 8 ’61, J. G. C.”

Skull inside skin; fore feet crossed on breast; hind feet and
tail disposed posteriorly; tail not skinned.

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 103

This specimen is an immature molting from the soft pelage
of the adolescent into a bright summer pelage. Its coloration
is well within the range of variation of Thomomys botte pal-
lescens. Identified by Vernon Bailey of the U. S. Biological
Survey.

Thomomys monticola monticola Allen

“T[homomys] borealis” (probably part), Cooper, Zoology,
in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 446
(Said to be found northward and on the mountains).

Specimen examined.—One: No. 145272, U. S. Nat. Mus. ;
obverse of label “1125 Thomomys Summit Johnson’s Pass’?
Sept. 25 63 J. G. C.”; reverse, nine measurements.

Specimen prepared as usual, skull inside skin; fore feet bent
back, hind feet folded forward beneath body; tail not skinned
out, disposed straight out behind.

The coloration of this specimen is identical with that of a
series of topotypes in the collection of the U. S. Biological
Survey.

Thomomys perpallidus mohavensis Grinnell

“Thomomys umbrinus” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Nat. Sci., 2, 1861, p. 121 (Said to occur in the “Mojave river
bottoms and Cajon Pass’); Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 183
(Southern California).

“T[homomys| umbrinus’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in
Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 446
(“found in the southeast quarter [of the state]’’).

Specimen examined.—One: No. 5845, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Vert. Zool.; original label missing; label from old University
collection reads “No. 254, Thomomys wmbrinus? 6 Bottom
land Mojave R. June.”

Skull left within the skin; fore legs crossed on breast, hind
feet crossed at base of tail; tail not skinned ; abdomen not sewed
up; in fairly good condition.

This animal is evidently an immature; it is molting conspic-
uously from a pale to a much browner pelage.

17 Johnson’s Pass: El Dorado County, California (see Whitney’s Map of California
and Nevada, State Geological Survey of California, 2nd ed., 1874), about eight miles
south of the south end of Lake Tahoe, at the head of the South Fork of the Ameri-
can River between Lake Valley and Phillips (see Pyramid Peak Sheet, U. S. Geo-
logical Survey, Topographic Map of the United States, 1905).

104 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

Perognathus panamintinus brevinasus Osgood.

“Perognathus parvus’’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise,
The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 445 (Note on
habits) ; Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 183 (Southern part of Cali-
fornia).

“Perognathus parvus Peale” (Part), Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 63 (Believed to be peculiar to Califor-
nia).

Specimens examined.—Four: Nos. 5633-5635, Univ. Calif.
Mus. Vert. Zool. ; No. 145280, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 5633: ob-
verse of label “Perognathus parvus Wilmington Cal. Oct. ’65
J. GC.” No. 5634: obverse of label “136 — Perognathus
farvus [printed slip bearing number and name pasted on]
Wilmington, Cal. Oct 65 J. G. C.””. No, 5635: obverse of label
“Perognathus parvus Wilmington Cal., Oct. ’65 J. G. C.”

Specimens prepared as usual by Dr. Cooper; skulls within
skins (except No. 5633) ; fore feet folded posteriorly on breast,
hind feet extended posteriorly or bent forward beneath body,
tails not skinned; in No. 145280 the abdominal slit is not sewed
up. Condition of specimens fair, except that the tail in No.
5634 has been broken off about one-half inch from the body.

Perognathus penicillatus penicillatus Woodhouse

“P[erognathus] penicillatus” Cooper, Zoology, in Cro-
nise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 445 (Notes
on habits).

“Perognathus penicillatus Woodh.” Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 67, 74 (Not found west of the desert region;
occurs Colorado Valley).

“Perognathus penicillatus,”’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p.
476 (Colorado Valley; said to be quite common in the thatched
roofs. )

Specimens examined.—Four: Nos. 5636, 5637, 5825, 5826,
Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. No. 5636: obverse of label “267
Perognathus penicillatus @ Ft. Mojave, Col’do V Apr 25 ’61
J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven measurements. No. 5637: obverse
of label “Perognathus penicillatus Woodhouse [printed slip
pasted on] Ft Mojave, Col’do R. Mch 19 ’61 J. G. C. Tuft-

Vor. 1X] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 105

tailed Mouse [printed slip bearing this name is pasted on over
Cooper’s initials]”; reverse, eleven measurements. No. 5825:
original label missing; from label attached we learn that the
specimen is from Fort Mojave; that it was taken in February ;
and that it is a male. No. 5826: original label missing; data
identical with that of No. 5825, except that the specimen was
taken in March instead of February.

Skulls inside the skins ; fore feet folded posteriorly on breast ;
hind feet variously placed, one pair forward on the belly, the
others posteriorly just back of the body; the tails unskinned,
extended irregularly posteriorly; abdominal slits rather care-
lessly sewed up.

In color characters the specimens agree closely with the large
series of Perognathus penicillatus taken on both sides of the
Colorado River by the members of the Colorado River Expedi-
tion of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology in 1910.

Perodipus agilis simulans Merriam

“Dipodomys agilis’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise,
The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 445 (Notes on
habits) ; Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 183 (Southern part of Cali-
fornia).

Specimens examined.—Two: No. 5847, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Vert. Zool.; No. 7181, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 5847: original
label missing; label attached reads “Dipodomys agilis 8 San
Diego Calif. Dec.” No. 7181: original label missing; old mu-
seum label attached reads “Smithsonian Institution Washing-
ton, D. C., Geol. Surv. Cal. 7181 Dipodomys [crossed out]
Perodipus agilis? [pencilled in later] California Dr. J. G.
Cooper.”

No. 5847 in rather poor condition; skull inside skin; fore feet
folded back on breast ; abdominal slits not sewed up; bones left
in tail, which is turned forward beneath body, broken and some-
what loose at base. Specimen No. 7181 is also in poor condi-
tion, apparently at one time preserved in alcohol; skull inside
skin [until removed for examination], forelegs disposed irregu-
larly forward; hind feet pointing backward; body unevenly
stuffed with cotton; abdominal slit not sewed up; tail broken
off and lost.

106 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

There is little doubt but that No. 5847, collected at San
Diego, is referable to Perodipus agilis simulans; the case is
different with No. 7181, the condition of which makes the pre-
cise determination of its status difficult or impossible. In the
writer’s opinion, so far as its appreciable characters are con-
cerned, the specimen may be referred with equal propriety to
agilis or simulans,

Perodipus panamintinus Merriam

“D[ipodomys] Philippii’ (part) ?, Cooper, Zoology, in
Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 445 (The
reference is somewhat uncertain, but the probabilities point to
this allocation. )

Specimen examined.—One: No. 5630, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Vert. Zool.; obverse of label “249 Dipodomys 6 Chico spr.**
Providence Mt. Cal. 1. 35° alt. 5000 ft. May 28°61 J. G. C.”;
reverse, nine measurements.

Specimen prepared as usual; skull inside; fore feet folded
backward along sides, hind feet extended posteriorly. Tail not
skinned, extended posteriorly.

In coloration and cranial characters this specimen is nearest
Perodipus panamintinus, though in color it is a trifle closer to
examples from Maturango Spring, Argus Mountains, than to
the typical form. It is not improbable that the specimen repre-
sents a local variant of P. panamintinus, but the answer to this
and other questions concerning the status of the kangaroo rats
must await a monographic revision of the group.

Dipodomys merriami merriami Mearns

“D[ipodomys] Philippii” (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cron-
ise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 445 (General
comments only).

“Dipodomys Philippii Gray” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 74 (Colorado Valley).

48] have failed to locate “Chico Spring’? on any of the maps examined. Cooper's
route from Fort Mojave to Los Angeles doubtless traversed the Pah Ute Hills and
Providence Mountains almost due west of Fort Mojave (see Whitney's Map of Cali-
fornia and Nevada, State Geological Survey of California, 2nd ed., 1874). It is
highly probable that “Chico Spring’”’ is an obscure locality in the Pah Ute Hills of
this map rather than in the true Providence Range; for Cooper did not leave Fort
Mojave until May 28, 1861, and could hardly have reached the Providence Moun-
tains by the evening of the first day out.

Vou. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 107

“Dipodomys Phillippu” (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869,
p. 477 (Colorado Valley, said to be common and an invader of
dwellings).

Specimens examined.—Three: Nos. 5631, 5632, Univ.
Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; No: 7182, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 5631:
obverse of label “129—Dipodomys phillipii, Gray, [printed
slip pasted on] 6 Ft Mojave Col’do R. Mch. 361, J. G. C.
Jumping Rat. [printed slip pasted on]”; reverse, eleven meas-
urements. No. 5632: obverse of label “115 Dipodomys phil-
lippii @ Ft. Mojave, Col’do R. Mch 3’61, J. G. C.’’; reverse,
eleven measurements. No. 7182: obverse of label “106 Dip-
odomys philippiié Ft Mojave Col’do R.—Feb. 23 ’61, J. G.
C.”’; reverse, eleven measurements.

Specimens prepared as was customary by Dr. Cooper; fore
legs extended forward and tied beneath throat; hind feet ex-
tended posteriorly and tied or crossed beneath tail; tail not
skinned, extended posteriorly, somewhat loose; abdominal in-
cision not sewed up. Specimens in fair condition.

In general characters these examples agree closely with
specimens of Dipodomys merrianu merriami from the Colo-
rado Valley.

Zapus trinotatus trinotatus Rhoads

“Jaculus hudsonius” Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., 12,
book 2, 1860, p. 83 (Single specimen collected in Washington
Territory).

Specimen examined.—One: No. 587/1710, U. S. Nat.
Mus. ; original label missing; the catalog entry shows that the
skin was taken out of alcohol; a label attached reads as follows
“N. Pacific R. R. Survey Gov. I. I. Stevens 587/1710 Meriones
hudsonius ¢ [sex mark pencilled in] Shoalwater Bay, W. T.
[locality crossed out] W. T. [written in later, apparently in
same handwriting as name and Museum number] Dr. J. G.
Cooper.”

Specimen made over, after having been preserved as an alco-
holic. Skull in fragments,

Its dark coloration shows the specimen to be referable to
Zapus trinotatus trinotatus rather than to Zapus princeps ore-
gonus, which is the only other jumping mouse known to occur
in the State.

108 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

Citellus beecheyi beecheyi (Richardson)

“Spermophilus Beecheyi’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in
Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 443 (A
serious pest in all parts of the valleys).

“Spermophilus Beecheyi Rich.” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 63, 77 (Believed to be peculiar to Cali-
fornia). ;

Specimen examined.—One: No. 2384, U. S. Nat. Mus.;
original label missing; a very old and greasy label reads “2384
Spermophilus beecheyi Santa Clara, Cal. Dr. J. G. Cooper.”

Skin with skull inside; fore feet aligned along sides of neck;
hind feet folded forward beneath body and tied together; tail
skinned, extending irregularly backward.

Citellus beecheyi fisheri (Merriam)

“Spermophilus Beecheyi’”’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cron-
ise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 443 (“So
numerous and destructive in all parts of the valleys that are not
annually inundated, as to be one of the most serious pests of
the farmer and gardener’) ; Amer. Nat. 3, 1869, pp. 182-189,
(Said to abound in the southern part of California) ; Amer.
Nat., 8, 1874, p. 15 (Said to be scarce in the Cuyamaca Moun-
tains, though common near river beds along the coast).

“Spermophilus Beecheyi Rich.” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 63, 77 (Believed to be peculiar to Cali-
fornia).

Specimen examined.—One: No. 5645, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Vert. Zool. ; obverse of label “748a California Ground Squirrel
[name pasted on] ¢ San Diego Cal Jan 27th ’62 J. G. C.”;
reverse, eleven measurements and a slip, bearing the name
“Spermophilus beecheyi, Rich.”

Specimen prepared as a study skin, stuffed with tow, fixed to
lie on back; skull inside skin; fore legs folded onto breast, hind
legs crossed at posterior end of body; tail folded along side of
body, abdominal incision very roughly sewed together ; speci-
men in good condition.

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 109

Citellus beecheyi nesioticus (Elliot)

“Spermophilus Beecheyi’ (probably part), Cooper, Zoology,
in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 443.

“Spermophilus Beecheyi Rich.” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 63 (Believed to be peculiar to Cali-
fornia) ; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 77 (Collected Cata-
lina Island; evidently observed on Santa Barbara Island also).

Specimen examined.—One: No. 145285, U. S. Nat. Mus.;
obverse of label “Spermophilus Catalina I. Cal 6 June 16-63
J. G. C.”; reverse, ten measurements.

Specimen prepared as usual, skull inside; a little dry grass
has been stuffed into skin; ventral incision not sewed up; fore
feet folded posteriorly beneath body; hind feet and _ tail
anteriorly.

The specimen is darker colored than typical Citellus beech-
eyt fisheri, the form of the adjoining mainland.

Citellus beldingi (Merriam)

“Spermophilus elegans Kennicott’’ (part), Cooper, Proc.
Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1868, p. 6 (‘““Hab. near Salt Lake, Utah, to
Johnson’s Pass, Sierra Nevada, where I found it in 1863.
Pitt River ?’’).

“S[permophilus| elegans,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise,
The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 443 (“inhabits
east of the Sierras.’’)

Specimen examined.—One: No. 5824, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Vert. Zool.; original label missing; label in old University of
California collection reads “1124 Spermophilus elegans Kenn.
é Summit Johnson’s Pass Sept.”

Skull inside skin; fore feet folded posteriorly beneath body:
hind feet forward; tail not skinned.

Eutamias canicaudus Merriam

“Tamias quadrivattatus’ (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 2,
1868, pp. 530-531 (Found east of mountains in Washington
Territory).

110 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41H Ser.

Specimen examined.—One: No. 145286, U. S. Nat. Mus.;
obverse of label “Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.
Tamias 4 vittatus 145286 125 S of Spokane R. W. T. Oct.
7,:6005]; (GaGx

Specimen stuffed with cotton, slit in abdomen not sewed
up; part of skull inside of skin; right fore foot folded back
on right side of body; left fore foot on left side; hind legs
and tail disposed forward beneath body.

Eutamias townsendii townsendii (Bachman)

“Tamias Townsendii’ (part), Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl.
and Surv., 12, Book 2, 1860, pp. 80-81 (Habits and distribu-
tion in Washington Territory).

“T[amias] Townsendti,’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 2, 1868, p.
531 (Found west of Cascade Mountains in Washington Ter-
ritory ).

Specimens examined.—Two: No. 1381, U. S. Nat. Mus.;
No. 4756, Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ. No. 1381: or-
iginal label missing; obverse of label attached reads “1381 ¢
Tamias townsendi [asiaticus written in and later crossed off],
Shoalwater Bay, W. T. Dr. Cooper’; reverse, “Aug. 30,
1855.” No. 4756: original label “No. 18 W. T. 754 near
coast J. G. C.’’; another label reads “N. Pacific R. R. Survey
2469 Gov. I. I. Stevens, Tamias townsendit, Shoalwater Bay,
W. T. Dr. J. G. Cooper, 18”.

Specimen No. 1381 prepared as usual, skull inside skin;
fore and hind feet folded back and forward, respectively, be-
neath the body; tail curled anteriorly beneath the body; No.
4756 has been made over into a modern museum skin; the
skull has suffered several slight injuries, basal and occipital
portion, part of the nasal region, and the angular and coro-
noid processes of the left mandible having been broken away.

Eutamias townsendii cooperi (Baird)

“Tamias townsendii” (part), Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and
Surv., 12, book 2, 1860, pp. 80-81 (Account of habits and
distribution in Washington Territory, Tamias cooperi synon-
ymized under Tamias townsendii).

Vor. 1X] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 111

“Tlamias] Townsendii,’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 2, 1868, p
531 (nearly intermediate between forms found east and west
of Cascade Mountains).

Specimens examined.—Two: Nos. 4754, Mus. Comp. Zool.
Harvard Univ.; 212/1183 U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 212/1183:
original label missing; specimen collected at Klickitat Pass,
4500 ft., Skamania County, Wash. (see Amer. Nat., 2, p.
531), July, 1853, by Dr. J. G. Cooper. No. 4754: original
label missing also; one label attached to the specimen reads
“N. Pacific R. R. Survey, Gov. J. J. [so] Stevens, 211 Tamias
coopert? [the cooperi has been crossed out and tozwnsendij
written in] W. T. Cascade Mts. Lat 46 1182 Dr. JG.
Cooper.”

These specimens are cotypes of Eutamias townsendii
coopert, which appears to be worthy of recognition. They
have been remade into modern study skins."®

Specimens of Eutamias townsendii from the Cascade Moun-
tains of Washington and Oregon are paler in comparable
pelage than those from Astoria, Tillamook, Aberdeen, Quini-
ault Lake and other localities on the coast. They appear to
show a mass difference in cranial characters, also, the moun-
tain form, E. t. cooperi, tending to have larger incisors and
heavier zygomata than typical townsendii.

Eutamias speciosus frater ( Allen)

“T[amias] quadrivittatus” (part), Cooper, Zoology, in
Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444
(“found in the higher Sierras, and eastward to the Rocky
Mountains”’).

Specimen examined.—One: No. 5640, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Vert. Zool.; obverse of label “1101 Tamias quadrivittatus,
Rich.—Missouri Striped Squirrel—[printed strips pasted on]
6 Lake Tahoe Valley Cal. Sept. 1863 ie G:C" -:on the re-
verse side of the label is the single word “immature.”

Prepared with skull inside skin; legs and tail folded beneath
body; specimen in good condition.

For note on the condition of No. 212/1183, see Lyon and Osgood (1909, p.
175). The other cotype (No, 211/1183) referred to but not found by these authors

is No. 4754 in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard
University.

112 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Eutamias merriami pricei (Allen)

“Tamias Townsendi” (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise,
The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 (“‘Inhabits
both ranges of mountains, as far south as Santa Cruz.’’)

Specimen examined.—One: No. 5639, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Vert. Zool.; obverse of label ‘“Townsend’s Striped Squir-
rel [printed strip pasted on] 6 932 Arroyo Quito,” Sta
Clara Co Mch. 17th 63 J G Cooper’; on the back of the label
is a printed slip bearing the words “Tantias townsendti Bach.”
and ten measurements.

Specimen prepared with skull inside; fore feet folded onto
breast, hind feet placed forward posteriorly beneath abdomen;
tail folded forward on back. Specimen in good condition.

Eutamias senex (Allen)

“Tamias Townsendii” (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise,
The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 (“inhabits
both ranges of mountains, as far south as Santa Cruz’’).

Specimen examined.—One: No. 5823, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Vert. Zool.; original label missing; label in old University of
California Collection reads ‘““Tamias Townsendii 6 Summit
Johnson’s Pass Sept.”

Prepared with skull inside; fore feet folded back, hind feet
forward beneath body; in good condition.

Callospermophilus chrysodeirus chrysodeirus (Merriam)

“Spermophilus lateralis Say, (Rich.)” (part), Cooper,
Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1868, p. 6 (“Near summits of the
Sierra Nevada, lat. 38° common”).

“S[permophilus] lateralis’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in
Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 443
(“inhabiting the high Sierras’’).

* Arroyo Quito, Santa Clara County. I have been unable to find this locality on
any map examined, Possibly it refers to the present San Francisquito Creek, which
near Palo Alto constitutes the boundary line between San Mateo and Santa Clara
Counties, California. The Santa Cruz sheet (1906), U. S. Geological Survey Topo-
graphic Map of the United States, shows a large tract of land labelled Rinconada del
Arroyo de San Francisquito in the vicinity of Stanford University, Palo Alto and
Mayfield.

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 113

Specimens examined.—Two: Nos. 5618, 5619, Univ. Calif.
Mus. Vert. Zool. No. 5618: obverse of label “Say’s Striped
Squirrel, [printed strip pasted on over Cooper’s handwritten
name Spermophilus lateralis] @ 1104 Tahoe valley, Cal. Sept.
14 ’63 J. G. C.”; on reverse side of label appear eleven meas-
urements and another printed slip bearing the name “Spermo-
philus lateralis, Rich.” No. 5619: obverse of label “Spermo-
philus lateralis 6 Taho Valley Cal Sept. 15 ’63 J. G. C.”;
reverse, ten measurements.

Specimens prepared with skulls inside, fore feet folded back
on breast, hind feet forward beneath body, tail not skinned,
disposed straight out behind, skins in good condition.

Ammospermophilus leucurus leucurus (Merriam)

“S[permophilus] Harrisi’” Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The
Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 443 (“. . . found
only in the desert plains of the southeast part of the State’’).

“Spermophilus Harrisii Aud.,” Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 63, 67 (Peculiar to California, and said
not to occur west of the “Desert Region’).

“Spermophilus Harrisii,’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p.
188 (Mentioned as occurring on the desert between Cajon
Pass and Fort Mojave).

Specimens examined.—Two: Nos. 5638, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Vert. Zool.; No. 145284, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 5638: ob-
verse of label “248 Spermophilus harris, Aud. and Bach.
[printed slip pasted on] @ Mts. W. side Col’do V. 1. 35°
Cal. May 27 ’61—Harris’s Spermophile [printed strip bear-
ing vernacular name pasted on]”’; reverse, eleven measure-
ments. No. 145284: obverse of label “247 Spermophilus har-
rissii 6 Mts W. side Col’do Val. 35° Cal. May 27—’61 J. G.
C.”’; reverse, eleven measurements.

Specimens prepared with skulls inside, fore feet bent back
along side or beneath body, hind feet extended posteriorly ;
tail with bones inside, extended backward; abdominal slits
not sewed up.

No. 5638 is apparently a young animal, as it is undersized.
Both specimens are clearly referable to Ammospermophilus
leucurus leucurus.

114 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Ser.

Sciurus douglasii albolimbatus Allen

“Sciurus Douglassii’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise,
The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 (“It is found
north of San Francisco bay and in the Sierras. . . .”).

Specimens examined.—Three: Nos. 5641, 5642, 5643,
Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. No. 5641: obverse of label
“Sciurus douglassii @ Strawberry Flat,?* Cal—Sept. 18-63,
J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven measurements. No. 5642: obverse
of label “Oregon Red Squirrel [pasted on] 6 Summit John-
son’s Pass Sept 24—’63 J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven measure-
ments, a number “1128a,” and the name “Sciurus douglassti,
Bach.” pasted on. No. 5643: obverse of label “Summit,
Placer Co Cal. July 26 ’70”; reverse “Sciurus Douglassii,
Bach, J4G, Ge

The specimens are prepared with skulls inside, fore feet
folded on breast, hind feet either folded beneath abdomen or
crossed behind body; tails disposed variously posteriorly; ab-
dominal slits sewed up in two specimens, left gaping open in
the other; specimens in very good condition.

Sciurus griseus nigripes Bryant

“Sciurus leporinus,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Nat-
ural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 443 (“. . . common
in the mountains from Santa Cruz north’’); Amer. Nat., 3,
1869, p. 186 (“Southern coast slope” of California).

Specimens examined.—Two: No. 5644, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Vert. Zool.; No. 5647, Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ. No.
5644: obverse of label “Sciurus leporinus, Aud. & Bach.
[name pasted on] ¢ Sta Cruz Mts Cal May 27 ’64 J.G.C.”;
reverse, eleven measurements. No. 5647: original label miss-
ing; ‘““Near San Francisco, Dr. J. G. Cooper.”

No. 5644 prepared as usual by Dr. Cooper; skull inside
skin, fore feet folded on breast, hind feet extended backward.
Specimen in excellent condition. The skin of No. 5647 has
been made over into a modern museum specimen.

** Strawberry Flat: Tuolumne County, California, South Fork of the Stanislaus
River, on main wagon road across Sonora Pass, about 25 miles distant (straight line)

from Sonora in a general northeasterly direction (see Whitney’s Map of California
and Nevada, State Ecological Survey of California, 2nd ed., 1874).

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 115

Ochotona schisticeps schisticeps (Merriam)

“Lagomys princeps,” Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., 3,
1863, p. 69 (Record in minutes of meeting of Academy for
October 19, 1863, of exhibition by Dr. Cooper of specimens
from the summits of the Sierra Nevada) ; the same, 4, 1868,
p. 6 (“I obtained specimens near the snow line, above John-
son's’ Pass;, Sierra)Nevada ©... .’):

“Lagomys princeps?” Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The
Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 446 (‘It inhabits the
Alpine summits of the Sierra Nevada, among enormous
granite boulders and banks of perpetual snow Baa

“Lagomys princeps,’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 8, 1874, p. 15
(Footnote reference to Gabb’s record of Ochotona in Lower
California. Cope, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1868, p. 2,
erroneously records Gabb as having noted a specimen at 10,000
feet in the Sierra Nevada at 32° latitude).

Specimens examined.—Three: Nos. 5612, 5628, Univ.
Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; No. 145282, U. S. Nat. Mus. No.
5612: obverse of label “Lagomiys princeps, Rich—J[printed
strip pasted on] 6 Summit Sierras Lat. 39°, Sept 26-63 J.
G. C.”; reverse, eight measurements and a printed strip bear-
ing the name “Little Chief Hare’. No. 5628: obverse of
label “1120 Lagomys princeps 2% juv. Summit Sierras, Lat.,
39° Sept. 22-’63, J. G. C.”; on the reverse side of the label
appear the words “immature 4/5 grown”. No. 145282: ob-
verse of label “Lagomys princeps 2 Summit Sierras Lat. 39°,
Sept. 26 ’63, J. G. C.”; reverse, eight measurements.

Specimens prepared with skulls inside; fore and hind feet
folded posteriorly and anteriorly, respectively, beneath body;
the hind feet in No. 145282 are somewhat torn and loosened.

The locality where these examples were secured is probably
not far from the type locality of the species (Donner, Placer
Co., Calif.). The two specimens in the Museum of Verte-
brate Zoology (Nos. 5612, 5628) are in very different pelage
condition in spite of the fact that they were collected within
four days of each other. The female, No. 5628, taken Sep-
tember 22, is in worn summer pelage, and in spite of its being
marked “‘juv.”, may have been a breeding animal. In such
an event, a delayed molt would not be unexpected. The male

116 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41H Ser.

specimen (No. 5612), taken September 26, has acquired most
of the full fresh pelage of winter.

Sylvilagus audubonii sanctidiegi (Miller)

“L[epus|] Audubonii,”’ Cooper, Zoology in Cronise, The
Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 446.(“ . . . the two
latter [Lepus Audubonti and Lepus Trowbridgiu] occur to-
gether throughout most of the western slope of the State’).

“Lepus Audubonii” (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869,
p. 183 (Southern part of California.)

“L[epus] Audubonii” (part) Cooper, Amer. Nat., 8, 1874,
p. 15 (Seen once about 2000 feet up in the Cuyamaca Moun-
tains).

Specimen examined.—-One: No. 5623, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Vert. Zool.; obverse of label “33c Lepus audubonii, Baird,
Audubon’s Hare [printed strips pasted on] 6 San Diego
Cal. Nov. 6th, 61 J. G. C.”’; reverse, eleven measurements.

Prepared with skull inside; fore feet folded back beneath
body; hind feet forward; specimen in good condition.

Sylvilagus audubonii arizone (Allen)

“Lfepus] Audubonii”’ (part), Cooper, Zoology in Cronise,
The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 446 (Refers to
occurrence of this form in the western part of the state only).

“Audubon’s Hare (fur finer than near the coast, approach-
ing Lepus artemisie)’’, Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 476
(Colorado Valley).

“Lepus Audubonii? Baird’, Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
4, 1870, p. 74 (Colorado Valley).

Specimen examined.—One: No. 145283, U. S. Nat. Mus. ;
obverse of label “95 Lepus audubonii Ft. Mojave, Col’do R.
Feb. 19 ’61 J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven measurements.

Skin in fairly good condition; stuffed flat, the skull inside
the skin; legs folded, the fore feet backward, the hind feet
forward beneath the body.

In general coloration agrees closely with Sylvilagus audu-
bonii arizon@ in the collection of the National Museum, be-
ing distinctly paler than either S. a. audubonii or S. a. sancti-
diegi.

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS LL7

Lepus californicus bennettii Gray

“L[epus] Californicus’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cro-
nise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 446 (‘‘most
numerous west of the Sierra Nevada’’).

“Lepus californicus Gray” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 63 (Believed to be peculiar to Cali-
fornia).

“Lepus Californicus”’ (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869,
p. 183 (Southern part of California); Amer. Nat., 3, 1869,
p. 470 (Only large species westward of Fort Mojave).

“Lepus Californicus,”’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 8, 1874, p. 15
(Seen in the foothills of the Cuyamaca Mts.).

Specimens examined.i—Two: Nos. 5621, 5622, Univ.
Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. No. 5621: obverse of label “719
Lepus californicus 6 San Diego Cal. Dec 20th ’61 J. G. C.”;
reverse, ten measurements, and a notation “Iris brown’. No.
5622: obverse of label “810 Lepus californicus, Gray.—Cali-
fornia Hare.—[printed slips pasted on] San Diego Cal Apr
Zothy 62.2 G."C.”

Specimens prepared with skulls inside skins, fore feet
folded backward, hind feet forward beneath body.

No. 5622 is in very dark pelage, being darker, in fact, than
any specimens in the series of Lepus californicus bennettii in
the collection at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.

118 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

LITERATURE CITED

ALLEN, H.
1891. On a new species of Atalapha. <Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol.
29, pp. 5-7.
Original description of Atalapha teliotis [=Nycteris
borealis teliotis] the type of which was forwarded to Dr.
Allen by Dr. ‘Cooper.
Bairp, S. F.

1855. Characteristics of some new species of North American mammalia,
collected chiefly in connection with the U. S. Surveys of a
railroad route to the Pacific. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
vol. 7, pp. 333-336.

Contains original descriptions both of Tamias cooperi
[=Eutamias townsendti cooperi] and Neotoma occi-
dentalis [=Neotoma cinerea occidentalis] the typical ma-
terial of which was collected by Dr. Cooper.

1857. General report upon the zoology of the several Pacific railroad
routes. Mammals vol. 8, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Survy., pp. xlviii
+ 757, pls. I-LX, 35 figs. in text.
Mentions Cooper’s connection with the western division of
the Stevens Survey (47th and 49th parallels), (p. xiv).

1858. General report upon the zoology of the several Pacific railroad
routes. Birds vol. 9, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., pp. Ivi + 1005.
Mentions Cooper’s collecting at Shoalwater Bay and Puget
Sound, Washington, and Santa Clara, California, after
the termination of his official duties with the Stevens
Survey (47th and 49th parallels) (p. xiv).
CAMPBELL, A. H.
1859. Report upon the Pacific Wagon Roads, constructed under the di-
rection of the Secretary of the Interior, 35th Congress, 2d Sess.,
House Ex. Doc. No. 108, pp. 125, 6 maps.
Contains information on the Fort Kearney, South Pass. and
Honey Lake Wagon Road Expedition of which Dr. Cooper
was a member.
Cooper, J. G.
1855. Natural history report of Dr. J. G. Cooper, naturalist of western
division. Rept. N. Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., vol. 1, pp.
219-221.
Mentions several birds and mammals noted.

1860a. Report on the botany of the route. No. 1 in Botanical Report,
book 2, vol. 12, N. Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., pp. 13-39.
Contains fragmentary data as to Dr. Cooper’s movements
in Washington Territory.
1860b. Report upon the mammals collected on the survey. No. 2 in
Zoological Report, book 2, vol. 12, N. Pac. R. R. Expl. and
Surv., pp. 73-88.
Annotated list of mammals observed.

Vor. IX]

1861.

1863a.

1863b.

1868a.

1868b.

1868c.

1869.

1870a.

1870b.

1870c.

TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 119

New Californian animals. <Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 2,
pp. 118-123.

Descriptions of three new forms, two birds and one reptile,
and lists of mammals, birds, and reptiles supposed to be
new to the State.

On new or rare Mollusca inhabiting the coast of California —No.
II. <Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, pp. 56-60.

‘Contains a few notes regarding localities on the Santa
Barbara Islands visited by Dr. Cooper.

Record in minutes of meeting of Academy for October 19, 1863,
of Cooper’s exhibition of specimens of Lagomys princeps.
<Proc.:Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, p. 69.

Specimens collected in the Sierra Nevada, said to be the first
record of the occurence of the ‘“coney” so far to the west
and south.

“The Animals of California”, in Zoology=Chapter VII in Titus
Fey Cronise’s The Natural Wealth of California (San Fran-
cisco, Bancroft), pp. 434-448.

115 species of mammals listed for California.

Some recent additions to the fauna of California. <Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., vol. 4, pp. 3-13.

Records 37 additions to the list of mammals known from
California (pp. 4-7).

The fauna of Montana Territory. <Amer. Nat., vol. 2, pp.
528-538.

Notes on mammals “collected or seen” between Fort
Benton, Montana, and Forts Colville and Vancouver,
Washington Territory, July 1 to November 1, 1860. Con-
tains original description of ‘“Arvicola pauperrima”
[=Lagurus pauperrimus] (p. 535).

The naturalist in California. <Amer. Nat., vol. 3, pp. 182-189,
470-481.

Running account of Dr. Cooper’s trip to Fort Mojave in
1860 and 1861, with remarks on topography, climate
vegetation, birds and mammals.

The fauna of California and its geographical distribution. <Proc-
Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 4, pp. 61-81.

An effort to divide California into faunal areas, as well as:
to discuss the state as a zoogeographic entity.

Notes on Mollusca of Monterey Bay, California. <Amer. Journ.
Conchology, vol. 6, pp. 42-70.

Gives details of Cooper’s work at Monterey in 1861.

Ornithology of California (edited by S. F. Baird) vol. 1, Land
Birds, Geological Survey of California (published by authority
of California Legislature), pp. xii+592, numerous unnumbered
figs. in text.

Contains many incidental references to Dr. Cooper’s scien-
tific activities.

120 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

187la. Record in minutes of meeting of Academy for May 16, 1870, of
Cooper’s discovery of bats referable to Synotus Townsendii
[=Corynorhinus rafinesquii intermedius H. W. Grinnell]
<Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 4, p. 124.
A number of these bats found in a cave in El Dorado
County.
1871b. Monterey in the dry season. <Amer. Nat., vol. 4, pp. 756-758.
Mentions five species of mammals noted at Monterey
(p. 757).
1874. Animal life of Cuyamaca Mountains. <Amer. Nat., vol. 8, pp.
14-18.
Mentions a few mammals seen in the region in course of
an article dealing principally with birds.
1876. Californian garden birds. <Amer. Nat., vol. 10, pp. 90-96.
Running account of birds observed about the author’s
garden at Haywood [=Hayward], eighteen miles south-
east of San Francisco; includes one reference to the
ground squirrel of California (p. 90).
1880. On the migration and nesting habits of west-coast birds. <Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol 2, 1879, pp. 241-251.
Tabulates much bird migration data, principally from Camp
Mojave, San Diego, Santa Cruz, Saticoy and Haywood
[=Hayward] (pp. 245-251).
1887. Additions to the birds of Ventura County, California. <Auk, vol.
4, pp. 85-94.
This paper was evidently based upon work by ‘Cooper at
Saticoy, Ventura County, California, during the years
1872-73 (pp. 86, 89).
1890. Notes on Pacific Coast Birds. <Auk, vol. 7, pp. 214-216.
Discusses status of Cooper’s bird records from Fort
ceacy: Mojave, Arizona (p. 215).
1860. Report upon the Mollusca collected on the survey. No. 6, in
Zoological Report, book 2, vol. 12, N. Pac. R. R. Expl. and
Surv., pp. 369-386.
Contains references to localities visited by Dr. J. G. Cooper,
who collected many of the specimens on which this paper

was based.
Cougs, E.
1866. From Arizona to the Pacific. <Ibis, N. S., vol. 2. pp. 259-275.
Running account of natural history of trip from Fort
Whipple, Arizona, to San Pedro, California with

references to the work of Dr. Cooper.

Emerson, W. O.
1899. Dr. James G. Cooper. A sketch. <Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, vol.
1, pp. 1-5.

Biographical account of Dr. Cooper.
1902. In memoriam. Dr. James G. Cooper. <Condor, vol. 4, pp. 101-

103.
Note published upon the death of Dr. Cooper.

Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 121

Farircuizp, H. L.

1887. A history of the New York Academy of Sciences formerly the
Lyceum of Natural History. (New York, pub. by author),
pp. xii+190, many unnumbered portraits.

Biographical sketch of William Cooper (pp. 70-73).
GRINNELL, J.

1902. The ornithological writings of Dr. J. G. Cooper. <Condor, vol
4, pp. 103-105.

Twenty-six papers listed.
Lyon, M. W. Jr., AND Oscoop, W. H.

1909. Catalogue of the type-specimens of mammals in the United States
National Museum, including the Biological Survey Collection
Bull. 62, U. S. Nat. Mus., pp. ix+325.

Eight types or cotypes collected by Dr. Cooper are listed.
Merriam, C. H.

1895. Synopsis of the American shrews of the genus Sorex. U. S. Dept.
Agric., Div. Ornith. and Mamm., N. Amer. Fauna 10, pp. 56-98,
pls. 4-12.

Discusses type locality of Neosorex palustris navigator, the
type of which was collected by Dr. Cooper (p. 92).
Minter, J. F.

1855. Itinerary of Captain McClellan’s route; prepared by J. F. Minter.

Rept. Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., vol. 1, pp. 377-389.
Gives detailed movements of the expedition by days. Dr.
J. G. Cooper accompanied Captain McClellan’s party as
surgeon and naturalist.
SuckLey, G. AND Cooper, J. G.

1860. The natural history of Washington Territory and Oregon. (New

York, Balliere) pp. xviiit+399, numerous pls.
Discussion of explorations in 1853-4 connected with the
Pacific Railroad Expedition (pp. viii-x); remarks on
collections made in 1854-5-6-7, chiefly by private enter-
prise (pp. x-xii).
Stevens, I. I.
1860. General Report, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., 47th and 49th Paral-
lels, explored by I. I. Stevens, vol. 12, book 1, pp. 358, pls. 70.
Gives details of itinerary of Captain McClellan’s party to
which Dr. Cooper was attached (pp. 137-156).
Wuirney, J. D.

1865. Preface, in Geology of California (or simply Geology) vol. 1,
Rept. of Progress and Synopsis of the Field-Work from 1860
to 1864, Geol. Surv. Cal., pp. ix-xxvii.

Makes reference to Cooper’s connection with the Survey
(ps xt).

1870. Introduction, in Ornithology, vol. 1, Land Birds, Geol. Surv. Cal.,
pp. ix-xi.

Makes mention of Cooper’s connection with the Survey
(pp. ix-x).

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtTH SERIES

Vor. IX, No. 4, pp: 123-173, pl. 9 Jury 12, 1919

IV

CLIMATIC RELATIONS OF THE TERTIARY AND
QUATERNARY FAUNAS OF THE
CALIFORNIA REGION

BY JAMES PERRIN SMITH, STANFORD UNIVERSITY

CONTENTS

PAGE

TOC biOrnice cys arya coe rcbegscsre retary wiceoce re a)suaed poo ebay itepareoeverdlietorbuethnesansqannreribrareteteres 125

Chart of climatic relations of West Coast Tertiary and Quaternary.. Insert

Diagnostic forms in West Coast Neozoic faunas.................004 127

Derivation of Tertiary marine faunas of California.................. 129

Climatic range of West Coast Tertiary forms................00eee00 130

Climatic distribution of Recent marine faunas of the West Coast...... 132

ROSSI tating ses sveveca AA cevendneaceesy isis eerste eee are a eral shar Olayells spunav eros arueretavayessiuuese)o¥e 134
Quaternary

Manta, Ecuador, and Galapagos Islands.................. 134-135

Magdalena Bay: ower California ge ties sec lejersiese sere ie sisteses a0 135

Southern)/Califormiayjeuicnuiyelascadioms teaht ara tetesese «/ a wieyeyeresaye a) = 136

Bower SanvPedtoie ain See MIE ta tag, chastials ala.sinzayailaietieioya 136

Upper Sani Pedro rare we ees ol. asses levererertia tess are 137

Sarr Brancisco) EP eminsitlay aries acraa is steretvetats elesaseve:elate,sievevelete eve. sie 138

Blk River Caper Blancos janice isninieststeras siosve s.aieraraigisigerersle ea: 138

Vancouver lslandy een abi aanioue tate os arefevavets auaialafualeieys 138

DouglasiTslandyy ees is, Gee eee aM hI oo leisy: Sie auel'sVoletaee 139

Cape Nome secre ia oie es RU CUNO ec 5'5 fe shave, de silereveiessis, eie\er 139

IVE SES WE 1asieks Brie el es ecaectete Sree Oot ec eeetey aha ovate ovecele celal auc lan ceretatens 139

July 12, 1919

124 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

CON TEN TS—Continued PAGE
Pliocene
Table of Pliocene formations of the West Coast of North
BA MOTICA fs ie sais inrstels Siete aol Sieve tte Sion a ale, ciate cio lclarnis Omletoren he 141
Interregional correlation table of Pliocene faunas............ 142
Olympic? Peninstila.setearcact secrets clare ays a\erair ele ale elciacsiefamnrete 142
Cane BIANCO) 4 jcinic'> ose mere caret eTe Sis reels «iste wfalossinreaeistetelays 143
Wrildcat: fatima: c/n cceteisisist apes pistolete vec’ tata aieiatanicisin sin tretepaeete rhe 143
Mer CO) aoc eveininis Siesaiarecepcrnisinsele Sictstate aishessy ota: ole fate iw Sie arate mies erctstolsiers 144
MPU ISU A osc jnratein sotesefaseisie a bein othe Ee epi wishes oie &.5.o bh aleretchelabe Hee 145
Santa*Glaralake beds<.. sacs nrselovieaices mas vise sicicisincidtwieels ae 145
Santa ‘Maria’ faunalrzone- pect. ciemeet nieticie cients s wits one wale otcjeenls 146
Etchegoin—Jacalitos 2.21 Acai ac cise emtoteswiomie = +4 cone a clerein ee store 147
Table of Pliocene and Pleistocene of southern California...... 149
Diagnostic Pliocene species in southern California............ 150
Santa Batbata. % assartsnet ach clever ciel mielais se cnieice ea nss 150
San pieoo actu 'se va kode s selae oreo eer semcielsioslst niet er sbicrs as 151
ROT AMO | Fh oh chasers wikiat ste plore Oa aero ter ere cosTayete al staia aa teks 3 “shoots 152
Carrizo Res cists ik FOO ee Basher ae etsaite totic tates a ae ties 153
Climatic distribution of faunas in Fernando—Purisima epoch of
the lower: PlOcene = cic siepelo oirsretejete omer ialeke om oles eis oiaiaisywleye ov 154
Miocene
Shtumagin’ UslandS:. 4.2 oi plathics salons seinetrs terateisleiciats acsrereewsiciels 155
Forma are Me tty 52 412) atacand Aci clevahale eteecbeiemetetoetoictelatelelas setasielstere 156
SLA Sem pike ole 5 im sce sous, > wsae! Apveta ia eve Bore lobe a ota te letelie sictoneYais ets alate 157
Santa) Margarita—san. Pablos s.t/icwisnicncce.c > slolents neon steele eine 158
IMonterey—Demblor | sais cists anise ame etal aie cles erewoyatsiesalore ofsiee osha? 159
WitQUerOSiie a atetaystvysv:ctainisjase-a)aishssetolaictefalohere als ’sselslel= syeheian rnisstele oi sasts 160
Oligocene
SASEOMIAL ihe kale d S20 5.8. 5 Sisrcteale, dia eae ebb telere sbeinioneeie eae eRe aes 161
Eocene
BC OT IN dad ASC MEAP IRD Si OSEc PORE ACETAM RSs DOChT THIKAAbS Ger: 162
WKettar Oka gaits ccs wrecis nnieionsicieoticare cece crane ne Gece at 163
Tore; AOraiactct sa 'o5 coc dice c erste ee Gaiiseeee cece tian anee enn aes 164
Martinez ffauinia® 5.5: s.c.sa:<-s\a a! cxaje'si tin siete oooltevatae carci mesieiator ere 164
Slimimatys eactaceretiov oie ss s/c'ie claro afstersleots vomre'sntaksefeiista me eltreine emt 165
Basis Of the, worker. cece hslcwcidscvtectemeine tiene atecbns ere eehe see eeoe 167

Vor. 1X] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 125

INTRODUCTION.

The Tertiary and Quaternary formations of the West Coast
of North America offer peculiar advantages for the study of
climatic relations, for they are strung out along the coast
from the equator to the boreal regions, and their faunas and
floras may be compared with Recent faunas and floras in the
same latitudes.

The Recent faunas of the West Coast, from the Galapagos
Islands and Panama northward to Alaska, are well known,
in publications and collections. The climatic conditions under
which they live are known, and the range of species with
reference to temperature of the water has been determined.
By comparison with Recent faunas of the same region the
climatic conditions (temperature) of a fossil fauna may be
estimated, and the position of the isotherms plotted, with con-
siderable accuracy. This accuracy naturally decreases as we
go back in time, and the number of Recent species in the
fossil fauna decreases to little or nothing. There are nearly
400 Recent species in the Quaternary faunas of the West
Coast; of these nearly 100 range down into Pliocene, and
over 50 into Miocene. No Recent species ranges back to
Eocene, but most of the genera of that age are still repre-
sented somewhere in the world, and make possible accurate
conclusions concerning the physical conditions of that time.

The writer has arranged at Stanford University an exhibi-
tion set of the marine faunas of the West Coast, from Eocene
to the present, and from the equator to the Gulf of Alaska.
This set corresponds to the accompanying correlation and
climatic chart, the successive faunas being placed in parallel
columns, so that each fossil fauna is in line with the cor-
responding Recent fauna of the same latitude.

The major geographic divisions used were as follows, from
south to north: (1) Lower California and the Gulf of Cali-
fornia; (2) Southern California; (3) Middle California;
(4) Puget Sound; (5) Alaskan Gulf. The material m the
exhibition set is necessarily not so detailed as that in the lists
given below. And in these lists no attempt at completeness is
made. Only those forms are listed that are really character-
istic, that tell a definite story as to geographic range or
geologic age.

126 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

We have thus a series of columnar sections from Eocene
to the present, strung out from the equator to the Gulf of
Alaska, at intervals of from 5° to 15°, giving good repre-
sentatives of the Tertiary and Quaternary faunas of the tropi-
cal, subtropical, warm temperate, cold temperate, and sub-
boreal zones; also for comparison, the Recent faunas of the
same latitudes. We have also fossil floras of Eocene, Oligo-
cene, Miocene and Pliocene, to check the results obtained from
the faunas.

Quaternary faunas, as should be expected, are better repre-
sented than Tertiary, though this is true only on the West
Coast. We have Quaternary faunas from Manta, Ecuador,
and the Galapagos Islands under the equator; Magdalena Bay,
Lower California, lat. 24° 30’ N.; San Ignacio Lagoon, lat.
27° N.; Cerros Island, lat. 28° N.; San Diego to Santa Bar-
bara, southern California, lat. 33° to 34° 30’ N.; San Fran-
cisco Peninsula, lat. 37° 30’ N.; Cape Blanco, Oregon, lat.
43° N.; Victoria, Vancouver Island, lat. 48° N.; Douglas
Island, Alaska, lat. 58° N.; and Cape Nome, lat. 64° N.
These Quaternary faunas range from tropical to boreal, as they
should, keeping pace with the Recent faunas, but showing in
many cases great displacement of the isotherms, as compared
with the present.

The Pliocene faunas, stretched out in the same way, show
still greater displacement of the isotherms in some cases,
which becomes more strongly marked in the Miocene. The
extreme is reached in the Eocene, when a tropical temperature
extended from the equator to Alaska, strongly contrasted with
lower Quaternary, when a sub-boreal temperature extended
down nearly to San Diego.

The constant fall of temperature from Eocene to lower
Quaternary, and the temporary rise in the upper San Pedro,
were not confined to the West Coast, being apparent also in
the Atlantic and the Mediterranean regions. But the evidence
of its great regularity is almost peculiar to western America.

It is important to know upon what basis a given fauna is
assigned to a certain horizon, and also what genera or species
are used as climatic criteria. Not all genera or species are
equally characteristic, nor are they equally characteristic in
different geographic zones. Cucull@a is an Eocene genus in

MIOCENE OLIGOCENE EOCENE

——

~h is

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX [SMITH] Plate 9
CLIMATIC RELATIONS OF WEST COAST TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY

UPPE
RECENT QUATERNARY UPPER PLIOCENE LOWER PLIOCENE VtTGe LOWER MIOCENE OLIGOCENE

AL

SUB-BORE

ERATE

. TEMPE

Middle California
Min, temp, 54° F.
Lat. 35°-40° N,
Pt. Conception
to
Cape Mendocino.

| i ~ Te
_| aa Hy rite

= H vo Ht
: | = -
Le

a

| WARM TEMPERATE

TROPICAL

Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 127

California, but is still living in the Indian Ocean region.
Lyropecten is a Miocene group in middle California, survives
into lower Pliocene in southern California, and is still living
in Lower California. Miopleionia is an Oligocene genus in
the Puget Sound region, but in middle California is character-
istic of lower Pliocene.

The writer has prepared a table of diagnostic forms used
as criteria in determining the age of West Coast formations.
This table is given below. But since an important genus or
species may be common in one geographic region and lacking
in another, or may be characteristic of a certain horizon in
one and of a different horizon in another region, still another
table has been prepared, showing the climatic as well as geo-
logic range of the important forms. This brings out espe-
cially well the differences in geologic range of the same species
in different latitudes. In this table the occurrence of a form
is registered with (+), and the absence of a form from a
horizon in one province is registered with (0).

Diacnostic Forms 1N West Coast Neozoic FAuNAS.
EOCENE.

Many extinct genera: Strepsidura, Ficopsis, Perissolax;
many genera now confined to the tropics: Avicula, Crassatel-
lites, Cucullea, giant Lima, Meretrix, giant Venericardia,
Ancillaria, giant Conus, Cassis, Murex, Rimella, Strombus,
Terebellum, Turbinella, Volutilithes, true Nautilus, spatangoid
sea-urchins, and cidaroids (absence of all ammonites, [nocer-
amus, belemnites, Exogyra and Trigonia). No climatic zones,
and faunas not yet provincial.

OLIGOCENE.

Survival of many Eocene genera, but appearance of more
modern types; modern groups of Pecten, especially Chlamys;
Spisula, Panopea, Phacoides; modern groups of Veneride,
especially Chione and Macrocallista; Agasoma, Dolium, Mio-
pleionia, Priscofusus, Molopophorus, Strepsidura, Turcicula,
Aturia. First appearance of modern species of Mollusca:
Panopea generosa, Macoma nasuta, Thracia trapezoidea,

128 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Sz.

Thyasira bisecta. Fewer tropical genera than in Eocene.
Faunas already provincial, but climatic zones not yet definitely
established.

MIOCENE.

Numerous Pecten: Lyropecten, Amusium, Patinopecten,
Janira, Spondylus; Veneride abundant: Chione ancestral to
modern groups, Amiantis, Dosinia, Tivela; giant Ostrea; giant
Cardium; Pinna; Avicula; Agasoma, Astrea, giant Conus,
Ficus, Mitra, Molopophorus, Miopleionia, Nassa, Oliva, Pris-
cofusus, Purpura, Trophon, Turritella, Rapana, Astrodapsis,
Clypeaster, Dendraster, Scutella, Disappearance in later
Miocene of most of the tropical genera, and reduction in size
of most of the remaining ones. Notable exception to this is
the great increase in the size of the pectens and oysters, which
are veritable giants. Few extinct genera: Molopophorus,
Agasoma, Miopleionia, Astrodapsis. Climatic zones developed,
but not sharply defined. Faunas distinctly provincial. Many
modern species.

PLIOCENE.

Dwarf Venericardia, Arca, Cardium, Chione, Spisula,
Patinopecten, Chlamys, Janira, Paphia; Fusus, Chrysodomus,
Purpura, Nassa, Dendraster. Climatic zones already sharply
defined in lower Pliocene, with Miopleionia, giant Chryso-
domus, Buccinwn, Volutopsius, and Patinopecten in northern
California; and Lyropecten, Janira, abundant Chione, Dosinia,
Ficus, Murex, and giant Conus in southern California. The
Wildcat fauna of Humboldt County, California, was cold
temperate, the Purisima of middle California was warm tem-
perate, while the Fernando of southern California was sub-
tropical, all contemporaneous.

Miopletonia and Astrodapsis are the only extinct genera, but
there are many now extinct in the Californian province. More
than half of the Pliocene species are still living.

QUATERNARY.

Fauna like the Recent, but with rapidly shifting climatic
zones, northern species ranging southward in lower Pleistocene,
and southern species ranging northward in upper Pleistocene.
Few extinct species, but many extinct locally.

Vor, IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 129

DERIVATION OF TERTIARY MARINE FAUNAS OF CALIFORNIA.

The marine faunas of Tertiary and Recent time on the coast
of California must be either endemic or immigrants. There are
certain persistent stocks that appear to give us a continuous
line from Eocene time, but the great majority are unmistake-
ably immigrants. The regions from which they may have
come are so limited in number and so characteristic in their
faunas that it is comparatively easy to determine the kinship
and probable origin of the successive faunas in the California
province.

The Martinez Eocene has strong Oriental affinities, shown
in: Ovula, Xenophora, and the Tudicla group. The Tejon
Eocene, while having some Oriental survivors, such as Rimella,
Terebellum and the Tudiela group, is clearly Caribbean in kin-
ship, in proof of which may be cited the Venericardia planicosta
fauna, which came in from the Atlantic region through the
Panama portal.

The Oligocene is decidedly Oriental, as shown by the in-
coming of Voluta (Miopleionia), Dolium, and Japanese types
of Nucula. The incoming of these forms is accompanied by
the advent of northern species: Thyasira bisecta, Phacoides
acutilineatus, Solemya, and Turcicula.

The lower Miocene Vaqueros fauna retains some Oriental
survivors, such as Rapana, but is, in the main, Caribbean in
kinship. The Lyropecten group is the most characteristic
Caribbean element, having been present in that region already
in Oligocene, and wholly lacking on the Pacific coast in that
epoch.

R. E. Dickerson* has shown that in lower Miocene time
there was probably a connection between the Caribbean and
the Pacific. This is borne out not only by the occurrence of
Lyropecten, but also by Dosinia and the giant oysters.

In the Temblor epoch of the lower Miocene there is no
further suggestion of Caribbean immigration, although Lyro-
pecten is still exceedingly abundant. There is, however, a
suggestion of renewed Oriental immigration in the Pecten
groups, Pallinm and Amusium,

The upper Miocene faunas appear to be endemic, or descend-
ants of those that preceded them, the only outside increments

* Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 7, p. 197, et seq.

130 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

being gradually increasing numbers of northern types such as
Chrysodomus.

In the lower Pliocene there is a great influx of northern
forms such as Chrysodomus and Patinopecten, accompanied by
some Oriental elements such as Haliotis, and Pallium. These
mingled in southern California with northward-moving species
from the Panama fauna.

In upper Pliocene the tropical species are nearly all gone,
and the fauna of Puget Sound has extended its sway southward
to San Diego. The relationships of the lower San Pedro
Pleistocene fauna are the same as those of the upper Pliocene,
with the northern facies still more distinct.

The upper San Pedro fauna is southern in kinship, with
many species now living only in the Panama region.

CLIMATIC RANGE OF WEsT Coast TERTIARY FoRMS

f
& g & g & g & & rs r=]
pETREI ER] REI 2 | ji
85/52) 8h | 5m) oa] 2
PECteNniCAUMNUS 50:05:01 s/s stare ais areles Stay: + i [ils
ee Dwarf Venericardia................. +]... +/+
Q *"g| Giant Chrysodomus................. . | bE] + +] +
& & &| Miopleionia................00000005 steal eto ltt -
5 B74 Argobuccimum toes... a2 cc/ see tee . |e] t+ +/+
ADs: Phacoides annulatus................ | ep t+ +) t+
a § 2| Arca trilineata.............0.0.000. ee | Ver al igs Hie
Ass Gyrineutiercenc. + sv cemslennetanien +/+4+/].. ne
Oe) 4) Giant Parsstellas. 0). 1.01.6 semnasnen Ontos | LO OM sO
= &> Tip rOpec ten ear teve ls 5.00 xinyc7o-e teu yaoi (OPA) KO} Xo) o|0O
palmate etenei tos ce rsia ste sic close Gthanemrere O" 80H" o;|0
JOSIP: Piers shst isc cccis ie eed eloucle erate o;0;0 Oslo
g | Dendraster gibbsi...........0-.46.. FRY BPS cil Hs oe (dca bee | Vac
SSK PEcten CAMNITIIS oye c1ay5.15/0¢ « «oye id an one ies eel Sale Sal
< 8 | Argobuccinum...............000005 Aves Teer ete eal eta
5 SZ | Giant Chrysodomus................. HP Rests ea WO
ae Dwarf: Venericardia.......2.s1ckes ens P| ere alo He ed fas
vo) ~ | Phacoides annulatus................ eT ee. TO
& 3 +}+;0;0;0 {0
AS +}/+/]0;)0;,0;]0
< | TO "Oh OF 120
Us MiOpleiOnialieriht «sols vlewlaldemerieits Ai pact [lestee | ee Blt ae a] Gee
le 8 jl Pectenihealeyire. vss’. <iciuhrste serves S01 ae Ee) Poe be
O &, | Arca trilineata..................0.. +} +) +]..]..
Q 5 IAStrodapsistiriion sts 2165 4)» shale clfetenstae | HOW Nass ll ate
Ss Chione (gnidia group)............... +}/+/)/+;],0;0{0
= |Giant Turritella..............0..00- ON Ou WOr Na
vill WD OMITILAAT eee iter ds Gn croctests ae ite +/+/}+/]0;]0;0
A TPROpHOn sae ere elise ssc. mee +/+/]4+]..};0;]0

Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 131

>]

eh eee Pa Men WR Set Me 8
82/55) 388/58] & | 2
Pecten) CaurinSis ysis, vehs: sehstais ees tnousahe o;+/]+/0
IAT TODUCCHMUTAE A Aleiehevelas) ce chesalaltyn siete aye is ce =e =F Oo

a | Miopleionia........................ O Oe, wll ioe
St) | Phacoidesranmulatusy. sais oc telise:ecabete: « aN +}+;]+/0
Z Dwarf Venericardia................. a . | $+] +o
Pei Bious maa tM AL stchtaan woes ily + +|o}o]0
Fey al GiamtrAr cates tite hor Asya vererepcledoyesysiaite ls — +/+i]+/0
Be byropectentyn rs i citer sckameetecnnee se = + +/O/;+]0
SGN Mlarniratseiicnn S Aves Nt dais ote arava: halen ope hn ehoeny + +)t+} +] 4+

OlviliPectenthealeyis. oi ib... easersteta 5. as +]+]..
ZAMS TOD HOM se steer) cl easeleioatst Oasis, Adee eta! + seis oul) eel tar
uh (Giant witamniteltay aad eieccusla. stcreasadyn snes oe + OO; Or}, O
= Chione (gnidia group)............... ao +]O;+]0
a Mrachycancgumyys Selves. suse ahete aielhes + +/O};}+]+4+
FP IOSI Ale ers cy aretaiatal rave sm tthsbeve oa, Saenaidrehens + +;O;+/0
Os WAStrodapsiswaeas isc a stronte sisiaa ciecdecte bs al eee Pee Fes
® | Dendraster PU DSI Sessler scseayartrs aasereterses se lfestel! lala elle ae
Clypeaster: Jes. cihsi heerstyspert ses tyeelshe ge als +}0;0; 0
INVENT ache ceac cia lecsbreseus au cottesramee Ae ies jae? | O}
pst VTOPOCUCT arepatavacctesascyaleisls)s1ata,sfebec eta e-2)3 +/+ )4+ +/+
Z, APATLUN AS se ONE Saaeteeneythscoh thet ant) ayngeleteuepensher he en ee ee eo +) +
[4 GiantiArca we ee lee de yea kes + +) +
Oba iD osiniiag sy enlace ohetachste ai ahetes ate lege seas xm ae +] +
EN GiantPurnitellay (5a lin isu ae +) +
= LOUIS Aree Se reh rte eess iccelo ely Satan ni . t+
Gia | WDendraster sibs eis cieiaisns anes) steers (ttt Woe
x Chione (gnidia group)............... I tl RL a Le +}+
Fejie ehypeasterwrtas 6 euenaiaicvel opekeleevensiekel soln Pcl (create (ease Sea lhpate
= Meelliteras 7c, favs ccse scott hap eieva tosis BAA Posy stellt crepml tance Newera cet
SP Mncopens yee te ee teat eel a ote Et siAl| NOV eReHA Ie etl RES Se CH Was
els AStresi dese Ones i lA pF Eyes | Nea i cc Ps (me (Stasi

It will be seen from the table, and the lists included in this
paper, that Patinopecten (Pecten caurinus), dwarf Veneri-
cardia, giant Chrysodomus, Phacoides anniulatus, and Miople-
ionia are northern types, appearing first in the northern region,
making their way southward as the temperature was lowered,
all reaching southern California in the lower Pliocene.
Miopleionia perished there, but the others continued to live on
until the present, holding out in their northern home, where
the proper temperature for them still prevails.

On the other hand, giant Venericardia, giant Conus, giant
Turritella, Chione of the gnidia group, Dosinia, Lyropecten
and Ficus are southern, tropical, types. They doubtless ap-
peared first in the south, but ranged far to the north in early
Tertiary times. Giant Venericardia has found no dwelling
place north of the tropics since Eocene; giant Turritella has

132 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

been confined to the torrid zone since lower Miocene; Ficus,
Lyropecten, Janira and Astrodapsis retreated southward, and
are found in southern California in the lower Pliocene, Fer-
nando, where Astrodapsis became extinct. Ficus and Lyro-
pecten retreated still further south, but the latter, along with
Janira and Dosinia, reappears in the warm water upper San
Pedro epoch. All these forms, with the exception of Astro-
dapsis, are still abundantly represented in the Gulf or Panama
fauna, and Astrodapsis has there a very near relative in
Clypeaster. These are only a few out of the many examples
that might be brought up.

CuiMATIC DISTRIBUTION OF RECENT MARINE FAUNAS OF
THE West Coast.

I. Alaskan Gulf (Gulf of Alaska to Vancouver Island, lat.
60°-50° N., min. temp. 44° F.). Astarte borealis Schum.,
Astarte alaskensis Dall, Cardium californiense Desh., Glyci-
meris septentrionalis Midd., Macoma middendorfii Dall, Mya
truncata L., Pecten hastatus Sby., Pecten islandicus Sby.,
Peronidea lutea Gray, Serripes greenlandicus Gmel., Saxicava
arctica L., Siliqua patula Dixon, Spisula alaskana Dall, Thya-
sira bisecta Con., Venericardia alaskana Dall, V enericardia
crassidens B. & S., Bela harpa Dall, Beringius morchianus Dall,
Beringius kennicotti Dall, Beringius crebricostatus Dall, Buc-
cinum aleuticum Dall, Buccinum morchianum Fisch., Buccinum
glaciale L., Chrysodomus amiantus Dall, Chrysodomus liratus
Martyn, Chrysodomus magnus Dall, Natica pallida B. & S.,
Sipho halibrectus Dall, Tritonofusus halli Dall, Tritonofusus
rectirostris Carp., Turris circinata Dall, Volutopsius castaneus
Morch., Volutopsius kobelti Dall, Volutoharpa ampullacea
Midd., Scutella parma Lam., Strongylocentrotus drabachiensis
Say.

The Alaskan Gulf fauna contains a large number of circum-
boreal species, some of which are also common to the North
Atlantic.

II. Puget Sound (Vancouver Island to Cape Mendocino,
lat. 50°-40° N., min. temp. 50° F.). Astarte compacta Carp.,
Glycimeris septentrionalis Midd., Kennerleya grandis Rv., Leda
fossa Baird, Marcia kennerleyi Rv., Marcia subdiaphana Carp.,

Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 133

Panomya ampla Dall, Panopea generosa Gld., Pecten caurinus
Gld., Pecten hericeus Gould, Phacoides annulatus Rv., Saxi-
domus giganteus Desh., Siliqua nuttalli Con., Thracia trapezoi-
dea Con., Thyasira bisecta Con., Venericardia ventricosa
Gld., Amphissa corrugata Rv., Boreotrophon gracilis Perry,
Boreotrophon stuarti Smith, Chrysodomus pheeniceus Dall,
Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird, Haliotis gigantea Chem., Natica
clausa B. & S., Purpura.foliata Martyn, Tritonofusus jordani
Dall, Trichotropis cancellata Hds., Turris perversa Gabb.

The Puget Sound fauna contains a considerable number of
circumboreal species, also several inhabitants of the Japanese
coast that are not circumboreal. The influx of circumpolar
species is probably going on now, but that from Japan cer-
tainly is not. All the species on the northwest coast that are
common to Japan date back to Pliocene time, when the con-
figuration of the coast-line, and the climate permitted free
intermigration between the two regions.

III. Middle California (Cape Mendocino to Point Concep-
tion, lat. 40°-34° 30’ N., min temp. 54° F.). Cardium corbis
Martyn, Pandora punctata Carp., Paphia staminea Con., Paphia
tenerrima Carp., Macoma bodegensis Hds., Modiolus flabella-
tus Gld., Schizotherus nuttalli Con., Tivela crassatelloides
Con., Yoldia cooperi Gabb, Bathytoma carpenteriana Gabb,
Calliostoma canaliculatum Martyn, Cancellaria crawfordiana
Dall, Chlorostoma montereyi Kien., Gyrineum californicum
Hds., Lucapina crenulata Sby., Nassa fossata Gld., Nassa per-
pimnguis Gld., Polinices lewisii Gld., Haliotis rufescens Swain,
Dendraster excentricus Esch., Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Stimp.

There are few characteristic species confined to this province.
The fauna is chiefly composed of northern species ranging
southward, and southern species ranging northward.

IV. Southern California (Point Conception, California, to
Cerros Island, Lower California, lat. 34° 30’ to 28° N., min.
temp. 62° F.). Amiantis callosa Con., Arca multicostata Sby..,
Atrina oldroydi Dall, Cardium elatum Sby., Cardium quadri-
genarium Sby., Chione succincta Val., Chione fluctifraga Sby.,
Metis alta Con., Pecten @quisulcatus Carp., Pecten diegensis
Dall, Pecten hastatus Sby., Phacoides richthofeni Gabb, Spisula

134 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47TH Ser.

hemphilli Dall, Semele decisa Con., Astrea undosa Wood,
Conus californicus Hds., Crucibulum spinosum Sby., Cyprea
spadicea Gray, Murex carpenteri Dall, Fusus barbarensis
Trask, Gyrineum californicum Hds., Siphonalia kellettii Fbs.,
Trophon belcheri Hds., Trophon triangulatus Carp., Polinices
recluzianus Desh., Strongylocentrotus franciscanus Ag.

V. Gulf of California (Cerros Island, Lower California,
to Panama, lat. 28° to 8° 30’ N., min temp. 68° F.). Arca
grandis Sby., Arca multicostata Sby., Arca pacifica Sby., Arca
tuberculosa Sby., Avicula peruviana Rv., Chione gnidia Sby.,
Chione neglecta Carp., Cardium procerum Sby., Codokia dis-
tinguenda Tryon, Crassatellites gibbosus Sby., Dosinia dunkeri
Phil., Dosinia ponderosa Gray, Macrocallista aurantiaca Sby.,
Macrocallista squalida Sby., Mactra exoleta Gray, Margariti-
phora fimbriata Dkr., Miltha childreni Gray, Mulinia pallida
B. & S., Ostrea palmula Carp., Pecten circularis Sby., Pecten
dentatus Sby., Pecten subnodosus Sby., Spondylus crassisquama
Lam., Cassis tenuis Gray, Cassis abbreviata Lam., Cerithium
gemmatum Hds., Conus fergusoni Sby., Conus princeps L.,
Conus purpurascens Brod., Cuma kiosquiformis Duclos, Cy-
prea exanthema L., Dolium (Malea) ringens Swain., Eupleura
muriciformis Brod., Fusus dupetithouarsi Kien., Ficus decus-
satus Wood, Macron ethiops Rv., Macron kellettii Hds., Mitra
tristis Brod., Murex radix Lam., Oliva araneosa Lam., Oliva
porphyria L., Oliva splendidula Sby., Purpura hemostoma L.,
Strombus gracilior Sby., strombus granulatus Gray, Strombina
lanceolata Sby., Terebra robusta Hds., Turritella goniostoma
Val., Turbo fluctuosus Wood, Arbacia stellata Gray, Cidaris
thouarsu Ag. & Desot., Encope californica Verrill, Encope
grandis Ag., Encope micropora A. Ag., Mellita longifissa
Mich., Clypeaster rotundus A. Ag., Hipponoe depressa Ag.,
Lovenia cordiformis Lutken, Pocillopora capitata Verrill,
Porites compressa Verrill.

Fosstt FAUNAS.
QUATERNARY.

Manta, Ecuador, lat. 1° S., collected by B. Bryan. Arca
pacifica Sby., Arca reversa Rv., Cardium consors B. & S.,
Cardium magnificum Desh., Cytherea multicostata Sby.,

Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 135

Chama frondosa Brod., Carditamera affinis Brod., Chione
amalthusia Phil., Dosinia ponderosa Gray, Dosinia dunkeri
Phil., Glycimeris giganteus Rv., Glycimeris inequalis Sby.,
Macrocallista auriantiaca Sby., Margaritiphora fimbriata Dkr.,
Mulinia pallida B. & S., Ostrea chilensis Phil., Pecten circularis
Sby., Spondylus crassisquama Lam., Venericardia cuvieri
Brod., Bullaria adamsi Menke, Cerithium adustum Kien.,
Conus princeps L., Conus purpurascens Brod., Conus virgatus
Rv., Cymia tectum Wood, Latirus castaneus Rv., Latirus cer-
atus Wood, Latirus varicosus Rv., Murex multicrispatus Dkr.,
Murex radix Gmel., Oliva peruviana Lam., Strombus gracilior
Sby., Strombus granulatus Gray, Terebra robusta Hds., Thais
crassa Bl., Turritella goniostoma Val., Turbo saxosus Wood,
Uvanilla olivacea Wood, Vasum muricatum Born, Vitularia
salebrosa King.

These species are all living now in the same region. The
fauna is thoroughly tropical, and is probably very late
Quaternary.

Galapagos Islands. This fauna evidently belongs to the
older Quaternary, since it contains a number of extinct species.
The fossils collected several years ago by Mr. W. H. Ochsner
for the California Academy of Sciences are now under investi-
gation by Dr. Dall. No displacement of the isotherms is indi-
cated, and none could be expected under the equator.

Magdalena Bay, Lower California, lat. 24° 30’ N. Collected
by R. G. McGregor and E. Call Brown. Arca tuberculosa Sby.,
Cardium elatum Sby., Cardium consors B. & S., Chione
neglecta Carp., Macrocallista squalida Sby., Metis alta Con.,
Mulinia pallida B. & S., Pecten circularis Sby., Pecten sub-
nodosus Sby., Tapes grata Say, Tellina punica Born, Astrea
undosa Wood, Cerithium adustum Kien, Cerithium gemmatum
Hds., Cerithium ocellatum Hds., Cuma kiosquiformis Duclos,
Conus princeps L., Conus purpurascens Brod., Eupleura muri-
ciformis Brod., Macron ethiops Rv., Macron kellettii Hds.,
Murex festivus Hds., Oliva angulata Lam., Oliva araneosa
Lam., Oliva porphyria L., Olivella biplicata Sby., Pleurotoma
carpenteriana Gabb, Purpura hemostoma L., Ranella califor-
nica Hds., Strombus gracilior Sby., Strombus granulatus Gray,
Terebra robusta Hds., Terebra specillata Hds., Terebra var-

136 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser.

iegata Gray, Turbo fluctuosus Wood, Turritella goniostoma
Val., Dendraster excentricus Esch., Encope micropora A. Ag.

This fauna is probably lower Quaternary, for while the
species are all living, several are not known so far south,
some not south of California. This probably shows a slight
southward displacement of the isotherm; but the temperature
was probably not lowered below 68° F.

The Quaternary fauna of San Ignacio Lagoon, lat. 27° N.,
collected by Henry Hemphill, is practically the same as that of
Magdalena Bay. This is also true of that of Cerros Island,
off Lower California, lat. 28° N., which is now the meeting
place of the warm temperate fauna of California with that of
the tropical Gulf of California.

Southern California (San Diego to Santa Barbara, lat. 33°-
34° N.). The Quaternary of southern California is well known
through the work of Ralph Arnold’, under the name of the
San Pedro formation. This formation has furnished a rich
fauna of beautifully preserved forms, and the study of it has
thrown much light upon the Quaternary history of the West
Coast. Arnold divides the formation into two divisions : upper
San Pedro and lower San Pedro.

Lower San Pedro. This phase is best developed at San
Pedro, near Los Angeles, but is also found at Ventura and
Santa Barbara. Important members of the fauna are: Macoma
calcarea Gmel., Marcia subdiaphana Carp., Pecten caurinus
Gld., Pecten hastatus Sby., Panopea generosa Gld., Phacoides
annulatus Rvy., Venericardia babarensis Stearns, Amphissa
corrugata Hds., Argobuccinum oregonense Redf., Boreo-
trophon gracilis Perry, Boreotrophon stuarti Smith,
Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird, Natica clausa B. & S.,
Tritonofusus rectirostris Carp., Turris perversa Gabb,
(all Recent species in the cold water of the Puget Sound
region) ; and Pecten jordani Arnold, Crepidula princeps Con.,
Pisania fortis Carp., extinct species. Of the whole fauna
about 90 per cent are living, though mostly not in the southern
California waters. The fauna indicates a temperature of about
50° F., a displacement southward of the isotherms of 1500
miles, and a lowering of temperature of about 12° F., as com-

1Paleont. and Stratig. ea Piocene and Pleistocene of San Pedro, California.
<Mem. Calif. Acad. Sci., Vol. 903.

Vou. 1X] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 137;

pared with the present. This epoch probably corresponds to
the time of maximum glaciation of the continent. R.A. Daly’
has estimated that the general lowering of temperature at the
maximum glaciation was about 14° F., which agrees with the
figure given.

Upper San Pedro. This fauna is best known at San Pedro,
Dead Man Island, and Santa Barbara; the beds in which it
occurs lie unconformably above the lower San Pedro, and con-
sist of unconsolidated sands, gently tilted. The time interval
between the two formations is not long, but long enough for the
climate to have changed entirely, for the temperature to have
risen from 12° F. below the present to about 4° F. above the
present ; long enough for the isotherm of 50° F. to have been
pushed far to the north, and for that of about 66° F. to have
invaded southern California. Among the important species of
the upper San Pedro are: Amiantis callosa Con., Cardium cla-
tum Sby., Chione succincta Val., Metis alta Con., Pecten @qui-
sulcatus Carp., Pitaria newcombiana Dall, Astrea undosa
Wood, Chorus belcheri Hds., Gyrineum californicum Hds.,
Siphonalia kellettii Hds., (all Recent species in southern Cali-
fornia); and Cardium procerum Sby., Chione gnidia Sby.,
Chione neglecta Sby., Dosinia ponderosa Gray, Miltha chil-
dreni Gray, Mactra exoleta Gray, Mulinia grayi Dall, Pecten
dentatus Sby., Pecten subnodosus Sby., Eupleura murici-
formis Brod., Macron kellettii Hds., Nassa versicolor Adams,
Mellita longifissa Mich. (all tropical species in Lower Cali-
fornia or the Gulf of California) ; and Cancellaria tritonidea
Gabb, Crepidula princeps Con. and Pisania fortis Carp., which
are extinct.

The upper San Pedro is not post-Glacial, the number of ex-
tinct mollusca, about five per cent in a large fauna, being too
great for that to be possible. It is probably interglacial. There
was in Europe, after the second glaciation, a warm epoch in
which the temperature of southern Europe was higher than
that of the present. It may be that the upper San Pedro epoch
corresponds to this. The cause of the rise was not local.

We have no way of measuring the time that has elapsed
since the upper San Pedro, but it was long enough for about

3 Glacial control theory of coral reefs. <Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. Vol. 51,
No. 4, (1915) p. 168.

138 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

five per cent of the fauna to have become extinct entirely, for
all the tropical Mexican and Panama species to die out locally,
and for the general temperature to be lowered by about 4° F.;
also long enough for a considerable amount of deformation, ter-
racing, and erosion to have taken place.

San Francisco Peninsula, lat. 37° 30' N. The Pleistocene
deposits of Seven Mile Beach, near San Francisco, contain a
fauna very like that now living in the same region, with the
exception of Natica clausa, which is not known south of Puget
Sound. Further collecting would probably yield more northern
species.

Elk River, Cape Blanco (southwest Oregon, lat. 42° 50’
N.). Inthe raised beach are found: Kennerleya grandis Midd.,
Macoma middendorfi Dall, Mya truncata L., Pecten caurinus
Gld., Saxidomus giganteus Desh., Spisula voyi Gabb, Veneri-
cardia ventricosa Gld., Amphissa corrugata Hds., Argobuc-
cinum oregonense Redf., Bela harpa Dall, Bela tabulata Carp.,
Boreotrophon gracilis Perry, Boreotrophon stuarti Smith, Buc-
cinum strigillatum Dall, Chrysodomus pheeniceus Dall, Chryso-
domus tabulatus Baird, Epitonium hindsi Carp., Natica clausa
B. & S., Purpura foliata Gmel., Sipho halibrectus Dall, Solari-
ella cidaris Adams, Trichotropis cancellata Hds., Tritonofusus
rectirostris Dall, Turris perversa Gabb, (all northern or Puget
Sound species), along with a considerable number of forms
now living on the Oregon coast. This fauna indicates a tem-
perature considerably lower than that now prevailing at Cape
Blanco, and thus probably belongs to the lower San Pedro.

Arnold and Hannibal’ assign the Cape Blanco beds to the
upper Pliocene, but the fauna listed by them is a mixture of
Pliocene and Quaternary. Dall’s interpretation of the geology
of Cape Blanco* was partly correct.

Vancouver Island (near Victoria, lat. 48° 30’ N.). Astarte
alaskensis Dall, Cardium comoxense Dall, Cardium decoratum
Grew., Leda fossa Baird, Macoma calcarea Gmel., Macoma
krausei Dall, Mya truncata L., Pecten islandicus Muller, Saxi-
cava arctica L., Serripes granlandicus Gmel., Natica clausa
B. & S., Natica pallida B. & S.

* Marine Tertiary Sealererhy of oe ogee: Pacific Coast of America. <Proc.
Amer. Phil. Soc. Vol. 12, 1913, p. S95.
* Bull. 196, U. S. Geol. Survey, (1902). ’p. 31.

Vor. 1X] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 139

This is a boreal fauna, indicating a temperature lower by
several degrees than the present, and is probably Glacial in age.

Douglas Island (southern Alaska, lat. 58° N.). Astarte
borealis Sch., Cardium ciliatum Fab., Cardium decoratum
Grew., Leda fossa Baird, Macoma balthica L., Macoma calcarea
Gmel., Mya truncata 1.., Pecten hericeus Gld. var. navarchus
Dall, Saxicava arctica L., Venericardia stearnsi Dall, Chryso-
domus liratus Martyn, Natica pallida B. & S., Hemithyris psit-
tacea Gmel.

W. H. Dall’, who described this fauna, says that it indicates
a temperature considerably colder than the present.

Cape Nome, lat. 64° N. In unconsolidated sands on inter-
mediate beach, Center Creek, Cape Nome, Alaska. Macoma
middendorfi Dall, Monia macroschisma Desh., Pecten swifti
Bernh. This small fauna is interesting as well as important.
Dall’ assigns it to Pliocene, but the material seen by the writer
can only belong to the Quaternary. Also all Pliocene, north of
middle California, indicates a lower temperature than the pres-
ent. Pecten swifti now lives in the Japanese waters 1200 miles
south, and eight degrees warmer than that of Cape Nome.

This is the only case where the warm water phase of the
Quaternary is known in the far north, but farther search should
yield many localities on both sides of the Pacific. It is to be
expected that the Japan current would carry the warm water
fauna farther to the north on the Siberian coast than it has
been able to go on the American shore.

Mt. St. Elias. I. C. Russell’ mentions the occurrence of
marine beds of Pliocene age uplifted to the height of 5000
feet on the slopes of Mt. St. Elias. The fauna is said to
consist of Recent species. No lists of this fauna have been given,
but in a later paper A. H. Brooks® says that these beds probably
belong to the Quaternary.

PLIOCENE,

There is at present much confusion in the correlation and
nomenclature of the Pliocene formations on the West Coast.
This comes from the disconnected occurrence of the beds, their

5 Harriman Expedition. Neozoic invertebrate fossils, p. 120, Vol. 4,
: ®On climatic conditions at Cape Nome, etc. Amer. Jour. Sci. Vol. 93 (1907) p.
457.
7 Expedition to Mt. St. Elias. <Nat. Geograph. Mag. Vol. 3, 1891, pp. 170-175.
5 Geog. and Geol. of Alaska, Prof. Paper No. 45, U. S. Geol. Survey. 1906, p. 295.

140 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

varying lithology, and the great variety of rapidly changing
climatic conditions under which they were laid down.

Equal confusion has existed concerning the climatic relations
of the Pliocene of the West Coast, some having regarded it as
indicating a cold climate and others treating it as uniformly
warm. W. H. Dall® makes a statement that the Pliocene on the
West Coast was warmer than the Miocene. The Pliocene of
San Diego was certainly warmer than the upper Miocene of
Oregon and Washington; but if the Pliocene is compared with
the Miocene of its own latitude it will be seen, without excep-
tion, to have been cooler.

There is much need of revision of the data concerning the
Pliocene of California, where the greater part of the work has
been done. The writer has therefore prepared detailed tables
of this region, showing the present state of our knowledge,
and giving the results of researches carried on in the last few
years. These results are not final, for this is, at present, the
firing line in West Coast stratigraphy.

The Pliocene appears to have been a time of considerable
intermigration between Japan and western America, but all the
Oriental types that came over were northern forms. No species
characteristic of warm water came from the southern Orient
since lower Miocene time.

ees
® On climatic conditions at Cape Nome, etc. <Amer. Jour. Sci. Vol. 173, (1907), p. 457.

141

SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS

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142 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

INTERREGIONAL CORRELATION TABLE OF PLIOCENE FAUNAS

ITALY NORTHERN EUROPE CALIFORNIA
Sicilian- Weyburn Crag Santa Barbara
(Villafranchian) ot Norfolk. zone of southern

appearance of

m Boreal species Boreal faunas. cold temperate fauna.
a Astian Red Crag of San Diego Beds
P warm temperate England, and of southern
fauna, with some Scaldesian of California and
tropical left-overs, Belgium. Merced of northern
and the beginning California.
of the influx of Coralline Crag
northern types. of England.

Plaisancian Diestian beds Fernando beds
with subtropical of Antwerp, of southern
species, left over and Lenhamian California, and

% from the Indian of England. Purisima beds of
= Ocean fauna. northern California.
i) Messenian- Wanting. Carrizo of

(Zanclean), southern California
with fauna largely and Jacalitos-

tropical. Etchegoin of

(Miocene?) middle California.

Norwich Crag.

California, with

The Messenian has 83% extinct and the fauna is largely
tropical. The Plaisancian still has Indian Ocean species, and
many remnants of the tropical fauna, like the Fernando. The
Astian is more temperate, and the Coralline Crag, like the
Purisima, begins to show influx of northern types. In the
Sicilian, and Norfolk Crag, the boreal types have completely
replaced the southern.

PLIOCENE FAUNAS OF THE WEsT Coast.

Olympic Peninsula (coast of Washington, lat. 48° N.).
Collections made by R. Arnold, A. B. Reagan, and H. Hanni-
bal, have yielded: Cardium meekanum Gabb, Chione securis
Shum, Macoma calcarea Gmel., Marcia oregonensis Con.,
Panopea generosa Gld., Pecten caurinus Gld., Phacoides annu-
latus Rv., Spisula voyi Gabb, Thyasira bisecta Con., Argobuc-
cinum oregonense Redf., Astrea inequalis Martyn, Chryso-
domus imperialis Dall, Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird, Gyri-
neum marshalli Reagan, Natica clausa B. & S., Purpura foliata
Martyn, Turris perversa Gabb.

Vor. 1X] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 143

This is a Puget Sound fauna, indicating a temperature of
about 50° F., the same as at present, showing no displacement
of the isotherms. The age of this fauna is probably the same as
that of the Purisima of middle California, upper part of lower
Pliocene. About half of the species are extinct, and those still
living are confined to cold water.

Cape Blanco (mouth of Elk River, southern Oregon, lat
42° 50° N.). Macoma astori Dall, Marcia gibbosa Gabb, Mya
truncata L., Macoma nasuta Con., Paphia staminea Con., Pecten
caurinus Gld., Spisula albaria Con., Thyasira bisecta Con.,
Yoldia strigata Dall, Polinices lewistit Gld., Dendraster inter-
lineatus Stimp. This fauna is probably of Merced age, lower
part of upper Pliocene.

Wildcat Fauna (Eel River, Humboldt Co., California, north
of Cape Mendocino, lat. 40° 30’ N.). Collections made by W.
M. Gabb, W. S. Monroe, W. G. Cooper, B. Martin, and H.
Hannibal have yielded: Arca trilineata Con., Cardium meck-
anum Gabb, Chione securis Shum., Glycimeris coalingensis
Sen., Macoma calcarea Gmel., Marcia oregonensis Con.,
Panomya ampla Dall, Paphia staleyi Gabb, Pecten caurinus
Gld., Pecten dilleri Dall, Phacoides annulatus Rv., Serripes
prenlondicns Gmel., Spisula albaria Con., Spisula voyi Gabb,
Schizotherus pajaroanus Con., Thao trapezoidea Con.,
Thyasira bisecta Con., Venericardia castor Dall, Zirphea gabbi
Tryon, Boreotrophon fleernerensis Martin, Buccinum saun-
derst Martin, Chrysodomus eureckaensis Martin, Chrysodomus
imperialis Dall, Chrysodomus liratus Martyn, Chrysodomus
lawsoni Martin, Chrysodomus purisimaensis Martin, Chr ‘WSO-
domus scotiaensis Martin, Chrysodomus postplanatus Dall,
Gyrineum marshalli Reagan, Haliotis rufescens Swains., Lina-
tella pacifica Dall, Miopleonia oregonensis Dall, Nassa morani-
ana Martin, Natica clausa B. & S., Polinices galianoi Dall, Tri-
tonofusus fortunasensis Martin, Dendraster interlineatus
Stimp., Dendraster oregonensis Clark.

This fauna has been variously assigned, to upper Miocene,
and to the Merced horizon of the Piiecene. Its real age is that
of the Purisima of middle California, and the true Fernando of
southern California, upper part of lower Pliocene. It is prob-
able, however, that in the thick section of the Wildcat formation
the uppermost beds may overlap with the Merced, and the low-

144 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4ru Ser.

est beds may belong to the age of the Etchegoin-Jacalitos fauna
of middle California.

The Wildcat fauna belongs to the Puget Sound province,
which then extended southward to Cape Mendocino, as it does
now, and indicates a temperature of about 50° F. min. It lacks
all the southern, warm-water, types, such as giant Arca,
Dosinia, Chione gnidia group, Janira, Pecten healeyi, Pecten
oweni, Lyropecten. It was the southern limit of the northern
forms: Macoma calcarea, Pecten caurinus, Pecten dilleri,
Natica clausa, Buccinum, Haliotis and Volutopsius. It is
especially characterized by the large number of giant Chryso-
domus, and by the first appearance of the oriental Haliotis in
the California waters.

Cape Mendocino played the part, which now falls to Pt. Con-
ception, as the dividing line between the warm-water and the
cold-water faunas. This was the time of greatest differentiation
of climatic zones on the Californian coast. The cold-water zone
extended down to Cape Mendocino, and the warm-temperate
zone pressed northward nearly to the same place. There was
thus some telescoping of the isotherms, with the middle Cali-
fornian province obliterated. This fact has made difficult the
correlation of the Pliocene of northern California with that of
the southern part of the state, and has resulted in faunas of the
same age having been assigned to very different parts of the
geologic column.

Merced (San Francisco Peninsula, south of San Francisco,
lat,.37°,30),N:);

Collections by W. M. Gabb, G. H. Ashley, B. Martin, H.
Hannibal, and many others have yielded: Arca trilineata Con.,
Cardium meekanum Gabb, Cardium quadrigenarium Con.,
Chione securis Shum., Marcia gibbosa Gabb, Mya japonica Jay,
Pandora grandis Dall, Paphia staleyi Gabb, Phacoides annu-
latus Rv., Saxidomus giganteus Desh., Schizotharus pajaro-
anus Con., Spisula albaria Con., Zirphea gabbi Tryon, Chryso-
domus stantont Arn., Chrysodomus (tabulatus) var. colmaensis
Martin, Crepidula princeps Con., Nassa moraniana Martin,
Natica clausa B. & S., Pisania fortis Carp., Dendraster inter-
lineatus Stimp.

This fauna is more northern in character than the underlying
Purisima, agreeing more nearly in character with the older and

Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 145

more northerly Wildcat formation. Of the entire fauna about
35% are extinct and 65% living. It is commonly regarded as
upper Pliocene, but belongs to the older horizon of that division.
The temperature of the sea in which the Merced beds were laid
down was probably about 50° F., instead of 55° F. at present.

Purisima (Half Moon Bay, on the San Francisco Peninsula,
lat. 37° N.). Arca trilineata Con., Cardium meekanum Gabb,
Chione securis Shum., Glycimeris coalingensis Arn., Macoma
calcarea Gmel., Macoma middendorffii Dall, Marcia oregonensis
Con., Mya truncata L., Panomya ampla Dall, Panopea generosa
Gld., Paphia staleyi Gabb, Pecten purisimaensis Arn., Peroni-
dea lutea Gray, Phacoides annulatus Rv., Schizotherus pajaro-
anus Con., Spisula albaria Con., Spisula voyi Gabb, Thracia
trapezoidea Con., Yoldia cooperi Gabb, Zirphea gabbi Tryon,
Argobuccinum oregonense Redf., Bathytoma carpenteriana
Gabb, Chrysodomus colmaensis Martin, Chrysodomus imperi-
alis Dall, Chrysodomus liratus Martyn, Chrysodomus portola-
ensis Arn., Chrysodomus purisimaensis Martyn, Chrysodomus
stantont Arn., Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird, Crepidula prin-
ceps Con., Gyrineum marshalli Reagan, Miopleionia oregon-
ensis Dall, Nassa moraniana Martin, Natica clausa B. & S.,
Natica draconis Dall, Natica lewisti Gld., Dendraster inter-
lineatus Stimp. (all northern types, or characteristic of this
latitude) ; and: Arca canalis Con., Chione elsmerensis Eng.,
Dosinia ponderosa Gray, Pecten healeyi <Arn., Pecten
nutteri Arn., Pecten purisimaensis Arn., Pecten oweni Arn.,
Dendraster ashleyi Arn., Dendraster perrini Weaver, (all
southern types).

This fauna shows a mixture of southern and northern types,
with the latter predominating, the giant Chrysodomus, espe-
cially, indicating cooler water. Dosinia ponderosa, Arca canalis,
and Chione elsmerensis indicate warm water. The temperature
was probably a little warmer than the present, approximately
60° F., since northern forms can and do range southward by
increasing their depth, while southern forms can not range
north of their normal temperature.

Of the whole fauna 46% are extinct, and 54% living.

Santa Clara lake beds. These freshwater beds are known at
many localities around the Santa Clara Valley, south of San
Francisco. They contain a small fauna of bivalves and gastro-

146 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

pods mostly living now in the Klamath Lakes in southern Ore-
gon; also a small flora of species now living in the Klamath
Mountains of northern California. This region is more than
300 miles to the north, and about 4000 feet higher than the
ancient Santa Clara lakes. It is safe to assume that the tem-
perature of the land and the sea during the Santa Clara epoch
was as cool as it now is in the latitude of Cape Mendocino.

The Santa Clara beds overlie the Merced, and are the prob-
able equivalent of the marine Santa Barbara formation of
southern California.

Santa Maria faunal zone (north of Point Conception, in
the Santa Maria embayment, Santa Barbara County, lat. 35°
N.). Arca trilineata Con., Cardium meekanum Gabb, Clidio-
phora punctata Carp., Dosinia ponderosa Gray, Glycimeris coa-
lingensis Arn., Modiolus rectus Gld., Mya truncata L., Ostrea
veatchi Gabb, Panomya ampla Dall, Pecten cf. cerrosensis Gabb,
Pecten etchegoini And., Pecten hastatus Sby., Pecten healeyi
Arn., Pecten hemphilli Dall, Pecten lawsoni Arn., Pecten oweni
Arn., Pecten stearnsi Dall, Pecten wattsi Arn., Paphia staleyi
Gabb, Paphia tenerrima Carp., Phacoides annulatus Rv.,
Thracia trapezoidea Con., V enericardia californica Dall, Argo-
buccinum oregonense Redf., Bathytoma carpenteriana Gabb,
Cancellaria rapa Nomland, Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb, Chrys-
odomus portolaensis Arn., Crepidula princeps Con., Gyrineum
elsmerense Eng., Miopleionia oregonensis Dall, Nassa cali-
forniana Con., Nassa moraniana Martin, Trochita radians
Lam., Terebratalia occidentalis Dall, Dendraster ashleyi Arn.

This fauna contains a mixture of Fernando (southern) and
Purisima-Wildcat (northern) species. It was the northern
limit of Ostrea veatchi, Janira, Cancellaria tritonidea, and
Gyrineum elsmerense. It was the southern limit of Cardium
meekanum, Glycimeris coalingensis, Paphia staleyi, Nassa
californiana, Nassa moraniana, and Miopleionia oregonensis.

It lacks: Ficus, Lyropecten, and Astrodapsis, which are
characteristic of the more southerly contemporaneous Fer-
nando. The temperature was probably a little warmer than
that of the present Santa Barbara Channel (62° F. min.), and
a little cooler than the present temperature south of Cerros
Island (68° F. min.), which would make it approximately
64° F. Of the whole fauna 44% are extinct, and 56% living.

Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 147

The age is that of the Fernando and the Purisima, upper part of
lower Pliocene. At the base of the Santa Maria beds there
occurs an horizon with the Etchegoin-Jacalitos fauna, includ-
ing Pecten estrellanus, and Pecten coalingensis.

Etchegoin-Jacalitos. This fauna is found in the San Benito
Valley, and on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, south
of San Francisco Bay, also at the bottom of the Fernando sec-
tion of the Santa Maria embayment in Santa Barbara County.
F. M. Anderson", who first described the Etchegoin, assigned
it to Pliocene, while R. Arnold"’, who later published an account
of both Etchegoin and Jacalitos, placed them in the upper Mio-
cene. Dr. J. C. Merriam”, correlates both Jacalitos and Etche-
goin with Pliocene, basing his determination upon the relations
of their vertebrate faunas with those of the continental Pliocene.

The recent study of the Etchegoin fauna by J. M. Nomland*
places it beyond doubt that the Etchegoin and Jacalitos are
practically identical, and that the joint fauna is Pliocene. There
can also be little doubt that a portion of the Etchegoin overlaps
with the Purisima. Collections by F. M. Anderson, R. Arnold,
W. H. Ochsner, J. M. Nomland, and many others, have yielded
the following fauna, along with many others not listed: Den-
draster gibbsi Gabb, Dendraster perrini Weaver, Astrodapsis
peltoides And. & Mart., Arca trilineata Con., Cardiwm coosense
Dall, Cardium quadrigenarium Con., Chione elsmerensis Eng.,
Chione securis Shum., Cryptomya ovalis Con., Dosinia jacali-
tosana Arn., Glycimeris coalingensis Arn., Modiolus directus
Dall, Mulinia densata Con., Mytilus coalingensis Arn., Ostrea
atwoodi Gabb, Ostrea veatchi Gabb, Ostrea vespertina Con.,
Panopea generosa Gld., Paphia staminea Con., Paphia tener-
rima Carp., Pecten cerrosensis Gabb, Pecten coalingensis Arn.,
Pecten estrellanus Con., Pecten etchegoini And., Pecten healeyi
Arn., Pecten nutteri Arn., Pecten owent Arn., Pecten proteus
Nomland, Phacoides annulatus Rv., Placunanomia californica
Arn., Schizotherus pajaroanus Con., Spisula albaria Con.,
Spisula coalingensis Arn., Thracia trapezoidea Con., Zirphea
dentata Gabb, Cancellaria rapa Nomland, Bathytoma carpen-
teriana Gabb, Bathytoma coalingaensis Arn., Callistoma coa-

10 A Stratigraphic Bethy in the Mount Diablo Range of California. <Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci. 3d Ser. Geol. Vol. 2, No, 2 (1905).

11 Paleont. Coalinga District. Bull. 396, U. S. Geol. Survey (1909).

44 Tertiary Vertebrate Faunas of the North Soanes Region of California. <Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soc. n. s. Vol. 22, Pt. 3 (1915), p. 29

148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47TH Ser.

lingense Arn., Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb, Cancellaria rapa
Nomland, Chrysodomus imperialis Dall, Chrysodomus portola-
ensis Arn., Ficus nodiferus Gabb, Miopleionia oregonensis
Dall, Nassa californiana Con., Thais etchegoinensis Arn., Thais
kettlemanensis Arn., Trophon coalingense Arn., Trophon pon-
derosus Gabb, Turritella vanvlecki Arn.

Of the entire fauna about 40% are living, and 60% extinct.
The temperature was probably subtropical, as indicated by
Lyropecten, Ficus, Janira, Chione of the gnidia group, and
fluted Ostrea.

One good reason for placing the Etchegoin below the greater
part of the Purisima zone is the fact that the Etchegoin fauna
still preserves more of the warm water elements and has fewer
of the boreal, Puget Sound, forms than the Fernando, although
it lies 200 miles to the north. The isotherm of subtropical
warmth had not yet moved to the south of Point Conception,
as it had in the Fernando-Purisima epoch.

Near relationship between the Etchegoin-Jacalitos and the
Purisima-Fernando is shown by the following species which
range from Etchegoin into Purisima or Fernando, and are not
known to occur higher in the section: Cardiuwm meekanum,
Chione elsmerensis, Chione securis, Cryptomya ovalis, Glyct-
merits coalingensis, Marcia oregonensis, Mulinia densata,
Mytilus coalingensis, Paphia staleyi, Pecten healeyi, Pecten
nutteri, Pecten wattsi, Pecten oweni, Spisula albaria, Venus
pertenuis, Zirphea dentata, Cancellaria rapa, Chrysodomus im-
perialis, Chrysodomus portolaensis, Nassa moraniana, Polinices
galianoi, Ficus nodiferus, Miopleionia oregonensis, Sinum
scopulosum. In addition to these, the following are known to
occur below the Etchegoin, and in the Purisima or Fernando
horizon, but not yet known in the Etchegoin: Cardium coo-
sense, Macoma astori, Miltha sanctecrucis, Chrysodomus post-
planatus, Trochita inornata. These are nearly all Miocene
species ranging upward.

The Oriental group, Pallium, group of Pecten swifti, is
especially abundant and characteristic in the Etchegoin fauna.
The relationship of the American to the Japanese fauna becomes
even more marked in the Purisima epoch, as it should, since the
latter is more northern in position, and cooler in temperature
than the Etchegoin.

Vo.

PLEISTOCENE

PLIOCENE

IX]

SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 149

TABLE OF PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE OF SOUTHERN

CALIFORNIA.

UPPER

LOWER

UPPER

LOWER

Upper San Pedro, of San Pedro, San Diego, and
many other points in the southern California em-
bayment. Unconsolidated sands, several hundred
feet thick, and gently tilted. Fauna with many
tropical species.

Lower San Pedro, of San Pedro, Ventura and
Santa Barbara, unconsolidated sands, somewhat
more disturbed, with cold-temperate (Puget
Sound) fauna.

Santa Barbara, of Santa Barbara, Dead Man
Island, and many other places in the San Pedro
region. Sands and clays slightly more disturbed,
with cold-temperate (Puget Sound) fauna.
These are the equivalent of the Santa Clara beds
in middle California.

San Diego, of San Diego, Los Angeles, Santa
Susanna, Camulos Ranch, etc., with mixture of
southern (predominating) and northern types.
This is the equivalent of the Merced of middle
California.

Fernando, of Elsmere Canyon, Fernando Pass,
Temescal Canyon, Third St. Tunnel in Los An-
geles, Puente Hills, and the older beds in old
San Diego, underlying the San Diego formation.
The fauna is characterized by Ficus nodiferus,
Lyropecten ashleyi, giant Conus, and Astrodapsis
fernandoensis.

Carrizo, of Carrizo Creek in Imperial County, and
Cerros Island, Lower California. Fauna with
Pecten veatchi, Pecten ashleyi, Pecten cerrosen-
sis, Clypeaster bowersi, Encope tenuis, Doliwm,
giant Conus, Olivia porphyria, and reef-forming
Astreide. This is the tropical equivalent of the
Jacalitos-Etchegoin of middle California.

150 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4ru Ser.

DIAGNOSTIC PLIOCENE SPECIES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

San Diego
San Pedro
San Pedro

Upper

Ss
5
3

: + | Recent

Dendraster excentricus Esch..... se
os ashleyi Arnold....... Salat
Astrodapsis fernandoensis Eng....] .. | +
Clypeaster bowersi Weaver....... +
Encope tenuis Kew............. +
Terebratalia hemphilli Dall...... +
ae smithi Arnold....... +
Arca trilineata Con.............. +
ROW CAMALISH COM. Sie oe {sisto.: 5/512 afale San VeTs
‘“ camuloensis Osmont........ ae ae
+
a
a

+t
oe
+
ra

ie ote

Ostrea veatchi Gabb............ ao

Pecten ashleyi Arnold........... op
UP helldse COMS v. </\ v's 5 Ss,8))p 6 ae
CCAR CAUTINUSH ClGes 0:5 cis:0.0 wisicieis

ote

“_cerrosensis Gabb......... +] +
«. “healey: Arnold... .....-. +. | +
“hemphilli Dall........... ot te Se Ale
“ jordani Amold........... NSN | Bonk ear har
cs keepi Arnold............. ye re ae
tty PWGWENIPATOONG.. 0:6 % 4-10 016 05 see

‘ opuntia Dall............. Bee fe
“ parmaleei Dall........... Aa hue
se steatnsim alice. o2:0s.0eurisse ad i Sail bere +
a subnodosus Sby.......... co) Paes 4 ote | Pace beeen) Flaca Lower
Calif=: --

+++ 44+: 4: 4+4+44::

+445:

Phacoides sanctecrucis Arnold.....
Cancellaria rapa Nomland....... is
Contis (piant)inaneries +s ons ee sees +
Ficus nodiferus Gabb........... Se
ss yriformis Gabb..........
Fusus Resarenae APrask... icinese
Pisania fortis (Carpoes....s.-5--
Turritella jewetti Carp..........

Dl ttt

aes ee ae eee
t+4efircci:
44+

Santa Barbara. The uppermost Pliocene in southern Cali-
fornia, in the old Santa Barbara embayment from Point Con-
ception to San Diego, has been called by various names,
Merced, Fernando, and San Diego, but it is different in age and
in fauna from all three. J. P. Smith’® proposed to call it the
Santa Barbara zone, which term seems to be acceptable. The
fauna of this horizon, from the beds at Santa Barbara, and
Dead Man Island (San Pedro), chiefly collected and described

19Geol. range of Miocene Invertebrate Fossils of California. Proc. i
Sci, 4th Ser. Vol. 3, (1912), p. 169. Sho Sia

Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 151

by Ralph Arnold", is as follows: Dendraster excentricus Esch.,
Terebratalia hemphilli Dall, Terebratalia smithi Arn., Marcia
subdiaphana Con., Panopea generosa Gld., Pecten caurinus
Gld., Pecten bellus Con., Pecten hastatus Sby., Pecten hericeus
Gould, Pecten jordani Arn., Pecten opuntia Dall, Pecten
stearnsi Dall, Thracia trapezoidea Con., Thyasira bisecta Con.,
Venericardia barbarensis Con., Venericardia ventricosa Gld.,
Argobuccinum oregonense Redf., Chrysodomus tabulatus
Baird, Crepidula princeps Con., Fusus barbarensis Trask,
Natica clausa B. & S., Pisania fortis Carp., Solariella perama-
bilis Carp., Tritonofusus rectirostris Carp., Trophon (Boreo-
trophon) gracilis Perry, Trophon (B.) stuarti Smith, Turris
smithi Arn., Turritella jewetti Carp.

A census of the entire fauna shows about 15% extinct, and
85% living. The character is decidedly northern, with many
Puget Sound types such as Pecten caurinus, Tritonofusus, and
Chrysodomus, but with the southern Janira still persisting. The
temperature was cooler than the present, and probably about
the same as that of Puget Sound.

San Diego. This faunal zone, too, has been variously named,
San Diego, Merced, and Fernando; but while it is the equiva-
lent of the Merced, it is not synonymous with Fernando, and
the name given by W. H. Dall’® antedates the others. The
formation is especially well developed at San Diego, Pacific
Beach, San Pedro, Los Angeles, and Todos Santos Bay, Lower
California. Collections by Henry Hemphill, R. Arnold, and
many others, have yielded, among others: Dendraster ashleyi
Arn., Terebratalia hemphilli Dall, Terebratalia smithi Arn.,
Arca canalis Con., Arca trilineata Con., Metis alta Con., Modt-
olus rectus Gld., Monia macroschisma Desh., Ostrea veatchi
Gabb, Pecten bellus Con., Pecten caurinus Gld., Pecten cerro-
sensis Gabb, Pecten cooperi Arn., Pecten hastatus Sby., Pecten
healeyi Arn., Pecten hemphilli Dall, Pecten opuntia Dall, Pec-
ten parmaleei Dall, Pecten stearnsi Dall, Venericardia cali-
fornica Dall, Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird, Tritonofusus rec-
tirostris Carp.

14 Pal, and Stratig. Pliocene and Pleistocene of San Pedro, California, Mem. Calif.
Acad. Sci. Vol. 3, (1903); The Tertiary and Quaternary Pectens of California,
Prof. Paper No. 47, U. S. Geol. Survey, (1906); and New and characteristic species
of fossil mollusks . . ... Santa Barbara, ete. Smithson. Misc. Coll. Vol. 50, (1907);
and New and characteristic species of fossil mollusks . . . . Southern California.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 32, (1907), pp. 525-546.

%6 Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Vol. 6, (1874), p. 227 et seq.; and A Table of North
Gussie pertary Horizons, etc., Eighteenth An. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, part 2,

» P. .

152 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Sere

The most recent discussion of this fauna by C. L. Moody”,
adds greatly to the list of known species.

This horizon is the same as that of the Merced of middle
California, but has more southern types, such as giant Arca,.
and Janira, and fewer northern forms. Of the whole fauna
30% are extinct, and 70% living. It is upper Pliocene, but not
upppermost Pliocene. Moody correlates the Los Angeles
fauna with the San Diego, but calls it Fernando, following
the usage of Arnold.

Fernando. This name has been greatly misused, having
come to be applied to all the Pliocene in southern California,
and even the marine Pleistocene. G. H. Ashley” first listed the
fauna, but merely called it the “beds at Fernando,” without
formally naming the geologic formation. Homer Hamlin first
used the term, on unpublished maps, for the same beds from
which came the fauna listed by Ashley. R. Arnold** first pub-
lished the name Fernando, but included in the formation the
San Diego beds of the Los Angeles region, the Santa Barbara
horizon of San Pedro and Santa Barbara, and some of the
marine San Pedro Pleistocene of southern California.

W. A. English*® has used the term in its original significance,
and described the true Fernando fauna.

Fernando fauna of southern California. The true Fernando,
of Fernando Pass, Elsmere Canyon, Third St. Tunnel (Los
Angeles), Temesal Canyon, and the Puente Hills, contains the
following characteristic species: Astrodapsis fernandoensis
Pack, Dendraster ashleyi Arn., Amiantis callosa Con., Arca
canalis Con., Arca camuloensis Osmont, Arca grandis B. & S.,
Arca multicostata Sby., Arca trilineata Con., Cardium quadri-
genarium Con., Chione elsmerensis Eng., Dosinia ponderosa
Gray, Metis alta Con., Marcia subdiaphana Carp., Mya trun-
cata L., Ostrea veatchi Gabb, Paphia tenerrima Carp., Pecten
ashleyi Arn., Pecten bellus Con., Pecten cerrosensis Gabb, Pec-
ten healeyi Arn., Pecten hemphilli Dall, Pecten oweni Arn.,
Pecten stearnsi Dall, Panopea generosa Gld., Phacoides sanc-
tecrucis Arn., Thyasira bisecta Con., Astrea undosa Wood,

Fauna of the Fernando of Los Angeles, Univ. of Calif. Pub. Bull. Dept. Geol.
Vol. 10, No. 4, (1916), pp. 39-62.

it The Neocene Stratigraphy of the Ste Cruz Mountains of Calif. Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci. 2d Ser. Vol. 5, (1895), pp. 273-367

48 Bull, 309, U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 22.

The Fernando Group near Newhall, California, Univ. of Calif. Pub. Bull. Dept.
Geol. Vol. 8, No. 8, (1914), pp. 203-218,

Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 153

Calyptrea radians Lam., Cancellaria rapa Nomland, Cancel-
laria tritonidea Gabb, Conus species, Cyprea fernandoensis
Arn., Ficus nodiferus Gabb, Ficus pyriformis Gabb, Murex
eldridgei Arn., Pisania fortis Carp., Terebra martini Eng.,
Terebratalia occidentalis Dall, Terebratalia snuthi Arn.

This decidedly indicates warm water, of a temperature not
much below 68° F. min., not strictly tropical, for reef-forming
corals are lacking, and there are several northern types that
would hardly have lived in tropical waters. The abundant
Lyropecten, Janira, Ficus, giant Arca and Miltha and the rarer
Astrodapsis, Chione, Dosinia, Murex, and Cyprea, all speak
for a temperature considerably higher than that now prevailing
in the Santa Barbara Channel, or about 66° F. min. This
fauna was the northern limit of Astrodapsis, Cyprea, giant
Arca, Lyropecten, and Ficus, in the lower Pliocene. Of the
whole fauna, as now known, about 50% are extinct, which
agrees with that of the Santa Maria, the Purisima, and the
Wildcat faunas.

Point Conception then played the part, now given to Cerros
Island (Lower California), as the dividing line between the
subtropical and the warm temperate zones. There was then
considerable telescoping of the isotherms, since the cold-water
belt came down to Cape Mendocino, and the warm temperate
met the subtropical belt at Point Conception, with much more
sharply defined climatic zones than now exist on the coast of
California.

Carrizo (Imperial Co., Calif., and Cerros Island, Lower
California, lat. 33° N.-28° N.). This fauna was first described
by R. Arnold’, who correlated it with the Etchegoin of middle
California, a correlation which still stands. W. S. Kew?! has
more recently described the fauna more fully, assigning it
definitely to the Pliocene. The following forms are known to
belong to the Carrizo: Arca (giant), Cardium quadrigenarium
Con., Codakia cf. distinguenda Tryon, Metis alta Con., Ostrea
palmula Carp., Ostrea veatchi Gabb, Ostrea heermani Con.,
Ostrea vespertina Con., Pecten carrizoensis Arn., Pecten
ashleyi Arn., Pecten cerrosensis Arn., Pecten deserti Con., Pec-

20 Science (n.s.), vol, 19, p. 503 (1904); and U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper No.

47, (1906).

71 Tertiary Echinoids of the Carrizo Creek region in the Colorado D t. Univ. of
Calif(Pub; Bull. Dept: Geol'vol''@) Noi S SLIT Tu)

154 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

ten keepi Arn., Pecten lecontei Arn., Pecten veatchi Gabb,
Pinna species, Cassis species, Conus (giant), Cyprea species,
Dolium (Malea) cf. ringens Swain., Oliva cf. porphyria L.,
Solarium species, Strombus cf. granulatus Gray, Turritella
(giant), Cidaris species, Clypeaster bowersi Weaver, Clypeaster
carrizensis Kew, Clypeaster deserti Kew, Encope tenuis Kew,
Meandra bowersi Vaughan, Dichocenia merriami Vaughan,
Plesiastrea californica Vaughan, Siderastrea californica
Vaughan, Siderastr@a mendenhalli Vaughan, Solenastrea fair-
banksi Vaughan, Porites carrizensis Vaughan.

This is a thoroughly tropical fauna, all the species being
nearly related to members of the Gulf or Panama fauna, with
the exception of the Astrzidz, which indicate still warmer
water than that of Panama. The Astreidz are most nearly re-
lated to Caribbean forms, and suggest the possibility of a late
Miocene connection between the Atlantic and the Pacific. There
is nothing else in the fauna, however, to make this probable,
T. W. Vaughan*, who has described the coral fauna of the
Carrizo, leaves the question in abeyance. Further study by
R. E. Dickerson has cast doubt upon the Pliocene age of the
Carrizo fauna, and it may yet be placed in the Miocene, to
which Arnold first assigned it.

It is clear that the real tropical belt extended up to Imperial
County, California, lat. 33° N., the head of the ancient Gulf of
California. The corals have not been found in the Carrizo
formation on Cerros Island; it is probable that then, as now,
the ocean side of Lower California was cooler than the Gulf in
the same latitudes. The Carrizo beds of the Gulf were de-
posited in water that was probably considerably warmer than
68° F. min. temperature.

CLIMATIC DISTRIBUTION OF FAUNAS IN FERNANDO-PURISIMA
Epocu OF THE LOWER PLIOCENE.

I. Oregonian (Eel River, California, to Puget Sound, lat.
40°-49° N.). Cardium granlandicum, Chione securis, Arca tri-
lineata, Cardium meekanum, Pecten dilleri, Pecten caurinus,
Spisula albaria, Spisula voyi, Saxidomus giganteus, Thyasira
bisecta, Dendraster oregonensis Clark. The present temperature

* The reef-coral fauna of Carrizo Creek, etc. U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper
No. 98-T, pp. 353-395, 1917.

Vor, TX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 155

of the sea is 50° F. min., and the fossil fauna indicates about
the same temperature.

Il. Franciscan or Middle Californian (Cape Mendo-
cino to Pt. Conception, 40°-34° 30’ N.). Chione securis, Car-
dium meekanum, Peronidea lutea Gray, Spisula albaria,
Chrysodomus imperialis, C. purisimaensis, C. stantoni, C. tabu-
latus, Priene pacifica, Argobuccinum oregonense, Gyrineum
marshalli, Miopleionia oregonensis, Scutella interlineata, (all
northern species); Dosinia ponderosa, Arca trilineata, Arca
canalis, Chione elsmerensis, Pecten healeyi, Pecten nutteri, Pec-
ten owent, Dendraster ashleyi, (all southern species). This
fauna lacks: Ficus, Janira, Lyropecten, Astrodapsis, Trachy-
cardium, giant Conus, Amiantis, and the Arca multicostata
group. The temperature was about 60° F.

III. Fernandan, or Southern Californian (Pt. Conception to
San Diego, 34° 30'-33° N.). Ficus nodiferus, Dosinia pon-
derosa, Arca camulosensis, Arca multicostata, Arca grandis,
Chione, Lyropecten, Trachycardium, Amiantis, Pecten healeyi,
Janira; Pecten hemphilli, P. stearnsi; giant Conus, Cyprea,
Cancellaria, Dendraster ashleyi, Astrodapsis fernandoensis, (all
southern species, indicating a minimum temperature of at least
65° F., several degrees warmer than the present, which has a
minimum of about 62° F.).

IV. Gulf of California. The equivalent of the Fernando
fauna is not yet known in Lower California, but the next lower
fauna, the Carrizo, is decidedly tropical, and indicates a mini-
mum temperature of not less than 68° F.

MIOCENE

Shumagin Islands (off the Alaskan Peninsula, lat. 55° N.).
This is the most northerly Miocene known on the American
coast ; it has been described by W. H. Dall??, who assigns it to
lower Miocene, on the basis of identity of a few species. with
those of the lower Miocene of Oregon. The species listed by
Dall are: Cardium ciliatum Fab., Cardium decoratum Gren.,
Glycimeris kochevarofi Gren., Mytilus middendorfi Gren.,
Paphia grewingki Dall, Papyridea harrimani Dall, M ya aren-

2 Harriman Alaska Exped. vol. 4, (1904). Neozoic invertebrate fossils, pp. 111-120.

156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

aria L., Mya crassa Gren., Mya truncata L., Pecten fucanus
Dall, Saxicava ungana Gren., Buccinum sp., Chrysodomus cf.,
liratus Martyn, Tritonofusus sp.

This fauna is decidedly northern, very like that of the
Alaskan Gulf and Puget Sound region. It seems to the writer
more likely to be the boreal equivalent of the Puget Sound
Empire fauna. There are too many Recent species in it for
it to be equivalent to either the Astoria (Oligocene), or the
Clallam (lower Miocene) of Oregon and Washington.

Empire. On the shores of Oregon and Washington, from
Cape Blanco (lat. 42° 50’ N.) to the Olympic Peninsula, (lat.
48° N.), occurs the Empire formation. It was described by
W. H. Dall 7, as upper Miocene, his fossils having been col-
lected at Coos Bay, Oregon, by B. H. Camman, from the entire
section exposed there. This fauna has since been collected
and described by R. Arnold and H. Hannibal ** at Coos Bay,
and numerous other localities up to the Olympic Peninsula.
Collections by B. H. Camman and H. Hannibal have yielded:
Arca trilineata Con., Cardium coosense Dall, Cardium meek-
anum Gabb, Chione securis Shum., Glycimeris grewingki Dall,
Macoma astori Dall, Macoma calcarea Gmel., Marcia oregon-
ensis Con., Mulinia densata Con., Mya truncata L., Mytilus
middendorffi Gren., Nucula conradi Meek, Panomya ampla
Dall, Paphia staleyi Gabb, Pecten coosensis Dall, Phacoides
acutilineatus Con., Schizotherus pajaroanus Con., Spisula
albaria Con., Tellina aragonia Dall, Argobuccinum cammani
Dall, Argobuccinum coosense Dall, Bathytoma gabbiana Dall,
Boreotrophon stuarti Smith, Bullia bogachieli Rgn., Calyptrea
bairdi Dall, Cancellaria oregonensis Dall, Chrysodomus bairdi
Dall, Chrysodomus imperialis Dall, Crepidula princeps Con.,
Cymatium pacificum Dall, Fusus coosensis Dall, Miopleionia
oregonensis Dall, Natica clausa B. & S., Phalium equisulcatum
Dall, Phaliwm turricula Dall, Polinices galianoi Dall, Turris
coli Dall, Turris perversa Gabb, Discinisca oregonensis Dall,
Dendraster gabbi Rémond. Dall also lists Eudolium oregon-
ense Dall, but it seems more likely that this, possibly along with
Phalium equisulcatum, and P. turricula came out of the older
Astoria or Clallam beds, since the fossils were collected on

27U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Papers No. 59, (1909).

* The marine Tertiary stratigraphy of the north Pacific Coast of America. Proc.
Amer. Phil. Soc, vol. 52, No. 212, (1913), pp. 559-605.

Vou. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 157

the beach, without discrimination. The Empire fauna, as
here listed, seems to be an incongruous mixture of the Puri-
sima-Wildcat fauna with a few adventitious forms out of
either the Astoria (Oligocene), or the Clallam (lower Mio-
cene). If the Empire does represent an independent horizon,
it can correspond only to the lost interval between the Monterey
and the Santa Margarita-San Pablo of the California section.

Clallam. (Olympic Peninsula, Washington, lat. 48° N.).
The Clallam formation was first described by R. Arnold, *° as
the equivalent of the Monterey of the Californian section, and
this correlation still stands. A portion of this fauna has since
been described by W. H. Dall,?° and fuller lists have been given
by Arnold and Hannibal,?? but with the inclusion of some
Oligocene elements. C. E. Weaver,?* has also described a
portion of this fauna. Other species have been added by F. M.
Anderson and Bruce Martin.*®? All these writers agree in
correlating the Clallam with the Monterey. Characteristic
species, collected by these various workers are: Arca devincta
Con., Arca trilineata Con., Dosinia mathewsoni Gabb, Leda
fenita Con., Marcia oregonensis Con., Panopea generosa Gld.,
Pecten fucanus Dall, Pecten propatulus Con., Phacoides acutili-
neatus Con., Spisula albaria Con., Tellina arctata Con., Tellina
obruta Con., Tellina oregonensis Con., Thracia trapezoidea
Con., Thyasira bisecta Con., Venus clallamensis Ren., Yoldia
impressa Con., Yoldia oregona Shum., Ampullina oregonensis
Dall, Chrysodomus nodiferus Con., Crepidula prerupta Con.,
Cylichnella petrosa Con., Ficus clallamensis Weaver, Fusus
devinctus Con., Fusus corpulentus Con., Fusus geniculus Con.,
Miopleionia indurata Con., Natica oregonensis Con., Polinices
saxea Con., Sinum scopulosum Con., Turritella oregon-
ensis Con.

Most of these forms are also found in the Monterey-
Temblor of California ; but the Clallam fauna lacks Lyropecten,
Conus, giant Turritella, and Scutella (southern types). It
indicates warm temperate conditions, but cooler than the con-
temporary Monterey-Temblor of California.

25 A geological reconnaissance of the Olympic Peninsula. Bull, Geol. Soc. Amer. vol.
17, (1906), pp. 451-468.

2° Prof. Paper No. 59, U. S. Geol. Survey, (1909).

Proc, Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. 52, No. 212, (1913), pp. 586-588.

28 A preliminary report on the Tertiary paleontology, Washington Geol. Survey,
Bull. No. 15, (1912), pp. 1-80.

29 Neocene record in the Temblor basin, California, etc. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.
4th ser. vol. 4, 1914), pp. 15-112.

158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Santa Margarita-San Pablo. This fauna is found through-
out the inner Coast Ranges of middle California, from Mt.
Diablo southward to the Coalinga region. Since the classic
works of Conrad and Gabb, it has been described by
R. Arnold,®® from the Salinas Valley and the Coalinga region
of the San Joaquin Valley; and by numerous writers upon
the region of Mt. Diablo, especially B. L. Clark,** who has
published a monograph on the entire San Pablo fauna.

The most important species in the Santa Margarita-San
Pablo fauna are: Asterias remondi Gabb, Astrodapsis antiselli
Con., Astrodapsis tumidus Rémond, <Astrodapsis whit-
neyi Rémond, . Clypeaster brewerianus Gabb, Dendras-
ter gibbsi Gabb, Dendraster gabbi Rémond, Discin-
isca oregonensis Dall, Tamiosoma gregaria Con., Amian-
tis dalli Clark, Arca microdonta Con., Arca trilineata Con.,
Cardium californiense Desh., Cardium meekanum Gabb, Car-
dium quadrigenarium Con., Chione diabloensis Clark, Chione
pabloensis Clark, Chione securis Shum., Dosinia arnoldi Clark,
Dosinia merriami Clark, Dosinia ponderosa Gray, Glycimeris
coalingensis Arn., Macoma andersoni Clark, Macoma pabloen-
sis Clark, Marcia oregonensis Con., Modiolus gabbi Clark,
Mulinia densata Con., Mytilus coalingensis Arn., Ostrea att-
woodi Gabb, Ostrea titan Con., Panopea estrellana Con., Paphia
tenerrima Carp., Pecten crassicardo Con., Pecten estrellanus
Con., Pecten holwayi Clark, Pecten pabloensis Con., Pecten
raymondi Clark, Pecten sancti-ludovici And., Pecten weavert
Clark, Phacoides annulatus Rv., Pinna alamedensis Yates,
Pitaria stalderi Clark, Spisula albaria Con., Spisula lenticularis
Gabb, Tellina diabloensis Clark, Tivela gabbi Clark, Agasoma
sinuatum Gabb, Astralium raymondi Clark, Cancellaria pab-
loensis Clark, Calyptrea filosa Gabb, Calyptrea inornata Gabb,
Chrysodomus diabloensis Clark, Chrysodomus imperialis Dall,
Gyrineum trampasense Clark, Ficus nodiferus Gabb, Hemifusus
dalli Clark, Neverita recluziana Petit, Siphonalia kellettii Fbs.,
Trophon carisaenses And., Trophon ponderosus Gabb, Turri-
tella vanvlecki Arn.

% The Tertiary and Quaternary Pectens of California. Prof. Paper No. 47, Ss.
Geol. Survey, (1906); and Paleontology of the Coalinga District, ete. Bull. 396, TAS:
Geol. Survey, (1909).
Fauna of ce San Pablo group of ee) California. Univ. of Calif. Pub, Bull.,
Dept. Geol., vol, 8. No. 22, (1915), pp. 385-

Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 159

This fauna is of upper Miocene age, and probably represents
the whole of that epoch. It has about 25 per cent of Recent
species, and 75 per cent extinct. The abundant Lyropecten,
giant Ostrea, Astrodapsis, Trophon, Ficus, and Dosinia indi-
cate subtropical conditions as far north as Mt. Diablo in mid-
dle California. North of that locality the fauna is unknown.

Monterey-Temblor. Since the work of Conrad in the Pacific
Railroad Reports, and of Gabb in the Paleontology of Cali-
fornia, vol. 2, many workers have contributed to the knowledge
of the Monterey fauna. Among them haye been: Frank M.
Anderson,” who has devoted himself especially to the study
of the Temblor phase of the Miocene of the middle Coast
Ranges and The Kern River deposits near Bakersfield:
R. Arnold,** who has given special attention to the fauna in
the oil fields of the southwestern part of the San Joaquin
Valley, and of southern California. Anderson, in his various
papers, has called this fauna the Temblor, while Arnold has
called it Vaqueros. Most workers in West Coast stratigraphy
are now agreed that the Temblor fauna is not synchronous with
the Vaqueros, but does agree with the Monterey, upper part
of, lower Miocene.

The most important species of the Monterey-Temblor are:
Scutaster andersoni Pack, Scutella fairbanksi Arnold, Scutella
merriamt Anderson, Scutella norrisi Pack, Linthia californica
Weaver, Arca devincta Con., Arca muicrodonta Con., Arca-
obispoana Con., Arca trilineata Con., Amiantis conradiana
And., Amiantis diabloensis And., Cardium quadrigenarium
Con., Cardium vaquerosense Arn., Chione mathewsoni Gabb,
Chione panzana And., Corbicula dumblei And., Dosinia conradi
Gabb, Dosinia mathewsoni Gabb, Dosinia ponderosa Gray,
Glycimeris branneri Arn., Macoma ocoyana Con., Macoma
arctata Con., Marcia oregonensis Con., Metis alta Con..
Modiolus multiradiatus Gabb, Mulinia densata Con.. Mytilus
expansus Arn., Nucula conradi Meek, Ostrea eldridgei Arn.,
Ostrea titan Con., Panopea estrellana Con., Panopea generosa

32 A stratigraphic study in the Mount Diablo Range of California, Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., Third Ser. Geol., vol. 2, No. 2, 1905, pp. 156-248: The Neocene deposits of Kern
River, etc. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., vol. 3, (1911), pp. 73-148: and Anderson
oy Martin, ora aa the Temblor basin, etc., Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th

3 Bull. 309, U. S. Geol. Survey, (1907); Prof. Paper No. 47, U. S. Geol. Survey,
(1906) Bull. 322, U. S. Geol. Survey (1907): Bull. 396, U. cfd Survey (1909);

Ss
and Descr. New Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils, etc., Proc. U. Nat. Mus., vol. 34,
No. 1617, (1908), pp. 343-389,

160 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Gld., Pecten andersont Arn., Pecten crassicardo Con., Pecten
discus Con., Pecten estrellanus Con., Pecten hamlini Arn.,
Pecten lompocensis Arn., Pecten miguelensis Arn., Pecten
nevadanus Con., Pecten peckhami Gabb, Pecten perrint Arn.,
Pecten propatulus Con., Phacoides acutilineatits Con., Pha-
coides richthofent Gabb, Phacoides sanctecrucis Arn., Pinna
alamedensis Yates, Septifer coalingensis Arn., Tellina ide
Dall, Thracia trapezoidea Con., Tivela inezana Con., Yoldia
impressa Con., Yoldia oregona Shum., Yoldia submonterey-
ensis Arn., Zirphea dentata Gabb, Agasoma barkerianum
Cooper, Bathytoma keepi Arn., Cancellaria condont And.,
Cancellaria dalliana And., Cancellaria vetusta Gabb, Chrysodo-
mus nodiferus Con., Conus hayesi Arn., Conus owenianus
And., Crepidula princeps Con., Ficus kernianus Cooper, Ficus
nodiferus Gabb, Ficus pyriformis Gabb, Hemifusus wilkesea-
nus And., Macron merriamt Arn., Molopophorus anglonana
And., Nassa arnoldi And., Neverita callosa Gabb, Ranella
mathewsoni Gabb, Sinmun scopulosum Con., Terebra cooperi
And., Thais precursor Dall, Trochita costellata Con., Trophon
carisaensis And., Trophon gabbianus And., Trophon kernensis
And., Turritella ocoyana Con.

This faunal horizon has been called by Dr. J. C. Merriam
the Agasoma zone, but this name is given up, since the genus
Agasoma is not confined to the zone; and the original Agasoma
beds have been shown by Dr. B. L. Clark to be Oligocene.

This fauna is tropical or subtropical, and indicates a tempera-
ture considerably warmer than that of southern California at
present, as shown by the presence of Chione, Dosinia, Lyro-
pecten, giant Arca, Ficus, Trophon, Conus, Pinna, and giant
Turritella, all tropical types.

Vaqueros. This formation was first named by H. W. Fair-
banks, ** from the outer Coast Ranges, in the region of San
Luis Obispo, California. It was afterwards recognized by
R. Arnold* at numerous localities in the outer Coast Ranges of
middle California, and in the Santa Ynez Mountains of
southern California.

"U.S. Geol. Survey, San Luis Folio (1904), No. 101.

% Prof, Paper 47, U. S. Geol. Survey, (1906); Bull. 309, U. S. Geol. Survey,
(1907); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, No. 1617, (1908), pr. 343-389; and Environ-
ment of the Tertiary faunas of the Pacific Coast of the United States, Jour. Geol.,
vol. 17, (1909), pp. 509-533.

Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 161

The most important species, so far as known, are: Scutella
fairbanksi Arn., Scutella norrisi Pack, Terebratalia kennedyi
Dall, Astrea biangulata Gabb, Dosinia conradi Gabb, Dosinia
whitneyt Gabb, Glycimeris branneri Arn., Modiolus ynezanus
Arn., Mytilus expansus Arn., Panopea generosa Gld., Pecten
branneri Arn., Pecten lompocensis Arn., Pecten magnolia Con.,
Pecten nevadanus Con., Pecten perrint Arn., Pecten sancte-
crusensis Arn., Pecten sespeensis Arn., Pecten vanviecki Arn.,
Tivela inezana Con., Natica inezana Con., Rapana vaquerosen-
sis Arn., Trochita costellata Con., Turritella inezana Con.

This fauna is lower Miocene, and represents the very bottom
of that series. The abundant Lyropecten, giant Turritella,
Dosinia, Chione, and Rapana indicate tropical or subtropical
conditions. The Vaqueros has not been found to the north
of middle California.

Of this fauna, Lyropecten, Dosinia, and Chione are immi-
grants from the Caribbean; the Turritella group is a little
modified descendant of the Eocene giants; Rapana can only
have come from the southern Orient, from the same source as
Miopleionia, and Amusium.

What appears to be a Vaqueros fauna has been collected by
Mr. E. C. Brown on the Pacific coast of Lower California,
near San Gregorio Lagoon, lat. 26° N. It contained Lyro-
pecten, giant Turritella, and Rapana.

OLIGOCENE.

Astoria. The Astoria, Oligocene, fauna has been collected
at various places on the Pacific Coast, from the Santa Cruz
Mountains, lat. 37° N., to the Olympic Peninsula, lat. 48° N.
It has been described from Oregon by W. H. Dall, ** and
from both Washington and Oregon by Arnold and Hannibal.**
C. E. Weaver** has also described species of this fauna from
the coast of Washington; and R. Arnold*® has described the
species known to occur in the equivalent San Lorenzo forma-
tion in the Santa Cruz Mountains of middle California.

86 Prof. Paper No. 59, U. S. Geol. Survey (1909).

87 Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 52, No. 212 (1913), pp. 559-605.

88 Washington Geol. Survey, Bull. No. 15, (1912); and Univ. of Washington Pub.
in Geol., vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-67 (1916).

8) Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, pp. 345-390, (1908).

162 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser.

The most important species thus far known are: Cardium
lorenzoanum Arn., Crenella porterensis Weaver, Dosinia
mathewsoni Gabb, Macrocallista mathewsoni Gabb, Macrocal-
lista vespertina Con., Macoma nasuta Con., Marcia oregonensis
Con., Mytilus mathewsont Gabb, Mytilus ynezianus Arn.,
Nucula gettysburgensis Rgn., Nucula townsendi Dall, Panopea
generosa Gld., Pecten branneri Arn., Pecten waylandi Arn.,
Phacoides acutilineatus Con., Solemya ventricosa Con., Spisula
albaria Con., Tellina lorenzoensis Arn., Thracia trapezoidea
Con., Thyasira bisecta Con., Yoldia impressa Con., Yoldia
oregona Shum., Agasoma gravidum Gabb, Crepidula prerupta
Con., Eudolium petrosum Con., Fusus hecoxi Arn., Miopleio-
nia indurata Con., Molopophorus gabbi Dall, Strepsidura
oregonensis Dall, Turcicula washingtoniana Dall, Turritella
newcombei Merriam, Turritella oregonensis Con., Aturia
angustata Con.

These forms indicate tropical or subtropical waters, which
extended up at least as far north as Puget Sound. Note-
worthy is the appearance of the first Recent species: Panopea
generosa Gld., Macoma nasuta Con., Thracia trapezoidea, and
Thyasira bisecta Con. The others are all extinct, but many
have living relatives in warm latitudes, especially Aturia and
Eudolium. There are no apparent relations with the Caribbean
Oligocene, the Panama portal having probably been closed at
this time. An immigration from the Orient is shown by the
presence of Dolium, Voluta (Miopleionia), and other forms
with near relatives still living in that region.

EOCENE.

Tejon. The upper Eocene, Tejon, fauna of California has
recently been described in monographic form by R. E. Dicker-
son,*’ so that it is unnecessary to give further references. This
same fauna extended unchanged to Puget Sound, and Veneri-

cardia planicosta, the “finger-post of the Eocene”, reached up

to Alaska.*
The most characteristic species of this horizon are: Balano-
phyllia striata Gabb, Flabellum remondianum Gabb, Trocho-
“a stralieraphy. and fauna of the Tejon Eocene of California Univ. of Calif. Pub.

Bull., Dept. o eol. vol. 9, No. 17, (1916), pp. 363-524. ;
*1W. H. Dall, Harriman Alaska Exped. Neozoic Invert. fossils, p. 103.

Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 163

cyathus stantoni Vaughan, Cassidulus californicus And.,
Schizaster lecontet Merriam, Avicula pellucida Gabb, Arca
morsei Gabb, Crassatellites collina Con., Crassatellites grandis
Con., Crassatellites uwvasana Con., Cucullea morani Waring,
Cardium breweri Gabb, Cardium cooperi Gabb, Dosinia elevata
Gabb, Glycimeris sagittata Gabb, Macrocallista californica Con.,
Macrocallista horni Gabb, Macrocallista uvasana Con., Ostrea
idriaensis Gabb, Spisula merriami Packard, Tellina remondi
Gabb, Venericardia merriami Dickerson, Venericardia plani-
costa Lam., Amauropsis alveata Con., Architectonica cognata
Gabb, Conis californiana Con., Conus horni Gabb, Ficopsis
cowlitzensis Weaver, Ficopsis horni Gabb, Ficus mamillatus
Gabb, Galeodea sutterensis Dickerson, Galeodea tuberculata
Gabb, Gyrinewm washingtonianum Weaver. Loxotrema turrita
Gabb, Lunatia horni Gabb, Lyria andersoni Waring, Murex
sopenahensis Weaver, Natica hannibali Dickerson, Olivella
mathewsont Gabb, Perissolax blakei Gabb, Rimella canalifera
Gabb, Rimella simplex Gabb, Siphonalia sutterensis Dickerson,
Terebellum erraticum Cooper, Terebra californica Gabb, Tri-
tonium californicum Gabb, Turris fresnoensis Arn., Turritella
merriamt Dickerson, Turritella uvasana Con. Nautilus sp.

This is a decidedly tropical fauna, with Nautilus, Macrocal-
lista, giant Venericardia, Crassatellites, Conus, Ficus, Fusus,
giant Turritella, Rimella, and Galeodea all represented in the
tropics by kindred forms. This tropical belt extended up to
Puget Sound, and the Alaskan waters were probably cooler.

The Tejon fauna is of Caribbean origin, and the zone of
Venericardia planicosta represents the last great migration
from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Many Tejon species are
identical with, or closely related to, forms in the Eocene of the
Gulf states.

Kenai flora (Unga Island, Shumagin Islands, Alaskan
Peninsula, lat. 55° N.). This flora was listed by W. H. Dall*®
as Oligocene, while A. H. Brooks** considers it as Eocene.
The forms known are: Tarodium distichum miocenicum Hr.,
Glyptostrobus europeus Hr., Sequoia nordenskioldi Hr., Quer-
cus pseudocastanea Gpt., Castanea ungeri Hr., Populus glandi-
fer Al. Br., Liquidambar europeum Al. Br., Betula, Alnus,

42 Seventeenth An, Rept., U. S. Geol. Survey, Part 1, (1896), p. 836.
‘8 Prof. Paper No. 45, U. S. Geol. Survey, (1906), p. 238.

164 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Carpinus, Corylus, Fagus, Ulmus, Planera, Nyssa, Viburnum,
Diospyros, Vaccinium, Vitis, Cornus, Magnolia, Acer, Juglans.

This flora indicates warm temperate conditions, about the
same as the South Atlantic states.

Ione Flora (middle California, in the inner Coast Ranges,
and in the Auriferous Gravels, Sierra Nevada). Acer equid-
entatum Lx., Aralia angustiloba Lx., Aralia whitneyi Lx.,
Castanea castaneefolia Ung., Castaniopsis chrysophylloides
Lx., Cornus hyperborea Hr., Ficus tiliefolia Al. Br., Juglans
californica Lx., Juglans laurinea Lx., Geonomites schimpert
Lx., Liquidambar californicum Lx., Magnolia californica Lx.,
Magnolia lanceolata Lx., Persea pseudocarolinensis Lx., Plat-
anus appendiculata Lx., Quercus nevadensis Lx., Quercus dis-
tincta Lx., Rhus myricefolia Lx., Sabalites californica Lx.,
Ulmus affinis Lx., Ulmus californica Lx., Zizyphinus piper-
oides Lx.

This flora is certainly tropical, or subtropical, and extends
with little change up to Puget Sound, where palms are more
abundant than they are in the lone flora.

The flora of the Auriferous Gravels (Ione) was listed by
F. H. Knowlton** as Miocene. This does not agree with the
results of various workers on the West Coast, and R. E.
Dickerson*® has proved conclusively that the Ione portion of
the Auriferous Gravels is Eocene. This flora has been found
interbedded with marine Eocene forms in the Mt. Diablo region
in the Coast Ranges, in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, of
California, and in the Arago Eocene of Oregon.

Martinez fauna. The Martinez is the oldest Eocene known
on the Pacific Coast; its fauna has been described in mono-
graphic form by R. E. Dickerson.*® Species are: Terebratalia
tejonensis Stanton, Flabellum remondianum Gabb, Trochocya-
thus zitteli Merriam, Cucullea mathewsoni Gabb, Crassatellites
unioides Stanton, Glycimeris veatchi Gabb, var. major Stanton,
Leda aleformis Gabb, Leda packardi Dickerson, Lima multira-
diata Gabb, Lima haseltinei Dickerson, Lima perrini Waring
Pecten interradiatus Gabb, Phacoides turneri Stanton, Phola-
domya nasuta Gabb, Tellina undulifera Gabb, Venericardia
planicosta var. venburen SIS sae Architectonica tabulata

Univ, of Calif. ‘Pub, Bull. Beat! Geol; No. 17, 11916), pp. 409 et seq

Fauna of the Martinez Eocene of Uitifornie, Univ. of Calif. Pub. Bull. Dept.
Geol., vol. 8, No. 6, (1914), pp. 61-180.

Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 165

Weaver, Brachysphingus liratus Gabb, Heteroterma gabbi
Stanton, Neptunea mucronata Gabb, Ovula martini Dickerson,
Perissolax blakei Con., Turbinella crassitesta Gabb, Turritella
maccreadyi Waring, Turritella martinezensis Gabb, Turritella
pachecoensis Stanton, Turritella simiensis Waring, Urosyca
caudata Gabb, Urosyca robusta Weaver, Xenophora zitteli
Weaver, Hercoglossa merriami Dickerson, Nautilus stephen-
soni Dickerson, Nautilus hallidayi Waring.

The Martinez horizon is not yet known north of California,
but it is certain that tropical conditions extended at least that
far north at this time, and probably much further. No flora of
this age is known, but one is not needed to tell us the climatic
conditions.

SUMMARY.

In the Eocene there is no suggestion of climatic zones, the
marine faunas being nearly the same from the equator to
Alaska. The fossil floras of California, Oregon, and Wash-
ington indicate tropical conditions on the land.

In the Oligocene, tropical types, Aturia and Dolium, ranged
up to Puget Sound. Marine beds of this age are not yet
known in Alaska, but the Kenai flora belongs to the warm
temperate zone.

In the lower Miocene the Californian faunas are tropical,
and Ficus, a tropical genus, occurs in the Clallam fauna of
Washington. It is not known whether the warm belt extended -
up to Alaska, for lower Miocene faunas and floras are not yet
described from there.

In the middle Miocene, (Empire), Phalium, a tropical genus,
is found in the region of Puget Sound, but there is a great
increase in the number of giant Chrysodomus, suggesting a
lowering temperature.

The Santa Margarita-San Pablo, upper Miocene, with giant
Ostrea, numerous Trophon, Lyropecten and Astrodapsis, shows
that the climate was still subtropical in California. Faunas of
this age are not known in the Puget Sound region, while
those of the Alaskan Gulf indicate cooler water. On the
Asiatic side of the Pacific the warm belt extended to northern
Siberia, for Dall** has described from there a subtropical fauna.

47 A subtropical Miocene fauna in arctic Siberia. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 16,
(1893), pp. 471-478.

166 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Serr.

The Jacalitos-Etchegoin, upper Miocene or lower Pliocene,
in middle California, still retains Ficus, Lyropecten, Janira,
and tropical types of Ostrea. The contemporary Carrizo fauna
cf the head of the old Gulf of California is much more decidedly
tropical, with Clypeaster, Dolium, and Astrzeide.

In the Fernando-Purisima epoch of the lower Pliocene
climatic zones are already definitely established. The faunas
of this age from near Cape Mendocino, (Wild cat), and Puget
Sound, contain Pecten caurinus, numerous giant Chrysodomus,
Buccinum, V olutopsius, and indicate a temperature colder than
the present in those latitudes.

The Purisima of middle California contains a few of the
giant Chrysodomus, and other northern types, but has also
many southern forms, such as Dosinia, Chione elsmerensis,
Pecten healeyi. Cape Mendocino was then the dividing line
between the northern and the southern faunas, just as Pt.
Conception is now.

The Fernando of southern California has Ficus, Janira,
Lyropecten, giant Conus and Astrodapsis, tropical forms lack-
ing in the Purisima, indicating a milder temperature than that
of the present Santa Barbara Channel.

In the Merced epoch the Puget Sound climatic zone has
shifted south of Cape Mendocino, and some of the northern
forms range down to the San Diego formation of Los Angeles
and San Diego (Pecten caurinus), although the large numbers
of Janira and Ostrea veatchi in the San Diego indicate a
temperature nearly as warm as the present.

In the upper Pliocene Santa Barbara fauna, of Santa Barbara
and San Pedro, the almost total extinction of southern types,
and the prevalence of a Puget Sound fauna, indicate a sea
temperature not higher than 50° F. min. Whether this
chilling by the oncoming Glacial Epoch was felt south of Cali-
fornia is not known.

The lower Pleistocene (lower San Pedro) shows the entire
coast, from Alaska to San Diego, in the grip of the cold
northern climate, a southward shifting of the isotherms of at
least a thousand miles, and a general lowering of temperature
by about 12° F., as far south as Los Angeles.

Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 167

This shifting of the isotherms was felt as far southward as
Magdalena Bay, Lower California, in the edge of the tropics,
for the Quaternary fauna of that locality, while still tropical,
contains many Californian species not known to occur there
now.

This was the time of greatest southward shifting of the
isotherms and greatest lowering of temperature on the West
Coast. It probably corresponds to the maximum glaciation
on the continents of the northern hemisphere.

A very decided rebound from the cold temperate condi-
tions of the lower Pleistocene is seen in the fauna of the upper
San Pedro formation in the Los Angeles embayment of south-
ern California. This fauna shows a displacement of all the
northern types, and the incomung of tropical forms from Lower
California; among them are: Dosinia ponderosa, Pecten sub-
nodosus, Chione gnidia, Chione neglecta, Cardium procerum,
Miltha childreni. This would indicate a minimum temperature
of nearly 68° F., a rise of about 18° F. from the lower San
Pedro.

This amelioration of the climate extended up to Cape Nome,
for there the fossil fauna contains Pecten swifti, which now
lives 1200 miles to the southwest in the Japanese waters,
warmer by 8° F. than the present temperature of Bering Sea.

The two extremes of climatic conditions are seen in the
Eocene and in the lower Pleistocene. In the former a tropical
climate extended up to Alaska, and in the latter a Puget Sound
climate stretched southward to San Diego.

The fall and the rise were probably oscillatory rather than
regular, but the marine faunas do not furnish a sufficiently
sensitive thermometer to register the minor fluctuations.

Basis OF THE Work.

The conclusions given in this paper are based upon a critical
study of collections of Recent, Quaternary, and Tertiary fossils
made on the Pacific Coast, from Ecuador to Alaska. Material
was studied by the writer, or by workers assisting him, in the
U. S. National Museum, Philadelphia Academy of Science,
California Academy of Sciences, University of California,

168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser.

Stanford University, University of Oregon, and University of
Washington.

The most important works used in this study are given in
the appended bibliography, though many others, not cited, were
consulted.

The classic writings of Carpenter, Gould, and Cooper on
the Recent Mollusa gave the groundwork for the investigation.
The pioneer works of Conrad and Gabb on Tertiary fossils
gave the basis for comparison of Recent and Tertiary faunas.
This was amplified by detailed study of the later literature,
especially of Dall on the Recent and Tertiary faunas, and of
Arnold on the Tertiary of California. Also the papers of
Weaver on the Tertiary faunas of Washington have been in-
valuable, in determining the horizons of the Puget Sound
region, and comparing them with those of California.

The writings of Dall, Arnold, Anderson, Hannibal, Dicker-
son, B. L. Clark, C. A. Waring, J. M. Nomland, and many
others, on Tertiary geographic conditions on the West Coast,
have changed many of our old ideas on the subject. and neces-
sitated much revision.

It has been the aim of the writer to bring the information on
the subject up to date, and to formulate results of his own
studies as well as those of the other workers in the stratigraphy
and paleontology of California.

Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 169

BIBLIOGRAPHY,

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ArNoLD, R., The paleontology and stratigraphy of the marine Pliocene and
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Arnoip, R., The Tertiary and Quaternary Pectens of California. U. S.
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ArNo_p, R., Geological reconnaissance of the coast of the Olympic Penin-
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ArnoLp, R., Paleontology of the Coalinga district Fresno and Kings
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Asuiry, G. H., The Neocene stratigraphy of the Santa Cruz Mountains.
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Brooks, A. H., Geography and geology of Alaska. U. S. Geol. Survey.
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Carpenter, P. P., Report on the present state of our knowledge with re-
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CarPENTER, P. P., Catalogue of the Reigen collection of Mazatlan Mollusca
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CaRPENTER, P. P., The mollusks of western North America. Smithsonian
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Crark, B. L., Fauna of the San Pablo group of middle California. Univ.
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Crark, B. L., The San Lorenzo series of middle California. Univ. of Calif.
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Crark, W. B., Correlation Papers, Eocene. U. S. Geol. Survey. Bull. No.
83, 1891.

CuarK, W. B., (and M. W. TwircHeLL), The Mesozoic and Cenozoic
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Conran, T. A., Fossil shells from the Tertiary deposits on the Columbia
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Fossils from northwestern America: Mollusca. U. S. Expl.
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Description of the fossil shells, Pac. R. R. Repts. Vol. 5,
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Descriptions of the Tertiary fossils collected by the Survey.
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Coorrr, J. G., Report on the Mollusca by William Cooper, with notes by
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Catalogue of California fossils. <7th An. Rept. State Mining
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Coorer, J. G., Catalogue of California Fossils. Bull. 4, California State Min-
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Dat, W. H., Notes on some Tertiary fossils from the California Coast,
with a list of the species obtained from a well at San Diego, Calif.,
with descriptions of two new species. <Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. vol. 5,
pp. 296-299, 1874.

A subtropical Miocene fauna in arctic Siberia. <Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. vol. 16, pp. 471-478, 1893.

A table of North American Tertiary horizons, correlated with
one another and with those of western Europe. 18th An. Rept. U. S.
Geol. Survey, pt. 2, pp. 327-348, 1898.

(and G. D. Harris), Correlation Papers: Neocene. Bull. 84,
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Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida. Part 4, Pele-
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Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida. Part 5,
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1900.

Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 171

Illustrations and descriptions of new, unfigured, or imperfectly
known shells, chiefly American, in the United States National Museum.
<Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. vol. 24, No. 1264, pp. 499-506, 1902.

Dati, W. H., Marine deposits bordering Klamath peneplain. (Quoted in
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Neozoic invertebrate fossils, a report on collections made by
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———— On climatic conditions at Cape Nome, etc. Am. Jour. Sci. vol.

173, p. 457, 1907.

Report on collection of shells from Peru, with a summary of
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Contributions to the Tertiary paleontology of the Pacific
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Check list of the Recent bivalve mollusks of the northwest
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Daty, R. A., The glacial control theory of coral reefs. Proc. Amer. Acad.
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Climate in its influence upon the Oligocene fauna of the
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172 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

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Recent determinations of fossil plants from Kentucky, Loui-
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Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 73

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FourTH SERIES

Vor. EX; No: '5;)pp,,175-196,)\ pl.) 10 juny 12, 1919
V
CONTRIBUTION TO THE OPTICS OF THE
MICROSCOPE
BY

C. W. WoopwortH

INTRODUCTION

A subject which has received as much attention as the
optics of the microscope is not liable to offer much that is
new except to the delver into the intricacies of its details.

That which follows is not concerned with matters of detail,
but instead, is based on a re-examination of some of the
fundamental facts from a somewhat different angle than those
by which they have usually been approached. This has
resulted in the finding of some relationships which appear to
have been overlooked and in the perception of the practical
importance of some well known relationships in the calculation
of lens aberrations.

As a result of these studies a very great simplification of the
methods of lens calculation has been evolved, which should
prove useful in the design of optical instruments and in the
further study of the theory of aberrations by relieving the
investigators of these subjects of much of the tedium of the
elaborate computations heretofore necessary.

July 12, 1919

176 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

I. SPHERICAL ABERRATIONS

Nearly every treatise on lenses illustrates the characteristic
appearance of one of the five spherical aberrations, namely
distortion, but the remaining four are referred to if at all
only by rather vague, indefinite descriptions. As a consequence
very few have any definite conception of the distinctions be-
tween them.

All of these are shown in the accompanying figure which
represents eight sections of the field as seen in a microscope
or telescope, each one of these sections illustrating an instru-
ment with a different correction or adjustment. The two sec-
tions illustrating positive and negative distortion show the
two familiar effects when this aberration is under or over
corrected.

Curvature is shown in the two phases dependent on the
adjustment of the instrument. It is the effect so familiar to
users of the microscope, because a certain amount of curvature
is uncorrected in some of the best and most expensive instru-
ments. In such a case, when the edge of the field is in focus
the center shows as out of focus, lines and points becoming
broad and vague, and when the fine adjustment is turned the
central portion of the field becomes sharp and clear while the
edge is indistinct.

Axial aberration is rarely seen because this is the distortion
to which first attention is given in designing an instrument
and is perhaps the easiest aberration to correct. When it is
present, due to the use of an instrument under conditions for
which it was not designed, it is usually associated with one of
the lateral aberrations, coma or astigmatism.

Astigmatism resembles in some particulars the appearance
of curvature, when the focus is made sharp on the center of
the field, but differs most strikingly by the fact that radial
lines remain sharp as shown at three parts of the letter S
in the figure. This aberration is due to the fact that the
portions of the image produced by the different zones of the
lens are displaced radially and shifting of this kind would
not increase the width nor therefore decrease the sharpness
of a radial line. This kind of aberration is entirely different
in character from the out of focus effect due to curvature.

Vor. IX] WOODWORTH—OPTICS OF THE MICROSCOPE 177

Fig. 1. Chart illustrating the appearance under the microscope
of the five spherical aberrations.

178 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4TH Ser.

Coma is also due to a radial shifting of images, but is dis-
tinguished by the fact that one edge of the image is sharp and
distinct instead of fading off in both directions as is true of
astigmatism. Like distortion positive and negative coma,
representing under and over correction, are strikingly different
in appearance.

In the calculation of aberrations, a series of rather compli-
cated formule have been developed which are supposed to be
measures of these aberrations, and in some cases faulty defini-
tions of the aberration have sprung from these mathematical
formule. Among these is a prevailing conception of the
nature of astigmatism, not conforming to anything that can
be verified experimentally, as has been pointed out by the
writer in another place (“Science’’, vol. XLVII, pp. 459-460).

These effects shown in the figure are the things visible to
the eye that the systems of calculation have been devised to
measure in order that lenses can be so designed as to elimi-
nate them.

As has been already intimated, it is not usual to find these
aberrations present singly as here drawn, but they are all
distinct enough so that they can be distinguished even when
simultaneously present. Thus the distortion of an image
would not prevent the recognition of any of the other aberra-
tions that might be present.

When curvature is involved, a manipulation of the fine ad-
justment might be necessary to make the distinction, and
between coma and astigmatism the distinction might require
changes in the method of illumination.

II. Laws or Focus ForMATION

The study of the behavior of rays of light from a point
source when refracted at a spherical surface presents no special
difficulties, but the laws of focus formation under these condi-
tions do not seem to have been formulated, though they lie
at the foundation of all practical optics. The attempt made
below to formulate these laws presents nothing new and
nothing not thoroughly accepted by physicists.

The need of the definite statement of these laws will be
evident when it is appreciated that the prevailing theory of

Vor. IX] WOODWORTH—OPTICS OF THE MICROSCOPE 179

astigmatism is contrary to these fundamental conceptions. It
is perhaps one of the most remarkable facts in the whole history
of optics that the hypothetical conoids of Sturm should have
been accepted by physicists and used by all practical computers
of optical instruments in the face of the recognized fact that
nothing corresponding to them can be obtained experimentally.
When it is fully realized that the theory based on this con-
ception also violates the fundamental laws of focus formation,
the study of these interesting mathematical forms will be
removed from optics to their proper place in geometry and in
their place rational methods of measuring the astigmatism
will prevail.

The laws of focus formation as regards object points on
the optical axis are correctly interpreted even in elementary
treatises, but it is not so well understood that precisely the
same laws apply to oblique refraction. It is not difficult to
state them in such general terms that their universal applica-
bility is at once evident.

Law I. All possible foci of an object point lie on the line
through that point normal to the spherical refracting surface.

This law has often been stated in the form “the focus of a
point is a line” without defining the position of the line. The
law is true of all refractions of a point source of light through
a single spherical surface. The equation of this line may be
given in either of the following forms:

6 6’
(1) n n ain cos $
c Ch Tr ane +a’
2
a’ + 6
(2) n Dy ent MIN a2
ERIN ENT (2-2) rear

the angles @ and # in each case being measured trom the
normal to the surface.

n

‘5 : A , 5 n’
The pair of aplanatic points are those in which e=r—--»c’=rTr

@=a’ and 6 =« in which case the ratios of cosines be-
come equal to unity. The common aplanatic point is where
c,c, « anda’ are all zero and 9@=0’. These are the only finite

180 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH Ser.

values of these angles which will eliminate the variable factor
in the equation.

Law II, All rays from an object point to points on a
Spherical refracting surface equidistant from the line from the
object point normal to the surface focus at a common point.

This law is the definition of a focus, the concentration of a
very large number of rays to a point. A focus, according to
this definition, is always a point. The line referred to in
the discussion of the first law is in fact a train of foci. There
should be separate words to designate these two conceptions.
Perhaps the line should be called the locus of the object point,
as will be done below.

Law III. The location of the foci of rays through suc-
cessive zones depend on the relation of the angles @ and « or
# and @’.

That which is called positive spherical aberration where the
focus of the outer zones is nearer the center of curvature than
of the rays of the inner zone is the condition where « increases
more rapidly than @.

The above laws refer to refraction at a single surface. The
first law holds for all subsequent refractions through a centered
optical system for object points on the optical axis. It is not
true of the second or subsequent refractions of an object
point away from the optical axis though the locus of that
point may remain approximately linear. It is always more or
less curved.

On the optical axis, while the locus remains linear and
fulfills the conditions of Law I and all foci conform to Law II,
they may fail to conform to Law III because the successive
relative values of angles « and @ contribute to the final
locations of the foci. The locus of an object point thus comes
to be a very complicated thing even in the simple case of an
axial object. Instead of attempting to study the subject ex-
haustively it is enough for practical purposes to determine
the limits which for an axial point requires the calculation of
at least two rays and for a point away from the axis at least
three or four rays.

The usual discussion of the loci in oblique refraction illus-
trates the errors in not recognizing these laws of focus forma-

Vor. IX] WOODWORTH—OPTICS OF THE MICROSCOPE 181

tion. For instance Figure 27 on p. 64 of Southall’s ‘“Geo-
metrical Optics” illustrates the loci of the meridianal and
sagittal planes as a pair of lines intersecting, at two points,
a line passing through the central point of the ray bundle at
the surface of refraction. A plane surface is only the special
case of a spherical surface with an infinite radius. According
to Law I all possible foci lie on the normal from the object
point S which is represented by the line AS. The two edge

rays on the sagittal plane JS’ & Ds being equidistant from

the normal should meet on this plane precisely as drawn ac-
cording to Law II, but this point should be slightly further
from the object point than the intersection of the median line
BS’ with the normal, according to Law III. According to
the same law the edge rays of the meridianal plane would
intersect this normal or focus line as shown but at unequal
distances. These two rays should also intersect the median
or chief ray at different points and intersect each other at a
third point. The most cursory examination of a figure show-
ing the nature of a locus of a point produced by a refracting
surface will convince one that on a meridianal plane rays on
the same side of the normal invariably intersect each other at
some distance before they come to their respective foci in the
case of positive aberrations or beyond in the case of negative
aberrations as seen in this case. These intersections are not
toci but only individual crossings of rays. Foci result from
the simultaneous convergence of many rays. In the case of
a single refracting surface a focus is the convergence of all
the rays intersecting the lens on a zone equidistant from the
normal from the object point. Perhaps the failure to make
the distinction between individual ray crossings and ray con-
centrations is accountable for the prevalent misconceptions.
No one makes this mistake in reference to the foci from axial
objects, and if an oblique focus were conceived of as the
lateral half of an axial focus one would retain the true under-
standing of the nature of the focus.

Such a figure as this is thus seen to be inaccurate in all its
details and to give a completely erroneous picture of the nature
of oblique refraction. Apparently from a knowledge that this
view of the nature of oblique refraction does not accord to
experimental observations it is usual to contend that this

182 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

represents only the behavior of a very narrow bundle of rays,
so narrow that it cannot be studied experimentally because of
defraction phenomena. This begging of the question does
not avail, however, since there is no room for argument in
this case for the reason that the laws here formulated are the
direct consequences of the fundamental laws of refraction
upon which the whole superstructure of Geometrical Optics
rests, and apply with equal force to all refractions inciuding
those for narrow bundles.

Again in the case of curved surfaces the construction
usually presented (See, for instance, Southall’s “Geometrical
Optics,” pp. 49-50, fig. 15a and 15b) one can readily conceive
what the nature of the surface must be to produce the conoid
of Sturm. It would not be difficult to calculate nor would it
be impossible to grind such a lens, though it would not by any
means be a spherical lens.

As applied to a spherical lens it could be shown by calcula-
tions that every detail of the construction shown in these
figures fails to conform to the laws above enunciated in the
same definite way explained above in the case of refraction at
a plane surface. The writer has calculated the rays and con-
structed models and verified them in every particular experi-
mentally, and has proven beyond controversy that the trans-
formation of a beam of light while passing through a locus
behaves as the laws indicated and not at all according to
Sturm’s theory.

Here again the assumption is made that the construction
illustrated in these figures applies only to very narrow bundles,
an assumption as will be shown below necessary to give the
theory any standing at all because all the observable facts
contradict it and it has no more basis in sound theory than in
the previous case.

The final consequence of any focus is that all rays concerned
are completely reversed in relation to each other and in case
lateral aberrations and a section of a beam of light beyond a
locus assumes a different and characteristic shape.

A very simple and effective way of showing how the re-
versal is accomplished when a beam of light passes through
an oblique locus is by pasting strips of paper on a common
reading glass, leaving four equal windows, thus conforming

PROC. CAL, ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX [WOODWORTH ] Plate 10

Fig. 2. Photographs showing
the distribution of light at dif-
ferent planes in a beam of light
passing through a focal region.
The lettering is the same as in
fig. 3,

Vor, IX] WOODWORTH—OPTICS OF THE MICROSCOPE 183

to the diagram used to illustrate Sturm’s theory. Supporting
the lens obliquely in the sunlight and laying a piece of solio
paper in the refracted beam thus making a permanent record
of the distribution of the light at that plane. Repeating this
at different planes will enable one to secure a very complete
record of the transformation. A few of such records are
shown in the accompanying figure.

To contrast the generally accepted hypothetical changes
with those actually formed in the beam of light we may
designate the following phases of the rectangular pencil form-
ing the conoid by Roman numerals and of the actual pencil
by letters: (Fig. 3).

I. The initial phase is the shape of the unaberrated image.
We have chosen the four-celled grating commonly employed
to illustrate this aberration with the intersections of the lines
numbered so that the transformations may be readily followed.

II. The first oblong phase with a much more rapid decrease
in the direction of the meridianal plane represented by the
numbers 4, 5 and 6.

III. The meridianal locus at which the points 4, 5 and 6
are assumed to coincide. The shape of the pencil at this region
is a line at right angles to the meridianal plane.

IV. The second oblong phase of the same general character
as the first oblong phase but with the lines reversed so that
the numbers read 6, 5 and 4.

V. The second orthographic phase in which the pencil has
the same proportions as in the initial phase but with the same
reversal of numbers seen in the previous phase.

VI. The third oblong phase where the numbers on the
meridianal plane are further apart than those at right angles
to this plane.

VII. The sagittal locus where the light all concentrates on
the meridianal plane as a line along this plane which intersects
the sagittal plane at a point at which 2, 5 and 8 are supposed
to coincide.

VIII. The fourth oblong phase of the same shape as the
third phase but with the position of the points 2, 5 and 8
inverted.

184 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

This is the final shape of the spreading pencil according to
Sturm’s theory.

The actual focal transformations are much more compli-
cated as will be comprehensible from a study of the second
set of diagrams.

(a) The initial phase’ precisely like that used in the pre-
ceding series of diagrams.

(b) The first conjunction, the plane where points 1 and 2
are nearest. There is a point in line between 2 and 5 which
does coincide with 1 on a plane not far above this.

(c) The first crossing, the plane where 4 coincides with 5.
The point 4 has been travelling along the line 4 and 5 and
when it reaches that point the remainder of the line stretches
out a short distance behind.

(d) The second conjunction being the plane showing the
nearest approach of 1 and 3. This phase is probably in general
shape mose nearly comparable with phase II, according to
the Sturm theory.

(e) The second crossing, in which plane points 4 and 6
coincide. This phase probably could be chosen as the nearest
approximation to the third phase of the old theory.

(f) The first marginal focus at which the points 1 and 7
coincide. It is only the beginning of the coincidence of the
line 1, 4, 7.

(g) The third conjunction at which points 2 and 3 are
nearest. This diagram also represents the completion of the
reversal of line 1, 4, 7.

In this and the following diagram the constriction between
the erect and inverted portion of the image is by no means as
sharp as here shown where the lines indicate the edges only
of the infolded image, and the whole image at the point of
crossing has a very appreciable width, still the general shape
of the pencil section conforms very closely with these diagrams.

(h) The third crossing where points 5 and 6 coincide but
it is not the conclusion of the reversal of the line, because the
points on the line 5, 6 are spread out behind this point. This
and the preceding five phases include the region in which the
reversal of the rays is brought about as is supposed to occur
in the meridianal locus.

Vor. IX] WOODWORTH—OPTICS OF THE MICROSCOPE 185

(1) The median focus being the coincidence of points 2
and 8. This point is probably the nearest to the sagittal locus
of Sturm’s system, and here also the shape of the pencil most
nearly suggests the fourth oblong phase.

(j) The optical focus where the reversal is complete except
for the last line 3, 6, 9. This is approximately the plane which
will be chosen by the eye as the focus.

(k) The second marginal focus at which 3 and 9 coincide.
This and the preceding five phases intersect the locus obliquely.

(1) The final phase, showing the complete transformation
and approximate form of the pencil.

A striking and significant difference between these two sets
of diagrams is that in the first rays 3 and 9 intersect nearest
the set of refracting points and in the other diagram this
intersection is furthest from that surface. The further fact
that the loci of which these intersections are one limit, are
nearly at right angles with one another emphasizes the irre-
concilable differences between these conceptions.

The oblique locus in the case of a reading glass is not a
line but a very narrow linear figure, appreciably curved at the
ends, oblique relative to the optical axis and approximately
normal to an equivalent single lens surface.

These diagrams exhibit only two of the five aberrations.
Distortion and curvature are concerned with differences be-
tween the foci of the different portions of the field. Axial
aberration is that which appears when the lens is normal to
the beam of light. The aberrations here exhibited are
astigmatism and coma. Considering point 5 the middle of
the light pencil then, the 1, 4, 7 region represents astigmatism
and the 3, 6, 9 region represents coma. The optical focus
is on the plane at which the phenomenon known as coma is
most pronounced, which occurs where there is the greatest dif-
ference between the numerical values of these two aberrations.

While there is just enough similarity between these two
sets of diagrams to explain how the geometrically simpler con-
ception of Sturm was suggested and enough correspondence
of the focal lines of that theory with the mean of the focal
values when correctly determined to make the calculations of
some practical value, the whole theory should certainly be
replaced by one conforming to physical observations.

186 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Fig. 3. Diagrams contrasting the inversions of the rays in a beam
of light rays on passing through their foci. (A) According to
Sturm’s theory, (B) according to observed changes (See fig. 2), (I-VIII)
successive hypothetical phases, (a-1) successive actual phases, (1-9 rays}
whose positions are traced through each plane.

Vor. IX] WOODWORTH—OPTICS OF THE MICROSCOPE 187

The differences just pointed out have not been wholly
unknown to physicists by any means, but apparently it has
not been made clear that the differences are due to fundamental
laws of focus formation equally applicable to narrow as well
as wide bundles of rays.

III. Opsriigurt Axis CALCULATIONS

The system of lens calculation proposed by the writer con-
sists of the calculation of a definite series of rays through an
optical system, either graphically or mathematically, and in
the latter case the plotting of these rays on an enlarged drawing
of the lenses. When this is done a simple inspection of the
drawing will enable one to estimate the simultaneous effect
upon the aberrations of any possible variation in the construc-
tion data.

The rays that need be calculated are as follows:

1. The Zone ray, commonly called the edge ray, the ex-
treme ray from the point of intersection of the optical axis
and the object. This ray determines the aperture of the in-
strument.

2. The Field ray from the extreme edge of the field
midway between the extreme rays of the pencil. This ray de-
termines the magnification of the instrument.

3. The Paraxial ray from the object along the optical
axis. The difference between this and the Zone ray, measured
on the X axis, determines the axial aberration, that between
this and the field ray also measured on the X axis determines
the curvature.

4. The Distortion ray similar to the Field ray but from a
point midway between the center and the edge of the field.
The difference between this ray and half the Field ray,
measured on the Y axis, determines the distortion.

5. The Comatic ray, similar to the Field ray but through
the nearest marginal point of the lens system. The difference
between this and the Field ray measured on the Y axis or with
the Zone ray measured on the X axis determines the coma.

6. The Astigmatic ray, similar to the Comatic ray, but
through the most distant marginal point of the lens system.

188 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

Measured the same way as the Comatic ray. This ray deter-
mines astigmatism.

The focus of the Zone and Paraxial rays is determined by
the intersection with the optical axis. The Distortion ray does
not require the determination of a focal point. The three
oblique rays require, for the three values of the X coordinates,
the determination of the oblique focus of each, which can be
most easily accomplished by the new oblique axis method
described below. There is no true focus in the strict sense
of the word after a number of refractions, but if each suc-
cessive focus were considered the source of a radiant pencil
of light then all would be true foci. The theoretical foci
secured by assuming this character of each focus lie within
the loci of the point and this is the best if not the only method
available for determining the position of an element of the
locus of a point away from the optical axis after numerous
refractions.

The oblique axis method is based on the first law of focus
formation, that all possible foci lie on a line from the object
normal to the refracting surface. Having calculated the path
of a ray in any of the usual ways, the determination of the
focus after the first refraction is accomplished according to
this method by locating the normal on which the focus must
lie and finding the intersection this normal makes with the
refracted ray which is accomplished by running a line from
the object point towards or through the center of curvature.
After thus locating the focus on the ray path after the first
refraction, this point is considered as an object and the focus
conjugate with it after the second refraction is determined in
the same manner.

The accompanying figure (4) illustrates the calculation of
the foci of a ray in both directions through a doublet, assuming
the object to be first on one side of the lens and then on the
other at the two points marked Focus 0. The graphic calcula-
tion of these rays is shown above.

The foci 0 and 1 are on Axis 1 normal to the first surface,
foci 1 and 2 are on axis 2 normal to the second surface and
foci 2 and 3 are on axis 3 normal to the third surface.

The application of this method to the study of aberrations
is seen in figure 5 where the successive foci of two points

189

WOODWORTH—OPTICS OF THE MICROSCOPE

Vor. IX]

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CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

190

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WOODWORTH—OPTICS OF THE MICROSCOPE 191

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192 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Ser.

a and b through a doublet objective is studied. One of these
points is twice as far from the optical axis as the other.
Parallel rays from these two points to the lens are selected
to show at the same time distortion and oblique aberrations.
The graphic calculation of the two rays is given to the right
above and all the oblique axes are drawn, the successive foci
being represented by letters with subnumbers. Each image
plane is also drawn and on the longer the length of the shorter
is laid off by short curves. The distance between these curves
is the amount of the distortion which is not serious till at
the third refraction. Because of the lateral aberrations, the
axial displacement is quite large at the second refraction and
very serious at the third.

A simple inspection will show that both axial displacement
and distortion will be most greatly improved by a slight
increase in the length of the radius of the third surface, and
that this would have a very much more profound effect than
a change in the curvature of the second surface, and that if
these two are changed in the proper degrees the aberration
could be greatly improved without changing the magnification
of the lens as a whole.

The great advantage of this system of lens calculation is
the facility with which the manner of correcting aberrations
can be located by inspection of the drawings.

The graphic calculation, which is preliminary to the oblique
axis calculation in these examples, is described below.

The method of calculation is illustrated in Figure 6, which
shows the calculation of the axial spherical aberration at the
principal focus of a Coddington lens. <A is the center of
curvature of the first surface, B of the second. C is the
Graph Center, D and E are so located that CD/CE==n/n’.

The method of calculation of a ray parallel with the optical
axis is as follows:

1. Draw DL’ parallel with J’A 3. Draw L’M’ parallel with K’B

2. Draw J’K’ parallel with CL’ 4. Draw K’G parallel with CM’
The point G is the principal focus for the zone J’ of the lens.

Exactly the same method applies to the calculation of
paraxial rays except that straight lines perpendicular with
the axis replace all the curves. The steps in the process are

Vor. IX] WOODWORTH—OPTICS OF THE MICROSCOPE 193

the same as those given above, omitting the primes and ending
at F, which is the principal focus for paraxial rays. The
distance FG is therefore the spherical aberration.

The correctness of this method of calculation is proven as
follows: In the triangle CDL’, L’DE is by construction = «
and since CD/CL’—n/n’ the angle DL'C= «’. Since 6
equals zero and the external angle L’DE=CL’D-+ DCL’
we have from the equation « —@ =«’ — #” ; DCL= @
and therefore CL is parallel with JK’. In the same way, in the
next refraction CM’ can be shown to be parallel with K’G.

In the calculation of the paraxial ray it is at once evident
that a ray half way between I and J would by this method
of construction proceed to a point half way between H and K
and then exactly to F. The same would be true of a ray 4 or
Y above I and H, that is the distance from the optical axis
does not affect the focal distance F; therefore a paraxial ray
comes to a focus at this point.

The methods above described constitute a complete scheme
for lens calculation which can be carried out grafically with
as much accuracy as is required for practical purposes, since
it is well within the limits of the accuracy of the physical data
and mathematically to any degree required for theoretical
investigation.

IV. ON THE ABERRATION OF DEPTH

The aberrations due to the thickness or depth of objects
have received very scant attention though it is well known
through observation, as well as from the theoretical considera-
tions, that there are such aberrations.

The figure accompanying this article (Fig. 7) illustrates
the amount and character of such aberrations in the simple
case of a single lens surface, and of an object limited to a
single axial plane.

It illustrates at the same time an application of the methods
of graphic calculation and the new oblique axis method of
calculation, which is available either for graphic or mathe-
matical computations. The “air curve’ and “glass curve”
are drawn in the manner already described about the “graph
center’? with radii proportional to the index of air and of

194 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

glass, respectively, and the graphs, three series of which are
shown, are drawn parallel with three radii of the lens from
the three points of refraction being studied.

The object whose images are studied is the letter A stand-
ing edgewise to the lens and at some distance above the
optical axis. The “chief image’ is the one produced by the
central portion of the lens and the incident pencil is indicated
by lines from the principal points of the image to the middle
point of the lens.

Lines from the graph center to the air curve parallel with
three lines of the incident pencil, but which are omitted in
the drawing, locate the air ends of the chief graphs. Similar
lines, also not shown, from the graph center to the glass ends
of these graphs give the directions of the corresponding rays
of the refracted pencil.

In precisely the same manner the pencils to the extreme
edges of the lens which produce images showing extreme
aberrations are indicated by lines, and likewise parallels to
the rays of these pencils from the graph center to the air
curve locate the positions of the other graphs shown. Like-
wise also the directions of the rays of the refracted pencil are
indicated by lines connecting the glass ends of these graphs
with the graph center. None of these lines from the graph
center are drawn nor need they be drawn when making
graphic calculations since the graphs themselves are the only
record that need be made of the process of calculation.

The “oblique axis” method of calculation is as stated above
based on the fundamental fact of refraction at spherical sur-
faces that the focus conjugate with any image point must
lie on a line through that point and the center of curvature
of the lens. Thus all points on the optical axis have their
conjugate foci also on the optical axis. In the same manner
all conjugate foci away from the optical axis lie on oblique
axes. The oblique axes of the principal points of the object
A are shown in the figure. These axes are drawn away from
the lens because the object A is so located that virtual images
will be formed in that direction.

Knowing the direction of each ray of the refracted chief
pencil as explained above, it is only necessary to find the
intersection of a line from the vertex of the lens, which is

WOODWORTH—OPTICS OF THE MICROSCOPE 195

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196 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

the point of refraction of this pencil, with the corresponding
oblique axis to locate the principal points of the image and
connecting these principal points produces the distorted shape
of the chief image shown in the figure.

In the same way the comatic and astigmatic image can be
located. These two extreme images represent the extreme
aberration. The same method would enable one to locate
the images produced at any point along the lens surface and
they would all be intermediate between the extreme images
and the chief image.

The reasons for designating these two extreme images
“comatic” and “astigmatic” is given in “Science”, vol.
XLVIII, pp. 459-460.

The distorted shape of the chief image is due not to dis-
tortion but to curvature, the former aberration not appearing
at all in the simple case of refraction at a single surface.

Axial aberration can be appreciated by conceiving the legs
of the A extending to the optical axis when the corresponding
legs of the astigmatic and comatic images will coincide at
points considerably further from the lens than the legs of the
chief image, the amount of difference being the longitudinal
axial aberration.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourTH SERIES

Vor. TX; No.6; pp, 197-220, pls. 11-13 Aucust 21, 1919

VI

THE GOPHER-SNAKES OF WESTERN NORTH
AMERICA

BY
JOHN VAN DENBURGH
Curator, Department of Herpetology

AND
JOSEPH R. SLEVIN
Assistant Curator, Department of Herpetology

The snakes of the genus Pituophis, commonly are called
gopher or bull snakes. They occur in the United States from
the Atlantic to the Pacific coasts. In the region lying west
of the Rocky Mountains they are widely distributed, and have
been taken in Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Washington,
Oregon and California. Their range also includes Lower
California and certain of the coastal islands.

Although herpetologists now generally agree that three
kinds of Pituophis occur in this western territory, the differ-
ential characters and the distribution of these forms never
have been clearly set forth. Further study of these snakes,

August 21, 1919

198 . CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

therefore, seems well worth while. In undertaking this study
we have again made use of material in the collections of
Stanford University and the University of California, and,
for this privilege, we are again indebted to Professors Charles
H. Gilbert and John O. Snyder of Stanford University, and
Dr. Joseph Grinnell of the University of California. The
snakes in the collection of the University of California are
distinguished by the letter C prefixed to their numbers in the
lists of specimens; those from Stanford University, by the
letter S. When no letter is attached to its number the speci-
men is in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences.

Several names have, in the past, been based upon, or ap-
plied to, gopher-snakes from the area under consideration.

In 1835, Blainville described two kinds of gopher-snakes
from specimens collected by M. Botta in “California”, a term
which, as then used, included Lower California. These he
called Coluber catenifer and Coluber vertebralis. In 1842,
Holbrook established the genus Pitwophis for the eastern bull-
snake, which Daudin had described, in 1803, as Coluber
melanoleucus. In 1853, Baird and Girard placed Blainville’s
Coluber catenifer in this genus Pituophis, and the following
year Duméril and Bibron made the same disposition of his
Coluber vertebralis.

Cope, in 1860, described the gopher-snake of the Cape
Region of Lower California under the name Pityophis hema-
tois, from specimens collected by John Xantus at Cape San
Lucas. In more recent publications, however, Cope (1875)
and other authors have recognized Blainville’s description of
Coluber vertebralis as referring to this Lower California
species and, therefore, have called it Pituophis vertebralis.

Blainville’s description of Coluber catenifer is so meager
that one is left uncertain as to which kind of snake he had.
His plate indicates that he may have had the less brightly
colored coast race. Baird and Girard, in 1853, may be con-
sidered to have determined the subsequent use of the term by
using the name Pituophis catenifer for a specimen from San
Francisco. It would seem that this restriction of the name,
in the first general review of the genus, should be followed,
unless subsequent examination of the original type specimen
shows that it did not belong to this race.

Vor. IX] VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN—GOPHER-SNAKES 199

In the same publication (p. 71) Baird and Girard, in 1853,
proposed the name Pituwophis wilkesu for two specimens from
“Puget Sound, Or.,” with gastrosteges numbering 215 and
209, and two from “Oregon”, with counts of 209 and 213.
This name evidently is based upon specimens of the coast race
and has been regarded as a synonym of Pituophis catenifer.

Baird and Girard, in 1853 (p. 72), proposed still another
name for a western gopher-snake. This was Pituophis annec-
tens, based upon one specimen, with 243 gastrosteges, col-
lected at San Diego, California, by Dr. J. L. Leconte.

In 1853, also, Hallowell described Pityophis heermannii
from a specimen collected on the Cosumnes River, California.
His description does not state the number of gastrosteges.
The locality is one where specimens more or less intermediate
in character but most like the coast race are to be expected.
The name may, therefore, be treated as a synonym of Pituo-
phis catenifer. The original specimen may perhaps still be
preserved in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences.

In 1852, Baird and Girard described as Churchillia bellona
a gopher-snake collected by General Churchill on the left
bank of the Rio Grande, at the crossing near Presidio del
Norte. The following year, they placed this species in the
genus Pituophis. Later, the name Pituophis bellona or
Pityophis sayi bellona was used by Cope and other authors
for gopher-snakes from parts of California, Arizona and the
Great Basin. Stejneger, however, in 1893, called attention
to the fact that this name is really a synonym of Pituophis
sayi, and cannot properly be applied to another race. Stejne-
ger proposed a new name, Pituophis catenifer deserticola, for
this western race to which the name bellona had been misap-
plied. Stejneger mentions no type specimen, names no type
locality and gives no characterization of Pituophis catenifer
deserticola other than that it is the “‘richly-colored form from
the Great Basin and the southwestern deserts” which must be
distinguished from Pituophis catenifer by “the totality of the
characters,’ as the number of smooth rows of lateral scales
will not serve for this purpose. He merely proposed a substi-
tute name.

200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

So far as we have been able to learn no one, either before
or since, has stated any more definite means of distinguishing
these more “‘richly-colored” snakes from those which have
been called Pituophis catenifer.

The present study is based upon nearly 300 specimens of
the western races of Pituophis, all but eight of which repre-
sent Pituophis catenifer and its subspecies. This material
should be large enough to demonstrate any differences in
squamation which exists between the two subspecies. Great
individual variation is evident in both, but in only one series
of scales is there apparent any geographical variation. Only
in the counts of the gastrosteges do we find any scale-charac-
ter which is of value in the classification of these snakes.
While this, in one sense, is disappointing, we nevertheless,
must be glad to have found even one character which will aid
in the separation of these snakes, since reliance upon color
differences, which are subject to so much individual variation,
and are so difficult to estimate, has resulted in most unsatis-
factory determinations.

In the series at hand the differences in the number of gas-
trosteges in specimens from the northwestern coast counties
of California and in others from Arizona, Nevada and Utah
is very easily appreciated. If we had specimens only from
these localities they might almost be regarded as distinct
species, with only an occasional individual of each overlapping
the limit of say 230 gastrosteges. Gopher-snakes, however,
occur throughout most of the intervening territory and offer
gastrostege counts which completely bridge over this differ-
ence. We, therefore, must continue to regard these coast and
interior races merely as subspecies.

The number of gastrosteges increases from a minimum of
200 in the coast subspecies to a maximum of 263 in the desert
subspecies. While individual variation is great in any one
locality, it may be said that, in a general way, the warmer and
dryer the climate of a given locality the greater the number
of gastrosteges. As one proceeds south and east from the
cool coast regions toward the interior desert valleys, the aver-
age counts gradually increase.

Vor. 1X] VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN—GOPHER-SNAKES 201

The transition from the number characteristic of the coast
snakes to that of the desert snakes is complete and more or
less gradual. Nevertheless, these counts are of great use in
the separation of the two subspecies.

QO Aah. 20k 406

Ler 200 4l lp Alb AU yo de 28% 246 Ag 430 492 ate 296 24s tho ake ate aye ate gO apap RSG 2a 602208, 4

ra bint Greed en er ee eet oe

eo or’

aeeeeeeerergs

The specimens which we have studied show gastrostege
counts ranging from 200 to 263. No sexual difference is ap-
parent in the counts. We believe that specimens having
fewer than 220 gastrosteges may, on that basis alone, be re-
ferred to Pituophis catenifer catenifer, and that any specimen
with more than 231 gastrosteges may be considered to belong
to the other subspecies, which has been called Pituophis sayi
bellona or Pituophis catenifer deserticola, properly to be
known as Pituophis catenifer annectens (Baird & Girard).

The typical specimens of Pituophis catenifer catenifer with
fewer than 220 gastrosteges are from northern California and
western Oregon. Specimens of Pituophis catenifer annectens
with more than 231 gastrosteges have been found only in
southern California, northern Lower California, Arizona,
Nevada, and Utah.

A large number of specimens have gastrostege counts vary-
ing from 220 to 231. Most of these are from central Cali-
fornia and the San Diegan Fauna. They represent geographic
intergradation and, to some extent, the extremes of individual
variation. A majority of the specimens with 220 to 225 gas-
trosteges are from the more northern localities and may be
referred to Pituophts catenifer catenifer. Most of those hay-
ing counts of 226 to 231 gastrosteges are from the range of
Pituophis catenifer annectens, and may be so called.

On the accompanying map specimens having from 200 to
220 gastrosteges are indicated by round spots; those having
from 231 to 263 by square spots; those with 221 to 225 by
half-round spots; and those with from 226 to 230 gastrosteges

202 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser.

by half squares. This serves to bring out quite clearly the
fact that the variation is largely geographic.

The localities arranged according to the number of gastro-
steges in specimens which represent them are as follows:

200 Gastrosteges

Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara County’
Corralitos, Santa Cruz County

209
Inverness, Marin County
San Juan, San Benito County
Callahan, Siskiyou County
Roseburg, Douglas County, Oregon

210

Goose Lake Meadows, Modoc County
Napa, Napa County
Pismo, San Luis Obispo County

211
Lagunitas, Marin County
Edna, San Luis Obispo County
Camas Mountains, Douglas County, Oregon
Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara County

212

Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara County
Palo Alto, Santa Clara County
Palo Alto, Santa Clara County
Palo Alto, Santa Clara County

213

Berkeley, Alameda County
Berkeley, Alameda County
Berkeley, Alameda County
Palo Alto, Santa Clara County
Duncan Mills, Sonoma County

1 All localities in California unless otherwise stated.

Vor. IX] VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN—GOPHER-SNAKES 203

214

Carmel, Monterey County
San Francisco
Palo Alto, Santa Clara County

215

Point Reyes Station, Marin County
Mailliard, Marin County
Manzanita, Marin County

Sugar Hill, Modoc County

Palo Alto, Santa Clara County
Palo Alto, Santa Clara County
Palo Alto, Santa Clara County
Tehama, Tehama County

216

Berkeley, Alameda County

Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa County

San Pablo Valley, Contra Costa County
San Anselmo, Marin County.

Carmel, Monterey County

San Juan, San Benito County

Fort Jones, Siskiyou County

217

Madera, Madera County

San Anselmo, Marin County

Palo Alto, Santa Clara County

Palo Alto, Santa Clara County

Monte Rio, Sonoma County

Charter Oak, Los Angeles County

Cold Water Canyon, Los Angeles County

218

Walnut Creek, Contra Costa County
Coulterville, Mariposa County
Carmel, Monterey County

Coburn, Monterey County

204 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Paoc. 47m Ser.

