*KV ^ ^<^ ^ ^ H '> 1413083 CONTENTS. List of Officers of the Club since its Inauguration Rules of the Club List of Officers and Honorary Members . . List of Members List of New Members since the publication of Vol. XXXIII. Publications of the Club ; Societies and Institutions in Corres- pondence with the Field Club The Proceedings of the Club from May, 1912, to May, 1913 — Meeting at Beatjlieu . . Buckler's Hard Beaulieu Abbey Meeting at Maelbobough The School Avebury Church The Temple of Avebury. — The Excavations Silbi.u'y . . Knowle Chapel and Gravel Pits Froxfield Almshouses Littlecote Hall Ramsbury The Intended Meeting in the Cebne Valley Meeting at the Upper Yeo Valley Trent Church Wyke Grange Bradford Abbas Church Clifton Maybank Newton Surmaville . . Meeting at the Cebne Valley Cerne Abbas Minterne and Upcerne First Winter Meeting Second Winter Meeting Annual Meeting The Hon. Treasurer's Statement of the Club's Receipts and Expen- ditvu-e The Hon. Secretary's Account Anniversary Address of the President Scando-Gothic Art in Wessex, by H. Colley March, M.D., F.S.A. . . Dorset Assizes in the Seventeenth Century, by F. J. Pope, F.R.Hist.S. .. •• •• „ ■• The Ancient Earthworks of Cranbome Chase, by Heywood Sumner, F.S.A. . . . • ",; j ' " A Reminiscence of the late Rev. C. W. H. Dicker, R.D., and soino Observations on Bloxworth Church, by the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S. ,,••-„ , ],' Second Supplement to the Lepidoptera of tlie Isle of Furbeck, compiled from the Notes of Eustace R. Bankes. M.A., F E.S., by Nelson M. Richardson, B.A. .. •■ Interim Report on the Excavations at Maumbury Ring.s, Dor- chester, 1912, by H. St. George Gray ,,••.. ,„•• On New and Rare British Arachnida, noted and observed in I.W.. by the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambndge. M..A.. F.R.5>. xu. XXV. xxvii. xxviii. xxviii. xxx. XXX. xxx. xxxi. xxxii. xxxiii. xxxiii. xxxiv. xxxiv. XXXV. xxxvi. xxxvi. xxxvi. xxxvii. xxxvii. xxxvii. xxxix. xl. xli. xlii. xlvii. xliN. liv. Iv. Ivi. I 17 31 41 44 HI PAGE Dorset Weather Lore, by J. S. Udal, F.S.A. .. .. 137 Sherborne Brewers in 1383 (6 Richard II. ), by E. A. Fry . . 151 The Ancient Memorial Brasses of Dorset, by W. de C. Prideaux, L.D.S., Eng., F.R.S.M. .. .. .. 158 The Marriage of St. Cuthburga, who was afterwards Foundress of the Monastery at Winiborne, by the Rev. Canon J. M. J. Fletcher, M.A. and R.D. . . . . . . 167 Returns of Rainfall in Dorset in 1912, by R. Stevenson Henshaw, C.E. .. .. .. .. .. 186 Phenological Report on First Appearances of Birds, Insects, &c., and First Flowering of Plants in Dorset during 1912, by Nelson M. Richardson, B.A. . . . . . . 200 Roman Villas discovered in Dorset. Their Sites and the Relics found therein which throw light upon the Civil Life of their occupants, by the Rev. Canon T. E. Usherwood, M.A. .. .. .. .. .. 216 Index to Volume XXXIV. .. .. .. .. 237 INDEX TO PLATES AND ENGRAVINGS. PAGE OB TO FACE PAGE. Newton Surniaville, Yeovil . . . . . . . . xxxviii. Scando-Gothic Art in Wessex — Plate A and B . . . . . . . . 3 Plate C and D . . . . . . . . 9 Plate E . . . . . . . . . . 14 The Ancient Earthworks of Cranborne Chase — Badbury Rings . . . . . . . . 39 Buzbury Rings . . . . . . . . 39 British Settlement on South Tarrant Hinton Down . . 39 Knowlton Earthworks . . . . . . . . 39 Bloxworth Church — Doorway and Font . . . . . . 42 Interim Report on the Excavations at Maumbury Rings, Dor- chester, 1912 — Plate I. Plate II. Fig. 1 Plate III. Fig. 2 Plate IV. Plate V. On New and Rare British Arachnida — Plate A . . . . . . . . . . 107 Tlie Ancient Memorial Brasses of Dorset — George Burges, 1640, Wareham ; Ann Franke, 1583, Wareham 159 Wilham Perkins, 1613, Wareham ; Richard Perkins, 1616, Wareham . . . . . . . . 160 Mary Argenton, 1616, Woo Hand .. .. .' .' 161 Dorothy Williams, 1694, Pimperne .. .. .. 162 Thomas Pethyn, c. 1470, Lytchett Matravers ; Margaret Clement, 1505, Lytchett Matravers .. .. 163 John Clavell, Esq., and two wives, 1609, Church Knowle . . 165 81 93 94 95 98 101 103 Ubc Dorset IRatural Ibistor^ ant> Hntiquarian jfiel& Club. Inauqubated Maech 26th, 1875. Presidents : 1875-1902— J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., B.A., F.G.S. F L S 1902-1904— The Lord Eustace Cecil, F.R.G.S. 1904 * Nelson M. Richardsou, Esq., B.A. Vice-Presidents : 1875-1882— The Rev. H. H. Wood, M.A., F.G.S. 1875-1884— Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L S 1880-1900— The Rev. Cauon Sir Talbot Baker, Bart., M.A. 1880-1900— General Pitt-Rivers, F.R.S. 1880 * The Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z S 1885 * The Earl of Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S. 1892-1904— Nelson M. Richardsou, Esq., B.A. 1904"^^*^^ ( * ^^^ ^'^^^ Eustace Cecil, F.R.G.S. 1900-1909— W. H. Hudleston, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., Past Pres. Geol. fSoc. 1900-1904— Vaughan Cornish, Esq., D.Sc, F.C.S., F.R.G.S. 1900 * Captain G. R. Elwes. 1902 * H. Colley March, Esq., M.D., F.S.A. 1904 * The Rev. Herbert Pentiu, M.A. 1904 * The Rev. W. Miles Barnes, B.A. 1904 * The Rev. Canon J. C. M. Mansel-Pleydell, M.A., R.D. 1904-190S— R. Bosworth Smith, Esq., M.A. 1908-1909— Henry Storks Eaton, Esq., M.A., Past Pres. Roy. Met. Soc. 1909 *The Rev. Cauon C. H. Mayo, M.A., Borset Editor of '' Somerset and Dorset Notes and Queries.'''' 1909 * E. R. Sykes, Esq., B.A., F.Z.S., Past Pres. Malacolonical Soc. 1911-1912— The Rev. C. W. H. Dicker, R.D. 1912 * Alfred Pope, Esq., F.S.A. 1913 * Henry Symonds, Esq., F.S.A. 1913 * His Honour Judge J. S. Udal, F.S.A. Hon. Secretaries : 1875-1884— Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S. 1885-1892— The Earl of Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S. 1892-1902— Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A. 1902-1904— H. Colley March, Esq., M.D., F.S.A. 1904 * The Rev. Herbert Peutin, M.A. Son. Treasurers : 1875-1882— The Rev. H. H. Wood, M.A., F.G.S. 1882-1900— The Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S, 1901-1910— Captain G. R. Elwes. 1910 * The Rev. Canon J. C. M. Mansel-Pleydell, M.A., R.D. Jlon. Ed'itors : 1875-1884— Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S. 1885-1892— The Earl of Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S. 1892-1901— Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A. 1901-1906— The Rev. W. Miles Barnes, B.A. 1906-1909— The Rev. Herbert Peutin, M.A. 1909-1912— The Rev. C. W. H. Dicker, R.D, 1912 * Hemy Symonds, Esq., F.S.A. * The asterisk indicates the present officials of the Club. VI. RULES OF ■HE DORSET NMURfil HISTORY UND UNTIQUflRIAN FIELD CLUB. Object and Constitution. l._The Club shall be called The Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club, and shall have for a short title The Dorset Field Club. The object of the Club is to promote and encourage an interest in the study of the Physical Sciences and Archaeology generally, especially the Natural History of the County of Dorset and its Antiquities, Prehistoric records, and Ethnology. It shall use its influence to prevent, as far as possible, the extiipation of rare plants and animals, and to promote the preservation of the Antiquities of the County. 2.— The Club shall consist of (i.) three Officers, President, Honorary Secretary, and Honorary Treasurer, who shall be elected annually, and shall form the Executive body for its management ; (ii.) Vice-Presidents, of whom the Honorary Secretary and Ti-easurer shall be two, ex officio ; (in.) The Honorary Editor of the Annual Volume of Proceedings ; (iv.) Ordinary Members ; (v.) Honorary Members. The President, Vice-Presidents, and Editor shall form a Council to decide questions refeiTod to them by the Executive and to elect Honorary Members. The Editor shall be nominated by one of the incoming Executive and elected at the Annual Meeting. There may also be one or more Honorary Assistant Secretaries, who shall be nominated by the Honorary Secretary, seconded by the President or Treasurer, and elected by the Members at the Annual Meeting. Members may be appointed by the remaining Officers to fill interim vacancies in the Executive Body until the following Annual Meeting. The number of the Club shall be limited to 400, power being reserved to the Council to select from the list of candidates persons, whose membership they may consider to be advantageous to the interests of the Club, to be additional Members. Peesident and Vice-Peesidents. 3. — The President shall take the chair at all Meetings, and have an original and a casting vote on all questions before the Meeting. In addition to the two ex-officio Vice-Presidents, at least three others shall be nominated by the President, or, in his absence, by the Chairman, and elected at the Annual Meeting. Hon. Seceetaey. 4.— The Secretary shall perform all the usual secretarial work; cause a programme of each Meeting to be sent to every Member seven days at least before such Meeting ; make all preparations for caixyiug out Meetings and, with or without the help of a paid Assistant Secretary or others, conduct all Field Meetings. On any question arising between the Secretary (or Acting Secretary) and a Member at a Field Meeting, the decision of the Secretary shall be final. The Secretary shall receive from each Member his or her share of the day's expenses, and thereout defray all incidental costs and charges of the Meeting, rendering an account of the same before the Annual Meeting to the Treasurer ; any sui-plus of such collection shall form part of the General Fund, and any deficit be defrayed out of that Fund. Hon. Teeasxjeee. 5. — The Treasurer shall keep an account of Subscriptions and all other moneys of the Club received and of all Disbursements, rendering at the Ainiual General Meeting a balance sheet of the same, as well as a general statement of the Club's finances. He shall send copies of the Annual Volume of Proceedings for each year to Ordinary Members who have paid their subscriptions for that year (as nearly as may be possible, in the order of such payment), to Honorary Members, and to such Societies and individuals as the Club may, from time to time, appoint to receive them. He shall also furnish a list at each Annual Meeting, containing the names of all Members in arrear, vnth the amount of their indebtedness to the Club. He shall also give notice of theii- election to all Xew Members. Oedinaey Membees. 6. — Ordinary Members are entitled to be present and take part in the Club's proceedings at all Meetings, and to receive the published "Proceedings " of the Club, when issued, for the year for which then- subscription has been paid. 7. — Every candidate for admission shall be nominated in %vi'iting by one Member and seconded by another, to both of whom he must be personally known. He may be proposed at any Meeting, and his name shall appear in the progi-anune of the first following Meeting at which a Ballot is held, when he shall be elected by ballot, one black ball in six to exclude. Twelve Members shall form a quorum for the pui-pose of election. A Ballot shall be held at the Annual and Winter Meetings, and may be held at any other Meeting, should the Executive so decide, notice being given in the programme. In the event of the number of vacancies being less than the number of candidates at four successive Meetings, the names of any candidates proposed at the first of such Meetings who have not been elected at one of them shall be withdrawn, and shall not be eligible to be again proposed for election for at least a year after such withdrawal. Provided that if at any Meeting there shall be no vacancies available, it shall not be counted in estimating the above named four Meetings. 8.- The Annual Subscription shall be 10s., which shall become due and payable in advance on the 1st of January in each year. Subscriptions paid on election after September in each year shall be considered as subscriptions for the following year, unless otherwise agreed upon by such Member and the Treasurer. Every Member shaU pay immecL'ately after his election the sum of ten shillings as Entrance Fee, in addition to his first Annual Subscription. 9.— No person elected a Member shall be entitled to exercise any privilege as such until he has paid his Entrance Fee and fii'st Subscription, and no Member shall be entitled to receive a copy of the " Proceedings" for any year until his Subscription for that year has been paid. 10.— A registered letter shall be sent by the Hon. Treasurer to any Member whose Subscrij)tion is in arrear at the date of any Annual Meeting, demanding payment within 28 days, failing which he shall cease to be a Member of the Club, but shall, nevertheless, be liable for the arrears then due. 11. — Members desii-ing to leave the Club shall give notice of the same in writing to the Treasurer (or Secretary), but, unless such notice is given before the end of January in any year, they shall be liable to pay the Annual Subscription due to the Club on and after January 1st in that year. HoNOEAET Members. 12. — Honorary Members shall consist of persons eminent for scientific or natural history attainments, and shall be elected by the Council. They jiay no subscription, and have all the privileges of Ordinary Members, except voting. Meetings. 13. — The Annual General Meetmg shall be held as near the fii-st week in May as may be convenient ; to receive the outgoing President's Address (if any) and the Treasurer's financial report ; to elect the Officers and Editor for the ensuing year ; to detennine the number (which shall usually be three or foui-), dates, and places of Field Meetings during the ensuing summer, and for general pui-poses. 14. — Two Winter Meetings shall usually be held in or about the months of December and February for the exhibition of Objects of Interest (to which not more than one hour of the time before the reading of the Papers shall be devoted), for the reading and discussion of Papers, and for general piu-poses. The Dates and Places of the Winter and Annual Meetings shall be decided by the Executive. 1.5.— A Member may bring Friends to the Meetings subject to the following restrictions: — No person (except the husband, wife, or chdd of a Member), may attend the Meeting unaccompanied by the Member introducing him, unless such Member be prevented from attending by iUness, and no Member may take with biTn to a Field Meeting more than one Friend, whose name and address must be submitted to the Hon. Secretary and approved by him or the Executive. The above restrictions do not apply to the Executive or to the Acting Secretary at the Meetmg. IX. 16.- Members must give due notice (with prepajTnent of expenses) to the Hon. Secretary of their intention to be present, with or without a Friend, at any Field Meeting, in return for which the Secretary shall send to the Member a card of admission to the Meeting, to be produced when required. Any Member who, having given such notice, fails to attend, will be liable only for any expenses actually incurred on his account, and any balance will be returned to him on application. The sum of Is., or such other amount as the Hon. Secretary may consider necessary, shall be charged to each person attending a Field Meeting, for Incidental Expenses. !'•— The Executive may at any time call a Special General Meeting of the Members upon their own initiative or upon a written requisition (signed by Eight Members) being sent to the Honorary Secretary. Any proposition to be submitted shaU be stated in the Notice, which shall be sent to each Member of the Club not later than seven days before the Meeting. Papers. IS. — Notice shall be given to the Secretaiy, a convenient time before each Meeting, of any motion to be made or any Paper or communication desii-ed to be read, with its title and a short sketch of its scope or contents. The insertion of these in the Programme is subject to the consent of the Executive. 19.— The Publications of the Club shaU be in the hands of the Executive, who shall appoint annually Three or more Ordinary Members to form Avith them and the Editor a Publication Committee for the pm-pose of deciding upon the contents of the Annual Volume. These contents shall consist of original pajjers and communications written for the Club, and either read, or accepted as read, at a General Meeting ; also of the Secretary's Reports of Meetings, the Treasurer's Financial Statement and Balance Sheet, a list to date of all Members of the Club, and of those elected in the current or jjrevious year, with the names of their proposers and seconders. The Annual Volume shall be edited by the Editor subject to the direction of the Publication Committee. 20. — Twenty -five coijies of his paper shall be presented to each author whose communication shall appear in the volume as a sej)arate article, on notice being given by hun to the Publisher to that effect. The Affiliation of Societies and Libeaeies to the Club. 21.— Any Natural Histoiy or Antiquarian Society in the County may be affiliated to the Dorset Field Club on payment of an annual fee of Ten Sliillings, in return for which the annual volume of the Proceedings of the Field Club sJiall be sent to such Society. Every affiliated Society shall send the programme of its Meetings to the Hon. Secretary of the Field Club, and shall also report any discoveries of exceptional interest. And the Field Club shall send its programme to the Hon. Secretary of each affiliated Society. X. The Members of the Field Club shall not be eligible, ipso facto, to attend any Meetings of affiliated Societies, and the Members of any affiliated Society shall not be eligible, ipso facto, to attend any Meetings of the Field Club. But any Member of an affiliated Society shall be eligible to read a paper or make an exhibit at the "Winter Meetings of the Field Club at Dorchester. Any Public Library, or Club or School or College Library, in England or elsewhere, may be affiliated to the Dorset Field Club on payment of an annual fee of Ten Shillings, in return for which the annual volume of the Proceedings of the Field Club shall be sent to such Library. Sectional Committees. 22. — Small Committees may be appointed at the Annual General Meeting to report to the Club any interesting facts or discoveries relating to the various sections which they represent ; and the Committee of each section may elect one of their Members as a Corresponding Secretary. New Rdxes. 23. — No alteration in or addition to these Rules shall be made except with the consent of a majority of three-fourths of the Members present at the Annual General Meeting, full notice of the proposed alteration or addition having been given both in the current Programme and in that of the previous Meeting. m XI. Ube H)orset Natural Ibistor^ anO Hntiquarian 3Fiel6 Club. INAUGURATED jMAECH 2Gth, 1875. President : NELSON M. EICHAKDSON, Esq., B.A. Vice-Presidents : The Lord EUSTACE CECIL, F.R.G.S. (Past President). The Rev. HERBERT PEXTIN, M.A. {Hon. Secretary). The Rev. Canon MANSEL-PLEYDELL, M.A., R.D. {Hon. Treasurer). HENRY SYMONDS, Esq., F.S.A. {Eon. Editor). Captain G. R. ELWES, J.P. H. COLLEY MARCH, Esq., M.D., F.S.A. The Rev. Canon MAYO, M.A. {Dorset Editoi of "Somerset and Dorset Notes and Q/ierie.s "). The Rev. W. MILES BARNES, B.A. The Earl of MORAY, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S. The Rev. O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ALFRED POPE, Esq., F.S.A. E. R. SYKES, Esq., B.A., F.Z.S. {Past Pres. Malaeological Society). His Honour Judge J. S. UDAL, F.S.A. Execniive Body : Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A. {President). The Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A. {Hon. Secretary), Milton Abbey Vicarage, Bland ford. The Rev. Canon Mansel-Pleydell, M.A. {Hon. Treasurer), Sturminster Newton Vicarage, Dorset. Hon. Editor : Henry Symonds, Esq., F.S.A., 30, Bolton Gardens, London, S.W. Publication Committee : The Executive, The Hon. Editor, H. B. Middleton, Esq., Dr. Colley March, and E. R. Sykes, Esq. Ho7i. Director of the Dorset Photographic Survey : C. J. Coenish-Browne, Esq., Came House, Dorchester. Earthtvorks Sectional Committee : H. Colley March Esq., M.D., F.S.A. {Chairman). Numismatic Sectional Committee : Henry Symonds, Esq., F.S.A. {Corresponding Secretary). Hojiorary Members : O.M. W. Careuthees, Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., British Museum (Nat. Hist.), South Kensington. 1888 The Rev. Osmond Fisher, M.A., F.G.S., Graveley, Huntmgdon. 1889 A. M. Wallis, Esq., 29, Mallams, Portland. 1900 A. J. Jukes-Browne, Esq., B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Westleigh, Ash- Hill Road, Torquay. , ^ , 1900 R. Lydekker, Esq., B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S.. The Lodge, Haqieuden, 1900 Clement Reid, Esq., F.R.S,, F.L.S., F.G S., One Acre, Milford-on- 1900 A."smith''woodward, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., British Museum (Nat. Hist.), South Kensington, London. 1904 Sir Wm. Thiselton Dyer, K.C.M.G., CLE., LL.D., Sc.D., Ph.D.. F.R.S., The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester. ,„, x ,. j tt 1904 Sir Frederick Treves, Bart., G.C.V.O., C.B., LL.D., Thatched House Lodge, Richmond Park, Kingston-on-Thames ^ , ^ , . iqos Thomas Hardy Esq., O.M., D. Litt., LL.D., Max Gate, Dorchester. 1909 Sered RuTseIwISlace, E'sq., O.M.! LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.. Broadstone. Xll. LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE Dorset ilatural Sjtstorp iinti ;^ntiquarkn jfidti Clut). Year of Election. 