ens 06 ObGeh ee eee * ahah to renepee erator ate Tanriyeremag eo OO eaecomer te eet cape EU. ona) / none etnetiptsionesety ste bates obo tutn) | BINDING LIST DEC 15 192) Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Ontario Council of University Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/proceedingscalif11 cali Te) > Om Pieces of. Yee we rt PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FOURTH SERIES Vox. XI ie. y- ve PRINTED FROM THE JoHN W. HENpRIE PUBLICATION ENDOWMENT SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY 1921 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION GeorcE C. Epwarps, Chairman C. E. GrRuNskKY BarTON WARREN EVERMANN, Editor CONTENTS OF VOLUME XI PLATES 1-41 OAT es ee eee een we ee emmeemetn mentee snisenres ceases (] cor Eee ne a en ce mee oon Notes on a Fauna of the Vigo Group and its bearing on the evo- lution of Marine Molluscan Faunas, by Roy E. Dickerson, peholbichnvetel ITU (salt P a ee A list of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Nevada, with notes on the Species in the Collection of the Academy, by John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin, published July 8, 1921............ A list of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Idaho, with notes on the Species in the Collection of the Academy, by John Van Den- burgh and Joseph R. Slevin, published July 8, 1921... A list of the Amphibians and Reptiles of the Peninsula of Lower California, with notes on the Species in the Collection of the Academy, by John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin, pub- IIS) eX EFS Ge RS a Ee Er ene NE Notes on the Birds and Mammals of Siskiyou County, California, by Joseph Mailliard, published July 11, 1921 — WW. Preliminary diagnoses of new Species of Reptiles from Islands in the Gulf of California, Mexico, by John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin, published July 30, 1921... ..----ee-eene-- New California Spiders, by Nathan Banks, published September DOMST Oo leone clin AP Sue LI a ta Saul pe Rie! samueh S e Undescribed Tipulidz (Diptera) from Western North America, Part II, by Charles P. Alexander, published September 29, OD a a a a a ras acc ee rc nee ee ceieconne Description of a new Species of Pero from California, by W. S. Wrieht published September 29) 1920 222. ee ee Characters of some new Species of North American Hemipterous Insects, with one new genus, by Edward P. Van Duzee, pub- lished Octo ber yi 5: al 901) pees es pa ere ae eee a ease Seca tepoae Our North American Species of Strongylocoris (Hemiptera), by Edward P. Van Duzee, published October 15, 1921-............... Characters of eight new Species of North American Anthocoride or Flower Bugs, by Edward P. Van Duzee, published October 15, 1921 A Study of North American Grass-bugs of the genus Irbisia, by Edward P. Van Duzee, published October 15, 1921............-.-.----- Insects of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by G. Dallas Hanna, pub- listvedtsNiovierab erm sie letras ete se Ne ea nee nae 27 39 49 73 96 99 103 109 111 135 SA Coleoptera from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by Edwin C. Van - Dyke, published November 2, 1921.____________ A new Species of the Dipterous family Dolichopodide from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by M. C. Van Duzee, published No- VEMUDEL (2, RO esac cesses ccc cae a ee Diptera from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by F. R. Cole, pub- lished «November 25.192). ee Dipterous Insects of the family Anthomyiide from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by J. R. Malloch, published November 2, nS 3 Ee ee a a Dipterous Insects of the family Tipulide from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by C. P. Alexander, published ‘November 2, 1921.......... Hymenopterous Insects of the family Bremide from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by Theodore H. Frison, published November Dae CY) Meee mre meyer a New Saw-flies from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by Alexander D. Macgillivray, published November 2, 1921.............---.-.-------0-ses----== Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by Edward P. Van Duzee, published November’?! 1921). ee ee An annotated list of the Diptera (Flies) of Oregon, by F. R. Cole and A. L. Lovett, published December 14, 1921...........-....----------- Revision of the Pipiza Group of the family Syrphide (Flower- flies) from North of Mexico, by C. Howard Curran, published December’ $1-"1920)"\—. 52 ee Preliminary diagnoses of more new Species of Reptiles from Islands in the Gulf of California, Mexico, by John Van Den- burgh and Joseph R. Slevin, published December 17, 1921...... Fossil Chitons of Western North America, by S. Stillman Berry, published ‘May 16; 4922). ee eee Tertiary and Quaternary History of the Petaluma, Point Reyes and Santa Rosa Quadrangles, by Roy E. Dickerson, pub- Lished) Jiutliy:20 O19 22 ye ee ee eee Report of the President of the Academy for the Year 1921, by C. E. Grunsky, published August 21, 1922 ..2....2.2.2-----.ececescsese-- Report of the Director of the Museum for the Year 1921, by Barton Warren Evermann, published August 21, 1922-00000... Report of the President of the Academy for the Year 1922, by GE, iGrunsky, spublished’ August)22) 1923 ee Report of the Director of the Museum for the Year 1922, by Barton Warren Evermann, published August 22, 1923.............. Report of the Treasurer for the Year 1922, by M. Hall McAllister, published August 22, 1923 ... Uirid esx e 2 SetEnd eh 167 169 178 183 185 188 193 197 345 395 399 603 611 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FouRTH SERIES Vor. XI, No. 1, pp. 1-26 JULY 6, 1921 I NOTES ON A FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP AND ITS BEARING ON THE EVOLUTION OF MARINE MOLLUSCAN FAUNAS BY ROY E. DICKERSON Honorary Curator, Department of Invertebrate Paleontology The rate of evolution of a marine invertebrate fauna in the tropics when compared with that of faunas of the temperate zones brings out some interesting results. During the past year, 1919-1920, the writer has had the opportunity and rare good fortune to collect some excellently preserved fossils from the Vigo group of the Philippine Islands incidental to some economic investigations in which he was engaged. After sev- eral years spent in study of the Tertiary faunal problems of the Pacific Coast of North America, the writer naturally had acquired to a certain extent a point of view of the worker in temperate climes. However, many interesting problems in the Eocene of California, Oregon, and Washington suggested that Eocene marine molluscan faunas did not evolve as rapidly as those of the Miocene and Pliocene and that the same “yardstick” in the Tertiary geological time scale could not be applied. Many problems of the Eocene are directly connected with the rate of evolution of a tropical fauna, and, as the Eocene faunas of California, Oregon, and Washington are essentially tropical or sub-tropical, the writer was glad to devote spare time to the study of a tropical fauna. July 6, 1921 2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. Does the Lyell percentage system apply to tropical inverte- brate faunas? In answering this question one must bear in mind that this scale is really an expression of the time rate of evolution of Tertiary molluscan faunas based upon the study of the Tertiary of Europe. Briefly, this scale, as now generally applied, is: Eocene, 0% ; Oligocene, 3% ; Miocene, 25% ; Plio- cene, 60% ; and Pleistocene, 90%. Practically all the Eocene molluscan genera exist today in the Recent faunas of the tropi- cal and temperate zones. Great was our surprise to find that our collections from the upper Vigo shales and the Canguinsa for- mation, regarded by Pratt* and Smith as being of Lower Mio- cene and Oligocene age, yielded a molluscan fauna containing 75% Recent species. The results of these preliminary studies indicate, that a negative answer must be given to the rhetorical question asked above. An essential modification of the Lyell percentage scale seems necessary to the writer for the proper interpretation of the Tertiary faunas of the tropics. If this hypothesis be true, then evidently marine molluscan faunal changes take place with far less rapidity in the tropics than in the temperate zones. Now this conclusion is apparently in direct contradiction to the fact that the recent molluscan fauna of the Philippines is specifically far more numerous than a recent fauna from a temperate region. Hidalgo” reports 4300 to 4500 terrestrial, fluvial, and marine testaceous mollusca, and, of these, fully two-thirds are marine. This anomaly will be considered after the presentation of the data. Professor K. Martin® in “Tertiarschichten auf Java” recog- nized in a general way that the percentage system of Deshayes (and Lyell) did not strictly apply in Java and that climatic variation was a prime cause of this difference. BRIEF STATEMENT OF GEOLOGICAL HISTORY The fauna upon which this paper is based was collected from the southern half of the Bondoc Peninsula from strata referred 1Pratt, W. E., and Smith, W. D., “The Geology and Petroleum Resources of the Southern Part of Bondoc Peninsula,’ Tayabas Province, P. I., Phil. Jour. Sei., Vol. VIII, 1913, Sec. A; No. 5, p. 312. 2 Hidalgo, J. G., Catalogo de los Moluscos Testaceous de las Islas Filipinas, Jolo y Marianas, p. 389, Madrid, 1904-1905. Martin, K., Die Tertiarschichten auf Java, p. 22-24, Die Lagerunas vethaeltnisse, Leiden, 1880. Vor. XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 3 by Pratt and Smith to the Canguinsa formation and Vigo group. In order that the reader may appreciate the significance of this assemblage of mollusca, a brief resumé of the geologic history of this region is necessary. The southern half of the Bondoc Peninsula consists almost entirely of marine sedi- mentary rocks which have been highly folded and faulted. The oldest rocks here recognized consist of shales and sandstones 3000 to 4000 feet in thickness, the Vigo group and its upper- most member, the Canguinsa formation. The strata as ex- posed in the vicinity of the Vigo River are steeply dipping, black, organic shales, subordinate sandstones, and minor lig- nitic strata which are unconformably overlain by the Malum- bang formation.* The Malumbang formation, consisting of coralline limestone and associated marls, varies in thickness from small residuals to 1000 feet. From what is known of the rate of growth of reef corals this formation must represent a long time interval. In a few places in the Bondoc Peninsula—notably in the vicin- ity of San Andreas—marine terraces truncate the Malumbang strata. These terraces are in places thickly mantled with coral- line limestone of Pleistocene age. Some of the limestone four miles east of Mulanay at an elevation of 500 feet may represent high Pleistocene terraces, as terraces at this height occur in Leyte and at much greater elevations in Cebu where the same geological horizons are also found. These horizons exhibit in northwest Leyte the same essential conditions and are beautifully exemplified in the vicinity of Toledo, Cebu, as well. The Vigo group in all probability occurs in the region north of Fort Pickett in Mindanao so that we are not dealing with local conditions but with general ones which existed over the site of these islands. The conditions of deposition during Malumbang and Pleistocene time resemble those existing today in the vicinity of the Bondoc Peninsula and essentially the same mollusca occur in the coral reef facies of all three. The deposition during Vigo time was in marked contrast with these later times in that the contributing land masses consisted largely of diorites, schists, and serpentines or *Note.—The writer’s view concerning the stratigraphy of this region differs in this regard from that of Pratt and Smith, but a full discussion of this important point ean not be made here. 4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Sex. peridotites from which they were probably derived. At times the material contained in the Vigo sandstones is very coarse, and conglomerates occur locally in the Bondoc Peninsula and on a great scale in northwest Leyte, east of the barrio of Taba- bunga, where they in part resemble characteristic desert con- glomerates closely. Such materials could not have been trans- ported great distances and it is probable that a land mass or masses lay to the east of the site of the Bondoc Peninsula and northwestern Leyte. In other words the sediments of the Vigo group were deposited in the moderately deep waters of an inland sea with high mountainous islands to the east. The total time represented since the beginning of the Vigo is evi- dently long, and, on these grounds as well as faunal, the Vigo group appears to be as old as the Miocene, and the Malumbang probably represents at least a portion of the Pliocene. The time represented by the unconformity between these horizons was sufficiently long to reduce many of the mountains formed at the close of Vigo time to nearly base level before the region was again gradually lowered to receive its great load of Malum- bang coralline limestone and associated marls in the clear, warm, shallow waters of a tropical Pliocene sea. Likewise the orogenic movements which ended Malumbang time and the erosion interval which preceded the formation of Pleistocene terraces were not brief. The age of the Vigo group will be discussed at length after its fauna is considered. FAUNA The fauna upon which this paper is based was obtained from the Bahay River vicinity (2X,3X,4X,5X); the canyon of Dumalog Creek (9X); and from Sapa Tubigbinukot, the northern extension of the Amoguis (Amougis), Agipot, Pag- sanhan* River (11X), from strata which are all unmistakably members of the Vigo group and unconformably below the Malumbang formation. The following notes upon the collection localities and their fossils are given in detail as there are but few places in these beautiful islands where good collections are obtained from * Different local names for same stream. Vor. XI] DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 5 localities with satisfactory stratigraphy. “Locality 2 X, Philip- pine Islands, Luzon, Tayabas Province, Bondoc Peninsula, west shore of Ragay Gulf, 600 meters up stream from Bureau of Lands Benchmark No. 1 (Bahay Oil Co., Well No. 1), on N. E. bank of Bahay River in a 50-foot cliff of yellow sandstone and bluish clayey sandstone disturbed by minor fault- ing. Coll. Roy E. Dickerson.” The Malumbang limestone is found in the hill 100 yards to the northeast, and from the general relations in the field it is clearly unconformable upon the underlying Canguinsa forma- tion. The following fauna was obtained from this locality: Locality 2x Actzon. Architectonica pictum (Philippi) ; living. Bullaria. Cancellaria crenifera Sowerby; living. Cerithium herklotsi K. Martin. Cerithium jenkinsi K. Martin. Cerithium monoliferum Kiener ; living. Conus ornatissimus K. Martin. Conus, new species? ? Conus lividus Hwass; living. Conus, sp. Cyclonassa. Drillia. Haminea. Mitra javana K. Martin. Mitra cf. jenkinsi K. Martin. Mitra junghuhni K. Martin. Nyctilochus. Mangilia. Nassa crenulata ; living. Nassa dispar Adams; living. Nassa gemmulata (Lamarck) ; living. Nassa globosa minor ; living. Nassa immersa Carpenter ; living. Nassa quadrasi Hidalgo; living. 6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. Nassa thersites, variety ; living. Natica albumen Lamarck; living. Natica. Natica spadicea Reeve; living. Natica mamilla Lamarck; living. Nerita funiculata Reeve; living. Olivella. Ranella subgranulosa Beck; living. Ranella. Ranella tuberculata Broderip; living. Strombus canarium Linnzus; living. Strombus swainsoni Reeve; living. Turris (Surcula) flavidus Lamarck ; living. Turris garnonsi Reeve; living. Turris deshayesi (Doumet) ; living. Turris carinata woodwardi K. Martin; living. Terebra. Terebra bicincta K. Martin. Terebra javana K. Martin. Arca cornea Reeve; living. Cardium. Corbula socialis K. Martin. Corbula. Chione chlorotica. Ostrea. Pleuronectia pleuronecta Linnzus; living. Placuna placenta; living. Psammobia cf. lessoni Blainville. Pinna. Solen. Tellina. Dentalium. Coral. Coral. Echinoid. The predominance of littoral species and the character of the strata indicate that these forms lived in the shallow inshore waters of an inland sea. Vor. XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 7 “Locality 3x, Philippine Islands, Luzon, Tayabas Province, Bondoc Peninsula, west shore of Ragay Gulf, Bahay River, up stream 800 meters from Bureau of Lands Benchmark No. 1 (Bahay Oil Co., Well No. 1), on southwest bank of stream in a stiff, dark gray shale. 8/25/19. Colls. Roy E. Dickerson and Mark Fuken. The following species were collected here: Locality 3x Actzon, species. Architectonica pictum (Philippi) ; living. Cancellaria elegans Sowerby; living. Cerithium herklotsi K. Martin. Cerithium monoliferum Kiener ; living. Cerithium jenkinsi K. Martin. Cerithidea (Pyrazus) cf. sulcatus Brugiere ; living. Columbella bandongensis KX. Martin. Cyprea cf. tigris Linnzeus ; living. Conus, new species ? Conus, species. Conus ornatissimus K. Martin. Distortio clathrata Lamarck ; living. Melania asperata; living. Nassa thersites leptospira (Brugiere) ; living. Nassa thersites immersa Carpenter ; living. Nassa quadrasi Hidalgo; living. Nassa globosa minor Quoy; living. Nassa crenulata (Brugiere) ; living. Nassa canaliculata Lamarack ; living. Nassa dispar Adams; living. Natica mamilla Lamarck ; living. Natica lacernula d’Orbigny ; living. Melania cf. asperata inquinata Quadras; living. Mitra junghuhni K. Martin. Mitra javana K. Martin. Murex endivia Lamarck; living. Olivella. Phos. Ranella tuberculata Broderip; living. Rostellaria ficus ; living. 8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. Rostellaria crispata; living. Strombus canarium; living. Strombus, species a. Strombus, species b. Telescopium telescopium Linnzus; living. Terebra. Triton pfeifferianum Reeve; living. Trivia. Turris garnonsi Reeve; living. Turris flavidula (Lamarck) ; living. Turris deshayesi Doumet; living. Turris carinata woodwardi K. Martin. Turris coronifer K. Martin. Vicarya callosa (?) Jenkins. Arca ferruginea Reeve; living. Arca granosa Linnzeus; living. Arca cornea Reeve; living. Barbatia fusca (Brugiere) ; living. Chione chlorotica Philippi; living. Corbula socialis K. Martin. Corbula. Dosinia ef. lenticularis ; living. Placuna placenta ; living. Psammobia, species ; living. Paphia textrix Deshayes; living. Ostrea. Spisula, species. Tellina, species. Coral. Coral. This fauna flourished in slightly deeper water, or at least quieter water, as one specimen of the fragile Placuna placenta with both valves splendidly preserved shows that the specimen was not within strong wave action. The preservation of the other species is remarkably fine. The strata at this locality are nearly vertical, a good dip and strike being obtainable in the middle of the stream. The following species were obtained from “Locality 4x, Philippine Islands, Luzon, Tayabas Province, Bondoc Penin- Vor. XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 9 sula, west side of Ragay Gulf, Bahay River, 320 meters east of mouth of Apad Creek, in road cut 60 feet above the river in yellow sandstone about 50 feet stratigraphically above the brackish-water fauna in the lignitic strata of Locality 5. Colls. Roy E. Dickerson and Mark Fuken.” Locality 4x Architectonica pictum Philippi; living. Conus ornatissimus K. Martin. Cyprea. Columbella bandongensis K. Martin. Cerithidea cf. ornata Hinds; living. Cerithium bandongensis K. Martin. Delphinula?? Delphinula. Eburna ambulacrum Sowerby; living. Marginella. Mitra bucciniformis K. Martin. Mitra junghuhni K. Martin. Mitra javana K. Martin. Melania asperata. Nassa costellifera A. Adams; living. Nassa crenulata (Brugiere) ; living. Operculum of Natica spadicea ; living. Phos roseatus Hinds; living. Ranella tuberculata Broderip; living. Rostellaria fusus Linnzeus; living. Rostellaria crispata Kiener ; living. Strombus, species a. Turris marmorata ; living. Turris flavidula Lamarck; living. Thais (or Ricinula) spectrum; living. Terebra javana K. Martin. Terebra bicincta K. Martin. Trochus, species. Arca ferruginea Reeve; living. Corbula socialis IX. Martin. Chione chlorotica Philippi; living. Glycimeris viteus Lamarck ; living. 10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. Pecten cf. pseudolima Sowerby; living. Pecten cf. cristularis Adams & Reeve; living. Pecten cf. radula Linnzus ; living. Pecten (Pleuronectia) pleuronecta Linnzeus; living. Placuna placenta Lamarck; living. Solecurtus quoyi; living. Spondylus, species. Trochocyathus burnsi J. Haime (Cyclolites). “Locality 5x, Philippine Islands, Luzon, Tayabas Province, Bondoc Peninsula, west side of Ragay Gulf, Bahay River; 300 meters east of the mouth of Apad Creek in lignitic gray sand- stone which was deposited in brackish water. Coll. Roy E. Dickerson” yielded the species listed below: Cassidaria. Conus loroisii Kiener ; living. Cerithium jenkinsi IX. Martin. Strombus ? Telescopium telescopium Linneus; living. Vicarya callosa Jenkins. Arca tenebrica Reeve; living. Chione ? Ostrea, species. Amber and petrified wood. This fauna was made up largely of Cerithium jenkinsi K. Martin, Vicarya callosa Jenkins and Ostrea, species. The other forms are represented by only one or two specimens which were probably carried across the sand bar by small crabs which lived on the sands of the Vigo sea. The abundance of carbona- ceous material and the occurrence of amber and petrified wood also indicate that conditions of deposition here differed from those of the previously described localities. “Locality 9x, Philippine Islands, Luzon, Tayabas Province, Bondoc Peninsula, on Dumalog Creek, about five miles north- west of San Narciso, three-quarters of a mile down stream from the Mulanay-San Narciso Trail in uppermost Vigo, just conformably below Canguinsa sandstone in black shale. Vor. XI] DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 11 10/17/19. Colls. Roy E. Dickerson and Mark Fuken.” The list of species is given below: Locality 9x Conus striatellus Jenkins. Conus hardi K. Martin. Nassa crenulata (Brugiere) ; living. Strombus fusus K. Martin (probably Clavella). Arca cf. ccelata Reeve; living. Arca ferruginea Reeve; living. Clementia hyalina Reeve=C. papyracea; living. Dosinia cretacea Philippi; living. Tellina. This fauna though meager is not distinct in any way from faunas listed above. As Pratt* and Smith point out there is no evidence of any notable stratigraphic break here, and the stream in its meanderings so exposes the strata that exact ob- servations are possible. Their tentative evidence of an uncon- formity between the Canguinsa and Vigo in Cambagaco ridge near the Vigo River is interpreted by the writer as a result of faulting. “Locality 11x, Philippine Islands, Luzon, Tayabas Province, Bondoc Peninsula, on west bank of Sapa Yaknas, in soft yellow sandstone of Canguinsa age. 10/31/19. Coll. Roy E. Dicker- son.” The strata at this point dip west about 20° while the overlying Malumbang a few hundred feet west has a gentle dip of 2° to 3°, and at other places in this vicinity a notable unconformity separates these two formations. The fauna listed below is especially noteworthy as being composed of 85 to 90% living species. Here again, the stratigraphy is very satisfactory. Locality 11x Architectonica pictum (Philippi) ; living. Cancellaria elegans Sowerby ; living. Cyproea, species. “Pratt, W. E., and Smith, W. D., Phil. Jour. Sci., Vol. VIII, 1913, Sec. A, No. 5, page 317. 12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. Cerithidea near dohrni but detail differs. Ficus reticulata (Lamarck) ; living. Harpa articularis Lamarck; living. Nassa thersites (Brugiere) ; living. Nassa crenulata (Brugiere) ; living. Nassa reussi K. Martin??; may be N. costellifera Adams. Natica spadicea Reeve; living. Natica cumingsiana Recluz ; living. Randella tuberculata Broderip; living. Strombus swainsoni Reeve; living. Terebra bicincta K. Martin. Turris marmorata (Lamarck) ; living. PELECYPODA Cardita antiquata Linnzeus; living. Cardium attenuatum Sowerby; living. Cardium unicolor Sowerby; living. Clementia hyalina Philippi = C.papyracea ; living. Glycimeris viteus (Lamarck) ; living. Glycimeris angulatus (Lamarck) ; living. Ostrea. Pecten pseurdolima Sowerby; living. Spisula, species. Vermetus javanus K. Martin ???. ANTHOZOA Trochocyathus burnsi J. Haime ?? For comparison and summary purposes the fossils from these various localities have been combined in one list. Vor. XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 13 PARTIAL LIST OF SPECIES FROM VIGO GROUP liv- 2x13 }4x|]5x |] 9x |11x| ing Architectonica pictum Philippi.......... +/+y)+]..]..] +4 7+ INGESeL, Goce. « oopaescubocessordcon ar ilar {lao || 6a, |} 62 seq} Se Burllariaer reece ciciehavete ait evevolape nite hers Call | Siete eet (aici (ener on Cancellaria crenifera Sowerby..........- ata Wecpe Al hccrravall eto lPteves tite 6 || Sf is elegans Sowerby............ aca! Dea teeulceteas Were cn MN ieteouallleetee | Se Gassidariavn wacskccecine sista ais eistorae) steve! eo lta ell veel tate [leet atic t Ie 3 Gerth jenkinsiyker Martini series rls ate [ste | terse ater i even lets tN) oe monoliferum Kiener..........| + | +] ..]..-]--].--. | + s herklotsi K. Martin.......... apatites oa eeseuell Caeteu cones. tu tote cM bandongensis K. Martin...... aN ellp ade allctae Winese Mi ltoecoe lll teyeell ewese Cerithidea (Pyrazus) cf. sulcatus Brugiere} .. | + |] .. | -. | -- | -- | + # Cfaornata Hinds: iceeaiesiers oe Be ice | ea [ese retell (eeecy (lomeera bases co cc Mearmdobhraie eevee tre eleters es Ssceoal| sche | luteal Ween Ieeee |e a Tat Conus ornatissimus K. Martin.......... ates cell lers. [os sy lI) ers MEW SPECIES PRs 6 -)2-i seis n= se (sel Go dl aocl| se llroo ||) oo eats ISDECIES ero ira mrecucvanaicds olanken ele tn ital eects. Wezaverel| escalates S) MivadssELwass's 2). cjets excite chee wias SS real | fetal [poms | Mecice (Atal Warcrors (its SE IOKOISUPKAEN ERs pcibeiete atersieters aie ore Yel [beeen bsasih ite dl tecsera|ireree | ot Semmlarcdiokers Martinlepocie.s nrcaretelreier SF] Vee) |More | (cle onl (macro mes ES astratellus;jenkinsea. se -ccasc eee Ph Pace A ises still sca lf} vera Columbella bandongensis K. Martin.....] .. | .. | + eal ihrer 1i|Naws Gyclonassa'praore se oioeerosiele si ickayenlereas a a re eee say lever [eons Cyprea cf. tigris Linneus............... co | ae || Se Pee here (aS oa SOSH. Sona godbecouceesaebens Ree Ne a eel (ee an | ieee ri lliae peers re cores ene eloe ees cera =fehiflesyen | asi ap | |iteael | Sass Met ahinwla Het cient os cyeietsnte soins se ates erevste Seal eee | |e ae ILS Ht hers COIS hy eerie yaar en is eb. Bie ae + aa a0 fig Distortio clathrata Lamarck............ Pen (acs | (ees Balt ome (ete Eburna ambulacrum Sowerby.......... ses ste Broun Vinee |Ocis Ficus reticulata (Lamarck)............. fae S| Melouesed Ihe - | te] t+ FLAMIN Camera ors ae sks ael iene ores Orme cor sta rari ie eee atest livazes | ree Harpa articularis Lamarck............. Sram eect less ee oe Mitra javanayKe Martine 5.20... 0. 2.0. +]... 4+ eat ete eae “cf. jenkinsi K. Martin ........... oe ieee Iles seize Nhicskee tones Seeing huhnwke Martins. ee cee +]..y4+ Pastel eared (eee “ bucciniformis K. Martin.......... Feele@ee || ce Ao mare al bc Mangiliaveae ere ceria sinter aa ered eee area recy Miieers Murex endivia Lamarck............... Brg Vics cial wal WeGont te Marsinellarnya niece nine oo Oee feel (hsetetaa| te ie ie cieell bere WMelantajasperatassscmtechnin fone eas -- | +] t+ aval fhisconsi [ote N assa crenulataew cso isso nee +/+ )+ +/+/)+4+ GispanvAdamst ns secon eck a tiee eee +/+]... ate Woe Joe & gemmulata (Lamarck)........... eee el fs -. | + Seen e lobosarminoryes sere nian etek Seal (cs oan ee ae “ thersites immersa Carpenter...... +) + ].. o | + “ thersites leptospira (Brugiere)..... +]/4+)].. a || se menquadrastunidaleopacmemencecn nite +/+].. So || ar =) canaliculatasbamarck)).5.-0 205 2 seen (fiestas, | iar ar =). costelliferacAnAdams ea aac oe ll ste at “ reussi K. Martin (may = N. cos- tellifera) hee eye ys eee ap |) ar 14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. ParTiAL List oF SPECIES—Continued. liv- 2xX13x|4x]5x]9>x }11x| ing Natica albumen Lamarck.............. a a5 en We S re Rao Sind abiacdaio ca tel ice: alre “ spadicea Reeve................. +] 4+ | ee e mamillas amare ete eiee ee +/+ ee abe A lacernula d’Orbigny............. Seat ghee Pere lt Neroed| Mcpsralltosceulll heats ee cummingsiana Recluz........... Fey | Pec] We tubes Ome | ete ie Nerita funiculata Reeve............... + Re 3h | lors Olivellaye te cess coe eisre lemiee test +)/4].. el eae Eo Sa diols Ghee ae ONCOL ME POR AGaS +)+] .. aril ens Rariellaveea feet et on oetactevsmn eet =f |e |e voli Xe Ranella subgranulosa Beck............. Vilisce | tes . f+ “ tuberculata Broderip........... +/+ )+ +) +4 RostellaniawicuSa. wesc hie daseios meee tecs se kee be oe crispata Kaener sas. sie eee se steel | ae + Strombus canarium Linneus........... +/+]... 4 s Gato, ggaaonospotagcp ods +} + - Hes FSPECIES (Ds -ratrols Sic neice s Wie oe Pepe (ec etl Weta fees [econ ios |) ces “ ~swainsoni Reeve... ..-.:...... Eales] Soa l| eeeeen | eee toa BER ie Ba eisai ee piste tons het Fis | acta eric Wess Se Turris (Surcula) flavidus Lamarck....... Se tl SEE Se lfece + SP garnonsisReeven. seen ton tak +) 4+ )+ =a “ deshayesi (Doumet)............. +i 4+]... + “ carinata woodwardi K. Martin....| + | + + ©* ‘coronifera (Ke Martin)2.. «25 «.- Pate | Merrell eee ierens| leis. asl Pec ©) imacmora,(Wamarck) ie eee aie farrell fiecnerey arene eer ree |e | le tS Thais (or Ricinula) spectrum........... Paty | eceae f + Nerebraibicincta Ke Martin. 2)... 2)- =| ote ills eile =a javenasKeuVartinen sericea er a inet We FO Oe ee aa Set Sr on Triton pfeifferianum Reeve............. ao hap ihe + Trochts Ses ah eee: Sone eee Bene Sen) AEM leealhee ae Telescopium telescopium Linnzus....... nh elt Bem en | ea + Vicarya callosa Jenkins................ aa) ar ae Vor, XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 15 ParTIAL List OF SPECIES FROM THE VIGO GROUP. PELECYPODA liv- 2X|3x|4x|5x] 9x |11x| ing ArcaicomeayReeveacicisicscictssis/cle1eys (ess « tty [ites ston \IPeese® [tava fi leve: |) a LerritgineayRECVe sn cccis «aus s)s.c)eveie\e a).0\2 eeltackea Heereltesta! Pes IP ace. ft Sher oranosas Winslet, «alcla/.o cis slcictsrs als) cecal] Sell ene] eal) |e e] | eee (ie SE Cha COR AtAURN COVES 4 a 5,s)elsic oie ohare ove Brot aoe || oe eiel steal (Nes Al (hace Ue Sh CENEDrICA INCE VE 2s sinters avers sieiee-«, shovete eh WNvetee iI heat Ih tye -. | + Barbatia fusca (Brugiere).............. poet ee oo on Garcia ce cist aver natesea sstarstite +]... lea aa ee G attenuatum Sowerby.......... at pelle 4 +] + “ ~ unicolor Sowerby............. pal be a +/+ Cardita antiquata Linneus............. ce Sollt st +/+ Chione chlorotica Philippi.............. +/+ )+ aoe lec Ed ee OEE OOD CG En Coe aaron e aie Corbula socialis K. Martin............. Be a Ue a | al | el |e |e Clementia hyalina Philippi=C. papyracea}] .. | ..] ..] .. | +] +] + Dosiniaefwlenticwlaris. sn). te ele Be ll tiestow | ercechy |UMereuelleae oll verse fete we) cretaceanbhilippin 2 aaciee cent 7 oe ar Glycimeris viteus (Lamarck)........... + +] + iS angulatus (Lamarck)........ = | Setar |e gene +] + OSEreAR Re ee eae ere een pee + y+ =faaihe ye Pecten (Pleuronectia) pleuronecta WGineSee se oe ee aT + + + Semnclatadulas linn 2use eset + + “cf. pseudolima Sowerby......... Bee | ence ae el lesa | acct (pein (iee “ pseudolima Sowerby............ eve (eerste lh See [es [lect flees “ef. cristularis Adams & Reeve... . ea cea crt dhe neva brass: al este iactnayplacentase neers earn toe +/+ )])+ wat eat Psammobia cf. lessoni Blainville........ Store es |e Pea! bie Psammobia Species.) 95 aciser tases susie Feb [bested || ieee sor eters PINNaNSPEClesh ets ease reoles SEM Ect, | as Ber ass Paphia textrix Deshayes............... + 58 4B. || Moa SOlenNisnecies sy eau Oyen oe eee eres = iss | merce eee Bea |, tae Spisdlatepeciesmnicy ieee mesic eee tte mt [Pate |e +]... Solecuntus:quoyilee s-ocmcur desea: cle + of + Spondyluss (species. ci. :c1a« assess ceete oe es Gl [eke eeadl [rata reed [Aad | SERN (eee eco Bellina rors Scraeere Somer ol anh ee ra al eg ae eee Va Ia pRellinat ispecies ari arcs ney teehee ea lito | Wedel eck HOE Soe || (Rca Vermetus javanus ? K. Martin......... i 4° ANTHOZOA Trochocyathus burnsi J. Haime......... + a5 Coral senicn ho iaaacainenvonter + om OFS SO OS COU COR RO REE ce een ate —- AGE OF THE VIGO GROUP In the foregoing list there are 87 forms which are specifically determined, and, of these, 66 are living species (75 per cent.) an astonishing number when the geologic history of the region yielding these forms is considered. In addition, the extinct 16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Sek. forms are practically all common to the Upper Miocene of Java according to K. Martin®. Cerithium jenkinsi is from Martin’s locality Z; Cerithium herklotsi and Cerithium bandongensis from his locality O; Conus hardi and Conus striatellus, locality O; Coluwmbella ban- dongensis, locality O; Mitra junghuhni and M. javana, locality O; M. jenkinsi, locality K; M. bucciniformis, locality R; Turris coronifer, locality O; Terebra javana and T. bicincta, locality K ; Vicarya callosa, localities O and P; Vermetus java- nus, localities I and P. According to Martin, most of these forms are characteristic of the Upper Miocene of Java. In a very excellent paper entitled “Concerning Tertiary Fos- sils in the Philippines” by Prof. Karl Martin, there is listed a series of faunas from the Cagayan Valley of northern Luzon which apparently belong to this same horizon. Concerning this series he gives the following discussion: “Now, in reviewing Semper’s collection, I was at once struck with Vicarya callosa Jenk., which is known from Java and is described in detail below ; and this induced me to make a closer comparison between the fossils of the Philippines and those of the Indian Archipelago, whereby it at once became apparent that a whole series of species, especially of the Javanese Ter- tiary, is common to both regions. Thus far, indeed, I have been unable to make a complete study of Semper’s collection, and for the time being it has little further interest, because statements as to stratigraphical position are entirely lacking and the equivalent deposits of neighboring regions are still very insufficiently known. After completion of my monograph on the fossils of Java, however, I hope to undertake a more thorough study of the Philippine fossils, and to supplement this preliminary communication.” Martin lists the following from Luzon: 1. Minanga; right bank of the Catalangan. BUSaShvenpeekiel lantern ree ete teeta M;P. UritonideanventriosayNart so. 5. 05.24 soe M. Murexibrevispimnaieam crn aa ait facie MEGA) Be: ® Martin, K., Tertiarschichten auf Java, p. 44-51, Leiden, 1880. Vor. XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 17 IMUrexspininatiisnVViOGdi errr aerlke nce. M;L. Ranellajraninoidess lantern intense sie hee M. RostellariaayavanaMattenreteieta cree ats M. iINaticagmannillas lanier errrrretere eer a M;L. Garditardecipiens! Martens see eee eer 12) Wenusisquamosallvanmi sans. sha ase aes. 12 Ls. 2. Minanga; right bank of the Iaroen. MerepramenkinsieMiatteaeisecieeiacr ctor M. sierebrasbandongensisi Wants ieer ere M. Bustismvenbeckaip antes erie ecie eee sce MP. IMMER S ARCO ISS Os oboncoado apninodeobeeo M. IReviSle, Santi, Iii, souaghsoctgoukoneaude iL Rostellarian|avanam Viartwe neers aie M. Micanyancallosam| enka manner menor oct: M. Garditamdecipiensm lactic ae ee Pe: 3. Right bank of the Ilaroen, 4 miles above Minanga. Buastsivenbeekil Martane sc. cece eee. let MP. NMiirexabDreuispinamearnr ry rterr eerie M.(?);P;L. Ranellarraninoides Matt, 4.1055. 0 see ee cee. M. Rostellagiamyavam a lait rere ee ee M. INGA ane. Iai, Ces osc oceacoccacansue M;L. 4. Left bank of the Ilaroen, 114 miles above Goroen. Wirexadjarianensisp Manta ice aeceec a. M. Munrexibrevispinayleam ane amie nni ae Wi((R) Pace Nitinexamicro piiyllissleama\e purser ieree M;L. IMinineRs ROOT ON en Hl sacks tah iota octetatss ako « M. Ranellarspinosacamsn-q6 sabes see M;L. otamidessenkinsi Mantis see cies ere se 12% iNaticasmanmilllasbanin mci soe aeee sce. M;L. CarditaydecipienswMianty see nee ne i 5. Left bank of the Ilaroen, 4 miles above Goroen. ConusisinensisrSowaerema sae is oe be 220 Be Conus palabuanensis Mart. ................ If. IERES Wetdaeeiel Mane, oo po anoosenagoeucuees M;P. iRanellar cyrinaklibinneseesues sees Gos cc ek es le 18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES | Proc. 4TH Ser. 6. Foothills in front of Aringay. (Conmsworoisne Kent cece ea eee M;P;L. Pleurotoma gendinganensis Mart. .......... 12. INassaverbeeki Marts -2. ace onc ce nee cre [ex INEtieA tmamrlie Ibe, scoudoongsacuocodcadd M;L. 7. Hills close to Aringay. Rleurotomascaninataw meen eee coors IDL 8. Dicamui Brook. Wieatya icallosa Jenks ..90 eae tara een M. 9. Satput. Cypreasmithie Marts. soe eee M. Rostellaniayjavanae Mart tee. -er- hierar M. The appended initials indicate the occurrence of the species in the Tertiary of other parts of the Indian Archipelago, as well as among the fauna of the present day. Thus E denotes Eocene; M, Miocene; P, Pliocene; J, later Tertiary in general ; QO, Quaternary; L, living species. The fossils in Martin’s list come from nine different localities and the largest number of species from any one locality is ten. The strata in the vicinity of Minanga are, according to Martin, essentially the same horizon and he says: “Judging from all these facts, the strata at Minanga are to be classed with the Upper Miocene bed which exists in Java in the locality denoted by Junghuhn by O, and at Selatjan on the Tjilongan.” As was indicated above, many of the fossils from the Bondoc Penin- sula are common to this locality O in Java, and the equivalence of the Upper Vigo beds with these Javan beds is evident. Upon the basis of Martin’s work, the age of the Vigo beds is Upper Miocene. Martin lists the distinctive foraminifera, Cyloclypeus com- munis Martin, from his (and Junghuhn’s) localities K, L, O and P. Orbitoides gigantea Martin is from locality L, and O. radiata Martin is from locality K. These localities all represent about the same horizon in Java and it is important to note these Vor, XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 19 forms here as they are regarded as excellent horizon deter- miners. Dr. W. D. Smith®, on the strength of the occurrence of Cy- cloclypeus communis K. Martin, and Lepidocyclina richthofeni Smith, refers the Canguinsa sandstone to the Middle or Lower Miocene. His exact statement is as follows: tev seencas The limestone from Mount Morabi (fossil locality 62) contains Cycloclypeus communis IK. Martin, which repre- sents the middle Miocene, and large lepidocyclinas some of which are 45 millimeters in diameter and 5 millimeters broad in the thickened central portion. Lepidocyclina richthofent Smith was identified among these. This species has been re- ferred by Douvillé to the lower Miocene. “No definite age determinations can be made from the fossils in the Canguinsa sandstone proper. The fossils in the included limestone, however, are well known and have been used correlation by various authorities. From their presence it is concluded that the Canguinsa sandstone should be placed in the middle Miocene, extending, perhaps, into the lower Miocene.” Ina recent publication, “Notes on a Lepidocyclina-Limestone from Cebu,” by Prof. H. Yabe’, a full discussion of correlation of these equivalent beds in Cebu is given, and Smith’s and Douvillé’s® correlation tables are quoted. It is noteworthy that beds under discussion are classified by Douvillé as Aquitanian. All who have studied the large fora- minifera from the Philippine Islands agree that one of the char- acteristic genera is Lepidocyclina. Cushman? in a recent paper makes the following significant statement: “Because in general Orbitoides, with some modifications to be noted in a future paper, is Cretaceous, Orthophragmina Eocene, and Lepidocy- clina Oligocene, much importance is attached to these organ- isms in the investigation of problems of geologic correlation.” ® Pratt, W. E., and Smith, W. D., Phil. Jour. Sci., Vol. VIII, 1913, No. 5, Sec. A, _™ Yabe, ee Science Epon, Tohoku Imperial University, 2nd Series, (Geol.), Vol. V, No. 2, 1919, p. 40. 5 Douvillé, H., Les foraminiféres dans le Tertiaire des Philippines. Phil. Jour. Sci., Vol. VI, 1911, No. 2, Sec. D, pp. 53-80 9 Cushman, J. A., Orbitoid Foraminifera of the Genus Pony parame from Georgia and Florida. U. S. G. S. Prof. Paper 108, 1918, p. 115. 20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES | Proc. 47H Ser. From another point of view the age of the beds in question might depend upon the age determination of the overlying Malumbang formation. Concerning the age of this formation, Smith’ states the case as follows: “The most conclusive evidence as to the age of the Malum- bang series is found in the Lower limestone, which, on the basis of the fossil Lithothamnium ramosissimum Reuss (fossil local- ity 25) may be assigned to the Miocene. The upper beds in the series are apparently as young as the Upper Miocene or the Pliocene. The formation is similar to the “étage marneux”’ which Verbeek assigns to the middle stage of the upper Tertiary for Java.” Concerning the range of this species, Prof. H. Yabe** notes the following: “This reef building organism is very often cited from the limestone of the Oligocene and Miocene ages of the Indo- Pacific region, its occurrence being known from Japan, the Philippines, Borneo, Timor, Amboina, New Guinea and ad- jacent islands, New Hebrides, Victoria, the Christmas Islands, etc. “In Japan, it is found not only in Lepidocyclina and Miogysina-limestones and similar and equivalent rocks of For- mosa, Botel-tobako, the Riukiu-Islands and Ogasawara-jima, but also in 1. the Lepidocyclina and Miogypsina-limestones of the provinces of Sagami and Kai; 2. the Lithothamnium-lime- stones of Ogami-yama and Megami-yami near Sagara, prov- ince of Tétdmi; 3. the Lithothamnium-limestone _ inter- calated in an oil-bearing Tertiary complex of Echigo; 4. the Lithothamnium-limestone of Shiroiwa, Mukatsuka-mura, Otsu- gori, pro. of Nagato.” It is evident from these references that this form has con- siderable range in the Miocene. From all the evidence Canguinsa and Upper Vigo beds may be assigned to some stage of the Miocene, and the evidence of Lepidocyclina indicates a still greater age, the Oligocene. 10 Op. cit., 327. 11 Yabe, H., Notes on a Carpenteria-Limestone from B. N. Borneo. Science Reports, Tohoku Imperial University, 2nd Series (Geol.), Vol. V, No. 1, 1918, p. (28) 14. Vor, XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 21 IMPORTANCE OF GUIDE FOssILs Good guide fossils are far more difficult to select in connec- tion with tropical Tertiary faunas of the Philippines than in the Californian Tertiary owing to the great predominance of recent mollusca. As will be seen from a study of the fauna cited above, most of the forms which are extinct were originally described from a correlative horizon in Java. Of these, the writer is inclined to think that Cerithium jenkinsi, C. herklotsi, C. bandongensis; Mitra javana, M. jenkinsi, M. junghuhnu, M. bucciniformis; Turris coronifer; Terebra bicincta, T. javana; Vicarya callosa; Vermetus javanus will probably prove reliable guides among the mollusca. These species are all representa- tives of highly organized genera and their extinction during the post-Miocene time was probably due to their inability to obtain life conditions suited to their highly specialized needs. Corals, echinoderms, and the more highly organized foram- inifera will probably prove to be even better horizon determin- ers, but their comparative infrequence in strata of the Philip- pines will at times preclude their use. The writer has not yet attempted to identify the corals and the echinoderms in the collections made, but their value will no doubt prove to be great. It seems that their rate of evolution may have been greatly retarded, but much study will be required in this con- nection. For stratigraphic work in the tropics large and com- plete collections are necessary to obtain results of any value, as the geologic and paleontologic history is read, even with the best data available, with much difficulty. Much comparative material, both recent and fossil, should be accumulated as sub- specific differences will be recognized only through comparative studies. These subspecific differences are exceedingly import- ant for minute separation and discrimination of strata deposited under tropical conditions. Factors PROMOTING EVOLUTION oF PELECYPODS AND GASTROPODS The changes in conditions of environment of marine pelecy- pods and gastropods—in salinity, temperature, depth of water, character of the bottom, food, oceanic currents—determine the 22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. existence of individuals, and, in all probability, species also. Many marine forms are quite delicately adjusted to their en- vironment and even slight changes may cause their extinction in certain localities. Of these conditions, change in temperature is probably the most important. The annual temperature range of the waters in the tropics is far less than similar ranges in the temperate zones. Likewise variations in salinity are probably less, as this is a secondary factor dependent in large part upon temperature. The influence of oceanic currents is intimately connected with temperature and salinity. Depth of bottom and the character of the bottom may be altered by changes in the volume of sediments brought into the ocean from the neighbor- ing land and by epirogenic—continent building—movements which have caused a restriction or enlargement of a continental shelf. Epirogenic movements vitally affect food conditions of pelecypods and gastropods, for, if the continental shelf is greatly reduced by uplift, the feeding areas are thus reduced, and, if the competition among gastropods and pelecypods is too great, a species may rapidly become extinct. All of these changes are probably far less under tropical conditions than under temperate or arctic conditions. CoMPARISON OF LIFE ConpiITIONS DurING Vico MIOCENE Time WITH THE RECENT The close relationship between the Vigo Miocene fauna of the Philippines and the recent fauna of these same waters, indi- cates that change in living conditions since the beginning of Miocene time has been but slight. Apparently change in tem- perature has not had any notable influence. It can be shown from general geological evidence that an archipelagic condition existed during Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene times. Salin- ity during the last half of the Tertiary and Recent has probably altered but little and this only locally. Oceanic currents and changes in character of ocean bottom were probably different during Vigo-Miocene time than during Malumbang-Pleistocene or Recent time, as is evidenced by the absence of reef building corals from the Vigo and the argillaceous and sandy character of the sediments of this group. A study of Vigo sedimentation indicates that an extensive land area stretched from north to Vor, XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP ZS south near the outer border of the continental shelf of the Phil- ippines unbroken by straits like the San Bernardino of the present. Diorites, schists, serpentines and associated meta- morphic and igneous rocks composed this land mass and the mud-laden, westerly-flowing streams deposited their loads in the Philippine inland sea of Miocene age. Judging from the coarse agglomeratic character of the basal Vigo beds in Leyte, high grade, torrential streams descended to a semi-arid lowland from a high, mountainous terrane to the east. The absence of many reef building corals from the Vigo fauna is probably due to the presence of muddy waters and the lack of strong cur- rents, because the waters were quite warm enough for coralline growth, judging from the presence of many tropical species. From the character of both the sediments and fauna, the waters of the Vigo sea were not too deep for the existence of reef- building corals. During Malumbang time marine life condi- tions were very similar to those prevailing in the Philippines today, but the continental shelf was apparently far wider and the islands much smaller, since coralline limestone covered more extensive areas during the Pliocene than now. During the Pleistocene, the islands were outlined about as at present but many local changes took place during this time. Cebu for example was probably greatly restricted during the Pleistocene as well as during the Pliocene, and it was probably represented by several small islets then. Recent and Pleistocene faulting on a great scale seems to have largely controlled the physiography of this island. The northwestern peninsula of Leyte, 40 miles east, has not only a clear cut record in its terraced sides regis- tering a series of uplifts, but an equally clear record of Recent or Pleistocene submergence on its west side. This last event is evidenced by a series of beautiful small bays, drowned valleys of small westward flowing antecedent streams. Such local movements did not seem to affect the species very materially on the whole. It is quite possible that some forms had to seek other quarters, but with such a great variety of neighborhoods from which to choose, every clam could find its proper mud flat and each snail its own dugout. The possible tendency of a species to have within itself the power to evolve into a higher form, or a form still better suited to its environment, is not 24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. apparently present in the case of the tropical pelecypods and gastropods, and the slow changes of fauna are apparently pro- duced by slight changes in temperature, depth, salinity, and food. In other words, the “wonderful stability of protoplasm” seems to be exhibited in these marine tropical invertebrates except when environmental changes impress alterations upon this vital life substance. CROWDING OF SPECIES AND THE RECENT FAUNA OF THE PHILIPPINES A seeming objection to the main thesis of this paper is found in connection with the great abundance of species in the marine waters surrounding the Philippine Islands. As was mentioned above, climatic zones were by no means as sharply differen- tiated during the early as during the later portion of the Ter- tiary. Practically all Recent tropical genera were initiated in the Eocene, and many of the species representing these genera had, during this period, an exceedingly wide geographic range, particularly as respects latitude. During this time tropical species flourished in high latitudes. To use a simple comparison, the tropical life “accordion” was extended to its greatest limit. The exact nature of the change which caused a separation of remarkable distinctness between the Oligocene faunas of the Pacific Coast of North America from the Eocene is not fully understood. It seems probable however that the time repre- sented by unconformity between Oligocene and Eocene was long. The distribution of land masses on the earth was pro- foundly affected, and it seems quite probable that the climate during this ep-Oligocene time was decidedly cooler than in the Eocene or the Oligocene which followed. It seems quite prob- able that the life “accordion” was compressed and many species which ranged far to the north in Eocene time were compelled to seek the more genial climes of the tropic seas. When the faunas during the Oligocene again had a chance to expand into higher latitudes, they encountered new conditions of environ- ment and were nearly all specifically changed. The Oligocene faunas of Oregon, Washington, and California are distinctly set off from the Miocene and similar changes may have taken place during ep-Miocene time. Again many of the species suc- Vor. XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 25 ceeded in making a strategic retreat. Even more pronounced were the ‘“‘accordion’’-like changes during the Pliocene, and during the Pleistocene “jig-time’’ was in vogue. As was pointed out above, archipelagic conditions prevailed in the Philippines during the Tertiary, although the record for the Miocene is missing or extremely meager. An archipelago located in the tropics offers a great variety of habitat, and a new species entering such a region could on this account find suitable conditions for existence. From Miocene to Recent in the tropics molluscan faunas have changed but little, and but slight specific alterations have occurred as well. Since a tropical or sub-tropical climate pre- vailed over California, Oregon, and Washington during upper Eocene time, the great geographic and stratigraphic ranges of certain species of Tejon (Upper Eocene) age is due to nearly uniform conditions and other factors mentioned. The great stratigraphic range of many Tejon Eocene species is probably due to uniformity in climate during long periods of time and slight faunal changes have greater significance in the Upper Eocene than corresponding changes in the Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene time and these variations probably required a much longer time for their production as well. Uniformity in oceanic temperature enabled many species to range far to the north, and, in fact, far west of California to the Eocene of Japan where Perissolax blakei, Pholadomya nasuta or their near relatives occur’. The Eocene time then must not be measured by the same faunal “yardstick” as Pliocene and Miocene time, but a much finer scale is required. It is the writer’s opinion, based upon such considerations, that Eocene time is far longer than any of the other divisions of the Tertiary. SUMMARY The tentative conclusion of the writer is that in the study of Tertiary faunas of the tropics, a different percentage scale must be used. For the later Tertiary, Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene the percentages which apply in the temperate re- 12 Yokoyama, M., Some Tertiary Fossils from the Miike Coal-field. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Vol. XXVII, 1911, Art. 20. 26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. gions to the Pliocene are roughly adaptable to the Miocene, and similarly the percentages which apply in the temperate regions to the Pleistocene are apparently those of the Pliocene of the tropics. The reasons for this apparent lack of faunal differen- tiation during the Tertiary in the tropics are those due to uni- formity of temperature, salinity, food, and other life essentials. From another viewpoint the rate of evolution of Gastropoda and Pelecypoda in the tropics during the Tertiary was far less than during this same time in the more rigorous environs of the temperate zones. The tropical or sub-tropical faunas of the Eocene of the Pacific Coast of North America exhibit but slight differences compared to the faunas of Miocene and Plio- cene age of this same region, and the writer ascribes this to uniformity of life conditions which prevailed during Eocene time. The amount of faunal change must not be used as a measure of time in the whole of the Tertiary, but differently marked scales are necessary for measurement in tropical and sub-tropical faunas of the Eocene and Oligocene than for the Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene. It is particularly note- worthy that the Japanese paleontologists are now searching for comparisons with the Pacific Coast of North America and Australia rather than with Europe. In other words, many problems of the tropical Orient will be solved only when condi- tions on both sides of the Pacific become better known. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourTH SERIES Vou. XI, No. 2, pp. 27-38 Juty 8, 1921 II A LIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF NEVADA, WITH NOTES ON THE SPECIES IN THE COLLECTION OF THE ACADEMY BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH Curator of the Department of Herpetology AND JOSEPH R. SLEVIN Assistant Curator of the Department of Herpetology No list of the reptiles and amphibians of Nevada as a whole has yet been published. In order that one may be available we have undertaken the preparation of that which follows. This list is based upon the published records as well as upon the collections of the California Academy of Sciences. It has been drawn upon the same lines as our previous lists of the amphi- bians and reptiles of Arizona (1913) and of Utah (1915). It is thought to include all species now definitely known to live in Nevada. Those which the Academy has not yet received from within the borders of that state are indicated by a star preceding the number in the list. Following this list are given notes on the species represented in the Academy’s collections. Our specimens from Nevada were nearly all secured by M1 Slevin in 1913 and 1916. July 8, 1921 28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser. LIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF * * REMI ES IION (SAS Ges ES) IS) = ~ — S t — et ee > Who 2) al7h *18. NN = IS) Xe ie) bo E23: i) — saa 20: ~) N *28: DR WW W LO WNe Ow) 34. 56)9)- *36. NEVADA Scaphiopus hammondii Bufo compactilis Bufo boreas boreas Bufo boreas halophilus Bufo woodhousii Hyla regilla Rana pipiens Rana pretiosa Rana onca Coleonyx variegatus . Dipsosaurus dorsalis dorsalis . Sauromalus ater . Crotaphytus collaris baileyi . Crotaphytus wislizenii 15. Callisaurus ventralis ventralis Callisaurus ventralis myurus Uta ornata ? Uta graciosa Uta stansburiana stansburiana Sceloporus graciosus graciosus . Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus . Sceloporus magister Phrynosoma douglassii Phrynosoma platyrhinos Heloderma suspectum Xantusia vigilis . Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus Plestiodon skiltonianus Charina bottz bottze Coluber constrictor mormon . Coluber flagellum piceus . Coluber tzeniatus 3. Salvadora hexalepis Pituophis catenifer deserticola Lampropeltis getulus boylii Hypsigle aa ochrorhynchus ochrorhynchus *Species which the Academy has not yet received from Nevada. Vor. XI} VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 29 *37. Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis 38. Thamnophis ordinoides elegans 39. Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans 40. Thamnophis ordinoides couchii 41. Sonora semiannulata 42. Crotalus oreganus *43. Crotalus tigris *44. Crotalus cerastes *45. Gopherus agassizii 1. Scaphiopus hammondii Baird Nos. 40911 to 40924 are fourteen specimens of this spadefoot toad taken at dusk in pools of water in the beach of Pyramid Lake, July 3 to 9, 1916. None was seen after these dates. 2. Bufo compactilis Wiegmann Although this toad has been found in Arizona and Utah, we believe its presence in Nevada has not been recorded. Speci- mens (Nos. 36959, 36960, 36968) are at hand from Las Vegas, Clark County, and (Nos. 37330-37507), from Caliente, Lincoln County. 3. Bufo boreas boreas (Baird & Girard) We refer to this subspecies two specimens (Nos. 40946, 40947) from Elko, Elko County, and a fairly large series (Nos. 40878 to 40910) from Pyramid Lake, Washoe County. The toads from Pyramid Lake were found at Sutcliffe, at the Pyramids, and on Anaho Island. 4. Bufo boreas halophilus (Baird & Girard) Three toads (Nos. 38013 to 38015) collected near Glen- brook, Douglas County, on the shore of Lake Tahoe, seem to represent this southern subspecies. “Species which the Academy has not yet received from Nevada. 30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser. 6. Hyla regilla Baird & Girard One hundred and three Hylas (Nos. 36856 to 36958) were secured at Las Vegas, Clark County, Nevada, May 1 and Au- gust 10 to 13, 1913. They were found in grass along the edges of a stream. The webs between the toes are small in these specimens. While this seems to be the only tree-toad as yet collected in Nevada, there can be little doubt that Hyla arenicolor occurs along the Colorado River. 7. Rana pipiens Schreber From Nevada, we have a series of one hundred and fifty- seven specimens of this frog. Twelve (Nos. 37318 to 37329) were collected at Caliente, Lincoln County, Nevada, August 14-21, 1913. Others (Nos. 37859 to 37990) were secured at Elko, Elko County, Nevada, July 14 to 16, 1913, and (Nos. 40948 to 40959) July 19, 1916. ‘One frog (No. 40935) was taken at Carlin, Elko County, July 17, 1916. 9. Rana onca Cope Rana onca was described by Cope from a single female speci- men collected by Dr. H. C. Yarrow, in 1872, and labeled merely Utah. There seems to be no doubt that this is the same species which Dr. Stejneger later described as Rana fisheri, basing his description on specimens collected in Vegas Valley, Nevada. Our collections include ninety-nine specimens (Nos. 36757 to 36855) from Las Vegas, Clark County, Nevada, col- lected May 1 and August 10 to 13, 1913. These frogs were all caught in a small stream from a flowing well about a mile northwest of the town of Las Vegas. Rana pipiens was not found in this vicinity although it was taken at Caliente less than one hundred and fifty miles away. We have not found Rana onca elsewhere. 12. Sauromalus ater Duméril Three specimens (Nos. 37509 to 37511) were secured at Rhyolite, Nye County, August 3 to 9, 1913. They were found on rocks ina railroad cut. No. 37511 has 16-16 femoral pores. Vor, XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 31 13. Crotaphytus collaris baileyi (Stejneger) Our Nevada collections include forty-three specimens of this lizard. Eight (Nos. 37044 and 37055 to 37061) were col- lected at Caliente, Lincoln County, May 4 to 8, and August 21, 1913. Thirty-four (Nos. 37693 to 37726) were secured at Tonopah, Nye County, July 23 to 27, 1913. No. 37514 was shot at Rhyolite, Nye County, August 3 to 9, 1913. The cen- tral head scales are in two series in all these specimens. Femoral pores in forty-two specimens vary from 14 to 20; being 14 once, 15 twice, 16 seventeen times, 17 thirty-three times, 18 nineteen times, 19 eight times, and 20 four times. 14. Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird & Girard Eighty-one of these lizards were collected in Nevada in 1913 and 1916. Of these, forty (Nos. 37014 to 37043 and 37045 to 37054) were secured at Caliente, Lincoln County, May 4 to 8, and August 4 to 21; five (Nos. 37688 to 37692) were taken at Tonopah, Nye County, July 23-27; two (Nos. 37512 and 37513) were shot at Rhyolite, Nye County, August 3-9; one (No. 37801) was secured at Goldfield, Esmeralda County, July 29; one (No. 37996) was caught in Smoky Valley, Nye County, July 22; and two (Nos. 38016, 38017) were collected near Reno, Washoe County, Sept. 11; twenty-nine (Nos. 40507 to 40535) were taken near Sutcliffe, Pyramid Lake, Washoe County, June 30 to July 13, 1916; and one (No. 40933) was shot at Carlin, Elko County, July 16, 1916. Femoral pores in forty-nine specimens vary from 14 to 23; being 14 once, 15 nine times, 16 twelve times, 17 eighteen times, 18 eighteen times, 19 thirteen times, 20 ten times, 21 ten times, 22 twice, and 23 five times. 15. Callisaurus ventralis ventralis (Hallowell) Twenty-nine (Nos. 37062 to 37069 and 37070 to 37090) were shot at Caliente, Lincoln County, May 4 to 8, and August 14 to 21, 1913. Thirty (Nos. 37518 to 37547) were taken at Rhyolite, Nye County, August 3 to 9, 1913. Femoral pores in fifty-seven of these specimens vary from 11 to 18; being 11 once, 12 four times, 13 eight times, 14 32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. twenty-nine times, 15 twenty-seven times, 16 thirty times, 17 twelve times, and 18 three times; average 15.01. These counts are intermediate between those of Arizona (average 15.8, 16.5, 17.6) and Pyramid Lake specimens (average 13.76). 16. Callisaurus ventralis myurus Richardson One hundred and ninety-two (Nos. 40596 to 40786 and No. 40877) were secured in the vicinity of Pyramid Lake, Washoe County, July 1 to 13, 1916. Twelve of these (Nos. 40689 to 40700) were shot at the Indian Agency whence came the type of Richardson’s Callisaurus ventralis myurus. The others were obtained near Sutcliffe, Pyramid Lake. Femoral pores in fifty of these specimens vary from 11 to 17; being 11 three times, 12 eleven times, 13 twenty-eight times, 14 thirty times, 15 twenty-two times, 16 five times, and 17 once; average 13.76. The number of femoral pores on 206 thighs of specimens from Pyramid Lake is shown by the dotted line in the follow- ing chart (Figure 1), while 248 counts from Arizona speci- mens of C. ventralis ventralis are represented by the continuous Fig. 1—FEMORAL PORES IN CALLISAURUS 248 counts Arizona.————— 206 counts Pyramid Lake............... Vor. XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 33 line. However, the average number of pores varies in speci- mens from various parts of Arizona, as is shown in the follow- ing table: Specimens Femoral Pores Ratio Body and Tail Length Locality Examined Extremes | Average Extremes Average Pyramid Lake........ 45 Richardson 12—17 14.2 0.727—0.864 0.807 Pyramid Lake........ 50C.A.S 11—17 LSet 0.713—0.961 0.815 Arizona (all parts)....| 50 C. A. S. 14—22 17.53 0.705—0.916 0.805 Catalina Mts., Arizona] 50 C. A. S. 14—21 17.54 0.754—0.985 0.855 Cave Creek, Arizona. .| 50 C. A. S. 15—23 14.27 0.744—0.905 0.828 Yuma, Arizona....... 50 C. A. S. 11—21 15.89 0.620—0.870 0.728 Yuma and California. . Richardson 12—20 15.9 0.678—0.826 0.728 19. Uta stansburiana stansburiana (Baird & Girard) Two hundred and ninety Nevada specimens are at hand. One hundred and one (Nos. 37548 to 37648) are from Rhyo- lite. Nye County, August 3-9, 1913. Sixty (Nos. 37727 to 37786) were collected at Tonopah, Nye County, July 23-27, 1913. Eleven (Nos. 37787 to 37797) were shot at Round Mountain, Nye County, July 21, 1913. Three (Nos. 37805 to 37807) were taken at Goldfield, Esmeralda County, July 29-31, 1913. Fifteen (Nos. 36741 to 36755) were secured at Las Vegas, Clark County, May 1-2, and August 10-13, 1913. Ninety-seven (Nos. 37100 to 37196) were collected at Caliente, Lincoln County, May 4-8 and August 14-21, 1913. In 1916, two (Nos. 40796 and 40797) were secured at Sutcliffe, Washoe County, July 1 and 8, 1916, and one (No. 40798) on Anaho Isiand, Pyramid Lake, July 6, 1916. Femoral pores in two hundred and forty-five specimens vary from 11 to 17; being 11 once, 12 forty-one times, 13 one hun- dred and thirty-five times, 14 one hundred and eighty-five times, 15 ninety-eight times, 16 twenty-six times, and 17 four times ; an average of 13.86 pores per thigh. 20. Sceloporus graciosus graciosus (Baird & Girard) Only sixteen lizards of this species were collected. Two (Nos. 37993, 37994) were secured at Wells, Elko County, July 9, 1913. One (No. 37841) was shot at Elko, Elko County, July 16, 1913. Ten (Nos. 37819 to 37828) were col- lected at Austin, Lander County, July 17-19, 1913. Two (Nos. 34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES f Proc. 4TH Ser. 37799, 37800) were taken at Round Mountain, Nye County, July 21, 1913. One (No. 40934) was collected at Carlin, Elko County, July 16, 1916. Femoral pores in thirteen specimens vary from 11 to 16; being 11 once, 12 three times, 13 four times, 14 eight times, 15 six times, and 16 four times. 21. Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus (Hallowell) We have one hundred and ninety-two Nevadan specimens from the following localities: Nos. 37197 to 37301 from Cali- ente, Lincoln County, May 4-8 and August 15-21, 1913; Nos. 37685 to 37687 from Tonopah, Nye County, July 23-27, 1913; No. 37798 from Round Mountain, Nye County, July 21, 1913; No. 37992 from Snell Canyon, Ruby Mountains, Elko County, July 12, 1913; Nos. 37809 to 37818 from Austin, Lander County, July 17-19, 1913; No. 37804 from Goldfield, Esme- ralda County, July 29, 1913; Nos. 38024 to 38030 from Reno, Washoe County, Sept. 11, 1913; Nos. 38003 to 38012 from Glenbrook, Douglas County, August 25-31, 1913; Nos. 40822 to 40875 from vicinity of Pyramid Lake, Washoe County, July 1-13, 1916. Femoral pores in one hundred and thirty-two specimens vary from 13 to 19; being 13 twice, 14 five times, 15 forty-six times, 16 seventy-one times, 17 seventy-nine times, 18 forty-eight times, and 19 thirteen times. 22. Sceloporus magister Hallowell Forty-three Nevadan specimens are at hand. Sixteen of these (Nos. 37302 to 37317) were collected at Caliente, Lin- coln County, May 4-8 and August 15-21, 1913. Three (Nos. 37515 to 37517) were secured at Rhyolite, Nye County, Au- gust 3-9, 1913. These were all found on rocks on the hillsides. In the vicinity of Pyramid Lake, Washoe County, they were usually found on the ground under thorn bushes. Here, Nos. 40799 to 40812 and 40876 were secured at Sutcliffe, July.1 to 13, 1916; Nos. 40819 to 40821 were shot near the Indian Agency, July 5, 1916; Nos. 40813 to 40817 were taken from boulders on Anaho Island in Pyramid Lake, July 6, 1916; and No. 40818 was collected on one of the Pyramids near the north Vor. XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 35 end of the lake July 8, 1916. Those taken under the thorn bushes were bright green and very wild. 24. Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard Twenty-two horned toads of this species were secured in Nevada in 1913 and nine in 1916. Nine (Nos. 37091 to 37099) are from Caliente, Lincoln County, May 4-8, and Au- gust 15-21. No. 36756 was caught at Las Vegas, Clark County, August 10-13. Three (Nos. 37673 to 37675) were collected at Rhyolite, Nye County, August 3-9. Two (Nos. 37676 and 37677) were found at Tonopah, Nye County, July 23-27. No. 37803 was picked up near Goldfield, Esmeralda County, July 29. Six were secured near Reno, Washoe County, September 11. Nine (Nos. 40787 to 40795) were taken in the vicinity of Sutcliffe, Washoe County, June 30 to July 12, 1916. The femoral pores in thirteen of these specimens vary from 7 to 11, being 7 five times, 8 six times, 9 seven times, 10 six times, and 11 twice. 27. Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus (Say) Our Nevada collections include one hundred and fifty-nine lizards of this kind. Of these, thirty-seven (Nos. 36977 to 37013) were secured at Caliente, Lincoln County, May 4-8 and August 15-21, 1913. Twenty-three (Nos. 36718 to 36740) were collected at Las Vegas, Clark County, May 1-2, and August 10-13, 1913. Twenty-four (Nos. 37649 to 37672) were shot at Rhyolite, Nye County, August 3-9, 1913. Seven (Nos. 37678 to 37684) were collected at Tonopah, Nye County, July 23-27, 1913. One (No. 37802) was shot at Goldfield, Esmeralda County, July 29, 1913. Seven (Nos. 40926 to 40932) were taken at Carlin, Elko County, July 16, 17, 1916. Forty-four (Nos. 40536 to 40576 and 40593 to 40595) are from Sutcliffe, the Indian Agency and Pyramid, all near Pyramid Lake, Washoe County, June 30 to July 13, 1916. Sixteen (Nos. 40577 to 40592) were shot on Anaho Island in Pyramid Lake, July 6, 1916. The femoral pores in eighty-eight specimens from Nevada vary from 15 to 26, being 15 once, 16 once, 17 twice, 18 ten 36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser. times, 19 thirty-five times, 20 forty-nine times, 21 thirty-nine times, 22 twenty times, 23 ten times, 24 four times, 25 four times, and 26 once. 29. Charina bottez botte (Blainville) No. 37998 is a female boa of this species which was found at Glenbrook, Douglas County, Nevada, August 25, 1913. The scales are in 47 rows, gastrosteges 207, urosteges 33, supralabials 9-10, infralabials 13-12, loreal 1-1. 30. Coluber constrictor mormon (Baird & Girard) The only racer of this kind secured in Nevada is a male, No. 37991. It was caught in Snell Canyon, Ruby Mts., Elko County, July 12, and has scales in 17 rows, gastrosteges 172, urosteges 93, supralabials 7-7, infralabials 8-8, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 2-2, loreal 1-1, temporals 2+2-+-2-2+2+42. The fact that more than half the specimens of the yellow- bellied racer taken west of the Rocky Mountains have eight labials, while those secured farther east usually have seven, causes us to continue to regard them as distinct subspecies. The oldest name applied to the western subspecies appears to be Coluber mormon Baird & Girard, 1852, based upon a young specimen from the Valley of the Great Salt Lake, Utah. 31. Coluber flagellum piceus (Cope) One female racer shot at Las Vegas, Clark County, May 1, 1913, is No..36717. The scales are in 17 rows, gastrosteges 195, urosteges 111, supralabials 8-9, infralabials 10-9, preocu- lars 2-2, postoculars 2-2, loreal 1-1, temporals 2+-2-2+3. 32. Coluber teniatus teniatus (Hallowell) No. 36976 was secured at Caliente, Lincoln County, Nevada, May 4-8, 1913. It is a female with scales in 15 rows, gastros- teges 211, urosteges 134, supralabials 8-8, infralabials 10-10, preoculars 2-2, postoculars 2-2, loreal 1-1, temporals 24+2+2- 2+2+2. No. 40505 was found July 4, 1916, on the ground under thick brush in a little cafon near Sutcliffe, Pyramid Lake, Vor. XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 37 Washoe County. It is a male with scales in 15 rows, gastro- steges 214, urosteges 130c, anal divided, supralabials 8-8, infra- labials 10-10, preoculars 2-2, postoculars 2-2, loreal 1-1, tempo- rals 2+2+2-2+2-+-2. 33. Salvadora hexalepis (Cope) Our only Nevadan specimen of this snake (No. 40506) was taken near Sutcliffe, Pyramid Lake, Washoe County, July 7, 1916. It is a female with scale counts as follows: 17 scale- rows, gastrosteges 191, urosteges 80c, anal divided, supra- labials 9-9, infralabials 11-11, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 3-3, loreal 1-1, temporals 2+-3-2+3. This snake was found on the ground under a sage bush at about five o’clock in the afternoon. 34. Pituophis catenifer deserticola Stejneger Only two gopher snakes are in our Nevada collection. No. 37808 is a male caught at Austin, Lander County, Nevada, July 17-19, 1913. Its scales are in 29 rows, gastrosteges 226, urosteges 66, supralabials 8-8, infralabials 13-13, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 2-2, loreal 1-1, temporals 4+4-3+-4. No. 40504, a male, was secured near Sutcliffe, Washoe County, July 13, 1916. Its scales are in 31 rows, gastrosteges 242, urosteges 66c, anal single, supralabial 8-8, infralabials 14-12, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 3-3, loreal 1-1, temporals 3-3. This snake was found on a shelf in a kitchen closet. 38. Thamnophis ordinoides elegans (Baird & Girard) In Nevada, we found these snakes only at Glenbrook, Doug- las County, Nevada, where they were caught along a small creek near Lake Tahoe, August 25-31, 1913. Three specimens were collected here with only one T. 0. couchii (No. 37999). These specimens are of the 7. 0. elegans type of coloration without dorsal spots and without dark markings on the gastro- steges. 39. Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans (Baird & Girard) Our collection includes twenty-three specimens from Nevada. No. 37995 was taken in Smoky Valley, in the northwestern part 38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser. of Nye County, July 20, 1913. The other twenty-two were collected at Elko, Elko County, July 14-16, 1913, and July 19, 1916. These snakes all show the typical coloration in which the lateral lines are absent, the dorsal line indistinct, and the dark markings on the gastrosteges less evident than in typical specimens. The Elko specimens had been eating larvae of Rana pipiens. 40. Thamnophis ordinoides couchii (Kennicott) A single specimen (No. 37999) from Glenbrook, Lake Tahoe, was referred to this subspecies. The lateral lines are absent, the dorsal line indistinct, and the dark markings on the gastrosteges less evident than in T. 0. vagrans. This specimen is a female. 41. Sonora semiannulata Baird & Girard One specimen (No. 37508) was found just before dark, crawling over the surface of the desert near Rhyolite, Nye County, August 3-9, 1913. Its scales are in 15 rows, gastro- steges 171, urosteges 48, supralabials 7-7, infralabials 6-6, preocular 1-1, postoculars 2-2, loreal 1-1, temporals 14+-2—1+-2. There are 27 black bars on the body and nine black rings on the tail. The entire dorsal region between the black bars is pinkish orange, increasing in intensity toward the tail, on which it is bright orange. The lateral regions are yellowish white, but many of the lateral scales show central or basal black spots. This specimen agrees in coloration with No. 17550 from Cave Creek, Maricopa County, Arizona, except in the number of its dark cross-bars. 42. Crotalus oreganus Holbrook One male rattlesnake (No. 37997) was sent to us by Mr. R. L. Kennedy, who caught it near Lamoille, Elko County, June 10, 1913. It is typical in coloration. The scales are in 23 rows, gastrosteges 180, urosteges 20, supralabials 15-14, infra- labials 15-16, preoculars 2-2, postoculars 3-3, loreal 1-1. A second specimen was secured on Anaho Island, Pyramid Lake, Washoe County, Nevada, where the species is said to be common. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourTH SERIES Vot; XI, No. 3. pp. 39-47 Juty 8, 1921 III LIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF IDAHO, WITH NOTES ON THE SPECIES IN THE COLLECTION OF THE ACADEMY BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH Curator of the Department of Herpetology AND JOSEPH R. SLEVIN Assistant Curator of the Department of Herpetology We do not know of any published list of the amphibians and reptiles of Idaho. The little that is known regarding the occur- rence and distribution of various species of these classes within this state is scattered rather widely through a number of pub- lications and is not readily available to the student. In record- ing the Idaho material which is now in the museum of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, we, therefore, present also a list similar to those already published for the states of Arizona, Utah and Nevada. This list is thought to include all species now definitely known to live in Idaho. Those which are not yet represented in the Academy’s collections by specimens col- lected in Idaho are indicated by a star preceding the number in the list. Following this list are given notes on the species in the Academy’s collections. Most of our Idaho specimens were secured by Mr. Richard P. Erwin and Mr. Joseph R. Slevin. July 8, 1921 > i=) CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser. Ambystoma macrodactylum Ambystoma tigrinum Scaphiopus hammondii Bufo boreas boreas Pseudacris triseriata. Hyla regilla Rana catesbeiana Rana pipiens Rana pretiosa . Crotaphytus collaris baileyi . Crotaphytus wislizenii *12. Uta stansburiana stansburiana . Sceloporus graciosus graciosus Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus Phrynosoma douglassii Phrynosoma platyrhinos Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus . Plestiodon skiltonianus *19. Charina bottae utahensis Coluber constrictor mormon . Coluber taeniatus taeniatus . Pituophis catenifer stejnegeri ? *23. Rhinocheilus lecontei *24. Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis 25. Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus 26. Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans *27. Crotalus confluentus *28. Crotalus oreganus * a a a * GOREN ORE EOS OO NOUOOR STON Cn CSN) NM dS bo 1. Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird Cope’s A. epixanthum was described from snecimens col- lected near the head of South Boise River, on the south side of the Sawtooth Mountain range, Idaho. Sixty-four salamanders from Boise County seem to us to be indistinguishable from numerous specimens of A. macrodactylum collected in Wash- ington, Oregon and California. Cope, himself, recorded sal- amanders from Montana under the latter name. Of our speci- mens, twenty-one were secured at Payette Lake, Boise County, *Species which the Academy has not yet received from Idaho. Vor, XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 41 (Nos. 41580 and 41581) on September 5, 1916, and (Nos. 43539 to 43557) between August 11 and 21, 1917. Forty- three (Nos. 45821-45863) were found at McCall, Boise County, August 6 to 14, 1918. 2. Ambystoma tigrinum (Green) Cope (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 83) has recorded this salamander from Market Lake, Jefferson County. The species is represented in our collections by six larve col- lected by Mr. Brighton C. Cain in Bear Lake County. No. 47745 is from Bear Lake. The other five (Nos. 47746-47750) were caught in Deep Lakes, Bloomington Canyon. 3. Scaphiopus hammondii Baird Fourteen specimens from Boise, Ada County, are at hand. Of these, six (Nos. 43533-43538) were collected July 9, 1917, one (No. 45739) May 6, 1918, and seven (Nos. 45740-45746) July 19, 1917. 4. Bufo boreas boreas (Baird & Girard) Thirty-two toads from Idaho are in our collections. Fifteen of these (Nos.41521-41535, and 45747-45756) are from Boise, Ada County. Five (Nos. 41571-41575) were collected at Pay- ette Lake, Boise County, September 3-11, 1916, and one (No. 45820) at McCall, Boise County, August 8, 1918. One (No. 47744) was caught at Deep Lakes, Bloomington Canyon, Bear Lake County, July 29, 1920. 6. Hyla regilla Baird & Girard Two tree-toads (Nos. 41540-41541) were taken at Payette Lake, Boise County, Sept. 2-4, 1916. Two hundred and sey- enteen (Nos. 41536-41539, 43532, 45527-45738) were col- lected at Boise, Ada County, in August, 1916, July 9, 1917, and May 6 to August 26, 1918. 7. Rana catesbeiana Shaw Mr. Slevin was told that this frog had been introduced into Idaho some years before his visit and was spreading rapidly. 42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4rH Sen. Eighty-three specimens were collected near Boise, Ada County, (Nos. 41453-41510) on August 23 and 24, 1916, and (Nos. 45451 to 45475) between May 23 and Septemiber 2, 1918. 8. Rana pipiens Schreber One hundred and seventy-four specimens of this frog are included in our Idaho collections. Forty-six of these (Nos. 41307-41352) were taken at Fort Hall, Bingham County, Au- gust 12 to 16, 1916. One (No. 47742) was caught by Mr. Brighton C. Cain at Bear Lake, Bear Lake County, July 22, 1920, and another (No. 47743) at Deep Lakes, Bloomington Canyon, Bear Lake County, July 29, 1920. All the other spec- imens were collected near Boise, Ada County, (Nos. 41388- 41452 and 41511-41520) in August and September, 1916, and (Nos. 45476-45526) from July 18 to September 2, 1918. 9, Rana pretiosa Baird & Girard One hundred and twenty-five frogs of this species were secured in Idaho, as follows: Twenty-eight (Nos. 41542-41570) at Payette Lake, Boise County, September 5 to 9, 1916. Fifty-six (Nos. 41584-41639) at Guyer Hot Springs, Blaine County, September 18 and 19, 1916. Forty-one (Nos. 45779-45819) at McCall, Boise County, August 6 to 11, 1918. 11. Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird & Girard Two (Nos. 41275-41276) were taken at Fort Hall, Bingham County, August 11, 1916. Seventeen were collected near Boise, Ada County, as follows: three (Nos. 45421-45423) from May 22 to August 16, 1914; six (Nos. 41366-41371) from August 25 to 29, 1916; three (Nos. 45418-45420) Au- gust 21 to 26, 1916; four (Nos. 45424-45427) June 24, 1917; and one (No. 45417) July 15, 1918. The femoral pores in nineteen specimens vary from sixteen to twenty; being 16 once, 17 six times, 18 eleven times, 19 thirteen times, and 20 seven times. The average of the thirty- eight thighs is 18.5. Vor, XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 43 - 13. Sceloporus graciosus graciosus (Baird & Girard) The collections contain fifty-four specimens from Idaho. Of these, two (Nos. 20947, 20948) were collected at Pocatello, Bannock County; one (No. 20949) is from Idaho Falls, Bonne- ville County; thirty-eight (Nos. 41110-41119 and 41277- 41304) were secured at Fort Hall, Bingham County, August 11-16, 1916; and thirteen (Nos. 41385, 45435-45446) were found at Boise, Ada County, in August and September. The femoral pores in fifty-four specimens vary from eleven to seventeen; being 11 twice, 12 nine times, 13 twenty-five times, 14 thirty-two times, 15 twenty-two times, 16 sixteen times, and 17 twice. The average of the one hundred and eight thighs is 14.1. 14. Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus (Hallowell) All our Idaho specimens were secured near Boise, Ada County. Here two (Nos. 45449, 45450) were taken September 9, 1914, thirteen (Nos. 41372-41384) August 25-28, 1916, and two (Nos. 45447, 45448) August 16, 1918. The femoral pores in seventeen specimens vary from thirteen to seventeen ; being 13 six times, 14 six times, 15 fourteen times, 16 four times, and 17 four times. The average of the thirty- four thighs is 14.8. 15. Phrynosoma douglassii (Bell) Our three Idaho specimens of this horned-toad were taken one (No. 41305) at Fort Hall, Bingham County, August 11, 1916, and two (Nos. 45433, 45434) at Boise, Ada County, in July and August, 1916. 16. Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard One specimen (No. 20932) from Bliss, Gooding County, is in the collection. Its femoral pores are 11-11. 17. Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus (Say) Only six Idaho specimens are at hand. These are one (No. 20944) from Upper Salmon Falls, Twin Falls County, and five from Boise, Ada County, where they were taken (No. 44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc, 47H SER. 41386) on August 26, 1916, and (Nos. 45429-45432) between May 30 and September 30, 1918. The femoral pores in six specimens vary from eighteen to twenty-two; being 18 four times, 19 three times, 20 twice, 21 once, and 22 twice. The average of the twelve thighs is 19.5. 18. Plestiodon skiltonianus Baird & Girard The two specimens of this skink probably furnish the first record of this species in Idaho. They were taken (No. 41306) at Fort Hall, Bingham County, August 12, 1916, and (No. 41387) at Boise, Ada County, August 29, 1916. 19. Charina botte utahensis Van Denburgh Two specimens from Blue Lake and Hood’s Valley, Kootenai County, in the collection of Stanford University have been recorded in these Proceedings (Series 4, Vol. X, No. 3, 1920, P02) 20. Coluber constrictor mormon (Baird & Girard) The collections include nineteen of these racers from Boise, Ada County. Nine specimens (Nos. 41353-41361) were col- lected August 26 and 27, 1916; one (No. 45410) May 30, and one (No. 43530) June 21, 1917. Eight specimens (Nos. 45402-45409) were taken June 3 to Sept. 2, 1918. Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Number | Sex} Rows | steges | steges | Anal | labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal | Temporals 41353 i) 17 177 86c 8—8 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 41354 2 17 179 68+ 7—7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+1—2+1 41355 9 17 177 85c 7—7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—1+2 41356 a 17 175 95c 7—7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 41357 a 17 178 8ic 7—8 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+3—2+2 41358 2 17 179 88+ 7—7 9—9 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 41359 9 17 179 87c 7—7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 41360 fo 17 174 86+ 7—7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 41361 a 17 176 86c 8—8 7—7 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+-2—2+2 43530 2 17 181 90c 7—7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 45402 fol 17 173 93c 7—i7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1i—1 |2+2—2-+2 45403 2 17 181 72+ $ 7—7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |1+2—2+2 45404 fo 17 193 97c ~~ i—8 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 45405 o 17 172 92c + 7—8 8—8 2—2 2—3 1—1 |2+2—2+2 45406 fou 17 170 97c + 8—7 8—9 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+42 45407 g 17 180 88c + 7—7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+42 45408 fol 17 176 84c mo 7—8 8—9 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 45409 2 17 179 87c + 7—7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 45410 fou 17 168 98c — 7—8 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 Vor, XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 45 21. Coluber teniatus teniatus (Hallowell) Two specimens from Boise, Ada County, August 29, 1916, have scale counts as follows: Pre- Post- oculars | oculars Infra- labials Supra- labials Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Number | Sex| Rows | steges | steges Anal Loreal | Temporals 1—1 |2-+2—2+2 1—1 |2+4+2—2+2 22. Pituophis catenifer stejnegeri Van Denburgh? Two gopher-snakes (Nos. 45129, 45130) taken at Boise, Ada County, June 25 and 29, 1918, have already been recorded. (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. X, 1920, p. 23). 23. Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird & Girard So far as we know this snake has never been recorded as occurring in Idaho. We have secured no specimens there. The species is added to the list because of a specimen in the Julius Hurter collection, now in the National Museum. This specimen was sent to us, for examination, by Mr. Hurter, who stated that it had been caught in Elmore County, Idaho, Octo- ber 15, 1910. It is a female with scales in 25 rows; gastro- steges 201; urosteges 43, the second to the twenty-fourth not divided; anal single; supralabials 8-8, the seventh largest, the fourth and fifth reaching eye; infralabials 8-8, the fifth largest ; preoculars 1-1; postoculars 2-2; loreal 1-1; temporals 1+3-++-4— 2+3-+4; anterior and posterior genials nearly equal; red blotches 29 on body and seven on tail. This species is as yet unknown from Nevada, Oregon, and Utah. 25. Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus (Hallowell) Our collections include ten specimens of this garter-snake. These are one (No. 45428) taken at Boise, Ada County, July 17, 1918, and nine (Nos. 45770-45778) from McCall, Boise County, August 6-11, 1918. They have the following scale- counts : No. 45428 45770 45771 45772 45773 45774 45775 45776 45777 46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser. Scale Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Tem- Sex Rows steges | steges | Anal | labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal porals Q |19—19—17 8—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 2 7—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 {1+2—1+2 fou 7—7 9—9 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+42 2 I—7 9—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 a 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 ou 7—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 2 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 ou 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1i—1 |1+2—1+2 2 7—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 2 7—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45778 26. Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans (Baird & Girard) This garter-snake is common in Idaho, whence we have re- ceived fifty-two specimens. Many of these have been recorded in our paper on the garter-snakes of western North America (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. VIII, No. 6, 1918, pp. 241-244). Since the publication of that paper, thirty-nine specimens have been received as follows: Six (Nos. 45411-45416) col- lected at Boise, Ada County, June 6 to September 16, 1918; eight (Nos. 45757-45764) from McCall, Boise County, Au- gust 10-11, 1918; three (Nos. 45765-45767) from Little Pay- ette Lake, August 11, 1918; two (Nos. 45768, 45769) from North Fork of Lake Fork Creek, Boise County, August 7, 1914; ten (Nos. 45864-45873) from Warm Springs Creek three miles west of Ketchum, Blaine County, August 29-30, 1919; and ten (Nos. 47732-47741) from Bear Lake, Bear Lake County, July 17-22, 1920. The scale-counts of these speci- mens are given below. Vor. XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 47 Scale Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Tem- No. | Sex Rows steges | steges | Anal | labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal porals 45411 Q |21—21—17| 167 83c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 2—2 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45412 | 9 |21—21—17| 165 78c 1 8—8 11—11 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45413 Q |21—21—17| 169 86c 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 4—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45414 Q |21—21—17| 168 81c 1 8—8 10—11 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45415 9 |21—21—17} 174 41+ 1 8—8 10—10 7) 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+42 45416 | co’ |21—21—17} 174 9ic 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45757 Q |21—21—17| 165 Tic 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+3 45758 Q |21—21—17]} 166 75c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45759 | co’ |21—21—17] 171 89c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45760 | co }21—21—17| 168 89c 1 8—8 10—10 2—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+42 45761 o }21—21—-17| 171 87c 1 8—7 10—10 1i—1 3—3 1i—1 |1+2—1+42 45762 | co |21—21—17| 170 74+ 1 7—6 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+42 45763 Q@ |21—21—17|} 163 76c 1 &—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45764 9 |21—21—17| 168 80c 1 8—8 10—10 1i—1 4—4 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45765 | o ;21—21—17| 169 60+ 1 8—8 10—10 2—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45766 Q |21—21—17| 160 76c 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 4—4 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45767 | 9 |21—21—17] 168 74+ 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1-+2 45768 Q |21—21—17| 164 77+ 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45769 | 2 |21—21—17] 166 Tic 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45864 | of |21—21—17| 165 85c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45865 | co }21—21—17| 172 90c 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45866 | co }21—21—17| 169 80c 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45867 | @ |21—21—17| 169 80c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45868 | o |21—21—17| 166 83c 1 8—8 10—10 2—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45869 Q |21—21—17} 166 78c 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45870 | o |21—21—17| 167 65+ 1 8—8 10—10 1i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45871 Q |21—21—17| 167 82c 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 |1+2—1+2 45872 | o |21—21—17| 168 88c 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45873 | oi |21—21—17] 167 88c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 47732 Q |21—21—17| 166 80c 1 8—8 9—10 i—1i 3—2 1—1 |1+2—1+2 47733 9 |21-—-21—17| 167 73c 1 8—8 9—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 47734 Q |21—21—17| 173 83c + 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 47735 | o& |21—21—17| 175 86c 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 47736 Q |21—21—17| 172 79¢ 1 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1-+2 47737 Q |21—21—17| 174 79¢c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 4—3 1—1 _ |1-+-2—1+2 47738 | 9 |21—21—17| 171 78c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 47739 | Q |21—21—17| 172 80c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 _|1+2—1+2 47740 | o& |21—21—17| 173 85c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+-2—1-+-2 47741 9 '21—21—17!1 170 79c 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 4—4 1—1 '1+3—1+2 rl ' ‘ ur ' i) WW ' 7 yy ui 7 Pont) os 4 A 7 i : { v4 ‘ = “st ' . Aiton PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourTH SERIES Vout. XI, No. 4, pp. 49-72 Jury 8, 1921 IV A LIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE PENINSULA OF LOWER CALIFORNIA, WITH NOTES ON THE SPECIES IN THE COLLECTION OF THE ACADEMY BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH Curator of the Department of Herpetology AND JOSEPH R. SLEVIN Assistant Curator of the Department of Herpetology This paper is primarily based upon a collection gathered by Mr. Slevin, in the Cape Region of Lower California, Mexico, in the months of June to September, 1919. Mr. Slevin also made a small collection at Ensenada, in 1905, while a member of the Academy’s expedition to the Galapagos Islands. These specimens, and also a few secured by Dr. Gustav Eisen in June, 1899, at San Xavier, are included in this report. The specimens are all in the collection of the Academy, with the exception of those collected by Dr. Eisen, which were destroyed in the great fire of April, 1906. The herpetology of Lower California was reviewed in sev- eral papers published in these Proceedings in 1895 and 1896. Since that time, through the study by Mocquard? of a coilection ‘s Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris., Ser. 4, Vol. I, 1899, pp. 297-343, pls. 11-13. July 8, 1921 50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. made by M. Diguet, and the publication by Meek? of a list of those secured by Edmund Heller, a number of species have been added to those known from the peninsula. It therefore seems worth while to publish a new list including all that are known to occur on the peninsula. The island reptiles are not included here. They have been recorded in another paper® published by us, and in one by Miss Mary C. Dickerson‘. In the following list a star preceding the number indicates that no Lower Californian specimens of that species are at present in the collection of the Academy. The letters N., C., and S., following the names, indicate in a general way the portions of the peninsula inhabited by each species; N. mean- ing northern and including the San Diegan and Desert areas; C. the central portion of the peninsula; and S. the southern or Cape Region. A few species are included in the list without numbers but enclosed in brackets. These have not yet actu- ally been collected in Lower California, but have been taken in California so close to the line as to make it practically cer- tain that they occur in the Mexican territory. LIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF LOWER CALIFORNIA, MEXICO *1. Batrachoseps attenuatus. N. S. *2. Plethodon croceater. N. S? [Aneides lugubris lugubris]. N. 3. Scaphiopus couchii. S. 4. Bufo boreas halophilus. N. 5. Bufo punctatus. S. 6. Hyla regilla. N.S. 7. Hyla arenicola. N. 8. Rana draytonii. N. 9. Phyllodactylus tuberculosus. C. S. 10. Phyllodactylus unctus. S. *11. Coleonyx variegatus. N. C. 12. Ctenosaura hemilopha. S. 13. Dipsosaurus dorsalis dorsalis. N. C. 2 Meek, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Series, Vol. VII, No. 1, 1906, pp. 3-19, pls. aan Denburgh & Slevin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. IV, 1914, pp. 129-152. 4 Dickerson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, pp. 461-477. *Species which the Academy has. not yet received from Lower California. Vor. XI) VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 14. Dipsosaurus dorsalis lucasensis. S. *15. Sauromalus ater. N. C. *16. Crotaphytus collaris baileyi. N. *17. Crotaphytus wislizenii. N. S. 18. Uma notata. N. 19. Callisaurus crinitus. C. 20. Callisaurus draconoides, S. *21. Callisaurus ventralis ventralis. N. C. *22. Holbrookia species? C. 23. Uta thalassina. S. 24. Uta repens. C. *25. Uta mearnsi. N. C. [Uta ornata]. N. 26. Uta graciosa. N. C. 27. Uta nigricauda. S. *28. Uta microscutata. N. C. 29. Uta stansburiana elegans. N. C. S. *30. Uta stansburiana hesperis. N. *31. Sceloporus graciosus vandenburgianus. N. 32. Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus. N. *33. Sceloporus magister. N. 34. Sceloporus rufidorsum. N. 35. Sceloporus zosteromus. S. *36. Sceloporus orcutti. N.C. 37. Sceloporus licki. S. 38. Phrynosoma coronatum. S. C. 39. Phrynosoma blainvillii blainvillii, N. *40. Phrynosoma solare. C. *41. Phrynosoma platyrhinos. N. [Phrynosoma m’callii]. N. 42. Gerrhonotus multicarinatus. S. *43. Gerrhonotus scincicauda webbii, N. *44. Anniella pulchra. N. *45. Xantusia vigilis. N. 46. Xantusia gilberti. S. 47. Cnemidophorus maximus. S. [Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus]. N. *48. Cnemidophorus tessellatus stejnegeri. N. “Species which the Academy has not from Lower California. $1 52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47m Ser. *49, Cnemidophorus rubidus. C. 50. Verticaria hyperythra hyperythra. S. 51. Verticaria hyperythra beldingi. N. C. *52. Plestiodon skiltonianus. N. S. *53. Plestiodon lagunensis. S. *54. Euchirotes biporus. S. *55. Siagonodon humilis. S. C. *56. Lichanura roseofusca. N. *57. Lichanura trivirgata. S. 58. Coluber flagellum piceus. N. C. S. *59. Coluber lateralis. N. C. *60. Coluber aurigulus. S. 61. Salvadora hexalepis. N. C. S. 62. Phyllorhynchus decurtatus. N. S. 63. Elaphe rosaliz. C. S. 64. Arizona elegans. N. 65. Pituophis catenifer annectens. N. [Pituophis catenifer deserticola]. N. 66. Pituophis vertebralis. C. S. *67. Lampropeltis getulus boylii. N. 68. Lampropeltis getulus conjuncta. S. *69. Lampropeltis getulus yumensis. N. [Lampropeltis californize]. N. 70. Lampropeltis nitida. S. *71. Rhinocheilus lecontei. N. 72. Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus ochrorhynchus. C. S. 73. Natrix valida. S. *74. Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans. N. *75. Thamnophis ordinoides hammondii. N. C. *76. Sonora episcopa. N. [Sonora occipitalis]. N. 77. Chilomeniscus cinctus. C. S. *78. Chilomeniscus stramineus. S. *79. Tantilla planiceps. C. S. [Tantilla eiseni]. N. 80. Trimorphodon lyrophanes. C. S. 81. Crotalus lucasensis. S. 82. Crotalus exsul. N. C. *Species which the Academy has not from Lower California. Vor, XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 53 *83. Crotalus oreganus. N. 84. Crotalus enyo. C. S. 85. Crotalus mitchellii. N.C. S. *86. Crotalus cerastes. N. [Clemmys marmorata]. N. 87. Pseudemys nebulosa. C. S. *88. Chelonia agassizil. S. *89. Eretmochelys squamosa. S. *90. Caretta olivacea. S. 3. Scaphiopus couchii Baird On the way from La Paz, at sea level, to San Pedro, at an altitude of six hundred feet, the country passed through was the floor of the desert, covered with a heavy growth of cactus, mesquite, and various desert plants. Large numbers of this spadefoot toad were collected on July 3 while traversing this region. This proved just the proper time to secure any num- ber of specimens, for thunder storms, accompanied by heavy rains, at a temperature of seventy-five or eighty degrees, were of daily occurrence. Immediately after the rains, the pools of water left in the road would be swarming with toads. A pool fifteen or twenty feet in length, and six feet or so wide, would contain as many as a hundred or more. This was the height of the breeding season, as nearly all the specimens ob- served were copulating. They made a loud croaking noise and would dive on one’s approach, appearing again a few feet off, the male still clinging to its mate. This was the only time this species was observed, although several nights were spent in this locality collecting with a light. 4. Bufo boreas halophilus (Baird & Girard) A single young toad (No. 8579), captured at Ensenada in July, 1905, affords the first definite record of this species in the peninsula. 5. Bufo punctatus Baird & Girard This species, although supposed to be more abundant in the Cape Region than Scaphiopus couchii, was not found in such *Species which the Academy has not from Lower California. 54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. numbers. It was collected in only three localities: at an eleva- tion of 1400 feet in the foothills of the Sierra Laguna Moun- tains, at San Antonio 803 feet above sea level, and at San Pedro. While collecting with a light early in the evening forty-six specimens were taken around the public square in the little village of San Antonio. They were heard calling late into the evening. A specimen captured was observed to make a shrill whistling noise of four or five seconds duration with about the same interval, the throat swelling considerably while it was doing so. The stomach of a specimen picked up dead contained the wing covers of several species of small beetles. At Ensenada, in July, 1905, a number of young specimens (Nos. 8562-8569, 8576-8578, 8580-8589, 8645-8672) were secured. 6. Hyla regilla Baird & Girard During the visit to the Cape Region, only one locality was found where this little tree-toad might be expected to occur. This was in the Sierra Laguna opposite Todos Santos, at an elevation of 5400 feet. The only two specimens (Nos. 47255, 47256) taken were found in the wet grass alongside a stream of running water. During the night a few were heard calling, but a thorough search of the streams and much beating of grass resulted in no more specimens being found. At Ensenada, eight typical specimens (Nos. 8570-8573, 8590-8593) were collected in July, 1905. 7. Hyla arenicolor Cope On February 27, 1908, Mr. R. H. Beck collected twenty specimens (Nos. 13424-13443) of this tree-toad at Ensenada. These seem to furnish the first definite record of this species in Lower California. Mr. Beck did not secure any specimens of Hyla regilla, which was the only species found by the Academy’s collectors at Ensenada in July, 1905. 9. Phyllodactylus tuberculosus Wiegmann A single gecko of this species (No. 3829) was found by Dr. Eisen at San Xavier. Vor. XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 55 Mr. Slevin collected one (No. 46843) at San Bartolo, in the Cape Region. It was found under a flake of granite pulled off of a large boulder in the canyon bottom. This harmless little lizard is much feared by the natives. They consider its bite to be deadly, and believe that picking one up will cause the skin to fall off the hand. The natives say that this gecko is not common. Their name for it is Salamanquesa. 10. Phyllodactylus unctus (Cope) Two specimens of this species were collected: one (No. 46844) at Agua Caliente under the bark of an old stump, and the other (No. 46842) at Miraflores under the bark of the Guamuchil, (Pithecolobium dulce). The natives do not dis- tinguish this from the larger P. tuberculosus, but on account of its small size call it Salamanquesa chiquita. Like other lizards of this genus it lives under the bark of trees and in the thatched roofs of houses. 12. Ctenosaura hemilopha Cope This is the largest lizard of the Cape Region and was col- lected in the following localities: Vicinity of La Paz, San Pedro, Triunfo, San Antonio, San Bartolo, Buena Vista, San- tiago, Agua Caliente, San José del Cabo and Todos Santos. It is fairly abundant where found, and inhabits the large granite boulders in company with Uta thalassina. Where boulders are not plentiful these iguanas resort to the trees. At San Bartolo they were seen only among the granite boulders, which abound in that vicinity, but at San Pedro and Agua Caliente they were found in the trees. None was observed on the ground. They seem to live strictly on vegetable matter, and the stomachs of all the specimens collected contained the leaves of one of the common trees. On breaking off the hollow limb of a tree, at San Pedro, a Ctenosaura was found so tightly wedged within that it could be secured only by cutting it out with a small hand axe. They have the same habit as our Chuckwalla (Sauromalus ater) of getting into crevices and holding tight by puffing up the body. Large specimens are very rare, as the natives kill them for food whenever they find one of desirable 56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Sz. size. They are somewhat vicious when captured, and when held by the tail will always keep the mouth open ready to seize whatever comes within reach. The coloration in life of No. 46408, was as follows: The back and sides are grayish, mottled with black. Three trans- verse black bands cross the shoulders. The upper surfaces of the fore limbs are black, spotted with gray; of the hind limbs, gray mottled with black. The gular region is black, bordered with gray. The ventral surface between the fore limbs is black. The belly is grayish. The femoral pores in fifty specimens vary from four to seven; being 4 six times, 5 thirty-nine times, 6 forty-four times, and 7 eleven times. 13. Dipsosaurus dorsalis dorsalis (Baird & Girard) Three specimens collected at San Xavier probably belonged to this subspecies. These were Nos. 3781, 3824 and 3844. 14. Dipsosaurus dorsalis lucasensis Van Denburgh This lizard, abundant throughout the low brushy country in the Cape Region, was collected at the following localities: La Paz, San Pedro, Triunfo, San Bartolo, Buena Vista, San- tiago, Agua Caliente, Miraflores, San José del Cabo, Cabo San Lucas and Todos Santos. The local name is Cachora. This species was not noted above 1020 feet and was particularly abundant close to the coast. Among the sand dunes back of the beach at San José del Cabo any number of specimens could be collected. Their principal enemy seemed to be the red racer, and two or three specimens of this snake when captured were found to contain the remains of a Dipsosaurus, and one red racer had a full grown lizard of this species in its stomach. The femoral pores in fifty specimens vary from sixteen to twenty-one; being 16 twice, 17 eighteen times, 18 thirty-six times, 19 twenty-six times, 20 twelve times, and 21 six times. 18. Uma notata Baird A single specimen (No. 39687) collected south of Laguna Salada about eighty miles south from Mexicali, April 5, 1915, was presented to us by Mr. R. C. Murphy. Vor, XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 57 19, Callisaurus crinitus Cope One specimen (No. 47731), presented by Miss Mary C. Dickerson of the American Museum of Natural History, was collected at San Bartholeme Bay, Lower California, March 14, 1911. 20. Callisaurus draconoides Blainville This lizard, called by the natives Cachora de arena, is a fairly common species, especially near the sea coast where most of our specimens were collected. Here it was found in the sandy areas back of the beaches. In the interior it frequented the hot sandy bottoms of the canyons and adjacent arroyos. It was collected at the following localities: Todos Santos, Cabo San Lucas, San José del Cabo, Miraflores, Agua Caliente, Buena Vista, San Bartolo, San Antonio, Triunfo, San Pedro and La Paz. The femoral pores in fifty specimens vary from twelve to twenty ; being 12 once, 13 four times, 14 nine times, 15 twenty- one times, 16 twenty-four times, 17 twenty-two times, 18 twelve times, 19 five times, and 20 once. 21. Callisaurus ventralis ventralis (Hallowell) One specimen (No. 3815) was taken by Dr. Fisen at San Xavier, in June, 1899. 23. Uta thalassina Cope This large lizard, the most beautiful species of the Cape Region, was collected at Triunfo, San Bartolo, Agua Caliente, and in the Sierra Laguna Mountains. One was seen at Cabo San Lucas where the type was secured by Xantus. As a rule, these lizards are fairly abundant where found. They frequent the cracks and crevices in and between huge granite boulders piled up in the canyon bottoms and the small adjacent arroyos. They resemble Uta mearnsi in their habits, crawling along the surface of the boulders and keeping always close to a crack or crevice into which they disappear on one’s close approach. Being rather shy, they will not permit one to come closer than ten or twenty feet. On several occasions they were seen to jump from boulder to boulder a distance of four feet by actual 58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. measurement. They were found to range up to 5400 feet in the Sierra Laguna but at this elevation they were rare, and only three were seen in a small isolated pile of granite in a mountain meadow. The two specimens collected there did not show the brilliant coloring of those secured at lower levels. Specimen No. 46505 showed the following colors in life: Top of head greenish blue; between the shoulders six spots of sky blue; anterior three transverse dorsal bars jet black, each black bar bordered posteriorly by one of orange; three less intensely black bars cross posterior half of body; tail with fifteen dark green bands spotted with black and narrowly bor- dered with light green; limbs light green or grayish, with bars of black; lower surfaces grayish, with exception of throat, chest and belly back to a point midway between the limbs, which are a rich orange; light blue spots on throat. The femoral pores in fifty specimens vary from fourteen to twenty-one; being 14 twice, 15 four times, 16 sixteen times, 17 nineteen times, 18 thirty-one times, 19 twenty times, 20 seven times, and twenty-one once. 24. Uta repens Van Denburgh One specimen (No. 3785) was taken by Dr. Eisen at San Xavier. 26. Uta graciosa (Hallowell) Mr. R. C. Murphy very kindly presented a specimen (No. 39688) of this species collected by himself south of Laguna Salada, about eighty-five miles south from Mexicali, April 7, 1915. 27. Uta nigricauda Cope This little tree lizard is one of the common species through- out the Cape Region where the natives call it Bejore depiora. It was collected at Todos Santos, Cabo San Lucas, San José del Cabo, Miraflores, Agua Caliente, Santiago, San Antonio, Triunfo, La Paz, San Pedro, and in the foothills of the Sierra Laguna Mountains. These lizards frequented rock piles, stone fences and the granite boulders in the canyon bottoms, but more commonly were found on Mesquite and other trees grow- ing at the lower levels. They seldom were seen upon the Vor. NI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 59 ground. On several occasions they were observed eating ants which they had captured crawling up the tree trunks. A specimen (C. A. S. No. 46536) was colored in life as follows: Throat patch lemon; belly indigo blue, lightly spotted on sides with very light blue; back dark gray to brown with transverse bars of black, divided along the dorsal line by rows of small grayish scales. The femoral pores in fifty specimens vary from nine to four- teen; being 9 eleven times, 10 thirty-nine times, 11 thirty- seven times, 12 nine times, 13 three times, and 14 once. 28. Uta microscutata Van Denburgh This very small-scaled Uta evidently is abundant about San Xavier, for Dr. Eisen collected fifty-three specimens of it there, in June, 1899. (Nos. 3782-3784, 3786-3790, 3792, 3794-3801, 3803, 3805, 3806, 3808-3814, 3816-3821, 3823, 3825-3828, 3830-3839, 3841-3843, 3845-3847). 29. Uta stansburiana elegans (Yarrow) Five specimens (Nos. 3793, 3802, 3804, 3807, 3822) were collected by Dr. Eisen at San Xavier. This lizard, which generally is common in desert areas, was not found so in the Cape Region, and strange to say, was taken only at the sea-coast. None was seen in any of the interior country. All the specimens taken were found in brushy areas back of the beaches. It was collected at the following localities : La Paz, Buena Vista, San José del Cabo, and Todos Santos. The femoral pores in seventy-two thighs of specimens from the Cape Region vary from twelve to seventeen; being 12 four times, 13 sixteen times, 14 twenty-four times, 15 twenty-one times, 16 five times, and 17 twice. This lizard was found also at Ensenada, where Nos. 8541, 8555-8560, 8603-8616, and 8642-8644, were secured. 32. Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus (Hallowell) This lizard is abundant at Ensenada, where numerous speci- mens were secured. (Nos. 8538, 8542, 8543, 8574, 8601, 8602, 8625, 8626). 60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. 34. Sceloporus rufidorsum Yarrow Twenty specimens (Nos. 8533-8537, 8539-8540, 8561, 8594- 8600, 8622, 8627-8631) from Ensenada agree perfectly in coloration with others from Cerros Island. When this large series is compared with a large series of S. zosteromus from the Cape Region it is found that they represent different species. No difference in squamation appears, but the femoral pores average fewer (16.56) than in S. zosteromus (18.46) and more than in S. magister (12.61). In S. rufidorsum mid- dorsal and dorsolateral longitudinal light stripes are present, and the parallel dark lines which mark the lateral scales in adult males of S. zosteromus are lacking. The coloration of S. magister is quite different and much less ornate. 35. Sceloporus zosteromus Cope This was a fairly common lizard throughout the lower levels in the Cape Region, where it was collected at the following localities: Todos Santos, Cabo San Lucas, San José del Cabo, Miraflores, Agua Caliente, Buena Vista, San Antonio, San Pedro, and La Paz. It inhabited the brush fences around the settlements and the heavy patches of brush in the cactus belts, and was found to be extremely shy. The natives claim that this lizard is dangerous, and say that its bite is fatal to dogs. This seems to be a wide spread belief as all who saw it in the collection made the same remark. Their name for it is Bejore. None captured was as large as its near relatives, S. magister and S. rufidorsum. From the specimens taken in the Cape Region it appears that S. zosteromus is a much smaller species. The males at this season (June to July) were brilliantly colored. A specimen in life showed the following coloring: Throat patch metallic blue; white stripe two or three scales wide down center of belly bordered by one of indigo blue, the blue one bordered by one of light green about two scales wide; sides grayish, turning to brown on the back; top of thighs and base of tail straw-colored. The dorsal scales between the interparietal and back of thighs in forty-three specimens examined vary from twenty- six to thirty-two; being 26 once, 27 eight times, 28 five times, 29 fourteen times, 30 eight times, 31 six times, and 32 once. Vor, XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 61 Average 29. The femoral pores in forty-four specimens ex- amined vary from sixteen to twenty-two; being 16 five times, 17 twenty-six times, 18 seventeen times, 19 seventeen times, 20 ten times, 21 twelve times, and twenty-two once; the average in eighty-eight thighs being 18.46. 36. Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger Two specimens (Nos. 3791, 3840) secured at San Xavier are of interest as confirming our belief that Mocquard’s S. digueti is based upon this species. 37. Sceloporus licki Van Denburgh This, the smaller of the two Scelopori found in the Cape Region, was collected at San Antonio, Todos Santos, Guamu- chil Rancho, Cabo San Lucas, San José del Cabo, Miraflores, Agua Caliente, San Bartolo, Triunfo, and La Paz. The species was found to range from sea-level to 1172 feet at Miraflores. It generally is found among the rocks in small arroyos and seldom is seen upon the ground. Being extremely shy, it will not allow one to approach nearer than fifteen or twenty feet, when it makes a hasty retreat to some nearby crevice or rock- pile. The males at this time of year (July) were brilliantly marked, and the stn shining on the metallic purple and green scales would at once attract the attention even of a casual observer. The female shows none of the brilliant coloring of the male, and at first glance looks not unlike its northern congener, S. occidentalis. A male (C. A. S. No. 46808) was colored in life as follows: A band of metallic purple six scales wide extends from shoulder to base of tail; lateral scales bronze, bordered with black; scales on belly green bordered with black ; throat black mottled with green; under surfaces of thighs green, and of tail, gray; a large black patch in front of each fore limb. In the specimens collected the femoral pores vary from 13 to 18; being 13 four times, 14 seven times, 15 twenty times, 16 twenty-six times, 17 sixteen times, and 18 five times. The average in seventy-eight thighs is 15.95. 62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4ru Ser. 38. Phrynosoma coronatum (Blainville) This lizard was not found to be particularly abundant and was collected in only a few localities: Todos Santos, Pesca- dero, San José del Cabo, Miraflores, Agua Caliente, Triunfo, and San Pedro. Eleven specimens in all were taken. One of these (C. A. S. No. 46832) was secured at Triunfo in the sandy bottom of a small arroyo as it was standing near the mouth of an ants’ nest. The native name is Chameleon. The femoral pores in eleven specimens vary from fifteen to twenty-three; being 15 three times, 16 three times, 17 six times, 18 four times, 19 four times, and 23 twice. 39. Phrynosoma blainvillii blainvillii (Gray) Four specimens (Nos. 4694-4697) were collected at Ense- nada, April 30 and May 1, 1903. 42. Gerrhonotus multicarinatus (Blainville) Owing to the difficulty of reaching the higher altitudes in the mountain ranges of the Cape Region, only six specimens of this lizard were collected. These were found at an elevation of 5400 feet in the Sierra Laguna. One was found under a dead Yucca stalk, three under fallen pine trees, and two were running about the grass in a mountain meadow. They probably are not rare, but the cool weather and daily thunder showers at this time of year (the middle of August) kept them under cover. 47. Cnemidophorus maximus Cope This lizard was collected at La Paz, San Pedro, Triunfo, San Antonio, San Bartolo, Buena Vista, Agua Caliente, Miraflores, San José del Cabo, Cabo San Lucas, Todos Santos, and Guamuchil Rancho about twenty-five miles north of Cabo San Lucas. It was one of the common lizards of the lower levels, but was not seen at a greater elevation than at Guamuchil Rancho, 1800 feet. Its movements were extremely swift and on several occasions individuals were seen to lift the front legs clear of the ground and hold the body at a slight angle while running. Not always relying on brush for shelter, thev Vor, XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 63 often run across large open spaces, depending on their speed to escape an enemy. A specimen was found in the stomach of a captured red racer, Coluber flagellum piceus. A Cnemido- phorus maximus was seen under a pile of brush holding a Verticaria in its mouth. When captured this Cnemidophorus was found to have crushed the skull of its victim in its power- ful jaws. The local name of this species is Largartija. In eighty-seven specimens examined the femoral pores vary from eighteen to twenty-eight; being 18 once, 19 twice, 20 fifteen times, 21 thirty-one times, 22 forty-five times, 23 thirty- one times, 24 thirty-seven times, 25 eight times, 26 three times, and 28 once. 50. Verticaria hyperythra hyperythra (Cope) This species was found to be the most abundant lizard of the Cape Region, where it was collected at La Paz, Todos Santos, Cabo San Lucas, San José del Cabo, Agua Caliente, Buena Vista, San Bartolo, San Antonio, Triunfo, San Pedro, Guamu- chil Rancho, twenty-five miles north of the Cape, and in the foothills of the Sierra Laguna opposite Todos Santos. It ranged from sea-level to 1400 feet, and was found abundant throughout the lower levels among fallen cacti and the numer- ous brush heaps. The native name is Waco. This little lizard keeps well under cover, seldom coming into the open, and moves along with a short jerky motion a few inches at a time, until becoming alarmed when it makes off at top speed for the dense undergrowth. A pair were found mating at San Pedro the first week in July. One hundred and sixty-eight specimens were examined to show a character used to separate this subspecies from the northern form V’. h. beldingi, viz., the separation of the supra- oculars from the medial head plates. The following table is given to show the distinction between the two subspecies. It will be seen that in the series from the Cape Region the separa- tion and partial separation occurs more often at the third supra- ocular, while in V’. h. beldingi it usually is at the second. The femoral pores in fifty specimens vary from thirteen to twenty; being 13 three times, 14 ten times, 15 nineteen times, 16 thirty-one times, 17 twenty-one times, 18 thirteen times, 19 twice, and twenty once. 64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. Number of Specimens of hyperythra beldingi Second supraocular separated from median head scales......... 16 16 Second supraocular only partly separated from median head scales 41 10 Third supraocular separated from median head scales.......... 44 0 Third supraocular only partly separated from median head scales 67 2 Total number examined 51. Verticaria hyperythra beldingi (Stejneger) The specimens of this subspecies recorded in the preceding table include twenty-four from Ensenada, two collected by Messrs. Stowell and Lunt at San Telmo, northern Lower Cali- fornia, and two from Poway Corners, San Diego County, Calitornia. 58. Coluber flagellum piceus (Cope) This snake, called by the natives Culebra chirrionera, was found from sea-level at La Paz to an altitude of 722 feet at Miraflores. Brush fences around the numerous little ranch houses furnished excellent hiding places for this racer. Several of the specimens taken were found in these fences, where they lay stretched out at full length awaiting their prey. Lizards, to escape their natural enemies, the hawks, sought refuge here, and seldom would a snake have to wait long before securing a meal. This species, with the exception of the water snake, was the most abundant serpent met. It was not found above the floor of the desert and generally was confined to the more brushy portions of this area. Its food consisted of the numer- ous lizards found in the cactus belt. One specimen (No. 45966) had a full grown Dipsosaurus in its stomach. Another (No. 45962) had eaten a Cnemidophorus, and still another (No. 45970) a mouse. A fourth (No. 45972) had the tail of a Dipsosaurus in its stomach. A fifth (No. 45980) was taken in a brush pile just after it had caught a Verticaria. The tail of the lizard was protruding from the snake’s mouth. A speci- men (No. 45979) taken at San José del Cabo was six feet in length. The specimens varied in color, being gray, salmon, brown, or black. A cactus spine over an inch long was pulled out of a specimen taken at Miraflores. No. Vor. XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 65 The specimens whose scale-counts are given in the following table were all taken in the Cape Region except No. 8623, which was collected at Ensenada. Specimens were secured at La Paz (Nos. 45960, 45965- 45967) San Pedro (45961, 45968, 45969), Triunfo (45962, 45963, 45970, 45971), San Bartolo (45964, 45972), Agua Caliente (45973-45975), Miraflores (45976), San José del Cabo (45977-45979), and Todos Santos (45980). The black specimens are Nos. 8623 from Ensenada, 45960 from La Paz, 45961 from San Pedro, 45962 and 45963 from Triunfo, and 45964 from San Bartolo. Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Tem- Sex| Rows | steges | steges | Anal | labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal porals ou 17 191 105c + 8—8 10—9 2—2 2—2 1—1 3—4 te) 17 200 115c “i 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |1+1+2—2+2+42 2 17 195 104c + 8—8 10—10 2—2 1—1 1—1 |2+2+2—2+4+2+2 2 17 203 108c + 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2+2—2+4+2+42 2 17 208 85+ + 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |14+2+2—1+1+2 a 17 202 99+ + ?—8 10—10 ?—2 2—2 1—1 |2+1+2—2+1+2 ou 17 201 106+ = 9—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 so] 17 197 118c + 8—8 10—10 2—2 1—1 1—1 |1+1—1+1 2 17 200 107+ = 9—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+1—2+1 foul 17 203 47+ + 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+1—2+42 foul 17 198 109+ + 8—8 10—11 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+1 fog 17 203 119c + 8—8 9—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+42 a 17 201 118c + 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—1+2 oi 17 204 50+ + 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+1—2+42 a 17 207 115+ => 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+3 a 17 202 107c os 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+1 2 17 198 78+ = 9—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |1+2—2+42 a 17 206 94+ => 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+42 2 17 203 124c 9—9 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+1—2+1 a 17 207 126c 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2:-+-1—2.--1 fou 17 213 118+ + 8—8 11—11 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+42 9 17 202 112c = 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 61. Salvadora hexalepis (Cope) This species was next in abundance to Natrix and Coluber. It inhabited the same kind of country as Coluber and was found from sea level at La Paz to over 900 feet at Triunfo. Of the ten specimens taken none gave an opportunity to discover their food. They were active throughout the day, being found out during the heat of the day as well as during the cooler hours. One specimen (No. 45954) was taken just about noon time in a brush thicket. Both the light and dark phases were found. Fallen cactus trees and brush thickets were good places to find this species. The natives call it Culebra sorda. 66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Tem- No. Sex | Rows | steges | steges | Anal | labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal porals 9—9 10—10 al 2—2, i—1 |2+3—2+3 g + 45950 2 17 201 96c + 9—9 10—10 3 2—2 1—1 |2+3—2+3 45951 g 17 193 92c + 9-8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+3—2+3 45952 ca 17 199 86c += 9—9 10—10 2—2 2—2 i—1 |2+3—2+3 45953 om 17 200 91c + 9—9 10—10 2—2 2—2 i—1 |2+3-—2+3 45954 rol 17 194 92+ + 9—9 10—11 2—2 2—2 1—1 /|2+3—2+3 45955 2 19 197 89c az o—9 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+3—2+3 45956 a 17 190 98c == o—9 1i—11 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+3—2+3 45957 ro 17 203 9ic ~ 9—9 10—10 2—2 2—2 2—? |2+3—2+3 45958 ro 17 200 96c = 9—9 10—10 2—2 2—2 2—2 |2+3—2+3 45959 9 17 197 84c ==" || seco || dobets Sete = 505 ese. [243-243 These specimens were collected, Nos. 45949 and 45950, at San José del Cabo, 45951 and 45952 at San Pedro, 45953 at Buena Vista, 45954 at Santiago, 45955 and 45956 at Mira- flores, 45957 at Todos Santos, 45958 at La Paz, and 45959 at Cabo San Lucas. 62. Phyllorhynchus decurtatus (Cope) One specimen was collected by a Mexican boy in the out- skirts of La Paz. It was found late in the afternoon crawling among a pile of rocks. Senor Rubio, a resident of La Paz from whom the specimen was secured, said he had never seen one like it although he had collected around La Paz for many months. Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Tem- No. Sex | Rows | steges | steges | Anal | labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal porals 45983 ? 19 161 35c 1 6—6 9—9 2—2 3—3 i—1 |2+3—2+3 63. Elaphe rosaliz (Mocquard) The second known specimen of this species was collected at San Bartolo, in the arroyo close to the famous spring. It was found stretched at full length on the sand close to a grove of banana trees. At first glance, this snake might be taken for a red racer with absence of the dark markings on the head. The natives, although they have no name for this snake, probably on account of the rarity of the species, distinguish it from the racer because of the slowness of its movements. A Mexican boy, upon being questioned, said that he had seen others like Vor. XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 67 it and that this snake did not run fast like the racer, but in its movements was more like the gopher snake, a specimen of which was shown him to see if he could distinguish it. Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Tem- No. Sex | Rows | steges | steges | Anal | labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal porals 45982 9 34 286 84c + 11—10 | 12—13 2—2 3—3 1—1 3—4 64. Arizona elegans Kennicott A male of this species (No. 8624) was found at Ensenada. Its scales are in 27 rows, gastrosteges 213, urosteges 5lc, anal 1, supralabials 8-8, infralabials 12-12, preoculars 1-1, postocu- lars 2-2, loreals 1-1, and temporals 2-+5—2+-4. 65. Pituophis catenifer annectens (Baird & Girard) One specimen (No. 8575) was captured near Ensenada. It is a male, and has scales in 31 rows, gastrosteges 229, uro- steges 76c, anal single, supralabials 8-9, infralabials 13-14, preocular 2-2, postoculars 4-3, loreal 1-1, temporals 3-4. 66. Pituophis vertebralis (Blainville) All the specimens of this species taken were found in the vicinity of towns or small rancherias. According to the natives this species is fairly abundant. One specimen (No. 45874), taken at a small ranch about three miles from San Pedro, had the remains of a small mammal in its stomach. The species is well known to the natives, who call it Coralillo. Gastro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Tem-| Blotches on steges | steges |Anal} labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal] porals Body | Tail 45874 12—12 2—2 3—3 i—1 | 3—4 45 12 45875 16—14 2—2 3—3 1—1 | 4—4 48 11 45876) 13—14 2—2 3—3 1—1 | 4—4 43 10+ 45877 . 13—14 2—? ?—3 1—1 | ?—? 44 il 45878 12—12 2—2 3—3 1—1 | 4—4 39 il These specimens were collected at San Pedro (No. 45874), San Antonio (45875), San Bartolo (45876-45877), and Agua Caliente (45878). 68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4rm Ser. 68. Lampropeltis getulus conjuncta (Cope) The only two specimens collected were brought in by small boys who found them in a sugar cane field in the outskirts of San José del Cabo. Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Tem- No. steges | steges labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal porals 45946 236 46c 1—1 2—2 1—1 |2+3—2+43 45947 230 46c i—i 2—2 1—1 |2+3—2+3 70. Lampropeltis nitida Van Denburgh The third known specimen (No. 3779) was collected by F. Billa at San José del Cabo, in April, 1896. 72. Hypsiglena ochrorynchus ochrorhynchus (Cope) The one specimen of this snake collected was taken in the Sierra Laguna at an elevation of 5400 feet. It was found under an old pine log in one of the mountain meadows. The log had sunk several inches in the ground and the snake was tightly coiled in a small cavity beneath it. Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Tem- No. Sex | Rows | steges | steges | Anal | labials | labials | oculars |} oculars | Loreal porals 45889 g 21 184 4ic 1 8—8 10—10 tl 2—2 1—1 .l-2—1-F2 73. Natrix valida (Kennicott) This serpent, although collected in only four localities, was the most abundant species found. Most of the specimens were collected in a stream flowing from the base of Mount San Rafael near Agua Caliente. Individuals were abundant in the quiet waters along the sides of the stream, where they were feeding on pollywogs, probably of Bufo punctatus, which swarmed in every pool. Only one specimen was found at any distance from the water, and this one only a hundred yards or so. This snake was collected at Agua Caliente, Miraflores, Santiago and San José del Cabo. Vout. XI) 90 40 410 10 Fy 40 F, FF, A, 40 40 F, 40 10 FF, 10 410 10 9, 9, 10 10 10 10 10410 10 10 1010.9, 10 10 10 9 10 F, 1010109, 0, 10100, 0,9, 101040 VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 69 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19—19—17—1'7, 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19—17—-17, 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17—-17, 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 OO —l7, 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 OO 1717 19-19-17-17 Meio ly ty 19-19-17-17 19=19-17—17, 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 1-19-1717, Gastro- No. | Sex} Scale Rows steges 144 142 146 143 144 146 142 143 143 146 145 144 143 142 142 144 147 142 143 140 143 143 144 144 144 146 144 144 144 140 142 142 142 142 147 146 144 142 141 146 146 144 145 145 147 143 144 143 145 145 144 144 141 146 143 147 Uro- steges |Analjlabials 56+ 74c 71c 7ic 76c 79c 16 71c 70c 80c 78c 25+ 78c 72¢c 73c 83c 77c 82c 80c 74c 71c 74c 20+ 41+ 65c 72¢c 75c 72c 69c 78c 69c 37+ 68c 72¢c 78c 78c 71c 28+ 72c 81c 80c 72c 75c 80c 73c 74c W1-- Tic Tic 80c 72c 76+ 71c 54+ 76c 60+ Supra-| Infra- Pre- Post- labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal Temporals = || P= || Ta) |) eal 3—3 || 4—1 [14242-14249 + | 8—8 | 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 /142+3—1+42+43 = || 8—8 |) 10—10 t—t1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—1+2 = |) 8—8) |) 10—10 1—1 3—3 1i—1 |1+2—1+2 + | 8—8 | 10—10 1——1 3—3 i—1 |1+2+3—1+2+43 + | 8—8 | 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 |14+2+3—1+42+43 =|) =) || Sng) || So || SS || a eed ea aaah = |S——oull LO 10) t—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+42 = S——8: | LO——10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+42 cron ssn kOe ——-) t—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+43 Sea S——-80 LO 10) 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2+2 en S——Sal LO 10) sat 3—3 1i—1 |14+2+3—1+42+43 + | 8—8 | 10—10 iil 3—3 1—1 |142+3—1+42+42 = | 8—8 | 10—10 IJ 3—3 i—1 |1+2+42—1+42+42 = || 8—8 | 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1_ | 1--2—1--2 =) |S — Sill ech 10) —1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+43 8—8 | 10—10 til 3—3 1—1 |1--3 a 8—8 | 10—10 ft 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+43 8—8 | 10—10 2) 3—3 i—1 |1+2+2—1+42+42 8—8 | 10—10 11 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+42+43 8—8 | 10—10 u—al 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—i+42+42 8—8 | 10—10 jal 3—3 1—1 |14+2+43—1+42+3 8—8s | 10—10 tI 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+2+3 8—8 | 10—10 il 3—3 1—) |1+2—1+2 8—8 | 10—10 ial 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+1+43 8—8 | 10—10 1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—142+43 8—8 | 10—10 1 3—3 1—1 }1+2+2—1+2+42 8—8 | 10—10 1—4 3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—1+42+3 se |) | aia) J 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2-+3 =O Sal O10 1—1 3—3 1—1 }14+2+3—1+2+2 + | 8—8 | 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+42+43 = | 8—8'||| 10—10 1—t1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+2+3 == 1) S-—8 |) 10-110 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1-+2+3—1+2-+3 SS) | LO——10) 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2-+-2—1+2-+2 ==) || 8—8 || 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+2-+2 =o Sn | LO—— 10 1—1 Se) 1—1 |1+2+3—1+42-+3 + | 8—8 | 10—10 iil 3—3 1—1 |1+2-+2—1+2+2 =a S——8n | LO 10) it 3—3) 1—1 |1+4+2+3—1+2-+2 = | 8—8 | 10—10 il 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+42-+3 8—8s | 10—10 i 3—3 i—1 |1+3—1-+2-3 8—8 | 10—10 1 3—3 1——1) | 3 —1 4-2 8—8s | 10—10 11 3—3 hs i ls a ord 8—8 | 10—10 st—al 3—3 1—1 | 1/--2-+-3—1/--3 8—8s | 10—10 ial 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+42-+3 8—8 | 10—10 1—2 2—3. tio 2 ee 8—8 | 10—10 1—t 3—=3 1—1) |) t--2-+-2——1 2 --3 8—8 | 10—10 ial 3—3 1—1) | 1--2-+-2—1-- 2 2 8—8 | 10—10 te 3—3 Te i bd) 8—8 | 10—10 iil 3—3 1—1 }1-+-2--3—14-2-+-2 8—8 | 10—10 i=l 3—3 1s 8—8 | 10—10 il 3—3 Hal |pheeye alae) 8—8 | 10—10 ir 3—3 NE I PS A te) oon LO LO tial 3—3 1—1 |1+3—1+2 = | 8—8))|) 10—10 1 3—3 I—1)|t--3— 1-2 + | 8—8 | 10—10 1 3—3 1—1 |1--2-+-3—1-+2-+2 OO LO—10) i 3—3 1—1 | --2--2—1 +22 70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser. 77. Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope The only specimen of this species taken by Mr. Slevin was found under a pile of debris close to a house in a street of Todos Santos. The species is known to the natives, who say it is rare and that they do not see many. Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- No. Sex | Rows | steges | steges | Anal | labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal | Temporals 45981 2 13 120 26c + 7—7 9—9 i—1 2—2 o—O |1+1—1+41 80. Trimorphodon lyrophanes Cope One specimen of this snake was collected at San José del Cabo. It was found in the thatched roof of a house late in the afternoon as it was crawling over the rafters. The food of this snake consists, at least in part, of small mammals, as this specimen had in its stomach the remains of a mouse or some small mammal with long hair. Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- No. Sex | Rows | steges | steges | Anal } labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal | Temporals 45948 foul 23 231 74c + 9—9 1i—11 3—3 3—3 2—2 |3+4—3-+4 81. Crotalus lucasensis Van Denburgh Although supposed to be the most common rattlesnake of the Cape Region, only a single specimen was collected. This was found in the vicinity of Agua Caliente, just at dusk, cross- ing a road. The stomach of this specimen contained the re- mains of a small mammal. Scale | Gastro- Uro- Anal Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- No. Sex Rows steges steges labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal 45888 rol 27 186 26c 1 17—16 | 19—19 2—Z2 3—3 2—2 Vor. XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 71 82. Crotalus exsul Garman Our collections include four specimens of this rattlesnake. Three of these were collected by Mr. R. H. Beck near Ense- nada, February 27, 1908. The fourth (No. 42047) was brought back by the “Albatross” from Turtle Bay, Lower Cali- fornia. The scale-counts are given below. Scale Gastro- Uro- Anal Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- No. Sex Rows steges steges labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal 193 25c 1 17—18 | 19—18 2—2 3—3 i—t 197 22c 1 16—17 | 17—18 2—2 3—3 1—1 193 28c 1 16—17 | 17—19 2—2 3—3 2—2 193 20c 1 16—? 18—? 2—2 3—3 i—1 84. Crotalus enyo Cope This species was the most abundant of the rattlesnakes en- countered. Like the gopher-snakes they were mostly confined to the vicinity of habitations. As in other places, rattlesnakes were found in the early morning or evening. One specimen (No. 45884) was found early in the morning coiled up under a pile of brush. Another (No. 45886) was found coming out of a rock wall within a few feet of a house. Their food con- sisted of small mammals, as far as discovered from specimens collected. The natives call all rattlesnakes by the name Vivora. Specimens were collected at Miraflores (45879), San Antonio (45880), Todos Santos (45881), San Bartolo (45882), San Pedro (45883, 45884), San José del Cabo (45885), and in the Sierra Laguna (45886). Scale Gastro- Uro- Anal Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- No. Sex Rows steges steges labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal ~ un eo ao nN 9, 10100, 8 i} wn : ms a an nN on ie} Sa pa | L w E3 | We wo 5S | nw “2 | o = | Ak 72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER. 85. Crotalus mitchellii Cope The only snake of this species collected was found at Agua Caliente. It was brought in by a Mexican boy who caught it in a small field that was being dug up for planting corn. Mr. Ferris saw a rattlesnake which he thought was this species on Mount San Rafael, when about half way up the mountain. Gastro- Uro- Anal Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- steges steges labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal 177 16—16 | 17—16 22 3—3 i— PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourtH SERIES Vou. XI, No. 5, pp. 73-94 Jury 11, 1921 Vv NOTES ON THE BIRDS AND MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY, CALIFORNIA BY JOSEPH MAILLIARD Curator, Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy The fact that but little has been written concerning the birds of Siskiyou County, California, at least for the breeding season, led to a decision to make that county the center of the field work of the Department of Ornithology for the spring of 1920. The field party consisted of F. C. Holman, F. G. Gilchrist, and the writer, and remained in the field from May 10 to June 16. While it might have been better to have reached this field somewhat earlier than May 10 for the purpose of noting mi- grants on their way to regions further north, this date was about right for the arrivals of those that breed in the region visited. Many of these latter were just coming in and we had the satisfaction of seeing them settling down and pairing off. Arriving at Weed on the afternoon of May 11, the party passed the rest of the day in getting located and prospecting about for promising spots to work over. This town is a great lumbering center, and practically all the neighboring forests have been destroyed, the destruction being completed in many places by forest fires which have evidently often swept over July 11, 1921 74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser. great areas, destroying all young forest growth in their paths. The timbered country for the most part being extremely rocky and covered by lava and other volcanic ejecta, with none too plenteous a rainfall, the growth of a new forest is a slow pro- cess. Even the ceanothus brush has difficulty in many places in getting started, and the major part of the deforested area is a sad and disheartening sight. In much of this there is but little bird life. The waters from the melting snows on Mt. Shasta sink through the porous rock and springs are scarce. Fortunately, some of these waters are checked by impervious strata and, collecting beneath the sur- face, produce some good live streams, which are utilized to water the meadows that have been formed in low spots, where Wilson’s Snipe and the Nevada Red-winged Blackbird take advantage of the moisture and the long green grasses in which to hide their nests. We were fortunate in finding a small valley about half a mile southeast of Weed, apparently coming straight down from Mt. Shasta, that had been spared by fire and still had some fair-sized forest trees in it, opening out into a meadow with a small stream running through. Here we found birds quite plentiful. The weather was cold and windy, but the birds were commencing to breed. While the fox sparrows, in this case the Yosemite Fox Sparrow, are not found nesting below 4500 or 5000 feet even as far north as Plumas County (California), here they were numerous in a patch of heavy brush at not over 3600 feet altitude, in com- pany with the Green-tailed Towhee. The fox sparrow breed- ing on Mt. Shasta has been previously recorded as the Thick- billed Fox Sparrow. C. H. Townsend, in his “Field Notes on the Mammals, Birds and Reptiles of Northern California’ (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 220), states that the Thick-billed Sparrow was “Common about Mount Shasta in summer, where it frequented the chaparral tracts and the bushes scattered through the pine country.” C. Hart Merriam, in North American Fauna No. 16, 1899, p. 126, also mentions this form as found on Shasta. Several specimens were taken by us near Weed and a num- ber were evidently nesting or preparing to nest in some very Vor. X.] MAILLIARD—BIRDS, MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY 75 thick brush near by, the cheery song of the males being a pleasant feature of the morning chorus. There is every reason to believe that the form we found breeding at the base of the mountain, the Yosemite Fox Sparrow, separated and described in 1918, is the one occupying the whole mountain, and is the same form that inhabits the higher altitudes along the Sierra in Plumas County and the Tahoe region, although it was originally recorded from the latter region also as the Thick- billed Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca megarhyncha). Weed is situated at the westerly base of Mt. Shasta, a beauti- ful view of which, seemingly of an even slope from the brush- covered bottom to its glistening summit of snow and ice, is obtained—a view ever changing in character and ever new. The town itself is bordered by a meadow on the eastern side and more or less hemmed in by partly forested hills in other directions, with a small stream, tributary to Little Shasta River, which flows through Shasta Valley into the Klamath, running through it. The character of the immediate vicinity is that of the Transi- tion Zone. In addition to many of the more commonly known species found in this zone, we found here the Green-tailed Towhee and Yosemite Fox Sparrow, above mentioned; the Calliope Hummingbird, the Calaveras Warbler, and the Moun- tain Chickadee. Of these five species, three were breeding where we found them at not over 3500 feet elevation, while the Calliope Hummingbird and the Calaveras Warbler were nesting either here or not far away, to judge from their actions. Unfortunately, no females were secured to confirm this, but we later found these two species nesting at about the same elevation as Weed, and under practically similar conditions. , A Swainson’s Thrush was taken here on May 14, but was probably a migrant, as it is recorded as a summer visitant in Modoe County, northeast of the Shasta region. From the meadow in the evening came the call of Wilson’s Snipe, and the Nevada Red-wing was there waiting for the meadow grass to grow high enough to make good nesting sites. Merriam (op. cit.) makes no mention of the California Purple Finch in the Shasta region, while Townsend (op. cit.) says that it was observed on a few occasions only; he does 76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47 Ser. not record it from northern California north of Shasta County. Miss Kellogg in “Mammals and Birds of Northern California” (University of California Publications in Zoology, Vol. 12, 1916), mentions it as having been taken only twice in the sum- mer time by the Alexander expedition. On the other hand, we found it more or less common at nearly every station where we collected, at some places associated with Cassin’s Finch. The song sparrow of this region, so far as we could make out, is the Modoc Song Sparrow. This race appears to be a comparatively recent one, and not so well established as many others. This is shown in the wide variation of its markings, some specimens being practically without black centers to the dorsal feathers, while others have this black well developed. This species was common about Weed but did not appear to be especially numerous. We found the Wright’s Flycatcher quite common where the firs and yellow pines were of fair size and more scattered. They appeared to have just come into the region. No other Empi- donax was recorded at Weed. The Sacramento Towhee was fairly common in the vicinity of Weed, but the Northern Brown Towhee was extremely rare. While I was fairly sure of having caught a glimpse of one at Weed, the identification was not sufficiently positive to record it. However, as it is found only a few miles away and at but little lower elevation, the chances are that my guess was correct. For some reason the Western Warbling Vireo seems to have been scarce during the visits of the Townsend and Merriam field parties, but we found it common enough this season, hav- ing met with it at each of our stations, except one in the heart of the coniferous forest. Miss Kellogg records it from three stations only. While we found Audubon’s Warbler, Black-throated Gray Warbler, Macgillivray’s Warbler, and the Golden Pileolated Warbler more or less common in suitable places in this vicinity, we had no direct evidence of their nesting here, yet there was good reason to suppose that they would do so, or at least not far away. The region immediately around Weed, at the altitude of 3000 to 3500 feet, has approximately the same forms of bird Vor. X.] MAILLIARD—BIRDS, MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY 7h life as are found in Plumas County, California, or at other similar portions of the Western slope of the Sierra Nevada at 4000 to 5000 feet, except, perhaps, that the Hermit Warbler and the White-headed Woodpecker are not found breeding at the low level of Weed, though the latter comes down in the fall. The Long-tailed Jay was noted at Weed, but no specimen was secured. It seemed to be scarce and wary in this locality. In fact, it was noted at but one other station in this county, that is, at Yreka. Miss Kellogg does not mention the Pygmy Nuthatch as noted at any station, and Townsend did not find it in the Shasta region, while Merriam speaks of it as having been noted at Edgewood and Sisson only, and then rather late in the season. As may be seen in the appended table, we found it everywhere except at Yreka, where there was no appropriate cover for it. Dr. Will S. Tebbe of the Weed hospital, gave us information concerning likely places to visit, with the reasons therefor, as well as for advice and aid in regard to reaching them. I take this opportunity to thank him in the name of the California Academy of Sciences as well as in a personal way, for the assistance so kindly and enthusiastically given, and for intro- ductions to others who also were of much assistance to us. Dr. Tebbe’s knowledge of Siskiyou County is very extended, having been acquired by long residence and an active profes- sional life in a thinly settled country as well as by numerous hunting and fishing expeditions, so that his suggestions con- cerning various localities that might prove of interest in our work were especially valuable. Following one of these sug- gestions, after a few days combing of Weed and its immediate neighborhood, we moved, on May 16, to Stewart’s Springs, a well-known summer camping resort about eight miles south- west of Weed, Dr. Tebbe taking us there in his own car and Mr. Lloyd assisting with our impedimenta. This place is owned by Mr. and Mrs. E. C. Lloyd of Weed, who most kindly placed the cabin there, furnished with household utensils, at our disposal. This place is on Park’s Creek, which here flows through a steep and rocky ravine at an elevation of about 4300 feet, and is in the forest proper where very little lumbering has been done. On the east side of the stream the forest is so thick 78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. overhead that there is but little shrub or small plant growth on the very rocky and poor soil of this part of the country, while on the west side the steep hill sides have more or less openings with some brush, mostly scattering, on them. Along the stream and in moist places the birch trees were just beginning to bud out. The forest at the springs is composed mostly of yellow pine, Douglas fir, and incense cedar, but sugar pine growth commences a short distance higher up. Around the camp- ground birds were extremely scarce, especially during the first day or two of our stay. The first bird that attracted attention was a Sierra Creeper, carrying material to a nest which was a few yards away from the cabin door, and situated behind a piece of loose bark on an incense cedar, about four feet from the ground. The birds at this station were the general run of Sierran species from like altitudes, and, being enumerated in the table at the end of this paper, need not be listed here. Certain of our observations, however, may prove of interest. One of the main objects of the field work in Siskiyou County was the investigation of the local fox sparrow (Passerella) situation, and one of the objects in making Stewart’s Springs an observation station was that of visiting the ranges above in search of appropriate brush for this genus and to ascertain if it were breeding there. With this idea in view Messrs. Holman and Gilchrist were sent upon this errand on May 17. On that day they did not reach any great elevation, but returned with quite a list of birds noted, yet no fox sparrows, as they had not met with the sort of brush this genus inhabits in the nesting season. Mr. Gilchrist continued the search alone next day. He started early and reached a point close to the rapidly retreat- ing snow line, securing one fox sparrow and hearing two or three more in a clump of dwarfed yew trees. The specimen taken is one of the small-billed, brown-backed races which I have identified as the Sooty Fox Sparrow. While this capture raised our hopes of finding something worth while in this line, surprising as it was to find one of the more northern forms here at so late a date (May 18), such hopes were misplaced. Fur- ther examination of that locality and of others near it resulted in absolute failure to discover fox sparrows of any form what- Vor. X.] MAILLIARD—BIRDS, MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY 79 ever, and the conclusion was reluctantly reached that those above noted were but late migrants on their way north. One specimen of Clark’s Nutcracker was taken high up on the range. We had been told of orioles which were good singers that were to be found there, but, as we surmised, the “orioles”’ proved to be Western Tanagers, which seemed to have but recently arrived. Their curious rolling chirp was heard con- stantly as they were apparently looking for good nesting sites. A few of these gave us the benefit of their rather attractive song, but singing was not general on the part of this species. One of the interesting features of our stay here was the pass- ing through to higher altitudes of the Townsend Solitaire. This flight, if it might be called such, commenced a day or two after our arrival and for the rest of the week there was hardly a moment when there were not a pair or two of these birds in sight from the cabin door, flying leisurely from tree to tree, alighting on the ground as they often did, or best of all with the male(?) perched on some dead twig and pouring out his love song—indeed a beautiful one, not loud but particularly soft, liquid, and melodious. In the solitudes of the forest it is especially pleasant to hear. We found here the Hammond’s Flycatcher quite common though not numerous. Several pair might be seen in a