Coyote, Santa Clara County
Palo Alto, Santa Clara County
Palo Alto, Santa Clara County
San Jose, Santa Clara County
San Diego County

219

Berkeley, Alameda County
Winslow, Glen County

Middletown, Lake County

Los Banos, Merced County

Carmel, Monterey County

Welby, Monterey County

Lander, Placer County

Soquel, Santa Cruz County

Grand Island Landing, Yolo County

220

Fyffe, El Dorado County

Vicinity of Alturas, Modoc County
Warner Mountains, Modoc County
Bradley, Monterey County

Tracy, San Joaquin County

Palo Alto, Santa Clara County

San Jacinto, Riverside County

San Jacinto, Riverside County

221”

Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa County
Clovis, Fresno County

Tracy, San Joaquin County
Coyote Creek, Santa Clara County
Buddha Canyon, Solano County

222

Fyffe, El Dorado County
Indian Creek, San Luis Obispo County
San Juan River, San Luis Obispo County

Vou. IX] VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN—GOPHER-SNAKES 205

Palo Alto, Santa Clara County

Palo Alto, Santa Clara County

Palo Alto, Santa Clara County

San Jacinto, Riverside County

Ontario, San Bernardino County
Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego County

223

Butte Creek, Butte County
Garberville, Humboldt County
Pleasant Valley, Mariposa County
Canby, Modoc County

Carmel, Monterey County

Salinas River, San Luis Obispo County
Palo Alto, Santa Clara County

Palo Alto, Santa Clara County
Sunnyvale, Santa Clara County

Yolla Bolly Mountain, Trinity County
Tehachapi Mountains, Kern County
Sierra Madre, Los Angeles County
Cahuilla Valley, San Diego County
Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah

224

Fruto, Glen County

Winslow, Glen County
Kelseyville, Lake County

Willits, Mendocino County
Tracy, San Joaquin County
Indian Creek, San Luis Obispo County
Pismo, San Luis Obispo County
Alma, Santa Clara County

Los Gatos, Santa Clara County
Palo Alto, Santa Clara County
Buttonwillow, Kern County

San Jacinto, Riverside County
Agua Caliente, San Diego County
Campo, San Diego County
Campo, San Diego County

206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Sre.

225

Near Gridley, Butte County

Contra Costa, Contra Costa County
Welby, Monterey County

Palo Alto, Santa Clara County
Palo Alto, Santa Clara County
Palo Alto, Santa Clara County
Soquel, Santa Cruz County

Colton, Riverside County

San Jacinto, Riverside County
Campo, San Diego County

226

Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa County

Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa County
Kelseyville, Lake County

Snelling, Merced County

Carmel, Monterey County

Coburn, Monterey County

Metz, Monterey County

Palo Alto, Santa Clara County

Santa Cruz River, Pima County, Arizona
Tehachapi Mountains, Kern County

San Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County
San Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County
San Bernardino Mountains, Riverside County
Campo, San Diego County

Campo, San Diego County

Campo, San Diego County

Pine Creek, Ventura County

227

Dunlaps, Fresno County

Vicinity of Kinsley, Mariposa County
Sierra Madre, Los Angeles County

San Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County
Campo,.San Diego County

Campo, San Diego County

Vor. IX] VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN—GOPHER-SNAKES

Julian, San Diego County

, San Diego County

Warner Pass, San Diego County

Virgin River, Humboldt County, Nevada
Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah

228

San Miguel, San Luis Obispo County
Pasadena, Los Angeles County

San Jacinto, Riverside County

San Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County
Shandon, San Luis Obispo County
Simmler, San Luis Obispo County
Campo, San Diego County

Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah
Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah
Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah

229

Coulterville, Mariposa County

Palo Alto, Santa Clara County
Ensenada, Lower California

South Coronado Island, Lower California
Bakersfield, Kern County

Sierra Madre, Los Angeles County
Sierra Madre, Los Angeles County
Campo, San Diego County

Campo, San Diego County

, San Diego County

230

Antioch, Contra Costa County
Soledad, Monterey County
Palo Alto, Santa Clara County
Middletown, Lake County
Pasadena, Los Angeles County
San Jacinto, Riverside County

208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser

Poso, San Luis Obispo County
Campo, San Diego County

Campo, San Diego County

Campo, San Diego County

Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah
Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah

231

Riverton, El Dorado County

Los Banos, Merced County

South Coronado Island, Lower California
San Jacinto, Riverside County

San Jacinto, Riverside County

Simmler, San Luis Obispo County
Campo, San Diego County

Campo, San Diego County

Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah
Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah
Wallula, Walla Walla County, Washington

232

Fort Lowell, Pima County, Arizona

Delano, Kern County

Hesperia, San Bernardino County

Carson, Ormsby County, Nevada

Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah

Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah ‘

233

Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona
La Crescenta, Los Angeles County

Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles County

Benton, Mono County

Campo, San Diego County

Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah

Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah

Boise, Ada County, Idaho

Vor. IX) VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN—GOPHER-SNAKES 209

234

Ontario, San Bernardino County

Virgin Valley, Humboldt County, Nevada
Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah
Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah
Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah

235

Cave Creek, Maricopa County, Arizona
Agua Caliente, San Diego County
Campo, San Diego County

Campo, San Diego County

236

San Martin Island, Lower California
Isabella, Kern County
Campo, San Diego County

, San Diego County
Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah
Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah
Boise, Ada County, Idaho

237

Cave Creek, Maricopa County, Arizona

Santa Cruz River, Pima County, Arizona
Bakersfield, Kern County

Sierra Madre, Los Angeles County

Palo Prieto Canyon, San Luis Obispo County
Campo, San Diego County

Campo, San Diego County

Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah
Wasatch Mountains, Wasatch County, Utah

238

Fort Lowell, Pima County, Arizona
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County
Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah

210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah
Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah
Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah
Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah

239

Campo, San Diego County

Carlin, Elko County, Nevada

Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah
240

Campo, San Diego County
Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah

241

Victorville, San Bernardino County
Thompson, Grand County, Utah

242
Thousand Creek Flat, Humboldt County, Nevada
Pyramid Lake, Washoe County, Nevada

243

San Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County
Mecca, Riverside County
Pine Forest Mountains, Humboldt County, Nevada

244

Walker Pass, Kern County

Blue Lakes, Twin Falls County, Idaho

Nixon, Washoe County, Nevada

Pyramid Lake, Washoe County, Nevada
245

Cave Creek, Maricopa County, Arizona

246

Palmetto Mountains, Esmeralda County, Nevada
Pine Forest Mountains, Humboldt County, Nevada

Vor. IX] VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN—GOPHER-SNAKES 211

247
Silsbee, Imperial County

250

Colorado River, Mojave County, Arizona
Benton, Mono County

252
Mecca, Riverside County

258

Yuma, Yuma County, Arizona

263

Mecca, Riverside County

The complete scale-counts together with the lists of locali-
ties where the specimens examined by us were secured are
given below under the names of the subspecies to which we
have referred the specimens. As we already have said, many
of these specimens are from the region of geographical inter-
gradation and some are so intermediate in character that their
reference to one or the other subspecies is largely a matter of
convenience.

Pituophis catenifer catenifer (Blainville)

Specimens from 78 localities have been studied by us. They
represent 29 counties of northern and central California and
two of southwestern Oregon.

Berkeley, Alameda County, California
Butte Creek, Butte County, California
Antioch, Contra Costa County, California
Contra Costa, Contra Costa County, California
Moraga Valley, Contra Costa County, California
S. W. Side Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa County, California
San Pablo Valley, Contra Costa County, California

8. Two miles east of Walnut Creek, Contra Costa County,
California

Dee NS

N

posa
26
27,

28.
29.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES | Proc. 47H See

. Fyffe, El Dorado County, California

. Riverton, El Dorado County, California
. Clovis, Fresno County, California

. Dunlaps, Fresno County, California

Fruto, Glen County California
Winslow, Glen County, California

. Garberville, Humboldt County, California
. Kelseyville, Lake County, California

. Lower Lake, Lake County, California

. Madera, Madera County, California

. Inverness, Marin County, California

. Lagunitas, Marin County, California

. Mailliard, Marin County, California

. Manzanita, Marin County, California

. San Anselmo. Marin County, California
. Coulterville, Mariposa County, California
. Between Kinsley and Maculey’s Stage Station, Mari-

County, California
Pleasant Valley, Mariposa County, California
Los Bafios, Merced County, California
Snelling, Merced County, California
Between Alturas and Davis Creek, Modoc County,

California

30.
Sit
32°

Goose Lake Meadows, Modoc County, California
Sugar Hill, Modoc County, California
Dry Creek, Warner Mountains, Modoc County, Cali-

fornia

ga:
34.
Sa
36.
oy.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.

Bradley, Monterey County, California

Carmel, Monterey County, California

Coburn, Monterey County, California

Metz, Monterey County, California

Soledad, Monterey County, California

Welby, Monterey County, California

Napa, Napa County, California

Lander, near Colfax, Placer County, California
San Juan, San Benito County, California

San Francisco, San Francisco County, California
Tracy, San Joaquin County, California (four mi. west)
Edna, San Luis Obispo County, California

Indian Creek, San Luis Obispo County, California

Vor. IX]

406.
47.

VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN—GOPHER-SNAKES 213

Pizmo, San Luis Obispo County, California
Source of Salinas River, San Luis Obispo County,

California

48.
49,

mui
So

tn

Con ume tan

D
S

61.
62.

63.

tn tn
OANA MNF WNH

San Juan River, San Luis Obispo County, California
San Miguel, San Luis Obispo County California
Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara County, California
Alma, Santa Clara County, California

Coyote, Santa Clara County, California

Coyote Creek, Santa Clara County, California

Los Gatos, Santa Clara County, California

Palo Alto, Santa Clara County, California

San Jose, Santa Clara County, California

Stanford University, Santa Clara County, California
Sunnyvale, Santa Clara County, California
Corralitos, Santa Cruz County, California

Soquel, Santa Cruz County, California

Callahan, Siskiyou County, California

Ft. Jones, Siskiyou County, California ;
Buddha Canyon, Solano County, California (N. W.

Corner).

64.
65.
66.
67.
. Yolla Bolly Mountain, Trinity County, California
. Grand Island Landing, Yolo County, California |

O
Ne)

SORTS NON
RON S

fornia
FAY,
76.

Duncan Mills, Sonoma County, California
Guerneville, Sonoma County, California
Monte Rio, Sonoma County, California
Tehama, Tehama County, California

Camas Mountains, Douglas County, Oregon

Roseburg, Douglas County, Oregon

Klamath Falls, Klamath County, Oregon

East side Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa County, California
Between Live Oak and Gridley, Butte County, Cali-

Canby, Modoc County, California
Ten miles south from Willits, Mendocino County,

California

Vek
78.

Middletown, Lake County, California
Point Reyes Station, Marin County, California

The full scale-counts are as follows:

214

Number | Sex} Rows

C1589
C2314
C2434
C1626
C848
C4012
43452
C849
43519
C4019
C4018
C5614
C4017
$5631
$5633
39637
27333
C6264
C4016
C4015
C4014
$4220
$1697
$1741
30888
41670
C5285
27326
C975
C4845
C5283
C5282
C5883
C5884
C5885
C5886
41699
C3608
C5595
C2080
C2081
C2082
C2083
43377
13766
13767
13768
13769
13770
17858
43375
43376
43321
43322
43379
43373
43374
C4312
$6500
43412
39261
43521
43522
C2759
43274
43418
43419
43364
43365
43413
43414
43382

YOYOYW WY YY 119 10 910 1 0B 119 10 1010 9,0,9, 10109, 9,10 10108 10 10.9, FF 10 1099, 1010109 10.9 9 10 10 109, 1000

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Scale counts in Pituophis catenifer catenifer

Scale | Gastro-| Uro-
steges | labials

steges

Supra-

8—8

Infra-
labials

Pre-

oculars | oculars | Loreals

(Proc. 4TH Ser.

Post-

Tem-
porals

Local-
ity

SSID De Gi ee et ee

10

Vor. IX] VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN—GOPHER-SNAKES 215

Scale counts in Pituophis catenifer catenifer—Continued

Scale |Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- Infra- Pre- Post- Tem. | Local-
Number | Sex | Rows | steges | steges | labials labials oculars | oculars | Loreals | porals ity
36120 foi 29 212 70c 8—8 13—13 1—1 4—4 1—1 3—3 50
36121 2 29 200 54c 9—9 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 3—4 50
45131 J Stl 211 71c 9—10: 12—12 1—1 4—4 1—1 3—4 wa
C6166 2 33 224 62c 8—8 12—12 i—1 3—3 i—1 2—2 S1
43434 fo 31 218 75c 8—8 13—13 1—1 3—4 1—1 4—4 52
$1165 fou 31 221 69c 8—8 1413 2—2 3—3 1i—1 3—4 53
40413 2 33 224 63c 9—8 13—13 2—2 3—3 1—1 4—3 54
$4026 oy 33 215 68c 8—8 13—14 2—2 4—3 i—1 Sie 29
$1799 fou 31 216 69c 8—8 13—13 2—2 4—3 1—4 4—3 55
$1798 oy 31 218 70c 9—9 12—13 2—2 4—4 i=—1 4—4 25)
$1808 fou 31 215 61c 8—9 13—13 2—2 3—3 1—1 4—4 55
$4017 2 31 212 59c 8—8 11—12 1—1 3—3 1—1 3—3 55
$1150 +] 33 214 Tic 8—9 12—12 2—2 3—3 1—1 3—3 55
41667 a 33 218 73c 9—8 13—14 2—2 3—3 1—1 3—3 56
$1119 2 31 229 60c 9—9 12—13 2—2 4-—3 1—1 3—4 57
$1118 fog 31 215 73c 8—8 12—12 2—2 35) i—1 3—3 57
$1773 2 33 224 53c 8—9 A — 11 Jae 3—3 1—1 3—3 57
$1168 2 33 225 61c 8—8 13—13, 2—2 cs 1—1 4—4 57
$1117 2 33 226 6lc 8—8 12—11 2—2 3—4 11 4—5 57
$5806 2 33 230 56c 8—8 12-12 Pp es) 1—1 4—4 57
$1749 2 33 223 63c 9—9 4—13: 2—2 3—3 it i) oT,
$1748 fou 31 220 66c 8—8 13—11 2—2 ime) 1i—1 3—2 57
$1752 (ex 31 217 74c 8—8 12—12 2—2 3—3 1—1 4—3 57
$7195 2 33 225 60c 10—10 13—12 oo 3—3 1 4—5 a7
$1167 2 31 222 58c 9—9 13—12 I} 3—3 pl 3—4 oi:
$4042 fou 31 223 72c 8—8 12—13 2—1 Sis) i—1 3—3 57
$4047 fog 33 217 68c 8—8 13—13 11 3—3 Lt 3—3 57
$4044 2 31 225 69c 8—8 13—13 Pimms Sa) ofl 4—4 57
$4045 fo 34 218 59c 8—8 12—13 22 33 if —al 3—4 57
$4043 fog 31 222 64c 8—8 11—12 2—1 ooo) 11 3—4 57
$1747 2 31 222 62c 8—8 13—12 at 4—4 1—1 4—4 AYE
$1171 fou 31 220 67¢c 8—8 13—13 Porm 33 1—1 3—3 57
$1169 fou 33 212 Tic 8—9 13—13 2—2) 4—4 1—1 4—4 57
$1751 ie} 31 213 56c 9—9 12 At 2—2 3—3 i—1i 4—4 57
41671 a 31 212 72c 8—9 12—11 Ds) 3—3 1i—1 3—4 a,
43440 ou 31 223 67c 8—8 13—12 12 335, il 4—4 58
$4092 fo) 33 207 69c 8—8 12—12 2—2 3—3 1—1 4—4 59
$1681 fo 31 225 73c at) 12—12 2—2 3—3 1—1 3—3 60
$1772 fo 31 219 67¢c 8—8 12—13 2—2 33 i—1 3—3 60
36061 ou 31 209 76c 8—8 10—10 2—2 33) 1—1 4—4 61
$1740 fou 31 216 62c 9—8 12—13 2—2 3—3 1—1 4—4 62
43523 2 31 221 65c 8—9 13—13 2—2 3—4 1—1 3—3 63
27942 ol 29 213 74c 9—9 11—11 2—2 3—3 1—1 4—4 64
C4911 ee! 31 212 72c 9-—8 12—12 1—2 3—3 ial 5—4 65
C4131 2 31 217 62c 8—9 12—12 2—2 3—3 i—1 4—4 66
C4013 fof 29 215 Hic 9—8 13—13 2—2 3—3 i—1 4—4 67
C5284 2 31 223 68c 8—9 14—13 2—2 3—3 i—1 4—4 68
C4011 ou 29 219 73c 8—8 12—12 2—2 4—5 1—1 4—6 69
29492 a 31 211 75c 8—8 11—11 2—2 3—4 11 4—4 70
$4062 a 29 209 70c 8—7 114 —11 2—2 3—3 1—1 4—4 71
20413 2 31 210+| 56c 8—8 12—X 2——2 3—3 1-—1 4—4 72
44194 2 31 226 58c 9—9 13—13 2—-2: 4—3 1—1 4—4 73
44161 2 31 225 60c 8—8 13—13 2-2 3—3 i—1 0) 74
44241 io} 31 223 65c 9—8 13—13 2—2 3—3 1—1 JS) 75
44943 fe} 33 224 65c 8—8 13—13 2——2, 3—3 LI 4—4 76
45119 fou 31 216 33 8—7 13—13 2—2 3—3 1—1 3—3 41
45120 to} 31 230 64c 8—8 13—13 2—2 3—3 i—1 4—4 77
45121 2 31 219 62c 9—8 13—14 2—2 3—4 I—1 4—4 77
45127 a 31 215 72c 8—8 13—13 2—2 3—3 i—i 4—4 78

216 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 41H Ser.

Pituophis catenifer annectens (Baird & Girard)

To this name we refer specimens from 60 localities in
Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, eastern Washington,
and ten counties in southern California

. Ensenada, Lower California, Mexico
San Martin Island, Lower California, Mexico
South Coronado Island, Lower California, Mexico
Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona
. Cave Creek, Maricopa County, Arizona
. Colorado River, above Bill Williams River, Mohave
County, Arizona
7. Ft. Lowell, Pima County, Arizona
8. Santa Cruz River, Pima County, Arizona
9. Yuma, Yuma County, Arizona
10. Silsbee, Imperial County, California
11. Bakersfield, Kern County, California (eight mi. N. F.).
12. Buttonwillow, Kern County, California
13. Delano, Kern County, California
14. Isabella, Kern County, California
15. Tehachapi Mountains, Kern County, California
16. Walker Pass, Kern County, California
17. Charter Oak, Los Angeles County, California
18. Cold Water Canyon, Los Angeles County, California
19. La Crescenta, Los Angeles County, California
20. Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles County, California
21. Pasadena, Los Angeles County, California
22. Sierra Madre, Los Angeles County, California
23. Benton, Mono County, California
24. Colton, Riverside County, California
25. San Jacinto, Riverside County, California
26. San Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County, California
27. Mecca, Riverside County, California
28. Riverside, Riverside County, California
29. San Bernardino Mts., Riverside County, California
30. Hesperia, San Bernardino County, California
31. Ontario, San Bernardino County, California
32. Victorville, San Bernardino County, California
33. Palo Prieto Canyon, San Luis Obispo County, Cali-
fornia

DANRWN Ss

Vo. IX]

The

VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN—GOPHER-SNAKES 217

. Pozo, San Luis Obispo County, California

. Shandon, San Luis Obispo County, California

. Simmler, San Luis Obispo County, California

. Agua Caliente, San Diego County, California

. Cahuilla Valley, San Diego County, California

. Campo, San Diego County, California

. Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego County, California
. Julian, San Diego County, California

. San Diego County, California

. Warner Pass, San Diego County, California

. Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County, California
. Pine Creek, Ventura County, California

. Blue Lakes, Twin Falls County, Idaho

. Carlin, Elko County, Nevada

. Palmetto Mountains, Esmeralda County, Nevada

Big Creek, Pine Forest Mountains, Humboldt County,

. Thousand Creek Flat, Humboldt County, Nevada
. Virgin Valley, Humboldt County, Nevada

. Austin, Lander County, Nevada

. Carson, Ormsby County, Nevada

. Nixon, Washoe County, Nevada

. Pyramid Lake, Washoe County, Nevada

. Thompson, Grand County, Utah

. Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah

. Wasatch Mountains, Wasatch County, Utah
. Wallula, Walla Walla County, Washington

. Boise, Ada County, Idaho

full scale-counts are as follows:

218

Number

Sex | Rows

WWAYODYAW 1001 1 1110, YW AWWA 19.99. 19 10 1A 10 1040.9 10. 10109, 9, 101010910 109, 10109, 10,1010 10,0,

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Scale counts in Pituophis catenifer annectens

Scale | Gastro-| Uro-

steges

steges

Supra-
labials

Infra-
labials

13—14
13—13
12—12
13—13
13—14
14—14
12—12
12—12
12—12
X—12
13—13
13—13
12—12
13—13
12—12
13—13
13—13
12—12
13—13
13—13
13—12
13—13
13—12
13—12
14—13
11—11
13—13
11—13
13—13
13—11
13—13
13—13
13—13
12—13
13—13
13—13
12—i12
13—13
13—13
12—12
13—13
13—13
13—13
11—10
13—13
12—12
14—13
12—14
13—13
13—12
12—13
13—13
12—12
12—12
12—12
13—13
13—13
13—13
14—13
13—13
12—12
13—13
13—14
14—14
13—13
14—12
12—12
12—12
12—13
13—14
11—12
14—14

Pre-

oculars} oculars | Loreals

Post-

{Proc. 4ru Ser.

Tem-
porals

10

Vor. IX]

VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN—GOPHER-SNAKES

Scale counts in Pituophis catenifer annectens—Continued

219

OWS

33

233 63c 8—8 12—11 2—1 4—3 1—1 4—4 60
236 64c 8—8 12—12 4 3—3 1—1 Ano) 60

Scale | Gastro-

steges

231
239
237
224
240
231
236
227
229
226
225
230
237
230
227
235
228
230
224
235
222
227
229
227
236
218
227
238
226

246
243
246
242

244
242

236
238
240

233
228

228
238

Uro-
steges

77c
71c
70c
7T1c

Supra- Infra- Pre- Post- Tem-
labials labials oculars | oculars | Loreals porals
9—9 14—14 2—2 4—3 1i—1 3—5
o—9) 13—13 2—2 3—3 1—1 3—4
9—8 14—13 2—2 3—3 1—1 4—4
8—8 12—12 1—1 4—3 1—1 3—4
8—8 13—13 1—1 3—3 1—1 4—5
8—8 13—13 1—1 3—3 1—1 3—4
8—8 12—13 1—1 3—3 1—1 4—5
8—8 14—13 1-1 3—3 1—1 2—3
9—8 14—15 2—2) 5s—4 1—1 4—4
8—8 12—13 1—1 3—3 1—1 2—4
8—8 13—13 2—2 3—3 i—1 4—4
8—8 12—12 2—2 4—4 I—1 4—4
8—8 13—13 2—2 4—4 1—1 4—4
9—8 13—13 1—2 4—4 1—1 4—5
8—9 13—13 2—2 3—3 1—1 4—5
8—8 13—14 2—2 3—3 i—1 3—5
8—8 14—14 1—1 3—4 1—_1 3—3
8—8 12—13 1—1 3—3 i—1 3—4
8—8 14—13 94 4—3 1—1 4—4
9—9 13—13 2—2 4—4 1—1 3-0
9—9 13—13 1—1 3—4 1—1 4—4
9—9 13—13 2—1 3—2 1—1 3—3
8—8s 13—14 2—2 3—3 1—1 3—3
9—8 13—13 2—2 3—4 1—1 3—3
9—9 12—12 1—1 2—4 1—1 2—2
8—9 13—13 2—2 4—4 1—1 3—3
9—8 13—13 2—2 3—3 1—1 4—4
8—8 13—13 2—2 3—3 1—1 4—4
8—8 13—13 2—2 3—3 1—1 4—4
8—8 12—12 1—1 4—3 1—1 a)
8—8 13—13 2—2 3—3 I—1 35
9=—0) 14—13 2—2 3—3 1—1 4—4
8—8 11—12 2—2 3—3 1—1 3—3
8—8 12—12 2—2 3—3 i—1 4—4
8—8 13—13 2—2 3—4 1—1 6—3
9—9 13—13 2—?: 4—4 1—1 6—6
8—8 13—13 2—2 3—3 1—1 3—4
8—8 13—13 1—1 2—2 1—1 4—4
8—8 12—13 2—2 3—3 1—1 4—4
9—9 14—13 2—2 3—3 1—1 4—4
8—8s 13—13 759) 3—3 1—1 3—4
8—8 14—12 1—1 3—3 1—1 3—3
8—8 12—12 2—2 4—4 1—1 4—4
8—8 13—14 1—1 3—3 1—_1 4—5
8—8 13—13 1—1 3—3 1—1 3—5
8—8 13—12 1i—1 3—3 1—1 3—4
8—8 X—12 1—1 3—3 1—1 4—4
9—8 12—12 i—1 3—3 1—1 4—X
9—9 13—13 1—1 2—2 1—1 3—4
9—9 13—13 1—1 2—2 1—1 4—4
8—8 12—13 1—1 2—3 1—1 4—4
9—8 12—12 i—1 2—2 1—1 4—4
8—8 12—13 1—1 3—3 1—1 3—4
8—9 11—12 2—2 3—3 1—1 3—4
9—9 13—13 1—1 2—2 1—1 3—4
8—8 13—13 1—1 2—2 1—1 4—5
8—8 12—X I—t 2—2 1—1 4——5'
X—X X—X RN eee | Sey apne
8—8 11—11 1—1 2—2 1—1 3—3
X—X X—X 2 DG | 29, <I |p, =o lt Eg
X—X X—X RX XX XE | x
8—8 13—13 1—1 3—3 1—1 4—4
9—X 13—X 1—1 3—3 i—1 2—3
8—9 12—13 1—1 2—2 1—1 3—4
8—8 13—13 1—1 3—3 1—1 3—4
9—9 13—13 1—1 3—3 1—1 3—4
9—9 12—12 1—1 2—2 1—_1 4—4
8—8 13—12 1—1 2—2 1—1 3—4
X—X X—X Nae | sey
x—} X—X X—X | X—xX | X—x | x_x
8—9 11—11 2—2 3—3 1—1 3—4
8—8 11—11 2—2 3—3 1—_1 J-—3

Local-
ity

39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39

220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Szr.

Pituophis vertebralis ( Blainville)

We now have at hand no specimens of this gopher-snake.
Its range seems to be restricted to the Cape Region of Lower
California. It agrees with Pituophis catenifer annectens in
the number of its gastrosteges. The large amount of red in
its coloration enables one to distinguish it readily from both
subspecies of Pituophis catenifer. That it also seems to have
a larger number of scale-rows is shown by the counts re-
printed below.

Scale counts in Pituophis vertebralis

Scale | Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- Infra- Pre- Post-

Specimen Rows | steges | steges | labials labials oculars | oculars | Loreals
VPS. cals bale 245 64 Apsa || acsnte 2 3 2
Cal. Acad. Sci.... 239 64 8—9 13—13 2—2 3
=e ae Ee ean 243 67 9—9 12—12 2—2 3—3
pe > 234 65 9—9 12—12 2—2 3—3
ee 5 251 60 9—9 13—13 2—2 3—3
= oe “ 245 61 9—10 13—13 2—2 3-3
se = F 233 63 o—9 12—12 2—2 3—3
a8 Me r 243 62 10—9 12—12 i—1 3—3
COMO: slareicielerm siureie 247 61 9—9 12—12 2—2 33
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baird, S. F., and Girard, Charles.
1852. Stansbury’s Expl. Great Salt Lake, Appendix C—Reptiles,
p. 350.
1853. ‘Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the
Smithsonian Institution. Part I. Serpents, p. 69.
Blainville, H. D. de.
1835. Description de quelque espéces de Reptiles de la ‘Californie.
Nouv. Ann. du Mus. Paris, IV, 1835, pp. 1-64, pls. 24-27.

Cope, E. D.
1860. Proceedings Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 1860,
p. 342.
1875. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 1, 1875,
pp. 39, 92.
Daudin, F.

1803. Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles, 1803, Vol. 6, p. 409.
Duméril, A., et Bibron, G.
1854. Erpétology Générale, Vol. 7, p. 238.
Hallowell, E.
1853. Proceedings Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol.
6, p. 236.
Holbrook, J. E.
1842. North American Herpetology, Second Edition, Vol. 4, p. 7.
Stejneger, L.
1893. North American Fauna, No. 7, p. 206.

4s)

'
——
4
i
fy
fo

i>
~*~

AS

Pituophis catenifer catenifer (Blainville).
graph of living adult male, C. A. S. No. 36061,

Fork

of
t

Scott

May 21, 1913.

DENBURGH & SLE\

Coast Gopher-Snake. Photo
from Wild Cat Creek, South

River, near Callahan, Siskiyou County,

California, taken

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX [VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN ] Plate 12

Figure 1—Pituophis catenifer catenifer (Blainville). Coast Gopher-
Snake. Photograph of living young specimen from Santa Cruz Island,
California.

Figure 2.—Pituophis catenifer annectens (Baird & Girard). Desert
Gopher-Snake. Photograph of living adult male from Provo Canyon,
Wasatch Mountains, Wasatch County, Utah.

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtH SERIES

Vor. IX, No. 7, pp. 221-255, pls. 14-19 Aucust 26, 1919

VII

NEW OREGON DIPTERA

BY
F, R. COLE
U.S. Bureau of Entomology
AND
A. Lo LOVETT
Oregon Agricultural College

The authors have a List of the Diptera of Oregon about com-
pleted and the following descriptions are published in order
that the names of the species may be included in the List.
Many other species new to science were collected in Oregon,
some of which will be described by specialists in various groups.
In many cases there was insufficient material on which to base
a species with certainty, a large part of the collecting having
been done in the past two years. We have included in this
paper the descriptions of three new anthomyiids and a new
chironomid for which Mr. J. R. Malloch has furnished the
manuscript.

Two of the new syrphids described by Prof. Lovett were
collected in the state of Washington but will no doubt be found
south of its boundaries. One syrphid is redescribed.

It often happens that a species is described from one sex and
if the other sex is found later by some other collector there may

August 26, 1919

222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser,

be some confusion as to its identity. The sexes are in some
cases quite different and the allotype is almost as important as
the type. In this paper four allotypes are described in order to
establish the species more firmly. One merely adds to the con-
fusion by describing a new species from female specimens only
in such a group as the asilid genus Cyrtopogon, and there are
many such groups in the diptera.

1. Platyura nigra Cole, new species
(Plate 14, fig. 1)

Male: Length 5.5 mm. Head, antenne and palpi black; pile black;
thorax and pleura black with black pile; scutellum black; abdomen entirely
black with short reclinate black pile; genitalia black, with black pile;
halteres black.

‘Coxe black with black pile; femora and tibie yellowish, the tarsi blackish
brown; costal region yellowish, the center of wing grayish hyaline, the
posterior margin and apical fourth pale-infuscated; veins of wing brown;
subcostal vein ending in costa proximad of base ‘of radial sector; Rats
ending in costa distad of end of Rs, and almost perpendicular to other
radial vein. The coalesced part of the media is slightly greater than the
petiole. Subcostal cross-vein absent.

Holotype (No. 463), female, collected at Forest Grove,
Oregon, May 20, 1918 (F. R. Cole), in the Museum of the
California Academy of Sciences.

This species will run to melasoma Loew in Johannsen’s table
of species in ““Mycetophilide of North America.” The wing
differs, however, and there is no yellow color on the thorax.

2. Dziedzickia immaculata Cole, new species
(Plate 14, fig. 2)

Male: Length 4 mm. Head black. Antenne blackish, the first two
segments yellowish; mesonotum black with yellowish pile; humeri yellow-
ish; scutellum black; pleura black; ‘hhalteres yellow.

Abdomen blackish with pale yellowish pile; posterior margins of second,
third and fourth ventral segments yellowish, the color extending up on
dorsum but faintly; genitalia black with blackish pile.

Coxz yellow, the two hind pair faintly infuscated; femora yellow; tibie
brownish yellow, the tarsi darker; tibial spurs yellowish; wings grayish
hyaline; radial veins blackish and heavier than others. Subcosta ending in
the first radial vein slightly beyond middle of small cell. Petiole of cell
M; about twice as long as R-M cross-vein. Cubitus forks shortly before
the R-M cross-vein.

Vor. IX] COLE & LOVETT—NEW OREGON DIPTERA 223

Holotype (No. 464), collected at Forest Grove, Oregon,
May 2, 1918 (F. R. Cole), in museum of the California
Academy of Sciences.

Paratype in the author’s collection, taken at the same time.

This species would run to Degiedzickia, new species, in
Johannsen’s table of species. It is very probably a different
form, however, as that species was from New Hampshire.

3. Dziedzickia oregona Cole, new species
(Plate 14, fig. 3)

Male: Length 4.5 mm. General color blackish; head black, the palpi
black; antennez blackish brown, the second joint short and yellow; thorax
black, faintly gray pollinose; pile along sides of mesonotum long and
yellow; three lines of pile on dorsum; some long black pile above wings
and on scutellum, together with yellow pile; pleura black; halteres yellow,
the knobs black.

‘Abdomen black with pale yellow pile; venter black; genitalia black; front
coxe yellow, the two hind pair infuscated; femora yellow, the tibiz brown-
ish yellow; tarsi blackish; tibial spurs bright yellow.

Wings grayish hyaline, slightly darker in the costal region; radial veins
heavier and blackish; subcostal vein ending in first radial vein a little
before middle of small cell, which is twice as long as wide; petiole of media
about twice as long as R-M cross-vein; cubitus forked far before R-M
cross-vein,

Holotype (No. 465), collected at Forest Grove, February 10,
1919 (F. R. Cole), in Museum of the California Academy of
Sciences.

Paratype in author’s collection, taken at the same time.
Differs from immaculata in the longer cell R, and in the black
knob of the halteres, etc.

4. Stratiomyia atra Cole, new species
(Plate 14, fig. 4)

_Male: Length 12 mm. A black, rather thickly pilose species of medium
size. Antenne of normal length and black. Face black; frontal and vertical
triangle black; black pile around base of antenne; occiput reddish yellow
on sides, black above and below with black pile; a yellow mark on each
side of facial prominence (PI. 14, fig. 4a) on which is some yellow pile.

Thorax black, rather thickly black pilose, the pile having a deceptive
yellowish appearance in strong light; pleura and pectus black and black
pilose; knobs of halteres greenish white; scutellum black, the margin
broadly reddish yellow with reddish, blunt spines (PI. 14, fig. 4b).

Abdomen black and black pilose; flat above with dorsal yellow marks
narrow and confined to lateral margins much as in S. meigenii. The marks

224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Ser.

on the fourth segment greatly reduced; fifth segment with a rather narrow
yellow triangle (Pl. 14, fig. 4); venter black, thickly black pilose with
rather narrow clay yellow posterior borders.

Femora black; tibia and tarsi reddish, the tibiae darkened near middle
above; pile of femora black, that on tibie and tarsi short and reddish;
wings infuscated, the veins brown.

Holotype (No. 466), male, collected at Empire, Oregon,

June 27, 1916, in Museum of the California Academy of
Sciences.

Specimens from Empire and South Inlet, Coos County, June
27, 1916. (Miss Rhodes, collector.) Several specimens were
bred from barnyard manure. Some of the pupz are in vials of
alcohol in the Corvallis Agricultural College Collection.

This species is very near barbata Lw. but the yellow abdom-
inal markings are very much smaller, wings more deeply in-
fuscated, occiput black above, etc.

5. Eclimus celer Cole, new species

Male: Length 12 mm. Body entirely black; face shining black with
black pile; pile of occiput white, that beneath head black; third antennal
joint narrow, slightly longer than first; the first two joints black pilose;
proboscis scarcely twice the length of the head; palpi slender, shorter than
the antenne.

Thorax and scutellum shining black; dorsum of thorax muricate and
covered with short, rather curly white pile which gives the thorax a marked
gray appearance to tthe naked eye; pleura shining, sparsely black pilose;
knob of halteres black, the stem paler.

Abdomen dull black, with peculiar little dents on the dorsum; a pair on
each side and a widely separated pair anterior to these, one on each side;
these little line-like impressions absent on the first and last segments; the
pile on the first five segments white, on the last segments black; venter
with black pile. On the posterior margins of the first five segments there
is a fringe of more reclinate white pile.

Legs black, the anterior four femora with sparse black pile below; hind
femora with four small bristles below on the outer half; wings infuscated,
blackish along the costal margin, the anal cell paler, the axillary cell
almost hyaline; wing very similar to that of E. magnus, the darkened in-
dentation above the anterior cross-vein being present; wing glossy and
shining as in E. magnus.

Holotype (No. 467), male, collected at Parkdale, Ore.,
June 18, 1917 (F. R. Cole), in the Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences.

Paratype in the author’s collection, taken at the same time.

The head of this species is very similar to that of E. magnus
(Fig. 5a).

Vor. IX] COLE & LOVETT—NEW OREGON DIPTERA 225

6. Eclimus magnus O. S.
(Plate 14, figs. 5, 5a)

Male: Length 15 mm. Very similar to the female. Pile of the occiput
black, as is the pile on antenne and beneath the head.

Thorax black and muricate; the pile on dorsum and on pleura black;
scutellum with longer black pile on surface.

Abdomen rather long and slender and clothed with short black pile;
posterior margin of the first segment with a conspicuous fringe of white
pile; a very narrow fringe on segments two, three, four and five; rest of
abdomen, including genitalia, black pilose.

The black pile on the coxe is longer and thicker than on the femora.
The wings are as in the female, except for the strong denticulations on the
costa (Fig. 5). Above the anterior cross-vein the membrane appears to
be bent inward; this hollow is darkened.

Allotype (No. 468), male, collected at Joseph, Oregon, in
Museum of the California Academy of Sciences.

The female was described by Osten Sacken in “Western
Diptera,” from a specimen taken on Vancouver Island.

There are five males in the author’s collection, taken at For-
est Grove, from June 3 to June 18, 1918. One is only 8 mm.
in length. A female was taken at Parkdale, Ore., June 18,
1917 (Cole).

7. Bombylius silvus Cole, new species
(Plate 14, fig. 6)

Female: Length 8.5 mm. Frons and occiput gray black, face obscure
brown; mystax thin and mixed black and yellowish; antenne black, the
first two joints with black pile and together scarcely more than one-half
as long as third; a black stripe from antenna to eye (Fig. 6); frons with
sparse golden tomentum; occiput with yellow tomentum and an unusual
fringe of black bristly pile on the line of the ocellar bristles, present in
some other diptera; head below with white pile; proboscis a little more
than three times the length of the head.

Thorax and scutellum black, semi-shining, with a metallic blue lustre,
and clothed rather densely with a fur-like blackish brown pile which in
certain lights appears yellowish; thorax and scutellum with some golden
tomentum above; the gray black pleura obscured by white pile; some brown
pile under the wing; stem of halteres brown, the knob whitish.

Abdomen black with black pile most of which is longer and more bristly
than that on the thorax; sides of second, third and fourth segments with
finer brownish black pile; a median dorsal line of white tomentose spots
on segments two to six, quite noticeable on the dark background; on each
side of these spots there is some short yellowish pile; last abdominal seg-
ment with some yellow tomentum above; venter black, clothed mostly with
white pile.

Femora and tibie reddish, with whitish tomentum; tarsi blackish, knees
black; wings gray, the costal region darker from base to tip of costal cell,
this darker region with a brownish tinge. Wings rather long and narrow.

226 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4tw Ser.

A single female specimen collected at Parkdale June 18,
1917, by the author, at an altitude of about 3500 feet in a pine
forest.

We know of no species which could be easily confused with
this one; it appears to be quite distinct. It is nearer to B. lanci-
fer than to any other species.

Holotype (No. 518), female, in Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences.

8. Bombylius aurifer pendens Cole, new subspecies
(Plate 14, fig. 7)

Male: Length 5 to 8 mm. Body black, covered with long dense pile
which varies from golden yellow to a silvery white; face and frontal
triangle gray; epistoma with long white pile reaching down over the oral
margin; frontal triangle with short appressed white pile; beard and pile
of occiput white; antenne black, third joint about twice the length of the
first two (Fig. 7) ; proboscis about 2'%4 times the length of the head.

Thorax deep black with sparse yellow tomentum; pile of anterior part a
silvery white, on the sides golden yellow; scutellum with long golden
yellow pile and sparse yellow tomentum; pleura gray with white pile;
halteres yellow.

Abdomen gray-black with long yellow pile, darker near the base; a
small tuft of black pile on the anterior lateral margins of the third and
fourth segments.

Middle and front femora black with fine hairs below, the hind pair
black at base with a double row of spines below and a number above on
the outer third; tibia reddish, the tarsi darker, blackish toward the tip;
femora and tibie thickly covered with whitish scales; proximal part of
wings reddish brown, the color reaching a little beyond the tip of the first
vein and the anterior cross-vein; the remainder of the wing gray hyaline.

Female: Very nearly like male. Pile paler and the occiput densely
clothed with white tomentum; third antennal joint slightly thicker. Some
black pile above on mystax; frons covered with shining yellow tomentum
and with some erect yellow pile; pile of occiput more yellowish; brown of
proximal part of wings paler and not defined as in the ¢. There is some
variation in the pile and coloring.

Holotype (No. 469), male, and allotype (No. 470), female,
in Museum of California Academy of Sciences, collected at
Hood River, Oregon, June 18, 1917 (F. R. Cole).

Described from 6 é 4 and 3 ? 2 collected by the senior
author in June at Parkdale, Dee and Hood River, all in the
Hood River Valley, Oregon.

9, Anthrax macula Cole, new species
(Plate 15, fig. 8)

Frons black semi-shining, with a dent in the center; face reddish with
silvery tomentum and white pile; occiput black; frons with yellow and

Vor. IX] COLE & LOVETT—NEW OREGON DIPTERA 227

silvery tomentum; occiput with silvery tomentum; oral margin narrowly
black; basal joints of antenne red with black pile, the third joint black
and evenly pointed.

Thorax shining brownish-black with white and some yellow tomentum;
yellow pile in front and white on sides and on scutellum; scutellum except
base brownish red; spines whitish; pile of pleura and pectus white; hal-
teres brown with a yellow knob.

Abdomen black with black and white tomentum; white pile on sides of
first and second segments; reddish spot on sides of second segment; black
pile on lateral margins of third segment, posterior margin of second,
lateral margin of fourth and fifth and most of sixth; base of third and
fourth segments with band of white tomentum broadly interrupted in the
middle, the second segment with a narrower cross-band; all of the seg-
ments with black tomentum; some tomentum on fifth and sixth segments
appearing brassy yellow in certain lights; seventh segment thickly covered
with white tomentum and with long black pile; venter black with white
tomentum, posterior margins of segments narrowly reddish.

Legs with femora above, apex of tibia and the tarsi blackish; tomentum
of legs silvery white, the spines black; front claws minute, the tibie
without spines; wings hyaline and blackish brown, the color not quite
reaching end of first vein and running from there in a jagged line back
to apex of the anal cell; hyaline spots on cross-veins and elsewhere as
shown in Fig. 8. This species runs in Coquillet’s table to fenestratoides
Coq. and is close to that species.

Holotype, male (No. 519), and allotype, female (No. 520),
Dallas, Ore., July (Moznette, coll.), in the Museum of the
California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes in author’s collec-
tion, from Hemiston, Ore., Sept. 14, 1918 (Reeher, coll.).

10. Spogostylum argentatum Cole, new species
(Plate 15, fig. 9)

Male: Face, frons and occiput dull black with a grayish tinge, clothed
i aoe black pile; the antennz black with a short styliform portion

ig. 9a).

Thorax dull gray-black with black pile and tomentum; pleura of like
color and black pilose; halteres brown, the tips paler or whitish; squamze
wae with a white fringe; scutellum blackish gray with black tomentum
and pile.

Abdomen black, semi-shining, with black pile and tomentum; sides of
first segment with white pile, which runs up on dorsum for some distance,
and a spot of silvery tomentum at the incisure; second and third segments
with a corresponding silvery spot and an additional pair each side of
median line with perhaps a few scales between; last two abdominal seg-
ments of male, except a median stripe, clothed with appressed silvery
scales which are smooth andi catch the light like burnished silver.

Legs black with fine short black bristles; coxze with some whitish tomen-
tum; basal half of wing opaque brownish black, the color reaching to the
end of costal cell and from there in a jagged line through the end of the
anal and axillary cells (Fig. 9).

Female: Resembles the male. Frons broader; lacking the silvery tip
to the abdomen; anterior lateral margin of last segment with a few silvery
scales; tip of abdomen with fringe of dense pale brown pile which curves
inward around the ovipositor.

228 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41% Sex.

Holotype (No. 471), male, and allotype (No. 472), female,
collected at Hood River, Oregon, July 5, 1917, and June 20,
1917 (F. R. Cole), in the Museum of the California Academy
of Sciences.

Paratypes in the author’s collection, from Hood River.

11. Leptomydas pantherinus Gerst.
(Plate 15, fig. 10)

The male of this species has never been described. Osten
Sacken described the female in “Western Diptera’ and a num-
ber of specimens taken at Hood River seem to agree very well
with the description. The species is variable in color and
extent of the markings.

Male: Length 11 mm. Head black. Frons excavated, sides of frons,
occiput, face and cheeks with bushy bright yellow pile. Antenne varied in
color, in some specimens almost all black, usually first two joints reddish.
First joint about twice the length of the second, the third more than three
times the length of the first two; terminal club about equal to rest of
antenne and coarctate on first third of its length; proboscis brown.

Thorax jet black, shining on sides and in front of scutellum; scutellum
very small and shining black; a fan-shaped tuft of yellow pile on sides of
thorax; two longitudinal stripes of short yellow pile on dorsum, a yellow
tuft in front of scutellum and on each side (Fig. 10) ; pleura shining black;
a yellow tuft of pile beneath wings and on each side of halteres; halteres
black.

Abdomen yellow with anterior margin of segments black; the markings
vary somewhat, lateral margin black in varying degrees; pile of abdomen
short and sparse, longer on first segment; some short black pile on the
black abdominal markings; genitalia reddish yellow.

Legs yellow with short yellow spines and pile; hind femora broadly
blackish above almost to apex; middle and front coxe mostly yellow, the
hind ones black; four strong spines beneath apical half of hind femora;
wings mostly hyaline, yellowish along veins and anterior margin; veins
yellowish; venation normal (Fig. 10); twelve specimens collected at Hood
River, Ore., July 7, 1917 (I. R. Cole).

Female: Basal joints of antenne with yellow pile; facial callosity yel-
lowish; thorax reddish in ground color, an indistinct black mark on each
side on dorsum, and one in front of scutellum; upper pleura, humeral calli
and margin of scutellum yellow; prothorax yellowish; venter yellow, the
base of segments 2, 3 and 4 narrowly black; first segment of abdomen with
a yellow spot on the posterior lateral margin. Length 21.5 mm.

Osten Sacken’s description in “Western Diptera,” translated
from the original, is a very good one.

Allotype (No. 473), male, in Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences.

Vor. IX] COLE & LOVETT—NEW OREGON DIPTERA 229

12. Leptogaster aridus Cole, new species

Male: Length 9 mm. Face and mystax white; frons and occiput gray
pollinose; bristles of upper occiput black, below with sparse white hairs;
proboscis black; first antennal joint black, second yellowish, third brown
with an arista longer than the joint itself.

Thorax gray pollinose, the ground color black; two rather obscure
brownish dorsal lines, and a brown spot on either side; humeri yellow,
bristles of thorax black; scutellum black, gray pollinose; the pre-scutellar
callosities yellowish; stem of halteres pale yellow, knob blackish.

Ground color of abdomen dark brown; abdomen very slender, second
segment longest; the second, third and fourth segments cylindrical; pos-
terior margins of second to fifth yellow; legs yellow; the swollen part of
the ‘hind femora, distal half of hind tibia and last four joints of tarsi
brown; hind tarsi much darker than others; claws black; empodia present;
wings hyaline, the anal and posterior cells all wide open. Wings reach to
middle of fifth segment of abdomen.

Female: Similar to male. Marks on dorsum of thorax more distinct;
the two median stripes not reaching the scutellum; abdomen darker, a
little heavier, the yellow posterior margins obscured by gray pollen; small,
distinct black dots near the anterior margin of the abdominal segments;
no yellow on fifth segment.

Holotype (No. 474), male, from Hood River, Ore., July,
1917 (L. Childs), and allotype (No. 475), female, from
Forest Grove, Oregon, July 12, 1918 (F. R. Cole), in the
Museum of the California Academy of Sciences.

Paratypes in the author’s collection, taken at Forest Grove
in July.

This species would run to flavipes in Back’s table of species,
in his Monograph. The bristles of the occiput are black, how-
ever, only the second antennal joint is yellow and the abdomen
is marked differently.

13. Lasiopogon cinereus Cole, new species

(Plate 15, fig. 11)

_ Male: Length 8 mm. Head black, gray pollinose, except a faint yellow-
ish tinge on upper occiput; mystax, and hairs of frons, antennz and upper
occiput black; a few white hairs on side of mouth opening; pile of lower
occiput and proboscis white; antennze black, the third joint slightly longer
than first two; pointed style about as long as first joint.

Thorax black, gray pollinose, with a faint yellowish, narrow median
stripe and a heavy brown stripe on either side, diverging anteriorly and
expanded at the end; scutellum with black upcurved hairs; pile and bristles
of thoracic dorsum black; bristles in front of wings and halteres black;
pile of pleura white; halteres yellowish, the knob brown.

Abdomen black, densely gray-pollinose, except on the genitalia; a large
blackish brown, semi-shining spot on base of each segment, leaving only
the lateral and posterior margins gray-pollinose; these spots rounded pos-
teriorly; first four segments with rather long white pile; the pile of the
other segments black and shorter, that on the genitalia black and heavier;
a conspicuous tuft of black hair on the dorsum of the genitalia just behind
the seventh segment (Fig. lla).

230 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47m Ser.

Legs black, gray-pollinose, with black bristles; coxe and femora with
white pile; wings very faintly infuscated; anterior cross-vein slightly be-
fore the middle of the discal cell.

Female: Very similar to the male. There is a faint brown line above
the dorso-pleural suture and some black pile on the posterior margin of
the second, third and fourth abdominal segments; eighth segment black
with some red on the genitalia; the circlet of blunt bristles black. Geni-
talia peculiar in shape (Fig. 11b).

Holotype (No. 476), male, collected at Hood River, Ore.,
Sept. 24, 1918 (F. R. Cole), and allotype (No. 477), female,
taken at Hood River, Oregon, July 28, 1917 (F. R. Cole), in
the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences.

Paratypes from Corvallis and Parkdale, Oregon, in the
author’s collection.

This species is very near opaculus but differs in having dis-
tinct thoracic stripes and also in the abdominal markings.

14. Dioctria vertebrata Cole, new species
(Plate 16, fig. 12)

Female: Length 5.5 mm. Head, antenne, proboscis and palpi black; pile
of antenne brown; face densely pollinose, golden above, silvery below;
mystax consisting of a few whitish hairs; occiput and frons shining black;
antennal protuberance prominent; antenne quite long as in some of the
European species; third joint flattened.

Thorax and pleura shining black; the metanotum, a line from root of
wing to humeral callosity, and dividing line between meso- and ptero-
pleura silvery pollinose; scutellum black with short golden pile; two lines
of thin golden pile on dorsum of thorax; halteres yellow.

Abdomen black and yellow banded, almost bare; first segment black,
second black at base and on posterior margin; third and fourth yellow
with a broad black band across the middle; fifth, sixth and seventh black
with narrow yellow posterior margins; venter yellowish.

Legs including cox yellow, with yellow bristles and pile; coxe silvery-
pollinose; claws except base, black; last tarsal joint brown; wings rather
long and slender as shown in figure; veins black; membrane hyaline; costal
margin with fine, short pile.

Holotype (No. 478), female, collected at Parkdale, Ore.,
July 12, 1917 (Cole), in the Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences.

This species is nearest rubida Coq., but differs in having
yellow coxe and tarsi, hyaline wings, etc.

15. Cyrtopogon auratus Cole, new species
(Plate 16, fig. 13)

Male: Length 11 mm. Black; face gray-pollinose, the frons yellowish
gray; Oral margin with black hairs, the mystax above it thick and golden

Vor. IX] COLE & LOVETT—NEW OREGON DIPTERA 231

yellow; beard and pile of lower occiput white; upper occiput and frons
with black pile, long on the frons; third antennal joint orange-yellow, the
style black and about one-fourth as long as the third joint; first two an-
tennal segments with black pile.

Thorax gray-pollinose with a median geminate stripe; a round black
spot on each side at about the middle; a spot over the humeri that shows
dark in certain lights; scutellum rounded and polished black, with long
black pile ; thorax quite thickly covered with black pile about as long as the
first two antennal joints; pleura, front cox and the outside of the two
hind pair thickly gray-white pollinose; pile in front of halteres mostly
black; halteres yellow; pre-scutellar callosities and a small space before
the scutellum shining black.

Abdomen shining black with tufts of golden pile on the segments (Fig.
13); second, third and fourth segments with posterior silvery pollinose
bands, wider in the middle; the silvery posterior margin wider on the sec-
ond segment, and the golden pile on the dorsum shorter than on third
and fourth; fifth and sixth segments short, polished blue-black as are the
genitalia, with short black pile; venter black, thinly covered with rather
long golden pile.

Femora black; front tibiz and tarsi yellow, paler than others, with a few
white spines; legs with black bristles, very dense on the hind tibie. Front
tibie and tarsi short golden pilose behind. Wings grayish hyaline, the
cross veins faintly infuscated.

—

Holotype (No. 479). male, Joseph, Ore., no other data, in
Museum of California Academy of Sciences.

This species is near aurifex and pulcher and the male will
run to this group in Back’s table of species (Trans. Am. Ent.
Soc) xcxxv, p. 261).

16. Cyrtopogon anomalus Cole, new species

(Plate 16, fig. 14)

Male: Length 11 mm. Head black in ground color, concealed by dense
gray pollen, silvery in certain lights. Face not projecting (Fig. 14c) ;
antenne black; third joint pointed, arista two-jointed; hair and bristles of
head white; some blackish hairs on oral margin; pile of face very thick
and quite long.

Thorax black, the ground color concealed by pollen; dorsum with brown
pollen above, gray around margins; a median dark double stripe reaching
beyond suture; dark indistinct marks on each side; dorsum with mixed
brown and black pile and bristles, whitish posteriorly; scutellum gray-
pollinose with long white bristles, mostly on border; hair on dorsum; all
the pile of pleura white; knob of halteres yellow, the stem blackish; pleura
silvery gray-pollinose.

Abdomen very broad for this genus, narrowed somewhat at the base
and apex; gray-pollinose; dorsum of abdomen largely shining black; a
basal mark on all segments, reaching nearly to lateral margin on segments
4, 5 and 6, and leaving only a narrow posterior margin of pollen on 4 and
5; genitalia black, shining; pile on first three abdominal segments white,
on remaining segments, and genitalia golden yellow; venter gray pollinose;
white pile on basal half, golden on apical half.

Femora black except extreme base, which is yellow. Base of front tibize
and basal half of two hind pair yellow; tarsi blackish except base; bristles

232 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41m Sen.

of legs reddish; femora white pilose, which is long below; four anterior
tibia with white pile and long white hairs; all tarsi, front tibi# and apex
of hind tibiz with short golden pile; wings gray-hyaline with black veins.

Female: Length 12 mm. Pile of face and frons sparse and shorter;
ocellar bristles brown; pollen of thoracic dorsum more golden brown; two
median dorsal gray lines; a bare brown spot near humeri, more noticeable
than in male; abdomen much longer and more slender; pile much shorter
and entirely white; segments beyond fifth shining black; a narrow brown
posterior margin to sixth and seventh segments; a circlet of stub-like
spines at tip of ovipositor.

Holotype (No. 480), male, and allotype (No. 481), female,

collected at Hood River, Ore., June 13, 1917 (F. R. Cole), in
Museum of California Academy of Sciences.

Paratypes in the author’s collection taken at Forest Grove in
July and August. This species is near the genus Heteropogon
in general appearance. All specimens were taken near water,
those at Forest Grove alighting on drift wood and sticks along
a small creek.

17. Cyrtopogon nebulo O. S.
(Plate 16, fig. 15)

The male of this species has never been described and some
of the characters are given below.

Male: Differs in a few respects from the female. Besides the spines,
some of the hairs are brown at the base and white at the tips, as they are in
the female; pile of the abdomen longer, white on the first, second, and base
of third segment; rest of abdominal pile brownish black with white tips in
certain lights; short golden pile on apical half of front and hind tibie and
inner side of front and hind tarsi, a character some other species have.
The genitalia are not of the typical form in this genus, quite densely covered
with brown and black bristly hairs and pile.

Wings infuscated but there are several hyaline spots and streaks in addi-
tion to the brown clouds; costa armed with short, thickly set, curved
bristles or hairs; this costal fringe very noticeable, that part on the basal
two-thirds of the wing being about as long as the second antennal joint.

Allotype (No. 482), male, in the Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences, obtained in the subalpine regions on Mt.
Jefferson, July 25, 1909 (J. C. Bridwell).

A female collected at Horse Lake, July 25, 1909 (J. C.
Bridwell), has the antennal style a trifle shorter than the third
segment. The second vein in one wing has an adventitious
anterior branch near the tip and a stump of a vein just before
it. Inner side of the hind tibiz and tarsi with short golden
pile. The margin of scutellum golden pollinose.

Vor. IX] COLE & LOVETT—NEW OREGON DIPTERA 233

This species is better placed in Cyrtopogon, with which it has
several characters in common, but it might well be made the
type of a new genus. Osten Sacken noticed that the female
was not typical and the male has characters that separate it
more definitely. The fringe on the costa of the wing is not
found on any of the other species of Cyrtopogon known to us,
and the antenne are more like those of Heteropogon.

18. Cyrtopogon infuscatus Cole, new species

(Plate 17, fig. 16)

Male: Length 10 mm. Head, antenne, proboscis and palpi black; head
silvery gray-pollinose; frons with long erect black pile; facial callosity
very large, bulging from oral margin to base of antenne; clothed with
long white pile; pile of occiput mostly white, that on lower corners of face
and lower occiput black.

Thorax and scutellum black, thickly gray-pollinose; some black pile in
front of wings; pile of pleura white, including metapleural tuft; dorsum
with sparse black pile and black bristles; scutellum with long fine black
bristles, hair-like and up-curving; halteres with black stem and yellow
knob.

Abdomen blue-black with white pile, much longer on sides of first three
segments; sides of first segment and posterior lateral margins of second
to fifth white pollinose; sixth and seventh pollinose except a dorsal
triangle; genitalia black, gray-pollinose and short black pilose.

Legs entirely black; femora and tibie with rather long white pile and
black bristles; short golden pile beneath tarsi, on tips of hind tibie and on
all but base of front tibia; a large part of the wing infuscated (Fig. 16a).

Holotype (No. 483), male, collected at Pamelia Lake on
Mt. Jefferson, altitude 3,000 feet, July 12, 1907 (J. C. Brid-
well), in the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences.

This species is very near evidens and rejectus, differing from
the former in the white pile of the face and in the extent of the
pollinose crossbands on the abdomen. It may prove to be the
male of rejectus O. S.

19. Cyrtopogon perspicax Cole, new species

Male: Length 10mm. Black, thickly pilose species; third antennal joint
red; scutellum convex and shining.

Head black, thinly grayish yellow pollinose; mystax thick and black, the
pile reaching to base of antenne; pile in middle of frons whitish, that of
upper occiput black; first two antennal joints black, the second yellow at
tip, third reddish yellow except extreme apex; style about one-third length
of third joint; beard and pile on proboscis white.

Thorax black, brown pollinose, lighter in some places than others and
forming a peculiar cross-shaped design on the dorsum, outlined behind by
whitish pollen; scutellum and pre-scutellar callosities shining black, the

234 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H SER.

scutellar pile long and up-curved; thorax with long, black erect pile;
pleura light brownish pollinose, the three long tufts of black pile curled at
the tip; halteres brown with a yellowish knob.

Abdomen shining black, almost bare of pile above; long black pile on
the sides of the abdomen arranged in tufts; pile of venter long and black;
the white pollinose fasci# on the posterior margins of the second, third,
fourth and fifth segments widely interrupted in the middle; genitalia much
larger than the last segment, black, with black pile.

Femora and knees black; coxe and basal half of femora beneath long
golden yellow pilose; tibia and tarsi brownish red, the last tarsal segment
and most of the preceding one black; pulvilli white, the claws black; pile
of apical half of femora, pile and spines of tibie and tarsi black; tarsi
not ornamented except for short silvery pile beneath on hind pair; front
tarsi much longer than the others, the first two joints as long as the entire
middle tarsi. Wings grayish hyaline; a narrow brown cloud runs from end
of first vein along base of third to anterior cross-vein and along cross-veins
closing discal, fourth and fifth posterior cells; a pale cloud on veins at
distal end of discal cell; anterior cross-vein a little distad of end of first
vein, near base of discal cell.

Female: Very similar to male. There is some white pile on face beneath
antenne and some, mixed with black pile, on femora; front tarsi much
shorter and heavier than in male, about same length as others; no silvery
pile beneath on hind tarsi; pile of the hind tibia white above and black
below; some white pile above on middle tibie; the interrupted pollinose
fasciz much wider and with white pile on them; rest of pile on abdomen
black, except at posterior angles of first segment, and much shorter and
thinner than in male, decreasing in length toward the tip.

Holotype (No. 484), male, collected at Hood River, Oregon,
May 15, 1917 (F. R. Cole), and allotype (No. 485), female,
taken by the senior author at the same place May 29, 1917, in
the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences.

Paratypes in the author’s collection, taken at Hood River,
Oregon, in June.

This species is in the group having the third antennal joint
red and with a convex, shining scutellum. It would run to
aurifex in Back’s table of species, given in his Monograph, but
has no fulvous hair on the abdomen; the tibiz are all red, etc.

20. Cyrtopogon princeps O. S.

The holotype is a single male from Webber Lake, Sierra
Nevada Mts., California. Back, in his Monograph, mentions
no other specimens. The description of the female is therefore
given.

Female: Length about 12.55 mm. The frons and face with gray bloom,
the pile as in male; thorax mostly brownish, the markings not distinct but
outlined posteriorly with whitish bloom.

Abdomen polished black but the pollinose cross-bands differ. Segments
two to five with the usual posterior cross-bands of gray-white pollen.
Scarcely any pile on abdomen except on the basal two segments.

4

Vor. IX] COLE & LOVETT—NEW OREGON DIPTERA 235

Legs all black; front tarsi normal in length and with short black pile;
hind tibia with the silvery white pile as in male, but no such pile on the
tarsi; claws and pulvilli as in male.

Allotype (No. 486), female, collected at Mackenzie Ridge,
Ore., altitude 6,000 feet, August 1, 1909, in the Museum of
the California Academy of Sciences.

There are several males from the sub-alpine region on Mt.
Jefferson, collected by J. C. Bridwell, and now in the Oregon
Agricultural College Collection. One female from Horse Lake,
altitude 6,000 feet, July 25, 1909.

21. Metapogon setigerum Cole, new species

(Plate 17, fig. 17)

Male: Length 85 mm. Black, largely covered with gray and silvery
pollen; base of wings white, the apical half brown; face and frons gray
pollinose with a peculiar olive tinge, especially on the frons; four strong
ocellar bristles. A few weak small bristles in center of frons, stronger
along sides; face with numerous strong black bristles in place of the usual
pile, reaching from oral margin almost to base of antenne; antennz black,
the second joint slightly larger than first, the third a little longer than the
first two taken together; one bristle beneath second antennal joint, two
strong bristles beneath first: bristles of upper occiput strong, and black,
the pile of occiput and beard white ; occiput gray-pollinose, yellowish above.

Thorax and pleura almost entirely pruinose, with a yellowish tinge in
places; median geminate stripe gray, more or less well defined; inside of
the humeri, on each side of the median stripe, is a faint brown spot; four
strong dorsocentrals, two small humerals, and three bristles above the
pleural suture in a triangle: most of the metapleural tuft black; scutellum
pruinose above with two strong apical bristles; knob of halteres yellow,
the base pale brown; dorsum of thorax destitute of pile; with only a few
scattered minute bristles; in front of the scutellum is a spot appearing
black in certain lights; spines and pile on cox whitish; sternopleura with
a large spot destitute of pollen.

Abdomen black, semi-shining; the posterior margins of segments two to
six widely pruinose; sides of first segment pruinose; posterior half of fifth
segment pruinose with a median wedge running to anterior margin. Sixth
segment pruinose except base. Posterior margin of seventh segment
brownish pruinose; the pollen on five and six with a brownish tinge;
dorsum of abdomen with sparse, short black pile; genitalia black with
black pile; white bristles and pile on sides of first segment; venter black
with pruinose posterior margins on segments.

Legs black with black spines and claws; pulvilli dark gray; pile of legs
sparse, short and black, that beneath tips of hind tibie golden brown and
reclinate. In certain lights this same type of pile can be seen beneath the
fore tibie and metatarsi. Basal half of wings milk white, the veins yellow
on basal third; apical portion of wing infuscated, with black veins; anterior
cross-vein in middle of discal cell.

Female: Similar to above. Dersum of thorax marked with brown;
median geminate stripe brown; a long brown spot on either side of this,
merging more or less anteriorly; pruinose posterior margin of segments
interrupted in the middle; seventh segment with no pruinose marks, those

236 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tm Ser.

on sixth small; wings hyaline, the apical third faintly infuscated ; the veins
pale at wing-base but no striking white color in this section of the wing
membrane.

Holotype (No. 487), male, and allotype (No. 488), female,
in the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences, both
taken at Dee, in the Hood River Valley, Oregon, August 1,
1917, by L. Childs.

Paratypes in the collections of L. Childs, Corvallis Agricul-
tural College, and in the author’s collection. A series of nine
females and three males were taken by L. Childs at Dee, Ore-
gon. Other specimens from Joseph, Ore.; Mt. Jefferson, July
15, 1907 (Bridwell) ; Sherwood, Ore., July 29.

This species might be made the type of a new genus. The
mystax is composed of strong bristles, and in the typical Weta-
pogon it is composed chiefly of fine pile. The head is hardly as
wide as the typical form, and the face more widened below.
The thorax is not highly arched, but more like that of
Lestomyia.

22. Cophura cyrtopogona Cole, new species
(Plate 18, fig. 19)

Male: Length 6 mm. Wholly black; most of pile and spines white;
frons thinly gray-pollinose and with sparse white pile; ocellar tubercle with
white pile and several slender white bristles; face white-pollinose and with
long white pile reaching to base of antenne; a few black hairs on oral
margin; face gently and evenly convex, the oral margin retreating; occiput
white pollinose and pilose; very little pollen on vertex; pile under the head
white; proboscis and palpi rather small; antenne black, the basal segments
with white hairs and spines below; third segment not much longer than
basal ones, the style about as long as the second segment and terminating
in a fine bristle (Fig. 19).

Thorax, pleura and cox silvery gray-pollinose; thoracic dorsum mostly
covered with a brown design, resembling that on some species of Cyrto-
pogon; posterior portion of dorsum and thin median line semi-shining ;
pile brown in the middle, white in front and behind; pile of pleura white,
including tuft in front of the yellow halteres; scutellum thinly white-pol-
linose above, with the apical margin shining and a marginal row of hair-
like, white, upcurving bristles; some white pile on dorsum of scutellum.

Abdomen polished blue-black, almost bare above and sparsely pilose on
sides, except the longer white pile on segments one and two; sides of first
segment silvery pollinose; a silvery pollinose spot on posterior angles of
segments two to six, very small on the sixth; genitalia polished black with
sparse white pile.

Legs black, with white pile; underside of front two pair of tibie short
golden pilose; spines of legs mixed white and yellow, those beneath fore
tarsi deep yellow; fore tibie with a terminal claw-like spur; claws black
except at extreme base; femora with long but sparse white pile below;

Vor. IX) COLE & LOVETT—NEW OREGON DIPTERA 237

wings hyaline, in certain lights with strong prismatic colors on the mem-
brane; anterior cross-vein near the middle of the discal cell, slightly
proximad.

Female: Similar to male. Pollen on frons and face more brown in color,
the pile and spines blackish and brown instead of white; spines and pile
beneath basal joints of antenne black; thorax almost all brown pollinose
the brownish tinge reaching down on pleura; silvery pollinose spots on the
posterior angles of the abdominal segments larger than in male. Segments
six and seven wholly polished black.

Holotype (No. 489), male, and allotype (No. 490), female,
in Museum of California Academy of Sciences, both collected
at Dee, in the Hood River Valley, Oregon, August 1, 1917, by
Leroy Childs.

This species is placed in Cophura because there is no other
genus to which it can better be referred. It differs from any
of the varied species that make up this group.

23. Chrysoceria pollenia Cole, new species
(Plate 17, fig. 18)

Male: Length 11.5 mm. Antennz, palpi and proboscis black; head
golden yellow pollinose, dense on frons and face; mystax golden, ocellar
bristles yellow; thair and bristles on occiput yellowish white; hair on an-
tenne brown.

Thorax shining black, densely covered with golden yellow pollen; median
dorsal black stripe reaching to scutellum, divided by a narrow yellow line
(Fig. 18); pile and bristles of thorax yellow; two large black spots on
either side of median stripe, divided at suture; a smaller black spot outside
these, back of humeral callosities; scutellum densely golden pollinose ;
nae polished black below scutellum, golden at sides; halteres
yellow.

Abdomen black in ground color, golden pollinose, with pale yellow hair;
base of segments black; genitalia black, with yellow pile.

Femora shining black; tibiz yellow with black tips; tarsal segments, ex-
cept base, black; coxe golden tomentose with yellow pile; most of the
bristles and spines on the legs yellow, the heavier spines at tips of tarsal
ae black; wings yellowish hyaline; costal cell and base of marginal
yellow.

Female: Length 15 mm. Similar to the male. Basal black bands on ab-
dominal segments broader; last two segments shining, the sixth black, the
seventh brown; antenne black; the golden hair on face reaching almost to
antenne.

Holotype (No. 491), male, collected at Hood River, Sept.
24,1917 (F. R. Cole), and allotype (No. 492), female, from
Mackenzie Ridge, 6,000 feet, August 1, 1909 (Bridwell), in
Museum of the California Academy of Sciences.

This species is very near C. pictitarsis Bigot, but the femora
are black and the median thoracic stripe is scarcely separated.

238 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47m Ser.

Dr. Back in his Monograph mentions a female from Wyoming
in the Williston Collection which has black femora, and the
last two abdominal segments black. ‘Were several more
specimens taken like the Wyoming one, and showed no varia-
tion, I should be inclined to believe them a new species.”

24. Agathomyia lutea Cole, new species

(Plate 18, fig. 20)

Female: Length about 3.75 mm. General body color dull yellow; head
black, the frons and occiput thickly gray-pollinose; bristles black; first two
antennal joints yellow, the third brown, with an apical, hair-like arista, about
as long as rest of antenna; palpi and proboscis yellow; face black dusted
with gray.

Thorax dull yellow, with black bristles which are quite conspicuous; last
three bristles in dorsocentral row much longer than others; center row of
bristles running to a little beyond middle; the row on each side curving
out and down to the humeri. Just above the notapleural suture are five
strong bristles; scutellum yellow; halteres yellow.

Abdomen yellow; pile of first two segments longer and yellowish; some
black pile on dorsum of second segment; rest of pile on abdomen short and
black; tip of abdomen brownish yellow.

Foo yellow, with short black hairs; wings hyaline and rather long
ig. :

Holotype (No. 493), female, from Parkdale, Ore., Sept. 5.
1917 (F. R. Cole), in Museum of California Academy of
Sciences.

This species will run to fulva Johns. in Johnson’s table (in
Psyche, Vol. XXIII, p. 27). We have a specimen of fulva
which is bright orange in color, occiput more velvety black,
thinly pruinose, and bristling of the thorax slightly different.
This specimen is only 2.5 mm. in length.

25. Chilosia ferruginea Lovett, new species

Eyes elongate black pilose; face but slightly concave, pro-
duced, tubercle reduced ; body and legs with long dense brown
pile. Length 11 mm.

Male: Face black sub-shining with rather sparse almost microscopic
reddish brown (brown-ochre) pile; eye-margins with mixed brown and
black moderately elongate pile; brown pile extending down to the black,
sub-opaque cheeks and around occiput to vertex; at base of eye a small
triangular reddish brown spot; frontal triangle swollen, with median
groove, sub-shining, black with elongate brown pile; vertical triangle opaque
black, ocelli red, pile moderately sparse, elongate brown; antennal prom-

Vor. IX] COLE & LOVETT—NEW OREGON DIPTERA 239

inence produced, face practically straight, considerably produced, tubercle
small, obtuse, located about three-fifths of distance from base of antenne
to oral margin, in profile below base of eye. At base of antenne below,
at margin of eye and at base of antennal prominence are small triangular
spots of greyish pollen; antenne short, first two joints shining brownish
black, third rounded, reddish brown, lighter at base and covered with
sparse greyish pollen; arista black, practically bare, thickened for one-third
its length; basal joint distinct.

Thorax and scutellum shining black with brassy reflections; covered
throughout with elongate, moderately dense, brown pile, longer at margin
of scutellum, on pleura mixed with black; entirely free of bristle-like hairs.

Abdomen blue-black with cobalt reflections, opaque black on disc; covered
throughout with elongate pile similar to thorax.

Legs black, knees and proximal third of tibiz brown or yellow, base of
all femora with elongate brown pile, apical two-thirds of front, half of
middle and tip of hind femora with elongate coarse black pile; under sur-
face of hind femur with moderately dense, elongate spine-like black hairs ;
tibie and tarsi with golden pile; wings smoky throughout; veins dark,
brown at base; squamz smoky white with margin of dense golden pile;
halteres with dark knobs.

Holotype (No. 494), male, in Museum of California
Academy of Sciences, collected at Corvallis, Ore., April 14,
1917, by W. J. Chamberlin.

Twelve specimens of this species, collected from Hoquiam
and Satsop, Wash., April 29 to May 20, 1914, by Burke, were
observed in the National Museum.

This species is near C. lasiophthalma, but is markedly dif-
ferent. It more nearly approaches C. grossa but varies in the
pile and legs. The elongate brown pile of the head and body
and elongate black pile of the eyes are characteristic.

26. Chilosia nigrovittata Lovett, new species

Eyes moderately elongate, brown pilose; face but slightly
concave, tubercle reduced ; body covered with moderately long
brown and yellow pile; across dorsum of thorax with well
defined band of black pile. Length 10.5 mm.

Male: Face not produced, very slightly concave to the small obtuse
tubercle, with a short shallow concavity before oral margin; cheeks shining
black with sparse yellowish brown pile extending around occiput to vertex;
frontal and vertical triangles black, swollen, with coarse black pile; frontal
triangle with median groove and with fine yellow pile about margin;
antenne brownish black, third joint orbicular, greyish shading to dull
reddish below; arista black almost to base, thickened on basal fifth; face
shining black, bare; eye margins sparsely yellow pilose; greyish pollen be-
low the antennal prominence connected briefly with similar triangular
areas at eye margins.

Thorax and scutellum black, subshining; extreme front of humeral angle
with spot of grey pollen; a triangle on dorsum of thorax in front and the

240 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4tu Ser.

hind margin and scutellum with elongate yellow pile; across middle of
dorsum, as a black band, and extending forward to the humeral angle the
pile is moderately elongate, black, blending into the yellow by a margin of
brown ; post-alar callosities with black bristly pile.

Abdomen black, subopaque on disc of first three segments; fourth seg-
ment and margin of fifth subshining blue-black; pile throughout moder-
ately long, brown; legs black, knees and proximal third of tibiz brown;
pile black, mixed slightly with yellow on front and middle tibia; wings
smoky throughout; veins black.

Holotype (No. 495), male, in Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences, collected at Corvallis, April 22, 1917, by
C. Neilson.

Two specimens from Hoquiam, Wash., May 1, 1904,
Burke, collector, observed in National Museum collection.

27. Chilosia pacifica Lovett, new species

Eyes bare; arista moderately plumose; scutellum and thorax
with bristles on margin; pile of dorsum, short, bristle-like,
black throughout; third antennal joint sub-quadrate, corners
rounded, a little longer than broad, bright reddish yellow; legs
black. Length 7 to 7.5 mm.

Female: Shining blue-black; front same, punctate, coarsely black pilose;
face shining, bare, with indistinct greyish pollen, deeply concave below the
antennz; tubercle rounded, obtuse; below tubercle almost straight; cheeks
shining black, pollinose at base of eye; first and second joints of antenne
brownish black, second yellowish at apex; third slightly larger than medium,
longer than wide, subquadrate, conspicuously reddish yellow, very indis-
tinctly pollinose; arista at base of segment, black, moderately plumose.

Dorsum of thorax and scutellum blue-black, shining, with short bristle-
like pile more abundant forward; margins of thorax and scutellum with
black elongate bristles; pile of pleura black, bristle-like.

Abdomen shining blue-black throughout, broadly oval, widest at apex of
second segment; first, second and third segments practically bare on disc;
fourth segment and margin of third with sparse, moderately long whitish
pile; triangular area on anterior margin of second with longer mixed white
and black pile.

\Legs black, the knees briefly brown, wings smoky throughout, veins
black, stigma yellow. Posterior cross-vein approximately straight with
outward stump at base.

Holotype (No. 496), female, in Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences, from Lava Lake, Ore., July 25, 1915,
A. L. Lovett, collector.

Near cyanea Hunter; varies in pile of thorax which is short,
coarse, bristle-like, black, including scutellum.

Six specimens, all females, three from Mt. Jefferson, Ore.,
July, 1907, by Bridwell, one from Corvallis, Ore., May, 1917,

Vor. IX] COLE & LOVETT—NEW OREGON DIPTERA 241

by Sweeney ; two from Lava Lake, July, 1915, by Lovett. The
specimen from Corvallis is decidedly more blue in color than
the alpine forms, otherwise similar.

28. Bachypalpus pigra Lovett, new species

Length 10 mm. Black; face, front and antennz black; legs
black, white pilose; front and middle knees briefly brown; ab-
domen shining; second segment with opaque posterior cross-
band.

Female: Face shining black, bare, briefly white pilose along eye margins;
cheeks shining black with moderately elongate white pile below, extending
around on margin to occiput; front black, briefly white pilose; shining at
base of antennz, opaque above; vertex subshining; pile white, moderately
elongate; antenne black; third joint brownish, as broad as long, rounded,
briefly silvery pollinose; arista dark reddish brown, lighter at tip.

Thorax shining brassy black with two median, moderately broad, opaque
greyish pollinose stripes, meeting behind to form a spot in front of the
scutellum; a similar outer pair of stripes sub-interrupted at suture; pile of
thorax light yellow, black on dorsum in middle; scutellum of same color
as thorax, pile on margin elongate white.

Abdomen shining black; first and second segments with greenish re-
flections; first with median opaque black spot; second with opaque black
band on posterior margin, convex in front and not reaching the lateral
margins; succeeding segments shining black with blue reflections; pile of
abdomen white or grey, sparse and short on disc, short and black on opaque
band of second segment.

Legs black with white pile, knees briefly brown; hind femur distinctly
thickened, tibia arcuate. Wings: Veins brownish, yellowish at base;
stigma brown and a well defined brown cloud on all cross-veins. Halteres
white at margin, brown at base.

Holotype (No. 497), female, in Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences, collected at Mt. Jefferson, August, 15
(A. L. Lovett).

Near rileyii, but distinct in antennz, pile, abdominal mark-
ings and legs.

29. Xylota scutellarmata Lovett, new species

Length 8 mm. Shining black; thorax with short golden
pile; margin of scutellum with four elongate black bristles;
abdomen opaque black, segments two and three with small
yellow triangular spots; pile white on the lateral margins of
first and second segment; on the yellow spots and small tri-
angular areas and on anterior margin of fourth segment with
elongate white pile; fourth segment shining black.

242 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

Female: Front and vertex shining black; moderately wide and but little
narrowed above, with short sparse white pile, longer and yellowish at the
vertex; a white pollinose band across the front extending down along the
eyes to meet with similar pollen of face; face short, moderately concave,
subshining, brownish, lighter about the oral margin, lightly whitish pol-
linose; cheeks dull black, sparsely grey pilose; antenne brown; third
segment dark brown at tip, reddish at base, moderately broad, rounding;
arista basal, dark brown, reddish at base, twice as long as antenne.

Thorax black with coppery reflections; scutellum blue-black with four
conspicuous black bristles on the margin; thorax with usual whitish
sericeous spots inside of humeri.

Abdomen: first segment dull shining brown, sparsely short white pilose
on disc, elongate pilose on margin; second and third segments of same
color, small sub-triangular yellow spots on side not reaching margin;
fourth segment more shining, black with triangular areas of elongate
whitish pile on sides.

Legs brown with white pile, hind femora dark, with double row of short
strong spines below. The base of all and the tip of the middle and front
tibiz and the basal segments of tarsi of the front and middle legs light yel-
low; hind tibie moderately arcuate, dark brown, except the base, as are the
hind tarsi and the distal segments of middle and front tarsi; wings hyaline,
stigma light yellow.

Holotype (No. 498), female, in Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences, collected at Hood River, Ore., June 6,
1917, by F. R. Cole.

Near nemorwm,; varies in bristles on margin of scutellum,
etc.

30. Xylota stigmatipennis Lovett, new species

Length 7 mm. Face and front shining black; a very heavy
silvery white pollinose cross-band below the antennz, extend-
ing narrowly upward along margin of eyes two-thirds of way
to vertex and downward along eye margins a short distance
then out as a distinct line to oral margin; thorax and scutellum
shining black with short light golden pile; abdomen blackish,
opaque on the disc, with a pair of yellow quadrangular spots
on the anterior margin of second segment.

Female: Front and vertex broad, shining black, short white pilose, but
little narrowed at vertex; a median depressed line from lower ocelli to
near base of antennx; the crescentic pollinose spots on front eye-margin
connect narrowly with a broad heavy silvery pollinose band below the
antenne; face and cheeks shining black; a pollinose line extending ob-
liquely from oral margin to eye-margin, separating face and cheeks, and
extending upward along eye-margin to connect with cross-band; sparsely
white pilose along eye margin; antennal prominence produced; antennz
brown-black, short; third joint broadly rounded, a little longer than broad;
arista black.

Thorax shining black with obscure coppery reflections; whitish sericeous
spots on inside of humeri produced inward almost to median line; scutel-
lum shining black with coarse shallow punctures.

Vor. IX] COLE & LOVETT—NEW OREGON DIPTERA 243

Abdomen: first segment opaque greyish on the disc, narrowly yellow on
lateral and posterior margins; second segment narrowly yellow on the
anterior margin, the yellow expanding on the anterior lateral margins to
form a large quadrangular spot, connecting with the lateral margin nar-
rowly in front and with the yellow of first segment; remainder of second
segment opaque brownish black, posterior margin with narrow line of
white; succeeding segments shining brownish black with sparse light golden
pile throughout.

Legs black, tibia and tarsi dark brown, the middle tarsus of hind pairs of
legs lighter brown, briefly white pilose; wings hyaline; a dark smoky
indefinite area extending from the basal tip of the stigma downward to the
discal cell; stigma light yellow; basal portion of wing veins yellow, apical
portion brown.

Holotype (No. 499), female, in Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences, collected at Hood River, Ore., June 4,
1917, by Frank R. Cole.

Characterized by smoky spots in wing and elongate quadrate
yellow spot on second abdominal segment.

31. Brachyopa gigas Lovett, new species
(Plate 18, fig. 21)

Face, cheeks, and antennz uniformly yellow; arista moder-
ately plumose; thorax with four brown lines, wings of a
brownish tinge, without spots or markings. Length 9.5 mm.

Male: Face, front, cheeks and antenne light yellow, briefly white pol-
linose; cheeks with hint of brown; antenne with hint of reddish; arista
somewhat thickened and light yellow on basal fourth, remainder brown,
plumose, pile short at tip; vertical triangle brown, ocelli reddish, occiput
briefly short brown pilose.

Thorax and scutellum brown subshining covered with short, bristle-like,
golden pile; dorsum of thorax with greyish pollen and four longitudinal
brown lines, brown dashes above base of wings and narrow upper margin
of meso-pleura dark brown.

Abdomen brown, shining, posterior margin of all segments with cross-
band of darker brown connecting with similar lateral margin; disc of first
segment, and a median line on second and third segments which may or
may not reach the posterior margin dark brown. Pile of abdomen similar
to that on thorax, somewhat less coarse.

Legs dark brown, apical tarsi of front and middle legs and all tarsi of
hind legs blackish. Pile of legs as that of thorax. Posterior to attachment
of front legs and anterior to attachment of hind legs the pectus is black.

Wings brown, veins dark brown, stigma yellow; fourth longitudinal bent
sharply downward at apex of discal cell, the flexure straight, with a short
spur and forming an obtuse angle with the straight marginal cross-vein
(See fig. 21).

Holotype (No. 500), male, in Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences, collected at Blue Mts., Washington,
July 15, 1896.

244 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41 Ser,

Several specimens observed in collection of Washington
State College (Cole).

Near media; distinguished by large size, plumose antennz
and lines on thorax.

32. Syrphus bimaculata Lovett, new species
(Plate 18, fig. 23)

Face yellow, with brown median stripe not reaching base of
antenne; cheeks black; eyes bare; thorax with golden pile;
scutellum light yellow ; abdomen black subshining; second seg-
ment on anterior third with moderately narrow, interrupted
band which reaches the lateral margins; posterior margins of
fourth and fifth segments yellow, this color not reaching lateral
margin. Length 7 mm.

Female: Face shining yellow with black pile; a narrow brown median
line from just below, but not reaching, the antennz to oral margin; oral
margin and cheeks dull brown, greyish pruinose below; pile on cheeks and
occiput light golden; front and vertex black, shining above antenna, a
broad golden pollinose band across front and extending along eyes to base
of antennz; vertex opaque black; front and vertex with black pile. The
prominence just at base of antenne with a conspicuous honey yellow cres-
cent; antenne brown; first joint, second below, and third basally and along
lower margin sparingly, light yellowish brown, elsewhere dark; arista basal,
brown, lighter on basal third, dark brown terminally.

Thorax shining bronze-black with light golden pile; scutellum honey yel-
low, pile longer and lighter.

Abdomen subshining black; second segment opaque black with elongate
narrow yellow spots, rather broadly interrupted, arcuate and reaching the
lateral margins for their full width near the anterior lateral angle; seg-
ments three, four and five black, subshining; posterior margin of fourth
and fifth, broadly yellow, but the yellow not extending to lateral margin;
pile moderately elongate, golden, on first segment and on yellow portions
of second, elsewhere short, black.

Legs: Front and middle pair yellow throughout, hind pair brown, under
surface of femur light brown; wings hyaline; stigma brown; halteres honey
yellow.

Holotype (No. 501), female, in Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences, collected at Mt. Jefferson, Ore., July 15,
1907, by Bridwell.

Another female, Mary’s Peak, Ore., June 6, 1915 (Lovett,
collector).

This species is distinct from any Syrphus known to us in that
it has but one band, or two spots, on the abdomen. It is simi-
lar in some ways to S. bifasciata, but appears distinct even
from the many unusual varieties of this characteristic form.

Vor. 1X] COLE & LOVETT—NEW OREGON DIPTERA 245

Also in certain lights there is a hint of a broad uninterrupted
fascia on the third and fourth segments. This offers the sur-
mise that it might be a melanic form of some common species,
as occurs in L. pyrastri. An attempt so to classify it was fruit-
less; also, were this the case, one might expect the pile over
these obscured bands to remain light. It is throughout, how-
ever, a coarse short black pile warranting the assumption that
the bands are actually obsolete.

33. Syrphus pacifica Lovett, new species

Length 7 to 8.5 mm. Eyes moderately white pilose; face
greenish yellow with blackish pile ;a broad median shining black
stripe from oral margin to near base of antennz: oral margin
and cheeks shining black; front and vertex shining greenish
black with elongate black pile; dorsum of thorax deep shining
black with greenish reflections and moderately elongate black
pile; scutellum translucent brown with black pile; abdomen
shining black with three interrupted arcuate cross-bands not
reaching the lateral margins; legs brown: basal two-thirds of
femora and coxe black ; wings smoky ; stigma light brown.

Male: Antenne small, brownish: all three segments black above, brown
below; third segment small, rounded; arista black, basal, bare: frontal
triangle moderately swollen, shining greenish black with elongate black
pile; face almost vertical from slightly raised antennal prominence to
obtuse tubercle, not projecting; the median stripe moderately broad with
tinge of brown; occiput below with golden pile, on upper two-thirds with
coarse black pile.

Abdomen shining black with three interrupted greenish yellow cross-
bands, one near middle of second segment, approximating in form an
elongate triangle with a straight outer edge not reaching the lateral margin;
on third and fourth segments the cross-bands are arcuate, convex in front,
almost straight behind, their outer ends crescentic, the inner broadly
separated and rounded; posterior margins of fourth and fifth segments
greenish yellow, not reaching lateral margin; pile of abdomen coarse,
moderately elongate, black, light golden on cross-bands.

Legs brown, basal half of front and middle and basal two-thirds of hind
femora and all coxe shining black; wings smoky brown, veins blackish,
stigma brown.

Female: Similar to male. Front with broad pruinose cross-band, pile
of face light yellow; pile on margin of cheeks and occiput light yellow to
white; without tufts of black bristly pile on post-alar callosities; scutellum
dark with deep brown reflections, pile except at margin color of that on
thorax; abdominal markings similar, the yellow bands slightly narrower;
pile shorter and more sparse than on male, elongate white on lateral mar-
gins of second segment; wings hyaline.

246 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

Holotype (No. 502), male, in Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences, collected at Corvallis, Ore., May 17, by
A. L. Lovett.

Five males, May to June, Corvallis, Ore., A. L. Lovett, col-
lector. One male and one female, Hood River, May (Cole,
collector).

This species is near S. paurillus but face not projecting and
cross-bands differ.

34. Didea pacifica Lovett, new species

Eyes bare, third longitudinal vein deeply sinuous, abdom-
inal bands except first not reaching lateral margins ; cheeks, legs
and scutellum black. Length 10 mm.

Male: Face light yellow with silvery pile; tubercle brown; stripe extend-
ing broadly to oral margin and along upper third; cheeks green-black,
slate-grey below eyes; front brownish with sparse moderately elongate
black pile; two dark brown shining spots at base of antenne connected
with inverted V-shaped, slatey, sub-opaque stripe; ocelli red; pile short,
black; orbits fringed with yellowish white pile. Antenne: First two joints
black; third deep brownish, elongate oval, obtusely pointed; arista brown.

Thorax and scutellum shining blue-black with gray pile, showing golden
reflections in certain lights; meso, ptero and sternoplura blue black; mar-
gins brownish, with white pile.

Abdomen black with three greenish yellow cross-bands, the first con-
sisting of two large spots on second segment moderately separated and
reaching the lateral margins; second and third cross-bands broad, entire,
separated from lateral margins by a narrow black border, front margin
straight, touching anterior margin of segments; black posterior band
dilated somewhat in middle; fifth and sixth segments shining black, fifth
with hint of cross-band on anterior lateral corners.

Legs black; knees and distal tip of tibiae brownish. Wings hyaline;
stigma greyish; third vein strongly curved into first posterior cell.

Holotype (No. 503), male, in Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences, collected at Parkdale, Ore., July 12,
1917, by F. R. Cole.

Varies from D. fusiceps in black cheeks, black scutellum,
darker legs, wholly hyaline wings and in size.

35. Pipiza oregona Lovett, new species
(Plate 18, fig. 22)

Length 9 mm. Black throughout, with bluish reflections ;
antenne black; legs black; thorax with fine silvery white
moderately elongate pile.

Vor. IX] COLE & LOVETT—NEW OREGON DIPTERA 247

Male: Eyes with elongate white pile, with yellow reflections in certain
lights; vertex black with elongate white pile mixed with black, produced
along margin of occiput; front shining, somewhat swollen; pile elongate,
black on antennal prominence, light above; antenne short, segments ap-
proximately of equal length, third rounded; arista stout, basal, about as
long as antenne; antennal prominence produced, face and front slope
straight away from this point; face elongate, light pilose.

Thorax and scutellum with elongate silvery pile with yellowish reflec-
tions.

Abdomen where shining has bluish reflection; second segment with
opaque band on anterior and posterior margin, produced in middle to meet
narrowly, leaving shining portions as quadrangular areas with rounded
corners; segment narrowly shining on posterior margin; third segment
with opaque bands anteriorly and posteriorly, not reaching margin and but
slightly produced in middle; fourth segment with opaque band near front
margin not reaching lateral margins, otherwise shining; sparse white pile
except on opaque portions where pile is black; legs black, white pilose; pile
on tarsi with golden reflection; wings smoky; halteres with white knob.

Holotype (No. 504), male, in Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences, collected at Hood River, Ore., May 8,
1917, by F. R. Cole.

Two male specimens taken, vary from 7.5-9 mm.

Near californica, differs in size, shape of antenna, wing
venation and color of legs.

36. Platychirus frontosus Lovett, new species

Head, thorax and scutellum shiny black with black hairs;
legs black, front femur with large tuft of black elongate spine-
like hairs on proximal third. Length 8 mm.

Male: Face broad, greenish black, shining, with hint of brownish pollen ;
frontal triangle same color without pollen, unusually broad and decidedly
swollen; vertical triangle black, shining, considerably swollen; ocelli brown;
face, front and vertex with moderately long black pile; on lower occiput
pile whitish ; antenne black, third joint nearly twice as long as wide, dark
brown, lighter basally below; arista black.

Thorax and scutellum green-black, shining; no pruinose spots on sternum
or pleura, pile black. :

Abdomen opaque black; first segment subshining, outer angles with
bronze reflections; second, third, and fourth with pruinose bronze spots.
On second segment the bronze spots on lateral margins extend from anterior
margin back for distance of two-thirds of segment. On third and fourth
segments the spots are deeper, shorter, on anterior third of segment, reach
lateral margin but do not touch anterior margin of segment. Fifth seg-
ment as first. Pile black on opaque areas, white on bronze areas and along
lateral margins.

Legs: Fore legs light brown, tibie yellow, darker at tip; front tibiz
gradually dilated, convex on outer angle below, gently concave on inner
side; tarsi strongly dilated, gradually narrowed from base to tip; femur with
three white hairs at extreme base, then a heavy brush of black pile, most
conspicuous at base but extending over proximal third of segment; middle

248 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

and hind legs black; knees brown, middle tarsi brownish; hind metatarsi
not dilated; pile on hind legs white; wings smoky throughout, stigma
greyish brown.