1903 1911 1911 1902 1884 1903 1904 1892 1912 1889 1903 1907 1907 1910 1893 1892 1899 1912 1907 (The initials "0.31." signify " Original Member.") The Most Hon. the Marquis of Salisbury, M.A., C.B. The Eight Hon. Gertrude, Countess of Moray The Eight Hon. the Earl of Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S. (rice- President) The Eight Hon. the Earl of Ilchester The Eight Hon. the Earl of Shaftesbury, K.C.V.O. The Eight Hon. Lord Eustace Cecil, F.E.G.S. ( Vice-President) The Eight Hon. Lady Eustace Cecil The Eight Eev. the Lord Bishop of Durham, D.D. The Eight Eev. the Lord Bishop of Worcester, D.D., F.S.A. The Eight Eev. the Lord Bishop of Salisbury, D.D. The Eight Hon. Lord Digby The Eight Hon. Lord Chelmsford The Eight Hon. Lord Wynford The Eight Hon. Lady Wynford Abbott, F. E., Esq. Acland, Captain John E., M.A., F.S.A. Acton, Eev. Edward, B.A. Aldridge, Mrs. Selina The Manor House, Cranborne Westfield, Wimborne Kiufauns Castle, Perth, N.B. Melbury, Dorchester St. Giles, Wimborne Lytchett Heath, Poole Lytchett Heath, Poole Auckland Castle, Bishop's Auckland Hartlebury Castle, Kidderminster The Palace, Salisbury Minteme, Dorchester 18, Queen's Gate Place, London, S.W. Warmwell House, Dorchester Warmwell House, Dorchester 75, St. Thomas Street, Weymouth Alexander, Miss Constance Allner, Mrs. George Wollaston House, Dorchester Iwerne Minster Vicarage, Blandford Denewood, Alum Chine Eoad, Bourne- mouth The Grange, Chetnole, Sherborne National Provincial Bank, Sturmineter Newton XUl. 1908 Almack, Eev. A. C, M.A. 1906 Atkins, F. T., Esq., M.E.C.S., L.R.C.P. Edin. 1907 Atkinson, George T., Esq., M.A. 1907 Badcoe, A. C, Esq., B.Sc. 1902 Baker, Sir Randolf L., Bart., M.P. 1912 Baker, Rev. E. W., B.A. 1887 Bankes, Rev. Canon, M.A. 1906 Bankes, Mrs. 1912 Bankes, Jerome N., Esq., F.S.A. 1902 Barkworth, Edmund, Esq. 1904 Barlow, Major C. M. 1894 Barnes, Mrs. John lies 1889 Barnes, Rev. W. M., B.A. {Vice- Fresident) 1903 Barnes, F. J., Esq., F.G.S. 1903 Barnes, ISfa. F. J. 1884 Barrett, W. Bowles, Esq. 1906 Barrow, Richard, Esq. 1895 Bartelot, Rev. R. Grosvenor, M.A. 1893 Baskett, S. R., Esq. 1904 Baskett, Mrs. S. R. 1909 Batten, Colonel J. Mount, C.B., Lord -Lieutenant of Dorset 1910 Baxter, Lieut. -Colonel W. H., 1910 Baxter, Mrs. W. H. 1888 Beckford, F. J., Esq. 1908 Benett-Stanford, Major J., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S. 1910 Blackett, Rev. J. C, B.A. 1912 Blackett, C. H., Esq. 1912 Blackett, W. E., Esq. 1910 Blomefield, Commander T. C. A., R.N. 1903 Bond, Gerald Denis, Esq. 1906 Bond, Nigel deM., Esq., M.A, 1903 Bond, Wm. Ralph G., Esq. 1910 Bond, F. Bligh, Esq., F.R.I.B.A. 1894 Bonsor, Geo., Esq. The Rectory, Blaudford St. Mary Cathay, AlumhurstRoad, Bournemouth Durlston Court, Swanage Lustleigh, Maumbury Way, Dorchester Ranston, Blaudford The Rectory, Witchampton The Close, Salisbury Kingston Lacy, Wimbome 63, Redcliffe Gardens, London, S. W. South House, Pydeltrenthide Southcot, Channinster Blaudford Weymouth Avenue, Dorchester Glenthorn, Weymouth Glenthorn, Weymouth 2, Belfield Terrace, Weymouth Sorrento House, Sandecotes, Parkstone Fordington St. George Vicarage, Dorchester Evershot Evershot Up-Cerne House, Dorchester, and Moniiugton Lodge, West Kensington The Wilderness, Sherborne The Wilderness, Sherborne Witley, Parkstone Hatch House, Tisbury, Wilts Gillingham Rasapeuna, McKinley Road, Bourne- mouth Blanchland, McKinley Road, Bourne- mouth S, Old Castle Road, Weymouth Holme, Wareham 8, Evelyii Gardens, London, S.W. Tyneham, Wareham The Guild House, Glastonbury El Castillo, Maireua del Alcor, Sevilla, Spain XIV. 1889 Bower, H. Syndercombe, Esq. 1900 Bower, Rev. Charles H. S., M.A. 1898 Brandreth, Rev. F. W., M.A. 1901 Brennand, John, Esq. 1900 Brown, Miss 189.5 Brymer, Rev. J. G., M.A. 1907 Biilfin, Ignatius, Esq., B.A. 1900 Bullen, Colonel John Bullen Symes 1907 Bury, Mrs. Henry 1905 Busk, W. G., Esq. 1905 Busk, Mrs. W. G. 1901 Bussell, Miss Katherine 1912 Butler, Rev. E. T., M.A. 1903 Butler-Bowden, Mrs. Bruno 1911 Butlin, M. C, Esq., M.A. 1891 Carter, William, Esq. 1913 Case, H. Esq., L.R.C.P. 1905 Chadwyck-Healey. Sir C. E. H., M.A., K.C., K.C.B., F.S.A. 1903 Champ, A., Esq. 1897 Chudleigh, Mi-s. 189i Church, Colonel Ai-thur 1904 Clapcott, Miss 1892 Clarence, Lovell Burchett, Esq. 1905 Clark, Mrs. E. S. 1895 Clarke, R. Stanley, Esq. 1912 Clift, J. G. Neilson, Esq. 1883 Colfox, Miss A. L. 1878 Colfox, T. A., Esq. 1905 Colhus, Stephen, Esq., M.P. 1904 Collins, Wm. W., Esq., R.I. 1905 Colville, H. K., Esq. 1904 Coney, Major Wm. Bicknell 1912 Cooke, Rev. J. H., M.A., LL.D. 1902 Cornish, Rev. W. F., M.A. Fontmell Parva, Shillingstone, Bland- ford Childe Okeford Rectory, Shillingstone, Dorset Buckland Newton, Dorchester Belmont, Parkstone Belle Vue, Shaftesbury Ilsington House, Puddletown The Den, Knole Hill, Bournemouth Catherston Leweston, near Charmouth Mayfield House, Farnham, Surrey Wraxall Manor, Cattistock, Dorchester Wraxall Manor, Cattistock, Dorchester Thorneloe School, Rodwell, Weymouth Okefoi'd Fitzpaine Rectorj^, Shilling- stone Upwey House, Upwey 7, Westerhall Road, Weymouth The Hermitage, Parkstone Abbotsbury "Vicarage Wyphurst, Cranleigh, Surrey St. Katherine's, Bridport Downshay Manor, LaugtonMatravers, Dorset St. Alban's, Rodwell, Weymouth The Cottage, Bradford Peverell, Dor- chester Coaxden, Axminster St. Aldhelm's, Wareham Trobridge House, Crediton, Devon 8, Prince's Street, Westminster, S.W. Westmead, Bridport Coneygar, Bridj)ort Harbome, St. Ann's Hill, Wands- worth, S.W. Stoborough Croft, Wareham Loders Court, Bridport Martinstown, Dorchester Shillingstone Rectory Steepleton Rectory, Dorchester XV. 1903 1891 1886 1909 Cornish -BroTSTie, C. J., Esq. {Hon. Director of the Dorset Photo- graphic Survey) Cother, Eev. P. L., M.A. Crespi, A. J. H., Esq., B.A., M.E.C.P. Cnckmay, Harry W., Esq. 1884 Cross, Rev. James, M.A. 1885 Curme, Decimus, Esq., M.R.C.S. 1896 Curtis, C. H., Esq. 1897 Curtis, Wilfrid Parkinson, Esq., F.E.S. 1903 Dacombe, J. M. J., Esq. 1912 Dammers, B.F.H., Esq. 1907 Daniell, G. H. S., Esq., M.B. 1907 Daniell, Miss Margaret O.M. Darell, D., Esq., E.G.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S. 1904 Davies, Rev. Canon S. E., M.A. 1894 Davis, Geo., Esq. 1909 Day, Cyril D., Esq., B.A. 1904 Deane, Mrs. A. M. 1910 Devenish, Major J. H. C. 1907 Dicker, Miss Eleanor H. 1912 Dickson, Colonel W. D. 1912 Dickson, Mrs. W. D. 1903 Digby, Major H. Montague 1911 Dillon-Trenchard, Miss Margaret 1906 Dodd, Frank Wm., Esq., M.Inst.C.E. 1908 Dodington, H. P. Marriott, Esq. 1908 Dominy, G. H., Esq., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. 1912 Dru Drury, G., Esq., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. 1904 Dugdale, J. B., Esq. 1905 Duke, Henry, Esq. 1905 Duke, Mrs. Henry 1907 Duke, Miss M. Constance 1908 Duke, Mrs. E. Baruaby Came House, Dorchester I, Clearmount, Weymouth Cooma, Poole Road, Wimbome Maybury, 12, Greenhill Terrace, Weymouth Baillie House, Sturminster Marshall, Wimbome Eversley, Durley Road, Bournemouth Blandford Aysgarth, Parkstone Road, Poole 27, Holdenhurst Road, Bournemouth Harbour House, Bridport Dale House, Blandford Dale House, Blandford Hillfield House, Stoke Fleming, Dart- mouth, Devon Wyke Regis Rectorj', WejTnouth West Lodge, Icen Way, Dorchester Gleuhurst, Dorchester Clay Hill House, near Gillingham Springfield, Weymouth Brook House, Upwey, Dorchester Southill, Dean Park, Bournemouth Southill, Dean Park, Bournemouth II, Park Lane, Piccadilly, W. The Ridge, Durlston Park Road, Swanage 17, Adam Street, Brooklyn, U.S.A. Castle Gardens, Wareham Milton Abbas, Blandford Corfe Castle, Wareham Sandford, Wareham Clandon, Dorchester Clandon, Dorchester The Limes, Dorchester Maeu, Dorchester XVI. 1896 Dundas, Ven. Archdeacon, M.A. 1911 Dymond, Miss Evelyn 191C Eaton, Eev. A. E., M.A., F.E.S. 1885 Elwes, Captain G. E. {Vice- President) 1913 Facey, C. S., Esq., M.B. 1886 Falkner, C. G., Esq., M.A. 1884 Farley, Rev. H., M.A. 1913 Farrar-Eoberts, W., Esq. 1903 Farrer, Colonel Philip 1905 Feacey, Jem, Esq. 1912 Ferguson, Miss E. N. 1912 Ferguson, Miss Constance 1904 Ffooks, Mrs. E. Ai-chdall 1904 Fielding, Thos., Esq., M.D. 1892 Filleul, Eev. S. E. V., M.A. 1889 Filliter, George Clavell, Esq. 1896 FiUiter, Rev. W. D., M.A. 1910 rniiter, Mrs. W. D. 1901 Fisher, Mi-s. J. F. 1911 Fisher, Eev. J. Martyn, M.A. 1890 Fletcher, W. H. B., Esq. 1906 Fletcher, Mrs. W. J. 1907 Fletcher, Eev. Canon J. M. J., M.A., E.D. 1885 Floyer, G. W., Esq., B.A. 1895 Forbes, Mrs. 1897 Forde, Henry, Esq. 1910 Forder, B. C, Esq. 1893 Forrester, Hugh Carl, Esq., B.A. 1893 Forrester, Mrs. James 1910 Fox-Strangways, H. W., Esq. 1911 Fox, H. E. Groker, Esq., M.B., M.E.C.S., L.E.C.P. 1910 Fi-eame, Major B. E. 1895 Fry, Edward Alexander, Esq. 1903 Fry, George S., Esq. 189S Fullaway, Mrs. O.M. Galpin, G., Esq. Charminster Vicarage, Dorchester TvFO Leas, Langton Matravers, Warehara Eichmond Villa, Northam, North Devon Bossington, Bournemouth The Elms, Chickerell, near Weymouth Ireton Bank, Eusholme, Manchester Overbury Eoad, Parkstone Plas Lodwig, St. John's Road, Bournemouth West Binnegar HaU, Wareham Culliford Eoad, Dorchester Elwell Lea, Upwey, Dorchester Elwell Lea, Uijvrey, Dorchester Kiugscote, Dorchester Milton Abbas, Blandford All Saints' Eectory, Dorchester St. Martin's House, Wareham East Lulworth Vicarage, Wareham East Lulvrorth Vicarage, Wareham Vines Close, Wimborne St. Paul's Vicarage, Weymouth Aldwick Manor, Bognor, Sussex Wyrle}-, Colehill, Wimborne The Vicarage, Wimborne Minster West Stafford, Dorchester Culverhayes, ShiUingstone, Blandford Luscombe, Parkstone Upper Parkstone St. John's Cottage, Shaftesbury Westport, Wareham 2, St. Aubyn's Park, Tiverton, Devon Chalbury Lodge, Weymouth The Chantry, Gilhngham 227, Strand, London, W.C. Chesham, The Grove, Nether Street, Finchley, London, N. Childe Okeford, Blandford Clarendon Court, Clarendon Eoad, Bournemouth xvn. 1896 George, Mrs. 1908 Gildea, Miss W. P. C. 1890 Glyn, Captain Carr Stuart 1912 Glyn, Mrs. C. O.ll. Glyn, Sir E. G., Bart. 1895 Godman, F. du Cane, Esq., F.E.S. 1906 Gowring, Mrs. B. W. 1908 Greenwood, Arthur, Esq., L.M.S., L.S.A. 1888 Greves, Hyla, Esq., M.D. 1904 Groves, Herbert J., Esq. 1906 Groves, Miss 1912 Groves, Miss 1912 Groves, Miss M. 1906 Gundry, Joseph, Esq. 1896 Haggard, Eev. H. A., M.A. 1912 Haines, F. H., Esq., M.E.C.S., L.E.C.P. 1903 Hambro, Sii" Everard, K.C.V.O. 1905 Hambro, C. Eric, Esq. 1913 Hamilton, Miss 1911 Hands, W. G., Esq., H.M.I. 1893 Hankey, Eev. Canon, M.A., E.D. 1910 Harbin, Eev. E. H. Bates, M.A. 1890 Harrison, Eev. F. T., M.A. 1898 Hassell, Miss 1894 Hawkins, W., Esq., M.E.C.S. 1903 Hawkins, Miss Isabel 1908 Hawkins, Eev. H. 1893 HajTie, E., Esq. 1889 Head, J. Merrick, Esq., M.E.I.A., F.E.G.S., F.P.S. 1905 Heath, F. E., Esq. 1911 Hellins, Eev. E. W. J., M.A., LL.B. 1911 Hellins, Mrs. E. W. J. 1899 Henning, Mi's. 1913 Henshaw, E. Stevenson, Esq., C.E. {Ho7i. Editor of the Dorset Rainfall Reports) 1912 Hichens, Mrs. T. S. Fleet House, near Weymouth Upwey Eectory, Dorchester Wood Leaze, Wimbome Wood Leaze, Wimborne Gaunts House, Wimborne Lower Beeding, Horsham 49, High West Street, Dorchester 32, Dorchester Eoad, Weymouth Eodney House, Bournemouth Clifton, Weymouth Thickthorne, Broadwey, Dorset Blackdown, Weymouth Blackdown, Weymouth Eed House, Queen's Avenue, Dor- chester Molash Vicarage, Canterbury Wiufrith, Dorchester Milton Abbey, Dorset Pickhiu'st Mead, Hayes, Kent Affpuddle Vicarage, Dorchester 130, Kedleston Eoad, Derby Maiden Newton Eectory, Dorchester Newton Surmaville, Yeovil Burton Bradstock Eectory, Bridport Westfield Lodge, Parkstone Hillfield, Broadwey, Dorchester Wyke, Sherborne 1, Westerhall, We3Tnouth Fordington House, Dorchester Pennsylvania Castle, Portland The Woodlands, Weymouth Marnhull Eectory, Dorset Marnhull Eectory, Dorset Frome, Dorchester New Eoad, Portland Flamberts, Trent, Sherborne XVlll. 1901 Hill, R. E., Esq. 1910 Hill, Miss Pearson 1902 Hine, R., Esq. 1902 Homer, Miss E. C. Wood 1907 Homer, Mrs. G. "Wood 1888 Huntley, H. E., Esq. 1903 Jenkins, Rev. T. Leonard, M.A. 1912 Jordan, Miss 1893 Kerr, E. W., Esq., M.D. 1912 Kersley, R., Esq. 1895 Lafontaine, A. C. de, Esq., F.S.A. 1902 Langdon, Miss Mary C. 1876 Langford, Rev. Canon, M.A. 1910 Leach, F. R., Esq. 1907 Lees, Captain Edgar, R.N. 1907 Lees, Mrs. Edgar 1910 Le Fleming, E. K., Esq., B.A., M.B. 1900 Legge, Miss Jane 1899 Le Jeune, H., Esq. 1900 Leslie, Rev. E. C, M.A. 1902 Lewis, Rev. A., M.A. 1894 Linklater, Rev. Prebendary, D.D. 1890 Lister, INIiss Guliehna, F.L.S. 1905 Llewellin, W., Esq.,M.A. 1900 Lock, Mrs. A. H. 1892 Lock, His Honour Judge B. Fossett, 1893 Lock, Miss Mary C. 1911 Long, Rev. H. R., B.A. 1910 MacCormick, Rev. F., F.S.A. Scot., M.R.A.S. 1888 MacDonald, P. W., Esq., M.D. 1902 Mainwaring, Lieut. -Col. F. G. L. 1890 Manger, A. T., Esq. 1907 Mansel, Miss Susan 1899 Mansel -Pleydell, Rev. Canon J. C. M., M.A., R.D. {Vice- Presideyit and Hon. Treasurer) 1S9G March, H. CoUey, Esq., M.D., F.S.A., M.R.S.A.I., F.A.L ( Vice-President) Long Lynch, Childe Okeford Rax, Bridport Beaminster Bardolf Manor, Puddletown Bardolf Manor, Puddletown Charlton House, Blandford Leigh Vicarage, Sherborne The Ridge, Durlston Park Road, Swanage South Street, Dorchester The Manor, Upwey, Dorchester Athelhampton, Dorchester Parrock's Lodge, Chard Southbrook, Starcross, S. Devon Upcott, Bournemouth West White Cross, Wyke Regis White Cross, Wyke Regis St. Margaret's, Wimborne Allington Villa, Bridport St. Ives, Upper Parkstone, Dorset Came Rectory, Dorchester Chardstock Vicarage, Chard Holworth House, Winfrith High CHff, Lyme Regis Upton House, Poole 53, High West Street, Dorchester Ford Hall, Bridlington, Yorkshire 7, Blackheath Road, Oxford Tolpuddle, Dorchester Wrockwardine Wood Rectory, Wel- lington, Salop Herrison, Dorchester Wabey House, Upwey Stock Hill, Gillingham Top-o'-Town, Dorchester Sturminster Newton Vicarage, Dorset Portesham, Dorchester XIX. 1901 Markham-Lee, W, H., Esq., I.S.M. 1883 Mamott, Sir W. Smith, Bart. 1904 Marsh, J. L., Esq. 1911 Mason, W. J., Esq. 1911 Mason, Mrs. E. E. 1907 Mate, C. H., Esq. 1879 Maunsell, Rev. F. W., M.A. O.M. Mayo, Rev. Canon, M.A., R.D. ( Vice-President) 1912 McDowall, A. S., Esq., M.A. 1907 Michell, Theo., Esq. O.M. Middleton, H. B., Esq., M.A. 1909 Middleton, Miss A. 1890 MHne, Rev. Percy H., M.A. O.M. Moorhead, J., Esq., M.A., M.D. 1905 Morgan, Mrs. 1911 Morris, Sir Daniel, K.C.M.G., D.Sc., D.C.L., F.L.S. 1897 MouUin, Arthur D., Esq. 1908 Nettleton, Spencer, Esq. 1909 Newnham, H. S., Esq. 1905 Nicholson, Captain Hugh 1906 Oke, A. W., Esq., B.A., LL.M., F.S.A., F.G.S. 1886 Okeden, Colonel U. E. Parry 1906 Okeden, Edmund Parry, Esq. 1908 Oliver, Vere L., Esq. 1908 OUver, Mrs. Vere L. 1904 OUver, Weston, Esq., M.A. 1908 Ord, W. T., Esq., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.G.S. 1911 Ouless, W. W., Esq., R.A. 1911 Ouless, Miss Catherine 1905 Paget, Miss Adelaide 1890 Patey, Miss 1908 Patterson, Mrs. Myles 1907 Paul, Edward CUfford, Esq., M.A. 1907 Paul, Mrs. Edward Clifford Wyke Regis, Weymouth The Down House, Blandford White ClifF MUl Street, Blandford St. Denis, Cann, Shaftesbury St. Denis, Cann, Shaftesbury Elim, Surrey Road South, Bourne- mouth Symondsbury Rectory, Bndport Long Burton Vicarage, Sherborne Xorden, Corfe Castle Trewii-gie, 37, Christchurch Road, Bournemouth Bradford Peverell, Dorchester Bradford Peverell, Dorchester Hornblottou Rectory, Castle Cary The Imperial Hotel, Bournemouth The Vicarage, Yetminster 14, Crabton Close, Boscombe Feiinain, Cranbourne Road, Swanage West Lulworth, Wareham Rodlands, Dorchester Nettlecombe, Melplash 32, Demnark Villas, Hove, Sussex Turnworth, Blandford Turnworth, Blandford Greenhill House, Weymouth Greenhill House, Weymouth Castle House, Weymouth Greenstead, 14, Madeira Road, Bourne- mouth 12, Bryanston Square. London, W. 12, Bryanston Square, London, W. Park Homer, Wimborne Holmlea, Liucohi Conygar, Broadmayne, Dorchester Eastbrook House, Upwey Eastbrook House, Upwey XX. 1894 Payne, Miss Florence O. 1906 Pearce, Mrs. Thos. A. 1909 Pearce, Edwin, Esq. 1901 Peck, Gerald R., Esq. 1878 Penny, Rev. J., M.A. 1894 Penny-Snook, S., Esq., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. 1907 Penny-Snook, Mrs. S. 1901 Pentin, Rev. Herbert, M.A. {Vice- Fresident and Hon. Hecretary) 1894 Peto, Sir Henry, Bart. 1896 Phillips, Miss 1908 Phillips, Rev. C. A., M.A. 1898 Pickard-Cambridge, A. W., Esq., M.A. O.M. Pickard - Cambridge, Rev. O., M.A., F.R.S. {Vice-President) 1908 Pickard-Cambridge, Miss Ada 1908 Pickard - Cambridge , Miss Catherine 1903 Pike, Leonard G., Esq. 1913 Pinney, Rev. Baldwin, B.A, 1913 Pinney, Mrs. Baldwin 1903 Pitt-Rivers, A. L. Fox, Esq., F.S.A. 1904 Plowman, Rev. L. S. 1896 Pond, S., Esq. 1894 Ponting, Chas. E., Esq., F.S.A. 1908 Poole, Rev. Sealy, M.A. O.M. Pope, Alfred, Esq., Y.^.K. {Vice- President) 1906 Pope, Alfred Rolph, Esq., M.A. 1906 Pope, Mrs. Alfred Rolph 1905 Pope, Miss Hilda 1909 Pope, Francis J., Esq., F.R. Hist. S. 1909 Pratt, Colonel, R.A. 1896 Prideaux, C. S., Esq., L.D.S. 1900 Prideaux, W. de C, Esq., L.D.S., F.R.S.M. 1905 Pringle, Henry T., Esq., M.D. 1905 Pringle, Mrs. Henry T. 1888 Pye, William, Esq. Rydal, Wimborne Ivythorpe, Dorchester Fore Street, Taunton Muston Manor, Puddletown Tarrant Rushton Rectory, Blandford Netherton House, Weymouth Netherton House, Weymouth Milton Abbey Vicarage, Blandford Chedington Court, Misterton, Somerset Walton House, Bournemouth Walton House, Bournemouth St. Catherine's, Headington Hill, Ox- ford Bloxworth Rectory, Wareham Picardy, Rod well, Weymouth Picardy, Rodwell, Weymouth Kingbarrow, Wareham Durweston Rectory, Blandford Dui-weston Rectory, Blandford Rushmore, Salisbury Ibbertou Rectory, Blandford Blandford Wye House, Marlborough Chickerell Rectory, Weymouth South Court, Dorchester CuUiford House, Dorchester CuUiford House, Dorchester South Court, Dorchester 17, Holland Road, London, W. The Ferns, Chaiminster Ermington, Dorchester 12, Frederick Place, Weymouth Femdown, Wimborne Femdown, Wimborne Dunmore, Rodwell, Weymouth XXI. 905 Ramsden, Mrs. 1912 Rawlence, E. A., Esq. 1905 Raymoud, H. F., Esq. 1906 Raymond, Mrs. H. F. 1886 Reynolds, Mrs. Arthur 1904 Rhydderch, Rev. W. 1887 Richardson, N. M., Esq., B.A. (Fresident) 1901 Ridley, Rev. J. 1911 Robson, Colonel H. D. 1911 Robson, Mrs. H. D. 1886 Rodd, Edward Stanhope, Esq. 1907 Roe, Miss M. M. E. 1909 Roe, Rev. Wilfrid T., M.A. 1912 Romilly, Geo., Esq., M.A. 1907 Roper, Freeman, Esq., F.L.S. 1889 Russell, Colonel C. J., R.E. 1910 Russell -Wright, Rev. T., M.A. 1905 Sanderson-Wells, T. H., Esq., M.D. 1913 Sauer, Hans, Esq., M.D. 1913 Sauer, Mrs. Hans 1905 Saunt, Miss 1905 Saunt, Miss B. V. 1889 Schuster, Rev. W. Percy, M.A. 1910 Schuster, Mrs. W. P. 1907 Scott, J. H., Esq., M.E. 1904 Seaman, Rev. C. E., M.A. 1883 Searle, Alan, Esq. 1906 Shephard, Colonel C. S., D.S.O. 1896 Shepheard, Thomas, Esq., F.R.M.S. 1906 Shepherd, Rev. F. J. 1903 Sheridan, Mrs. A. T. Brinsley 1884 Sherren, J. A., Esq., F.R. Hist. S. 1911 Shield, William, Esq. 1908 Shortt, Miss E. F. 1908 Shortt, Miss L. M. Great Bidlake, Bridestow, N. Devon Newlands, Salisbury Garry owen, Dorchester Garryowen, Dorchester Wyndcroft, Bridport Owermoigne Rectory, Dorchester Montevideo, Chickerell, near Wey- mouth The Rectory, Pulham, Dorchester St. Oswald, West Lulworth St. Oswald, West Lulworth Chardstock House, Chard Trent Rectory, Sherborne Trent Rectory, Sherborne The Grange, MarnhuU Forde Abbey, Chard Clavinia, Weymouth Mountside, Westbourne Park Road, Bournemouth 16, Victoria TeiTace, Weymouth Parnham, Beaminster Parnham, Beaminster The Cottage, Upwey The Cottage, Upwey The Vicarage, West Lulworth, Ware- ham The Vicarage, West Lulworth, Ware- ham Skiddaw, Talbot Hill, Bournemouth Stalbridge Rectory, Blandford Ashton Lodge, Bassett, Southampton Shortlake, Osmington, Weymouth Kingsley, Bournemouth West The Presbytery, Dorchester Frampton Court, Dorchester Helmsley, Penn Hill Avenue, Park- stone Lindisfame, Dorchester Road, Wey- mouth The Manor House, Martiustown The Manor House, Martinstown xxu. 1897 Simpson, Jas., Esq. 1895 Simpson, Miss 1912 Smith, Eev. A. Hippisley 1899 Smith, Howard Lyon, Esq., L.R.C.P. 1909 Smith, Newell C, Esq., M.A. 1908 Smith, Mrs. Spencer 1888 Solly, Rev. H. Shaen, M.A. 1901 Sotheby, Rev. W. E. H., M.A., R.D. 1905 Stephens, J. Thompson, Esq. 1908 Stephens, A. N., Esq. 1900 Storer, Colonel, late R.E. 1895 Sturdy, Leonard, Esq. 1896 Sturdy, Philip, Esq. 1907 Sturdy, Alan, Esq. 1905 Sturdy, E. T., Esq. 1898 Sturt, W. NevHle, Esq. 1898 Suttill, H. S., Esq. 1905 Suttill, John, Esq. 1912 Swinburne-Hanham, J. C, Esq. 1893 Sykes, E. R., Esq., B.A., F.Z.S. {Vice-President) 1889 Symes, G. P., Esq., M.A., B.C.L., M.V.O. 1904 Symonds, Arthur G., Esq. 1904 Symonds, Henry, Esq., F.S.A. (Vice- President and Hon. Editor) 1912 Symonds, F. G., Esq, 1901 Telfordsmith, Telford, Esq., M.A., M.D. O.M. Thompson, Rev. G., M.A. 1906 Thomson, Chas. Bertram, Esq., F.R.C.S. Mmterne Grange, Parkstone Penolver, Glendinning Avenue, Wey- mouth Knowlon House, Surrey Road, Bourne- mouth St. Mary's Rectory, Glanville's Wootton School House, Sherborne Kingston Vicarage, Wareham Southcote, Alexandra Road, Parkstone Gillingham Vicarage, Dorset Wanderwell, Bridport Haddon House, West Bay, Bridport Keavil, Bournemouth Trigon, Wareham The Wick, Brauksome, near Bourne- mouth The Wick, Branksome, near Bourne- mouth Norburton, Burton Bradstock, Brid- port Baytree Farm, Great Horkesley, Col- chester Pymore, Bridport 24, West Street, Bridport Manston , Sturminster Newton Longthorns, Blaudford Monksdene, Dorchester Road, Wey- mouth 10, South Street, Dorchester 30, Bolton Gardens, London, S.W. The Firs, Sturminster Newton The Knoll, Parkstone Highbury, Bodorgan Road, Bourne- mouth Eomansleigh, Wimborne XXlll. 1907 Towers, Miss 1898 Troyte-BuUock, Mrs. 1905 Truell, Mrs. O.M. Udal, His Honour Judge, F.S.A. {Vice-President) 1908 Udal. N. E,., Esq., B.A. 1897 Usher, Eev. R., M.A., F.L.S. 1890 Usherwood, Rev. Canon T. E., M.A. 1910 Vivian, S. P., Esq. 1907 Waite, Arthur H., Esq. 1887 Walker, Rev. S. A., M.A. 1905 Ward, Samuel, Esq. O.M. Wan-e, Rev. Canon F., M.A. 1904 Wany, Mrs. King 1904 Warry, Wm., Esq. 1905 Watkins, Wm., Esq., F.R.G.S. 1905 Watts, Miss 1893 Weaver, Rev. F. W., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.Hist.S. 1910 Webb, Miss 1913 West, C. E., Esq. 1895 Whitby, Joseph, Esq. 1908 Whitby, Mrs. J. 1904 Wildman, W. B., Esq., M.A. 1892 WnUams, E. W., Esq., B.A. 1903 Williams, Captain Berkeley C. W. 1897 Williams, Miss F. L. 1884 Williams, Colonel Robert, M.P. 1884 Williams, Mrs. Robert 1908 Williams, Miss Rhoda 1906 Williams, Miss Meta 1912 Williams, Mrs. Arthur S. 1905 Wills, A. W., Esq., B.A., LL.B. 1910 Wingate, Rev. P. B., M.A. 1906 Wiuwood, T. H. R., Esq., M.A. 1910 Woodd, A.B.,Esq.,M.A.,M.R.I. 1898 Woodhouse, Miss 1903 Woodhouse, Miss EUen E. 1906 Woodhouse, Frank D., Esq. 1906 Woodhouse, Mrs. Frank D. Whicham, Porchester Road, Bourne- mouth Silton Lodge, Zeals, Bath Onslow, Wimbome The Manor House, Symondsbury, Bridport Gordon College, Khartoum Netherbury, Beaminster Bagdale, Parkstone Inland Revenue Office, Somerset House, Loudon Upwey Place, Upwey Charlton Manor, Blandford Ingleton, Greenhill, Weymouth Bemerton, Salisbury 39, Filey Avenue, Upper Clapton, London, N. Westrow, Holwell, Sherborne 62, London Wall, E.C. Bemerton, Salisbury Milton Vicarage, Evercreech, Somerset Luscombe, Parkstone Swanage Preston, Yeovil Preston, Yeovil The Abbey House, Sherborne Herringston, Dorchester Herringston, Dorchester Westleaze, Doi'chester Bridehead, Dorchester Bridehead, Dorchester Bridehead, Dorchester South Walk, Dorchester Hill House, Yetminster 3, Hyde Park Gate, London, S.W. Tarrant Keynston Rectorj', Blandford Rothesay, Dorchester Heckfield, Milford-on-Sea, Hants Chilmore, Ansty, Dorchester Chilmore, Ansty, Dorchester Old Ford House, Blandford St. Mary Old Ford House, Blandford St. Mary XXIV. 1911 Woodhouse, Miss A. M. E. 1902 Wright, Rev. Herbert L., B.A. 1904 Yates, Eobert, Esq. 1910 Yeatman, H. F., Esq., M.A., B.C.L. 1893 Young, E. W., Esq. Norden, Bland ford Church Knowle Rectory, Corfe Castle Delcombe, Milton Abbas, Blandford 28, Cecil Court, Hollywood Road, London, S.W. Dorchester Affiliated Libeaey (Rule XXI.). 1911 Central Public Library Bournemouth The above list includes the New Members elected up to and including the May meeting of the 3ear 1913. (Any omissions or errors should be notified to the Hon. Secretary.) Vjf? XXV. flc\3) JEtrntJcrs Elected since the Publication of the List contained IN Vol. XXXIII. Proposed Sept. 2-iTH, 1912. Nominee. Proposer. Seco)ider. Miss Groves, of Blackdown, Alfred Pope, Esq. The Hon. Secretary Weymouth Miss M. Groves, of Blackdown, ,, „ Weymouth A. S. McDowall, Esq., M.A., Miss E. Simpson W. W. Collins, Esq. of Norden, Corfe Castle Peoposed Dec. IOth, 1912. Nominee. Proposer. Seconder. C. S. Facey, Esq., M.B., of The The President The Rev. Sealy Poole Elms, Chickerell, near Wey- mouth The Rev. Baldwin Finney, B. A., The Rev. Dr. J. H. The Hon. Secretary of Durweston Rectory, Bland- Cooke ford Mrs. Pinney, of Durweston ,, ,; Rectory Proposed Jan. 2Sth, 1913. Nominee. Proposer. Seconder. Henry Case, Esq., L.R.C.P., of Dr. H. Colley March Dr. W. Hawkins The Vicarage, Abbotsbury W. Farrar-Roberts, Esq., of Dr. T. Telfordsmith F. R. Leach, Esq. Plas Lodwig, St. John's Road, Bournemouth West Miss Hamilton, of Affpuddle The Rev. H. R. Long The Hon. Secretary Vicarage, Dorchester E. Stevenson Henshaw, Esq., Lt.-Col. F. G. L. H. Stilwell, Esq. C.E. (,Hon. Editor of the Mainwaring Dorset Rainfall Reports), of New Road, Portland Hans Sauer, Esq., M.D., of Judge J. S. Udal Alfred Pope, Esq. Parnham, Beaminster, Dorset Mrs. Hans Sauer, of Parnham ,, »> Charles Eliot West, Esq., of G. T. Atkinson, Esq. A. D. Moullin, Esq. Cluny Croft, Swanage XXVI. PUBLICATIONS. Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. Vols. I. — XXXIV. Price 10s. 6d. each volume, postfree. General Index to the Proceedings. Vols. I.