morn- ing’s walk, but they appeared to be much scarcer than the indi- cations of insect life seemed to warrant. One pair was building a nest about a quarter of a mile above our camp, but unfortun- ately it was not finished before the end of our stay. One Wright’s Flycatcher was taken near this camp, but in a more open locality than that occupied by the Hammond’s. As the Transition Zone merged quite rapidly into the Canadian at Stewart’s Springs, on account of the steepness of the moun- tain sides, some of the birds recorded from this station might be from either zone. Our camp was in Transition, but sugar pine and other indications of the Canadian were not far away. Our station on Park’s Creek was probably within ten miles of the station of Misses Alexander and Kelloge at the head of Bear Creek, August 5-17, 1911, but on the northerly side of the range, i. e., on the Shasta Valley side, while their camp was on the southerly or Scott Valley side. 80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser. At Stewart’s Springs we found quite a number of rodents, but did not succeed in securing as many species as we had hoped. Around the cabin were the Western Bushy-tailed Wood Rat, Neotoma cinereus occidentalis, apparently living in friendly community with the Sierra Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel, Callospermophilus chrysodeirus chrysodeirus, as we caught these two animals in the same spots, on one occasion at the mouth of a hole among the rocks, and on another in a trap kept set under the edge of a bath-house by the stream. Gam- bel’s White-footed Mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli was the more numerous of the two species of the genus Pero- myscus found here, the other being Gilbert’s White-footed Mouse, Peromyscus truei gilberti. The Klamath Chipmunk, Eutamias amenus ameenus, and Allen’s Chipmunk, Eutamias senex, were both well represented here. The Sierra Chickaree, Sciurus douglasi albolimbatus was occasionally met with. Just below the cabin was a dark, damp spot on the bank of the stream, that was full of holes among tree roots and ap- peared to be an ideal place for shrews, but persistent trapping there brought no results and no shrews were obtained any- where. As the owners of these springs wished to put the place in order for summer occupation, we returned to Weed, on May 23, to repack and make a new start. We had been given to understand that we would find accom- modation at “Big Springs” (Mayten), but upon reaching that place on Monday, May 24, we found this to be an error, and having no camping outfit with us we made a circuit around Shasta Valley to look for a hospitable location. The object in going to this locality was to examine the lava and juniper country in the vicinity, which is here covered also with sage brush, on the one side and the meadows around the Big Springs laguna on the other, as this seemed to be an invit- ing combination for the Upper Sonoran Zone. Its appearance, however, probably belies it, for the Alexan- der Expedition in 1911 remained there only two days, appar- ently not deeming the prospect sufficiently alluring for further effort. The road from Weed to Big Springs passes alongside or through the lava, sage and juniper for some miles, and, as Vou. X.] MAILLIARD—BIRDS, MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY 81 we motored slowly along, especial watch was kept for any birds that might possibly be peculiar to such an association, but the few species we noted were the same as those in the adjacent pine regions. The season was an intensely dry one and the prospects poor. As we traveled through the very open country, mostly pasture lands, stony surfaced hillsides, or alkali bottoms, we were sur- prised at the total absence of such birds as one would expect to find in such situations. Although we passed through appar- ently ideal places for horned larks (Otocoris), none was seen. An occasional Arkansas Kingbird and a Western Meadowlark were practically all the birds we saw. In our circuit around this part of Shasta Valley, we failed to find any place that looked promising and we finally went to the small town of Gazelle where several field parties have done some collecting, but it looked too uninviting in such a dry sea- son to be worth trying, there being little except open and more or less alkali land in its immediate vicinity. We finally went to Edgewood, a small town five miles northwest of Weed, at an altitude of 2900 feet. This place is on the edge of Upper Sonoran, changing quickly into Transition toward the south- east as the country rapidly rises. Edgewood is surrounded by meadows irrigated from the snow-fed streams of Shasta, and here, as in the meadows about Weed, the Nevada Red-wing was just preparing to nest, several females being noticed carrying nesting material, while Wilson’s Snipe was also taking advantage of such a favorable spot. The birds about Edgewood were mostly the ordinary species found in Transition in this part of California, but it was here that we came across the only specimen that we noted of the California Cuckoo, which all three of us saw one evening fly across the railroad track in the town, of the Northern Brown Towhee, which I saw near the village one evening but did not secure, and of the San Joaquin Wren, which Gilchrist found nesting in a small, dead stump not far from the railroad track, and which, like many of the birds found near the railroad here and at Weed, was woefully smudged with oil soot. Shasta River runs through the valley just below Edgewood and in the willows on its banks we found Traill’s Flycatcher. A Western 82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Flycatcher, seen here, was the only one of this species noted by us in Siskiyou County. The most interesting discovery at Edgewood was the presence of a small flock, or perhaps several small bands, of Cedar Waxwings in the town. These were first seen on May 25, feeding on the seeds or buds of some maple trees in a little grove in the middle of the village. We noticed some birds of this species every day we were there but saw no evidence of nesting. On May 26 a flock of 18 individuals was seen on the edge of the village, flying north, but whether there was only one flock in the locality moving about or whether suc- ceeding flocks rested and fed there during migration, we did not succeed in determining. Most certainly some roosted there over night, as we saw them settling down in the trees toward dusk. The meadows were searched for signs of Microtus, but none was found and our traps attracted neither this genus nor mice. Traps set along fences and in the fields brought no returns whatever. Gophers, however, were numerous in one handy corner, and several Red Bluff(?) Pocket Gophers, Thomomys leucodon navus (?), were taken here. As there was not enough of interest at Edgewood to detain us long, we moved, on May 28, to Bray, a sawmill village in the lava country, about 20 miles northeast of Mt. Shasta, with an elevation of 4650 feet. Not finding accommodation in the town, we camped on the edge of an irrigated meadow, about a mile away in the valley of Butte Creek. For a long distance around Bray the standing timber of any value has been de- stroyed, and, except for a few large pines in the town, trees of any size are scarce. Even small timber is much scattered on account of the poorness of the rocky soil. Here a low, thin sage brush is a predominant characteristic of the lava country, the bushes for the most part too stunted and scragely to afford much shelter for birds. Very little bird life could be found in this sage brush, but occasional spots among the remnants of timber or in the willows, aspens, and cottonwoods along the stream harbored a fair number for such a region. At Bray we discovered the Mountain Bluebird for the first and only time on this trip, nesting in old dead tree stubs. The usual Sierran forms for corresponding altitudes were for the most part pres- Vou. X.] MAILLIARD—BIRDS, MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY 83 ent, or apparently were coming in during our week’s stay. Among the late comers were the Brewer’s Sparrow and Gray Flycatcher, the former in the sage brush and the latter in the willows along the stream. Gilchrist came across an Osprey’s nest on top of a tall pine stub, with the old birds in attendance, the secret of their pres- ence here being the number of fish in Lake Orr, a small body of water a short distance west of Bray, and easily available to them. Some ducks and other waterfowl] breed about this lake and the Yellow-headed Blackbird nests here abundantly. The sage brush near the lake is higher than the major part of it elsewhere in the neighborhood and here was the only place where we found the Western Vesper Sparrow. Holman ascended Mt. Orr, close by and probably about a thousand feet higher than the town, and there found the Yosemite Fox Sparrow breeding, the identification being from specimens he brought in, this ex- tending slightly the known range of this species. A female Cedar Waxwing was seen on June 2, calling from the top of a small willow. This was taken and showed no sign of breeding. On June 3, Gilchrist came across a couple of Cali- fornia Evening Grosbeaks, one of which was secured. This proved to be a female with the ovary just commencing to swell, the largest ovum being about 1.4 mm. in diameter. Here also, on June 2, we heard our first Pacific Nighthawks for the region, as they carried on their courting antics high above our heads. None came low, contrary to some of my previous experiences, when they had descended close enough for us to secure specimens. The Gairdner’s Woodpeckers here seemed to have rather more left of their tails than some we had been taking. One of these taken at Weed had nearly half of the tail feathers worn away, leaving a sort of double crescent effect, the shaft of the main rectrices being only 32 mm. long, as measured from the end of the pygostyle, instead of some- thing over 50 mm. I have placed this woodpecker from the Shasta Valley region with gairdneri, but it leans very strongly toward turati, being anything but typical. Near the lake Mr. Holman noted a Magpie, the only one seen, but failed, after a long chase, to secure it. The Poor-will was in evidence here, 84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc, 47H Ser. its soft call being audible at almost any time from dusk to day- light, but none was seen. At Bray we were in a well populated colony of the Oregon Ground Squirrel (Citellus oregonus). Until we had taken several in traps they were numerous all around our cabin, but soon became very wary. In this region they are called “Picket Pins” or “Bulldogs,” the former name arising from their habit of sitting by their holes, or on rocks or stumps, in an extremely erect position and at a distance strongly resembling wooden stakes. After our traps had taken two or three adults on the edge of the meadow, a warning seemed to have been circulated through the colony, for no trap was touched thereafter except by an occasional young one, in spite of change of bait and of smoking the traps to kill the scent of former casualties. This ground squirrel is so numerous in this part of the state as to be a great pest. Occurring here also in association with these animals was the Golden Mantled Ground Squirrel (Callosper- mophilus chrysodeirus chrysodeirus), which greatly resembles a large and handsomely marked chipmunk. The Klamath Chip- munk (Eutamias amenus amanus) was also found here. Mice, however, were very scarce and but few were obtained. Those taken were of two species, each of which appeared to be of intermediate form and neither of which has as yet been defi- nitely determined. No shrews or meadow mice were taken, although the meadow seemed a fine place for them. Probably the irrigation had something to do with their absence, even though the ground was never absolutely covered with water. After a week at Bray the party moved to Yreka, the county seat of Siskiyou County, which we reached on the afternoon of June 5. This town is at an altitude of 2620 feet and is in the Upper Sonoran Zone. As this locality did not look very encouraging, we remained only one day to collect a few Dusky-Horned Larks, and then, on June 7, we moved to a place known as “Forest House Mountain,” so called on account of being just west of an old- time tavern and resort called “The Forest House,” on the road to Scott Valley. Our camp was at a woodchopper’s cabin a few yards off the main road, known as “Robber’s Rock Camp,” on account of a series of stage robberies having taken place Vor. X.] MAILLIARD—BIRDS, MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY 85 from a large rock just above it. The altitude here is nearly 4000 feet. The cabin was beside what was usually a large spring, ordi- narily making swampy ground of the hillside, but which was sadly reduced in size in this dry year. Through the day, from time to time, some birds came here to obtain water, yet the total number was comparatively small, and the species the usual Sierran forms, as may be gathered from the appended table of records. The records for this station cover a good deal of the vicinity as far as altitude is concerned, for the change from Upper Sonoran to Transition took place only a short distance below our camp, and the Transition ran up rapidly above us so as almost to develop into the Canadian stage of zonal asso- ciation, the elevation just above our camp reaching over 5000 feet. Bird life was extremely scarce over much of this higher terri- tory and search along the higher range brought but little re- ward. This may have been partly due to lack of water, yet many well watered areas in Siskiyou County often made but little better showing. Our camp here was on the edge of a small opening in the pine forest which extended over the range. A quarter of a mile above us was a gap through which passed the road to Fort Jones, in Scott Valley, while below the forest merged into more or less brushy or chapparal country, with some sage interspersed. We had come here in the hope of finding fox sparrows, but were disappointed in this. While the brush in places was of the right sort to suit fox sparrows, it was everywhere too low and scattering, not affording the heavy cover which these birds prefer, except at too low an altitude for this genus. Just above our cabin one morning I had the pleasure of find- ing a brood of young Mountain Quail. The little fellows swarmed about my feet when I happened to be standing still for a few moments. The mother remained immovable not over six feet from me, her confidence assured by a partial screen of scraggly brush. She gathered her brood about her by utter- ing a succession of almost (to me) imperceptible, but very musi- cal little clucks, to which the youngsters paid instant and obe- dient attention. Much as specimens were needed, it was far 86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. too fascinating a scene for me to disturb. Miss Kellogg records this subspecies from Bear Creek, in the Mt. Eddy region not many miles to the southeast, her identification being supported by Dr. Joseph Grinnell, who states, however, that the form taken there is an intermediate one, hence it is reasonable to sup- pose that those we saw or heard in this region should be placed in this category. Unfortunately we had no other opportunity to obtain specimens. This was the only station at which we noted the California Pygmy Owl. A couple were heard by all three of the party on the morning of June 9, but the sounds appeared to come from a long distance, apparently across the cafion, and no specimen was secured. Here also we heard the Poor-will, but did not succeed in calling one within range of vision. In a well-watered ravine we found the Sierra Hermit Thrush to be quite numerous and several individuals were secured. When “squeaked” to, these thrushes would come almost within arm’s reach of a person, their curiosity to discover the source of the strange sounds being so easily aroused, according to Holman and Gilchrist who had the good fortune to find this favored spot. The Dusky-footed Wood Rat (Neotoma fuscipes fuscipes) was very common here, its nests being widely distributed over the hillside where the cabin stood, and numerous crevices of rocks also served it for abiding places, these being usually marked by the presence of a few dead twigs strewn near the entrance or sticking out of the holes as if this species could not get away from the idea of stick construction for its habitations. Mice (Peromyscus) were fairly numerous here, but we did not find the Kangaroo Rats we had been hoping to find from the accounts given by natives, although there is no doubt as to their presence in some localities within a few miles, as people told us of having seen them jumping across roads in front of their automobiles when traveling by night. Upon our first arrival at Forest House Mountain we found chipmunks very scarce, only one or two being seen, but on June 10 we discovered quan- tities of the Klamath Chipmunk just below our cabin from the level of the camp to some distance down hill, they being mostly near the little rivulet that flowed from our spring. Whether Vou. X.] MAILLIARD—BIRDS, MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY 87 they had suddenly appeared, as it seemed, or whether, for some reason, we merely had not come across them before, I do not know, but they certainly were plentiful for the next two or three days. The weather had been cloudy and threatening on the day of our coming and perhaps it was the later sunshine that brought them out of their holes, but the situation had all the appearance of a sudden immigration. Porcupines, probably the Yellow-haired (Erethizon epixanthum epixanthum), were quite common in this neighborhood, and it was no rare sight to see the head of one sticking out of some concrete culvert along the road. As a place of shelter during the daytime at least, these culverts seem to have a special attraction for this animal. For certain reasons no attempt was made on this expedition to secure animals larger than a squirrel, so we did not take ad- vantage of such opportunities as offered for its capture. From the top of Forest House Mountain the view across Scott Valley to the Salmon Mountains was most enticing, and on June 12 we accepted the offer of a truck freighter to take us over to that range, as he claimed to know just the place where we could get nearly everything we wanted. We found, however, that the road we had intended to follow was in such condition that we could not get as far into the range as we wished, and had to content ourselves with making camp in a deserted building at the “Old Pinery Mine,” some four miles southwest of Greenview and at an elevation of only about 3300 feet. We were in the Transition Zone here, on the edge of a national forest of Douglas fir and yellow pine with many oak trees in places. Unfortunately the weather turned against us, and became dark and drizzly. In the immediate vicinity of the old placer mine only common birds were found, the one excep- tion being what I believed to be a Northern Spotted Owl, which was perched on a dead sapling in the wash of the old mine. It was about 100 yards away when seen, but unfortunately there was little cover about, and it was impossible to avoid making a good deal of noise scrambling over the loose stones and coarse gravel in the bed of the old wash. The bird was wary and un- easy, so that a long chase ended in failure to get any nearer, and it finally took to the woods nearby. It was too large for a Saw-whet and I can think of nothing that would fit the case 88 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. except a Spotted Owl. With the idea of fox sparrows still dominant, Holman and Gilchrist made a long tour into the higher altitudes in search of birds of this genus, but found none. We had been actually in or on the borders of the forest region over a month before we saw or heard the Northern Pile@lated Woodpecker. On the last day of our stay at this camp, June 15, one was seen and heard at rather close range. With the exception of the Douglas Ground Squirrel (Citel- lus douglasi), rodents were very scarce at this last station, although old signs were plentiful, especially in the house in which we camped. We had visions of wood rats playing tag over our prostrate forms as we slept on luxurious beds of pine needles upon the floors of the deserted rooms; but, while a mouse or two had the temerity to use some of us for runways, the rats seemed to have vacated the premises in our favor—not only as regards the interior of the house but beneath it as well. Traps were set at favorable looking openings and rat holes around the outside of, and underneath, the house, but not one was touched, although we caught rats in the bushes not fifty yards away. There were several colonies of the Dusky-footed Wood Rat (Neotoma fuscipes fuscipes) in the brush surrounding the clearing occupied by the house, but further away fresh nests were not numerous. This subspecies varies a good deal with locality and climate, and in this place is much lighter in color than specimens from near the type locality, with feet prac- tically white. A few of Allen’s Chipmunk (Eutamias senex), were found here. Singularly enough, gophers were very scarce wherever we went, fortunately for the farmers. Near this last camp was a field of perhaps twenty acres, with green crops, including po- tatoes, growing therein, and surrounded by dry, rocky soil, yet careful search failed to reveal the presence of any gopher sign whatever. Bray and Edgewood were the only stations at which we found signs in any quantity and even there this was restricted to small areas. The alfalfa fields in Shasta Valley at a lower elevation were not, however, examined critically by us, our only view of them being from the train windows, from which no particular damage to the crop was noticed. VoL. X.] MAILLIARD—BIRDS, MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY 89 While a comparison of the number of species noted by dif- ferent field parties is usually of interest to the student of the geographic distribution of birds, such comparison loses value when the dates of observation are not similar. Although the records given in the reports of the Merriam and the Alexander expeditions to this region or its vicinity do not quite correspond to those given in this paper, many of those of the first two being either of an earlier or later date than the Academy expe- dition, tor the benefit of future observers it seems worth while to call attention to the differences in these recorded lists. The Merriam report includes 136 species of birds against our 109. This expedition covered a greater variation of territory than did ours, with larger range of elevation, and remained in the field from the middle of July until the beginning of October. This list includes a number of water birds and raptores that we did not find, as well as some birds of higher altitudes than those we visited. Among those not mentioned by Merriam are the following: Band-tailed Pigeon, American Osprey, North- ern Spotted Owl, Nuttall’s Woodpecker, Ash-throated Fly- catcher, Traill’s Flycatcher, Gray Flycatcher, California Purple Finch, Western Vesper Sparrow, Brewer’s Sparrow, Cedar Waxwing, Black-throated Gray Warbler, Pallid Wren-tit, Rus- set-backed Thrush, and the Olive-backed Thrush, a total of 17 species. Without further information it is useless to comment on these differences further than to say that some of them are due to differences in actual localities visited, even where these were not far separated from each other, and others may be due to difference in date of observations, which may account for the failure of the Merriam party to find the Russet-backed Thrush which we found widely distributed, although the first date of observation of the Merriam expedition, July 15, seems very early for all the individuals of this species to have departed for the south, especially as the Alexander party found it at Grizzly Creek in the Salmon Mountains as late as July 23. Comparing ours with the Alexander expedition list of 95 species of birds, the same causes for differences can be assumed. The following is our list of species not therein noted: Mallard, California Great Blue Heron, Anthony’s Green Heron, Wil- 90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H SER. son’s Snipe, Band-tailed Pigeon, Turkey Vulture, Marsh Hawk, Western Red-tailed Hawk, American Osprey, Northern Spotted Owl, California Pygmy Owl, California Cuckoo, Nut- tall’s Woodpecker, Poor-will, Pacific Nighthawk, Anna’s Hum- mingbird, Arkansas Kingbird, Ash-throated Flycatcher, Gray Flycatcher, Dusky Horned Lark, Western Crow, Western Ves- per Sparrow, Brewer’s Sparrow, Sooty Fox Sparrow, Western Martin, Cliff Swallow. Barn Swallow, Tree Swallow, Macgil- livray’s Warbler, Pygmy Nuthatch, and Sierra Hermit Thrush. A notable fact in this is that no species of swallow is in- cluded in the Alexander expedition, whereas we found at least three. Nor did the Sierra Hermit Thrush appear to be breed- ing in the territory covered by that party, although one would suppose it to be rather widespread in this region, especially so, as in all probability some of the records of the “Dwarf Hermit Thrush” mentioned as noted in several localities by the Mer- riam parties were of this form. While the Academy’s expedition was principally interested in the bird life of the region visited, and succeeded in adding a number of species to the recorded list of Siskiyou County birds, and in adding in other ways to the comparatively meager knowledge of its avifauna, at the same time special efforts were made to obtain specimens of the rodents at each station. In this the results were disappointing, and, while part of our lack of success may have been due to want of experience on the part of the assistant members, there appeared to be a great thinning out, by some agency, of these small mammals. Probably the three successive dry seasons, with attendant scarcity of accus- tomed food supply, had something to do with this diminution in numbers. The expedition was brought to a close June 16. MAILLIARD—BIRDS, MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY 91 Vou. X.] (snqpaanjoqyD ‘D snoidoua Xx) Jaxsedpoop pepeay-a,ly My WIdyZION Bee hack ae cahee Bae cE eA EA hk ae eat (YJoynu sayogokaq) ayxoadpoo A $,[12}3nN CHCRTICUOLOA CO DC. Con ce ee 00 ( MOAN -F- taupsis *4 Sajpgoi4q,) JayDad poo M S,toupsres) PEC ($n140 “a Sajpgokiq) sax9adpoo sopoyy (sypjuapi990 “D snzk290)) OOYOND evrIusIOJIeD B'D:0s0 BLOW GAO. 0 Geto Dea tat Qu (mnIMdofyDs “3 wnIpImNDID) [AQ AusAg ewuI0peD Ghat Metsterete saneced davons Cobatess raters tater manseslinastsliciar its (Dutann9 “0 x1ujS) [MQ parjodg wiayION ESRC ORNATE Oui LU Ce ec eS 3 (Sisuauyjosp9 *yY uoripung) AaidsQ wesley ST cr: aD hae oat CHIC (Smidansvds ‘Ss 07707) YMWeT Motredg uvowewy BROS OT Oo Sa (SNANIDI *Q OajNG) AMET] payrej-pary w19sysa A. 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, which need correction. On page 550 “a very few
species of butterflies” are recorded. There are no butterflies
on the Pribilofs. Likewise the record of “a single dragon fly”
on page 552 should be ignored, because these insects are absent.
Similar sweeping statements were made regarding several species
of mollusks in his “Monograph.”
The absence of mosquitoes and other insects injurious to man
and animals is noteworthy. The Pribilof tundra is a paradise to
one accustomed to similar territory in other northern regions.
8 Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., II, 1900.
4 Fur-seals and Fur-seal Islands, pt. 3, p, 547, 1899.
5 Report of the 10th Census, 1884, p. 12, Monograph of the Seal Islands.
156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.
COLEOPTERA FROM THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS,
ALASKA
BY
EDWIN C. VAN DYKE
University of California
The collection of Coleoptera, made by Dr. Hanna while
stationed on the Pribilof Islands during the summer of 1920 con-
tains 21 species, most of them represented by numerous specimens.
It includes nearly all of those known to have been found there.
In the present report, the lacking ones are mentioned in order
to make the list as complete as possible. A short bibliography is
also given.
The beetles of the Fur-seal Islands are better known than
is any other portion of its insect fauna, many of the species having
been known for a long time. The first one to be mentioned was
Carabus truncaticollis Esch., which was captured by Dr. Esch-
scholtz while on his second voyage, the second Kotzebue Expe-
dition, 1823-1826, and described in 1833 in his “Zoological Atlas.”
Eschscholtz does not seem to have visited the Pribilofs during his
first voyage, 1815-1818, although he collected on Unalaska Island
on that trip and not only described a number of the species
captured, in his “Entomographien,” published in 1822, but fur-
nished Fisher von Waldheim with a number to be described by
him in his ‘““Entomographia imperti russici,” published in 1820-
1822. Other species named by Eschscholtz were not described
by him because of his early death, but by others, such as Count
Dejean and Baron von Mannerheim who, of course, are given
credit for the same. Meanwhile, other Russians stationed at the
Fur-seal Islands, as elsewhere in the Russian possessions in
North America, collected specimens and sent them back, chiefly
to the two great museums at Moscow and St. Petersburg. Here
they were described by various workers, chiefly Ménétries at St.
Petersburg and Count von Mannerheim at Moscow. The latter,
in his classical ‘Beitrag zur Kafer-Fauna der Aleutischen Inseln,
der Insel Sitkha and Neu-Californiens,” published in 1843 in the
“Bull. de la Soc. Imper. des Natural. de Moscou,” and in his three
supplements to the same, published respectively in 1846, 1852, and
1853, gave us the most complete work which has been published
Vol. XI] VAN DYKE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS COLEOPTERA 15/7
on the Coleoptera of Alaska and one which has served as the
basis for all subsequent studies. Since the Pribilof Islands became
a part of the United States, small collections of specimens have
been made from time to time by various collectors stopping there
or by those investigating the fur-seal herds. The two who have
collected the most are Professor Trevor Kincaid, who, while
working as a student under Dr. Jordan, in 1897, collected a fair
series of the Coleoptera, part of which went to the National
Museum and part remained behind in his own hands; and Mr.
J. August Kusche who made a brief stop there in 1913; the bulk
of his material went to the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh.
The Coleopterous fauna of the Pribilofs, as shown by the
species studied, is distinctly arctic. Most of the species are found
also on the Seward Peninsula and other parts of the adjacent
mainland. A few are met with on the Aleutian Islands, chiefly
the uplands of Unalaska Island ; but many of the most characteris-
tic species of the Aleutian Islands, those belonging to the Vancou-
veran fauna®, as I have called it, and which are also to be found
along the south side of the Alaska Peninsula and in southeastern
Alaska generally, are not to be found on the Pribilof Islands.
This would seem to indicate that they had at one time been con-
nected to the mainland to the east or northeast, never with the
Aleutian Islands, and had received their fauna from the former.
CARABID/E
1. Carabus truncaticollis Esch.
Esch., Zoo. Atlas, V (1833), p. 22.
Mots., Bull. Mosc., IV (1845), p. 337, t. 5 f. 3.
Sahlb. J., Col. and Hemiptera of the Vega Exped. (1885),
pialZ:
Many specimens. The series shows many color phases, vary-
ing from brilliant green through bronze to almost black. This is
the largest and most conspicious beetle found on the islands.
Eschscholtz in his original description states that he found this
insect both at Kamchatka and on the Islands of St. George and
St. Paul. It has since been taken by numerous collectors on the
Seward Peninsula and upper Yukon and by the Vega Expedition
Dee EE
6 “The Distribution of Insects in Western North America,” by Edwin C.
Van Dyke, Anns. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. XII (March, 1919), pp. 1-12.
158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.
at various places in Arctic Siberia from Bering Strait to the Ural
Mountains. It has also been recorded from the Sierra Nevada
Mountains on the authority of Henry Edwards. This last record,
however, I very much doubt.
2. Nebria bifaria Mann.
Mann., Bull. Mosc., XX VI (1853), p. 128.
N. Carbonaria Mann., Bull. Mose., XXV (1852), p. 293.
Heyden, Cat. Col. Siberia, Berlin (1880-81), p. 13.
Six specimens of the typical form with red femora and dark
knees, tibia, and tarsi, from St. Paul Island, the type locality.
Typical specimens of the same species are also to be found at
Teller and Nome, and on the Alaska Peninsula and all black
phases with the same at the last locality as well as near the
mouth of the Mackenzie. (See Report Canadian Arctic Exped.,
Vol. III, Insects (1919), p. 14E.) It has also been reported
from Kamchatka and by Heyden from various places along the
coast of northeastern Siberia. It has not been found on the
Aleutian Islands. Bifaria is the only Nebria that I have seen in
the various collections that have been made on the Pribilof Islands.
The Nebria reducta Casey (Memoirs on Col., 1X (1920), p. 150),
described from St. Paul Island, I am inclined to believe is not
only a dark or fully pigmented phase of N. viridis Horn, but may
never have been actually taken on the islands. A good deal of
the material taken in Alaska has, through carelessness, often been
tagged with wrong locality labels by the collectors.
3. Patrobus septentrionis Dej.
Dejean, Spec., III (1828), p. 29.
Fossifrons Esch., Mén. de la Soc. Imp. de Natur. de Moscou,
VI; p: 10459:
Fossifrons Esch., Mann., Bull. Mosc., XVI (1843), (Sep.
74
A series of 28 specimens, three from St. Paul Island, the
rest from St. George. These are all similar to the phase described
as fossifrons Esch., from Unalaska, and found so abundantly there.
The species is found on this continent extending from Alaska
to Labrador, to the Lake Superior region, down the Rockies to
Vol. XI] VAN DYKE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS COLEOPTERA 159
Colorado, through the Cascades and Sierra Nevada Mountains
to Lake Tahoe, and along the lowlands of the West Coast as far
south as middle Washington. In the old world, it extends from
the Scandinavian Peninsula and Scotland eastward across north-
ern Europe and Siberia to Bering Strait. It varies considerably,
and as a result, a great number of varieties and so-called species
have been erected at its expense. Very large series, however,
from many localities, show that they all grade one into the other.
4. Pterostichus hyperboreus Mann.
Mann., Bull. Mosc., XXVI (1853), p. 127.
Ménetr., Kafer Russl., p. 54.
A large series, mostly from St. George Island, though with
a few from St. Paul, and containing typical as well as atypical
examples. The typical have the area within the hind angles of
the pronotum convex and impunctate; in the atypical, the same
area is more or less flattened and irregularly punctured. All de-
grees of variation are observable. The series shows that this
species, like all of the others of the subgenus Cryobius, is ex-
ceedingly variable. The color ranges from a metallic green
through violet and bronze to black, the last found generally in
the older and more rubbed individuals. In its limited sense, this
species is restricted to the Pribilof Islands, but it is, in reality,
little more than a geographic race or subspecies of P. ventri-
cosus Esch. of Unalaska; the same is true of the more widely
distributed mainland form, P. vindicatus Mann.
5. Pterostichus hudsonicus Lec.
Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1873), p. 315.
A good series with representatives from both St. George and
St. Paul islands. This variable species is not found on the Aleu-
tian Islands, but ranges, on the mainland, from the Seward Penin-
sula, Alaska, to Labrador, Mt. Washington, N. H., and Lake
Superior.
160 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
6. Pterostichus similis Mén.
Ménétr., Kafer Russl., p. 55.
Mann., Bull. Mosc., XXV (1852), p. 296 (Sep. p. 9).
Var. quadricollis Mann., Bull. Mosc., XX VI (1853), p. 133.
Many specimens of the typical form as well as a number of
the smaller and broader individuals which would be classed as
var. quadricollis Mann., all from St. George Island, the type
locality for both. This is the third species of the subgenus
Cryobius from the Pribilofs. I have found it myself on the moun-
tains of Unalaska Island and it has also been taken abundantly
on the Seward Peninsula, and according to Sahlberg, at St. Law-
rence Bay, Peninsula of Tschutski, Siberia.
7. Amara brunnipennis Dej.
Dej., Spec. (1831), V, p. 800.
Twenty specimens of this variable species with representatives
from both St. George and St. Paul islands, and with the phases
having light and dark elytra, in about equal numbers. This
species is not found on the Aleutian Islands, but is common on
the mainland and extends from the Seward Peninsula to Labra-
dor, Mt. Washington, N. H., and the high Rocky Mountains
of Colorado.
8. Amara glacialis Mann.
Mann., Bull Mosc., XXVI (1853), p. 135.
One specimen from St. Paul Island. This is an interesting
addition to the Coleopterous fauna of the Pribilofs. It was
described from the Kenai Peninsula, but has since been found
at Cockburn Point and Bernard Harbor, Canadian Northwest
Territory, Ungava, Hudson Bay, and Labrador, and is stated to
be represented by a variety in Kamchatka.
9. Amara remotestriata De).
Dej., Spec. general des Col., III (1828), p. 473.
Indistincta Mann., Bull. Mosc., XX VI (1853), p. 45.
Reducens Mann., Bull. Mosc., XX VI (1853), p. 46.
Not found by Dr. Hanna but by Professor Kincaid on St. Paul
Island, in July, 1897. This species is also found on Atka, Un-
Vol. XI] VAN DYKE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS COLEOPTERA 161
alaska, and Akutan of the Aleutian Islands, on Kodiak, and the
Alaska Peninsula, and extends across the continent and as far
south on the Atlantic Coast as New Jersey, down the Rocky
Mountains to New Mexico, and along the Pacific Coast as far
as middle California.
DYTISCIDZ&
10. Agabus hypomelas Mann.
Mann., Bull. Mosc., XVI (1843), p. 221 (Sep. p. 97).
Var. irregularis Mann., Bull. Mosc., XXVI (1853), p. 72.
Twelve specimens, including some from both St. George and
St. Paul islands. It is found also on Unalaska Island, Alaska
Peninsula, Kodiak Island, Kenai Peninsula, Sitka, and Vancouver
Island. The specimens from the Pribilofs are slightly darker
than those seen from Unalaska.
11. Laccophilus decipiens Lec.
Lec. Anns. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., V (1851), p. 205.
Truncatus Mann., Bull. Mosc., XX VI (1853), p. 68.
Californicus Mots., Bull. Mosc., XXXII (1859), II, p. 172.
This species is listed from St. George Island as well as the
Kenai Peninsula, on the authority of Mannerheim, but it has
not been found farther north than British Columbia in recent
years. It is a common species in both Oregon and California.
I would questionably admit of its being Alaskan until verified.
SILPHID/Z
12. Lyrosoma opacum Mann.
Mann., Bull. Mosc., XXVI (1853), p. 175.
Sahlb. J., Vega Exped. (1885), p. 66.
Numerous specimens from both St. George and St. Paul
islands. It is a widely distributed species in Bering Sea, being
found on Bogoslof, Atka, Unalaska, and Bering islands; it is also
found on Afognak Island. It lives in the rotting kelp and is at
times completely submerged by the tides.
162 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
STAPHYLINIDZE
13. Atheta graminicola Gravh.
Gravh., Mon. Col. Micropt. (1806), p. 76.
Stonolota granulata Mann., Bull. Mosc., SOX C1846);
p. 508.
Three specimens. This small rove beetle is abundant on Un-
alaska and Atka islands, and is also to be found on the Alaska
Peninsula, Kodiak, Queen Charlotte Islands, as well as in Arctic
Europe and Asia.
14. Quedius fulvicollis Steph.
Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent., V (1832), p. 244.
Hyperboreus Er., Gen. (1839), p. 547.
Not found by Dr. Hanna, but secured previously by Professor
Kincaid. It is found also on Unalaska Island, at Nome, and
extends across the continent to Labrador and Newfoundland,
to Maine, to Colorado, to Vancouver Island, and is found like-
wise throughout Europe and Arctic Asia.
15. Tachinus apterus Maklin
Maklin, Bull. Mosc., XXVI (1853), p. 113.
Six specimens from St. George Island. This species is sup-
posed to be restricted to this island, but though considered distinct
by Fauvel, is undoubtedly very closely related to others found
at Unalaska and on the mainland.
16. Arpedium beringensis Van Dyke, new species
Apterous; nigro piceous, antennz, palpi, margins of the
prothorax and elytra, and feet refuescent. Head triangular, vertex
bi-impressed, front slightly convex and shallowly obliquely im-
pressed on each side anteriorly, the disc alutaceous and minutely
sparsely punctate, the tempora very prominent, the head rather
suddenly constricted behind. Antennze extending almost to
middle of elytra, joints 2, 3 and 4 of about equal length and
breadth, slightly more than twice as long as broad,4—10 gradually
shorter and broader but never broader than long or transverse.
Prothorax transverse, one-third broader than long, slightly nar-
rowed posteriorly, moderately convex, broadly shallowly emar-
ginate at apex, narrowly emarginate at middle of base, sides
Vol. XI) VAN DYKE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS COLEOPTERA 163
rounded, disc alutaceous and finely sparsely yet distinctly punctate
and pilose, more markedly at sides, a fovea at sides in front of
middle. Elytra at least a third longer than prothorax and one-
half broader, with sides straight and diverging from humeri, the
margin fine and reflexed, the apex of each elytron obliquely trun-
cate outwards, the outer apical angles broadly rounded, the disc
moderately coarsely punctured and minutely pilose. Abdomen
broader than elytra, above minutely rather sparsely punctate and
pilose, beneath more definitely but equally punctured. Length
4 mm., breadth 2 mm.
Holotype and three paratypes in my collection, collected on
St. George Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska, June 14 and August
5, 1897, by Professor Trevor Kincaid, and by him kindly pre-
sented to me. Two paratypes collected on St. George Island,
July 1, 1920, by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna are in the collection of
the California Academy of Sciences, as is also a series of eight
specimens of the same from St. Paul Island, collected by Dr.
Hanna. In Dr. F. E. Blaisdell’s collection, there are also several
more from the Pribilofs, collected July, 1911, as well as two
from Nome, Alaska, collected June, 1899. In my collection there
is one from Teller.
Type locality, St. George Island, Pribilof Group, Alaska.
This species, I have for some time considered as but a dark
phase of the widely distributed Arpedium brunnescens Sahib.
Upon more careful comparison with that species, I find, however,
that it differs not only in color but by being generally more robust,
by having antennz of a different type, the joints 8—10 in brun-
nescens being decidedly transverse, by having more prominent and
angular tempora, and a more definite and abundant punctuation
and pilosity, the abdomen being especially more punctate and
pilose. So far as I know, beringensis is local to the Pribilof
Islands and the neighboring Seward Peninsula on the mainland,
while brunnescens is found on Unalaska Island, and extends to
Banff, Alberta, and the Lake Superior region. It is also found
throughout the arctic portions of Europe and Asia.
164 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.
17. Olophrum fuscum Grav.
Grav., Mon. Col. Micropt. (1806), p. 211.
~ Latum Makl., Bull. Mosc., XXVI (1853), p. 194.
Eighteen specimens, some from St. George, others from St.
Paul. It is also found on the Kenai Peninsula as well as in
northern Siberia, Caucasia, and temperate and northern Europe.
18. Micralymma dicksoni Maklin
Makin, Ofv. Finsk vet. Soc. Férh, (1877), p. 24.
Sahlberg, J., Vega Exped. (1885), p. 28.
One specimen collected by Dr. Hanna. I have also a series
in my own collection given to me by Professor Kincaid, who
captured them on St. George Island, as well as a series from
northwest Siberia, not far from the type locality, which agree
perfectly with the Pribilof specimens. The species has so far
only been found along the coast of Siberia from the mouth of
the Yenisei River east to Bering Strait and on the Pribilof
Islands.
BYRRHID
19. Byrrhus fasciatus Fabr.
Fabr., Ent. Syst., I (1792), p. 85, 4.
Not found by Dr. Hanna, though collected there by Professor
Kincaid. It is found also on Unalaska Island and the Seward
Peninsula, as well as throughout Europe and northern Siberia.
ELATERID/E
20. Cryptohypnus littoralis Esch.
Esch., Thon Entom. Archiv, II (1829), I, p. 33.
Dej., Cat., 3rd Ed. (1833), p. 105.
Germ., Zeitsch. V (1844), p. 137, 3.
Mann., Bull. Mosc., XTX (1846), p. 510.
Not found by Dr. Hanna, but secured previously on the islands
by Professor Kincaid. It is found also on the seacoast of Atka,
Unalaska, and Kodiak islands, as well as on the Kenai Peninsula
and at Kukak Bay (Kincaid, Harriman Exped.). It is also
reported from Kamchatka.
Vol. XT) VAN DYKE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS COLEOPTERA 165
21. Hypnoidus musculus Esch.
Esch., Entomographien (1822), p. 70.
Esch., Thon Entom. Archiv, IT (1829), p. 33.
Mann., Bull. Mosc., XVI (1843), (Sep. p. 66).
One specimen. Taken in numbers previously by Professor
Kincaid. Found also on Unalaska and Kodiak islands, the Kenai
Peninsula, Wrangel Island, and Queen Charlotte Islands.
CHRYSOMELID/#
22. Chrysomela subsulcata Mann.
Mann., Bull. Mose., XXVI (1853), p. 247.
A large series, including specimens from both St. George and
St. Paul islands, the latter the type locality. They show a great
variation in color, ranging from brilliant green, through blue,
bronze, to black; also in size and in sculpture, most of the speci-
mens having the elytral intervals subcristate with the striz deeply
impressed while others show intermediate degrees of development
to certain small specimens which have the intervals very flat and
the strize hardly indicated except by the punctures. The life his-
tory of this interesting willow-feeding species was described by
Kincaid’. It was not found on the Aleutian Islands, even
after a most careful search, but it has been reported from Popof
Island (Harriman Exped. 1900), and Camden Bay and Collin-
son Point, Alaska, Arctic Coast (Canad. Arctic Exped., 1919).
Related but distinct species are found on the opposite Siberian
Coast.
EURYSTETHIDA (ZGIALITIDA)
23. Eurystethus (A®gialities) californicus Mots.
Mots., Bull. Mosc., XVIII (1845), p. 33.
Debilis Mann., Bull. Mosc., XXVI (1853), p. 180.
Seidlitz, Deutsch Ent., Zeit. (1916), p. 127.
Van Dyke, Entom. News, XXIX (Oct., 1918), p. 307.
Nineteen specimens, several of which have a much narrower
and more cylindrical prothorax and generally narrower after-
body, including the elytra, but otherwise not different. This
insect, perhaps the most distinctive of the North Pacific, has
7 Harriman Alaska Expedition, Vol. VIII, Insects, Part I (1904), p. 199.
166 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.
been found on all of the Commander Islands, the Aleutian Islands,
Kenai Peninsula, Sitka, Queen Charlotte Islands, and Vancouver
Island. It has not so far ever been captured on the coast of
either Oregon or California, but it is replaced in the latter by
other species of the same genus.
CURCULIONID/E
24. Lophalophus inquinatus Mann.
Mann., Bull. Mosc., XXV (1852), p. 351 (Sep. p. 135).
Mann., Bull. Mosc., XX VI (1853), p. 244 (Sep. p. 231).
One specimen. Found also on Atka, Unalaska, Unga, Kodiak
and Afognak islands, the Kenai Peninsula, and at Sitka.
25. Lephyrus palustris Scopoli
Scopoli, Entomologia Carniolica, ete. (1763), p. 33.
Not found by Dr. Hanna, though secured by Professor Kin-
caid on St. George Island. I have wing cases taken by myself
on Unalaska Island; also specimens from Nome and Teller,
Alaska. It has also been taken at Bernard Harbor, Northwest
Territory (Can. Arctic Exped., 1919). These are the typical
palustris, agreeing perfectly with the typical form from Europe.
The subspecies canadensis Csy., which is found in the Hudsonian
and Canadian faunal regions more to the south, of which I have
specimens from Rampart, Tanana, and Dawson, is quite distinct,
as is also the subspecies geminatus Say, the common form in
the Eastern United States, and the subspecies perforatus Csy. of
British Columbia and Washington. The true palustris is also
found throughout Europe and Arctic Siberia.
26. Trachodes ptinoides Germ.
Germ., Insect. Spec. Novzee Hale, XXIV (1824), p. 327.
Mann., Bull. Mosc., XVI (1843), p. 249 (Sep. p. 120).
Thirty-eight specimens from St. George Island. Found also
on Atka, Unalaska and Akutan islands, at Yakutat, Wrangel, on
the Queen Charlotte and Vancouver islands, and the mainland
as far south as California. It breeds only in the driftwood found
Vol. XI] VAN DUZEE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS DIPTERA 167
A NEW SPECIES OF THE DIPTEROUS FAMILY
DOLICHOPODIDA FROM THE PRIBILOF
ISLANDS, ALASKA
BY
M. C. VAN DUZEE
Hydrophorus fumipennis Van Duzee, new species
Female: Length 4 mm. Face wide, shining coppery, its lower
edge nearly straight, palpi brownish yellow. Front seal-brown.
Antenne black, rather short; third joint small, about as long
as wide; arista about as long as the antenna. One pair of post-
verticals; postorbitals about eight on each side, reaching but
little more than one-third the eye height, black. Beard yellow,
almost golden, not very abundant.
Thorax brown with about six or seven dorsocentrals in each
row; acrostichals black, in a single row; pollen on upper half
of the pleuree brown, on lower half and on the coxe whitish.
Propleura with one black bristle above the fore coxa. Scutellum
with two pair of bristles. Scutellum and abdomen coppery-
bronze colored.
Fore coxe, tibia and femora bronze; middle and hind
cox and all tarsi blackish. The anterior surface of fore cox
covered with minute white hairs, and with a row of 12 or more
small black bristles of nearly equal length on the outer edge, these
scarcely as long as thickness of tibia. Fore femora considerably
thickened, appearing to have two rows of close-set, short spines
on the whole length of its lower surface ; fore tibiee nearly straight,
with a distinct angle at tip projecting a little towards the femora,
and with short spines nearly the whole length of its inner surface,
nearly as long as those on the femora. Fore tarsi as long as
their femora; first joint as long as the two following joints taken
together, last four joints of nearly equal length. Middle femora
and tibia each about as long as the abdomen; middle tarsi scarcely
more than half as long as their tibiz, the first two joints shorter
than those following, the second being the shorter, about half
as long as third. Halteres altogether black. Calypters black with
yellowish cilia.
Wings brown in front of fourth vein and along the fifth and
cross veins, a small spot at base, a slender streak in the center
of the marginal cell, and a spot at tip of the submarginal cell,
which is gray; the center of the first posterior cell also a little
grayish; third vein bending forward a little just before its tip
as it often does in this genus.
168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.
Holotype, female, No. 821, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected
by G. Dallas Hanna, July 20, 1920.
Type locality, St. Paul Island, Alaska.
This interesting form can be recognized by the row of 12
or more little black bristles of nearly equal length on the anterior
edge of the outer side of the fore coxz, the very short middle
tarsi, especially the short first two joints, and the dark wings,
together with the metallic face, black halteres and the black
calypters with their pale cilia.
Vol. XI] COLE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS DIPTERA 169
DIPTERA FROM THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS, ALASKA
BY
F. R. COLE
Stanford University
A few Diptera have been recorded from the Pribilof Islands
in past years, but heretofore no extensive collection has formed
the basis of a report. Dr. G. Dallas Hanna and Mr. A. G. Whit-
ney made a collection a few years ago and reports were pre-
pared by Mr. J. R. Malloch and Dr. C. P. Alexander on the
Diptera in general and the Tipulidz, respectively. The fol-
lowing list is based solely upon the considerable series secured
by Dr. Hanna in 1920. The Tipulide were determined by
Dr. C. P. Alexander; the Anthomyiide, Chironomide and
some of the Scatophagide by Mr. J. R. Malloch; and one
species of Dolichopodide by Mr. M. C. Van Duzee. Their
reports appear as sections of the present series.
Owing to the cold, foggy, summer climate of the Pribilof
Islands, one would not expect to find many species of flies,
especially as the islands are about 200 miles from the main-
land; but there is a considerable number and some of them
are said to occur in almost incredible abundance. The large
number of decomposing carcasses of fur-seals and the kelp
beds along the beaches attract many scavengers, such as cer-
tain of the Muscidz, Scatophagide and Anthomyiide. This
dampness of the climate also makes the preservation of dry
specimens somewhat difficult.
CHIRONOMID/Z£
The few species collected were examined by Mr. Malloch.
All of the specimens were in rather poor condition for study.
MYCETOPHILIDA
1. Boletina obesula Johanns.
One female, St. Paul Island, June 21. The type is a female,
taken at the head of the Tsirku River, Alaska.
170 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.
2. Boletina sp.
One male of an undescribed species, St. Paul Island, June
21. Too poorly preserved for description.
3. Neosciara sp.
Near tridentata Rubs. One female in rather poor condition,
so that its identity is not certain, St. Paul Island, June 21.
DOLICHOPODIDAZ&
4. Hydrophorus fumipennis Van Duzee
For description see page 167 of preceding paper.
5. Dolichopus rupestris Halid.
St. Paul Island, August 10. Previously described from St.
Paul Island and from Kukak Bay and Popof Island, Alaska.
EMPID/E
6. Empis sp.
One male of a species probably undescribed, St. George
Island, June 30. In poor condition.
7. Rhamphomyia sp.
One female of a species very close to conservatica Malloch,
recently described from the Yukon and Northwest Territory.
St. Paul Island, August 10.
SYRPHID/
8. Pterallastes borealis Cole, new species, figures 1, la
Female: Length 13.5 mm. Very near P. perfidiosus Hunter.
Antenne black, arista brown and bare, third joint about as
broad as long (fig. la). Middle of face and triangle in front
of cheeks shining black (fig. 1), otherwise yellowish pollinose
and pilose, with yellowish ground color under the pollen. Vertex
black; frons yellowish pollinose, with erect black pile. Occiput
yellowish gray with yellow pile and a few black hairs above eye
margin. Proboscis black.
Mesonotum opaque black, with yellowish pollen on lateral
margins and two faint yellow longitudinal stripes, widely sepa-
rated and narrow; pile rather dark yellow. Narrow base of
Vol. XI) COLE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS DIPTERA 171
scutellum black, the rest translucent yellow, rather densely yellow
pilose. Pleura semishining black, with black pile. Halteres small
and yellowish, the stigmata below halteres with short, dense, fur-
like, bright yellow pile.
First abdominal segment semishining black, second with broad
yellow lateral margin, the yellow portion triangular in shape and
reaching one-third distance across abdomen; third segment with
small round yellow spot on anterior corners; remainder of abdo-
men black, the posterior portion of 2 to 5 shining, the basal por-
tion opaque; a pair of linear, oblique, yellow pollinose marks
on dorsum of third and fourth segments. Pile of abdomen largely
yellow, black on posterior margins of third, fourth and fifth
segments. Venter semishining black, with sparse whitish yellow
pile. Legs black, extreme tips of femora and bases of tibie;
pile of front femora and most of pile of middle and hind femora,
black; some yellowish pile; hind tibia arcuate; hind femora
noticeably thickened and with black bristles below, short and
dense on outer third; short pile below on tarsi golden yellow.
Wings hyaline and about as figured for P. perfidiosus; anterior
cross-vein slightly beyond middle of cell 1st A.
Male: Length 11.5 mm. Very near the female in appearance.
Eyes widely separated, frons almost twice as wide as ocellar
tubercle; vertex noticeably convex, a depression between it and
antennal protuberance. Abdomen lacks oblique yellowish polli-
nose marks on third and fourth segments. Hypopygium quite
large, blackish, with short yellow pile.
Holotype, female, No. 808, and allotype, male, No. 809, Mus.
Calif. Acad Sci.; collected by G. Dallas Hanna, August 20, 1920.
Type locality, St. Paul Island, Alaska.
9. Syrphus contumax O. S
St. George Island, June 30. This species has a wide northern
range.
TACHINIDA
10. Didyma pullata v. d. Wulp.
St. Paul Island, July 21 and August 10. The type was
described from the high mountains in Guerrero, Mexico. Co-
quillett determined a specimen from Farragut Bay, Alaska, as
this species.
172 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.
MUSCID/£
11. Cynomyia hirta Hough.
St. Paul Island, July 12 and August 10; St. George Island,
July 1. Originally described from St. Paul Island. Coquillett
reported the species from Alaska as mortisequa Kirby. It is
much less numerous than the species given below.
12. Calliphora vomitaria Linn.
St. Paul Island, August 10 and 16; St. George Island, July 1.
Apparently very common.
ANTHOMYIIDZ&
All of these flies, except the genus Fucellia, were sent to
Mr. J. R. Malloch for examination and are considered separately
(p. 178). Aldrich has worked up the genus Fucellia so that the
species are easily determined.
13. Fucellia antennata Stein.
A common species on St. Paul Island, August 10 to 25.
14. Fucellia fucorum Fall.
The commonest species, taken in large numbers from June
21 to August 25.
15. Fucellia ariciiformis Holmgr.
A series taken on St. Paul Island, August 10.
16. Fucellia pictipennis Beck
Three specimens taken on St. Paul Island, June 21 and
August 25.
SCATOPHAGID/E
17. Scatophaga crinita Coq.
St. Paul Island, August 10; St. George Island, July 1, a
large series. Described from Bering Island.
18. Scatophaga islandica Beck
St. Paul Island, June 21 and August 10. Described from
Iceland and Labrador; reported from Alaska and Bering Island.
Vol. XI] COLE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS DIPTERA 173
19. Scatophaga dasythrix Beck
St. Paul Island, June 20; St. George Island, June 30. De-
scribed from Bering Straits; reported from Bering Island, by
Coquillett.
20. Scatophaga furcata Say
St. Paul Island, June 21 to August 10; St. George Island,
June 30. Very common.
21. Scatophaga rubicunda Mall.
St. George Island, July 1. The description by Malloch is
in press, the name having been given in a preliminary paper.
Described from Northwest Territory and Pribilof Islands.
HELOMYZIDAi
22. Leria crassipes Loew.
St. Paul Island, July 4 and August 10. Described from
Germany and reported by Aldrich from Ungava Bay, Hudson
Bay Territory.
23. Leria fraterna Loew.
St. Paul Island, June 21; St. George Island, June 30. Origi-
nally described from Alaska.
24. Leria sp.
One female from St. Paul Island, June 10; near inmers Meigen,
of which only the male has been described.
BORBORIDZE
Two species were taken, one a Copromyza, the other a Lepto-
cera, but the specimens are in poor condition for identification.
PHYCODROMIDAL
25. Coelopa frigida Fall.
St. George Island, July 19; St. Paul Island, July 4 and August
10. Very common.
174 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.
26. Coelopa parvula Halid.
(Nitidula Zett.)
St. Paul Island, June 8 and 21. An European species, reported
from Kodiak, Alaska, by Coquillett. Less common than C.
frigida.
SCIOMYZIDAE
27. Dryomyza hannai Cole, new species
Male: Length 5 to 7 mm. Ground color of head largely
yellowish, of rest of body largely black. First two joints of
antenne reddish; third blackish brown, arista black and very
short pubescent, the joint itself longer than first two combined
(fig. 2); first two joints black pilose, black bristles above on
second. Face and cheeks yellow, with yellow pollen, the face
retreating, the epistoma projecting. Palpi yellow, with black
pile. Cheek slightly broader than eye, with black pile, longer
near the oral margin, but no pile on the oral margin. Frons
yellowish below and in the middle, the sides and vertex reddish
brown; lower half of frons with short black pile; three fronto-
orbital bristles; 2 large proclinate ocellars; post vertical bristles
almost as long as ocellars. Occiput blackish in ground color,
bare of pile in the middle, but with blackish pile on sides.
Thorax black, largely gray pollinose, mesonotum in median
portion brownish; pile and bristles of mesonotum black; dorso-
central bristles more or less distinct and about 9 in a row.
Humeral and propleural bristles quite long. Pleura dense
gray pollinose; sternopleura densely black pilose, all rest bare.
Scutellum triangular, gray pollinose in middle, sides above brown ;
two long apical bristles and two bristles on side near base.
Halteres yellow.
Abdomen blackish or blackish brown in ground color, gray
pollinose, densely black pilose; pile of first segment short, on
the rest of the abdomen, long. Genitalia of medium size, long
black pilose. Legs near a honey-yellow, apical half or more of
femora darkened; legs long black pilose, even to second joint of
tarsi; spurs of mid-tibiz strong and black, three quite long and
four or more shorter ones; one large and one small spur on
hind tibiz. Wings gray hyaline, stigma and base of wing yellow ;
yellow color along radial veins; no clouding on cross-veins;
first vein bare; cell 1stA scarcely longer than cell 2 M; R,,;
ending in wing tip parallel with M; anal cross-vein reflexed,
(fig. 2a).
Female: Length 5 mm. Very nearly like male, slightly
paler in coloration and with very much shorter pile. Front and
hind tibiz with a distinct preapical bristle. Upper margin of
Vol. XI] COLE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS DIPTERA 175
1, la. Pterallastes borealis Cole, new species.
2, 2a, Dryomyza hannai Cole, new species.
S Acidia uncinata Coquillett.
4, 4a. Parydra metallica Cole, new species.
sternopleura with 4 bristles, quite distinct from the surrounding
pile.
Several specimens were taken with the types, most of them
males. The shape of the head is not exactly typical of Dryomyza,
and there are some other characters which make its position in
that genus a little doubtful.
This species is named for Dr. G. Dallas Hanna in recognition
of his interest in the insect fauna of the Pribilof Islands.
Holotype, male, No. 810, and allotype, female, No. 811, Mus.
Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected by G. Dallas Hanna, August 20, 1920.
Type locality, St. Paul Island, Alaska.
TRYPETIDA
28. Acidia uncinata Coq.
Several specimens of both sexes were taken on St. Paul Island,
August 10 and 12. Coquillett described the species from a
176 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.
unique female, collected at Ft. Wrangel, Alaska. The male
answers the description of the female quite closely.
Male: Length 4 mm. Antenne light yellow, arista yellow
at base, black beyond. Bristles of head black; short sparse pile
of cheeks yellow.
Thorax shining reddish yellow, humeral callosities and stripe
at base of wing pale yellow. Pleura and femora reddish yellow,
tibie and tarsi paler. Abdomen shining reddish yellow, without
black spots mentioned in description of female (also lacking in
female specimens examined). Wing markings paler than in
female, the mark at apex of cell 1st A not so large (see fig. 3).
Allotype, male, No. 812, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected
by G. Dallas Hanna, August 10, 1920.
PIOPHILID/Z
29. Piophila oriens Mel.
St. Paul Island, August 10. Two specimens were taken. The
species was described from New York and Massachusetts.
EPHYDRID/E
30. Scatella quadrisetosa Beck
St. Paul Island, June 21 and August 10. A large series of
specimens seem to answer the description of this form, which
was originally taken in Norway.
31. Parydra metallica Cole, new species
Male: Length 3 mm. Largely metallic bluish black or bluish
green. Antenne black, third joint very large, the arista black,
long pubescent to tip (fig. 4a). One large bristle on cheek near
front corner of eye, a smaller one back of it and under eye.
Lower half of face almost perpendicular, slanting from middle
back to antennal base, blackish, metallic; cheeks thinly blackish
brown pollinose; frons and vertex blackish with metallic olive
green reflections ; two large ocellar, two fronto-orbital, two verti-
cal bristles; face just below antenne with pollen yellowish iri
certain lights; cheeks fairly broad (fig. 4a).
Mesonotum metallic blackish green, with a faint suggestion
of purple vitte; bristles short, sparse and black; one pair of
long prescutellar bristles; about 12 small dorsocentral bristles,
about 12 acrostichal. Scutellum colored as thorax, dorsum flat,
with four marginal bristles, no conical warts. Pleura blackish
Vol. XI) COLE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS DIPTERA WZ
pollinose, the metallic color when apparent more coppery than
mesonotum. Knob of halteres pale brown, the stem blackish.
Abdomen metallic greenish, with coppery reflections, semi-
shining but finely tessellate ; pile short and black. Femora metallic
greenish black, rest of legs black, all of pile black. Wings dis-
stinctly infuscated, more strongly at base and along anterior
border, veins black, cross-veins not clouded; R,,, without ap-
pendiculate vein; M,,, not reaching margin of wing; R,,,
and M, parallel. (Fig. 4.)
This species would run to cognata Loew. in Becker’s table
of species and to breviceps or limpidipennis in the table given
by Jones (Univ. Cal., Tech. Bull., vol. I, p. 190). It differs
quite distinctly from these species in several important characters.
Holotype, male, No 813, Mus. Calif, Acad. Sci.; collected
by G. Dallas Hanna, June 28, 1920.
Type locality, St. George Island, Alaska.
178 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
DIPTEROUS INSECTS OF THE FAMILY ANTHO-
MYIIDZ FROM THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS,
ALASKA
BY
J. R. MALLOCH
University of Illinois
The species given below are those contained in the collection
made on the Pribilof Islands by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna in 1920.
ANTHOMYIID/#
The number of species of this family in the collection is rather
small, but contains some new ones. I notice all of them, because
some have not previously been recorded from the Pribilof Islands.
1. Mydza rugia Walker
One female, St. George Island, July 1, 1920. This is the first
female of this species that I have seen, but I am positive of the
identification. I have previously seen males from New England
where it is not uncommon.
2. Eriphia cinerea Meigen
The genus, Eriphia, has not previously been recorded from
this country. It is represented in the material before me by two
males and one female which do not agree in every respect with
the European example of the male which I have; but they prob-
ably belong to cinerea Meigen, which is the genotype and only
species.
Eupogonomyia Malloch, new genus
This genus differs from Pogonomyia in having the prealar
bristle absent or minute; the hind tibia in male with fine setulose
hairs instead of strong bristles on posterodorsal surface, and
its apex produced on ventral side; fore tarsus short and stout,
with two or more bristles at apex above on fourth segment ; hind
tarsus with two outstanding short bristles near base on ventral
surface. The pteropleura is bare.
Vol. XI] MALLOCH—PRIBILOF ISLANDS DIPTERA 179
There are three species which I assign to this genus which
may be separated as indicated below.
Genotype, Eupogonomyia pribilofensis Malloch, new species.
Key to Males
a. Mid-femur with anteroventral surface bare except apically
where there are a few setulose hairs; anterior surface at
base with about four curved bristles. borealis Malloch.
aa. Anteroventral surface of mid-femur with some long slender
bristles proximad or distad of middle. . . . . . Db.
b. Mid-femur with some long fine curled bristles about one-
fourth from apex on anteroventral surface, the posteroven-
tral surface with a series of long hairs on entire length.
grenlandica Lundbeck.
bb. Mid-femur densely clothed on basal half of anteroventral and
ventral surfaces with long bristly hairs, the posteroventral
surface with bristly hairs except at base.
pribilofensis, new species.
3. Eupogonomyia pribilofensis Malloch, new species
Male: Length 7 mm. Black, shining, thorax and abdomen
with gray pruinescence. Abdomen with a black dorsocentral
vitta which is dilated subtriangularly at the apex of each tergite.
Wings hyaline, veins black to bases. Knobs of halteres black.
Eyes bare, separated at narrowest part of frons by a distance
a little greater than width across posterior ocelli; orbits with fine
hairs on entire length; parafacial at base of antenne wider than
third antennal segment and height of cheek, not narrowed below,
the vibrissal angle produced much beyond a vertical line drawn
from base of antenne. Antenne separated at base, third segment
not longer than second; arista subnude, swollen on basal half;
proboscis slender, not much elongated. Thorax with 4 pairs of
postsutural dorsocentrals. Abdomen subcylindrical, with numer-
ous long, slender bristles, those on fourth tergite apically and
laterally rather conspicuous ; sixth tergite distinct, with numerous
setulose hairs; fifth sternite with a shallow rounded posterior
emargination, and numerous fine lateral bristles at apex. Fore
tibia with two or three median postero-ventral bristles; fore
tarsus not longer than tibia, fourth segment with two short
bristles at apex; mid-femur with dense bristly hairs on basal
two-thirds of anteroventral and ventral surfaces, the postero-
ventral surface with some fine bristles except apically ; mid-tibia
180 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proe. 4th Ser.
with 6 or more short posterodorsal and posteroventral bristles ;
hind femur with a series of anteroventral bristles; hind tibia
straight, with a distinct production at apex ventrally, the antero-
dorsal and posterodorsal surfaces with a number of short bristles,
the anteroventral surface with a few short setule. Costal thorn
minute.
Holotype, No. 814, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected by G.
Dallas Hanna, June 21, 1920.
Type locality, St. Paul Island, Alaska.
The species described as Ophyra grenlandica by Ludbeck
was afterwards removed to Pogonomyia by Stein, but belongs
to this genus. Pogonomyia segnis Holmgren, may be the same
as my Pogonomyioides atrata, in which case the species name
atrata will be replaced by that of Holmgren.
4. Melanochelia sanctipauli Malloch, new species
Male: Length 5-6 mm. Black, subopaque, densely pale gray
pruinescent. Thorax with three brown vitte. Abdomen with
basal tergite largely black, second and third each with a pair of
large subtriangular black spots which are narrowly separated
in middle, fourth with a less distinct subtriangular central spot.
Legs black. Wings slightly infuscated basally, veins black.
Calyptre yellow. MHalteres fuscous.
Eyes bare, separated by a little more than width across
posterior ocelli; orbits very wide, almost obliterating interfrontalia
at middle, with fine setulose hairs to anterior ocellus; parafacial
at base of antennze about as wide as third antennal segment;
vibrissal angle produced much beyond a vertical line drawn from
base of antenne; arista with very short pubescence. Hairs on
area in front of suture and between dorsocentral bristles erect,
sparse, in four or more irregular series; postsutural dorsocentrals
4. Abdomen subcylindrical ; fifth sternite with a deep V-shaped
posterior incision. Legs with the fine hairs longer than usual;
mid-femur with some bristles on basal half of posteroventral
surface; mid-tibia with one or two anterodorsal and two or three
posterodorsal bristles; hind femur with a series of anteroventral
bristles; hind tibia with two or three anterodorsal and anter-
oventral bristles, and a few erect posterior setulose hairs. Veins
3 and 4 divergent apically. Lower calyptra much larger than
upper.
Female: Differs from the male in having the frons over one-
third of the head-width. Genitalia without thorns. Fore tibia
with a weak median posterior bristle.
Vol. XI) MALLOCH—PRIBILOF ISLANDS DIPTERA 181
Holotype, male, No. 815, and allotype, female, No. 816, Mus.
Calif. Acad. Sci.; also one male and three female paratypes, all
collected by G. Dallas Hanna, July 12, 1920.
Type locality, St. Paul Island, Alaska.
This species will run down to nobilis Stein, in a key to the
species of this genus which I have submitted for publication in
the “Canadian Entomologist.” It differs from that species in
having the thorax distinctly vittate, the abdominal spots separated,
and the vibrissal angle very distinctly produced.
5. Melanochelia spinicosta Malloch, new species
Female: Length 6-5 mm. Similar to the preceding species
in color; the cross-veins of the wings distinctly but inconspicu-
ously infuscated; halteres yellow.
Frons opaque, over one-third of the head-width; parafacial
at base of antenne wider than third antennal segment; face con-
cave in profile, vibrissal angle almost in line with base of antenne ;
cheek nearly twice as high as width of parafacial; arista with
short pubescence. Thorax with three pairs of postsutural dorso-
centrals. Abdomen with apical genital segment armed with
about 12 short thorns. Hind femur with four or five bristles on
apical half of anteroventral surface, posteroventral surface with
a few fine bristles on basal half; hind tibia with bristles as in
preceding species. Wing-veins 3 and 4 slightly convergent
apically ; costa with long bristles almost to apex of second vein,
those at and near apex of first vein about three times as long as
diameter of costal vein.
Distinguished from any species known to me by the spinose
genitalia and the long bristles on costal vein.
Holotype, female, No. 817, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected
by G. Dallas Hanna, August 10, 1920.
Type locality, St. Paul Island, Alaska.
6. Melanochelia hirticauda Malloch, new species
Male: Length 5-6 mm. Deep black, subopaque. Orbits, para-
facials and cheeks white pruinescent. Thorax not vittate. Ab-
domen unmarked. Wings infuscated. Calyptre grayish white.
Knobs of. halteres fuscous.
Eyes bare, separated at narrowest part of frons by a distance
a little greater than width across posterior ocelli; orbits narrower
than interfrontalia, setulose to anterior ocellus; parafacial at
182 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.
base of antennz about as wide as third antennal segment, nar-
rowed below; face concave in profile; vibrissal angle not pro-
truded beyond line of base of antenne; some short setule above
vibrissze ; cheek over twice as high as widest part of parafacial ;
arista minutely pubescent. Presutural acrostichals long, two-
rowed; postsutural dorso-centrals 4. Abdomen cylindrical, hypo-
pygium of moderate size; fifth tergite linear, sixth with a number
of long bristly hairs; fifth sternite with a moderately deep U-
shaped incision. Hairs on legs rather long for this genus; hind
femur with some long bristles on apical half of anteroventral
surface, and some shorter bristles on basal half of posteroventral ;
hind tibia with two or three anterodorsal and anteroventral bristles
and an outstanding setula at middle on posterior surface. Calyp-
tre small. Veins three and four slightly divergent apically;
costal setule rather long.
Female: Differs in color from the male in having orbits
parafacials and cheeks brownish pruinescent, the thorax densely
brownish pruinescent and with three broad, subcontiguous
fuscous vitte. Legs as in male, but there are a number of
short posterodorsal setulz on hind tibie.
Holotype, male, No. 818, allotype, female, No. 819, Mus.
Calif. Acad. Sci. These and one female paratype from the type
locality, collected by G. Dallas Hanna, August 10, 1920. One
male paratype from the type locality collected July 12, 1920.
Type locality, St. Paul Island, Alaska.
One male, in poor condition, was collected by Dr. Hanna
on St. George Island, June 30, 1920.
7. Hydrophoria alaskensis Malloch
Of this recently described species, the types of which came
from the Pribilof Islands, there are two specimens in the collec-
tion. St. Paul Island, June 21, 1920.
Vol. XI] ALEXANDER—PRIBILOF ISLANDS DIPTERA 183
DIPTEROUS INSECTS OF THE FAMILY TIPULIDZ
FROM THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS, ALASKA
BY
Cc. Pp. ALEXANDER
University of Illinois
The collection of Tipulidae secured by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna
on the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, in 1920, contains five species.
One of these is a very remarkable insect which is believed to be
a mew species and is made the type of a new subgenus. The
description of one other species has recently been published by
the writer. The remaining three species were first discovered
by Messrs. Hanna and Whitney on the Pribilof Islands in 1912
to 1914. Descriptions of these were drawn up for publication by
the U. S. Biological Survey several years ago, but unfortunately,
their appearance has been delayed. In order to save confusion
for future bibliographers it does not seem to be advisable to give
publicity to the three names prior to their appearance with
descriptions.
1. Tricyphona glacialis Alexander
Can. Ent. vol. 49,1917
Two males, St. Paul Island, June 19, 1920.
Nesotipula Alexander, new subgenus
Characters as in Tipula, s. s.; wings with but two branches
of media attaining the margin; radial sector elongate; m-cu at
or before the fork of M.
Type of the subgenus, Tipula (Nesotipula) pribilovia, new
species.
2. Tipula (Nesotipula) pribilovia Alexander, new species
General coloration black; wings semiatrophied; Rs long; two
branches of M reach the wing-margin; m-cu at or before the
fork of M.
184 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
Female: Length 10 mm.; wing 5.4 mm.
Rostrum, palpi and antenne black. Head black.
Pronotal scutellum obscure yellow. Mesonotum black.