Holotype (No. 505), male, in Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences, collected at Corvallis, Ore., May 5, 1917,
by F. H. Nichols.

Near P. eratus but differs in shape of face, in pile of thorax,
in wings and legs.

37. Criorhina aurea Lovett, new species

Length 15 mm. Robust; pile elongate; face black ; abdomen
shining black, fourth segment entirely gray pruinose; pile of
second and third abdominal segments elongate, orange; of
fourth segment elongate, yellow; of fifth black; legs black,
coarse brown and black pilose; tarsi lighter brown; wings dark
brown, veins black and heavily shaded.

Male: Antennal process moderately projecting; face concave below,
prominence only slightly projecting; heavily white pollinose including front ;
cheeks shining, usual elongate light yellow pile from antennal prominence
out along eye margins to cheeks; cheeks below with elongate brown and
black pile; vertical triangle shining black and including occiput with
elongate heavy light yellow pile; similar pile at base of antennal prom-
inence; ocelli red; antennz dark brown, red on basal half of third seg-
ment; third segment comparatively small, not thinned except on margin,
rounding, not produced on outer angle, much produced to an obtuse point
on inner angle; arista at middle of outer angle, moderately elongate, black,
lighter toward tip; rim of antennal prominence shining brown.

Thorax subshining, grey pollinose on anterior half, posterior half and
scutellum shining black; pile elongate yellow; black on transverse band at
base of wings, on scutellum more golden; pteropleura with coarse black
pile.

Abdomen shining black; first segment opaque black on disc, subshining
on posterior margin; second subshining on disc; fourth forms a character-
istic transverse band of grey pollen across abdomen; pile elongate, golden,
thinned on disc of first and second segments, y vellow on fourth and plack
on fifth.

Legs black, the knees and tips of tibie dark brown, the tarsi very light
straw brown; pile of all femora black; on basal third of front femur mixed
with brown; on basal half of middle femur mixed with yellow and brown;
hind femur below on apical third thickly set with short heavy spines; pile
of tibie coarse, short, very dark brown; tarsi rounded, darker on distal
segments; rather deeply incised and with tufts of short black conspicuous
spines on marginal angles.

Wings with brown tinge, the veins conspicuously black, tinging the ad-
jacent membrane to an unusual degree; halteres and squama brown black,
the latter with a heavy fringe of elongate brown pile.

Female: Similar to male in appearance and coloring. More robust, the
pollen of the face and front brown; more black pile on cheeks; pile on legs
darker; tarsi darker; spines not so conspicuous; spines on hind femur less
noticeable.

Vor. IX] COLE & LOVETT—NEW OREGON DIPTERA 249

Holotype (No. 506), male, in Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences.

Allotype, a female in collection of A. L. Melander, Pullman,
Wash.

Paratypes, Moscow Mt., Idaho, June 1, 1907, A. L. Melan-
der, collector.

Near kincaidi and luna, characterized by pollinose band on
fourth segment of abdomen and dark legs with black pile.

38. Criorhina luna Lovett, new species
(Plate 18, fig. 24)

Length 17-19 mm. Pile elongate ; antennz brownish black ;
general ground color black; hind femur with spines below; all
tarsi broadly flattened and deeply incised; wings smoky brown,
veins dark.

‘Male: 19 mm. Antennal prominence produced; face concave below
antenne then straight to oral margin, considerably produced; face and
front black, covered with dense golden brown pollen; cheeks shining black;
above and occiput as face; at base of antenne below, along eye margins, at
oral margin and about occiput, elongate golden pilose; at base of antenne
above with elongate black pile; vertical triangle with mixed black and
golden pile; first two joints of antenne brownish black, second reddish at
tip; third segment brown, reddish at base, broader than long, outer angles
rounded, narrowed toward the base, the margin decidedly thinned, concave
on outer side, convex on inner side; arista near outer angle, elongate, dark
brown; margin of antennal prominence above shining reddish brown.

Thorax and scutellum sub-opaque greyish pollinose; a transverse shining
black cross-band at base of wings; two median lines extending dorsalward
from front margin of thorax to shining cross-band; on the dorsum laterally
are two sub-shining circular areas produced forward from the cross-band
into the pollinose field; pile elongate yellow, longest on scutellum, black
on shining cross-band.

Abdomen narrow, elongate; the fifth segment large and produced,
adapted for sex organ; black shining, first two segments greyish sub-
opaque; pile elongate yellow, reddish on disc, black on fifth segment.

Legs dark brown, the pile golden yellow; knees and tibie lighter brown,
the tips of tibia and tarsi yellow; hind femur not particularly thickened,
arcuate; sparsely elongate yellow pilose on proximal two-thirds; thickly
beset wth spines below and on distal third above; the tarsi flattened, broad,
deeply incised and with tufts of heavy brown spines on the inner distal
angles of the segments; tuft of coarse black pile at base of fore leg, similar
but more luxuriant pile at base of hind legs; wings smoky brown, the
veins dark brown; squame and halteres brown-black, the former with
fringe of golden pile.

Female: Length 17 mm. Abdomen robust. In general similar to male,
the front broad, and darker brown pollinose ; pruinose triangular areas on
second abdominal segment narrowly divided at center, reaching lateral
margin; on fourth segment near base with lunule-shaped opaque grey

250 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

pruinose areas midway between lateral margin and median line and not
reaching any margin; pile more luxuriant but similar to male, orange more
conspicuous on disc; black on fifth segment mixed with brown, incon-
spicuous. Tarsi darker than male; veins of wings black.

Holotype (No. 507), male, and allotype (No. 508), female,
in Museum of the California Academy of Sciences, ¢, col-
lected at Mary’s Peak, Ore., May 14, 1916, Lovett, collector;
@ Alsea, Ore., April 15, 1916.

Two females and five males, April and May. Subalpine. A
large showy orange and black form occurring about fallen
decaying logs. It flies swiftly, and is a very early form.

Similar to kincaidi (fig. 26) ; distinguishing character is the
legs, particularly the tarsi. See Fig. 24.

39. Criorhina quadriboscis Lovett, new species
(Plate 18, figs. 25, 25a, and pl. 19, fig. 25b)

Female: Length 12 mm. Face unusually produced, heavy, blunt, square
at proboscis; lower eye margins but little more than one-half distance to
tip; slightly concave below antenne; tubercle reduced; concave from
tubercle to margin; golden pollinose with elongate golden pile along eye
margins and a tuft at oral margin; front and vertex dark brown with
golden pollen and dark brown pile; a deep median suture about ocelli ex-
tending down to antennal prominence; cheeks shining black, bare, below
and along occiput golden pruinose with light yellow pile; antenne small,
dark brown; first two segments equal; third broad, rounded, flattened,
lighter at base. Arista dark brown.

Thorax black, golden pruinose, on anterior half with light pile, a shining
black transverse band dorsally with black pile; post-alar callosities with
elongate white pile; scutellum black with conspicuously elongate white pile.

Abdomen black, sub-opaque on first two segments; light yellow pilose,
thin and short on disc; third segment shining black, orange pilose on disc,
outer angles black pilose ; fourth segment shining black, conspicuously
elongate orange pilose; on anterior lateral angles, but not reaching the
lateral margins, are two pruinose crescentic spots; the lateral margins with
elongate whitish pile; fifth segment shining black, elongate black pilose.

Legs brown; femora dark, lighter proximally and apically, tibiz similar,
but lighter throughout; tarsi dark at tip. Pile on front and middle femur
light at base, black at tip; on hind femur mostly coarse black with scatter-
ing lighter hairs, tibiae and tarsi with short golden pile; wings appear twice
length of abdomen, smoky, veins dark brown throughout; stigma yellow.

Holotype (No. 509), female, in Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences, collected at Mt. Jefferson, Oregon, April
16, by Hartley.

Characterized by projecting blunt proboscis, and elongate,
black, light and golden pile.

Vor. IX) COLE & LOVETT—NEW OREGON DIPTERA 251

40. Criorhina tricolor Coq. (Lovett)

Mt. Jefferson, July-August, 1907 (Bridwell) and August
15 (Lovett) ; Hood River, June 17 (Cole). I find the descrip-
tion as given by Coquillett faulty and from a total of 25 speci-
mens would redescribe as follows:

Female: Face shining black; base with hint of golden pollen; light yel-
low pile along eye margins; front and face form practically a straight line
to obtuse tubercle, the antennal prominence rising rather abruptly, only
moderately produced; from tip of tubercle to oral margin a straight re-
tracted line, oral margin in line with front; cheeks, occiput, front and vertex
with light golden yellow pile; across vertex just back of ocelli with trans-
verse row of black pile; front and vertex shining black, with brassy reflec-
tions; antenne brown; first segment shining, twice as long as second;
second dull; third light brown, darker on outer angle, thinned, nearly as
long as first and twice as broad as long, obtusely rounded on inner angle,
prolonged on outer angle to form an obtuse point; arista dark brown
located near point of projecting outer angle.

Thorax shining black, grey pruinose and yellow pilose anteriorly, black
pilose posteriorly; on grey pruinose field are two median lines joining the
shining posterior portion and two side spots projecting forward into
pruinose field but not reaching anterior margin; often these side spots are
circular and surrounded by the pruinose field; scutellum black wth brassy
reflections, pile elongate, light yellow.

Abdomen: First segment black with brassy reflections and rendered sub-
opaque by grey pollen; second segment similar on disc; subshining on
lateral angles, pile here elongate light yellow; hind margin of second and
succeeding segments shining black; pile moderately elongate and ex-
tremely variable in color; generally bright brick-red on disc of third, black
laterally, fourth segment with light yellow pile.

Legs black, knees and middle tibie light brown, front and hind tibie and
all tarsi dark brown; middle and hind coxe with heavy tuft of black
bristly hairs; pile on front femur light yellow, on middle femur mixed with
black, on hind femur all black; tibiz and tarsi with short golden pile.

Wings smoky; a distinct cloud at base of stigma extending to spurious
vein; veins dark brown, lighter on proximal third; squame grey, margin
black, with black bristly hairs; halteres dark brown.

Male: Face opaque black, densely covered with silvery pollen, more
deeply convex below antenne; front and vertex shining, with dark brown
and black pile. Abdomen: First segment and second on proximal two-
thirds sub-opaque black with brassy reflections, the grey pollen so dense as
to give appearance of yellow; pile on second segment elongate yellow;
distal third of second segment and succeeding segments shining black; this
portion of second and all of third with moderately short coarse black pile;
terminal segments golden pilose. Tufts of pile at base of coxe light
yellow. Otherwise as female,

There is considerable variation in the color of the pile of the
abdomen and to a lesser extent in the density of the pollen on
the proximal segments, but the general characters are very
specific.

252 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Paoc. 41m Srr.

41. Aciura maculata Cole, new species

(Plate 19, fig. 27)

Male: Frons, face and antenne yellow, the frons very broad with short
whitish bristles; vertical and fronto-orbital bristles longer; head white
pollinose; occiput gray with short white bristles; third joint of antenne
rounded at tip; arista brown.

Thorax, pleura and scutellum cinereous; mesonotum with four long
bristles; whole dorsum of thorax thickly covered with short, thick white
bristles; three long black bristles on the shoulders; two long bristles on
margin of scutellum; pleura with short whitish bristles; halteres blackish.

Abdomen shining and mostly blackish, some reddish brown on dorsum of
second, third and fourth segments.

Femora mostly black, cinereous pollinose; the tips and part underneath
tibie and tarsi brownish yellow; tips of tarsi blackish; wings dark brown
and marked with hyaline spots (Fig. 27); anal cell paler brown. The
oblique hyaline band across end of wing is a good specific character.

Two specimens from Jackson Co., collected May 28, 1916.

Holotype (No. 510), male, in Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences.

This species is very near ferruginea Doane in wing pattern
but differs in several structural characters and has an apical
hyaline cross-band on the wing.

Larve in fruit of service berry (Amclanchicr sp.) and bred
out at Medford, Ore.

42. Tritoxa pollinosa Cole, new species

(Plate 19, fig. 28)

Female: Not as slender in form as the typical species. Body of gen-
eral brown color. The thorax comparatively long. Wings with the charac-
teristic three hyaline cross-bands. Length 6 mm.

Median stripe of frons dull yellow; the reddish brown stripe on each
side, bordering the eyes, is almost obscured by white pollen and is about
half as wide as the median section; short black bristles, denser on sides of
frons; ocellars short and slightly proclinate as are small scattered bristles;
the vertical and fronto-orbitals slightly reclinate; face yellowish, white in
certain lights, with a reddish mark in center from oral margin half-way up
the face and down on to yellowish clypeus; palpi yellow with black hairs;
antenne reddish, the third joint blackish above and more than twice as
long as first two joints; arista black and finely pubescent; middle of cheeks
with a brown spot under the eye which reaches to oral margin (Fig. 28) ;
occiput yellowish brown, white pollinose below, especially on sides.

Thorax and pleura reddish brown; dorsum with golden pollen; two
widely separated gray pollinose stripes running length of dorsum; prascu-
tellar callosities and region around them bare of pollen and reddish;
dorsum with many short black hair-like bristles which do not reach
pleural suture, however; one humeral bristle; two strong bristles in front
of scutellum arising from brown spots; a smaller bristle on each side and
in front of these two strong bristles on the dorso-central line; two strong

Von. IX] COLE & LOVETT—NEW OREGON DIPTERA 253

noto-pleurals; upper edge of mesopleura blackish, in most part golden pol-
linose and with a few hairs; one strong spine on upper posterior corner of
mesopleura; halteres yellow; scutellum reddish, shining, the apical half
black; four scutellar bristles.

Abdomen brown, the most of first segment shining reddish brown; ovi-
positor wide, flat, amber colored; the rest of the abdomen brownish pol-
linose, gray toward base of segments ; venter varied, brownish and blackish ;
dorsum of abdomen with short, black, thick set pile. ;

Legs brownish yellow, the tarsi darker. The wings are brown with
oblique hyaline stripes (Fig. 28a); the outer stripe running from end of
first vein to wing margin in center of second posterior cell; whole anal
angle of wing hyaline. Longitudinal veins and cross-veins sinuous.

Holotype (No. 511), female, in the Museum of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences, collected at Warm Springs Val-
ley, Ore., July 7, 1906. Collector unknown. From material
in the Oregon Agricultural College.

This species is not typical in the form of the abdomen or
general appearance. The head is shaped as in T. fleva and T.
cuneata, The wing markings are quite different from the de-
scribed species. Dr. Aldrich corroborated my determination
of this species.

43. Aricia bicolorata Malloch, new species

Female: Yellow, slightly shining; head brownish fuscous; second an-
tennal joint yellowish testaceous; palpi and third antennal joint black;
abdomen and tarsi fuscous; wings clear, veins yellow basally; cross-veins
very slightly browned; halteres yellow.

Eyes bare, facets of almost uniform size; frons at vertex a little over one-
third of the head-width; orbits each with five or six bristles and a few
weak hairs; antennz nearly as long as face; arista with the longest hairs
nearly as long as width of third antennal joint; palpi slender; cheek about
one-fourth as high as eye. with a series of strong marginal bristles and some
short, weak hairs above them; presutural acrostichals four-rowed short and
weak; postsutural dorso-centrals three; prealer short; sternopleurals 1:2;
hypopleura bare; third and fourth tergites with strong discal and marginal
bristles; fore tibia with a median posterior bristle; mid tibia with three or
four posterior bristles; hind tibia with two antero-ventral and two antero-
dorsal bristles; fore tarsus slender, longer than fore tibia; costal thorn
long; outer cross-vein slightly curved; veins three and four divergent at
apices.

Length, 6-6.5 mm.

Type, Hood River, Ore., June 21, 1917 (F. R. Cole). Para-
type, Washington State (Nincaid).

Paratype in collection of Illinois State Natural History
Survey.

This species is readily distinguished from its allies by the
colors of the body.

254 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4tu Ser,

44. Aricia oregonensis Malloch, new species

Male: Black, slightly shining, densely gray pruinescent. Head black,
frons, orbits, face, and cheeks with silvery pruinescence, second antennal
joint reddish at apex, palpi black; mesonotum very indistinctly quadrivit-
tate; basal dorsal abdominal segment (second) with a pair of black spots,
segments two and three each with a pair of black rectangular spots which
extend from base to apex of segments. Legs black, apices of fore femora,
apical third of mid- femora, most of hind femora and all tibiz rufous-yellow.
pace clear; cross-veins very slightly infuscated; calyptra white; halteres
yellow.

Eyes bare, separated at narrowest part of frons by about as great a
distance as width across posterior ocelli; orbits bristled more than midway
to anterior ocellus; interfrontalia distinct; parafacial in profile as wide as
third antennal joint; antennz not as long as face, third joint twice as long
as second; arista with rather dense short hairs, the longest barely longer
than basal diameter of arista; cheek about twice as high as width of para-
facial; face slightly concave above vibrissa; thorax without strong pre-
sutural acrostichals; three pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals present;
prealar bristle minute; sternopleurals 1:2, with a weak bristle below and
behind the anterior one; hypopleura bare. Abdomen elongate-ovate, third
and fourth dorsal segments with strong discal and posterior marginal
bristles; fifth sternite with dense short stiff hairs on its entire surface, the
posterior margin with a broad shallow excision; fore tibia without median
bristles; mid tibia with from two to four posterior bristles; hind femur
with about eight long strong bristles on apical half or apical ‘third of pos-
tero-ventral surface; hind tibia with one or two antero-dorsal bristles, the
antero-ventral, ventral, and postero-ventral surfaces with rather dense
erect hairs of moderate length. Costal thorn short; veins three and four
parallel apically ; outer cross-vein bent in middle.

Length, 7 mm.
Type, Grant Co., Ore., one male.

45. Coenosia oregonensis Malloch, new species

Male: Black, slightly shining, covered with dense pale gray pruinescense.
Head black, interfrontalia darker than the densely gray pruinescent orbits;
antenne black, third joint entirely pale yellow; arista black; palpi pale
yellow; proboscis blackish brown; dorsum of thorax not vittate, very
noticeably shining and rather thinly pruinescent (possibly abraded). Ab-
domen with a conspicuous pair of large brownish black spots on segments
two, three, and four, the basal (first distinct) segment without spots; fifth
sternite gray. Legs pale yellowish testaceous, mid and hind cox, and all
tarsi infuscated; wings clear, veins black; calyptra white; halteres yellow.

Frons one-third as wide as head; orbits narrow, each with three long and
one short bristle; ocellar bristles distinctly longer than upper orbitals and
very much longer than postvertical pair; antennz extending over two-thirds
of the distance to mouth-margin, third joint not over twice as long as
second, rounded at apex; arista almost bare, slightly swollen for a short
distance at base; parafacial in profile narrower than third antennal joint;
cheek about one-sixth as high as eye, with about three long marginal
bristles; vibrissa long and strong, a short setula above it. Dorso-central
bristles long and strong; presutural acrostichals irregularly two-rowed;
lower spiracular bristle distinct, directed ventrad ; abdomen normal in form,
the tergites subequal, fifth but little exposed when viewed from above;

Vox. IX] COLE & LOVETT—NEW OREGON DIPTERA 255

hypopygium small; fifth sternite short, the processes short, and apically
rounded; legs elongate, slender, all tarsi longer than their tibie; fore and
mid tibia each with one weak posterior median bristle; hind femur with
three or four long widely-placed antero-ventral bristles, and a long one at
middle on postero-ventral surface; hind tibia with a short antero-ventral
bristle, and a much longer antero-dorsal one, the preapical dorsal bristle at
one-fifth from apex of tibia. Last section of fourth vein twice as long as
preceding section, inner cross-vein just beyond apex of first. Length,
2-5 mm.

Type. Corvallis, Ore., May 2, 1915 (A. L. Lovett). Ore.
Exper. Sta., Accession No. 1796.

46. Chironomus colei Malloch, new species

Male: Yellowish testaceous, subopaque; antennal plumes dark at apex
and base of flagellum; thorax with three reddish vitte; postnotum brown.
Abdomen with dorsum of segments five and six and most of hypopygium
black; apices of femora and bases of tibie narrowly fuscous, the mid
pair inconspicuously so; wings whitish, with a small brown dot at bases of
veins, a fuscous median fascia which does not extend to margins, and a
small fuscous patch at apices.

Fore tarsi without long hairs, basal joint about 1.25 as long as fore tibia
and 1.75 as long as second joint; mid and hind legs with long hairs; costa
extending almost to apex of wing.

Length, 5 mm.

Type and paratype, Forest Grove, Ore., June 3, 1918, at
light (F. R. Cole).

This species closely resembles teniapennis Coq., nephopterus
Mitch., and pulchripennis Coq., but may be readily separated
trom any of these species by the very much narrower wing
fasciz and the much less conspicuously blackened legs.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX [COLE & LOVETT ] Plate 14

Fig. 1.—Platyura nigra, new species.

Fig. 2.—Dziedzickia immaculata, new species. Wing.

Fig, 3.—Dziedzickia oregona, new species. Wing.

Fig. 4.—Stratiomyia atra, new species. Terminal segments of abdomen
Fig. 4a.—Stratiomyia atra, new species. Head from front.

Fig. 4b.—Stratiomyia atra, new species. Scutellum.

Fig. 5.—Eclimus magnus O. S. Wing.

Fig. 5a.—Eclimus magnus O. S. Head from side.

Fig. 6.—Bombylius silvus, new species. Head from above.

Fig. 7.—Bombylius aurifer pendens, new variety. Head from above.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX [COLE & LOVETT] Plate 15

Fig. 8—Anthrax macula, new species. Wing.

Fig. 9—Spogostylum argentatum, new species.

Fig. 9a.—Spogostylum argentatum, new species. Antenna, much enlarged.
Fig. 10—Leptomydas pantherinus Gerst.

Fig. 11.—Lasiopogon cinereus, new species. Thorax from above.

Fig. 1la—Lasiopogon cinereus, new species. Male abdomen from side.
Fig. 11b.—Lasiopogon cinereus, new species. Female genitalia.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX {COLE & LOVETT ] Plate 16

. 12.—Dioctria vertebrata, new species.

‘ig. 12a.—Dioctria vertebrata, new species. Outline of head from front.
‘ig. 13.—Cyrtopogon auratus, new species. Abdomen of male.

. 13a.—Cyrtopogon auratus, new species. Antenna.

- 14.—Cyrtopogon anomalus, new species. Outline of male abdomen.
. 14a —Cyrtopogon anomalus, new species. Outline of female abdomen.
. 14b.—Cyrtopogon anomalus, new species. Antenna.

14c.—Cyrtopogon anomalus, new species. Outline of head from side
15.—Cyrtopogon nebulo O. S. Antenna.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX [COLE & LOVETT ] Plate 17

18a

Fig. 16—Cyrtopogon infuscatus, new species. Outline of head.

\Fig. 16a.—Cyrtopogon infuscatus, new species. Wing.

Fig. 16b.—Cyrtopogon infuscatus, new species. Antenna.

Fig. 17—Metapogon setigerum, new species.

Fig. 17a—Metapogon setigerum, new species. Head, much enlarged.
Fig. 18—Chrysoceria pollenia, new species. Thorax from above.

Fig. 18a.—Chrysoceria pollenia, new species. Wing.

Fig. 18b.—Chrysoceria pollenia, new species. Antenna, mutch enlarged.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX [COLE & LOVETT] Plate 18

“AAG. Ft

25a 24b

.

Fig. 19.—Cophura cyrtopogona, new species. Outline of head.

Fig. 20—Agathomyia lutea, new species, Wing.

Fig. 21—Brachyopa gigas, new species. Wing.

Fig. 22.—Pipiza oregona, new species. Wing. (Spurious vein left out in
drawing by mistake.)

Fig. 23.—Syrphus bimaculata, new species. Abdomen.

Fig. 24.—Criorhina luna, new species. Middle tibia and tarsi.

Fig. 24a.—Criorhina luna, new species. Hind femur.

Fig. 24b.—Criorhina luna, new species. Antenna, greatly enlarged.

Fig. 25.—Criorhina quadriboscis, new species. Hind femur.

Fig. 25a. —Criorhina quadriboscis, new species. Antenna, greatly enlarged.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX [COLE & LOVETT] Plate 19

Fig. 25b.—Criorhina quadriboscis, new species. Outline of head.
Fig. 26—Criorhina kincaidi Cog. Hind femur.

Fig. 26a—Criorhina kincaidi Coq. Antenna, greatly magnified.
Fig. 27.—Aciura maculata, new species.

Fig. 28.—Tritoxa pollinosa, new species. Head.

Fig. 28a—Tritoxa pollinosa, new species. Wing.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtH SERIES

Vor. IX, No. 8, pp. 257-270 Aucust 26, 1919

VIII

KEY TO THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE
DIPTEROUS GENUS MEDETERUS, WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES

BY
MILLARD C. VAN DUZEE

In the preparation of the following key I have found it
necessary to employ a few characters that sometimes are not
readily distinguished, but for the species included it should
work very well, although, perhaps rather difficult to use on
account of these obscure characters. The bristles above the
fore cox are often small and it may be difficult to determine
their color. The small tooth at the base of the metatarsi of
some of the males is easily overlooked but in those species that
have this tooth the metatarsi are narrowed at base for a short
distance and the tooth is inserted on the narrowed portion.
The scutellum has either one or two pairs of bristles on its
margin, but where there is but one pair there is often a pair of
small hairs taking the place of the second pair of bristles, and
where there are two pairs of bristles the outer pair are often
reduced to about half the size of the central pair; this, how-
ever, should give the student little trouble in running the

August 26, 1919

258 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4tm Ser.

species through the key. Under “31” is an alternative, re-
ferring to the length of the distal segment of the fifth vein, that
may cause some confusion. I could find no satisfactory char-
acter to take the place of this, but in case of doubt, the follow-
ing note may be of assistance. Of the four species that run
through “31” to “32-34” veles Loew can be separated by its
third and fourth veins being more widely divergent at their
tips than in the other species, and in fact, than in most of the
species of this genus; modestus V. D. has the halteres infus-
cated and the feet black; californiensis Wh. has the second
joint of the hind tarsi fully twice as long as the first, while in
distinctus, new species, it is only one and a fourth times as
long as the first.

I have described several species from females, as it seems
to me that in this genus the females are as a rule as easily
separated as are the males, there being few secondary sexual
characters in the males.

This paper is not a revision of our species but only intended
as a help to those who, like myself, have tried to determine
their material and have found most of their species unde-
scribed. I hope someone with more material and _ better
equipped for the work will make a thorough revision of our
species.

TABLE OF NoRTH AMERICAN SPECIES

1. Scutellum with one pair of bristles (there may be a pair of small
hairs woutsrde MoObsthese) -..c -..-\cicisia.e sere els sieieintn arate late alate) chee alates Pia 2
—. Scutellum with two pair of bristles (the outer ones may be small). 11
2. Antenne, proboscis and legs, including fore cox, yellow........
ee eee ete Eyota tree fe ele aia ara Saveans wlatemre oles etree novus, new species

—. Antenne, proboscis and more or less of the femora black......... 3
SALMO ASC MWALUINGISELDIGE | Vittoecicic< ciererele wispaieleioie oiereiels cham arte ete nia eens 4
EP horascnwathOn teciStiniCk -Vittoenclomranieineein « nicinte store bialk otc mrelenere nan 10
4. Thorax with a median bluish green vitta...... obesus, new species

~. Thorax with a median brown stripe running its entire length..... 5
5. Wings with a brown cloud at base of third vein................5- 6
-. Wings without a distinct cloud at base of third vein.............. 7
6s Dibize and tarsicvellow: «2. =a. suite ascies > cunciformis, new species

. Tibie brownish; tarsi black with the base of metatarsi yellowish. .
sels aoe ele ce sd (female of) nitidiventris, new species
7. Abdomen bluish but with gray pollen; male with the front pro-

duced into a four-sided pyramid..............00055 petulcus Wh.
-. Abdomen shining black, front normal.........- tte p ence eee e anaes 8
8. Tibiz and tarsi mostly yellow................. similis, new species

SOTib we and tarsi DIACKs OF DIOWIssicreenne chaise netiantacins 6 Ret eels 9

Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NORTH AMERICAN MEDETERUS

Last section of fifth vein only a little longer than the cross-vein...

Dre IRIS FB te a A iy Hn ese LEO DIS @qualis, new species

_ Last section of fifth vein one and a half times as long as the cross-
VGHTTO Foote chet Tree Tate rave evel susie for ais ital afer nitidiventris, new species

. Femora mostly yellow; mesonotum and abdomen light green.....
PERN ERD We eT aE lace arse stevelieisiaielete everete longinquus, new species
Femora mostly black; mesonotum coppery; abdomen dark green..
BRIE s Md beaee plaettragereesiare elses oeveiarslanielejelevelsasers @neus, new species
Femora mostly black; mesonotum covered with thick gray pollen.
BO oe ne pO net HOTA Ge CECE OED OHO pee falcatus, new species

. Bright metallic species. ........2.0c0ceeee eee c eee cece cece ene s ees
. Darker species; generally blackish.........-.-.--- see eee eee ees
. Length about 2 mm.; fore tarsi of male with a compressed lobe on
the nthind ej Oiitspaye acvee ects teyss els ohalaystevorsterejsljnyevels\m chara lobatus V. D.

. Length nearly 3 mm... 2... cece eee eee eee e teeter e renee ness

. Face and all coxe metallic green; (Eastern. states) ..aberrans Wh.
. Face, front and anterior part of the thoracic dorsum violet; coxe

blackish; (Guatemala) ...........0cseceeee eect eee ee eee ceeees
. Fore tarsi plain, regularly tapering from base to tip.......--...--
Be Riri a tedareletnietoie ote sj oisfelcscicefodeiaterstwtere planipes, new species
More mtarSie OLMAMEDTEE! boc ereceieisistelsiey sce ato/aVouelaje so; oieheye e\slcvele(sere\eleieie eines

_ Fore tarsi a little widened from base to tip of second joint, third

joint only a little narrower but suddenly contracted to a slender
projection to which the fourth is attached; fourth and fifth
Joints, Slenderscitsemsyertecc rss seta eters sislatnte abruptus, new species

_ Fore tarsi with the second and third joints very much compressed

and expanded on upper edge; fourth and fifth joints minute....

RS HR Lae ade ahah et ace ae eeerareiete siay aretelalas flavipes, new species
MR ristlescabove’ £OLesGOXde: DACs fers vebaelsiarcsps/elsieye/s sic"\oreie in eiaise eis
. Bristles above fore coxz white or yellowish...............-.-+05
. Second joint of hind tarsi more than twice as long as first........
_ Second joint of hind tarsi not more than twice as long as first.....
mullecsealtogethers black). A. je tecin vier <ishela'-erelstelofes= evens = nigripes Loew.
. Tibie largely yellowish <.0.0.....j00ea nee - vittatus, new species
) Antenne’ wholly black ...2....2. jcc cee ce eee eee cee ees cees
. Antenne partly yellow ............-eec eee e teen reece eet eeeees
| Knob) of the’ halteres’ blacks ..s. 20.520... esi e- halteralis, new species
. Knob of the halteres yellow ........ 00.0 ee sess eee eeeeeeeeee
. Second joint of hind tarsi fully twice as long as first.........-.-.-

Fle Rovenaeae ie teiapetNtarer's witoootc tale ieese ehaie Pel aliahel aUatetst shane s vittatus, new species
. Second joint distinctly less than twice as long as first.............
- Second joint of hind tarsi one and a half times as long as first;

last section of the fifth vein only a little longer than the cross-
Nata) Indo ceinond bola SoMa moda A bosdBiCD obscuripennis, new species

CLOSSAVEITUE A Pacers crate clecatels ease sett sake eres frontalis, new species
PS Thoraxd withGistinct orayevittcecetecr te ncidersteis ns «02's! sis cleioresicle.e\s ®
S Phorax without Gistinct wots witice wer cecioci e+ cleete cic cle neries 2 212 s.0ie
_ With a distinct gray stripe on each side of the acrostichal bristles;
male with prominent yellow hairs at tip of hind tibie..........
SN ete che Ween ci Gera oN etre tein A.A) 4/0 co Ce Rea RCE viduus Wh.
. Dhorax with four! onay, vibteesiccct.scleoieteviorels/s)ereis\elesee + aldrichti Wh.
. Mesonotum with thick brown pollen; length 5 mm................
ROS EASA eit Peau aoE ee on cee Sat Cote emarginatus V. D.
. Mesonotum with thin grayish pollen; length 3.25 mm. or less.....

. Last section of the fifth vein three-fourths as long as the cross-

vein in the male and a little longer than that vein in the female.
Ra EER Sete Ori CGP ORDE Ae OCCUR Ce oregonensts, new species

ie)

12
16

13

14

15

2S

260 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rm Ser.

. Last section of the fifth vein one and a half times as long as the

CLOSS=VEIMN eet te nk sre waeetic, ora antelte cleaieiaw mine sitelerore sie sicters semen
Per ilarrciiae Dalew eerste cate «leidmiacls scuteatsrsteainitcisers maurus Wh.
Deg ilar Cuta placket. cess seis s's eels alain lors cerulescens Malloch.
A ielomiere silent eetrie eekcroccsccs wicklaieie aiarehetee niet oa niente tere ores tnitors 29
Abdomen bronzed, green or black.............-..cccceceecccesces 30
Thorax with yellowish vitte; antennz black...... aurivittatus Wh.
. Thorax with opaque gray pollen; antenne with first two joints
VEN OW ee atte pets hiss iol els alee oicratorasale winle eieicts wee iter cyanogaster Wh.
Males aT remraleS a\.c:eoa are ciaiatate cisreccuateiceteloiete eaten ters atattieria alacant 31
WES 7 hie Sain HOC AEN GOCE aia Rei SaG A SHoIn Ra GERM OANORrpanAOTOrsS 40
Thorax swithidistinct’ vitte...c «acco neces oonatner ace rece wiec ae eis 32
py LHOTAKEWELDOUERCISINCE Wittens cinamruie sneer sie eaeercmm sree eers 37
. Last segment of the fifth vein only half as long as the cross-vein.
Srsini tise ietotateta te calcitic aie siwielate iene cig tnie sie ateieanieloieioietenateteate princeps Wh.
. Last segment of the fifth vein as long or longer than the cross- 2
VL eee tecieieiclors ic eeiea cma s isle Gis eicie Cok eee eee alee ite aes 3
. Last segment of the fifth vein about the same length as the cross- 3
VEU Saree eh ici ciars <.9,2' cieieleis iolaters cromte fsisteiataeiaettiin claomterseie eae 34
. Last segment a little longer than the cross-vein................... 3%

. Legs and feet wholly black; knobs of halteres infuscated.........-.

ae ctetaeate ae IO arse cio evans isicieiewe ale tieeietesele eaericnaion modestus V. D.

. Tips of femora, tibiz, base of tarsi and knobs of halteres yellow.. 35
. Tips of third and fourth veins close together (typical of genus)..

Sean pc oP ete es oso ae, ea rotaté se Sitio wa atessioke Muenelorsians californiensis Wh.

. Tips of third and fourth veins a little wider apart than is usual

AM CHEV ENUS eh wo, oFe iis aces stalete ahs mae as cieeine ebieinees veles Loew.

36. Abdomen and pleure black; face opaque; thoracic vitte very dis-

tinct; tips of third and fourth veins rather widely separated.....
A to SST AEE eroie eteialh cal spovaye.s iv islo-wiags ho laGucke heels aa tae veles Loew.

. Abdomen, pleure and face distinctly green; thoracic vittz less dis-

tinct; tips of third and fourth veins close together (as is usual

TT CHEM OMIIS) ee eis ois so 2 '5i210.6 SSeS wid sete s Me ieee distinctus V. D.

. Legs yellow; cross-vein angulated at its center and with a stump-
VERE aaa ins: stale ¥ npn arecere lubes sean appendiculatus Wh.

. Leg 5 Dlack NCrOSS-Vellio NOKIMNAll. 4 0:0:. o/eis viol sctels wichalnce tii wielere arate ial 38
Knobs of halteres infuscated, at least on one side. .modestus V. D.

. _Knobsvof halteres yellow © < s.as:0.s sicsania vale a/oem spines ae carcass 39

. Last section of fifth vein only half as long as the cross-vein.......

BO Reno G00 0 CORSE Ipp ac bocce dodaanuce xerophilus Wh.

. Last section of fifth vein a little longer than the cross-vein (speci-

mens in which the thoracic vitte are almost obsolete)...........
Sesh ee RE PEMD Sc csotata oe Shatehe re ieee a eer a aioe ers veles Loew.

. Posterior cross-vein with a stump-vein near its middle............

Henan Sie alate ettran tea aoe =: scaloss0 Belede een ciate etnies xerophilus Wh.

. \Cross=yein. MOrMmaleeen sv css os cakeare ere toca chon cebeen mrrime 41
41.
. Hind metatarsus without such a projection, not narrowed at base.. 43
42.

Hind matatarsus with a small tooth near its base................. 42

Small species, 2 mm.; third and fourth veins rather widely sep-
ALAC: Meee eam sh a> sicite cine Wine it meiottee ncaa veles Loew.

. Larger species, over 3 mm.; third and fourth veins normal........

Sd We ee oie EEE brsie. .0)0:6 ete vale uated See californiensis Wh.

. Last section of fifth vein one half the length of the cross-vein.....

BO Rn 2 ic10 SOCIO rier nits xerophilus Wh.

. Last section of fifth vein and the cross-vein of nearly equal length.

I ay EN mene alo :5°'< aes ae ete a ntttsteto ais modestus V. D.

Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NORTH AMERICAN MEDETERUS 261

DEscRIPTIONS OF NEw SPECIES

1. Medeterus falcatus, new species

Male and female: Length 1.75 mm. Face and front covered with gray
pollen; antenne black, third joint small, slightly emarginate at tip where
the arista is inserted; orbital cilia white; thorax bronze black but so
thickly covered with gray pollen as to conceal the ground color and appear
gray in unrubbed specimens, without distinct vitte; bristles above the fore
cox small, white; scutellum with two bristles and two small hairs on
the margin; abdomen dark greenish, obscured with gray pollen; hypopyg-
ium of male black, shining, rather thick; its appendages small, yellowish ;
cox and femora black; more or less of the femora apically, the tibia and
tarsi yellow, the tips of the tarsi darkened; hind tibie somewhat enlarged
at tip with a short, stout, hooked spur, im the female the hooked spurs are
wanting; second joint of hind tarsi a little longer than the first; tegule,
their cilia and the halteres yellow; wings hyaline, slightly gray, with yel-
lowish veins; distal segment of fifth vein more than one and a half times
as long as the cross-vein.

Described from four males and ten females taken by me at
Fresno, Cal., May 6, 1915, while sweeping alfalfa in the park ;
and one male taken at San Francisco, Cal., May 22, 1915.

Holotype, male (No. 512), from Fresno, in collection of the
California Academy of Sciences. Allotype, female, in collec-
tion of the author. Paratypes in both collections.

2. Medeterus similis, new species

Male and female: Length 2.2mm. Face rather wide, covered with gray
pollen, below the suture more shining and black with slight greenish
reflections; front covered with gray pollen; antenne small, black; pro-
boscis of moderate size, shining black with yellow hairs; thorax covered
with gray pollen leaving only a median, shining, bronze-brown vitta
which extends to the hind margin of the scutellum when viewed from
behind; acrostichal bristles small, in two rows; scutellum with two
bristles; bristles above fore coxe very small, white; abdomen black with
a very slight green tinge, shining but somewhat dulled with gray pollen,
its hairs pale; coxze and femora black; fore cox with rather long white
hairs; about the apical third of femora tibia and most of the basal two
or three joints of the tarsi yellow; tarsi blackened towards the apex; hind
tibiz a little enlarged at tip and with bent claw-like spurs; second joint
of hind tarsi more than one and a half times as long as the first; tegule,
their cilia and the halteres yellow; wings slightly tinged with gray; veins
black; last section of the fifth vein a little more than one and a half times
as long as the cross-vein.

Described from three males and five females taken by me at
Los Angeles, Calif., Apr. 27, and May 1, 1915, and one male
taken at Fresno, Calif., May 6, 1915. This is closely related
to falcatus, new species, but has the second joint of hind tarsi
more than one and a half times as long as the first while in

262 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tm Se.

falcatus it is scarcely one and a fourth times as long as the
first; similis is also larger and the thorax has a distinct median
vitta which is not found in falcatus.

Holotype, male (No. 513), from Los Angeles, in collection
of the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype, female from
Los Angeles, in collection of the author. Paratypes in both
collections.

3. Medeterus novus, new species

Male: Length 1.75 mm. Face and front green with whitish pollen; pro-
boscis rather large, yellow, shining; antenne yellow, small; arista dorsal,
pubescent; thorax, including the pleura, light green dulled with gray
pollen; scutellum with the posterior margin yellow, covered with white pol-
len, and with one pair of long, very slender bristles; acrostichal bristles
small; the bristles of thorax and scutellum yellowish brown in certain lights ;
bristles above fore cox pale yellow; abdomen dark greenish, more shining
than the thorax; hypopygium brownish yellow; legs including fore coxe
pale yellow with yellow hairs and bristles; tarsi scarcely darkened at tip;
first joint of hind tarsi scarcely half as long as second; tegule, their cilia and
the halteres pale yellow; wings hyaline, tinged with gray; venation typical
of the genus; veins yellowish brown, more yellow at the root of the wing;
fourth vein ending in the apex of the wing close to the tip of the third;
last section of fifth vein one and a half times as long as the cross-vein.

Described from one male taken at Great Falls, Va., June 12,
by Mr. Nathan Banks.

The yellow antenne, legs and bristles of this species together
with its small size would suggest its being a Thrypticus, but
the venation is that of a typical Medeterus, as is also its large
proboscis and the form of its hypopygium.

Holotype, male, in collection of the author.

4. Medeterus longinquus, new species

Female: Length 2 mm. Face and front green with a very little gray
pollen; antennz black, third joint small; arista apical; proboscis small;
thorax and scutellum light green, somewhat shining but dulled with gray
pollen; acrostichal bristles in two rows; lateral and posterior bristles of
the thorax large, black; scutellum with one pair of bristles; abdomen
darker green than the thorax, shining, its hairs pale; coxe and base of
femora blackish; apical half or more of fore and middle femora, tips of
hind femora, all tibiz and tarsi pale yellow; last tarsal joint blackened;
extreme tips of all tarsal joints brownish; hind femora with rather con-
spicuous yellow hairs; second joint of hind tarsi one and a fourth times
as long as the first; tegulz, their cilia and the halteres yellow; wings
grayish; veins yellowish, brown, more brown on the outer and costal
portion; last section of the fifth vein three times the length of the cross-
vein.

Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NORTH AMERICAN MEDETERUS 263

Described from one female taken by me at Sacramento, Cal.,
June 4, 1915. The name was selected because the cross-vein
was further from the wing margin than in the known related
species.

Holotype, female, in collection of the author.

5. Medeterus zeneus, new species

Male: Length 2mm. Face dark green, shining but dulled with pollen;
front opaque with gray pollen; proboscis rather small, black; antennz
small, black, third joint rounded at tip; arista apical; lower orbital cilia
pale. Mesonotum bronze brown with purplish or coppery reflections and
dulled with gray pollen, without any trace of a vitta; center of posterior
depressed area green; pleure dulled with gray pollen, ground color
blackish with green reflections; bristles above fore cox yellowish; acros-
tichal bristles small, in two rows; an area of small bristles above the
humeri; dorsal bristles small in front, larger posteriorly; scutellum with
one pair of large bristles and a pair of minute hairs just in front of them
on the margin; abdomen dark bronze green, first segment more bluish ;
hypopygium of moderate size, black, its appendages yellowish; coxe and
femora black; broad tips of femora, the tibie and tarsi yellow; last tarsal
joint of all feet black; fore tibia mostly brownish; hind metatarsi half the
length of the second joint; tegule and halteres yellowish; tegular cilia
white; wings grayish hyaline; last section of fourth vein slightly arched
so that the third and fourth veins are nearly parallel at their tips; last
section of fifth vein one and a fourth times as long as the cross-vein; veins
black.

Described from one male taken by me at Los Angeles, Calif.,
Apr 27.19 15.
Holotype, male, in collection of the author.

6. Medeterus cuneiformis, new species

Female: Length 2 mm., of wing 2.5 mm. Face below the suture greenish
with thin gray pollen; face above the suture and the front thickly covered
with gray pollen; proboscis rather small, black; antenne black, third joint
of moderate size, rounded, about as wide as long; arista subapical; orbital
cilia white, long; mesonotum and scutellum greenish gray, nearly opaque
with gray pollen and with a sharply defined, brown median vitta which
extends from the front almost to the hind margin of the scutellum; scutel-
lum with one pair of bristles; pleura and coxe black, covered with gray
pollen; fore coxe with pale hairs on the front surface; acrostichal bristles
in two rows; four dorso-central bristles on each side inserted in small
brown dots; bristles above fore coxe small, white; abdomen dark green
with pale hairs; femora black; broad tips of femora, the tibie and tarsi
yellow; tarsi darkened towards their tips; second joint of hind tarsi one
and a half times as long as the first; tegule and halteres yellow, cilia of
the tegule white; wings grayish hyaline, yellow at base, with a cuneiform,
brown spot filling the angle between the second and third veins at the base
of the third vein and extending a little back of that vein; third and fourth

264 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Sen.

veins rather closely approximated at their tips; last section of fifth vein
twice as long as the cross-vein; veins brown, becoming darker towards
the root of the wing.

Described from four females taken by me at Los Angeles,
Cal., Apr. 27 and May 4, 1915.

Holotype, female (No. 514), in collection of the California
Academy of Sciences. Paratypes in collection of the author.

7. Medeterus nitidiventris, new species

Male and female: Length 2 mm., of wing the same. Face and front
covered with gray pollen, face below the suture more blackish; antenne
black, small, third joint rounded, small, scarcely as wide as long; pro-
boscis rather small, black; inferior orbital cilia pale; thorax gray with a
median brown vitta which extends from the front nearly to the posterior
margin of the scutellum, in some females it is somewhat obliterated pos-
teriorly; pleure black with gray pollen; acrostichals in two rows; four
dorso-centrals inserted on minute brown dots; scutellum with one pair of
bristles; abdomen black, shining, depressed, with gray pollen on the sides,
its hairs pale; hypopygium rather slender, extending nearly to the base of
the venter, black with its appendages black or testaceous; legs black, knees
yellow; tibiz in the females sometimes yellowish brown; second joint of
the hind tarsi of the male about one and a half times, of the female one and
a fourth times, as long as the first; tegule yellow with a narrow brown
border and pale cilia; halteres yellow; wings grayish hyaline; veins brown,
a little yellowish at the root of the wing; last section of fifth vein one and
a half times as long as the cross-vein; in the female there is a brownish
cloud at the base of the third vein which is sometimes very faint, in others
distinct but not as sharply defined as in cuneiformis. This cloud extends
along the third vein, more or less distinctly, nearly to its tip, tinging
nearly the whole of the cell between the second and third veins with brown.

Described from one male and two females taken by me at
San Francisco, Calif., May 12, to 27, 1915.

This species is very like cuneiformis but differs in hav-
ing the abdomen shining black, the legs wholly black except
the knees, and in having the brown cloud more diffused not
sharply defined as in cuneiformuis.

Holotype, male, and paratype in collection of the author.
Allotype, female (No. 515), in collection of the California
Academy of Sciences.

8. Medeterus obesus, new species

Female: Length 2 mm., of wing 2.25 mm. Face and front blue-green,
shining, with but little pollen; antennae very small, black; arista about
apical; proboscis small, black; orbital cilia pale; thorax bluish green with
purple reflections, rather thickly covered with brownish pollen, which is
more gray on the upper part of the pleure; the space between the rows

Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NORTH AMERICAN MEDETERUS 265

of acrostichal bristles shining bluish green as is also the center of the
scutellum ; scutellum with one pair of bristles and a pair of small hairs on
the margin; abdomen more green and shining than the thorax; coxe and
femora black; extreme tips of the femora, the tibiz and tarsi yellow; tarsi
a little darker at tips; second joint of hind tarsi nearly twice as long as
first; tegule, their cilia and the halteres yellow; wings hyaline slightly
tinged with yellowish gray; veins yellowish brown; costa brown; last sec-
tion of fifth vein a little longer than the cross-vein.

Described from one female taken by me at East Aurora,

Erie Co., N. Y., July 28, 1915.
A stout little species with the thorax rather thick and the

scutellum with one pair of bristles.
Holotype, female, in collection of the author.

9. Medeterus zqualis, new species

Male and female: Length 2 mm. Face narrow, brown; proboscis shin-
ing black, rather small; antennz black, small; thorax coppery, with thick
gray pollen, leaving a rather sharpy defined median vitta which extends to
the scutellum but is not very distinct on the depressed area, and a lateral,
broad, not distinctly defined vitta on each side of the dorsum; acrostichal
bristles represented by a few small bristles in front; bristles above fore
cox black, very smail; scutellum with one pair of bristles; in the female
some of the bristles of the thorax are yellowish; abdomen shining black
but dulled with gray pollen; hypopygium long and slender, shining black ;
cox and legs black; knees and fore tibie more yellowish; second joint
of hind tarsi one and a half times as long as the first; tegule, their cilia
and the knobs of the halteres yellow; wings grayish hyaline; distal seg-
ment of fifth vein only a little longer than the cross-vein; fourth vein
ending just before the tip of the wing and close to the tip of the third
vein; veins black, only a little paler at the root of the wing.

Described from two males and one female taken by me at
San Diego, Calif., Apr. 5 and 12, 1915.

Holotype, male (No. 516), in collection of the California
Academy of Sciences. Allotype, female, and paratype in col-
lection of the author.

10. Medeterus frontalis, new species

Female: Length 3 mm., of wing the same. Face black, below the suture
slightly greenish and shining; front thickly covered with brown pollen
except a narrow border of gray pollen along the orbits; palpi and proboscis
not very large, black with pale hairs; antenne black, small, third joint
very small; arista almost dorsal, as long as the height of the head; lower
orbital cilia yellow; thorax with greenish ground color, thickly covered
with pollen which is brown on the center of the dorsum and more gray on
the posterior depressed area, scutellum and pleure; bristles well developed;
acrostichal bristles strong, in two rows; scutellum with two pair of bristles,
the outer pair about half as large as the central; bristles above fore coxe
small, black; abdomen shining black, with black hairs; legs black with only
the tips of the femora yellow; fore coxe with minute pale hairs and small

266 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Ser.

black bristles the whole length of the front surface; each femur with a
row of stiff hairs below extending its whole length but larger towards the
apex; hind tarsi with the second joint one and a fourth times as long as
the first; tegulz, their cilia and the halteres yellow; wings tinged with

ray; veins brown; costa black; last section of fifth vein about two and a
fo urth times as long as the cross-vein.

Described from one female taken by me at Hamburg, N. Y.,
August 10. Another female taken at the same locality, May
14, has the cross-vein twice its length from the wing margin
and the face and front more greenish but undoubtedly it be-
longs to the same species as the type specimen. I also have a
male taken by Mr. Ouellet at Joliette, Quebec, July 13.

Holotype, female, in collection of the author.

11. Medeterus distinctus, new species

Female: Length 2.5 mm. Face rather wide, green, darker and more
shining below the suture; proboscis black, shining, rather small and with
yellow hairs; front opaque with gray pollen; antenne black, third joint
rather small, rounded, a little flattened in outline at tip; arista nearly
apical ; dorsum of thorax bronze-brown, shining, the gray pollen forming
two vitte, one each side of the acrostichal bristles, which unite with the
gray of the posterior depressed area, and a less distinct vitta, abbreviated
anteriorly, each side above the root of the wings; disc with a fine greenish
line between the two rows of strong acrostichal bristles; bristles above
fore coxz small, yellow, appearing brownish in certain lights; scutellum
with four bristles, the outer pair about half as large as the central; pleure
and scutellum green with whitish pollen; abdomen green, the last two seg-
ments more black; hairs of the abdomen yellow; coxz and legs black with
yellow hairs; knees narrowly yellow; the yellowish hairs of the fore
coxe long and stiff; hind coxz with an erect black bristle; second joint
of hind tarsi one and a fourth times as long as the first; tegule yellow,
knob of halteres yellow with a brownish spot on one side; wings slightly
tinged with gray; veins brown, yellow at base; third and fourth veins
rather closely approximated at their tips; fourth vein ending just before
the tip of the wing; last section of fifth vein a little longer than the cross-
vein.

Described from one female taken by me at East Aurora,
Erie County, N. Y., June 25.

The greenish color of the face and body, less distinct vittz
of the mesonotum and the proximity of the tips of the third and
fourth veins separate this species from veles Loew.

Holotype, female, in collection of the author.

12. Medeterus obscuripennis, new species

Female: Length 2 mm., of wing the same. Face and front covered with
brown pollen; face below the suture more shining; antenne black, third
joint small, rounded; arista nearly apical; thorax dull green, with gray

Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NORTH AMERICAN MEDETERUS 267

pollen; marked with a quite distinct median, shining bronze vitta between
the rows of acrostichal bristles, continued as a faint brownish line across
the posterior depressed area and slight indications of lateral vitte; bristles
above fore coxze black, small; scutellum with two pairs of bristles, the
outer being nearly as large as the central pair, the latter not as long as in
some species. Abdomen dark green, almost black, shining but dulled with
pollen; coxe black; legs brown with very short hairs; knees a little yel-
lowish; tibiz without bristles except a very small one on middle tibiz at
basal third; second joint of hind tarsi one and a half times as long as the
first; tegulz, their cilia and the knobs of the halteres yellow; wings tinged
with brownish, especially on the basal half; veins brown; the tips of third
and fourth veins rather close together; last section of fifth vein a little
longer than the cross-vein.

Described from one female taken on the Berkeley Hills, in
Alameda Co., Calif., June 20, by E. T. Cresson, Jr.

Holotype, female (No. 6116), in collection of the American
Entomological Society.

13. Medeterus halteralis, new species

Male: Length 2.25 mm. Altogether black; face shining black below the
suture; upper part of the face and the front opaque with brown pollen;
cilia of the lower orbit pale brownish; proboscis large, shining black;
thorax black, dorsum thickly and uniformly covered with brown pollen;
acrostichal bristles in two rows, small; besides the larger bristles there are
some scattering small ones on the fore part of the dorsum. Pleure and
abdomen a little shining, the latter with black hairs; bristles above fore
coxe blackish, slender; scutellum with four bristles; hypopygium rather
short, black, somewhat shining; its appendages long, brownish; coxe and
legs black; fore coxze with minute brown hairs on the front surface; hind
metatarsi half as long as the second joint; tegule yellowish brown with a
brown border and yellowish cilia; stem of the halteres yellowish brown,
knob blackish. Wings grayish hyaline; veins black; last section of fifth
vein about equal in length to the cross-vein; root of the wing yellowish
brown.

Female: Length 2.75 mm. Legs paler, root of wings, halteres and
tegule, except the brown border, more yellowish; the bristles above the
fore coxe dingy white; ovipositor blackish.

This female seems to be somewhat immature and although
taken on the same tree and at the same time as the male de-
scribed above it may prove to be a distinct species.

Described from one male and one female which I took at
Brule Lake, Ont., Aug. 2, 1911.

This species is very close to M. modestus V. D. (Ent. News,
Vol. xxv, p. 440), but this male has blackish bristles above the
fore cox while modestus has conspicuous white bristles; the
lower part of the face also is more blackish and the halteres
are more infuscated in this species.

Holotype, male, in collection of the author.

268 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

14. Medeterus vittatus, new species

Male: Length 2 to 2.25 mm. Face dark blue-green below the suture, the
suture and above including the front thickly covered with brown pollen;
proboscis swollen, shining black, as are also the palpi; antenne small,
black, third joint as long as broad, moderately flattened at tip; arista apical,
pubescent; thorax brown with two, more or less distinct, pollenose vittz;
acrostichal bristles in two rows, the space between them a little darker
than the rest of the dorsum; prescutellar depression and the pleure with
gray pollen; scutellum black with thin gray pollen and four bristles on the
margin, the outer pair the shortest; abdomen shining black with a slight
greenish tinge and yellowish hairs, the last segment brownish; hypopygium
(Fig. 8) large, shining black, with a well defined dull area covered with
pale hairs on the left side, its appendages black; coxe black; hairs on the
fore coxe pale brown, abundant and long; bristles above fore coxe black;
femora black at base, becoming yellow apically; tibie and tarsi yellow;
extreme tips of tibie and of the tarsal joints usually brownish; first joint
of hind tarsi a little less than half as long as the second; tegule, their
cilia and the halteres whitish; wings with typical venation; veins brown;
last section of the fifth vein slightly longer than the cross-vein,

Female: Agrees with male in all but sexual characters. Ovipositor
brown with several slender hairs at tip.

Described from nine males and four females, ie by me
at Kearney, Ont., July 26, Toronto, Ont., cea , Niagara
Falls, Ont., July 20, and Erie Co., N. Y., July 9

This is closely related to nigripes Loew but it has quite
abundant and conspicuous brown hair on the front surface of
the fore cox, the legs are largely yellow and the first joint
of the hind tarsi is somewhat longer in proportion to the
second.

Holotype, male (No. 517), from Kearney, Ont., in collec-
tion of the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype, female
from Kearney, Ont., in collection of the author. Paratypes in
both collections.

15. Medeterus oregonensis, new species

Length of male 4 mm., of female 3 mm. Face rather narrow, dark metal-
lic blue with a transverse band of white pollen at the suture; front black
(the specimens described seem somewhat greasy); first antennal joint
dark reddish yellow, second and third black; third joint scarcely as long
as wide, rounded at tip, with an apical arista; proboscis black with a few
pale hairs; lower orbital cilia yellowish white, rather long; thorax black
with brown pollen on the anterior portion of the dorsum and whitish
pollen on the posterior depression and on the scutellum. In the male there
is a brassy median vitta on the dorsum which extends to the scutellum,
three or four black bristles above the fore coxz and two pair on the margin
of the scutellum; abdomen shining with basal third of segments pale green-
ish, the apical two thirds more bronze-brown; hypopygium shining black,
its appendages black; coxa, femora and tibi# shining black, tarsi dull
black; fore coxz with brownish black hairs and bristles, hairs of the legs
dark brownish, in certain lights appearing more reddish. The female has

Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NORTH AMERICAN MEDETERUS 269

the knees dark yellowish; the second joint of hind tarsus one and three-
fourths times as long as first. Tegule and halteres brown, the former with
brownish cilia showing white reflections in certain lights. Wings tinged
with grayish; veins brown; venation normal. In the male the last section
of the fifth vein is three-fourths as long, in the female a little longer than,
the cross-vein; tips of third and fourth veins rather closely approximated
in the female, slightly more widely separated in the male; fourth vein end-
ing almost exactly in the apex of the wing.

Described from two males and one female from Ashland,
Oregon, reared June 16, 1916, from Pinus ponderosa, by F. P.
Keen. This species differs from maurus Wh. in having the
antenne darker, the cross-vein nearer the margin of the wing,
the middle tibia wholly black in both male and female (in
maurus they are yellow in the male), and the appendages of
the hypopygium black, yellowish in maurus.

Holotype, male, and allotype, female, in collection of the
United States National Museum; paratype in collection of the
author.

16. Medeterus planipes, new species

Male: Length 2.8 mm. Face, front, and thorax bright shining green
with violet reflections; dorsum of thorax with a little brownish gray pol-
len; antenne blackish, small with slender arista; orbital cilia and bristles
above fore coxe black; scutellum with four bristles; abdomen shining
green; hypopygium stout, not elongated, black with slender yellowish ap-
pendages; fore coxe black with yellow tips; middle and hind cox yel-
lowish; trochanters yellow; femora black with yellow hairs; tibie and
tarsi pale yellow with fifth tarsal joint black and small, nearly as wide as
long; fore tarsi plain, tapering from base to tip; fourth and fifth joints
of nearly equal length; hind metatarsi a little shorter than the second joint;
tibie with pale hairs; middle tibie with one black bristle above, three on
the side on basal third, and black spurs at tip; posterior pair with a few
yellow bristles near the tip and one black bristle near the base and another
at tip; tegule brownish, their cilia and the halteres yellow; wings grayish
with typical venation; last section of fifth vein about as long as the cross-
vein; costa brown, veins yellowish.

Female: A female taken with the male described above has the first
antennal joint yellow and all coxe blackish.

Described from one male and one female taken at Los
Amates, Guatemala, Feb. 18.

Holotype, male, and allotype, female, in collection of the
author.

17. Medeterus flavipes, new species

Male: Length 3 mm. Face and front violet, shining; thorax green
with violet reflections on its anterior half, almost wholly violet along the
front; abdomen shining green; antenne black small; lower orbital cilia
black, but with pale hairs on the lower part of the head behind the cilia;

270 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

coxz and femora black; fore tibie blackish; middle and hind tibie yellow
with black hairs, the latter with a row of yellow hairs below and rather
long numerous yellow bristles above, the bristle at tip black; fore tarsi
yellowish, first joint a little compressed and considerably widened at tip,
second and third joints much compressed, second about as long as wide
with a thumb-like projection above at tip; third much expanded upwards;
fourth and fifth minute, black or partly black; middle and hind tarsi in-
fuscated towards their tips; their second joint one and a half times as
long as first; tegule, their cilia and the halteres yellow; wings with
typical venation; last section of fifth vein about as long as the cross-vein.

Apparently there are six bristles on the edge of the scutel-
lum, but in the type specimen they are all broken off, leaving
only the scars to mark the places of insertion.

Described from a single male taken at Los Amates, Guate-
mala, Feb. 18.

Holotype, male, in collection of the author.

18. Medeterus abruptus, new species

Male: Length 28 mm. Face, front, and anterior part of the thorax
violet, remainder of the thorax and the abdomen shining green; first an-
tennal joint black (other joints missing in type); lower orbital cilia yel-
lowish; scutellum with four bristles; hypopygium black with yellow ap-
pendages; coxe and fore and middle femora blackish; fore femora broadly,
middle narrowly, yellow at tip; hind femora yellow, blackened a little at
base; tibiz and tarsi pale yellow with yellow hairs and bristles, the bristles
at tip of tibia and one small one near base of middle tibie black; tarsi a
little infuscated at tip; fore tarsi one and a half times as long as their
tibie; first three joints a little compressed with a fringe of small black
hairs above; first joint nearly as long as the three following taken to-
gether; third joint abruptly narrowed to a slender projection to which the
fourth joint is attached; fourth small but slightly swollen; fifth slender ; the
projection at tip of third joint together with the fourth and fifth joints
form a very slender tip to the fore tarsi; second joint of hind tarsi nearly
twice as long as the first. Tegule their cilia and the halteres yellow.
Wings with typical venation; veins and costa yellowish ; last section of fifth
vein only slightly longer than the cross-vein.

Described from one male taken at Pt. Barries, Guatemala,

March 3.
M. planipes, flavipes and abruptus are remarkably alike in
appearance but differ widely in the formation of the fore tarsi.
Holotype, male, in collection of the author.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtTH SERIES

Vor. IX, No. 9, pp. 271-272, pl. 20 OcTOoBER 22, 1919

10.4

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FOSSIL FISH FROM JAPAN

BY DAVID STARR JORDAN

Iquius nipponicus Jordan, new genus and species

Type (No. 441, Museum California Academy of Sciences)
is a well preserved imprint of the anterior three-fifths of a small
fish from the island of Iki, off the north coast of Kiusiu, Japan.
The portion preserved is four inches long, the whole fish
probably about seven.

Head 1.3 times in depth at front of dorsal; eye 2.5 in head;
gape of mouth 4 in head ; length of mandible 5 ; height of dorsal
1.6 in head; length of pectoral 1.43; length of ventral 1.5.

Dorsal rays I, 8; pectoral 16; ventral 14. Vertebrz to front
of dorsal 12; to first interspinal 10; abdominal vertebrz about
23 (some lost) ; total probably not far from 36.

General form like that of a herring; the occipital region
rather depressed, the nape rising moderately behind it; snout
apparently short, a little more than half eye, probably rather
acute; mouth small, oblique, the lower jaw shorter and rather
thin, but with a broad base at insertion; both jaws apparently
with small bluntish teeth, one near tip of lower jaw larger.

October 22, 1919

Qi2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Ser.

(These statements as to the mouth may be fallacious as the
bones may be distorted.) Eyes very large, separated by the
sphenoid bone which lies at the base of the skull. Opercular
bones entire; preopercle narrow, opercle broad. Head appar-
ently scaleless, but there are marks on the snout as of small
scales. (These are probably fallacious. )

Vertebre small, the anterior not modified, all about as deep
as long, hour-glass shaped anteriorly, less so behind, neural
spines straight, rather weak, directed backward; dorsal inter-
spinals rather strong, the anterior ones especially ; ribs moder-
ate, curved, not directed strongly backward.

Dorsal short and rather high with one appressed spine or
simple ray, about half the height of the first soft ray, the rays
rapidly shortened backward, the last ray not one-third the
height of the first; pectoral inserted low, the lower rays shorter
and much weaker than the upper; ventrals about under third
ray of dorsal, the rays rather strong; 14 rays are present which
number may include both fins, but in appearance there is one
fin only.

Scales small, thin, rounded, cycloid, looking like herring
scales. These are evident along the line of the back and else-
where. No dorsal scutes, the scales being all of the usual type:
no trace of ventral scutes, but the ventral outline is not well
shown.

This specimen is apparently the first fossil fish yet recorded
from Japan. It is embedded in firm grayish chalky rock, re-
sembling the Miocene deposits about Los Angeles, much firmer
and heavier than the Celite of Lompoc. The horizon of the
deposits on the island of Iki are probably of Tertiary age if I
may judge from this specimen alone. The genus Iquius is
characterized by the short dorsal with a simple appressed ray
in front as in most Cyprinidze, by the small mouth with included
lower jaw, and by the evident teeth, one of them apparently
enlarged. The dorsal fin is more like that of Cyprinoid fish,
but the general structure suggests that of a herring and the
vertebrae are isospondylous and I place the genus provisionally
among the Clupeidz. In its mouth parts it bears some re-
semblance to the living genus Clupeichthys.

ada ‘urpsol snavuoddiu sninby

Og eid LNVGNOr | XI IA “S8U28S Uy “IOS “GVOV “1VO ‘004d

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourTH SERIES

Vor. IX, No. 10, pp. 273-296 NOVEMBER 25, 1919

Xx

NOTES ON THE AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST
RANGE OF CALIFORNIA

BY

JosEpH MAILLIARD
Curator, Department of Ornithology

In this paper are presented some of the results of field work
done by the writer and Mr. Luther Little, assistant curator,
in the inner Coast Range from Mt. St. Helena in Napa County,
Calif., and northward to Mt. Sanhedrin in Mendocino County.

Leaving San Francisco on the morning of April 10, 1919,
we reached Mt. St. Helena Inn about 3:00 p. m. the same day.
On the way to Vallejo attention was given to the gulls which
followed the boat. I wished to note the color of feet of the
immature Western Gull (Larus occidentalis) over which there
has been recent controversy. Very few of this species were
seen, but there were some stragglers still left, and among them
immature birds which sailed so close to the upper deck as to
make examination an easy matter. We found their feet to be
of a dingy flesh color.

November 25, 1919

274 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

The Mt. St. Helena Inn is a little over seven miles from
Calistoga on the toll road to Middletown (Lake Co.), just over
the top of the pass at the southeasterly end of the southernmost
peak of the mountain itself, which rises abruptly from the long
ridge extending several miles to the southeast and constituting
the easterly wall of Napa Valley. The altitude of the pass is
2300 feet. Mt. St. Helena is the most southerly of the higher
mountains of the inner Coast Range north of San Francisco
Bay, with an altitude given variously on different maps, the
greatest of which is 4337 feet for the highest of its three peaks.
Its upper slopes are for the most part covered with rocks and
brush, with forest extending up the sheltered ravines in some
places nearly to the top. The brush is principally scrub oak,
chamisal, and manzanita, with some ceanothus.

Near the top are found a few of the trees and plants of the
Sierran association, such as yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa),
sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) and mahala mat, or squaw
grass (Ceanothus prostratus). The character of the valleys
on each side of most of these inner Coast Range mountains is
Upper Sonoran, but the higher peaks of the long ridges still
find enough moisture in the breezes from the sea to lift them
and their northern slopes from their surroundings and enable
them to form an island of Transition, Mt. St. Helena and its
immediate vicinity being the southernmost part of this island.

On the northerly side of the mountain, and on the nearby
ranges, the slopes are very steep and heavily covered with
forest or brush, even down to a comparatively low altitude, and
grassy or arable spots are few and far between for many miles,
as are human habitations.

Dr. Walter K. Fisher spent something over two weeks in this
place in 1900 (Aug. 29 to Sept. 14), the result of his observa-
tions appearing in The Condor, Vol. IT, 1900, p. 135, wherein
he gives a detailed list of the arboreal flora and the avifauna of
this region. To quote from this paper:

“Some of the forms on Mt. St. Helena are characteristic
of the drier inland districts, while nearly related races are
found in the humid coast belt just to the west. . . . Thus
we have closely related but ordinarily rather widely sep-
arated races brought close together.”

Vor. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE 275

This description is applicable to a great part of this region,
both south and north of Clear Lake. Dr. Fisher’s visit, how-
ever, was in the early fall, extended over a much longer period
than ours, and evidently covered much more territory. Ours
was in the spring, too early for many of the summer visitants,
and was confined to the Transition zone. Fisher listed 57
species of birds, while we noted but 35, not counting some
others met with at our next stopping place, which was two
miles further on and could be said to be still a part of Mt. St.
Helena. On the other hand, we noted 14 species not mentioned
by him, as follows :—Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter velox),
Cabanis Woodpecker (Dryobates villosus), Western Flycatcher
(Empidonax difiicilis difiicilis), Western Crow (Corvus
brachyrhynchos hesperis), California Purple Finch (Carpo-
dacus purpureus californicus),Golden-crowned Sparrow (Zono-
trichia coronata), Western Chipping Sparrow (Spizella pas-
serina arizone), Sierra Junco (Junco oreganus thurbert),
Shumagin Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis),
Yolla Bolly Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca brevicauda), Barn
Swallow (Hirundo erythrogaster), Lutescent Warbler (Ver-
mivora celata lutescens), Audubon’s Warbler (Dendroica
auduboni), and Monterey Hermit Thrush (Hylocichla guttata
slevini). Of these the Golden-crowned Sparrow, Shumagin
Fox Sparrow, and Yolla Bolly Fox Sparrow were only linger-
ing or passing migrants, but the others either bred there or not
far away, in all probability. The Monterey Hermit Thrush,
however, must have been merely a wanderer, a few miles only
to the eastward of its known breeding ground.

Of Fisher’s list the Toxostoma is evidently the Sonoma
Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivus sonome Grinnell), and the
Chamza mentioned is Chamea fasciata henshawi, a change in
name only. While he was right in saying that this latter form
resembles that of southern California, it is hardly typical,
being somewhat intermediate toward rufula. His remarks
concerning the Blue-fronted Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis),
are of interest in view of our present knowledge that these two
forms extend down the Russian River valley to the actual sea-
coast (Sierra Forms on the Coast of Sonoma County, Cali-
fornia, J. Mailliard, The Condor, X, 1908, p. 133). His Cali-
fornia Jay does not seem to me to be separable from the

276 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41H Ser.

coast form, but his two towhees respectively approach the
Sacramento Towhee (Pipilo maculatus falcinellus Swarth),
and the Northern Brown Towhee (Pipilo crissalis carole
McGregor). Other changes in his list would be only cases of
up-to-date changes of nomenclature.

Curiously enough, Dr. Fisher did not mention the Sierra
Junco (Junco oreganus thurberi), which we found breeding
there. As we were being shown to our sleeping quarters at the
Mt. St. Helena Inn, shortly after our arrival there on the after-
noon of April 10, one of these birds with something in its
mouth attracted my attention, and later search developed a nest
in course of construction near the top of the excavated bank just
back of the building. This nest was among the roots of a
small oak growing on the very edge of the top, and the nest
was nearly hidden by vines that covered the bank as well as
protected it from the sun and ordinary rains by a slight over-
hang of earth. Returning to this place on May 3 we found
that the nest contained five heavily incubated eggs. Nest, eggs
and one parent (No. 19858, C. A. S.), were taken for the
breeding record, as being the first for the locality.

Perhaps the most important result of our visit was the find-
ing of the Yolla Bolly Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca brevi-
cauda Mailliard) on Mt. St. Helena, apparently well estab-
lished there. In the brush, from an altitude of about 2800 feet
up to the top, they were quite numerous during our four days’
stay, but wild as are most of this genus outside of the breeding
season. It was an easy matter to “squeak them up” near one,
but they would appear on the tops of the bushes only to dart
down again at the slightest motion the observer might make.
In spite of this characteristic, several specimens were ob-
tained. At this date it seemed possible that this sparrow might
be breeding on Mt. St. Helena, as it was so close to the nesting
time, but a later visit (on May 3) failed to develop any sign
or sound of fox sparrows. It is reasonable to suppose, from
the number and actions of those we found there, that this
locality must be within the general winter habitat of the Yolla
Bolly Fox Sparrow, probably about the southern limit except
for occasional straggling, but it will need some further seasonal
observations to determine this. Specimens have been taken

Vor. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE Zhe:

often in southern California in winter, but no well populated
wintering ground south of Napa County has yet been found.

A few fox sparrows of other forms were found among the
Yolla Bolly which were evidently passing migrants, on their
way to their more northern breeding grounds.

The weather during our stay here was chilly most of the
time, rainy and consequently gloomy some of the time, and
far from favorable for such observations as we wished to make,
and as we were working almost altogether in the forest or
brush of the Transition zone, this may account in part for our
small list of birds noted. In addition to this, most of the winter
visitants had left and it was too early for the summer influx.
This latter fact, however, was to our advantage in that we
could note the date of arrival of the summer visitants as they
appeared. The Western Flycatcher was the only species of the
latter found in the higher altitudes at this date, the first being
noted on April 1.

The Sacramento Towhee seems to be the race inhabiting this
locality, and is true to form as regards relative size of feet, but
in coloration it appears to intergrade with falcifer, whose ter-
ritory lies only some twenty or thirty miles westward in the
more humid strip near the coast.

The Northern Brown Towhee of this region also somewhat
approaches the coast form, crissalis, but can be easily dis-
tinguished. The Black-throated Gray Warbler was found in
Transition here, and there seems to be every probability of its
nesting, but this was not proved, few individuals being seen and
none taken. Fisher mentions this species as being very numer-
ous at the time of his visit in the late summer.

This locality was last visited on May 3, to ascertain if the
Yolla Bolly Fox Sparrows were breeding here. That after-
noon Mr. Little went up to the top of the first peak, while I
remained lower down at the levels in which we had taken them
previously, but not an individual was seen nor a note heard.
It is barely possible that some might be breeding on one of the
other peaks, neither of which is very much higher than the
south peak we were on, but bad weather with dense fog set in,
after a hot spell we had been having, showing signs of con-
siderable duration. There being small likelihood of our finding
any fox sparrows there the idea of further investigation was

278 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41TH Szr.

abandoned, especially as upon the mountains to the north of
this it does not appear to breed below 4500 feet at the lowest,
this altitude corresponding with my experience in the Sierras
at about the same latitude.

Mountain Miri Hore

As this expedition was more in the nature of a prospecting
trip for the purpose of ascertaining as nearly as possible what
localities in the area selected might be the most interesting for
more protracted examination, our stay at Mt. St. Helena was
limited to four days only, and on the afternoon of April 14 we
moved down the grade, on the northerly side of the ridge, two
miles to the Mountain Mill Hotel. This place is a small hos-
telry just inside the Lake County line, at an altitude of perhaps
1500 feet. It is situated in a very narrow valley one side of
which really forms the east, or northeast base proper of Mt. St.
Helena, and is visited chiefly at this time of year by anglers.

At the bottom of this valley is a creek named on some maps
the St. Helena Creek, which runs past Middletown into the
Putah Creek, flowing into the Sacramento River basin.

At this point Transition mingles with Upper Sonoran, and
close around the buildings are a few small open areas, almost
swallowed up by brush and woods, but for some miles down
stream it is all heavy forest, with the valley narrowing into a
canyon only to widen into a valley again as Middletown is
approached. The locality at first appeared to be a very likely
one for numerous species of bird life, but we were doomed to
disappointment, for birds were scarce. In fact, they appeared
to be scarce almost everywhere in the Transition zone. Here
we came across more of the summer visitants, such as the
Western House Wren (Troglodytes aedon parkmanni) and
Cassin’s Vireo (Lanivireo solitarius cassini), seen on April 15,
and the Pacific Black-headed Grosbeak (Zamelodia melano-
cephala capitalis), on April 16. Along the stream were a few
Marin Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia gouldi), acting as
if they took a great interest in the locality with a view to
raising families there.

There was little suitable brush for fox sparrows nearby, but
about half way up on a road leading to a walnut orchard and

Vor. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE 279

country home, called “Montesol,” high up on the ridge upon
the east side of the valley, there was a break in the woods at
about 1600 feet elevation showing a few acres of brush, and
in this spot on April 15 and 16, I succeeded in “‘squeaking up”
two or three of these birds and securing one Yolla Bolly on
each occasion. The brush was too dense to allow of penetrat-
ing far or more might have been obtained.

Besides the song sparrows, the Western Winter Wren
(Nannus hiemalis pacificus) was found along the stream. From
its actions it was apparently breeding there although no nests
were discovered. <A flock of Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla
cedrorum), was noted by Little at the old Mirabel quicksilver
mine, long abandoned and a likely looking place for bats (some
of which he found there), on April 16. This place, however,
was some miles down stream from our stopping place and in
Upper Sonoran.

The weather turned so bad here, with a heavy rain all day
on April 17, making everything in the forest and brush so
wet and bedraggled, that we decided to move further inland,
and on the morning of April 18 we went by auto to

HARBIN SpriINGs, LAKE CouNTY

This place is also in a narrow valley—almost a canyon—
with some fairly open ground on which grow scattered oaks
and digger pines (Pinus sabiniana) but most of the surround-
ing hills are very steep and covered principally with brush, of
which a large proportion is chamisal and with trees in the
sheltered places and ravines. On the way to Harbin Springs
we passed through Middletown, four miles distant, which is in
an Upper Sonoran open country at about 1200 feet elevation.
We noted in traveling through many of the common birds
natural almost anywhere at this latitude to country of like
character in central California. Soon after leaving Middletown
the road commences to ascend until it reaches the springs at
about 1600 to 1800 feet altitude with the whole face of the
range, here with a southerly exposure, in Upper Sonoran clear
to its summit, which much reach something like 3000 feet
elevation.

280 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47m Ser.

The afternoon of our arrival a recently commenced nest of
Cassin’s Vireo (Lanivireo solitarius cassini), was pointed out
to us by a lady who was staying at the hotel and who had
noticed the birds building in a live oak tree under which she
was sitting. This nest was again visited on April 24, but no
eggs as yet had been deposited. The following summer visi-
tants were first met with at this point:—California Yellow
Warbler (Dendroica estiva brewsteri), April 18; Western
Warbling Vireo (Vireosylva gilva swainsoni) and Bullock’s
Oriole, April 19; Long-tailed Chat (Icteria virens longicauda),
April 20; Western Wood Pewee (Myiochanes richardsoni
richardsoni), April 21; Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myiarchus
cinerascens cinerascens), and Lazuli Bunting (Passerina
amana), on April 22. These dates might be considered as
fairly approximating the actual dates of arrival for the re-
spective species, for the reason that we had not met with them
before in spots where one would reasonably expect to find them.

Up to this point we had not found any Thryomanes, nor
positively identified its song, in spite of the fact that Fisher had
reported it as “taken in the open chaparral, where it was
apparently common” on Mt. St. Helena, but in the chamisal
brush at Harbin Springs we heard several and captured one,
which proved to be the San Joaquin Wren (Thryomanes
bewicki drymecus Oberholser), but intergrading toward
marinensis Grinnell. The scarcity of this genus in the terri-
tory we covered is rather remarkable, as no specimens were
taken after leaving this place, although we were constantly on
the lookout for it. The form marinensis,.or Nicasio Wren is
the nearest neighbor to the drymacus, or San Joaquin Wren
at this point, being found, as with the other humid coast forms
only 25 or 30 miles to the westward.

A couple of the Yolla Bolly Fox Sparrows were found here
also, at an altitude of about 2000 feet, their actions indicating
that they were paired, although as only one was taken this
could not be proved. These two birds were in some low, flat-
tened down wild grape vines alongside a road on a steep hill-
side and seemed to be accompanying a small flock of Golden-
crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia coronata). One of the fox
sparrows was taken and the other hung around for some little
time, but kept under cover so well that it was not secured. Mr.

Vor. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE 281

Little climbed to the top of the mountain range back of the
springs in search of fox sparrows but failed to find any suitable
brush for them. He brought back with him a thrush which I
have placed with the Monterey Hermit Thrush (Hylocichla
guttata slevini), but which seems to be intermediate between
that form and nana.

Here we found the Slender-billed Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis
aculeata), and the Plain Titmouse (B@olophus inornatus inor-
natus), for the first time on the trip. The Black-throated Gray
Warbler (Dendroica nigrescens), we found present in con-
siderable numbers, with indications of its breeding there, or in
the vicinity. Unfortunately, on a reconnaissance of this sort,
time does not permit one to devote much attention to the find-
ing of nests, which is often slow, tedious work, for the spring-
time passes rapidly and we had much to do. Besides our
ornithological work we set out traps for small mammals every
night, which had to be attended to in the mornings before we
could think of the birds. So it can be said that our discovery
of nests was more or less incidental, although ever on the
watch for signs of them. There were very few Blue-fronted
Jays in this part of the country, but we were informed that
they gather here in numbers during the fall and winter.

Having examined this locality as much as we desired at
this time, on the evening of April 24 we moved to

CASTLE SprINGS, LAKE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

This place is a resort with various sorts of hot and cold
springs, four or five miles west of Middletown, on Castle
Mountain at an altitude of about 2800 feet. The buildings
are situated upon a short, steep-sided spur projecting from
the eastern slope of the range, with the mountain rising back
of it several hundred feet higher. While there are extensive
tracts of timber on the east side below this elevation, most of
the country above it is covered with brush, the timber running
up only in the deeper gullies and canyons. A large proportion
of the brush is chamisal, with patches of ceanothus, and thick
growths of small spindly trees of various sorts, the whole
mountain showing evidences of having been frequently swept
by fires, which might account for the scarcity of rodents.

282 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

The principal object in visiting this place was to ascertain
if any fox sparrows might be breeding on the mountain, but,
although there seems to be sufficient brush of suitable sort
to attract them, it was evidently not at a high enough altitude
to meet their needs.

A few individuals of small-billed races of fox sparrows
were still loitering on their northward journey to their distant
breeding grounds, of which one or two were taken, but no
Yolla Bollys.

Except for the species commonly found about gardens and
dwellings in this central part of California, birds were notably
scarce, although there was water in abundance in the springs
and small streams—the latter in ravines too steep and rough
for us to follow far. A number of Sonoma Thrashers inhabit
the brushy hillsides, and their diversified vocal outpourings
were most pleasing. At times none could be heard, at other
times one or two would break into song for short periods, while
again other individuals, from the top of some bush, would go
through their entire repertoire only to repeat it again and again
until a real or fancied danger caused a sudden dive into the
thicket. The Pallid Wren-tit (Chamea fasciata henshawi),
also was here in abundance, in some parts their peculiar trilling
notes seeming to come from all sides. Other birds and small
mammals being so scarce and hard to find, a move was made on
the morning of April 27 to

GLENBROOK, LAKE CouNTY, CALIFORNIA

At one time a well known resort for hunters and fisher-
men, this place at present is conducted as a sort of farm that
will accommodate guests if they appear. It is situated at the
northern base of Mt. Cobb, 12 miles west of Middletown on
the road to Kelseyville and Lakeport, and is also on Kelsey
Creek, which flows into Clear Lake. It is three miles west
of Cobb P. O. in Cobb Valley, at an elevation of about 2300
feet, the divide, between this valley draining into Clear Lake
and the Middletown Valley draining into the Sacramento
River basin, being a short distance above Cobb. Here we
found the vegetation much behind what we had so far been
encountering, it being at about the same stage as that on Mt.

Vor. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE 283

St. Helena upon our first arrival there, April 10. And here
also the country gave even more evidence of Sierran charac-
teristics in the way of magnificent yellow pines (Pinus pon-
derosa) growing in the fairly level fields of the valley, with
sugar pines (Pinus lambertiana) on the hillsides nearby. The
wild flowers were especially noticeable in their abundance and
beauty, great beds of bleeding heart (Dicentra formosa) being
perhaps among the most attractive.

We had been informed that the top of Mt. Cobb was easily
reached from this spot, but found that this was not the case,
as it is some six miles away and reachable only by a some-
what dubious trail. However, as we had been on two sides
of the mountain and had been unable with our glasses to
locate anything that looked like favorable brush for fox spar-
rows, together with the fact that its height was under 4000
feet, we decided that an attempt to reach the top would not
be worth the while.

Around and in the farm orchard at Glenbrook there were
more of the commoner species of birds, especially of song
birds, than at any place we had so far seen on the trip. At
the time of our arrival the avian chorus was certainly a fine
one, with Linnets, California Purple Finches, Western War-
bling and Cassin’s Vireos, Marin Song Sparrows, Western
House Wrens and Western Robins doing their utmost to swell
it nearby, while from the distance came the notes of California
Woodpeckers, Mountain Quail, Long-tailed Chats, etc., occa-
sionally enlivened by the call of a Red-shafted Flicker.

We had reached this spot in time for lunch, soon after
which we separated for a reconnaissance of the surrounding
country, which appeared to be very favorable for bird life.
But, as was the case at the other places visited, we found the
birds much more numerous near the habitations than further
away, although we soon heard the chorus greatly augmented
by the rollicking tones of the Western Purple Martin (Progne
subis hesperia), a small flock of which was trying to make up
its mind as to which of a number of likely looking trees it
would choose for its summer headquarters.

The surprise of the afternoon was when Little came upon
a hummer that proved to be the Calliope Hummingbird (Stel-
lula calliope), and hastened back with the report that he had

284 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Sex.

seen several in a little pocket in the hills where the wild white
lilac was blooming in profusion. Going at once to the spot
we endeavored to study their actions and to secure some speci-
mens, both of which were somewhat difficult matters because
of the shyness and rapidity of motion of the birds.

As soon as the traps had been visited on the morning of
April 29, we repaired to the wild lilac patch to watch the
hummingbirds, in order, if possible, to discover the reason for
their presence in such a supposedly out-of-the-way place for
the Calliope. Away from the Sierra Nevada Mountains there
are but few records for the state except in the extreme north
and south, and there solely upon high mountain ranges, the
only authentic ones being of migratory birds. Singularly
enough, however, there are two or three from the vicinity of
Oakland, Berkeley, and Hayward, Alameda County (Pacific
Coast Avifauna, No. 12, A Distributional List of the Birds
of California, p. 88). There were, apparently, no trustworthy
breeding records for any part of the state beiow 4000 feet,
hence it was a matter of great interest to know what these
birds were doing in this place at an altitude of only 2300.
Their activities seemed to be confined ‘to this sort of small,
southerly exposed pocket lying against a low hill on one side,
whose slope was covered with the white lilac in full bloom.
On the east and south sides was the forest running up into
the high hills, with its nearest edge partially cut over, while
to the westward the little pocket opened out into the larger
valley, forming a warm and sheltered nook. In its center ran
a very low little ridge covered with scattered pine and oak
trees, with here and there bunches of lilac and manzanita
bushes among which small fir, pine and oak saplings were
growing, at whose feet were many wildflowers—altogether a
most favored spot.

There were several hummers darting about at the moment
of our arrival that morning, among them being one or two
Anna Hummingbirds (Calypte anna). Of the Calliopes there
were mostly males in evidence, the females either being much
scarcer or else keeping more out of sight—a point not defin-
itely determined. The courting actions of the Calliope were
as follows :—The males would poise in the air, each individual
seeming to remain in his particular plane—that is, neither
rising nor falling—for quite a prolonged period, often turning

Vor. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE 285

around from side to side on an even keel, as it were, and back
again, evidently on the lookout for females. The latter would
be sedately sitting on a bare twig or dead limb, usually of a
low bush, and very difficult for us to locate. From time to
time they would emit a peculiar sort of grunt, if that will
convey the idea, this word being defined in the dictionary as
“a deep, guttural sound” and it was, relatively speaking, both
deep and guttural—for a hummingbird! The male appar-
ently caught this sound, or else caught sight of the female—
it was impossible to say which came first, for it seems most
probable that the sound was meant to attract his attention—
and would immediately dart to the spot, at once commencing
the ascending and diving antics common to all, or most,
species of hummingbirds. There is a peculiar tone to the
whizzing sound that the Calliope makes in the downward rush
which could hardly be mistaken for that made by any other
species, once it is fastened in the observer’s mind, and this
distinctiveness is accentuated by a very characteristic squeak
given at or near the lowest point of the dive. The birds are
so small and their evolutions so rapid that it is extremely
difficult for the eye to follow them. Between times the males
would perch on, or near, the top of an oak or fir sapling, from
which they would have a good view, and remain quiet, per-
haps just resting, for short periods, but were very difficult
to approach. It was hard to determine whether their leaving
their post of observation was due to fear of approaching dan-
ger or only the result of a sudden impulse that would have
caused them to take flight anyway. .

When shot they are exceedingly hard to find, small as
they are and with so little brilliant coloring. In fact, even on
open, practically bare ground they are by no means easy to
retrieve. The safest way to procure specimens of the males
was to watch in some promising spot which was fairly open,
with but little grass or trash on the ground, and to shoot
them from a distance with a good-sized load of dust shot as
they poised in the air. There was little chance of more than
one or two pellets out of the charge striking such a small
object as one of these hummingbirds at twenty to thirty
yards, there actually being quite a chance of none striking at
all. Seven were secured at this time, five males and two
females, and several lost. One of the females contained the

286 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

yolk of an egg of about full size. There was no sign of shell
but it was probably the first of the clutch and would have
been laid inside of forty-eight hours.

The country roundabout was searched for more of this
species of hummingbird, especially where the wild lilac was
abundant, but on this occasion only one other individual was
positively identified, and this was a female, taken on the Mt.
Hannah side of Cobb Valley at an altitude of about 3000 feet.
This bird was noted among the inner and at the same time
lowest dead branches of a large, umbrella-like black oak,
which had no limbs for quite a height. After being watched
for some time and no nest discovered this female was taken
‘for the record.

Later developments with another bird under somewhat simi-
lar conditions lead me to believe that this female actually did
have a nest high up in this oak tree, probably in the building
stage. A few other hummingbirds were seen in the brush
but none near enough for identification, and none was found
performing courting evolutions except in the spot above
described.

A second visit was made to Glenbrook, June 3 to June 5,
in company with my brother, John W. Mailliard, and the
results of this visit, as far as concerns the Calliope Humming-
bird, may better be given here as a sequel to what has just
been written. On the morning of June 4 the spot where
these hummingbirds had been found on our April visit was
examined, but not a trace of one was seen. The flowers had
all disappeared, and so had the hummingbirds. Later in the
morning a trip was made by auto up the old road to Adams’
Springs, alongside of which the female Calliope mentioned
above was taken in the oak tree, but hardly a hummingbird
was seen and none identified. Returning to Glenbrook for
lunch we found the early afternoon too hot for any satisfac-
tory work abroad, and leaving Little to finish up some inside
work my brother and I adjourned to a shady spot under some
alder trees by the brookside, only a few rods from the house,
as being a pleasant and favorable place in which to watch for
birds. While we were sitting there, some few yards apart, a
female Calliope Hummer came and fed upon a wild columbine
almost within arm’s reach of my brother. Shortly before this
I had noticed a faint buzzing sound overhead when passing

Vor. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE 287

under a certain tree—so faint as not to be recognized as being
made by a hummingbird—but after seeing this female so
close to the place our suspicions were aroused and we finally
succeeded in locating a nest, finding it to contain two young
almost ready to fly, and proving beyond doubt that the Cal-
liope Hummingbird was breeding in this locality. The parent
of this nest and the two young are respectively Nos. 19957,
19958 and 19954, C. A. S. The nest was saddled on a small
dead limb, close to where it came out of a bunch of larger
limbs that were alive, and situated in such a way that it was
well sheltered from sun or rain by the largest limb of all.
Barring the mountains in extreme northern and southern
California, this is the first absolutely reliable, published record
of the nesting of this species west of the Sierras and below
4000 feet altitude.

Returning to the earlier visit to Glenbrook, on the morning
of April 30 I went up the old road to Adams’ Springs before
spoken of to a little way past the nearest summit. The first
mile of this road at this end is entirely in the brush country,
manzanita, white lilac, chaparral, etc., which here is inter-
spersed with the Macnab cypress (Cupressus magnabiana).
Very few birds were seen until some timber near the summit
of the road was reached, in which were some vireos and
warblers, and among the latter was a male Calaveras Warbler
(Vermivora ruficapilla gutturalis), which was the only one
noted on the whole trip. Just beyond this stretch of woods
lay an open hillside field of perhaps ten acres in extent covered
with short green grass, near the middle of which was a
swampy spot, of maybe one acre or less, that was occupied by
a small colony of red-winged blackbirds. Being high up in
the hills, and surrounded by forest and brush, it was about
the last place in which one would expect to run across these
birds.

There were several small colonies of them scattered through
Cobb Valley wherever swampy. Several specimens were
taken, in the valley and on the mountainside, which seem to
be in no way different from the Bicolored Red-wing (A gelaius
pheeniceus californicus) of Marin and Sonoma counties bor-
dering on San Francisco Bay.

Both Audubon’s Warbler (Dendroica auduboni audubont),
and the Black-throated Gray Warbler (Dendroica nigrescens)

288 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

were present in limited numbers at Glenbrook and the sur-
rounding hills, a juvenile not long from the nest of the for-
mer and a female of the latter with an egg in the oviduct
proving that these two species breed here.