— XXVI. Price 6d., by post 'd. The Church Bells of Dorset. By the Rev. Canon Eaven, D.D., F.S.A. Price (in parts, as issued), 6s. 6d., post free. By the late J. C. IVIansel-Pleydell, B.A., F.G.S., F.L.S. The Flora of Dorset. 2nd Edition. Price 12s. The Birds of Dorset. Price .5s. The Mollusca of Dorset. Price os. By the Rev. O. Pickaed-Cambeidge, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. Spiders of Dorset. 2 vols. Price 2.>s., post free. The British Phalangidea, or Harvest Men. Price .is., post free. British Chernetidea, or False Scorpions. Price os., post free. The Volumes of Proceedings can be obtained from the Hon. Treasurer (the Rev. Canon Mansel-Pleydell, Stui-miuster Newton) ; the Church Bells of Dorset, fi-om the Rev. W. Miles Barnes, Dorchester ; Mr. Mansel-Pleydell's works, from the Cm-ator of the Dorset County Museum, Dorchester; the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge's works, from the Author, Bloxworth Rectory, Wareham ; and the General Index, from the Assistant- Secretary (Mi-. H. Pouncy, Dorset Cuiuitij Chronicle Office, Dorchester). SOCIETIES & INSTITUTIONS IN CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE FIELD CLUB. Bodleian Library, Oxford. British Museum, London. British Museum of Natural History, South Kensington, London. British Association, Burlington House, London. Cambridge Philoscph icai Society, Cambridge. Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science. Geological Society of London, London. Hampshire Field Club, Southampton, Royal Society of Antiquaries, Dublin, Ireland. Society of Antiquaries, London. Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, Taunton, University Library, Cambridge. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. Devizes. OF THE IDxjrsct flatxiral t)tstorp anti ;^ntiquarxau fidti Club. (From May, 1912, to May, 1913.) FIRST SUMMER MEETING. Beaulieu Abbey. Tuesday, 18th June. In the unavoidable absence of the President, his place was filled by Captain G. R. Elwes, who was accompanied b}' the Hon. Secretary, the Hon. Treasurer, the Hon. Editor, and about seventy members and visitors. The party assembled at Brockenhurst Station, after an interval of sixteen years since the last visit of the Field Club to that neighbourhood. The first objective was St. Leonard's Abbey, where the Rev. H. Pentin read a letter from Mr. Fisher-Rowe, in which the writer regretted his absence at Bath. CajDtain Elwes observed that St. Leonard's was one of the series of granges which belonged to BeauUeu, and although locallj' known as " St. Leonard's Abbey," was never really an Abbey. The Abbey grant extended a mile and a quarter, and conveyed a right of sanctuary, which benefited not only those who took sanctuary, but also those who gave it, since those taking sanctuary became labour tenants of the Abbey. At the Dissolution there were in the Abbey domain 32 men, with their wives and families, and it was a matter of regret that these men had to be turned out. They were there under sentence for various crimes, and it seemed curious that any communal body like the monks of Beaulieu should have had the power to retain these criminals, and to screen them from justice. XXVIU. BEAULIEU ABBEY. The Rev. C. W. H. Dicker added a few observations upon the architectural features of the chapel, the details of which were much admired. The date was about 1350, and the geometrical tracery of the west window was entirely characteristic of the 14th century, especially in the great development of those chapelries belonging to the monastic houses. Buckler's Hard- A note of the days of Nelson was struck in the appearance of Buckler's Hard, on the Beaulieu River, whither the party next drove. Here they saw the launching slips from which were launched the wooden men o' war, among them four vessels that fought at Trafalgar. Captain Elwes invited the Members to realise the time when Buckler's Hard was one of the busiest places along the south-coast, particularly convenient for ship-building, since the oak timber grown in the Forest was close at hand, and the place, up that winding creek, was well out of the way of hostile privateers. Beaulieu Abbey. According to a manuscript in the Cotton Library, " in the sixth year of King John, the king built a certain monastery of the Cistercian Order in England and called it Bellus Locus." Captain Elwes gave a short account of the rise and history of the Cistercian Order, observing that Stephen Harding, formerly a monk of Sherborne, might be correctly described rather as the lawgiver of the order than as its actual founder at Citeaux. Beaulieu was a perfect example of a Cistercian Abbey ; and they might imagine what wealth and power the abbey enjoyed by the enormous area eovercd by the church, which was originally larger than any of the cathedrals of the kingdom, but of which, alas ! not a single stone was left. The flagged way outside the penthouse of the cloister gave admission to the various shops that occupied the cloister at the time when the abbey was in full activity — one that of the wood carver, another that of the painter, yet another the school, marked by that series of steps similar to those they might remember to have seen in Winchester College. In fine weather the various occupations necessary to the abbey were carried on in these cloisters. The monks had their own port for sea- borne goods — on the other side of the river, and their market for inland goods — up in a field still called Cheapside. The party were here joined by Mr. J. W. Nash-Brown (in charge of Lord Montagu's estate office), who acted as guide, and conducted them over the buildings. After traversing the whole length of the bare site of the great abbey, the party entered the parish church, where the guide indicated the changes which had been made to adapt the refectory BEAULIEU ABBEY xxix. to its present sacred purpose. In the refectory on the ground floor have been gathered together many of the relics found in the abbey, including a canopied niche formerly placed over the arch of the gate- house, the grave slab of Eleana, daughter of Edward I., and a collection of the tiles, inlaid and encaustic, formerly covering the floor of the abbey. A large number of the tiles, as Mr. Nash-Brown mentioned, are still in place, but covered by two or three feet of earth. By permission of Lord Montagu, the party were allowed to go over his beautiful residence, a portion of which was formerly the Abbot's house. On leaving the house Captain Elwes, on behalf of the Club, expressed their appreciation of Lord Montagu's kindness, and thanked Mr. Morgan and Mr. Nash-Brown for their good offices. A pleasant drive back to Brockenhurst was followed by tea at the Morant Arms. Business Meeting. Afterwards a short business meeting was held, at which four new Members were elected. The Hon. Sec. announced six new nominations for membership. Sir Daniel Morris, of Bournemouth, was appointed as the club's delegate to attend the meeting of the British Association at Dundee. The meeting proceeded to consider the proposal of Captain Acland that the volume of Proceedings should in future be brought out, not at the end of the year, but immediately after the annual meeting in May. As this proposed change would involve the publication of an interim volume to adjust matters, it might be necessary to meet the extra expense by drawing upon the reserve fund of the Club. On the motion of the Rev. C. W. H. Dicker, seconded by the Rev. T. Russell Wright, the proposal, after full discussion, was carried nem. con. XXX . MARLBORO UGH . SECOND SUMMER MEETING. Marlborough. Tuesday and Wednesday, 2Zrd and 2Uh July. On this occasion about sixty Members and visitors accom- panied the President on a very successful pilgrimage extend- ing over two days. Shortly after assembling at the Ailesbury Arms on the Tuesday the party visited St. Peter's Church, at the further end of the wide High Street. Mr. E. DoRAN Webb, F.S.A., of whose services as guide the club again had the advantage, said a few words in the church about the history of the town, and of the tumulus known as the Castle Mound. He also touched upon the incidents connected with St. Peter's in early times, remarking that Cardinal Wolsey was ordained in the Chancel in 1494. The School. From the church Mr. Doran Webb, by leave of the Headmaster, led the party over the School, which was founded in 1843, with the charming old Castle Inn as the nucleus of the modern buildings which have been erected round it. AvEBURY Church, a place of exceptional interest, was next visited. As Mr. Doran Webb pointed out, the church was subjected to severe mutilation in the 18th Century, when the early Norman arches were replaced by the present modern work. Attention was called to the three small circular windows in the w-all of the north arcade, windows which Mr. Charles E. Pouting, F.S.A., regarded as being Saxon. But the great rarity of the church is the font. The upper part, with its quaint interweaving symbolical design, is of quite a different date from the lower part, adorned with Norman arcading formed of intersecting arches. The most noticeable object of the upjier and the much older half is a priestly figure wearing a kind of cjuilted frock, its face quite disfigured by the driving in of a staple, and hold- ing in the right hand a crozier-like staff. Mr. Doran Webb said he knew of no font with so distinctive and strong a Scandinavian feeling in the design and adornment, and Dr. Colley March, F.S.A., agreed with him that the upj^er part was Scandinavian. Mr. H. St. George Gray, assistant secretary of the Somerset Archa3oIogical Societj% and the director of the excavations at Avebury, MARLEOROUGH. XXxi. had come with the party as guide in this unique village, which has sprung up within the stone circle of the prehistoric temple. On the club leaving the church he led them to see the manor house of the 16th Century, built by one Dunch in 1556, and told the family history connected with it. The Temple of Avebury. The Excavations. Tea at the Red Lion was a welcome refreshment. Afterwards the party set out to walk round the earthwork. Mr. Gray led them along the huge vallum to a convenient spot overlooking the section of the fosse in which the excavations were carried out from 1908 onwards. Mr. Gray delivered a concise address, giving first a general des- cription of Avebury, and then detailing the course of the excavations. The circumference of the place, he said was about 4,400 feet, roughly three-quarters of a mile, and its diameter from north to south 1,400 feet — four times that of Stonehenge. The stones, while none of them were quite so large as at Stonehenge, differed also in being rough un- tooled sarsens, whereas at Stonehenge all the stones were dressed, and other hard stones were to be found besides sarsens. That great em- bankment, of a vertical height of 31 feet, enclosed an area of 28 acres and a half. They would notice a rather unusual thing — that the fosse was inside the vallum instead of outside. Next, lying just inside the foss, were the remaining stones of the great outer circle, which enclosed two other circles of stones, the northern and the southern. He pointed to five stones (two still upright and three prone) forming an arc of the southern inner circle, in the centre of which, in Stukeley's time, was one large monolith. In the centre of the corres- ponding northern inner circle was the so-called " Cove," formed of three stones, of which two were still standing, roughly at right angles, one of the stones being 20 feet high, the tallest of those remaining. Although Lord Avebury, the owner of the part of the work in which the excavations had as yet been carried out, held the opinion that the whole place was one vast cemetery, yet he himself could not admit that it was ever used for sepulchral purposes, since, as far as he knew, no interment had been found there. What, then, was the purpose of the place ? Nobody knew. It could not have been for defence, for in that case the fosse would have been outside the vallum instead of inside. He had heard suggestions that it might have been a temple in connection with the observation of the sun, moon, and stars, which seemed probable. There was originally a long avenue of stones approaching Avebury from the south, and by the turnpike cottage they saw the last stone. Of this Kennet-avenue only 10 stones re- mained ; but a hundred years ago Lord Wiuchilsea counted no less XXXll. MARLBOROUGH. than 78, and at one time there were 200. As to the so-called Beck- hampton-avenue, coming from the West, to his mind it was doubtful whether an avenue ever existed in the direction of Beckhampton ; but, if so, all that remained now were two large stones, in a field nearly a mile away, called Adam and Eve, Longstone Cove, or the Devil's Points. On December 2nd last " Eve " fell. Effort was being made to set the stone up again ; but already they had broken several steel ropes in the attempt. Mr. Cunnington, of Devizes, had been digging out the hole to find the socket in the solid chalk, and in doing so had discovered a human skeleton and a beaker, or drinking vessel, datable to the Bronze Age. Dr. CoLLEY March said that, as the interment was close to the stone and shallow, it must have been placed there after the stone was raised. Had it been put there before the stone was raised it would have been ground to pieces. He suggested that the interment was made at that spot because it was sacred, and people wished to bury their dead in or near some sacred place. As to date, the avenue was there before the early Bronze Age. (Also, cf. Proceedings, Vol. XXX., p. Ixiv.) SiLBURY. From Avebury the Club drove back to jMarlborough via " Adam and Eve " and Silbury Hill, which has the distinction of being the highest artificial mound in Britain. Mr. Gray gave all the information known about the tumulus. It is 125 feet high from the surface of the ground ; the diameter of the base is 555 feet, and at the top 105 feet. The material was believed to have been obtained from all round the base of the hill. In hollows which he pointed out there are five feet of alluvial deposit, showing that originally the hollows were very much larger ; and in that deposit had been found flint implements of the Neolithic period. The de- pression in the centre of the summit marked the position of the vertical shaft which was sunk in 1777, and although it reached the very bottom of the hill, nothing was found. In 1840 the Royal Archaeo- logical Institute followed suit by doing the complementary work of tunneling the hill from the Bath-road side to the centre ; and in doing so they met the shaft. Again nothing was found except two fragments of red deer antlers. There is, therefore, no proof that Silbury was sepulchral. Evening Proceedings. On regaining Marlborough the Club visited the church of St. Mary, which was shown them by the Vicar (the Rev. A. E. G. Peters). It is an interesting if unlovely example of a church built in the Common- wealth period. The old church having been almost entirely burnt MARLBOROUGH. XXxiii. down in the great fire of 1653, Cromwell sent briefs through the country asking for contributions towards the succour of the poor burghers of Marlborough, who thus were enabled to rebuild their church in the same year. The best feature of the church is the Norman archway of two orders in the western tower, which happily survived the fire. The Club dined at the Ailesbury Arms, the President (Mr. Richard- son) being supported by a large company. Afterwards six new Members were elected by ballot, and the Hon. Secretary announced three new nominations. The party then adjourned to the Court Room at the Town Hall where Mr. St. George Gray followed up the visit to Avebury that day by giving a lecture on the place and the excavations, illustrated by a series of lantern slides, made from photographs taken by himself. Speaking with cautious reserve, in answer to the question so repeatedly put as to the date of the place, Mr. Gray observed that, so far, the evidence adduced pointed to it being either of the early Bronze Age or the late Neolithic, and, if so, of greater antiquity than the better known and more spectacular Stonehenge. Second Day. Wednesday. Knowle Chapel and Gravel Pits. The parish of Great Bedwyn contains this desecrated chapel, 19ft. Gin. by 12ft. 9in., the chief feature of which is the 14th Century windows, now bricked up. It was, said Mr. Doran Webb, one of a series of domestic chapels in that neighbourhood. Dr. Colley March then described many points of interest in con- nection with the gravel jait adjoining Knowle House, a spot often visited by those in search of flint implements. Froxfield Almshouses. Shortly afterwards the party were standing inside a large quadrangle of two-storeyed tenements in the mellowed brickwork of the 17th Century. In the centre of the sward rose an early 19th century chapel, an architectural anachronism. This quadrangle forms the Froxfield Almshouses, as they are now generally called, or the Somerset Hospital, founded and endowed for the benefit of 50 widows (20 of the clergy and 30 of laymen) by Sarah, Dowager Duchess of Somerset, in 1694. Mr. Doran Webb pointed out the oldest tenements, late Caroline or James II., the gatehouse and the chapel being built in what is known as the " Batty Langley " style. The Duchess of Somerset also founded a system of apprenticeship available for youths in the counties of Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, and XXXIV. MARLBOROUGH. Devon. As for the almshouses, it was hard to conceive a better laid out block of buildings. LiTTLECOTE HaLL. A short drive brought the party to Littlecote Hall, possessing the distinction of being the finest 16th Century house in the whole land, with the possible exception of Haddon Hall. It was by the courtesy of the present occupant of this historic place, Mr. Leopold Hirsch, that the club visited it. Mr. DoRAN Webb traced the history of Littlecote from the 13th century, when the owner was Roger de Calston, whose son of the same name succeeded to the property, and in 1341 applied to the Bishop of Salisbury for a licence to hear mass in his oratory at Littlecote. By the marriage of the granddaughter and heiress of John de Calston with William Darell, younger son of Sir William Darell, of Yorkshire, the property passed into the hands of that family, who held it until 1589, when, on the death of William Darell, it went to his cousin, John Popham, afterwards, from 1592 to 1G07, Chief Justice of the Court of Queen's Bench. The present house was built by the father of the last William Darell, replacing an older structure. Mr. Webb then accompanied the party in their tour through the rooms, pointing out the objects of interest and commenting on the many traditions associated with the building. On quitting the house the club enjoyed a ramble through the gardens. Before leaving, the President, in the name of the Club, expressed their thanks to Mr. Hirsch for his kindness in receiving them. Ramsbury. After luncheon at the Bell Inn, Ramsbury, the Club, under the guid- ance of Mr. Doran Webb, visited the Church of the Holy Cross, built practically on the site of the ancient cathedral of Ramsbury — the only West Saxon cathedral, founded at the beginning of the tenth century. There they saw a problem in architecture worked out, for the church was originally cruciform, but later, probably in the 14th Century, the walls of the aisles were taken down and re-erected flush with those of the transepts, by which means the transepts were absorbed into the aisles, and what the church lost in dignity it gained in size. The most interesting thing in the church is a section of the upright shaft of a jDreaehing cross with carving of Scandinavian type, erected probably in 908, when the first Bishop of Salisbury was consecrated to minister to the spiritual needs of the still half savage West Saxons. Mr. Doran Webb and Mr. St. George Gray were heartily thanked for their valuable services as guides, and the party then drove back to Marlborough and took train for Dorset. INTENDED MEETING IN THE CERNE VALLEY. XXXV. THE INTENDED MEETING IN THE CERNE VALLEY. On Tuesday, 21th August. When the Field Club assembled at the S.W.R. Station, Dorchester, to carry out the programme which had been arranged, many of the Members heard for the first time of the fatal accident which had befallen the Rev. C. W. H. Dicker on the previous day. Mr. Nelson M. Richardson, in announcing the sad occurrence, paid an appreciative tribute to the memory of their Hon. Editor, and proposed that a message of condolence should be sent by the Club to Mr. Dicker's son and sisters. This resolution was seconded by the Rev. Herbert Pentin, and carried. It was also unanimously decided to adjourn the meeting for one month, and the Members then dispersed. ^ XXXVl. THE UPPER YEO VALLEY. THIRD SUMMER MEETING. The Upper Yeo Valley. Wednesday, Wih September. The Members and their guests, who met at Pen Mill Rail- way Station, numbered about eighty, including the three Members of the Executive and four Vice-Presidents. Trent Church. The party drove first to Trent Church, where they were received by the Rector, the Rev. T. G. Wilton, who described the chief features of interest. Among these were the oak screen of the 15th Century, the carved bencli-ends of a century later, the chauntry chapel built in memory of John French, a parishioner, who was Master of the Rolls under Henry VI., and three pre-Reformation bells. The Register contains a reference to the battle of Babylon Hill in 1642. The Rev. E. H. Bates Harbin then contributed some notes on John Coker, the supposed author of the " Survey of Dorset," and showed that the history was in fact written by Thomas Gerard, a resident of Trent. After the exterior of the church and the spire had been inspected, Mr. Alfred Pope drew attention to the mutilated shaft of a cross, standing upon a circular calvary of 12 feet in diameter, and mentioned a tradition that the cross had been moved from the village into the churchyard. The Rector next pointed out the chantry priest's house, a beautiful little dwelling with 15th century windows, and the larger " Church House," said to have been once a refectory, but for the last 300 years the home of successive churchwardens. Trent Manor House was then visited under the guidance of Mr. E A. Rawlence, who related to the Members the stirring incidents of the year 1651, when Charles II. took refuge with Colonel Wyndham after the battle of Worcester. Mr. Rawlence led the way to the King's chamber and the actual hiding place beneath the floor, which latter had been recently discovered during the structural alterations then in progress. Wyke Grange. A pleasant drive brought the party to the moated farmhouse which '■s said, probably with truth, to have been used by the Abbots of Sher- borne as their summer quarters. The manor was afterwards held by the family of Horsey for a long period, and some documents relating THE UPPER YEO VALLEY. XXXVii. to these lands can be found in the Fry collection at the museum in Dorchester. Over the main door is the date 1650, the year in which the building was restored or altered. Among the attractions of the place are two mediaeval barns with fine timbered roofs. Bradfoed Abbas Church. The Rev. Canon Wickham received the visitors and sketched for them the history of the church from its construction by Abbot Brad- ford, of Sherborne, about 1480. The style is Perpendicular throughout, the material employed being Hamdon stone. At the eastern end of the south wall stands a small doorway, or priests' porch, which