Pleura black, the dorso-pleural membrane obscure yellow. Hal-
teres brown, the knobs darker. Legs black, short and stout;
fore and hind tarsi shorter than their respective tibie. Wings
semiatrophied, tinged with brown; stigma dark brown; veins
dark brown. Venation: Rs elongate, about equal to R,,,; de-
flection of R,,, obliterated or very short; but two branches issue
from cell rst M@,; m-cu connecting with M at or before the fork.
Abdomen black, the caudal margins of the segments very
narrowly ringed with yellow. Ovipositor with the tergal valves
greatly exceeding the relatively short sternal valves.
Holotype, female, No. 820, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected
by G. Dallas Hanna, June 30, 1920. One female paratype was
collected at the same time.
Type locality, St. George Island, Alaska.
Tipula pribilovia is a remarkably anomalous insect in many
respects. Although the wings are semi-atrophied, distorting the
venation to some extent, there is no doubt that only two branches
of media attain the wing-margin. There are but three genera
of Tipuline known in which this latter condition obtains and
these are antipodal in their distribution. The discovery of the
male sex of this fly will be of great interest. The elongate
sector is a character of the genus J7ipula, but the situation of
m-cu at or before the fork of M/ is almost as decisively a character
of Nephrotoma.
Vol. XI] FRISON—PRIBILOF ISLANDS BUMBLEBEES 185
HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS OF THE FAMILY
BREMIDZ FROM THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS,
ALASKA
BY
THEODORE H. FRISON
Urbana, Illinois
1. Bremus (Bombus) kincaidii (Cockerell)
Among the insect material collected by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna
on the Pribilof Islands in 1920 are two specimens of this inter-
esting species of bumblebee. One of the specimens is a queen
and the other a worker. The queen was collected August 24,
1920, and the worker August 25, 1920, both on St. Paul Island.
The species was first described from a series of queens, work-
ers and males, by Cockerell in 1898. In 1913 Franklin rede-
scribed the species from a queen and a male in the collection
of the American Entomological Society and a worker in the
collection of the United States National Museum. Ashmead,
according to the synonymy of this species as given by Franklin,
described the male as a Psithyrus.
Cockerell in describing the species believed it to be ‘endemic
in the Pribilof Islands,” saying “I cannot find any described from
the mainland or any of the other islands which agrees with it.”
Franklin, in 1913, gives the habitat of this species as the Pribilof
Islands. If Psithyrus kodiakensis Ashmead is a synonym of
B. kincaidit (Cockerell), as Franklin considers it, B. kincaidii
(Cockerell) is not endemic to the Pribilof Islands, for P. kodiaken-
sis Ashmead was described from two males collected July 20 at
Kodiak. Kodiak is situated on Kodiak Island and is very close
to the mainland of Alaska in the vicinity of the Aleutian moun-
tain range. Quite recently two papers giving records of Alaskan
bumblebees have been published, one by Salden (1919) and an-
other by Bequaert (1920). Neither of these two last-mentioned
authors reports B. kincaidii (Cockerell) as occurring in the collec-
tions from Alaska at his disposal. All this indicates that either
B. kincaidu (Cockerell) is endemic to the Pribilof Islands and
that Psithyrus kodiakensis Ashmead is wrongly placed in the
186 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.
synonymy of the former species, or that B. kincaidii (Cockerell)
is not restricted to the Pribilof Islands. If the latter alternative
is correct, the species is to be expected on other outlying islands
near the Alaskan mainland and even on the mainland proper.
The descriptions of this species by Cockerell and Franklin
agree very well, except in regard to the statement of length of
the malar space in the queen. Cockerell says “area between eyes
and base of mandibles about as broad as long,” whereas Franklin
states “malar space about one-half longer than wide at apex.”
The queen before me agrees with Franklin’s statement, which I
believe is to be regarded as the correct interpretation of the
comparative length of the malar space in the queen of this species.
Otherwise the specimens before me agree perfectly with Cockerell’s
original description. That Cockerell and Franklin were dealing
with different species is very improbable. The bumblebee fauna
of the Pribilof Islands is necessarily extremely limited, and be-
sides an instance of two bumblebees paralleling each other in
color characters and in every other way excepting in the length
of the malar space is a rarity, if it ever occurs. The discrepancy
between the two descriptions may better be explained as due
to a variable character. Cockerell says, “This Bombus (B.
kincaidti) was the only bee to be found on the Pribilofs, not-
withstanding that there is a tolerable extensive series of bright-
flowered plants, as enumerated by Dr. Merriam in Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash. July 1892.” The fact that Dr. Hanna took only
the one species of bumblebee, further indicates that only one
species of this genus occurs on the Pribilof Islands.*
The bumblebees collected by Trevor Kincaid on St. Paul
Island in 1897 were all taken between August 1 and 25. Three
of the queens and one worker were collected August 1. The
capture of the queens on this date is suggestive of some of the
characteristics of the biology of the northern Bremide. Either
the queens in such northern latitudes never produce a worker
offspring sufficient to relieve the old queens of the labor of for-
aging, as is usually the case in more temperate climes, or these
August queens were those destined to hibernate through the
1 In this connection it might be well to record the fact that bumblebees are
confined solely to St. Paul Island of the Pribilof Group. During seven summers
spent up there I have never seen one elsewhere and the natives, who are quite
familiar with the bees, are positive in their assertions that the facts are as stated.
: (G. Dallas Hanna.)
Vol. XI) FRISON—PRIBILOF ISLANDS BUMBLEBEES 187
winter and continue the species the following spring and summer.
The queen collected by Dr. Hanna on August 24 is in perfect
condition and undoubtedly is a queen produced the same season
in which she was collected. Queens which have developed or
possess a colony can be recognized usually through the loss of a
certain amount of pubescence and through the tattered wing
margins. The early production of queens and males, colonies of
small size and with a poor ratio of workers as compared with
a colony of a more austral species are phenomena to be expected
in the life-histories of our bumblebees inhabiting the far north.
B. kincaidii (Cockerell) may eventually prove to be a ‘‘color
variant or subspecies of strenuus or polaris” as Franklin has sug-
gested. Of the two, B. stenuus (Cress.) is perhaps the closer
ally of B. kincaiditi (Cockerell). B. strenuus (Cress.) seems to
have a more western distribution than B. polaris (Curtis), the
latter being one of the common species in Greenland where B.
strenuus (Cress.) is unknown. B. polaris (Curtis), however, is
reported also as far west as Alaska. Ashmead’s record of
B. polaris (Curtis) was regarded by Franklin in 1913 as ques-
tionable, but since then the species has again been reported
from Alaska by both Lutz (1916) and Sladen (1919). At
present the separation of B. strenuus (Cress.), B. kincaidii
(Cockerell) and B. polaris (Curtis) is based almost entirely upon
color characters, as no real distinct structural differences have
been discovered. Such color characters are valuable, but subject
to extreme variation as every student of the bumblebees knows,
and future study may cause all three species discussed to be
considered as constituting but one distinct species; this is
particularly true of the two species B. strenuus (Cress.) and
B. kincaidii (Cockerell).
188 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.
NEW SAW-FLIES FROM THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS,
ALASKA
BY
ALEXANDER D. MACGILLIVRAY
The following six species of saw-flies were collected on
St. George Island, Alaska in 1920 by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna.
The material was received for identification from Mr. E. P.
Van Duzee, Curator, Department of Entomology of the
California Academy of Sciences, and the types of the new
species have been deposited in that institution.
1. Pontania sueta MacGillivray, new species
Male: Head polished, dull, not punctulate; clypeus nar-
rowly shallowly emarginate, emargination subangular at bottom,
clypeal lobes very broad, rounded; antennal furrows broad and
distinct, partially interrupted by a linear elevation at middle, linear
on dorsal aspect ; ocellar and interocellar furrows distinct, connect-
ing with each other and the antennal furrows; postocellar area
broader than long, convex, polished ; frontal crest recognizable, only
slightly elevated, not broken; pentagonal area distinct, bounding
walls linear, not elevated ; ocellar basin depressed, limited by walls
of pentagonal area, depression greater adjacent to median ocellus ;
median, fove broad, shallow, ventral, margin angular; supra-
clypeal area elevated; antenne with fourth segment one-third
longer than third, fifth longer than third but shorter than fourth,
segments roughened, setiferous ; lobes of mesonotum polished, sur-
face roughened with numerous shallow punctures; mesopleure
polished, dull, setiferous; claws cleft, the inner ray nearly as
long as the outer; wings hyaline, stigma and costa and veins very
light brownish in color; body black, with the following parts
rufous: clypeus, spot on vertical orbits, extending for one-half
length of occipital orbits, narrow margin to pronotum, distal
third of femora, tibie, tarsi, and caudal abdominal tergum and
sternum. Length 4.5 mm.
Holytpye, male, No. 822, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected
by G. Dallas Hanna, June 30, 1920.
Type locality, St. George Island, Alaska.
2. Pontania stipata MacGillivray, new species
Male: Head polished, dull, not punctulate; clypeus truncate ;
labrum quadrangular, nearly as long as broad; antennal furrows
Vol. XI) MACGILLIVRAY—PRIBILOF ISLANDS SAW-FLIES 189
broad and shallow, continuous, punctiform caudad of lateral
ocelli, not interrupted; ocellar and interocellar furrows wanting ;
postocellar area not differentiated from the vertex on each side,
caudal portion slightly elevated; frontal crest hardly elevated,
not broken ; median fovea shallow, oval, small, distinct ; pentagonal
area broadly convexly elevated, including ocellar basin, walls of
pentagonal area wanting, lateral portions sloping into antennal
furrows; ocellar basin with slight depression adjacent to median
ocellus, surface of ocellar basin with slight depression adjacent
to median ocellus, surface of ocellar basin and dorsal surface
of frontal crest meeting at a different angle; supraclypeal area
not prominent; antenne with third and fourth segments subequal,
the fifth slightly shorter, surface roughened and densely finely
setiferous; mesonotum polished, surface of median and lateral
lobes with dense shallow punctures; mesopleurz dull, setiferous ;
claws cleft, inner ray hardly one-half as long as outer ray; wing's
hyaline, costa and stigma pale, veins brownish; body black with
the following parts brownish: labrum, tips of femora, tibix,
tarsi, and last abdominal tergum and sternum. Length 5 mm.
Holotype, male, No. 823, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected
by G. Dallas Hanna, June 30, 1920.
Type locality, St. George Island, Alaska.
3. Pontania subatrata MacGillivray, new species
Male: Head polished, dull, not punctulate; clypeus narrowly
broadly emarginate, emargination rounded, clypeal lobes narrow
and angular ; labrum short, broader than long, rounded; antennal
furrows traceable from the pretentorinz to the occiput, very broad
ventrad of lateral ocelli, narrower and deeper on dorsal aspect;
ocellar and interocellar furrows wanting; postocellar area flat,
not limited except by antennal furrows; frontal crest wanting,
not elevated above surrounding surfaces ; median fovea an obscure
oval depression, longer than broad; pentagonal area not dis-
tinguishable, sides rounded off to the antennal furrows; ocellar
basin flat to slightly convex, small puncture-like depression adja-
cent to the ventral margin of median ocellus; supraclypeal area
not prominent; antennz with fourth and fifth segments sub-
equal, distinctly longer than third, segments roughened, finely
setaceous; mesonotum, including lobes and mesoscutellum,
polished, shining; claws cleft, inner ray short, about one-half
the length of the outer; wings hyaline, the costa and stigma
pale, the veins brownish; body black with the following parts
brownish; the knees, tibiz, and tarsi, all sometimes strongly in-
fuscated and nearly black. Length 4 mm.
190 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
Female: Specimen of what is taken as the female of this
species, in poor condition, has labrum, tegule, and extreme angles
of pronotum pale, the pale markings of legs are lighter colored;
saw-guides stout, dorsal margin straight, ventral and caudal
margins continuously uniformly convex, forming a blunt point
with the dorsal margin, setiferous. Length, 4 mm.
Holotype, male, No. 824, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected
by G. Dallas Hanna, June 30, 1920.
Type locality, St. George Island, Alaska.
4+. Pontania sublorata MacGillivray, new species
Male: Head polished, dull, not punctulate; clypeus narrowly
broadly emarginate, emargination rounded, clypeal lobes broad
and rounded; labrum as broad as long, rounded; antennal fur-
rows broadly interrupted, dorsal and ventral portions deep, dis-
tinct; ocellar and interocellar furrows wanting; postocellar area
not elevated, not limited except by antennal furrows; frontal
crest not prominent, not broken, hardly raised above surrounding
surface; pentagonal outline distinguishable, not prominent: ocel-
lar basin depressed, irregular ; median fovea broad, shallow, oval
depression, not prominent; supraclypeal area not prominent;
antenne with fourth segment very slightly longer than third and
fifth, segments roughened and densely finely setiferous ; mesono-
tum polished, the median lobe and the cephalic half of each lateral
lobe finely punctured; mesoscutellum polished; mesopleure pol-
ished, dull; claws cleft, inner ray not one-half the length of
outer; wings hyaline, veins pale, costa and veins brownish; body
black with the following parts brownish: margin of clypeus,
labrum, spot at corners of compound eyes, sometimes indistinct,
distal ends of femora, tibie, and tarsi, metatibiz more or less
infuscated, and caudal tergum and sternum of abdomen.
Holotype, male, No. 825, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected
by G. Dallas Hanna, June 30, 1920.
Type locality, St. George Island, Alaska.
5. Pachynematus venustus MacGillivray, new species
Male: Head not punctured, dull, very sparsely roughened ;
clypeus polished, very broadly shallowly emarginate, clypeal lobes
broad, angles rounded; labrum polished, rounded; antennal fur-
rows broad deep depressions, traceable from the pretentorine
to occiput, narrow and deep near ocelli, convergent from middle
of length to occiput; ocellar furrow broad and shallow, connected
with but elevated above the antennal furrows; interocellar fur-
row an inconspicuous broad puncture; ocellar areas not strongly
Vol. XI) MACGILLIVRAY—PRIBILOF ISLANDS SAW-FLIES 191
minute tooth at middle; abdomen polished, setaceous ; color black
elevated, pentagonal area identifiable, side walls not elevated,
rounded; ocellar basin broadly concave, with three slight eleva-
tions ; frontal crest short, not extending beyond antennal furrows,
not strongly elevated, almost wanting, not broken; median fovea
broad shallow inconspicuous depression; antenne with fourth
segment longer than third, segments setiferous, roughened ;
mesonotum and mesopostscutellum polished, bare, cephalic two-
thirds with shallow punctures; mesopleuron polished, sparsely
setiferous ; abdomen polished, sparsely setiferous with short setz ;
wings prominent, hyaline, costa and stigma pale, veins brownish;
claws with a minute erect tooth at middle; body black with
distal third of femora, tibie entirely, and tarsi brownish.
Length 6 mm.
Female: The female differs in having median fovea shallower,
antenne and ocellar furrows not so distinct; mesonotum and
mesopostscutellum polished, not punctured; cerci extending to
ends of saw-guides, stout and setiferous ; saw-guides stout, dorsal
margin straight, ventral and distal margins continuous, oblique,
forming a point at distal end with dorsal margin; color black
with the following parts brownish: clypeus, labrum, mandibles,
tegule, pronotum very narrowly, median lobe of mesonotum
except central black spot, mesopleurze, inconspicuous in great
part, distal ends of coxe, trochanters, distal ends of femora,
tibiz, and tarsi. Length 7 mm.
Holotype, male, No. 826, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected
by G, Dallas Hanna, June 30, 1920.
Type locality, St. George Island, Alaska.
6. Pachynematus vernus MacGillivray, new species
Male: Head not punctured, but irregularly roughened or
granular ; clypeus polished, deeply and roundly and very narrowly
emarginate, clypeal lobes sharply angularly pointed; Jabrum
polished, rounded; antennal furrows broadly interrupted on mid-
dle of cephalic aspect, narrow and deep near pretentorinez, broad
and shallow near ocelli, then divergent to occiput; ocellar furrow
wanting; ocellar area not elevated, sides flat, pentagonal area
slightly elevated as a whole and outline identifiable; frontal crest
wanting; median fovea a broad shallow depression, longer than
broad, inconspicuous ; antennz with the fourth segment distinctly
longer than the third, roughened, densely setaceous ; median lobe
of mesonotum polished, cephalic two-thirds with broad shallow
punctures, lateral lobes and mesoscutellum not punctured or very
sparsely ; mesopleura polished, setaceous ; wings large, prominent,
stigma and costa pale, other veins brownish; claws with a very
192 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.
with the following parts brownish: distal ends of femora, tibiz,
tarsi, and caudal end of abdomen. Length 5.5 mm.
Holotype, male, No. 827, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected
; by G. Dallas Hanna, June 30, 1920.
Type locality, St. George Island, Alaska.
Vol. XI] VAN DUZEE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS INSECTS 193
ORTHOPTERA, NEUROPTERA, HEMIPTERA AND
LEPIDOPTERIA FROM THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS,
ALASKA
BY
EDWARD P. VAN DUZEE
Curator, Department of Entomology
Among the insects collected by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna on the
Pribilof Islands in 1920 are several which belong to the orders
mentioned above. The Lepidoptera are of special interest since
no species of this order has heretofore been recorded from these
islands. The Neuroptera listed below were determined by Mr.
Nathan Banks and the Lepidoptera by Messrs Barnes and
Lindsey.
ORTHOPTERA
1. Blattella germanica (Linn.)
St. George Island, July 1. This insect has been introduced
into the Pribilof Islands on at least two different occasions. The
first time it was exterminated by freezing it out of the kitchen
where it had become established.
NEUROPTERA
2. Anabolia simplex Banks
St. Paul Island, August 10. Three examples.
3. Chilostigma preterita Walker
St. Paul Island, June 21, and August 10. Three individuals.
4. Limnophilus kincaidi Banks
St. Paul Island, August 10. Nineteen examples.
HEMIPTERA
5. Irbisia sericans Stal
St. Paul Island, August 10 to 25. St. George Island, July 19.
194 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
LEPIDOPTERA
6. Hyphoraia subnebulosa Dyar
Three males and one female were taken on St. George Island,
June 30. With these were taken five larvee apparently belonging
to this species. Two of these are larger and perhaps half grown.
They are heavily clothed with long soft hairs which increase in
length posteriorly and are rather closely appressed. In one the
hair is fulvous throughout; in the other, fulvous on the sides and
glossy black dorsally. The smaller specimens are similarly
colored but have shorter and more erect hair.
7. Agrotiphila alaskze Grote
St. George Island, June 30. Two examples showing some
variation in distinctness of markings and depth of coloring; one
malformed, or perhaps teneral specimen has a more rufous
tinge, paler beyond the t. p. line, with the ordinary spots pale
and contrasting.
8. Psychophora sabini Curtis
Of this species there are 64 specimens taken on St. Paul
island, June 29 to July 12, which are in condition suitable for
preservation. This series shows a most remarkable variation in
color and markings with no two specimens alike. From the more
typical form they vary to an almost uniform fulvous-brown or
become strongly banded. Among the latter the median area
becomes almost black in one extreme and of a light gray in
the other. This series would make a most interesting study in
insect variation.
9. Phlyctenia washingtonalis Grote
Four smaller specimens were taken on St. George Island,
June 30, and one larger one on St. Paul Island, July 12.
10. Phlyctzenia sp.
One specimen of a clearly marked species was so determined
by Barnes & Lindsey. It was taken on St. Paul Island, July 7.
Vol. XI? VAN DUZEE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS INSECTS 195
11. Argyroploce schulziana Fabricius?
St. Paul Island, July 12, one example in poor condition.
Barnes & Lindsey report this identification as very doubtful and
add that this ‘‘specimen is very probably the bentleyana of Curtis
(Ross Voyage) but not that of Donovan (Brit. Ins.). This
name is supplanted in both the Dyar and Barnes & McDunnough
catalogues by schulziana.”
12. Borkhausenia pseudospretella Stainton
St. Paul Island, July 7, one example in fair condition.
In addition to the above species there is one micro in very
poor condition, which Barnes & Lindsey think may be an Adelid.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtTH SERIES
Vol. XI, No. 15, pp. 197-344, 54 text figs. DECEMBER 14, 192]
XV.
AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE DIPTERA (FLIES)
OF OREGON
BY
F. R. COLE
Associate Curator in Dipterology, California Academy of Sciences
AND
A. L. LOVETT
Oregon Agricultural College
INTRODUCTION.
In the preparation of this list we have endeavored to
get a representative collection of diptera from the state of
Oregon, but we have had little or no opportunity to col-
lect in some of the faunal areas. Collectors in the state
will at least have something to work from and we hope to
see the list greatly increased in the near future. Cosmopoli-
tan species have been listed without giving any particular
data. Considering the great area of the state and the diversity
of ecological conditions, our list seems quite small and it is
intended only as a preliminary report. Aldrich’s Catalogue
lists only 89 species of diptera from Oregon, but we must
add to this number about 40 species having a general dis-
tribution and at least six species mentioned as occurring all
along the Pacific coast. Of Aldrich’s 89 species, we have
been unable to find 24; seven of these are species described
by Loew, five are Bigot’s species, and six are species
described by Williston. One hundred and seventy-eight
species in this list have been described since the publication
December 14, 1921
198 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER.
of the Aldrich Catalogue, and several European species are
included which were not known from North America at that
time. The rediscovery of many old species has been more
gratifying to us than the discovery of a number of unde-
scribed ones.
Most of the collecting was done in the Hood River
Valley, Forest Grove, the Mt. Jefferson region, and the
section around Corvallis. Our collecting time has been short,
as work on the list was commenced in the early summer of
1917, and most of the work had to be done in spare time.
Naturally, we spent most of the limited time at our disposal
in collecting specimens that were of especial interest to us;
as a consequence, many of the families are not adequately
represented. The diptera collection at the Oregon Agri-
cultural College formed a nucleus on which to build; the
earliest records are a little previous to 1900, and some speci-
mens were collected in 1906 and 1907 by Mr. J. C. Brid-
well. No extensive collections of Oregon diptera are known
to us outside of those we have assembled.
Space does not permit of a detailed comparison of this
list with others, such as the New Jersey and Florida lists
written by C. W. Johnson, but such a comparison is inter-
esting to the student of distribution. This preliminary paper
lists 953 species from Oregon; Johnson gives 845 species for
Florida and 1662 species for New Jersey. Certain families
of the diptera are well represented in Oregon, although only
one group, the Syrphide, has been collected extensively. In
the Asilide only one species is common to Oregon and
Florida and there is no species common to Oregon and
New Jersey. Each region has a distinct dipterous fauna,
with a sprinkling of widely distributed forms, some of which
are boreal and some cosmopolitan.
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF OREGON
The state of Oregon has an area of 95,607 square miles.
In altitude, it ranges from sea level to over 10,000 feet on
some of the mountain peaks. The annual rainfall ranges
from 70 inches or more on the coast to nine inches in parts
of the eastern plains region.
The Cascade Range has a great effect on the climate and
faunal distribution; the Coast Range has less influence, being
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 199
low and more or less broken; distinct in the north, it is
merged into a complex mass in the south known as the
Klamath Mountains, a joining of the Cascade, Sierra
Nevada and Coast ranges. Toward the south, the general
elevation west of the Cascades increases.
Forest Grove is about 28 miles west of Portland in a
region of rolling hills which are heavily wooded to the north
and south. There is a good deal of level farmland with
occasional patches of woodland or swamp. The annual
rainfall is about 45 inches, the wet season coming in the
winter and spring. Corvallis is about 65 miles south of
Forest Grove, in what is known as the Willamette valley -
region. Many of our records are from Mary’s Peak, a
mountain in the Coast Range of about 4,000 feet elevation,
lying some 15 miles south of Corvallis.
The seacoast is largely a series of sand-beaches inter-
rupted by rocky headlands, and is a region of rather heavy
rainfall. The summers are cool, and a heavy growth of
grass and ferns spreads over the sand ridges. Several miles
north of Tillamook, these ridges inclose a number of lakes.
The last geological movement of the coast region here was
one of subsidence, the sea advancing over the land and
drowning the rivers in the lower portion of their channels.
The Hood River Valley is a great sloping lava plain
from the foot of Mt. Hood to the Columbia River; through
this old plain the Hood River has cut a deep channel. Most
of the land is very fertile and the uncleared sections are well
forested. The section known as Dee is in the middle valley,
much higher than the level of the Columbia. Parkdale is
almost at the foot of Mt. Hood and has an elevation of
about 3,000 feet. Over the eastern rim of hills lies the
Mosier Valley, a different type of country. In these few
miles the rainfall drops from 30 to about 12 inches, and
crossing the next range of hills, we come to the Dalles, at
the edge of a great, wind-swept, arid region.
The picturesque region around Mt. Jefferson has fur-
nished many interesting records in the diptera. Mt. Jeffer-
son rises rather abruptly from the rim of Lake Pamelia,
which has an altitude of 3,800 feet, and towers majestically
above the timber line to the zone of gnarled and twisted
200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.
spruce and barren wastes. North of the mountain is Jeffer-
son Park or Hanging Valley, set in the backbone of the Cas-
cades at an elevation of 5,400 to 6,000 feet. In ages past,
great glaciers moved down from the mountain and formed
this park, splitting as they advanced and going both east
and west; their remnants are still present on the sides of the
peak. The park is a series of beautiful clear lakes, clumps
of trees, and meadows. In the spring, the wild flowers car-
pet the mountain meadows and the insects, while not
abundant, are mostly uncommon forms, so that the collect-
ing there is fascinating.
Oregon east of the Cascades is largely a plateau, broken
in the far east and south by mountain ranges and low rocky
hills. There are many fertile valleys, but much of the region
is arid. The elevation averages 4,000 feet. Scarcely any
collecting has been done in the Blue Mountains country or
in the southeast where there are many lakes and small
streams.
DISTRIBUTION
Collectors in the past have noted the fact that diptera
from the western United States resemble those of Europe
more closely than do the species in the eastern part of the
country, there being many cases of specific identity. Osten
Sacken discussed this resemblence at length in his ‘““Western
Diptera.” The Trichocere are not so rare in California
as Osten Sacken was led to think from his limited collecting,
and in Oregon they are very abundant in the winter and
early spring. The genus Villa (Anthrax) is not so well rep-
resented in Oregon as farther south, but the asilid genus
Cyrtopogon is rich in species, many of the forms appearing
to be limited to the Lower Boreal zone. The western syrphid
genera Arctophila, Pocota and Pyritis are typically north-
western forms, and there are many species of Chilosia and
Pipiza in this area. Two species of the cyrtid genus
Eulonchus are not uncommon in parts of Oregon, but the
two other known species in the genus are probably more
southern in their range. The Blepharoceride are typically
western diptera and are remarkably abundant in the Hood
River valley of Oregon. The western fauna as a whole is
limited to the line of summer dryness in its spread to the
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 201
eastward, and this line seems more impassable than the
Rocky Mountains. The summers are usually dry some dis-
tance west of the Cascades in Oregon.
The life zones of Oregon have not been worked out in
detail like those of California, but the general divisions are
known. Diptera are not so limited in their distribution as
are the majority of plants and animals, but they are for the
most part characteristic of certain areas and associations.
Our material is much too meagre to work out their distribu-
tion and we shall not attempt any general conclusions on this
point. The coastal strip is usually known as the Canadian
or lower Boreal, except around the mouth of the Columbia
River where the Transition comes in. Dr. E. C. Van Dyke
has recently published a paper on the life zones of Oregon,
Washington, and California, and certain of his terms are
used in designating the different areas. The name Van-
couveran corresponds very closely to the term Transition
and is applied to nearly all of Oregon west of the Cascades;
the fauna it contains is quite a distinct one. The Willamette
valley is pure Vancouveran and Van Dyke believes that it
has changed very little since the Tertiary period. A sub-
division of this zone along the coast is termed the Pacific
Maritime, and is found in western Washington and the
northern coast region of California; it is a region of much
moisture and many species in the coleoptera tend toward
melanism there. There are some evidences of this tendency
among the diptera from this region.
A modified branch of this Vancouveran starts in west cen-
tral Oregon and runs south, including the mountains of
southern Oregon and northern California; it follows along
the western slope of the Cascades down into the California
Sierra, possibly reaching into Lower California. In this
Sierran fauna certain species seem to be broken up into rather
weak races in the chaos of the Klamath Mountains. Above
the Sierran we find the Canadian zone, which is not very ex-
tensive in Oregon. The great Upper Sonoran area of eastern
Washington pushes down in a wedge to the center of
Oregon, nearly connecting with the Upper Sonoran coming
up through Nevada from Mexico; here we find the Great
Basin fauna.
202 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.
The Hudsonian zone is narrowed in Oregon and follows
down the Cascades into the Sierra of California, ascending
as it goes south, until in southern California it is limited to a
few mountain peaks. The zones of eastern Oregon have not
been carefully worked out, but there are a number of moun-
tains extending up into the Canadian and Hudsonian zones.
A great many records will be added to the diptera list when
this region is worked over. Many of the typical Californian
zone species are not found in Oregon as far as our collecting
shows, but we have obtained some of these forms and more
will be found in the southern part of the state. The Van-
couveran and Pacific Maritime zones are rich in species of
Mycetophilide, many of which are undescribed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The general arrangement of this list was planned by both
authors. Prof. Lovett has written up the Syrphide and we
are indebted to Mr. Leroy Childs for much of the work on
the Tabanide and for material collected at Hood River. The
senior author is responsible for the work on the other fami-
lies of diptera, except where material was turned over to
specialists in some of the groups, and for the drawings illus-
trating most of the families represented.
Several dipterists have been of help to us in determining
material in families in which they are specializing, and to the
following we wish to express our thanks: Mr. J. R. Mal-
loch, Dr. C. P. Alexander, Mr. M. C. Van Duzee, Dr. J. M.
Aldrich, Prof. J. S. Hine, Dr. A. L. Melander, Mr. A.
Spuler, Dr. E. P. Felt, Prof. R. C. Osburn, Mr. E. T. Cres-
son, Jr., and Mr. C. H. Curran. We are also indebted to
the entomologists at the Oregon Agricultural College for
specimens they have collected and to the following members
of the staff of the Forest Grove Experiment Station, Bureau
of Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture: Mr. M.
C. Lane, Mr. L. P. Rockwood, Mr. J. B. Thompson, Mr.
A. C. Burrill, Mr. C. W. Creel, and Mr. M. M. Reeher.
Mr. E. P. Van Duzee has added several records from south-
ern Oregon which were particularly valuable because we
know so little of the diptera in that region.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 203
Family TIPULID/Z
Fig. 1. Nephrotoma erythrophrys Will. Wing and head from side.
The craneflies are usually quite easily distinguished from
the other diptera by the long legs and characteristic wing
venation. They have a blunt snout and often very long palpi.
One of the other distinguishing marks of the family is a
V-shaped suture on the upper part of the thorax. A few
species are wingless. The adults frequent meadows and edges
of woods where there is a rank growth of vegetation and
most are found near water. Many species come to lights.
The larve are aquatic or semi-aquatic and are usually
root feeders and scavengers. The terrestrial larve are com-
monly known as “‘leather jackets” and may injure root crops.
Nearly all of the species listed below were determined by
Dr. C. P. Alexander; these are marked C. P. A. det.
1. Dicranomyia concinna (Will.)
Hood River, VI-3 (Cole). C. P. A. det. Described as
a Limnobia.
2. Dicranomyia particeps Doane
Hood River, X-26 (Cole). 1908, Ent. News, XIX, p. 7.
3. Dicranomyia stigmata Doane
Corvallis, IV-i8. €. P. A. det.
4. Geranomyia diversa O. S.
Hood River, X-30 (Cole). C. P. A. det.
5. Limnobia californica O. S.
Forest Grove, IV-20 (Cole). C. P. A. det.
204 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41H Ser.
6. Limnobia sciophila O. S.
Corvallis, IV-20 and V-28; Mt. Angel (Epper). C.
P. A. det. Very common at Forest Grove in September
and October around thickly wooded sections. A disturbance
of the underbrush in more or less moist sections will often
start hundreds of them into flight.
7. Dicranoptycha sobrina O. S.
Forest Grove, VII-8 and 12 (Cole).
8. Ormosia subcornuta Alex.
Forest Grove, III-20 to 26 and Hillsboro, IV-1 (Cole).
A good series of this small form was taken in a small
swampy area. 1920, Pomona College Journ. Ent. and
Zoology, XII, 88. The western representative of O. mei-
gent (O. S.)
9. Ormosia stylifer Alex.
Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). C. P. A. det. 1919, Insec.
Insc. Mens. VII, p. 146. A species near deviata Dietz.
10. Erioptera alicia Alex.
Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). C. P. A. det. Two females
collected. Previously known from the single type female
from Calif. 1914, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LXVI, p.
585.
11. Erioptera oregonensis Alex.
Tillamook, III-26 (A. C. Burrill). 1920, Pomona Col-
lege Jour. Ent. and Zoology XII, 87.
12. Molophilus comatus Doane
Hood River, X-1 (Cole). C. P. A. det.
13. Molophilus nitidus Coq.
Hood River, VI-2 (Cole) ; Forest Grove, V-4 (Burrill).
14. Helobia hybrida (Meig.)
Corvallis, V-29; Hood River VI-8 (Cole). C. P. A. det.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 205
15. Cladura oregona Alex.
Forest Grove, IX-30 (Cole). C. P. A. det. 1919, Insec.
Insc. Mens., VII, p. 147.
16. Crypteria americana Alex.
Mt. Angel (Epper). 1917, Can. Ent., XLIX, p. 29.
17. Phyllolabis latifolia Alex.
Forest Grove, III-28 (Cole). 1920, Pomona College
Journ. Ent. and Zoology, XII, p. 90.
18. Limnophila cressoni Alex.
Corvallis, I1V-29 (Cole). C. P. A. det. 1917, Can. Ent.,
XLIX, p. 208.
19. Eriocera sp. near eriophora Will.
Grant Co., VII-1 (Chamberlin). One mutilated speci-
meneye Caw Acidet:
20. Tricyphona ampla Doane
Corvallis, [X-25; Forest Grove, V-5, 20 and X-3 (Cole).
C7 PA: det:
21. Tricyphona aperta Coq.
Hood River, VI-8 (Cole). det. with a doubt by Alex-
ander.
22. Tricyphona constans Doane
Forest Grove, III-29 (Cole). C. P. A. det.
23. Tricyphona sparsipunctata Alex.
Corvallis, V-14 (Moulton); Hillsboro, IV-1 (Cole).
1920, Pomona College Journ. Ent. and Zoology, XII, p. 90.
24. Polyangzus maculatus Doane
Forest Grove, V-20 (Cole). One specimen.
25. Ctenophora angustipennis Loew
Common at Corvallis and vicinity in April and May, but
taken as late as October 29. The tunnels of the larve in
206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41H Sen.
dead heartwood of prune trees allows the winter rains to
soak in and Prof. Lovett has found the species to be of some
economic importance for this reason.
26. Nephrotoma californica (Doane)
Corvallis, VI-2. 1908, Ent. News, XIX, p. 176.
27. Nephrotoma erythrophrys (Will.)
Joseph. C. P. A. det.
28. Nephrotoma ferruginea (Fabr.)
Hood River, VI-3 to 15 (Cole). The larve were col-
lected around the bases of strawberry plants in large numbers
in early May, at which date some had commenced to pupate.
The damage to the plants could not be easily estimated as
the strawberry-root weevil was at work in the same places.
CaP AN det:
29. Nephrotoma macrophallus (Dietz)
Forest Grove, VII-8 (Cole). C. P. A. det. 1918, Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIV, p. 114.
30. Holorusia rubiginosa Loew
Corvallis, VI-10; Oswego; Cascadia, VIII; Hood River,
VI (Cole).
31. Tipula equalis Doane
Forest Grove, VII-22 (Cole).
32. Tipula albofascia Doane
Corvallis, V-22-1898.
33. Tipula angustipennis Loew
Corvallis; Forest Grove, IV-20 to V-10 (Cole). C. P.
A. det.
34. Tipula armata Doane
Corvallis; Forest Grove, V-17 (Cole). C. P. A. det.
35. Tipula californica Doane
Corvallis [X-25; Forest Grove V-20 (Cole). C. P. A.
det. 1912, Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., V, p. 49.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 207
36. Tipula carinata Doane
Corvallis, X-26 to XI-21.
37. Tipula fallax Loew
Corvallis, IV-18 to V-9.
38. Tipula pubera Loew
Corvallis, V-12 (Gentner). C. P. A. det.
39. Tipula retusa Doane
Forest Grove, VII-22 (Cole). CC. P. A. det.
40. Tipula apernax O. S.
Corvallis, V-5 and IV-19 (Cole). C. P. A. det.
41. Tipula streptocera Doane
Corvallis, VI-13. C. P. A. det.
42. Tipula tristis Doane
Forest Grove, V-5 (Cole).
43. Tipula unicincta Doane
Corvallis, V-25. C. P. A. det.
44. Tipula usitata Doane
Corvallis, VI-2.
Family PTYCHOPTERID/Z
These crane-flies are distinguished from the Tipulide by
having the V-shaped suture poorly defined and by lacking
the second anal vein. The larve are quite remarkable in
structure, having an extensile, elongated breathing tube on
the caudal end. The pupa has one of the thoracic horns
greatly elongated and breathes through this while the body
is covered with mud or water.
45. Ptychoptera lenis O. S.
Hood River, VI-5 (Cole). C. P. A. det.
208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Sea.
46. Bittacomorpha occidentalis Aldr.
Hood River, VI-3 (Cole). This is undoubtedly the
species recorded from Oregon by Osten Sacken in “Western
Diptera” at clavipes.
47. Bittacomorphella! sackenii (Réder)
Hood River, VI-5 (Cole). C. P. A. det.
Family RHYPHID/=
Fig. 2. Rhyphus alternatus Say. Wing, and head from above.
This small family should be changed from the old position
as it is now connected with the Tipulide through the
Trichocerine. The flies of the genus Trichocera are quite
different from the others of the family in general appearance
and wing venation, but the early stages are so near the
Rhyphine that they have recently been placed in their present
position by Dr. Alexander.
48. Rhyphus alternatus Say.
Corvallis, V-25; Albany, V-2 and Forest Grove, IV-20
(Cole).
49. Trichocera® colei Alex.
Forest Grove, XI-11, III-20, 26, and Hillsboro, IV-1
(Coley= (G2 PA“ det.) 1919, Can. Ents) LI, p. 162) Para-
types of this species were reared from turnips at Vancouver,
Wash., Dec. 12, 1918 (Wm. Giles).
1Genus Bittacomorphella Alexander 1916, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
LXVIIT ip. 545;
2The species of this genus in North America will have to be compared with
the European forms before they can be made out with any certainty. Many
of the species seem to be holarctic and it is probable that some of our names
are synonyms, Some of the species collected in Oregon could not be deter-
mined owing to this condition in the taxonomy of the group.
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 209
50. Trichocera trichoptera O. S.
Forest Grove in Dec., Jan. and Feb. (Cole). C. P. A.
det.
Family DIXID Az
Small slender flies, all belonging to the genus Dixa. There
are eight species listed from North America. The adults
resemble mosquitoes but are not pilose and do not bite; they
are found in moist localities where there is abundant vegeta-
tion. The larve are aquatic and resemble mosquito larve.
51. Dixa centralis Loew
Hood River, X-1 (Cole).
Family PSYCHODID =
Fig. 3. Psychoda cinerea Banks.
The moth-flies are attracted to lights in great numbers.
Some are found on tree trunks and many in damp, shady
places, often on the undersides of leaves or on the surface
of some stagnant pond. They are also found on windows
and in outhouses in the winter and spring.
Many of the species have aquatic larve, Maurina (Peri-
coma) preferring swift streams and being provided with
ventral suckers on the abdomen. Some larve occur in cow-
dung and in decaying vegetable matter. The larve have
spiracles and tracheal gills.
210 ; CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.
52. Psychoda cinerea Banks
Common at Hood River and Forest Grove in late Decem-
ber and January. On rainy days many could be found under
old sheds or in protected places on the bark of trees; females
were observed about excrement.
53. Psychoda schizura Kincaid
Hood River, VII-9 (Cole).
54. Psychoda sigma Kincaid
Forest Grove, III-28 and VI-3 (Cole). On the latter
date collected at light.
55. Pericoma sitchana Kincaid
Hood River, VI-19 (Cole).
Family CHIRONOMID/=
Fig. 4. Chironomus colei Malloch.
This family, the midges, now includes two subfamilies,
the Tanypine and Chironomine. They might be called “‘sun-
set-flies,”’ often appearing in swarms at that time. Many
are seen in the air in the autumn, dancing in the sunshine,
usually near some body of water. They can be collected at
lights in large numbers. The adults resemble mosquitoes
superficially, but have poorly developed mouth parts and the
costa is not continued all the way around the wing. The
males, as in the Culicide, have feathery antenne. Midges
usually alight with the fore legs in the air and mosquitoes
as a rule raise the hind legs.
Vor. XI} COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 211
Almost all the species are aquatic in the early stages, the
larve feeding on decaying vegetable substances and tiny
aquatic organisms. A few are terrestrial, one lives in sap and
one species mines the leaves of water plants. Many species
furnish food for trout.
56. Chironomus colei Mall.
Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Set Ser 45 DNC pe 2515:
57. Chironomus plumosus (Linn.)
Corvallis (Churchill) .
58. Chironomus riparius Meig.
. Forest Grove, III-10, 20 and VI-3 (Cole); Hillsboro,
IV-1 (Cole).
59. Chironomus viridis Macq.
Forest Grove, V-17 (Cole).
60. Tanytarsus® dissimilis Johann.
Forest Grove, VI-2 (Cole). At light. 1905, N. Y.
State Museum, Bull. 86, p. 292.
61. Tanytarsus fatigans Johann.
Forest Grove, III-28 (Cole). 1905, N. Y. State Mu-
seum, Bull. 86, p. 292.
62. Tanytarsus obediens Johann.
Forest Grove, IV-5 (Cole). 1905, N. Y. State Museum,
Bull. 86, p. 286.
63. Tanytarsus politus Mall.
Forest Grove, III-20 and VI-3 (Cole); Forest Grove,
V-4 (Burrill). 1915, Bull. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist. X, p. 493.
64. Metriocnemis flavifrons Johann.
Forest Grove, III-26 to IV-14 (Cole). 1905, N. Y.
State Museum, Bull. 86, p. 301.
3A number of species were collected at Forest Grove which could not be
determined with certainty; some of them are probably undescribed.
212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.
65. Cricotopus slossone Mall.
Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). At light. 1915, Bul. Ill. St.
Lab. Nat. Hist. X, p. 506.
66. Cricotopus trifasciatus Panz.
Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). At light.
67. Camptocladius byssinus Schrank
Very common at Forest Grove in early spring, often seen
in swarms in sunny afternoons; III-3 to IV-5 (Cole).
68. Orthocladius* obumbratus Johann.
Forest Grove, III-28 and VI-3 (Cole); Hillsboro, IV-1
(Cole). 1905, N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 86, p. 281.
69. Orthocladius nivoriundus Fitch
Forest Grove, III-28 and Hillsboro, IV-1 (Cole).
70. Orthocladius sordidellus Zett.
Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). At light.
71. Diamesa chorea Lundb.
Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). At light.
72. Paraclunio alaskensis (Coq.)
Several specimens of this curious chironomid were taken at
Seaside Beach by L. G. Gentner, VIII-15-1914. Aldrich
lists the species from Newport in his Catalogue.
73. Tanypus dyari Coq.
Forest Grove. III-4 (Cole).
74. Tanypus flavifrons Johann.
Forest Grove, V-14 (Cole); Hillsboro IV-1 (Cole).
1905, N. Y. State Museum Bull. 86, p. 150.
75. Tanypus monilis (Linn.)
Forest Grove, III-26 to VI-3 (Cole).
4Species of this genus were common in the spring and early summer at
Forest Grove and several of those collected are apparently undescribed.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 213
Family CERATOPOGONID/E
We follow Malloch in making this group a family sep-
arate from the Chironomide. Here belong the ‘‘punkies”’ or
“‘no-see-ums” which are wicked biters and are so small that
an ordinary net will not keep them out. The thorax is large,
but does not project over the head as in the true Chirono-
mide. The species of Culicoides are especially bloodthirsty ;
some of the other genera are said to attack insects, attaching
themselves to the body and wings.
The larve of most are aquatic or semi-aquatic, often being
found in decaying wood that is submerged.
76, Culicoides biguttatus (Coq.)
Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). Taken at light. Malloch
det.
77. Culicoides sanguisugus /Coq.)
Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). Taken at light. Malloch
det.
78. Forcipomyia cilipes (Coq.)
Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). Malloch det. Taken at light.
79, Serromyia femorata (Meig.)
Forest Grove, V-5 (Cole). Malloch det.
80. Hartomyia® mallochi Cole, new species
Fig. 5. Hartomyia mallochi Cole, n. sp. Wing of holotype.
Female: Length 1.5 mm. Head and its appendages black,
the antenne brownish black with pale pile. Mesonotum,
scutellum and postnotum black subshining, the bristles black.
Scutellum with a bristle on each side near the base and two
5This genus was erected by Malloch in 1915, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat.
Hist. X, Art. VI, p. 339.
December 14, 1921
214 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
apical bristles. Pleura black, mostly shining. Halteres black-
ish near the base, the knob whitish.
Abdomen dull black, nearly devoid of pile on the basal
half, the apical half with longer sparse brown pile. Legs
entirely brownish black, the tarsal claws large and equal.
Basal joint of hind tarsus a little less than twice as long
as second joint; joints of the tarsi with pile longer than their
diameters. Tip of hind tibia with several short bristles.
Wings whitish hyaline, the anterior veins heavy and brown-
ish yellow, the other veins very thin; petiole of the media
about the length of the cross vein (see fig. 5) ; cubitus forks
distinctly proximad of the cross vein.
Holotype, female, No. 828, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; F. R.
Cole collector, March 28, 1919.
Type locality, Forest Grove, Oregon.
The species would run to couplet 6 in Malloch’s table of
species, but differs from antennalis in size, color of halteres,
and in lacking spines on the last tarsal joint. It is larger
than arctica with large tarsal claws. The species is named for
Mr. J. R. Malloch, the author of the genus, whose fine paper
on the Chironomid of Illinois has been very useful in work-
ing up this family.
Family CULICID
Fig. 6. Culex pipiens Linnzus.
Vou. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 215
The mosquitoes have the wings clothed with scales and
there is no discal cell; the ocelli are lacking. Not all species
bite and only a few come into houses. They are found at
all altitudes and in all lands, myriads occurring in the Arctic.
Birds and dragon-flies prey on the adults, and the larve
serve as food for fishes and dragon-fly nymphs.
The larve are aquatic, some requiring little water for
their development. They differ in habits, some feeding on
decaying vegetable material and others preying on small
organisms.
81. Anopheles occidentalis D. & K.
Corvallis; Klamath Falls (Dyar and Caudell). 1906,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIX, p. 159.
82. Anopheles punctipennis (Say)
Corvallis; Forest Grove, II and III (Cole); Portland,
VI-30 (Dyar and Caudell).
83. Anopheles pseudopunctipennis Theob.
Corvallis, IX-6; Forest Grove, II-17 to XII-7 (Cole).
84. Theobaldia annulata (Schrank)
Reported from Calif. to B. C. in Aldrich’s Catalogue.
85. Culiseta consobrina (Desv.)
Warm Springs.
86. Culiseta incidens (Thoms.)
Corvallis (Theobald); Klamath Falls (Dyar and
Caudell).
87. Culiseta inornata ( Will.)
Klamath Falls (Dyar). Reported from Cal. to B. C.
88. Culiseta sylvestris (Theob.)
Fish Lake.
89. Culiseta stigmatosoma (Dyar)
Klamath Falls (Dyar). 1907, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
XXXII, p. 123.
216 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
90. Culex pipiens Linn.
Forest Grove, III-26 (Cole).
91. Aedes curriei (Coq.)
Burns; Klamath Falls VII-27 (Dyar and Caudell) ; Cor-
vallis.
92. Aedes hexadontus Dyar?
Corvallis. Dr. Dyar in making the determination of this
and the following species stated that males were necessary
for a certain determination of the species. 1916, Ins. Insc.
Menstr., IV, p. 83.
93. Aedes palustris Dyar
Corvallis. 1916, Ins. Insc. Menstr., IV, p. 89.
94. Aedes varipalpus (Coq.)
Ashford (Dyar and Caudell) ; Portland (Currie).
Family MYCETOPHILID
Fig. 7. Boletina atra Cole, n. sp. Drawing of holotype.
In the fungus-gnats the abdomen ends in a forceps-like
process in the males, and in a pointed ovipositor in the
females. The thorax is usually highly arched. Malloch has
recently divided this group into five families but in this paper
only the Sciara group is considered as a separate family.
The adults are found in situations conducive to fungus
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 217
growth, damp, dark places, and can often be swept from
grass in shady places. Some are found on tree trunks; and
windows in old deserted houses are good places to collect
in certain seasons. Western Oregon is undoubtedly rich in
forms of this group and the list given below could be greatly
increased by one interested in the family. In addition to the
species we have listed there are some which could not be
identified with certainty, owing to the lack of material or to
the imperfect condition of the specimens. One species each
of Leia, Brachypeza, Rhymosia, Odontopoda and Mycomya
were taken and six species of Mycetophila, which could not
be identified.
95. Bolitophila hybrida (Meig.)
Forest Grove, III-28 (Cole) ; Tillamook, III-26 (Bur-
rill).
96. Symmerus annulatus (Meig.)
Several specimens, taken at Corvallis, [X-10 (Cole), are
probably this species, which has been recorded from New
Jersey and New Hampshire. The wing venation is the same
as that given in Williston’s Manual on page 134 (Ples-
tiana), but the wing is more pointed.
97. Diadocidia borealis Coq.
Forest Grove, II-10, III-14 and V-2 (Cole). In one
female the tip of the first radial vein is distinctly proximad
of the end of the anterior branch of the cubitus.
98. Apemon® maudze (Cog.)
Corvallis, V-3 to V-30.
99. Apemon pectoralis (Coq.)
Corvallis, VI-4.
100. Platyura nigra Cole
Forest Grove, V-20 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.
Ser. 4, IX, p: 222.
101. Macrocera formosa Loew
Hood River, V-2 (Cole).
51909, Genera Insectorum, Mycetophilidz, p. 20.
218 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.
102. Tetragoneura pimpla Coq.
Forest Grove, II-17 (Cole).
103. Tetragoneura quintana Cole, new species
Male: Length, 3.5 mm. General body color black. Head
black, the palpi and other mouth parts blackish brown.
Antenne blackish, the third joint twice as long as wide, the
succeeding joints decreasing in length to the last joint, which
is half again as long as the penultimate.
Mesonotum, scutellum, pleura and postnotum black, with
a brownish tinge, made lighter by the gray pollen. Bristles
of thorax yellowish. Halteres brownish yellow, the knobs
darker.
Abdomen dull blackish brown with sparse yellowish pile.
Hypopygium blackish brown, the lower forceps rather large,
the tip excavated, with a yellow thorn below. Hind legs
blackish brown, including the coxe; middle legs with the
femora yellowish brown; fore legs with the coxe, femora
and base of tibe more or less yellowish. Wings grayish
hyaline, the costa and radial veins heavy and dark brown,
the other veins thinner and paler; subcosta ends in R, nearer
the base of the radial sector than the humeral cross-vein.
Cell R, very small, usually forming a small triangle; anterior
branch of cubitus detached at base but reaching proximad of
base of R-M cross vein.
Female: Much like the male, the femora paler. Geni-
talia yellowish. The basal two joints of the antenne yel-
lowish and angles of pronotum yellow.
Holotype, male, No. 829, and allotype, female, No. 830,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; F. R. Cole, collector, March 27,
1919.
Type locality, Forest Grove, Oregon.
This is the fifth species in the genus Tetragoneura one of
which is a fossil species. The one described above is in the
group with bicolor and pimpla, where the subcosta ends in
R, but differs in color from both of these, in the shape of
the cell R,, and in the forking of the cubitus, the anterior
branch not being detached in the related species.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 219
104. Sciophila hirta Meig.
Forest Grove, III-15 (Cole). One female was taken and
the description given by Johannsen fits it exactly. The length
is 5 mm and the length of the wing 5 mm. It is a European
species reported from Greenland.
105. Dziedzickia’? immaculata Cole
Forest Grove, V-2 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.
Ser. 4, IX, p. 222:
106. Dziedzickia oregona Cole
Forest Grove, II-10 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
Ser. 45) EX; p: 223:
107. Mycomya mendax Johann.
Forest Grove, II-10 and V-2 (Cole). 1910, Maine Agr.
Exp. Sta., Bull. 180, p. 182.
108. Neuratelia® coxalis (Coq.)
Forest Grove, III-28 (Cole). Several specimens collected.
1905, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XIII, p. 68 (Anaclinia).
109. Boletina atra Cole, new species
Male: Head, thorax, and abdomen black. Antenne and
mouth parts black. First two antennal joints about as broad
as long, the last joint longer than any of the preceding eight.
Mesonotum, pleura and scutellum thinly gray pollinose; the
median dorsal stripe on mesonotum semishining, wedge-
shaped and divided by a longitudinal row of short yellow
bristles; on either side of the median vitta is a faintly defined
oval spot destitute of pollen; bristles of the thorax yellow.
Halteres yellow.
Abdomen, including the genitalia, opaque black; pile of
the genitalia black, the rest of the abdominal pile yellowish.
Lateral claspers of the genitalia with two small curved apical
spines and a larger yellow pre-apical spine. Fore coxe more
or less yellow, the two hind pair black. Femora and tibie
yellowish, the trochanters and tips of the hind femora
brown; tarsi blackish brown; tibial spurs brown. Wings
71909, Genera Insectorum, Mycetophilide, p. 44.
81856, Dipterologie Italice, Prodromus I, p. 195.
220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4TH Ser.
nearly hyaline, the apical half grayish; costal and radial
veins heavy and black, the other veins lighter; Sc ends in C
slightly beyond base of Rs; Cu forks slightly distad of the
base of the R-M cross vein; costa prolonged beyond tip of
Rs nearly half way to M, (see fig. 7).
Female: Very nearly the same as the male in color and
structure. The last antennal joint proportionately shorter
than in the male. Genitalia brown.
Holotype, male, No. 831, and allotype, female, No. 832,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; F. R. Cole, collector, March 14,
1919.
Type locality, Forest Grove, Oregon.
The writer collected three female paratypes at Forst
Grove and Hillsboro, Oregon, a little later in the year. The
species is very near sobria Johannsen. A single male of a
closely related species was collected at about the same time
and near the same place; this form is clearly separable only
by characters of the male genitalia.
110. Boletina inops Coq.
One pair taken at Forest Grove, I-10 (Lane); same
locality, X-11 (Cole).
111. Leia winthemi Lehmann
Forest Grove, IX-14 (Cole).
112. Phthinia curta Johann.
Forest Grove, II-20 and XII-17 (Cole). 1911, Fungus
Gnats of N. A., part III, p. 291.
113. Ccelosia flavicauda Winnertz
Hood River, X-11 (Cole).
114. Ccelosia pygophora Coq.
Forest Grove, III-21 (Cole). One specimen taken. 1904,
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., VI, p. 170.
115. Rhymosia sp. A., Johann.
Forest Grove, V-17 (Cole). 1911, Fungus Gnats of
N. A., part III, p. 310.
Vou. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 221
116. Telmaphilus tenebrosa (Coq.)
A single male, taken at Forest Grove, III-21 (Cole), in
most respects answers the description of the female given by
Coquillett. It differs in having all of the coxe blackish, the
femora and tibie brown, the tarsi blackish brown. Wings
as figured by Johannsen.
117. Exechia? cincinnati Johann.
Forest Grove, V-5 and XI-15 (Cole). 1912, Fungus
Gnats of N. A., part IV, p. 69.
118. Exechia obediens Johann.
A very common species in winter and early spring at
Forest Grove. 1912, Fungus Gnats of N. A., part IV, p. 73.
119. Exechia umbratica (Aldr.)
Corvallis, XI-15.
120. Dynatosoma nigrina Johann.
Forest Grove, III-6 (Cole). One female collected. 1912,
Fungus Gnats of N. A., part IV, p. 75.
121. Mycothera fenestrata (Coq.)
Forest Grove, II-10 to XII-13 (Cole). One of the com-
monest mycetophilids in this locality.
122. Mycetophila falcata Johann.
Forest Grove, V-2 (Cole). 1912, Fungus Gnats of N. A.,
part IV, p. 93.
123. Mycetophila fatua Johann.
Forest Grove, [I-25 (Cole). op. cit. p. 102.
124. Mycetophila lassata Johann.
Forest Grove, III-6 (Cole). op. cit., p. 101.
125. Mycetophila lenta Johann.
Tillamook, III-26 (Burrill). op. cit., p. 102.
9The species of this genus are very difficult to separate, the male genitalia
offering the best characters for classification. There are at least five undeter-
mined species in material collected at Forest Grove from April to December.
222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4TH Ser.
126. Mycetophila monocheta Loew
Forest Grove, IV-5 (Cole) ; Corvallis, I-14 (Gentner).
127. Mycetophila mutica Loew
Forest Grove, III-6 (Cole). Large series taken.
128. Mycetophila mutica var. A, Johann.
Forest Grove, III-14 (Cole). 1912, Fungus Gnats of
NSA; part LV; p."93:
129. Mycetophila perita Johann.
Forest Grove, V-14 (Cole). op. cit., p. 90.
130. Mycetophila punctata Meig.
Forest Grove, V-14 (Cole) ; Tillamook. III-26 (Burrill).
This is one of the commonest and most widely distributed
species. The Oregon specimens are darker than eastern
specimens in my collection.
131. Mycetophila scalaris Loew
Hood River, X-2 (Cole).
Family SCIARID AE
These small flies are separated from the Mycetophilide
by several dipterists and are easily recognized by the vena-
tion and much shorter coxe.
The larve are scavengers but some do damage to mush-
rooms. Many species breed in leaf mold.
132. Sciara!® scita Johann.
Newport (Aldrich), type locality. 1912, Fungus Gnats of
IN|) Aus part LV; p: 235).
133. Neosciara'! munda (Johann.)
Forest Grove, III-26 and IV-5 (Cole). 1912, Fungus
Gnats of N. A., part IV, p. 127.
10Several species of this genus were taken which cannot be identified with
certainty without male specimens; some are probably undescribed.
113918, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. XI, p. 320.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 223
134. Eugnoriste occidentalis Coq.
Albany, VI-17 (Creel). This species has a long proboscis
and feeds on flowers.
Family CECIDOMYIID£
Fig. 8. Hormosomyia oregonensis Felt. Drawing of homo-topo-
type.
In the little gall-midges the antenne are many jointed and
often with whorls of hairs. There are usually three longi-
tudinal veins and the costa continues around the wing.
The family is an immense one and the larval habits vary
somewhat. A great majority of the species cause abnormal
growths on plants and some are recognized by their galls
alone.
Scarcely any material was taken in this family, most of
that sent to Dr. E. P. Felt being probably undescribed. More
specimens will be required before the identification of the
species of Lestremia, Prionellus, Rhabdophaga and Lasiop-
tera can be made with certainty. A female of a species of
Lasioptera taken near Forest Grove has 36 antennal seg-
ments, more than have been recorded from any other Amer-
ican species according to Dr. Felt.
224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc, 4TH Ser.
135. Mayetiola destructor (Say)
This famous wheat pest, known as the Hessian Fly, is
found west of the Cascades in Oregon and often does con-
siderable damage.
136. Aphidoletes meridionalis Felt
Specimens taken at Forest Grove and Corvallis (Rock-
wood and Lovett). 1908, N. Y. State Mus., Bull. 124,
p. 397-
137. Prionellus boulderensis Felt
Recorded from Oregon by Felt.
138. Dasyneura leguminicola (Lintn.)
The clover seed midge, common throughout western Ore-
gon and an important pest in many clover growing sections.
139. Hormosomyia!? oregonensis Felt
Forest Grove, X-10 (Cole). Described as a new genus
and species in the Porricondylariz in the article referred to
above. It is one of the non-gall-making species. Two males
were taken of this species.
140. Colpodia colei Felt
Forest Grove, VI-2 (Cole). This species is described by
Dr. Felt as related to C. americana. 1919, Ent. News,
KOMIK pices.
12 1919, Ent. News, XXX, p. 220.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 225
FAMILY BIBIONID/&
Fig. 9. Bibio nervosus Loew
The males and females of these ungainly little ““March
flies” often differ considerably, the females having grotesque
little heads. They emerge in April and May and often on
bright sunshiny days they will appear in swarms, sailing
about in an aimless sort of way.
The larve have a false segment behind the head which is
well developed and has spiny processes. They are scaven-
gers, feeding on decaying vegetable matter or excrement. A
few feed on grass roots.
141. Bibio hirtus Loew
This species is usually less common that the following and
emerges a week or more later. It has been reported as in-
jurious to turnips in one section of the state.
142. Bibio nervosus Loew
Very common in spring and early summer.
143. Bibio variabilis Loew
Reported from Oregon by Coquillett.
226 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.
144. Dilophus serotinus Loew
Odell, X-14 (H. F. Wilson).
145. Dilophus tibialis Loew
Hood River, VI-8 (Cole).
Family SCATOPSID 7
Fig. 10. Scatopse notata Linn.
These very small black flies were formerly included in the
Bibionide but now are generally given family rank. The
costa and two veins next to it are thickened, the other veins
being very weak. The larve of all the known species are
recorded as breeding in excrement. Several species have been
bred from sewers.
146. Scatopse notata Linn.
Corvallis, XI-30 (Bridwell) ; Crystal Lake VI-8.
147. Rhegmoclema!s atrata (Say)
Hood River, X-3 (Cole) ; Corvallis.
148. Reichertella!‘ collaris Mel.
Corvallis, [X-10 (Cole), 1916 Wash. Exp. Sta., Bull,
130, p. 10.
131912, Zool. Anzeiger, XL, p. 276.
14912, Zool. Anzeiger, XL, p. 268.
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 227
Family SIMULIID
Fig. 11. Prosimulium fulvum (Coq.)
These tiny flies are easily recognized and are variously
known as black-flies, buffalo gnats and sand-flies. The
females ‘‘bite’’", as many are willing to testify, and are some-
times very troublesome to stock and man. The larve live
in running water, often in swift currents, and feed on small
animals and alge. Peculiar fans on the head create a current
toward the mouth. They are anchored to rocks by a suck-
ing disc near the tail and by a silken line, and breathe by
means of a peculiar organ near the tip of the body; the
larve move like geometrid larve.
149. Prosimulium fulvum (Coq.)
Pamelia Lake, Mt. Jefferson, elevation 3,000 feet. (Brid-
well). Malloch det.
150. Prosimulium hirtipes (Fries.)
Sand Mountain, VI-20; Dee, VI-17 (Cole); Forest
Grove, IV-20 (Cole); Mt. Jefferson, VII-15 (Bridwell).
Malloch det.
151. Simulium bivittatum Mall.
Hood River (Cole). Very common in July in the willow
flats along the Columbia River. They make their appear-
ance about sundown and late bathers then are glad to put
228 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
on their clothes and go home. 1914, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech.
Series, No. 26, p. 31.
152. Simulium vittatum Zett.
Narrows, VII-1. Malloch det.
Family BLEPHAROCERID Zz
Fig. 12. Bibiocephala grandis O. S.
These flies could be mistaken for Tipulidz at first glance.
The venation is quite characteristic and there are creases in
the membrane which give the impression of a secondary
venation. The females are predaceous. The larve live in
swift streams, attaching themselves to rocks by means of
ventral suckers. They feed on minute aquatic organisms.
Many of the flies are swept away in the swift current as they
emerge from the pupal cases, being unable to get their wings
unfolded in time. This may account for the few species in
existence.
These flies are not uncommon along some of the swift
streams of Oregon and one species of Blepharocera taken in
the Hood River valley, as well as a small species of Bibio-
cephala occasionally collected, will be described later by Mr.
Leroy Childs. These two undescribed species were not found
in any such numbers as were the two forms listed below.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 229
153. Bibiocephala grandis O. S.
Common at Hood River along the stream of that name.
The first specimens were collected about the middle of May
and were seen in large numbers up to the early part of June.
They fly clumsily, like some of the tipulids, and will dash
headlong into anything that happens to be in their way.
154. Bibiocephala comstocki Kell.
This species emerged later than grandis and was more
abundant; its season was much longer and it was more
active. In resting on the leaves of plants it would usually
fly to the under side of the leaf and hang by its feet. In the
swift water of the upper Hood River these flies could be
seen flying and hovering close to the surface of the stream;
they seemed to prefer shady places and were often flying
after sundown.
Family STRATIOMYIDZE
Fig. 13. Odontomyia hoodiana Bigot
The so-called “‘soldier-flies” have a strikingly characteris-
tic wing venation; when at rest the wings are laid flat and
overlapping on the abdomen. The abdomen is usually broad
and flattened. The adults are flower flies, the smaller species
being quite active and the larger ones usually slow.
December 14, 1921
230 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.
155. Beris annulifera Bigot
Hood River, VI-8, 20 (Cole). The larve of the Berine
are terrestrial and have been bred from moss.
156. Scoliopelta luteipes Will.
Multnomah Falls, IX-30 (Cole), two females taken in
grass around a small spring. Williston had two males from
Mt. Washington, N. H., which were 7 mm. in length. These
specimens are about 9.5 mm.; the antenne are more than
two-thirds as long as the distance from their base to the
ocelli, and there are a few other slight discrepencies, but
these may be sexual differences.
157. Sargus pallipes Bigot
Hood River, VI-21 (Cole). This species like others of
the genus, is found on the leaves of plants, usually in the
sunlight.
158. Sargus picticornis Bigot
Hood River, V-15 (Cole).
159. Sargus tricolor Loew
Corvallis, V-12 and VII-7.
160. Sargus viridis Say
Very common at Hood River and Forest Grove during
early summer.
161. Stratiomyia atra Cole
Empire, Coos Co., VII-27. 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
Serj 4, UX ipe2s:
162. Stratiomyia barbata Loew
Hood River, VI-21 (Cole).
163. Stratiomyia discalis Loew
Hood River, VI-6 to VI-21 (Cole).
164. Stratiomyia laticeps Loew
Reported from Oregon by C. W. Johnson.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 231
165. Stratiomyia maculosa Loew
Common at Hood River, V-19 to VII-7 (Cole).
166. Stratiomyia melanostoma Loew
Reported from Oregon by C. W. Johnson.
167. Odontomyia arcuata Loew
Umatilla, VII-14 (H. F. Wilson).
168. Odontomyia cincta Oliv.
Blitzen River, VII-6; Ashland, VI-21 (Chamberlin).
169. Odontomyia hoodiana Bigot
Described from Mt. Hood. Quite common in the lower
Hood River Valley during the month of June. Collected
on marshy ground sloping toward the river.
170. Odontomyia pilosa Day
Described from California; Bigot described it five years
later, as pyrrhostoma, from Mt. Hood.
171. Euparyphus apicalis Coq.
Hood River, [X-4 (Cole).
172. Clitellaria lata Loew
Corvallis, V-8 to VI-2; Mary’s Peak and Kiger’s Island.
Family TABANID2E:
Fig. 14. Tabanus procyon O. S.
These flies are commonly known as “‘horse-flies”, “gad-
flies”, ‘‘deer-flies”, ‘‘green-heads”, etc. They have short,
broad heads and the eyes are often colored. The mouth
232 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [{Pnoc. 47H Sen.
parts are a series of sharp lancets (four in the male,
six in the female), enclosed in a lip-like organ. They are
remarkable fliers and are fond of warm weather and sun-
shine. The males do not bite; feed on plant nectar or honey-
dew secreted by plant lice or scale insects.
The larve are found in rotting logs, under stones in
ditches, or in mud along streams or other bodies of water.
They are predacious and feed on various little animals.
173. Pangonia dives Will.
Hood River, VII-26 (Childs).
174. Pangonia fera Will.
Described from Mt. Hood. Horse Lake, VII-25; Mt.
Jefferson, VII-27 (Bridwell).
175. Chrysops coloradensis Bigot
Rickreall, VII-23 (Allen). Hine det.
176. Chrysops discalis Will.
Warm Springs, VII-7.
177. Chrysops excitans Walk.
Mt. Jefferson, VII-12 (Bridwell); Horse Mt. Flats,
VII-30. Cole det.
178. Chrysops lupus Whitney
Pamelia Lake, VII-27 (Bridwell); Corvallis, [X-26;
Grant Co., VII-14.
179. Chrysops noctifer O. S.
Parkdale, VI-18 and Dee, VI-17 (Cole); Mt. Jefferson,
VII-12 (Bridwell) ; Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-14 (Cham-
berlin) .
180. Chrysops pachycera Will.
Buck Mt., VII-19. Cole det.
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 233
181. Chrysops proclivis O. S.
Common at Parkdale, VI-18 (Cole and Childs). Cole
det.
182. Chrysops surdus O. S.
Mt. Jefferson, VII-16 (Bridwell) ; Pamelia Lake, VII-19
(Bridwell).
183. Tabanus zgrotus O. S.
Williston reports this species from Oregon. Corvallis;
Mackenzie Ridge, VIII-27; Lava Lake, VII-25 (Lovett).
Cole det.
184. Tabanus captonis Marten
Hood River, VIII-1 (Childs) ; Corvallis, V-12; Grant
Co., VII-13; Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-14 (Chamberlin) ;
Subalpine regions on Mt. Jefferson, VII-20; Mary’s Peak,
VII-18 (Gentner) ; Horse Lake, VII-25 (Bridwell). Hine
det.
185. Tabanus centron Marten
Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-14 (Chamberlin). Cole det.
186. Tabanus epistatus O. S.
Hood River, VII-22 (Childs); Whitman Nat. Forest,
VII-14 (Chamberlin) ; Grant Co., VII-8. Cole det.
187. Tabanus insuetus O. S.
Blitzen River, VII-6; large series from Whitman Nat.
Forest, VII-11 (Chamberlin) ; Burns, VII-29. Cole det.
188. Tabanus intensivus Towns.
Horse Lake, VII-30 (Bridwell). Cole det.
189. Tabanus laticeps Hine
Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-12 (Chamberlin) ; Big Lake,
VII-20 (Bridwell). Cole det.
190. Tabanus leucophorus Bigot
Described from Mt. Hood.
234 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41TH Ser.
191. Tabanus lineola Fabr.
Hood River, VII-17 (Childs) and VI-25 (Cole).
192. Tabanus opacus Coq.
Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-18 (Chamberlin).
193. Tabanus osburni Hine
Large series from Whitman Nat. Forest, June and July
(Chamberlin) ; Corvallis. Hine det.
194. Tabanus phenops O. S.
Corvallis, V-30; Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-14 (Cham-
berlin).
195. Tabanus procyon O. S.
Corvallis, V-29; Dee, VI-17 (Cole). This species is ap-
parently rare in the northwest. Osten Sacken in his descrip-
tion in ‘“‘Western Diptera’ does not mention the long, black
pile on the under and outer side of the femora, and the long,
rather sparse, black pile on the tibia. The third antennal
joint has scarcely any basal projection. Cole det.
196. Tabanus punctifer O. S.
Crooked River, VII-23; Mt. Jefferson, VIII-14 (Lovett) ;
Corvallis, VII-22.
197. Tabanus rhombicus O. S.
Horse Lake, VII-25 (Bridwell). Hine det.
198. Tabanus sequax Will.
Hood River, VII-1 (Childs) ; Mt. Jefferson, VII-6 (Brid-
well) and VIII-14 (Lovett); Mary’s Peak, VII-14
(Lovett). Hine det.
199. Tabanus sonomensis O. S.
Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-14 (Chamberlin) ; Wilson
River, VIII-6 (Reeher).
200. Tabanus zonalis Kirby
Three Sisters, VIJ-20 (Bridwell) ; Corvallis, V-20. Cole
det.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA B35
201. Silvius gigantulus (Loew)
Corvallis, IV-15; Subalpine regions on Mt. Jefferson,
VII-20 (Bridwell) ; Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-11 (Cham-
berlin) ; Sumpter, VII-5 (Wilson).