The juvenile Audubon escaped in some thick brush, but the
female Black-throated Gray, taken on May 2, is No. 19940,
CyAaS:

Several pairs of the Sierra Junco (Junco oreganus thruberi)
were seen in Cobb Valley and a male was taken near Glen-
brook on May 2 for the record. Golden-crowned Sparrows
were still in evidence that morning, several being seen near
the buildings in a hedge that seemed to be a favorite shelter
for this species throughout our stay there. This date may be
of some interest in the way of comparison of dates of migra-
tion of this species at various points.

Around Glenbrook, as was the case in regard to most of
the localities visited on this trip, there was very little trash
lying on the ground in the woods or under the brush, nor
many dead leaves even where there were no signs of recent
fires. In fact, the surface of the ground was remarkably bare
in most places, as if all the leaves and branches that fell had
either been burned up or washed away by extremely heavy
rains, but there were neither ashes nor gullying to certify to
either of these causes for the absence of organic matter.

One of the results of this condition was that but little cover
existed for insects or small rodents, and the scarcity of the
former may have more or less effect upon the bird life of the
country, especially as concerns those species of birds which
seek their food principally on the ground.

The vicinity of Glenbrook having been pretty well pros-
pected by May 3, we started back for San Francisco, stopping
overnight at Mt. St. Helena to have another look for fox
sparrows, as related in a former paragraph. Finding nothing
of interest there and the weather being greatly against us, we
returned to San Francisco on May 4 to overhaul specimens
and refit for further work in other localities.

In a paper published by Dr. Witmer Stone in 1904 (Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 583), the Thick-billed Fox
Sparrow (Passerella i. megarhyncha) was mentioned as hay-
ing been taken in late spring and summer on Mt. Sanhedrin,
California, a mountain mostly in Mendocino County, and pre-

Vor. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE 289

sumably breeding there. As, however, the Yolla Bolly Fox
Sparrow (P. i. brevicauda) had since that date been found to
be the form breeding in the mountains not far north of San-
hedrin, and as the breeding range of the Thick-billed Fox
Sparrow has never been definitely determined, (Swarth, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 31, p. 162) it seemed to be worth
while to follow this matter up, especially as we had been
examining the country not far to the south of this point, and
had found the Yolla Bolly to be quite common there in the
early spring, as shown in the first part of this paper. Hence
our further prospecting was planned with this end in view
and on May 16, Mr. Little and I proceeded, via Willits on
the Northwestern Pacific R. R., to a point from which, we
were informed, it would be an easy matter to reach the top
of Mt. Sanhedrin, this being a place called Hearst, on a fork
of the Eel River about 16 miles to the eastward of Willits.
We found that Hearst is only a post office which used to be
close to the county bridge, called the Hearst Bridge, but
which has been moved up the valley two miles and is now at
a summering place called Emandal. We staid at the Eel
River Inn, close to the Hearst Bridge. There is no actual
settlement in this part of the Eel River Valley other than an
occasional farmhouse or resort for hunters or fishermen.

As had often before been the case we found the top of the
mountain much farther away than we had been led to sup-
pose, it being in this case about ten miles off, and not the
easy walk our informant had spoken of. There is a road,
however, leading through a large private holding at this spot
and at an opportune meeting with the owner permission was
obtained to use it, ordinarily kept closed by a locked gate.
On May 21 a rig was secured and with a chance acquaintance
Little succeeded in reaching a point from which he could find
his way to the top on foot. Sanhedrin is a long, ridge-like
mountain, and at this end no suitable brush for fox sparrows
was found, all this part of the summit being covered with a
dense growth—where the rock permitted any at all—of young
oaks about two feet high, which had apparently leaved out
early and had then been frostbitten, giving the whole growth
a reddish appearance that had been noted by us as far away
as the Hearst Bridge.

290 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Although the mountain is something over 6000 feet high
at the point here visited but few birds were noted that were
not found down at the river level, which was about 1300 feet,
where we were staying. The Sierra Red-breasted Sapsucker
(Sphyrapicus varius daggetti) and the Pygmy Nuthatch
(Sitta pygm@ea pygmea) were about the only ones worth
special mention.

The most prominent bird in this locality was the Northern
Pileated Woodpecker (Phla@otomus pileatus albieticola),
several of which were seen and oftener heard, but no nests
were found nor did any actions of those observed seem to
indicate that they were then feeding young. Cassin’s Vireo
at first appeared to be very numerous here, and four nests
were located within the first twenty-four hours of our stay,
but it afterward turned out that we had come across a good
proportion of those present in this short space of time, for
but few other pairs were seen, and no more nests discovered.
Black oaks seemed to be their favorite nesting place, but one
nest was found in a scraggly manzanita bush, eight feet from
the ground. Seven to ten feet appeared to be the usual height
from the ground, although, of course, there may have been
others at a greater height that we did not discover. The
Western Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana) breeds here in
limited numbers, one nest containing four nearly fresh eggs
being taken near the river on May 22. As is common with
this species this nest was out toward the end of a horizontal
branch of a Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa) twenty-
five feet from the ground, and was secured by Little, who
“shinned”’ up a sapling pole held in place with guy ropes.
One or two other nests of this species were found but were
not finished at the time of our leaving. Several mergansers
were seen on the river, one of which flew up or down stream
nearly every day, uttering most unmusical notes in passing.
We did not succeed in capturing any, but were near enough
to be fairly sure that they were americanus.

The country at this point is all Transition, with a good deal
of open pasture land on the southerly exposed hillsides, and
looks as if it ought to be a very attractive place for birds.
During our stay the vicinity was well gone over, within a
radius of two or three miles at least, but the birds were

Vor. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE 291

found as scarce as in the other localities visited, with rodents
in the same category.

Wishing to get nearer to Sanhedrin’s summit at the oppo-
site end we decided to go to Lierly’s Ranch—a combination
ranch and old time hunters’ resort which was the headquar-
ters of Bunnell upon the occasion of his visit to this mountain
before referred to. While it was only six or eight miles from
where we were, being without pack animals we had to go
back to Willits, to Potter Valley via Ukiah (almost), and
thence in to Lierly’s—a round-about journey of over sity miles
to reach our destination. On the way into the hills from Pot-
ter Valley birds seemed scarcer than ever, and the end of our
journey did not give much promise of more encouraging pros-
pects in that line. The only day upon which we could get
horses and a guide was May 25, on which date Little reached
the summit nearest to this point and found fox sparrows
numerous on the mountain. Several specimens were secured,
which proved to be the Yolla Bolly (Passerella iliaca brevi-
cauda), as had been anticipated.

Except for the Northern Piliated Woodpecker there seemed
to be nothing of special interest in the immediate vicinity of
Lierly’s, the only birds we saw being the commonest species
that one would expect to find in such a locality, and as this
place was too far away from the mountain top for satisfactory
work with our equipment we left for home on May 26, seeing
but little on the road through the forest save an occasional
Sierra Junco, or perhaps a Western Robin nesting by the
roadside.

What might be called the last trip of the season was made
in company with my brother, John W. Mailliard, in his car to
Fout’s Springs, which is near the base of Snow Mountain, in
the northwest corner of Colusa County, California. This place
is in a very small, relatively level, well-watered valley, drain-
ing into the Sacramento basin, with chamisal-covered hills on
the east and south and backed by mountains on the other two
sides, the most important of which is Snow Mountain, about
7000 feet high and lying a little over 20 miles southeast of
Mt. Sanhedrin. The country all around the valley is covered
with a very thin, gravelly soil; and most of it has rather
recently been burned over. There are some black oaks, “blue”
oaks, and digger pines in the little valley, whose elevation is

292 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

about 1750 feet, with the flora changing on the mountain
sides as the altitude increases.

Here again was a most attractive looking spot for bird life
but, except around the houses, there were few birds in evi-
dence. In the trees near the buildings some Northern Violet-
green Swallows (Tachycineta thalassina lepida), California
Woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivora bairdi), Slender-billed
Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis aculeata), the ubiquitous (all
through this country, at least), Western Robin (Planesticus
migratorius propinquus), and a few other common species,
were nesting or feeding their young just out of the nest. And
again, away up here in the brush country, were a few red-
winged blackbirds. Only one was secured, which is very close
to the Bicolored Redwing (Agelaius phaeniceus californicus)
of San Joaquin County.

We were disappointed in the matter of obtaining horses for
a trip to the summit of Snow Mountain, and had to abandon
the idea of reaching that point, so while my brother and I
prospected the lower levels, on June 2, Little went up on Goat
Mountain to an altitude of something like 4500 feet. He did
not come across any fox sparrows nor any brush suitable for
them, but the Yolla Bolly has been taken on Snow Mountain,
for Dr. Joseph Grinnell tells me he has seen specimens from
that point. Poor-wills were heard in the dusk of evening
and some were called down into open spots, but guests of the
place wandering about prevented our securing any for identi-
fication. However, there is no reason to suppose that they
were anything else than the Dusky Poor-will (Phalenoptilus
nuttalli californicus).

Our stay here was shortened by this absence of saddle
horses and we left on June 3, intending to stop at some place
on the way back if conditions seemed to warrant. The prin-
cipal incident of the morning was the taking of a nest of
Bell’s Sparrow (Amphispiza belli) at the summit of the toll
road between Bartlett Springs and Upper Lake. From time
to time along the road we had been stopping to look about
for birds and listen for their notes, and on this occasion had
come out of the forest on to a sort of saddle, or V-shaped gap,
where the road suddenly shifted from the north side of the
range to the south side, and out of the timber into chamisal
brush. Not a bird was to be seen, but on taking a few steps

Vor. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE 293

into the low chamisal, burnt over within the last two or three
years, a bird flushed from a small bush and revealed a nest
with four eggs. The parent was finally secured and proved to
be Amphispiza belli. Except for its mate not another of this
species was heard or noted within many miles of this spot.
One or two, however, were seen and heard on the Langtry
Ranch, between Middletown and Aetna Springs, in Lake
County, on June 5.

We decided to visit Glenbrook again, and arrived there on
the evening of June 3. At once we were struck by the differ-
ence in the avian life here. Instead of being greeted with a
boisterous bird chorus all was silent save for a few chirpings
—the songs had died away. Many of the birds had gone, and
most of those that were left were busy looking after their
young. A few were late in their nesting and we found a nest
of Cassin’s Vireo (Lanivireo solitarius cassini), containing
three fresh eggs, in an old apple tree in the orchard, near the
end of a branch only about five feet from the ground.

We were amply repaid for this second visit to Glenbrook
by the finding of the nest of the Calliope Hummingbird, as
already related.

Not wishing to interfere with the parental duties of the
avian population any more than necessary, or to run the risk
of taking the lives of parents of young, we concluded to call
a halt in the field work for the time being and returned to San
Francisco on June 5.

Appended herewith is a tabulated list of birds noted at the
various places mentioned which shows in concise form the
results of our observations as regards the species met with.

[ Proc. 47H See.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

294

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtTH SERIES

Vot. IX, No. 11, pp. 297-312 DECEMBER 23, 1919

XI

NEW SPECIES OF FLIES (DIPTERA) FROM
CALIFORNIA

BY J. R. MALLOCH

Family ANTHOMYIDA£

In this paper are presented descriptions of some species of
Anthomyiide from the collections of the California Academy
of Sciences, in the museum of which institution the types are
deposited. In all cases the species described are briefly com-
pared with their nearest allies, but in addition they have been
incorporated in synopses of their respective genera which I
have drawn up and purpose publishing as soon as I have
exhausted the material now in my hands.

1. Hydrotea lasiophthalma, new species

Male.—Deep black, glossy; thorax not vittate; abdomen
with pale gray pruinescence, the dorsum with a black central
vitta; legs entirely black; wings slightly grayish; calyptra
white; halteres black.

December 23, 1919

298 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Srn.

Eyes densely hairy, separated at narrowest part of frons by
a distance a little less than width across posterior ocelli; para-
facial as wide as third antennal joint, and over half as wide
as height of cheek, the latter with a glossy, strongly haired
area which covers all except a narrow strip of cheek along
eye-margin and a small patch behind vibrissz; arista almost
bare. Prealar absent; intra-alar bristles both long; presutural
acrostichals absent; hypopleura bare. Abdomen as in H.
houghi Malloch. Fore femur with a stout outer and a slender
inner preapical ventral thorn, the inner, or anterior, one
whitish; postero-ventral surface on basal half with numerous
bristles, many of them short; fore tibia stout, except on basal
third where it is very slender; mid-femur without strong ven-
tral bristles; mid-tibia with two antero-dorsal and four or five
postero-dorsal bristles; mid-tarsus normal; hind femur with
a stout straight short double ventral spine about one-fifth from
base, and four or five bristles on apical half of antero-ventral
surface; hind tibia with one or two postero-dorsal bristles, and
long hairs on apical half on all surfaces except postero-dorsal,
those on antero-dorsal extending almost to base. Venation as
in H. houghi.

Type, male, 6 mm. long, No. 523, C. A. S., Fallen Leaf
Lake, near Lake Tahoe, Calif., July 15,1915; E. C. Van Dyke,
collector.

This species is most closely allied to occulta Meigen, but
may be separated from it by the larger size, different arma-
ture of the hind tibia and several other characters.

2. Helina fuscomarginata, new species

Female.—Bluish black, with distinct, but not dense grayish
pruinescence. cellar triangle shining; antenne and palpi
black; thorax quadrivittate; abdomen without markings; legs
black; wings slightly grayish, cross-veins faintly infuscated,
veins black; calyptrze gray, with conspicuous black margins ;
halteres black.

Eyes pubescent; frons over one-third of the head-width;
each orbit with seven or eight bristles and many lateral setu-
lose hairs, most numerous anteriorly; face concave in profile ;

Vo1. IX] MALLOCH—FLIES (DIPTERA) FROM CALIFORNIA 299

parafacial at base of antenna about twice as wide as third
antennal joint, about half as wide at middle of face; cheek
about one-third as high as eye and slightly higher than widest
part of parafacial, its lower margin with two or three series
of bristles, the upper series anteriorly upwardly curved ; vibris-
sal angle in line with lower margin of eye, a few bristles
above vibrissa; third antennal joint broad, about twice as long
as second; arista pubescent. Thorax without strong pre-
sutural acrostichals; postsutural dorso-centrals four; prealar
about one-third as long as the bristle behind it; scutellum bare
below and on sides; hypopleura bare; sternopleurals 2:2, the
lower anterior bristle weak. Basal abdominal sternite bare.
Fore tibia unarmed at middle, with four apical bristles ; mid-
femur with an almost complete series of bristles on postero-
ventral surface; mid-tibia with two or three posterior bristles,
and about eleven apical bristles, some of the latter very long;
hind femur with an almost complete series of bristles on
antero-ventral surface and a few bristles on basal half of
postero-ventral; hind tibia with two or three antero-ventral
and antero-dorsal bristles; all tarsi longer than tibize. Third
vein with one or two weak setulz at base on under surface;
costal thorn long.

Type, female, 7 mm. long, No. 524, C. A. S., San Fran-
cisco, Calif., April 15, 1919; E. P. Van Duzee, collector.

Distinguished from its allies by the presence of the setule
at base of third vein and the black-margined calyptre.

3. Limnophora incrassata, new species

Male.—Black, subopaque, owing to the dense covering of
pale gray pruinescence. Orbits, face, and cheeks with silvery
tomentum; antennze and palpi black; thorax with a faintly
indicated brown dorso-central vitta; abdomen with a pair of
subtriangular black spots on the basal three tergites, those on
second and third extending from near base to apex, fourth
tergite with the spots almost obsolete ; legs black; wings clear,
veins black; calyptrae white; halteres yellow.

Eyes separated by a little more than width across posterior
ocelli; orbits much wider than the linear interfrontalia, with

300 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.
slender bristles to level of anterior ocellus; parafacial at base
of antenna almost as wide as third antennal joint, slightly
narrowed below; cheek about three times as high as width of
parafacial, vibrissal angle produced; third antennal joint
rounded at apex; arista pubescent; presutural acrostichals
slender, long, two-rowed ; postsutural dorso-centrals four; disc
of scutellum with numerous long hairs; lower posterior
sternopleural weak. Abdomen cylindrical, slightly tapered
posteriorly, fourth tergite and sternite the longest; hypopy-
gium not exserted; fifth sternite almost transverse apically.
Fore tibia without median bristle; mid-tibia with one or two
posterior bristles; hind femur rather abruptly thickened at
base ventrally, and distinctly thicker near base than at middle,
the antero-ventral surface with three bristles near apex; hind
tibia with one median antero-dorsal bristle. Fourth vein with
but little indication of the forward curvature so distinct in
allied species.

Female.—Similar in color to the male, but the thorax has
three brown vitte, the central one not extending over scu-
tellum.

Profile as in male; frons over one-third of the head-width;
each orbit with six or seven bristles and a few lateral hairs.
Apical genital segment with numerous stiff, short bristles
below. Tibial bristles as in male but there is very often an
antero-ventral bristle on hind tibia.

Length, 5-6 mm.

Type, male, No. 525, C..A. S., Huntington Lake, Calif.,
altitude 7000 feet, July 28, 1919; Mrs. E. P. Van Duzee, coll.,
and allotype, female, No. 526, C. A. S., also one male and
one female paratype, topotypical, all from same locality. There
are also three males, paratypes, taken July 16, 17 and 22, 1919,
at same place by E. P. Van Duzee, and one female taken July
29, 1919, by E. P. Van Duzee at Cascada, Calif., alt. 5000 feet.

A female taken at same place as type differs in being much
darker and in having two antero-dorsal bristles on hind tibia.

From other species of Limnophora this species may readily
be distinguished by the peculiar shape of the hind femur. It
belongs to the group which has the ventral plate of prothorax
with setulose hairs along its margins and the third vein setu-
lose at base.

Vor. IX] MALLOCH—FLIES (DIPTERA) FROM CALIFORNIA 301

4. Limnophora magnipunctata, new species

Male.—Deep black, shining. Orbits and parafacials with
white tomentum; thorax black, with slight grayish pruines-
cence, most distinct on lateral margins anteriorly and on
pleurze ; abdomen with the usual paired black dorsal spots very
large, similar to those of L. nobilis Stein, but separated by a
pale line in centre; legs black; wings infuscated, most notice-
ably so basally, veins black; calyptree and halteres yellow.

Eyes separated by a little less than width across posterior
ocelli; orbits linear above, with numerous long bristles and
hairs extending to anterior ocellus; parafacial almost as broad
at base of antenne as the rather narrow third antennal joint,
not narrowed below; cheek about three times as high as width
of parafacial, with several series of bristles along lower
margin, the upper two or three series upwardly curved, those
near anterior margin strong, vibrissal angle slightly produced ;
arista rather densely pubescent, the longest hairs a little longer
than its basal diameter. Thorax with the presutural acros-
tichals rather long, fine, four-rowed; postsutural dorso-cen-
trals three; anterior sternopleural short, lower posterior one
very weak. Abdomen narrowly ovate, fourth tergite a little
longer than third; hypopygium small; fifth sternite with a
rather deep, basally truncate posterior excision, the angularly
produced lateral extremities with a few bristly hairs. Fore
tibia without a median bristle, the apex with a long dorsal
and a short posterior bristle; mid-femur with bristles on both
antero- and postero-ventral surfaces, the former very short,
the latter long basally; mid-tibia with three or four posterior
bristles; hind femur with long bristles on apical half of antero-
ventral surface and a few on basal half of posterior; hind
tibia with two antero-dorsal and one or two antero-ventral
bristles, and one or two postero-dorsal setulae; hind tarsus
longer than tibia. Costal thorn very short.

Female.—Differs from the male in having the thorax with
a distinct dorso-central vitta, and a less distinct lateral vitta
on each side, the abdominal spots less distinct and more widely
separated, and the wings almost clear.

Eyes at vertex separated by about one-fourth of the head-
width, wider anteriorly; each orbit with six or seven bristles

302 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41H Ser.

and some long hairs, laterad of these are some short setulose
hairs. Genitalia with two long processes as in Helina, and
without thorns or strong bristles.

Length, 5-6 mm.

Type, male, No. 527, C. A. S., Huntington Lake, Calif.,
altitude 7000 feet, July 9, 1919; E. P. Van Duzee, coll.;
allotype, female, No. 528, C. A. S., and female paratypes,
same locality, July 9, 1919 (F. C. Clark, coll.), and July 26,
1919 (E. P. Van Duzee, coll.).

This species closely resembles one before me from Labra-
dor, which is undescribed, and is not very closely related to
any described North American species, though it superficially
resembles L. nobilis Stein.

5. Dialyta nigropolita, new species

Male and female.—Black, shining, almost glossy; orbits,
face, and cheeks with white, almost silvery tomentum. Thorax
and abdomen with slight grayish pruinescence, the former
with very faintly indicated dorsal vitte; legs black; wings
grayish; calyptre and halteres yellowish white.

Male.—Eyes separated by one-fourth of the head-width,
each orbit nearly as wide as narrowest part of interfrontalia,
with six or seven bristles; parafacial nearly as wide as third
antennal joint, the latter about twice as long as second, ex-
tending three-fourths of the way to mouth-margin; arista
with its longest hairs distinctly longer than its basal diameter ;
cheek a little higher than width of third antennal joint.
Thorax with three or four pairs of short presutural acrosti-
chals, three pairs of postsutural dorso-centrals, and no prealar;
sternopleurals in a nearly equilateral triangle. Abdomen short
and thick, cylindrical, the hypopygium very large, giving the
abdomen a slightly clubbed appearance; second, third, and
fourth tergites each with discal, and the third and fourth
with posterior marginal bristles; fifth tergite declivitous,
armed with numerous strong bristles; fifth sternite conspicu-
ous, with a pair of long processes which are strongly bristled.
All coxz and the ventral part of sternopleura with long hair-
like bristles; femora with very long fine bristles basally on
postero-ventral surfaces; fore tibia with a weak antero-dorsal

Vor. IX] MALLOCH—FLIES (DIPTERA) FROM CALIFORNIA 303

and a long posterior bristle, the four apical bristles long ; mid-
tibia with two antero- and two postero-dorsal bristles; hind
femur with fine hairs at base ventrally, the antero-ventral
surface with about five long strong widely placed bristles, the
postero-ventral surface with fewer bristles which do not ex-
tend to apex; hind tibia with one antero-ventral, two antero-
dorsal, and two postero-dorsal bristles, tip with four long and
two short bristles. Costal thorn long.

Female—Similar to the male. The frons is one-third of
the head-width, the abdomen is conical, the femoral basal
bristles are shorter and stronger, and the tibial bristles
stronger and usually there is an additional one basad of those
present in the male.

Length, 5-5.5 mm.

Type, male, No. 529, C. A. S., Huntington Lake, Calif., alt.
7000 feet, July 9, 1919; E. P. Van Duzee, coll.; allotype,
female, No. 530, C. A. S., and one paratype, topotypical, same
locality; two female paratypes, same locality, July 10, 1919.

This species is much smaller than D. flavitibia Johannsen,
the only other species of the genus described from this coun-
try, and differs from it in having the legs entirely black and
with different bristling.

6. Coenosia alticola, new species

Male.—Black, distinctly shining, with gray pruinescence on
body, that on head whitish and dense, on thorax and abdomen
darker and not so dense. Antennz and palpi black; thorax
with three brown pollinose vitte; scutellum dorsally colored
as vittae; abdomen with a pair of brown pollinose spots on
each of the basal four tergites. Legs black, the femora shin-
ing, pale at extreme apices; tibiz yellowish testaceous; wings
clear, whitish basally, veins pale brown; calyptre and halteres
whitish yellow.

Frons one-third of the head-width, slightly widened an-
teriorly; each orbit with four strong bristles and a few short
hairs; ocellar bristles long; third antennal joint narrow, about
twice as long as second, extending four-fifths of the distance
to mouth-margin; arista pubescent; parafacial narrower than

304 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

third antennal joint; cheek about twice as high as width of
parafacial; Thoracic presutural acrostichals two-rowed,
rather strong; all thoracic bristles long and strong; lower
stigmatal bristle long, directed downward. Abdomen broad,
not much longer than thorax; fifth tergite with four long
bristles and a number of short setulae; hypopygium of moder-
ate size, basal segment subglobose; processes of fifth sternite
large, broad, rounded at apices, their length greater than their
greatest width, surfaces with sparse setulae and some moder-
ately long bristles apically. Legs rather stout; fore tibia with
the posterior median bristle short; mid-femur with a few
short bristles on basal half of antero-ventral surface and three
or four long widely placed bristles on postero-ventral; mid-
tibia with the median bristles at nearly the same height; hind
femur with three or four widely spaced bristles on antero-
ventral surface and one or two on postero-ventral; hind tibia
with the antero-dorsal bristle much longer than the antero-
ventral, the apical dorsal bristle about one eighth from apex.

Female.—Similar in color to the male, the abdominal spots
not so clearly defined and the wings not so pale. Differs from
the male in having the tibial bristles all much stronger.

Length, 3.5-4.5 mm.

Type, male, No. 531, C. A. S., Huntington Lake, Calif.,
alt. 7000 feet, July 9, 1919, and allotype, female, No. 532,
C. A. S., same locality, July 16, 1919, E. P. Van Duzee, coll. ;
also one female paratype, same locality, July 28, 1919; E. P.
Van Duzee, collector.

An immature specimen from the same locality, July 9, may
represent a distinct species.

This species resembles C. fraterna Malloch, but is larger
and has the tibiz entirely pale.

7. Coenosia parvisquama, new species

Female.—Color as in the preceding species but the thorax
not so distinctly shining, and more densely pruinescent. Legs
black, densely gray pruinescent, bases of tibiz reddish.

Frons as in preceding species; antennz short, third joint
not twice as long as second, its apex about two-fifths of the

Vor. IX] MALLOCH—FLIES (DIPTERA) FROM CALIFORNIA 305

distance from mouth-margin; parafacial linear; cheek higher
than width of third antennal joint; arista nearly bare. Thorax
and bristles of legs as in preceding species; the hind tibia
with a small bristle at middle on postero-dorsal surface.

Type, a female, 4.5 mm. long, No. 533, C. A. S., and one
paratype, Huntington Lake, Calif., alt. 7000 feet, July 9,
1919; E. P. Van Duzee, collector.

This species has the calyptre smaller than in most species
of Ccenosia, the lower one scarcely projecting, and the hind
tibia has a small bristle on the postero-dorsal surface. It may
require a new genus for its reception, but until the male is
found it may remain in Ccenosia.

8. Macateeia atra, new species

Male.—Black, slightly shining. Head with the interfron-
talia, parafacials, and a portion of the cheeks reddish; palpi
fuscous, paler basally. Thorax greasy in type but with indi-
cations of three vitte; abdomen gray pruinescent, when
viewed at certain angles with a broad indefinite black dorso-
central vitta; legs black; wings clear, veins brown; calyptre
and halteres yellowish.

Eyes separated by one-third of the head-width; each orbit
about one-half as wide as interfrontalia, with about six in-
wardly directed slender bristles on anterior half and three or
four outwardly directed on posterior half; interfrontalia with-
out cruciate bristles; arista thickened on basal third, pubescent ;
parafacial not as wide as third antennal joint, and as wide as
height of cheek. Thorax with two pairs of presutural acros-
tichals; prealar over half as long as the bristle behind it;
sternopleurals 2:2, the lower anterior one weak. Abdomen
short and broad, fourth tergite longest; hypopygium large;
fifth sternite with two long narrow processes which are not
remarkably bristled. Legs stout, the femora noticeably thicker
than is usual in the family; fore tibia with a weak preapical
dorsal bristle; mid-femur with a few short bristles on antero-
and postero-ventral surfaces; mid-tibia with a short stout
bristle beyond middle on antero-ventral surface, and three or
four weak posterior bristles; hind femur with a complete
series of weak antero-ventral bristles, and one or two slender

306 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4ru Ser.

bristles at base on postero-ventral surface; hind tibia with two
short antero-ventral, five or six short stout antero-dorsal, and
three or four slender postero-dorsal bristles; both mid- and
hind tibize with several strong curved apical bristles; tarsi
shorter than tibiz. Costal thorn short; outer cross-vein
straight.

Type, male, 4 mm. long, No. 534, C. A. S., Salada Beach,
San Mateo County, Calif., April 21, 1918; E. P. Van Duzee,
collector.

This species has the head less elongated than has the
female of the genotype (protuberans Malloch), but the other
characters agree very closely with those of that species and it
may really prove to belong to the same species.

9. Hydrophoria seticauda, new species

Male.—Deep black. Face, orbits, and cheeks with white
pruinescence. Thorax indistinctly trivittate; abdomen with a
uniformly broad dorso-central vitta which covers about one
fourth of the dorsum; wings slightly brownish; calyptre
white; halteres yellowish.

Eyes separated by a little less than width across posterior
ocelli; arista with its longest hairs not longer than width of
third antennal joint; parafacial at base of antenna as wide as
third antennal joint, not narrowed below. Presutural acros-
tichals weak, irregularly two-rowed; scutellum broader than
long. Processes of fifth sternite very broad, very incon-
spicuously haired on surfaces, their inner margins with a
fringe of long hairs. Mid-femur with two or three antero-
ventral bristles; mid-tibia with an antero-ventral bristle; hind
femur with a series of widely spaced postero-ventral bristles;
hind tibia with four or five bristles on each of the following
surfaces: antero-ventral, antero-dorsal, and _ postero-dorsal,
the posterior surface with a few setulose hairs on basal half.
Costal thorns of moderate size.

Female.—Frontal bristles strong. Genital thorns distinct.

Length, 6-7.5 mm.

Type, male, No. 535, C. A. S., Huntington Lake, Calif., alt.
7000 feet, July 5, 1919 (F. C. Clark, coll.), and allotype,

Vor. 1X] MALLOCH—FLIES (DIPTERA) FROM CALIFORNIA 307

female, No. 536, C. A. S., same locality, July 9, 1919 (F. C.
Clark, coll.), paratypes, male and female, Mt. Moscow, Ida.,
June 4, 1910, female, same locality, July 1, 1909; J. M.
Aldrich, collector.

10. Pegomyia vanduzeei, new species

Male.—Black, slightly shining, with slight grayish pruines-
cence on thorax and dense drab-gray pruinescence on dorsum
of abdomen. Head black, orbits, face, and cheeks with dense
but not conspicuous whitish pruinescence; antenne black;
palpi reddish testaceous; thorax faintly trivittate; abdomen
with a moderately broad black dorso-central vitta; hypopy-
gium black, the small rounded knoblike bases of the forceps
yellowish testaceous; legs black, all tibize rufous-testaceous ;
wings clear, veins dark brown; calyptra and halteres yellow.

Eyes separated by about twice the width of anterior ocellus ;
orbital bristles extending more than midway to anterior
ocellus, parafacial a little broader than third antennal joint,
not narrowed below; third antennal joint nearly twice as long
as second, the latter with numerous short stout hairs and some
longer bristles on dorsal surface; arista nearly bare, very con-
spicuously swollen on basal sixth. Thorax with three pairs
of long presutral acrostichals; prealar half as long as the
bristle behind it; sternopleurals 1:2. Abdomen flattened,
parallel-sided; second (first visible) segment longer than
third; hypopygium moderate in size, bases of forceps almost
globose, very noticeable owing to their pale color; fifth stern-
ite with a number of stiff short bristles at apex of each
process. Fore tibia with a posterior bristle; fore tarsus
normal, much longer than tibia; mid-femur with a series of
bristles extending from base to beyond middle on postero-
ventral surface; hind femur with a series of very long bristles
on antero-ventral surface and another on basal half of postero-
ventral; hind tibia with two antero-ventral, two antero-dorsal,
and two postero-dorsal bristles. Costal thorn small; veins
three and four subparallel; outer cross-vein straight. Lower
calypter but slightly protruded beyond upper.

Type, male, 5.5 mm. long, No. 537, C. A. S., San Fran-
cisco, Calif., March 30, 1919; E. P. Van Duzee, collector.

308 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser.

This species differs from any species of the genus known
to me in its color, the pale bases of the hypopygial forceps be-
ing very conspicuous and characteristic.

11. Hylemyia recurva, new species

Male.—Black, slightly shining, densely yellowish gray
pruinescent. Head black, interfrontalia slightly reddish.
Thorax not vittate; abdomen with a black dorso-central vitta;
legs black, tibiz reddish, usually entirely so, but in some
specimens only so at bases; wings clear, calyptre and halteres
pale yellow.

Eyes separated by a little more than width of anterior
ocellus; parafacial nearly as broad as third antennal joint;
arista with its longest hairs a little shorter than width of
third antennal joint. Presutural acrostichals irregularly two-
rowed; prealar bristle minute or absent; sternopleurals 1 :2.
Abdomen slender, depressed, segments subequal; hypopygium
small; fifth sternite with sparse, slender bristles on outer half.
Fore tibia with a median posterior bristle, the apical posterior
bristle of moderate length, slender, not blunt at apex; mid-
tibia with a posterior bristle about two-fifths from apex, and
beyond it on the postero-dorsal surface two long strong
bristles; hind femur with fine bristles on entire length of
antero-ventral surface which are short at base; hind tibia with
three postero-dorsal and two antero-dorsal bristles, the longest
of the latter just beyond middle and a little less than half as
long as the tibia; in addition to these bristles there is a series
of four or five long bristly hairs running diagonally from
anterior surface at tip basad and on to antero-dorsal surface,
the anterior surface with the hairs longer than usual. Costal
thorn small.

Length, 5-5.5 mm.

Type, male, No. 538, C. A. S., Huntington Lake, Calif.,
alt. 7000 feet, July 27, 1919; E. P. Van Duzee, coll.; two
paratypes, both males, topotypical, and one male, same locality,
July 10, 1919; F. C. Clark, collector.

This species is one of a group of three all of which are un-
described and have either one or two very strong bristles on
postero-dorsal surface of mid-tibia near apex.

Vor. IX] MALLOCH—FLIES (DIPTERA) FROM CALIFORNIA 309

In order to make clear the relationships of the new species
and its most closely related forms I append a synopsis of the
characters for the separation of the three species now before
me. As they are all similar in color and habitus it is unneces-
sary that they be described in full.

1. Hind tibia with two antero-dorsal and three postero-dorsal bristles,

no long slender recurved bristles near apex on antero-dorsal sur-
face; sternopleurals three in number (1:2)..normalis, new species

— Hind tibia, in addition to the normal antero-dorsal and postero-
dorsal bristles, with about four long slender recurved bristles in
a diagonal series which begins at tip on anterior surface and runs
diagonally basad on to atitero-GOrsal SULLACE Ms. <i vii sfeae sce eee 2

2. Sternopleurals two in number (1:1); hind tibia with three very
long slender bristles on antero-dorsal surface, the longest one dis-
tinctly proximad of middle and over half as long as tibia.......
SAIN) A AN ace steetctal a) cveversiavcletai seh clesehsyoreseters extremitata, new species

_. Sternopleurals three in number (1:2); hind tibia with two long
slender bristles on antero-dorsal surface, the longest one distad of
middle and less than half as long as tibia...recurva, new species

12. Hylemyia normalis, new species

Male.—Similar to H. recurva in color. The hind tibia
differing as stated in synopsis and having the setulose surface
hairs shorter.

Length, 5 mm.

Type, Armstead, Mont., July 3, 1913, in collection of Mon-
tana Agricultural Experiment Station. Paratypes, three males,
Dillon, Mont., July 5, 1913; ten males, Lima, Mont., July 1,
1913: two males, Powderville, Mont., July 6, 1916; one male,
Bozeman, Mont., July 7, 1902; one male, Blitzen River, Ore.,
July 6, 1906; one male, East Flathead, Mont., July: 25; 1902,
and one male, Musselshell, Mont., July 30, 1917.

Two paratypes from Lima, Mont., deposited in Calif. Acad.
Seis) No: 7539!

13. Hylemyia extremitata, new species

Male.—Similar in color to H. recurva. Differs from
recurva as stated in synopsis and also in having the hairs on
anterior and antero-ventral surfaces of hind tibia much longer.

Length, 5 mm.

310 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser.

Type, Gallatin County, Mont., July 19, 1911, in collection of
Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. Paratype, Boze-
man, Mont., July 25, 1915.

14. Eremomyia major, new species

Male.—Black, distinctly shining, slightly gray pruinescent.
Head black; interfrontalia, second antennal joint, parafacial
adjacent to vibrissa, and bases of palpi rufous; orbits face and
cheeks with white pruinescence; thorax with five black vittz ;
abdomen without well defined markings, the dorso-central
vitta hardly traceable; legs black, extreme apices of femora
and all of tibize rufous; wings grayish, veins brown, a faint
brown tinge along outer cross-vein and near base of wings;
calyptra yellow; halteres brownish yellow.

Eyes separated at narrowest part of frons by a distance
equal to about twice the width across posterior ocelli; orbital
bristles strong, extending almost to anterior ocellus, a few
weak hairs laterad of the bristles anteriorly; parafacial about
1.5 as wide as third antennal joint and nearly two-thirds as
wide as height of cheek; antennz not extending to mouth-
margin, third joint about 1.5 as long as second, rounded at
apex, second transverse at apex on inner side, its surface
granulose, a few punctures along inner side near apex; arista
almost bare, moderately swollen on basal fifth; vibrissal angle
with about 20 closely placed bristles of moderate length.
Thorax with three pairs of long presutural acrostichals; both
posthumeral bristles long and strong, close together; prealar
very long, sternopleura with three or more posterior bristles.
Abdomen cylindrical, sixth tergite with long bristles; basal
hypopygial segment with long hairs but no long bristles; fifth
sternite with some short hairs on apical half of inner margin
of each process and a number of strong bristles on outer
portion of each. Fore tibia with an antero-dorsal bristle about
one-fifth from apex, one postero-ventral bristle a little basad
of it, and sometimes a stronger one just distad of middle;
mid-tibia with one antero-dorsal, one postero-dorsal, and three
or four posterior bristles; hind femur with a complete antero-
ventral and a partial postero-ventral series of bristles; hind
tibia with two antero-ventral, two antero-dorsal, and two

Vor. IX] MALLOCH—FLIES (DIPTERA) FROM CALIFORNIA 311

postero-dorsal bristles. Costal setulae very short; costal thorns
both long; last section of fourth vein subequal in length to
preceding section.

Type, male, 10 mm. long, No. 540, C. A. S., Sonoma Co.,
Calif., April 16, 1911; J. Aug. Kusche, coll.

This species differs from H. incompleta Stein and H.
humeralis Stein in having the second antennal joint rufous,
in being larger, and in the bristling of the cheeks and tibize.

Family SCATOPHAGID®

The species described below is the first of the genus to be
recorded from America. The genus is well represented in
Europe, where some of the species are very common. The
adults are predaceous, feeding upon other insects.

The type of the new species is deposited in the collection
of the California Academy of Sciences.

15. Norellia occidentalis, new species

Female.—Yellowish testaceous, shining, with gray pruines-
cence; abdomen with a dark fascia at base and another at
apex of each tergite; wings clear, cross-veins slightly infus-
cated.

Each orbit with three or four bristles in front of lower
supraorbital; arista with its longest hairs a little longer than
its basal diameter; cheek with some pale hairs along its lower
margin; no bristles at base of vibrissa. Thorax with two or
three rows of weak presutural acrostichals; the dorsal bristles
strong; apical scutellar bristles very small, the lateral pair
long; propleural bristle long, stigmatal absent ; abdomen nor-
mal: fore femur with the antero-ventral bristles less than half
as long as the postero-ventrals; fore tibia with four very
strong postero-ventral, and four much weaker antero-ventral
bristles, the postero-dorsal surface with one, and the dorsal
with two fine bristles on basal half; mid- and hind femora
with three bristles on apical third of antero-ventral surface;
mid-tibia with one antero-ventral, two antero-dorsal, two
postero-dorsal, and two or three postero-ventral bristles ; hind

312 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4ru Ser.

tibia with three antero-dorsal, and two or three postero-dorsal
bristles. First vein bare.

Male.—Similar to the female. Fifth sternite with two long
processes which taper slightly apically and have some long
hairs along their inner margins.

Type, female, 7 mm. long, No. 541, C. A. S., Corvallis,
Ore., May 2, 1915; A. L. Lovett, coll. Paratype, Beaver
Creek, Newport, Ore., August 13, 1902; J. M. Aldrich, coll.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtTH SERIES

Vor. IX, No. 12, pp. 313-329 DECEMBER 23, 1919

XII

MECHANISM IN THE PRODUCTION OF THE
THROAT-FAN IN THE FLORIDA CHAMELEON,
ANOLIS CAROLINENSIS'

BY CHAS. E. VON GELDERN

I

The production of the throat-fan in the Florida Chameleon
(Anolis carolinensis), is, aside from the remarkable cutaneous
color changes, one of the most striking features of this
lacertilian.

The distended throat-fan, dewlap or gular pouch, which is
best developed in the males, is a thin fold of skin attached
along the mid-ventral line of the throat. It is somewhat
semicircular in outline and extends from the intersection of
the mid-ventral line and a line drawn at right angles passing
through the eyes, to a variable distance on the chest.

The color of the distended fan varies from a delicate pink
to a bright vermilion and, on closer observation, is spotted
with scattered white scales.

When the fan is retracted, the skin on the throat is loose
and arranged in longitudinal folds. It is white in appearance
with minute longitudinal red, linear markings. The scales
are prominent and appear as small, laterally depressed cones.

1 The dissection of Anolis was made in the department of Anatomy of Tulane Uni-
yersity. The comparative work was done in the department of Zoology at Stanford
University. I am indebted to Professor J. O. Snyder for the material used in

dissection,

December 23, 1919

314 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

It is evident that in distending the fan, the folds flatten out
and the closely approximating scales become more or less
separated, showing the pink or vermilion epidermis between
them.

The fan is distended frequently and during various emo-
tional states. It is a common observation to see one of the
lizards sitting on a branch or fence rail, suddenly rise up on
its front legs, distend the fan and accompany this by a quick
succession of up-and-down motions produced by flexing and
extending the front legs. No purpose for the act is apparent
since the animal is undisturbed by outside influences.

A male Anolis will, upon spying a female, bob up and down
and distend his fan with great frequency as if he were dis-
playing himself to his greatest advantage.

Two males in combat will keep their fans distended, rise up
on their toes, flatten out their bodies from side to side, and
erect a fold of skin along the midline of the back of the neck.
The usual appearance of the animal is thus markedly changed,
even the prominent eyes, with their visible yellow irises,
recede and appear as black beads. With grotesque, lateral
swaying motions the combatants slowly encircle one another,
each awaiting an opportunity to make a final rush and end
the struggle victoriously. When one of these lizards is cap-
tured and held in the hand it will attempt to bite in a most
vicious manner and distend the fan at the same time.

II

The underlying mechanism in the production of the fan is
the hyoid apparatus, as has been stated by Ditmars, Gadow,
Chemin, Bronn and others. None of these authors except
Chemin has, as far as I have been able to ascertain, described
the mechanism and the forces employed.

For the purposes of description the hyoid apparatus of
Anolis may be divided into a basi-hyal; anterior extension or
processus entoglossus; third horn of Chemin, posterior horn
of Huxley or the processus retrobasalis; anterior horns, lesser
horns or cerato-hyals and the posterior horns, middle horns
of Huxley, greater horns, cerato-branchials or thyro-hyals.
(Fig. 1 A.)

wal

Vou. IX] VON GELDERN—FLORIDA CHAMELEON 3]

ene processus en tog lossus

RS om

pMOceSSUS.—- = — 1
_ftirst part of anthorn

entog lassvs

DG AOS hast h al
i, f Sy a = SECond part oF
seagate es
~~ -porocessus Ye tro basalis
post. horn
ror — ——-posthorn

rocessuUs
retro basalis

5

‘fae
Dorsal Surface C

[youd Apparatys

By the body or basi-hyal is meant that part to which the
other structures attach. This is a small bar of cartilage with
a slight concavity dorsally. It measures about 1 mm. in
length and about .5 m.m. in thickness. (Fig. tA, BG)

316 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41H Ser.

Arising from the middle of the cephalic border is the pro-
cessus entoglossus or anterior extension. This is a fine, taper-
ing, cartilaginous rod. It measures about 8 to 10 m.m. in
length and ends in a fine point. (Fig. 1 A.)

From each extremity of the body and extending caudally,
arises the paired processus retrobasalis or the posterior horns
(Huxley). These are fairly firm, cartilaginous rods which
gradually taper to a fine point at their caudal extremity. They
are 18 to 22 m.m. in length. Near the cephalic extremity they
lie in close approximation showing a groove dorsally between
them but only a fine slit ventrally. They are bound together
by firm connective tissue. More caudally the distinction be-
tween the dorsal and ventral aspect is lost. They closely ap-
proximate each other, yet are easily separated with a teasing
needle. These cartilages are rather stiff in their cephalic
third but become more and more flexible distally. (Fig. 1
AGB G3)

The anterior horns or cerato-hyals arise from the extremi-
ties of the body or basi-hyal with which they are continuous.
They are divided into two parts which are separated by a
movable joint. (Fig. 1 A, B, C.) The first part, which is
continuous with the body, is a short, tapering, cartilaginous
rod measuring 1.5 to 2 m.m. and terminating bluntly. It runs
cephalad, laterad and slightly dorsad. The angle formed by
it and the corresponding horn is about 60 degrees. The
second part, also cartilaginous, is attached to the first by a
joint capsule allowing fairly free movement. This part ex-
tends laterad and caudad, tapering as it approaches its ex-
tremity, thence curving dorsad. With the first part it forms
an angle of about 75 degrees. (Fig. 1 A, B. C.)

The posterior horn, middle horn (Huxley) or cerato-
branchial articulates with the basi-hyal at the junction of the
anterior horn and the processus retrobasalis. This structure
is a fine, tapering, osseous rod, measuring 12 m.m., with a
rounded, cartilaginous epiphysis at the proximal extremity
and a pointed epiphysis at the distal extremity. There is a
medullary cavity in the compact bone. The joint formed
with the basi-hyal is surrounded by a fibrous capsule allowing
a great range of motion. This horn runs nearly parallel with
the posterior part of the anterior horn. (Fig. 1 A, B, C.)

Vor. IX] VON GELDERN—FLORIDA CHAMELEON 317

Ill

The basi-hyal lies in the midline just caudad to the larynx
and base of the tongue, being intersected by a line running
through the eyes. It is covered by skin, superficial fascia and
the thin, superficial mylohyoid. (Fig. 2.)

The processus entoglossus lies deeply embedded between
the extrinsic muscles of the tongue and terminates near the
symphysis of the jaw. (Figs. 2, 3, 4.)

The anterior horn lies beneath the suprahyoid and hyoglos-
sus muscles, crosses the pterygoid muscle, thence curving
around the mandible and ending in a mass of connective
tissue just caudal to the ear. (Fig. 2.)

The posterior horn is more superficial, being covered in
part by the thin mylo-hyoid only. Distally it curves over the
side of the neck just caudad to the mandible, ending in the
superficial connective tissue. (Figs. 2 and 3.)

The processus retrobasalis is superficial, being embedded
in loose connective tissue just beneath the skin. It lies in
the midline and extends to the chest wall. (Figs. 2 and 3.)

The hyoid apparatus forms a typical lever of the first class.
The fulcrum is at the junction of the basi-hyal and the pos-
terior horn. The short arm of the lever, which is the power
arm, is the first part of the anterior horn. The processus
retrobasalis forms the long arm. (Fig. 1 A.)

A force exerted from the extremity of the anterior horn or
short arm in a caudal direction, will, due to a slight dorsal
inclination of the latter, cause it to swing dorsad and caudad,
thus rotating the body at the fulcrum and swinging the hori-
zontal processus retrobasalis through an are of 90° in a
cephalad and ventrad direction, to assume a vertical position.
Necessarily the force must be equally applied to the first part
of both horns. The second part of the anterior horns and the
posterior horns act as supports and tend to prevent any
lateral displacement of the long arm of the lever during its
assumption of the vertical position.

Necessarily the processus entoglossus would, on meeting the
resistance of the tongue during the rotation of the body, be
bent dorsally, but its extreme flexibility renders this possible.

(Proc. 47H Szz.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

318

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Vor. IX] VON GELDERN—FLORIDA CHAMELEON 319

In order that the muscular forces necessary to erect the pro-
cessus retrobasalis be understood, it is necessary to take up the
individual muscles of the hyoid apparatus.

IV

These muscles are arranged in three layers. First, there
is a thin, superficial layer not directly connected with the
hyoid. Secondly, there are the supra- and infra-hyoid muscles,
and thirdly, the muscles of the tongue. (Figs. 3, 4.)

mand b/e -my lo-glossus

_ processus en toglossus

1. hyoglossus
M, a:
my lo-cerator

MoM.
cerato-A yo: td ES

M. prery gold 6

_ _4a5 ihyal
_ant horn

“ - post horn

TocesSSUS
retro basadss

M. omohyord \J
Ss 7emo “Agord

pecloralis

Third Layer Cie tal youd Muscles

Fig. 4

320 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

The mylo-hyoid or platysma myoides is poorly developed
in Anolis and is visible only under the dissecting microscope
or in microscopical cross sections. It is a thin sheet having
its origin along the mandible and inserting in a median raphe.
(Fig. 3.)

The second layer consists of four muscles, namely, the
genio-hyoid, mandibulo-hyoid, sterno-hyoid and omo-hyoid.
(Figs. 3, 4.)

The genio-hyoid is a thin strip of muscle tissue extending
from its origin, just lateral to the symphysis, to its insertion
on the posterior horn of the hyoid, near its junction with the
body. It tends to pull the hyoid cephalad, or, if the latter be
fixed, assists in opening the jaw.

The mandibulo-hyoid is a thin sheet of muscle tissue having
its origin along the inner aspect of the anterior two-thirds of
the mandible interdigitating with the mylo-hyoid and insert-
ing along the posterior horn of the hyoid. It tends to pull the
hyoid cephalad and dorsad, or, if the latter be fixed, it also
assists in opening the jaw.

The sterno-hyoid takes its origin from the upper extremity
of the sternum and inserts on the medial third of the posterior
horn of the hyoid and proximal portion of the processus
retrobasalis. It pulls the hyoid caudad and at the same time
slightly ventrad. If the processus retrobasalis be vertical it
pulls it back to a horizontal position. (Figs. 3, 4.)

The omo-hyoid takes its origin from the upper border of
the scapula and inserts along the middle third of the posterior
horn. It pulls the scapula cephalad and ventrad if the pos-
terior horn be fixed. If the scapula be fixed, it pulls the pos-
terior horn caudad. (Figs. 3, 4.)

If both the supra- and infra-hyoid group act simultaneously,
the posterior horn is raised ventrad and firmly fixed. The
basi-hyal is thus also raised ventrad, allowing a greater free-
dom of rotation. This action was noted in lizards under
anesthesia, in which the muscles were exposed.

The third layer consists of the mylo-ceratoid, cerato-hyoid,
hyoglossus and mylo-glossus. The mylo-ceratoid takes its
origin near the middle of the inner aspect of the mandible,
thence running over the pterygoid and inserting along the
middle third of the second part of the anterior horn of the

Vou, IX] VON GELDERN—FLORIDA CHAMELEON 321

hyoid. It tends to pull the anterior horn cephalad after the
latter has been pulled caudad by the cerato-hyoid. (Fig. 5.)

The cerato-hyoid takes its origin from the medial two-thirds
of the second part of the anterior horn. Its fibres run almost
directly caudad and insert along the posterior horn, except
for about one-sixth of the proximal and distal ends. This
muscle pulls the first part of the anterior horn caudad and
dorsad, thus rotating the body at the fulcrum and swinging
the processus retrobasalis cephalad and ventrad. (Fig. 4.)

The hyoglossus takes its origin along the posterior horn ex-
cept for one-sixth of the distal end. The fibres converge and
form a rounded belly which inserts along the inferior surface
of the tongue by attachments to the intrinsic muscles. This
muscle pulls the tongue backwards.

The mylo-glossus has a common origin with the mandibulo-
hyoid along the inner aspect of the anterior two thirds of the
mandible. It inserts along the side of the tongue. Its fibres
run medio-caudad so that besides pulling the tongue from side
to side when acting independently, it may be protruded when
it acts with the one on the opposite side. (Fig. 4.)

V

In the distension of the throat fan the elastic skin of the
throat is raised by the raising of the processus retrobasalis
from the horizontal to the vertical position. The thinness of
the distended fan is due to the cohesive quality of the two
moist, opposing surfaces of skin, as well as atmospheric
pressure. Its semi-circular outline is due to the tapering
cartilages which, near their proximal end, are able to resist
the elasticity of the skin but are unable to do so at their distal
part, owing to increased flexibility.

The assumption of the vertical position by the processus
retrobasalis from the horizontal, is due to the contraction of
the cerato-hyoids which pulls the first parts of the anterior
horns dorsad and caudad and causes the seconds parts of the
anterior horns to slide caudad and laterad. At the same time,
the basi-hyal is raised by the pull of the sterno-hyoids on the
posterior horns. The entire apparatus is steadied by the an-
tagonistic action of the mandibulo-hyoids and genio-hyoids

Ww
to
bho

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Sze.

\ __ mandible

M. femporalis

~ - Process US
\ ‘ ent glossus
\

ToceESSUS ;
Te Tro baselis

To Maxiads le

Fig. 5

Vor. IX] VON GELDERN—FLORIDA CHAMELEON 323

on the posterior horn, against the pull of the sterno-hyoid and
omo-hyoid. In this way the fulcrum is fixed. The muscles of
the tongue probably play a small part in the action.

The retraction of the fan is accomplished by the elasticity
of the skin, the contraction of the fibres of the sterno-hyoid,
inserting on the processus retrobasalis and the pulling of the
anterior horns cephalad by the mylo-ceratoids. The elasticity
and spring of the entoglossus probably also aids to some
extent.

For purposes of comparison, a dissection was made of the
hyoid apparatus of a large Iguana. (Figs. 5, 6, 7.) With the
exception of a well developed mylo-hyoid and for the reason
that none of the muscle fibres of the sterno-hyoid insert on
the processus retro-basalis, the structures were essentially the
same.

aval

Some difficulty was encountered in naming the muscles of
the hyoid apparatus. There was a question as to whether
the nomenclature of the earlier investigators should be re-
tained or whether these muscles should be given the names of
homologous structures in the mammalia. If the old names be
retained, which should be chosen among the various synonym-
ous terms? If the muscles be named after mammalian homo-
logues another difficulty arises, for the names of muscles in
the mammalia usually represent the definite origin and inser-
tion and consequently the name may lose its significance and
become absurd when applied to a reptile in which there is a
different origin and insertion. It was finally decided to retain
for the most part the older nomenclature and leave the ques-
tion for further investigation. (See list of synonyms. )

The same difficulty arose over naming the various struc-
tures of the hyoid apparatus. Again the older names were
retained with the exception of the processus retrobasalis. This
structure is called the posterior horn by Huxley, but since
this would necessitate the changing of the name of the true
posterior horn to middle horn, it was thought best to desig-
nate it by a new name. That it is part of the basi-hyal and
not a true horn is evident by following its embryological de-
velopment.

324 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

‘ui mandi bulo-_ Syke
hyoid

roces SUS
entog loss VS

_ant. horn

M. Te mporalts _

\Y PrOCesSUS F
retrohasealis

SY

Ge
oO?

SXEKKs = Y
SecondLayer of Hy

Fig. 6

n

Vor. IX] VON GELDERN—FLORIDA CHAMELEON 32

VII

I was unable to find any literature on the hyoid apparatus
of Anolis, but Dr. A. Chemin gives a good description of the
hyoid apparatus and its relation to the throat-fan in Colotes
versicolor. From the drawings in his paper there is a simi-
larity between the hyoid apparatus of Colotes and Anolis, but
the action varies markedly. Chemin considers the hyoid ap-
paratus as a lever of which the basi-hyal forms the fulcrum,
the processus entoglossus the power arm, and the processus
retrobasalis the weight arm. He believes that the processus
retrobasalis is made to swing cephalad and ventrad by press-
ure exerted in the dorsal direction on the processus ento-
glossus. This pressure is brought about by the pulling of the
basi-hyal ventrad by means of the sterno-hyoids and since the
processus entoglossus is prevented from moving ventrad with
the basi-hyal because of a band of tissue extending from one
hyoglossus to the other, the basi-hyal would rotate as the ful-
crum and swing the processus retrobasalis forward. The
cerato-hyoids simply pull on the anterior horns and increase
the angle between the first and second parts. Chemin states
that preceding the distension of the fan the animal swallows
air and distends its dilatable pharynx.

Evidently then, according to Chemin, the greater the dis-
tension of the fan the greater must be the ventral excursion
of the basi-hyal, since that is the only way in which pressure
can be brought to bear on the processus entoglossus or the
power arm of the lever. The anterior and posterior horns
merely act as braces.

It is also evident that in Colotes the most important muscles
are the sterno-hyoids, since these pull the basi-hyal ventrad.
The cerato-hyoid plays a minor and insignificant part.

I have no desire to contradict the conclusions of Chemin
on the mechanism of the production of the throat-fan in
Colotes, but I cannot agree with the general statement that
the mechanism in Colotes is essentially the same for all the
Iguanide. Certainly it differs markedly in Anolis where the
processus entoglossus is not the arm of the lever and only
acts as a hindrance to the production of the throat-fan. In
Anolis the cerato-hyoids play the most important role and the
sterno-hyoids a minor role. Furthermore, the production of

326 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Sex.

_ processus
ANN Enloglossus

M. fe ernporalis fi

/. my lo: -ceralord
MM. plex od _ fy
preygoid

—— JFTOCeESSOS
retro hosalis

AEN
Tyord Wursc dS

Fig. 7

f
a

r ‘of

Vor. IX] VON GELDERN—FLORIDA CHAMELEON 327

the throat-fan in Anolis is independent of the swallowing of
air, or any great ventral excursion of the basi-hyal. The
hyoid apparatus in Anolis forms a lever of the first class while
in Colotes, although not so stated by Chemin, it forms a lever
of the second class. What Chemin calls the fulcrum, namely
the basi-hyal, is not a fulcrum since this is the point where
force is employed. The true fulcrum lies somewhere along
the processus entoglossus.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The throat-fan of the Anolis carolinensis is distended
when the animal is apparently undisturbed. It is also dis-
tended during various emotional states interpreted as anger,
fear or sex impulses.

2. The throat-fan is produced by the hyoid apparatus. It
is accomplished by the tapering processus retrobasalis, which
swings vertrad and cephalad carrying a fold of skin before it.
Since the distal portion of the retrobasalis is more flexible
than the proximal portion, the semi-circular outline of the fan
is produced. The thinness of the fan is due to the cohesion
of the moist opposing surfaces of the fold of skin and to
atmospheric pressure.

3. The hyoid apparatus may be compared to a lever in
which the first part of the anterior horn acts as the power
arm, the basi-hyal as the fulcrum and the processus retro-
basalis as the long arm. The anterior and posterior horns act
as lateral supports and when acted upon by the muscles, fix
the fulcrum.

4. The power is produced by the cerato-hyoids, which exert
force in a caudal direction and draws the short arm of the
lever dorsad and caudad, which in turn causes the weight arm
to move cephalad and ventrad. The fulcrum is fixed by the
antagonistic action of the supra- and infra-hyoid group of
muscles.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bronn, H. G. Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs. II.
Eidechsen und Wasserechsen.

328 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Chemin, A. L’appariel Hyoidien et Son Functionment chez
Colotes versilocor. Note pour servir a l’anatomie comparé
d l’Os hyoide. <Bibliographie anatomique VII, pp. 114-
123.

Gegenbauer :—Grundziige der Vergleichenden Anatomie .
Leipzig, 1870.

Gadow. Amphibia and Reptiles.

Huxley. Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals.

Mivart, S. G. Notes on the Myology of the Iguana Tuber-
culata. <Proc. of Zool. Soc. of London, 1867, p. 766.
Mivart, S. G. Notes on the Myologie of Chameleon Parsonii.

< Proc. of Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 850.

Sanders, A. Notes on Myology of Phrynosoma coronatum.
<Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 71. 1874.

Stannius, H. Handbuch der Anatomie der Wirbelthiere.
2nd Aufl. 2nd Bd. Zootomie der Amphibien. 1854.

Vogt and Yung:—Lehrbuch der Praktischen Vergleichenden
Anatomie. Bd. 2. 1889-1894.

Wiedersheim :—Anatomie der Wirbelthiere.

SYNONYMS
1

M. Cerato. hyoideus. Bronn.

Cératoidien latéral externe (Cuvier) Dumeéril.
Cerato-hyoid. Sanders.

Céra-cératoidien. Chemin.

2

M. Cerato-mandibularis. Bronn.
Cérato-maxillaire. Chemin.
Mylo-hyoideus. Sanders.
Mylo-cératoidien. (Cuvier) Dumeril.
Seitwartszieher des Zungenbeins. Meckel.
Mandibulo-hyoid.

3

M. Episterno-hyoideus sublimis. Bronn.
Sterno-hyoideus. Mivart, Sanders, Stannius.

Vo. IX] VON GELDERN—FLORIDA CHAMELEON 329

Sterno-hyoidien. (Cuvier) Dumeéeril.

Niederzieher des Zungenbeins oder Brustbeinzungenbeinmus-
kels. Meckel.

Episterno-cleido-hyoideus sublimis; Furbringer.

Sterno-cleido-hyoidien superficiel. (Chemin. )

4

M. Omo-hyoideus. Bronn.

Omo-hyoidien. (Cuvier) Duméril, Chemin.

Episterno-cleido-hyoideus sublimis. 2th. Firbringer.

Omo-hyoid. Mivart, Sanders.

Omo-hyoideus, Stannius.

Ruckwartszieher des Zungenbeins oder Schulterblattzungen-
beinmuskels. Meckel.

5

M. Mylo-ceratoideus. (Apparently hitherto unnamed. )

6

M. Mylohyoideus.

Mylo-hyoidien. (Cuvier.) Dumeéril.
Zwischenkiefermuskel. Meckel.

Mylo-hyoideus. Stannius.

Hyomandibulare. Sanders. (Platydactylus. )
Platysma myoides. Sanders. (Liolepis, Phrynsoma. )
Mylo-hyoideus and Platysma myoides. Mivart.

7

Genio-hyoid.
Cerato-génien. (Chemin. )

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtH SERIES

Vou. IX, No. 13, pp. 331-356 Fesruary 5, 1920

NEW HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS OF THE GENERA
ARADUS, PHYTOCORIS AND CAMPTOBROCHYS

EDWARD P. VAN DUZEE
Curator, Department of Entomology

1. Aradus apicalis, new species

Allied to dugeet Bergr.; blackish fuscous, a mark on the ex-
panded base of the elytra partially covering the base of the
mesocorium, the apex of the scutellum, and the incisures of the
connexivum pale or yellowish; antennz stout, black. Length
7 mm.

Female: Head as long as the width across the eyes; vertex with the
longitudinal depression broad, armed with a prominent tubercle anterior
to the eye. Antenne stout, scarcely shorter than the head and pronotum
together; first segment obtuse-conical, scarcely longer than the apical
thickness of II, dull castaneous at base; II and Ill cylindrical, as thick
as the cephalic protuberance, IT somewhat narrower at base; III three
fifths the length of II; IV oblong, two thirds the length of III, its tip
conical and clothed with pale hairs as in allied species. Rostrum pale,
attaining the basal third of mesosternum. Pronotum a little shorter than
the head, its width somewhat more than twice its length; greatest width at
basal one third, sides less expanded than in duzeci, latero-anterior margins
nearly straight, coarsely and closely crenulated as in duzeei, discal carine
as in duzeei, the median pair percurrent and but very little divergent
posteriorly. Scutellum longer and narrower than in any allied species,
one third longer. than its basal width, the sides of the depressed apical
portion rectilinear, apex obtuse. Elytra narrower than in duzeei, membrane
touched with pale along basal margin, obscurely dotted. Legs, including

February 5, 1920

332 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

coxal cavities yellowish testaceous, the middle of the femora and tibie
broadly brown; disk of the ventral segments and marginal incisures
obscurely paler. Fifth ventral segment a little longer at median line than
at sides, the hind margin straight across the middle; sixth segment as long
as fifth and twice longer than the first genital segment which in turn is
twice longer than the second; the apical lobes transverse, very feebly
sinuated at apex.

Described from one female taken by me at the northern end
of Fallen Leaf Lake, Eldorado Co., Cal., June 25, 1915. This
species, while most closely related to duzeei much resembles
behrensi but the antennz are longer, the scutellum longer and
narrower, the pronotum broadest behind the middle with the
median pair of carine nearly parallel, the rostrum longer and
the humeral expansions and apex of the scutellum conspicuously
yellowish. Aradus fuscomaculatus Stal has about the same
form of scutellum but it has the antennz a little shorter, the
pronotum broadest at the middle and marked with pale, the
elytra and abdomen more strongly maculated and the apical
plates of the female more oblique.

Holotype, female (No. 679) in collection of the California
Academy of Sciences.

2. Aradus pannosus, new species

Very near fuscomaculatus Stal, the antenne shorter and
thicker with the apex of the second segment whitish, the valves
of the second female genital segment longer and subacute at
apex and the genital lobes of the female narrower and more
angled when viewed from below. Length 6% mm.

Female: Head a little longer than broad; antenniferous tubercles obtuse,
scarcely attaining the tip of the first antennal segment. Antennz a little
shorter than basal width of pronotum; stout; second segment tapering to
base, as long as III and IV together; III thickest, hardly one fourth longer
than wide; IV shorter and narrower than III, oval, conical at tip which is
not conspicuously cinereous. Rostrum attaining basal one fourth of meso-
sternum. Pronotum a little over twice wider than long, the expanded
sides more rounded than in fuscomaculatus, with five or six larger teeth
anterior to the widest point; carine prominent, the median pair outwardly
arcuate on posterior lobe. Scutellum about one fifth longer than wide;
sides straight and strongly elevated. Elytra a little shorter than in the
allied species. Walves of second genital segment longer and more pointed
than in fuscomaculatus where they are distinctly rounded at apex; the
genital lobes viewed from beneath narrower and more angled at apex.

‘Color blackish fuscous; posterior edge of humeral lobes, extreme tip of
scutellum, apex of second antennal segment and annulations of femora
and tibia whitish; abdomen variegated with dull reddish fulvous, about

Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NEW HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS 333

as in fuscomaculatus; elytra largely whitish, their extreme base and the
meso and exocorium beyond their basal third heavily marked with fuscous,
the membranal nervures and their margins conspicuously white; the white
apical portion of the second antennal segment nearly equal to the width of
the cephalic protuberance.

Described from one female taken by me at Berkeley, Cal.,
February 2, 1915. While very near fuscomaculatus this form
seems to be sufficiently distinct by the characters of the an-
tenn and second genital segment. A. fuscomaculatus is not
uncommon under bark of rotting live oaks about the bay region
and I have specimens taken by Rev. G. W. Taylor on Van-
couver Island that do not seem to differ specifically.

Holotype (No. 680) in collection of the California Academy
of Sciences.

3. Aradus blaisdelli, new species

Closely allied to inornatus Uhbler but with the body much
narrowed posteriorly as in debilis and inornatus, the rostrum
shorter, antennz stouter, sides of pronotum more narrowed
anteriorly and the elytra distinctly varied with cinereous, the
membrane especially being conspicuously veined with pale.
Length 9-11 mm.

Head about as in inornatus; antennz similar, scarcely shorter than the
head and pronotum together, blackish fuscous, the second segment shorter
and a little thicker at base, as long as the head from tip to hind margin
of eyes; III and IV subequal, each nearly twice the length of I and a little
thinner than apex of II]; apex of IV conical and clothed with the usual
grey pubescence. Pronotum twice as wide as long, widest just behind the
middle, the broadly expanded sides obliquely narrowed anteriorly, not
broadly rounded as in inornatus; margin irregularly denticulate, about
three teeth anteriorly much larger; carine thicker than in inornatus, the
median more distinct across the anterior lobe; tubercles of callosities
more prominent, conical. Scutellum more depressed posteriorly with its
margins strongly reflexed. Elytra reaching on to the sixth segment in
the female, to the genital lobes in the male; humeral expansion broad as
in inornatus. Rostrum passing the middle of the mesosternum, but little
exceeding its base in inornatus. Genital lobes of male transverse, moder-
ately oblique, of equal length across their whole width; fifth and sixth
ventral segments in the female truncate at apex, sixth one fifth shorter
than fifth; apex of first genital segment truncate, straight across its
whole margin, in inornatus, a little oblique and feebly notched at center;
second segment half the length of first; genital lobes dorsally triangularly
ovate with their hind margin feebly arcuated, their inner margins separated,
the ultimate dorsal segment nearly one-half as long as wide, its basal
margin regularly rounded, its apical subangularly rounded; in imornatus
this segment is much broader proportionately with the hind edge but little
produced, distinctly transversely wrinkled in common with the inner ends
of the genital lobes.

334 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tm Szr.

Color blackish fuscous; apex of first antennal segment and base of
III indistinctly paler, as is also the edge of the buccule, lower surface
of antenniferous tubercles and tip of first segment of rostrum; expanded
sides of pronotum pale; elytral venation mostly pale, the membrane with a
whitish spot at base, the veins pale and margined with whitish; disk of
connexival segments varied with pale rufo-fulvous, their hind margins
more conspicuously pale; the venter quite largely varied with dull rufo-
fulvous; tips of the tibie pale. At least a portion of the granulations are
pale, including a few on the legs and antenne.

Described from 10 male and 14 female examples taken at
Huntington Lake, Fresno Co., Cal., July 7 to 22, 1919, at an
altitude of 7-8,000 feet. These were all taken under loose
bark of old stumps and logs of lodge-pole pine. It affords me
pleasure to name this interesting addition to our fauna for
Dr. F. E. Blaisdell of San Francisco, well known for his
work on the Eleodini and other groups of the Coleoptera, as
a token of friendship and in recognition of his enthusiasm in
the pursuit of his favorite study and of his kind and prompt
response to all appeals for assistance in the increase and im-
provement of the Academy’s collection of insects. This species
pertains to the group embracing debilis, hubbardi and inor-
atus; the thicker antennz will distinguish it from the former
two and the more oblique latero-anterior margins of the pro-
notum and variegated membrane from the latter.

Holotype, male (No. 681) and allotype, female (No. 682)
and paratypes in collection of the California Academy of
Sciences.

4. Aradus vadosus, new species

Closely allied to debilis Uhler but with unicolorous an-
tennz, shorter rostrum and more oblique pronotal margins.
Length 10 mm.

Female: Head little longer than broad across the eyes, the apical
process twice longer than its greatest width; spines of the antenniferous
process terete, subacute, attaining the apical one fourth of the first seg-
ment, its base armed with a distinct tubercle; preocular tubercle large;
middle of vertex with a double row of coarse tubercles, these rows
diverging at apex; lateral depressions deep, narrow, parallel. Antenne
almost as long as the head and pronotum together; segment II distinctly
longer than median line of pronotum, slender, but slightly clavate at apex;
III and IV subequal, the latter thickest of all, widened to base of the
conical apex; all segments finely granulate without distinct apical teeth.
Rostrum attaining apical third of mesosternum, the basal segment much
shorter than the head. Pronotum two and a third times as wide as its
median length; finely granulate, the sides broadly expanded and upturned,
coarsely and irregularly crenate; the latero-anterior margins rectilinear

Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NEW HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS 335

to the truncate anterior angles; widest point just behind the middle ;
carine moderately prominent, distant, nearly parallel, terminating ante-
riorly in a pale tubercle; callosities with a prominent tubercle ;, humeral
lobes subangulate, the posterior evenly rounded and smooth. Scutellum
one-third longer than broad, nearly flat, the sides gently arcuated to the
rounded apex, the basal field but slightly elevated, feebly tricarinate.
Elytra reaching on to the third tergal segment; costa moderately expanded
at base; femora with a few small white tubercles. Genital plates broad
and short, the basal about one-third the length of the sixth ventral seg-
ment, fully three times the length of the apical; genital lobes short, trans-
verse, their greatest length hardly one third their width, their oblique
apex arcuated.

Color testaceous varied with brown and tinged with rufous on the
abdomen, scutellum and disk of the pronotum; antenne becoming fuscous
toward the apex with the extreme tips of segments II and III pale; elytral
veins pale on a darker ground; tergum with a fuscous cloud on each
segment at the connexival suture, the disk of segment six and the genital
segment fuscous; rostrum fuscous, paler at base.

Described from one female taken on Vancouver Island,
September 6, 1899, by Rev. G. W. Taylor. This specimen is
paler than any allied form known to me.

Holotype in collection of the author.

5. Aradus taylori, new species

Allied to acutus Say but with more slender antenne and
the body less maculated; blackish fuscous, narrow hind mar-
gin of humeri and some marks on the elytra pallid; basal
lunule of the head and incisures of abdomen pink; sides of
pronotum strongly toothed. Length, male 7% mm., female
9 mm.

Male: Head a very little longer than broad across the eyes; anten-
niferous spines long, acute, reaching nearly to the apex of first antennal
segment; preocular tubercle small, the postocular large, obtuse; anterior
process as long as the width between the eyes; the lateral impressed vitte
moderately deep, finely granulate like the rest of the surface. Antenne
as long as head and pronotum together, more slender than in acutus;
second segment one fifth longer than III and IV together, a little thick-
ened at apex; IV three fourths of III, its tip conical and clothed with
the usual grey pubescence. Rostrum pale, attaining hind margin of pro-
sternum. Pronotum more than twice wider than long, widest just behind
the middle; humeral angles broadly rounded ; latero-anterior margin nearly
straight, finely crenulate as are the humeri, and in addition armed with
about four stout irregular teeth; surface nearly flat, the longitudinal
carine feeble, the median pair diverging a little posteriorly. Scutellum
flat, edges nearly rectilinear to the obtuse apex, but feebly elevated.
Elytra narrow, attaining the genital segment, the humeral expansion nar-
row. Genital lobes oblique at apex with their angles rounded.

Color blackish fuscous; extreme base of vertex and incisures of con-
nexivum above and below pinkish; venter dark castaneous; narrow hind
edge of humeral lobes, a mark on the basal expansion of the corium and

336 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

the transverse veins on the latter pale; membrane with the narrow margins
of the veins and a spot at base pale. Legs brown, paler beneath.

Genital lobes of the female a little longer than in compressus, distant,
with their inner angles more acute.

Described from one male taken by the late Rev. G. W.
Taylor on Vancouver Island from under bark, March 4, 1898.
A female taken at the same time is notable in having the left
elytron much abbreviated, the corium not attaining the apex
of the scutellum and the rounded membrane reaching only to
the second tergal incisure, the left wing complete, almost
reaching the apex of the right elytron. This species has the
flat surface and pale humeral margins found in compressus
but the pronotal margin is shorter and strongly denticulate,
the antennz are more slender and the colors are different.

Holotype, male (No. 683) in collection of the California
Academy of Sciences; allotype, female, in collection of the
author.

6. Aradus parshleyi, new species

Allied to compressus Heid. but with the antenne thinner
at base, the latero-anterior margin of pronotum minutely
granulate and strongly sinuated and the elytra more strongly
marked; antennz basally and legs brown; hind margin of
humeral lobes and markings on the corium pale. Length
8 mm.

Female: Head a little longer than wide across the eyes; antenniferous
tubercles short, reaching to middle of first segment; preocular and post-
ocular tubercles small, obtuse; lateral impressed areas smooth anterior
to the line of the hind margin of the eyes; base with a slender oblique
whitish line. Antenne as long as head and pronotum together; seg-
ment II as long as III and IV together, regularly thickened to its apex
where it is as wide as III; the latter cylindrical and as thick as the
anterior femora; IV scarcely shorter than III and but little thinner, about
twice as long as I. Rostrum attaining basal one fourth of mesosternum.
Pronotum a little wider than its median length, depressed as in compressus;
sides broadly expanded and rounded almost to the anterior angles which
are right-angled, thus forming a deep sinus; minutely crenulate or granu-
lated, the crenulations stronger in the anterior sinus; carinate lines
moderately elevated, the median pair about parallel. Scutellum longer
than the pronotum, its basal width two thirds its length; its surface nearly
flat, the sides moderately sinuated before the rounded apex and well
elevated. Elytra subparallel, its basal margin somewhat expanded; mem-
brane reaching the genital segment with a number of supernumerary
cross-veins. Genital lobes obliquely rounded and well separated; sixth
ventral segment a fourth longer than the truncate fifth segment and
emarginate at apex; basal genital plate tumid, nearly four times as long as
the short ‘apical plates.

Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NEW HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS 337

Color fuscous brown, paler on the humeral lobes, especially posteriorly,
and on the elytra; the latter varied with fuscous at base and in the areoles;
membrane fuscous with the brown veins bordered with whitish. First
segment of antenne and basal two thirds of second ferruginous; rostrum
legs and venter more or less rufo-ferruginous; incisures of connexivum
pale.

Described from one female taken by M. H. Ruhmann at
Vernon, B. C., April 28, 1915, and kindly sent to me for study
by Dr. H. M. Parshley to whom this species 1s dedicated in
appreciation of the valuable and painstaking work he is doing
on our North American Hemiptera. This species belongs to
the group having the pronotum depressed and minutely crenu-
late or granulated on the lateral margins and including com-
pressus Heid., tuberculifer Kirby and funestus Bergr.

Holotype in the Canadian National Museum at Ottawa.

7. Aradus orbiculus, new species

Apparently allied to heidemanni Bergr., but with a longer
rostrum and nearly circular abdomen in the female. Length:
male 8 mm.; female 12 mm.; width of abdomen, male 3 mm.,
female 6 mm.

Male: Body oblong, a little wider posteriorly, broadest at fifth abdomi-
nal segment. Head a third longer than wide across the eyes, much longer
than median length of pronotum, the anterior process forming one half its
length; impressed mark either side the vertex granulated; antenniferous
tubercles long, subacute, much divergent; preocular tubercle small; post-
ocular obsolete. Antennz almost as long as the head and pronotum on
the median line, moderately stout; first segment short, hardly twice
longer than wide; II longer than the head, one half longer than III
and IV together, a little thickened apically; III cylindrical, nearly twice
the length of the fusiform fourth segment. Buccul slightly angularly
elevated; rostrum attaining hind margin of anterior coxe; first segment
not reaching base of head. Pronotum much narrowed anteriorly; sides
straight; hind angles broadly rounded; width on anterior margin equal
to length on median line, less than half the basal width; hind margin
deeply excavated. Scutellum narrow, deeply excavated, the basal eleva-
tion scarcely indicated; its length equal to that of the head, and nearly
twice its basal width; sides parallel on basal one half; apex obtuse.
Elytra long and narrow, reaching on to the genital plates, the expanded
basal portion just passing the scutellum; their combined width at apex
of corium one third greater than their individual width at base; veins
prominent, closely ramose on mesocorium; principal veins of the mem-
brane very prominent, the ramose veins almost obsolete. Genital lobes
long, subangled and oblique at apex, formed much as in compressus Heid.

Female much larger than male, with the abdomen as wide as long
beyond tip of scutellum; elytra short, oblong but slightly exceeding the
scutellum, with no indication of membrane; sixth ventral segment as long
as the two genital segments together; second genital segment very short,

338 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser,

rounded or subangular; genital lobes short and broad, scarcely angled
behind, their inner margins rounded, distant, much as in compressus.

Color uniformly blackish fuscous; legs, inner edge of the genital lobes
and sometimes the hind edge of the ventral segments tinged with cas-
taneous.

Described from two male and three female specimens taken
by me under loose bark of a stump of lodge-pole pine at
Huntington Lake, Fresno Co., Cal., July 17, 1919, at an
elevation of 7,000 feet. In this species the pronotum has
about the form found in heidemanni but without the marginal
crenulations; the male elytra are narrowed much as in the
female heidemanni but in a less degree, while the females are
brachypterous. It has much in common with compressus near
which it should, perhaps, be placed.

Holotype, male (No. 684), allotype, female (No. 685),

and paratypes in collection of the California Academy of
Sciences.

8 Aradus evermanni, new species

Near gracilicornis Stal; form narrow, subparallel; antennz
shorter; pronotum shorter, its ,des paler and more deeply
denticulate, humeral angles more rounded; scutellum broader ;
elytral areoles reticulate. Length 4% mm.

Female: Head as in gracilicornis. Antenne slender, as long as the
head and pronotum united; first segment but little longer than thick, cylin-
drical; II distinctly longer than III and IV together, its immediate apex
thickened, but little narrower than I; III and IV subequal, about as long
as the dorsal thickness of the cephalic process; III cylindrical, IV fusi-
form. Rostrum just attaining the anterior coxe. Pronotum distinctly
shorter than the head, its median length one half its basal width; sides
broadly flattened, strongly crenulate, slightly sinuated anteriorly without a
distinct apical tooth; humeri broadly rounded, (in gracilicornis the sides
are nearly parallel behind the widest point) ; six discal carine about as in
its ally except that the median pair diverge more posteriorly. Scutellum a
little shorter and proportionately broader than in gracilicornis, nearly
one fourth longer than the pronotum. Elytra as in the allied species, all
the areoles white, crossed by irregular fuscous veins; membrane distinctly
maculated. Apex of fifth ventral segment truncate across the middle, its
median line distinctly longer than the sides, its disk without a transverse
impressed line; sixth segment on its median line as long as the fifth, very
slightly excavated at apex, its apical angles equalling the genital segment;
first genital segment truncate at apex, about twice as long as the apical,
the valves of the latter triangular; genital lobes narrow and strongly
curved at apex, almost meeting beyond the genital segment, their apical
margin truncate and a little oblique.

Color black; first three segments of antennez, expanded margins of
pronotum, elytral veins, except at base and apex, and the connexivum
obscure brown; incisures of the connexivum broadly pale.

Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NEW HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS 339

Described from one female taken by me in Golden Gate
Park, San Francisco, September 16, 1917. While very close
to gracilicornis this species may readily be distinguished by
the diagnostic characters given above. Aradus marginatus
Uhler differs in color of antenne, etc. Named for Dr. Barton
W. Evermann, director of this Academy, in recognition of
his ready assistance and of his unfailing interest in the
broader phases of entomological study.

Holotype, female (No. 686), in the collection of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences.

9. Aradus snowi, new species

Allied to falleni but narrower, parallel, with thick, white
antenne, which are black only at base and extreme tip.
Length 4 mm., width 144 mm.

Male: Head as in falleni, the anterior process quite strongly con-
stricted near the base; vertex almost entirely depressed with a small
median raised area and a few minute granulations, the margin prominent
and a little produced behind the eyes. Antenne about as long as in fallem
but much thicker; first segment scarcely exceeding the antenniferous
tubercle and hardly longer than wide; II somewhat shorter than III
and IV together, regularly increasing in thickness from base to middle,
beyond cylindrical and equal in thickness to an eye; III almost as thick
as II and two thirds its length, a little narrowed basally; IV cylindrical,
a little thinner than III and two thirds its length. Rostrum attaining the
anterior coxe. Pronotum a fourth shorter than the head, its median line
one half its greatest width; sides strongly expanded and upturned, sinuated
behind the prominent rounded anterior angles; behind the middle very
feebly arcuated; discal carine as in the allied species but quite obviously
arcuated, the edge closely, minutely crenulate. Scutellum longer than
in fallent, the carinate sides rectilinear almost from their base. Costal
margin of corium rectilinear from base nearly to apex, the areoles sub-
hyaline and crossed by irregular veinlets.

Color black becoming brown on the expanded pronotal margins and on
most of the elytral veins; the elytral areoles and membrane whitish
hyaline, the latter quite distinctly maculated; antenne creamy white;
first segment, basal half of second and apical half of fourth black.

Described from one male taken by the late Prof. F. H.
Snow in the Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, in June, between
five and eight thousand feet elevation. The parallel form and
conspicuous black and white antennz will readily distinguish
this interesting species. This specimen is carded so the geni-
tal characters are mostly covered.

Holotype, male, in collection of the author.

340 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47m Ser.

10. Phytocoris ingens, ew species

Large and broad, oblong, pale grey, quite evenly dotted
with fuscous points, those along the costa larger. Length 8;
width 3 mm.

Male: Head short, vertical, projecting below the eye for a space less
than the width of the eye below the antenne; eyes very large, below
attaining the line of the buccule; vertex depressed, narrow, its least width
about half that of the eye viewed from above; front flat; clypeus promi-
nent, convex, projecting strongly above the plane of the front; cheeks
tumidly convex. Antenne slender; segment I nearly as long as from its
base to hind margin of pronotum, a very little thickened basally; II more
slender, as long as from base of scutellum to apex of clavus; III a little
longer than commissural margin of clavus; IV (wanting in male) in
female one half of II. Length of pronotum two fifths its basal width;
hind margin broadly rounded; callosities distinguished by a deep suture.
Scutellum as long as pronotum, its basal field well exposed; hind femora
nearly seven times as long as wide, gradually tapering from basal third;
hind tibia one half longer than its femur, its spines short, not longer than
thickness of the segment. Sinistral notch of genital segment right-angled,
the dorsal angle produced in a blunt tooth arising from an extension of
the dorsal tergite and lying beneath the margin of the genital segment;
sinistral clasper of medium size, curved at apex, with a prominent obtuse
shoulder near its base; dextral clasper small, blunt at apex, lying along
the ventral wall of the notch.

Color cinereous, tinged with fulvous on the head, callosities, basal lobe
of scutellum and abdomen; propectus, sides of the venter basally, a broad
vitta on the sides of the pronotum inferiorly and a narrow line below
this, blackish, the genital segment with a fuscous cloud either side. Above
minutely but quite regularly dotted with fuscous, these dots imperfectly
segregated into larger spots along the veins and costal margin; apex of
corium with a black point near the angle of the cuneus; membrane white,
regularly dotted with fuscous points, the veins dull fulvous. Antenne
pale brownish; base of II and III broadly paler; I pale with about six
fuscous marks exteriorly. FFemora varied with fuscous on apical half;
tibiz with about three imperfect fuscous annuli, usually but one distinct.
Upper surface sparsely clothed with stiff black hairs intermixed with
pale ones on head and pronotum and short white deciduous tomentum.
Female with fuscous markings beneath less extended.

Described from two males and two females taken by Mr.
Fordyce Grinnell at Pasadena, Calif.

Holotype, male (No. 687), and allotype, female (No. 688),
in collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Para-
types in collection of the author.

11. Phytocoris aurora, new species
Allied to palmeri but with more cinereous elytra and differ-
ent male genitalia. Length 7 mm.; width 2 mm.

Male: Head oblique, produced beyond the eye for a space equal to the
greatest width of the eye; front little convex, clypeus moderately so.

Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NEW HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS 341

Antenne slender; segment I as long as head and pronotum together,
linear with a few long weak bristles; II more than twice the length of I;
III one fourth longer than I, IV as much shorter. Pronotum twice wider
than long; scutellum unusually convex, longer than wide at base. Elytra
nearly parallel; hind femora seven times as long as wide; a little narrowed
on basal and apical one fourth; hind tibie very long, almost equal to
elytra including the membrane; rostrum reaching third ventral segment.
Sinistral notch of genital segment shallow, its dorsal angle produced in a
short upright tooth; sinistral clasper, large, convex, in form of a broad
triangle with its apical margin a little concave; lower angle curved and
hidden beneath the apex of the segment, dorsal angle acute and incurved,
attaining the dorsal angle of the segment.

Color whitish testaceous, tinged with yellow on head and pronotum;
a cloud on the vertex, about seven arcs on the front and a transverse vitta
across cheeks and clypeus ferruginous; sides of pronotum broadly, the
narrow base and median line, deep black, leaving a squarish discal spot
which includes a few ferruginous marks about the callosities and on the
collum; hind edge slenderly white. Scutellum fuscous with the median
line and sides marked with whitish. Elytra dusky testaceous, a little more
clouded along the apical margin, the veins and costa with inconspicuous
brown and white marks; membrane fuscous obscurely irrorate with pale;
a spot at apex of cuneus and a discal arc whitish. Beneath mostly blackish
fuscous with the coxze white. Legs whitish, the femora rufous-brown
irrorate with whitish; tibia varied with brown, the anterior triannulate.
Basal segment of antenne rufous-brown, dotted with white, two of the
spots larger; II pale brown with a white basal annulus twice longer than
the thickness of the segment, followed by a fuscous cloud; III and IV
infuscated, the former white at base as in II. Surface clothed with
black hairs and white tomentum.

Described from one male taken by me at Cayton, Shasta
Co., Cal., July 19, 1918. The male genital clasper is so dis-
tinctive the species cannot be confounded with any other

known species; the markings of the head and pronotum are
about those found in palmeri.

Holotype, male (No. 689) in collection of the California
Academy of Sciences.

12. Phytocoris tenuis, new species

Aspect somewhat of canescens Reut.; smaller and more
slender, more yellowish in color and marked with a fuscous
vitta following the claval suture; the male genitalia very dis-
tinctive. Length 61%4 mm.

Male: Head oblique, produced beyond the eye for a space equal to two-
thirds the length of the eye; front and clypeus tumidly prominent, leaving
a deep sinus at base of clypeus; cheeks tumidly raised, almost tuberculate ;
vertex nearly flat, a little wider than the eye viewed from above. Antenne
long; segment I as long as head and pronotum together, moderately
clothed with long pale hairs and a few stiff bristles; II not quite twice
the length of I; III and IV together shorter than II. Pronotum twice
wider than long, with prominent humeri. Elytra parallel, twice longer to

342 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H SER.

apex of cuneus than together wide; hind femur six times longer than wide,
subparallel to beyond the middle, then a little narrowed to apex; hind
tibia with weak bristles not longer than thickness of the segment; rostrum
attaining third ventral segment. Sinistral notch of genital segment shal-
low; sinistral clasper linear, curved around the apex of the segment, at
base giving off an erect dorsal branch as long as the horizontal member
and rising to the dorsal line of the segment where it is bent abruptly
backward, terminating in line with the apex of the genital segment;
dextral clasper small, distorted in the type, apparently triangular.

Color yellowish testaceous, darker on head and pronotum; pronotum
with a fuscous basal vitta before the slender white hind edge, carrying
about six spots of tufted black hairs. From this dorsal vitta seven indis-
tinct longitudinal rays run to the anterior lobe, the lateral two the most
obvious. Scutellum with a pale median line more or less indicated and a
fuscous spot either side before apex. Corium with an indefinite fuscous
vitta following the claval suture and deflected along the apical margin
to apex of cuneus, this vitta marked with a few pale spots bearing clusters
of white hairs; membrane pale, quite thickly irrorate with fuscous; veins
yellowish. Hind femora more or less distinctly marbled with fuscous;
venter infuscated, the tip of the rostrum black. Apex of antennz infus-
cated, the base of III paler. Upper surface clothed with black hair in
fresh specimens.

Described from one pair taken by me on Mt. Tamalpais,
Marin Co., Cal., June 23, 1918, and a female taken by Dr.
E. C. Van Dyke at same locality, September 19, 1909. This
is the most slender Phytocoris known to me and seems to
connect canescens with lineatus and validus; the rayed prono-
tum and the fuscous vitta on the elytra will distinguish
females while the remarkable male genitalia will at once
locate that sex.

Holotype, male (No. 690), allotype, female (No. 691), and
paratype in collection of California Academy of Sciences.

13. Phytocoris sonorensis, new species

Aspect of canescens but larger and broader, the elytra and
antenne more varied; sexes similar. Length 7 mm.

Male: Head vertical, produced below the eye for a space greater than
the length of the eye; eyes small, but moderately produced inferiorly;
front a little convex between the antenne. Antenne long; segment la
fourth longer than pronotum; a little thicker near the base; II twice as
long as I; III a third shorter than IIT; IV one fourth shorter than I.
Elytra together nearly as wide as their length to tip of clavus. Rostrum
passing hind coxe. Hind femora nearly equal to length of elytra to tip of
cuneus, slender, nine times longer than wide, widest near base then
gradually a little narrowed to apex. Sinistral notch of genital segment
rather small, right-angled, margin oblique dorsally and there carrying a
large curved, suberect lenticular tooth arising from the produced angle
of the apical tergite; sinistral clasper large and broad, its dorsal angle
forming a blunt tooth, the apical portion abruptly slender and incurved;
dextral clasper small, lying along the ventral wall of the notch.

Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NEW HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS 343

Color obscure testaceous-grey clouded with fuscous; head black at
apex with a transverse white vitta below the antenne. Antenne brown;
segment I black dotted with white; Il with a white annulus at base and
an obscure one beyond the middle; III white at base. Pronotum fuscous,
clothed with black hairs; hind margin white, preceded by six black spots
bearing tufts of black hairs; scutellum with a double fuscous vitta, diverg-
ing posteriorly leaving a pale median line expanded at apex. Discal
region of elytra fuscous; costa brown, becoming black at apex of corium,
varied with pale dots; apex of corium with a polished angular pale spot;
cuneus pale, mottled, becoming black at apex and on internal margin;
membrane fuscous closely irrorate with pale; nervures fuscous, white at
apex. Femora pale at base, fuscous and irrorate with pale at apex; tibice
blackish with three broad white annuli. Beneath black, cox paler, rostrum
rufous. Female paler and more clearly marked above than male.

Described from two males taken by me at Alpine, San
Diego Co., Cal., June 7, 1913, and two females taken on the
Cuyamaca Mts. at Descanso, Cal., at 5,000 feet elevation,
October 5, 1913.

Holotype, male (No. 692), in collection of the California
Academy of Sciences. Allotype, female, and paratypes in col-
lection of the author.

14. Phytocoris calvus, new species

Form and aspect of sonorensis nearly, a little smaller and
more reddish in color; head and anterior margin of pronotum
pale yellowish; second antennal segment obscurely annulated ;
coxee white; membrane irrorate; apex of corium with angular
polished pale spot. Length 6 mm.