was much admired, as were the armorial corbels in the nave. The tower is justly regarded as the best example of its class within the county, indeed, those who saw it for the first time might well have believed that they were over the border in Somerset. Mr. Alfred Pope commented upon the shaft and steps of the churchyard cross, which is in a fair state of preservation, and assigned its date to the fifteenth century. Clifton Maybank. By the permission of Mr. Daniell, who was away from home, the Club was enabled to inspect the exterior of the Manor House and its surroundings. The Hon. Secretary observed that they were then looking at a portion only of the great house wherein the Horseys lived in the sixteenth century, the builder of which was probably Sir John, who died in the year of the Armada. The ancient gateway, attributed to Inigo Jones, had been taken down and removed to the park at Hinton St. George, and a portion of the main fabric was transferred !jo Montacute House. Chief among the surviving architectural details is the magnificent oriel window placed high up in the wall of the western, or garden, front. There was, at one time, a chapel adjoining the house, but nothing more than the turf-covered foundations are now to be seen. Some pieces of sacramental plate are, however, still preserved in Bradford Abbas church. Newton Surma ville. The Rev. E. H. Bates Harbin, addressing the Members assembled near the porch of his Jacobean home, said that he knew the unbroken history of that manor from the period when Emma de Waie married a member of the Norman family of Salmunvill. This lady died in 1221, owning lands in Niveton and leaving PhiUp de Salmunvill as her son and nearest heir. The manor was owned by several other XXXViii. THE UPPER YEO VALLEY. families before it was acquired in 1608 by Robert Harbin, of Wyke, near Gillingham, who built the existing house and finished it in 1612. The party was then conducted through the house and had full opportunity for examining the many treasures, artistic and literary, which were to be seen. Among these were memorials of the Wynd- hams, of Trent, and Charles II. The Club was afterwards entertained at tea by Mr. and Mrs. Bates Harbin, who were cordially thanked by the President for their hospitality and kindly welcome. A plate of Newton Surmaville accompanies the report of this meeting. ^ THE CERNE VALLEY. XXxix. FOURTH SUMMER MEETING. The Cerne Valley. Tuesday, 2Mh September {adjourned from 21th August). Mr. Nelson M. Richardson, the Rev. H. Pentin, and the Rev. Canon Mansel-Pleydell were accompanied on this, the last outdoor meeting of the year, by nearly eighty Members and their friends. A start was made from Dorchester, the first halting place being Charminster Church, where the Club was received by the Ven. Archdeacon Dundas, who had prepared a paper dealing with the architectural and historical features of the building. The oldest parts of the chui-ch, the Archdeacon observed, were the nave and the chancel arch, dating from the third quarter of the 12th Century. The clerestory contains, not only six Perpendicular windows, three on each side, inserted in the 15th century, but also, between them, four small Norman windows, two on each side. These were discovered and opened out in the course of the successful restoration effected in 1897 under the direction of Mr. Chas. E. Pouting, F.S.A. The south arcade was remarkably like that at Bere Regis, so like as to suggest that the same architect was responsible for the design. Although the arches of the bays were pointed, yet it was erroneous to suppose that they were of later date than the semi-circular chancel arch. The original chancel, 28 feet deep and wider than the present one, was pulled down in the Civil Wars under an agreement between the impropriator and the parishioners. The existing chancel, neither large nor interesting, was built only 80 or 90 years ago. Attention was called to such other features as the handsome panelling in Ham Hill stone of the soffits of the three tower arches, the hagioscope, the original stone newel stair- case leading into the roodloft, and the two beautiful 15th Century canopied altar tombs of the Trenchard family, now standing in the south aisle ; the Jacobean pulpit, and the ancient texts and decorations in fresco on the wall, including a diapering in a conventional treatment of what Mr. Micklethwaite pronounced to be a Spanish pomegranate. The north aisle was rebuilt, of the same width as the nave, in 1838, when the original Perpendicular windows were reinserted. The oak altar rails, the Archdeacon continued, were carved by the late Rev. C. W. H. Dicker. Xl. THE CERNE VALLEY. Outside the church door the Archdeacon pointed out the priest's sundial, meant to show the time of the early Mass ; but chief attention was claimed by the tower, erected about 1500 by Sir Thomas Trenchard, of Wolfeton, whose initials, the Old English double T, in monogram, appear in no less than 24 places. Mr. Alfred Pope, F.S.A., spoke upon a most interesting find recently made — a portion of the shaft of a 15th or 16th century cross, originallj^ an unequal-sided octagon, embedded in the western end of the churchyard boundary wall. By the Archdeacon's leave it has lately been taken out and placed against the southern wall of the church — a welcome addition to " The Old Stone Crosses of Dorset." Cerne Abbas. The party then drove on to Cerne Abbas, and alighted at the Abbey Barn. Here they were received by the Vicar (the Rev. H. D. Gundry) who acted as the Club's cicerone in Cerne. He recalled the late Mr. Henry Moule's enthusiasm for that barn, and his computation that not fewer than 125,000 flints, each shaped by hand, were used in its construction. He also asked the visitors to realise the great loss suffered in the destruction of the original timbering of the roof, although the late General Pitt Rivers was hajDpily able to preserve the timber in the two porches, and did good service in having the barn solidly re-roofed in stone tile. From the barn Jlr. Gundry led the way to the parish church. Of the lofty tower, in rich dark-brown stone, he spoke with admiration, and then deplored the decadence of the poor debased Gothic in the nave arcades and windows. The great Perpendicular east window with its ancient glass, must have come from a much larger building, probably the Abbey Church itself, since there was not room to insert the whole of thcwindow, and the lower part had to be sacrificed. From the church the party walked to St. Augustine's Well, about which the Vicar repeated the familiar legends. The Hon. Secretary (the Rev. Herbert Pentin) said he believed, with Mr. Gundry, that the Augustinian traditions relating to Cerne were mere fables. That fount was not called St. Austin's or St. Augustine's Well by William of Malmesbury, but " Silver Well." Dr. CoLLEY March mentioned that the partial covering of that well with stones indicated that probably its borders were used io't "in- cubation." The sick person came and lay there for a night or nights until some vision api^eared and gave directions for his cure. Mr. Gundry next led the way to the ruins of the Abbey. He pointed to the reputed site of the Abbey Church — alongside the present cemetery ; any digging along the wall brought to light the encaustic tiles with which the church was paved. THE CERNE VALLEY. xli. The party then inspected the guest house or refectory, a building mainly of the second half of the 15th century, with certain windows and a doorway added at a later date. In this building occurs the oriel window, which delighted the architects who visited the place a few years ago. Mr. H. Le Jeune had called attention to the serious list which the building was showing, threatening the collapse of the wall containing the oriel. This wall is now stoutly shored up with timbers. Canon Mansel-Pleydell assured the party that Mr. A. L. F. Pitt- Rivers, the owner of the property, was as anxious as any member of the Club could be that the structure and window should be preserved, and would do everything possible for its preservation. MiNTERNE AND UPCERNE. The party next drove, via Dogberry Gate, to IMinterne, where the Rev. W. G. Barclay, in the absence of Lord Digby, showed the Flemish tapestries which adorn the house. On returning, the Members made a short visit to Upcerne House to inspect its Tudor architecture. Colonel Mount Batten, who had intended to entertain the Club at the postponed meeting of 27th August, was then away from home. The party took tea at the New Inn, Cerne. Afterwards, five candidates were elected by ballot as members of the club, and the Hon. Secretary announced three further nomina- tions. ^ Xlii. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. WINTER SESSION, 1912-13. The first Winter Meeting of the Field Club was held in the Reading Room of the County Museum, Dorchester, on Tuesday, 10th December, 1912. The President (Mr. Nelson M. Richardson) took the chair at 12.30, and among those present were the Hon. Secretary and the Hon. Treasurer. Three candidates for membership Avere elected by ballot, and four nominations Avere announced. Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., read his report as the Club's delegate to the British Association meetings at Dundee in September last. The Conference of delegates of Corresponding Societies was held under the Chairmanship of Professor F. O. Bower, F.R.S., of Glasgow, who delivered an opening address on the work of the great botanist, Sir Joseph Hooker, G.C.S.I., F.R.S., who was also distinguished as a traveller and geographer, an administrator, a scientific systematist, and a philosophical biologist. The official list showed seventy representatives of affiliated societies and nineteen representatives of associated bodies. The following were among the subjects discussed at the Conference. (a) The results obtained by the British Mycological Society on certain Fungoid Pests, by Miss A. Lorrain Smith, F.L.S. (6) A preliminarjr report on the Selborne Society's Committee for the State Protection of Wild Plants, by Mr. A. R. Horwood. (c) The Brent Valley Bird Sanctuary : An Experiment. Plant Protection (with lantern illustrations), by Mr. Wilfred Mark Webb, F.L.S. (d) Water Power and Industrial Development in connection with the Highland Lochs, by Mr. Alexander Newlands. Proposals relating to the Protection of Animals were touched upon by Dr. Chalmers Mitchell, F.R.S., in his address as President of Section D (Zoology) and in respect of the Protection of Plants it received the support of Section K (Botany). At the Conference on the second day (Sept. 10th) a resolution was proposed by Mr. G. C. Druce, F.L.S., seconded by Mr. W. Whitaker, F.R.S., and carried, "That this meeting cordially approves of the objects of the Society recently established for the purpose of obtaining areas containing interesting specimens of fauna and flora, and also objects of geological interest." In an address by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. xliii. on " Nature Reserves," he announced that a Society for the promotion of reserves was in course of formation and would shortly issue its prospectus. This was regarded as giving promise of effective practical measures. Mr. E. A. Fry, who had been the Club's delegate at the Congress of Archaeological Societies in London in June last, had forwarded his notes upon the subjects which were then discussed. (A print of the report was already in the hands of the Members.) The Hon. Secretary read Mr. Fry's observations, which more particularly referred to (1) the indexes of archgeological papers, the utility of which merited a larger demand by the affiliated societies ; (2) the inclusion of Ecclesiastical buildings within the scope of the Ancient Monuments Act, a proposal which was adopted by the Congress ; and (3) the continued destruction or mutilation of earthworks. Captain Acland remarked that the Golf Club at Came were said to have caused damage to barrows on the links ; but he had been recently assured that only once had a small mound been cut, and that such a thing would not be done again. The President moved a resolution to elect Mr. Henry Symonds as Hon. Editor. The proposal was seconded by Colonel Mainwaring, supported by the Hon. Secretary, and approved by the Members. The President then announced that Mr. H. Stilwell, who had edited the Dorset rainfall reports for many years, desired to relinquish the office, and he asked the meeting to accord a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Stilwell for his work in that field of science. A resolution inviting Mr. Stevenson Henshaw, C.E., of Portland, to undertake the duties was proposed and adopted, at the suggestion of Mr. Stilwell. The following gifts had been received, of which the President made due acknowledgment : — Mr. E. A. Frj', some documents to be added to the collection already pre- sented by him ; Mr. Forsyth, a case of beetles ; J\Ir. Wingfield Digby, two oak logs. xliv. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. Exhibits. By Mr. Henry Symonds, (1) an original letter of marque issued in 1803 to the East Indiaman United Kingdom ; (2) a cast from a half-crown of the Civil War period, showing " S A " on the obverse, which letters had caused the coin to be attributed to a mint at Sarum. As the general type was very similar to that of the Weymouth half-crowns of 1643-4 the exhibitor believed that it was struck at Sandsfoot Castle during the siege. By Mr. E. A. Rawlence, a stone corn pounder and a stone fire-kindling pot (?) recently found near Sherborne Castle. By the Hon. Secretary, an original copy of a " Sermon preached at the Anniversary Meeting of the Dorchester Gentlemen in the Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, Dec. 1, 1691, by Tho: Lindesay a.m." .(The author was a native of Blandford, and became Archbishop of Armagh.) See Proceedings, Vol. XXXII., pp. xxix., xxxii. By Mr. C. G. H. Dicker, two " greybeard " jugs dug up in his garden at Upwey in October, 1912. The President had prepared the following note in connection with these vessels. The two very similar jugs found by Mr. Dicker buried a very short distance below the surface, probably date from the 17th century They are generally known as Bellarmines or greybeards, from the fact that the face below the spout was taken to represeht Cardinal Bellar- mine, who in the latter half of the 16th century was unpopular as one of the strongest opponents to the Reformation, but the decoration of a face under the spout of a jug dates from a much earlier period. The material of the jugs is a stoneware, glazed with salt at a very high temperature, and is very hard and impervious. The manufacture of this ware in its more finished and refined forms was carried on at many places in Germany and the Low Countries from the early part of the 16th century, but coarser stoneware articles had been made there for a long i^eriod. In the 16th and 17th centuries, and later, articles of many different shapes were made, often decorated with raised coats of arms, lettering, and various ornaments. The jugs like the Upwey examples were made at more than one factory, but that at Frechen near Cologne seems to have been their chief source. Immense numbers of them were used in the inns of Germany and Flanders as beer bottles, and they were also very largely imported into England THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. xlv. for the same purpose, so that most of those found in this country are probably of German origin. But it is hkely that they were also made in England, perhaps in various places, though the only distinct piece of evidence of this is the finding of a few, together with other pots, in a walled-up room at Fulham, where one of the most distinguished of English potters, John Dwight, worked in the latter part of the 17th century. Other more artistic productions of Dwight's are known, and these beer jugs were, from the circumstances, almost undoubtedly made by him, though they are so like some of the foreign ones, that had it not been for the fortunate find alluded to above, there would have been nothing by which they could have been distinguished with cer- tainty. It is now impossible to say whether such jugs as the present ones were made here or abroad, though the probabilities point to the latter. The only undoubted one of Dwight's Bellarmines that I have seen (in the British Museum) is smoother in surface and not so mottled as these, but some of the jugs found in England are much more richly mottled, and have the dark patches much larger. The concentric rings on the bottom of these jugs are caused by the clay being cut through with a wire, as grocers cut cheese. I doubt whether it is known how the jugs were corked ; perhaps with wooden plugs. Though these beer jugs or bottles must 200 years ago have been in use in count- less numbers, and though they do not look as if they would easily be destroyed, yet now they are not often met with, and it is fortunate that these have fallen into the hands of one like Mr. Dicker, who appreciates their antiquarian interest, and will take every care of them. Papers. 1. Dr. H. CoLLEY March, F.S.A., read a paper on " Scando- Gothic Art in Wessex, suggested by the Sculptured Stones recently discovered at Whitcombe," Avliich is printed and illustrated in this volume. 2. Mr. E. A. Rawlence described the circumstances attending the find of two buried oaks at Butterwick in Black- more Vale, and exhibited photographs and plans of the sites. The geological questions involved were discussed in some notes kindly sent by Dr. W. T. Ord, F.G.S. The dry summer of 1911 led to the discovery of this long-buried timber in the bed of the stream running from Holnest to Buckshaw, near to the point where it joins the stream from Glanvilles Wootton. The Holnest river having become quite dry, the deposits of gravel were being used for road purposes, and in the course of these operations the first oak tree was found under the bed of the stream. This log. xlvi. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. 16ft. by 2ft. at the butt, was lying in gravel, with 4ft. 3in. of alluvial clay and 1ft. of solid blue clay over the butt. Underneath the tree was found a roe deer's antler. The second oak was in a similar position in the gravel about fifty yards up stream, but the tree had fallen in the reverse direction, viz., towards the north. Its dimensions were 20ft. 6in. by 2ft. 6in., and the clays above it were of practically the same thickness as those covering the earlier find. Remants of broken limbs of the second oak were lying near, and a pointed oak pile was found driven into the river bed below the level of the log, but not connected with it. In each case the head of the tree lay 3ft. under the clay of the banks. The wood of both logs was in excellent condition, the colour approximating to that of Irish bog oak. Dr. Ord, in the course of his notes, remarked that the points of interest raised by these discoveries were (a) the age of deposition of the gravel beds in which the logs occurred, (6) whether the deposit was in its original position, or had been washed down from higher beds of an earlier period, (c) the period to which the pile should be assigned. He thought there could be little doubt that the gravel was laid down by the stream, probably at a time when the natural drainage system of the country was much the same as at present, the period of such river deposits usually corresponding with the Neolithic age of human occupation. The existing water shed of the district south of Sherborne suggested that the material in which the logs were found came from the chalk hills to the south-west ; from these hills there would bo a fall of about 600ft. to the Oxford clay through which the stream flowed, in less than 31 miles. 3. Mr. Heywood Sumner, F.S.A., contributed a paper on the Earthworks of Cranborne Chase, ilhistrated by man}^ plans which he had drawn. The paper is printed in this vokime. 4. A paper bv Mr. F. J. Pope, F.R.Hist.S., on Dorset Assizes in the Seventeenth Centiirj^, could not be read owing to the lateness of the hour, but the communication will be found on a subsequent page. ^'7^ THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. xlvii. SECOND WINTER MEETING. Tuesday, 2Sth January, 1913. Mr. N. M. Richardson presided, and among those who attended were the Rev. Herbert Pentin, Canon Mansel- Pleydell, Captain Elwes, Mr. E. R. Sykes, F.Z.S., and Mr. Alfred Pope, F.S.A. Three candidates for membership were elected by ballot, and the Hon. Secretary read a list of eight additional nominations. Exhibits. The President exhibited " The Paraphrase of Erasmus on the New Testament, 1548 — 9," — a translation of the original work in Latin written by Erasmus chiefly in 1523 and 1524, one portion as early as 1519. In the earlier version the paraphrase is continuous, with no text ; but in the transla- tion the Bible text is split up into small portions, each of which is followed by a dissertation, with prefaces, prologues, and arguments before most of the different books. It seemed that Queen Catherine Parr had much to do with the initiation and carrying out of this work, and the first five dedications were to her. Perfect copies were rare, as the book was much used, and few Church copies were likely to have survived Mary's reign, as all English Church Bibles were then ordered to be destroyed. Lieut. -Colonel Mainwaring brought the larva and pupa^ of the Cicada, or singing grasshopper, found in Central America. The male insect possesses considerable vocal powers, but the female is mute. Specimens of the smaller English Cicada were also exhibited by the President. Captain Acland, F.S.A., produced a series of photographs of the excavations carried out at Maumbury during August and September, 1912 ; these plates will accompany IMr. Gray's report printed in this volume. Captain Acland then drew attention to a model of the earthwork lent by the Brighton xlviii. THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. Museum, to which it had been presented by the late Mr. Charles Warne. Mr. Alfred Pope, F.S.A., exhibited a charm of lapis lazuli worn by Hindoo women, with a calendar and the signs of the Zodiac inscribed upon it. Papers. Canon J. M. J. Fletcher read a paper on "St. Cuthburga of Wimborne Minster," based upon a translation which he had made of a Latin manuscript now in the Lansdowne Collection in the British Museum, and formerly preserved in Romsey Abbey. Mr. J. S. Udal, F.S.A., read a paper entitled " Dorset Weather Lore ;" several members took part in a discussion upon the subject. The Rev. 0. Pickard-Cambridge contributed a paper on " New and Rare British Arachnids," which was read by the President, in the absence of the author. Mr. Richardson also read the introduction, prepared by himself, to notes upon the Lepidoptera of Purbeck, by Mr. Eustace Bankes. A paper dealing Avith the brewers of Sherborne in 1383, by Mr. E. A. Fry, was read on his behalf by the Hon. Secretary. Mr. W. de C. Prideaux had promised a further instalment of his descriptions and rubbings of Dorset memorial brasses, but illness in his family prevented him from attending the meeting. THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. xlix. ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. Tuesday, Qth May, 1913. This meeting was held in the reading room of the Dorset County Museum, the chair being taken by the President, Mr. Nelson M. Richardson, at 12.30. Among those who attended were the Rev. H. Pentin, Canon Mansel-Pleydell, Captain Elwes, and Mr. Clement Reid, F.R.S. Seven new members were elected by ballot, and six nomin- ations for membership were announced by the Hon. Secretary. Mr. W. de C. Prideaux exhibited a number of rubbings of memorial brasses and described their points of mterest, calling particular attention to the brass of Dr. Nathaniel Highmore, an anatomist of the 17th century. The President then delivered his ninth annual address, which is printed in this volume. Mr. Clement Reid, in proposing a vote of thanks to the President for his valuable address, remarked that Mi*. Richard- son had modestly omitted any reference to his own research work, but they all knew how^ much he was doing for the advancement of science. The proposal was seconded by Canon Usherwood and carried A\'ith applause. Canon Mansel-Pleydell, the Hon. Treasurer, presented a statement of the accounts for 1912, which showed that the year ended with an increased credit balance. Captain Elwes, in moving the adoption of the accounts, congratulated the Treasurer on the satisfactory result,' and the President expressed his appreciation of the management of the Club's finances. The Rev. Herbert Pentin reported, as Hon. Secretary, that the number of members during the past year had fluctuated between 390 and 400, the hmit. 'Mi. Pentin also referred to the successful meetings of the previous summer, and produced an audited account of the expenses, showing a balance in hand. 1. THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. The report of the Hon. Editor as to the forthcoming volume was read by Mr. Henry Symonds, who observed that the Club was indebted to Dr. Colley March, Mr. Hay- wood Sumner, and the Maumbury Excavation Committee for providing or contributing towards the cost of the illustrations for their respective papers. Mr. C. J. Cornish Browne, the Hon. Director of the Photo- graphic Survey, reported that 107 photographs had been added to the collection since the last annual meeting, viz., 25 by the Rev. J. Ridley, one by Mr. C. Mate, and 81 by the Director. Mr. T. H. R. Winwood read the following notes prepared by Captain Acland, the Curator of the Museum, concerning the additions to the Library and Museum during the past twelve months — I have much pleasure in taking this opportunity of bringing to the notice of the Dorset Field Club some of the acquisitions to the County Museum since the last Annual Meeting. In the Geological section the Oxford Clay Fossils have been examined, and where necessary re-named by Dr. A. Morley Davies, of South Kensington, in accordance with the most recent classification, who in returning them drew special attention to one specimen, saying " this Ammonite belongs to a genus Reineckia, very rare in England ; it is a beautiful specimen showing the mouth border on one side, and it should be given a place of honour." Printed labels will now be attached to this series, in the same manner as was done to some others with the help of the late Mr. Hudleston and our President, Mr. Nelson Richardson. As additions to our collection of birds we have had a Golden Oriole, taken at Wrackleford, and two specimens of the Little Owl, one from Came, the other from Owermoigne. It is of interest to note that during last summer another of the same species was taken near Wool, and a fourth was seen at Kingston Russell. A folio Volume, an Herbarium dated 1766, has at last found a home in the Museum. It contains botanical specimens collected by Dr. Hawkins, of Weymouth, which are considered of much value, as they belong to such a distant period. They are, however, by no means all found in Dorset. The book is presented by Mr. Winwood. Some pieces of ancient buried oak exhibited here recently by Mr. Rawlence were presented by him to the Museum ; the details of their discovery will appear in the Volume of Proceedings. THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. li. We have also acquired, through the kindness of Mr. Forsyth, a collection of beetles, M'hich have been placed in the cabinet of Lepidoptera, under the special care of Mr. Richardson. With the exception of a few more objects from Maumbury Rings, nothing of special interest has been acquired for the collection of either Roman or prehistoric antiquities ; but of objects nearer to our own time we have obtained some good exhibits, viz., a large and terrible- looking man-trap from Pydeltrenthide ; a massive pole hook for clearing thatch off the roofs of burning houses ; the barrel of a musket from the Chesil Bank, completely covered with shells and sea pebbles ; a good example of a metal tinder box, found under the eaves of an old house in Dorchester ; and a XVI. or early XVII. century chair retaining the original leather, presented by Mr. de Lafontaine. The Library has been enriched by some volumes worthy of mention, partly by purchase, but partly also by the kindness of donors. Among the former I may mention Mr. Abercromby's " Bronze Age Pottery," finely illustrated and containing plates of a large number of the Sepulchral Urns now in the Dorset County Museum, and of objects found with the burials. This work is described by the author as an attempt to arrange in chronological order the chief types of cinerary urns, beakers, and food vessels, and will probably become a standard book. The Dictionary of National Biography has been completed by the purchase of the three supplementary volumes, which deal with the years 1901 to 1911. The only Volume yet published of the County of Dorset in the Victoria History of the Counties of England has been obtained ; curiously enough, it is called Volume Two ; it deals with the Ecclesiastical History, Political History, Sport, Industries, &c. And partly by purchase, partly through the generosity of Dr. Colley March, we have added 31 Volumes to the series of Archasologia. The Library now contains a set (51 Vols.) of these valuable books, from Vol. 28, date 1840, to Vol. 62, of 1911. Haydn's Dictionary of Dates and many books of reference useful to Members and Subscribers to the Museum have been acquired. The Borough Surveyor of Dorchester has presented an interesting set of plans and sections measured while the surface drainage scheme in Dorchester was being carried out in 1911-1912. These sections may prove of much value in any future discussion of the exact site of the Roman defences of Durnovaria. They will probably show that the Roman Wall on the south side of the town did not run exactly parallel to the present avenue and South Walks. In addition to the Volumes of " Archseologia " given by Dr. Colley March, we have to acknowledge the handsome volume of British Miniature Painters by and from Mr. J. J. Foster ; two numbers of " Vetusta Monumenta," from Mr. J. S. Udal ; and from the Bishop of lii. THE ANNIJAL BUSINESS MEETING. Durham a volume of photographs illustrative of buildings and scenes in Dorchester now passed away, presented (as he says) " with heartfelt affection for his native place, the home of his first 40 years of life." At the same time Dr. Handley Moule gave an interesting little book entitled " Recollections of Two Coronations," printed for private circulation only, together with a framed photograph of himself in Coronation robes. The Bishop of Durham has the hereditary right to be one of the supporters of the King at the Coronation service, standing at his right hand, and no one bishop has supported two successive Kings of England since the accession of Queen Anne, and with that solitary exception. Dr. Moule remarks, " we must go back nearly five centuries to find a Bishop of Durham privileged like myself to act at more Coronations than one." In conclusion I must allude with pardonable satisfaction to the marked increase in the number of visitors to the Museum. During the year 1912, 6,140 persons paid for admission, and in addition to this number several classes from elementary or secondary schools were brought by their teachers for educational purposes. The admissions for the last three or four years show a continued and steady advance. JOHN E. ACLAND. Dr. Colley March, in presenting a report from the Earth- works Sectional Committee, expressed regret that so small a number of replies had been received in answer to the enquiry forms, and hoped that other members would send in the desired particulars of earthworks in their respective localities. " Mansel-Pleydell " AND " Cecil " Medals. The President, in the absence of Lord Eustace Cecil, an- nounced that the Mansel-Pleydell medal and prize had been awarded to Canon T. E. Usherwood for his essay on " Roman villas in Dorset," and that the essay Mould be printed in the next volume of Proceedings. Mr. Richardson then presented the medal and prize to the successful competitor. The President also announced that the Cecil medal and prize had been won by Mr. Charles Roper, of Chickerell, the subject of his essay being " The known sources of supply of petroleum oil and its various products." Mr. Roper attended the meeting and received the medal and prize at the President's hands. THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. liii. Election of Officers. Captain Elwes having proposed that Mx. Nelson Richardson should be re-elected as President of the Club, the resolution was seconded by Mr. Alfred Pope and unanimously approved. Canon Usherwood proposed, and Mr. J. S. Udal seconded, a resolution that the Rev. Herbert Pentin be asked to continue in the office of Hon. Secretary, with a hearty vote of thanks to him for his services in past years. Mr. Pentin, in assenting to the wishes of the members, desired to name Mr. H. Pouncy as assistant secretary. The re-election of Canon Mansel-Pleydell as Hon. Treasurer was proposed by Canon Fletcher and seconded by Mr. Udal. On the motion of Mr. Alfred Pope, Mr. Henry Symonds was re-elected as Hon. Editor. The next business was the appointment of the sectional committees. The Hon. Director and the committee of the Photographic Survey were re-elected, as was the Earthworks committee, Mr. T. H. R. Winwood being added to the latter. The Numismatic sectional committee was also re-appointed. The President then nominated the existing Vice-Presidents, with the addition of Mr. Henry Symonds and Mr. J. S. Udal, and the resolution was adopted. Mr. Nigel Bond and Mr. E. A. Fry were appointed as dele- gates to represent the Club at the Congress of Archaeological Societies in union with the Society of Antiquaries of London. Mr. Alfred Pope was asked to attend the forthcoming meeting of the British Association as the Club's delegate at the meetings of the Corresponding Societies on that occasion. It was resolved to hold a two-days' meeting in the district of Malmesbury, and three smgle-day meetings, during the ensuing summer. liv. \^ EH- >!♦ >^ H W O o ^ 2 "^ «4 Q ^ * r-l WO-*tOO o 13 1— ' «o «0 rt O «D M CO 00 T-t 1-* l-l o CO iM "M O O fM t> t+J T 1 in rl lO 'I' tH 0\ •3(MCDO OO CO oooo«o«o oeooooo ajca^iin coo 1-1 inminooco-* O T-< i-l in N (M T— t r-( rH T-H tH 1—1 cuOOO t^ r-(05 O OOrHOOO-H rH Or-liniMM ^ i-H ^ ^ ^ U) w : : : Pi _; . . -ts . -73 • • • - m • o--a-a----S- * ■*^ P >■ a c3 ^ ' o H t*-4 ^ F^ a Ph 3 . . . ;z; . . . « : :f : gi : : : :g : ■g H 04 a OS ^^ ° >< H . . . : a : 1 -3 ^ §, «.iSa ••= •S'o'SvS -r-oo • .-u . . . « -3 lo "5 a c -3 filial .> o s fc^ Q «M tn "t- bt .05 .CO graving BlocJcs — Carl Hentscliel W. Griggs and Si McParlane o M;^^£a-SM|e5.2 O a o,a a c 1 ^ S 5m _:'Meo ooo o .o-co OlO 00 I— ' •-* ^ >>] r^'M CO ^ r^ crtrt oo«> I— f -f ■-1 oi - D ^ 2 u g 3 CO .c 3 H M « O (M ' W ?H t3. rt s S' 1 "m ■ " M '-' S 3 Iss -3 1^ a O " a-;: gt H o a a-i-^ M H5-- a a ;; a <=^ ^ t- i 'a a'^lt = =0 o ■- "cO S ' y ■3 aj ^ > q a © ^5 I S ^ OJ '2 ^ O -; H S -5^ ^ = 3 S o Hj 1-5 CO ;^titircss of t\)c ^resiticnt* By NELSON MOORE RICHARDSON, Esq., B.A. (Read May 6th, 1913.) Obituary. T"^t-^ N speaking, as I usually do, at the beginning of ni}^ Annual Address of those whom we have lost by death during the past year, the name that will come first to myself and to all the older Members of the Club is that of IVIrs. Mansel-Pleydell, the widow of our first President and founder, whose memory we shall always hold in the greatest reverence. Mrs. Mansel-Pleydell very often accompanied her husband to the Meetings and took the greatest interest in everything connected with the Club ; but of late years her health has been such as to prevent any active exertion, though I know that her interest has never ceased. And I am happy to say that we still have a president's address. Ivii. very valued representative of the family with us as our Treasurer. The tragic news of the death of Rev. C. W. H. Dicker, which was broken to many of us as we assembled for our Cerne Meeting, is fresh in our minds. Considering all that he did for the Club in different ways, including his three years' Editorship of our Volume and the varied knowledge which he imparted to us both in papers and at our outdoor meetings, it is difficult to believe that he was only a Member for eight years ; but some men will do more in such a short period than others in a lifetime. Rev. C. R. Baskett, who was also suddenly taken from us, w^hen occupied in the noble work of starting in life in Canada those who would probably otherwise have never had any opportunity of starting at all, was a much older Member, having joined our ranks in 1886. He had seen, like Mr. Dicker, much of other countries and had a great taste for and knowledge of some branches of archaeology. In his later years when settled at Monkton, he generally attended the Winter Meetings of the Club and took part in its doings. I regret to say that my list this year also contains the names of six others of our Members, of whom Miss Bessie Mayo, a Member since 1902, has been, I think, the most amongst us, and was a frequent attendant at our Meetings. The others are Mr. H. B. Batten, who joined in 1889, Mr. W. E. Brennand in 1885, Lt.-General J. P. Carr Glyn in 1898, Mr. James Cull in 1890, and Mrs. Alfred Smith in 1906. Since writing the above I deeply regret that I have to add to this long list the names of no less than four prominent Members of our Club. Sir John Charles Robinson, the distinguished Art Critic and Collector, joined our ranks in 1890, and will be specially remembered by us as a Club in connection with a meeting at Swanage, where he entertained, I believe, the largest number that were ever present at a Field Club luncheon and shewed us all the beautiful treasures that his house contained. But we are all individually still more indebted to him for a vast number of treasures in the Iviii. president's address. South Kensington (now the Victoria and Albert) Museum, acquired by him when he was Director of that Institution, and which it would now be impossible to get together, as well as for many other acts done by him in his public capacities. He has enriched our Dorset Museum with a valuable collection of Roman glass, an almost unique fossil turtle's head, and other gifts. Some years ago I had much wished to make him a Vice-President, but he asked to be excused, as he felt that at his age he could not do much for the Club. It is in connection with the Dorset County Museum even more than the Field Club that the work of Mr. W. Albert Bankes, who joined us in 1887, the same year as myself, will be remembered. In its early days, it was he who, as Hon. Secretary, was the moving spirit of it, and worked hard and continuously in conjunction with Mr. Henry Moule, its Curator, to build it up towards its present state of excellence, in which it takes a high rank amongst local Museums of its class. Besides this, Mr. Bankes was always ready to help on any good work that was on hand, whether it were Charminster Church restoration, or Arts and Crafts, in which he took a special interest, and always endeavoured to promote amongst the working classes. When a few months ago IMr. Henry Stilwell gave up the Editorship of the Dorset Rainfall Returns, I little thought that he would be with us for so short a time. The full and accurate Rainfall Reports since 1903, during which period the number of stations has increased from 50 to 66, bear witness to the excellent work he has done for the Club. He was a frequent attendant at our Meetings, and will be missed in other ways besides his special work. He became a Member in 1903. Mr. Walter John Fletcher was one of the very few remaining original Members of our Club, and has contributed to our Proceedings and taken part in our Meetings when he could spare the time from his duties as County Surveyor, which post he has held for about 40 years, and from his numerous engagements as Architect, to his attain- ments in which profession there remain many existing monuments. He also interested himself in various local president's address. lix. matters, in connection with which his loss will cause a blank. Zoology. The Origin of Life — a subject which has probably occupied the brains of many of the deepest thinkers of all ages since men began to speculate at all on such matters — is the one which was chosen by the President of the British Association last year for his Address. His own view is that living matter was probably gradually evolved from non-living substances, a theory which rests at present on evidence of the most superficial nature, there being absolutely no direct evidence of the evolution of life from mineral substances. One of the chief points brought forward is the resemblance of the move- ments of some living bodies to those of inorganic matter, such as drops of oil, which is, after all, an organic product, and may still possess some of the qualities of life. The Address is very learned, but not convincing. The growth of crystals forms another link in the chain. The sections of Zoology and Botany carried on the subject in a joint discussion ; but there seemed to be a general feeling that the question was at present so purely speculative as to be hardly worth arguing about, and even the form which life first took when it did come into existence on the earth was a point on which there appeared to be great differences of opinion. From their probable nature, it is almost impossible that any fossils of these earliest living beings should have been preserved, as one would expect them to be little more than masses of a jelly-like substance, so that, as far as we can see at present, the question is likely to remain permanently unsolved. Whilst speaking of this Address by the President of the British Association, there is one remark in the nature of a protest that I feel called upon to make. In our Club and other Societies with similar objects, including, I should have supposed, the British Association, it is an understood rule Ix. president's address. that no discussion is to take place on the subjects of Religion or Politics, whatever views may be held by individual Members, and if any statements were made tending to provoke such discussion, I should certainly feel it my duty to call upon the Member making them to withdraw them. I can only regret and offer my protest, in which I am sure that I should be supported by the great majority of our Club, against the tone of the remarks on portions of the Bible made in this Address, which would certainly be offensive to many of his hearers, and might well have been omitted altogether, especially as he states that he places no reliance upon the records to which they refer. Beginning with the lowest forms of life with which we are at present acquainted, there are about 18 diseases known, including yellow fever and rabies, which we have every reason to connect with minute parasites, but of so very small a size that they will pass through a porcelain filter and cannot be detected by microscopes. A great deal of information has now been obtained about these and many other diseases, both of man and animals, where the parasite is visible in the microscope. An interesting Address on this subject, as regards animals, Mas given by the President of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science, that part of the world being particularly fertile in such plagues. The Infusorian Paramoecium aurelia, has now been parthenogenetically cultivated for more than five years, giving more than 3,000 generations from a single individual which was originally isolated. In contrast to this enormously rapid increase there are individual sea anemones now living, which have been in captivity for more than 50 years. Much has lately been discovered about the formation of pearls, which have either some external particle or parasite for a nucleus, or are due to internal causes within the oyster itself. A new and very fine addition to our sea fauna is a large spider-crab {Homola cuvieri), a specimen of which was taken off the Cornish coast and presented to the Plymouth Marine Biological Laboratory. Its legs when stretched out cover a president's address. Ixi. width of about four feet, and its usual habitat is the seas to the N. of Africa. The account of the habits of a fish-eating spider {Thalassius spenceri, P.