Family RHAGIONIDZE (LEPTID/)
Fig. 15. Rhagio dimidiata (Loew)
In these flies the thorax is rounded and the abdomen
usually pointed. The mouth parts are prolonged into a beak
projecting downward and backward. Some of the species
are predaceous but they are as a rule rather sluggish and are
often found on flowers. They can be collected in dense
woods on the tall grass and ferns and around swampy land.
Some of them rest on the trunks of trees, usually head down-
ward. The females of Symphoromyia attack man. Some
forms are called “snipe flies.” The name Leptide has long
been applied to the family but as Rhagio Fabr. has priority
over Leptis Fabr. the family name must change accordingly.
202. Arthroceras pollinosum Will.
Forest Grove, VII-8 (Cole). A single female of this rare
species was taken in a densely wooded section. It was flying
about close to the ground over small weeds and grass and
was mistaken at the time for a species of Chrysopila.
236 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.
203. Dialysis aldrichi Will.
Hood River, VI-12 (Cole) ; Wallowa, VI-8 (Creel).
204. Triptotrichia discolor Loew
Forest Grove, VI-2 (Cole); Corvallis, V-15 (Lovett) ;
Mary’s Peak.
205. Triptotrichia lauta Loew
Corvallis, V and VI; Rock Creek, VII-14 (Lovett).
206. Rhagio albibarbis (Bigot)
Hood River, VI-2 and Forest Grove, V-17 (Cole).
207. Rhagio costata (Loew)
Corvallis, VII-17; Forest Grove, VI-18 (Reeher) ; Cor-
vallis and Newport in May.
208. Rhagio dimidiata (Loew)
Dewey, V-29; Corvallis, V-28 and V-7 (Lovett) ; Forest
Grove, V-2 (Cole).
209. Rhagio hoodiana (Bigot)
Described from Mt. Hood.
210. Rhagio incisa (Loew)
Hood River, V-16 and 21 (Cole)
211. Rhagio maculifera (Bigot)
Forest Grove, VI-5 (Cole).
212. Rhagio pruinosa (Bigot)
Described from Mt. Hood.
213. Chrysopila!> testaceipes Bigot
Hood River, VI-2 to VI-24 (Cole). Aldrich det.
214. Chrysopila tomentosa Bigot
Hood River, VI-2 to VII-5 (Cole). Aldrich det.
1SOne species in this genus, fairly common at Hood River, is apparently
undescribed. :
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 237
215. Symphoromyia atripes Bigot
Joseph.
216. Symphoromyia inquisitor Aldr.
Corvallis, V-29. 1915, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLIX,
pala
217. Symphoromyia kincaidi Aldr.
Mt. Jefferson, VII-15 (Bridwell). 1915, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., XLIX, p. 129.
218. Symphoromyia latipalpis Bigot
Described from Mt. Hood as fulvipes.
219. Symphoromyia pachyceras Will.
Described from Mt. Hood as trivittata. Corvallis, V-30;
Forest Grove, V-2 (Cole).
220. Symphoromyia plagens Will.
Described from Mt. Hood. Corvallis, VI-14; five males
at Parkdale, VI-18 and one female, in the act of biting, at
Hood River, VII-17 (Cole).
221. Hilarimorpha obscura Bigot
Two specimens taken at Hood River, VI-2 (Cole).
Family XYLOPHAGIDA®
This family has been included under the Rhagionide by
many dipterists. The imagines are found in the woods, and
frequent flowers. The larve live in earth or under the bark
on trees and are predaceous; they are quite distinct from the
larve of the Rhagionide.
222. Xylophagus decorus Will.
Corvallis, V-17; Mary’s Peak, V-16 (Gentner).
223. Xylophagus gracilis Will.
Reported from Oregon by Williston.
224. Xylomyia parens (Will.)
Toledo; Corvallis, VII-18 (A. B. Black).
238 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4re Sxz.
Family CYRTIDE
Fig. 16. Pterodontia misella O. S.
These curious little flies are usually very rare. The thorax
and abdomen are large and inflated in appearance, and the
head, which is composed almost entirely of the compound
eyes, is quite small. All the species in North America have
three pulvilli and enormous squaamz. Great variations occur
within the family, especially in the wing venation and struc-
ture of the mouth parts. The larve are parasitic in the
bodies or egg cases of spiders as far as known and appar-
ently this parasitic mode of life has modified the structure
of the flies.
225. Pterodontia misella O. S.
Described from Oregon. One specimen from Forest
Grove, VI-5-1918 (M. C. Lane); a single female from
Mary’s Peak, V-15 (Moznette).
226. Eulonchus sapphirinus O. S.
A large series taken at Parkdale, VII-12 (Cole and
Childs) ; Forest Grove, VI-3 and 5 (Cole); Mt. Jefferson,
VIII-15 (Bridwell) ; Corvallis, V-20; Mary’s Peak, VI-6
(Lovett); Buck Mt., VII-10.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 239
227. Eulonchus tristis Loew
Several specimens taken at Parkdale, VI-18 (Cole and
Childs) ; Alsea, Benton Co., VIII-6 (Bridwell) ; Lava Lake,
VII-25 (Lovett); Mt. Jefferson, V-12 (Bridwell).
228. Acrocera melanderi Cole
Corvallis, VIII-18 (F. H. Lathrop). 1919, Trans. Amer.
Ent. Soc., XLV, p. 55. The type was taken in Gallatin Co.,
Mont., elev. 6,400 feet, 1918.
229. Oncodes melampus Loew
Shedd, V-30; Hood River, VI-8 (Childs).
Family NEMESTRINIDZE
Fig. 17. Rhynchocephalus sackeni Will.
These are sometimes known as the Tangle-vein flies, be-
cause of the complex wing venation. The antennz are small
and the proboscis rather elongate; the female has a long
ovipositor. The adults are flower frequenting and quite rare.
The early stages are not well known. The larve of one
species are parasitic on a beetle.
230. Rhynchocephalus sackeni Will.
Forest Grove, VII-31 (Reeher) and VIII-12 (Lane) ;
Mary’s Peak; Corvallis, VII-19; Lewisburg, VII-5 (Black) ;
Union Co., VII-18 (Black).
240 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER.
Family SCENOPINIDZ
Fig. 18. Scenopinus fenestralis Linnzus
The name ‘window flies’’ is often applied to the members
of this family because they are frequently found in houses
on the windows. The adults are small, slender, and rather
flattened; the wing membrane is smooth and there are two
veins from the discal cell.
The larve are closely allied to those of the Therevide
and are predaceous. The larve of Scenopinus fenestralis
are found in rotten wood and fungi, and under carpets in
houses, where they feed on the larve of the “moths”.
231. Scenopinus fenestralis (Linn.)
Forest Grove, VIII-20 (Cole).
Vor. XIJ COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 241
Family MYDAID7Z
Fig. 19. Leptomydas pantherinus Gerst.
These flies resemble the Asilide in form. They are sup-
posed to be predaceous but do not have mouth parts which
would bear this out.
232. Leptomydas pantherinus Gerst.
Medford, VII; Hood River, VII-25 (Cole). Twelve
males and one female taken at Hood River in one day. One
male is an allotype in the collection of the California
Academy of Sciences. The males were observed flying along
the Mt. Hood Railway over sandy ground in the heat of the
day. 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, col. IX, p. 228.
Family THEREVIDE
Fig. 20. Psilocephala munda Loew
Comstock called these “‘stiletto-flies” on account of their
general form. The adults resemble robber flies but are not
242 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Sep.
as strongly built and the eyes do not protrude above the ver-
tex; the abdomen of most species is slender and the wings of
all the known American species have five posterior cells.
They have been recorded as preying on other diptera, but
must capture very small species as their mouth parts would
not permit them to kill the prey selected by their more robust
relatives, the robber flies. The larve are long and slender,
with segments 1 to 6 so constructed that they appear to
have twenty segments. They live in mold, rotten wood, and
in the ground, and prey on other insects or their larve. The
metamorphoses are not well known.
233. Psilocephala aldrichii Coq.
Burns, Mt. Jefferson, VIII-14 (Lovett); Hood River,
VI-20 and Forest Grove, VII-12 (Cole).
234. Psilocephala costalis Loew
Hood River, VII-3 (Cole). A large number were taken
on the foliage of strawberry plants.
235. Psilocephala munda Loew
Multnomah Falls, [X-30 (Cole).
236. .Psilocephala notata Wied.
Hood River, VI-4 to VI-20 and Forest Grove, VII-12
(Cole).
237. Thereva fucata Loew
Crook Co., VII-14 (Lovett) ; McDermitt, Malheur Co.,
VIII-20 (J. R. Bunch).
238. Thereva hirticeps Loew
Horse Lake, VII-25 (Lovett).
239. Thereva johnsoni Coq.
Hood River, VII-5 (Cole); Forest Grove, V-20, bred
from rotting debris in stump. (Rockwood).
240. Thereva vialis O. S.
Quite common in Hood River in June and early July;
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 243
collected mostly on sandy stretches along the Hood River
on bright sunny days (Cole).
241. Dialineura crassicornis (Will.)
Common at Hood River, V-10 to VI-26 (Cole). The
habits are like those of Thereva vialis. Williston described
the species in the genus Thereva.
242. Metaphragma planiceps (Loew)
Burns, V-19 (B. G. Thompson).
Family BOMBYLIID®
Fig. 21. Epacmus nitidus Cole, n. sp. Drawing of holotype.
The “‘bee-flies” are usually more or less covered with fur-
like hair and look less like bees than some other flies; one
group is furnished with a long proboscis. During the spring
and summer they are often seen hovering in the air. They
are flower feeders and creatures of the sunshine. Their
flight is very quick, but consists of short dashes, and they
are often seen resting on the ground or on low plants in
the sun.
The larve are parasitic, predaceous, or inquilinous. Some
are decidedly beneficial, being parasitic on injurious species.
243. Spogostylum anale (Say)
Forest Grove, IX-15 (Thompson and Cole). A few
females were taken along Gale’s Creek; the males, with num-
bers of other insects, were flying around some small pine
trees in the afternoon sunshine.
244 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc, 47H Sep.
244. Spogostylum argentatum Cole
Hood River, VI-20 to VII-5 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 227. This species was collected
around old burned pine logs, like many others of the genus.
245. Spogostylum cedipus (Fabr.)
Parkdale, Dee and Hood River in June (Cole).
246. Spogostylum pauper (Loew)
Parkdale and Hood River in June (Cole).
247. Spogostylum stellans (Loew)
Parkdale and Dee in June (Cole and Childs).
248. Spogostylum varium (Fabr.)
Mosier and Parkdale, VI (Cole) ; Hood River, VI-16 to
VII-16 (Cole).
249. Exoprosopa capusina (Fabr.)
Hood River, VII-9 to VII 25 (Cole).
250. Exoprosopa doris O. S.
Hood River, VII-28 (Cole).
251. Exoprosopa eremita O. S.
Pendleton, VII-17 (Thomson).
252. Dipalta serpentina O. S.
Hood River, VII-28 to IX-20 (Cole).
253. Villa!® alternata (Say)
This rather variable species is common in Oregon in July,
but the typical form was not collected.
254. Villa atrata (Coq.)
Hood River, VII-25 (Cole). These big flies appear to
be on the wing most of the time, flying around in large cir-
cles close to the ground.
16There is some difference of opinion as to the acceptance of this name
for the old genus Anthrax as currently understood.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 245
255. Villa autumnalis (Cole)
Colestin, VIII-1 (E. P. Van Duzee). This species, to-
gether with fuliginosa and willistonii, belongs to the sub-
genus Pecilanthrax. 1917, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXV, p. 71.
256. Villa edititia (Say)
Sherwood, VII-12.
257. Villa eumenes (O. S.)
Corvallis, V-20 and VI-3; Hood River, VI-12 (Cole).
258. Villa fuliginosa (Loew)
Hermiston, IX-18 (Rockwood).
259. Villa fulviana (Say)
Colestin, VII-31 and VIII-1 (E. P. Van Duzee) ; Cor-
vallis, IX-10 (Cole).
260. Villa inops (Coq.)
Hood River, VI-7 and VII-10 (Cole).
261. Villa lateralis (Say)
Colestin, VII-1 (E. P. Van Duzee); Corvallis, Hood
River, Forest Grove and the Dalles. Common in the summer.
262. Villa macula (Cole)
Hermiston, IX-18 (Reeher); The Dalles, VII (Moz-
nette). 1919, Proc: Cal. Acad: Sa., Ser. 4, 1X, p. 226.
263. Villa miscella (Coq.)
Hood River, VII-10 (Cole). One specimen.
264. Villa morio (Linn.)
Hood River, VI and Parkdale, VII-2 (Cole). This com-
mon species has been bred from bees of the genera Antho-
phora, Megachile and Andrena.
265. Villa sinuosa (Wied.)
Hood River, VII-9 to X-1 (Cole) ; Colestin, VII-31 and
Ashland, VIII-2 (E. P. Van Duzee).
December 14, 1921
246 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4rm Ser.
266. Villa vana (Coq.)
Hood River, VII-25 (Cole); The Dalles; Lakeview
(Thompson).
267. Villa willistoni (Coq.)
Crook Co., VIII-14 (Lovett).
268. Lepidanthrax inauratus (Coq.)
Hood River, VI-3 to VII-9 (Cole). Not uncommon.
269. Pantarbes pusio O. S.
Burns, VI-1 (Thompson).
270. Bombylius aurifer pendens Cole
Hood River, VI-2 to VI-20 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 226.
271. Bombylius metopium O. S.
Corvallis, [V-29; Hood River, V-8 to VI-3 (Cole). Osten
Sacken described only the male in his “Western Diptera.”
The description will apply to the female in most respects.
In the female there is a tuft of silvery tomentum-like pile
on each side of the frons, between the antenne and the eye
margin, which is very noticeable. Frons with short yellow
pile and some long, black pile; pile of occiput whitish.
272. Bombylius albicapillus Loew
Large series taken at Hood River in early summer
(Cole) ; Corvallis, V-15 to VI-3; Burns, V (Thompson).
There is a great variation in the color of the pile and in the
intensity of the wing markings. In some females the pile
is almost entirely reddish, in others sordid, whitish. The
amount of black pile on the abdomen varies. The silvery
pile on the occiput of the male is noticeable at some distance
in life. These flies were parasitic in the nests of a species of
Halictus at Hood River.
273. Bombylius lancifer O. S.
Corvallis, VI-9; Whitman Nat. Forest; Buck Mt., VII-9;
Hood River, VII-20 and Parkdale, VI-18 (Cole).
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 247
274. Bombylius major Linn.
Common at Hood River and Corvallis and probably in
many other parts of Oregon. Corvallis, III-4 to IV-24.
Latest date at Hood River, V-28 (Cole).
275. Bombylius silvus Cole
Parkdale, VI-8 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Ser.,
AEX, pii225.
276. Heterostylum robustum O. S.
Lewisburg, VII-5 (Black).
277. Anastcechus barbatus O. S.
Hermiston, IX-18 (Rockwood). This form has in the
past been made a synonym of nitidulus Fabr., the European
species, but Cresson has recently compared European speci-
mens with ours and believes it best to keep Osten Sacken’s
name. 1919, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LX XI, p. 179.
278. Systeechus oreas O. S.
Common at Hood River and Forest Grove in June and
July.
279. Ploas amabilis O. S.
Burns, V-19 (Thompson). A _ single specimen. This
species undoubtedly occurs in eastern Oregon in large num-
bers as it is common in parts of arid, eastern Washington.
280. Ploas atratula Loew
Common at Hood River, V-10 to VI-22 (Cole).
281. Ploas fenestrata O. S.
Hood River, V-8 to VI-22 (Cole); Burns, V (Thomp-
son).
282. Ploas melanocerata (Bigot)
Hood River, VI-2 to VI-26 and Mosier, VI-14 (Cole and
Childs).
248 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.
283. Ploas nigripennis Loew
Several specimens from Hood River, V-5 to VI-24
(Cole); Mary’s Peak, V-16 (Lovett); Corvallis, V-4;
Pamelia Lake, VII-19.
284. Lordotus apicula Coq.
Burns, VI-19 (Thompson).
285. Lordotus gibbus Loew
Lakeview, VIII-24 (Thompson) ; Freewater, I[X-28; Her-
miston, IX-18 (Rockwood).
286. Acreotrichus americanus Coq.
Hood River, V-10 (Cole).
287. Eclimus celer Cole
Parkdale, VI-18 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
Ser. 4, LX, p. 224.
288. Eclimus lotus Will.
Quite common at Hood River, VI-5 to X-1 (Cole).
Females were collected around old burned logs and lumber
piles. Like many other bombylids they will alight in a cer-
tain place in the sunlight, and, if frightened, will keep return-
ing to the same spot.
Apparently auratus Will. is the same as this species. Wil-
liston described both species on the same page (Kansas
Univ. Quarterly, vol. 2, No. 2), but /otus has at least para-
graph priority. The type of /otus was a male specimen from
California; auratus was described from two females from
the state of Washington, and might easily be thought
another species. The female is much brighter colored than
the male, unrubbed specimens being almost entirely covered
with golden tomentum on the dorsum of the thorax and
abdomen. There is considerable variation in size in the
species.
289. Eclimus luctifer (O. S.)
Parkdale, VI-18 (Cole) ; Hood River, VII-5 and Forest
Grove, VII-8 (Cole); Joseph; Cascadia, VII-21. Several
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 249
specimens of what we take to be this species were collected
at Hood River; some are quite small. The wings are in-
fuscated and the anal angle much reduced. The male has
traces of golden tomentum above, and perfect specimens of
females are nearly covered above with these scales as in E.
lotus. This species is usually much smaller than /otus, but is
very near it.
290. Eclimus magnus (O. S.)
Forest Grove, VI-3 to VI-18 (Cole and Lane) ; Joseph.
Allotype described, 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4, IX,
poa2Z5..
291. Eclimus marginatus (O. S.)
Hood River, VI-2 to VI-24 (Cole).
292. Eclimus muricatus (O. S.)
Hood River, VI-12 (Cole); Dee and Parkdale in June
(Cole and Childs) ; Grant Co. This big black species was
collected on old burned logs.
293. Eclimus sodalis Will.
Mosier, VI-14 and Dee, VI-17 (Cole). Three female
specimens agree very well with the description of this species.
One specimen from Mt. Jefferson, VIII-1 (Lovett), has
the pile of the occiput whitish and not yellowish; halteres
with a blackish knob; pile of thorax, pleura and pectus white.
The base of the third antennal joint is rather broad.
294. Epacmus sp.
Mosier, VI-14 (Cole). A single female of an unde-
scribed species was taken on the same day with the new
species described below. It is a very distinct species, but
until the male is collected it will not be described.
295. Epacmus nitidus Cole, new species
Male: Length 6 mm. Black, with yellow tomentum and
pile. The occiput and cheeks dull grayish black with some
yellowish and white tomentum and short yellow pile above
that barely reaches the cheeks. Proboscis black and pro-
250 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Srp.
jecting beyond the oral margin about the length of the
labelle; palpi yellow with short yellow hairs. Frontal tri-
angle and face pruinose, with short yellow pile except at
apex of the triangle, the pile of the oral margin longer.
Antenne black, the styliform portion of the third joint about
as long as the thick basal portion. Eyes separated by less
than width of front ocellus.
Thorax shining black with yellow and white tomentum
and faint indications of three white vitte. Pile and bristles
yellowish. Scutellum rounded, shining black, and bare
except for a basal line of orange-yellow scales; the scales
just in front of the scutellum obscuring the ground color.
Pleura and coxe densely gray pollinose with some yellow-
ish and white pile. Femora black except the yellowish tip;
the tibie reddish yellow; first three joints of tarsi yellowish,
the last two brown. Wings hyaline; subcostal cell yellow,
the costal and first vein yellowish brown, the rest blackish.
Halteres yellow. Abdomen shining black with yellowish
and white scales, denser at the bases of the segments. Pile
at sides of first segment erect, whitish, bristle-like, the rest
of the pile sparse and whitish. Venter densely covered with
white tomentum and white pile. Most of genitalia black,
more or less yellow below.
Female: Much like the male. Proboscis projecting al-
most half its length beyond the oral margin. The upper
half of frons shining black with a few short black hairs;
lower half pruinose and yellow pilose, the shining black
reaching down a little on the sides (see fig. 21). Last ab-
dominal segment laterally compressed, with a fringe of short
golden pile.
Holotype, male, No. 833, and allotype, female, No. 834,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; F. R. Cole, collector, June 14, 1917.
These types are on the same pin and were taken in coitu.
Type locality, Mosier, Oregon.
This species is near E. pallidus Cresson, but has a long
antennal style; most of the wing veins are blackish, the
scutellum not emarginated and no brown tomentum on
abdomen. In E. modestus the lower part of the face is
polished.
Vou. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 251
296. Apheebantus borealis Cole, new species
Male: Length 6 mm. Black, shining in ground color.
Head black, the proboscis black and not projecting beyond
the oral margin; palpi yellow. Occiput pruinose above with
short yellow pile and yellowish scales. Antenne black, the
styliform portion of third joint about as long as the thick-
ened basal portion.
Thorax shining black with white and yellow tomentum
and yellow pile. Scutellum with yellowish tomentum at base
and tip, the rest bare and shining black; bristles of thorax
and scutellum reddish. Pleura gray pollinose with some
whitish scales near the center; whitish pile above front coxe,
yellowish along dorso-pleural suture.
Abdomen black, thickly covered with brownish yellow
tomentum above, white on first segment and posterior
margin of second. Long, erect, whitish pile at sides of first
segment. Venter with whitish scales not obscuring ground
color. Genitalia rather large, about one-third as long as the
rest of the abdomen, black, yellowish on the sides. Pile
above on genitalia sparse and rather long, shorter below.
Legs white and yellow tomentose, hind femora with several
short bristles but no long hairs below. Femora black except
tip, the tibie and tarsi reddish. Halteres yellow. Wings
hyaline, the apical two-thirds of subcostal cell yellowish.
Holotype, male, No. 835, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; F. R.
Cole, collector, June 25, 1917.
Type locality, Hood River, Oregon.
Of this species a single specimen was taken; it runs to
couplet 20 in Coquillett’s table of species (Trans. Amer.
Ent. Soc., XXI, p. 105), and there the characters do not
apply as the hypopygium is not ‘small and not more than
half as long as the abdomen.”
297. Aphcebantus peodes O. S.
Hood River, VI-3 (Cole). Described from Mexico.
298. Geron senilis (Fabr.)
Hood River, VII-25 (Cole).
252 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Sse.
299. Rhabdopselaphus sigma (Coq.)
Dee, VI-17 (Cole).
300. Toxophora maxima Coq.
Hood River, VI-13 to IX-4 (Cole).
Family ASILID ZZ
Fig. 22. Cyrtopogon thompsoni Cole, n. sp. Drawing of holotype.
The robber-flies vary in size from one-third of an inch to
two inches in length. A few are bright colored, but the
majority of the species are sober gray with black markings.
The head is short, the eyes widely separated in both sexes
and bulging out; the body is more or less bristly in all the
species.
These flies are very savage and catch much of their prey
in mid-air, even killing other asilids. Wasps, moths and
even large grasshoppers are pounced upon, the choice of the
victims depending upon the size of the brigand. Certain
genera seem to prey on certain orders of insects. The larve
are generally beneficial, as probably all prey upon other
insect larve, either in the ground or in rotten wood.
Vou. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 253
301. Leptogaster aridus Cole
Hood River, VII-17 (Childs); Forest Grove, VII-12
(Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4, IX, p. 229.
302. Stenopogon breviusculus Loew
Corvallis, VI-30; Ione, VII-22.
303. Stenopogon californie (Walk)
Mackenzie Ridge, alt. 6,000 feet, VIII-1; Detroit, VII-11
and Burns (Bridwell); Parkdale, VI-18 (Cole); High
Ridges, 6,000-8,000 feet in Cascade Mts., Marion Co.,
VIILI-1. In these last specimens the thorax is almost entirely
covered with black pile, but otherwise they are typical.
304. Stenopogon inquinatus Loew
Hood River VI-7 (Cole); Bend, V-19.
305. Stenopogon morosus Loew
Ione, VII-22; Marysville, VII-15; Hood River, VII-9
(Cole).
306. Docilonus simplex Loew
Hood River, VI-5 to VI-26 (Cole).
307. Dioctria media Banks
Corvallis, VI-12 (Bridwell). 1917, Psyche XXIV, p.
118.
308. Dioctria nitida Will.
Large series from Rock Creek, near Corvallis, VI
(Lovett).
309. Dioctria sackeni Will.
Listed from Mt. Hood by Dr. E. A. Back.
310. Dioctria vertebrata Cole
Parkdale, VI-12 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.
Ser. 4, IX, p. 230.
254 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pnoc. 47H Ser.
311. Cyrtopogon anomalus Cole
Hood River, VI-13 and Forest Grove, VII-10 to VIII-12
(Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4, [X, p. 231.
312. Cyrtopogon auratus Cole
Joseph, Cascade Mts., Marion Co., VII-30. 1919, Proc.
Gal: Acad-Sct. Ser. 4, IX; p. 230.
313. Crytopogon bimacula (Walk.)
One specimen, a male, Mt. Jefferson, VII-20 (Bridwell).
This is considered an eastern species, but Dr. Back in his
monograph mentions four males and two females collected
on the peaks of Los Vegas Range, N. Mexico.
314. Cyrtopogon dasylloides Will.
Parkdale, VI-18 (Cole).
315. Cyrtopogon dubius Will.
Described from Oregon.
316. Cyrtopogon infuscatus Cole
Pamelia Lake, Mt. Jefferson, VII-12 (Bridwell). 1919,
Proc: Cab Acad: Sci: Ser. 4, EX, p- 233:
317. Cyrtopogon leucozona Loew
Joseph; Grant Co., VI-20 to VII-3.
318. Cyrtopogon nebulo O. S.
Subalpine regions on Mt. Jeffersons, VII-25 (Bridwel).
1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 232. Descrip-
tion of allotype.
319. Cyrtopogon nugator O. S.
Dee, VI-17 (Cole) ; Joseph, VII-17 (Chamberlin). The
last mentioned specimens predaceous on Scolytide.
320. Cyrtopogon perspicax Cole
Hood River, VI-15 to VI-22 (Cole). Linn Co., V-24
(Lovett). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 233.
Vor. XIJ COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 255
321. Cyrtopogon prepes Loew
Big Lake, VII-20 (Bridwell); Hood River, VI-13
(Cole) ; Burns, V (Thompson), a series which differs from
the typical form in having the middle of the hind tibiz red.
322. Cyrtopogon princeps O. S.
Subalpine regions of Mt. Jefferson, VII-20 (Bridwell) ;
Horse Lake, 6,000 feet, VII-25; Mackenzie Ridge, 6,000
feet, VIII-1 (Bridwell). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser.
4, IX, p. 234.
323. Cyrtopogon rejectus O. S.
Dee, VI-17 and Parkdale, VI-12 (Cole).
324. Cyrtopogon sudator O. S.
Parkdale, VI-18 (Cole) ; Hood River, V-14 (Lovett).
325. Cyrtopogon thompsoni Cole, new species
Black, gray pollinose, with distinct black thoracic stripes;
yellowish and white pile mixed with black.
Male: Length 11 mm. Face and frons whitish pollinose,
the ground color more or less obscured. Black pile on sides
of face on upper occiput next to eye margin and along lower
occiput, cheeks, and oral margin. Pile of center of face and
frons long and whitish. Antenne black, the arista rather
short and blunt; white pile below on first joint, a long black
bristle under second joint. Occiput and head below with
long, white pile.
Dorsum of thorax rather thinly gray pollinose, white
pilose anteriorly and posteriorly, black across the middle.
The two dorsal vitte are narrow and distinctly separated,
gray-black, somewhat shining, as are the side spots. The
space in front of scutellum more or less destitute of pollen
in this specimen. Scutellum slightly flattened on disk but
with scarcely any pollen and thickly covered with long, erect,
pale yellowish pile. Pleura gray pollinose, with some whitish
pile on the meso- and sternopleura; a tuft of pile in front
of the halteres. Halteres yellow. Whitish bristles on pre-
scutellar callosities, the other thoracic bristles black.
256 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Sex.
Abdomen shining black with pollinose posterior borders,
complete on second, narrowly interrupted on first, third,
and following segments. Pile entirely whitish, longer and
tuft-like on the sides of the first three but more or less cov-
ering all the segments, including the genitalia. Legs entirely
black, including the ungues. Femora and basal two-thirds
of tibie white pilose. First three joints of tarsi white pilose,
especially long and tuft-like on the middle pair. Most of
the bristles of the legs black but with a few white ones inter-
mixed. Wings hyaline, the veins black; anterior cross vein
a little before the middle of the discal cell.
Female: Resembling the male in many respects. White
pile of face much thinner, the antennal arista a little longer
and more slender and pointed. Thorax more thickly pol-
linose and the markings more distinct, the two dorsal vitte
interrupted some distance from the scutellum by gray pollen;
pollen distinctly visible on the disk of the scutellum. Hal-
teres reddish yellow. Second, third and fourth segments of
abdomen with a complete pollinose band, the fifth inter-
rupted, the following entirely shining black. Segments fol-
lowing the third with very short, sparse white pile.
Holotype, male, No. 836, and allotype, female, No. 837,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; B. G. Thompson, collector, May
1919. These types are on the same pin and were taken in
coitu.
Type locality, Burns, Oregon.
The species is quite a distinct one and is in the group
which has the scutellum flattened and pollinose; it runs to
couplet 17 in Back’s synoptic table but is quite different from
evidens.
326. Cyrtopogon varipennis Coq.
Parkdale, VI-8 (Cole). 1904, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.
VI, p. 184.
327. Lasiopogon bivittatus Loew
Hood River, V-15 to VI-24 (Cole).
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 257
328. Lasiopogon cinereus Cole
Hood River, V-28 to IX-24 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 229.
329. Heteropogon ludius (Coq.)
Lookingglass, VI-14 (Black).
330. Heteropogon senilis Bigot
Mt. Hood (Coguillett).
331. Pycnopogon cirrhatus O. S.
Hood River, VI-6, VII-7 and Mosier, VI-14 (Cole).
This species is not a typical Pycnopogon. It has more the
appearance of Heteropogon.
332. Lestomyia sabulonum (O. S.)
Burns, VI-1 (Thompson) ; Ashland, VIII-2 (E. P. Van
Duzee); Mosier, VI-14 (Cole). The Mosier specimens
vary somewhat from the typical form but the species is
apparently very apt to show slight variations in chetotaxy
and color.
333. Cophura brevicornis (Will.)
Hood River, VI-20 to VIII-1 and Forest Grove, VI to
VII (Cole); Ashland, VIII-2 (E. P. Van Duzee). This
species is not typical of the genus but as many of the other
species in the genus are just as aberrant it may as well be left
there.
334. Cophura cyrtopogona Cole
Dee, VIII-1 (Childs). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser.
4 Eps 256:
335. Nicocles emulator (Loew)
Forest Grove, VI (Lane), only one specimen taken. A
series collected at Hood River in May and June is very
near this species. Only males were taken and these had
only the last abdominal segment silvery. Possibly it will
prove to be an undescribed species.
258 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rH Sez
336. Nicocles dives (Loew)
Large series taken at Hood River in V, VI and VII
(Cole and Childs). They have the usual habits of the
genus, perching on the tips of dead branches or tall grass
stems. From these watch towers they flash out on some
unsuspecting little wayfarer whose fate has been written.
The silvery tips of the abdomen of the males glitter in the
sunlight and are visible some distance away. Aphids, among
other small insects, are a part of their food.
337. Nicocles rufus Will.
Hood River, VI-5 (Cole). One female taken.
338. Pogonosoma dorsata (Say)
Mary’s Peak, VII-1891; Sherwood; Santiam Nat. Forest,
WATKIN
339. Laphria felis crocea McAtee
Mt. Hood (H. K. Morrison). 1918, Ohio Journ.
Science, XIX, p. 163.
340. Laphria ferox Will.
Corvallis (Lovett). J.S. Hine det.
341. Laphria gilva (Linn.)
Hood River, VI-16 (Cole).
342. Laphria sadales Walk.
Described from Oregon as pubescens by Williston. Park-
dale, Dee, and Hood River in June (Cole) ; Corvallis, VII-7
(Lovett); subalpine regions on Mt. Jefferson, VII-12
( Bridwell).
343. Laphria vivax Will.
Corvallis, one specimen, collector unknown; Corvallis,
VIII-18 (Lovett).
344. Laphria vultur O. S.
Hood River and Parkdale, VI-12 to VII-5 (Cole) ; Lava
Lake, VII-25 (Lovett); Corvallis, V-19 to VIII-23; Big
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 259
Lake; Mary’s Peak; Mt. Jefferson; Santiam Nat. Forest.
These big flies are usually found on old pine logs in the sun-
light and are very wary; they usually return to the same
place however, after a rather abrupt and rapid flight. In
some specimens the wings are much paler than in others.
345. Laphria xanthippe Will.
Horse Lake, VII-25 and Mt. Jefferson; Pamelia Lake,
alt. 3,000 feet, VII-30 (Bridwell). McAtee has recently
made this a variety of felis O. S.
346. Dasyllis astur Loew
Reported from Oregon by Williston.
347. Dasyllis californica Banks
Parkdale, VII-12 and Hood River, VI-6 (Cole) ; Pamelia
Lake, Mt. Jefferson, VII-25 (Bridwell) ; Corvallis, V-29;
Elk Beds, Mt. Hood, VIII-10 (Bridwell). 1917, Bull.
Brookl. Ent. Soc., XII, p. 54.
348. Dasyllis columbica Walk.
Corvallis, V-11; Mt. Jefferson, VII-20 (Bridwell) ;
Mary’s Peak, VII-14 (Lovett).
349. Dasyllis fernaldi Back
Pamelia Lake, Mt. Jefferson, 3,000 feet, VIII-6 (Brid-
well). 1904, Can. Ent., XXXVI, p. 290.
350. Dasyllis sackeni Banks
Corvallis, V-14 (Lovett) ; Colestin, VII-30 (E. P. Van
Duzee). 1917, Bull. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XII, p. 54.
351. Proctacanthus occidentalis Hine
Corvallis, VII and VIII; Roseburg, VIII-19 (Black) ;
Medford, VIII-25; Bend, V-19; Hood River, VII-25
(Cole). This species was predatory on grasshoppers at
Hood River. 1911, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., IV, p. 159.
352. Promachus princeps Will.
Hood River, VII-2 (Cole).
260 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Sen.
353. Tolmerus callidus Will.
Described from Oregon and Washington. Bend, VI-10
(Thompson).
354. Asilus affinis Will.
Hood River, VII-7 (Cole). J. S. Hine det.
355. Asilus auriannulatus Hine
Mt. Jefferson, VIII-15 (Lovett); Parkdale, VI-12
(Cole). J. S. Hine det. 1909, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., II,
pr ist:
356. Asilus californicus Hine
Forest Grove, IX-27 (Cole). J. S. Hine det. 1909,
Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., II, p. 164.
357. Asilus mese Tucker
Blitzen River, VII-6; Pamelia Lake, Mt. Jefferson,
VII-19 (Bridwell). J. S. Hine det. 1907, Kans. Univ. Sci.
Bull’; TV, p: 92:
358. Asilus nitidifascies Hine
Mt. Hood (H. K. Morrison). 1908, Can. Ent., XL, p.
202.
359. Asilus occidentalis Hine
Hood River and Dee, VI-17 to VII-25 (Cole) ; Pamelia
Lake, Mt. Jefferson, VII-16 (Bridwell) ; Mackenzie Ridge,
VII-20; Cascade Mts., Marion Co. 1909, Ann. Ent. Soc.
Amer., II, p. 147.
360. Asilus willistoni Hine
Brownsville, [X-11. Hine det. This is the same as the
preoccupied name angustifrons Will.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 261
Family DOLICHOPODID
Fig. 23. Argyra nigripes Loew.
These flies are small and usually shining green in color
but occasionally black or yellow. The tarsi are long and
often ornamented in the males; these and the curiously modi-
fied claspers of the male genitalia furnish some of the best
specific characters. The adults are slender and delicate and
many are found about damp places in rank growth. They
are predatory, darting over leaves or the surface of water
in search of their prey.
Little is known of the early stages of American species.
The larve have been recorded as predaceous on other larve
and also as feeding in plant tissues. A great majority are
aquatic, such as Dolichopus, Hydrophorus, and Campsic-
nemis.
361. Sciapus pilicornis (Aldr.)
Hood River, VI-2 and 20. (Cole). M.C. Van Duzee
det. 1904, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XXX, p. 282 (Psilopo-
dinus. )
362. Chrysotus choricus Wheeler
Forest Grove, VI-2 (Cole).
363. Chrysotus discolor Loew
Narrows, VII-1.
December 14, 1921
262 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.
364. Chrysotus longimanus Loew
Hood River, VI-1 and VI-5 (Cole); Narrows, VII-1.
365. Campsicnemis claudicans Loew
Forest Grove, V-5 to VI-6 and Hood River, [X-5 (Cole).
366. Argyra albiventris Loew
Forest Grove, V-5 to V-20 (Cole). The species was
described from Sitka, Alaska, many years ago and, accord-
ing to M. C. Van Duzee, who confirms my determination,
has not been recorded since. It differs from robusta John-
son in several characters.
367. Argyra nigripes Loew
Hood River, VI-8 and VI-24, two males (Cole). The
type was a single male, damaged by mould, which was col-
lected at Sitka, Alaska, by Sahlberg, the description, how-
ever, is a very good one. The middle tibie are brownish
yellow below, noticeably curved and enlarged near the middle
and again near the tip; on the outside of the median enlarge-
ment is a cluster of rather long bristles. The few bristles
on the underside of the front metatarsi are quite long and
very slender. The genitalia are blackish brown and as in
other species of the genus posses good specific characters.
368. Sympycnus pugil Wheeler
Hood River, IX-27 to X-11 (Cole).
369. Nothosympycnus vegetus Wheeler
Hood River, V-9 (Cole). M. C. Van Duzee det.
370. Medeterus viduus Wheeler
Hood River, VI-2 (Cole) ; Corvallis.
371. Hydrophorus innotatus Loew
Recorded from Oregon by Aldrich.
372. Hydrophorus pensus Aldr.
Forest Grove, VII-16 to IX-28 (Cole). A common
species. 1911, Psyche, XVIII, p. 68.
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 263
373. Hydrophorus philombrius Wheeler
Hood River, VI-2 and Forest Grove, IX-27 (Cole).
374. Scellus monstrosus O. S.
Series taken at Burns in June (Thompson). The speci-
mens do not tally exactly with the original description, but
Dr. Aldrich, who examined specimens of this and the fol-
lowing species, is certain of the determination. The spoon-
shaped appendages of the male genitalia are dark brown
with a tuft of black hair. The appendage on the inner side
of the base of the fore tibia ends in a short spine and has
about seven short hairs on it. This species is very near
avidus.
375. Scellus vigil O. S.
Corvallis, V-24; Forest Grove in May and September
(Cole). These specimens lack the long white pile on the
hind femora which Aldrich mentions in his table of species
(1907, Ent. News XVIII, p. 136). The species is very
close to, if not identical with, filifer Loew. Only females
- were taken in September, although about seventy specimens
were collected, and these were darker and larger than the
earlier forms. All were collected on the ground, many by
sweeping over grass.
376. Liancalus limbatus V. D.
Mary’s Peak, VI, one specimen collected. 1917, Ent.
News, XXVIII, p. 127.
377. Dolichopus aurifex V. D.
Newport, VIII-13 (Aldrich). 1921, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull’ 116, p: 225.
378. Dolichopus cavatus V. D.
Hood River, VI (Cole); Corvallis. 1921, U. S. Nat.
Mus., Bull. 116, p. 227. M. C. Van Duzee det.
379. Dolichopus celeripes V. D.
Hood River, VIII-2 (Childs). 1921, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull. 116, p. 244. Two specimens collected.
264 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4TH Ser.
380. Dolichopus compactus V. D.
Hood River, VII-4 (Cole). M. C. Van Duzee det. 1921,
U, S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 116, p. 206.
381. Dolichopus convergens Aldr.
Described from Oregon.
382. Dolichopus coquilletti Aldr.
Forest Grove, VIII-29 (Creel); Hood River, VIII-9
(Aldrich).
383. Dolichopus crenatus (O. S.)
Hood River, VII-5 to X-3 and Forest Grove, VI-3
(Cole) ; Corvallis, VI-15 (Lovett). Very common in some
localities.
384. Dolichopus duplicatus Aldr.
Hood River, IX-27 (Cole) ; Salem, VII-4 (Melander) ;
Corvallis VII (Aldrich).
385. Dolichopus hastatus Loew
Collected on Mt. Hood (Aldrich).
386. Dolichopus obcordatus Aldr.
Hood River, VI to IX (Cole). Common in 1917.
387. Dolichopus occidentalis Aldr.
Hood River, VI-30, and Salem, VII-4 (Melander).
388. Dolichopus paluster M. &. B.
Hood River, VI-3 to IX-5 (Cole). M. C. Van Duzee
det.
389. Dolichopus ramifer Loew
Common at Hood River, June to October (Cole).
390. Dolichopus socius Loew
Hood River, VI-3 and 4 (Cole). M. C. Van Duzee det.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 265
391. Dolichopus tenuipes Aldr.
Hood River, IX-24 to X-11 (Cole); Corvallis, VI-1
(Cole).
392. Dolichopus variabilis Loew
Hood River, VII-20 (Cole).
393. Tachytrechus olympiz (Aldr,)
Hood River, VI-3 (Cole), M. C. Van Duzee det.
394. Tachytrechus sanus O. S.
Hood River, VI-21 (Cole), M. C. Van Duzee det.
395. Pelastoneurus vagans Loew
Forest Grove, IX-27 and Hood River, X-26 (Cole),
M. C. Van Duzee det.
396. Pelastoneurus occidentalis Wheeler
Corvallis, VII-12 (Cole), M. C. Van Duzee det.
Family EMPIDID
Fig. 24. Empis poplitea Loew.
The family is a very large one and there is a great variety
in form and wing venation. The prevailing colors are dull,
most of them brown, gray, or black. The mouth parts are
usually long and beak-like. The adults congregate in swarms
under trees or near shrubs and about brooks and dance up
and down in the air, hence the name ‘“‘dance-flies.” They
are predaceous, even cannibalistic, the female being ‘‘more
deadly than the male.”’ Many of the flies visit lowers and
some species have very interesting habits. They perform
quaint courtship dances and carry little balloon like veils or
266 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER.
nets in some of their aerial maneuvers. The larve are found
under leaves and decaying vegetable matter and are probably
carniverous. Some species are aquatic or semi-aquatic. The
species listed below were determined by Dr. A. L. Melander
except where otherwise indicated.
397. Platypalpus equalis Loew
Hood River, VI-3 (Cole).
398. Platypalpus crassifemoris Fitch
Hood River, VI-3 (Cole).
399. Tachypeza inusta (Mel.)
Viento, VII-1 (Melander).
400. Leptopeza disparilis Mel.
Forest Grove, VI-2 (Cole).
401. Ocydromia glabricula (Fall.)
Forest Grove, V-20 and VI-2 (Cole).
402. Empimorpha barbata (Loew)
Hood River, V-7 and Forest Grove, III, IV and V
(Cole). Very common in April and May, especially around
the flowers of Oregon grape.
403. Empimorpha comantis Coq.
Corvallis, IV-30.
404. Empis aldrichii Mel.
Rock Creek near Corvallis, VI-6 (Cole).
405. Empis canaster Mel.
Reported from Oregon by Melander.
406. Empis poplitea Loew
Hood River, V-5, and Forest Grove in May (Cole).
Common, and often in swarms in the mating season. As
in Empimorpha barbata the males carry their prey near the
females as a lure.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 267
407. Hilara atra Loew
Forest Grove, V-20 (Cole), Cole det.
408. Brachystoma occidentalis Mel.
Forest Grove, VI-13 (Rockwood). Cole det.
409. Rhamphomyia amplicella Coq.
Corvallis, 1V; Forest Grove, IV-12 (Cole). Cole det.
410. Rhamphomyia corvina Loew
Forest Grove, IV-4 (Cole). Cole det.
411. Rhamphomyia curvipes Coq.
Corvallis, VI-3.
412. Rhamphomyia nigricans Loew
Forest Grove, III-20 (Cole). Cole det.
413. Rhamphomyia sudigeronis Coq.
Hood River, VI-8 (Cole).
414. Anthalia stigmalis Coq.
Corvallis, VI-2 (Cole).
268 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
Family PLATYPEZIDZ
Fig. 25. Calotarsa insignis Aldr. a. Drawn from male.
In the “flat-footed flies” the posterior tarsi are broad and
flattened, especially in the males. The wings are propor-
tionately large. They are quick little flies and are often
seen darting around on leaves, active in the shade and at
times seen hovering over foliage about sundown. The larve
live in mushrooms and other fungi.
415. Agathomyia lutea Cole
Parkdale, IX-5 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
Ser: 4, TX; )p.°238:
416. Platypeza abscondita Snow
Hood River, VI-8 (Cole).
417. Platypeza cinerea Snow
Hood River, X-30 (Cole).
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 269
418. Platypeza polyporus Willard
Large series from Corvallis (Moznette). 1914, Psyche,
XXI, p. 167.
419. Calotarsa insignis Aldr.
Hood River, X-11 (Cole). Thirty-five females of this
remarkable fly were taken, but no males were seen. Accord-
ing to Aldrich this is the first record since the discovery
of the species at Stanford University, California.
Family LONCHOPTERID®
Fig. 26. Lonchoptera lutea Panzer.
Very small flies with pointed wings, commonly known as
“spear-winged flies.” When at rest the wings are folded
flat, one over the other, on the abdomen. The venation
alone will distinguish them from all other families and sug-
gests that of the Psychodide. They are found in grass
along streams and the individuals are quite common. There
is only one genus in the family and very few species, three
occurring in North America. Little is known of their habits.
The larvez are found on the ground under vegetable material.
270 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.
420. Lonchoptera lutea Panz.
Common everywhere. Hood River, VI-19 to X-26
(Cole). Lundbeck in “Diptera Danica” said that only six
males of furcata Fallén were known and in this species the
males are about as rare. The females undoubtedly reproduce
parthenogenetically.
Family PHORID/E
Fig. 27. Chetoneurophora variabilis Brues.
Small, usually dark colored, flies with large, broad wings
and a peculiar venation. The thorax is large and the head
small. They are commonly seen running about on leaves
and on windows in houses; occasionally they swarm in the
air. The larval habits are remarkably varied; some live
in decaying animal and vegetable matter and others are true
entoparasites.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 271
421. Phora velutina Meig.
Hood River, V-20 to IX-5 and Forest Grove, VI-5
(Cole).
422. Hypocera flavimana Meig.
Forest Grove, III-28 (Cole), Malloch det. Previously
recorded only from the east.
423. Apiochzta borealis Mall.
Forest Grove, IV-4, 10 (Cole). 1912, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XLIII, p. 488. Recorded from B. C.
424. Apiocheta rufipes (Meig.)
Forest Grove, III-30 to V-14 (Cole).
425. Conicera aldrichii Brues
Forest Grove, III-30 to IV-20 (Cole).
426. Chzetoneurophora!’ spinipes Coq.
Forest Grove, IV-4 (Cole); Corvallis, 1-26 (Chamber-
lin).
17 1912, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, XLIII, Pp. 422.
427. Chztoneurophora variabilis Brues
Series of specimens collected at Corvallis, with no other
data. 1908, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XVI, p. 199.
428. Trupheoneura!® fratercula Brues
Hood River, X-30 (Cole). Doubtfully placed here, the
third vein thickened more as in pachyneura Loew.
18 1909, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, I, p- 27.
272 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Sep.
Family PIPUNCULID
Fig, 28. Pipunculus atlanticus Hough.
Small flies with rather large heads composed almost en-
tirely of the compound eyes. The wings are long and the
venation like that of the Conopide. The body is usually
almost bare of pile. The adults can be taken by sweeping
plants and grass. Some are known to be parasitic in Jassids
in the larval stages.
429. Chalarus spurius (Fall.)
Hood River, VII-28 (Cole).
430. Pipunculus! atlanticus Hough
Hood River, VI-6 to VII-28 (Cole). These specimens
cannot be separated from the eastern species. They are the
“slightly smaller” form with blackish antenne mentioned by
Cresson in his paper on this group.
19In this large genus there are evidently many undescribed species in the
west. There is not sufficient material at present to make sure of some of
the species collected in Oregon; at least six forms were taken at Hood River.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 273
431. Pipunculus confraternus Banks
Hood River, [X-29 (Cole). One female taken. 1910,
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XXXVI, p. 285.
432. Pipunculus proxima Cress.
Hood River, VI-3 (Cole). 1910, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.,
XXXVI, p. 318.
433. Pipunculus similis Hough
Hood River, VI-4 (Cole).
Family SYRPHID/
Fig. 29. Sphegina punctata Cole, n. sp. Drawing of holotype.
The adults are usually of moderate size and bright colors,
black and yellow predominating. One of the distinguishing
characteristics of the family is a thickening of the wing
membrane, appearing as a spurious longitudinal vein. Over
700 described species occur in North America.
The more common forms of the genus Syrphus and its
near relatives frequent fields and gardens, hovering here and
there about the blossoms. Mimicry is well developed among
the less typical forms, some are almost bare and mimic
wasps, others are hairy and mimic bees. The adults feed
274 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Sez.
upon the pollen and nectar of flowers and are of no economic
importance.
The larve are typically slug-like in appearance. As a
group they are considered beneficial and feed upon plant lice.
As with the adults there is great variation in appearance
among the less typical forms. In the genus Microdon the
larve resemble molluscs and live in the nests of ants. Others
are found in the nests of bumblebees and wasps. A large
group, termed rat-tailed larve, have a slender posterior pro-
longation with terminal spiracles. These forms may live in
stale pools of water or tunnel deeply into the sap or decay
of trees. A few forms are injurious, tunneling into live bulbs
and woody plants. These include such forms as the narcissus
bulb maggot, Merodon equestris; the onion maggot,
Eumerus strigatus; and Chilosia alaskensis, causing black
check in Western Hemlock.
434. Microdon cothurnatus Bigot
Hood River, V-19 to 21 (Cole). Found mostly in an
ant’s nest under the bark of an old pine log, ten adults being
taken and a number of pupz. There is reason to believe that
species of Microdon return to the old nest year after year
and this certainly appeared to be the case here, as some of
the old pupa cases had been there three or four years. The
type of this species was taken on Mt. Hood.
435. Microdon marmoratus Bigot
Hood River, VI-14 (Cole); Mosier, VI-16 (Cole and
Childs).
436. Microdon piperi Knab
Corvallis; Hood River, VI (Cole); Mt. Jefferson, VIII.
Listed from Oregon by Williston as tristis Loew. On March
10, 1915, Childs collected larve in a colony of ants, under
heavy bark of an old fir stump.
437. Chrysotoxum derivatum Walk.
Mt. Jefferson; Mary’s Peak, VI-VIII (Lovett).
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 275
438. Chrysotoxum ypsilon Will.
Mary’s Peak, VII-14 (Bridwell); Lakeview, VIII-18
(Thompson).
439. Chrysogaster bellula Will.
Mt. Jefferson, VIII (Bridwell).
440. Chrysogaster lata Loew
Williston records from Oregon.
441. Chrysogaster parva Shannon
Hood River, V-15 to VI-6 (Cole). 1916, Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash., XVIII, p. 104.
442. Chrysogaster pulchella Will.
Hood River, VI-17 (Cole).
443. Chrysogaster sinuosa Bigot
Hood River, VI-3 (Cole) ; Forest Grove, V-11 (Lovett).
444. Chrysogaster stigmata Will.
Pamelia Lake, VII-24 (Bridwell) ; Hood River, VI-3 and
Forest Grove, IV-12 (Cole).
445. Pipiza?° femoralis Loew
Hood River, VII-5 (Cole).
446. Pipiza macrofemoralis Curran MS.
Hood River, VI-8 (Cole).
having few outstanding characters sufficiently constant to be of service in
establishing genera. Particularly in the females the characters for differen-
tiation are more imaginary than real. In collecting where material in this
group is plentiful, it is frequently possible to obtain individual females, which
might provisionally be placed in each of the four genera, associating with
males specifically of one form. It is our belief that a closer study will show
this group to be in a transitional stage because of changes in food habits
of the larve; the adults still mating more or less indiscriminately.
Mr. C. Howard Curran of Ontario, Canada, who has undertaken the very
laudable task of straightening out this group, has kindly determined our
Oregon material and his classification is used in cataloguing these forms.
Mr. Curran’s paper will appear in the succeeding number of these Proceedings.
276 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
447. Pipiza oregona Lovett
Hood River, V-8 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
Ser. 4, IX, p. 246.
448. Heringia californica Davidson
Hood River, V-25 to VI-21 (Cole).
449. Heringia cumuta Curran MS.
Hood River, V (Cole).
450. Cnemodon auripleura Curran MS.
Hood River, VI-16 and Forest Grove, V (Cole);
Corvallis, VI-14 (Lovett).
451. Cnemodon corvallis Curran MS.
Hood River, VI-16 and Forest Grove, [X-30 (Cole).
452. Cnemodon lovetti Curran MS.
Horse Lake, 6,000 ft., VII (Bridwell).
453. Cnemodon pisticoides Will.
Mackenzie R. ridge, in Cascades, 6,000 ft., VIII; Mary’s
Peak.
454. Cnemodon placida Curran MS.
Forest Grove, V-25 (Cole).
455. Cnemodon rita Curran MS.
Rock Creek, VII-14 (Lovett).
456. Cnemodon sinuosa Curran MS.
Forest Grove, V-25 (Cole).
457. Paragus angustifrons Loew
Corvallis (Bridwell); Forest Grove (Cole); Hood
River, VI to VII (Cole).
458. Paragus bicolor (Fabr.)
Corvallis, V to VI (Lovett) ; Forest Grove, V (Cole).
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 277
459. Paragus tibialis ( Fall.)
Forest Grove, VII and Hood River, V-16 (Cole).
460. Chilosia aldrichi Hunter
Mary’s Peak, VI-14 (Lovett). Two male specimens,
placed here provisionally. ‘The abdomen is not “everywhere
shining”, but with subopaque cross band on hind margins of
second and third segments, not reaching lateral margins
and produced slightly forward in the center. Pile of disc
short golden, longer golden on the margins. Scattering
elongate bristle-like hairs on postalar callosities and on mar-
gin of scutellum. Otherwise fits description.
461. Chilosia baroni Will.
Mary’s Peak, V-9 (Currey).
462. Chilosia borealis Coq.
Corvallis, 1V-15. Doubtfully assigned here. Fits descrip-
tion except pile of eyes white. Length 8.5 to 9 mm.
463. Chilosia chalybescens Will.
Corvallis (Lovett).
464. Chilosia chintimini Lovett, new species.
Eyes pilose, arista nearly bare; color black throughout;
face, legs, halteres and pile black; wings dark smoky, veins
black. Length 11 mm.
Male: Face black shining with fairly abundant, moder-
ately elongate, pile between tubercle and groove; indistinct,
short, golden pile along groove. Face not produced, but
slightly concave from antennz to prominent tubercle, deeply
concave between tubercle and prominent oral margin.
Cheeks black, subshining, with golden pile. Frontal triangle
strongly swollen, a deep median impression, pile coarse,
elongate, black; vertical triangle small, black; ocelli brown;
pile coarse, heavy, elongate, black. Antenne small and
brown; first two segments shining dark mahogany, third
rounded, thin, coffee color. Arista black, longer than
antenne, thickened and briefly pilose on basal third. Eyes
evenly and moderately elongate brown-pilose.
December 14, 1921
278 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47TH Ser.
Thorax and scutellum shining black, scutellum with a hint
of mahogany brown. Pile throughout elongate, black,
coarser and shorter on pleura, spines everywhere absent. On
humeral angles with small, half-concealed, areas of whitish
pubescence.
Abdomen opaque black on disc, subshining along margins,
pile moderately elongate, black, but with shorter, incon-
spicuous, brown pile in rows across disc of first three seg-
ments.
Legs black with black pile, briefly short golden pilose on
under-surface of tibia and tarsi. Wings dark, smoky
throughout; veins black. Tegule light with light yellow
pile; halteres deep brownish black, a hint of gray on knob.
Holotype, male, No. 838, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. A. L.
Lovett, collector, June 19, 1919. Paratype, same data, in
collection of A. L. Lovett.
Type locality, Mary’s Peak, Oregon.
Near ferruginea and lasiophthalma in size and length of
pile. The uniformly attractive black color readily sep-
arates it.
465. Chilosia ferruginea Lovett
Corvallis, IV-14 (Chamberlin); Mary’s Peak, III-30
(Lovett); 1919; Proc. Cal. Acad: Sci., Ser: 4, TX, p.238.
466. Chilosia hoodiana Bigot
Hood River, V-8 (Cole).
467. Chilosia levis Bigot
Hood River, V-20 (Cole); Mary’s Peak, VI-26; Leba-
non, V-18 (Lovett).
468. Chilosia lasiophthalma Will.
Corvallis, IV (Lovett).
469. Chilosia lugubris Will.
Hood River V and VI (Cole).
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 279
470. Chilosia nigripennis Will.
Mt. Jefferson, VII-15 (Bridwell). Bigot also reported
it from Mt. Hood as Cartosyrphus infumatus.
471. Chilosia nigrovittata Lovett
Corvallis, IV-22 (Neilson). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
Ser. 4, [X, p. 239.
472. Chilosia occidentalis Will.
Mary’s Peak III-30 (Black).
473. Chilosia nigro-ccerulea Lovett
New name for pacifica Lovett. Lava Lake, VII-15
(Lovett) ; Mt. Jefferson, VII (Bridwell) ; Corvallis, V-17.
1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sct., Ser. 4, IX, p. 240.
474. Chilosia pallipes Loew
Mt. Jefferson, Horse Lake, VII-25 (Bridwell) ; Mt. Jef-
ferson, VIII-1; Mary’s Peak, V to VII (Lovett). Occurs
at lower altitudes in scattering numbers. A very common
form in higher altitudes in midsummer in blossoms of Helle-
bore.
75. Chilosia parva Will.
Described from Oregon.
476. Chilosia petulca Will.
Mary’s Peak, VI (Lovett).
477. Chilosia signatiseta Hunter
Hood River, V-5 (Cole).
478. Chilosia sororcula Will.
Mary’s Peak, V-9 (Currey).
479. Chilosia versipellis Will.
Hood River, V-19 (Cole).
480. Chilosia willistonii Snow
Corvallis (Bridwell) ; Hood River, V-8 (Cole).
280 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER.
481. Myiolepta bella Will.
Mt. Jefferson; Mary’s Peak; Horse Lake, 3,000 to 6,000
feet, VI-VIII (Lovett). Oregon is type locality.
482. Myiolepta varipes Loew
Corvallis, V-26. Bigot described it from Mt. Hood as
lunulata.
483. Pyrophena granditarsus Forst.
Hood River, V and VI (Cole). Common in marshy
lands near Hood River, flying about plants of Equisetum.
484. Platychirus eratus Coq.
Mt. Jefferson, VIII-1 (Lovett). Doubtfully referred
here; apparently agrees, except that legs are decidedly
lighter in color and pile on face not especially heavy.
485. Platychirus frontosus Lovett
Corvallis, V-5 (Nichols) ; Mary’s Peak, III-19 (Lovett).
1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 247.
486. Platychirus hyperboreus (Staeg.)
Corvallis; Alsea Valley, IV to VII (Lovett).
487. Platychirus peltatus (Meig.)
Hood River and Parkdale, V and VI (Cole).
488. Platychirus quadratus (Say)
Hood River (Cole) ; Mary’s Peak, III-30 (Black). Com-
mon at Hood River.
489. Melanostoma angustatum Will.
Pamelia Lake, 3,000 ft., VII-27 (Bridwell).
490. Melanostoma ambiguum ( Fall.)
Hood River, VII-25 (Cole).
491. Melanostoma concinnum Snow
Philomath, V (Lovett).
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 281
492. Melanostoma ccerulescens Vill.
Mary’s Peak; Mt. Jefferson (Lovett).
493. Melanostoma dubium Zett.
Rock Creek, III-30; Duffy’s Prairie, VII-26 (Lovett).
Doubtfully assigned here.
494. Melanostoma mellinum (Linn.)
Common in the Willamette and Hood River Valleys.
495. Melanostoma obscurum (Say)
Mary’s Peak, VIII (Lovett).
496. Melanostoma stegnum (Say)
Common, V to VIII.
497. Leucozona lucorum ( Linn.)
Mary’s Peak, VIII (Lovett).
498. Eupeodes volucris O. S.
Common, V to VIII.
499. Didea fasciata Macq.
Common, VII to VIII, at altitude of 3,000 to 6,000 feet.
500. Didea laxa O. S.
Common, IV to VIII. Found at low altitudes during
early summer and late fall, but most common at altitudes of
2,500 to 6,000 feet in forests near clearings, hovering in
shafts of sunlight that strike down through little open
glades.
501. Didea pacifica Lovett
Parkdale, VII-12 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
Ser. 4, IX, p. 246.
502. Lasiophthicus pyrastri (Linn.)
Common.
503. Lasiophthicus pyrastri unicolor Curtis
In the early summer of 1914, the vetch aphis, Macrosi-
282 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.
phum pisi, was unusually abundant, destroying great areas
of vetch during June. One of the commonest beneficial in-
sects preying on the aphids was the larve of L. pyrastri.
Great numbers of these larve were collected to study possi-
ble parasites. About 3 per cent parasitism was observed. Of
the adults emerging about 32 per cent were the melanic
forms with black abdomens. A few specimens of unicolor
were collected about aphids on ‘‘snow balls” in 1915. None
has since been observed or collected in the valley, which
would tend to substantiate Verral’s report of their periodical
appearance. Two females, one collected 1907 (Bridwell)
and one VIII-’17 (Lovett) in the Cascades, alt. 6,500-
7,000 feet, are smaller, but apparently belong here. In these
two the interrupted cross band on the second abdominal seg-
ment persist as two elongate dots.
504. Syrphus abbreviatus’ (Zett.)
Corvallis, IV; Mary’s Peak, VI (Lovett).
505. Syrphus americanus Wied.
Common. This species and opinator are two of the most
common and generally beneficial forms of Syrphide feeding
on aphids in Oregon. L. pyrastri proves the greatest feeder of
all on Aphis carbicolor and Macrosiphum pisi; but on the
basis of species attacked and general abundance opinator
ranks first with americana a close second.
506. Syrphus arcuatus Fall.
Common, V-VIII. More abundant in higher altitudes
2,500 to 5,800 feet.
507. Syrphus bimaculatus Lovett
Mary’s Peak, VI-15 (Lovett); Mt. Jefferson, VI (Brid-
well). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, [X, p. 244.
508. Syrphus diversipes Macq.
Pamelia Lake; Mary’s Peak, VII-VIII (Gentner) ; Lava
Lake, VIJ-25 (Lovett).
509. Syrphus grossulariz Meig.
Parkdale, VI-18 (Cole) ; Corvallis (Lovett).
Vor. XIJ COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 283
510. Syrphus intrudens O. S.
Mt. Jefferson; Mary’s Peak (Bridwell and Lovett) ;
Hood River, V-20 (Cole). Fairly common in higher alti-
tudes during August.
511. Syrphus maculifrons Bigot
Described from Oregon.
512. Syrphus mentalis Will.
Tillamook, III-26 (Burrill); Rock Creek, III-20
(Lovett). Type from Washington Territory. A rare
species. Iwo males which I am satisfied belong here vary
from the female in certain minor respects and the following
notes are appended.
Male. Similar in general appearance and markings to
the female, everywhere tending to be darker and with more
elongate pile. Frontal triangle swollen, pile black, coarser
and longer than in female. Antenne darker, but, as in
female, set in yellow field. Dark facial stripe much broader,
the yellow on sides narrow and obscured by gray pollen.
Pile on face elongate, black; cheeks black, narrowly yel-
lowish below oral margin.
Abdominal cross bands similar in appearance to female,
first and third do not reach lateral margins though this is
evidently a variable character. Legs black, briefly brown
at union of femora and tibiz. Pile black, elongate.
513. Syrphus opinator O. S.
Common. See note under americana.
514. Syrphus pacificus Lovett
Corvallis (Lovett) ; Hood River, V (Cole). 1919, Proc.
Cal. Acad. of Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 245.
515. Syrphus perplexus Osburn
Burns, V (Thompson) ; Philomath, V; Mary’s Peak, VIII
(Lovett). 1910, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XVIII, p. 55.
516. Syrphus protritus O. S.
Grant Co., one specimen, no other data.
284 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.
517. Syrphus ribesii (Linn.)
Common in Willamette and Hood River Valleys.
518. Syrphus ruficauda Snow
Dee, VI-17 (Cole).
519. Syrphus sodalis Will.
Corvallis (Lovett).
520. Syrphus torvus O. S.
Common in many parts of Oregon.
521. Syrphus umbellatarum (Fabr.)
Freewater, [X-X (Moznette) ; Mary’s Peak; Mt. Jeffer-
son, VII and VIII (Lovett).
522. Syrphus velutinus Will.
Described from Mt. Hood.
523. Allograpta fracta O. S.
Common.
524. Allograpta obliqua (Say)
Common.
525. Kanthogramma zqualis (Loew)
Dee; Vi-17) (Cole):
526. Mesogramma boscii (Macq.)
Forest Grove, V-5 and Hood River, VII-20 (Cole).
527. Mosogramma gemminata (Say)
Common.
528. Mesogramma marginata (Say)
Common.
529. Sphzrophoria cylindrica (Say)
Common.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA A85
530. Sphzrophoria melanosa Will.
Common, but not as abundant as cylindrica.
531. Sphzrophoria micrura O. S.
Mt. Jefferson, VII (Bridwell) ; Corvallis, IX (Lovett).
532. Spherophoria sulphuripes (Thoms.)
Common.
533. Sphegina infuscata Loew
Corvallis, 1V-28 and Hood River, V-20 to VI-2 (Cole) ;
Tillamook, III-26 (Burrill).
534. Sphegina lobata Loew
Oregon is type locality.
535. Sphegina punctata Cole, new species
General color yellowish, the hind femora with a broad
dark band and the tip of the abdomen more or less blackish.
Apical margin of the wing infuscated; a dark spot outside
the anterior cross vein.
Male: Frons blackish gray, gray pollinose except for a
narrow line, and yellowish at the base of the antenne;
rather long and narrow, of about equal width, widening a
little from the ocelli back to the occiput; antenne pale
brownish yellow; the arista pale brown or yellow; cheeks
and palpi yellow, the occiput blackish, gray pollinose.
Thorax, pleura, and scutellum orange-yellow, the color
varied a little; thorax often reddish; thorax and pleura with
short, yellow pile. Halteres pale yellow. Abdomen yel-
lowish marked with blackish, the first segment short, second
long and slender, third and fourth broader; a dark spot on
the posterior margin of second segment, the third and fourth
darkened above and below. Genitalia blackish, marked with
yellow, gray pollinose. The first abdominal segment may be
brown and all of the fourth blackish.
Legs yellow, the front two pairs with the last two tarsal
joints dark brown; hind femora with a broad, blackish brown
ring; tibia with two dark rings, one near the apex and a
286 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47 SrR.
fainter one near the middle; hind metatarsi dark brown
except the tip; last two joints of the tarsi blackish; spines
under the hind femora strong and black; base of hind coxe
darkened in some specimens. Wings smoky hyaline with a
very distinct blackish spot just outside the anterior cross-
vein and a small spot in the submarginal near the tip of the
wing (see fig. 29) ; apical half of wing smoky brown around
the border, the stigma dark; the spot near the anterior
cross-vein varies in size.
Female: Markings almost as in the male. First abdomi-
nal segment and posterior part of second darkened, the rest
a reddish color; ring on the hind femur paler; base of abdo-
men narrow but suddenly widening, the third and fourth seg-
ments much wider than in male. Frons yellow and wider
than in male.
Holotype, male, No. 839, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., F. R.
Cole, collector, June 4, 1917; allotype, female, No. 840,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., F. R. Cole, collector, Hood River,
Oregon, May 25, 1917.
Type locality, Hood River, Oregon.
This species is quite distinct from other described forms,
especially in the wing markings. As in the other species the
vein closing the first posterior cell has a characteristic
angle.
536. Sphegina rufiventris Loew
Mt. Jefferson, VII-15 (Bridwell) ; Mary’s Peak (Lovett) ;
Hood River, V-20 (Cole). The two commonest species at
Hood River and vicinity are undescribed forms and will
be described in a later paper.
537. Neoascia globosa (Walk.)
Mt. Hood (Bigot); Corvallis (Lovett). Common in
April and May in low marshy areas and about margins of
small lakes. ‘Large series taken at Hood River in May”
(Cole).
538. Brachyopa gigas Lovett
Corvallis, 1V (Thompson). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
Ser. 4, IX, p. 243.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 287
539. Brachyopa media Will.
Hood River, V-17 (Cole) ; Corvallis, V-15 (Lovett).
540. Brachyopa notata O. S.
Corvallis (Preston) ; Hood River, VI-6 (Cole).
541. Volucella evecta Walk.
Corvallis, V and VI (Lovett and Black) ; Forest Grove,
IV-31 (Rockwood). Fairly common.
542. Volucella tau Bigot
Corvallis, V-10 (Lovett).
543. Sericomyia chalcopyga Loew
One of the commonest of midsummer forms in higher
altitudes, 2,500 to 6,000 feet.
544. Arctophila flagrans O. S.
Wallowa Co., VI (Ault).
545. Arctophila harveyii Osburn
Nine specimens, Mt. Jefferson, 5,800 ft., VIII (Lovett).
Would make the following additions to description to fit our
specimens: Margin of fourth segment of abdomen of female
not reddish, scutellum of male below translucent reddish,
disc of abdomen sometimes with distinct, dull reddish tinge.
1906, Can. Ent. XXXVIII, p. 1.
546. Pyritis kincaidii (Cogq.)
Corvallis, V (Lovett) ; Forest Grove, V-3 (Cole).
547. Pyritis montigena Hunter
Baker, IV (Entermille).
548. Eristalis flavipes Walk.
Moderately common, a very diversified species.
549. Eristalis latifrons Loew
Corvallis, V-27 (Lovett).
288 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4TH SER.
550. Eristalis meigenii Wied.
A widespread species occurring from New England to
Alaska.
551. Eristalis occidentalis Will.
Common.
552. Eristalis temporalis Thoms.
Common.
553. Eristalis tenax (Linn.)
Common.
554. Tropidia quadrata (Say)
Hood River (Cole); Corvallis (Lovett). Fairly com-
mon.
555. Helophilus latifrons Loew
Corvallis and Hood River, V and VI (Cole and Lovett).
Williston in his Synopsis says, ‘Mass. to Cal. and Wash.”
556. Helophilus polygrammus Loew
Osten Sacken had specimens from Oregon collected by
H. Edwards.
557. Helophilus similis Macq.
Fairly common.
558. Asemosyrphus mexicanus Macq.
Reported from Oregon by Osten Sacken. It is a fairly
common species in higher altitudes and scatteringly on plains
in midsummer.
559. Mallota sackeni Will.
Corvallis, V and VI; Mosier, VI-14 (Cole).
560. Syritta pipiens (Linn.)
“Everywhere and at all times abundant from spring to
autumn.”
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 289
561. Xylota analis Will.
Detroit, VII (Bridwell) ; Mt. Jefferson, VIII (Lovett).
562. Xylota barbata Loew
Hood River, V and VI (Cole) ; Mt. Jefferson; Corvallis,
V to VIII (Lovett).
563. Xylota ejuncida Say
Hood River, V and VI (Cole).
564. Xylota flavitibia Bigot
Hood River, X-3 (Cole).
565. Xylota fraudulosa Loew
Hood River and Corvallis, V to VII (Cole and Lovett).
566. Xylota nemorum (Fabr.)
Hood River and Forest Grove, V (Cole); Corvallis,
IX-18.
567. Xylota obscura Loew
Williston lists from Oregon.