Male: Head short, nearly vertical, produced below the eye for a space
equal to greatest width of eye; front full, clothed with long procumbent
white hair; clypeus feebly arcuate; vertex flat, as wide as the eyes viewed
from above. Antenne slender; segment I but little shorter than basal
width of pronotum; II three fourths longer than I; III one fourth longer
than I, IV as much shorter; I armed with a cluster of long white hairs
exteriorly near the base. Pronotum a little more than twice broader
than long. Scutellum a little broader than long, its length subequal to
that of the pronotum; upper surface clothed with short black hairs inter-
mixed with flattened black hairs and white tomentum; tibial spines long
and stout, rufous-brown. Sinistral notch of genital segment rectangular,
armed with a large acute tooth above which is produced backward;
sinistral clasper attaining tip of genital segment, at base with a dorsal
obtusely angular tooth; dextral notch with a short acute tooth above, the
clasper filling the ventral portion of the notch and attaining its apex.

Color rufous-brown, but slightly maculated; head and anterior portion
of pronotum yellowish white; base of vertex with an angular pale fulvous
vitta; clypeus with an angular mark and spot at base fulvous-brown, the
cheeks still darker with a white suture, a spot at base of antennze white
edged with brown. Pronotum posteriorly castaneous brown with a sinuate
black vitta before the white basal margin. Scutellum feebly varied with

344 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

paler. Elytra dusky on the disk, becoming rufous at tip of corium and
anterior to the white angular spot at apex; cuneus rufous; membrane
white, irrorate with fuscous, leaving two white marginal spots. Below
rufous, the pleural pieces piceous; coxe white; legs white, the femora
marked with fuscous apically, the posterior more broadly so, with two
white annuli; tibiz faintly triannulate with fuscous. Antenne pale brown;
segment I white marked with rufous; II with base and a broad annulus
beyond the middle white; III white at base.

Described from one male taken by Mr. Fordyce Grinnell on
Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Cal., August 10, 1909. The
uniform rufous color, pale head and coxe, flattened black
hairs above, and the cluster of white bristles on first antennal
segment with the genital characters will sufficiently distinguish
this species.

Holotype, male, in collection of the author.

15. Phytocoris onustus, new species

Allied to eximius Reut., a little larger and darker with
darker antennz and, like that species, belonging to the group
with marmorate membrane; differing widely in male genitalia.
Length 7 mm.

Male: Head a little longer and more oblique than in eximius, exceeding
the eye for a space equal to the greatest width of the eye; vertex more
flattened. Antenne slender; segment I a little thickened basally, as
long as from their insertion to the base of the pronotum; II thinner,
more than twice the length of I and about equal to the costal margin of
the corium; III and IV together equal to II; III longer than I, IV shorter.
Pronotum as in eximius, its length three fifths its basal width, sides
straight, humeri prominent. Scutellum equal to pronotum in length; ros-
trum passing hind coxe; legs as in eximius, Male genital segment large,
convex; sinistral notch right-angled, the dorsal angle obtuse, unarmed;
sinistral clasper large, sickle-shaped, with a prominent dorsal tooth near
its base; black with luteus apex; dextral clasper long as the sinistral,
bent near the base and armed there with a dorsal tooth equal to its own
width, at apex paler and curved inward and upward, subacute.

Color yellowish cinereous, much invaded with fuscous; head pale, the
disk of the cheeks, apex of clypeus and about six arcs on the front
fuscous; disk of pronotum pale, sides and base broadly blackish, the latter
area broken at the middle; hind edge white; callosities marked with a
double pale arc; scutellum pale with a blackish vitta either side the pale
median line, these diverging posteriorly, basal angles with a fuscous
spot. Elytra fuscous, obscurely irrorate with pale and each marked with
three polished areas, one subbasal, one median and one apical invading
the base of the fuscous cuneus. Membrane pale fuscous marmorate with
whitish forming a pale spot at apex of cuneus and two obscure discal areas;
nervures fuscous, the cubital thick and black. Antenne fuscous; seg-
ment I irrorate with pale with a few black bristles near base; II with base
narrowly pale; III with base and extreme tip pale. Legs irrorate with
fuscous at apex, the hind femora becoming fuscous at apex with paler

Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NEW HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS 345

band and irrorations; tibie fuscous with about four pale annuli, tibial
bristles pale, longer than thickness of the segment. Beneath mostly black
with the coxe pale.

Female somewhat paler than the male with disk of pectus and venter
pale, the fuscous basal area of pronotum having about six black spots on
the submargin.

Described from one pair taken by me at Salamanca, N. Y.,
July 20, 1911, and one female taken at Boston, Erie Co., N.
Y., August 1, 1909.

Holotype, male (No. 693), and allotype, female (No. 694),
in collection of the California Academy of Sciences; paratype
in collection of the author.

16. Phytocoris erectus, new species

Aspect of eximius, differing principally in the very distinct
male genitalia. Length 6 mm.

Characters of eximius nearly. Eyes a little more narrowed below.
Colors more strongly contrasting, the elytral markings tending to form a
vitta on the disk of the clavus and another on the corium next the claval
suture; apex of corium with a conspicuous polished angular pale spot
preceded by a triangular fuscous mark and bordered outwardly by the
fuscous apex of the corium. Cuneus with fuscous irrorations segregated
at apex, its inner margin with two black points. Membrane pale fuscous
with a double subhyaline mark beyond the apex of the cuneus, one in
the larger areole and a loop on the disk, with some irregular marks toward
the base. Sides of the pectus and venter and the genital segment mostly
black. Hind femora with moderately distinct pale subapical annulus;
scutellum with a pair of fuscous points near apex. Genital segment of
male short; sinistral notch right-angled, its dorsal angle prominent, form-
ing a blunt tooth; sinistral clasper large, sickle-shaped, strongly curved,
with its apex acute and reaching under the dextral clasper, its base with
a long ligulate erect dorsal tooth attaining the dorsal angle of the seg-
ment, of nearly equal width throughout or a little enlarged at apex;
dextral clasper very large, flattened and curved to conform with the figure
of the segment, its subacute apex lying close to the base of the dorsal
tooth of the sinistral clasper, its broad base produced in a subacute,
vertical tooth.

Described from one male taken by me at Salamanca, N. Y.,
July 20, 1911, one male taken at Kearney, Ont., July 27,
1919, by my brother, M. C. Van Duzee, and two females
taken by W. J. Palmer at Lake Temagami, Ont., August 12,
1906.

Holotype, male from Salamanca (No. 695), and allotype,
female from Temagami (No. 696), in collection of California
Academy of Sciences, paratypes in collection of the author.

346 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

17. Phytocoris canadensis, new species

Very close to erectus but with distinct genital characters
and the pale ventral area more widened posteriorly, covering
the entire last ventral segment; genital segment fuscous either
side, the median line and apex pale. Length 6 mm.

Sinistral male clasper with its dorsal tooth hardly half as long as
in erectus, triangular as viewed from before and acute at apex; dextral
clasper shorter and more slender on apical portion, its dorsal tooth much
larger, acute, nearly parallel with the ventral member than which it is
one-half shorter.

Described from one male taken at Kearney, Ont., July 29,
1911, by my brother, M. C. Van Duzee. It is with some mis-
givings that I found a species on such slight genital charac-
ters, but the differences here are far greater than those that
have been used in the discrimination of species by workers
in other genera of the Hemiptera and it is quite probable that
the study of a large series will justify the separation of this
species. In using male genital characters in distinguishing
species I much prefer to employ those of the claspers, which
are essential organs in copulation, than those of the edeagus
which is chitinized to a less degree and therefore more sub-
ject to distortion. The claspers also are frequently observable
externally without dissection of the specimen, which, with
scant material, is inadvisable. As a final test in close cases it
probably would be better to use both sets of organs when
the material will allow.

In my comparative notes on these species I have used Mr.
Heidemann’s determination of eximius which I believe is cor-
rect. Reuter’s determination of 1909 (Neark. Capsiden, p.
23) is plainly incorrect and refers to a species with irrorate
membrane, apparently mops Uhler.

Holotype, male, in collection of the author.

18. Phytocoris histriculus, new species

Aspect of minutulus Reut., a little larger and paler with the
elytra more variegated; first antennal segment armed with
many erect long white bristles. Length 5% mm.

Male: Head rather long, oblique, produced before the eye for a space
almost equal to the length of the eye; front rather prominent. Antenne

long; segment I as long as the basal width of the pronotum; II about
twice the length of I; III and IV together longer than I, subequal. Basal

Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NEW HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS 347

width of pronotum more than twice its length; scutellum equilateral.
Elytra as in sonorensis, more parallel than in minutulus ; hind tibiz about
one half longer than their femora, the spines long and pale, rather
distant. Sinistral notch of genital segment rounded, the dorsal angle
retreating; sinistral clasper small and black, angled at base, its slender
apex abruptly rufous; dextral clasper narrow, terete, attaining apex of
the genital segment.

Color cinereous with a slight pinkish tint; anterior lobe of pronotum
and venter rufous-brown, varied with darker, the collum with a white
median point; front with six dark arcs, cheeks brown with two pale bands
that cross the clypeus, the base of the latter with an angled dark mark;
pronotum dark olive brown with a broken black band anterior to the
white hind edge; scutellum marked with fuscous on the disk and with two
dark points before the apex. Elytra whitish, much varied with fuscous,
these marks tending to form two transverse bands; angular apical spot on
corium indistinct; apical vein with a black point, the inner margin of
cuneus varied with black and white beyond the pale base; membrane white
blotched and irrorate with fuscous, the veins pale becoming black at end
of the areoles. Legs white, the apex of the femora maculated with
fuscous, the posterior showing two pale annuli. Beneath pale with the
mesosternum and sides of the venter abruptly fuscous, the inferior sides
of pronotum black, bisected by a white line. Antenne pale brown, the
base of segments II and III white; I white, banded and dotted with fuscous
and armed with many erect stiff white bristles that are considerably longer
than the thickness of the segment; II showing a faint pale annulus beyond
the middle. Female not as clearly marked as male but otherwise similar.

Described from two male and eight female examples taken
by me at Sweetwater Valley, near Alpine, San Diego Co.,
Cal., June 18, 1913, and at La Jolla, Cal., July 14, 1914.
This neat little species much resembles plenus but aside from
sexual characters it may be distinguished by its smaller size,
the more hispid first antennal segment, the fuscous border to
the venter and especially by the equality of the last two
antennal segments.

Holotype, male (No. 715), and allotype, female (No. 716),
in collection of California Academy of Sciences; paratypes in
collection of the author.

19. Phytocoris carnosulus, new species

Size and aspect of minutulus Reut., differing in the irrorate
membrane and more varied maculation as well as the more
pinkish tint. Length 5 mm.

Male: Head a little oblique, produced beyond the eye for a space
equal to two thirds the length of the eye; front full; clypeus very promi-
nent, regularly arcuated. Antennz rather short; segment I three fourths
as long as basal width of pronotum, linear, with but few stiff hairs; Il a
little more than twice the length of I; III and IV together longer than
II, III scarcely longer than ITV. Pronotum twice as wide as long;
scutellum one fourth wider than long, the basal lobe well exposed; elytral
costa feebly yet distinctly arcuated; upper surface sparsely clothed with

348 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47 SER.

short grey hairs interspersed with longer black ones, the fringe of long
hairs, or lashes, on the collum conspicuous. Hind femora about seven
times as long as wide, tapering from before the middle; hind tibie with
but few short erect spines. Sinistral notch of genital segment right-
angled, with a large blunt tooth above forming the apex of the produced
angle of the last tergite; sinistral clasper with a rounded angle dorsally
about one third from base, the sinuate apex attaining the tip of the seg-
ment; dextral clasper ligulate, its rounded apex just passing the tip of the
segment.

Color pale testaceous or whitish with a faint tinge of pink on the
elytra; head and pronotum brownish fulvous the apex of the clypeus, disk
of the cheeks, sides of pronotum above and below and the collum, except
at middle, fuscous or black. Scutellum black or mostly so, with a pale
apex and an orange spot either side on the basal lobe. Elytra irregularly
mottled with fuscous forming a blackish cloud on base and apex of clavus
and on basal third and inner angle of corium; apical angle of corium
fuscous; angular pale apical spot scarcely indicated; costa white dotted
with fuscous; cuneus pale with fuscous apex; membrane whitish, sparsely
irrorate with pale brown, the areoles mostly brown, margin with two white
spots beyond the cuneus, veins fuscous, pale at apex. Beneath mostly
fuscous, the prosternum and coxe whitish. Legs whitish, the femora
maculated toward their apex, the posterior showing a broad vitta before
the apex, the tibie with their base and three annuli fuscous. Antenne
pale brown, the narrow base of segments II and III white; I white, macu-
lated with brown forming about two broad bands. Female with the
elytral markings more diffuse and the pale annulus on the hind femora
scarcely distinguished.

Described from two male and two female examples taken
at Prescott, Arizona, July 1, 1917, by Mr. C. A. Hill. The
faint pinkish tinge is more pronounced in the male and may
not persist long after the specimen has become dry.

Holotype, male (No. 697), and allotype, female (No. 698),
and paratypes in collection of California Academy of Sciences.

20. Phytocoris rusticus, new species

Related to inops Uhler but darker and less maculated with
the tibiz unicolorous. Length 644 mm.

Male: Head a little oblique, produced beyond the eye for a space but
little less than the length of the eye; vertex flat; front moderately convex.
Antennz as long as in inops; segment I a fourth longer than the prono-
tum, moderately stout, a very little thicker near the base, armed with a
few erect bristles longer than the thickness of the segment; II almost
twice the length of I; III about one half of I1; IV as long as pronotum.
Rostrum attaining apex of hind coxe. Pronotum twice wider than long;
costal margin of elytra very feebly arcuated; hind femora lenticular,
widest a little before the middle, about five times as long as wide; hind
tibie as long as elytra to tip of cuneus, with a double row of about
12 spines. Sinistral genital notch hardly right-angled, its dorsal angle
rounded; sinistral clasper broad with a large blunt tooth dorsally, the
attenuated apical member curved in conformity with the contour of the
segment and terminating beneath the dextral clasper; the latter broad and
flat, angled near its base, arcuated, and passing the truncated apex of the
segment.

Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NEW HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS 349

Color rufous-brown, moderately polished, the head a little darker;
pronotum with an even black vitta before the slender pale hind margin;
elytra with an obscurely paler area on the disk of corium and an angular
one at apex; cuneus more rufous, blackish at tip and on inner edge;
membrane fuscous, irregularly and confluently irrorate with pale, the veins
rufous. Beneath paler on the cox and apex of genital segment. Legs
concolorous with upper surface, obscurely irrorate with paler; tarsi paler
on the middle; rostrum pale. Antenne a little paler; segment I very
obscurely dotted with pale; II very narrowly pale at base, the pale portion
not longer than thickness of segment; III scarcely paler on immediate
base. Upper surface clothed with short stiff black hairs and deciduous
white tomentum.

Described from two males from Mt. St. Helena, Napa Co.,
Cal., June 9, 1918, four females from Colestin, Jackson Co.,
Oreg., August 1, 1918, one male from Cayton, Shasta Co.,
Cal., July 15, 1918, and one from Sisson, Cal., July 25, 1918,
all taken by myself on pines, and one male from Yosemite,
Cal., June, 1916, and one female from Tallac, Eldorado Co.,
Cal., August 22, 1916, both taken by Mr. W. M. Giffard.
The almost uniform dark reddish brown color and the very
narrow pale annulus at base of second antennal segment will
distinguish this species.

Holotype, male (No. 699) from Mt. St. Helena, allotype,
female (No. 700) from Cayton, and paratypes in collection of
California Academy of Sciences.

21. Phytocoris maritimus, new species

Aspect of rusticus, smaller and more fuscous with the pale
annulus at base of second antennal segment longer and fol-
lowed by a darker band; hind margin of pronotum and front
of hind femora blackish. Length nearly 6 mm.

Male: Head about as in rusticus, little oblique, produced before the
eye for a space equal to two thirds the length of the eye. Antenne
rather short; segment I as long as from hind margin of pronotum to
middle of the eye, moderately stout, scarcely thicker at base, clothed with
appressed dark hairs and a few long slender bristles; II one half longer
than basal width of pronotum; III very little longer than basal width of
pronotum; IV as long as I. Pronotum twice longer than wide; elytral
costa scarcely arcuated. Hind femora short, about as long as second
antennal segment, nearly six times as long as wide, widest at basal third.
Rostrum attaining third ventral segment; spines on hind tibize much
longer than thickness of the segment, distant. Genital segment long and
narrow; sinistral notch shallow, its dorsal angle retreating; sinistral
clasper small, black, convex, strongly obtusely angled dorsally near base,
apex paler, obtuse, incurved; dextral clasper ligulate, apex rounded and
armed above with an acute point; as long as the ventral wall of the notch.

Color brownish fuscous, paler on head and anterior lobe of pronotum;
hind margin of pronotum with an even black vitta as in rusticus, the

350 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

exterior edge pale; elytra with a broad obscure transverse fuscous band
at basal fourth covering most of the clavus; apex of corium with a fairly
distinct angled pale polished spot preceded by a fuscous mark; costal
margin varied with fuscous; cuneus pale with inner margin and apex
blackish; membrane fuscous, sparsely and obscurely irrorate with pale
and leaving a pale spot at apex of cuneus; veins pale at apex. Venter
tinged with rufous and varied with fuscous; breast mostly black, the coxe
white; male genital segment infuscated; femora rufous-brown irregularly
dotted with pale, paler at base, the posterior pair blackish anteriorly;
anterior and intermediate tibia pale with about three fuscous annuli, the
posterior dotted with fuscous. Antenne pale brown becoming darker at
apex; segment I fuscous obscurely dotted with pale; II with a basal white
annulus three times as long as thickness of the segment, followed by a
somewhat wider fuscous cloud. Upper surface with black hairs inter-
mixed with white tomentum as in rusticus.

Described from two males and four females taken at Car-
mel, Cal., March 24, 1919. In this species and rusticus the
irrorate aspect of the elytra is wanting, the pattern of mark-
ing being more as in cunealis. j

Holotype, male (No. 701), and allotype, female (No. 702),
and paratypes in collection of California Academy of Sciences.

22. Phytocoris stellatus, new species

Allied to maritimus with the size and aspect somewhat of
conspersipes Reut., reddish or testaceous brown with scatter-
ing pale points bearing clusters of deciduous white hairs, body
clothed with long black hairs in places; second antennal seg-
ment with narrow pale base. Length 6 mm.

Male: Head nearly vertical, produced beyond the eye for a space
nearly equal to the width of the eye; vertex flat, about as wide as an
eye; front scarcely convex; eyes large, prominent, round when viewed from
above. Antenne short; segment I scarcely longer than the pronotum,
linear; II almost three times as long as I; III and IV together equal to
II, III a little the longer. Pronotum more than twice wider than long;
elytra almost parallel. Hind femora about six times longer than wide,
widest at basal third; rostrum reaching apex of hind coxa. Head, pro-
notum and elytra rather thickly clothed with decumbent stiff black hairs
that are as long as the thickness of the hind tibia, those on head and
anterior margin of pronotum longer, procumbent or nearly erect; seg-
ment I of antenne with numerous erect stiff bristles longer than the
thickness of the segment; gula and lower surface with a few pale hairs.
Sinistral clasper nearly terete, slender, its base without the dorsal angle
found in the allied species, its apex recurved and slender; dextral clasper
slender, little flattened, just passing apex of genital segment.

Color rufous or testaceous-brown varied with pale; hind edge of pro-
notum white, preceded by six or eight black spots forming an interrupted
band; vertex with a median pale yellow vitta; pronotum and elytra with
scattering round white spots bearing clusters of silvery hairs, these
sometimes segregated in a median and an apical spot, connected along the
claval suture; membrane subhyaline with rufous veins and faint clouding,

.

Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NEW HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS 351

especially about the apex. Legs pale rufous dotted with whitish, the
posterior darker and clothed with long brown hairs; spines of hind tibiz
long, pale. Antenne pale brown; segment I pale and dotted with fuscous ;
II becoming black at apex, its base with a white annulus not longer than
thickness of the segment. Body beneath castaneous, the cox whitish.
Female a little broader and more rufous than male.

Described from one male and two females taken by me on
pines at Carmel, Cal., March 24, 1919.

Holotype, male (No. 703), and allotype, female (No. 704),
and paratype in collection of California Academy of Sciences.

23. Phytocoris commissuralis, new species

Size and form of fenestratus Reut., nearly; mottled ash-
grey, base of second antennal segment clear white; commis-
sural margin of clavus whitish, immaculate; membrane white,
conspicuously dotted with blackish. Length 8 mm.

Male: Head nearly vertical, much produced, length below the eye equal
to length of eye; vertex flat, front slightly swollen. Antennz of medium
length; segment I about as long as head and pronotum together when
viewed vertically, a little thickened toward base, basally armed with stout
bristles, mostly white and as long as the thickness of the segment; II fully
twice the length of I; III nearly as long as basal width of pronotum; IV
two thirds of I. Pronotum a little more than twice wider than long. Hind
femora six times as long as wide, widest at basal one fourth; spines of hind
tibiz as long as thickness of the segment. Rostrum passing middle of
venter. Upper surface clothed with flattened deciduous black and white
hairs, the collum and base of vertex with the usual long bristles or lashes.
Sinistral genital notch shallow, rounded; sinistral clasper broad, angularly
toothed dorsally near the base and again before apex of the ventral exten-
sion of the genital segment, its apex covered; dextral clasper rather long,
curved, angled exteriorly above the base.

Color cinereous-grey much varied with fuscous. Head and anterior lobe
of pronotum whitish with a few feruginous marks; cheeks bilineate with
black; posterior lobe of pronotum infuscated, forming a sinuated vitta or
six black tufted spots before the white posterior margin; scutellum pale,
the basal lobe black trilineate with fulvous, apex black with the median line
and a short one either side whitish. Elytra varied with fuscous, especially
at base and along the veins, the commissural margin of the clavus broadly
pale; cuneus pale, its inner margin marked with black; membrane white,
sprinkled with numerous’ vermiculate marks, the veins heavy, fuscous.
Femora white varied with fuscous, the posterior with a white subapical
vitta; tibie triannulate with black, these confused on the hind pair; tarsi
pale medially ; beneath largely black, the cox white. Female broader than
male with the venter paler.

Described from two males and two females taken by me at
Huntington Lake, Fresno Co., Cal., July 24, 1919, at an alti-
tude of 7,000 feet.

Holotype, male (No. 705), allotype, female (No. 705), and
paratypes in collection of California Academy of Sciences.

352 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

24. Phytocoris sagax, new species

Allied to commissuralis; head and pronotum anteriorly yel-
lowish; pronotum margined and elytra maculated with fus-
cous; membrane irrorate. Length 7 mm.

Male: Head long, oblique, produced beyond the eye for a space equal to
greatest width of the eye; front moderately convex; clypeus broad, prom-
inent. Antenne long; segment I as long as head and pronotum together
when seen from above; II as long as costal margin of corium; III one half
of II; IV a little longer than pronotum. Pronotum twice wider than long,
somewhat polished; elytra nearly parallel; hind femora (female) six times
as long as wide, its tibial spines long. Upper surface clothed with black
decumbent hairs and flattened white tomentum; rostrum reaching middle of
venter. Genital segment small; sinistral notch deep; sinistral clasper small
with a dorsal angle some ways from the base; forming a blunt tubercle;
tip of the clasper hidden beneath the apex of the segment; dextral clasper
very long, broad and flattened at base, its truncate apex curved so as to
almost meet the dorsal angle of the sinistral notch.

Color testaceous white; head and middle of anterior margin of pronotum
more yellowish, varied with ferruginous; sides of pronotum anteriorly and
inferiorly black, marked with a white point behind the eye; hind margin
with an even black vitta before the white edge. Scutellum with a black
point either side before the apex. Elytra fuscous, opaque; clavus, base of
corium, a large spot on the middle extended along the costa to apex and
an angular spot at apex of the corium polished whitish, inner edge of
cuneus varied with black; membrane blackish, irrorate more or less with
white, forming a white spot at apex of the areole. Beneath mostly pale
with the pectoral pieces largely black, the cox white. Legs pale, the femora
marmorated with fuscous at apex, on anterior pair interrupted by a pale
longitudinal line on either side; tibial spines long, brown, on brown dots,
the apex of the tarsi infuscated. Basal segment of antenne black dotted
with white; II fuscous at base and apex, brownish on the middle, base
rather broadly white; III brown, white at base; IV brown. Female a little
broader than the male and more clearly marked in the type.

Described from one pair taken by me at Sisson, Cal., July 24,
1918.

Holotype, male (No. 707), and allotype, female (No. 708),
in collection of California Academy of Sciences.

25. Phytocoris nigrifrons, new species

Large, elongate-ovate; pale yellowish white; vertex with a
large polished black spot; posterior vitta of pronotum and
lineations on elytra black. Length 8% mm.

Female: Head oblique; produced beyond the eye for a space greater than
the length of the eye; eyes seen from above ovate. Antennz long; segment
I as long as basal width of pronotum, slightly thickened to the base; IT as
long as costal margin of corium; III one fourth longer than I; IV a little
longer than the pronotum.; Pronotum less narrowed anteriorly than usual,
as long as the head viewed from above, its anterior margin about one half

Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NEW HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS 353

the posterior; collum broad, callosities prominent. Scutellum longer than
wide, as long as the pronotum. Costal margin of the elytra quite strongly
arcuated, their greatest combined width is to the ‘basal as seven to five.
Legs very long; hind femur nine times as long as wide, broadest before
middle; hind tibie nearly one half longer than their femora, their spines
scarcely longer than the thickness of the segment; rostrum long attaining
middle of venter.

Color whitish, becoming tinged with yellow on pronotum and scutellum;
head polished, fulvous, with a large black spot covering the front between
the antenne from middle of vertex to base of clypeus; cheeks bilineate with
rufo-fuscous; pronotum with an even black vitta before the white hind
edge; elytra whitish tinged with yellow on the costa; margin, nervures and
claval suture lineate with blackish; disk with dark marks indicating two
transverse bands, tip of corium and of cuneus black; membrane whitish
hyaline, its apex and the border of the areoles maculated with fuscous;
femora sparsely irrorate with fuscous; the apex of the hind pair infuscated ;
apex of tibie and tarsi blackish. Antenne pale, darkened by the short ap-
pressed hairs; apex of II broadly black; III and IV infuscated, the base of
the former pale. Upper surface clothed with appressed white hairs
with a few stiff black ones on the dark areas and on the collum.

Described from four females taken by me at Huntington
Lake, Fresno Co., Cal., July 16-25, 1919, at an elevation of
7-9,000 feet. This large species is so distinct it can safely be
described from females alone.

Holotype, female (No. 709), and paratypes in collection of
the California Academy of Sciences.

26. Phytocoris barbatus, new species

Similar to cuncatus Van D. in color with a mark on the
clavus, a transverse band on the corium and the cuneus
ochraceous; head, pronotum, antennz and legs clothed with
scattering long erect hairs; antennze and legs annulate. Length
6mm.

Male: Head oblique, produced before the eye for a space about equal
to the length of the eye; gula nearly horizontal; clypeus prominent; vertex
flattened, the front more convex than in cuneatus. Antenne slender; seg-
ment I as long as head and pronotum together, moderately thickened
toward the base and at immediate apex; II not quite twice the length of I,
linear; (III broken, IV wanting in type); rostrum attaining hind coxe.
Pronotum much narrowed anteriorly, more than twice wider on hind
margin than on the anterior, its posterior width not quite twice its length;
sides straight. Scutellum as long as the pronotum. Hind femora nearly as
long as corium and cuneus together, gradually tapering from near base, its
greatest width one ninth its length, its tibia nearly one half longer than the
femur. Genital segment large, convex; sinistral notch deep, its fundus
acutely angled, its dorsal angle produced in a blunt tooth as long as its
basal width, this tooth seemingly terminating a projection of the last
tergite; sinistral clasper broad, its apex oblique for half its length, its
dorsal angle rounded and apex subacute; dextral clasper small, oblique and
subacute at apex.

354 - CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47m Ser.

Color pale yellowish ochraceous becoming deeper fulvous on the pro-
notum, femora and beneath; elytra whitish or lurid with an oblong area
on middle of clavus, a broad band across corium and the apex of the clavus
and of the cuneus fulvous; membrane white, sparsely irrorate with fulvous
at base and apex. Antenne blackish; segment I varied with pale; II with
a broad white annulus at base and another just beyond the middle; III
pale at base; I and base of II clothed with a few scattering erect stiff
white hairs, the longest as long as the horizontal diameter of the eyes.
Legs ochraceous, clothed with short appressed fuscous hairs and very long
erect white bristles, even longer and stouter than those on the antenne;
tibiz with either end and three broad annuli dusky; cheeks and clypeus
infuscated, the neck with two fuscous lines behind the eye, visible when the
head is exserted.

Described from one male taken by Mr. Fordyce Grinnell at
Pasadena, Cal. The hairs in this species are much longer than
in hirtus.

Holotype (No. 710) in collection of California Academy of
Sciences.

27. Camptobrochys borealis, new species

Closely allied to nitens, differing principally in the form of
the male claspers; antennze darker; scutellum less convex.
Length 7 mm.

Head as in nitens and grandis; smooth and polished above. Antenne
with segments I and II a little stouter than in either allied species; I ex-
ceeding the tylus by a little more than half its length, in nitens by scarcely
more than one third its length; II three fifths the basal width of the pro-
notum; III a fourth longer than IV, these together about equal to II.
Pronotum as in grandis but the punctures less coarse and deep, the cal-
losities well elevated, smooth and polished, broader and more conspicuous
than in nitens. Scutellum as in grandis, less convex than in nitens; em-
bolium sometimes entirely without punctures, the elytra otherwise as in the
allied species. Rostrum attaining the apex of the intermediate coxe.
Hairy vestiture of the antenne longer than in grandis, about as in nitens.

Color variable as in the allied species averaging darker than in nitens
and paler than in grandis; fulvotestaceous varied with piceous or brown
and coarsely punctate with blackish; pronotum mostly piceous with the
margins and broad median line pale, the callosities deep black; vertex
pale with a broad longitudinal piceous vitta either side, in pale examples
represented by a blackish spot between the eyes; clypeus bivittate with
piceous. Scutellum brown with a broad piceous vitta either side, the
margins and apex of the median vitta broadly whitish; in nitens the scu-
tellum is yellowish with the piceous vitta more or less strongly indicated;
in grandis black with the apex and narrow median line and lateral margins
at base pale. Elytra clouded, becoming piceous on base of clavus and
disk of corium, the embolium pale. Membrane fuliginous with the broad
basal margin and a large area at apex of cuneus pale or hyaline, the cuneus
hyaline with a fuscous apex. Antenne fuscous brown, the incisures and
apical two segments paler brown. Rostrum and legs pale testaceous, the
apex of the rostrum, femora and tarsi darker, the hind femora often
piceous on their apical one half. Beneath varied with testaceous and
brown, becoming blackish on the venter in the male.

Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NEW HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS 355

Dextral male clasper slender, thickened at base and obtusely bifid at
apex; sinistral broad, a little arcuated above, with its base prominently
convex and polished, not produced in a tooth. In nitens the base of the
sinistral clasper is produced in an acute recurved tooth nearly one third
the length of the ventral portion, while in grandis this tooth is nearly as
long as the ventral member, erect, a little curved and obtuse at tip.

Described from two pairs taken by me at Portland, Me.,
July 4, 1909, a male from Hamburg, N. Y., taken July 1, 1911,
one pair taken at Quinze Lake, P. Q., August 18, 1907, and one
male and two females taken at Smith’s Cove and Bear River,
Nova Scotia, and kindly sent to me for study by Mr. W. H.
Brittain, and a series from Ithaca and Batavia, N. Y., received
from Mr. H. H. Knight.

This species with grandis and nitens form a difficult group
but distinguishable by the form of the male claspers. The color
in nitens is paler with the punctures more distinct, the antenne
pale or slightly infuscated at apex and the scutellum more
convex and paler and the membrane hyaline. In borealis the
antenne are darker with the basal two segments thicker and
piceous, the basal longer, the scutellum flatter with a piceous
vitta, the margins and median line hardly paler and the mem-
brane largely fuscous. In grandis the antenne and general
color is even darker than in borealis with the scutellum piceous
but narrowly edged and lined with pale and the membrane
fuscous at apex.

Holotype, male (No. 711), and allotype, female (No. 712),
from Portland, in collection of California Academy of Sciences.
Paratypes in collections of author and of H. H. Knight.

28. Camptobrochys manitou, new species

Form of fenestratus, short, ovate, convex, the cuneus and
membrane strongly deflexed; whitish testaceous, polished, a
little tinged with yellowish on the head, coarsely fusco-punc-
tate and varied with fuscous; callosities and lateral areas of
scutellum black, polished ; base of cuneus broadly pale. Length
44 to 5 mm.

Head as in nitens, as wide as anterior margin of pronotum, hardly pol-
ished; clypeus less prominent than in fenestratus and its allies. Pronotum
broader anteriorly than in fenestratus, the anterior margin a little more

than one half the basal width and slightly greater than the median length ;
sides straight, slenderly carinate but not at all explanate, hind edge ob-

356 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H SER.

viously emarginate; surface strongly convex, polished; coarsely, sometimes
confluently, punctate. Scutellum convex and polished as in the allied
species, impunctate; medially obscurely transversely wrinkled. Elytra as
in fenestratus, broad, convex, including the embolium coarsely fusco-
punctate; base of cuneus sometimes punctate. Membrane obscurely bi-
areolate. Rostrum reaching the intermediate coxz; first segment attain-
ing base of head. Sinistral clasper of male with a long acute porrect basal
tooth as in grandis, the ventral member in the type concealed but appar-
ently very acute at apex and passing beyond the dextral clasper which is
of the usual form, ovate at base and produced in an acute point.

‘Color testaceous white, coarsely fusco-punctate and maculate; head
tinged with yellow, infuscated; vertex and front with four or five trans-
verse arcs and margined with the same color, deepened to piceous above
the antenne; clypeus pale, bilineate with piceous, the sutures of the cheeks
also piceous. Antennz with long scattering pale hairs; segment I obscurely
lineate, as long as the greatest length of the eyes; II as long as pronotum,
slightly clavate and infuscated on apical third; III and IV infuscated, III
longer than I, IV shorter. Pronotum slenderly edged with pale, the fuscous
punctures usually forming a cloud either side of the disk; anterior margin
forming a broad testaceous collum; callosities contiguous, black, polished,
bordered anteriorly by a pale sinuate vitta. Scutellum whitish with a dark
spot either side, basally contiguous. Elytra with a large piceous cloud at
apex produced basally to cover the disk of the corium and apex of the
clavus; cuneus pale, piceous at apex; membrane enfumed, with a pale
band across at apex of areoles, the veins piceous at base and apex. Legs
pale, the femora mostly piceous. Beneath more reddish, invaded at times
with piceous; anterior coxal cavities and osteolar region white.

Described from one male and ten female specimens taken by
me in the Garden of the Gods at Manitou, Colo., July 19, 1900,
and July 25, 1903, and five specimens from Colorado, received
from Mr. H. H. Knight. This is the species I formerly deter-
mined as Camptobrochis cerachates Uhler but a study of the
type in the museum of the California Academy of Sciences
shows the latter to be a paler form common in California more
allied to fulvescens.

Holotype, male (No. 713), and allotype, female (No. 714),
in collection of California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes in
collections of the author and of H. H. Knight.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtH SERIES

Vo. IX, Nos. 14 anp 15, pp. 357-396 Aucust 4, 1920

XIV

REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY
FOR THE YEAR 1919

BY
C. E, GRUNSKY
President of the Academy

The Academy has during the year 1919 continued its activi-
ties in research work and on the installation of museum ex-
hibits. The effectiveness of this work is apparent to any one
who visits the research departments and the halls, gradually
being filled with the habitat groups of mammals and birds and
with other exhibits. But when the halls are filled, when the
space for habitat groups is exhausted, there is still room for
larger service and the Academy stands ready to render the
service to the full limit of means placed at its disposal.

Having reached the point where the installations in the Bird
and Mammal halls have filled nearly all the large alcoves, it
was thought timely by the Council to make some active effort
to increase the membership. A committee was named for this
purpose, with Mr. M. Hall McAllister as Chairman. The
effectiveness of the committee’s work is already apparent in
the larger membership which can now be reported.

August 4, 1920

358 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

The membership in the Academy at the close of the year
1918 was 455, and at the close of 1919 it was 550, a gain of 95.
The present membership is made up of:

Patrons oaks ole wine eos t SER ee een iateceae Setorelele satiate 7
Honorary, Members <0 fo ste seins 21 sta tele a islotacs o's ale aleniaialnlaiuiavate 33
Life Members sccct css ner ee ae ee eee oe ene aerate 82
Fellows nc eae oer cle ee en en aae fo ieiiale oe ale eiare entero 20
IN Cor lits CRC RE Hen GA as oA rnnaa aan ac omnlac ane apAre dcr 58.4 408

During the year 1919, 115 new members were admitted and
the Academy lost by death 11, and by resignation 5.
Those who were called by death are as follows:

Mr. James V. Coleman........ Ah E Bike cto a ctossrerelaletstcists ietaers April 13, 1919
Dr. Washington Dodge ....... Member aeecsce occ eae June 30, 1919
Prof. William G. Farlow...... onoranyice oc cee ee en June 3, 1919
Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst ....... [lt Bee A scans Onan Bane ioc April 13, 1919
Mr Avilegalletii nc actetsiccjnnieis Membetrs csaccveeseces December 13, 1919
Mr. Jesse W. Lilienthal....... Membertn cease nt cece encticis ns June 3, 1919
Mr. James K. Lynch.......... Membetnc. <a sactoasa sacs eee April 28, 1919
Mr. George T. Page.......... Membetiece ss, -ceemossicee cenine June 30, 1919
Mr. Osgood Putnam.......... Memberoscccssceicee ene January 23, 1919
Mr. Herman Schussler........ 1 Th ee pone esas oe April 27, 1919
Mr. Vanderlynn Stow......... Membetinccs ca cesicio cinaoaciyek July 13, 1919

The Academy carries on its list of patrons the following
names :

Living

Mr. William B. Bourn Mr. A. Kingsley Macomber
Mr. William H. Crocker Mr. John W. Mailliard
Mr. Peter F. Dunne Mr. Joseph Mailliard
Mr. Herbert Fleishhacker Mr. Alexander F. Morrison
Mr. Joseph D. Grant Mr. William C. Van Antwerp
Mrs. Charlotte Hosmer

Deceased
Mr. William Alvord Mr. James Lick
Mr. Charles Crocker Mr. Ignatz Steinhart

Mr. John W. Hendrie

The Treasurer’s report for the year 1919 shows total re-
ceipts, exclusive of the $250,000 received from the Ignatz
Steinhart estate and the $5000.00 donation by Mr. Van Ant-
werp hereinafter referred to, of $71,328.02, of which $15,-
129.32 were paid out as interest. The floating debt of the
Academy was practically wiped out. The year’s general ex-
penses including the installation of the Fur Seal habitat group
and of a number of small bird and mammal groups have been

Vor. IX] GRUNSK Y—PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1919 359

about $50,000. The net excess of revenues over expenditures
was about $7000. The assets of the Academy as carried in the
book accounts, not including the Ignatz Steinhart Trust Fund,
were in round numbers $1,495,000 at the close of the year, but
subject to a debt of $300,000 for which the Market Street
property is a pledge.

During the year 1919, ten free lectures have been delivered
at the stated meeting of the Academy, as follows:

January 15. How Migrating Birds Find Their Way.
Mr. Leverett Mills Loomis, San Francisco, California.

Marcu 19. Pine Insects and their Depredations.
Mr. Ralph Hopping, United States Forest Service.
ApriL 16. Tehachapi as a Faunal Barrier.

Prof. John O. Snyder, Department of Zoology, Stan-
ford University, and Dr. Roy E. Dickerson,
California Academy of Sciences.

May 21. The Naked Mollusks of Monterey Bay.
Dr. F. M. MacFarland, Professor of Histology,
Stanford University.

Jury 16. Fish and Game Legislation of the 1919 Legislature.
Mr. Carl Westerfeld, Executive Officer, Fish and
Game Commission of California.

Aucust 20. Notes on the Birds of Lake County, California.
Mr. Joseph Mailliard, Honorary Curator, Department
of Ornithology, California Academy of Sciences.

SEPTEMBER 10. Egypt, the Land where Ancient and Modern Civilizations

Meet.
Mr. I. H. Morse, San Francisco, California
OcToBER 1. The Butterfly Map; or The Ground Plan of the World to
Scale

Mr. B. J. S. Cahill, Oakland, California.

NoveMBER 5. The New Theory of the Aether and of the Molecular
Forces.
Captain Thomas J. J. See, Professor of Mathematics,
United States Navy.
DeceMBeER 3. The Need of more serious Effort to rescue a Fragment of
Vanishing Nature.
Dr. Francis B. Sumner, Professor of Zoology,
University of California.

The Sunday afternoon lectures delivered in the Museum
building during 1919 were generally attended by about as large
an audience as the limited facilities of the temporary auditorium
permit. They include the following:

January 5. Thirty Thousand Miles in China.

Dr. C. K. Edmunds, President of Canton Christian
College, Canton, China.

360

January 12.

FEBRUARY 9.

Fepsruary 16.

FEBRUARY 23.

Marce 2.

Marcu 9.

Marcu 16.

Marcu 23.

Marcu# 30.

Aprit 13.

Aprit 20.

Apri 27.

May 4.

May 11.

SEPTEMBER 14.

SEPTEMBER 21.

SEPTEMBER 28.

Ocroser 5.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4tH Ser.

California's Recreation Ground, Her National Forest.
R. F. Hammatt, Forest Examiner, United States Forest
Service.

Trees and Shrubs of the Grand Cafion.
Miss Alice Eastwood, Curator, Department of Botany,
California Academy of Sciences.

The Bacteriology of Peanut Butter.
Dr. Ivan C. Hall, Department of Bacteriology,
University of California.
Birds of Extreme Northern Alaska.
Joseph Dixon, Economic Mammalogist, Museum of
Vertebrate Zoology, University of California.
The Natural History and Control of California Ground
Squirrels.
Dr. Joseph Grinnell, Director, Museum of Vertebrate
Zoology, University of California.
Some Philosophical Considerations in Mathematics.
Dr. Rufus L. Green, Professor of Mathematics,
Stanford University.

Inheritance of Mental Ability.
Dr. S. J. Holmes, Professor of Zoology,
University of California.

The Natural History of some Bats.
Tracy I. Storer, Field Naturalist, Museum of Verte-
brate Zoology, University of California.

Mushrooms, Edible and Non-Edible.
Prof. James I. W. McMurphy, Department of Botany,
Stanford University.

Life History and Habits of Some Marine Crustacea.
Prof. F. W. Weymouth, Department of Zoology,
Stanford University.

The Hook-worm Campaign in the Mines of California.
Dr. W. W. Cort, Assistant Professor of Zoology,
University of California.

Military Sanitation.
Major W. B. Herms, Associate Professor of Parasitol-
ogy, University of California.

Birds of the High Sierras and their Environment.
Dr. William F. Badé, President, California Associated
Societies for Conservation of Wild Life.

Hunting with a Camera.
Paul J. Fair, Department of Exhibits, California
Academy of Sciences.

Insect Life.
Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, Assistant Professor of Ento-
mology, University of California.

Sanitary Milk Production.
Dr. George H. Hart, Associate Professor of Veterinary
Science, University of California.

Forests and Forestry in California.
Dr. W. Metcalf, Assistant Professor of Forestry,
University of California.

Plant Breeding.
Dr. E. B. Babcock, Professor of Genetics,
University of California.

Vou. IX] GRUNSKY—PRESIDENT’S REPORT FOR 1919 361

OcrToser 12. The Work of the United States Biological Survey.

Dr. W. P. Taylor, Assistant Biologist, United States
Biological Survey, Washington, D. C.

OctTosER 19. Pine Insects and their Depredations.

Ralph Hopping, National Forest Examiner, United
States Forest Service, San Francisco.

OctToBeER 26. California’s Future; What the Forest Service is doing to
determine and meet the coming demands for Timber and
other National Forest Resources.

C. A. Kupfer, Forest Examiner, United States Forest
Service, San Francisco.

NovemBerR 2. Some Forestry Problems, both Government and Private.
R. F. Hammatt, Forest Examiner, United States Forest
Service, San Francisco.

NoveMBER 9. Range Management on the National Forests in California.
F. D. Douthitt, Grazing Examiner, United States Forest
Service, San Francisco.

NoveMBer 16. Industrial Research in the Forest Service.

Don P. Johnston, Assistant District Forester, United
States Forest Service, San Francisco.

NoveMser 23. The Trees and Flowers of the High Sierras.

Prof. Howard G. McMinn, Department of Botany,
Mills College.

NoveMBER 30. How the Map of Europe Has Been Redrawn.

Prof. Earle G. Lindsley, Department of Geography and
Geology, Mills College.

DeceMBER 7. Hook-worm and Human Efficiency.

Major Charles A. Kofoid, Professor of Zoology,
University of California.

Decemser 14. A Travalogue on Continental Europe.

J. Emmet Hayden, Member San Francisco Board of
Supervisors.

DecemBerR 21. Construction Activities of the San Francisco Mountain
Water Supply.

M. M. O'Shaughnessy, City Engineer, San Francisco.

DecemsBer 28. A Tramp Around San Francisco in the Early Days.

Charles B. Turrill, San Francisco.

The accessions to the Museum and Library were numerous
as will be fully set forth in the report of the Director of the
Museum. Among them the donation by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna
of 8464 specimens of Mollusks from Alaska, about 100,000
specimens of land and fresh water shells from the Mississippi
Valley, and 568 bird eggs from the islands of Bering Sea, is
worthy of special note.

In continuation of the Fourth Series of the Proceedings, the
Academy has published during 1919 the following papers:

Vol. II, Part II, No. 13, pp. 189-258
Fietp Notes on THE Lanp Birps oF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS AND OF

Cocos Istanp, Costa Rica,
by Edward Winslow Gifford.

362 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

Vol. II, Part II, No. 14, pp. 259-297
THE ANTs OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS,
by William Morton Wheeler.
Vol. II, Part II, No. 15, pp. 299-308
Tue Ants or Cocos IsLANop,
by William Morton Wheeler.
Vol. II, Part II, No. 16, pp. 309-310

A New Species oF THE HyMENOPTEROUS GENUS SCLERODERMA FROM THE
GaLapacos ISLANDs,

by Charles T. Brues.
Vol. VIII, No. 8, pp. 309-316
REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY FOR THE YEAR 1918,
by C. E. Grunsky.
Vol. VIII, No. 9, pp. 317-351
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 1918,
by Barton Warren Evermann.
Vol. IX, No. 1, pp. 1-36
Notes on West AMERICAN Cuitons—II,
by S. Stillman Berry.
Vol. IX, No. 2, pp. 37-67
Lire-ZoneE INDICATORS IN CALIFORNIA,
by Harvey Monroe Hall and Joseph Grinnell.
Vol. IX, No. 3, pp. 69-121
Notes ON MAMMALS COLLECTED PRINCIPALLY IN WASHINGTON AND CALI-
FORNIA BETWEEN THE YEARS 1853 ANnp 1874 By Dr. JAMES GRAHAM
Cooper,
by Walter P. Taylor.
Vol. IX, No. 4, pp. 123-173
CLIMATIC RELATIONS OF THE TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY FAUNAS OF
THE CALIFORNIA REGION,
by James Perrin Smith.
Vol. IX, No. 5, pp. 175-196
CoNTRIBUTION TO THE OPTICS OF THE MICROSCOPE,
by C. W. Woodworth.
Vol. IX, No. 6, pp. 197-220
Tue GorHEeR-SNAKES OF WESTERN NortH AMERICA,
by John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin.
Vol. IX, No. 7, pp. 221-255
New Orecon Diptera,
by F. R. Cole and A. L. Lovett.
Vol. IX, No. 8, pp. 257-270
Key to THE NortH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE DiptERouSs GENUS MeEp-
ETERUS, WITH DescripTION oF NEW SPECIES,
by Millard C. Van Duzee.
Vol. IX, No. 9, pp. 271-272
Description oF A New Fossit Fis FRoM JAPAN,
by David Starr Jordan.
Vol. IX, No. 10, pp. 273-296
Notes oN THE AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER Coast RANGE OF CALIFORNIA,
by Joseph Mailliard.
Vol. IX, No. 11, pp. 297-312
New Species oF Fires (Drprera) FROM CALIFORNIA,
by J. R. Malloch.
Vol. IX, No. 12, pp. 313-329

MECHANISM IN THE PRODUCTION OF THE THROAT-FAN IN THE FLorRIDA
CHAMELEON,

by Charles E. Von Geldern.

Vor, IX] GRUNSKY—PRESIDENT’S REPORT FOR 1919 363

In the matter of the bequest to the Academy of a tract of land
of 247 acres near Santa Cruz by the late S. F. Thorn, which
was referred to in the President’s last annual report, it should
be noted, that objection was made by some of the heirs to the
probating of the will. The superior court allowed the probat-
ing of the will and on appeal this action was sustained by the
Supreme Court. It appears, therefore, that the Academy will
get this property and possibly something more, the Academy
having been named residuary legatee in the will. The ap-
praisers of the estate have found property which they valued at
about $29,200 including the land near Santa Cruz which is
listed in the appraisal at $6500.

Near the close of the year 1919 a distribution of the $250,000
bequeathed by Ignatz Steinhart to the Academy for the erec-
tion of an aquarium in Golden Gate Park was ordered by the
court, and Dr. Evermann and Civil Engineer Trygve Ronne-
berg, representing Architect Lewis P. Hobart, as soon there-
after as practical, left for the East to inspect the aquariums of
Detroit, Washington, New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and
Miami in order that the experiences at these might accrue to our
benefit. Of the results of this trip Dr. Evermann will speak
in his report as Director of the Museum. It is estimated that
about a year and a half will be required to perfect the plans and
erect the aquarium building.

It gives me particular pleasure to make a record at this time
of the completion of the Olympic or Roosevelt Elk group,
which was opened to public view on January 1, 1920. The ex-
cellence of the material which was made available for this
group and its artistic setting, must, we feel sure, be a source of
gratification and pleasure to the generous donor of this group,
Mr. William C. Van Antwerp. The Academy, on behalf of
the public for whose benefit such installations are made, desires
to thank Mr. Van Antwerp for having made this habitat group
possible. The grouping and mounting of the animals by Mr.
Paul J. Fair conform to the standards already set by the Acad-
emy and are receiving much favorable comment; so, too, the
high quality of the work of Capt. Charles B. Hudson, who
painted the background.

The last of the spaces reserved for seals was filled during the
year by the completion of a Fur-Seal group showing a rookery

364 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

on one of the Pribilof Islands. Here, too, Mr. Fair and Captain
Hudson cooperated in the work of the installation. The avail-
able material was not entirely satisfactory in quantity or qual-
ity. More fur-seal specimens have recently been received,
thanks to the courtesy of the U. S. Government, and a re-ar-
rangement and amplification of the foreground may be expected
in the near future.

The last alcove in the Mammal Hall is to show, as nearly as
may be, what the California grizzly bear looked like. The
Academy has already been intrusted with a fund of $5000 for
the installation of such a bear group. The donor is Mr. Ogden
Mills to whom also we express our sincere appreciation of his
generosity and our gratification in his approval of our efforts
to interest and instruct the public in natural science. It will, of
course, be impossible to secure the necessary specimens for this
group in California, the real California grizzly being extinct;
but the nearest related species will be secured and it is expected
that within the current year this group, too, may be opened to
view.

For one of the small habitat groups, funds to the amount of
$103.00 were provided by Mr. S. Levi, a long-time member of
the Academy. His example is worthy of emulation. There
are still quite a number of small mammal and bird groups to be
installed. There is opportunity also for some one to provide
means for the preparation of the portable habitat groups which
would prove exceptionally valuable for use in schools. And,
while I am speaking of the needs of the Academy, may I not
again call attention to the need of an addition to the museum
building? There should be another unit equal to, or larger
than, the present one at once made available, but this can only
be done with the help of one or more public spirited citizens.
And, if the plans for a close connection of the Steinhart
aquarium with our museum building be carried out, then, too,
further provision should be made for suitable architectural
ornamentation of the main entrance to the resulting central
court. I allude to these matters in order that the willingness
of the Academy to enlarge its service to any extent for which
means are provided may be generally understood.

In the President's last annual report it was stated that owner-
ship of the John W. Mailliard and Joseph Mailliard collection

Vor. IX] GRUNSKY—PRESIDENT’S REPORT FOR 1919 365

of eggs and bird skins was to be transferred by them to the
Academy. This is now an accomplished fact and the collection
has been made the property of the Academy. I repeat the
Academy’s thanks for this exceptionally valuable addition to its
research material. The attractions of the Academy and the
opportunity which it affords for study have proved so alluring
to Mr. Joseph Mailliard that it has been possible to induce him
to take the honorary curatorship of the Academy’s department
of Ornithology.

Dr. Roy E. Dickerson has been compelled by important de-
mands on his time to sever his active connection with the de-
partment of Invertebrate Paleontology, but has been retained
as honorary curator and Dr. G. Dallas Hanna was made curator
and has been active in that capacity during the last months of
the year.

The activities of the several departments in which the scien-
tific work of the Academy received attention, are fully set forth
in the report of the Director of the Museum, Dr. Barton War-
ren Evermann, and in the reports of the curators. It will be
noted from these reports that much valuable work has been
done and that the studies afield have extended in some cases be-
yond the limits of the state.

May I not suggest in closing, that the members of the Acad-
emy have a right to feel that this institution is their institution
which they control through their officers and that a proper sense
of proprietorship should prompt an endeavor, as opportunity
offers, to enlist further financial support. The Academy should
be in position to assemble and house the wealth of material
afforded by nature in and about the shores of the Pacific Ocean
which is worthy of collection in such a museum, as has already
been well started but which remains capable of great expansion.

Again I must thank the staff and employees of the Academy
for another year of faithful service.

XV

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUM FOR
THE YEAR 1919

BY

BARTON WARREN EVERMANN
Director of the Museum

The annual report of the Director for the year 1918 was pre-
sented to the Academy at the annual meeting of February 19,
1919. At that time there had been completed 14 large, 4 inter-
mediate and 8 small groups. Since then the following have
been completed: Large groups, Alaska Fur-Seal and Roosevelt
Elk; small groups, Cottontail and Water Ouzel.

Alaska Fur-Seal Group.—This group shows a typical harem
and breeding rookery of the Alaska Fur-Seal. The particular
rookery shown is that known as the North Rookery on St.
George Island, Pribilof Group, in Bering Sea, Alaska. The
animals constituting the harem—one bull, six cows, and six
pups—were supplied by the United States Bureau of Fisheries
at a nominal cost.

The number of cows and pups shown in the group is not as
great as is necessary to make the exhibit the most typical of the
average harem. Arrangements were therefore made by means
of which there were secured from the Pribilof Islands 19 addi-
tional specimens. These are now being prepared for installa-
tion by Mr. William Heim. When they have been installed the
group will contain one bull, ten cows, and fifteen pups.

In the preparation of this group the taxidermists and artist
were materially assisted by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna under whose
immediate supervision the specimens were collected, and by
Dr. Harold Heath who visited the Seal Islands in 1918. Dr.
Hanna supplied measurements for each of the specimens taken
that were needed by the taxidermists. He also took numerous
photographs that were very useful to the taxidermists and the
artist. Dr. Heath supplied descriptive notes, photographs and
colored sketches of the North Rookery which were of very

368 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rH Ser.

great help to the taxidermists and the artist. The assistance
rendered by the Bureau of Fisheries and by Doctors Heath and
Hanna is greatly appreciated by the Academy.

The Fur-Seal Group was prepared by Mr. Paul J. Fair, as-
sisted by Mr. Arthur L. Reed. The background was painted
by Charles Bradford Hudson. An inspection of this group
shows that both taxidermists and artist did their work well.
The group is very realistic and gives one a glimpse into the
wonderful life-history of this really wonderful animal.

Roosevelt Elk Group.—This group occupies the first case on
the right of the main entrance to the California mammal hall.
It consists of one very large bull, one spike, two cows, and one
calf. The animals were secured on the Hoh River in the Olym-
pic Mountains, Washington, by Mr. C. J. Albrecht, director of
vertebrate exhibits in the Museum of the University of Wash-
ington, Seattle.

The scene is a beautiful one. It shows the animals in the fall
of the year on a grassy slope at the edge of a typical redwood
forest such as one may see in northwestern California. The
animals are on the grassy slope in the foreground; the old bull
is bugling to a rival bull somewhere in the distance. In the
background to the right is a dense redwood forest through
which the sunlight shows very beautifully, while to the left
several more or less barren mountain ranges are shown, increas-
ingly higher in the distance. Altogether, the picture is an ex-
ceedingly beautiful one and the group is regarded as one of the
most impressive and instructive that has been completed.

The Roosevelt Elk inhabits the dense coniferous forests of
the humid Pacific coast from near the northern end of Van-
couver Island southward through the coast ranges of Washing-
ton and Oregon to northwestern California. Its present center
of abundance is in the almost inpenetrable forests of the Olym-
pic Mountains west of Puget Sound. It formerly probably
ranged along the California coast as far south as Marin County,
and a few are still left in the northwest corner of the state.
Apparently its range never extended eastward to connect with
that of the Rocky Mountain Elk (the species which is still com-
mon in northwestern Wyoming), which is a fact of great im-
portance to the student of geographic distribution.

Vor. IX] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1919 369

This splendid animal is known variously as the Roosevelt
Elk or Wapiti, Olympic Elk, or Humboldt Elk. It is the
largest and most magnificent of all the elks. It differs from the
common Canadian or Rocky Mountain Wapiti in several re-
spects, the most important of which are its larger size, larger,
broader and more massive skull, and much darker coloration,

The late Colonel Roosevelt, in his entertaining book, “THE
Witperness Hunter,” speaks of the Rocky Mountain Elk as
“not only the most stately and beautiful of American game, but
also the noblest of the stag kind throughout the world”; and
adds: ‘Whoever kills him has killed the chief of his race, for
he stands far above his brethren of Asia and Europe.” But this
was written before the elk of the Olympics had been described
as a distinct species by Dr. C. Hart Merriam who very properly
says that “these remarks must now be transferred from the
common Wapiti to the Pacific coast animal.” Dr. Merriam
further says: “I deem it a privilege to name this splendid
animal Roosevelt’s Wapiti. It is fitting that the noblest deer of
America should perpetuate the name of one who, in the midst
of a busy public career, has found time to study our larger
mammals in their native haunts and who has written the best
accounts we have ever had of their habits and chase.”

For this beautiful habitat group the Academy is indebted to
Mr. William C. Van Antwerp who very generously gave to the
academy the funds necessary to meet the cost.

The group was prepared by Paul J. Fair, assisted by Arthur
L. Reed. The background was painted by Charles Bradford
Hudson.

It was completed December 20, 1919, photographed on the
22d, and the plate-glass front was put in on the 23d. On De-
cember 30 a private view of the group was given to Mr. Van
Antwerp and his friends and on New Year’s day it was for-
mally opened to the public.

The public-spirited generosity of Mr. Van Antwerp in thus
so materially aiding the Academy in its scientific and educa-
tional work is greatly appreciated not only by the Trustees,
Council and entire membership of the Academy, but equally so
by the general public, many thousands of whom have already
viewed this imposing group and been fascinated as well as in-
structed by its beauty and fidelity to nature.

370 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

I wish also to express to Mr. Fair and Mr. Reed the
Academy’s appreciation of the splendid results which they at-
tained in the preparation of this group, and to Captain Hudson
equal appreciation of the unusually artistic and beautiful back-
ground.

Audubon Cottontail Group.—This is one of the small panel
groups completed in the past year. This interesting little rabbit
was originally described from San Francisco by Professor
Baird who named it for John James Audubon, the great Ameri-
can ornithologist. It occurs not only in the San Francisco Bay
region but its range extends northward in the Sacramento Val-
ley at least as far as Tehama County, and southward in the
San Joaquin Valley to Merced County. In Golden Gate Park it
is, next to the squirrels, the most familiar and attractive of the
native mammals. It is found throughout the Park wherever
suitable cover exists. One or more pairs may be seen almost
any day, particularly early in the morning or late in the eve-
ning, feeding at the edge of the large patch of procumbent
bushes of the Stink-bean (Albizzia lophantha) on the hillside
on the east side of the walk just after passing through the first
tunnel when entering the Park from Tenth Avenue. These
little “bunnies” make their home under these bushes. From
this safe retreat they come out to feed upon the grass nearby.
As you pass by this place you can see that the little rabbits keep
the grass pretty thoroughly eaten off for several feet about the
bushes.

The plant shown in the group is the Thimbleberry, Rubus
parviflorus.

This group was prepared by Mr. Paul J. Fair, assisted by
Mr. Arthur L. Reed. The background was painted by Miss
Olive E. Cutter.

Water Ouzel Group.—This is another of the small panier
groups completed within the year. Of the many interesting
birds which one may see in the mountains of California there
is none more interesting or attractive than the Water Ouzel
with its plump little body, slaty gray plumage, and very unusual
habits. Wherever there is a stream of clear, turbulent, run-
ning water, there you may possibly find these curious little
birds. You may see one standing on a rock jutting out from

Vor. IX] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1919 371

the shore or on a boulder out in the stream where the water
rushes and swirls in the wildest way, the spray giving the bird a
veritable shower bath. But, as if this were not enough, the
ouzel bows to you a few times then takes a “header” off the
rock to the bottom of the stream where, clinging and scraping
along by means of claws and bill, it searches for caddis-fly larvee
and other aquatic insects upon which it feeds. That this little
bird can thus remain and move about under water is very sur-
prising, indeed.

The nest of the Ouzel, a large globular structure composed
almost entirely of moss which is kept alive and green by the
spray, is usually placed in a cavity in the bank or on a rocky
ledge where it is splashed by the water ; sometimes it is placed
even behind a waterfall. The nest shown in this group was
about a foot above the water in a hole in a large rock in Pesca-
dero Creek, San Mateo County, California. One of the birds
is shown sitting on the rock, the other is seen in the entrance to
the nest. Above the nest is shown an azalea shrub (Azalea
occidentalis) in flower. The Water Ouzel is the only species
in North America of the family to which it belongs. It is found
from the Yukon south in the mountains to the Mexican border
and from the Black Hills westward to the Pacific.

This group was prepared by Mr. Paul J. Fair. Miss Olive
E. Cutter painted the background.

The Museum therefore has completed at this date 16 large
groups (ten mammal and six bird), four intermediate (all
mammals), and ten small panel groups (seven bird and three
mammal).

Space is left for only one more large group and 25 small
panel groups. It has been provisionally decided to install in
the one remaining large case a group of Grizzly Bears. As the
California Grizzly Bear which occupied such a prominent place
in the early history of the State is now believed to be extinct,
it is proposed to get one of the nearly related species, either
from the Yellowstone Park or from the Stikine River, Alaska.

PERSONNEL

A few changes in the personnel of the Museum staff have
taken place within the year.

372 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

On February 1, 1919, Mr. Joseph Mailliard was appointed
honorary curator, department of Ornithology and Mammalogy,
this position having been vacant for several years. April 1,
Mr. Luther Little was appointed assistant curator, department
of Ornithology and Mammalogy. Mr. Little resigned January
31, 1920, to go into business. During Mr. Little’s connection
of ten months with the Museum he rendered very efficient
service and it is with real regret that we see him leave us.

Mr. William Heim was temporarily employed as taxidermist
from February 1 to May 22. He was again employed in
the same capacity October 1. On August 1 Mr. Paul J. Fair
and Mr. Arthur L. Reed were taken off the roll as regular em-
ployees and began the preparation of the Roosevelt Elk group
under contract, which they completed December 20. Miss
Olive Cutter resigned July 31, as preparator. Dr. Roy E.
Dickerson, having been employed by the Standard Oil Com-
pany to do field work in the Philippines, which precluded the
possibility of his giving that attention to the department which
was necessary, was appointed honorary curator of Invertebrate
Paleontology April 1, and Dr. G. Dallas Hanna was appointed
curator. Dr. Hanna, at the time of his appointment was on the
Pribilof Islands as agent of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. He
returned from the Seal Islands in October and entered on his
duties with the Museum November 1.

Georges Vorbe and Merle Israelsky, temporary employes,
department of Paleontology, were laid off, the former on April
25, the latter on June 8.

Miss Lula M. Burt was employed as osteological preparator
from December 1, 1918, to April 30, 1919, and from July 30
to August 6, 1919.

Mrs. Marian L. Campbell has, since November 30, 1919,
been giving one day a week to the department of Botany, and
Mrs. Kate E. Phelps has been serving as assistant in that de-
partment since December 1.

The employes of the Academy at this date are the following:
Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director and Executive Cura-
tor of the Museum, and Editor; W. W. Sargeant, Secretary
to the Board of Trustees; Miss Susie Peers, Secretary to the
Director; Joseph W. Hobson, Recording Secretary; Miss Alice
Eastwood, curator, Department of Botany; Edward P. Van

Vor. IX] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1919 373

Duzee, curator, Department of Entomology and assistant
librarian; Dr. John Van Denburgh, curator, Department of
Herpetology ; Dr. Roy E. Dickerson, honorary curator, Depart-
ment of Invertebrate Paleontology; Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, cura-
tor, Department of Invertebrate Paleontology; Dr. Walter K.
Fisher, curator, Department of Invertebrate Zoology; Joseph
Mailliard, honorary curator, Department of Ornithology and
Mammalogy; Joseph R. Slevin, assistant curator, Department
of Herpetology; Mrs. Marian L. Campbell, assistant, Depart-
ment of Botany; Mrs. Kate E. Phelps, assistant, Department of
Botany ; Mrs. Helen Van Duzee, assistant, Department of Ento-
mology and in the Library; Miss Mary E. McLellan, library
assistant; William Heim, assistant, Department of Exhibits;
Raymond Smith, general assistant; William C. Lewis, jani-
tor; Fred Maag, assistant janitor and carpenter; George W.
Edwards, assistant janitor; Frank W. Yale, night watchman;
Mrs. Johanna E. Wilkens, janitress; Patrick J. O’Brien, day
watch; William Burns, night watch.

ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY

As in previous years, the accessions to the Museum and the
Library have been numerous, as shown by the detailed list in
the appendix to this report (pp. 389-396).

VISITORS TO THE MUSEUM

The Museum has been open to the public every day in the
year, and there was a marked increase in the number of visitors
over that for 1918. The attendance by months during the year
1919, was as follows:

ESTEE LNA Soar ins erin eet. 5 ere 17,241
Web ittaleyebtrrsicchice sare Als SEGRE PRE IRBE c. . 17,586
UIE Oe Or, oie an Aire Oaese 4 crctuic tho c, a eee 27,397
HaXi 0} seo mend zs aa nnn tetas en Bs oo. 25,994
IME Nae doews Porieictera c istcnin Gast nic.a'c 6-6 eae 28,369
d OhoteP aan Pac aaem coors as A 32,248
1 ES NS ees i A RAS ies; oo a 48,028
PNUIBUISE Sy set isis et RE EES so 43,730

Septemberges scesticun eat ass, le 34,007

374 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

@ctoberssras ek ears ee Eee ore 30,463
INovembersn2 24a eee eee 25,246
Mecembers ce 8 eo ckhe oe ie hoes ee ee 21,246

otal sae hie ceraeic cuca eter ate 351,497

That the public and private schools are finding the exhibits in
the Museum interesting and helpful in their educational work
is evidenced by the large number of schools that, with their
teachers, visit the Museum each year. During 1919 there
were schools from San Francisco, Berkeley, Oakland, Alameda,
Piedmont, San Jose, and San Anselmo.

Whenever opportunity offered it has been the policy of the
Director to accompany the schools through the Museum, ex-
plaining briefly the general features of installation and calling
attention to the educational value of certain exhibits, and then
taking the schools into the lecture hall and. showing them
stereopticon slides and moving pictures of the species of ani-
mals shown in one of the groups.

The visits by schools in the year have been as follows:

Number of schools represented............-. 80

Number of classes or grades.............-.. 214

Number of teachers in charge.............. 215

Totalinumbersot ‘pupils .)22Fs-.. Siew reas wots 7000
LECTURES

The practice of maintaining courses of free lectures on popu-
lar scientific subjects has been continued. These have been, as
heretofore, in two series-—first, those given at the regular
stated meetings of the Academy in the hall of the Engineers’
Club of San Francisco, 57 Post Street, on the third Wednes-
day evening of each month (changed September, 1919, to the
first Wednesday of each month), and, second, those given at
three o’clock each Sunday afternoon in the Auditorium of the
Museum. These lectures have without exception been well
attended, the audiences at the Sunday lectures usually equalling
or exceeding the seating capacity of the hall.

A list of the lectures given in 1919 will be found in the Presi-
dent’s report (pp. 359-361).

Vor. IX] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1919 375

FIELD WORK OF THE MUSEUM STAFF

Within the year, the Museum carried on a number of field
investigations, as follows:

Channel Islands.—A collecting party consisting of Dr. Van
Denburgh, Mr. Slevin, Mr. Van Duzee and the Director spent
a week (May 15-21) on the Channel Islands off the California
coast, the particular islands visited being Anacapa, Santa Cruz,
Santa Rosa, Prince, and San Miguel.

The party was able to visit these islands through the courtesy
of the California Fish and Game Commission, and I wish to
take this opportunity to express to the officials of that Com-
mission, especially Mr. Carl Westerfeld, Executive Secretary ;
Mr. Norman B. Scofield, assistant in charge of commercial
fisheries ; and Captain H. B. Nidiver of the Commission’s patrol
boat “Albacore,” the appreciation of the members of the party
of the courtesies extended. Captain Nidiver did everything
possible to make the trip a success. Our thanks are due also
the Messrs. Arthur and Fred Caire of the Justinian Caire Com-
pany for permission to land on Santa Cruz Island, to Vail and
Vickers for permission to land on Santa Rosa Island, and to
Captain H. W. Rhodes, Inspector of the 18th Lighthouse Dis-
trict, to land on Anacapa and San Miguel islands.

The trip to these islands proved quite successful and con-
siderable collections of natural history specimens were obtained,
the most important in the following departments: Entomology,
1965 specimens ; herpetology, 201 specimens ; odlogy, 190; con-
chology, 100.

Riverside County.—Mr. Joseph R. Slevin spent May 21-31
in the vicinity of Mecca, Riverside County, making collections
for the department of Herpetology. About 70 specimens were
obtained.

Lower California——An expedition was sent to the Cape
region of Lower California to make collections for the depart-
ments of Herpetology and Invertebrate Zoology. The party,
consisting of Mr. Joseph R. Slevin, and Mr. G. F. Ferris of
Stanford University, left San Francisco June 14 and returned
September 23. Owing to illness while in the field of both mem-
bers of the party the expedition was not as successful as it

376 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4tH Ser.

otherwise would have been. Nevertheless Mr. Slevin brought
home a total of 1396 reptiles and amphibians, among which are
represented several rare or little known species.

Olympic Mountains.—September 12 to 28 was spent by the
Director of the Museum and the Curator of Herpetology in a
trip to the Olympic Mountains west of Seattle. The primary
objects of the trip were to secure, if possible, moving pictures
of the Roosevelt Elk and to make collections of reptiles and
amphibians. Though we had with us Mr. Will Hudson, an
expert Pathé photographer, and Mr. C. J. Albrecht, an expert
hunter who had secured for the Academy all the animals used
in the Roosevelt Elk group and who was thoroughly familiar
with the region, we were entirely unsuccessful in securing any
elk pictures. We spent several days (September 18-24) on the
Hoh River some 70 miles west of Port Angeles. This is in the
region where Mr. Albrecht obtained the specimens for our
group and where the elk might be expected at that season, but
we saw only six bulls all told. There had been no snow in
the mountains to drive the herds down into the river valley.
Another effort will be made next fall.

In herpetology the trip was much more successful, 239 valu-
able specimens having been obtained.

Huntington Lake.—Mr. E. P. Van Duzee spent the month
of July (July 3 to 31) at Huntington Lake in the Sierras east
of Fresno, in the interest of his department, when he added
about 5000 specimens to the Academy’s entomological collec-
tions. Besides this field trip Mr. Van Duzee made several other
short collecting trips, all fully set forth in his report.

Yosemite National Park.—Mr. William Heim spent the
time from October 6 to 28, collecting birds and mammals in
the Yosemite region. He obtained fifty specimens.

Napa, Lake, Mendocino, and Colusa counties.—Most of the
months of April to June and September and October were spent
by Mr. Joseph Mailliard and Mr. Luther Little in these counties
studying and collecting the birds and mammals of that region.
The total number of specimens secured was: mammals, 190;
birds, 753; birds’ nests and eggs, 50; reptiles and amphibians,
13.

Vor, IX] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1919 377

Besides the field work in these counties numerous short col-
lecting trips in the interest of the department of Ornithology
and Mammalogy were made by the curator, assistant curator,
Mr. Heim, and the Director to Marin, Santa Clara, Alameda,
Santa Cruz, and Monterey counties.

Arizona.—Miss Alice Eastwood spent the period from
March 15 to May 30, in Arizona making collections for the
Arnold Arboretum and the Academy of Sciences, and in San
Diego County from June 23 to July 6, in the same interests.

The details of these various collecting trips are set forth fully
in the reports of the respective curators.

PASADENA MEETING OF THE PACIFIC DIVISION OF THE
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT
OF SCIENCE

The meeting was held June 18 to 23, at the Throop College
of Technology. The Academy was represented by the Direc-
tor of the Museum, Secretary W. W. Sargeant, and Miss Alice
Eastwood, curator of Botany. The Director was present as
vice-president and chairman of the executive committee of the
Division, and Mr. Sargeant as secretary of the Division.

The Academy was represented on the program by the follow-
ing members :

Mr. W. E. Allen of the Scripps Institution ;

Dr. W. W. Campbell, Director of the Lick Observatory ;

Prof. John N. Cobb, Dean of the Fisheries College of the University of
Washington ;

Miss Alice Eastwood, Curator of Botany;

Dr. Charles H. Edmondson, Professor of Zoology, University of Oregon;

Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director of the Museum;

Dr. David Starr Jordan, Chancellor Emeritus, Stanford University ;

Dr. George D. Louderback, Professor of Geology, University of Cali-
fornia;

Dr. William E. Ritter, Director of the Scripps Institution for Biological
Research;

Mr. N. B. Scofield of the California Fish and Game Commission;

Dr. Chester Stock of the Standard Oil Company;

Dr. F. B. Sumner of the Scripps Institution for Biological Research;

Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, Curator of Entomology ;

Dr. Charles E. von Geldern of Sacramento ;

Dr. Bailey Willis, Professor of Geology, Stanford University ;

Dr. B. L. Clark, University of California;

Dr. S. D. Townley of Stanford University.

378 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

USE OF THE ACADEMY’S COLLECTIONS AND LIBRARY BY
INVESTIGATORS AND STUDENTS

Students and investigators continue to make use of the
Academy’s collections, library, and facilities for study and re-
search. A few of those who have done so in the past year may
be mentioned. Mr. L. M. Loomis has continued to make use of
the Academy’s collection of sea birds. The bird, and bird egg
and mammal collections have been used also by Harry S.
Swarth, Joseph Grinnell, Harold E. Hanson, John Van Den-
burgh, and several teachers in public and private schools. In
Entomology the entomologists not only of the San Francisco
Bay region but of other parts of the Pacific Coast have con-
tinued to make use of our collections. The number is too for-
midable to name here individually; the names are all given in
the department’s records. The same is true of the departments
of Botany and Paleontology.

Much time of the Curators and of the Director has been given
to supplying data and information to correspondents, specialists
and students who, in increasing numbers, are turning to the
Academy for information and assistance in matters in which
they are interested.

DEPARTMENT ACTIVITIES

The curators and assistants have been active and efficient in
the work of their respective departments. They have each not
only labored unceasingly to increase the collections but they
have been untiring in their efforts to see that the collections are
properly cared for. To prevent deterioration of museum speci-
mens requires unceasing vigilance and attention on the part of
the curators ; only in this way can the loss of valuable specimens
be avoided.

The condition and activities of the various departments are
fully set forth by the curators in their departmental reports.
The Director wishes to take this opportunity to express his
appreciation of the splendid spirit which each and every mem-
ber of the Museum staff has shown in his work. Every mem-
ber has shown that he is deeply interested not only in his par-
ticular line of work but also in the Museum, and all have co-
operated whole-heartedly and effectively in making the Museum
of real scientific and educational value.

Vor. IX] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1919 379

DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS

DEPARTMENT OF BoTANY

By Alice Eastwood, Curator

The herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences now numbers
59,589 specimens, mounted, classified and systematically arranged. Approx-
imately 17,000 species are represented.

Accessions have been received from various sources: Forty-eight dif-
ferent individuals have sent specimens, most of them for identification.
The largest accession was the herbarium of the late Dr. E. K. Abbott, of
Salinas, which was presented to the Academy in 1918, but not incorporated
in its herbarium until 1919. In addition to a fairly complete collection
from the vicinity of Monterey and Salinas, it included collections from
Michigan and Illinois, and a most interesting lot of European specimens
collected many years ago in the region of northern France devastated by
the late war.

Exchanges have been received from the U. S. National Museum, from
Ira W. Clokey, of Denver, Colorado, and the Rev. John Davis, of Hannibal,
Missouri.

Duplicates have been sent to the following from which we shall obtain
specimens in return when they distribute duplicates :

TMHERATTO ICMAT DOREELINI sxciaszeretene es irete cusveteyare| she inisicio erie miexeredecets 786
Grays Herbarium: ise scisjc.ccs isnisie tie'ewielele's vicleiesielee'a ss elsineisle.s 1454
Missourtbotanicali Gardens /cjsicisiviciestos.caisicewsceeace cenennee 489
New svorks Botanicals Gard emiesrestecrejotcctelerciorclo o> 1c icletiete arses 940
Wer Seo National sever baritttraverc:srectticieyetete eter aleveus oteiaseis)tiscsaterelalsre 2164
rani Glo keeyisee reac tereremiere a siststcisisrat eto fereioessieys is cis.c:cieferei laurie 864

The middle of March the curator started on a collecting trip in Arizona
and New Mexico. This was financed by the Arnold Arboretum of Har-
vard University, and at the request of Professor C. S. Sargent, Director
of the Arnold Arboretum and Professor of Forestry, who wished to have
a systematic collection made of the cottonwoods of the places visited,
particularly, the country around Silver City, New Mexico. Collections
were accordingly made at the following places: Indio and Needles, Cali-
fornia; Yuma, Casa Grande, Sacaton, Tucson, Bowie, Globe, Roosevelt
Dam and Fish Creek (on the Apache Trail), Ash Fork, Prescott, and
Topock, Arizona; and Silver City, Fort Bayard, Santa Rita, Whitewater
Junction, Tyrone, and Lordsburg, New Mexico. Ten days were spent at
Tucson, and five weeks at Silver City.

At most other places only a day, or perhaps a few hours between
trains, was spent. Several days were devoted to Los Angeles, chiefly at a
camp in San Gabriel Canyon. About the middle of June a trip was made
to the Cleveland Forest Reserve, San Diego County, in search of a rare
Celtis for Professor Sargent, at which place a large collection was made.
Altogether there were added to the herbarium, 1,723 specimens, but several

380 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

thousand specimens were collected, duplicates of most of them being sent
direct to Professor Sargent.

During the year, the Academy purchased a label printing machine for
the purpose of labelling the trees and shrubs of the park with their scien-
tific names. The Academy bore the initial expense but hereafter the Park
authorities pay for the materials and furnish the labor. Mr. Eric Walther,
one of the gardeners, has been assigned to this work because of his
knowledge and enthusiasm, but so far, has been able to give but a month
of his time to the work on account of the press of other duties. However,
about 1,200 labels have been printed and attached to the trees and shrubs,
chiefly in the parts of the park most frequented. This represents about 500
species and varieties and 200 genera.

The exhibition of flowers in bloom out of doors, both cultivated and wild,
has been continued in the vestibule of the Museum, throughout the year.
Mrs. Johanna Wilkens has been most faithful in keeping all in cleanliness
and order, and to her is due great credit for the success of the exhibition.
Mrs. Marian L. Campbell and Mrs. E. C. Sutliffe, as well as other members
of the Botanical Club, have been assiduous in keeping up the supply of wild
flowers, and Eric Walther has made collections from the Park.

The usual activities of the Botanical Department have continued during
the year. The Botanical Club has held frequent meetings and excursions
and the evening class of the gardeners has met weekly when the curator
has been in San Francisco. In addition to this, lectures have been given to
various clubs and popular articles have been contributed to magazines.

DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
By E. P. Van Duzee, Curator

The work in the Department of Entomology during 1919, as in the pre-
vious year, was largely confined to the acquisition, determination, and
arrangement of North American insects, especially those from California.
Additions to the department during the year number 17,891 specimens, of
which 12,504 were taken by the curator, 1,020 were added through the
efforts of Mr. J. R. Slevin while in Lower California last July, 1,096
through purchase from Mr. R. H. Beck, and 3,271 were presented by
friends of the Academy. This donated material came in small lots but it
added many interesting species to the Academy collection. From Dr. F. E.
Blaisdell the Academy received 665 specimens; from Dr. F. C. Clark, 546
specimens; from Mr. C. L. Fox, 448, including a remarkably fine series
of Diptera or two-winged flies from Mt. Rainier, Washington; from Mrs.
E. P. Van Duzee, 260 specimens; from Mr. J. O. Martin, 252 specimens,
largely named species to fill vacancies in the Academy series; from Dr.
E. C. Van Dyke, 239 specimens; from Mr. E. A. Dodge of Santa Cruz,
189 specimens, including some interesting Catocale and a special collection
of Tabanidz, or “horse-flies,” made by his brother, the late G. M. Dodge,
in the Mississippi Valley; from Ralph Hopping, 182 specimens; from
Mr. J. Preston Clark of Boston, 148 specimens taken by Mr. J. A. Kusche

Vor. IX] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’'S REPORT FOR 1919 381

at Mazatlan, Mexico; and smaller series from Major Chapman Grant of
Oklahoma City, Mr. J. C. Huguenin of San Francisco, and from Dr.
Evermann, Miss Eastwood, Mr. Mailliard, and Mr. Little of the Academy
staff, and others. These figures do not include many donations of most
valuable material which it has been impossible for the curator to mount
and prepare for incorporation in the collections of the Academy. These
will be acknowledged later when help for mounting them is available.

The field trips of the curator with the material obtained are as follows:
March, three days at Carmel with Mrs. Van Duzee, as guest of Mr. L. S.
Slevin, 956 specimens; April, nine days by automobile from Bradley to
San Luis Obispo and return, with Mr. L. S. Slevin, 1,628 specimens ;
May, six days on the Channel Islands of Anacapa, Santa Cruz, San Miguel,
and Santa Rosa, with members of the Academy staff, as guests of the
California State Fish and Game Commission, 1,965 specimens; June, three
days with Mrs. Van Duzee at Santa Cruz as guests of Mr. and Mrs.
E. A. Dodge, 1,002 specimens; July, one month with Mrs. Van Duzee and
Dr. and Mrs. Blaisdell at Huntington Lake, Fresno County, 4,810 speci-
mens; August, three days at Stockton, 630 specimens; and various short
trips about the bay region on Sundays and evenings, 1,513 specimens.

During the year considerable progress was made in the classification and
arrangement of the collections. Most important is, perhaps, the work
accomplished on the Diptera or two-winged flies. Material in that order
has been determined by Mr. J. R. Malloch of Urbana, Illinois, Prof. J. S.
Hine of Columbus, Ohio, Mr. E. T. Cresson, Jr., of Philadelphia, Mr.
C. P. Alexander of Urbana, Illinois, Mr. C. W. Johnson of Boston, Mr.
M. C. Van Duzee of Buffalo, and Mr. A. L. Lovett of Corvallis, Oregon,
but of most value has been the help received from Mr. F. R. Cole
of Stanford University, who has worked over our entire collection, de-
termining a large number of species that had not been studied by other
specialists and assorting and placing in the arranged series the numerous
species added during the year. Fifteen families in this order have now
been classified and arranged. In the Lepidoptera Mr. W. S. Wright of
San Diego has completed the determination of our material in family
Geometride and the curator has arranged these and has also worked over
and arranged the material in the Noctuide, 7Zgeride and Hepialide, de-
termining many species and verifying others where their determination
seemed doubtful. In the Coleoptera, or beetles, Dr. F. E. Blaisdell has
again given much time and effort to the determination of our material and
the increase of our collection. Additional assistance has been received from
Dr. E. C. Van Dyke in the Elateride and Buprestide and from Mr. Ralph
Hopping in the Cerambycide, and the latter family and the Tenebrionide
have been re-arranged in new boxes after the forthcoming Leng Catalogue,
proof sheets for this purpose having very kindly been loaned to the
Academy by Mr. Leng. In the Orthoptera, or grasshoppers and their
relatives, almost the entire series has been sent to Mr. Morgan Hebard of
Philadelphia for study and another year should see that order in excellent
shape.

382 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47m Ser.

One important piece of work accomplished during the year has been the
cataloguing and arranging in a new metal cabinet of the insect types in
possession of the Academy. Six hundred and seventy-eight types, repre-
senting 461 species, have been entered in our register of type specimens,
most of which are either holotypes or allotypes, in a few cases only were
paratypes included where types were not available. The work of entering
these records on the type register as well as the writing of the species
labels for most of the insects arranged during the year and the prepara-
tion of a large number of record cards, has been done for the department
by Mr. J. R. Carlson. The accumulation and preservation of the types
of our west coast insects is a duty the Academy owes to future students
of insects here in the west and it is earnestly hoped that those describing
new species of insects from the west coast will see that the holotypes of
such species are deposited in the collection of this Academy where they
will be as safe from destruction as it is possible to make them. In addi-
tion to the types of all species described from material in the Academy
collection quite a number have been received from friends of the Academy.
Mr. W. M. Giffard of Honolulu has given the Academy the types of two
rare beetles from the Rivers collection (Amblychila baroni and Necydalis
barbare), and those of all the Hemiptera described from material taken
by him in California, 46 in number, and the paratypes of the Hymenoptera
described by Mr. Rohwer from his material taken in the Sierras in 1916;
Messrs. Lovett and Cole have donated the types of 42 species of Oregon
Diptera published by them in 1919; Mr. M. C. Van Duzee has donated the
types of six species of Diptera described by him in his paper on the genus
Medeterus; Mr. J. R. Malloch, the types of two species of Diptera de-
scribed by him; Mr. E. O. Essig, the types or cotypes of 21 species of
plant-lice published by him in 1918; and Mr. E. A. Dodge, the type of a
new butterfly (Pamphila pawnee) described by his brother, G. M. Dodge,
in 1874. Types of 15 species have been added during the year from the
description of Academy material.

Excepting the month of July, the Department of Entomology has kept
“open house” every Saturday afternoon for those who wished to use or
inspect the collections or to meet with others interested in this line of
study. These gatherings have been well attended most of the days and
perhaps have served a useful purpose in bringing together our local
students and such visiting entomologists as were able to attend. During
the year the Academy has lost through removal elsewhere three of its
most regular attendants and co-workers, Mr. and Mrs. L. R. Reynolds, who
have removed to Mexico City, and Mr. Ralph Hopping to Vernon, B. C.

The routine work of mounting and labeling the numerous specimens
added during the year has taken up so much of the time of the curator
that very little systematic work has been accomplished. A small report on
the Hemiptera of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, prepared last year,
has been published by the Dominion Government at Ottawa and another
paper describing 28 new species of Hemiptera is now in the hands of the
printer. The same cause has operated to hinder the classification and
arrangement of the Academy’s collection in all orders.

Vor. IX] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1919 383

The most important work ahead of this department for the coming year
is, as it was last year, the building up of a representative collection of west
coast insects, a collection that for our west coast fauna will be the equiva-
lent of the great collections in the museums of the east. In the Hemiptera
and Diptera at least we already have material that cannot be ignored by
students undertaking monographic work in these orders. Still, this is
but a beginning and our energies for a few years should be largely con-
centrated upon the local fauna. The greatest needs of this department
during the coming year is for more cases for the arrangement of our
material and for more help for the curator in the mounting and labeling
of specimens. There are large accumulations of valuable material on hand
to be mounted or immediately available when there is suitable help for
preparing the specimens. The call for more assistance and more cases
will continue for a few years until the foundation for our collection of
local insects has been laid by the acquisition and arrangement of a good
series of our common and more characteristic species.

LrBraRIAN’S REPORT

By E. P. Van Duzee, Assistant Librarian

The year 1919 has seen satisfactory advance along all lines of work in
the library. Additions to the library during the year number 444 complete
volumes and a considerable number of pamphlets and society publications
not yet completing volumes. Of the additional volumes noted 39 were
received by gift and 200 through exchange with other institutions. The
total number of volumes accessioned on December 31, 1919, was 11,880 of
which 4,750 were entered during the past year. The collation and classifi-
cation of the miscellaneous government and institutional publications is
rapidly nearing completion and a good proportion of these have been fully
catalogued and the cards incorporated in the library catalogue. About 125
boxes that had not been opened since the library was moved to the new
building were unpacked and their contents assorted and distributed. Addi-
tions from this and other sources necessitated the rearrangement of the
entire series of periodicals and society publications in the English language
so they now occupy five of the six cases in the up-stairs reading room.

As during the previous year, Miss McLellan and Mrs. Van Duzee have
each devoted a portion of their time to the care of the library, Miss
McLellan taking charge of the reading room, caring for the current
accessions and making all entries in the accessions register, while Mrs.
Van Duzee has done the classifying and cataloguing of the books. Both
have done careful and efficient work and are rapidly getting the library
into excellent condition. Use of the library by the public and by members
outside of the regular staff of the institution has shown a satisfactory in-
crease and the books purchased have included such as will prove valuable
to those readers, as well as technical works for the use of the curators. A
considerable number of books have been ordered from European sources

384 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES _ (Paoc. 41H Sex.

but not yet received, and two new book cases will soon be installed in the
lower library room which should add much to the efficiency of the library
equipment.

DEPARTMENT OF HERPETOLOGY
By John Van Denburgh, Curator

The Department of Herpetology during the year 1919 progressed satis-
factorily, and the work accomplished compares favorably with that of
previous years.

At the beginning of the year 1919 the Academy’s collection of reptiles
and amphibians numbered 37,372 specimens. There have been added dur-
ing the year 2,666 specimens, so that the collection has grown to more than
40,000 specimens.

The number of specimens added during each of the past six years has
been about as follows:

1914 Mes Pars demas ooo ue bia eo Glas oie aE ee 800 specimens
LON hecho ots SE eee Sa ets etc temnae eh elteeee eps ae 800 a
1b!) ee AAA oe Gammon recs Ghana tiinaa he 1500 x
LOZ pe Pic cisela teats toe Sais sie a ee 1600 s
NOUS vvecanct tes orare race ccnrofoy shatieet sini spicletoo is ieee teeiasteetsatie 1724 i
1D CONC eon Sane ananccone mason docntancceciedecen 2666 “

Gifts of specimens during the year have been received as follows:

romsbdward:nbrown jess.ene cee ee einee aelae 94 specimens
MOD ed: Sleying nde. cwan mecenanater sees 4 oF
“> Ralph YBordenl eer. ckis.ecseeeioe see rae 4 i
C2 Dr: ae Vanebenburghi.. sea.cesee tere nance 1 specimen
ew SEL EParluntie acetate ee Stoke MO Ree noe 1 %
o PMMass? Susieneeers>ic.ciocui nod orice oe ne 1 “
Sf DAWG ewiss shea ec faclsac te hetertae es ee cits 1 -
Sry pRaulWallac® Aen miscnc . facee o teete shies eerie 2 specimens
~ Mayor. James; Rolphy Jr. 4. «ess. 0c- eee 1 specimen
Ti Ryanybriit®| Gorm. icles tess st Aeraes eee 1 a
“see August: Koasche sof oe 0s cs eteteroks oe atetain secrets eters 3 specimens

113 specimens

Three collecting trips were undertaken to:

1. Mecca, Riverside County, California, Anacapa, Santa Cruz and
San Miguel islands;

2. Cape Region of Lower California;

3. Northwestern Washington.

Vor. IX] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR ty19 385

Aside from the collection made on the islands, specimens have been
secured from 12 counties of California, as follows:

GontralGostancricrmacchreie ice recs ltelerst etetesersicats 1 specimen
TB eV eraser cay Merorscel alesereerade aie tie iessice ato artce ean ta ale eave 5 specimens
MOsAT Peles ce arcsec epee cete iesoche Biss ckeisicicheieisi =i Gpeie, 6's 86 i.
IMEh Obi) GRO OD OOD OREO Cao Cte near tars IU Ener Iran orakaranns 2 oe
Mien dOCiIn Omer neni error asic fe ciale usr snares oiessisiasene 5 ss
iNTexpyalcataystorsterteversians wtocet lol sence Wstaueserstalouesene sole ceielasG) <yeususic 3 5
(Oya soetao soon oopoae then dene cera nomad a ahs 10 e
IRUVIEESIC Oiabayele SeNerseicitieusrerecsic Lic teceiseousie che attiejereercr csi aks 70 a
Samm ranciscos vais syerstsiissiseeisrsceaieneter ha tayacavaseeskersvalaveha’s 2 .
Same OAC UG esse sie vaysecstecsce cin. Sousiars Saievatio'syauctovel te aucttadtee 1 specimen
SambiMateaws su cmertecitccystia se ces tkeskanierspe atiateiciters ays 1 s
Samtas Griz. brecscisieic sess ca rasetelst paevcrererterste erases 4 specimens

Specimens from other localities are:

IMATE GHoGUc EM OCoIte AT ie diciro rin Merenie accas Ce 3 specimens
Ken tuckiyseacrcnyactacitc arsectentietelsls erarets orto stemtecos ataerare 2 ¥
North Carolina tacts fesse a c\sierers er aeiocereentel siete ss iayate 5
ATES AI or oxi ca iP en ae rs rer a ere arr ecg en 3 x
AVA SIT aie Mere cei alate ors eine oe istaldis « nhansnsasoar emia re ensal sys 2 5
IW WialsHin ge totine strstr cicecloiats tisuaisis cress sisleke othe lbsersrasayalere 239 “
Brazil Breen Ss er eet tera cet ania ae ne anes hens 609 ee
Dutch Mas tulndiesh ir. ects metas schereavere ec ere ale ¢ 4 =
Gatitemalay a airs claars:auassisteue tral s'tiatexsvoyeiors osoincaretaretere ste 1 specimen
awatianwlislandss 4: secs sins seins cores ete etre arsine tates 3 4B
PowernGaliworniayrcc ree sierecenvevesycereveeeiaiee stesee aie 1296 o
IN Catia oUt torctsycit eth ciel gnoovais ioferctorsietel orecerm nacre eversters 4 =

Pacific Ocean between Yokohama and Honolulu... 1 specimen

The classification and arrangement of the collection was continued dur-
ing the early part of the year.