-Cambr.) from Natal, is new to me and interesting. The body is small Adth long legs, and when in quest of prey, it places its two hind legs on a stone and the other six on the water, watching for fish. When a small one comes within reach, it plunges head and legs beneath the surface, holds the fish with its legs and pierces it with its poisonous fangs. It then retires to land and eats it. The second Entomological Congress was held in 1912 at Oxford, and brought together Entomologists from many parts of the world with many interesting papers, amongst which I may mention one by our member, Sir Daniel Morris, dealing amongst other things with the method of reducing insect pests by introducing their natural enemies, parasitic or otherwise. A valuable collection of Foreign Lepidoptera, containing about 150,000 specimens, has been left to the nation, enriching the large collections already contained in the Nat. Hist. Museum. In the theory of Mimicry m Butterflies, a great deal naturally depends upon the assumed fact that they are much used as food by birds, but the catching or even pursuit of a butterfly by a bird is an incident not often witnessed, and the observation of the proceedings of a wag-tail, which in 25 minutes caught and ate about 23 butterflies which had settled on the damp sand by a stream in E. Africa, is, I should think, almost unique. The bird rejected one butterfly, an Acrcea, as unpalatable. Experi- ments in Canada shew the response made by the females of luminous insects to a flash by the male when flying above her, possibly this occurs in the Enghsh glow-worm. Everyone must have noticed the dead flies which sometimes stick to the windowpanes and elsewhere, covered with a white mould. Attempts have lately been made to cultivate this fungus with a view to the destruction of flies, but though the cultiva- tion has been successful, there may be difficulties in applying it to the fly, which takes the infection by eatmg the spores. Stomoxys, the biting fly, very like the common housefly but Ixii. president's address. with a long, sharp, biting apparatus, is also said to be subject to this mould ; but I think much less so, as I do not remember to have seen one affected by it. It comes, however, much less indoors, and it is there that one generally sees the dead victims to the disease. The only creature that I have to mention in the fish line (if that be its real position) is a sea- serpent, which was seen by several people on board the Dover Castle in the Gulf of Guinea on Oct. 17 last. The head and neck extended at least 14 feet above sea level, and were seen six times in two minutes at a distance of about IJ miles. What the animal was is of course problematical, but it is suggested that the object might have been the arm of one of the gigantic squids which are known to exist, as their bodies have been actually found ; or it may, of course, have been one of the monsters unknown to science, which it seems probable that the sea contains, from the many accounts of their appearance. A new bird, the Terek Sandpiper {Terekia cinerea), of which four were killed in Kent, has been added to the British list, and the Dartford warbler has been recorded for the first time in Ireland. Still more interesting is the capture at Utrecht, Natal, on Dec. 23, 1912, of a swallow which had' a ring placed on its leg in May, 1911, in Stafford- shire. As very little seems to be Itnown of the nesting habits of that curious duckbilled quadruped, the Platypus, I refer to an account of the investigation of three of its burrows, which are made high up in the river bank. One contained two eggs, another one, the third a female and two lately- hatched young, one of which clung very firmly to its mother. When the young are hatched, the female blocks the burrows in two or three places with earth, either against water or enemies. It is satisfactory to be able to state that a thriving colony of the Elephant seal, which was threatened with extinction through being killed in large quantities for its oil up to about 1852, has been lately found on the island of Guadalupe, California, and will be protected. The first living specimens of the Pigmy hippopotamus {H. liberiensis) have reached Europe, and one is established in the Regent's PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. Ixiii. Park gardens. An Indian elephant has been born in the Copenhagen gardens, this being only the third instance of the kind in Europe, one of which was in London in 1903. The Field of Nov. 9 last contains a photograph of the nest or sleeping platform of an ourang-outang made by it in a tree near its cage in the London gardens on the evening of Nov. 3. An account has lately been published of the work done in the N. Atlantic during the cruise of the " Michael Sars." Besides investigation of ocean currents, the deposits of stones, some glaciated, on the ocean bed, have been sampled, much new information as to the early stages of eels has been obtained, and the extraordinary abundance of minute plant life in some parts of the sea has been shewn, the plants being so small as to pass through the finest silk net. In his Address to the Zoological Section of the British Association the President gives particulars of a melancholy list of animals recently persecuted to extinction by man, and of others which are on the verge, and recommends strict game laws and the establishment of large sanctuaries which would be in the widest sense developments of the Zoological Gardens, in which in all ages it has been the amusement and interest of princes and others to keep the strange animals of foreign countries. It would seem, through information supplied on schedules which were circulated, that a decrease has been taking place during the last few years in certain British migratory birds, especially the whitethroat, redstart, martin, swallow, and wrjaieck. The cause of this is suggested to be shooting and netting on the Continent, but considering the great variation which occurs in the number of specimens of such birds in any district in different years, Ave may still perhaps hope that the decrease is only temporary and due to natural causes. Our Hon. Member, Mr. R. Lydekker, has lately brought out a book on " The Sheep and its Cousins " in connection with the work he has done at the Nat. Hist. Museum of collecting together many rare forms of the different breeds of sheep (as well as other domestic animals) which are now on view there and are described in his book. Ixiv. president's address. Botany. Probably all who have ever had to do with gardens are aware that different seeds vary very much in the time they take to germinate, from the mustard and cress which when children we used to put on damp flannel before the fire in the fond hope that it would spring up in a night, to such seeds as Canna, which, enclosed in a verj^ hard skin, take months. A paper on some experiments in germination of 278 seeds was lately read before the Royal Dublin Society, hawthorn taking a year and a-half. I am not aware that the question of the dormant state in which some seeds are believed to remain for many years when deeply buried has ever been satisfactorily solved, but certainly when new ground is turned up, fresh plants do sometimes appear either from freshly imported or long dormant seeds. Another recent set of experiments was detailed to the Linnean Society on the pollination of hardy fruits. Strawberries can produce good fruit without the aid of insects — raspberries, currants, and gooseberries require them. In some fruits a flower cannot be fertilised with its own pollen but requires pollen from another blossom or even another tree. 19 only out of 65 apples were self fertilising ; in pears four out of 30 ; in plums 21 out of 41 ; in cherries 5 out of 12. Thus it might happen that in a garden containing only a few apple trees, all might be sterile from this cause. Of 3,000 insects visiting various fruit blossoms, 88 per cent, were hive bees, 5^ per cent, humble and other wild bees, and 6^ per cent, flies and other insects, which last chiefly ate the pollen and did not carry it usefully to other flowers. In a botanical garden, so far as I have seen them, it is generally attempted to grow all sorts of flowers, whatever their natural habitat, and the difficulties incident to this are more or less overcome by greenhouses, heated to various temj)eratures, ponds, &c. But in Japan a botanical garden for the Alpine flora has been lately established in the mountains, thus providing the natural habitat of the plants in a way Avhich could not well be done PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. IxV. for mountain plants at a low altitude. The question of State forestry in this country has been debated, but as yet I believe very little has been done, though there are large suitable tracts of land available. Though it is an investment that takes a long time to shew profit, it is a valuable one for the future, and would give employment to many unskilled labourers in the present. The State can look forward a generation or two with much more satisfaction than private individuals, and many countries have found it most profitable. Improvements have lately been made in the varieties of Indian wheats and cottons Avhich tend to benefit the Indian farmer. In America some cacti are used as food for cattle, the chief objection being the quantity of saline matter contained in them. A curious experiment carried out at Woburn shews that the presence of grass underneath a tree interferes with its grou'th, even when the grass is not growing in the soil but in pans of earth resting on it. The heating of soil to a temperature con- siderably above that of boiling Avater appears greatly to favour the growth of plants in it, but the cause, which is ascribed in some way to bacteria, does not seem clear. Geology. The catalogue of earthquakes compiled by Prof. Mihie from various historical records from the beginning of our era to the end of last century is necessarily defective in the earlier portions, but would probably contain most of the more violent earthquakes in the then more civilised portions of the earth and would help in any attempt to ascertain any laws of periodicity which may govern them. Some of the oldest records are in Corea where they date back to 57 B.C. A very destructive earthquake occurred in Turkey on Aug. 9 last, the epicentre lying somewhere to the N.W. of the Sea of Marmora. It affected an area of about 20,000 square miles and killed 3,000 persons. With regard to the luminous Ixvi. president's address. appearances which were observed in the Valparaiso earth- quake of Aug. 16, 1906, and to which I alluded in my address last year, the evidence, on being sifted, has proved somewhat contradictory, and as a storm was raging over part of Chile at the time, it is considered that there is no sufficient proof that the luminosity was connected with the earthquake in any way. A violent eruption took place at Katmai in the Aleutian Isles on June 6 last, when a terrific explosion is said to have taken place, followed by a steady stream of volcanic fragments and ash which are estimated to have covered 300 square miles of fertile country and fell in a thick layer on the decks of a vessel 70 miles away. The Address of the President of the Geological Section of the British Association dealt with the relation between the Cambrian faunas of Scotland and N. America, and is full of interest to geologists, one of the conclusions being the resemblance of the Lower Cambrian fauna of the N.W. Highlands to that of N. America, whereas it differs essentially from the Lower Cambrian fauna of the rest of Europe. From this and other facts the arrangement of land and water at that period is deduced, reference being made to our Hon. Member, Mr. Jukes-Browne, whose work in this branch of Geology is well known. From a boring near London were lately obtained at a depth of over 1,100 feet specimens of Upper old red Sandstone with characteristic fossils. Recent discoveries in Texas and New Mexico have demonstrated the existence in the Permian strata of reptiles and amphibians, which have also been found elsewhere of this very early date, thereby complicating the theories of descent in these groups and making us hesitate to express opinions until more facts have been brought to light. The development of the higher fossil plants seems equally unknown, and Angiosperms have lately been found as far down as the Lower Greensand. In Cambrian rocks in British Columbia, at an elevation of about 8,000 feet, there is a spot where the fossils are in a most wonderful state of preservation. They consist chiefly of orabs, marine worms, and even jelly fish, which latter actually PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. Ixvii, shew the details of the thread-like swimming muscles. In the worms one can see not only the external formation and markings, but the details of the interior intestine and the long proboscis, which are all wonderfully preserved. After such finds, one may look forward to finding even earlier forms of life and improving a little on our almost absolute ignorance of its first beginnings ; but these beautifully preserved low forms of life are, I believe, very uncommon. To go to a higher sphere, a fine skull of the horned reptile Triceratops has just been added to the Natural History Museum. The skull is about six feet long, but its brain has a length of only six inches. It comes from Upper Cretaceous beds in Wyoming, U.S.A. Remains of huge fossil Tortoises [Testudo rohusta), and what is believed to be a still larger species, have lately been found in Malta. Astronomy. The eclipse of April 17, 1912, came so near to our last Annual Meeting that though I was able to mention some of the circumstances and results comiected with it, there were naturally many others which had not yet been published. Though, as I said in my last address, the extent of the eclipse was not in this country sufficient to affect animals and plants in general, yet at Paris, where it was much more nearly total, it is stated that birds and certam plants behaved as they usually do at nightfall. Observations on the total echpse of Oct. 10 last in Brazil, were unfortunately prevented by heavy rain. Further observations have been made in Algeria, as well as on Mount Wilson, in California, on the supposed variability of the sun, which are not considered quite con- clusive, but tend to assign to it an uncertain period of 5 — 10 days, with a variability of 5 to 10 per cent. To turn to the moon, which has hitherto been supposed to be unchangeable in its features, signs have been seen of the alteration in form and size of a small hill on its surface, but this appears to Ixviii. president's address. require confirmation. The diameter of Neptune, the furthest of our planets from the sun, has been measured and found to be about 50,000 kilometres. The period of rotation of Uranus has also been found to be 10 hours 45 min. The number of known minor planets has now risen to 732. Several meteorites of interest have been recorded. A wedge-shaped fragment of a meteorite, weighing about 1,900 grams, was found in Kansas, U.S.A. ; on Dec. 18 a bright meteor was seen by several observers at Manchester and in Yorkshire. It is described as having a diameter half the size of the moon, and leaving a bluish trail. After travelling some distance it divided into two portions, of which one seemed to fall towards the earth and the other to continue its course. A large detonating meteor passed over Patagonia on Feb. 10, and was seen and heard over a considerable area. But the most interesting occurrence was a shower of meteoric stones near Holbrook, Arizona, on July 19 last. A large meteor was seen to pass over Holbrook with a loud noise which lasted for about half a minute, and numerous stones were seen to fall near Aztec, raising puffs of dust in the sandy desert, more than 14,000 being found, weighing from one gram to 141b., over an area of three miles by half a mile. It seems probable that the new comet 1912b niay be identical with the Tuttle comet, Avhich, approaching Jupiter too closely, has had its course shortened by 86 days. The spectra of Nova Geminorum and Nova Persei have been successfully obtained and carefully studied, and appear to present no striking differences from each other or from those of Novae in general. Hydrogen is the chief feature, with calcium, iron, and other constituents. A recent theory with regard to temporary stars, or one class of Novae, is that the star has somewhat cooled down, and a thin crust has formed over its surface. A break occurs in the crust, and the liquid fiery contents flow out in a sort of gigantic volcano. This produces the appearance of a temporary star, and may occur at intervals. The Pole star has been believed to be variable, and from measures secured on 17 nights a variation of 0'078 president's address. Ixix. magnitude is shewn. This is rather less than that obtained by other methods. The speeds of stars through space vary from about 12 to 34 kilometres per second,so far as determined, our sun having a velocity of 19 J kilometres. Their tempera- tures vary from 400,000° Centigrade for 7 Pegasi to 2,150° for a Tauri, the sun bemg 4,950°. But different observers have varied in their results, especially in the hotter stars. Stars like Sirius in their spectra are about 50 times as bright as the sun, orange stars about one-sixth as bright, red stars only one-fiftieth. But these data can only be obtained for stars the distances of which can be measured. There would appear to be in the Milky Way, and possibly elsewhere, masses of gas of such a dark nature as to hide the stars behind it, and in this way the existence of blank spaces is explained. Many very fine photographs of Nebulse, shewmg beautiful forms, have been taken with the large reflector at the Lick Observa- tory, and are contained in Bulletin 219 of their publications. Meteorology, Though the law of average can usually be relied upon to give much the same results when any fairly long series of years are taken into consideration, it is not often that a hot, dry summer like that of 1911 is followed immediately by what one may call an absence of summer like that of 1912, when cold and rain were almost perpetual, and though the tempera- ture of July is shewn by the thermometer to have been slightly above the average, which will certainly be a surprise to those who experienced it, it is well made up on the other side by the cold months of June, August, and September. August was the coolest August ever recorded and the wettest month of the year, and wetter than any August in the past 57 years, except in 1878. I am speaking so far of the Greenwich records, but they are applicable to most other places. The yearly rainfall was greatly in excess of the average in Dorset and elsewhere, except in the West of Scotland. To counter- Ixx. president's address. balance this to some extent, the past winter has been remark- ably mild, but has shewn a considerable excess of rainfall with deficiency of sunshine. In the British Isles generally, the rainfall amounted to 14 per cent, above the average. A very exceptional fall occurred at Norwich on Aug. 26-27, of 6"32in. in the 12 hours from 4 a.m. to 4 p.m. on Aug. 26, and lin. in the following 12 hours. This amount has very rarely been surpassed in the British Isles, though in Assam we have records going up to 40" Sin. in 24 hours, and in Jamaica more than 30 inches. From measurements which have been carried on for 14 years on the amount of water passing over a weir on the river Derwent, it has been found that the river absorbs on an average almost exactly three-quarters of the rain fallmg upon the area drained by it, the rest being carried off by evaporation, plants, &c. It has been suggested that the cold summer of 1912 was due to the abnormal ice-drift in the Atlantic, to which the sad fate of the " Titanic " called public attention. This has also caused investigation of the laws affecting icebergs in general, with some interesting results, but I think that some of them require more testing and working out before they can be accepted as reliable. It would appear from certain observations that the temperature of the sea increased on approaching an iceberg, the explanation being that the water which was chilled by the iceberg sank through becommg denser, and a surface current flowed in from all sides to replace it. This surface water would be warmed by the sun and slightly higher in temperature than the general body of water. But there are complications arising from the lightness of the fresh water melted from the iceberg which make satisfactory conclusions difficult. A more practical solution in regard to the dangers from icebergs is the agreement between the Board of Trade and the principal Atlantic Lines to join in providing an ice observing vessel fitted with wireless apparatus for keeping in touch with shipping. Scientific observations Avill also be made by trained observers on board. president's address. Ixxi. Two Commissions appointed by the International Meteoro- logical Committee met in London last September to deal with questions concerning International Weather Telegraphy, storm warnings, and other matters. They recommended, amongst other things, that all ships equipped with wireless apparatus should transmit observations to certain centres at Greenwich noon, and should receive in return forecasts and warnmgs from those centres. At the British Association, one of the most interesting points dealt with was the velocities of wind at different heights, a considerable increase taking place in the higher positions. The actual minimum rate of wind occurs in September, the rate then rises rapidly to December, and falls rapidly between March and June. It seems rather inconsistent with these statements (which, however, only apply, I believe, to the United Kmgdom) to state that a cyclone of unparalleled violence m Canada passed over the city of Regina on July 4, and, though lasting only three minutes and having a width of 300 feet, did immense damage, overthrowing numerous buildings in its course. Such storms have sometimes occurred in Dorset, though not of such magnitude, and when they come usually overthrow any trees in their course. There are references to them in our volumes of Proceedings, the one I best remember having taken place at Ranston, where a path was literally cut through a wood, all the trees in it lying on top of each other. On Mar. 23 last a very destructive tornado did great damage in Nebraska and some of the central parts of the United States, and was followed by the worst floods ever experienced in the Ohio and Mississipi valleys, occasioning great loss of life and property. In a report on extensive observations of trees struck by lightning in the United States, the usual belief that some lands of trees are more likely to be struck than others is not supported, the conclusion being that the height and isolated position of trees render them more Hable, independently of then- species. In Europe, oak and poplar are considered more liable, and bhch and beech less. Ixxii. president's address. Electricity. In Electricity, wireless telegraphy and its developments still continue to hold the foremost place of interest, and though the distances traversed since I last addressed you have not strikingly increased, being about a quarter of the earth's circumference, or 6,000 miles, improvements continue to be made, especially in wireless telephony, which advances slowly. The International Radio-telegraphic Conference, which met in London last June, occupied itself chiefly with regulations for wireless telegraphy on ships, and suggested various rules, amongst others that all ships should be obliged to be fitted with suitable apparatus for this purpose. Perhaps the latest special use of this means of communication is between aeroplanes and earth stations, the distances over which it can be worked reaching at present to 50 or 60 miles. Another application of Electricity on a large scale is carried out chiefly in Norway to produce nitrogenous products, which are in great demand for agricultural purposes, to supply the deficiency experienced in the natural nitre, which has hitherto been sent from Chile in great quantities, but is now becoming used up. Such plant placed near our coalfields might be also desirable for producing nitre for military purposes, should other supplies fail. At Niagara there is a gigantic electric installation for chemical purposes, and England would doubtless follow suit were there more natural mechanical power available. A new use for Electricity is a method of measuring wind velocity by the aid of a small bare wire Wheatstone bridge, having arms of manganin and platinum. The cooling effect of a current of air lowers the resistance of the platinum, but does not affect the manganin, and an increased current is therefore required to effect a balance, the measure of which shews the wind velocity. Chemistry. Recent discoveries in Chemistry, chiefly in connection with radium and radio-active substances, have so upset the president's address. Ixxiii. established ideas and beliefs in this branch of science that even the foundations on which it rests have been disturbed, and we cannot now talk of atoms as if they were certainly indivisible and constant for each elementary substance, as we have numerous cases of what would have been looked upon as an element turning gradually into some other substance. The old alchy mists have been ridiculed for a similar belief, but the day may not be far distant when some commoner substance may be transmuted into gold, as uranium is believed to be finally changed mto lead, though further evidence is still wanting. Lately both neon and helium have appeared in vacuum tubes under the influence of X-rays in such a manner as to suggest that they have been transmuted into these elements from other substances, but the cause of their appearance does not yet seem quite clear. Thirty-four radio-active substances are now known, 14 of which have been discovered as such in the last seven years. From calculations which have been made in regard to the heating power of the radium found in rocks, it would appear that the earth ought to be becoming gradually hotter, instead of cooling down, as all geological evidence leads us to believe. This shews either that there are other as yet undiscovered forces at work acting in the other direction, or that