568. Xylota pigra (Fabr.)
Horse Lake, VII-25 (Bridwell).
569. Xylota scutellarmata Lovett
Hood River, V-17 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
Ser. 4, IX, p. 241.
570. Xylota stigmatipennis Lovett
Hood River, VI (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
Ser. 4, DX, p: 242:
571. Xylota subfasciata Loew
Corvallis, V-15 (Lovett). Bred from larve collected in
decayed heart of fir, Pseudotsuga taxifolia.
572. Eumerus strigatus Fall.
Corvallis, V; Hood River, VII-20, breeding in onions.
(Cole and Childs).
290 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.
573. Chrysochlamys creesus O. S.
Corvallis, V; Mt. Jefferson, VIII (Lovett and Smith) ;
Hood River, V-24 to VI-9 (Cole).
574. Brachypalpus parvus Will.
Corvallis; Hood River VI (Cole).
Female: Face and cheeks black, heavily white pollinose.
Cheeks with broad shining stripe from oral margin to base
of eye. Front above, vertex and a triangle on antennal
prominence white pollinose; on the sides below, shining.
Cheeks, just below antenne, front, and vertex golden pol-
linose.
Abdomen opaque black with areas of opaque blue-gray
pollen as follows: First segment, except hind margin, quad-
rangles on second segment reaching neither front, posterior,
nor lateral margins; similar areas on third reaching anterior
margin and brief crescents on anterior margin of fourth.
Otherwise as male.
575. Brachypalpus pigra Lovett
Mt. Jefferson, VIII-15 (Lovett). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., Ser. 4, [X, p-241-
576. Caliprobola pulcher (\Vill.)
Mt. Jefferson, Mary’s Peak, Hood River and Corvallis,
VII to VIII (Bridwell, Cole, Lovett and Childs). Found
commonly in midsummer on flowers in clearings in higher
altitudes, 4,800 to 6,000 feet where it frequents edges of
clearings, resting on low shrubs; or on bark of trees in sun-
light at lower altitudes. It has been collected at Corvallis
in October, resting on a window.
577. Caliprobola crawfordi Shannon
Hood River, Mary’s Peak and Corvallis (Cole, Lovett,
Chamberlin). Fairly common in unusual situations. Bred
adult from larve collected in decayed heartwood of Douglas
Fir (Lovett). Not uncommon near Forest Reserve west
of Parkdale. Three specimens collected at Hood River
along railroad track, crawling under old ties. Those at
Parkdale were flying around scarred or burned trees (Cole
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 291
and Childs). 1916, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XVIII, p. 112.
The median cross bands on third and fourth segments
often are interrupted; occasionally anterior cross band on
fourth entirely concealed under posterior margin of third
segment and median band reduced to two narrow elongate
spots.
578. Crioprora alopex (O. S.)
Forest Grove, III-20 (Cole); Tillamook, III-26 (Bur-
rill) ; Mary’s Peak, III-30 (Lovett).
579. Crioprora cyanella (O. S.)
Corvallis, V-15 (Black).
580. Crioprora femorata Will.
Dee and Hood River, V and VI (Cole); Mary’s Peak,
VI (Lovett).
581. Cynorhina armillata (O. S.)
Mary’s Peak, VI-15; Lebanon, V-18 (Lovett).
582. Cynorhina humeralis (Will.)
Corvallis, V (Summers) ; Hood River, VI (Cole).
583. Cynorhina scitula ( Will.)
The most common midsummer species on blossoms in
higher altitudes, 3,000 to 6,000 feet, outranking even
Sericomyia chalcopyga (Lovett).
584. Pocota grandis (Will.)
Mt. Jefferson, VII and VIII (Bridwell and Lovett). A
large, showy creature, occurring in blossoms of yarrow at an
altitude of 4,000 to 6,000 feet. Found generally just at the
edge of the forest and in small sunny clearings. Its flying
period is from 9 to 11 A. M., and it is seldom seen later.
Considering its size, it is swift in flight, alighting but seldom
and then for a brief time.
585. Criorhina grandis Lovett, new species
Length 15 to 17 mm. A conspicuous black and yellow
species. Black with elongate black pile, across thorax in
292 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.
front of wings and on 4th segment of abdomen golden
yellow pilose. Superficially resembles Pocota grandis.
Female: Face and front dull black; tubercle and vertex
bare of pollen, subshining, front and face on the sides
heavily brown pollinose; cheeks shining black; pile on sides
of face golden, coarser, more elongate and mixed brown and
black from antennal prominence to eye margin; front, vertex
and cheeks black pilose, elongate on vertex and cheeks, on
latter mixed with brown. Antenne brown, first and second
segments deep shining mahogany, sub-equal in length, third
segment dull brownish black, lighter basally, the segment
thick, about one-half broader than long, not produced mater-
ially at any angle, arista deep brownish black. Proboscis
produced, heavy and blunt.
Thorax and scutellum black, subshining. Pile elongate,
dense, yellow in front of wings on dorsum and pleura, black
behind wings and on scutellum.
Abdomen black subshining, fourth segment with obscure
metallic reflections; pile elongate black; on apical two-thirds
of fourth segment yellow, on fifth segment elongate, coarse,
mixed brown and black.
Legs black, knees briefly reddish brown; pile on femora
elongate black, mixed with brown on under surface of hind
femur; tibia and tarsi with short golden pile; at base of hind
coxa a heavy tuft of coarse golden, brown and black pile.
Wings subhyaline, veins black with extended brownish
margins.
Holotype, female, No. 841, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; A. B.
Black, collector, June, 1919. A second female, paratype,
was collected at the same time and place by A. L. Lovett
and is in his collection.
Type locality, Mary’s Peak, Oregon.
This species is very near coquilletti Will. and may prove
to be a synonym. The extreme disparity in size and appar-
ent facial and antennal differences are all that seem specific.
No opportunity has been afforded to compare the two.
586. Criorhina kincaidi Coq.
Horse Mt., VII; Mary’s Peak, V to VII (Lovett).
Vox. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 293
587. Criorhina luna Lovett
Alsea; Tillamook, III-26 (Burrill) ; Mary’s Peak, V and
VI (Lovett) “199; Proc. ‘Cali Acad: Sci:; Ser. 4; IX,
p. 249.
588. Criorhina nigripes ( Will.)
Corvallis; Forest Grove, [X-14 and Hood River, IV and
V (Cole). A specimen believed to be a male labelled “‘Stan-
ford Univ., Cal., Feb. 28, 1909,” has certain markings
varying from the female as follows: Face similar, tubercle
more prominent; fairly abundant elongate yellow pile from
base of antennal prominence out to and extending down
along eye margin. Above antennal prominence with a trans-
verse appressed line; vertical triangle opaque. Thorax and
abdominal markings similar to female except fifth segment
with short black pile. Legs black with elongate light yel-
low pile. Tarsal claws yellow at base.
589. Criorhina quadriboscis Lovett
Mt. Jefferson, [V-16 (Hartley). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 250.
590. Criorhina tricolor Coq.
Mt. Jefferson, VII-VIII (Bridwell) ; Hood River, VI-17
(Cole). Redescribed in 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4,
EX ps 251:
591 Spilomyia interrupta Will.
Corvallis, IX (Bridwell); Hood River, VIII-24
(Childs).
592. Sphecomyia brevicornis O. S.
Hood River, VI-6 (Cole). One pair taken.
593. Sphecomyia nasica Osburn
Mt. Jefferson, VII-VIII (Bridwell, Lovett).
594. Sphecomyia pattoni Will.
Mt. Jefferson, VII-VIII (Bridwell, Lovett). These last
two species as I have observed them in August are rare,
found entirely in the forenoon, occurring just at the edge of
clearings and flying swiftly, close to the ground, resting
December 14, 1921
294 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.
occasionally in low growing shrubbery at the very edge of
dense forests.
595. Ceria tridens Loew
Pendleton, VIII-18 (Black, Thompson).
Family CONOPIDZE
Fig. 30. Dalmannia pacifica Banks.
These are flower flies and are not usually very conspic-
uous. Some of the species resemble slender wasps while
others are more thick-set. The term “‘thick headed flies” is
sometimes applied to them, this being no reflection on their
mentality. Not much is known of the early stages but cer-
tain species have been bred from adult Hymenoptera, and,
according to Dr. Williston, from Orthoptera. The flies
evidently deposit their eggs on the bodies of some bees in
flight and have been observed several times attempting to
do this.
506. Physocephala affinis ( Will.)
Hood River, VII-7 to [X-4, and La Grande, IX-20
(Cole) ; Vale, VIII-15.
597. Physocephala burgessi (Will.)
Big Lake, VII-20 (Bridwell).
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 295
598. Physocephala marginata (Say)
Albany, VII-10; Corvallis, VI-5.
599. Zodion fulvifrons Say
Hood River, VI-16 (Cole) ; Mackenzie Ridge, alt. 6,000
ft., VIII-1. This species has been bred from the common
honey bee.
600. Zodion pygmzum Will.
Hood River, VI-19 (Cole).
601. Zodion occidentale Banks
Hood River, VI-3 (Cole) ; Mary’s River, V-2; Corvallis,
V-13. 1916, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., [X, p. 194.
602. Zodion triste Bigot
Corvallis, V-13 (Lovett).
603. Dalmannia pacifica Banks
Mosier, VI-14 (Cole and Childs) ; Corvallis, VI-6, 1899,
the type specimen. 1916, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., IX, p. 199.
A number of freshly emerged specimens were taken at
Mosier feeding at a yellow flower of the aster family. The
females were observed striking a species of Halictus, as these
bees passed by the flowers on the way to their nests
in the ground. The two would often go to the ground
together, rolling over and over in the dust. The flies prob-
ably succeed in some cases in depositing an egg on the body
of the bee.
604. Dalmannia vitiosa Coq.
Forest Grove, IV-30 (L. P. Rockwood). One specimen.
605. Oncomyia abbreviata Loew
Corvallis, V-2 (Lovett).
606. Oncomyia baroni Will.
Corvallis, VI-2 (Lovett) ; Horse Lake, VII-25.
607. Oncomyia loraria Loew
Corvallis, V-2 and VI-5 (Lovett).
296 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47TH SER.
608. Oncomyia modesta Will.
Hood River, VI-2 to VI-25 (Cole). This is a very com-
mon species at Hood River and is apparently parasitic on
a bee, determined by Mr. Crawford of the National
Museum as Halictus ligatus Say. The flies are often taken
on flowers and three specimens had the triangulin stage of
some Meloid beetle attached to them. The females perch
on grass stems or flowers near the underground colony of
bees and swoop down on the unsuspecting pollen gatherers
as they approach their burrows. The fly and bee usually
go tumbling on the ground together, but the fly does not try
to sit on the bee, and always manages to get away in a great
hurry, returning to her observation post, there to clean off
some of the dust and watch for more victims. It is amusing
to watch them follow the bee with their eyes as it looms up
on their horizon. They strike so quickly that their
flight can scarcely be followed. The bees make no attempt
to drive them away, but when attacked make frantic efforts
to escape.
609. Myopa longipilis Banks
Corvallis, I[V-22; Forest Grove, IV-12 (Rockwood) ;
Hillsboro, IV-1 (Cole). 1916, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., IX,
p. 197.
610. Myopa melanderi Banks
Hood River, V-10 and 16 (Cole). 1916, Ann. Ent. Soc.
Amer., IX, p. 197.
611. Myopa rubida (Bigot)
Hood River, V-5 to VI-24 (Cole); Mosier, VI-14
(Childs and Cole) ; Forest Grove, 1V-12 (Cole) ; Wheeler
Co., VI-15; Corvallis, VI-3. This species is quite common in
the Hood River Valley in the spring and early summer, fre-
quenting various flowers.
612. Myopa seminuda Banks
Corvallis, IV-12 (Cotypes). This species is very near
rubida and may be only a variety of that species. 1916,
Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., IX, p. 198.
Vor. XI} COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 297
613. Myopa vicaria Walk.
Hood River, V-19 (Cole).
614. Myopa willistoni Banks
Corvallis, V-20. New name for pictipennis Will.
Family CESTRIDAEZ
Fig. 31. Gastrophilus nasalis Linneus.
Bot-flies are medium sized to quite large and have aborted
mouth parts. Some are hairy and bee-like in appearance and
others blue-black with spots of white bloom. Certain species
are well known to all farmers and stockmen. The larve
live under the skin of animals, in the nasal passages, and in
the stomach. The bot-flies are thus an important family
economically.
615. Gastrophilus hemorrhoidalis (Linn.)
Occurs generally over North America, as do the other
horse bots.
616. Gastrophilus intestinalis DeGeer
Commonly known as the ‘‘horse-bot.”
617. Gastrophilus nasalis (Linn.)
Known as the ‘“‘nose-fly’’.
618. C£strus ovis Linn.
The sheep bot.
619. Hypoderma lineata (De Vill.)
The ox-bot. The only specimen with data was taken at
Burns, V-19 (B. G. Thompson).
298 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER.
620. Cuterebra fontinella Clark
The same as emasculator Fitch. Buck Mt., VII-10; Cor-
vallis.
621. Cuterebra leporivora Coq.
Corvallis, VIII-28. Reared from Mus musculus (Brid-
well).
622. Cuterebra tenebrosa Coq.
La Grande, VII-6; Corvallis, IV.
Family TACHINIDZE
nee 32. Dionea nitoris Coa.
The family is a large one, 957 species being listed in
Aldrich’s Catalogue. They are usually short, stout, unus-
ually bristly flies. The antennal arista is always bare and
the squame, large. Flowers attract many of the species and
they are often seen flying about rank vegetation. Some of
the smaller species resemble the common house-fly in general
appearance.
Many of the species are very beneficial, the larve being
parasitic on injurious insects. A few attack beneficial in-
sects, but only a small percentage. They are the chief con-
trol of many caterpillars. From one to one hundred grubs
may work on one host larva, much depending on the size of
the victim.
Most of the species listed below were determined by Dr.
J. M. Aldrich, or the determinations already made were
verified by him.
623. Gymnoclytia immaculata Macq.
Dee and Hood River, VI-8 to VII-5 (Cole and Childs).
624. Gymnoclytia occidua (Walk.)
Hood River, VI-3 (Cole).
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 299
625. Gymnosoma fuliginosa Desv.
Hood River, VI-2 to VIII-20 (Cole and Childs). Com-
mon throughout the Northwest.
626. Phorantha calyptrata Coq.
Hood River, VIII-7 (Childs).
627. Phorantha occidentis (Walk.)
Hood River, VIII-7 (Cole).
628. Alophora eneoventris ( Will.)
Hood River, X-3 (Cole).
629. Myiophasia znea (Wied.)
Corvallis and Blitzen River, VI-16 to VII-6.
630. Gymnophania montana Coq.
Hood River, VII-18 (Cole).
631. Hyperecteinia pergandei (Coq.)
Corvallis; Seaside Beach, X-22.
632. Hyperecteinia retiniz (Coq.)
Hood River, VIII-28 (Childs).
633. Lasioneura johnsoni Coq.
Hood River, VI-27 and VII-9 (Cole and Childs).
634. Chztophleps setosa Coq.
Forest Grove, IX-28 (Cole).
635. Hypostena barbata Coq.
Hood River, VI-16 (Cole) and VII-1 (Childs). Aldrich
says in regard to material sent for determination: ‘They
agree with what I call this, but Hypostena and Masicera run
together, and this is not separable generically from some I
put under the latter farther on. The supposed difference is
that in Masicera the first posterior cell ends considerably
before the apex of the wing, and in Hypostena close to the
apex. The distinction breaks down completely in your ma-
terial.”
300 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ses.
636. Macquartia pristis ( Walk.)
Corvallis, V-21.
637. Uramyia acuminata (Bigot)
Corvallis, bred from Halisidota argentata. This species
was described from Brazil and later found in Mexico. Ac-
cording to Aldrich, Townsend’s Uromacquartia halisidotae,
named without description, is a synonym of this species.
Townsend’s type is the single male mentioned by Coquillett
under Macquartia pristis (Revision Tachinide, p. 64) from
Aurora Mills, Oregon, and recorded as a parasite of
Halisidota argentata on p. 18. This species, as Dr. Aldrich
points out, has reversed the usual trend of distribution on
the coast.
638. Leskia gilensis (Towns.)
Corvallis, VIII-25-1916 (B. G. Thompson). Bred from
Sesia rutilans.
639, Leucostoma atra Towns.
Corvallis, V-17 (Lovett) ; Hood River, [X-2 (Childs) ;
Forest Grove, V-28 to X-15 (Cole).
640. Clausicella setigera Thoms.
Forest Grove, VI-5 (Cole).
641. Hyalomyodes triangulifera Loew ....
Corvallis, VII-17 (Lovett); Forest Grove, V-20 and
Hood River, VI-3 (Cole).
642. Clytiomyia atrata Coq.
Hood River, VI-3 (Cole).
643. Dionza nitoris Coq.
Hood River, VI-26 and Forest Grove, V-20 to VII-26
(Cole).
644. Xanthomelana arcuata (Say)
Hood River, VII-9 and 25 (Cole).
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 301
645. Hemyda aurata Desyv.
Corvallis, VII-16 (Lovett).
646. Heteropterina nasoni Coq.
Hood River, VI-14 to VI-28 (Cole and Childs).
647. Paraplagia spinulosa (Bigot)
Coos River, [X-25 (Rockwood).
648. Plagia americana V. d. W.
Common in Oregon.
649. Pachyophthalmus floridensis Towns.
Hood River, VIII-27 (Cole).
650. Senotainia trilineata (V. d. W.)
Hood River, VI-8 to IX-14 (Cole and Childs). This
species is a parasite of Sphecius spheciosus.
651. Aphria ocypterata Towns.
Hood River, VII-9 (Cole) ; Mary’s Peak, V-15; Pamelia
Lake, Mt. Jefferson, VII-23.
652. Ocyptera?! dosiades Walk.
Forest Grove, VIII-18 (Cole).
653. Panzeria ampelus Walk.
Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-16 (Chamberlin).
654. Panzeria radicum (Fabr.)
Duffy’s Prairie (Lovett); Mt. Jefferson, alt., 3,000 ft.,
VIII-12.
655. Gymnocheta alcedo Loew
Mosier, VI-14 (Cole and Childs). These specimens flew
low over the ground and through the grass, seldom alight-
ing. The species is rare in the Northwest.
21The species common throughout the Northwest is said by Aldrich to be
an undescribed form, although usually placed in carolinae. The male gent-
talia show good specific characters.
302 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Srp.
656. Exorista futilis O. S.
Reported from Oregon by Coquillett. A parasite of the
common butterfly, Vanessa atalanta.
657. Exorista vulgaris ( Fall.)
Corvallis, VI.
658. Phorocera claripennis Macq.
Halsey, VIII-14 (Lovett). Bred from Schizura concinna
at Corvallis, [X-4 (Gentner).
659. Phorocera facialis Coq.
Hood River, VI (Cole).
660. Phorocera saundersii Will.
Halsey, VIII-14 (Lovett); Hood River, VI (Cole).
661. Frontina frenchii (Will.)
Large series from Corvallis, 1V-30 to I[X-30, those on the
last date bred from a sphingid on Populus trichocarpa. This
parasite has a long list of lepidopterous hosts.
662. Tachina?? mella Walk.
Corvallis, V-4 to VI-24.
663. Tachina robusta (Towns.)
Corvallis and Hood River, IV-28 to VI-3. Common.
664. Tachina rustica Fall.
Corvallis, V-28; Hood River, VI-12 (Cole and Childs) ;
Forest Grove, [X-30 (Cole).
665. Blepharipeza adusta Loew
Hood River, VI-14 (Childs) ; Corvallis; Philomath, V-16
(Lovett).
22 Four additional species in this genus were collected at Hood River but
none could be determined with certainty.
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 303
666. Blepharipeza leucophrys ( Wied.)
Hood River, VI-9 (Cole).
667. Winthemia quadripustulata (Fabr.)
Not uncommon at Hood River and Corvallis in August.
A parasite of the army worm and variegated cutworm.
668. Metacheta helymus (WWalk.)
Corvallis, VIII-7 (Lovett).
669. Metopia leucocephala (Rossi)
Hood River, VI-12 to [X-2 (Cole).
670. Hilarella fulvicornis (Coq.)
Hood River, VI-5 to IX-2 (Cole). Aldrich states that
this species is common on sand around fossorial hymenop-
tera.
671. Brachycoma sarcophagina (Towns.)
Corvallis, VII-30.
672. Gonia exul Will.
Corvallis, [X-11; Mt. Jefferson, 6,000 feet; Burns.
673. Gonia frontosa Say
Common at Hood River and Corvallis, VI to XI.
674. Gonia porca Will.
Described from Mt. Hood.
675. Chztogedia monticola (Bigot)
Hood River, [X-2 (Childs); Corvallis, V-4 and IX-5.
A parasite of the variegated cutworm and of the larva of
the common thistle butterfly (Pyrameis cardui).
676. Cuphocera furcata (V. d. W.)
Grant Co., IV-23.
304 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER.
677. Peleteria robusta ( Wied.)
Common at Corvallis, Forest Grove and Hood River,
V-19 to [X-29; Detroit and Grant’s Pass.
678. Peleteria tessellata (Fabr.)
Corvallis; Mt. Jefferson; Hood River (Cole and Childs).
Collected from V-17 to [X-31. Aldrich says, “I name these
provisionally as Coquillett did, but this is a complex that
will have to be worked out by genitalic studies.”
679. Echinomyia®? algens (Wied.)
Common in several localities in the Willamette Valley
from May to August. Collected on Mt. Jefferson and at
Seaside.
680. Echinomyia dakotensis Towns.
Hood River, IX-4 (Cole) ; Mt. Jefferson, subalpine, VII.
681. Echinomyia decisa (Walk.)
Mary’s Peak, VII-18 (Lovett).
682. Echinomyia hystricosa ( Will.)
Corvallis.
683. Epalpus bicolor ( Will.)
Barton, VIII-22.
684. Epalpus signiferus (Walk.)
Corvallis, IV-26 to VII-4; Hood River, V-5 to VI-24
(Cole).
685. Bombyliomyia abrupta ( Wied.)
Barton, VII-21.
686. Jurinella soror (Will.)
Hood River, VI-5 (Cole).
23 One species, occasionally taken at high altitudes and found in several
localities in the west is undescribed.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 305
Family DEXIID&
Fig. 33. Thelaira levcozona Panzer.
These are the “nimble flies’ of Comstock. They are very
close to the tachinids but usually have longer and more slen-
der legs and the antennal arista plumose to the tip. The
larve have been bred from beetles.
The species listed below were determined by Dr. Aldrich.
In addition to these there are five undetermined species.
687. Myiocera cremides (Walk.)
Vale, VIII-15.
688. Thelaira leucozona (Panz.)
Hood River, VI (Cole).
689. Melanodexia tristis \Vill.
Corvallis.
690. Trixia gillettei Towns.
Mosier, VI-14 (Cole). This species has been considered
a tachinid in the past and really does not belong in Trixia
which is a tachinid genus; neither does it belong in Para-
phyto where it was placed in Aldrich’s Catalogue. It does
not fit any of the dexiid genera in North America.
Family SARCOPHAGID 42
one sane cane gener
Fig. 34. Sarcophaga hunteri Hough.
306 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.
These much resemble the house-flies in general appearance.
The antennal arista is plumose at the base and bare at the
tip. The flies are very common about decaying vegetation,
excrement, dead bodies, etc., and are called flesh-flies.
The larve are found in decaying vegetable and animal
matter. A few are true parasites and are economically im-
portant. Many of the species are larviparous and some are
known to strike grasshoppers on the wing and place their
larve in a vulnerable spot.
The following species were determined by Dr. Aldrich.
691. Sarcophaga aculeata Aldr.
Specimens from Corvallis are probably a new variety.
1916, “Sarcophaga and Allies”, p. 143.
692. Sarcophaga bullata Parker
Corvallis; Xe" 1916, Can. Enté., XLT pe359:
693. Sarcophaga cimbicis Towns.
Corvallis.
694. Sarcophaga eleodis Aldr.
Corvallis, V-6. This species is remarkable, in that it
parasitizes beetles of the genus Eleodes. 1916, “Sarcophaga
and Allies”, p. 128.
695. Sarcophaga hemorrhoidalis ( Fall.)
Corvallis, X-21. A scavenger of wide distribution, occa-
sionally the cause of intestinal myiasis. The species occurs
throughout Europe, Africa and Asia.
696. Sarcophaga helicis Towns.
Corvallis, [X-20; Forest Grove. One of the commonest
North American species, largely a scavenger but also a true
parasite of grasshoppers, Eleodes, etc.
697. Sarcophaga hunteri Hough
Corvallis, VI-2 to VII-22 (Rockwood); Forest Grove,
X-2 (Creel). A grasshopper parasite.
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 307
698. Sarcophaga kellyi Aldr.
Corvallis (H. F. Wilson). A grasshopper parasite. Ji.
of Agr. Research, II, p. 443.
699. Sarcophaga pallinervis Thoms.
Described from Hawaii in 1868 and probably a prior
name for S. communis Parker. It is a very common scayen-
ger. Freewater, [X-8; Corvallis, IV-VIII.
700. Sarcophaga planifrons Aldr.
Narrows, VII. 1916, ‘‘Sarcophaga and Allies”, p. 249.
701. Sarcophaga sarracenioides Aldr.
Corvallis, V-11 and VIII-15 (Cole and Lovett). Both
a scavenger and a parasite. 1916, “Sarcophaga and Allies,”
pez
702. Sarcophaga scoparia Pand.
Corvallis, VII-8; Forest Grove, V-3 and II-1 (Cole).
1916, ‘Sarcophaga and Allies”, p. 214. Dr. Aldrich says
that North American specimens deserve a varietal name.
703. Sarcophaga sinuata Meig.
Corvallis, V-30. Europe and North America. “Easily
recognized in both sexes by the patch of bright yellow tomen-
tum on the front side of the middle femur.”’
704. Sarcophaga tuberosa exuberans Pand.
Corvallis. 1916, “Sarcophaga and Allies”, p. 232.
705. Megerlea rufocauda Bigot
Described from Mt. Hood. The status of this species is
not known, Coquillett placed it in the genus Sarcophilodes
and Brauer considered it should have a new genus erected
for it.
308 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser.
Family MUSCID/Z
Fig. 35. Pollenia rudis (Fabr.)
Small to medium sized, short, and usually hairy flies. The
antennal arista is usually plumose to the tip, the first pos-
terior cell narrowed or closed and the squame are large.
They are disease carriers and very important economically.
The common house-fly, or typhoid-fly as it might better be
called, is found all over the world. The blow-flies and blue-
bottle flies are also widely distributed.
The Stomoxyine include blood-sucking species. In this
group are the horn-flies, stable-flies and tsetse flies.
706. Pollenia rudis (Fabr.)
Medford, VIII-15; Corvallis, IX-4. The cluster-fly is
known to be parasitic in earthworms.
707. Cynomyia cadaverina Desv.
Corvallis, [V-10 to VII-10.
708. Calliphora erythrocephala (Meig.)
Common III to XII. This is the common blow fly.
709. Lucilia cesar (Linn.)
Common everywhere. Breeds in excrement, garbage and
carrion.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 309
710. Lucilia sericata (Meig.)
Common at Corvallis, IV to X.
711. Phormia regina (Meig.)
Common at Corvallis.
712. Phormia terre-nove Desv.
Common at Corvallis.
713. Protocalliphora azurea (Fall.)
Corvallis.
714. Pseudopyrellia cornicina (Fabr.)
Common, V to XI.
715. Morellia micans (Macq.)
Corvallis and Forest Grove (Cole).
716. Mesembrina resplendens Wahlbg.
Rock Creek Valley, Benton Co., X-12; Corvallis, [X-10.
717. Musca domestica Linn.
Early settlers in Oregon say that the common house-fly
was not seen in the early days; they are by no means rare
now.
718. Stomoxys calcitrans (Linn.)
The biting house-fly or stable-fly. This species is sus-
pected of carrying infantile paralysis.
719. WHematobia serrata Desvy.
The “horn-fly’; common. In his Catalogue, Aldrich re-
ported that this fly had reached Idaho in 1901. There are
specimens in the Corvallis collection taken Aug. 14, 1900.
720. Myiospila meditabunda (Fabr.)
Forest Grove, VII (Cole).
721. Muscina assimilis (Fall.)
Portland, VIII-14; Corvallis, V-19.
December 14, 1921
310 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.
722. Muscina stabulans ( Fall.)
Common. The larve breed in manure and may carry
disease. They have also been bred from pupz of other in-
sects, but these were probably dead pupe.
Family ANTHOMYIDZ
Fig. 36. Limnophora narona (Walk.)
This is a large family and, because of their general unat-
tractiveness and the difficulties of differentiation, they have
been rather neglected in North America in the past. They
are blackish or grayish in color and some resemble the
ordinary house-fly in appearance. Their larval habits are
varied but most of them breed in decaying animal and vege-
table matter.
723. Hydrotza orbitalis Aldr.
Mt. Jefferson, VIII-1 and Cascadia, VII-21 (Lovett).
Malloch det. 1918, Can. Ent., L, p. 311.
724. Homalomyia manicata (Meig.)
Corvallis, VI-28.
725. Homalomyia scalaris (Fabr.)
Corvallis.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVEIT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 311
726. Aricia bicolorata Mall.
Hood River, VI-21 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
Ser. 4, IX, p..253.
727. Aricia leucorum ( Fall.)
Pamelia Lake, Mt. Jefferson, 3,000 feet, VII-19 (Brid-
well). Malloch det.
728. Aricia lysinoé Walk.
Forest Grove, [X-30 and Hood River, X-3 (Cole). Mal-
loch det.
729. Aricia nitida Stein
Mt. Jefferson, VII-25, 5,000 feet (Bridwell). Malloch
det.
730. Aricia oregonensis Mall.
Grant Co. 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 254.
731. Spilogaster uniseta Stein
Corvallis.
732. Euphaonia houghii (Stein)
Hood River, [X-5 (Cole). Malloch det. Described under
H yetodesia.
733. Limnophora xquifrons Stein
Hood River, VI-5 (Cole). Malloch det.
734. Limnophora narona (Walk.)
Gaston, VII-10 (Cole). Malloch det.
735. Leucomelina discreta (Stein)
Hood River, IX-5 (Cole). Malloch det.
736. Ccoelomyia subpellucens (Zett.)
Hood River, VI-2 (Cole). Malloch det.
737. Anthomyia pratincola Panz.
Corvallis, VI-2 (Lovett). Malloch det.
312 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.
738. Hydrophoria divisa (Meig.)
Hood River, VI-3 (Cole). Malloch det.
739. Hylemyia alcathoé (Walk)
Salem, VIJ-4; Hood River, VI-30 and Eagle Rock, VII-1
(Melander) ; Hood River, V-19 to X-30 and Forest Grove,
V-25 to IX-27 (Cole).
740. Hylemyia antiqua Meig.
The onion maggot, widespread and often injurious.
741. Hylemyia anthracina Mall.
Hood River, VI-21 (Cole). 1918, Trans. Amer. Ent.
Soc. XLIV, p. 314.
742. Hylemyia fusciceps (Zett.)
Corvallis, 1V-30 to VI-6; Gaston, VII-10 (Cole) ; subal-
pine regions on Mt. Jefferson, VII-20 (Bridwell). Com-
mon in several localities. The larve feed in the roots of
cabbages, radish, seed corn, etc.
743. Hylemyia lipsia ( Walk.)
Grant Co., VII-11 (Chamberlin). Malloch det.
744. Hylemyia sp. nov. Mall.
Blitzen River, VII-6. The single specimen a paratype.
745. Hylemyia piloseta Mall.
Corvallis, 1V-26. 1918, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XLIV,
p. 312.
746. Hylemyia setiventris Stein
Joseph. Malloch det.
747. Hylemyia substriata Stein
Forest Grove, IV-24 (Cole). Malloch det.
748. WHylemyia variata (Fall.)
Forest Grove, VII-5 (Melander); Hood River, VI-4
(Cole).
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 313
749. Eremomyia apicalis Stein
Forest Grove, V-12 (Cole).
750. Hammomyia unilineata (Zett.)
Hood River, V-16 (Cole). Aldrich det.
751. Phorbia brassice (Bouche)
Common, VII-IX. This is the cabbage-root maggot, and
is very destructive in parts of Oregon. It was reported as
a pest as early as 1891.
752. Phorbia cinerella (Fall.)
Tillamook, VIII-29 (Creel) ; Vale, VI-29. Malloch det.
753. Phorbia rubivora Coq.
Common in several localities in the state. The larve
girdle the tips of raspberry, blackberry, dewberry, and
loganberry vines. The flies appear early in April and are
seen throughout May and June.
754. Phorbia ruficeps (Zett.)
Corvallis.
755. Phorbia trichodactyla (Zett.)
Corvallis (Lovett).
756. Pegomyia affinis Stein
Corvallis. Malloch det.
757. Pegomyia bicolor ( Wied.)
Bred out at Corvallis, V-9-1915, from larve mining in
the leaves of dock; Tillamook, III-26 (Burrill).
758. Pegomyia hyoscyami (Panz.)
Corvallis, V-2 (Lovett), other dates from V-3 to VII-3.
The larve are leaf miners on beets and spinach.
759. Chirosia idahoensis Stein
Forest Grove, V-17 (Cole); Salem, VII-4 (Melander).
Melander det.
Corvallis and Forest Grove, V (Cole).
314 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Serr.
761. Fannia fuscula ( Fall.)
Forest Grove, V-17 and Hood River, VI-13 (Cole). Mal-
loch det.
762. Fannia ochrogaster (Thoms.)
Forest Grove, VI-2 (Cole). Malloch det.
763. Coenosia ausoba (Walk.)
Hood River, VI (Cole). Malloch det.
764. Ccenosia flavicoxa Stein
Hood River, VI-4 (Cole); Corvallis, VIII-2 (Lovett) ;
Malloch det.
765. Ccenosia oregonensis Mall.
Corvallis, V-2 (Lovett). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,
Ser, 4) (XG p: 254:
766. Machorchis nana (Zett.)
Corvallis, V-2. Malloch det.
767. Scheenomyza chrysotoma Loew
Hood River, VI-19 to X-26 (Cole) ; Forest Grove, V-13
(Burrill).
768. Schcenomyza dorsalis Loew
Blitzen River, VII-1. Aldrich det.
769. Lispa brevipes Aldr.
Hood River, IX-29 (Cole). 1913, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc.,
SOX ps 137.
770. Lispa nasoni Stein
Forest Grove, IX-27 (Cole).
771. Lispa palposa (Walk.)
Forest Grove, IX-27 (Cole).
Vor. XT) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 315
772. Lispa spinipes Aldr.
Forest Grove, IX-28 (Cole). 1913, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc.,
XXI, p. 136.
773. Lispa tentaculata (DeG.)
Hood River and Forest Grove, VI to XI (Cole).
774. Hebecnema fulva (Bigot)
Hood River, IX-4 (Cole). Malloch det.
775. Hebecnema umbratica (Meig.)
Hood River, VI-21 (Cole).
Family SCATOPHAGID-E
Fig. 37. Parallelomma varipes (Walk.)
These are commonly called dung-flies. Some of the species
resemble Anthomyide, but the squame are quite small and
there are more than four abdominal segments visible. Most
of them are brownish or yellowish in color and are common
in pastures about cow-dung. In some of the species the habits
are predatory.
The larve have been bred from excrement and from the
stems of plants. Aldrich lists 118 species from North Amer-
ica in his Catalogue.
316 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
776. Cordylura** latifrons Loew
Corvallis, V-2 (Lovett). Malloch det.
777. Parallelomma?’> varipes ( Walk.)
Gaston, VII-10 (Cole).
778. Scatophaga furcata (Say)
Corvallis and Forest Grove, VI.
779. Scatophaga merdaria (Fabr.)
Hood River, X-29 (Childs); Forest Grove, III-14
(Cole). The adults are predaceous, having been taken with
mycetophilids and leafhoppers.
780. Scatophaga stercoraria (Linn.)
Almost cosmopolitan. Many localities, V to X. The
larve breed in excrement.
Family CLUSIODID =
This family can be recognized by the chetotaxy of the
head. The cross-veins of the wings are closely approximated
except in Clusia and the sixth vein does not reach the wing
margin. The adults are rather rare. They may be found
on tree trunks, where they sometimes feed on exuding sap.
781. Clusia occidentalis Mall.
Mary’s Peak, at base, V-14 (Lovett); Pamelia Lake,
Mt. Jefferson, VII-27 (Bridwell). 1918, Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash., XX, p. 4.
24 There are at least three undetermined species in material collected at
Corvallis and Hood River, but the genus will have to be worked up before
they can be named with certainty.
25 One undetermined species is not uncommon at Hood River.
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 317
Family HELOMYZIDA
Fig. 38. Ccothea fenestradis (Fallén).
The flies of this family have the costa beset with promi-
nent bristles and the wings are rather large. Some species
live in caves and burrows, others are collected in damp
meadows and shady places.
The larve have been bred from bat and rabbit-dung,
from decaying wood, and from truffles.
782. Helomyza barberi Aldr.
Hood River, VI-3 and X-30 (Cole). 1908, Trans. Amer.
Ent. Soc., XXXIV, p. 93:
783. Helomyza limbata Thoms.
Forest Grove, V-9 to [X-30 (Cole).
784. Helomyza nemorum (Meig.)
Hood River, X-11 (Cole). H. assimilis Loew is a syno-
nym.
785. Helomyza plumata Loew
Mt. Jefferson, VII-12 (Bridwell) ; Mary’s Peak, at base,
318 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.
V-14 (Lovett); Nashville, VIII-8; Gouvallis! V-10. This
was placed as a synonym of quinquepunctata Say in Aldrich’s
Catalogue.
786. CEcothea fenestralis (Fall.)
Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole).
787. Tephrochlamys rufiventris (Meig.)
Newport (L. O. Howard); Forest Grove, III-6 to V-20
(Cole and Lane) ; Corvallis, V-10.
788. Leria pectinata (Loew)
Newport (L. O. Howard) ; Forest Grove, V-12 (Cole).
789. Leria serrata (Linn.)
Baker, IV-9. The earliest described species of the family. ©
Aldrich reports it common in many parts of Europe and
North America. The larve have been bred from fungi and
from hen manure.
790. Eccoptomera simplex Coq.
Hood River, VI-4 (Cole).
Family BORBORIDE=
Fig. 39. Copromyza equina Fallén.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 319
Most of these flies are quite small and black or brownish
in color. They are found about decomposing vegetable and
animal matter and are seen hovering over dung or sewage,
in which the larve live. The larve of Leptocera are bred
from fungi, diseased potatoes, etc., and are probably aquatic
in some cases.
The following species were determined by Mr. A. Spuler,
who has just completed a monograph of the family which
should soon be published.
791. Leptocera atra (Adams)
Tillamook, III-26 (Burrill) ; Forest Grove, III-21 and
Hood River, 1X-29 to X-26 (Cole).
792. Leptocera crassimana (Halid.)
Tillamook, III-26 (Burrill) ; Forest Grove, III-21 and
VI-2 (Cole).
793. Leptocera fontinalis (Fall.)
Portland, VIII-20 (Melander).
794. Leptocera fuscipennis (Halid.)
Hood River, VI-19 to X-26 (Cole).
795. Leptocera sp. nov. Spuler
Forest Grove, IV-2 and Hood River, IX-5 (Cole).
796. Leptocera sp. nov. Spuler
Hood River, IX-5 (Cole).
797. Leptocera limosa ( Fall.)
Forest Grove, III-21 to IX-27 (Cole); Hood River, VI
to IX and Corvallis, IX-10 (Cole); Tillamook, III-26
(Burrill).
798. Leptocera sp. nov. Spuler
Hood River, X-11 (Cole).
799. Leptocera roralis (Rond.)
Hood River, VI-4 to [X-29 and Forest Grove, III-21
(Cole) ; Portland, VIII-20 (Melander).
320 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Sep.
800. Copromyza equina Fall.
Everywhere abundant. Breeds in horse dung.
Family PHYCODROMID
Fig. 40. Colopa frigida Fallén.
There are two genera, Celopa and Omomyia, in North
America. Species of the former genus are found on the sea-
beach, often in large numbers about piles of kelp and sea-
weeds. They are about the size of species of Fucellia found
with them and resemble them in general appearance, but
when viewed under a lens are seen to be quite different.
801. Ccelopa frigida Fall.
Seaside and Newport Beach in July.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST Us OREGON DIPTERA 321
Family SCIOMYZIDZz
Fig. 41. Sepedon pacifica Cresson.
In these flies the head is short and broad and the face
more or less retreating. The wings are long and are often
spotted. The adults can be collected along the banks of
small streams and in marsh and meadow land. The Tetan-
oceride are set aside in a separate family by some authors
but they seem to be quite closely related. In flies of the
genus Tetanocera the antenne are very long and the wings
usually pictured.
802. Helcomyza mirabilis Mel.
Tillamook, V (Reeher). 1920, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.,
XU, p: 309.
803. Sciomyza?° simplex Fall.
Oregon Agr. Exp. Station (G. F. Moznette).
804. Melina nana Fall.
Forest Grove, III-21 (Cole).
805. Melina pubera Loew
Corvallis, V-2 (Lovett) ; Hood River, VI-4 (Cole).
26 According to the synonymy recently worked out by Dr. Melander the
Sciomyza of authors becomes Melina Desvoidy.
322 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH See.
806. Neuroctena analis Fall.
Corvallis (Moznette).
807. Tetanocera vicina Macq.
Common at Corvallis, V-15 to VII-17; Mary’s Peak,
IV-24; large series at Forest Grove, V-25 and LX-30 (Cole).
808. Limnia pubescens Day
Forest Grove, V (Cole).
809. Limnia saratogensis Fitch
Common at Corvallis, V-12 to IX-29; Mary’s Peak,
V-13; Forest Grove, V-25 (Cole).
810. Dictya umbrarum (Linn.)
Forest Grove, V-19 to I[X-30 and Hood River, IX-4 to
X-30 (Cole).
811. Sepedon armipes Loew
Corvallis; Hood River, VII-28 and IX-24 (Cole).
812. Sepedon pacifica Cress.
Forest Grove, [X-30 (Cole).
813. Hedroneura rufa (Panz.)
Forest Grove, I[X-30 (Cole). This European species was
first discovered at Potlatch, Idaho, by Dr. Melander; there
the writer first collected them and later at Vernon, B. C.
A good series was taken at Forest Grove in a small marsh.
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVWETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 323
Family SAPROMYZID©
Fig. 42. Minettia lupulina (Fabr.)
The adults are comparatively small, with rather short
legs. The wings are occasionally pictured, and the antennal
arista usually plumose. The larve live in decaying vegetable
matter or excrement.
814. Sapromyza flaveola Coq.
Corvallis, X-21; Mary’s Peak, V-14; Hood River,
VIII-21 (Cole) ; Talent, [X-30.
815. Sapromyza planiscutum (Thoms.)
Corvallis, V-2 and VI-14. Coquillett made this determina-
tion of the specimens in the Corvallis collection.
816. Sapromyza univittata Coq.
Corvallis, V-16 to VIII-13.
817. Minnetia lupulina (Fabr.)
Corvallis, V-16 to VII-17; Mt. Hood, VIII-10; Hood
River, VI and VII (Cole).
818. Minnetia nubila Mel.
Recorded from Oregon by Aldrich. 1913, Psyche, XX,
p. 74.
324 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
Family LONCH EID
This family is very nearly related to the Sapromyzide
but several dipterists have recently separated it from that
group. Both the larve and adults have characters that will
differentiate them.
819. Lonchza polita Say
Hood River, VI-24 (Cole).
820. Lonchea tarsata Fall.
Forest Grove, V-20 (Cole).
821. Palloptera jucunda Loew
Yaquina Bay, V-16 (Lovett).
822. Palloptera terminalis Loew
Forest Grove, IX-27 (Cole).
Family TRYPETID#
Fig. 43. Aciura maculata Cole.
These have been called “‘peacock-flies’ because of their
habit of elevating the wings and strutting about. The
female usually has a large horny ovipositor. Many of the
species have the wings marked and spotted in various ways.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIP1&RA 325
The larve live in plant tissue, leaves, stems and fruits.
Some of the species are gall-makers and the group contains
many of our worst pests of fruit, both citrus and deciduous.
They are especially injurious in tropical countries, in some
places ruining nearly the whole fruit crop. Aldrich lists
over 200 species from North America.
823. Epochra canadensis Loew
Common in western Oregon. The flies appear in May
and June. The larve live in currants and gooseberries and
are a serious pest.
824. (CEdaspis atra Loew
Hood River, IX-8 (Cole).
825. Rhagoletis caurina Doane
Described from Oregon.
826. Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew)
Corvallis, Salem, Cove, Sheridan and vicinity of Port-
land. The larve are cherry-maggots.
827. Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh)
Colestin VII-31 (E. P. Van Duzee). One specimen.
This is the form bred from snowberry at Vernon, B. C., and
recently published on by Mr. Downes. It cannot be dis-
tinguished from the eastern apple maggot but does not
attack the apple here, confining itself to the snowberry, Sym-
phoricarpus racemosus.
828. Aciura maculata Cole
Medford, V-28 (Noren); one specimen at Burns, V
(Thompson). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX,
pe 252:
829. Eutreta diana O. S.
Corvallis, VI-21, with a label ‘‘sage brush”; Grant Co.;
Narrows, VII-1. The type was bred from galls on wild
sage, Artemisia tridentata, in Missouri by C. V. Riley.
December 14, 1921
326 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rm Ser,
830. Eutreta longicornis Snow
Blitzen River, VII-6. On examining one of the specimens
Dr. Aldrich stated that it was not a true Eutreta.
831. Carphotricha culta (Wied.)
Albany, Corvallis, Vale and Forest Grove in June.
832. Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch)
Bred from galls on common golden-rod at Hood River
(Childs).
833. Xenocheta dichromata Snow
Described from Mt. Hood.
834. Neaspilota brunneostigmata Doane
Duffy’s Prairie, VII-26 (Lovett). The type was
described without locality.
835. Tephritis clathrata (Loew)
Blitzen River, VII-6; Ashland, VIII-2 (E. P. Van
Duzee).
836. Tephritis despecta (V. d. W.)
Narrows VII. This species is near clathrata Loew; it
was described under the genus Ensina. Aldrich det.
837. Tephritis finalis (Loew)
Corvallis, VII, the larve and pupe in seed pods and
ovaries of Eriophyllum lanatum. It is a common species in
the Northwest.
838. Tephritis murina Doane
Duffy’s Prairie, 5,700 feet, VII-26 (Lovett).
839. Tephritis variabilis Doane
Corvallis, V-20 to VI-10 (Lovett); Horse Lake, alt.
6,000 feet, VII-25.
840. Euaresta equalis (Loew)
Hood River, WVIII-12 (Cole); Pendleton, VII-17
(Thompson). Breeds in seed pods of Xanthium.
Ver. XI} COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 327
841. Euaresta araneosa Coq.
Colestin, VIII-31 (E. P. Van Duzee). C. W. Johnson
det.
842. Urellia aldrichii Doane
Corvallis, VII-22.
843. Urellia mevarna ( Walk.)
Duffy’s Prairie, VII-16 (Lovett).
844. Urellia pacifica Doane
Described from Oregon.
845. Urellia solaris Loew
Corvallis, VII-16.
Family ORTALID
Fig. 44. Chetopsis @nea (Wied.)
These flies are small or of medium size and often with
metallic colors. The head is of good size and the frons
is broad; the legs are usually stout and rather short. Some
328 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Sex.
species, but not especially those in North America, have
grotesquely formed heads. The wings are often strikingly
marked. ‘The adults are taken in meadows and tall grass.
A few species are of economic importance. Aldrich lists
about 150 species in his Catalogue.
846. Tritoxa cuneata Loew
Corvallis, VII-17 (Lovett).
847. Tritoxa pollinosa Cole
Warm Springs Valley, VII-7; one specimen at Burns, V
(Thompson), the second specimen known. 1919, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 252.
848. Melieria occidentalis Coq.
Blitzen River, VII-6. This species is not uncommon in
parts of California.
849. Anacampta latiuscula Loew
Forest Grove, I-28 and V-21 (Cole).
850. Anacampta longicauda Hendel
Burns, V. Aldrich det.
851. Anacampta stigma Hendel
Burns, V (Thompson). 1911, Wien. Ent. Ztg., XXX,
p. 23.
852. Tetanops aldrichi Hendel
Burns, V (Thompson). 1911, Wien, Ent. Ztg., XXX,
p. 20.
853. Tetanops apicalis Cole, new species
Fig. 45. Tetanops apicalis Cole, n. sp. Wing of holotype.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 329
Body shining black, the eyes only slightly higher than
long; wing with a small apical brown spot. Length 5.5 mm.
Female: Frons reddish brown, face yellow, occiput con-
vex and black. Cheeks brownish yellow, gena corrugated to
above antenne. Frons deeply punctate almost to front
ocellus. Eyes rounded, not much higher than long. Frons,
occiput, and first two joints of antenne with short, black,
bristly hairs. First two joints of antenne reddish, the third
dark brown; arista blackish. Ocellar tubercle black. Palpi
dark brown.
Thorax and pleura black, mesonotum opaque, the short
hairs black and bristle-like; margins of the mesonotum shin-
ing black. Scutellum red with two apical black bristles;
metanotum shining black; halteres reddish; several weak
bristles along posterior edge of mesopleura and about eight
weak propleural bristles; sternopleura below with a number
of rather strong black bristles.
Abdomen entirely black, semishining above, with short
black hairs which are sparse and hardly perceptible. Tibia,
apices of femora, first two joints of tarsi and base of third
brownish yellow; remaining tarsal joints and most of femora
blackish brown. Middle tibia with three distinct apical
spines which are lacking in the other tibiae. Wings faintly
infuscated, base and costal margin brownish, the veins mostly
yellow; apical third of costal vein, posterior cross-vein, and
apices of other veins dark brown. In the apex of the wing
there is a rounded brown spot (see fig. 45).
Holotype, female, No. 842, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; A. B.
Black, collector, May 13, 1917.
Type locality, Corvallis, Oregon.
This species is in the group with T. aldrichi and T. polita,
having rounded eyes, rugose and pitted frons, and black
body.
854. Tetanops luridipennis Loew
Burns, VI-5 (Thompson). The single specimen is darker
than the typical form and lacks the usual yellow color in the
wings. It may be an undescribed species.
December 14, 1921
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.
w
vo
i=)
855. Pseudotephritis vau (Say)
Forest Grove, VII-12 (Cole).
856. Chrysomyza demandata (Fabr.)
Corvallis; Forest Grove, VII-5 (Cole). Reported breed-
ing in horse-dung.
857. Chztopsis enea ( Wied.)
Hood River, VI-21 (Cole). Apparently rare in the
Northwest.
858. Seoptera vibrans ( Linn.)
Corvallis, VI-11.
Family SEPSIDA®
Fig. 46. Sepsis violacea Meigen.
Usually small, black, and slender flies, with the abdomen
narrowed basally. The wings are hyaline and often with a
spot near the apex. They run about actively and are quick
of flight. The adults are commonly seen about excrement
and decaying vegetation.
859. Themira latitarsata Mel.
Corvallis (Cordley) ; Forest Grove, IX-28 (Cole). 1917,
Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 143, p. 45.
860. Sepsis luteipes Mel.
Forest Grove, III-3 (Cole). 1917, Wash. Agr. Exp.
Sta., Bull. 143, p. 29.
861. Sepsis neocynipsea Mel.
Hood River, VIII-21 (Cole). 1917, Wash. Agr. Exp.
Sta., Bull. 143, p. 28.
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 331
862. Sepsis signifera curvitibia Mel.
Series taken at Corvallis, VIII-13 (Lovett). 1917,
Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 143, p. 28.
863. Sepsis vicaria Walk.
Portland (Melander).
864. Sepsis violacea Meig.
Common at Corvallis and Hood River.
865. Sepsis violacea hecate Mel.
Portland, V-22 (Melander). 1917, Wash. Agr. Exp.
Sta., Bull. 143, p. 22.
866. Sepsis violacea similis Macq.
Oregon City (Melander). Melander makes this form a
variety of violacea in his recent revision of the family.
Family PLOPHILID
This group is now separated from the Sepside. The
species are mostly black in color and quite small; they differ
from the Sepside in having the costa broken near the ter-
mination of the first vein, the third and fourth veins parallel
or slightly diverging, mesonotum finely pubescent, abdomen
never with bristles, etc. The larve of some have the
peculiar power of ‘“‘jumping.”’
867. Piophila casei (Linn.)
A species of general distribution, the larve of which are
known as “‘skippers’’ or “‘cheese-mites” ; they occur in cheese,
rotten fungi, fatty tissues, the fat of ham and bacon, and
in dead bodies. Cases of enteric and nasal myiasis are attri-
buted to this species.
868. Piophila pusilla (Meig.)
Forest Grove, IV-8 (Cole). First recorded from North
America in 1913 by Melander.
869. Mycetaulus bipunctatus ( Fall.)
Forest Grove, VIII-1 (Cole). This European species
has a very wide distribution.
332 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER
Family PSILID/£
Fig. 47. Psila rose (Fabr.)
Small slender flies with long antennz, usually shining and
with a small clypeus. There are no oral vibrisse. Some of
the larve are known to live in roots and various plant galls.
Melander records 38 species and subspecies in his recent
synopsis of the family (Psyche, XXVII, no. 5, 1920).
870. Loxocera collaris Loew
Reported from Oregon by C. W. Johnson.
871. Chyliza leguminicola Mel.
Forest Grove, IV-23 (Rockwood). 1920, Psyche,
XXVII, p. 99. Mr. Rockwood collected this species on
plants of Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., and found pupe
attached to the lower part of the plant in July.
872. Chyliza scrobiculata Mel.
Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-14 (Chamberlin). 1920,
Psyche, XXVII, p. 98.
873. Psila atrata Mel.
Hood River, VI-10 (Cole). 1920, Psyche, XXVII,
jo}, Oe
874. Psila microcera Mel.
Duffy’s Prairie, VII-26 (Lovett). 1920, Psyche, XXVII,
pr 95:
875. Psila rose (Fabr.)
Corvallis (Moznette). This is called the ‘‘carrot-rust
fly” and is sometimes of economic importance.
Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 333
Family MICROPEZIDA:
Fig. 48. Calobata univitta Walker.
Slender flies with large wings and long legs. The face
is retreating in profile and the eyes comparatively small.
The larval habits are unknown. The adults are predaceous
on small insects.
876. Calobata univittata Walk.
Hood River VI (Cole). Rather common on rank foliage
along a certain stretch of the Hood River.
Family EPHYDRIDZE
S
Fig. 49. Parydra bituberculata Loew. Head and wing.
These flies have a large head and most of them have a
very large mouth. The costa is microscopically broken
334 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4TH Ser.
twice and the anal cell wanting. There are no oral vibrisse.
Most of the species are quite small and are found at the
edges of streams or lakes, often in immense numbers.
The larvz of some species are found in alkaline lakes and
ponds, others in sap and in the stems of aquatic plants.
877. Notiphila decoris Will.
Hood River, VI-19 to X-26 and Forest Grove, VII-16
(Cole).
878. Psilopa comta Meig.
Baker City, VIII-2 (Creel) ; Hood River, VI-19 to IX-5
and Forest Grove, IV (Cole).
879. Ilythea spilota Curtis
Hood River, X-26 (Cole).
880. Discocerina aliena Cress.
Forest Grove, V-7 (Cole). Cresson det.
881. Hydrellia hypoleuca Loew
Narrows, VIII-1; Hood River, X-26 (Cole).
882. Hydrellia scapularis Loew
Forest Grove, VI-3 and Hood River, X-26 (Cole) ; Cor-
vallis, V-2 (Lovett). Cresson det.
883. Octhera mantis (DeG.)
Corvallis, V-2 (Lovett) ; Corvallis, IX-12 (Cole).
884. Pelina truncatula Loew
Hood River, VII-10 to [X-29 (Cole). Cresson det.
885. Pelomyia occidentalis Will.
Hood River, X-26 (Cole).
886. Parydra appendiculata Loew
Hood River, VI-5 to X-26 (Cole). Common.
887. Parydra bituberculata Loew
Forest Grove, V-25 (Cole).
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 335
888. Parydra limpidipennis Loew
Forest Grove, VI-6 and Hood River, X-26 (Cole).
889. Parydra pinguis (Walk.)
Hood River, VI-6 (Cole).
890. Parydra quadrituberculata Loew
Hood River, VI-3 to X-26 (Cole).
891. Ephydra hians Say
Albert Lake (Aldrich).
892. Scatella crassicosta Beck.
Forest Grove, IX-28 (Cole).
893. Scatella mesogramma Loew
Hood River, VI-19 (Cole).
894. Scatella pentastigma (Thoms.)
Hood River, VI-21 to X-26 (Cole).
895. Scatella picea Walk.
Hood River, X-26 (Cole).
896. Scatella stagnalis (Fall.)
Hood River, VI-6 to X-26 (Cole).
897. Lytogaster gravida (Loew)
Hood River, VI-19 to VII-10 (Cole). Cresson det.
898. Mosillus subsultans (Fabr.)
Hood River, IX-29 (Cole).
336 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc, 4TH Ser.
Family OSCINID =
Fig. 50. Chloropisca variceps Loew.
These are sometimes called ‘“‘frit-flies”. They are small,
bare, with a flat frons, short antenne and wings, short legs,
and ovate or elliptical abdomen. Many are colored or
banded. The anal and second basal cells of the wing are
absent. he postvertical bristles are converging. Swedish
farmers apply the term “‘frits’”’ to wheat ruined by the attacks
of the wheat-fly. A few of the species in the family are
blood suckers and probably carry putrefactive germs to open
wounds.
Except where indicated the following determinations are
by Dr. J. M. Aldrich.
899. Meromyza americana Fitch
Hood River, VI-2 and Parkdale, IX-5 (Cole). Cole det.
The Wheat-stem Maggot, seldom of economic importance,
but in local infestations it may destroy one per cent or more
of the wheat heads, as it did in the Yakima Valley, Wash-
ington, in 1919.
900. Diplotoxa unicolor Beck.
Corvallis; Narrows, VII-1.
901. Chlorops egregia Beck.
Corvallis, V-24; Forest Grove, VI-6 (Cole).
902. Chlorops obscuripennis (Loew)
Corvallis.
Vor. XIJ COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 337
903. Chlorops sahlbergi Loew
Forest Grove, V-2 (Cole). Cole det. Compared with a
specimen determined by Becker.
904. Chloropisca glabra (Meig.)
Forest Grove, [V-22 to V-17 and Hood River, VI-3 to
X-26 (Cole) ; Narrows, VII-1. Our commonest species.
905. Chloropisca variceps Loew
Corvallis, [V-9 and V-12; Hood River and Forest Grove,
VI (Cole).
906. Elachiptera decipiens (Loew)
Forest Grove, IV-2 (Cole).
907. Elachiptera nigriceps (Loew)
Corvallis, V-2 (Lovett).
908. Oscinis coxendix Fitch
Corvallis, V-2 (Lovett).
909. Oscinis frit Linn.
Narrows, VII-1. A species of economic importance in
Europe.
910. Oscinis sulphurihalterata Endl.
Corvallis, [V-2 (Chamberlin). Bred from cones of Abies
grandis. 1911, Sitz. Ber. Ges. Natf. Freunde, Berlin, p.
222.
911. Dicrzeus ruficeps Meig.
Hood River, VI-3 (Cole). Cole det.
912. Madiza conicola Greene
Long’s Ranch and Ashland, [X-2. Reared from cones of
Abies concolor. 1919, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXX, p. 69.
338 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Sen.
Family DROSOPHILIDE
Fig. 51. Drosophila busckii Cog.
Small, usually yellow, flies, with a short and broad abdo-
men. Costa of the wing microscopically broken twice. Arista
of antenne plumose, the fronto-orbital bristles proclinate.
They are often called “‘pomace-flies’, and are found about
cider mills and wine presses, also around decaying or fer-
menting fruit. The larve live in pomace and in the scum of
fermenting juice. A few have quite different habits, one
species has been reared from mealy bugs (Pseudococcus),
one from spider’s eggs and one is parasitic on the nymphs of
the spittle bug, Clastoptera obtusa.
913. Phortica humeralis (Loew)
Hood River, VI-16 (Cole).
914. Scaptomyza apicata (Thoms.)
Corvallis; Forest Grove, V-11 (Creel); Hood River,
IX-29 (Cole).
915. Drosophila buskii Coq.
Forest Grove, VIII-27, reared from clover heads (Rock-
wood) ; Corvallis, VI-15 and IX-14.
916. Drosophila funebris (Fabr.)
Corvallis, III-12 and IX-14; Hood River, X-11 (Cole).
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 339
917. Drosophila melanogaster Meig.
Hood River, X-11 (Cole). This species is better known
as D. ampelophila, the subject of so many experiments in the
study of heredity and evolution.
918. Drosophila obscura Fall.
Corvallis. Common European species. Melander det.
919. Drosophila repleta Wollas.
Corvallis, V-23. Melander det.
Family GEOMYZID 42
Fig. 52. Geomyza lurida (Loew)
Small or minute flies with rather large wings, the anal and
basal cells complete. The clypeus is larger than in the Agro-
myzide and the foremost fronto-orbitals are directed back-
ward; postvertical bristles convergent. The adults are col-
lected by sweeping low plants and shrubbery, some species
being quite common. The larve of some live in plant stems.
920. Geomyza lurida (Loew)
Hood River, VI-21 (Cole) ; Tillamook, III-26 (Burrill).
Described in the genus Balioptera.
921. Diastata eluta Loew
Reported from Oregon by Melander.
340 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc, 4TH Ser.
922. Anthomyza gracilis Fall.
Forest Grove, VI-23 (Cole); Corvallis, VIII-12
(Lovett). According to Dr. Melander this species is com:
mon in Washington.
923. Zagonia oregona (Aldr.)
Hood River, VII (Aldrich).
924. Tethina coronata (Loew)
Forest Grove, V-12 (Cole).
925. Tethina parvula (Loew)
Narrows, VII-1; Blitzen River, VII-6.
926. Trixoscelis frontalis (Fall.)
Forest Grove, V-5 (Cole).
Family AGROMYZID/E
Small flies with widely separated eyes, bare or pubescent
arista, and divergent postvertical bristles. The wings are
rather short and rounded. The larve of most species are
leaf miners; a few make galls.
927. Cerodonta femoralis (Meig.)
Gaston, VII-10 (Cole).
928. Phytomyza albiceps (Meig.)
Reported from Oregon by Melander. P. genualis Lw. is
a synonym.
929. Phytomyza chrysanthemi Kowarz
Portland, III-10 (Lovett). Bred from larve mining
chrysanthemum leaves.
930. Phytomyza crassiseta Zett.
Forest Grove, V-3 and VI-3 (Cole).
931. Phytomyza flaviscutellata Fall.
Reported from Oregon by Melander.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 34]
932. Phytomyza ilicicola Loew
Reported from Oregon by Coquillett.
933. Phytomyza obscurella Fall.
Forest Grove, IV-4 and Hood River, IX-5 (Cole).
934. Agromyza abbreviata Mall.
Hood River, VI-14 (Cole). Melander det. 1913, Ann.
Ent. Soc. Amer., VI, p. 285.
935. Agromyza eneiventris Fall.
Corvallis, VII-28 (Lovett).
936. Agromyza luctuosa Loew
Forest Grove, IV-6 (Cole).
937. Agromyza platyptera coronata Loew
Hood River, VI-6 (Cole).
938. Agromyza puella Meig.
Hood River, VII-20 and Forest Grove, VII-26 (Cole).
939. Agromyza reptans Fall.
Reported from Oregon by Melander.
940. Agromyza scutellata Meig.
Forest Grove, V-20 (Cole).
941. Agromyza scutellata orbona Meig.
Hanging Valley, alt. 5,400 feet, collected VIII-2 (Lovett),
emerged IX-1 from mines in lupine leaves.
942. Agromyza scutellata variegata Meig.
Forest Grove, V1I-26 (Cole).
943. Agromyza subvirens Mall.
Hood River, VI-6 (Cole). 1915, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
MEX. pp. 105:
342 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser.
944. Agromyza superciliosa Zett.
Reported from Oregon by Melander.
945. Agromyza teniola Coq.
Reported from Oregon by Melander.
Family MILICHIID®
This family has long been associated with the Agromy-
zide. ‘The costa is microscopically broken twice and there
is an anal cell. The clypeus is small. The antennal arista is
pubescent.
946. Milichiella lactipennis (Loew)
Hood River, VII-9 (Cole).
947. Paramadiza haletralis (Coq.)
Very commonly seen in houses on the windows, from
February to September.
Family OCHTHIPHILIDZ
Fig. 53. Leucopis griseola Fallén.
A family closely related to the Agromyzide and until
recently considered a subfamily of that group. There is no
break in the costa of the wing and oral vibrisse are absent.
The species are densely gray pollinose. The larve have
been bred from aphids and various soft scales.
Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 343
948. Ochthiphila juncorum Fall.
Hood River, VI-28 (Cole).
949. Leucopsis griseola Fall.
Hood River and Forest Grove, VI (Cole); Corvallis,
VII-6 (Lovett) and V-24 (Bridwell). This species is
aphidophagous and was observed in the larval stage feeding
on the vetch aphis at Forest Grove.
Family HIPPOBOSCID
Fig. 54. Olfersia americana (Leach).
This peculiar group is quite different from any other in
the Diptera, as we commonly think of that order. The
adults are leathery in texture and resemble ticks. Some
species are wingless and a few pass through the winged
stage and lose these appendages. Most of the species are
parasites on the bodies of birds. The horse-tick probably
does not occur in North America. The sheep-tick occurs all
344 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Sen.
over the world. The female brings forth young in the pupal
stage and has an uterine sac which secretes a milk to feed
them.
950. Ornithomyia anchineura Speis.
Upper Alsea Valley, Benton Co., on Steller’s jay.
951. Olfersia americana (Leach)
On great horned owl at Corvallis (Thompson)
952. Melophagus ovinus (Linn.)
The common sheep tick.
PROCEEDINGS
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourTH SERIES
VoL. XI, No. 16, pp. 345-393, 30 text figures DECEMBER 31, 1921
XVI
REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP OF THE FAMILY
SYRPHID (FLOWER-FLIES) FROM
NORTH OF MEXICO
BY
C. HOWARD CURRAN
Orillia, Ontario, Canada
The genus Pipiza, as generally accepted in North
America, has long been regarded as one of the most
difficult genera in the family. The reason for this is
found in inadequate descriptions and the absence of
outstanding specific characters which could be used for
identification. Abundant material has revealed several
characters which are of exceptional importance in this
group and the old reliance upon the color of the pile is
not adhered to in this work where other characters are
sufficiently prominent to allow of their employment.
The character of the pile often indicates species and is
of considerable importance, as variation is not as great
as is generally supposed. Many small differences usual-
ly accompany its variation in color, and these, together
with more important structural differences, lead to the
absolute determination of the specimens.
The present paper deals with forty-nine species of
North American Pipizini. Their retention in a single
December 31, 1921
346 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser
genus makes their study very difficult. It has usually
been the practice to break up a genus which has become
unwieldy, provided definite and stable characters are
available for the separation of the sexes into their respec-
tive genera. With the Genus Pipiza it is found that
there is a natural subdivision into four well-marked
groups. In Europe three genera are recognized, Pipiza,
Pipizella and Cnemodon. The genus Heringia, estab-
lished by Rondani for Pzpiza hering: Zett., is also
recognized in the present paper, and includes five North
American species.
As to the wisdom of accepting four distinct genera I
might point out that the material for study has in-
variably been scanty, that too much emphasis has been
placed upon certain prominent characters (for example,
hind trochanteral spur in Cnemodon) to the detriment
of the further study of other characters; that the fe-
males, except in some species of Pipiza, have never been
properly associated with the males, and that, on account
of the confusion caused by the difficulty of proper iden-
tification, the genus has never received careful study.
With such a condition prevailing in these genera it
is no wonder that the generic limitations prevailing in
Europe have not been accepted in America. The diffi-
culty of tracing the females to their proper relationships
has now been largely overcome, so it is a simple matter
to locate them in their proper genus.
I wish to express to Professor A. L. Lovett, of the
Oregon Agricultural College, the greatest thanks for
specimens loaned for study and for many suggestions.
Upon learning of the scope of the present work, Pro-
fessor Lovett unhesitatingly forwarded his whole col-
lection of Pipizini for study, requesting that all new
species be named and described, including such as he
already had in manuscript. Mr. W. M. Davidson, of
the Bureau of Entomology, supplied several specimens
of California Pipizini which he considered new and of-
fered a number of suggestions for which I am greatly
indebted. I also wish to express my gratitude to Dr.
Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 347
J. R. Malloch for the privilege of examining the para-
type of Cnemodon trochanterata, and to Dr. Aldrich for
several suggestions. To the late Doctor Williston I owe
much for the determination of specimens, and for sug-
gestions regarding several of the new species. To Mr.
E. P. Van Duzee I am indebted for a critical reading of
the manuscript.
The disposition of the type specimens of the new
species is given following each description.
KEY TO THE GENERA
1. Face considerably broader at the oral margin than at the antenne.
(If doubtful, compare Heringia) Pipiza
Face but little or not at all broader at the oral margin than at the
RTE OES oy Bete eck sear stn obey ole (Shs sca, sceeetone aires cay or auarTeip ne alata) oom dbeFatekecal s.etere 2
2. Arista microscopically bare; eyes often with a horizontal bare
stripe Pipizella'
Arista microscopically pilose to the end; eyes always evenly pilose.... 3
3. Venter of fourth segment in the male only half as long as its
dorsum; middle tibie in female slender; third antennal joint in
female elongate Heringia'
Venter of fourth segment three-fourths as long as its dorsum;
middle tibia in female rounded in front, in male produced an-
teriorly; hind trochanters in male usually with long process
Cnemodon
1In Pipizella and Heringia the middle tibie are narrow, often somewhat
constricted in front; the females of Pipizella have the bare stripe on the
eyes more marked, and, where present, this will at once distinguish them;
more difficulty may be experienced with Cnemodon until the student
becomes familiar with some species, but usually the shorter and more
roundish antenne will help to distinguish the females belonging to that
genus.
Genus Pipizella Rondani
Triglyphus Loew (Part), P. modestus and pubescens.
Pipiza Williston (Part), Synop. N. Am. Syrph., 1886.
Eyes in both sexes often with a median horizontal
bare stripe; third antennal joint more than twice as
long as wide, usually three or more times longer; arista
microscopically bare or pilose at the immediate base
only; species usually much shining, sometimes strongly
metallic; last section of fourth longitudinal vein bent or
angulated at its middle, usually forming a moderately
acute, or almost a right angle, with the third vein.
(The genus Triglyphus is distinguished from other
Pipizini by the abdomen being composed of only three
348 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
visible segments. P. pubescens was therefore wrongly
placed when attributed to the genus Triglyphus by
Loew.)
Key TO SPECIES OF PIPIZELLA
1. Face and frons entirely whitish pilose 2
Face or frons partly blackish pilose 4
2. Third joint of antenne four or five times as long as wide; wings
dark brown australis
Third joint about four times as long as wide; wings hyaline or
almost so
3. Scutellum with apical groove; auxiliary vein ending well beyond
apical cross-vein pulchella
Scutellum without apical groove; auxiliary vein ending hardly
beyond apical cross-vein occidentalis
4. Thorax conspicuously reddish pilose; abdomen with some reddish
or reddish-yellow pile; antenne entirely black (western species).
rufithoracica
Pile not so colored
5. Arista microscopically pilose on basal quarter; abdomen of male
brassy pubescens
Arista at most pilose at immediate base; abdomen of male not brassy 6
6. Arista pilose at immediate base (to end of first section) antenne
reddish below; moderately robust species; (6.5 to 7 mm.) modesta
Arista bare (in all species examined); smaller and more slender, if
very similar the antenne are black throughout in the male 7
7. Wings with a large brown spot in the middle *bellula
Wings without median brown cloud 8
8. Third joint of antenne partly reddish, about four times as long as
wide pulchella banksi
Third joint of antennz usually entirely black, about three times
as long as wide fraudulenta
1. Pipizella pubescens (Loew) (Figs. 7, 9, 10, 40)
Triglyphus pubescens Loew, Century, iv, No. 61, 1863.