Considerable research work has been accomplished during the year and
a detailed study of the gopher-snakes of the states west of the Rocky
Mountains has been published.’

During the year the Assistant Curator, Mr. J. R. Slevin, carried on
explorations in the Cape Region of Lower California, where he spent the
months of July, August, and part of September, and secured large collec-
tions.

The growth of the collections is retarded by the limited funds available
for field work. These funds should be increased very materially, and a sum
should be available for the purchase of collections when offered for sale by
individual collectors or institutions.

1 Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., vol. 9, no, 6. pp. 197-220, pls. 11-13.

386 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

DEPARTMENT OF ORNITHOLOGY AND MAMMALOGY
By Joseph Mailliard, Curator

Work in the Department of Ornithology, which had been in abeyance for
some time, was actively resumed at the beginning of February, 1919, and
has been carried on without interruption since that date.

A matter of first importance was the compilation of a proper card index
of the research collection of birds which consisted, at the beginning of
this year, of something over 19,000 specimens. The preparatory work for
this has been accomplished, and the typewriting of the cards is now nearly
completed.

All the specimens in the cases were examined and cleaned with an air
blast, and periodical inspections have been maintained.

Field work has been carried on, as far as the fund appropriated allowed,
by the curator and his assistant, Mr. Luther Little. The principal event
in this line has been the exploration of the Inner Coast Range of Cali-
fornia in parts of Napa, Lake, Mendocino, and Colusa counties, which was
carried on during the months of April, May, and June and in September
and October. In this work the department was greatly assisted by Mr. John
W. Mailliard, who placed his services and the use of his car at our dis-
posal on several occasions, thus enabling us to examine districts and aiding
us in collecting material which would otherwise have been beyond our
reach. Interesting additions to our knowledge of the avifauna of Cali-
fornia have been the reward of this field work and material of much assist-
ance toward the solutions of some puzzling problems in distribution has
been obtained. The results of the spring field work were published in the
Proceedings of the Academy.”

Acting upon a request for cooperation from the Bureau of Biological
Survey, this department has preserved and forwarded to that bureau, for
content examination, the stomachs of a considerable proportion of the
birds taken as specimens during the explorations and field work, and will
continue to assist in this manner as far as time and opportunity permit.

Among the educational exhibits of special interest now being prepared
by the department is one of the birds of Golden Gate Park. The purpose
is to show a pair of properly mounted specimens of each of the species
of birds known to occur in the Park. The species that are permanent
residents will be shown in one case, and those present only as winter,
spring or fall visitants or migrants in other cases. Then in the final case
will be represented the current species. This last group will be a con-
stantly changing one, as it will be kept up to date by removing the species
that leave and adding those which arrive in the Park from day to day.
It is believed these exhibits will prove of real value to the public schools
in their nature study work. These specimens are being prepared by Mr.
Wm. Heim. Specimens have been contributed to this exhibit by various
persons, among whom may be mentioned Messrs. J. V. Donovan, Charles
Budd, and Sergt. P. H. McGee of Golden Gate Park, Prof. J. O. Snyder of
Stanford University, and the California Fish and Game Commission.

* Vol. IX, No. 10, 4th Ser., pp. 273-296, November 25, 1919.

Vor. IX] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1919 387

Accessions to the department during the year have been numerous, as
shown in detail in the general list of accessions. The total number of
specimens of birds in the Academy collection entered on the register at
the end of the year 1919 amounts to 31,528.

As part of the work of this department should be included the placing
in dust-proof, glass-topped containers of the Academy’s dological collec-
tion, thus making the eggs safe from damage that might result from ordi-
nary causes. This collection is only awaiting additional cases for its definite
systematic arrangement. A number of nests accompany the sets of eggs
and many of these have been mounted in an attractive and useful manner.

Press of other work having prevented the cataloguing of the eggs in
this branch of the department, the actual number of specimens can only
be approximated.

The principal gift during the year was that of the odlogical collection
of J. and J. W. Mailliard, containing 12,431 eggs in 3,270 sets, representing
612 species. The Academy’s odlogical collection now contains about 1,700
sets, or about 17,430 eggs.

Some work was done in the mammalogical section of the department.
Collecting of rodents and other small mammals was carried on in con-
nection with the field work in ornithology, and some 225 specimens of
mammals were thus obtained from localities not heretofore represented in
the Academy collection, such as parts of Napa, Sonoma, Lake, Mendocino,
and Colusa counties. Luther Little and Wm. Heim also made specimens of
a number of Thomomys and Scapanus kindly brought to us by the park
trappers, which, with some other gifts, make the additions to the collection
for the year about 285 specimens.

The additions to the collections are all recorded in the list of acces-
sions (pp. 389-396).

Miss Lula Burt made good progress with the cleaning of skulls, which
work was later taken up by Mr. Little, so that this branch of the de-
partment work has been brought practically up to date.

No opporiunity has been available for classifying or arranging this col-
lection, and no card catalogue can be compiled until this is done. In the
meantime it is being well cared for, and field work will be continued in
conjunction, as far as possible, with that of the Department of Ornithology.

DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY
By G. Dallas Hanna, Curator

The former curator of the Department, Dr. Roy E. Dickerson, continued
on leave of absence during the early part of the year. Geological field work
in Oregon, Washington, and California for one of the large oil companies,
however, presented an opportunity to gather a considerable amount of
material for the collection of the Academy which illustrates some little
known horizons of these states. Some field work was done in the Petaluma
Quadrangle and an important collection of freshwater shells from the
Miocene Lake Petaluma was secured and partially worked up. In April
Dr. Dickerson was appointed honorary curator of the Department and in

388 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

May departed for extensive ficld work in the Philippine Islands for the
Standard Oil Company.

The present curator was appointed in April, 1919, but did not assume
active duty until the first of November. This was due to engagement in
work on the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, for the United States Bureau of
Fisheries. When not otherwise engaged the time was spent in gathering
specimens of various kinds for the Academy. In this way large collections
of shells and bird eggs were secured as well as material to complete the
fur-seal group, and miscellaneous plants, birds, mammals, and invertebrates.

After his arrival at the Academy his attention has been given chiefly
to the distribution of the large numbers of recent mollusks which have
accumulated in the collection. These are an indispensable aid to the study
of the paleontology of the state and it seems desirable to have them placed
in the most accessible manner for comparison and consultation. Consider-
able study has been given to the fossil land and freshwater mollusks in
the collection and those received from correspondents. This phase of the
paleontology of the Pacific Coast has not received a great deal of attention
in the past. The former existence of many large lakes is known however.
Considerable collections of shells from the old beds have accumulated and
are available for study in the Academy and neighboring institutions whose
cooperation has been assured.

The study of the fossil land and freshwater shells has necessitated a
review of all of the literature on the recent forms, a task of no little
magnitude in itself. Over two thousand references have already been in-
dexed. Fortunately the collections are extensive and the various accessible
libraries are well represented with desirable publications. The work, it is
hoped, will enable the various faunal areas on the Pacific side of the Rocky
Mountains to be plotted as they exist today as well as the age and other
features of the numerous fossil deposits. It is also expected that this work
will enable the curator to assemble the complete synonymy of the land and
freshwater species of the Rocky Mountain region. Such a work has not
been attempted for about forty years and the result is, there is great un-
certainty regarding many of the species.

Students of paleontology continue to find the collection of the Academy
of value in their researches. Professor Bruce L. Clark of the University of
California has consulted the material here in his study of the Oligocene of
California, Oregon, Washington, and Vancouver Island. A considerable
number of specimens has been loaned to him and in return he has favored
the curator with the land and freshwater mollusks in his charge. One of
his graduate students has been assigned as thesis work the preparation of a
monograph on the recent and fossil mollusks of the family Turritellide
of the Pacific Coast. Miss Richardson, who is making the study, has
found in the Academy’s collection, numerous species which otherwise would
not have been accessible for her work. Such monographs are greatly
desired by all active geologists and paleontologists and it is to be hoped that
this group which is so poorly understood will at last be clearly discussed.

Dr. Earl S. Packard of the University of Oregon (temporarily on duty
with the Standard Oil Company) has done some field work for the
Academy in the Cretaceous deposits of northern California and in Oregon.

Vor. IX] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1919 389

The collection which he has assembled and is studying will form a valuable
addition to the Academy’s Cretaceous series.

The large collection of recent shells gathered by Henry Hemphill and
which now forms a part of the Department of Invertebrate Paleontology
has been consulted for study by Mrs. I. S. Oldroyd of Stanford University.

Several valuable lots of recent shells have been received during the
year. The land shells obtained from the Channel Islands of California by
Messrs. Evermann, Van Duzee, and Slevin include some species which have
rarely been collected. These islands are the type locality for several species
and owing to their isolation have rarely been visited by naturalists. Mr.
Slevin of the Department of Herpetology also secured a considerable num-
ber of land shells during his explorations in Lower California in 1919.
A collection of over 8,000 mollusks was secured by the curator by dredging
in Bering Sea and collecting on the Alaska and British Columbia islands.
Numerous species not previously represented in west coast collections were
thus secured.

Through the absence most of the year of a head of the Department not
much in the way of exchanging could be attempted. However, a collection
of the local shells in the vicinity of Sulphur City, Arkansas, was received
in this manner from Mr. A. J. Brown. Also some radule of mollusks were
received from Mrs. L. J. Thompson and Mr. Fred Tableman in exchange.

ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY

Abbott, Mrs. E. K., Salinas, (The herbarium of the late Drob. K:
Abbott): One hundred and fifty-five herbarium specimens from
northern France, the region where the war has been fought, re-
ceived by Dr. Abbott as an exchange in 1888; 400 herbarium speci-
mens from Hillsdale, Mich., and Dekalb County, Illinois, collected
by Dr. Abbott and labelled; 743 herbarium specimens from Mon-
terey County, California, collected by Dr. Abbott, mostly not
labelled; 166 specimens collected by Mrs. Joseph Clemens in Mon-
tana, Utah, and Texas, chiefly not labelled; total 1464 specimens.
Gift.

Allen, Mr. C. A., San Geronimo: One ornithological specimen from
Marin County. Gift.

American Museum of Natural History, New York: Three lizards from
Gulf of California. Exchange.

Beck, Mr. R. H., San Jose: One thousand and ninety-six specimens of
South American insects, mostly beetles. Purchase.

Bent, Mr. Edward F., San Francisco: Two bound volumes (Museum
of Natural History, New York, Vols. I, II). Gift.

Berry, Dr. S. S., Redlands: Eleven lots of land- and freshwater mol-
lusks from Western United States, a total of 65 specimens. Gift.

Bethel, Mr. E., Denver, Colorado: Two botanical specimens. Gift.

Bickle, Miss Margaret Emily, and Master John Richard Peers, Niagara
Falls, Ontario, Canada: Fifty botanical specimens collected near
Clive, Alberta, Canada. Gift.

390 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Bishop, Miss W. E., San Francisco: Mammoth tooth from Marin
County, California. Gift.

Blaisdell, Dr. F. E., 1520 Lake Street, San Francisco: One thousand
five hundred and thirty-three specimens of beetles to fill vacancies
in Academy’s collection; 284 insects taken at Huntington Lake,
California; 56 beetles, mostly from eastern states; and 189 speci-
mens of Diptera from southern California. Gift.

Boardman, Mrs. George C., Jr., and Sanchez, Mrs. R. B., San Fran-
cisco: A collection of Indian baskets and curios. Gift.

Bollo, Mr. Luis Cincinato, Whitehall Building, New York: One book,
South America Past and Present by Luis Cincinato Bollo. Gift.

Borden, Mr. Ralph, Alameda: Four terrapins from Macassar, Celebes
Island. Gift.

Brittain, Mr. W. H., Department of Agriculture, Truro, Nova Scotia:
Forty-three specimens of Hemiptera from Nova Scotia. Gift.

Brown, Mr. A. J., Sulphur City, Arkansas: Two lots of land- and fresh-
water mollusks from Arkansas, consisting of about 150 specimens.
Exchange.

Brown, Mr. Edward J., Los Angeles: Twenty lizards from Antelope
Valley, Los Angeles County, and 37 lizards and 37 frogs from
southern California. Gift.

Brown, Mr. N. E., Kew Herbarium, England: Echinocactus species, 1
photograph, 1 colored plate, and 12 tracings; mamillaria species,
3 tracings; Echinopsis species, 1 tracing; Malacocarpus, 1 colored
plate; Epiphyllum, 1 tracing; Opuntia, 1 tracing; Discocactus, 2
tracings; Mesembryanthemum, | photograph. Gift.

Budd, Mr. Charles G., San Francisco: One albino robin in the flesh.
Gift.

Burriss, Mr. W. S., San Francisco: One anteater’s skin floor rug.
Gift.

Buttle, Mrs. Alvina, San Diego: Eighteen botanical specimens. Gift.

Byrd, Mrs. Caroline Rixford, Canton, China: Twenty-six herbarium
specimens of plants from Canton, China. Gift.

California State Mining Bureau, San Francisco: Fossil fish imbedded
in diatomaceous shale, about 5 miles south of Lompoc, California.
Gift.

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Five
salamanders from North Carolina, 2 from Kentucky, and 3 from
Texas, and 2 snakes from Virginia, and 3 lizards from Florida.
Exchange.

Campbell, Mrs. Marian L., Mill Valley: Three botanical specimens.
Gift.

Canton Christian College, Canton, China: One hundred and ninety-
nine specimens of plants from South China. Gift.

Christofferson, Mr. A., San Francisco: A piece of one of the branches
of a tree of Ceanothus velutinus, from Kitsap County, Washington.
Gift.

Clark, Prof. B. C., Berkeley: Fifty specimens of fossils from Bridge-
ville, California. Gift.

Vor. IX] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1919 391

Clark, Mr. B. Preston, Boston, Massachusetts: One hundred and
forty-eight Hemiptera taken by Mr. J. A. Kusche at Mazatlan,
Mexico. Gift.

Clarke, Dr. F. C., Los Angeles, California: Seven hundred and eighty-
four insects taken in Fresno and Napa counties. Gift.

Clokey, Mr. Ira W., Denver, Colorado: One hundred and twenty speci-
mens of Colorado plants; 36 specimens of plants. Exchange.
Cole, Mr. F. R., Stanford University: Twenty-eight Diptera types,

representing 19 species. Gift.

Coleman, Mrs. Marian and Mr. R. A., San Francisco: Shark teeth
found on Pacific Beach, San Diego County. Gift.

Coleman, Mr. R. A., San Francisco: Two bottles and three packages
of shells, and one piece of whalebone. Gift.

Coy, Miss Georgie V., San Diego: One botanical specimen. Gift.

Davis, Rev. John, Hannibal, Missouri: Two hundred and fourteen
botanical specimens. Exchange.

Davis, Mr. William T., New Brighton, N. Y.: One specimen Scaphonotus
vidus Dej.; two specimens Ammodonua fossor Lec.; two specimens
Nicagus obscurus Lec. Gift.

Decker, Mr. Frank, Anchorage, Alaska: Mastodon tusk from Yukon
River below the mouth of the Tanana. Gift.

Dickerson, Dr. Roy E., California Academy of Sciences: Seven lots
of fossils from Oregon. Gift.

Dodge, Mr. E. A., 546 Bay St., Santa Cruz, California: One hundred
and ninety-nine insects as listed: Catocalas, 27 specimens; butter-
flies, 5 specimens including types, male and female, of Pamphila
pawnee Dodge; Tabanide, 165 specimens. Gift.

Donovan, Mr. Vincent J., San Francisco: Two canvasback ducks. Gift.

Eastwood, Miss Alice, California Academy of Sciences: Twenty-two
moths from Mill Valley, 104 specimens of plants. Gift. Thirty
Chinese food plants from Chinese vegetable gardens at Marys-
ville, San Mateo and San Francisco, collected also in duplicate for
the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C. Expenses paid by U. S. Department of Agri-
culture. Exploration. Two hundred and eighty-two specimens
of exotics, chiefly from Golden Gate Park, 34 specimens from
Mendocino County, 456 specimens from southern California,
chiefly from Los Angeles and San Diego counties; 504 specimens
from Arizona consisting of 40 from Bowie, 13 from Casa Grande,
27 from Sacaton, 32 from Tucson, 25 from Globe, 6 from Ash
Fork, 79 from Prescott, 44 from Topock, 17 from Yuma and Bard
and 221 from Apache Trail; 417 specimens from New Mexico,
chiefly from Silver City and country adjacent. Total 1693 besides
numerous duplicates. Exploration. Expenses paid by Arnold
Arboretum.

Ehrhorn, Mr. E. M., Honolulu: Seven jars of natural history speci-
mens, mostly marine invertebrates from the Hawaiian Islands.
Three jars and 13 phials of curstaceans and miscellaneous inverte-
brate material, and one large crab from Kaiwi Channel. Gift.

392 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Erwin, Mr. R. P., Boise, Idaho: Ten snakes from Ketchum, Idaho.
Gift.

Evermann, Dr. Barton Warren, California Academy of Sciences: Two
volumes (Natural History Survey of Illinois, Vol. III, and
Atlas), one botanical specimen, 1 snake and 1 lizard from Mount
Wilson, 1 snake from Contra Costa County. Gift. Two snakes
and 2 lizards from Glenwood, Santa Cruz County; 2 snakes from
Marin County, 12 ornithological specimens from Alameda County
and 11 from Santa Cruz County; 7 land mollusks from Hoh River,
Washington, 10 from San Miguel Island, 3 from Whale Rock,
Crescent City, 1 from Mowry, 5 from Santa Cruz Island and 20
from Oakland. Exploration.

Fauntleroy, Miss Sophie, Santa Barbara: Three specimens of plants
from Ventura County. Gift.

Ferris, Mrs. Roxana, Stanford University: Two hundred specimens of
plants from desert region of Arizona and California and 346 speci-
mens of California plants. Purchase.

Fox, Mr. C. L., 1621 Vallejo St., San Francisco: Forty specimens of
mounted Lepidoptera (moths) and 93 insects from California;
258 insects mostly from Mount Rainier, Washington, and 97 in-
sects of all orders. Gift.

Geister, Mrs. Elisa, 72 Lundy Lane, San Francisco: One Kinkajou
(Cercoleptes caudivolvulus) from Central America. Gift.

Ghirardelli, Mrs. D., San Francisco: Fourteen specimens of plants
from the Grand Canyon. Gift.

Golden Gate Park, San Francisco: One downy swan, 1 male ostrich
and 1 female ostrich. Gift.

Gorton, Mr. C. R., La Jolla: Seven specimens of Helix pissnia, 1 botanical
specimen, and 6 land mollusks from La Jolla. Giit.

Grant, Major Chapman, Oklahoma City: Twenty beetles from Globe,
Arizona, and 51 insects from Oklahoma. Gift.

Hanna, Dr. G. Dallas, California Academy of Sciences: Eight thou-
sand four hundred and sixty four specimens of mollusks from
Alaska, 118 land mollusks from Fire Island, and 72 specimens of
plants from St. Paul Island, Alaska, collected by Mr. and Mrs.
George Haley. Gift.

Harris, Mr. G. D., 126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, New York: One book,
Bulletin of American Paleontology, Vol. VI, 1919. Gift.

Hawkins, and Phillips, Messrs., San Francisco Police Department:
One Great Blue Heron, from Mud Lake near Boy Scouts’ Camp. Gift.

Heim, Mr. William, California Academy of Sciences: Fifteen ornitho-
logical specimens from Marin County, 5 specimens from Alameda
County, 6 specimens from San Francisco County, 50 specimens of
birds and mammals from Yosemite National Park. Exploration.

Henry, Prof. J. K., Vancouver, B. C.: One botanical specimen. Gift.

Herrin, Mr. William F., San Francisco: Eleven specimens of plants
for identification with duplicates. Gift.

Hickman, Mr. J. B., Aromas, San Benito County: One botanical speci-
men. Gift.

Vor. IX] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1919 393

Hook, Miss Marjorie, 1858 Fell Street, San Francisco: One pure albino
gopher. Gift.

Hopping, Mr. Ralph, Berkeley, California: Thirty-eight insects from
southern California, and 144 insects from other localities. Gift.
Huff, Captain Charles P., United States Navy, donated through Ser-
geant Patrick McGee, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco: One
specimen of Scorpion obtained at Kemolina Point, Honduras. Gift.

Huguenin, Mr. J. C., San Francisco: Fifty-two insects with other
biological material. Gift.

Hunt, Mr. H. H., San Francisco: One snake from Escalon, Calif. Gift.

Huntington, Miss Marion, San Francisco: One botanical specimen.
Gift.

Israelsky, Mr. Merle, 464 Noe St., San Francisco: Twenty-five Merced
Pliocene fossils, and 22 specimens of land and freshwater mol-
lusks from Cazadero. Gift.

Jones, Mr. Vincent, San Francisco: Two specimens of plants. Gift.

Kelly, Mrs. G. Earle, Alameda: Sixteen botanical specimens from
Plumas County, California, for identification, and one other botani-
cal specimen. Gift.

Kip, Mr. Frederic E., 38 East 25th St., New York: One book, (Tariff
Facts and Effects from 1789 to 1916.—and Equal Opportunity For
All.—F. E. Kip). Gift.

Kneiss, Mrs. Earl, 1150 Clay St., San Francisco: Seventeen packages
of corals. Gift.

Kusche, Mr. J. August, San Francisco: Five ornithological specimens
from Los Angeles County, 1 specimen from San Mateo County, 5
specimens from Ketchikan, Alaska; 1 set (6 eggs and nest) Dotted
Cafion Wren from Nogales, Arizona; 2 scorpions from Nogales,
Arizona; three lizards from Hawaiian Islands; a few insects from
Hawaiian Islands; 10 bottles of shells and a quantity of Pele’s
hair from the Hawaiian Islands; 4 ferns, 1 bundle lichens, 1 bundle
mosses and 1 bundle flowering plants. Gift.

Leach, Mr. E. R., Piedmont: Fifteen beetles. Gift.

League to Enforce Peace, New York: One book (Win the War for
Permanent Peace). Gift.

Lepper, Mr. Gerge Henry, Pittsburg, Pa.: One book. Gift.

Lewis, Mr. W. C., Tiburon: One botanical specimen for identification
and one lizard from San Francisco. Gift.

Little, Mr. Luther, California Academy of Sciences: Five snakes, one
frog and one salamander from Lake County, 1 snake from Napa
County, 2 snakes and 3 lizards from Mendocino County; 2 fresh-
water mollusks from Harbin Springs, and 2 bats (Eumops califor-
nicus). Exploration.

Lovett, Prof. A. L., Corvallis, Oregon: Twenty-four types of Diptera,
representing 22 species. Gift.

Mailliard, Hon. John W., San Francisco: Publications of the California
Academy of Sciences and the University of California, and other scien-
tific papers. Gift.

394 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Mailliard, Messrs. John W. and Joseph, San Francisco: Ten thousand
seven hundred and eighty-five bird skins and 3270 sets of eggs of 612
species, number being 12,431 eggs. Gift.

26 ornithological specimens from Marin County, 30 specimens from
Lake County, 28 specimens from Mendocino County, and 20 specimens
from Colusa County. Gift.

Mailliard, Mr. Joseph, California Academy of Sciences: Twenty speci-
mens of insects from near Hearst, Mendocino County. Exploration.

Mailliard, Mr. J., and Little, Mr. Luther, California Academy of Sciences:
Two ornithological specimens from San Francisco County, 150 from
Marin County, 433 from Lake County, 233 from Mendocino County,
83 from Napa County, 28 from Sonoma County, 12 from Contra Costa
County and 4 from Colusa County; 190 mammals and 50 odlogical
specimens collected in Marin, Napa, Lake, Mendocino and Colusa
counties, California. Exploration. P

Malloch, Mr. J. R., Urbana, Ill.: Fourteen separates from various publi-
cations. Gift.

Martin, Mrs. Emma, Glenwood, Calif.: One Cedar Waxwing. Giit.

Martin, Mr. J. O., Berkeley, Calif.: One hundred and thirty-one insects.
Gift.

Massachusetts, Commonwealth of (Humane Society), Boston, Mass.: One
book. Gift.

Mathews, Mr. Henry E., San Francisco: One book (Reminiscences James
Lick Trust). Gift.

McDonald, Mr. A., San Francisco: One albino gopher. Gift.

McGee, Sergeant Patrick H., Golden Gate Park, San Francisco: Fifteen
Quail eggs, one set of three Black Swan eggs. Gift.

McLaren, Mr. John, Park Lodge, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco: The
Gardeners’ Chronicle, 2 volumes; Park and Cemetery, 1 volume. Gift.

McLellan, Miss M. E., California Academy of Sciences: Two volumes,
Mountain Wild Flowers of Canada, and Philippine Bureau of Science,
Annual Report 1912. Gift.

Meiere, Mrs. Ernest, San Francisco: Six botanical specimens. Gift.

Miller, Mrs. Charles E., Berkeley: Twenty-two botanical specimens. Gift.

Miller, Mrs. Charles E., and Swain, Mrs. Alonson, Berkeley: Sixty-eight
botanical specimens from Santa Cruz Island. Gift.

Morse, Mr. I. H., 1691 Bush St., San Francisco: One old mill stone. Gift.

National War Garden Commission, Washington, D. C.: One bronze
medal. This medal is a replica, in bronze, of medals in silver-gilt
which have been struck for presentation to President Wilson and the

heads of the allied governments. Gift.

Niagara Fire Insurance Company, through Mr. Parrish, San Francisco:
Six pictures of Niagara Falls taken in 1874 by J. Zyback. Gift.

Noyes, Mr. Russell, Afognak, Alaska: Sixty botanical specimens from
Alaska. Gift.

Oldroyd, Mrs. Ida S., Stanford University: Twenty-five mollusks from
Monterey and 2 mollusks from Gatun Cut. Gift.

Orcutt, Mr. C. R., La Jolla, Calif.: Two lots of small marine mollusks
from Magdalena Bay, consisting of about 100 specimens. Gift.

Vor. IX] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1919 395

Otis, Mr. I. C., Seattle, Wash.: One hundred and sixty-four specimens of
plants of Washington. Gift.

Parish, Mr. S. B., San Bernardino, Calif.: Sixty-six botanical specimens
from southern California. Gift.

Peers, Miss Susie, Burlingame: One snake from San Francisco. Gift.

Phillips, Miss, San Francisco: Three volumes. Gift.

Reed, Mr. C A., Santa Cruz, Calif.: Five botanical specimens. Giit.

Reynolds, Mrs. L. R., City of Mexico: Two specimens of plants. Gift.

Rolph, Mayor, San Francisco: One turtle from Pacific Ocean between
Yokohama and San Francisco. Gift.

Ryan Fruit Company, San Francisco: One snake from Guatemala. Gift.

Slevin, Mr. L. S., Carmel: Forty specimens of insects in alcohol. Gift.

Slevin, Mr. J. R., California Academy of Sciences: One thousand three
hundred and ninety-three reptiles and amphibians from Lower Cali-
fornia; 28 lizards from Anacapa Island; 3 snakes, 73 frogs, 92 lizards,
and 3 salamanders from Santa Cruz Island; 2 lizards from San
Miguel Island; 49 lizards, 19 toads, 2 snakes, and 1 salamander from
Mecca, Calif.; 8 lots of mollusks containing about 65 specimens of
land and freshwater shells from Lower California; 1020 insects from
Lower California. Exploration. Four lizards from Nicaragua. Gift.

Smith, Miss E. S., San Francisco: One botanical specimen from Bird’s
Landing. Gift.

Snyder, Prof. J. O., Stanford University: Twenty-two birds’ eggs. Gift.

Stanford University: Seventy-one snakes, 341 lizards, 68 frogs, 118 toads,
10 turtles, and 1 salamander. Purchase.

Stephens, Dr. W. Barclay, San Francisco: One botanical specimen for
identification. Gift.

Stoner, Mr. R. G., Bakersfield, Calif.: Two lots of fossils from south-
eastern Nevada. Giit.

Strohbeen, Mr. J. P., 15 Pennsylvania Ave., Santa Cruz, Calif.: One speci-
men of large Scarabid from Columbia, South America (collected by
Mrs. John Boyle). Gift.

Summerton, Miss Amelia: One book (The Heavens, by Amédée Guil-
lemin). Gift.

Sutliffe, Mrs. E. C., San Francisco: Fifty-five botanical specimens from
Plumas and Sierra counties for identification and 18 botanical speci-
mens. Gift.

Swann, Mr. H., Kirke: Two pamphlets. Gift.

Thompson, Mrs. Lillian Dyer, 18 Aspen Road, Swampscott, Mass.: Three
radule and shells of Viviparus contectoides, Buccinum undatum, and
Trachydermon hartwegi, 21 mollusks and 24 microscopic mounts of
molluscan radule. Exchange.

Townsley, Mr. F. S., Chief Park Ranger, Yosemite National Park: One
skin and skeleton of mountain beaver, 1 gray squirrel, 1 ring-tailed
cat, 1 cougar skin, 1 skeleton Bassariscus sp., and 1 German trout.
Giit.

Turner, Mrs. G. M., Hollyowood: Two botanical specimens for identifi-
cation. Gift.

396 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4t Ser.

Underwood & Underwood, Arlington, New Jersey: Five stereoscopic
views, and 7 stereopticon slides. Gift.

United States Forest Service, through Mr. R. F. Hammatt, 114 Sansome
St. San Francisco: One reel moving picture film of elk. Gift.

United States National Herbarium, Washington, D. C.: Three hundred
and sixty-five miscellaneous specimens of plants. Exchange.

Urbahns, Mr. T. D., 2610 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, Calif.: Thirteen speci-
mens of Hippiscus californicus (grasshoppers) from Orland, Glenn
County, Calif. Gift.

Van Denburgh, Dr. John, California Academy of Sciences: Two hundred
and fifteen salamanders, 16 frogs, 6 toads, 1 lizard and 1 snake from
State of Washington. Exploration. One frog from San Mateo
County. Gift.

Van Duzee, Mr. E. P., California Academy of Sciences: Two hundred
and fifty-three entomological specimens from Anacapa Island: 1028
specimens from Santa Cruz Island; 132 specimens from Prince Island;
223 specimens from San Miguel Island; 218 specimens from Santa
Rosa Island; 111 specimens from Santa Barbara; 1628 specimens from
Monterey and San Luis Obispo counties; 1002 specimens from Santa
Cruz; 617 insects from San Francisco, Alameda, and Marin counties;
5717 insects collected during explorations in Fresno, San Mateo,
Contra Costa, and San Joaquin counties, in August and September;
100 specimens of land shells from San Miguel Island. Exploration.

Van Duzee, Mrs. Helen, San Francisco: Four hundred and forty-four
spiders, and 260 insects taken at Huntington Lake, California. Gift.

Van Duzee, Mr. Millard C., Buffalo, N. Y.: Nine types of Diptera, rep-

resenting 9 species. Gift.

Van Dyke, Dr. E. C., University of California: Eighty-two miscellaneous
insects, and 15 insects, mostly Hemiptera, from Berkeley. Gift.

Wall, Mrs. L. S.: Four botanical specimens. Gift.

Wallace, Mr. Paul, San Jose, Calif.: Two snakes. Gift.

Walther, Mr. Eric, San Francisco: One hundred and five botanical speci-
mens, chiefly exotics. Gift.

Walter, Mr. Frank, Los Angeles, Calif.: Sixteen specimens of exotics
sent for identification. Gift.

Weil, Miss Ida, Fort Whipple, Prescott, Arizona: Three botanical speci-
mens for identification. Gift.

Westdahl, Mrs. F., San Francisco: One opium pipe and chop sticks from
China; beads, 15 shells and 2 sponges from the Philippine Islands.
Gift.

Wilson, Mr., United States Weather Bureau, San Francisco: Bottle con-
taining sample of volcanic deposit taken at Kodiak, Alaska, June 9,
1912, from eruption of Katmai Volcano June 6-8, 1912. Gift.

Wismer, Mr. Einar, 1439 Forty-third Ave., San Francisco: One male
flicker. Gift.

Wood, Dr. Casey Albert, 7 West Madison St., Chicago, Ill.: One book
(The Fundus Oculi of Birds by Casey Albert Wood). Gift.

INDEX TO VOLUME IX, FOURTH SERIES

New names in heavy-faced type

Abbott, Mrs. E. K., 389
abbreviata, Cassis, 134
abbreviatus, Penthestes gambeli, 295
aberrans, Medeterus, 259
aberti, Pipilo, 49
Abies, concolor, 57
grandis, 61
magnifica, 61
magnifica shastensis, 61
venusta, 57
abruptus, Medeterus, 259, 270
Acacia greggii, 45
acaulis, Stenotus, 65
Acamptopappus sphwrocephalus, 46
acanthocarpa, Opuntia, 45
Accipiter velox, 60, 275, 294
cooperi, 294
Acer, 164
Acer #quidentatum, 164
circinatum, 58
glabrum, 62
macrophyllum, 58
Aciura maculata, 252
Aconitum columbianum, 62
acradenia, Isocoma veneta, 47
Act#a spicata arguta, 57
Actitis macularia, 294
aculeata, Sitta carolinensis, 281, 292,
295
acutilineatus, Phacoides, 129, 156,
157, 160, 162
acutipennis texensis, Chordeiles, 49
adamsi, Bullaria, 135
Adenocaulon bicolor, 59
Adenostoma fasciculatum, 52
sparsifolium, 52
adustum, Cerithium, 135
aédon parkmanni, Troglodytes, 278,
295
eneus, Medeterus, 259, 263
equalis, Medeterus, 259
mquidentatum, Acer, 164
squisulcatus, Pecten, 133, 137
squisulcatum, Phalium, 156
Aesculus californica, 52
wstiva brewsteri, Dendroica, 280, 295
sonorana, Dendroica, 49
ethiops, Macron, 134, 135
affinis, Carditamera, 135
Ulmus, 164
Agasoma, 127, 128, 160
Agasoma barkerianum, 160
gravidum, 162
sinuatum, 158

agassizii, Testudo, 48
Agastache urticifolia, 59
Agathomyia lutea, 238
Agave deserti, 44
Agelaius pheniceus californicus, 287,
292, 294
agilis, Dipodomys, 105
simulans, Perodipus, 105
agrifolia, Quercus, 52
Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps, 55
alwformis, Leda, 164
alamedensis, Pinna, 158, 160
Alaska Fur-Seal Group, 367
alaskana, Spisula, 132
Venericardia, 132
alaskensis, Astarte, 132, 138
albaria, Spisula, 143, 144, 145, 147,
148, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 162
albatus, Ochotona schisticeps, 65
Thomomys perpallidus, 50
albicaulis, Pinus, 64
albieticola, Phlwotomus pileatus, 290,
294
albigula venusta, Neotoma, 50, 95
Albizzia lophantha, 370
albolarvatus albolarvatus, Xenopicus,
60
gravirostris, Xenopicus, 60
Xenopicus albolarvatus, 60
albolimbatus, Sciurus douglasii, 114
Albrecht, C. J., 368, 376
aleyon caurina, Ceryle, 294
aldrichii, Medeterus, 259
aleuticum, Buccinum, 132
algida, Hulsea, 66
Allen, C. A., 389
Allen, Dr. Glover M., 72
Allen, W. E., 377
Allen’s Hummingbird, 294
alleni, Selasphorus, 60, 294
Zapus trinotatus, 64
Allium validum, 62
Alnus, 163
alpinus alpinus, Thomomys, 63
awahnee, Thomomys, 61
Eutamias, 65
Thomomys alpinus, 63
alta, Metis, 133, 135, 137, 151, 152,
153, 159
alticola, Cwnosia, 303
altipetens, Myotis lucifugus, 63
alvarius, Bufo, 47
alveata, Amauropsis, 163
Alvord, William, 358

398 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

amabilis, Diadophis, 54
amalthusia, Chione, 135
Amauropsis alveata, 163
Ambystoma ensatum, 59
tigrinum, 54
American Museum of Natural History,
389
American Merganser, 296
Sparrow Hawk, 294
americanus, Mergus, 296
Ursus, 63
Amiantis, 128, 155
Amiantis callosa, 133, 137, 152
conradiana, 159
dalli, 158
diabloensis, 159
amiantus, Chrysodomus, 132
Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus,
55
Ammospermophilus leucurus leucurus,
51, 1138
nelsoni amplus, 51
nelsoni nelsoni, 51
amena, Passerina, 280, 295
amenus amenus, Eutamias, 64
Eutamias amenus, 64
monoensis, Eutamias, 64
Amphiachyris fremontii, 46
Amphispiza belli, 55, 292, 296
nevadensis canescens, 55
Amphissa corrugata, 133, 136, 138
ampla, Panomya, 133, 143, 145, 146,
156
ampullacea, Volutoharpa, 132
Ampullina oregonensis, 157
amplus, Ammospermophilus nelsoni, 51
Amusium, 128, 129, 163
Anaphalis margaritacea occidentalis, 59
Ancillaria, 127
Anderson, F. M., 147, 168
andersoni, Lyria, 163
Macoma, 158
Pecten, 160
Scutaster, 159
andersonii, Lycium, 46
andrewsiana, Clintonia, 57
Aneides ferreus, 59
iécanus, 59
lugubris lugubris, 54
Anemopsis californica, 44
Angelica tomentosa, 58
anglonana, Molopophorus, 160
angularis, Thomomys bottm, 50
angulata, Oliva, 135
angustata, Aturia, 162
angustifolia, Scutellaria, 59
angustiloba, Aralia, 164
anna, Calypte, 54, 284, 294
Anna's Hummingbird, 284, 294

(Proc. 47H Ser.

annectens, Neotoma fuscipes, 97
Pituophis, 199
Pituophis catenifer, 201, 216,
220
annua, Psathyrotes, 47
annulatus, Phacoides, 130, 131, 133,
136, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 158
Anolis carolinensis, 313, 327
anomalus, Cyrtopogon, 231
Antennaria argentea, 59
medias, 66
rosea, 59
Anthomyidm, 297
anthonyi, Sciurus griseus, 61
Anthrax macula, 226
antiselli, Astrodapsis, 158
Antrozous pacificus, 50
pallidus, 50, 87
pallidus pallidus, 87
Aphelocoma californica californica, 54
californica immanis, 54
californica oocleptica, 54, 294
woodhousei, 54
aphylla, Pyrola, 59
apiana, Salvia, 53
apicalis, Aradus, 331
Aplodontia rufa californica, 64
appendiculata, Platanus, 164
appendiculatus, Medeterus, 260
Aradus apicalis, 331
blaisdelli, 333
evermanni, 338
fuscomaculatus, 332
marginatus, 339
orbiculus, 337
pannosus, 332
parshleyi, 336
snowi, 339
taylori, 335
vadosus, 334
aragonia, Tellina, 156
Aralia angustiloba, 164
californica, 58
whitneyi, 164
araneosa, Oliva, 134, 135
Arbacia stellata, 134
arborea, Isomeris, 44
arborescens, Ericameria, 53
arbutifolia, Photinia, 52
Arbutus menziesii, 59
Arca, Giant, 131, 160
Arca, 128, 144, 153, 160
Arca camuloensis, 150, 152, 155
canalis, 145, 150, 151, 152, 155
devincta, 157, 159
grandis, 134, 152, 155
microdonta, 158, 159
morsei, 163
multicostats, 133, 134, 152, 155

Vor. IX]

Arca obispoana, 159
pacifica, 134
reversa, 134
trilineata, 130, 143, 144, 145,
146, 147, 150, 151, 152, 154,
155, 156, 157, 158, 159
tuberculosa, 134
Architectonica cognata, 163
tabulata, 164
arctata, Macoma, 159
Tellina, 157
arctica petra, Salix, 65
Saxicava, 132, 138, 139
arcticus, Picoides, 65
Arctostaphylos canescens, 53
glandulosa, 53
glauca, 53
manzanita, 53
nevadensis, 62
patula, 59
pungens, 53
visecida, 53
arenaria, Mya, 156
argentatum, Spogostylum, 227
argentea, Antennaria, 59
Raillardella, 66
Argobuccinum, 130, 131
Argobuccinum cammani, 156
coosense, 156
oregonense, 136, 138, 142, 145,
146, 151, 155
arguta, Actwa spicata, 57
Brickellia, 46
Saxifraga, 62
Aricia bicolorata, 253
oregonensis, 254
aridus, Astragalus, 45
aridus, Leptogaster, 229
Aristolochia californica, 52
Arizona elegans, 48
arizonw®, Vireo belli, 49
Spizella passerina, 275, 295
Sylvilagus auduboni, 51, 116
armata, Cassia, 45
Arnica longifolia, 62
Arnold, R., 136, 138, 147, 151, 152,
156, 160, 161, 168
arnoldi, Dosinia, 158
Nassa, 160
arsipus, Vulpes macrotis, 50, 87
Artemisia californica, 53
norvegica, 64
tridentata, 53
artemisiw, Lepus, 116
Arvicola, Californica, 99
edax, 99
montana, 99
pauperrima, 70, 71, 100
Townsendii, 99

INDEX

399

Arvicula peruviana, 134
Asarum caudatum, 57
hartwegii, 57
Asclepias subulata, 45
Ash-throated Flycatcher, 280, 294
Ashley, G. H., 144, 152
ashleyi, Dendraster, 146, 150, 151,
152, 155
Lyropecten, 149
Pecten, 149, 150, 152, 153
asiatica trudeaui, Melopelia, 48
asio gilmani, Otus, 49
Astarte alaskensis, 132, 138
borealis, 132, 139
compacta, 132
Aster carnosus, 46
spinosus, 46
tortifolius, 46
Asterias remondi, 158
asthenes, Ischnochiton, 18, 20
astori, Macoma, 143, 148, 156
Astrea, 128
Astrea biangulata, 161
inequalis, 142
undosa, 134, 135, 137, 152
Astreidm, 131, 149, 166
Astragalinus lawrencei, 54
psaltria hesperophilus, 295
Astragalus aridus, 45
limatus, 45
pomonensis, 45
Astralium raymondi, 158
Astrodapsis, 128, 130, 131, 132, 146,
153, 159, 165, 166
Astrodapsis antiselli, 158
fernandoensis, 149, 150, 152,
155
peltoides, 147
tumidus, 158
whitneyi, 158
Astur atricapillus striatulus, 62
astutus raptor, Bassariscus, 55
Atalapha teliotis, 86
ater obscurus, Molothrus, 49
Sauromalus, 48
atra, Macateeia, 305
atra, Stratiomyia, 223
atratus, Thamnophis ordinoides, 60
atricapillus striatulus, Astur, 62
Atrichoseris platyphylla, 46
Atrina oldroydi, 133
Atriplex confertifolia, 52
hymenelytra, 44
lentiformis, 44
atrogularis, Spizella, 55
Atrophyrax, 83
atrox, Crotalus, 48
attenuatus, Batrachoseps, 54
attwoodi, Ostrea, 147, 158

400 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Aturia, 127, 162, 165
Aturia angustata, 162
Audubon Cottontail Group, 370
Audubon, John James, 370
Audubon's Hare, 116
Warbler, 275, 287, 295
auduboni arizonm, Sylvilagus, 51, 116
auduboni, Sylvilagus, 56, 116
Dendroica, 275, 287, 295
Lepus, 116
sanctidiegi, Sylvilagus, 116
Sylvilagus auduboni, 56, 116
vallicola, Sylvilagus, 51
aura septentrionalis, Cathartes, 294
aurantiaca, Macrocallista, 134, 135
auratus, Cyrtopogon, 230
aurea, Criorhina, 248
aurea, Mentzelia, 53
aureus, Thomomys perpallidus, 50
aurifer pendens, Bombylius, 226
Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps, 49
aurivittatus, Medeterus, 260
aurora draytonii, Rana, 54
aurora, Phytocoris, 340
austerus, Hesperomys, 94
australis, Ischnochiton, 1
Avicula, 127, 128
Avicula pelludica, 163
awahnee, Thomomys alpinus, 61
Azalea occidentalis, 371
Babcock, Dr. E. B., 18, 360
Baccharis emoryi, 46
sergiloides, 46
Bachypalpus pigra, 241
Badé, Dr. William F., 860
Beolophus inornatus griseus, 55
inornatus inornatus, 55, 281, 295
inornatus murinus, 55
Bailey, Vernon, 72
Baileya multiradiata pleniradiata, 46
pauciradiata, 46
Baird, Professor Spencer F., 70
bairdi, Calyptrwa, 156
Chrysodomus, 156
Melanerpes formicivorus, 54,
292, 294
Balanophyllia striata, 162
baldwinii, Ptelea, 52
balthica, Macoma, 139
barbarensis, Fusus, 134, 150, 151
Venericardia, 136, 151
barkerianum, Agasoma, 160
Barn Swallow, 275, 295
Bassariscus astutus raptor, 55
Bathytoma carpenteriana, 133, 145, 146,
147
coalingaensis, 147
gabbiana, 156
keepi, 160

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

Batrachoseps attenuatus, 54
major, 47
Bebbia juncea, 46
Beck, R. H., 389
beecheyi beecheyi, Citellus, 108
Citellus beecheyi, 108
fisheri, Citellus, 108
nesioticus, Citellus, 109
Spermophilus, 108, 109
Bela harpa, 132, 138
tabulata, 138
belcheri, Chorus, 137
Trophon, 134
beldingi, Citellus, 109
Cnemidophorus hyperythrus, 48
Bell's Sparrow, 292, 296
belli, Amphispiza, 55, 292, 296
arizone, Vireo, 49
pusillus, Vireo, 49
bellioides, Monoptilon, 47
bellona, Churchillia, 199
Pituophis, 199
Pituophis sayi, 199, 201
bellus, Pecten, 150, 151, 152
Beloperone californica, 46
Belted Kingfisher, Western, 294
bennettii, Lepus californicus, 117
Bent, Edward F., 389
Beringius crebricostatus, 132
kennicotti, 132
morchianus, 132
bernardina, Opuntia, 45
Berry, S. Stillman, Notes on West
American Chitons—II, 1-36
389
Bethel, E., 389
Betula, 163
betulefolius, Cercocarpus, 52
bewicki charienturus, Thryomanes, 55
drymecus, Thryomanes, 55, 280,
295
eremophilus, Thryomanes, 55
spilurus, Thryomanes, 55
biangulata, Astrma, 161
Bickle, Margaret Emily, 389
bicolor, Iridoprocne, 295
Bicolored Red-wing, 287, 292, 295
bigelovii, Crossosoma, 44
bimaculata, Syrphus, 244
bimaculatus, Ammodramus savannarum,
55
biplicata, Olivella, 135
bisecta, Thyasira, 128, 129, 133, 142,
148, 151, 154, 157, 162
bi-seriatus, Sceloporus occidentalis, 54
Bishop, W. E., 390
Black Phoebe, 204
Black-headed Grosbeak, Pacific, 278,
295

Vou. IX]

Black-throated Gray Warbler, 281, 287,
295
Blackbird, Brewer’s, 294
Blaisdell, Dr. F. E., 390
blaisdelli, Aradus, 333
blakei, Perissolax, 163, 165
Bleeding Heart, 283
Blue-fronted Jay, 275, 294
Bluebird, Western, 296
Boardman, Mrs. George C., Jr., 390
bodegensis, Macoma, 133
bogachieli, Bullia, 156
Bollo, Luis Cincinato, 390
Bombycilla cedrorum, 279, 295
bombycinus, Perognathus, 50
Bombylius aurifer pendens, 226
silvus, 225
Borden, Ralph, 890
borealis, Astarte, 132, 139
calurus, Buteo, 294
borealis, Camptobrochys, 354
Nuttallornis, 294
teliotis, Nycteris, 70, 85
Thomomys, 103
Boreotrophon fleernerensis, 143
gracilis, 133, 136, 138
stuarti, 133, 186, 1388, 156
bott# angularis, Thomomys, 50
bott#, Thomomys, 101
diaboli, Thomomys, 56
leucodon, Thomomys, 102
mewa, Thomomys, 56
nigricans, Thomomys, 56
pallescens, Thomomys, 50, 102
pascalis, Thomomys, 50
Thomomys bott#, 101
Bourn, William B., 358
bowersi, Clypeaster, 149, 150, 154
Meandra, 154
Boykinia major, 57
boylei boylei, Peromyscus, 61
Peromyscus, boylei, 61
rowleyi, Peromyscus, 61
Boylii, Hesperomys, 92, 94
Brachyopa gigas, 243
brachyrhynchos hesperis, Corvus, 275,
294
Brachysphingus liratus, 165
branneri, Glycimeris, 159, 161
Pecten, 161, 162
brevicauda, Passerella iliaca, 275, 276,
289, 291, 295
brevicaudus, Oncyomys leucogaster, 53
breviflora, Mohavea, 46
brevinasus, Perognathus longimembris,
50
Perognathus panamintinus, 104
brevipes, Oenothera, 45
Brewer’s Blackbird, 294
breweri, Cardium, 163

INDEX

401

brewerianus, Clypeaster, 158
brewsteri, Dendroica wstiva, 280, 295
Brickellia arguta, 46
desertorum, 46
incana, 46
microphylla, 53
multiflora, 46
Brittain, W. H., 390
Brooks, A. H., 139, 163
Brown, A. J., 390
Brown, Edward J., 390
Brown, N. E., 390
Brown Towhee, Northern, 276, 295
Brown-footed Rat, 98
brunneicapillus cousei, Heleodytes, 49
Bubo virginianus pacificus, 294
Buccinum, 128, 144, 156, 166
Buccinum aleuticum, 152
glaciale, 132
morchianum, 132
saundersi, 143
strigillatum, 138
Budd, Charles G., 390
Bufo alvarius, 47
cognatus californicus, 47
cognatus cognatus, 47
punctatus, 47
bulbiv, Thomomys talpoides, 101
bulbivorus, Thomomys, 101
Bullaria adamsi, 135
Bullia bogachieli, 156
Bullock’s Oriole, 280, 294
bullocki, Icterus, 294
Bunting, Lazuli, 280, 295
Burriss, W. S., 390
Bush Rat, Mexican, 95
Bush-tit, California, 296
Buteo borealis calurus, 294
Buttle, Mrs. Alvina, 390
Byrd, Mrs. Carolina Rixford, 390
Cabanis Woodpecker, 275, 294
cactophilus, Dryobates scalaris, 49
cw#rulea obscura, Polioptila, 55, 296
cerulea salicarius, Guiraca, 49
cwrulescens, Medeterus, 260
cafer collaris, Colaptes, 394
Cahill, B. J. S., 359
Caire, Arthur, 375
Caire, Fred, 375
cajetanus, Lepidopleurus, 6
Calaveras Warbler, 287, 295
calcarea, Macoma, 136, 138, 139, 142,
143, 144, 145, 156
calendula cineraceus, Regulus, 296
California State Mining Bureau, 390
California Bush-tit, 296
Ground Squirrel, 108
Hare, 117
Jay, Northwestern, 294
Linnet, 295
Purple Finch, 275, 283, 294

402 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

California Yellow Warbler, 280, 295

Yellow Warbler, 280, 295

Woodpecker, 283, 292, 294
californiw, Lampropeltis, 54
californiana, Conus, 163

Nassa, 146, 148
californianus, Gymnogyps, 54
californica, Aesculus, 52

Anemopsis, 44

Aphelocoma californica, 54

Aplodontia rufa, 64

Aralia, 58

Aristolochia, 52

Artemisia, 53

Arvicula, 99

Beloperone, 46

californica, Aphelocoma, 54

crinita, Fragaria, 58

Encope, 134

Ephedra, 44

Fagonia, 45

Fragaria, 58

Gilia, 3

immanis, Aphelocoma, 54

Juglans, 52, 164

Juniperus, 51

Linthia, 159

Macrocallista, 163

Magnolia, 164

Malacothrix, 47

oocleptica, Aphelocoma, 54, 294

Rudbeckia, 59

Parosela, 45

Pinicola enucleator, 65

Placunanomia, 147

Plesiastrwa, 154

Polioptila, 49

Ranella, 135

Sabalites, 164

Scutellaria, 59

Siderastrwa, 154

Smilax, 57

Styrax, 53

Terebra, 163

Torreya, 57

yallicola, Lophortyx, 54, 294

Venericardia, 146, 151
californicum, Gyrineum, 133, 134, 137

Liquidambar, 164

Phoradendron, 44

Rhododendron, 59

Tritonium, 163
californicus, Agelaius phaniceus, 287,

202, 294

bennettii, Lepus, 117

Bufo cognatus, 47

californicus, Dipodomys, 56

californicus, Lepus, 56

californicus, Microtus, 99

californicus, Myotis, 85

(Proc. 4TH Ser.

californicus californicus, Perognathus,
56
californicus, Peromyscus, 56, 90
californicus, Sorex, 55
Carpodacus purpureus, 275, 294
Cassidulus, 163
Conus, 134
deserticola, Lepus, 51
Dipodomys californicus, 56
Eumops, 50
Evotomys, 63
femoralis, Perognathus, 56
Glaucomys sabrinus, 64
Hesperomys, 90, 93, 94
insignis, Peromyscus, 56
Lepus, 117
Lepus californicus, 56
Lynx ruffus, 89
Macrotus, 49
Microdipodops, 56
Microtus californicus, 99
Myotis, 84
Myotis californicus, 85
ochrus, Perognathus, 51
pallidus, Myotis, 49
Perognathus californicus, 56
Peromyscus, 78
Peromyscus californicus, 56, 90
Phalenoptilus nuttalli, 54, 292,
294
Psaltriparus minimus, 55, 296
quercinus, Myotis, 84
richardsoni, Lepus, 51
Sorex californicus, 55
trinitatis, Dipodomys, 56
Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 55
Ursus, 55
wallawalla, Lepus, 56
californiense, Cardium, 132, 158
californiensis, Medeterus, 260
Calliope Hummingbird, 283, 286, 294
calliope, Stellula, 63, 283, 294
Calliostoma canaliculatum, 133
callisaurus ventralis ventralis, 48
Callistochiton, 2
Callistochiton decoratus punctocos-
tatus, 21
Callistoma coalingense, 148
callosa, Amiantis, 133, 137, 152
Neverita, 160
Callospermophilus chrysodeirus chryso-
deirus, 112
Caltha biflora, 62
calurus, Buteo borealis, 204
calvus, Phytocoris, 343
calycina, Sphacele, 53
Calypte anna, 54, 284, 204
costm, 49
Calyptrea bairdi, 156
filosa, 158

Vou. IX]

Calyptrwa inornata, 158
radians, 153
Camassia quamash, 57
Camman, B. H., 156
cammani, Argobuccinum, 156
Campbell, Mrs. Marian L., 390
Campbell, W. W., 377
campi, Scapanus latimanus, 49
Camptobrochys borealis, 354
cerachates, 356
manitou, 355
camuloensis, Arca, 150, 152, 155
canadensis nelsoni, Ovis, 51
canadensis, Phytocoris, 346
sierrm@, Ovis, 65
Sitta, 63, 295
canaliculatum, Calliostoma, 133
canalifera, Rimella, 163
canalis, Arca, 145, 150, 151, 152, 155
Cancellaria, 155
Cancellaria condoni, 160
crawfordiana, 133
dalliana, 160
oregonensis, 156
pabloensis, 158
rapa, 146, 147, 148, 150, 153
tritonidea, 137, 146, 148, 153
vetusta, 160
cancellata, Trichotropis, 133, 138
canescens, Amphisiza nevadensis, 55
Arctostaphylos, 53
Dicoria, 46
Gera, 47
Krameria, 45
Passerella iliaca, 63
canicaudus, Eutamias, 109
Canis ochropus estor, 50
Canton Christian College, 390
capitalis, Zamelodia melanocephala,
278, 295
capitata, Pocillopora, 134
capitatus, Physocarpus, 58
carbonacea, Cyanocitta stelleri, 60
Carditamera affinis, 1385
Cardium, 128
Cardium breweri, 163
californiense, 132, 158
ciliatum, 189, 155
comoxense, 138
consors, 134, 135
cooperi, 163
coosense, 147, 148, 156
corbis, 133
decoratum, 138, 139, 155
elatum, 133, 185, 187
grenlandicum, 154
lorenzoanum, 162
magnificum, 134

403

Cardium meekanum, 142, 143, 144, 145,
146, 148, 154, 155, 156, 158
procerum, 134, 137, 167
quadrigenarium, 133, 144, 147,
152, 153, 158, 159
vaquerosense, 159
Carex breweri, 65
carisaensis, Trophon, 158, 160
carnosulus, Phytocoris, 347
carnosus, Aster, 46
carole, Pipilo crissalis, 55, 276, 295
carolinensis aculeata, Sitta, 281, 292,
295
Anolis, 313, 327
Carpenter, Dr. P. P., 3, 168
carpenteri, Murex, 134
carpenteriana, Bathytoma, 133, 145,
146, 147
Pleurotoma, 135
Carpinus, 164
Carpodacus cassini, 63
mexicanus frontalis, 295
purpureus californicus, 60, 275,
294
carrizensis, Porites, 154
carrizensis, Clypeaster, 154
Pecten, 153
cascadensis, Vulpes, 63
Cassia armata, 45
Cassidulus californicus, 163
Cassin’s Vireo, 278, 280, 283, 295
cassini, Carpodacus, 63
Lanivireo solitarius, 60, 278,
280, 293, 295
Cassiope mertensiana, 64
Cassis, 127, 154
Cassis abbreviata, 134
tenuis, 134
Castanea castanewfolia, 164
ungeri, 163
castanewfolia, Castanea, 164
castaneus, Latirus, 135
Volutopsius, 132
Castaniopsis chrysophylloides, 164
Castanopsis chrysophylla, 57
chrysophylla minor, 52
sempervirens, 62
Castilleia foliolosa, 53
castor, Venericardia, 143
ecatenifer annectens, Pituophis, 201,
216, 220
catenifer, Pituophis, 201, 211
Coluber, 198
deserticola, Pituophis, 199, 201
Pituophis, 198, 199, 200, 220
Pituophis catenifer, 201, 211
Cathartes aura septentrionalis, 294
Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus, 55
caudata, Urosyca, 165
caudatum, Asarum, 57

404 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

caurina, Ceryle alcyon, 294
sierra, Martes, 63
Strix occidentalis, 60
caurinus, Pecten, 130, 131, 133, 136,
168, 142, 143, 144, 150, 151, 154, 166
Ceanothus cordulatus, 58
crassifolius, 53
cuneatus, 53
divaricatus, 53
integerrimus, 58
oliganthus, 53
palmeri, 58
perplexans, 53
prostratus, 58, 274
thyrsiflorus, 58
velutinus, 58
vestitus, 53
Cedar Waxwing, 279, 295
cedrorum, Bombycilla, 279, 295
celata lutescens, Vermivora, 275, 295
Centurus uropygialis uropygialis, 49
cerachates, Camptobrochis, 356
cerastes, Crotalus, 48
ceratus, Latirus, 135
Cercidium torreyanum, 45
Cercis occidentalis, 52
Cercocarpus betulefolius, 52
Cerithium adustum, 135
gemmatum, 134, 135
ocellatum, 135
Cerocarpus parvifolius, 52
cerrosensis, Pecten, 146, 147, 149, 150,
151, 152, 153
Certhia familiaris occidentalis, 60, 295
Cervus nannodes, 51
roosevelti, 61
Ceryle aleyon caurina, 294
Chenactis macrantha, 46
stevioides, 46
Chetura vauxi, 60
Chama fondosa, 135
Chamma fasciata fasciata, 55
fasciata henshawi, 55, 275, 282,
296
Chamembatia foliolosa, 58
charienturus, Thryomanes bewicki, 55
Charina botte, 59
Chat, Long-tailed, 280, 283, 295
Chemin, Dr. A., 325
Chestnut-backed Chickadee, 295
Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, 295
Short-tailed Mountain, 295
childreni, Miltha, 134, 137, 167.
chilensis, Ostrea, 135
chiloensis, Fragaria, 58
Chilomeniscus cinctus, 48
Chilopsis linearis, 46
Chilosia ferruginea, 238
nigrovittata, 239

(Proc. 4TH Ser.

Chilosia pacifica, 240
Chione, 127, 128, 130, 131, 148, 153,
155, 160, 161
Chione amalthusis, 135
diabloensis, 158
elsmerenesis, 145, 147, 148, 152,
155, 166
fluctifraga, 133
gnidia, 134, 137, 144, 167
mathewsoni, 159
neglecta, 134, 135, 137, 167
pabloensis, 158
panzana, 159
securis, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147,
148, 154, 155, 156, 158
succincta, 183, 137
Chipping Sparrow, Western, 275, 295
Chironomus colei, 255
Chiton cinereus, 6
Chlamys, 127, 128
chloropetalum, Trillium sessile, 57
Chlorostoma montereyi, 133
chlorura, Oreospiza, 63, 295
chlorus, Citellus tereticaudus, 51
Chondestes grammacus strigatus, 55,
295
Chordeiles acutipennis texensis, 49
minor hesperis, 63
Chorus belcheri, 137
Christofferson, A., 390
chrysantha, Dicentra, 52
chryseola, Wilsonia pusilla, 295
Chrysoceria pollenia, 237
chrysodeirus, Callospermophilus chry-
sodeirus, 112
chrysodeirus, Callospermophi-
lus, 112
Chrysodomus, Giant, 130
Chrysodomus, 128, 130, 131, 144, 151,
165, 166
Chrysodomus amiantus, 132
bairdi, 156
colmaensis, 145
diabloensis, 158
imperialis, 142, 143, 145, 148,
155, 156, 158
lawsoni, 148, 146
liratus, 132, 139, 143, 145, 156
magnus, 132
nodiferus, 157, 160
pheniceus, 133
portolaensis, 145, 146, 148
postplanatus, 143, 148
purisimaensis, 143, 145, 155
scotiaensis, 143
stantoni, 144, 145, 155
tabulatus, 183, 136, 138, 142,
145, 151, 155
tabulatus colmaensis, 144

Vou. IX]

chrysoides mearnsi, Colaptes, 49
chrysolepis, Quercus, 57
chrysophylla, Castanopsis, 57
minor, Castanopsis, 52
chrysophylloides, Castaniopsis, 164
Chrysothamnus paniculatus, 46
teretifolius, 46
Churchillia bellona, 199
Cicuta douglasii, 58
Cidaris, 154
Cidaris thouarsii, 134
cidaris, Solariella, 138
ciliatum, Cardium, 139, 155
cinctus, Chilomeniscus, 48
cinerascens cinerascens, Myiarchus,
280, 294
Myiarchus cinerascens, 280, 294
Sylvilagus bachmani, 56
cineraceus, Regulus calendula, 296
cinerea occidentalis, Neotoma, 70, 98
cinereoargenteus californicus, Uro-
cyon, 55
scotti, Urocyon, 50
sequoiensis, Urocyon, 61
cinereus, Chiton, 6
cinereus, Lasiopogon, 229
Leptochiton, 6
circinata, Turris, 132
circinatum, Acer, 58
circularis, Pecten, 134, 135
Citellus beecheyi beecheyi, 108
beecheyi fisheri, 108
beecheyi nesioticus, 109
beldingi, 65, 109
mohavensis, 51
mollis stephensi, 56
obsoletus, 70
tereticaudus chlorus, 51
tereticaudus eremonomus, 51
tereticaudus tereticaudus, 51
clallamensis, Ficus, 157
Venus, 157
Clark, Professor B. L., 2, 158, 160,
168, 377, 390
Clark, B. Preston, 391
Clarke, Dr. F. C., 391
clausa, Natica, 133, 186, 138, 139, 142,
143
clementis, Peromyscus maniculatus, 91
clevelandii, Salvia, 53
Clidiophora punctata, 146
Climatic Relations of the Tertiary and
Quaternary Faunas of the California
Region, by James Perrin Smith,
123-173
Clintonia andrewsiana, 57
Clokey, Ira W., 391
Clypeaster, 128, 131, 166

INDEX

405

Clypeaster bowersi, 149, 150, 154
brewerianus, 158
earrizensis, 154
deserti, 154
rotundus, 134

Cnemidophorus hyperythrus beldingi,

48
tigris tigris, 48

coalingaensis, Bathytoma, 147

coalingaense, Callistoma, 148
Trophon, 148

coalingensis, Glycimeris, 143, 145, 146,

147, 148, 158
Mytilus, 147, 148, 158
Pecten, 147
Septifer, 160
Spisula, 147

Cobb, Prof. John N., 377

Codokia distinguen’a, 134, 153

Cewlopleurum maritimum, 58

Cenosia alticola, 303
fraterna, 304
oregonensis, 254
parvisquama, 304

ceruleus, Gerrhonotus, 59

cognata, Architectonica, 163

cognatus californicus, Bufo, 47
cognatus, Bufo, 47

Colaptes cafer collaris, 294
chrysoides mearnsi, 49

Coldenia palmeri, 45

Cole, F. R., New Oregon Diptera (A..

L. Lovett, collaborator), 221-255
391

colei, Chironomus, 255

Coleman, James V., 308

Coleman, Mrs. Marian, 391

Coleman, R. A., 391

Coleonyx variegatus, 48

coli, Turris, 156

collina, Crassatellites, 163

colmaensis, Chrysodomus, 145
Chrysodomus tabulatus, 144

Colotes versicolor, 325

Coluber catenifer, 198
flagellum frenatus, 48
lateralis, 54
melanoleucus, 198
teniatus, 54
vertebralis, 198

Columba fasciata fasciata, 60

columbiana, Nucifraga, 65

columbianum, Aconitum, 62

commissuralis, Phytocoris, 351

comosa, Tetradymia, 47

comoxense, Cardium, 138

compacta, Astarte, 132

compositus, Erigeron, 64

compressa, Porites, 134

406 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

concinnum, Hypericum, 53
concolor, Abies, 57
Condalia parryi, 45
condoni, Cancellaria, 160
confertifolia, Atriplex, 52
congdonii, Trisetum, 65
conjuncta, Lampropeltis, 48
Conrad, T. A., 158, 168
conradi, Dosinia, 159, 161
Nucula, 159
conradiana, Amiantis, 159
consors, Cardium, 134, 135
Contia mitis, 60
contorta, Pinus, 61
Contribution to the Optics of the
Microscope, by C. W. Woodworth,
175-196
Conus, 127, 128, 131, 149, 150, 154, 155,
160, 163, 166
Conus californiana, 163
californicus, 134
fergusoni, 134
hayesi, 160
horni, 163
owenianus, 160
princeps, 134, 135
purpurascens, 134, 135
virgatus, 135
Conyza coulteri, 46
Cooper, Dr. J. G., 3, 168
Cooper, James S., 72
Cooper's Hawk, 294
cooperi, Accipiter, 294
Cardium, 163
Dysodia, 46
Eutamias, 70
Eutamias townsendii, 110
Pecten, 151
Piranga rubra, 49
Psilostrophe, 47
Tamias, 110
Terebra, 160
Yoldia, 133, 145
coosense, Argobuccinum, 156
Cardium, 147, 148, 156
coosensis, Fusus, 156
Pecten, 156
Cophura cyrtopogona, 236
Corbicula dumblei, 159
corbis, Cardium, 133
cordifolius, Pentstemon, 53
cordiformis, Lovenia, 134
cordulatus, Ceanothus, 58
Cornus, 164
Cornus hyperborea, 164
nuttallii, 58
coronata, Zonotrichia, 275, 280, 295
corpulentus, Fisus, 157

(Proc. 41H Ser.

corrugata, Amphissa, 133, 136, 138
Draba, 64
Cort, Dr. W. W., 360
Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis, 275,
294
Corylus, 164
Corylus rostrata californica, 57
Corynorhinus rafinesquii intermedius,
55, 86
rafinesquii pallescens, 50
coste, Calypte, 49
costellata, Trochita, 161
Coues, Elliott, 79
coulteri, Conyza, 46
Malacothrix, 47
cousei, Heleodytes brunneicapillus, 49
cowlitzensis, Ficopsis, 163
Coy, George V., 391
crassa, Thais, 135
Crassatellites, 127, 163
Crassatellites collina, 163
gibbosus, 134
grandis, 163
unioides, 164
uvasana, 163
crassatelloides, Tivela, 133
crassicardo, Pecten, 158, 160
erassidens, Venericardia, 132
crassifolia, Hosackia, 58
crassifolius, Ceanothus, 53
crassisquama, Spondylus, 134, 135
crassitesta, Turbinella, 165
Crategus rivularis, 58
crawfordi crawfordi, Notiosorex, 49
Notiosorex crawfordi, 49
crawfordiana, Cancellaria, 133
crebricostatus, Beringius, 132
Creeper, Tawney, 295
Crenella porterensis, 162
crenulata, Lucapina, 133
Crepidula prwrupta, 157, 162
princeps, 136, 137, 144, 145,
146, 151, 156, 160
crinitus crinitus, Peromyscus, 56
Fragaria californica, 58
Peromyscus crinitus, 56
stephensi, Peromyscus, 50
Criorhina aurea, 248
luna, 249
quadriboscis, 250
tricolor, 251
crissale, Toxostoma, 49
crissalis carolm, Pipilo, 55, 276, 205
crissalis, Pipilo, 55
Pipilo crissalis, 55
senicula, Pipilo, 55
croceator, Plethodon, 59
Crocker, Charles, 358
Crocker, William H., 358

Vor. IX]

Crossosoma bigelovii, 44
Crotalus atrox, 48
cerastes, 48
exsul, 54
mitchellii, 48
tigris, 54
Crotaphytus silus, 48
Crow, Western, 275, 294
Crucibulum spinosum, 134
Cryptomya ovalis, 147, 148
Cucullea, 126, 127
Cucullwa mathewsoni, 164
morani, 163
cucullatus nelsoni, Icterus, 49
Cucurbita palmata, 46
Cuma kiosquiformis, 134, 135
cuneatus, Ceanothus, 53
cuneiformis, Medeterus, 258
Cupressus macnabiana, 51
macrocarpa, 57
magnabiana, 287
sargentii, 51
Cutter, Olive E., 370, 871
euvieri, Venericardia, 135
cyanocephalus, Euphagus, 294
Cyanocitta stelleri carbonacea, 60
stelleri frontalis, 60, 275, 294
eyanogaster, Medeterus, 260
Cylichnella petrosa, 157
Cymatium pacificum, 156
Cymia tectum, 135
Cynoglossum occidentale, 59
Cyprea, 154, 155
Cyprea exanthema, 134
fernandoensis, 153
spadicea, 134
Cypress, Macnab, 287
Cyrtopogon anomalus, 231
auratus, 230
infuscatus, 233
nebulo, 232
perspicax, 233
princeps, 234
cyrtopogona, Cophura, 236
Cytherea multicostata, 134
daggetti, Sphyrapicus varius, 60, 290,
294
Dall, Dr. William H., 72, 135, 188, 1389,
140, 151, 155, 161, 163, 168
dalli, Amiantis, 158
Hemifusus, 158
dalliana cancellaria, 160
Daly, R. A., 1387
Datisca glomerata, 53
Datura meteloides, 46
thomasii, 46
davyidsonii, Pentstemon, 66
Davis, Rev. John, 391
Davis, William T., 391

INDEX 407

dawsoni, Leucosticte tephrocotis, 66
decisa, Semele, 134
Decker, Frank, 391
decoratus punctocostatus, Callistochi-
ton, 21
decoratum, Cardium, 188, 1389, 155
decurrens, Libocedrus, 57
decussatus, Ficus, 134
Delphinium glaucum, 62
deltoidea parishii, Viguiera, 47
demissa, Prunus, 58
Dendragapus obscurus sierre, 62
Dendraster, 128
Dendraster ashleyi, 146, 150, 151, 152,
155
excentricus, 133, 136, 151
gabbi, 156, 158
gibbsi, 130, 131, 147, 158
interlineatus, 148, 144, 145
oregonensis, 143, 154
perrini, 147
Dendroica xstiva brewsteri, 280, 295
wstiva sonorana, 49
auduboni, 275, 287, 295
nigrescens, 55, 281, 287, 295
occidentalis, 60
Dendrochiton, 3
Dendrochiton gothicus, 3, 4
rigidum, 52
thamnoporus, 3, 4
densata, Mulinia, 147, 148, 156, 158,
159
densiflora, Hoffmanseggia, 47
Pasania, 57
dentata, Zirphwa, 147, 148, 160
dentatus, Pecten, 134, 137
depressa, Hipponoe, 134
Description of a New Fossil Fish from
Japan, by David Starr Jordan, 271-
R72
deserti, Agavi, 44
Clypeaster, 154
Dipodomys, 51
Pecten, 153
deserticola, Lepus californicus, 51
Pituophis catenifer, 199, 201
desertorum, Brickellia, 46
Neotoma intermedia, 50
detonsum, Hieraceum gracile, 62
devineta, Area, 157, 159
devinetus, Fusus, 157
diabloensis, Amiantis, 159
Chione, 158
Chrysodomus, 158
Tellina, 158
diaboli, Thomomys bottx, 56
Diadophis amabilis, 54
Dialyta flavitibia, 303
nigropolita, 302

408 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Dicentra chrysantha, 52
formosa, 283

Dichocwnia merriama, 154

Dickerson, Dr. Roy E., 129, 154, 162,

359, 365, 391

Dicoria canescens, 46

Didea pacifica, 246

diegensis, Pecten, 133

difficilis difficilis, Empidonax, 275, 294
Empidonax difficilis, 275, 294

Digger Pine, 279

dignya, Oxyria, 65

dilleri, Pecten, 143, 144, 154, 155

Dioctria vertebrata, 230

Diospyros, 164

dipetala, Fraxinus, 53

Dipodomys agilis, 105
californicus californicus, 56
californicus trinitatis, 56
deserti, 51
merriami exilis, 51
merriami merriami, 106
merriami nitratoides, 51
merriami parvus, 51
merriami simiolus, 51
Philippii, 106

Dipso-saurus dorsalis, 48

directus, Modiolus, 147

Discinisca oregonensis, 156, 158

discoidea, Macronema, 64

discus, Pecten, 160

distichum miocenicum, Taxodium, 163

distincta, Quercus, 164

distinctus, Medeterus, 260, 266

distinguenda, Codokia, 134, 153

divaricata, Larrea, 45

divaricatus, Ceanothus, 53

diversifolia, Mitella, 58

diversiloba, Rhus, 52

Dixon, Joseph, 360

dixoni, Perodipus, 51

Dodds, Dr. Gideon S., 39

Dodge, E. A., 391

Dodge, Dr. Washington, 858

Dolium, 127, 129, 149, 162, 165, 166

Dolium ringens, 134, 154

domesticus, Passer, 296

Donovan, Vincent J., 391

dorsalis, Dipso-saurus, 48

Dosinia, 128, 129, 130, 131, 182, 144,

153, 159, 160, 161, 166

Dosinia arnoldi, 158
conradi, 159, 161
dunkeri, 134, 135, 155
elevata, 163
jacalitosana, 147
mathewsoni, 157, 159, 162
merriami, 158

(Proc. 47H Ser.

Dosinia ponderosa, 134, 135, 137, 145,
146, 152, 155, 158, 159, 167
whitneyi, 161
Douglas Fir, 290
douglasii albolimbatus, Sciurus, 114
Cicuta, 58
douglassi, Quercus, 52
Douglassii, Sciurus, 114
Douthitt, F. D., 361
Dove, Western Mourning, 294
Draba breweri, 65
corrugata, 64
draconis, Natica, 145
Draperia systyla, 59
draytonii, Rana aurora, 54
dre@bachiensis, Strongylocentrotus, 132
drymecus, Thryomanes bewicki, 55,
280, 295
Dryobates nuttalli, 54
pubescens turati, 294
scalaris cactophilus, 49
villosus, 275
villosus hyloscopus, 294
dumblei, Corbicula, 159
dumosa, Franseria, 47
Quercus, 52
dunkeri, Dosinia, 134, 135, 155
Dunne, Peter F., 358
dupetithouarsi, Fusus, 134
Dusky Poor-will, 292, 204
dutcheri, Microtus montanus, 63
Dwarf Hermit Thrush, 296
Venericardia, 130, 131
Dysodia cooperi, 46
porophylloides, 46
Dziedzickia immaculata, 222
oregona, 223
Eastwood, Alice, 360, 377, 391
Echinocactus lecontei, 45
polycephalus, 45
echinocarpa, Opuntia, 45
Eclimus celer, 224
magnus, 225
edax, Arvicola, 99
Edmonds, Dr. C. K,, 359
Edmondson, Dr. Charles H., 377
egretta, Mopalia, 13, 17
Ehrhorn, E. M., 391
eiseni, Tantilla, 48
elatum, Cardium, 133, 135, 137
eldridgei, Murex, 153
Ostrea, 159
elegans, Arizona, 48
Spermophilus, 109
Thamnophis ordinoides, 60
Uta stansburiana, 48
elephantinus, Perodipus, 56
elevata, Dosinia, 163

Vou. IX]

Elk, Humboldt, 369
Olympic, 369
Roosevelt, 369
elsmerense, Gyrineum, 146
elsmerensis, Chione, 145, 147, 148, 152,
155, 166
emarginatus, Medeterus, 259
Emerson, W. Otto, 72
emoryi, Baccharis, 46
Hyptis, 46
Parosela, 45
Perityle, 47
Spheralcea, 45
Empidonax difficilis difficilis, 275, 294
hammondi, 63
wrighti, 63
Encelia farinosa, 46
frutescens, 46
Encope, 131
Encope californica, 134
grandis, 134
micropora, 134, 136
tenuis, 149, 150, 154
engelmannii, Opuntia, 45
English Sparrow, 296
English, W. A., 152
ensatum, Ambystoma, 59
enucleator californica, Pinicola, 65
Ephedra californica, 44
viridis, 51
Epilobium obcordatum, 64
episcopa, Sonora, 48
Epitonium hindsi, 138
epixanthus epixanthum, Erethizon, 64
Erethizon epixanthum, 64
Eptesicus fuscus fuscus, 85
eremicus eremicus, Peromyscus, 50
fraterculus, Peromyscus, 50, 90
Odocoileus hemionus, 51
Peromyscus eremicus, 50
Sigmodon hispidus, 50
Eremomyia major, 310
eremonomus, Citellus tereticaudus, 51
eremophilus, Thryomanes bewicki, 55
Erethizon epixanthum epixanthum, 64
Ericameria arborescens, 53
Erigeron compositus, 64
salsuginosus, 62
ursinus, 64
Eriogonum fasciculatum, 52
Eriophyllum pringlei, 47
wallacei, 47
erraticum, Terebellum, 163
Erwin, R. P., 392
erythrogaster, Hirundo, 275, 295
eschscholtzii, Ranunculus, 65
estor, Canis ochropus, 50
Mephitis, 50
estrellana, Panopea, 158, 159

INDEX 409

estrellanus, Pecten, 147, 158, 160
etchegoinensis, Thais, 148
etchegoini, Pecten, 146, 147
Euenide urens, 45
Euderma maculatum, 50
Eudolium, 162
Eudolium oregonense, 156
petrosum, 162
Eumops californicus, 50
Euphagus cyanocephalus, 294
Eupleura muriciformis, 134, 137
europeum, Liquidambar, 163
europseus, Glyptostrobus, 163
Eurotia lanata, 52
eurycephalus, Senecio, 53
Eutamias alpinus, 65
amcenus amonus, 64
amcenus monoensis, 64
canicaudus, 109
cooperi, 70
hindsi, 61
merriami kernensis, 56
merriami maripos@, 56
merriami merriami, 56
merriami pricei, 61, 112
panamintinus, 56
pictus, 56
quadrimaculatus, 61
senex, 64, 112
sonoma, 56
speciosus frater, 64, 111
speciosus inyoensis, 64
speciosus speciosus, 64
townsendi ochrogenys, 61
townsendii, 111
townsendii cooperi, 110
townsendii townsendii, 110
Evermann, Barton Warren, Report of
the Director of the Museum for the
year 1919, 367-396
72, 363, 377, 392
evermanni, Aradus, 338
Evotomys californicus, 63
obscurus, 63
exanthema, Cyprea, 134
excentricus, Dendraster, 133, 136, 151
exigua, Lygodesmia, 47
exile, Malvastrum, 45
exilis, Dipodomys merriami, 51
eximium, Polemonium, 66
Exogyra, 127
exoleta, Mactra, 134, 137
expansus, Mytilus, 159, 161
exsul, Crotalus, 54
extremitata, Hylemyia, 309
Fagonia californica, 45
Fagus, 164
Fair, Paul J., 360, 363, 364, 368, 369,
370, 371

410 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fairbanks, H. W., 160
fairbanksi, Scutella, 159, 161
Solenastrwa, 154
falcatus, Medeterus, 259, 261
falcinellus, Pipilo maculatus, 276, 295
Falco mexicanus, 48
fallax fallax, Perognathus, 50
pallidus, Perognathus, 51
Perognathus fallax, 50
familiaris occidentalis, Certhia, 60,
295
farinosa, Encelia, 46
Farlow, Prof. William G., 358
fasciata, Chama fasciata, 55
Columba fasciata, 60
fasciata, Chamma, 55
fasciata, Columba, 60
henshawi, Chamea, 55, 275, 282,
296
fasciatus, Lynx, 89
fasciatus, Lynx, 89
Lynx fasciatus, 89
fasciculatum, Adenostoma, 52
Eriogonum, 52
Malvastrum, 53
Fauntleroy, Sophie, 392
femoralis, Perognathus californicus, 56
fergusoni, Conus, 134
fernandoensis, Astrodapsis, 149, 150,
152, 155
Cyprea, 153
ferreus, Aneides, 59
Ferris, G. F., 375
Ferris, Mrs. Roxana, 392
ferruginea, Chilosia, 238
festivus, Murex, 135
Ficopsis, 127
Ficopsis horni, 163
Ficus, 128, 130, 131, 132, 146, 148, 153,
159, 160, 163, 165, 166
Ficus clallamensis, 157
decussatus, 134
kernianus, 160
mamillatus, 163
nodiferus, 148, 149, 150, 153,
55, 158, 160
pyriformis, 150, 153, 160
tiliwfolia, 164
Field-mouse, Monterey, 99
filifera, Washingtonia, 44
filosa, Calyptrma, 158
fimbriata, Margaritiphora, 134, 135
Finch, California Purple, 275, 283, 294
Fir, Douglas, 290
Fisher, Dr. Walter K., 274
fisheri, Citellus beecheyi, 108
flabellatus, Modiolus, 133
flabellifolia, Potentilla, 62
Flabellum remondianum, 162, 164

(Proc. 47H Ser.

flagellum, frenatus, Coluber, 48
flammeolus, Otus, 63
flaviceps, Auriparus flaviceps, 49
flaviceps, Auriparus, 49
flavipes, Medeterus, 259, 269
flavitibia, Dialyta, 303
flaviventris, Glaucomys sabrinus, 64
fleernerensis, Boreotrophon, 143
Fleishhacker, Herbert, 358
Flicker, Red-shafted, 283, 294
fluctifraga, Chione, 133
fluctuosus, Turbo, 134, 136
Flycatcher, Ash-throated, 280, 204
Olive-sided, 294
Western, 275, 294
foliata, Purpura, 133, 138, 142
foliolosa, Castilleia, 53
Chamebatia, 58
fondosa, Chama, 135
formicivorus bairdi, Melanerpes, 54,
292, 294
formosa, Dicentra, 283
formosus, Perognathus, 50
fortis, Pisania, 136, 137, 144, 150, 151,
153
fortunasensis, Tritonofusus, 143
fossa, Leda, 132, 138, 139
fossata, Nassa, 133
Fouquieria splendens, 45
Fox, ©. L., 392
Fox, Kit, 88
Swift, 88
Sparrow, Shumagin, 275, 295
Sparrow, Thick-billed, 288
Sparrow, Yakutat, 296
Sparrow, Yolla Bolly, 275, 276,
289, 291, 295
Fragaria californica, 58
californica crinita, 58
chiloensis, 58
sibbaldifolia, 64
virginiana platypetala, 58
franciscanus, Strongylocentrotus, 154
Franseria dumosa, 47
Frasera neglecta, 59
nitida, 59
tubulosa, 59
frater, Eutamias speciosus, 64, 111
fraterculus, Peromyscus eremicus, 50,
90
fraterna, Canosia, 304
Fraxinus dipetala, 53
fremontii, Amphiachyris, 46
Lepidium, 44
frenatus, Coluber flagellum, 48
fresnoensis, Turris, 163
froebellii, Mirabilis, 44
frontalis, Carpodacus mexicanus, 295
Cyanocitta stelleri, 60, 275, 204

Vor. IX]

frontalis, Medeterus, 259, 265
frutescens, Encelia, 46
fruticosa, Potentilla, 64
fucanus, Pecten, 156, 157
fulva, Passerella iliaca, 63
fuscipes, Neotoma, 97
annectens, Neotoma, 97
macrotis, Neotoma, 97
fuscogriseus, Onychomys fuscogriseus,
56
fuscomaculatus, Aradus, 332
fuscomarginata, Helina, 298
fuscus, Eptesicus fuscus, 85
fuscus, Eptesicus, 85
Scotophilus, 85
Fusus, 128, 163
Fusus barbarensis, 134, 150, 151
coosensis, 156
corpulentus, 157
devinetus, 157
dupetithouarsi, 134
geniculus, 157
hecoxi, 162
Gabb, W. M., 144, 158, 168
gabbi, Dendraster, 156, 158
Heteroterma, 165
Modiolus, 158
Molopophorus, 162
Tivela, 158
Zirphea, 148, 144, 145
gabbiana, Bathytoma, 156
gabbianus, Trophon, 160
Galeodea, 163
Galeodea sutterensis, 163
tuberculata, 163
galianoi, Polinices, 143, 148, 156
galioides, Kelloggia, 59
gambeli abbreviatus, Penthestes, 295
gambeli, Lophortyx, 48
Lophortyx gambeli, 48
gambelii, Hesperomys, 92, 93
Peromyscus maniculatus, 91, 93
gambelli, Hesperomys, 92
gambellii, Hesperomys, 91, 92, 93
Garrya pallida, 53
rigida, 53
veatchil palmeri, 53
Gaultheira shallon, 59
Geister, Mrs. Elisa, 392
gemmatum, Cerithium, 134, 135
generosa, Panopwa, 127, 133, 136, 142,
145, 147, 151, 152, 157, 159, 161, 162
geniculus, Fusus, 157
Geonomites schimperi, 164
Gerwa canescens, 47
Geranium incisum, 58
Gerrhonotus ce@ruleus, 59
palmeri, 62
scincicauda scincicauda, 54

INDEX

411

Gerrhonotus scincicauda webbii, 54
gettysburgensis, Nucula, 162
Geum macrophyllum, 58
Ghirardelli, Mrs. D., 392
Giant Arca, 131, 160
Chrysodomus, 130
Turritella, 130, 131
gibbosa, Marcia, 142, 144
gibbosus, Crassatellites, 134
gibbsi, Dendraster, 130, 131, 147, 158
gibbsii gibbsii, Neurotrichus, 61
hyacinthinus, Neurotrichus, 61
Neurotrichus gibbsii, 61
gigantea, Haliotis, 133
Sequoia, 57
giganteum, Trillium sessile, 57
giganteus, Glycimeris, 135
Saxidomus, 133, 188, 144, 154
gigas, Brachyopa, 243
Gilbert, Professor Charles H., 198
gilberti, Peromyscus truei, 56, 94
Gilia californica, 53
gilmani, Otus asio, 49
gilva swainsoni, Vireosylva, 280, 295
glabra, Hosackia, 52
glabrata, Malacothrix, 47
glabrum, Acer, 62
glaciale, Buccinum, 182
glandifer, Populus, 163
glandulosa, Arctostaphylos, 53
Prosopis, 45
glauca, Arctostaphylos, 53
Nicotiana, 46
villosa, Salix, 62
Glaucidium gnoma californicum, 60
gnoma grinnelli, 60
Glaucomys sabrinus californicus, 64
sabrinus flaviventris, 64
sabrinus lascivus, 64
glaucum, Delphinium, 62
glomerata, Datisea, 53
Glycimeris branneri, 159, 161
coalingensis, 143, 145, 146, 147,
148, 158
giganteus, 135
grewingki, 156
inequalis, 185
kocheyarofi, 155
sagittata, 163
septentrionalis, 132
veatchi major, 164
Glyptostrobus europ#us, 163
Gnatcatcher, Western, 296
gnidia, Chione, 134, 137, 144, 167
gnoma californicum, Glaucidium, 60
grinnelli, Glaucidium, 60
Golden Gate Park, 392
Golden Pileolated Warbler, 295

412 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Golden-crowned Sparrow, 275, 280, 288,
295
Goldfinch, Green-backed, 295
Goldman, Major Edward A., 72
Golisch, W. H., 3
Golisch, Mrs. W. H., 3
goniostoma, Turritella, 134, 135, 136
Gopher-Snakes of Western North
America (The), by John Van Den-
burgh and Joseph R. Slevin, 197-
220
Gorton, OC. R., 392
gothicus, Dendrochiton, 3, 4
Trachydermon, 3
Gould, A. A., 168
gouldi, Melospiza melodia, 278, 295
gracile detonsum, Hieraceum, 62
Porophyllum, 47
gracilentus, Pentstemon, 62
gracilior, Strombus, 134, 135
gracilis, Boreotrophon, 133, 136, 138
Trophon, 151
gracillimum, Ribes, 52
graciosa, Uta, 48
graciosus graciosus, Sceloporus, 59
Sceloporus graciosus, 59
vandenburgianus, Sceloporus,
59
grammacus strigatus, Chondestes, 55,
295
grandiflora, Heterotheca, 47
Tellima, 58
grandis, Abies, 61
Arca, 134, 152, 155
Crassatellites, 163
Encope, 134
Kennerleya, 132, 138
Pandora, 144
grangeri, Sylvilagus nuttalli, 61
Grant, Major Chapman, 392
Grant, Joseph D., 358
granulatus, Strombus, 134, 135, 154
grata, Tapes, 135
gravidum, Agasoma, 162
gravirostris, Xenopicus albolarvatus,
60
Gray Warbler, Black-throated, 281, 287,
295
grayi, Mulinia, 137
Grayia spinosa, 52
Great-Eared Mouse, 93
Green, Dr. Rufus L., 360
Green-backed Goldfinch, 295
Green-tailed Towhee, 295
gregaria, Tamiosoma, 158
greggii, Acacia, 45
grewingki, Glycimeris, 156
Paphia, 155

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

Grinnell, Joseph, (with Harvey Mon-
roe Hall), Life-Zone Indicators in
California, 37-67
72, 198, 360, 378

grinnelli, Glaucidium gnoma, 60

Scapanus latimanus, 49

griseus anthonyi, Sciurus, 61

Beolophus inornatus, 55
griseus, Sciurus, 61
nigripes, Sciurus, 61, 114
Perisoreus obscurus, 63
Sciurus griseus, 61

grenlandica, Pedicularis, 62

grenlandicum, Cardium, 154

grenlandicus, Serripes, 132, 138, 143

Grosbeak, Pacific Black-headed, 278,
295

Ground Squirrel, California, 108

Grunsky, C. E., Report of the Presi-
dent of the Academy for the Year
1919, 357-365

Guiraca cw#rulea salicarius, 49

Gull, Western, 273

Gulo luscus luteus, 65

Gutierrezia lucida, 47

guttata nana, Hylocichla, 296

polionota, Hylocichla, 65

sequoiensis, Hylocichla, 63

slevini, Hylocichla, 60, 275, 281,
296

gutturalis, Vermivora ruficapilla, 60,
287, 295

Gymnogyps californianus, 54

Gyrineum, 130

Gyrineum californicum, 133, 134, 187

elsmerense, 146

marshalli, 142, 143, 145, 155
trampasense, 158
washingtonianum, 163

hematois, Pituophis, 198

hemostoma, Purpura, 134, 135

halibrectus, Sipho, 132, 138

Haliotis, 130, 144

Haliotis gigantea, 133

rufescens, 133, 143

Hall, Harvey Monroe, Life-Zone Indi-
cators in California (Joseph Grin-
nell, collaborator), 37-67

Hall, Dr. Ivan C., 360

halli, Tritonofusus, 132

hallidayi, Nautilus, 165

halteralis, Medeterus, 259, 267

hamlini, Pecten, 160

Hammatt, R. F., 360, 361

hammondi, Empidonax, 63

hammondii, Thamnophis ordinoides, 54

Hanleya, 8, 10

Hanleya hanleyi, 10

spicata, 8, 10

Vou. IX]

hanleyi, Hanleya, 10
Hanna, Dr. G. Dallas, 361, 365, 367,
392
Hannibal, H., 138, 144, 156, 168
hannibali, Natica, 163
Hanson, Harold E., 378
Hare, Audubon’s, 116
California, 117
Little Chief, 115
harpa, Bela, 132, 138
harrimani, Papyridea, 155
Harris, G. D., 392
Harris’s Spermophile, 113
Harrisi, Spermophilus, 113
Hart, Dr. George H., 360
hartwegii, Asarum, 57
australis, Iris, 57
Tris, 57
haseltinei, Lima, 164
hastatus, Pecten, 132, 1338, 146, 151
Hawk, American Sparrow, 294
Cooper's, 294
Sharp-shinned, 275, 294
Western Red-tailed, 294
Hayden, J. Emmet, 361
hayesi, Conus, 160
healeyi, Pecten, 130, 131, 144, 145, 146,
147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 155, 166
Hearst, Mrs. Phebe, 358
Heath, Dr. Harold, 6, 367, 368
heathi, Leptochiton, 6, 8
hecoxi, Fusus, 162
heermani, Ostrea, 153
heermannii, Pituophis, 199
Heim, William, 367, 376, 392
Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi, 49
Helina fuscomarginata, 298
Hemifusus dalli, 158
wilkeseanus, 160
hemionus eremicus, Odocoileus, 51
Hemithyris psittacea, 139
Hemphill, Henry, 151
hemphilli, Pecten, 146, 150, 151, 152,
155
Spisula, 133
Terebratalia, 150, 151, 153
Hendrie, John W., 358
Henry, Prof. J. K., 392
Henshaw, Sammuel, 72
henshawi, Chama fasciata, 55, 275,
282, 296
Xantusia, 54
Hercoglossa merriami, 165
hericeus navarchus, Pecten, 139
Pecten, 133, 151
Hermit Thrush, Dwarf, 296
Thrush, Monterey, 275, 281, 296
Herms, Major W. B., 360
Herrin, William F., 392

INDEX 413

hesperia, Progne subis, 283, 295
Hesperiphona vespertina californica,
63
hesperis, Chordeiles minor, 63
Corvus brachyrhynchos, 275,
294
Uta stansburiana, 48
Hesperocallis undulatus, 44
Hesperomys austerus, 94
Boylii, 92, 94
Californicus, 90, 93, 94
gambelii, 92, 93
gambelli, 92
gambellii, 91, 92, 93
leucopus, 92
Sonoriensis, 91, 93
hesperophilus, Astragalinus psaltria,
295
hesperus hesperus, Pipistrellus, 49
merriami, Pipistrellus, 49
Pipistrellus hesperus, 49
heterophylla, Philibertia linearis, 45
heterophyllus, Pentstemon, 53
Heteroterma gabbi, 165
Heterotheca grandiflora, 47
Heuchera micrantha, 58
Hickman, J. B., 392
hiemalis pacificus, Nannus, 60, 279, 295
Hieraceum gracile detonsum, 62
hindsi, Epitonium, 138
Eutamias, 61
Hipponoe depressa, 134
Hirundo erythrogaster, 275, 295
hispidus eremicus, Sigmodon, 50
histriculus, Phytocoris, 346
Hobart, Lewis P., 363
Hoffmanseggia densiflora, 47
Hofmeisteria pluriseta, 47
Holmes, Dr. S. J., 360
holwayi, Pecten, 158
holzneri, Mephitis occidentalis, 88, 89
Hook, Marjorie, 393
Hopping, Ralph, 359, 361, 393
Horkelia pygmea, 65
Horkelia tenella, 58
tridentata, 58
Horned Owl, Pacific, 294
horni, Conus, 163
Ficopsis, 163
Lunatia, 163
Macrocallista, 163
Hosackia crassifolia, 58
glabra, 52
macrantha, 58
Hosmer, Mrs. Charlotte, 358
houghi, Hydrotwa, 298
House Wren, Western, 278, 283, 295
Hudson, Capt. Charles B., 363, 364,
368, 369, 370

414 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Hudson, Will, 376
hudsonius, Jaculus, 107
Meriones, 107
Huff, Captain Charles P., 393
Huguenin, J. C., 393
Hulsea algida, 66
nana, 66
Humane Society of the Commonwealth
of Massachusetts, 394
Humboldt Elk, 369
humeralis, Hylemyia, 311
humilis, Leptotyphlops, 48
Hummingbird, Allen's, 294
Anna’s, 284, 294
Calliope, 283, 286, 294
Hunt, H. H., 393
Huntington, Marion, 393
Hutton's Vireo, 295
huttoni huttoni, Vireo, 55, 295
Vireo huttoni, 55, 295
hyacinthinus, Neurotrichus gibbsii, 61
Hydrophoria seticauda, 306
Hydrotwa houghi, 298
lasiophthalma, 297
occulta, 298
Hyla arenicolor, 54
Hylemyia extremitata, 309
humeralis, 311
incompleta, 311
normalis, 309
recurva, 308, 309
Hylocichla guttata nana, 296
guttata polionota, 65
guttata sequoiensis, 63
guttata slevini, 60, 275, 281, 296
ustulata ustulata, 296
hyloscopus, Dryobates villosus, 294
hymenelytra, Atriplex, 44
hymenosepalus, Rumex, 44
hyperborea, Cornus, 164
Hypericum concinnum, 53
hyperythrus beldingi, Cnemidophorus,
48
Hyptis emoryi, 46
Icteria virens longicauda, 280, 295
Icterus bullocki, 204
cucullatus nelsoni, 49
parisorum, 54
idw, Tellina, 160
idriaensis, Ostrea, 163
iécanus, Aneides, 59
iliaca brevicauda, Passerella, 63, 275,
276, 289, 201, 295
canescens, Passerella, 63
fulva, Passerella, 63
mariposae, Passerella, 63
megarhyncha, Passerella, 288
meruloides, Passerella, 296

[Proc. 47H Ser.

iliaca monoensis, Passerella, 63
stephensi, Passerella, 63
unalaschcensis, Passerella, 275,

295

ilicifolia, Prunus, 52

immaculata, Dziedzickia, 222

immanis, Aphelocoma californica, 54

imperialis, Chrysodomus, 142, 143, 145,

148, 155, 156, 158

imporcata, Mopalia, 12

impressa, Yoldia, 157, 160, 162

incana, Brickellia, 46

incisum, Geranium, 58
Trichoptilium, 47

ineompleta, Hylemyia, 311

incrassata, Limnophora, 299

indurata, Miopleionia, 157, 162

inequalis, Astrma, 142
Glycineris, 135

inezana, Natica, 161
Territella, 161
Tivela, 160, 161

infuscatus, Cyrtopogon, 233

ingens, Perodipus, 51

ingens, Phytocoris, 340

Inoceramus, 127

inornata, Calyptrma, 158
Trochita, 148

inornatus, Bwolophus inornatus, 55,

281, 295
griseus, Brolophus, 55
inornatus, Bmolophus, 55, 281,
295
inornatus, Perognathus, 50
murinus, Beolophus, 55
neglectus, Perognathus, 50
Perognathus inornatus, 50

insignis, Peromyscus californicus, 56

interior, Myotis longicrus, 61

interlineata, Scutella, 155

interlineatus, Dendraster, 143, 144, 145

intermedia desertorum, Neotoma, 50
intermedia, Neotoma, 50, 95
Neotoma intermedia, 50, 95

intermedius, Corynorhinus rafinesquii,

55, 86

interradiatus, Pecten, 164

integerrimus, Ceanothus, 58

inyoensis, Eutamias speciosus, 64

Iquius nipponicus, 271

Iridoprocne bicolor, 295

Tris hartwegii, 57
hartwegii australis, 57
missouriensis, 57

Ischnochiton, 1

Ischnochiton asthenes, 18, 20
australis, 1
novehollandia, 1

Vor. IX]

Ischnochiton regularis, 2
retiporosus, 20
scabricostatus, 20
tigrinus, 2
trifidus, 1, 2
viridulus, 2

Ischnoradsia, 1, 2

islandicus, Pecten, 132, 1388

Isocoma veneta acradenia, 47

Isomeris arborea, 44

Israelsky, Merle, 393.