there is some flaw in our facts or deductions. There is some reason to believe that radium exists in the chromosphere of the sun, but the spectroscopic indications are somewhat uncertain. On plants radio-active water causes a prompt germination and rapid development up to a certain strength, but beyond this it is harmful. Leaving for the present this very fertile subject of radium, I come to an investigation which will interest more the Antiquarian Members of our Club, namely, the pigments used by the ancients in illuminated MSS. from the 7th to the 15th Century. These include vermilion, red lead, orpiment, ultramarine, azurite, malachite, verdigris, lakes, a Tyrian purple, and an undetermined copper green. These results are being published in detail by the Society of Antiquaries, and may be sometimes useful in helping to fix Ixxiv. president's address. the dates of MSS. In connection with colours it may be of interest to mention that a coloured photograph of the moon shews a general surface of olive green with spots which have orange, purple, and blue tones. Attempts have been and are being made to produce a light which shall exactly resemble daylight, and enable certain trades which require daylight to be carried on at other times ; but no perfect success has yet been obtained, though much has been done. The pro- duction of india rubber sjoithetically has been accomplished, at a price to compete with natural rubber, to which it will be a serious rival. Another valuable discovery is that of " non-flaming " celluloid, which possesses all the other properties of celluloid, but bums in a safe manner and is free from the dangers hitherto associated with that substance. Engineering. The Engineering subject which is still most occupying public attention is probably aviation, both in regard to aeroplanes and airships, though I do not think that any really important improvements have taken place in either during the past 12 months. But the untried and possibly very important effects which these may have in case of war have given rise to a great deal of discussion and speculation. In the wars that have taken place since their introduction, the opposing forces have not been by any means in the front rank in aviation, and this fact may account for the com- paratively small part which it has played in the conflicts — still, aeroplanes have been used with sufficient effect to shew that they are likely to be important munitions of war in the future, both for prospecting and offensive purposes. At the International Aero Exhibition early this year, many different types were shewn. The lifting power of aeroplanes has reached a high pitch, but the lateral stability leaves much still to be desired, and is more or less dependent on the skill of the pilot. Until this has been overcome, either by the president's address. Ixxv. use of separate propellers for vertical and horizontal motion, or by some other device, they can scarcely cease to be a very risky mode of progression. The great disaster which took place in the sinking, through collision with an iceberg, of the " Titanic," a monster ship which was considered to be absolutely safe on account of its water-tight compartments and other precautionary arrangements, and the great loss of life which followed, has caused much investigation into the safety of ships at sea, and various more effective regulations as to lifeboats to be carried, the supply for the Titanic having been most insufficient, and the difficulties of launching them from so great a height as the ship's side being serious. The further subdivision of the watertight compartments for passenger ships is also desirable, so that if two or three are injured the ship may still float. This appears to have been made a special feature of in the " Aquitania," an immense ship just launched in the Clyde, in which there are stated to be 41 watertight compartments in the double bottom and 84 above. A pumping pontoon for the Manchester Ship Canal has been constructed of ferro-concrete, and is the first vessel of this material in this country. At the British Association a paper was read describing experiments on the suction caused by passing vessels, which at distances of less than 100 feet was found to be considerable. Aluminium has presented difficulties in working, especially in regard to being soldered, which cannot, I believe, at present be done success- fully ; but it can be satisfactorily welded, though its alloys are not so amenable to this process. I have not yet seen or heard a film-parlant or speaking kinematograph, but the difficulties connected with these are said to have been to a great extent overcome, and synchronisation produced to satisfy the spectator's eye and ear. One of the great problems that will have to be faced in the future is a substitute for coal and petroleum, both of which will in time be exhausted. The most promising results appear to have come from the heat of the sun, which in warmer countries has an immense power stored up in it, and has already been used Ixxvi. president's address. with success on a small scale. In this country I fear we should be badly off in a year like 1912. The last discovery of petroleum appears to be in New Guinea, where an extensive bed of oilbearing sandstones was found by, I believe, an Australian Expedition to that island. Geography. Last year I had to record the successful journey to the South Pole of Captain Amundsen ; this year we can claim the same honour for an Englishman, Captain Scott, but with results to himself and his brave comrades which we all deplore. From his journal we learn all that they did and suffered under a series of difficulties and misfortunes which would seem unusual even in those inhospitable regions, in which, as in the Arctic zone, so many have lost their lives without having had the satisfaction of reaching their goal. Amongst the results of this unfortunate expedition are additions to our geological knowledge of the neighbourhood of the Pole, from whence the party brought back specimens of the rocks, confirming the existence of coal, and exhibiting fossils of Cambrian and other early formations. In the results of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition there have now been found to be no less than 18 new genera and 263 new species of marine animals collected between the surface and a depth of 2,000 fathoms, the novelties occurring especially at the greater depths. Anthropology and Archeology. At the British Association Meeting the President's Address in this section consisted of a somewhat speculative discourse on the evolution of man, who, he considered, could be traced president's address. Ixxvii. back to an animal something like the little ghostlike tarsier of Borneo and the adjacent islands. The tarsier is a queer little jumping creature about the size of a small rat, with a long tail with a brush on the end, long hind legs, suckers on the tips of its toes, and enormous round e3^es. Coming to more recent and undoubted ancestors, a description was given of a fragment of a human jaw found in Kent's Cavern, Torquay, in 1867, but previously undescribed. This was considered to belong to the Neanderthal type, and unless this be so, I believe no Neanderthal remains have been discovered in this country, the ancient skeletons which have been found belonging to a type more like that of the present day, though said to be contemporaneous with or immediately succeeding the Neanderthal race. The great antiquity of the Ipswich skeleton, alluded to in my last Address, which from its position was looked upon as pre-glacial, seems to be only partially accepted, though I do not know that anything has been definitely proved to counteract the positive evidence of the finders. Numerous flints have been found in the sub- Crag detritus bed, to which their finders ascribe a human origin, but about which, as about other Eoliths, there exists a difference of opinion, and their evidence, unless supported in other ways, could hardly be relied on for the existence of man at that period. A very important recent discovery is that of a fragment of a skull, comprising the greater part of the brain case and one imperfect mandibular ramus, which was found near Piltdown Common, Fletching, Sussex, in gravel 80 feet above the present level of the river Ouse. Teeth of elephant, mastodon, and hippopotamus, and bones of deer, beaver, and horse were found near to the human remams, and of the same age. The very thick skull closely resembles that of a young Chimpanzee, with teeth of the human pattern, and is very ancient, though the exact date is a matter of discussion. The forehead is much steeper than ui the Neanderthal type with only a feeble brow-ridge. These appear to be the earliest human remains yet discovered m England. Another skeleton, probably of late Palaeolithic or early Neolithic date, Ixxviii. president's address. was found near Rochester, and on the same level but at some distance from the burial were hearths with charred wood, bones, and flints. Interesting excavations have also been made in Jersey. Investigations into the study of early man in Argentine territory tend to upset the claims of extreme antiquity of man in that region and to shew only the former presence of the comparatively modern Indian race, and nothing seems yet to have been proved as to the existence of very early man in any part of South America. This applies also to the recent discovery of supposed ancient remains at Cuzco, Peru. Two bones of a prehistoric horse have been found at Bishop's Stortford, similar to the discovery made there some j^ears ago. Paintings, consisting of ten red bands about a foot long and one or two inches broad, arranged in a fan-like pattern, and covered by a thin coating of stalagmite, were found in Bacon's Hole, Gower, and supposed to be prehistoric ; but further evidence throws great doubt on this assumption. There are many of these caves along this coast, which I used to know well as a boy, and though I never observed any paintings, the stalagmite was in great abundance and apparently still forming, to judge by the dripping state of the cave, so that any paintings, &c., might soon get covered with it. For the first time, clay figures of Palaeolithic date have been met with, three having been found in a cave in Montesquieu-Aventes, France. Two of them, 26in. and 30in. long, represent a bull and cow bison, and had been apparently attached to the wall of the cave, the third was more roughly modelled. Many footprints of Palaeolithic men and bears were found, and the same cave also contained mural paintings of animals. Near Prerau, in Moravia, has also been found the best carved Palaeolithic example known of an ivory statuette of a mammoth, about 4|in. long. Mr. R. Lydekker has described, from an ancient Assyrian sculpture, an antelope of African type, not now known either in Assyria or to science, and Egj^ptian sculptures of the 6th dynasty have been found of the Dorcas Gazelle, the white oryx, and the Nubian ibex, tied up by president's address. Ixxix. ropes round their necks, suggesting that they were kept as domestic animals a t that period . Many interesting discoveries of a later age have been made in a Hittite excavation at Sakje-Geuzi, at Carchemish, in Malta, in Egypt, and else- where. In Egypt the earliest type of mummy has been found in 2nd or 3rd dynasty tombs at Sakkara. What appears to be a very valuable work on the pottery and history of the Bronze Age has lately been published, which will have a special interest for us from the fact that the author, Hon. John Abercrombie, spent a considerable time in examining the fine collection of prehistoric pottery in our Dorset Museum. He dates the Bronze Age in this country from about 2,000 to 200 B.C. It has been lately discovered that three large lifts were in operation in the Imperial Palace on the Palatine Hill in Ancient Rome, and that a system of hot and cold water supply, closely resembling our modern arrangements, existed in Pompeii. To turn to present times, a tribe of white Eskimos is reported to be living in the neighbourhood of Victoria Island, who are supposed to be descendants of an ancient Norwegian Colony. An account of white Eskimos was given by De Poincy in 1658, which may refer to the same people. The publication, " Man," for last March, contains an article describing certain obsolete English utensils, and advising the preservation of such things in Museums, as they will before long be unobtainable. There are a good many specimens in our Dorset Museum of things that have recently gone out of use, and they might be added to by our Members. In this connection I may mention one small article which I had never myself heard of except in the song, " My lodging is on the cold ground," namely, a " rush ring," nor did I know exactly to what it referred. But I have lately acquired, and have now brought for exhibition, a deed of 1494 with five seals, each of which was apparently made by taking a small lump of beeswax, perhaps hardened with a little resin and coloured red, in a leaf, and squeezing it into the desired round, flat shape. After this a small ring, made by twisting a rush, was pressed down on the top, and the seal Ixxx. president's address. was impressed inside it. In this case portions of the leaves are still adhering to the backs of the seals, and three of the " rush rings " are in situ, the other two having come off. I feel that this must be the " rush ring " of the song, "I'll marry thee with a rush ring " ; it is so appropriate in size and otherwise, and looks as if it might have been made round the finger ; but perhaps some of our Members more learned in these matters can enlighten me. General. The Royal Society celebrated last July its 250th anniversary, a great number of foreign delegates being present from all parts of the world. In this enlightened age we may sometimes be tempted to undervalue and even to smile at some of the knowledge which passed for science 250 years ago ; but we must remember that to start anything that ultimately proves worth having is a much more difficult thing than merely to elaborate something already in existence — the man who draws an original beautiful pattern out of his head shews much greater talent than he who copies it with a few improvements. Even in our own time scientific ideas have vmdergone great changes by such discoveries as that of radium, and there is no knowing how much the next genera- tion of scientists may scorn the science of 1913, through fresh wonderful discoveries. In one way the early members of the Royal Society differed much from more recent ones — there was comparatively little specialism, but each took a general interest and probably knew a good deal ubout other things besides his own special hobby. Now specialists seem necessary if any new discoveries are to be made, for the mass of information and literature in all branches is so enormous that no man could probably master it all, and could do but little unless he confined himself to that branch. But it is a misfortune that it must be so, for you cannot draw a president's address. Ixxxi. hard and fast line between different branches of science, and each must often suffer if the others are ignored. This point was brought up at the British Association Meeting at Dundee, but I do not see any remedy. On June 26th last, at Cardiff, the King laid the foundation stone of the National Museum for Wales, which is intended primarily, if not altogether, to illustrate Welsh history and Welsh natural history. A new and very useful institution in the British Museum of Natural History is that of a guide, who makes two tours of the Museum daily, explaining the various exhibits. There is also one at the British Museum. A Scottish Zoological Garden has been established at Edinburgh by the Zoological Society of Scotland, and a good site secured ; and in the London Zoological Gardens terraces with rockwork are being provided for some of the larger animals, which Avill be more of an approach to their natural state and shew them better in every way. Sanctuaries for birds, beasts, and flowers have been reserved at Blakeney Point, in Norfolk, a space of about 1,000 acres, also Marsh Island, Louisiana, containing about 75,000 acres, hitherto a great resort of birds, and also of gunners, who slaughtered vast numbers for the markets. In Switzerland attempts are being made to prevent the destruction of beautiful scenery by the setting up of huge advertisements and other things, which take away from its attractiveness. In the earlier days of tobacco, its use was considered most healthy, and even young boys were enjoined to smoke for the benefit of their health. Now the opposite is the law of schools, and this would appear to be supported by an investigation lately made into the advantages enjoyed by smokers and non-smokers in various ways, the non- smokers having distinctly the best of it, both amongst athletes and scholars. An important meeting of the Inter- national Time Conference was held lately in Paris, and decided that Greenwich time should be used universally, that signals should be sent out at exact hours from nine stations in different parts of the world, an agreed wave length to be used in the transmission by wireless telegraphy. A medal IxXXli. PRESmtENT^S ADDRESS. has been offered by the Mexican Astronomical Society to any Astronomer who discovers a comet, and I end my Address with congratulations to the recipient of the Wollaston Medal for this year, which has been awarded by the Geological Society to our Honorary Member the learned and veteran Geologist^ Rev. Osmond Fisher.. ^Ciintio^'(5otljic ;^rt in Mcsscr. By H. COLLEY MARCH, M.D., F.S.A. {Read IQth December, 1912.) j^s^^. 3TIW0 of the stones that were found in Whitcombe Church last winter have an incised decoration that occasioned, in this room, an interesting conflict of opinion. One expert declared that the design Avas Saxon, that is pre-Norman, and another said that it was undoubtedly Celtic, and certainly post-Norman. To give the matter a full discussion is desirable, if not now, on some other occasion when time might permit. But assuredly we should at once endeavour to ascertain the type of this embellishment, to infer the nationality of the artist, and then perhaps, of his work, to determine the date. What are the characteristics of Celtic Ornament ? The presence of the trumpet-pattern ; of the divergent spiral, whether single, double, or triple, which was originally developed in metal- work ; of the regular intersections of stepped designs derived from textile fabrics ; and of a multitude of intreeci, skeuomorphic, phyllomorphic, and zoomorphic. Such interlacements of animal forms, all biting 2 SCANDO-GOTHIC ART IN WESSEX. themselves or each other, are, however, not truly Celtic, as I have elsewhere shown.* They originated in Egypt, where they had a religious significance, and came, through Byzantium, Italy, and Gaul, to Ireland and Britain, losing by degrees their symbolic meaning, and retaining at last only an ornamental value. But, for us, the most important feature of this type of art is its geometrical basis, the fact that all its details are symmetrically arranged. In this regard, reference may be made to the Irish Illuminated Manuscripts, the Book of Durrow and the Book of Kells, which are assigned by Haddon and Stubbs "f and by Dr. Reeves to the early part of the IX. century. But it should be noted that the pigments used in Irish and in Byzantine manuscripts are precisely the same ; that in the Book of Kells may be seen Byzantine arcading ; that the phoenix has become a peacock, and represents the beatified soul ; and yet that the interlaced animal forms resemble designs from the North of Europe. True Scando-Gothic art, on the other hand, is altogether destitute of sj^mmetry, for the simple reason that it is every- where based on national legend. Always, even tln-ough later flamboyant interlacements, one can read the story — the struggle of gods and heroes against the foes of earth and of heaven, against the causes of disaster, destruction, and death, against Midgarthorm, the world serpent, and Fenris the raging wolf. The Danish Monk could not forget them ; Norwegian churches, down to the close of the XIII. century, on porch and panel, still told of Fafni and Sigurd ; and after such decoration had become little else than an unsymmetrical intreccio, the point of a sword covild still be seen piercing the body of a serpent ; while to-day, on many a Scandinavian sanctuary, the dragon's head towers far above the cross. * Proceedings of this Club, Vol. XXI. f Ecclesiastical Documents, Vol. I., p. 190. m %s. SCANDO-GOTHIC ART IN WESSEX. 3 The most interesting example of this pagan-Christian overlap is to be seen, in the Stockholm Museum, on a circular font of granite. It belonged to the old church at Ottrava, West Gotland, Sweden, and it dates from the close of the X. century.* Its surface is divided into eight fields, and all but one are carved with Christian subjects, like the crucifixion, while the other represents the god Thor (fig. A). Three stigmata mark his brow, the scars of three wounds inflicted by the flint axe of the Giant Hrungni whom Thor slew. In his left hand, as Ruler of the Waves, the god holds his steering-oar, and with his right hand, guarded by his impene- trable gauntlet, he raises, as the Friend of Man, his omnipotent Hammer over the head of a dragon, Midgarthorm ; Avhile above are seen, in full flight, Fenris-wolf and Garm the Hell-hound. It may well be that the inherited faith of Scando-Gothic converts was upheld for a time by the Vulgate translation of the Hebrew Bible,")" by the Gothic version of Ulfilas,J or by that in Anglo-Saxon of ^lfric,§ where they would have read " that the Serpent, more subtil than any beast || beguiled our " first mother and was cursed by a deadly mutual antipathy ; ''' She shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt entrap her " heel."^ And who, more clearly than an artist from Sweden, * Ottrava is in the diocese of Skara, where was a great pagan temple, and a Mootplace of the Goths. f Anno 405. J Made from a Greek original in the 4th century. § Circa 990. || Gen. iii., 1, 13, 14, 15. ^ Inimicitias ponam inter te et mulierem et semen tiium Ic sette feondraedene betpeon J^e & jjam pife & J^inum ofspringe et semen illius : Ipsa conieret caput tiium & hire ofspringe : Heo tobryt Jiin lieafod et tu insididberis calcaneo ejus. — Vulgate. & Jiu syryst ongean hyre ho. — .^Ifric's version. Here, the words insidiaberis and syryst mean trap or ensnare : and in the Islandic Bible, ed. 1747, the words are Pu skallt bita hann i heelenn — " thou shalt hite him in the heel," and this indeed, the dragon on the Avebury font seems to be doing (fig. B). 