Pipiza pubescens Williston, Synop. N. Am. Syrph.,
23, 1886.
Habitat: Wisconsin (Lw.) Ontario! Shining black
to brassy; front basitarsi slightly, the hind ones con-
siderably, incrassate.
Length about 5mm. Male: Face and frons metallic bluish black, moder-
ately long white pilose; sides of face and frons to well above the antenne nar-
rowly whitish pollinose; eyes blackish pilose, across the middle with a well-
marked horizontal bare stripe. Antenne elongate, black, second and third
joints testaceous below, third joint over twice as long as broad, the end evenly
rounded. Thorax and scutellum shining black, the former with a coppery
reflection; pile luteous, on the pleura white and longer. First segment of
abdomen black; remaining segments shining greenish black with a brassy
reflection, anterior and posterior margins of segments with ill-defined opaque
bands not reaching lateral margins; pile short, white, the posterior margins
of second to fourth segments and anterior margins of third and fourth, with
rather narrow black pilose bands. Hypopygium with a few white hairs. Legs
*No description available.
Vol. XI) CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 349
black, tips of the four anterior femora, basal quarter of front and third
of middle tibie and first two joints of their tarsi, together with tip
of hind basitarsi and the following joint, yellowish; pile of legs sparse, long,
whitish, hind tibiae below with shorter black pile. Wings hyaline, stigma yel-
lowish; last section of fourth longitudinal vein angulated at its middle, of
fifth rectangular.
Female: Face and front shining greenish black, white pilose except across
upper part of front and immediately above base of antenne where the pile is
black; sides of face and front to middle narrowly whitish pollinose; about middle
of frontal orbits a small triangular spot, well separated from the lateral stripes.
Antenne black, all the joints yellowish below; eyes short black pilose, with bare
stripe as in male; occipital cilia cinerescent. Thorax, scutellum and abdomen
shining greenish black, short white pilose; pile of pleure longer; abdomen with
black pile as in male; scutellum rather large and usually with a well-marked
apical groove; legs as in male, but tip of hind femora and narrow base of its
tibie yellow.
Five males and six females from various parts of
Ontario, May to July (Curran). This is the only species
I have examined which is distinctly brassy in some
reflections. Only one female showed the same character
very markedly. In good specimens the microscopic
pile of the arista is very evident, but it may be hard to
discern in specimens which have been wet.
2. Pipizella pulchella (Williston)
Pipiza (Pipizella) pulchella Williston, Synop. N. Am.
Syrph., 29; pli, figs. 1, tla, db.; 1886:
Habitat: Connecticut, Massachusetts, (Will.)
“Female: Length, 5.5 mm. Shining greenish black, clothed with not very
abundant nor long, nearly white, pile. Front and face wholly white pilose,
the former with a small, triangular spot near each orbit, the latter with a
narrow orbital margin, white pollinose; post orbital cilia white, the short pile
of the eyes dark; face gently convex near the middle; antenne elongate, but
shorter than the face, the third joint three or four times as long as wide, black,
yellowish on the lower basal part. Scutellum with a slender deep groove before
its margin. Abdomen very short pilose; on the posterior parts of the second
and third segments black, elsewhere nearly white. Legs black, white pilose;
tip of all the femora, base and immediate tip of the anterior tibiz, first two
joints of the anterior and middle two of the hind tarsi, yellow; hind basitarsi
considerably thickened. Wings grayish hyaline; last section of the fourth
vein angulated at its middle; posterior cross-vein rectangular; stigma luteous.”
(Williston.)
3. Pipizella pulchella banksi, new subspecies (Figs. 102, 103)
Habitat: Virginia! Front basitarsi not thickened;
bare stripe of eyes broad; third antennal joint about
four times as long as wide, basal antennal joints yellow;
wings hyaline.
Female: Length 5.5 mm. Face and lower fourth of frons shining metallic
blue, frons elsewhere more blackish, steely; pile white, in front of ocelli black;
350 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.
occipital cilia black face very gently convex in middle, its sides narrowly and
two minute spots above middle of frons at orbits, white pollinose. Antenne
luteous, third joint above and apically brownish, ‘about four times as long as
wide; arista bare, its basal half luteous; eyes short black pilose, broadly bare
across the middle. Thorax and scutellum shining black, slightly greenish;
pile short, sparse, white; scutellum without apical groove. Abdomen shining
black, the sides with a metallic bluish reflection; pile short, white; the broad
posterior margins, not reaching the sides, of the second and third segments
with black pile, fourth segment with cinereous pile on basal third. Legs black,
tips of front four and narrow base of hind femora, base of front, basal half and
extreme tip of middle tibie; first two joints of anterior four and middle two of
hind tarsi, and tip of hind basitarsi, yellow; hind basitarsi slightly incrassate,
Wings tinged with brownish, not clouded; last section of fourth vein sub-
angulated immediately before its middle; of ‘fifth, rectangular; halteres yellow.
From P. pulchella Williston, it differs in having basal
antennal joints yellow, black pile on the front, black
occipital cilia, and slightly brownish wings; other dif-
ferences in color are also noteworthy. The wings are
too light for P. australis.
The specimen is interesting as occurring practically
between the range of P. pulchella and P. australis. It
may be either a southern form of pulchella or a northern
form of australis, or it may prove to be a good species,
but without specimens of pulchella I refrain from giving
it specific rank.
Holotype, female, from Mr. W. M. Davidson, labelled
“Falls Church, Va. (N. Banks), Ceanothus (N. J. Tea),
June 14,” in U. S. National Museum.
4. Pipizella occidentalis (Townsend)
Pipiza occidentalis Townsend, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
6th ser., xix, 140, 1897.
Habitat: New Mexico (Towns.) One female, Rio
Ruidosa, four miles west of Dowling’s Mill, 6660 ft., on
flowers of Rhus glabra L., July 10. (Wooton.)
“Length, 5 mm. Differs from Williston’s description of P. pulchella only
in the following particulars: Abdomen less than twice as long as the thorax;
no slender deep groove before the margin of the scutellum; legs black, tips of
all the femora, bases of anterior tibix, basal two joints of the front and middle
tarsi and tips of the hind basitarsi with the next joint, yellowish or reddish
yellow; hind basitarsi not more swollen than the other joints; apical cross-
vein sub-sinuate, abruptly straight at its base but curved on its final portion
forming a right angle with the fourth vein; auxiliary vein terminating hardly
beyond the anterior cross-vein. Closely like pulchella in all other points.
This species is very distinct from the two described by Williston in the Biologia
Centr. Am., Dipt., iii, pp. 6-7." (Townsend.)
Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 351
5, Pipizella australis (Johnson)
Pipiza pulchella Johnson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
XLVII, p. 329, 1895 (Not of Williston.)
Pipiza australis Johnson, Psyche, XIV, p. 77, 1907.
Habitat: Florida (Johns.)
“Head thorax and abdomen black, or very dark blue-black, shining,
covered with a sparse, whitish pile. Antenne brown black, length of third
joint between four and five times its width, under side towards the base more or
less reddish. Legs bluish black; tips of all the femora, basal half of the front
and middle tibiew, the basitarsi and two following joints of the tarsi, yellow;
basal half of the posterior basitarsi and the last two joints of all the tarsi,
black. Wings brown, somewhat lighter towards the base; last section of fourth
longitudinal vein angulated in the middle. Length, 6 mm.’
“It is distinguished from P. pulchella by its longer third antennal joint,
dark brown wings and very dark blue black body.” ney ohnson.)
6. Pipizella rufithoracica, new species
Habitat: California! Antenne black; eyes with hori-
zontal bare stripe almost obsolete; pile on disc of thorax
reddish; on abdomen black and reddish or luteous; hind
tarsi black.
Male: Length, 6.5 mm. Pile of the head entirely black, moderately long
and stiff on face; face and frons shining black, the sides narrowly gray pollin-
ose; face slightly receding, gently rounded ‘above middle, straight below.
Antenne black, third joint two-and-one-half times longer than wide; arista
black, bare. Eyes with moderately short black pile. Thorax obscurely cu-
preous; pile fairly short, reddish, everywhere intermixed with stout, longer,
black hairs, which are rather sparsely placed; front of dorsum, sides, and the
pleurse with black pile, except below the wings where it is reddish; scutellum
with its apex compressed, its pile as on dorsum of thorax. Abdomen slender,
scarcely wider than thorax, shining greenish black, the usual areas sub-opaque;
pile short, black; basal angles and posterior sides of fourth segment with con-
spicuous reddish pile; shining portions of segments two and three also with
reddish pile which does not reach the margins; on these segments the pile only
shows red in some lights. Legs black, black and reddish pilose; tips of four
anterior femora, bases of their tibie, and tips of middle ones, yellowish;
narrow base of hind tibiz luteous; middle basitarsi luteous; front basitarsi with
red pubescence below; hind basitarsi not at all swollen. Wings tinged with
blackish, especially just before middle; stigma luteous; last section of fourth
vein bent at its middle, curving moderately outwards, then joining third vein
at almost a right angle.
Female: Length, 5 to 6 mm. Arista yellow basally; face, except upper
angles, and front broadly across middle, with yellow pile; a few yellow hairs
over ocellar triangle. Sometimes face everywhere bordered with black pile,
leaving only middle yellow pilose. Pile of thorax entirely reddish yellow, very
short; scutellum with pile similar to that of thorax, its margin as in male.
Abdomen broader than the thorax, its pile very similar to that of male, but
light pile more yellowish and much more extended, in some specimens covering
all but the moderately broad anterior and posterior margins and a median
line on second segment. Legs and wings as in the male but the discal cell
slightly shorter. Sides of face whitish pollinose, this stripe widely separated
from minute spots on frontal orbits.
352 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
Holotype, male, No. 843, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., July
12, 1918, (E. P. Van Duzee). Allotype, female, No. 844,
and two paratypes, females, same data, in Mus. Calif.
Acad. Sci. One paratype, same data, in collection of
the author.
Type locality, Cayton, Shasta Co., California.
A very distinct and beautiful little species. The black
tarsi are distinctive and I know of no other American
species with distinctly reddish pile on the thorax.
7. Pipizella fraudulenta (Loew) (Figs. 11, 39)
Pipiza fraudulenta Loew, Century, vi, No. 41, 1865;
Williston, Synop. N. Am. Syrph., 26, 1886.
Habitat: New York (Lw.); Ontario! Black, con-
siderably opaque, mostly whitish pilose; front basitarsi
slightly, hind ones considerably, incrassate; wings
cinereous or cinereous hyaline; last section of fifth lon-
gitudinal vein oblique in male.
Length, 5.5 to 7 mm. Male: Face and frons shining bluish black, black
pilose, middle of face and vertex whitish pilose; sides of face and frons narrowly
whitish pollinose; frontal triangle usually opaque above. Antenne black, third
joint slightly over twice as long as wide; eyes short black pilose, across middle
with a narrow, almost bare, horizontal stripe; occipital cilia black, except at
vertex. Thorax and scutellum shining bluish black, whitish pilose; scutellum
sometimes with a shallow apical groove, its apex with a few black hairs.
Abdomen opaque black, sides narrowly shining; sides of second segment in
middle usually with a pair of large, shining, broadly separated spots, projecting
from shining lateral margins; third segment always with large spots, apical
one-half to two-thirds of fourth segment shining. Black pile covers the opaque
areas except anterior half of second segment; tip of fourth segment and hypo-
pygium also black pilose; elsewhere the pile is white. Legs black; tips of all
the femora, base of anterior four tibize and basal joints of their tarsi, tip of hind
basitarsi and the two following joints, yellowish. Sometimes basal half of front
four tibiw and base of hind tibiw are yellowish. Front basitarsi slightly, the
hind considerably, incrassate. Wings cinereous, except often basal third;
stigma luteous; last section of fourth vein bent near its middle, of the fifth,
oblique, straight or gently curved.
Female: Face and front shining black, white pilose; immediately above
base of antenne and across front above, black pilose; face slightly receding,
rounded above the middle; antennz black, base of third joint yellowish or
entirely black; this joint slightly constricted on basal third and nearly three
times as long as wide; arista yellow at base; eyes very short black pilose, with
horizontal bare stripe; occipital cilia white but sometimes with a few black
hairs; pollinose spots on front small, triangular, separated from side stripes by
about half their width. Thorax and scutellum as in male; abdomen shining
bluish black, with whitish pile, usual areas with black pile and usual areas
opaque. Legsasin male. Wings cinereous hyaline; stigma luteous; last section
of fourth vein bent slightly beyond its middle, of fifth rectangular, usually
entirely straight.
Many of the males have ground color of face metallic
Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 353
bluish, and some have a very small tubercle above an-
tennal base. Some females have front of same bluish
color, and others a broad, shallow pit below middle of
front.
Twenty-five males and seven females, Guelph and
Vineland, Ontario, April to June.
8. Pipizella modesta (Loew) (Fig. 2, 12, 38)
Triglyphus modestus Loew (Female), Century, iv, No.
62, 1863.
Pipiza nigribarba Loew (Male), Century, vi, No. 40,
1865; Williston, Synop. N. Am. Syrph., p. 25, 1886.
Pipiza modesta (Loew) Williston, Synop. N. Am.
Syrph., p. 24, 1886.
Habitat: New York, (Lw.) Ontario! Very much like
P. fraudulenta but more robust, face entirely black
pilose, antennz more pointed at end, wings always
lighter colored.
Length, 6.5 to 7 mm. Male: Face and front shining black; head entirely
black pilose except a few hairs at vertex; horizontal bare stripe of eyes almost
obsolete; Antennz entirely black or sometimes reddish below at base, third
joint usually reddish below. Pile of thorax luteous, of pleurse whitish, mixed
with black above; of scutellum lutescent with a row of longer black hairs around
edge. Abdomen with usual opaque areas, pile of usual colors but the lighter
pile inclined to be yellowish; legs as in fraudulenta. Wings cinereous hyaline
with basal third clear; last section of third vein curved before its middle and
much more parallel to edge of wing than in fraudulenta; last section of fifth
vein nearly straight, subrectangular.
Female: Similar to female of fraudulenta but with the horizontal bare
stripe of eyes narrower, almost obsolete; antennz much more pointed below;
pile inclined to be slightly yellowish. The shape of the antennsx, together with
the pilose base of the arista and larger size, will at once distinguish the female,
I place P. nigribarba of Loew here, although not ab-
solutely certain of the synonymy. In any case the
above described sexes belong together, and, should this
female prove to differ from modesta, the species would
be nigribarba.
With regard to the validity of frauwdulenta, I disagree
with Williston. The two species are certainly distinct
but very confusing, especially as fraudulenta may have
the base of the third antennal joint somewhat reddish
but the darker wings seem to be more constant. I have
never seen modesta with cinereous wings.
Nine males and seven females, Vineland and Guelph,
Ontario, April to late June. (Curran).
354 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
Genus Heringia Rondani (Fig. 28 a-g, 42)
Face black, front slightly swollen; antennz short in
males, long in females; arista microscopically pilose to
tip; males with venter of fourth segment only about
half as long as its dorsum, and the hypopygium longer
than in related genera, inclined to the right; middle
tibize slender in both sexes; wings as in Pipiza. The
females may be distinguished from allied’genera by the
narrow face, evenly pilose eyes, slender middle femora
and larger size. Type of genus Heringia heringi Zett.
(Europe).
KEY TO SPECIES OF HERINGIA
I. Females.
1, Antenne entirely black comutata
Antenne partly yellowish 2
2. Thorax entirely finely white pilose (eastern) salax
Thorax with longer, yellowish white pile (western, 9 mm.) californica
II. Males
1. Pile mostly reddish yellow (western) californica
Pile mostly whitish or blackish 2
2. Abdomen mostly whitish pilose 3
Abdomen mostly brownish or blackish pilose 4
3. Front entirely black pilose canadensis
Front partly white pilose (larger, western) comutata
4. Third joint of antenne twice as long as wide, reddish yellow below;
hypopygial grippers yellow salax
Third joint of antenne 114 times as long as wide, bright yellow
below; hypopygial grippers piceous; wings dark brownish intensica
9. Heringia canadensis, new species (Fig. 17, 32)
Habitat: Ontario! Small, black, whitish pilose; front-
al triangle above and abdomen opaque.
Length, 5.5 mm. Male: Face and frons shining black, sides narrowly
whitish pollinose; frons black pilose, opaque above; face white pilose, in profile
gently rounded from antenne to mouth; above antennz a well marked carina,
shaped like an inverted V; vertical] triangle black pilose with whitish pile behind;
eyes short brownish or blackish pilose with white pile below; posterior orbits
white pollinose; below and at the vertex white pilose, elsewhere with black
pile; occipital cilia black. Thorax and scutellum slightly shining, finely white
pilose, with a few black hairs about humeri; scutellum with apical groove.
Abdomen opaque black; first segment, a triangular spot on sides of two fol-
lowing, apical corners of fourth and its hind margin and hypopygium shining
black; pile black, usual areas with whitish or cinereous pile; fourth segment
below only half as long as above; hypopygium two-thirds as long as fourth
segment. Legs black, blackish pilose; tips of femora, narrow base of hind and
broader base of anterior four tibie, and first joints of middle tarsi, yellowish,
other tarsal joints piceous. Wings infuscated; stigma yellowish; last section
of fifth vein straight.
nn
Vol. XI) CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 30.
Holotype, male, No. 845, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
June 8, 1913 (Curran).
Type locality, Guelph, Ontario.
10. Heringia intensica, new species (Fig. 18)
Habitat: Ontario! Third joint of antenne scarcely
longer than broad, sub-oval; wings densely clouded,
basal third and posteriorly lighter; pile mostly tawny.
Male: Length, 7 mm. Face in profile almost straight from antenne to
oral margin; pile black, tawny in middle; front moderately swollen, black
pilose, opaque above; vertical triangle black pilose in front, tawny behind;
occipital cilia black. Antenne black; third joint with large basal bright
yellow spot below, extended narrowly towards the tip; slightly longer than
wide, sub-oval. Eyes brownish pilose. Thorax and scutellum slightly shining
greenish black, sides purplish black; pile tawny, on pleurze with some black
hairs. Abdomen sub-opaque purplish black; first segment slightly shining
black; usual areas shining brassy; hypopygium black, with a few long black
hairs on basal half and white pile on apical half; abdominal pile long, tawny,
the usual areas with black pile. Legs brownish black, brownish pilose; knees
and first joint of middle tarsi yellow; basal two-thirds of front four tibia,
second joint of middle and basal joint of the anterior tarsi, brown. Wings
fuscous, more clouded across the middle; stigma luteous.
Holotype, male, No. 846, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
June 15, 1919 (Curran). Paratype, male, Jordan, Ont.,
August 27, 1920 (Curran), in collection of the author.
Type locality, Jordan, Ontario.
11. Heringia salax (Loew) (Fig. 16a)
Pipiza salax Loew, Century, VI, No. 39, 1865 (Berl.
Ent. Zeit., IX, p. 152, 1865.)
Habitat: Pennsylvania (Lw.); Ontario! Wisconsin.
Very similar to preceding, but antennz longer, pile light-
er in color and legs more largely yellow.
Male: Length, 8 to 8.5 mm. Face and frons shining greenish black, black
pilose; face in middle with whitish pile; frons moderately swollen, opaque
above; antenne brownish; first joint black; third joint reddish yellow below,
in shape oblong, twice as long as wide, obtusely pointed; arista black, its base
yellow; pile of eyes black, brownish below; posterior orbits with white pile,
above tawny; occipital cilia black. Thorax and scutellum shining greenish
black, dorsum less shining; pile cinerescent, in some lights yellowish; on
pleure, front border of thorax, and apex of scutellum, blackish. Abdomen
opaque black, usual areas shining metallic black, somewhat brassy; first
segment and hypopygium shining, not metallic; pile whitish or slightly grayish,
usual areas with black pile; hypopygium, except tip, black pilose. Legs black;
tips of all the femora, immediate base of hind, broad base and tips of front
four tibize, yellow; front four tarsi luteous, their apical joints piceous. Wings
cinereous, basal third more hyaline; stigma luteous.
Female: Length, 7 to 7.5 mm. Face and front shining bluish black, white
356 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser
pilose; front above and an area immediately above the base of the antennz
with black pile; front with the usual triangular pollinose spots. Antenne
black; third joint yellow below, elongate oval, slightly over twice as long as
wide. Eyes evenly short whitish pilose; post orbital pile and cilia white.
Thorax, scutellum and abdomen shining black; scutellum with or without a
shallow apical groove; hind margins of second and third segments black pilose.
Legs black; tips of all the femora, narrow base of hind and basal half of front
four tibie and their tips, and basal two joints of their tarsi, yellowish; some;
times the first three tarsal joints yellow with the apical black. Wings hyaline-
stigma yellowish; last section of the fifth vein slightly bent at its middle.
Two males, three females, Guelph and Vineland,
Ontario (Curran) and one pair, Wisconsin (Fluke).
I have no doubt that this is Loew’s Pipiza salax.
There are minor variations in my specimens in the color
of the pile, which here appears to be darker. His de-
scription, ‘hypopygium much longer than in other
species’ undoubtedly applies here. The whole de-
scription applies very well. I give the synonymy of
P. radicum Walsh & Riley and P. pistica Williston from
a careful examination of the two species and an examina-
tion of the females of H. comutata and H. californica
confirms my determination.
12. Heringia comutata, new species (Fig. 27)
Habitat: Oregon! California! Medium size; white
pilose; third antennal joint less than twice as long as
wide in the male.
Length 6.5 to 7 mm. Male: Face and frons shining metallic black with a
bluish reflection; face receding, very slightly rounded above; white pilose, a
few darker hairs on the cheeks; front black pilose, immediately above antenne
in middle and upper angle, with whitish pile; vertical triangle with whitish
pile, sometimes a few black hairs in front. Antenne black; third joint usually
obscurely reddish below, one and one half times longer than wide, widest at the
apical three-fourths then sharply rounded. Eyes brownish pilose, whitish
below; post orbital pile and cilia white. Thorax, scutellum and abdomen
shining black; thorax and scutellum white or slightly yellowish pilose, the pile
more yellowish anteriorly; scutellum coarsely punctulate. Abdomen with
the usual areas opaque; pile white, with the usual black pilose areas less ex-
tensive and less conspicuous than usual; left side of hypopygium white pilose,
right side black pilose. Legs black; tips of all the femora, base of hind tibie,
basal quarter of front and basal half of middle tibis, first two joints and tips
of middle tarsi, yellow; first joint of anterior tarsi piceous yellow. Wings
cinereous hyaline; stigma luteous.
Female: Very much like H. salax, but differs in having the antenne en-
tirely black and the third joint a little more pointed; pile slightly longer
throughout and inclined to be yellowish on the front and thorax; black pile
across the front less intense; scutellum with a well-marked apical groove;
legs less extensively yellow, usually luteous or piceous instead of yellow; ter-
mination of the discal cell less acute; last section of the fifth vein nearly straight.
Holotype, male, No. 847, and allotype, female, No.
Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP S5i/
848, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by F. R. Cole
and received from Prof. A. L. Lovett. Paratypes, four
males, same data, and one male, California, W. M.
Davidson, in collections of Prof. Lovett, Mr. Davidson
and the author.
Type locality, Hood River, Oregon.
13. Heringia californica (Davidson)
Pipiza californica Davidson, Ent. News, XXVIII,
p. 417, 1917.
Habitat: California! Length 9 mm. Male: Face and front metallic
bluish black; face receding, yellow pilose with a few darker hairs on the sides;
front slightly swollen, black pilose with yellowish pile above; antenne black,
yellowish below, nearly twice as long as wide, sides parallel, apex obtusely
rounded; vi ertical triangle with cinereous yellow pile; pile of eyes and posterior
orbits yellowish: occipital cilia black. Thorax and scutellum shining metallic
black, vellowis sh pilose, the latter with a shallow apical groove. Abdomen
shining black, yellowish pilose; usual areas not so extensively blackish-pilose
as usual: hypopygium with a few black hairs toward apex. Legs black; knees,
front four tibie more broadly, and the basal two joints of their tarsi, yellowish.
Wings cinereous hyaline; stigma luteous.
Female: Head and thorax shining purplish black; abdomen slightly brassy
black, metallic. Antenne black; third joint over twice as long as wide, more
pointed and reddish below; face and front clothed with long yellowish white
pile; immediately above each antenna with black pile, across the front above
intermixed with black hairs; side spots of the front about twice as broad as
long, separated by about two-thirds width of one spot. Eyes with rather long
whitish pile. Thorax and abdomen white pilose, on dorsum of thorax more
yellowish, on posterior margins of second and third abdominal segments
black. Legs and wings as in the male.
Male and female, Walnut Creek, California, received
from Mr. W. M. Davidson.
Genus Cnemodon (Egger)
Middle tibie of males strongly produced anteriorly
(Fig. 4), of the females rounded in front (Fig. 8); Males:
Middle coxze armed with a moderately iong slender
process (except in unicolor) ; hind trochanters armed
with long processes (except in the first four species, see
fig. 48), the hind coxe often with a spur at the outer
end. In four species the venter of the fourth segment is
armed with a basal spur and a second spur or tubercle
on the apical third; arista microscopically pilose to
near tip (Fig. 41). The females are much alike, with
few characters available for classification and these very
difficult to use.
358
mn
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.
Key TO SPECIES OF CNEMODON
I. Males
Middle coxe and hind trochanters without processes unicolor
Middle cox with slender process 2
Hind trochanters without the usual process 16
Hind trochanters with long or short process 3
Venter of fourth segment with spur or tubercle on basal and
apical thirds 13
Venter of fourth segment without spurs 4
Process on hind trochanters moderately short; third antennal
joint broader than long; a short rather stout white pilose
species cevelata
Process on hind trochanters long and slender; third antennal joint
not broader than long; neater appearing species 5
Hind cox without a spur, often with a tubercle on the outer end 8
Hind cox with short sharp spur on outer end 6
Coxal spur small, slender, directed towards the femora (often
difficult to discern because of the pile) lovetti
Coxal spur directed outwards, conspicuous 7
Face whitish pilose, at least in part, (eastern) coxalis
Face and vertical triangle entirely black pilose rita
Venter of third segment carinate at apex 10
Venter of third segment not at all carinate 9
Face entirely black pilose; abdomen inflated, slender elongata
Face white pilose in middle; abdomen not inflated; second segment
of middle tarsi almost simple calcarata
Wings pellucid hyaline; face entirely whitish pilose placida
Wings cinereous hyaline 11
Venter of fourth segment carinate at its immediate base 12
Venter of fourth segment simple, not even rugose ptsticoides
Middle tibia produced from about the basal quarter, (western) auripleura
Middle tibize produced gradually from the base, (eastern) carinata
Venter of fourth segment with tubercle on apical third 14
Venter of fourth segment with spur on apical third 15
Tubercle on apical third considerably pilose; venter of third seg-
ment simple along carinate area ontartoensis
Tubercle larger, somewhat spur-like; venter of third segment
rugose along carinate area trochanterata
Wings evenly infuscated, (smaller) venteris
Wings with brownish cloud beyond the middle myerma
Squame grayish fringed with cinereous pile squamule
Squame black or brown fringed with brown pile 17
Length about 8 mm: arista as long as the antenne longiseta
Length under 7 mm: arista scarcely longer than third antennal
joint; anterior legs considerably yellow intermedia
II. Females
Middle tibiz not rounded in front See Heringta
Middle tibie rounded in front 2
Hind cox with a sharply pointed tubercle at outer end; pile of the
venter depressed 12
Hind cox with rounded tubercle or none 3
Third antennal joint clearly as broad as long, wings cinereous
hyaline corvallis
Third joint at least slightly longer than broad 4
Wings purely hyaline, (western) 5
Wings cinereous or brownish hyaline 6
Last section of fourth vein distinctly sinuous sinuosa
Last section of fourth vein nearly straight Dene
Pile of venter appressed or sub-appressed
Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 359
Pile of venter mostly erect 9
7. Pile of venter sub-appressed auripleura
Pile of venter appressed 8
8. Median depression of frons transverse, broad, entire; wings ciner-
eous hyaline pisticoides
Median depression of frons appearing circular; wings somewhat
brownish, (western) albipleura
9. Middle tibiz with distinct groove below intermedia
Middle tibis not distinctly grooved below 10
10. Third joint of antenne extremely large, obtusely oval; face with
some black hairs on sides cevelata
Third joint more elongate, sub-rectangular 11
11. Last section of fifth vein nearly straight; third antennal joint
brownish above coxalis
Last section of fifth vein bent at its middle; third antennal joint
black above calcarata
12. Thorax shining brassy myerma
Thorax shining black 13
13. Wings tinged with luteous ontartoensis
Wings cinereous hyaline, (smaller) venterts
The above key to the females is confessedly unsatis-
factory, yet it is the best that I can devise at the present
time. The females are evidently different, yet present
so few characters which are available for a key that ex-
ceptional difficulty is encountered. I might add that
the antennz differ in all the species, as well as the coxal
spurs and amount of production of the middle tibi,
but it is apparent that these characters are of use only
for comparison. I still have several females in my col-
lection which are not named as I consider that the
naming of unlocated females, unless their characters
are outstanding, will merely lead to confusion as has
been the case in the past.
The true relationship of the females in many cases
can be determined only by rearing or capture of speci-
mens in copulation. I secured one pair of C. venteris
in this latter state. In studying the females the
student must rely largely upon his sense of fitness in
determining their relationship tothe males. The }fe-
males of the common species will be readily placed by
careful collecting and labelling. A careful comparison
with the figures in this work will also be of some help.
14. Cnemodon unicolor, new species (Figs. 13, 44)
Habitat: Ontario! Male: Length, 6 mm. Face and frons shining black,
black pilose; face almost straight from antenne to oral margin but slightly
rounded above, sides whitish pollinose; frons opaque above; antennz black;
third joint bright yellow below, as broad as long; arista black; vertical triangle,
post orbital cilia, and eyes black pilose, the latter whitish pilose below. Thorax
360 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
and scutellum shining black, dorsum of former less shining; pile black, on disc
and pleure more brownish; scutellum with a moderately well-marked apical
groove. Abdomen opaque black; first segment in middle, margins of second,
more broadly in middle, and posterior angles of third and fourth shining;
apex of fourth segment opaque; pile black, moderately long, on sides of second
segment in front brownish; hypopygium sub-opaque with short black pile.
Legs black; tips of all the femora, narrow base of hind and broad base of front
tibie and their tips, vellow; anterior tibie piceous in front; front tarsi yellow,
their sub-apical joints and hind tarsi piceous; middle tibie produced anteriorly;
pile of legs black. Wings evenly cinereous; last section of fourth vein bent at
its proximal quarter; apex of discal cell very acute; last section of fifth vein
almost straight; stigma luteous.
Holotype, male, No. 849, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
June 22, 1913 (Curran).
Type locality, Guelph, Ontario.
At once distinguished by the produced middle tibize
and the absence of coxal or trochanteral processes.
15. Cnemodon intermedia, new species (Figs. 14, 16, 35, 45, 46)
Habitat: Ontario! Middle cox with processes, hind
trochanters without processes; abdomen largely opaque,
pile black, on the shining areas brownish; pile of thorax
brownish with a black pilose band in front.
Male: Length, 6.5 mm. Face in profile almost straight from antenne to
oral margin, sides whitish pollinose; frons moderately swollen, opaque above;
face and frons with moderately long black pile; antenne black, second joint
apically and third below, basally, yellowish; third joint sub-rectangular;
vertical triangle and occipital cilia black pilose; eyes whitish pilose below, the
pile becoming longer and brownish above. Thorax and scutellum black, the
former slightly metallic; pile brownish, that of thorax in front and a few hairs
on apex of scutellum black; scutellum moderately large, with an apical groove.
Abdomen opaque; first segment, small lateral median spots on second, larger
spots on third, sides of fourth segment posteriorly, and the hind margin,
shining; pile black, on the sides of all segments in the middle and on the shining
areas, brownish. Legs black; tips of all femora, base of hind tibix, front four
tibise except a broad median black band, sometimes incomplete, and first
two joints of front four tarsi, yellow; middle tibize produced anteriorly but not
concave beneath; middle coxe with a long slender process beneath. Wings
cinereous, more hyaline on basal third and posteriorly; stigma luteous.
Female: Length, 5.5 mm. Face and front shining black; face and vertex
white pilose; front black pilose, with lighter, somewhat yellowish pile across
the middle; side spots of front separated by more than width of one spot;
front with a broad depression below middle. Antenne black; second joint and
third below broadly yellow, third joint larger than in male, its apex more
rounded. Pile of eyes rather sparse, short, dark. Thorax and scutellum
shining black, slightly cupreous, whitish pilose. Abdomen shining, darker
areas not distinct; pile black and white as usual. Legs colored as in the male;
wings very slightly darkened.
Holotype, male, No. 850, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
June, 12, 1913 (Curran). Allotype, female, No. 851,
Guelph, Ont., July 13, 1913, (Curran), Mus. Calif.
Acad. Sci. Paratypes, two males, two females, Guelph,
Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 361
Ont., June and July (Curran), in collection of the
author.
Type locality, Guelph, Ontario.
16. Cnemodon longiseta, new species
Habitat: Ontario! Very similar to C. intermedia but
larger, the arista longer, legs less extensively yellow and
the hypopygium different.
Length, 8to 8.5mm. Male: Head entirely black pilose except a few golden
hairs at vertex and some cinereous pile on extreme lower part of eyes. Third
joint of antenng nearly twice as long as wide, bright yellow on basal third
below; apex of second joint more or less yellowish or piceous; arista slender,
long, its basal quarter yellowish. Thorax slightly shining black with three
obscure opaque stripes on anterior half of dorsum, the middle one broadest
and more distinct. Pile long, black; on dorsum more or less mixed with golden
or reddish pile. Sometimes the pile may appear mostly reddish yellow on
the disc. Scutellum black, with stouter black pile and with an apical groove
and pre-apical impression. Squams brown, the edge darker, the fringe of
hairs brownish. Abdomen opaque black, the usual areas shining; abdominal
pile black with basal portion and margins more or less yellowish or tawny
pilose, but not very conspicuously so. Legs black with black pile; tips of
femora, basal third of front four and immediate base of hind tibixe, yellow;
front four tibiee and first two joints of their tarsi reddish yellow; middle tibie
more produced in front than in C. intermedia. Wings cinereous across the
middle, the venation slightly variable.
Holotype, male, No. 878, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
July 11, 1920, H. Curran, collector. Paratype, male,
Jordan, Ontario, June 20, 1920 (Curran), in Canadian
National Museum.
Type locality, Jordan, Ontario.
17. Cnemodon squamule, new species
Habitat: Ontario! Very similar to C. longiseta, but
the eyes and thorax wholly, and the abdomen largely,
whitish pilose; the squamz grayish, thus differing from
the other two species of the group.
Length, 7.5 mm. Male: Face and front black pilose; vertical triangle and
posterior orbits whitish pilose, the occipital cilia and a few hairs on the front
of the vertical triangle black. Antenne black, third joint below and apex of
second reddish yellow: this joint one and one-half times longer than wide, its
end obtusely rounded; arista slender, a little longer than third joint of antenne,
its basal third luteous. Thorax and scutellum shining, somewhat bronzed
black, the former with an obscure opaque median stripe on front half; pile
wholly whitish. Squame grayish, fringed with cinereous pile. Abdomen
opaque black, the usual areas shining; pile black, the base, margins and lateral
triangles in the middle of each segment whitish pilose. Legs black; tips of all
the femora, narrow base of hind and basal third of front four tibize and their
apices, and first two joints of front four tarsi, reddish yellow. Wings hyaline,
stigma luteous.
December 31, 1921
362 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
Holotype, male, No. 879, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., May
16, 1920, H. Curran collector.
Type locality, Jordan, Ontario.
18. Cnemodon cevelata, new species (Figs. 50, 51)
Habitat: Ontario! Small; hind trochanteral process
short, compressed and broadened; third antennal joint
broader than long.
Length, 5.5 mm. Male: Face and frons shining bluish black; face whitish
pilose, with a few black hairs on sides; frons with black vertical triangle with
cinereous pile; antenne black, third joint orbicular, yellowish basally below;
eyes with short black pile, almost bare below. Thorax and scutellum shining
black; pile sparse, long, wavy, whitish. Abdomen slightly shining black,
opaque markings not conspicuous; pile inconspicuous except on the sides where
it is long, whitish; the usual areas with blackish pile; hypopygium shining,
inconspicuously short black pilose. Legs black; tips of all the femora, front
tibis and their tarsi, base and apex of middle tibiw and their tarsi, and base
of the hind tarsi narrowly, piceous; middle tibis produced in front; hind basi-
tarsi slightly incrassate; trochanteral process short, compressed and broadened,
piceous; middle coxal processes black, the ends rounded. Wings cinerescent,
more maria anteriorly about the middle; last section of fifth vein almost
straight.
Female: Very similar to intermedia but third antennal joint shorter, only
one and one-half times as long as wide (in intermedia it is twice as long);
second joint black; face considerably black pilose about the oral margin;
lighter pile of the front brownish intermixed with black; thorax and abdomen
similar; legs black, tips of all the femora, broad base of all and tips of front
four tibie and first two joints of their tarsi, yellowish; wings very slightly
yellowish.
Holotype, male, No. 852, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
June 2, 1913 (Curran). Allotype, female, No. 853,
Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Jordan, Ont., June 22, 1919
(Curran).
Type locality, Guelph, Ontario.
The extremely large roundish third joint of the an-
tenn is a good character for distinguishing the female
while the short trochanteral process will at once dis-
tinguish the male from other species. The foregoing
species form a very interesting series, representing the
primary stages in the development of the long processes
on the hind trochanters.
19. Cnemodon elongata, new species (Fig. 47)
Habitat: Ontario! Differs from calcarata in the ab-
domen being inflated and conspicuously narrower and
not white pilose; the middle tibize with more abrupt and
Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 363
shorter production and third joint of the antenne
shorter and rounder.
Male: Length, 5.5 mm. Face and frons shining greenish black, black
pilose; face considerably receding, rounded above, sides whitish pollinose,
the pollen produced just below the antenne to form a small triangular spot;
frons swollen, opaque above; vertical triangle black pilose, with cinerescent
pile across middle; occipital cilia black; antenne black, third joint with quad-
rate yellow spot at base below; only slightly longer than wide, end obtusely
rounded; arista black; eyes black pilose, becoming brownish or whitish below.
Thorax and scutellum shining black, pile luteous, in front broadly black,
especially at the humeral angles where it extends back along sides a short dis-
tance, on the pleure brownish; scutellum with apical groove. Abdomen
narrow, thickened, opaque; sides of second segment, more broadly in middle,
sides of third, broadly i in middle, and sides and apical half of fourth, shining;
pile black, on sides in front and the usual areas cinerescent or brownish. Legs
black; knees, basal third of front four tibia and their tips and tarsi yellow, the
latter piceous apically; second and third joints of hind tarsi piceous or brown;
hind basitarsi slightly thickened; legs wholly black or brownish pilose. Wings
cinereous; stigma luteous; last section of fifth vein sub-angulate at its middle;
halteres brownish.
Holotype, male, No. 854, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
June 22, 1914 (Curran). Paratype, male, Jordan, Ont.,
June 15, in collection of the author.
Type locality, Orillia, Ontario.
20. Cnemodon calcarata (Loew) (Figs. 4, 5, 6, 8, 49)
Pipiza calcarata Loew Century, vi. No. 42, 1865;
Williston, Synop. N. Am. Syrph., p. 24, 1886. .
Habitat: New York (Lw); Ontario! Mostly whitish
pilose, coxal spurs absent, scutellum usually with a
shallow apical groove.
Length, 5.5 to 7 mm. Male: Face and frons shining black, black pilose,
middle of face usually with whitish pile; vertical triangle usually whitish pilose
behind; apex of the frons opaque; sides of the face and frons narrowly whitish
pollinose; antenne black, third joint subquadrate, not twice as long as wide,
yellowish at base below; eyes brownish pilose; occipital cilia black. Thorax
and scutellum shining bronze black, whitish pilose, the scutellum with or with-
out an apical groove. Abdomen opaque black; sides, an interrupted fascia on
third segment and apical half of fourth shining bronze black, the second
segment often with large shining lateral spots of similar color; pile whitish,
with the usual areas black pilose. Legs black; tips of all the femora, front
tibie and tarsi, except sometimes the apical joints, middle tibiz# except a
median piceous ring, with first three joints of their tarsi, base of hind tibie,
tip of basitarsi and the following joint, yellow; anterior tibia with an in-
complete brownish or piceous median band; apical joints of the tarsi black or
piceous; coxal spur absent, hind trochanteral spur long. Wings cinerescent
except the basal third which is hyaline; last section of fifth vein slightly curved
at its middle.
Female: Face entirely white pilose; front blackish pilose, with white
pile across middle and at vertex; antenne black; second and third joints yellow
below, third joint large, twice as long as broad. Scutellum usually with an
apical groove. Fifth abdominal segment usually wholly white pilose, the
black pile on anterior area of third and fourth segments extending only two-
364 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
thirds the width of the segments. Front and middle tibie with broad blackish
median bands; hind tibie with only the basal quarter yellow; first two joints
of front and three of middle tarsi, yellow, the remaining joints becoming brown-
ish. Last section of the fifth vein rectangular, curved outwards at apical third
or quarter.
Twenty-five males and 14 females, Guelph, Orillia
and Vineland, Ontario, (Curran).
I have no doubt about this being Loew’s Pipiza
calcarata, aS my specimens agree entirely with his
description. No mention is made of the process on the
middle cox, but, as the hind coxal spur is not men-
tioned, it cannot be any of the following species. The
female has been largely confused with pisticoides.
21. Cnemodon corvallis, new species (Figs. 25, 34)
Habitat: Oregon! Anterior four tarsi with only the
first joint yellow; pollinose spots on the front separated
by not quite the width of one spot; middle femora con-
siderably rounded in front; third joint of antennze
rather large, slightly longer than wide; wings hyaline.
Female: Length, 5.5 mm. Face and front shining black; face receding
to below middle, thence perpendicular to oral margin; sides narrowly whitish
pollinose; frons white pilose at vertex and very narrowly across the middle,
elsewhere blackish; pollinose spots large, their ends rounded, not separated by
more than width of one spot and not connected with the side stripes; antenne
black; third joint reddish yellow below, rather large, slightly longer than wide,
evenly rounded above, more pointed below; arista black, yellowish at base.
Thorax and scutellum shining metallic black, short white pilose, the latter
with a shallow apical groove. Abdomen shining black, short white pilose,
with the usual areas black pilose. Legs black, knees and first joint of middle
tarsi yellow; first joint of front tarsi piceous yellow. Wings hyaline, stigma
luteous; last section of fourth vein bent at its proximal third, of the fifth
curved beyond its middle.
Holotype, female, No. 855, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
A. L. Lovett, collector.
Type locality, Hood River, Oregon.
* While I have several female specimens belonging to
this genus which I cannot place but which evidently are
not those of described species, I consider the characters
of this form so distinct that I describe it here as a new
species. I have no doubt that the male, when found,
will be readily associated with the female.
22. Cnemodon placida, new species (Figs. 20, 22)
Habitat: Oregon! Wings pellucid hyaline; stigma
luteous; projection of the middle tibiw very broad, its
Vol. XT) CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 365
lower corner rectangular, the tibiz then gradually nar-
rowing to apex. In the female the pile of the venter is
appressed, that of the eyes very short, white.
Length, 7 mm. Male: Face and front shining black; face slightly rounded
below antenne, thence gradually receding to just above oral margin; entirely
white pilose; frontal triangle wholly shining, black pilose; antenne black;
third joint yellow below basally, in shape orbicular; vertical triangle black
pilose in front; occipital cilia black except at vertex; pile of eyes short, black,
becoming shorter and white below. Thorax shining greenish black, thickly
short white pilose, with luteous pile about base of wings; scutellum luteous
pilose with a broad apical groove. Abdomen shining bronze black, the usual
areas opaque; pile short, black; sides of abdomen, more broadly on first two
segments, and a small rounded area on each side of third segment, separated
from the lateral margin, white pilose; the usual lighter area on the fourth seg-
ment brownish pilose; hypopygium with black pile. Legs black; knees, broad
base of front four tibie and their tips, first three joints of front and two of
middle tarsi, yellow; middle basitarsi much hollowed beneath. Wings pellucid
hyaline; stigma luteous.
Female: Face less receding than in the male, entirely white pilose; whitish
pollinose stripes on the sides broadened just below the antenne; front black
pilose, across the middle with cinereous pile, with white at the vertex; frontal
pollinose spots connected with the side stripes, very large, separated by less
than the width of one spot. Antenne black; second joint luteous; third yellow
below at base, in shape elongate-rounded; arista yellow on basal third; eyes
very short white pilose. Thorax and scutellum with pile shorter than in the
male but entirely white. Abdomen silvery white pilose, the usual areas black
pilose. [Legs colored as in the male. Last section of fifth vein nearly straight
and oblique in both sexes.
Holotype, male, No. 856, and allotype, female, No.
857, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., May 25, 1918, F. R. Cole,
collector.
Type locality, Forest Grove, Oregon.
23. Cnemodon lovetti, new species (Figs. 26, 53)
Habitat: Oregon! Very closely allied to coxalis and
rita but differing in the hind coxal spur which is directed
backwards or towards the femora; the pile is darker,
the discal cell is widened considerably towards the mar-
gin of the wing, and the last section of the fifth vein is
long and straight.
Male: Length, 6.5 mm. Face and frons shining bluish black, black pilose;
face somewhat brownish pilose in the middle, slightly rounded above, thence
nearly straight to oral margin, sides with a short white pollinose stripe; frons
considerably swollen, with a small roundish tubercle above the antenn2;
vertical triangle and eyes black pilose the pile becoming brownish on lower
part of eyes; post orbital cilia and pile black. Antenne black; second and
third joints yellowish below; third slightly longer than broad, sub-circular,
flattened above toward base; arista black, slender. Thorax and scutellum
shining bluish black, slightly metallic, the scutellum without an apical groove;
pile whitish, the front of dorsum and the scutellum with brownish or black
pile. Abdomen shining black, black pilose; sides of each segment in middle
whitish pilose. Legs black, tips of femora, narrow base of hind tibix, front
366 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
tarsi excert the apical joints, yellowish; middle joints of hind tarsi piceous;
hind coxal spur small, slender, inconspicuous, pointing backwards, not down-
watd as in other species. \Wings cinereous hyaline; stigma luteous; last section
of fourth vein angulated at its proximal quarter; of the fifth straight.
Holotype, male, No. 858, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
July 25, 1909, 6000 feet elevation, J. C. Bridwell, col-
lector.
Type locality, Horse Lake, Oregon.
In this species the spur is very slender and difficult to
detect owing to the long pile.
24. Cnemodon rita, new species (Fig. 21)
Habitat: Oregon! California! Coxal spur stout,
pointing downwards; antenne entirely black or third
joint yellow below basally; pleurze black pilose.
Male: Length, 5.5 to 6.5 mm. Face and frons shining bluish black, black
pilose; face receding, almost straight; frons considerably swollen, with a small
elongate depression above the antenne, not at all opaque. Antenne black,
the apical two joints appearing brownish; third joint as broad as long, sub-
rectangular, the end almost evenly rounded, sometimes yellow basally, below;
arista black; pile of eyes brownish, lighter below; post orbital pile white on lower
half, black above; occipital Cilia black. Thoraxand scutellum shining bluish
blackwith light pile, the humeri, pleure and scutellum with black pile; scutellum
without apical groove. Abdomen shining purplish black with the usual areas
opaque; pile black, with the usual areas whitish or cinereous pilose; hypo-
pygium black pilose. Legs black; knees, tips of front four tibie# and first three
joints of their tarsi, yellowish; hind trochanteral processes moderately short,
stout, somewhat pointed; middle coxal processes rather stout, long, pointed;
middle tibial production gradually widening from base, terminating abruptly.
Wings cinereous hyaline; stigma luteous; last section of fifth vein straight.
Holotype, male, No. 859, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
July 14, A. L. Lovett, collector. Paratypes, three males,
Huntington Lake, Fresno Co., Calif., July 17, 1919, E.
P. Van Duzee collector, and one male, same place, July
20, in Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and in collection of the
author.
Type locality, Rock Creek, Oregon.
25. Cnemodon coxalis, new species (Figs. 15, 52)
Habitat: Ontario! Wisconsin! Male: Length, 6.5 to 7.5 mm. Face and
frons shining bluish black, black pilose, middle of the face whitish pilose;
vertical triangle whitish pilose behind; occipital cilia black; sides of face nar-
rowly white pollinose. Antenne black; third joint yellow below, longer than
broad, end almost evenly rounded. Eyes blackish pilose. Thorax and scutel-
lum shining brassy black, with long white pile, appearing yellow in some
lights. Abdomen shining black, the usual areas opaque; shining areas inclined
to be cupreous; pile short, black, the usual areas with white pile. Legs black;
tips of all the femora, front tibise except a broad pre-apical piceous band, base
Vol. XT] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 367
four tibiae except a median broad, incomplete band, and front and middle
of middle and narrow base of hind tibix, first three joints of front and two of
middle tarsi, yellowish; pile whitish; middle tibize produced in front; hind
coxal spur sharp, its base large, tip directed outward; trochanteral process
moderately long. Wings cinereous hyaline; stigma luteous; last section of
fifth vein straight.
Female: White pilose; front black pilose, across the middle with cinereous
or white pile; vertex with white pile; pile of the posterior orbits, including oc-
cipital cilia, white; face receding to below the middle, thence perpendicular.
Antenne black, second joint apically and the third below, yellow; third joint
nearly twice as long as wide, the end rounded more gradually above. Side
stripes of the face markedly enlarged below the antenn; of the frons elongate
triangular, their upper ends rectangular; eyes with short cinereous pile above,
white below. Thorax shining greenish black; scutellum black, densely punc-
tured, appearing granulated. Abdomen purplish black, white pilose with the
posterior margins of the second to fifth segments black pilose. Legs as in
the male. Wings hyaline; last section of fifth vein bent outwards beyond
the middle.
Holotype, male, No. 860, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
June 8, 1919, H. Curran collector. Allotype, female,
No. 861, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Orillia, Ont., Sept. 1,
1914, H. Curran collector. Paratypes, six males and
four females, Orillia and Jordan, Ont., May to Sep-
tember, and one pair, Madison, Wisconsin (Fluke col-
lector), in collection of the author.
Type locality, Jordan, Ontario.
26. Cnemodon nudifrons, new species
Habitat: Oregon! Female: Length, 5 mm. Wholly shining black. Face
and frons whitish pilose; frons without white pollinose spots; sides of face
narrowly whitish pollinose; epistoma prominent; eyes extremely short brown
pilose. Antennz luteous; first joint black, third orbicular; occipital cilia
cinerescent. Thorax light pilose, the pile longer on the pleure. Abdomen
two-thirds as broad as long; pile short, whitish, the posterior margins of the
segments inconspicuously black pilose; ovipositor brownish, its tip bifurcate.
Legs black; knees, tips of all the tibize and all the tarsi, yellowish, the apical
joints of the tarsi reddish. Wings hyaline; stigma luteous; last sections of
fourth and fifth veins almost straight. Halteres whitish yellow.
Holotype, female, No. 877, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. ,
collected by Prof.A.L. Lovett, received from Mr. P.W.
Fattig, Gainsville, Florida, and presented by him to the
California Academy of Sciences.
Type locality ,Mount Jefferson, Oregon.
Easily recognized by the absence of the white polli-
nose spots on the frons possessed by all other known
American species. It may prove to be an European
species.
368 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser
27. Cnemodon sinuosa, new species (Figs. 19, 31, 33)
Habitat: Oregon! Easily recognized by the sinuous.
last section of the fifth vein.
Female: Length, 5.5 mm. Face slightly rounded above, a little concave
below the middle; oral margin very slightly produced; entirely white pilose;
dust area at sides slightly produced below antenne; front black pilose, across
the middle and above with white pile; triangular spots small, separated from
the side stripes; eyes extremely short black pilose, becoming white below. An-
tenne black; tip of the first and the second and third joints below, yellow;
third joint very large, broadest just before the tip which is rounded, more
pointed below; arista yellow, tip darker. Thorax and scutellum slightly
shining greenish black, white pilose; scutellum with a well-marked apical
groove. Abdomen slightly shining purplish black, white pilose, the usual areas
with black pile; fifth segment black pilose at apex. Legs black; knees, broad
bases and tips of front four tibi# and first two joints of their tarsi, tip of the
hind basitarsi and the following joint, yellow. Wings cinereous hyaline;
stigma dilutely luteous.
Holotype, female, No. 862, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
May 25, 1918, F. R. Cole, collector.
Type locality, Forest Grove, Oregon.
28. Cnemodon pisticoides (Williston) (Figs. 54, 58)
Pipiza pisticoides Williston, Synop. N. Am. Syrph.,
p. 29, 1886.
Habitat: White Mountains (Will.); Ontario! Mostly
white pilose; middle coxal process pointed; hind tro-
chanteral process long; third segment below carinate
at apex; fourth segment below not carinate or rugose at
base.
Male: Length, 6 mm. Face and frons shining black, slightly greenish;
face slightly receding to below the middle, thence perpendicular to the oral
margin; sides whitish pollinose; pile whitish, some black hairs about the mouth;
frons swollen, black pilose; vertical triangle black pilose in front, occipital
cilia black, at immediate vertex white; eyes short whitish pilose. Antenne
black, third joint yellow at base below, sub-quadrate. Thorax and scutellum
shining greenish black, white pilose, middle of pleurs with reddish yellow pile;
scutellum with apical groove. Abdomen shining, slightly purplish black, the
usual areas opaque; pile white, on the usual areas shorter, black, lateral mar-
gins entirely white pilose. Venter of third segment carinate at apex, fourth
segment simple. Legs black; tips of all femora, base of hind four tibis,
first three joints of front and two of middle tarsi, yellow; front tibiee piceous,
ends yellow. Wings hyaline; stigma luteous; last section of fifth vein straight,
parallel to margin of wing.
Female: Length, 5.5 mm. Pile of venter appressed. Face receding, rather
long; sides narrowly whitish pollinose, produced below the antennx; spots of
front large, nearly round; face, vertex and a narrow stripe across below the
middle of the front, white pilose; elsewhere the front is black pilose. Antenne
black, second and third joints vellowish below; third joint short oval; arista
black, its base luteous. Thorax and scutellum shining greenish black, white
pilose; scutellum with apical groove. Abdomen shining black, pile short, white;
apex of all the segments, narrow anterior margins and a narrow median con-
Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 369
necting stripe on second and third segments, with black pile. Venter entirely
white pilose, the pile of the third and fourth segments appressed. Legs colored
as in the male; middle tibis: more rounded in front than usual. W ings hyaline;
stigma luteous; last section of fifth vein bent at its middle.
Male and female, Orillia, Ontario (Curran.) I do
not give various reported localities as I consider the
determinations doubtful.
29. Cnemodon auripleura, new species (Figs. 23, 24)
Habitat: Oregon! California! British Columbia. Close-
ly related to carinata, but the face more largely black
pilose; pile of the pleuree more reddish; wings cinereous
or luteous hyaline; projection of middle tibize strongest
at the middle.
Male: Length, 6 to 6.5 mm. Face and frons shining bluish black, black
pilose; face in middle white pilose; sides narrowly white pollinose, in profile
slightly receding; frons slightly swollen, with small, roundish tubercle above
the antenne; vertical triangle white pilose, with a few black hairs in front;
post orbital pile whitish; occipital cilia black; eyes brownish pilose, lighter
below. Thorax yellowish white pilose; humeri with brown, pleuree with red-
dish, pile; scutellum with shallow apical groove, the pile yellowish white.
Abdomen shining metallic black, the usual areas opaque; pile black, with the
usual areas whitish; venter of third segment at apex and of fourth segment at
base, sharply carinate. (In this species there is some variation in the base
of the fourth segment, in some specimens the carina is not very distinct, but
the base is strongly rugose.) Legs black; knees, anterior tibia except an in-
complete median piceous band, tips of middle tibix and first three or four joints
of anterior four tarsi, yellowish; middle tibixe piceous, its projection when
viewed from above abrupt at both ends; processes on middle cox and hind
trochanters black. Wings cinereous- or luteous-hyaline; stigma luteous; last
section of fifth vein nearly straight.
Female: Length, 5.5 mm. Face white pilose; frons brownish pilose, across the
middle and at the vertex with white pile. (In the two specimens it is impossible
to determine the extent of the pollinose spots.) Antenne black; second and
third joints yellowish below, third one and one-half times longer than wide,
end evenly rounded; arista yellow at base. Thorax and scutellum white pilose;
scutellum distinctly rugose, with an apical groove; pile towards the end grayish.
Abdomen rather broad; white pilose, with the usual areas shorter black pilose;
pile of venter sub-appressed. Legs black; tips of all femora, narrow base of
hind tibix, and four anterior tarsi, yellow, the tarsi becoming darker toward
the apical joints which are blackish; front four tibize yellow, piceous on outer
side. Wings luteous hyaline, basal third more clear: stigma yellowish; last
section of fifth vein bent before its middle.
Twenty-five males and two females, Hood River,
Oregon (F. R. Cole), received from Professor Lovett.
One male, California, Mr. W. M. Davidson, and one
female, Cranbrook, B. C. (Garrett).
Holotype, male, No. 863, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., June
16, 1917, F. R. Cole, collector. One male paratype in
Canadian National Collection.
Type locality, Hood River, Oregon.
370 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
30. Cnemodon albipleura, new species (Figs. 100, 101)
Habitat: California! Differs from auripleura in hav-
ing broader middle tibiz, front less swollen above the
antenne, frontal depression circular and deeper and pile
of the venter appressed, not sub-appressed.
From pisticoides it differs as from auripleura but the
pile of the venter is appressed in both species.
Female: Length, 5.5 mm. Face and frons shining metallic greenish black,
whitish pilose; frons black pilose except across the middle and at the vertex;
the depression on the frons well marked, much deeper in the middle than in
most species and more shallow at the sides where it is almost obsolete, although
a distinct transverse line can be observed when viewed from above. Face
considerably receding, epistoma slightly produced. Antenne black, tip of
second joint luteous, third below broadly yellow at base, in shape slightly
longer than wide; arista luteous at base; eyes inconspicuously pilose; occipital
cilia white. Thorax and scutellum shining black, white pilose; scutellum with
well marked apical groove. Abdomen shining black, very short white pilose;
broad apical area on second and third segments not reaching the sides, with
black pile. Legs black; tips of femora, base of front and hind tibiw, broad base
of middle tibiw, with tips of the front four, and first two joints of their tarsi,
reddish yellow. Wings slightly brownish; stigma luteous; last section of fourth
vein bent near its basal quarter; of the fifth oblique, slightly sinuous. Halteres
yellow. Middle tibia strongly rounded in front, more so than usual, the frons
less rounded than in allied forms.
One female specimen from Mr. W. M. Davidson,
dated, ‘16 viii, 1911.’’ Of this specimen he writes:
“The specimen without locality record was collected in
California, I think at San Jose, but am not positive.”
Type placed in the United States National Museum.
31. Cnemodon carinata, new species (Fig. 59)
Habitat: Ontario! Black, shining and opaque; apical
third of third abdominal segment and immediate base
of fourth, below, carinate; face white pilose.
Male: Length, 6 mm. Face and frons shining black; tace rounded above,
receding, sides narrowly whitish pollinose, white pilose; a few black hairs at
sides of the mouth; front moderately swollen, black pilose; a very conspicuous
pit above the base of the antennw. Antenne black, third joint obscurely
yellowish at base below, in shape oval; arista black. Vertical triangle whitish
pilose, a few black hairs in front; eyes black pilose, below whitish; posterior
orbital pile cinerescent; occipital cilia black. Thorax and scutellum shining
greenish black; white pilose. Abdomen shining slightly purplish black; pile
white, the usual areas black pilose, the usual opaque areas indefinite; the light
pile cinerescent in some lights. Legs black; tips of all the femora, base of all
the tibia, whole of the anterior ones in front, tips of anterior four and first
three joints of their tarsi, yellow; pile white except at ends of the femora where
it is blackish. Wings hyaline; stigma luteous; last section of fourth vein almost
paralle! to margin of wing; of the fifth straight.
Holotype, male, No. 864, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., June
22, 1919, H. Curran, collector. Paratypes, three males;
Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 371
Jordan, Ont., June (W. A. Ross); Guelph, Ont., June,
1913, and Jordan, Ont., June 13, 1920 (Curran). One
paratype in Canadian National Collection.
Type locality, Jordan, Ontario.
32. Cnemodon venteris, new species (Figs. 60, 63, 64, 65)
Habitat: Ontario! Small, whitish pilose; middle coxal
process slender, black; hind trochanteral process short,
stout, the end whitish; fourth ventral segment with two
spurs.
Male: Length, 6.5 mm. Face very’slightly rounded above, almost straight
from the antenne to the oral margin; sides narrowly whitish pollinose, a few
black hairs about the oral margin, elsewhere the pile is white; frons black pilose,
not noticeably opaque above. Pile of vertical triangle tawny, black in front;
occipital cilia black. Antennz brownish black; second joint and tip of the
third below, yellowish; third joint one and one half times longer than wide,
sub-pointed below. Eyes black pilose, the pile shorter and whitish below.
Thorax and scutellum metallic black, the scutellum less so; pile tawny, in
some reflections whitish, on the pleure distinctly white. Abdomen shining
black, the usual areas opaque; pile whitish or slightly yellowish, shorter on the
usual black areas; fourth ventral segment with a basal pointed spur, partly
concealed beneath the venter of the third, and a second stouter, less pointed
spur on apical quarter. Legs black; tips of all the femora, base of all the tibia,
tips of the front four and their tarsi, yellowish, the apical tarsal joints darker;
white pilose, ends of hind femora black pilose. Wings cinereous hyaline;
stigma luteous.
Female: Length, 5.5 mm. Antenne yellow, all the joints black above;
third two and one-half times as long as wide; face straight, white pilose; front
black pilose above the antennez and in front of the ocelli. Eyes short white
pilose; occipital cilia white. Thorax shining greenish black, white pilose;
scutellum with an apical groove. Abdomen shining black, the last two seg-
ments metallic deep bluish; pile short, whitish, but appearing darker on the
apical segments, the usual areas inconspicuously black pilose. Legs as in the
male but the last three joints of anterior four tarsi piceous. Wings hyaline;
last section of fifth vein curved beyond the middle.
Holotype, male, No. 865, and allotype, female, No.
866, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., June 15, 1919, H. Curran
collector.
Type locality, Jordan, Ontario.
33. Cnemodon myerma, new species (Figs. 62, 66, 69)
Habitat: Ontario! Differs from ontarioensis in having
the spur on the apical third of the segment well devel-
oped; projection of middle tibiz slightly greater and
the wings more densely clouded.
Male: Length, 8 mm. Face and frons shining greenish black; face rounded
above, moderately receding; pile tawny, on the sides and cheeks black; frons
swollen, black pilose except a few whitish hairs above. Occipital cilia black
except at vertex; vertical triangle tawny pilose with a few black hairs in front.
Antenne black; third joint yellow below, large, subrectangular, more pointed
372 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
below; arista brown, the base lighter. Pile of eyes tawny brown. Thorax and
scutellum slightly shining black; pile tawny; scutellum with a shallow apical
groove. Abdomen opaque, the usual areas shining purplish black; pile tawny,
the usual areas with shorter black pile; venter of third segment with apical half
carinate; fourth segment with a small basal spur and a larger, slightly pointed
one on apical third; hypopygium mostly black pilose. Legs black; tips of all
the femora, basal third of the hind and basal half of the front four tibim, and
their tips and tarsi, yellow; apical joints of tarsi and hind basitarsi, piceous;
hind coxal spurs short and pointed; hind trochanteral processes short, tipped
with whitish. Wings densely clouded with pale brownish, except at the base
and posteriorly where the cloud is fainter.
Female: Length, 7.5 mm. Head and thorax shining greenish black; white
pilose except immediately above the antennz and across the front above, where
the pile is black; spots of the front large, sub-triangular, not touching the eye
on their upper half; face rounded above, slightly less receding than in the
male; eyes short white pilose. Antenne yellow, third joint blackish on upper
third, slightly larger than in the male; arista brown, its base reddish. Scutellum
with an apical groove. Abdomen shining black; pile short, white; apical mar-
gins of second and third segments shorter black pilose; black pile nowhere
reaching the sides. Legs colored as in the male but the tarsi entirely yellow
except basal half of hind basitarsi, which is blackish; hind cox with a small
conical spur. Wings hyaline; stigma yellowish; halteres yellow.
Holotype, male, No. 867, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
June 13, 1913, H. Curran, collector. Allotype, female,
No. 868, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Jordan, Ont., June 8,
1919, H. Curran collector.
Type locality, Jordan, Ontario.
34. Cnemodon ontarioensis, new species (Figs. 61, 67, 68)
Habitat: Ontario! Male: trochanteral spurs short,
slightly pointed; fourth ventral segment with a tubercle
on apical third.
Male: Length 7 mm. Face and frons shining bluish black; pile cinerescent,
above antenne and in front of ocelli, blackish; eyes with short brown pile.
Antenne short, luteous; third joint brownish above, one and one-half times
longer than wide; arista luteous at base. Thorax scutellum and abdomen
shining black, the latter with the usual areas opaque; pile of thorax luteous;
abdominal pile whitish or yellowish, the usual areas with black pile; spur at
base of fourth segment straight; tubercle on apical third rather sharp, pilose.
Femora black, tips yellow; hind tibie with base and apex yellow; anterior four
tibie yellow, with broad piceous ring below the middle; tarsi except apical
joints, yellow; pile cinereous, on the hind tibie in front shorter and black.
Wings slightly brownish, less so on basal third.
Female: Length, 6 mm. Shining black, white pilose; front above and im-
mediately above the antennz with black pile. Antenne large, black; second
joint at apex and third below, vellow; third joint large, twice as long as wide.
Face receding, straight to just above the oral margin. Scutellum with an
apical impression. Abdomen with the usual areas and apex of the fourth and
fifth segments black pilose. Legs colored as in the male; coxal spur small.
Wings tinged with luteous; last section of fifth vein bent beyond its middle.
Holotype, male, No. 869, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
June 13, 1913, H. Curran collector. Allotype, female,
Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 373
No. 870, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Jordan, Ont., June 15,
1919, H. Curran, collector.
Type locality, Guelph, Ontario.
35. Cnemodon trochanterata Malloch (Figs. 96, 97, 98, 99)
Malloch, Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., XX, p. 127, 1918.
Habitat: Illinois! Pile mostly tawny; posterior ven-
tral tubercle large; wings clouded with luteous brown;
hind trochanteral spur small.
Male: Length, 7 mm. Antenne brownish, second and third joint basally,
below, yellowish; third joint twice as long as broad, less rounded below; face
and front shining bluish black, light yellowish pilose, above the antenns and
the front of the vertical triangle with blackish pile. In profile the face is re-
ceding, slightly rounded above; eyes brownish pilose; occipital cilia yellowish,
the lateral hairs black. Thorax and scutellum zeneous black, the latter slightly
bluish at the apex; pile tawny, on the pleure lighter. Abdomen opaque black,
first segment and the usual areas shining, metallic; pile tawny, the usual areas
with shorter black pile; hypopygium black pilose; venter of third segment
carinate, the middle of the carina flattened and transversely rugose; basal
spur on fourth segment conspicuous, the process on apical third large, tuber-
culate. Femora black, tips yellowish; tibis and tarsi yellowish; middle
tibiw with broad band beyond the middle and hind tibiswe except the broad
base and end, blackish; front tibiw posteriorly blackish beyond the middle;
last one or two joints of all the tarsi brownish, the hind basitarsi obscurely
brownish; middle tibixw slightly produced anteriorly; middle coxal process
slender, short, not very conspicuous; hind coxal spur small, not conspicuous;
hind trochanteral process slender, over twice as long as thick, luteous, its base
black; hind coxal articular surface luteous, bell-shaped, but more produced
behind and not reaching the base of the coxa. Wings luteous-brown, more
deeply so across the middle; stigma yellow; halteres yellow, the knobs slightly
brownish.
The above description was made from a paratype
loaned by Dr. J. R. Malloch, labelled, “St. Joseph, IIl.,
May 10, 1914, Salt Fork.”’
The outstanding differences distinguishing ontarioen-
sis from this species are: ontarioensis—middle coxal
process smaller; hind coxal spur larger, stouter; hind
trochanteral process half black, the end slightly com-
pressed; articular surface on outer side of hind cox
much smaller, but broader at base; wings darker;
hypopygium not all black pilose; face more projecting
below; ventral tubercles smaller, and venter of third
segment not rugose.
These species are of much interest, evidently rep-
resenting an evolutional stage. (See note in appendix.)
Genus Pipiza Fallén (Fig. 43)
Face much broader at oral margin than at base of
374 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
antennz; antenne short, third joint never elongate,
rarely almost twice as long as wide (Europe); abdomen
often with yellow markings; hind femora slightly to
much thickened, if much thickened the ventro-apical
region bearing two rows of very short spine-like hairs;
females more often than the males with yellow mark-
ings. In our species the development of the hind
femora is equal in the two sexes.
KEY TO SPECIES
1. Abdomen with yellow spots 2
Abdomen wholly black 5
2. Abdomen with four yellow spots quadrimaculata
Abdomen with only two yellow spots 3
3. Hind femora considerably incrassate and bearing spinules near theend 4
Hind femora only slightly incrassate; spinules wanting, wings
never clouded nigripilosa
4, The spinelike hairs not borne on a triangular projection; tarsi
wholly yellow festiva
Spinelike hairs borne on a triangular projection; apical one or two
tarsal joints blackish femoralis
5. Hind femora with spinose area near the end, often greatly enlarged 6
Hind femora without rows of spinules, never much enlarged 1
6. Legs and tarsi entirely black; hind femora considerably enlarged;
face without shining median stripe oregona
Legs or tarsi in part yellow; hind femora variously enlarged 7
7. Hind femora very much enlarged; wings hyaline or tinged with
luteous between veins
Hind femora moderately enlarged; wings darkened or clouded 9
8. Hind femora with greatest enlargement beyond the middle; an- 5
tenn entirely blackish macrofemoralis
Hind femora with greatest enlargement at the middle; second an-
tennal joint reddish grandifemoralis
9. Ventral apex of fourth segment narrowly emarginate at its middle;
face partly-black pilose; (about 9 mm., eastern) severnensts
Ventral apex not emarginate 10
10. Second segment with faint indications of yellow spots; face chiefly ’
whitish pilose femoralis
Second segment entirely black; wings not clouded, evenly diluted _
with pale brownish; face chiefly black pilose tricolor
11. Squame dark, fringed with black hairs distincta
Squame fringed with whitish hairs 12
12. Abdomen wholly with black or brownish black pile nigripilosa
Abdomen in large part whitish pilose 13
13. Face wholly white pilose or with shining median stripe, (larger, 7.5
to 9 mm.) 4
Face black pilose near the mouth only (6 to 8 mm.) puella
Face entirely black pilose (about 6 mm.) vanduzeet
14. Pile short; face short, third antennal joint rather long; front very
broad; thorax brassy black latifrons
Pile long; thorax steely black; face rather long, with slender median _ ‘
shining stripe davidsoni
Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 375
36. Pipiza distincta, new species
Habitat: California! Mostly black pilose; legs en-
tirely slender; squame with fringe of black hairs.