Ixoreus newvius nevius, 63

jacalitosana, Dosinia, 147

jacinteus, Thomomys, 63

Jackson, Dr. Hartley H. T., 72, 82

Jaculus hudsonius, 107

Janira, 128, 130, 131, 132, 144, 146, 148,

151, 153, 155, 166

japonica, Mya, 144

Jay, Blue-fronted, 275, 294
Northwestern California, 294

jeffreyi, Pinus ponderosa, 62

jewetti, Turritella, 150, 151

Johnston, Don P., 361

Jones, Vincent, 393

Jordan, David Starr, Description of a

New Fossil Fish from Japan, 271-
272
377

jordani, Pecten, 136, 150, 151
Tritonofusus, 133

Jugulans, 164

Juglans californica, 52, 164
laurinea, 164

Jumping Rat, 107

juncea, Bebbia, 46

Junco, Sierra, 275, 276, 288, 295

Junco oreganus pinosus, 60
oreganus thurberi, 275, 276, 288,

295

Juniperus californica, 51

Kalmia polifolia microphylla, 64

keepi, Bathytoma, 160
Pecten, 150, 154

kellettii, Macron, 134, 135, 137
Siphonalia, 134, 137

Kelloggia galioides, 59

kelloggii, Quercus, 57

Kelly, Mrs. G. Earle, 393

kennedyi, Terebratalia, 161

Kennerleya grandis, 132, 138

kennerleyi, Marcia, 132

kennicotti, Beringius, 132

kernensis, Eutamias, merriami, 56
Trophon, 160

kernianus, Ficus, 160

kettlemanensis, Thais, 148

Kew, W. S., 153

INDEX 415

Key to the North American Species of
the Dipterous Genus Medeterus, with
Descriptions of New Species, by
Millard C. Van Duzee, 257-270

Killdeer, 294

Kingbird, Western, 294

Kingfisher, Western Belted, 294

Kinglet, Western Ruby-crowned, 296

kiosquiformis, Cuma, 134, 135

Kip, Frederic E., 393

Kit Fox, 88

klamathensis, Lepus washingtoni, 64

Kneiss, Mrs. Earl, 393

Knowlton, F, H., 164

kobelti, Volutopsius, 1382

kochevarofi, Glycimeris, 155

Kofoid, Major Charles A., 361

Krameria canescens, 45

parvifolia, 45

krausei, Macoma, 138

Kupfer, CG. A., 361

Kusche, J. August, 393

labrosus, Pentstemon, 59

levicaulis, Mentzelia, 53

Lagomys princeps, 115

Lagurus pauperrimus, 70, 76, 100

lambertiana, Pinus, 57, 274, 283

Lampropeltis californiw, 54

conjuncta, 48
pyromelana multicincta, 60

lanata, Eurotia, 52

lanatum, Trichostema, 53

lanceolata, Magnolia, 164

Strombina, 134

Lanivireo solitarius cassini, 60, 278,
280, 293, 295

Lark Sparrow, Western, 295

Larrea divaricata, 45

Larus occidentalis, 273

lascivus, Glaucomys sabrinus, 64

Lasionyeteris noctivagans, 61

lasiophthalma, Hydrotwa, 297

Lasiopogon cinereus, 229

Lasiurus noveboracensis, 70, 85

lateralis, Coluber, 54

Spermophilus, 112
Lathyrus sulphureus, 58
latimanus campi, Scapanus, 49

grinnelli, Scapanus, 49

latimanus, Scapanus, 81

Scapanus latimanus, 81

sericatus, Scapanus, 61
Latirus castaneus, 135

ceratus, 135

varicosus, 135

laurinea, Jugulans, 164

lawrencei, Astragalinus, 54

lawsoni, Chrysodomus, 143, 146

Lazuli Bunting, 280, 295

416 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Leach, E. R., 393
League to Enforce Peace, 393
lecontei, Echinocactus, 45
lecontei, Toxostoma, 49
Pecten, 154
Rhinocheilus, 48
Schizaster, 163
Toxostoma lecontei, 49
Leda alwformis, 164
fossa, 132, 138, 139
packardi, 164
penita, 157
Legallet, A., 358
lenticularis, Spisula, 158
lentiformis, Atriplex, 44
lepida, Tachycineta thalassina, 60, 292,
295
Lepidium fremontii, 44
Lepidopleurus, 6
Lepidopleurus cajetanus, 6
Lepidospartum squamatum, 47
Lepidozona, 2, 18
leporinus, Sciurus, 114
Lepper, George Henry, 393
Leptochiton, 6
Leptochiton cinereus, 6
heathi, 6, 8
nexus, 7, 8
Leptogaster aridus, 229
Leptomydas pantherinus, 228
Leptotyphlops humilis, 48
Lepus artemisim, 116
Audubonii, 116
Californicus, 117
californicus bennettii, 117
californicus californicus, 56
californicus deserticola, 51
californicus richardsoni, 51
californicus wallawalla, 56
Trowbridgii, 116
washingtoni klamathensis, 64
leucodermis, Rubus, 58
leucodon, Thomomys bottm, 102
leucogaster brevicaudus, Oncyomys, 55
fuscogriseus, Onychomys, 56
leucogenys, Perodipus, 56
leuconucha, Sitta pygmma, 60
leucophrys, Zonotrichia, 65
leucophylla, Salvia, 53
leucopterus, Mimus polyglottos, 49
leucopus, Hesperomys, 92
Leucosticte tephrocotis dawsoni, 66
leucurus, Ammospermophilus leucurus,
51, 118
leucurus, Ammospermophilus,
51, 118
Levi, S., 364
levipes, Perodipus, 51
Lewis, W. ©., 393

(Proc. 4TH Ser.

Lewisia pygmma, 65
triphylla, 62
lewisii, Mimulus, 62
Natica, 145
Polinices, 133, 143
Libocedrus decurrens, 57
Lick, James, 358
Life-Zone Indicators in California, by
Harvey Monroe Hall and Joseph
Grinnell, 37-67
Lilienthal, Jesse W., 358
Lilium pardalinum, 57
parryi, 57
rubescens, 52
Lima, 127
Lima haseltinei, 164
multiradiata, 164
perrini, 164
limatus, Astragalus, 45
Limnophora incrassata, 299
magnipunctata, 301
nobilis, 301, 302
Linatella pacifica, 143
lincolni lincolni, Melospiza, 63
Melospiza lincolni, 63
Lindsley, Prof. Earle G., 361
linearis, Chilopsis, 46
heterophylla, Philibertia, 45
Palafoxia, 47
Linnet, California, 295
Linthia californica, 159, 161
Lippia nodiflora, 46
Liquidambar californicum, 164
europeum, 163
liratus, Brachysphingus, 165
Chrysodomus, 132, 139, 143, 145,
156
Little Chief Hare, 115
Little, Luther, 273, 376, 393, 394
lobatus, Medeterus, 259
lompocensis, Pecten, 160, 161
Long-tailed Chat, 280, 283, 295
longicauda, Icteria virens, 280, 295
longicaudus, Phenacomys, 61
Reithrodontomys megalotis, 56
longicrus interior, Myotis, 61
longicrus, Myotis, 61
Myotis longicrus, 61
longifissa, Mellita, 134, 137
longifolia, Arnica, 62
longimembris brevinasus, Perognathus,
50
panamintinus, Perognathus, 56
longinquus, Medeterus, 259, 262
Loomis, Leverett Mills, 359, 378
lophantha, Albizzia, 370
Lophortyx californica vallicola, 54, 204
gambeli gambeli, 48
lorenzoanum, Cardium, 162

Vor. IX]

lorenzoensis, Tellina, 162
lotor pallidus, Procyon, 50
Louderback, Dr. George D., 377
Lovenia cordiformis, 134
Lovett, A. L., (with F. R. Cole), New
Oregon Diptera, 221-255
393
Loxotrema turrita, 163
Lucapina crenulata, 133
luciw, Vermivora, 49
lucida, Gutierrezia, 47
lucifugus altipetens, Myotis, 63
ludoviciana, Piranga, 60, 290, 295
lugubris, Aneides lugubris, 54
lugubris, Aneides, 54
luna, Criorhina, 249
Lunatia horni, 163
Lupinus odoratus, 45
luscus luteus, Gulo, 65
lutea, Agathomyia, 238
Peronidea, 132, 145, 155
lutescens, Vermivora celata, 275, 295
Lutescent Warbler, 275, 295
luteus, Gulo luscus, 65
Lycium andersonii, 46
Lygodesmia exigua, 47
Lynch, James K., 358
Lynx fasciatus, 89
fasciatus fasciatus, 89
ruffus californicus, 89
ruffus oculeus, 90
rufus, 89
rufus, var. maculatus, 89
Lyria andersoni, 163
Lyropecten, 127, 128, 129, 130, 181, 182,
144, 146, 148, 153, 155, 160, 161, 165,
166
Lyropecten ashleyi, 149
Macateeia atra, 305
maccreadyi, Turritella, 165
MacFarland, Dr. F. M., 359
Macgillivray’s Warbler, 295
Macnab Cypress, 287
macnabiana, Cupressus, 51
Macoma andersoni, 158
arctata, 159
astori, 143, 148, 156
balthica, 139
bodegensis, 133
calcarea, 136, 138, 139, 142, 143,
144, 145, 156
krausei, 138
middendorffi, 182, 138, 139, 145
nasuta, 127, 143, 162
ocoyana, 159
pabloensis, 158
Macomber, A. Kingsley, 358
macrantha, Chenactis, 46
Hosackia, 58

INDEX 417

Macrocallista, 127, 163
Macrocallista aurantiaca, 134, 135
californica, 163
horni, 163
mathewsoni, 162
squalida, 134, 135
uvasana, 163
vespertina, 162
macrocarpa, Cupressus, 57
Pseudotsuga, 290
Sesbania, 45
Macron e#thiops, 134, 135
kellettii, 184, 135, 137
merriami, 160
Macronema discoidea, 64
suffruticosa, 65
macrophyllum, Acer, 58
Geum, 58
macroschisma, Monia, 139, 151
macrotis arsipus, Vulpes, 50, 87
macrotis, Vulpes, 50
muticus, Vulpes, 50
Neotoma fuscipes, 97
Vulpes macrotis, 50
Macrotus californicus, 49
Mactra exoleta, 134, 137
macula, Anthrax, 226
macularia, Actitis, 294
maculata, Aciura, 252
maculatum, Euderma, 50
maculatus falcinellus, Pipilo, 276, 295
Meandra bowersi, 154
magister, Sceloporus, 48
Ursus, 55
magnabiana, Cupressus, 287
magnifica, Abies, 61
shastensis, Abies, 61
magnificum, Cardium, 134
magnipunctata, Limnophora, 801
Magnolia, 164
Magnolia californica, 164
lanceolata, 164
magnolia, Pecten, 161
magnus, Eclimus, 225
Chrysodomus, 132
Mailliard, John W., 286, 291, 358, 364,
393, 394
Mailliard, Joseph, Notes on the Avi-
fauna of the Inner Coast Range of
California, 273-296
358, 359, 364, 365, 376, 394
major, Batrachoseps, 47
Boykinia, 57
major, Erymomyia, 310
Glycimeris veatchi, 164
Zapus, 64
Malacothrix californica, 47
eoulteri, 47
glabrata, 47

418 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Malloch, J. R., New Species of Flies
(Diptera) from California, 297-312
221, 394
malvyaceum, Ribes, 52
Malvastrum exile, 45
fasciculatum, 53

mamillatus, Ficus, 163

maniculatus clementis, Peromyscus, 91
gambelii, Peromyscus, 91, 93
oreas, Peromyscus, 94
sonoriensis, Peromyscus, 77, 91

manitou, Camptobrochys, 355

manzanita, Arctostaphylos, 53

Marcia gibbosa, 142, 144

kennerleyi, 132

oregonensis, 142, 143, 145, 148,
156, 157, 159, 162

subdiaphana, 132, 136, 151, 152

marcianus, Thamnophis, 48

margaritacea occidentalis, Anaphalis,
59

Margaritiphora fimbriata, 134, 135

marginatus, Aradus, 339

Marin Song Sparrow, 278, 283, 295

mariposm, Eutamias merriami, 56

Passerella iliaca, 63
Sorex montereyensis, 61
Sylvilagus bachmani, 56

maritimum, Celopleurum, 58

maritimus, Phytocoris, 349

marshalli, Gyrineum, 142, 143, 145, 155

Martes caurina sierra, 63

pennanti pacifica, 63

Martin, B., 144, 157

Martin, Mrs. Emma, 394

Martin, J. O., 394

Martin, Western Purple, 283, 295

martinezensis, Turritella, 165

martini, Ovula, 165

Terebra, 153

martirensis, Peromyscus truei, 56

Mathews, Henry E., 394

mathewsoni, Chione, 159

Cucullwa, 164
Dosinia, 157, 159, 162
Macrocallista, 162
Mytilus, 162

Olivella, 163

Ranella, 160

maurus, Medeterus, 260

mazama, Thomomys monticola, 64

m'callii, Phrynosoma, 48

McAllister, M. Hall, 357

McClellan, Captain George B., 73, 84

McDonald, A., 394

McGee, Sergeant Patrick H., 394

McLaren, John, 394

McLellan, M. E., 394

McMinn, Prof. Howard G., 361

(Proc. 4TH Ser.

MeMurphy, Prof, James I. W., 360
Meadowlark, Western, 294
mearnsi, Colaptes chrysoides, 49
Mechanism in the Production of the
Throat-fan in the Florida Chame-
leon, Anolis carolinensis, by Chas.
E. von Geldern, 313-329
Medeterus aberrans, 259
abruptus, 259, 270
gneus, 259, 263
equalis, 259, 265
aldrichii, 259
appendiculatus, 260
aurivittatus, 260
cerulescens, 260
californiensis, 260
cuneiformis, 258, 263
cyanogaster, 260
distinctus, 260, 266
emarginatus, 259
falcatus, 259, 261
flavipes, 259, 269
frontalis, 259, 265
halteralis, 259, 267
lobatus, 259
longinquus, 259, 262
maurus, 260
modestus, 260
nigripes, 259
nitidiventris, 258, 259, 264
novus, 258, 262
obesus, 258, 264
obscuripennis, 259, 266
petulcus, 258
planipes, 259, 269
princeps, 260
similis, 258, 261
veles, 260
viduus, 259
vittatus, 259, 268
xerophilus, 260
media, Antennaria, 66
meekanum, Cardium, 142, 143, 144, 145,
146, 148, 154, 155, 156, 158
megalotis longicaudus, Reithrodon-
tomys, 56
megarhyncha, Passerella iliaca, 288
Meiere, Mrs. Ernest, 394
Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi, 54,
292, 204
melanocephala capitalis, Zamelodia,
278, 295
melanoleucus, Coluber, 198
mellifera, Salvia, 53
Mellita, 131
Mellita longifissa, 134, 137
melodia gouldi, Melospiza, 278, 295
Melopelia asiatica trudeaui, 48

Vor. IX]

Melospiza lincolni lincolni, 63
melodia gouldi, 278, 295
mendenhalli, Siderastrwa, 154
Mentzelia aurea, 53
levicaulis, 53
menziesii, Arbutus, 59
Mephitis estor, 50
occidentalis, 88
occidentalis holzneri, 88, 89
occidentalis occidentalis, 89
Meretrix, 127
Merganser, American, 296
Mergus americanus, 296
Meriones hudsonius, 107
Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, 369
Merriam, Professor J. C., 2, 147, 160
merriami, Dichoceenia, 154
Dipodomys merriami, 106
Dosinia, 158
Eutamias merriami, 56
exilis, Dipodomys, 51
Hercoglossa, 165
kernensis, Eutamias, 56
Macron, 160
maripos®, Eutamias, 56
merriami, Dipodomys, 106
merriami, Eutamias, 56
nitratoides, Dipodomys, 51
parvus, Dipodomys, 51
Pipistrellus hesperus, 49
pricei, Eutamias, 61, 112
Seutella, 159
simiolus, Dipodomys, 51
Spisula, 163
Turritella, 163
Venericardia, 163
mertensiana, Cassiope, 64
Tsuga, 64
meruloides, Passerella iliaca, 296
Metapogon setigerum, 235
Metealf, Dr. W., 360
meteloides, Datura, 46
Metis alta, 133, 135, 187, 151, 152, 153,
159
mewa, Thomomys botte, 56
Mexican Bush Rat, 95
mexicana, Neotoma, 95
occidentalis, Sialia, 296
Salazaria, 46
mexicanus, Falco, 48
fontalis, Carpodacus, 295
punctulatus, Catherpes, 55
Pyrocephalus rubinus, 49
micrantha, Heuchera, 58
Microdipodops californicus, 56
polionotus, 56
microdonta, Arca, 158, 159
Micropallas whitneyi whitneyi, 48

INDEX 419

microphylla, Brickellia, 53
Kalmia polifolia, 64
Parkinsonia, 45
micropora, Encope, 134, 136
microps, Perodipus, 51
Microtus californicus californicus, 99
montanus dutcheri, 63
townsendii, 99
middendorffi, Macoma, 132, 139, 145
Mytilus, 155, 156
migratorius propinquus, Planesticus,
292, 296
miguelensis, Pecten, 160
Miller, Mrs. Charles E., 394
Miller, Jr., Gerrit S., 72
Mills, Ogden, 364
Miltha childreni, 134, 1387, 167
sanctecrucis, 148
Mimulus lewisii, 62
Mimus polyglottos leucopterus, 49
minimus californicus, Psaltriparus, 55,
296
minimus, Psaltriparus, 55
Psaltriparus minimus, 55
minor, Castanopsis chrysophylla, 52
hesperis, Chordeiles, 63
Pyrola, 62
miocenicum, Taxodium distichum, 163
Miopleionia, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131,
161, 162
Miopleionia indurata, 157, 162
oregonensis, 143, 145, 146, 148,
155, 156
Mirabilis froebellii, 44
Missouri Striped Squirrel, 111
missouriensis, Iris, 57
mitchellii, Crotalus, 48
Mitella breweri, 62
diversifolia, 58
ovalis, 58
pentandra, 62
mitis, Contia, 60
Mitra, 128
Mitra tristis, 134
modesta, Whipplea, 58
modestus, Medeterus, 260
Modiolus directus, 147
flabellatus, 133
gabbi, 158
multiradiatus, 159
rectus, 146, 151
ynezanus, 161
Mohavea breviflora, 46
viscida, 46
mohavyensis, Citellus, 51
Perodipus, 51
Thomomys perpallidus, 50, 103
Yucca, 44
Mole, Western, 81

420 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

mollis stephensi, Citellus, 56
Molothrus ater obscurus, 49
Monia macroschisma, 139, 151
monoensis, Eutamias amanus, 64
Passerella iliaca, 63
Perodipus, 56
Molopophorus, 127, 128
Molopophorus anglonana, 160
gabbi, 162
monophylla, Pinus, 52
Monoptilon bellioides, 47
montana, Arvicola, 99
Pickeringia, 52
Thamnosma, 45
montanus dutcheri, Microtus, 63
Monterey Field-mouse, 99
Hermit Thrush, 275, 281, 296
montereyensis mariposs, Sorex, 61
montereyensis, Sorex, 61
Sorex montereyensis, 61
montereyi, Chlorostoma, 133
monticola mazama, Thomomys, 64
monticola, Thomomys, 64, 103
Pinus, 62
premaxillaris, Thomomys, 64
Thomomys monticola, 64, 103
montigenum, Ribes, 64
Moody, C. L., 152
Mopalia, 10
Mopalia egretta, 13, 17
imporcata, 12
phorminx, 10
sinuata, 12, 17
morani, Cucullwa, 163
moraniana, Nassa, 143, 144, 146, 148
morchianum, Buccinum, 132
morchianus Beringius, 132
Morrison, Alexander F., 358
Morse, H. I., 359, 394
morsei, Arca, 163
Mountain Chickadee, Short-tailed, 295
Quail, 283, 294
Mourning Dove, Western, 294
Mouse, Great-Eared, 93
mucronata, Neptunea, 165
Murex sopenahensis, 163
muriciformis, Eupleura, 134, 137
muricus, Mustela, 63
murinus, Beolophus inornatus, 55
murrayana, Pinus, 62
Mus musculus, 100
musculus musculus, 100
rattus, 100
musculus, Mus, 100
Mus musculus, 100
musculus, Mus, 100
Museum of Comparative Zoology, 390
Mustela muricus, 63
muticus, Vulpes macrotis, 50

(Proc. 47H Sen.

Mys arenaris, 156
japonica, 144
truncata, 132, 138, 139, 145
Myadestes townsendi, 63
Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens,
280, 294
Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni,
280, 294
Myotis californicus, 84
californicus californicus, 85
californicus pallidus, 49
lucifugus altipetens, 63
muiri, Ochotona schisticeps, 65
Mulinia densata, 147, 156, 158, 159
grayi, 137
pallida, 134, 135
multicincta, Lampropeltis pyromelana,
60
multicostata, Arca, 133, 134, 152, 155
Cytherea, 134
multicrispatus, Murex, 135
multiflora, Brickellia, 46
multiradiata, Lima, 164
pleniradiata, Baileya, 46
multiradiatus, Modiolus, 159
Murex, 127, 128, 153
Murex carpenteri, 134
eldridgei, 153
festivus, 135
multicrispatus, 135
radix, 134, 135
sopenshensis, 163
muricata, Pinus, 57
muricatum, Vasum, 135
Myotis californicus quercinus, 84
longicrus interior, 61
longicrus longicrus, 61
lucifugus altipetens, 63
occultus, 49
orinomus, 55
velifer, 49
yumanensis yumanensis, 49
myricefolia, Rhus, 164
Mytilus coalingensis, 147, 148, 158
expansus, 159, 161
mathewsoni, 162
middendorffi, 155, 156
ynezianus, 162
neyius, Ixoreus nevius, 63
neyvius, Ixoreus, 63
nana, Hulsea, 66
Hylocichla guttata, 296
nannodes, Cervus, 51
Nannus hiemalis pacificus, 60
hiemalis pacificus, 279, 295
Nassa, 128
Nassa arnoldi, 160
californiana, 146, 148
fossata, 133
moraniana, 143, 144, 146, 148

Vor. IX]

Nassa perpinguis, 133
versicolor, 137
nasuta, Macoma, 127, 143, 162
Pholadomya, 164
Natica clausa, 133, 136, 188, 139, 142,
143, 144, 145, 151, 156
draconis, 145
hannibali, 163
inezana, 161
lewisii, 145
oregonensis, 157
“pallida, 132, 138, 139
National War Garden Commission, 394
Nautilus, 127, 163
Nautilus hallidayi, 165
stephensoni, 165
navarchus, Pecten hericeus, 139
navigator, Neosorex, 70, 82, 83
Neosorex palustris, 70, 82
nebulo, Cyrtopogon, 232
necator, Vulpes, 63
neglecta, Chione, 134, 135, 137, 167
Frasera, 59
Sturnella, 294
neglectus, Penthestes rufescens, 60
Perognathus inornatus, 50
Nelson, E. W., 72
nelsoni, Ammospermophilus nelsoni, 51
amplus, Ammospermophilus, 51
Icterus cucullatus, 49
nelsoni, Ammospermophilus, 51
Ovis canadensis, 51
Neosorex bendirei bendirei, 63
navigator, 70, 82, 83
palustris navigator, 70, 82
Neotoma albigula venusta, 50 95
cinerea occidentalis, 70, 98
fuscipes, 97
fuscipes annectens, 97
fuscipes macrotis, 97
intermedia desertorum, 50
intermedia intermedia, 50, 95
Mexicana, 95
occidentalis, 70, 98
Neptunea mucronata, 165
nesioticus, Citellus beecheyi, 109
Neurotrichus gibbsii gibbsii, 61
gibbsii hyacinthinus, 61
nevadanus, Pecten, 160, 161
nevadensis, Arctostaphylos, 62
canescens, Amphispiza, 55
Podistera, 66
Quercus, 164
Neverita callosa, 160
recluziana, 158
New Hemipterous Insects of the Gen-
era Aradus, Phytocoris and Camp-
tobrochys, by Edward P. Van Duzee,
331-356

INDEX

421

New Oregon Diptera, by F. R. Cole
and A. L. Lovett, 221-255
New Species of Flies (Diptera) from
California, by J. R. Malloch, 297-312
newcombei, Turritella, 162
newcombiana, Pitaria, 137
nexus, Leptochiton, 7, 8
Niagara Fire Insurance Company, 394
Nicasio Wren, 280
Nicolletia occidentalis, 47
Nicotiana glauca, 46
trigonophylla, 46
Nidiver, Captain H. B., 375
nigra, Platyura, 222
nigrescens, Dendroica, 55, 281, 287, 295
nigrifrons, Phytocoris, 352
nigricans, Sayornis, 294
Thomomys bott», 56
nigripes, Medeterus, 259
Sciurus griseus, 61, 114
nigropolita, Dialyta, 802
nigrovittata, Chilosia, 239
nipponicus, Iquius, 271
nitida, Frasera, 59
nitidiventris, Medeterus, 258, 259, 264
nitidus, Petalonyx, 45
Phalenoptilus nuttalli, 49
Vespertilio, 84
nitratiodes, Dipodomys merriami, 51
nobilis, Limnophora, 301, 302
noctivagans, Lasionycteris, 61
nodiferus, Chrysodomus, 157, 160
Ficus, 148, 149, 150, 153, 155,
158, 160
nodiflora, Lippia, 46
Nolina parryi, 52
Nomland, J. M., 147, 168
nordenskioldi, Sequoia, 163
Norellia occidentalis, 311
normalis, Hylemyia, 309
norrisi, Scutella, 159, 161
Northern Brown Towhee, 276, 295
Pileated Woodpecker, 290, 294
Violet-green Swallows, 292, 295
Northwestern California Jay, 294
norvegica, Artemisia, 64
notata, Uma, 48
Notes on Mammals collected princi-
pally in Washington and California
between the Years 1853 and 1874 by
Dr. James Graham Cooper, by Wal-
ter P. Taylor, 69-121
Notes on the Avifauna of the Inner
Coast Range of California, by Joseph
Mailliard, 273-296
Notes on West American Chitons—II,
by S. Stillman Berry, 1-36
Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi, 49
novewhollandiw, Ischnochiton, 1

422

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

noveboracensis, Lasiurus, 70, 85
novus, Medeterus, 258

Noyes, Russell, 394

Nucifraga columbiana, 65
Nucula, 129

Nucula conradi, 156, 159

gettysburgensis, 162
townsendi, 162

Nuthatch, Pygmy, 290

nuttalli californicus, Phalenoptilus, 54,

Red-breasted, 295
Slender-billed, 281, 292, 295

292, 204
Dryobates, 54
grangeri, Sylvilagus, 61
nitidus, Phalenoptilus, 49
nuttali, Phalenoptilus, 54
Phalenoptilus nuttalli, 54
Pica, 49
Schizotherus, 133
Siliqua, 133
Sylvilagus nuttalli, 61
Zonotrichia, 60

nuttallii, Cornus, 58

Nuttallornis borealis, 60, 294
nutteri, Pecten, 145, 147, 148, 155
Nycteris borealis teliotis, 70, 85
Nyssa, 164

obcordatum, Epilobium, 64
obesus, Medeterus, 208, 264
obispoana, Arca, 159

obruta, Tellina, 157

obscura, Polioptila cerulea, 55, 296
obscuripennis, Medeterus, 259, 266
obscurus, Evotomys, 63

griseus, Perisoreus, 63
Molothrus ater, 49
obscurus, Perisoreus, 63
Perisoreus obscurus, 63
sierre, Dendragapus, 62
Vespertilio, 84

obsoletus, Citellus, 70

Spermophilus, 70

occidentale, Cynoglossum, 59

occidentalis, Anaphalis margaritacea,
59
Azalea, 371

Rhododendron, 59
Vaccinium, 62

bi-seriatus, Sceloporus, 54
caurina, Strix, 60

Cercis, 52

Certhia familiaris, 60, 295
Dendroica, 60

holzneri, Mephitis, 88, 89
Larus, 273

Mephitis, 88

Mephitis occidentalis, 89
Neotoma, 70, 98

occidentalis, Neotoma cinerea, 70, 98
Nicolletia, 47
occidentalis, Norellia, 311
occidentalis, Mephitis, 89
occidentalis, Sceloporus, 54
occidentalis, Strix, 54
Pirus, 62
Sceloporus occidentalis, 54
Sialia mexicana, 296
Strix occidentalis, 54
taylori, Sceloporus, 62
Terebratalia, 146, 153
occipitalis, Sonora, 48
occulta, Hydrotwa, 298
occultus, Myotis, 49
ocellatum, Cerithium, 135
Ochotona schisticeps albatus, 65
schisticeps muiri, 65
schisticeps schisticeps, 65, 115
ochrogenys, Eutamias townsendi, 61
ocoyana, Macoma, 159
Turritella, 160
ochropus estor, Canis, 50
ochrus, Perognathus californicus, 51
Ochsner, W. H., 135, 147
oculeus, Lynx ruffus, 90
Odocoileus hemionus eremicus, 51
odoratus, Lupinus, 45
Oenothera brevipes, 45
Oldroyd, Mrs. Ida S., 394
oldroydi, Atrina, 133
oliganthus, Ceanothus, 53
Oliva, 128
Oliva angulata, 135
araneosa, 134, 135
peruviana, 135
porphyria, 134, 135, 149, 154
splendidula, 134
olivacea, Uvanilla, 135
olivaceus, Regulus satrapa, 63
Olive-sided Flycatcher, 294
Olivella biplicata, 135
mathewsoni, 163
Olneya tesota, 45
Olympic Elk, 369
onustus, Phytocoris, 344
Onychomys leucogaster breyicaudus, 55
leucogaster fuscogriseus, 56
torridus pulcher, 50
torridus ramona, 50
torridus tularensis, 50
oocleptica, Aphelocoma californica, 54,
294
operarius, Thomomys, 50
Oporornis tolmiei, 60, 295
Opuntia acanthocarpa, 45
bernardina, 45
echinocarpa, 45
engelmannii, 45

Vor. IX]

opuntia, Pecten, 150, 151
orarius orarius, Scapanus, 70, 81
Scapanus, 81
Scapanus orarius, 70, 81
Zapus, 61
orbiculus, Aradus, 337
Oreutt, C. R., 394
orecutti, Sceloporus, 54
oreuttii, Spheralcea, 45
ordinoides atratus, Thamnophis, 60
elegans, Thamnophis, 60
hammondii, Thamnophis, 54
oreas, Peromyscus maniculatus, 94
oreganus pinosus, Junco, 60
thurberi, Junco, 275, 276, 288,
295
Oregon Red Squirrel, 114
oregona, Dziedzickia, 223
Yoldia, 157, 160, 162
oregonense, Argobuccium, 136, 138, 142,
145, 146, 151, 155
Eudolium, 156
oregonensis, Ampullina, 157
oregonensis, Aricia, 254
Cancellaria, 156
oregonensis, Conosia, 254
Dendraster, 143, 154
Discinisea, 156, 158
Marcia, 142, 143, 145, 148, 156,
157, 159, 162
oregonensis, Medeterus, 259, 268
Miopleionia, 143, 145, 146, 148,
155, 156
Natica, 157
Strepsidura, 162
Tellina, 157
Turritella, 157, 162
oregonus, Zapus princeps, 107
Oreortyx picta plumifera, 60, 283, 294
Oreospiza chlorura, 63, 295
orinomus, Myotis, 55
Oriole, Bullock’s, 280, 294
ornata, Uta, 48
O'Shaughnessy, M. M., 361
Ostrea, 128, 148, 159, 165, 166
Ostrea attwoodi, 147, 158
chilensis, 135
eldridgei, 159
heermani, 153
idriaensis, 163
palmula, 134, 153
titan, 158, 159
veatchi, 146, 147, 150, 151, 152,
153, 166
vespertina, 147, 153
Otis, I. C., 395
Otus asio gilmani, 49
flammeolus, 63

INDEX 423

ovalis, Cryptomya, 147, 148
Mitella, 58
ovata, Rhus, 52
ovatum, Trillium, 57
Vaccinium, 59
Ovis canadensis nelsoni, 51
canadensis sierrm, 65
Ovula, 129
Ovula martini, 165
oweni, Pecten, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148,
150, 152, 155
owenianus, Conus, 160
Owl, Pacific Horned, 294
Oxyechus vociferus, 294
Oxyria digyna, 65
pabloensis, Cancellaria, 158
Chione, 158
Macoma, 158
Pecten, 158
Page, George T., 358
pachecoensis, Turritella, 165
Pacific Black-headed Grosbeak, 278,
295
Horned Owl, 294
pacifica, Area, 134
pacifica, Chilosia, 240
pacifica, Didea, 246
Linatella, 143
Martes pennanti, 63
Priene, 155
pacifica, Syrphus, 245
pacificum, Cymatium, 156
pacificus, Antrozous, 50
Bubo virginianus, 294
Nannus hiemalis, 60, 279, 295
Sorex, 61
packardi, Leda, 164
pajaroanus, Schizothewrus, 148, 144,
145, 147
Palafoxia linearis, 47
pallescens, Corynorhinus rafinesquii, 50
Thomomys bott«, 50, 102
Pallid Wren-tit, 275, 282, 296
pallida, Garrya, 53
Mulinia, 134, 135
Natica, 182, 138
pallidus, Antrozous, 50, 87
Antrozous pallidus, 87
Myotis californicus, 49
pallidus, Antrozous, 87
Perognathus fallax, 51
Procyon lotor, 50
Pallium, 130, 148
palmata, Cucurbita, 46
Palmer, T. S., 72
palmeri, Ceanothus, 58
Coldenia, 45
Garrya veatchii, 53
Gerrhonotus, 62

424 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

palmula, Ostrea, 134, 153
palustris navigator, Neosorex, 70, 82
panamintinus brevinasus, Perognathus,
104
Eutamias, 56
Perodipus, 56, 106
Perognathus longimembris, 56
Pandora grandis, 144
punctata, 133
paniculatus, Chrysothamnus, 46
pannosus, Aradus, 332
Panomya ampla, 133, 143, 145, 146, 156
Panopmea, 127
Panopea estrellana, 158, 159
generosa, 127, 133, 136, 142, 145,
147, 151, 152, 157, 159, 161,
162
pantherinus, Leptomydas, 228
panzana, Chione, 159
Paphia, 128
Paphia grewingki, 155
staleyi, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148,
154, 156
staminea, 133, 143, 147
tenerrima, 133, 146, 147, 152, 158
papposa, Pectis, 47
Papyridea harrimani, 155
pardalinum, Lilium, 57
Parish, S. B., 395
parishii, Viguiera deltoidea, 47
parisorum, Icterus, 54
Parkinsonia microphylla, 45
parkmanni, Troglodytes aédon, 278, 295
parma, Scutella, 132
parmaleei, Pecten, 150, 151
Parosela californica, 45
emoryi, 45
schottii, 45
parshleyi, Aradus, 336
parryi, Condalia, 45
Lilium, 57
Nolina, 52
parviflora, Vancouveria, 57
parviflorus, Rubus, 58, 370
parvifolia, Krameria, 45
parvifolius, Cerocarpus, 52
parvisquama, Ceenosia, 304
parvus, Dipodomys merriami, 51
Perognathus, 93, 104
Pasania densiflora, 57
pascalis, Thomomys bottm, 50
Passer domesticus, 296
Passerella iliaca brevicauda, 63, 275,
276, 289, 291, 295
iliaca canescens, 63
iliaca fulva, 63
iliaca mariposae, 63
iliaca megarhyncha, 288
iliaca meruloides, 296

(Proc. 47H Ser.

Passerella iliaca monoensis, 63
iliaca stephensi, 63
iliaca unalaschcensis, 275, 295
Passerina ameena, 280, 295
passerina arizonw, Spizella, 275, 295
Patinopecten, 128, 130
patula, Arctostaphylos, 59
Sisiqua, 132
pauciradiata, Baileya, 46
pauperrima, Arvicola, 70, 71, 100
pauperrimus, Lagurus, 70, 76, 100
peckhami, Pecten, 160
Pecten, 127, 128
Pecten wquisulcatus, 133, 137
andersoni, 160
ashleyi, 149, 150, 152, 153
bellus, 150, 151, 152
branneri, 161, 162
carrizoensis, 153
caurinus, 130, 131, 133, 136, 138,
143, 144, 150, 151, 154, 166
cerrosensis, 146, 147, 149, 150,
151, 152, 155
circularis, 134, 135
coalingensis, 147
cooperi, 151
coosensis, 156
crassicardo, 158, 160
dentatus, 134, 137
deserti, 153
diegensis, 133
dilleri, 143, 144, 154, 155
discus, 160
estrellanus, 147, 158, 160
etchegoini, 146, 147
fucanus, 156, 157
hamlini, 160
hastatus, 132, 133, 146, 151
healeyi, 130, 131, 144, 145, 146,
147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 155,
166
hemphilli, 146, 150, 151, 152, 155
hericeus, 133, 151
hericeus navarchus, 139
holwayi, 158
interradiatus, 164
islandicus, 132, 138
jordani, 136, 150, 151
keepi, 150, 154
lecontei, 154
lompocensis, 160, 161
magnolia, 161
miguelensis, 160
nevadanus, 160, 161
nutteri, 145, 147, 148, 155
opuntia, 150, 151
oweni, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148,
150, 152, 155
pabloensis, 158

Vor. IX]

Pecten parmaleei, 150, 151
peckhami, 160
perrini, 160, 161
propatulus, 157, 160
proteus, 147
purisimaensis, 145
raymondi, 158
sanctecruzensis, 161
sancti-ludovici, 158
sespeensis, 161
stearnsi, 146, 150, 151, 152, 155
subnodosus, 134, 135, 137, 150,
167
swifti, 139, 148, 167
vanvlecki, 161
veatchi, 149, 154
wattsi, 146, 148
waylandi, 162
weaveri, 158
Pectis papposa, 47
Pedicularis grenlandica, 62
Peers, John Richard, 389
Peers, Susie, 395
Pegomyia vanduzeei, 307
pelludica, Avicula, 163
peltata, Saxifraga, 58
peltoides, Astrodapsis, 147
pendens, Bombylius aurifer, 226
penicillatus penicillatus, Perognathus,
50, 104
Perognathus, 104
Perognathus penicillatus, 50, 104
stephensi, Perognathus, 50
penita, Leda, 157
pennanti pacifica, Martes, 63
pentandra, Mitella, 62
Penthestes gambeli abbreviatus, 295
rufescens barlowi, 60
rufescens neglectus, 60
rufescens rufescens, 60, 295
Pentstemon cordifolius, 53
davidsonii, 66
gracilentus, 62
heterophyllus, 53
labrosus, 59
ternatus, 53
peramabilis, Solariella, 151
Perisoreus obscurus griseus, 63
obscurus obscurus, 63
Perissolax, 127
Perissolax blakei, 163, 165
Perityle emoryi, 47
Perodipus agilis simulans, 105
dixoni, 51
elephantinus, 56
ingens, 51
leucogenys, 56
levipes, 51
microps, 51

INDEX

425

Perodipus mohayensis, 51
monoensis, 56
panamintinus, 56, 106
perplexus, 56
streatori, 56
swarthi, 51
tularensis, 51
venustus, 56
Perognathus bombycinus, 50
californicus californicus, 56
californicus femoralis, 56
californicus ochrus, 51
fallax fallax, 50
fallax pallidus, 51
formosus, 50
inornatus inornatus, 50
inornatus neglectus, 50
longimembris brevinasus, 50
longimembris panamintinus, 56
panamintinus brevinasus, 104
parvus, 93, 104
penicillatus, 104
penicillatus penicillatus, 50, 104
penicillatus stephensi, 50
spinatus spinatus, 51
Peromyscus boylei boylei, 61
boylei rowleyi, 61
californicus, 78
ealifornicus californicus, 56, 90
californicus insignis, 56
crinitus crinitus, 56
crinitus stephensi, 50
eremicus eremicus, 50
eremicus fraterculus, 50, 90
maniculatus clementis, 91
maniculatus gambelii, 91, 93
maniculatus sonoriensis, 77, 91
maniculatus sonoriensis, 91
maniculatus oreas, 94
truei gilberti, 56, 94
truei martirensis, 56
truei truei, 56
Peronidea lutea, 132, 145, 155
perpallidus albatus, Thomomys, 50
aureus, Thomomys, 50
mohavensis, Thomomys, 50, 103
perpallidus, Thomomys, 50
perpes, Thomomys, 50
Thomomys perpallidus, 50
perpes, Thomomys perpallidus, 50
perpinguis, Nassa, 133
perplexans, Ceanothus, 53
perplexus, Perodipus, 56
perrini, Dendraster, 147
Lima, 164
Pecten, 160, 161
Persea pseudocarolinensis, 164
perspicax, Cyrtopogon, 233
pertenuis, Venus, 148

426 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

peruviana, Arvicula, 134
Oliva, 135
perversa, Turris, 133, 136, 138, 142, 156
Petalonyx nitidus, 45
thurberi, 45
Petasites speciosa, 59
petrwa, Salix arctica, 65
petrocallis, Senecio, 66
petrosa, Cylichnella, 157
petrosum, Eudolium, 162
petulecus, Medeterus, 258
Peucephyllum schottii, 47
Phacoides, 127
Phacoides acutilineatus, 129, 156, 157,
160
annulatus, 130, 131, 133, 136,
142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 158
richthofeni, 133, 160
sanctecrucis, 150, 152, 160
turneri, 164
Phalwnoptilus nuttalli californicus, 54,
292, 294
nuttalli nitidus, 49
nuttalli nuttalli, 54
Phalium, 165
Phalium equisulcatum, 156
turricula, 156
Phenacomys longicaudus, 61
Philibertia linearis heterophylla, 45
Philippii, Dipodomys, 106
Phillips, Miss, 395
Phleotomus pileatus albieticola, 290,
294
Phebe, Black, 294
pheniceus californicus, Agelaius, 287,
292, 294
Chrysodomus, 133
Pholadomya nasuta, 164
Phorandendron californicum, 44
phorminx, Mopalia, 10
Photinia arbutifolia, 52
Phrynosoma m’callii, 48
platyrhinos, 48
Physocarpus capitatus, 58
Phytocoris aurora, 340
barbatus, 353
calvus, 343
canadensis, 346
carnosulus, 347
commissuralis, 351
erectus, 345
histriculus, 346
ingens, 340
maritimus, 349
nigrifrons, 352
onustus, 344
rusticus, 348
Sagax, 352

(Proc. 4TH Ser.

Phytocoris sonorensis, 342
stellatus, 350
tenuis, 341
Pica nuttalli, 49
Picea stichensis, 61
Pickeringia montana, 52
Picoides arcticus, 65
picta plumifera, Oreortyx, 60, 283, 294
Pyrola, 59
pictus, Eutamias, 56
pigra, Bachypalpus, 241
Pileated Woodpecker, Northern, 290,
291, 294
pileatus albieticola, Phlwotomus, 290,
294
Pileolated Warbler, Golden, 295
Pine, Digger, 279
Siskin, 295
Sugar, 274, 283
Yellow, 274, 283
Pinicola enucleator californica, 65
Pinna, 128, 154, 160
Pinna alamedensis, 158, 160
pinosus, Junco oreganus, 60
Pinus albicaulis, 64
balfouriana, 64
contorta, 61
lambertiana, 57, 274, 283
monophylla, 52
monticola, 62
muricata, 57
murrayana, 62
ponderosa, 57, 274, 283
ponderosa jeffreyi, 62
radiata, 57
sabiniana, 52, 279
tuberculata, 52
pinus, Spinus, 295
piperoides, Zizyphinus, 164
Pipilo aberti, 49
crissalis carolm, 55, 276, 295
crissalis crissalis, 55
crissalis senicula, 55
maculatus falcinellus, 276, 295
Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus, 49
hesperus merriami, 49
Pipiza oregona, 246
Piranga ludoviciana, 60, 290, 295
rubra cooperi, 49
Pirus occidentalis, 62
Pisania fortis, 136, 137, 144, 150, 151,
153
Pitaria newcombiana, 137
stalderi, 158
Pituophis, 197, 198
Pituophis annectens, 199
bellona, 199
catenifer, 198, 199, 200, 220

Vor. IX]

Pituophis catenifer annectens, 201, 216,
220
catenifer catenifer, 201, 211
catenifer deserticola, 199, 201
hematois, 198
heermannii, 199
sayi, 199
sayi bellona, 199, 201
vertebralis, 198, 220
wilkesii, 199
Placunanomia californica, 147
Plain Titmouse, 281, 295
Planera, 164
Planesticus migratorius propinquus,
292, 296
planicosta, Venericardia, 129, 163
venturensis, Venericardia, 164
planipes, Medeterus, 259, 269
Platanus appendiculata, 164
platycephalus, Spelerpus, 65
Platychirus frontosus, 247
platypelata, Fragaria virginiana, 58
platyphylla, Atrichoseris, 46
platyrhinos, Phrynosoma, 48
Platyura nigra, 222
pleniradiata, Baileya multiradiata, 46
Plesiastrwa californica, 154
Plestiodon skiltonianum, 54
Plethodon croceator, 59
Pleuraphis rigida, 44
Pleurotoma carpenteriana, 135
Pluchea sericea, 47
plumbea, Polioptila, 49
plumbeus, Psaltriparus, 55
plumifera, Oreortyx picta, 60, 283, 294
pluriseta, Hofmeisteria, 47
Pocillopora capitata, 134
Podistera nevadensis, 66
Polemonium eximium, 66
pulcherrimum, 62
polifolia microphylla, Kalmia, 64
Polinices galianoi, 143, 148, 156
lewisii, 1838, 143
recluzianus, 134
saxea, 157
polionota, Hylocichla guttata, 65
polionotus, Microdipodops, 56
Polioptila cwrulea obscura, 55, 296
californica, 49
plumbea, 49
pollenia, Chrysoceria, 237
pollinosa, Tritoxa, 252
polycephalus, Echinocactus, 45
polyglottos leucopterus, Mimus, 49
Polygonum shastense, 64
pomonensis, Astragalus, 45
ponderosa, Dosinia, 154, 185, 187, 145,
146, 152, 155, 158, 159, 167

INDEX 427

ponderosa jeffreyi, Pinus, 62

Pinus, 57, 274, 283
ponderosus, Trophon, 148, 158
Poor-will, Dusky, 292, 294
Populus glandifer, 163

tremuloides, 62
Porites carrizensis, 154

compressa, 134
porophylloides, Dysodia, 46
Porophyllum gracile, 47
porphyria, Oliva, 184, 135, 149, 154
porterensis, Crenella, 162
portolaensis, Chrysodomus, 145, 146, 148
postplanatus, Chrysodomus, 143, 148
Potentilla breweri, 62

flabellifolia, 62

fruticosa, 64
precursor, Thais, 160
prerupta, Crepidula, 157, 162
Preble, Edward A., 72
premaxillaris, Thomomys monticola, 64
pricei, Eutamias merriami, 61, 112
Priene pacifica, 155
Primula suffrutescens, 66
princeps, Conus, 134, 135

Crepidula, 136, 144, 145, 146,

151, 156, 160

Cyrtopogon, 234

Lagomys, 115

Medeterus, 260

oregonus, Zapus, 107
pringlei, Eriophyllum, 47
Priscofusus, 127, 128
procerum, Cardium, 134, 137, 167
procumbens, Sibbaldia, 65
Procyon lotor pallidus, 50
Progne subis hesperia, 283, 295
propatulus, Pecten, 157, 160
propinquus, Planesticus migratorius,

292, 296

Prosopis glandulosa, 45

pubescens, 45
prostratus, Ceanothus, 58, 274
proteus, Pecten, 147
Prunus demissa, 58

ilicifolia, 52
psaltria hesperophilus, Astragalinus,

295
Psaltriparus minimus californicus, 55,
296

minimus minimus, 55

plumbeus, 55
Psathyrotes annua, 47

ramosissima, 47
pseudocarolinensis, Persea, 164
pseudocastanea, Quercus, 163
Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, 290

taxifolia, 57
Psilostrophe cooperi, 47

428 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

psittacea, Hemithyris, 139
Ptelea baldwinii, 52
pubescens, Prosopis, 45
turati, Dryobates, 294
pulchellus, Tridens, 44
pulcher, Onychomys torridus, 50
pulcherrimum, Polemonium, 62
pulchra, Stipa, 52
punctata, Clidiophora, 146
Pandora, 133
punctatus, Bufo, 47
punctocostatus, Callistochiton decora-
tus, 21
punica, Tellina, 135
purisimaensis, Chrysodomus, 143, 145,
155
Pecten, 145
Purple Finch, California, 275, 283, 204
Martin, Western, 283, 295
Purpura, 128
Purpura foliata, 133, 138, 142
hemostoma, 134, 135
purpurascens, Conus, 134, 135
purpuratus, Strongylocentrotus, 133
purpureus californicus, Carpodacus, 60,
275, 294
Purshia tridentata, 52
pusilla chryseola, Wilsonia, 295
pusillus, Vireo belli, 49
Putnam, Osgood, 358
pygmea, Horkelia, 65
leuconucha, Sitta, 60
Lewisia, 65
pygmea, Sitta, 60, 290
Sitta pygmm@a, 60, 290
Pygmy Nuthatch, 290
pyriformis, Ficus, 150, 153, 160
Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus, 49
Pyrola aphylla, 59
minor, 62 °
picta, 59
pyromelana multicincta, Lampropeltis,
60
quadriboscis, Criorhina, 250
quadrigenarium, Cardium, 133, 144, 147,
152, 153, 158, 159
quadrimaculatus, Eutamias, 61
quadrivattatus, Tamias, 109, 111
Quail, Mountain, 283, 294
Valley, 294
quamash, Camassia, 57
quercinus, Myotis californicus, 84
Quercus agrifolia, 52
chrysolepis, 57
distincta, 164
douglasii, 52
dumosa, 52
kelloggii, 57
nevadensis, 164

(Proc. 47H Ser.

Quercus pseudocastanea, 163
vaccinifolia, 62
wislizenii, 52
radians, Calyptrma, 153
Trochita, 146
radiata, Pinus, 57
radix, Murex, 134, 135
Radsiella, 2
rafinesquii intermedius, Corynorhinus,
55, 86
pallescens, Corynorhinus, 50
Raillardella argentea, 66
ramona, Onychomys torridus, 50
ramosissima, Psathyrotes, 47
Rana aurora draytonii, 54
Ranella californica, 135
mathewsoni, 160
Ranunculus eschscholtzii, 65
rapa, Cancellaria, 146, 147, 148, 150, 153
Rapana, 128, 129, 161
Rapana vaquerosensis, 161
raptor, Bassariscus astutus, 55
Rat, Brown-Footed, 98
Jumping, 107
Mexican Bush, 95
rattus, Mus, 100
Rattus, 100
Rattus rattus, 100
raymondi, Astralium, 158
Pecten, 158
recluziana, Neverita, 158
recluzianus, Polinices, 134
rectirostris, Tritonofusus, 132, 136, 138,
151
rectus, Modiolus, 146, 151
recurva, Hylemyia, 308, 309
Red Squirrel, Oregon, 114
Red-breasted Nuthatch, 295
Sapsucker, Sierra, 290, 294
Red-shafted Flicker, 283, 294
Red-tailed Hawk, Western, 204
Red-wing, Bicolored, 287, 292, 295
redivivum redivivum, Toxostoma, 55
sonomm, Toxostoma, 55, 275, 295
Toxostoma redivivum, 55, 275,
295
Reed, Arthur L., 368, 369, 370
Reed, C. A., 395
regularis, Ischnochiton, 2
Regulus calendula cineraceus, 296
satrapa olivaceus, 63
Reithrodontomys megalotis longicau-
dus, 56
remondi, Asterias, 158
Tellina, 163
remondianum, Flabellum, 162, 164
Report of the Director of the Museum
for the Year 1919, by Barton War-
ren Evermann, 867-396

Vor. IX]

Report of the Librarian for 1919, by
Edward P. Van Duzee, Asst. Libra-
rian, 383

Report of the President of the Acad-
emy for the Year 1919, by C. E.
Grunsky, 357-365

retiporosus, Ischnochiton, 20

reversa, Arca, 134

Reynolds, Mrs. L. R., 395

Rhinocheilus lecontei, 48

Rhodes, Captain H. W., 375

Rhododendron californicum, 59

occidentale, 59

Rhombochiton, 2

Rhus diversiloba, 52

myricefolia, 164
ovata, 52
trilobata, 52
Ribes gracillimum, 52
malvaceum, 52
montigenum, 64
speciosum, 52
richardsoni, Lepus californicus, 51
Myiochanes richardsoni, 280,
294
richardsoni, Myiochanes, 280,
294

richthofeni, Phacoides, 133, 160

Rimella canalifera, 163

rigida, Garrya, 53

Pleuraphis, 44

rigidum, Dendromecon, 52

Rimella, 127, 163

Rimella simplex, 163

ringens, Dolium, 184, 154

Ritter, Dr. William E., 377

rivularis, Crategus, 58

Robin, Western, 283, 292, 296

robusta, Terebra, 134, 135

Urosyca, 165

Rolph, Mayor, 395

Ronneberg, Trygve, 363

Roosevelt Elk Group, 368

Roosevelt, Colonel, 369

roosevelti, Cervus, 61

rosea, Antennaria, 59

rostrata californica, Corylus, 57

rotundus, Clypeaster, 134

rowleyi, Peromyscus boylei, 61

rubescens, Lilium, 52

rubinus, mexicanus, Pyrocephalus, 49

rubra cooperi, Piranga, 49

Rubus leucodermis, 58

parviflorus, 58, 370
spectabilis, 58

Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Western, 296

Rudbeckia californica, 59

rufa californica, Aplodontia, 64

INDEX

429

rufescens barlowi, Penthestes, 60
Haliotis, 133, 143
neglectus, Penthestes, 60
rufescens, Penthestes, 60, 295
Penthestes rufescens, 60, 295
ruffus californicus, Lynx, 89
oculeus, Lynx, 90
ruficapilla gutturalis, Vermivora, 60,
287, 295
ruficeps, Aimophila ruficeps, 55
ruficeps, Aimophila, 55
rufus, Lynx, 89
var. maculatus, Lynx, 89
Rumex hymenosepalus, 44
Russell, I. C., 139
Russet-backed Thrush, 296
rusticus, Phytocoris, 348
Sabalites californica, 164
sabini, Bonasa unbellus, 60
sabiniana, Pinus, 52, 279
sabrinus flaviventris, Glaucomys, 64
californicus, Glaucomys, 64
lascivus, Glaucomys, 64
Sacramento Towhee, 276, 295
sagax, Phytocoris, 352
sagittata, Glycimeris, 163
Salazaria mexicana, 46
salebrosa, Vitularia, 135
salicarius, Guiraca cw#rulea, 49
Salix arctica petrea, 65
glauca villosa, 62
salsuginosus, Erigeron, 62
Salvia apiana, 53
elevelandii, 53
leucophylla, 53
mellifera, 53
spathacea, 53
San Joaquin Wren, 280, 295
sanctecrucis, Miltha, 148
Phacoides, 150, 152, 160
sanctwcruzensis, Pecten, 161
sanctidiegi, Sylvilagus audubonii, 116
sancti-ludovici, Pecten, 158
Sandpiper, Spotted, 294
sanguinea, Sarcodes, 59
Sapsucker, Sierra Red-breasted, 290,
294
Sarcobatus vermiculatus, 52
Sarcodes sanguinea, 59
Sargeant, W. W., 377
sargentii, Cupressus, 51
sarmentosa, Viola, 58
satrapa olivaceus, Regulus, 63
saundersi, Buccinum, 143
Sauromalus ater, 48
savannarum bimaculatus, Ammodra-
mus,, 50
saxea, Polinices, 157

430 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Saxicava arctica, 132, 138, 139
ungana, 156
Saxidomus giganteus, 133, 138, 144, 154
Saxifraga arguta, 62
bryophora, 62
peltata, 58
tolmiei, 65
saxosus, Turbo, 135
sayi bellona, Pituophis, 199, 201
Pituophis, 199
Sayornis nigricans, 294
scabricostatus, Ischnochiton, 20
scalaris cactophilus, Dryobates, 49
Scalops Townsendii, 81
Scapanus latimanus campi, 49
latimanus grinnelli, 49
latimanus latimanus, 81
latimanus sericatus, 61
orarius, 81
orarius orarius, 70, 81
townsendii, 61
scapterus, Thomomys, 56
Scatophagide, 311
Sceloporus graciosus graciosus, 59
graciosus vandenburgianus, 59
magister, 48
occidentalis bi-seriatus, 54
occidentalis occidentalis, 54
occidentalis taylori, 62
orcutti, 54
schimperi, Geonomites, 164
schisticeps albatus, Ochotona, 65
muiri, Ochotona, 65
Ochotona schisticeps, 65, 115
schisticeps, Ochotona, 65, 115
Schizaster lecontei, 163
Schizotherus nuttalli, 133
pajaroanus, 143, 144, 145, 147
schottii, Parosela, 45
Peucephyllum, 47
Schussler, Herman, 358
scincicauda, Gerrhonotus scincicauda,
Ot
scincicauda, Gerrhonotus, 54
webbii, Gerrhonotus, 54
Sciurus douglasii albolimbatus, 114
Douglassii, 114
griseus anthonyi, 61
griseus griseus, 61
griseus nigripes, 61, 114
leporinus, 114
Scofield, Norman B.,, 375, 377
Scoliopus bigelovii, 57
scopulosum, Sinum, 148, 157, 160
scotiaensis, Chrysodomus, 143
Scotophilus fuscus, 85
scotti, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 50
Scutaster andersoni, 159
Scutella, 128

(Proc. 47H Ser.

Scutella fairbanksi, 159, 161
interlineata, 155
merriami, 159
norrisi, 159
parma, 132
Scutellaria augustifolia, 59
californica, 59
securis, Chione, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147,
148, 154, 155, 156, 158
See, Thomas, J. J., 359
Selasphorus alleni, 60, 294
Semele decisa, 134
sempervirens, Castanopsis, 62
Sequoia, 57
Senecio eurycephalus, 53
petrocallis, 66
senex, Eutamias, 64, 112
senicula, Pipilo crissalis, 55
septentrionalis, Cathartes aura, 294
Glycimeris, 132
Septifer coalingensis, 160
Sequoia gigantea, 57
nordenskioldi, 163
sempervirens, 57
sequoiensis, Hylocichla guttata, 63
Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 61
sergiloides, Baccharis, 46
sericatus, Scapanus latimanus, 61
sericea, Pluchea, 47
Serripes gra:nlandicus, 132, 138, 143
Sesbania macrocarpa, 45
sespeensis, Pecten, 161
sessile chloropetalum, Trillium, 57
giganteum, Trillium, 57
seticauda, Hydrophoria, 306
setigerum, Metapogon, 235
shallon, Gaultheira, 59
Sharp-shinned Hawk, 275, 294
shastense, Polygonum, 64
shastensis, Abies magnifica, 61
Short-tailed Mountain Chickadee, 295
Shrew, Water, 82
Shumagin Fox Sparrow, 275, 295
Sialia mexicana occidentalis, 296
Sibbaldia procumbens, 65
sibbaldifolia, Fragaria, 64
Siderastrma californica, 154
mendenhalli, 154
Sierra Junco, 275, 276, 288, 295
Red-breasted Sapsucker, 290,
204
sierra, Martes caurina, 63
sierrm, Dendrogapus obscurus, 62
Ovis, canadensis, 65
Sigmodon hispidus eremicus, 50
Siliqua nuttalli, 133
patula, 132
silus, Crotophytus, 48
silvus, Bombylius, 225

Vor. IX]

simiensis, Turritella, 165
similis, Medeterus, 258
simiolus, Dipodomys merriami, 51
simplex, Rimella, 163
simulans, Perodipus agilis, 105
sinuata, Mopalia, 12, 17
sinuatum, Agasoma, 158
Sinum scopulosum, 148, 157, 160
sinuosus, Sorex, 55
Sipho halibrectus, 132, 138
Siphonalia kellettii, 184, 137, 158
sutterensis, 163
Siskin, Pine, 295
Sitta canadensis, 63, 295
carolinensis aculeata, 281, 292,
295
pygmea leuconucha, 60
pygmm@a pygmea, 60, 290
skiltonianum, Plestiodon, 54
Slender-billed Nuthatch, 281, 292, 295
Slevin, Joseph R., (with John Van
Denburgh), The Gopher-Snakes of
Western North America, 197-22
375, 376, 295
Slevin, L. S., 395
slevini, Hylocichla guttata, 60, 275, 281,
296
Smilax californica, 57
Smith, E. S., 395
Smith, James Perrin, Climatic Rela-
tions of the Tertiary and Quaternary
Faunas of the California Region,
123-173
150
smithi, Terebratalia, 150, 151
Turris, 151
snowi, Aradus, 339
Snyder, Professor John O., 198, 359,
395
Solariella cidaris, 138
peramabilis, 151
Solarium, 154
Solemya, 129
Solemya ventricosa, 162
Solenastrwa fairbanksi, 154
solitarius cassini, Lanivireo, 60, 278,
280, 293, 295
Song Sparrow, Marin, 278, 283, 295
Sonoma Thrasher, 275, 282, 295
sonome, Eutamias, 56
Toxostoma redivivum, 55, 275,
295
Sonora episcopa, 48
occipitalis, 48
sonorana, Dendroica mstiva, 49
sonoriensis, Hesperomys, 91, 93
Peromyscus maniculatus, 77, 91
sonorensis, Phytocoris, 342
sopenahensis, Murex, 163

INDEX 431

Sorex californicus californicus, 55
montereyensis mariposm, 61
montereyensis montereyensis,

61
pacificus, 61
sinuosus, 55
Suckleyi, 82
vagrans, 70, 82
vagrans vagrans, 70, 81

spadicea, Cyprea, 134

sparsifolium, Adenostoma, 52

Sparrow, Bell's, 292, 296
English, 296
Golden-crowned, 275, 280, 288,

295
Hawk, American, 294
Marin Song, 278, 283, 295
Shumagin Fox, 275, 295
Thick-billed Fox, 288
Western Chipping, 275, 295
Western Lark, 295
Yakutat Fox, 296
Yolla Bolly Fox, 275, 276, 289,
291, 295

spathacea, Salvia, 53

specillata, Terebra, 135

speciosa, Petasites, 59

speciosum, Ribes, 52

speciosus, Eutamias speciosus, 64
frater, Eutamias, 64, 111
inyoensis, Eutamias, 64
speciosus, Eutamias, 64

spectabilis, Rubus, 58

Spelerpes platycephalus, 65

Spermophile, Harris's, 113

Spermophilus Beecheyi, 108, 109
elegans, 109
Harrisi, 113
lateralis, 112
obsoletus, 70

Sphewralcea emoryi, 45
orcuttii, 45

spherocephalus, Acamptopappus, 46

Sphacele calycina, 53

Sphyrapicus thyroideus thyroideus, 63
varius daggetti, 60, 290, 294

spicata, Hanleya, 8, 10

spilurus, Thryomanes bewicki, 55

spinatus, Perognathus spinatus, 51
spinatus, Perognathus, 51

spinosa, Grayia, 52
Parosela, 45

spinosum, Crucibulum, 134

spinosus, Aster, 46

Spinus pinus, 295

spicata arguta, Actwa, 57

Spirostachys occidentalis, 44

Spisula, 127, 128

432 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Spisula alaskana, 132
albaria, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148,
154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 162
coalingensis, 147
hemphilli, 133
lenticularis, 158
merriami, 163
voyi, 138, 142, 143, 145, 154
Spizella atrogularis, 55
passerina arizon», 275, 295
splendens, Fouquieria, 45
splendidula, Oliva, 134
Spogostylus argentatum, 227
Spondylus, 128
Spondylus crassisquama, 134, 135
Spotted Sandpiper, 294
squalida, Macrocallista, 134, 135
squamatus, Lepidospartum, 47
Squaw Grass, 274
Squirrel, California Ground, 108
Missouri Striped, 111
Oregon Red, 114
Townsend's Striped, 112
stalderi, Pitaria, 158
staleyi, Paphia, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148,
154, 156
staminea, Paphia, 133, 143, 147
Stanford University, 395
stansburiana elegans, Uta, 48
hesperis, Uta, 48
stantoni, Chrysodomus, 144, 145, 155
Trochocyathus, 162
stearnsi, Pecten, 146, 150, 151, 152, 155
Venericardia, 139
Steinhart, Ignatz, 358, 363
stellata, Arbacia, 134
stellatus, Phytocoris, 350
stelleri carbonacea, Cyanocitta, 60
frontalis, Cyanocitta, 60, 275,
294
Stellula calliope, 63, 283, 294
Stenotus acaulis, 65
Stephens, Dr. W. Barclay, 395
stephensi, Citellus mollis, 56
Passerella iliaca, 63
Perognathus penicillatus, 50
Peromyscus crinitus, 50
stephensoni, Nautilus, 165
stevioides, Chwnactis, 46
stichensis, Picea, 61
stigmatipennis, Xylota, 242
Stink-bean, 370
Stipa pulchra, 52
Stock, Dr. Chester, 377
Stoner, R. G., 395
Storer, Tracey I., 360
Stratiomyia atra, 223
streatori, Perodipus, 56
Strepsidura, 127

(Proc. 4TH Ser.

Strepsidura oregonensis, 162

striata, Balanophyllia, 162

striatulus, Astur atricapillus, 62

strigata, Yoldia, 143

strigatus, Chondestes grammacus, 55,

295

strigillatum, Buccinum, 138

Striped Squirrel, Missouri, 111
Squirrel, Townsend's, 112

Strix occidentalis caurina, 60
occidentalis occidentalis, 54

Strohbeen, J. P., 395

Strombina lanceolata, 134

Strombus, 127

Strombus gracilior, 134, 135
granulatus, 134, 135, 154

Sirongylocentrotus drebachiensis, 132
franciscanus, 134
purpuratus, 133

Stow, Vanderlynn, 358

stuarti, Boreotrophon, 133, 136, 138,

156

Trophon, 151

Sturnella neglecta, 294

Styrax californica, 53

subdiaphana, Marcia, 132, 136, 151, 152

subis hesperia, Progne, 283, 295

submontereyensis, Yoldia, 160

subnodosus, Pecten, 134, 135, 137, 150,

167

subulata, Asclepias, 45

succincta, Chione, 133, 137

Suckleyi, Sorex, 82

suffrutescens, Primula, 66

suffruticosa, Macronema, 65

Sugar Pine, 274, 283

sulphureus, Lathyrus, 58

Summerton, Amelia, 395

Sumner, Dr. Francis B., 359, 377

Sutliffe, E. ©., 395

sutterensis, Galeodea, 163
Siphonalia, 163

Swain, Mrs. Alonson, 394

swainsoni, Vireosylva gilva, 280, 295

Swallow, Barn, 275, 295
Northern Violet-green, 292, 295
Tree, 295

Swann, H., 395

Swarth, Harry S., 378

swarthi, Perodipus, 51

Swift Fox, 88

swifti, Pecten, 139, 148, 167

Sylvilagus auduboni arizonm, 51 116
auduboni auduboni, 56, 116
auduboni vallicola, 51
audubonii sanctidiegi, 116
bachmani bachmani, 56
bachmani cinerascens, 56
bachmani mariposm, 56

Vor. IX]

Sylvilagus bachmani ubericolor, 61
nuttalli grangeri, 61
nuttalli nuttalli, 61
Synotus Townsendii, 86
Syrphus bimaculata, 244
pacifica, 245
systyla, Draperia, 59
tabulata, Architectonica, 164
Bela, 138
tabulatus, Chrysodomus, 133, 136, 138,
142, 145, 151, 155
colmaensis, Chrysodomus, 144
Tachycineta thalassina lepida, 60, 292,
295
twniatus, Coluber, 54
talpoides bulbiv, Thomomys, 101
Tamias cooperi, 110
quadrivattatus, 109, 111
Townsendii, 70, 110, 110, 112
Tamiosoma gregaria, 158
Tanager, Western, 290, 295
Tantilla eiseni, 48
Tapes grata, 135
Tawney Creeper, 295
taxifolia, Pseudotsuga, 57
Taxodium distichum miocenium, 163
Taxus brevifolia, 57
Taylor, Walter P., Notes on Mammals
collected principally in Washington
and California between the Years
1853 and 1878 by Dr. James Graham
Cooper, 69-121
361
taylori, Aradus, 335
Sceloporus occidentalis, 62
tectum, Cymia, 135
tejonensis, Terebratalia, 164
teliotis, Atalapha, 86
Nycteris borealis, 70, 85
Tellima grandiflora, 58
Tellina aragonia, 156
arctata, 157
diabloensis, 158

idw, 160
lorenzoensis, 162
obruta, 157
oregonensis, 157
punica, 135

remondi, 163
undulifera, 164
tenella, Horkelia, 58
tenerrima, Paphia, 133, 146, 147, 152,
158
tenuis, Cassis, 134
Encope, 149, 150, 154
tenuis, Phytocoris, 341
tephrocotis dawsoni, Leucosticte, 66
Terebellum, 127, 129
Terebellum erraticum, 163

INDEX 433

Terebra californica, 163
cooperi, 160
martini, 153
robusta, 134, 135
specillata, 135
variegata, 135
Terebratalia hemphilli, 150, 151
kennedyi, 161
occidentalis, 146, 153
smithi, 150, 151, 153
tejonensis, 164
tereticaudus chlorus, Citellus, 51
Citellus tereticaudus, 51
eremonomus, Citellus, 51
tereticaudus, Citellus, 51
teretifolius, Chrysothamnus, 46
ternatus, Pentstemon, 53
tesota, Olneya, 45
Testudo agassizii, 48
Tetradymia comosa, 47
texensis, Chordeiles acutipennis, 49
Thais crassa, 135
etchegoinensis, 148
kettlemanensis, 148
precursor, 160
thalassina lepida, Tachycineta, 60, 292,
295
Thamnophis marcianus, 48
ordinoides atratus, 60
ordinoides elegans, 60
ordinoides hammondii, 54
thamnoporus, Dendrochiton, 3, 4
Thick-billed Fox Sparrow, 288
Thimbleberry, 370
Thamnosma montana, 45
thomasii, Datura, 46
Thompson, Mrs. Lillian Dyer, 395
Thomomys alpinus alpinus, 63
alpinus awahnee, 61
borealis, 103
botte angularis, 50
bott~ bottw, 101
botts diaboli, 56
bott# leucodon, 102
botte mewa, 56
botts# nigricans, 56
bott# pallescens, 50, 102
bott~ pascalis, 50
bulbivorus, 101
jacinteus, 63
monticola mazama, 64
monticola monticola, 64, 103
monticola premaxillaris, 64
operarius, 50
perpallidus albatus, 50
perpallidus aureus, 50
perpallidus mohavensis, 50, 103
perpallidus perpallidus, 50
perpallidus perpes, 50

434 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Thomomys scapterus, 56
talpoides bulbiv, 101
umbrinus, 101, 102, 103
Thorn, S. F., 363
thoursii, Cidaris, 134
Thracia trapezoidea, 127, 133, 143, 145,
146, 147, 151, 157, 160, 162
Thrasher, Sonoma, 275, 282, 295
Thrush, Dwarf Hermit, 296
Monterey Hermit, 275, 281, 296
Russet-backed, 296
Thryomanes bewicki charienturus, 55
bewicki drymecus, 55, 280, 295
bewicki eremophilus, 55
bewicki spilurus, 55
thurberi, Junco oreganus, 275, 276, 288,
295
Petalonyx, 45
Thyasira bisecta, 128, 129, 133, 142, 143,
151, 152, 154, 157, 162
thyroideus, Sphyrapicus thyroideus, 63
thyroideus, Sphyrapicus, 63
thyrsiflorus, Ceanothus, 58
tigrinum, Ambystoma, 54
tigrinus, Ischnochiton, 2
tigris, Cnemidophorus tigris, 48
Crotalus, 54
tigris, Cnemidophorus, 48
tiliefolia, Ficus, 164
titan, Ostrea, 158, 159
Titmouse, Plain, 281, 295
Tivela, 128
Tivela crassatelloides, 133
gabbi, 158
inezana, 160, 161
tolmiei, Oporornis, 60, 295
Saxifraga, 65
tomentosa, Angelica, 58
Torreya californica, 57
torreyanum, Cercidium, 45
torridus pulcher, Onychomys, 50
ramona, Onychomys, 50
tularensis, Onychomys, 50
tortifolius, Aster, 46
Towhee, Green-tailed, 295
Northern Brown, 276, 295
Sacramento, 276, 295
Townley, Dr. S. D., 377
Townsend's Striped Squirrel, 112
townsendi, Myadestes, 63
Nucula, 162
ochrogenys, Eutamias, 61
townsendii, Arvicola, 99
cooperi, Eutamias, 110
Eutamias, 111
Eutamias townsendii, 110
Microtus, 99
Scalops, 70, 81
Scapanus, 61

(Proc. 4ru Ser.

townsendii, Synotus, 86
Tamias, 70, 110
Tamias, 110, 112
townsendii, Eutamias, 110
Townsley, F. S., 395
Toxostoma crissale, 49
lecontei lecontei, 49
redivivum redivivum, 55
redivivum sonomm, 50, 275, 295
Trachycardium, 131, 155
Trachydermon, 3
Trachydermon gothicus, 3
trampasense, Gyrineum, 158
trapezoidea, Thracia, 127, 133, 143,
145, 146, 147, 151, 157, 160, 162
Tree Swallow, 295
tremuloides, Populus, 62
triangulatus, Trophon, 134
Trichoptilium incisum, 47
Trichostema lanatum, 53
Trichotropis cancellata, 133, 138
tricolor, Criorhina, 251
Tridens pulchellus, 44
tridentata, Artemisia, 53
Horkelia, 58
Purshia, 52
trifidus, Ischnochiton, 1, 2
Trigonia, 127
trigonophylla, Nicotiana, 46
trilineata, Arca, 130, 143, 144, 145, 146,
147, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157,
15S, 159
Trillium ovatum, 57
sessile chloropetalum, 57
sessile giganteum, 57
trilobata, Rhus, 52
trinitatis, Dipodomys californicus, 56
trinotatus alleni, Zapus, 64
trinotatus, Zapus, 107
Zapus trinotatus, 107
triphylla, Lewisia, 62
Tripoplax, 1
Trisetum congdonii, 65
tristis, Mitra, 134
tritonidea, Cancellaria, 137, 146, 148,
153
Tritonium californicum, 163
Tritonofusus, 156
Tritonofusus fortunasensis, 143
halli, 182
jordani, 133
rectirostris, 132, 136, 138, 151
Tritoxa pollinosa, 252
Trochita costellata, 160, 161
inornata, 148
radians, 146
Trochocyathus stantoni, 162
zitteli, 164
Troglodytes aédon parkmanni, 278, 205

Vor. IX]

Trophon, 128, 130, 131, 160, 165
Trophon belcheri, 134
carisaensis, 158, 160
coalingense, 148
gabbianus, 160
gracilis, 151
kernensis, 160
ponderosus, 148, 158
stuarti, 151
triangulatus, 134
Trowbridgii, Lepus, 116
trudeaui, Melopelia asiatica, 48
truei gilberti, Peromyscus, 56, 94
martirensis, Peromyscus, 56
Peromyscus truei, 56
truei, Peromyscus, 56
truncata, Mya, 132, 138, 139, 145
Tsuga mertensiana, 64
tuberculata, Galeodea, 163
Pinus, 52
tuberculosa, Arca, 134
tubulosa, Frasera, 59
Tudicula, 129
tularensis, Onychomys torridus, 50
Perodipus, 51
tumidus, Astrodapsis, 158
turati, Dryobates pubescens, 294
Turbinella, 127
Turbinella crassitesta, 165
Turbo fluctuosus, 134, 156
saxosus, 135
Turcicula, 127, 129
Turcicula washingtoniana, 162
Turkey Vulture, 294
Turner, G. M., 395
turneri, Phacoides, 164
turricula, Phalium, 156
Turrill, Charles B., 361
Turris circinata, 132
coli, 156
fresnoensis, 163
perversa, 133, 186, 138, 142, 156
smithi, 151
turrita, Loxotrema, 163
Turritella, Giant, 130, 131
Turritella, 128, 131, 154, 160, 161, 162,
163
Turritella goniostoma, 134, 135, 136
inezana, 161
jewetti, 150, 151
maccreadyi, 165
martinezensis, 165
merriami, 163
newcombei, 162
ocoyana, 160
oregonensis, 157, 162
pachecoensis, 165
simiensis, 165

INDEX

435

Turritella uvasana, 163
vanylecki, 148, 158
Tyrannus verticalis, 294
vociferans, 49
ubericolor, Sylvilagus bachmani, 61
Ulmus, 164
Ulmus affinis, 164
Uma notata, 48
umbellus sabini, Bonasa, 60
umbrinus, Thomomys, 101, 102, 103
unalaschcensis, Passerella iliaca, 275,
295
Underwood & Underwood, 396
undosa, Astrma, 134, 135, 187, 152
undulatus, Hesperocallis, 44
undulifera, Tellina, 164
ungana, Saxicava, 156
ungeri, Castanea, 163
unioides, Crassatellites, 164
United States Forest Service, 396
United States National Herbarium, 396
Urbahns, T. D., 396
urens, Eucnide, 45
Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus,
55
cinereoargenteus scotti, 50
cinereoargenteus sequoiensis, 61
uropygialis, Centurus uropygialis, 49
uropygialis, Centurus, 49
Urosyea caudata, 165
robusta, 165
ursinus, Erigeron, 64
Ursus americanus, 63
californicus, 55
magister, 55
urticifolia, Agastache, 59
ustulata, Hylocichla ustulata, 296
ustulata, Hylocichla, 296
Uta graciosa, 48
ornata, 48
stansburiana elegans, 48
stansburiana hesperis, 48
Uvanilla olivacea, 1385
uvasana, Crassatellites, 163
Macrocallista, 163
Turritella, 163
vaccinifolia, Quercus, 62
Vaccinium, 164
Vaccinium occidentale, 62
ovatum, 59
vadosus, Aradus, 334
vagrans, Sorex, 70, 82
Sorex vagrans, 70, 81
vagrans, Sorex, 70, 81
validum, Allium, 62
Valley Quail, 294
vallicola, Lophortyx californica, 54, 294
Sylvilagus auduboni, 51
Van Antwerp, William C., 358, 263, 369

436 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Vancouveria parviflora, 57
Van Denburgh, John, The Gopher-
Snakes of Western North America
(Joseph R. Slevin, collaborator),
197-220
375, 378, 396
vandenburgianus, Sceloporus graciosus,
59
Van Duzee, Edward P., New Hemip-
terous Insects of the Genera Aradus,
Phytocoris and Camptobrochys, 331-
356
375, 376, 377, 396
Van Duzee, Millard C., Key to the
North American Species of the Dip-
terous Genus Medeterus, with De-
scriptions of New Species, 257-270
396
Van Duzee, Mrs. Helen, 396
vanduzeei, Pegomyia, 307
Van Dyke, Dr. E. C., 360, 396
vanvlecki, Pecten, 161
Turritella, 148, 158
vaquerosense, Cardium, 159
Rapana, 161
varicosus, Latirus, 135
variegata, Terebra, 135
variegatus, Coleonyx, 48
varius daggetti, Sphyrapicus, 60, 290,
294
Vasum muricatum, 135
Vaughan, T. W., 154
vauxi, Chetura, 60
veatchi major, Glycimeris, 164
Ostrea, 146, 147, 150, 151, 152,
153, 166
Pecten, 149, 154
veatchii palmeri, Garrya, 53
veles, Medeterus, 260
velifer, Myotis, 49
velox, Accipiter, 60, 275, 294
Vulpes, 87
velutinus, Ceanothus, 58
Venericardia, Dwarf, 130, 131
Venericardia, 127, 128, 131, 163
Venericardia alaskana, 132
babarensis, 136, 151
californica, 146, 151
castor, 143
crassidens, 132
cuvieri, 135
merriami, 163
planicosta, 129, 163
planicosta venturensis, 164
stearnsi, 139
ventricosa, 133, 138, 151
Veneridm, 127, 128
veneta acradenia, Isocoma, 47

(Proc. 4TH Ser.

ventralis, Callisaurus ventralis, 48
ventralis, Callisaurus, 48
ventricosa, Solemya, 162
Venericardia, 133, 138, 151
venturensis, Wenericardia planicosta,
164
Venus clallamensis, 157
pertenuis, 148
venusta, Abies, 57
Neotoma albiguls, 50, 95
venustus, Perodipus, 56
vermiculatus, Sarcobatus, 52
Vermivora celata lutescens, 275, 295

lucia, 49
ruficapilla gutturalis, 60, 287,
295
versicolor, Colotes, 325
Nassa, 137

vertebralis, Coluber, 198
Pituophis, 198, 220
vertebrata, Dioctria, 230
verticalis, Tyrannus, 294
Vespertilio nitidus, 84
obscurus, 84
vespertina californica, Hesperiphona,
63
Macrocallista, 162
Ostrea, 147, 153
vestitus, Ceanothus, 53
vetusta, Cancellaria, 160
Viburnum, 164
vicinoir, Vireo, 55
viduus, Medeterus, 259
vigilis, Xantusia, 48
Viguiera deltoidea parishii, 47
laciniata, 47
villosa, Salix glauca, 62
villosus, Dryobates, 275
hyloscopus, Dryobates, 294
Viola sarmentosa, 58
Violet-green Swallows, Northern, 292,
295
virens longicauda, Icteria, 280, 295
Vireo belli arizonm, 49
belli pusillus, 49
huttoni huttoni, 55, 295
vicinoir, 55
Vireo, Cassin's, 278, 280, 283, 293, 295
Hutton's, 295
Western Warbling, 280, 283, 295
Vireosylva gilva swainsoni, 280, 205
virgatus, Conus, 135
virginiana platypetala, Fragaria, 58
virginianus pacificus, Bubo, 294
viridis, Ephedra, 51
viridulus, Ischnochiton, 2
viscida, Arctostaphylos, 53
Mohavea, 46
Vitis, 164

Vor. IX]

vittatus, Medeterus, 259, 268
Vitularia salebrosa, 135
vociferans, Tyrannus, 49
vociferus, Oxyechus, 294
Voluta, 129, 162
Volutilithes, 127
Volutoharpa ampullacea, 132
Volutopsius, 128, 144, 166
Volutopsius castaneus, 132
kobelti, 132
von Geldern, Chas. E., Mechanism in
the Production of the Throat-fan in
the Florida Chameleon, Anolis caro-
linensis, 313-329
377
voyi, Spisula, 138, 142, 143, 145, 154
Vulpes cascadensis, 63
macrotis arsipus, 50, 87
macrotis macrotis, 50
macrotis muticus, 50
necator, 63
velox, 87
Vulture, Turkey, 294
Wall, Mrs. L. S., 396
Wallace, Paul, 396
wallacei, Eriophyllum, 47
wallawalla, Lepus californicus, 56
Walter, Frank, 396
Walther, Eric, 396
Wapiti, 369
Warbler, Audubon's, 275, 287, 295
Black-throated Gray, 281, 287,
295
Calaveras, 287, 295
California Yellow, 280, 295
Golden Pileolated, 295
Lutescent, 275, 295
Macgillivray’s, 295
Warbling Vireo, Western, 280, 283, 295
Waring, C. A., 168
washingtoni klamathensis, Lepus, 64
Washingtonia filifera, 44
washingtoniana, Turcicula, 162
washingtonianum, Gyrineum, 163
Water Ouzel Group, 370
Shrew, 82
wattsi, Pecten, 146, 148
Waxwing, Cedar, 279, 295
waylandi, Pecten, 162
Weaver, C. E., 157, 161
weaveri, Pecten, 158
webbii, Gerrhonotus scincicauda, 54
Weil, Ida, 396
Westdahl, Mrs. F., 396
Westerfeld, Carl, 359, 375
Western Belted Kingfisher, 294
Bluebird, 296
Chipping Sparrow, 275, 295
Crow, 275, 294

INDEX 437

Western Flycatcher, 275, 294
Gnatcatcher, 296
Gull, 273
House Wren, 278, 283, 295
Kingbird, 294
Lark Sparrow, 295
Meadowlark, 294
Mole, 81
Mourning Dove, 294
Purple Martin, 283, 295
Red-tailed Hawk, 294
Robin, 283, 292, 296
Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 296
Tanager, 290, 295
Warbling Vireo, 280, 283, 295
Winter Wren, 279, 295
Wood Pewee, 280, 294
Weymouth, Prof. F. W., 360
Whipplea modesta, 58
whipplei, Yucca, 52
whitneyi, Aralia, 164
Astrodapsis, 158
Drosinia, 161
Micropallas whitneyi, 48
whitneyi, Micropallas, 48
wilkeseanus, Hemifusus, 160
wilkesii, Pituophis, 199
Willett, George, 13
Willis, Dr. Bailey, 377
Willow Woodpecker, 294
Wilson, Mr., 396
Wilsonia pusilla chryseola, 295
Winter Wren, Western, 279, 295
wislizenii, Quercus, 52
Wismer, Einar, 396
Wood, Dr. Casey Albert, 396
woodhousei, Aphelocoma, 54
Woodpecker, Cabanis, 275, 294
California, 283, 292, 294
Northern Pileated, 290, 291, 294
Willow, 294
Wood Pewee, Western, 280, 294
Woodworth, C. W., Contribution to the
Optics of the Microscope, 175-196
Wren, San Joaquin, 280, 295
Western House, 278, 2838, 295
Western Winter, 279, 295
Wren-tit, Pallid, 275, 282, 296
wrighti, Empidonax, 63
Xantus, John, 198
Xantusia henshawi, 54
vigilis, 48
Xenophora, 129
Xenophora zitteli, 165
Xenopicus albolarvatus albolarvatus, 60
albolaryatus gravirostris, 60
Xerophilus, Medeterus, 260
Xiphiozona, 6

438 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Xylota scutellarmata, 241 yumanensis, Myotis yumanensis, 49
stigmatipennis, 242 yumanensis, Myotis, 49
Yakutat Fox Sparrow, 296 Zamelodia melanocephala capitalis, 278,

Yellow Pine, 274, 283 2050
Warbler, California, 280, 295 Zapus major, 64

orarius, 61

princeps oregonus, 107
trinotatus alleni, 64
trinotatus trinotatus, 107

ynezanus, Modiolus, 161
ynezianus, Mytilus, 162
Yoldia cooperi, 133, 145

impressa, 157, 160, 162 Zirphea dentata, 147, 148, 160
oregona, 157, 160, 162 gabbi, 143, 144, 145
strigata, 143 zitteli, Trochocyanthus, 164
submontereyensis, 160 Xenophora, 165
Yolla Bolly Fox Sparrow, 275, 276, 289, Zizyphinus piperoides, 164
291, 295 Zonotrichia coronata, 275, 280, 295
Yucca mohavensis, 44 leucophrys, 65

whipplei, 52 nuttalli, 60

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