Male: Length, 5 mm. Face and frons shining black; eyes luteous pilose,
elsewhere the pile of the head black. Antenne black; third joint more brown-
ish, sub-rectangular, yellowish below; arista luteous, microscopically p\ ‘ose
to tip. Face in profile slightly receding, a little rounded in the middle and
slightly concave above and below this. Thorax and scutellum shining black,
black pilose; disc of thorax with brownish red pile. Abdomen shining, the
usual areas sub-opaque; pile black, the anterior angles and the sides of the
third and fourth segments in the middle with reddish pile which is obscure
on the distal segments and does not noticeably reach the sides: pile on middle
of second segment reddish in some lights; last section of hypopygium broad,
rather short. Legs black; anterior four knees, tips of anterior tibiz and all
the tarsi, luteous, the posterior tarsi darker apically. Wings slightly clouded
with brownish, more marked on the antero-middle; stigma luteous; discal
cell very acute apically; squame dark, fringed with black hairs. The pile
throughout dense, stout and rather long.
Holotype, male, No. 871, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
July 5, 1919, E. P. Van Duzee collector, 7000 feet
elevation.
Type locality, Huntington Lake, Fresno Co., Calif.
This species will at once be recognized by its small
size and the fringe of black hairs on the squame.
37. Pipiza vanduzeei, new species
Habitat: California! British Columbia! Squame and
fringe of hairs whitish; thorax white pilose; pile of
abdomen not at all reddish; wings hyaline.
Male: Length about 5 mm. Face and frons shining black, thinly whitish
pollinose, black pilose; face receding. Antenne short, black; third joint
reddish below, broader than long (arista missing). Eyes brownish pilose,
lighter below; vertical triangle white pilose behind; posterior orbits with
whitish pile and black occipital cilia. Thorax and scutellum shining black,
with obscure bronze reflection; pile on dorsum and pleure whitish, on the mar-
gins of the dorsum black; scutellum with light pile and a fringe of isolated
long black hairs. Abdomen opaque black, with the usual areas shining coppery
or bronzed; pile white, posterior margins of segments two and three, anterior
margins of segments three and four and the hypopygium, with black pile.
Legs black; tips of femora, anterior tibia except a piceous band on apical
half, broad base and tip of middle tibie, immediate base of hind tibie and all
the tarsi, yellowish; hind basitarsi basally, and apical three joints of all the
tarsi slightly brownish. Wings hyaline; stigma luteous; discal cell less acute
than in distincta. Halteres luteous, the knobs darker. Squam# whitish,
fringed with" white" hairs.
Holotype, male, No. 872, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
May 25, 1919, E. P. Van Duzee, collector. Paratypes,
two males, Cranbrook, B. C., 1918 (Garrett), in col-
lections of Mr. Garrett and of the author.
Type locality, Fairfax, Marin Co., Calif.
376 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
Close to puella, from which it may be distinguished
by the entirely black pilose face and frons; broad third
antennal joint; black pile on margins of thorax and apex
of scutellum and the absence of a brownish cloud on
the wings.
38. Pipiza puella Williston
Pipiza puella Williston, Synop. N. Am. Syrph., p. 27,
1886.
Habitat: N. H. (Will.) Ontario! Pile chiefly whitish,
moderately long for a Pipiza; hind femora without a
spinulose triangle near the end.
Male: Length 6 to 8 mm. Face metallic bluish black, thinly dusted with
white pollen, in profile considerably retreating from the antennal base to just
above the oral margin; Antenne black, third joint thinly whitish pubescent,
giving a brownish appearance, and usually with the basal half below obscurely
reddish; in shape elongate sub-cordate; arista wholly rather stout and not
much longer than third joint. Pile of the eyes tawny, of the head elsewhere
moderately long, whitish; except just above the base of the antenne where it
is black; sometimes a few black hairs among the occipital cilia. Thorax
and scutellum shining black, wholly whitish pilose. The white squame# with
a yellow margin and a fringe of whitish pile. Abdomen chiefly whitish pilose,
the usual areas with shorter black pile; apex of fourth segment wholly whitish
pilose. Legs black, tips of all the femora, front four tibiz except a broad black-
ish ring beyond the middle, sometimes almost wanting on the front pair,
basal third of hind tibie# and their ends obscurely, and the first two tarsal
joints yellowish; hind basitarsi brownish apically. Wings more or less brownish
beyond the middle.
Three specimens, Ontario (Curran). One specimen
was very kindly compared with the type in the National
Museum at Washington by Mr. R. C. Shannon, and
differed but slightly. The type, according to Mr.
Shannon, is somewhat teneral.
39. Pipiza nigripilosa Williston (Figs. 30, 70, 71)
Williston, Synop. N. Am. Syrph., p. 28, 1886.
Habitat: Pennsylvania (Will.); Quebec; Ontario!
Blackish pilose; female with an arcuate Interrupted
yellow band on second abdominal segment; hind femora
slightly enlarged, not bearing spinose hairs at the outer
end.
Length, 7 to 8 mm. Male: Face and frons shining black, lightly dusted
with whitish pollen, black pilose; antenne black, third joint rather lighter,
elongate cordate; arista brownish black, its base yellow; eyes brownish pilose,
post orbital pile lighter below. Thorax and scutellum brownish or blackish
pilose, the upper portion of the pleure always black pilose. Abdomen shining
black, the usual areas somewhat opaque; pile black, but sometimes brownish
Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 377
on the broad median lateral margins of each segment. Legs black; tips of
femora, basal quarter of hind and half of front four tibis, tips of all the tibis
and the tarsi, yellow; tarsi with last two or three joints darker; pile of legs
black or brownish black; hind femora gradually broadened to near the end
where they are somewhat suddenly constricted to about three-fourths their
greatest width, Wings cinereous hyaline; stigma luteous.
Female: Not at all similar to the male. Face and front shining black;
face lightly dusted with whitish pollen; front with a rather large triangular
dusted spot on each orbit below the middle; pile white, black immediately
above the base of the antenne; across front before ocelli brownish black pilose.
Antenne black, tip of second and whole of third joint brownish; arista yellow
at base. Eyes very short white pilose; post-orbital pile and occipital cilia
entirely white. Thorax and scutellum with short white pile. Abdomen
shining black, second segment with an arcuate, broadly interrupted, yellowish
red cross-band, often resembling two large sub-quadrate yellow spots, the
outer ends usually more rounded in front. These spots do not vary much and
are about 114 times as long as wide. Pile of abdomen short, white, except the
usual areas where the pile is very short and black. Legs as in male except
that the pile is shorter and white. Wings as in male.
Numerous specimens of both sexes from various parts
of Ontario. The male cannot well be confused with any
other species, but the female is easily confused with
femoralis but can be readily distinguished by the ab-
sence of the spinose area on hind femora. There can
be no question about this female belonging here.
Pipiza femoralis is common in Ontario and the hind
femora in both sexes bear spinose hairs.
40. Pipiza davidsoni, new species (Figs. 104, 108)
Habitat: California! Rather robust; metallic black-
ish, the thorax metallic bluish black; hind femora very
slender.
Length, 7.5 to9 mm. Male: Face and frons shining metallic bluish black;
thinly covered with whitish pollen which leaves a very narrow median facial
stripe extending onto the front, bare and shining; pile rather long, black; on
the face appearing lighter colored, sometimes white on cheeks; vertical triangle
with lighter pile behind. Antenne black; third joint obscurely reddish, in
shape sub-cordate, scarcely longer than broad; second joint sometimes luteous
apically. Eyes with brownish or tawny pile above, more whitish below; post
orbital pile and cilia blackish. Antennal process less produced and less conical
than usual. Thorax and scutellum shining metallic bluish; finely and sparsely
long white pilose, on the humeri slightly grayish pilose; on apical portion of
scutellum with long black hairs intermixed; scutellum without a groove.
Abdomen shining metallic black, the usual areas opaque; pile moderately
long, light colored, the usual areas reaching sides, with black pile; hypopygium
entirely black pilose; basal portion of sexual organ broader than long. Legs
black, white pilose; tips of all femora, narrow base of hind, base of front four
tibie and their tips and tarsi, luteous reddish; hind basitarsi and apical joints
of all tarsi darker; hind femora very slender, not spinose. Wings hyaline;
stigma luteous; halteres blackish.
Holotype, male, Walnut Creek, California, no date
December 31, 1921
378 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
or collector’s label, but probably taken by Mr. Davidson,
in the United States National Museum.
Paratype, male, Fairfax, California, April 16, 1913, in
the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences.
This species is very readily recognized by the slender
femora and the peculiar narrow shining facial stripe.
41. Pipiza latifrons, new species
Habitat: California! Front very broad, nearly as
wide as face; face scarcely widened below; abdomen
sparsely and very short white pilose; hind femora
slender.
Female: Length, 7.5 mm. Face and front deep shining black, very thinly
covered with whitish dust, with a few black hairs above the antenne (the pile
of the head has been brushed off toa large extent but from a careful examination
I believe the front to have been almost entirely white pilose, although it may
have been cinereous in front of the ocelli). Sides of face and front to above
middle narrowly, not very conspicuously, whitish pollinose. Antenne black,
second and third joints more brownish, second at tip and third below obscurely
luteous. Eyes with very short, sparse white pile. Occipital cilia and pile of
posterior orbits white. Thorax and scutellum black with a brassy reflection
on the dorsum, leaving two broad median stripes shining steely black; pile
very short, white; scutellum very densely punctured, finely granulate. Ab-
domen somewhat shining deep black, densely finely punctulate, with short
white pile; pile longer on basal angles, on the usual dark pilose areas cinereous,
not conspicuous. Legs black; tips of femora, narrow base of hind and base of
anterior four tibixw, apices of all the tibie, the hind ones very narrowly, and
all the tarsi, yellowish; apical joints of all the tarsi a little darker; pile all white,
on femora and hind tibis moderately long. Wings hyaline; auxiliary vein
and stigma luteous.
Holotype, female, No. 873, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
May 12, 1910, J. A. Kusche collector.
Type locality, Sobre Vista, Sonoma Co., Calif.
Evidently close to P. davidson but the color is mark-
edly different and the face is much too short and not
rounded so it cannot be the female of that species.
There are other differences.
42. Pipiza quadrimaculata (Panzer)
Syrphus quadrimaculata, Panzer Fauna Germ.,
LXXXVI, tab. 19, 1802.
Habitat: Europe; Ontario! United States; British
Columbia. ‘‘Abdomen with two pairs of yellow spots;
antenne short and blunt.
“The two large spots near the base of the abdomen more conspicuous
than the next two, which are smaller and redder; wings only a little darkened
Vol. XI) CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 379
on the middle; face and eyes with white hairs; frons chiefly black haired about
the vertex and base of the antenne, whitish between, Legs black, knees,
base of the tibie broadly, and the tip narrowly, and tarsi, reddish yellow;
last three joints of all tarsi browned, hind basitarsi quite yellowish and rather
dilated. Pubescence of the thorax, abdomen, pleure and femora almost all
whitish. Length 9 mm.
‘An examination of several European specimens causes me to add: Male:
Abdomen with a pair of transverse oblong yellowish or reddish yellow spots
on the second and third segments; frons more shining; third joint of the an-
tennz short and stumpy, dark brown above but reddish brown beneath [this
may refer to an individual specimen]: arista short but longer than the antennze
and thickened for about two-thirds its length. Abdomen with a little pale
pubescence on and about the pale spots and about the end of the fourth
segment.
“Female: More shining. Abdomen with very little black pubescence.
Dust spots on sides of the front hardly visible.” (Verrall).
This species has been recorded from some of the
States and I have a female from Ontario. I give Ver-
rail’s description almost word for word although it is
not a systematic one. No doubt can exist in the de-
termination of typical specimens but the second pair
of spots are often obsolete or nearly so. In such cases,
the females may be easily confused with nigripilosa;
but the males will be recognized by the slender hind
femora and the yellow spots on the second segment.
43. Pipiza tricolor, new species
Habitat: Ontario! Yellowish white pilose; face en-
tirely black pilose; hind femora with inconspicuous
spines behind; wings slightly brownish in front, the
basal quarter of the sub-marginal cell purely hyaline.
Male: Length, 7.5 mm. Face and frons shining black, thinly covered with
white pollen; face receding, but less so on lower half, black pilose; frons black
pilose, above with dilutely yellowish pile. Antenne black, third joint brown,
sub-cordate; arista brown, its base luteous; vertical triangle black pilose in
front, yellow behind; eyes with luteous pile, lighter below; occipital cilia black
except at the vertex, where there are a few yellowish hairs: pile of posterior
orbits whitish below, black in middle, yellowish above. Thorax and scutellum
shining bluish black, with luteous pile; an area of black pile crosses the front
of the thorax and the pleur above and connects with the black of the humeri;
tip of scutellum with cinereous pile. Abdomen shining black with the usual
areas sub-opaque; yellowish and yellowish white pilose, with the usual areas
and the hypopygium black pilose. Legs black; tips of all the femora, broad
base and tips of tibie, and the first three joints of tarsi, piceous yellow. Wings
tinged with brownish in front, basal quarter of sub-marginal cell hyaline;
stigma luteous.
Holotype, male, No. 874, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
June 15, 1919, H. Curran collector. Paratype, male,
Orillia, Ont., May 4, 1914 (Curran) in author's collec-
tion.
Type locality, Jordan, Ontario.
380 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser.
44. Pipiza femoralis Loew (Figs. 1, 3, 36, 72, 73, 74)
Loew, Century, vi, No. 38, 1865; Williston, Synop.
N. Am. Syrph., p. 26 (and 28 albipilosa).
Habitat: Ontario! Quebec, Ohio, Pennsylvania. A
medium sized, moderately pilose species, male usually
and female always, with two yellow spots forming an
arcuate band on second segment; hind femora with a
spinose area behind near end; face whitish pilose.
Length, 8to9 mm. Male: Face and front shining, slightly metallic bluish
black, ground color slightly obscured by whitish pollen; face receding, white
pilose, sometimes with a few black hairs near the mouth and on the sides
above; front black pilose with white pile above and often on the sides. An-
tenn black, second joint often partly luteous, third usually yellow below
basally, in shape sub-cordate; arista brownish, its base sometimes lighter;
vertical triangle white pilose, a few dark hairs in front; post orbital pile white;
occipital cilia black; eyes with cinerescent pile. Thorax and scutellum shining
bluish black, white pilose, usually with a few black hairs on the humeri.
Abdomen shining bluish black, with sub-opaque areas as follows: one on second
segment, narrowed in middle and omitting the sides, an abbreviated fascia
on anterior margin of third and fourth segments and a similar fascia on apex
of third segment, widened in the middle so as almost to join the anterior
fascia; second segment with an interrupted yellow band terminating some
distance from the side margins; these spots vary in size and become obsolete
(var. albipilosa Will.) or sub-obsolete, appearing as yellowish patches in
certain lights, but they are never very large; their inner ends are truncate,
the outer more or less pointed, the longer side of the triangle formed by each
spot being in front. Pile white, moderately long, with shorter black pile on
the opaque areas except those on anterior half of second segment. Legs black;
hind femora incrassate, near end below bearing one or two rows of spinose
hairs; tips of all femora, anterior four tibize and base of hind ones, and first
two joints of front four tarsi, yellow; front and middle tibie with a piceous
band beyond middle, hind tibise and basal two joints of their tarsi piceous;
apical three tarsal joints blackish. Wings faintly or moderately clouded with
brownish across middle, fading out apically and posteriorly, almost hyaline
in some specimens; stigma luteous.
Female: Front slightly narrowed above, white pilose, with black pile im-
mediately above the base of the antenne and a few black hairs in front of the
ocelli; pollinose side spots broadly connected with side stripes of face, their
upper ends rounded. These spots leave a polished area between them about
114 times width of one spot. Spots on second segment broader and more
squarish than usual in male, with outer ends more rounded. Fifth segment
black pilose; tarsi lighter colored, mostly yellowish. Wings usually more
distinctly clouded. Pile sparser and shorter.
Twenty specimens from various parts of Ontario.
Very great confusion exists at present as regards the
identity of femoralis and festiva, and I am not able
entirely to clear up the matter. So far as I know, the
only specimens of festiva (?) which have been taken in
America, are females with much darkened wings; of
these I have taken several specimens. In 1914 Dr.
Williston determined for me two females as this species,
Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 381
together with a male, which I am sure does not belong
to festiva. He also determined as albipilosa two males
which are distinctly different; one of these bears almost
obsolete yellow spots and is certainly femoralis, while
the other is larger, fully 10 mm., and much more like
my severnensis which he labelled as a new species near
puella. This larger specimen, which is not described
in this work, apparently is different from severnensis
and femoralis and has the wings very slightly clouded.
Until more specimens are available for examination |
prefer to retain this as doubtful. I do not believe the
true festiva occurs in America. I have European speci-
mens of festiva, noctiluca, luteitarsis, and all the closely
allied species. In most of these the hind femora are
more enlarged than in femoralis but in no case is the
triangular production near the end present to a marked
degree. P. luteitarsis has the hind femora (fig. 37) slightly
less produced. I reproduce the description of festiva as
given by Williston, but believe we must discard this
species as American.
45. Pipiza festiva (Meigen)
Meigen, Syst. Beschr., III, 243, 2, 1822.
Habitat: Europe; North America? ‘‘Male and female: Length, 6.5 to
10.5 mm. Front and face long white pilose, below the ocelli and above the
base of the antenne in the female blackish pilose. Antennz brown, third joint
trapezoidal. Thorax white pilose; posterior parts of second and third segments
black pilose; second segment with a variable yellow band, ‘sometimes sulphur
yellow, at other times reddish yellow; anterior margin concave (?) or straight;
sometimes interrupted by a distinct black space, at other times only by a dark
line’ (Schiner). Legs yellow, with black femora; tibise more or less brown
in the middle. Wings hyaline on basal half, externally blackish or smoky
brown fading out towards the margin; stigma dark luteous.”’ (Williston).
The species varies considerably and the range in
area of the yellow spots is much as in femoralis. In
my specimens of luteitarsis the wings are only slightly
darkened apically.
46. Pipiza severnensis, new species
Habitat: Ontario! Whitish pilose; venter of fourth
segment slightly emarginate in the middle; femora with
spinose area.
Male: Length, 9 mm. Face broad, thinly whitish pollinose except a very
narrow shining central stripe; black pilose, the frons and middle of face with
382 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
lighter pile; pile of vertical triangle long, whitish. Antenne black, whitish
pollinose; third joint nearly as broad as long, sub-quadrate. Eyes whitish
pilose, appearing yellowish in some lights; pile of posterior orbits long, whitish;
occipital cilia blackish. Thorax and scutellum slightly shining bluish black
with long whitish pile. Abdomen bluish black, not much shining, black pilose;
on each segment a large pair of triangular spots of long white pile, narrowly
separated; sides of abdomen mostly long whitish pilose; hypopygium black
pilose; venter of fourth segment a little emarginate in middle at apex. Legs
black, whitish pilose except apical quarter of hind femora which bear black
pile; tips of all femora and tibie at base yellow; anterior tibie and the tarsi
piceous, the last two joints of hind tarsi black; hind femora moderately en-
larged, near end with the usual spinose area. Wings luteous hyaline, the basal
third lighter.
Holotype, male, No. 875, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
July 31, 1913, H. Curran collector.
Type locality, Severn River, Ontario.
Allied to femoralis, but slightly larger, with the black
and white pile clearly defined, giving a neater appear-
ance even though the pile is longer. The mostly black
pilose face, more yellowish wings and emarginate venter
of fourth segment will at once distinguish this species.
The Severn River here referred to is a small river run-
ning from Lake Simcoe to Georgian Bay, and not the
river of that name emptying into Hudson Bay.
47. Pipiza oregona (Lovett) (Fig. 29)
Lovett, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., vol. ix, p. 246,
August, 1919, (New Oregon Diptera)
Habitat: Oregon! California! An entirely black,
light pilose species; readily distinguished from any other
by the entirely black legs and narrowly contiguous eyes.
Length, 7.5 to9 mm. Male: Face and frons shining black, lightly dusted
with whitish pollen; face entirely whitish pilose or with a few black hairs in
middle; front black pilose, lighter above; vertical triangle cinerescent pilose,
with black hairs in front. Antennz black; third joint sub-cordate, reddish
brown or brownish, with the rather thick arista of the same color but darker
towards tip. Eyes only actually touching for about seven facets, whitish
pilose; post orbital pile whitish; occipital cilia black. Thorax and scutellum
slightly shining black, with luteous or yellowish white pile; thorax across the
front narrowly blackish pilose, continued back on the sides behind the humeri,
or with only a few black hairs in front; pleure whitish pilose. Pile of scutellum
more whitish than on the thorax. Abdomen slightly metallic bluish black,
the usual areas darker and with black pile; elsewhere the pile is lighter and
longer; hypopygium mostly whitish pilose above, black pilose below. Legs
entirely black, white pilose; anterior tibise yellow pubescent below apically;
knees black pilose; tarsi below velvety reddish pubescent; femoral spinose
area well marked. Wings clouded with luteous or brownish, more so in the
middle; stigma luteous.
Redescribed from two paratypes and an additional
Vol. XI) CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 383
specimen from Walnut Creek, Calif. This latter speci-
men was destroyed in transit at a later date.
In this species the face is short and evenly thinly
pollinose with no median bare stripe.
48. Pipiza macrofemoralis, new species (Figs. 55, 56, 57)
Habitat: Oregon! Dark species; hind femora excep-
tionally thickened for a Pipiza; eyes contiguous for a
slightly shorter distance than usual; antenne entirely
blackish; hind femora thickest beyond the middle.
Male: Length, 7.5 to 8 mm. Face and frons shining black, slightly ob-
scured by whitish pollen; pile black, rather long. Antenne black; third joint
rather finely whitish pollinose, in shape square with the lower corner produced
forward. Eyes brownish black pilose; vertical triangle with lighter pile behind
and a few yellowish hairs at vertex. Thorax and scutellum shining black with
a slightly bluish reflection; pile whitish, across front of thorax and anterior
sides of dorsum blackish pilose; pile of pleuree white. Abdomen shining black,
the usual areas sub-opaque; pile black, with the usual areas white or whitish;
first segment short black pilose; hypopygium black pilose. Legs black; knees
except hind ones, and tips of front four tibie and their tarsi, reddish yellow;
hind basitarsi and following joint dilutely reddish; anterior four tarsi more
distinctly reddish at base, the tips becoming almost black; hind femora very
much thickened, with a well marked spinose area. Wings cinereous hyaline;
stigma brown; last section of fourth vein moderately curved.
Holotype, male, No. 876, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
June 8, 1917, F. R. Cole, collector. Paratype, male,
Hood River, Oreg., May 25, 1917, F. R. Cole, collector.
Type locality, Hood River, Oregon.
A very well marked species. The shape of the third
antennal joint is peculiar and cannot be accurately de-
scribed as sub-cordate. Since this description was pre-
pared a female of a second species, described below as
grandifemoralis, has been received from Mr. W. M.
Davidson, which I at first thought might belong here.
However, upon examination several marked differences
were noted. In grandifemoralis the hind femora are
more swollen and broadest at the middle, the third
antennal joint is larger and marked with yellow, the
pile of the head is almost entirely white, the color of
the thorax is more metallic bluish and the fly is slightly
more robust.
49. Pipiza grandifemoralis, new species (Figs. 105, 106, 107)
Habitat: California! Mostly whitish pilose; hind
femora greatly enlarged, largest at the middle.
384 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser
Length, 9.5 mm. Female: Antenne black; second joint luteous, third
sometimes reddish brown, sub-cordate, 114 times longer than wide; arista
brownish. Face and front shining black, the former covered with whitish
dust extending narrowly up sides of front and enlarging below middle to form
sub-triangular spots which do not occupy half the width. Immediately below
these spots is a rather broad transverse carina occupying over 14 the width
on each side. Except for a few black hairs above the antenne the pile is
whitish; a bare area below the antenne extending as a narrow V to oral margin.
Front noticeably wider than usual with the pile over the pollinose spots directed
inwards. Thorax and scutellum slightly shining with an obscure metallic
bluish or greenish blue tinge, entirely whitish pilose; scutellum without a
groove. Abdomen shining metallic bluish black, only the broad black pilose
hind margins of second and third segments appearing darker, these pilose areas
not reaching sides; elsewhere the pile is rather short grayish white, longer bas-
ally; apex of terminal segments with a few scattered black hairs. Legs black;
tips of all the femora, base of hind tibie, broad base of anterior four tibie
and their tips, and first two joints of anterior four tarsi, yellowish; middle of
anterior four tibie and apical joints of their tarsi, piceous. Wings hyaline or
with cells on the apical half luteous in their middle; stigma luteous; halteres
yellow.
Holotype, female, reared by Mr. W. M. Davidson,
labelled: ‘‘Bred from larva aphidophagous on Hetero-
meles arbutifolia, San Jose, Cal., July 24, 1912.”’; in the
United States National Museum.
Paratype, female, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Sobre Vista,
Sonoma Co., Calif., May 12, 1910, (J. A. Kusche) col-
ector.
Unfortunately no pupal case accompanied the holo-
type. The note on the larval habit is of interest as
showing the habits of the immature stages of this genus.
I have frequently observed that Syrphid larve of some
species are more common than the adults, due, no
doubt, to the fact that these larve are very often heavily
parasitized. For further notes see macrofemoralis.
Unrecognizable Species.
Pipiza(?) crassipes (Bigot)
Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Ser. 6, III, p. 557, 1884.
Habitat: North America. Length, 7 mm. ‘Female: Black, a little shining,
almost bare; antenne with third joint and arista yellow; face evenly finely gray-
ish pollinose. Slightly white pubescent on the pleure and femora. Halteres
testaceous. Wings a little brownish, hyaline at base; stigma brownish. Knees
yellow, hind legs and basitarsi considerably swollen.’’ (Bigot: translation.)
Pipizella(?) apisaon (Walker)
Chrysogaster Apisaon Walker, List, III, p. 572, 1849.
Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 385
Habitat: New York. Williston, Synop. N. Am.
Syrph., p. 291, makes the following remark on this
species: “It is not impossible that Chrysogaster apisaon
Walker, is the same as this (C. pulchellus). At least
the hairy eyes and elongate antennz indicate that it is
a Pipiza (Pipizella) or Psilota.”
There is little doubt in my mind but that the above
species is one of those described in this paper, but which
species it is impossible to tell without an examination
of the type.
APPENDIX
EVOLUTION IN THE GENUS CNEMODON
While it is not intended in this paper to go into the
evolution of the genera, it has been found that the genus
Cnemodon as limited in the body of this paper, presents
many characters of interest to the student of evolution.
It seems that this genus is at the present time under-
going many modifications in structure. The specimens
before me exhibit an exceptionally wide range of charac-
ters and it is an easy matter to trace the species through
from the most simple form, uztcolor, to the more
specialized myerma, which is evidently the highest form
known.
C. unicolor possesses neither the usual slender proces-
ses on the middle coxe nor the hind trochanteral
processes. It does, however, possess the typically pro-
duced middle tibiw, and for this reason is included in
the genus Cnemodon. It has also the typical Cnemodon
shape, but is closely approached in that by Pzipizella
fraudulenta. From this species the natural step is to
C. intermedia, which possesses only the processes on
the middle coxze and because of this fact is a species of
especial interest. C. cevelata has developed the hind
trochanteral processes but, although of the typical
shape, they are not as long as in the following species,
and are not shortened with the ends rounded, as occurs
in the more specialized forms. C. calcarata and
elongata are closely related but the latter has the longest
processes to be found in the genus. The next step is
386 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
apparently the development of hind coxal spurs, found
to be small and inconspicuous in /ovetti but stronger in
coxalis and rita.
A new development occurs in all the species following
these In pisticoides the venter of the third segment is
carinate at the end; in aurvipleura the venter of the fourth
segment also is carinate at the immediate base, but
here the carina of the fourth segment is sometimes very
slight and rugose while in carinata it is well-marked.
In the species which follow the hind trochanteral
process is much shorter with the end rounded. With
the development of the ventral spurs there is, also, a
marked tendency for the middle coxal processes to
disappear.
No one seems ever to have understood the reason for
the development of these remarkable processes on the
legs. It is possible that they serve some purpose during
copulation. Possibly the knobs on the end of the tro-
chanteral processes fit into the abdomen of the female
at its base, or into the sides of the scutellum, but they
are rather close together for the latter purpose.
However, with the development of the ventral ab-
dominal spurs, it appears that the use for the trochan-
teral processes is disappearing. It would therefore seem
that the two must serve the same purpose. If such is
the case, a most interesting question arises: Why
should it be necessary to develop the coxal and tro-
chanteral processes in order to later develop the ventral
spurs? It would seem that the development of the
ventral spurs should have occurred naturally without
the intervening development of the processes, but the
evidence indicates that this was not the case. It is
also remarkable that so far all the species bearing the
ventral spurs occur in the vicinity of the Great Lakes.
That such species may be developed on the Pacific
Coast is to be expected because of the presence there
of two species, albipleura and auripleura, which fall
immediately below the spur bearing forms. It will be
interesting to watch the development in this region and
Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 387
to note the first appearance of the more specialized
forms.
My first record of the ventral spur bearing species
is ontarioensis, at Guelph, Ontario, June 13, 1913. The
next record is trochanterata, Illinois, May 10, 1914.
The former species is undoubtedly the lowest member
of the group, with the second following. Both of these
are larger than the average Cnemodon. C. myerma and
venteris were both taken in 1919. In appearance ven-
terts approaches more closely the typical Cnemodon.
It must not be thought that the other genera are
devoid of evolutional interest. Pipizella and Pipiza
both present forms which are very important. In the
latter genus species occur with slender hind femora and
others with remarkably thickened femora with many
forms intermediate between these extremes. Heringia
shows a great deal of variation in the hypopygium and
in the specialization of the fourth segment, as well as in
other structures. In these genera many gaps occur and
it is not possible to trace the species definitely from one
to the other, although I have examined most European
and all North American species but one. Pipizella is
even more difficult to trace through although it is
quite evident that P. fraudulenta is either the highest
or the lowest form.
A suggested tree of relationship is given on the next
page. It will be noticed that all the genera are traced
from a common ancestor, but all developed along dif-
ferent lines and for the genus Pipiza no direct connection
can be found. Its broad face, with practically nothing
in common with the other genera except the dark color
and the pilose face, eyes and abdomen, clearly indicates
considerable separation.
388 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
ventert s
myerma
trochanterata
onfarionens' 6
carinata
albipleura grandifemeralis
auripleura macrofemeralis
Oregona (om: tted)
pisticordes Severnensis
eoxall's slight indreations, femoralis
ait californica
Juteitars's
australis ort comutata
| elongata dl
Jehella nigripilosa
u
E calearata ete. Sala |
besten cevelata nulla ?
fu ra s « j eal P
fesudulenta intermedsa |
# .
por aoe -|——__+ canadenstS
Zz <4 uncle ae
Pipizella
i
# Arrows indicate eerdent
Ancestor
relationship belween Genera
Diagram showing a suggested phylogeny for the Pipiza group of
the Syrphide
Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 389
16
Pipiza femoralis, head, showing wide face.
Pipizella modesta, male, showing narrow face and horizontal bare stripe on eyes.
Pipiza femoralis, hind leg.
Cnemodon calearata, middle tibia showing groove beneath.
Cnemodon calcarata, female, antenna.
Cnemodon calcarata, male, antenna.
Pipizella pubescens, middle tibia, female.
Cnemodon calcarata, middle tibia, female.
Pipizella pubescens, female, antenna.
10. Pipizella pubescens, male, antenna.
11. Pipizella fraudulenta, antenna.
12. Pipizella modesta, antenna
13. Cnemodon unicolor, male, antenna.
14. Cnemodon intermedia, male, antenna.
15. Cnemodon coxalis, male, antenna.
16. Cnemodon intermedia, female, antenna.
POND RO
390 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser,
26
16a. Heringia salax, male, antenna. 22. Cnemodon placida, female, antenna.
17. Heringia canadensis, male, antenna. 23. Cnemodon auripleura, female, antenna.
18. Heringia intensica, male, antenna. 24. Cnemodon auripleura, male, antenna.
19. Cnemodon sinuosa, female, antenna. 25. Cnemodon corvallis, female, antenna.
20. Cnemodon placida, male, antenna. 26. Cnemodon lovetti, male, antenna.
21. Cnemodon rita, male, antenna. 27. Heringia comutata, male, antenna.
28. Venter of Heringia: a-c, length of fourth segment;
b-c, length of venter of fourth segment;
d, hypopygial segments; e, hypopygium;
f, membrane; Q, chitinous ventral plate.
29. Pipiza oregona, upper portion of head, showing narrowly contiguous eyes.
30. Pipiza nigripilosa, head of female. 34. Cnemodon corvallis, wing.
31. Cnemodon sinuosa, head of female. 35. Cnemodon intermedia, female, wing.
32. Heringia canadensis wing 36. Pipiza femoralis, wing.
33. Cnemodon sinuosa,wing. 37. Pipiza luteitaris, hind femora.
Vol. XI]
CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP
391
Abdomen of Pipizella modesta, male. The cross lines show usual opaque areas; vertical-
oblique lines, the usual black pilose areas.
Pipizella fraudulenta, arista.
Pipizella pubescens, arista.
Cnemodon, arista, showing pilosity.
Heringia, arista.
Pipiza, arista.
Cnemodon unicolor, male, middle tibia.
Cnemodon intermedia, male, middle tibia.
Cnemodon intermedia, male, middle coxa, showing process.
Cnemodon elongata, male, middle tibia.
Cnemodon, typical hind trochanteral process.
Cnemodon calcarata, male, middle tibia.
Cnemodon cevelata, male, middle tibia.
Cnemodon cevelata, male, hind trochanteral process.
Cnemodon coxalis, male, hind coxal spur.
Cnemodon lovetti, male, hind coxal spur.
Cnemodon pisticoides, male, middle tibia.
392 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser.
55.
58,
59.
60.
61.
62,
63.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
om) 73.
56, 57. Pipiza macrofemoralis, male, hind femora, antenna and head.
Cnemodon pisticoides, male, cross section ofZthird segment; a, rugose base; b, carinate
end of segment.
Cnemodon carinata, male; a, carinate venter of third segment; b, carinate base of fourth
segment.
Cnemodon venteris, male, cross section of fourth segment.
Cnemodon ontarioensis, male, cross section of fourth segment.
Cnemodon myerma, male, cross section of fourth segment.
Cnemodon venteris, male, antenna. 64. Cnemodon venteris, female, antenna.
Cnemodon venteris, male; a, hind trochanteral process.
Cnemodon myerma, male; a and b as in 65.
Cnemodon ontarioensis, female, antenna.
Cnemodon ontarioensis, male, antenna.
Cnemodon myerma, antenna, male and female.
Pipiza nigripilosa, antenna. 71. Pipiza nigripilosa, hind femora.
72, 73, 74. Pipiza femoralis, antennae of two extremes and head of male.
Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 393
105,
107.
1ob
96, 97, 98, 99. Cnemodon trochanterata, abdomen, antenna, head, and middle tibia.
100, 101. Cnemodon albipleura, antenna and head.
102, 103. Pipizelia pulchella banksi, head and antenna.
104. Pipiza davidsoni, hind leg; a, longitudinal carina with subappressed pile below.
105, 106, 107. Pipiza grandifemoralis, hind femora, antenna and head (outline only).
108. Pipiza davidsoni, head.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourRTH SERIES
VoL. XI, No. 17, pp. 395-398 DECEMBER 17, 1921
XVII
PRELIMINARY DIAGNOSES OF MORE NEW SPECIES OF
REPTILES FROM ISLANDS IN THE GULF
OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO
By
JOHN VAN DENBURGH
Curator of the Department of Herpetology
AND
JOSEPH R. SLEVIN
Assistant Curator of the Department of Herpetology
A number of new reptiles secured by the Academy's expedition
to the Gulf of California were described in these Proceedings in
July of this year. (Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 95-98). Preliminary
diagnoses of several others are given in the following pages.
Uta nolascensis, new species
Diagnosis—A member of the U. stansburiana group. Size
small. Dorsal scales very small but imbricate and keeled.
Caudals keeled and mucronate. Color above grayish or light
blue becoming yellowish or olive on the head and tail, without
any dark or light markings except sometimes a few scattered pale
blue dots on single scales. A large blackish blue blotch behind
axilla and often another in front of shoulder. Jaws and side of
head sometimes yellowish. Lower surfaces light indigo through-
out or whitish on feet, distal part of tail, and middle of chest
and belly. Femoral pores 13 to 16, average in twenty thighs
14.5.
396 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER.
Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 50508; collected
by Joseph R. Slevin, on San Pedro Nolasco Island, Gulf of
California, Mexico, April 17, 1921.
Sceloporus monserratensis, new species
Diagnosis.—Closely related to S. rufidorsum, S. zosteromus,
and 5S. lineatulus. Middorsal and dorsolateral light lines usually
present. Dorsal scales in a row between interparietal plate and
base of thighs 26 to 30. Femoral pores 18 to 22; average in
twenty-four specimens 19.7. Adult males with parallel dark
lines on lateral scales. Back usually conspicuously spotted with
pale blue.
Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 50509; collected
by Joseph R. Slevin on Monserrate Island, Gulf of California,
Mexico, May 24, 1921.
Cnemidophorus catalinensis, new species
Diagnosis.—Anterior nasal not in contact with second supra-
labial. A few rows of moderately enlarged granules on posterior
surface of forearm. No longitudinal markings. Color above
grayish brown, paler on head and tail, with granular surfaces of
limbs, body and neck, except central nuchal region, finely reticu-
lated with darker brown and with very numerous small discrete
whitish spots two to five granules in diameter. Lower lateral
regions of body and neck and most of the lower surfaces suffused
with black. Femoral pores 15 to 18; average of twenty-four
thighs 17.
Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 50507; collected
by Joseph R. Slevin on Santa Catalina Island, Gulf of California,
Mexico, June 12, 1921.
Verticaria ceralbensis, new species
Diagnosis.—Two or three dorsal lines. Supraoculars three.
Scales of collar normally smaller at its edge. Second supraocular
in contact with frontal. No red on sides or back of body. No
orange below. Tip of tail not blue. Size much larger than any
other Verticaria. Ground color between lateral light stripes
with light spots or vertical bars. Hind limbs coarsely reticulated
with black and gray. Tail not striped. Throat often slaty or
black.
Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 50510; collected
by Joseph R. Slevin on Ceralbo Island, Gulf of California,
Mexico, June 6, 1921.
VoL. XI} VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—MORE NEW REPTILES 397
Verticaria espiritensis, new species
Diagnosis.—A single middorsal line, forked on the neck for a
distance of two to fourteen millimeters, not forked posteriorly.
Supraoculars normally three. Scales on collar largest at its edge.
Second supraocular usually in contact with frontal. No red on
back or sides of body. Often orange below.
Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 50511; collected
by Joseph R. Slevin on Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California,
Mexico, June 1, 1921.
Verticaria hyperythra schmidti, new subspecies
Diagnosis —A single middorsal line, forked anteriorly for a
distance of one to fifteen millimeters, not forked posteriorly.
Supraoculars normally four. Scales of collar largest at its edge.
Second supraocular usually without granules between it and
frontal plate. No red on sides or back of body. Usually more
or less orange below.
Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 50512; collected
by Joseph R. Slevin on San Marcos Island, Gulf of California,
Mexico, May 12, 1921.
This subspecies occurs also on the peninsula of Lower Calif-
ornia. It gives us pleasure to name it for Mr. Karl P. Schmidt.
Verticaria franciscensis, new species
Diagnosis.—A single middorsal line, forked anteriorly for a
distance of two to eight millimeters, usually forked or broadened
posteriorly. Supraoculars normally three. Scales of collar very
rarely largest at its edge. Second supraocular usually in contact
with frontal. No red on back of body and usually none on sides.
Blue below, without orange.
Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 50513; collected
by Joseph R. Slevin on San Francisco Island, Gulf of California,
Mexico, May 30, 1921.
Lampropeltis catalinensis, new species
Diagnosis.—No transverse markings; a dark purplish brown
longitudinal dorsal band about five scales wide from head to end
of tail. All lateral scales yellowish white with narrow purplish
brown borders. Along the middorsal line, at nearly regular in-
tervals of three or four scales, are small yellowish white spots
on single scales. Head dark brown above and laterally, with
small yellowish white markings on internasals, prefrontals,
temporals, oculars, loreal, nasals, rostral, and labials. Lower
surfaces chiefly black, marbled with yellowish white laterally
on most of the gastrosteges, and centrally on a few; the distal
398 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.
urosteges and the genials and gulars yellowish white with black
or dark brown margins. Superior labials 8-8. Scale rows 23.
Gastrosteges 228. Urosteges 63.
Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 50514; adult
male, collected by Joseph R. Slevin and Joseph C. Chamberlin,
on Santa Catalina Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, June 12,
1921.
Crotalus tortugensis, new species
Diagnosis.—Similar to Crotalus atrox, but with dorsal rhombs
differently marked. Margins of rhombs much darker than
central portions which usually include on each side a group of
lighter scales as pale as the general dorsal ground color. These
light areas in the rhombs may spread and be connected across
the back. The coloration suggests that of C. molossus, although
the light borders of the rhombs are very incomplete.
Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 50515; collected
by Joseph R. Slevin, on Tortuga Island, Gulf of California,
Mexico, June 22, 1921.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtH SERIES
Vor. XI, No. 18, pp. 399-526, pls. 1-16, text figs. 1-11, May 16, 1922
XVIII
FOSSIL CHITONS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA.
BY
S. STILLMAN BERRY
REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA
INTRODUCTION
Begun primarily as a simple record of the occurrence of
chitons in the later Tertiary and Quaternary deposits of south-
ern California, the unexpected accretion of altogether unusual
amounts of material from ever-increasing sources has neces-
sarily impelled a widening in scope of the work in hand until
it is now frankly offered as a monographic survey of the known
fossil Polyplacophora of western North America.
Chitons are not generally considered as having much im-
portance as fossils, and, taking the world as a field, surprisingly
few fossil species or even specimens have been brought to
light and recorded. Yet there are reasons for believing that
the members of this group, when they do occur, have an in-
trinsic value as paleontologic criteria rather above that of most
groups of Mollusca. At any rate, it is not altogether well to
neglect them. The chief reasons for believing that the chitons
furnish relatively conservative, and therefore correspondingly
dependable, indices are: firstly, that on the Pacific Coast of
North America this group is by no means of rare occurrence in
the later fossiliferous horizons, as has been more or less im-
plicitly assumed in the past, but attains a development paral-
leled only by the remarkable amplification of the entire class in
May 16, 1922
400 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.
the recent fauna of the same region; secondly, that both indi-
vidually and in associations of species, these animals are re-
markably definite in their latitudinal distribution; and thirdly,
that this definiteness of geographical area inhabited extends
even more sharply to station as well. The bathymetric range
of most chitons is curiously narrow.
It is accordingly the writer’s belief that far from being justly
negligible, it is possible that the chitons will prove among the
best criteria for determining the age and relationships of any
formation in which they can be found with appreciable fre-
quency. It is in this connection, as well as the inherent interest
of one of our most characteristic, yet strangely neglected. faunal
groups, that this paper is chiefly of consequence.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Among the many who have furnished material aid during
the prosecution of this work, and to all of whom I wish grate-
fully to acknowledge my due indebtedness, I am under chief
obligation to Mr. and Mrs. Emery P. Chace of the Lorquin
Natural History Club of Los Angeles. They have been both
assiduous and successful in the search for additional material
and new horizons in the field, have been unfailingly generous
and self-sacrificing in the disposition of their specimens, and
have managed to maintain an enthusiastic interest throughout
the course of the investigations.
Scarcely less credit belongs to Dr. Frank C. Clark of Santa
Monica and*Los Angeles, who has ransacked his wonderful
material from the Pleistocene of his vicinity that no possible
specimen might escape examination, and to Mr. and Mrs. Frank
Stephens of San Diego, whom I must thank for many valuable
specimens, as well as field data, which in some cases have cost
them considerable trouble to secure.
To Dr. William E. Ritter and the Scripps Institution for
Biological Research, under whose auspices the work was be-
gun and in large part carried on, I am indebted for aid of a
nature which has very much expedited the progress of the
work.
Dr. Bruce L. Clark of the University of California has been
instrumental in securing me material for study, including the
interesting series of specimens from Vancouver Island Oligo-
Vor. XI) BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 401
cene, and has been unfailingly helpful throughout in evincing
interest and giving useful advice.
Acknowledgments are further due to Dr. James Perrin Smith
and Mr. and Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd of the Department of Geology
at Stanford University, for the loan of the very considerable
fossil chiton material in the collections under their care; and
to Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director of the California
Academy of Sciences, Dr. Roy E. Dickerson, formerly of the
same institution, and Dr. Ralph Arnold of Los Angeles, for
courtesies of various sorts.
Thanks are due to Miss Mary J. Rathbun of the United
States National Museum for the identification of some erab
claws from the Pleistocene of Point Loma, and to Dr. Henry
A. Pilsbry of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
for determining some barnacle fragments from the same lo-
cality.
Finally, I must not omit mention of my indebtedness to Mr.
Herbert J. Powell of Redlands, for his patient work on the
drawings used in the accompanying plates. Even though it
must be said that we have found that stipple is not, on the
whole, the most satisfactory method of illustrating chitons, his
results in this direction have added very materially to the com-
pleteness and practical working value of this paper.
REVIEW oF LITERATURE
The literature of Pacific Coast fossil chitons is of scanty
extent. It is so scattered that an exhaustive compilation has
been rendered correspondingly difficult. Nevertheless, and in
spite of insufficient library facilities, the following survey is
believed to be reasonably complete.
The first published mention of the presence of chiton remains
in any geological formation within the area under considera-
tion, is, so far as the writer has been able to discover, that of
Dr. J. G. Cooper in his “Catalogue of Californian Fossils”
(88, p. 237, 244). He records:
Cryptochiton — stelleri ( Middendorff )—Pleistocene San
Diego.
Ischnochiton magdalensis ( Hinds )—Pleistocene Santa
Barbara.
402 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.
In the succeeding year, Orcutt (’89, p. 71) reports the find-
ing of “Chiton (valves)” from “about two miles south of Ocean
Beach [San Diego], near the top of the cliff.”
Ashley (795, p. 327, 343) records “Cryptochiton c.f. stellert”
from Purissima in San Mateo County, and I[schnochiton
regularis from the “Pliocene”’ (Pleistocene) at San Pedro.
I find nothing further until the publication of Arnold’s great
monograph on the Tertiary and Quaternary of the San Pedro
region (:03, p. 15, 19, 28, 40, 42, 68, 85, 342-343), where the
following three fossil species are recognized :
Ischnochiton regularis (Cpr.)—Pleistocene San Pedro.
Cryptochiton stellert (Midd. )—Pliocene Deadman Island.
Pleistocene “ ni
Mopalia ciliata (Sby.) [==mutscosa of this work ]—
| Pleistocene San Pedro.
The same three species are also listed by Arnold three years
later in his monograph of the Californian Tertiary and Quater-
naty Pectens ( :06, p. 31, 35, 36).
Oldroyd (:14, p. 81) records [schnochiton conspicuus Cpr.
from the Pleistocene of Signal Hill, Long Beach, California.
Moody ( :16, p. 42) records an undetermined chiton from the
Fernando Formation of the Pliocene at Los Angeles, Cali-
fornia.
Chace (:16, p. 71-72) lists the following from the Pleisto-
cene of Deadman Island, California, thus increasing the number
of chiton species up to this time identified as fossils to seven:
Katherina tunicata “Sby.”
Ischnochiton conspicuus Carpenter.
Mopalia hindsii “(Sby.) Reeve.”
The next year the same writer materially increased the list
by reporting the following from the Pleistocene of Santa
Monica, California (:17, p. 30):
Ischnochiton acrior Carpenter
i conspicuus Carpenter
clathratus (Reeve) [==sanctemonice Berry
of the present paper ]
“ee
Vow XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 403
Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry
3 palmulatus Carpenter
H var. mirabilis Pilsbry. [These
both given as C. p. mirabilis in the
present paper ]
Trachydermon dentiens Carpenter [==Mopalia acuta (Car-
penter) of the present paper]
Mopaliide sp.
B. L. Clark (:18, p. 191) records and figures an undeter-
mined chiton valve from the San Lorenzo Oligocene near Wal-
nut Creek, Contra Costa County, California.
The most extensive published list of fossil chitons from any
part of the area under study is that of FE. P. and E. M. Chace
(:19, p. 42-43), based on determinations made by the present
writer on material which is part of that forming the subject of
this report. The exposure from which the material was ob-
tained has been termed by Mr. and Mrs. Chace, ‘The Chiton
Bed,” and is situated at Point Fermin, Los Angeles County,
California. They list the following species:
Tonicella lineata (Wood)
Cyanoplax hartwegii (Carpenter )
Nuttallina cf. fuxa (Carpenter) [=N. californica (Nut-
tall) of the present paper ]
Mopalia ciliata (Sowerby)
“— lignosa (Gould)
muscosa (Gould)
Placiphorella velata Carpenter
Chetopleura gemmea Carpenter
Ischnochiton magdalenensis (Hinds)
ie coopert Carpenter
Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry
7 decoratus Carpenter
ae
This brings the total number of fossil species hitherto re-
corded from our area to 21, all from the Pleistocene and Plio-
cene, with an uncertain representative from the Oligocene. In
the present work the number is increased to 33 which are clearly
distinct, besides two or three uncertain ones. Of these one
only is of Oligocene age; a few are Pliocene; most are from
the Pleistocene formations. No chitons of any description ap-
404 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser.
pear to have been discovered to date in the Miocene’ or in the
West American formations earlier than the Sooke Formation
of the Oligocene. As the number of described recent species
from the adjacent coasts is in excess of one hundred, the occur-
rence of most of which in the Pleistocene at least is undoubtedly
possible, it is evident that scarcely more than a beginning has
been made with the fossils.
MATERIAL
The material utilized in the preparation of this survey is
believed to include most of the extant specimens. It comprises
some 1065 valves, obtained chiefly from the following sources:
1. The Delos and Ralph Arnold collections, the Arnold
and Hannibal Oligocene collection, and the Oldroyd collection
—all now contained in the museum of the department of ge-
ology, Leland Stanford Junior University.
2. The museum of the California Academy of Sciences.
3. The museum of the department of paleontology, Univer-
sity of California.
4. The private collection of S. S. Berry.
5. The private collection of Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Chace,
Los Angeles, California.
6. The private collection of Dr. Frank C. Clark, Santa
Monica, California.
7. The Mrs. Kate Stephens collection, now contained in
the museum of the San Diego Society of Natural History.
Much of the more critical material studied from the private
collections mentioned has, through the generosity of their own-
ers, been assembled permanently in the author’s study collec-
tion.
The Chace collection has been of principal importance, as it
is not only extensive, but representative of several exposures,
some of them apparently owing their initial discovery and ex-
ploration to Mr. and Mrs. Chace, while the specimens as a
rule are accompanied by the most careful data.
Dr. F. C. Clark’s enormous material from the Santa Monica
Pleistocene is probably the most complete that has been taken
lef. especially the check-lists of the Miocene Fauna in California given by J. P.
Smith in Proceedings California Academy of Sciences, (4), v- 3, p. 170-182, April, 1912.
I know of no additions since that time which would concern us here.
Vor. XIj BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 405
from any single geological horizon within our area, and so is
of hardly less consequence.
The Stephens collection does not contain so many specimens
as the others, but these are representative of various important
formations in the vicinity of San Diego.
The Arnold and Oldroyd collections are remarkably rich in
their representation of species, but the maximum value of much
of this material has been lost by inadequate station labeling.
Evidently, also, there has been some mixture of specimens.
However, the material is included in this report both for the
sake of completeness and because many of the specimens had
already been utilized for purposes of illustration before the
better ones came to hand.
In the Arnold and Hannibal collection and that of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences are specimens of the interesting
new chiton described from the Vancouver Island Oligocene.
The museum of the latter institution has also furnished speci-
mens from one of the Point Loma Pleistocene exposures.
The University of California collection contains mainly re-
cent chitons, but some of these have been valuable for purposes
of comparison.
SUMMARY OF STATIONS
OLIGOCENE
Sooke Formation:
1. Sea cliff between mouths of Muir and Kirby creeks,
Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Harold Hannibal, N. P.
I2Z29i@alv Acad. Sci Loc, 231).
It is through the kindness of Dr. B. L. Clark, who is en-
gaged in working up the fauna of this formation, that the single
chiton species obtained can be included here. It is
Oligochiton lioplax Berry, new species
San Lorenzo Formation:
2. Walnut Creek, Contra Costa County, California (B. L.
Clark).
I have had no material from this horizon, but Clark (:18, p.
191, pl. 14, f. 2) records and figures the valve of an unde-
termined chitonid species. Unfortunately the original speci-
406 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.
men has since been lost and the figure is indeterminate, so its
real identity for the present must remain problematical. Very
possibly it represents an undescribed form.
PLIOCENE
Owing to the comparative scarcity of chiton remains in the
deposits of Pliocene age, they have been discovered at but few
localities, all southern and central California. In the litera-
ture the classification of the several formations in this part of
our area is rather confusing, so that which I have adopted is
in part tentative.
Purisima Formation:
3. Purisima, San Mateo County, California. “Crypto-
chiton c. f. stelleri” is reported from the ““Neocene” at Purisima
by Ashley (95, p. 327). As his work was done before the
local geological nomenclature was far developed, the exact
vertical position of his specimens is probably uncertain.
San Diego Formation:
4. Sea cliff at Pacific Beach, San Diego County, California
(Mrs. Kate Stephens).
Fossils from this exposure have been listed and their rela-
tionships discussed by Arnold ( :03, p. 57-58, 60-64; :06, p.
28), who, however, records no chitons. The following are
now listed:
Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorft )
Ischnochiton conspicuus Carpenter
Regarding one of these, Mrs. Stephens writes, “I got it
from the Pliocene beds, but I believe that Pleistocene beds are
found there, too, so it may have fallen down from that. I can’t
be sure.” It is apparent that there is here an uncertainty, prob-
ably applicable to all the specimens seen from this exposure,
which can only be removed by further work in the field.
5. Rustic Canyon, Santa Monica, California (F. C. Clark).
Mopalia sp.
This locality is quoted as Pliocene on the authority of Dr.
F. C. Clark. I have not visited it, nor seen the association of
Vor, XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 407
species, and am therefore uncertain to which formation the
horizon belongs. The small Mopalia, a single valve of which
is the only chiton discovered, seems, however, to be inseparable
specifically from those occurring so commonly in the Pleisto-
cene of the same vicinity.
6. Excavation on Fourth Street, between Hill Street and
Broadway, Los Angeles, California (Moody).
Moody (:16, p. 42) has recorded an undetermined chiton
from this exposure. In the same paper he described the as-
sociated fauna and its relationships in some detail.’
Santa Barbara Formation:
7. Deadman Island, San Pedro, California (Chace).
This deposit has been described very fully by Arnold ( :03,
p- 14-17). He records one chiton:
Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorft)
To this is here added:
Katharina tunicata (Wood)
PLEISTOCENE
The chiton fauna of the Pleistocene deposits studied, again
all southern Californian, shows near relation to the living fauna
not only by essential identity of species, but by the compara-
tively great development of this portion of the fauna when con-
sidered with relation to the weak position it occupies in the
Pliocene. In the San Pedro Formation, which is the only one
from which we have any chitons, they divide as readily as the
remaining molluscan fauna into the two primary series estab-
lished by Arnold.
Lower San Pedro Series:
8. Deadman Island, San Pedro, California (Arnold).
? Since this paper was written, the recovery of two of Moody’s specimens enables
them to be recorded as follows:
1. Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry. The single specimen seen is a well pre-
served head valve of somewhat peculiar aspect, and it is possible that this determination
will have to be revised later on.
2. Callistochiton palmulatus Carpenter. The single specimen is a well preserved tail
valve measuring, long. 4.3, diam. 5.2, alt. 4.8 mm. It seems much nearer typical
palmulatus than most of the other fossil specimens seen, although a few of those from
Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, are somewhat similar.
408 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.
This exposure has received very full treatment at the hands
of Arnold (:03, p. 18-21, 35-47). The single chiton re-
corded is:
Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorff )
I have seen no chiton material definitely known to be from
this horizon, but it is possible that a portion of the miscel-
laneous material in the Arnold and Oldroyd collections came
criginally from these beds.
9. “The Chiton Bed,” near the pavilion, Point Fermin, Los
Angeles County, California (E. P. Chace, E. M. Chace and
Sisabernyae) (blate Suva):
This interesting exposure is the one which has been recently
described by Mr. and Mrs. Chace (:19, p. 41-43). So unusual
is the deposit from the large number of chiton valves contained
in it that they have termed it “The Chiton Bed,” a usage so
convenient as a brief means of distinguishing it from neighbor-
ing deposits of the same formation that I retain it in the fol-
lowing pages. Besides giving a considerable faunal list, their
paper described the field relations of the exposure as follows:
It is situated a few yards west of the western boundary of the picnic
grounds around Peck’s Pavilion, and hardly more than ten feet below the
upper edge of the bluff. Directly below the rather sandy topsoil a thin
layer of red-brown sandstone is exposed, then comes the fossil-bearing
stratum: a gray sand, in some places so hard as to offer considerable re-
sistance to the caseknife, in others weathered to a loose, trickly deposit.
Immediately below this is another layer of the red-brown previously seen.
Owing to the conformation of the bluff I am unable to say what lies
beneath the second red layer. There are numerous small stones in the
fossiliferous layer, some of them apparently chalcedony, others our com-
mon white quartz, still others are fragments of a dark shale. These stones
have probably prevented a previous report of this exposure, as at a little
distance the shells are thoroughly masked by these bits of rock. It is an
odd fact that although the gray sandstone layer continues, apparently un-
changed, both to the east and west of the ten-foot section in which we
have worked, we were unable to find any shells except in that small space.”
Later in their paper these authors express some doubt as to
the geologic age of these strata, but it seems to me that the
evidence of the lithology, of the fauna in general, and espe-
cially of the chitons themselves, is conclusive that they should
be correlated with the Lower San Pedro. The latter in its
characteristic form is likewise a rather hard gray sandstone,
and the aspect of the embedded fauna, as here, is quite dis-
tinctly northern. As will be noticed from the following list, the
Vor. XIj BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 4099
chitons are for the most part species still to be found living in
this vicinity, but several of these are decidedly rare at so low
a latitude, and the entire facies of the association, as will be
brought out more fully a little later, is strikingly that of the
shores of Monterey and San Luis Obispo counties at the pres-
ent day.
Tonicella lineata (Wood)
Cyanoplax hartwegiti (Carpenter )
af fackenthalle Berry
Nuttallina californica (Nuttall)
Mopalia muscosa (Gould)
“— lignosa (Gould)
ciliata (Sowerby)
Placiphorella velata Carpenter
Cryptochiton stelleri Middendorff
Chetopleura gemma Carpenter
Ischnochiton magdalenensis (Hinds)
7a cooperi Carpenter
Callistochiton decoratus punctocostatus Pilsbry 4
‘ ferminicus Berry, new subspecies
crassicostatus Pilsbry
ce
By all odds the most abundant chiton in the bed is Nuttallina
californica, to which species are referable over two-fifths of
the 350 specimens obtained. Jschnochiton magdalenensis ac-
counts for another fifth, and Mopalia muscosa for nearly a
seventh of the total, a proportion probably not very different
from that one would encounter in tide-pool collecting in the
Monterey region at the present time. Of the remaining species,
Callistochiton crassicostatus, Cyanoplax hartwegii, Tonicella
lineata, and Mopalia ciliata, ramk in abundance in the order
named. The others are scattering.
10. Near the lighthouse, Point Fermin, Los: Angeles
County, California (E. P. and E. M. Chace).
This appears to be an exposure from which no faunal re-
ports have been published. Like the preceding, it appears to
be Lower San Pedro, and perhaps represents part of the same
general deposit, but the chitons are relatively fewer and Nui-
tallina, the most abundant form at the Chiton Bed, is lacking
from the list.
410 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4ru Ser.
Tonicella lineata (Wood)
Mopalia lignosa (Gould)
. “ — ethata (Sowerby)
Placiphorella velata Carpenter
Ischnochiton magdalenensis (Hinds)
i cooperi Carpenter
Of the 39 specimens taken, about three-fifths are Iscino-
chiton magdalenensis, an eighth are Mopalia ciliata, an eighth
are Ischnochiton cooperi, and a tenth are Tonicella lineata.
11. Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, California (Oldroyd).
I have not been successful in finding a published account of
this very interesting exposure, although to judge from the
chitons (I have seen no other representatives) it must possess
a somewhat remarkable fauna. The chitons attain a consid-
erable development here and include the following species:
Lepidochitona dentiens (Gould)
Nuttallina californica (Nuttall)
Mopalia muscosa (Gould)
r4 acuta (Carpenter)
Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorft)
Ischnochiton fallax Carpenter
< coopert Carpenter
Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry
Pe palmulatus mirabilis Pilsbry
- Over half of the 117 specimens obtained here by Mr. Old-
royd are Lepidochitona dentiens, nearly one-fifth are Mopalia
acuta, and about one-eighth are Callistochiton crassicostatus.
12. “Crawfish George’s’, near Yacht Club, San Pedro,
California (Arnold, Chace).
This exposure has been very comprehensively treated by
Arnold ( :03, p. 24-27, 35-47). He records no chitons. Mr.
Chace’s material, however, includes the following three:
Mopalia muscosa (Gould)
ce sp.
Ischnochiton cooperi Carpenter
The fauna as listed by Arnold includes a remarkable num-
ber of northern types, mingled as well with some of the more
Vou. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS - 411
southern. In many respects the association appears more or
less transitional between the Lower San Pedro Series and the
Upper, so perhaps is an older deposition than the typical
Upper San Pedro, It is the only supposedly Upper San Pedro
horizon in which Ischnochiton cooperi has been found. Pos-
sibly there has been a confusion of horizons, and both Upper
and Lower are really present here. I have accordingly treated
it as Lower San Pedro in my table. Further chiton material
from this locality is badly needed and might throw valuable
light on the relationships involved. Ashley’s record of Ischno-
chiton regularis (95, p. 343), from a supposedly Pliocene ex-
posure which Arnold (:03, p. 24) identifies with the present
one, also requires confirmation.
Upper San Pedro Series:
13. Lumber yard, San Pedro, California (Arnold).
This is the type locality of the Upper San Pedro Series
as described by Arnold. He records an extensive fauna ( :03,
p- 27-29, 35-47), but only two chitons are included:
Mopalia ciliata (Sowerby) [==muscosa (Gould) of the
present paper | :
Ischnochiton regularis (Carpenter )
I have had no material known with certainty: to be from
this horizon. The specimens upon which Arnold based the
determinations cited appear to have been lost and attempts to
trace them have met with no success.
14. Signal (or Los Cerritos) Hill, Long Beach, California
(Oldroyd). }
Accounts of the stratigraphic relations and fauna -of the
Pleistocene of Los Cerritos Hill have been published by Arnold
(:03, p. 30-32, 35-47), who lists no chitons, and by Oldroyd
(:14, p. 81), who records one,
Ischnochiton conspicuus Carpenter
The further material afforded by the Oldroyd collection
contains in addition to this species three others,
Mopalia acuta (Carpenter)
Ischnochiton sp.
Callistochiton palmulatus mirabilis Pilsbry
412 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc, 4ru Ser.
15. Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, California (F.
C. Clark).
This extremely rich deposit has never been thoroughly dealt
with in the literature, although a number of species, including
many novelties, have at various times been described from it.
Chace (:17, p. 30-31) has listed several of the chitons. From
the faunal evidence the stratigraphic affiliations are unquali-
fiedly with the Upper San Pedro. The majority of the species
are essentially identical with those inhabiting the waters of
the adjacent coast at the present day, but they are also usually
species whose present metropolis lies to the south rather than
to the north, or even in some instances, as Jschnochiton acrivr
of our list, no longer occur north of Lower California. The
following chitons have been recognized from the material sub-
mitted by Dr. Clark:
Leptochiton clarki Berry, new species
Mopalia acuta (Carpenter)
i sp.
Acanthochitona avicula (Carpenter )
Ischnochiton conspicuus Carpenter
me acrior Carpenter
pectinulatus Carpenter
sanctemonice Berry, new species
Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry
oF palmulatus mirabilis Pilsbry
ce
ee
The most remarkable faunal feature here is the enormous
relative abundance of the two species of Callistochiton. Out
of 330 valves, 197, or nearly two-thirds, are C. p. mirabilis,
and 71, or nearly one-fifth, are C. crassicostatus. The un-
identified Mopalia with 18, Ischnochiton acrior with 14, and J.
sanctemonice with 13, are the only others met with in any
number.
16. “Coal mine’, west side of Point Loma, San Diego
County, California (Mr. and Mrs. Frank Stephens, Carl L.
Hubbs).
This horizon, always referred to by Mrs. Stephens as “‘the
coal mine”, offers a fauna which is in some respects quite
unique, yet seems to have had very little attention from pre-
Vor. XI) BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 413
vious workers.” It is situated in the sea cliff about half way
of the peninsula on the western or ocean side. After revisiting
the locality at my request, Mr. Stephens writes under date of
June 5, 1918: “The bed containing the fossil shells lies un-
conformably on the strata containing the lignite, and is of
much later age. Only fragments of the fossil bed are left as
the sea is wearing the cliff away.” He failed to find any
further chitons, but the following had been secured previously :
Mopalia muscosa (Gould)
Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorft )
Ischnochiton conspicuus Carpenter
i acrior Carpenter
Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry
Cryptochiton stelleri and Acm@a mitra seem to be adventi-
tious northern elements, the presence of which is not at first
glance easy to understand, as the aspect of the remaining fauna
is decidedly southern. For the latter reason I correlate the ex-
posure with the Upper San Pedro, although the faunal list
finds no complete parallel in that of any of the previously de-
scribed horizons.
17. Along the sea cliff between one and two miles north of
Point Loma and Ocean Beach, San Diego County, California
(Cal. Acad. Sci. Loc. 108).
“The fossils were obtained from coarse sand and gravel
which occurs just above the contact between the cretaceous ( ?)
and the overlying late formation. The fossils occur about 50
ft. from the water. The formation in which they occur is al-
most horizontal.”’
i er ee tl
* The full list of species identified other than the chitons listed above seems worthy
of record, so is appended here.:
Acmea scabra Gould (=spectrum Nuttall) Thats cf. emarginata (Deshayes)
“mitra Eschscholtz Acanthina lugubris (Sowerby)
Fissurella volcano Reeve Alectrion cooperi (Forbes)
Diadora aspera (Eschscholtz) Gadinia reticulata Sowerby
Haliotis cracherodii Leach é Pecton (Plagtoctenium) circularis Sow-
Tegula (Chlorostoma) funebralis (A. erby (aeguisulcatus Carpenter)
Adams) Hinnites Riganteus Gray
Tegula (Chlorostoma) sp, Septifer bifurcatus (Conrad)
Norrissia norrissti_ (Sowerby) Cardita subquadrata Carpenter
Astrea undosa (Wood) _ Chama exogyra Conrad
Crepidula aculeata Gmelin | Phacotdes californicus (Conrad)
sf cf. Jessonti Broderip and Petricola cardstotdes Conrad
explanata Gould Cumingia lamellosa Sowerby
Hipponix tumens Carpenter Saxicava sp.
sf cf, crantoides Carpenter Pholad sp.
Littorina scutulata Gould Cancer productus Randall
se planaxis Philippi Tetraclita rubescens Darwin
Cerithidea sacrata Gould
414 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.
This locality is known to me only as above quoted. Quite
possibly it is the same, or part of the same deposit as the “coal
mine’ referred to as No. 15 above. Two chitons were ob-
tained,
Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorff)
Ischnochiton acrior Carpenter
The appearance of the individual specimens is much like
those from the preceding station. I refer them to the Upper
San Pedro.
18. Spanish Bight, North Island, San Diego, California
(Mrs. Kate Stephens).
This exposure has been given detailed treatment by Arnold
(:03, p. 59-64), but without recording any chitons. Two
species are represented in the material before me:
Ischnochiton conspicuus Carpenter
hi pectinulatus Carpenter
STATIONS OF UNCERTAIN RELATIONSHIP
In the Oldroyd collection with the scant label “Upper San
Pedro” are the following chitons, all from Southern Califor-
nia, and presumably from the neighborhood of San Pedro,
but the exposure and exact locality unknown:
Mopalia muscosa (Gould)
4 lignosa (Gould)
ni acuta (Carpenter)
sp.
Ischnochiton conspicuus Carpenter
i fallax Carpenter
coopert Carpenter
cf. sinudentatus Carpenter
sp.
Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry
“e
If, as seems probable, all of the above are from the same
exposure, the association would seem to be much more that of
the Lower than of the Upper San Pedro, as labeled.
In the Arnold collection labeled Deadman Island, California,
(formation unknown) are the following:
Vor. XIJ BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 415
Mopalia lignosa (Gould)
y acuta (Carpenter)
? Lepidochitona dentiens (Gould)
Nuttallina californica (Nuttall)
All of these are no doubt from the Pleistocene, but whether
from the Lower or Upper Series it would serve no good pur-
pose to hazard a guess.
The exact formation from which Cooper recorded Crypto-
chiton stelleri as of the Pleistocene of San Diego, and Ischno-
chiton magdalenensis from the Pleistocene at Santa Barbara are
not known to me.
It is strange that no chitons have been reported from the
rich Pleistocene deposit on the beach behind the bathhouse at
Santa Barbara. I did not find any during my exploration of
these beds in 1903, although they must occur there.
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF SPECIES
Chiton valves do not seem to be very common in most
horizons and are really abundant only in four of those ex-
amined,—the Upper San Pedro Beds of Long Wharf Canyon,
the Lower San Pedro at Nob Hill Cut, and the two Point
Fermin exposures, especially that known as the “Chiton Bed.”
Out of a total of 1040 valves which constitute the principal
subject matter of this paper, over one-half are the result of our
few trips to the “Chiton Bed”, and the overhauling of Dr.
Clark’s material from Long Wharf Canyon.
The most abundant species as fossils are not by any means
always those most commonly taken in present day collecting.
No less than 203 of the fossil valves are Callistochiton palmu-
latus mirabilis, and another Callistochiton (crassicostatus)
stands second in point of abundance with 131, largely the con-
sequence in both instances of their plentiful occurrence at Long
Wharf Canyon. The only other species of which 25 or more
specimens have come to hand are Nuttallina californica (161),
Lepidochitona dentiens (63), Mopalia muscosa (80), Ischno-
chiton magdalenensis (92), Mopalia acuta (49), Mopalia
ciliata (47), Ischnochiton acrior (31), and Ischnochiton
cooperi (26).
416 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.
It is of some interest in this connection to note that the
most abundant living species in the region whence practically
all the fossils came are probably Lepidochitona dentiens, Cyano-
plax hartwegt, Nuttallina fluxa, Ischnochiton conspicuus,
Ischnochiton pectinulatus, Mopalia muscosa, and Leptochiton
rugatus.
FAUNAL RELATIONS
It is too early in the study and the available material still
far too scanty to permit much indulgence in the pastime of
generalizing with any great degree of safety, but a few points
which can be brought out with some measure of clearness by
a study of the accompanying table are perhaps worthy of brief
summarization. We are better protected than otherwise in
proceeding thus because the facts in evidence stand fairly in
corroboration of the major conclusions to which students of
the other animal groups have been impelled by working out
parallel data.
A recapitulation of the table shows the total number of
species and subspecies for each of the principal formations to be
as follows:
Specifically
determinable Total
Oligocene: 3.5 /sislasisisynsrosicisleres sire sesiete 1 1
IPN CENEN. 5)erscie/atesctorccee lore savemsioee siaeine 2 (3?) 3 (4?)
PIEISCOCENE Yee ie craters isle eeisseiete Nemeis ole 28 33
Lower San Pedro........... 19
Upper San Pedro........... ll
Uncertaing ooo neseceeeeee 4
PLIOCENE
Leaving out the unique and extinct Oligocene species as
insufficient of itself to point conclusively one way or the other,
we find that the only certainly Pliocene species are Katharina
tunicata and Cryptochiton stelleri, both northern forms, as
would be expected by analogy with the remainder of the Plio-
cene fauna. These two species, however, happen both to be
of wide distribution, ranging from south-central California as
far north as Bering Sea, so do not help greatly in determin-
ing just how much colder than now the southern Californian
waters of that period probably were.
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