4 SCANDO-GOTHIC ART IN WESSEX. could see " an Angel come down from heaven, with a great " chain in his hand, and lay hold on the dragon, that old " Serpent, and bind him." * And what could better suit the Danish teniioerament than to learn that " Benjamin shall ravin as a wolf ; in the morning " he shall devour the prey, and at night he shall divide the " spoil." t The men whom we call Saxons, or Anglo-Saxons, who swarmed over into this country in the fifth century, and were largely converted to Christianity in the sixth, included Jutes and Friesians as well as Angles. A warlike race they were, but not artistic. Their coinage was rude in the extreme. { Their architecture was barbarous, and their sacred edifices were made of wood and covered with reeds and straw. The cathedral church of York, that was constructed by Edwin of Northumbria, fell to pieces in 40 years, and was then rebuilt in stone by St. Wilfred. § And though they continued to grow in skill, and were greatly helped and instructed by foreign monks, to the very last, until the Norman Conquest, their sculpture and their decorative carvings, destitute of any trace of Folk-lore, not onh' lacked the element of beauty, but were often truly grotesque. The Normans, however, were of Scandinavian descent, and promptly on their arrival, as William of Malmesburj^ tells us, " you might see churches rise in every village, and " monasteries in the towns and cities, built after a style " unknown before." || But even the Normans placed on their earliest capitals the Hammer of Thor. ^ * Rev. XX., 1-2. t Gen. xlix., 27. J Akerman. § Anno 670 ; i^ide Lingard, p. 141. II Videas iibique in v'illis ecclesias, in vicis et urbibus monasteria novo Eedificandi genere consurgere. III. 246. ^ The Tau-cross (T), the jiagan -Christian sign of consecration, as in the early crypt at Canterbury, at St. Nicholas, Caen, &c. SCANDO-GOTHIC ART IN WESSEX. 5 Thorpe, the last translator of what are called the Anglo- Saxon poems of Beowulf, * regards the Scop or Gleeman's Tale as an heroic Saga composed in the south-west of Sweden, and as probably brought to this country during the sway and for the delectation of the Danish dynasty. What interest, he asks, could an Anglo-Saxon feel in any valorous deeds of the Northmen, his deadly foes ; or in the encounter of a Scando-Goth with a fire-drake or a dragon ? And the answer he gives is " None whatever." f Moreover, Beowulf, though he wrote in the Anglo-Saxon tongue and introduced allusions to Christian belief, was himself of Gothic parentage, and lost no opportunity of praising Hermanric, the illustrious Gothic ruler. { The Swedes in earlier days inhabited only the central part of Modern Sweden. It was the Malar Lake that separated them from the Goths, who, under the designation of Hreth- goths, dwelt along the shores of the Baltic. Reithgotarland was the name for Denmark, and Beowulf called the Danes Hrethmen, while the English included in the term " Danes " both Swedes and Norwegians. When did these pagan Danes begin gravely to harass the Christian inhabitants of Wessex ? When did it first become possible for individual Scandinavians, peaceful and con- verted, to enter English monasteries ? It is sad to learn that our own Dorchester is not once mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. We read there, undoubtedly, that in the year 635 Cynegils was baptised by Birinus, the bishop at Dorchester ; § that, in the following year Cuichelm was baptised at the same place ; and that in the year 639 Cuthred also was baptised " on Dorceceastre." * Published 1855. f Thorpe, Preface, p. ix. I Ramsay ; Gothic Handbook, pp. 14-16. § Cynegils King wearf^ gefullad fram Berino paem bisceopo on Dorcaceastre. 6 SCANDO-GOTHIC ART IN WESSEX. And it is true that the eminent antiquary Kemble, in Appendix C to his work on The Saxons of England, * assigns the Doreeceastre, of the three years just mentioned, to Dorset, although he remarks of the Doreeceastre in Oxfordshire that " it was for some time a bishop's see for Wessex." Any doubt as to Kemble's error is dissipated by a reference to Beda, who records that " the two Kings (Oswald of Northv;mbria and Cynegils the subregulus, after his con- version) gave to the Bishop Berinus (who had come to this country from Pope Honorius in the year 634) the city called Dorcic, there to settle his episcopal see." "f Stevenson, the editor of the Latin translation of Beda for the " English Historical Society," as well as of the English translation of " The Church Historians," together with Bishop Stubbs, both agree that this Dorchester was in Oxfordshire. Beortric succeeded to the Kingdom of the West Saxons in 784. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle relates that, in the follow- ing year, " Pope Adrian [the First], in order to renew, in " England, the Faith and the Peace, sent messengers from " Rome, AA'ho were received with honour. And in 787 there " came in three ships for the first time [to Wessex] Danish " men. And the Reeve rode to meet them, thinking to drive " them to the King's Vill, but they slew him." With this account, which names no places, that by Florence of Worcester agrees ; but Ethelward { tells us that " the " Northmen landed on Portland, and that Beaduheard the " King's Reeve happened to be staying in Dorchester. " Apprised of the invasion he rode hastily to the port, thinking " the Danes to be traders rather than pirates, and ordered " that they should be forcibly conducted to the King's Vill. * Vol. II., p. 553. f Da sealdom him & geafon Jjam B. (isceopo) began ^a cyningaseardung stowe & biscop set! on Doreeceastre [Beda III., 7]. J Proem to Book III. SCANDO-GOTHIC ART IN WESSEX. 7 " But they fell upon him and his retinue and put them all " to death." * The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle further relates that in 833 " King Ecgbright fought against the crews of thirty-five ships at " Carrum [CharmouthJ and after great slaugliter the Danes held the " field." " In 835 tliey landed in Cornwall and joined the Welsh " [or British] forces ; but Ecgbright fought against them at Hen- " gestesdun [Kingston Down] and put them all to flight." f "In " 836 Ecgbright died, and his son ^thelwulf succeeded to the kingdom " of the West Saxons. In the following year the Ealdorman Wulf heard " fought at Southampton against tlie crews of thirty-three ships, and " after great slaughter gained the day. And in the same year the " Ealdorman ^thelhelm, with the Dorset men, fought against a " Danish army at Portland, and for a good while had the better of it ; " but the Danes held the field, and slew the Ealdorman." { " In 840 King ^thelwvilf fought at Charmouth against the crews " of thirty-five ships, and was defeated." § " In 845 the Ealdorman Eanulf with the men of Somerset and Bishop " Ealhstan, and the Ealdorman Osric with the men of Dorset fought at " the mouth of the Parrot (in the Bristol Channel) against a Danish " Army, and defeated them." || " In 851 the Ealdorman Ceorl, with the men of Devon, defeated the " Danes at Wieganbeorli " [perhaps Wembury on the coast.] It should be noted that " in the same year came three " hundred and fifty ships of Danes to the mouth of the " Thames." And this was part of the fleet of Rorik, a nephew of the Danish Harald Klak Avho, in 826, had received baptism. H We may suppose, then, that some of the Danes coming to this country were no longer pagans. And we may suppose, * The King's Vill or town at this time, 787, was probably Wareham, though .^thelstan's concession to Middleton is stated to have beeu given. Anno DCCCXLIII. [more likely 939] "in villa regali quae dicitur Dorcacastri." t See also Fl. Wig. % See also Fl. Wig. § See also Fl. Wig. 1 1 See also Fl. Wig. TJ Lappenberg, II., 22. 8 SCANDO-GOTHIC ART IN WESSEX. further, knowing as we do the passion of Christians to make converts, that all through these wars in Wessex many of those Northmen who surrendered as hostages, as well as those who were taken prisoners, would receive priestly attention, and would be glad enough, in some cases, to enter the safe service of a monastery. Asser tells us that " in the year 876 a pagan army under " Guthrum, Oskytel, and Anwynd, entered a castle called " Wareham, where there is a monastery of holy virgins, " between two rivers Fraun [Frome] and Trent in the Saxon " district Thornsaeta [doubtless Dornsaete, the people of " Dorset] placed in a most secure situation except that it " was exposed to danger on the western side, owing to the " nature of the ground." [Fl. Wig. calls the rivers Fraw and Terente.] With this army King Alfred made a solemn treaty that they should depart out of his Kingdom. And they gave hostages and swore an oath over Christian relics. * But at night these pagans sallied forth and slew all the King's horsemen, and went to Exaenceaster. And thereafter, as Lappenberg remarks, Exeter and Wareham became the chief centres of attraction for the Danes, f In the year 877 { a great storm drove the Danish fleet [perhaps on its way to Wareham] into Swanewic, or Swanage, and the crews landed. And King Alfred, endeavouring to attack them, rode after them as far as Exeter, where he * The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says " they swore on the holy ring," on ]jam halgan beage ; and Prof. Stevens is doubtless right in taking this to mean " the holy ring of Thor." (Thunor the Thunderer, p. 40.) Such a ring of silver, which must weigh not less than two ounces, lay on any altar that was dedicated to that god, and was used by the priest in administering an oath. That this ring, through which the attestor passed his hand, was really a torque or bracelet is shown in the Eyrbyggja Saga, where it is called motlauss, meetless, joinless. t Vol. II., 50. t A. S. Chron. o SCANDO-GOTHIC ART IN WESSEX. 9 found they had made themselves secure in their fastness.* But in the following year, in Wessex, in Devon, a pitched battle was fought, for which King Alfred had made great preparation. And he defeated the Danes and took from them a standard which they called the Raven. And Asser tells us that they claim it to have been woven in one day by three daughters of Lodbrok ; and that when the Danes were to be victorious the ensign fluttered like a living thing, but hung motionless before defeat, f The Raven was Odin's Mark, the Holy Bird of Odin, who was called Hrafna god, the Lord of Ravens. Their croaking betokened disaster, and they fed on the slaughtered foe. We see the legend on the Avebury font (fig. B).. And it is not difficult to suppose that the place in Wilts once called Hraefnesbyrig, and now Ramsbury, owes its name to a conflict where the Danish flag once fle^\', and where a dragon's head can still be seen amidst the unsymmetrical Scando-Gothic intreccio that used to decorate a cross (fig. C). And within ten miles of Ramsbury are the remains of Wolf hall, called in Domesday Book, Ulfela, which is the Gothic diminutive of Wolf. And the baptism of Danes continued. In the same year when their standard was taken in Devon, in 878, King Alfred, with the men of Hants, Somerset, and Wilts who had assembled at the Stone of Ecgbright [Brixton (Deverill)], marched to Edington [near Westbury] and defeated the * hie on J^ain fastene waeron. f As.serii Annales — Scriptores XV., p. 167. ibique acceperunt spolia non minima, in quo etiam accepenmt illiid vexillum quod Reafun [Rsefn] nominant. Dicunt enim quod tres sorores Hinguari & Aubbae, filise videlicet Lodebrochi illud vexillum texuerunt & totum paraverunt illud uno meridiano tempore. Dicunt etiam quod in omni bello ubi prsecederet idem signum, si victoriam adepturi essent appareret in medio signi qua.si corvus vivus volitans ; .si vero vincendi in futuro fui.ssent, penderet directe, nihil movens. Et hoc ssepe probatum est. 10 SCANDO-GOTHIC ART IN WESSEX. pagans under Guthrum, their King. And then, with thirty chosen men, Guthrum came to Alfred and was baptised. The holy chrism was poured upon him at Aller, near Athelney, in Somerset, and Alfred was his sponsor, when Guthrum received the name of ^thelstan. And the chrismal fillet was removed, eight days after, at Wedmore, Alfred's VilL* Subsequently a treaty was made between the two Kings, which determined the boundary between Wessex and East Anglia Avhich for fourteen years had been in the possession of the Danes ; whilst another enactment ensured a continuance of the spiritual dignitaries in that province under the suzerainty of Wessex. f But, with other Danes, other battles had to be fought — in 980 at Southampton, in 981 in Cornwall, in 982 in Portland, in 988 at Watchet, in 997 in Devon, in 1001 and 1003 at Exeter. And noAv, in spite of the fact that Norse converts sometimes assumed, on baptism, Anglo-Saxon names, is there any direct evidence that in the years we have spoken of, Danes were living in Wessex as citizens and as monks ? Yes ; a good deal. Professor Anderson J makes the luminous assertion that "when l^ur, or Thor, appears in compound " names in Anglo-Saxon deeds or charters which pretend to " be older than the Danish invasion of the IX. century, it is " a sure sign of forgery." From this, two inferences are inevitable ; first, that such forgeries were the work of Danish monks ; and second, that in Wessex all such names of persons, at whatever period they occiir, belong to Norsemen. But we may extend these inferences to other patronymics, such as those compounded of Rafn, raven ; and of Ketill, the Holy Cauldron used at sacrifices, and as sacred to the Scandinavians as the Chalice is to us. * his crism lysing vvaes set Wedmor : A. S. Chron. See also Asser. t Lappenberg II., 56, 58. X Norse Mythology, p. 459. SCANDO-GOTHIC ART IN WESSEX. 11 And we must include in this list of appellations, besides the names of well-known Visigoths, those that are to be found in the Landnamabok, ^^■hieh, with an account of the discovery and settlement of Iceland, contains a record of the families who lived there. * Armed \^ith these weapons we may now advance. There were ten bishoj)s of Ramsburj' — from 909 to 1045, when the last was consecrated, and he died in 1078. Of these we may say, with some shoA\' of reason, that four were Anglo-Saxon and six were Scando-Gothic. Ethelstan . . 909 A Saxon. Odo . . . . 927 Oddi and Oddr, common in Land- namabok. Aelric . . Contraction of Egill-rik, common in Landnamabok. Osulf . . 952 A Saxon. Elf Stan . . 974 Corruption of Eyulf and Eyolf (Wolf), Old Norse, common in Landnamabok, Wulfgar . . 981 A Saxon. Siric. .. 985 Contraction of Sigeric, Liber Vitae Eccl. Dunelrn. a monk. A subregulus, a Thane, in Wilts, 901. Kemble's Codex Diplomaticus. cf. Elfstan. Eyolf. Old Norse. A Saxon. Gothic, Hermanric, or Ermanaric, a Gothic King. Hermandr, common in Landnamabok. An important and convincing charter, not quite too late for our purpose, is one under the hand of Cnut King of England, Denmark, and Norway. He was born 994 and died at Shaftes- bury 1035. He was baptised AAhen under 20 years of age, and Elfric . . 990 Brihtwold . . 1005 Herman . . 1045 * The author of this work was Stiirla Thortharson, a judge in the Higher Court, who died in 1284. 12 SCANDO-GOTHIC ART IN WESSEX. received the name of Lambert, and almost at once invaded this country, when perhaps he constructed, or renewed, our own Lambert's Castle. In 1024 he gave seven hides, or 700 acres, of the cultivated land of Portesham, together with tenants' houses, to his servant and friend [ministro atque amici] Ore or Orcy, who lived (at Abbotsbury) two miles away, with his wife Thola. Ore was not a jrater religiosus but a Housecarl, a steward of Cnut's mansion, and his name is Norwegian, from the Old Norse Orkn, a grampus or seal, and his wife's name, Thola, is an abraded form of Thorleif, "a relic of Thor," and so is allied to Thora, the name of Lodbrok's wife, who was the heroine of a well-known dracontine legend. Of the 36 signatories of Cnut's charter, some, perhaps, had changed their Danish names on baptism, but many have distinctly Scando-Gothic patronymics, thus : Hacun, dux. Hacon was a King of Norway. Thorth, minister (or military servant), compare with Thortharsen, a Norse name. Thurstan ,, Thurgod ,, Thurcyl, hoga, minister. This is a contraction of Thurcytel. Hoga is " a hill " where, perhaps, Thurcyl lived. At a witenagemot held at Cheddar, in Somerset, anno 968, an Abbot called Thurcytel was present. Ulfcytel was a common name for monks. Kartoca, minister. Kar is frequent in Landnamabok Tovi ,, Tofa occurs ,, ,, Tovi hwita ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, Bovi ,, Bodvar occurs ,, ,, and may be compared with the name Bovey, local and personal, in Devon. Among the many manors that came into the possession of this Abbey were one in Ramesbere and one at Odstoke,in Wilts. SCANDO-GOTHIC ART IN WESSEX. 13 The last Abbot of Middeltun was Agelricus [Egelricus, or Egeilricus]. The name Egill occurs frequently in Land- namabok, and Agila was a Visigothic King. In conclusion, we may look again at the drawings on the wall, in order fully to realise the links of a remarkable chain of Scando-Gothic art. We can begin with two fonts, one in Gotland (fig. A) and the other in Wessex (fig. B), each adorned with a dragon that resembles the other so closely that they must have been sculptured, if not by the same hand, then by a monk of the same nationality and almost of the same period. And each dragon is being assailed, one by a Christianised Thor with his Tau-cross and the other by a Christianised Sigurd with a pointed Crozier ; and a Raven is ready to devour the carrion. Then we come to the fragments of two crosses. On the one at Ramsbury, in Wilts, we see a serpent's head among the asymmetrical coils of its death-struggles (fig. C), and on that at Whitcombe in Dorset, amid similar throes, if we cannot see the head we can recognise one of the limbs of the dragon's writhing body (fig. D). And then at last we arrive at Milton Abbey, but only to witness a typical intreccio, in which the characteristic art remains, but the legend has vanished. APPENDICES. I. In founding Milton Abbey, ^thelstan gave " duas hidas terrse cum " pertinent iis suis apud Wydeconibe." The signatories were Wulfhelmus Dorobernensis (Winchester), ^thelredus, Cenwaldus, iElfredus, Cayman, Egwynus, Radulphus, Brinstanus, ^lla (or Alia) Osferdus, .;Elfledixs, ^thelmundus. Acta est hsec nostra donatio et concessio. . . . anno DCCC'XLIII., in villa regali quse dicitur Dorcacestria. [Kemble, in his Codex Diplomaticus, gives as the true date 23 April, 939. The Anglo- Saxon version, which he dates as 16 April, 928, bears the same Latin conclusion as the above. The name Alia would seem to be Gothic, as in Alaric, from Alareiks : All-ruler.] 14 SCANDO-GOTHIC ART IN WESSEX. II. Domesday Book gives the following, under " Abbatia Middel- tunensis " : Ipsa ^cclesia tenet Widecome. T.R.E. geldabat pro VI. hidis. Terra (cultivated land) est VI. carucataruni (a hide or carucate is about 100 acres). De ea sunt dominio IV. hidae, et ibi I. car. et II. servi (bondmen) et VII. villani (laborers) et V. bordarii (cottagers) cum III. car. Ibi V. acrse prati, et pastura XIII. quarenten. long, et II. quarenten. lat. (a quarentena is 40 perches, and one perch is 20 feet). Valet IV libras et X solidos. It may be well, in a POSTSCRIPT, to call attention to a font (fig. E) in the church of St. John the Baptist at Stone, near Aylesbury. The sculpture has been said to represent the Three Persons of the Christian Godhead ; but who can seriously contend that a Ravenous Bird is the Holy Ghost, or that an Undraped Warrior, with a bitten hand, is the All Father ? On a Golden Horn, of the IV. Century, found in North Jutland, are similar nude persons, who Avield precisely similar swords, and who are surrounded by similar snakes and fishes.* The legend on this Christian font is a pagan overlap. In the centre of the sculptured group stands the god Tj-r, or Tew, whose name is preserved in our " Tuesday." A son of Odin, he was the most daring and intrepid of all his fellows. He was the inspirer and protector of brave men, and was called " the one-handed god of War." We read in Snorre's Edda how Fenris-wolf was bound. The gods craftily promised, when called upon, to loose his fetters. But he said " First let one of you lay his hand in my mouth, as a pledge that you are not deceiving me." And Tyr was the only one who had the courage to do so. Then Fenris-wolf struggled in vain to get free, and all the Stephens' Handbook of Rvmic Monuments, p. 85 n SCANDO-GOTHIC ART IN WESSEX. 15 gods laughed at him, except Tyr indeed, who lost his hand.* Thereupon a sword was thrust into the Wolf's mouth in such wise that while it pierced up to its hilt his under] aw, its point reached his palate. And the sculpture on the font shows one of the gods preparing to do so, whilst the hungry raven is eager to devour the flesh of the doomed monster, whose knotted tail shows that he is hopelessly bound. The Scando-Gothic Monk has Christianised Tyr into Christ, Who, though He grievously suffered in His conflict with the Powers of Evil, was finally victorious, aided by His faithful followers, who are represented by the lower and smaller human form. Christ, raising His sword over the terrified head of a worse foe than a lion, is treading upon an asp.j His valiant disciple stands upon a single leaf, and its nervature and shape strengthen the assumption that it belongs to the Laurus nobilis. The branches of the Baytree have long been regarded as Victory's attribute. They graced the brows of Heroes. In Sicily they were a security against thunder and the thunder-bolt. Among the Greeks they were used as a charm against poison and witch- craft, and, as a token of the Resurrection, they are still strewn over the floors of churches on the day before Easter Sunday. And, not a little remarkable, in the present interpretation, is the statement made by Pliny that " the Laurel is the only one among all the trees a single leaf of which has a distinct name of its own, laurea." % The three decorative interlacements may indicate a Byzantine influence. Such designs had much vogue in Italy during the VIII. Century, and were brought to the north of Europe by Italian Monks. The intreccio that runs * See also Loka-senna, 38 ; Corpus Poeticum Boreale I., 100. fPs. xci., 13. { Naturalis Historia, xv., 30. 16 SCANDO-GOTHIC ART IN WESSEX. round the rim of the font is threefold, and represents the Trinity in Unity ; that on the (heraldic) right, having neither beginning nor end, means Eternity ; whilst the other, an endless band interlacing a circle, teaches that Infinity is controlled by a Unity. And how effectively this Eternal Power coerces and restrains all pernicious beings, whether human or bestial, is made manifest by their tortured and woebegone faces. Quatrefoils and other floral details, when not purely decorative, may indicate the Rose of Sharon. Fishes, though pagan in origin, often find their place in Baptisteries and on fonts, since they represent the children of Regeneration.* Indeed, at Saint-Germain-des-Pres, in the chapel which contains the font, are sculptured two sirens, one female and the other male and bearded. Both of them hold fishes in their arms, and other fishes play in the surrounding waters. | qip * Nos pisciculi secundum ICHTHUN nostrum Jesum Christum, in aqua nescimur, nee aliter quani in aqua permanendo salvi sumus. — TertuUian, De Baptismo, Cap. 1. t Didron's Christian Iconography, edited by Margaret Stokes, Vol. I. p. 346. Dorset ;^$st^c5 in t\)c ^^c\)cntccx\t\) Ccnturp. By F. J. POPE, F.R.Hist.S. ^i^itf*"^ niHE fact that the Assize-Records of this period have been but little used for historical purposes is not surprising. So long as the books of the Court remained in the custody of the clerks of the various circuits, they seldom or never saw the light, and it is only within the last year or two that the transfer of the books to the Public Record Office has rendered them easily accessible. The maxim that " Record-makers are not good Record-keepers " seems true at least as regards these books, of which only a remnant still exists. The Bail Books for Dorset do not begin till 1654, the Gaol Books not till 1670, while the Order Books cover only the period 1629 to 1687, with a gap during the Civil War, 1642 to 1646. The first are of no great value, merely containing the names of a certain number of Dorset people and indicating some of the less serious indictments. The Gaol Books are of greater interest, since they show the crimes prevalent in the county and the punishments inflicted. The Order Books deal with a great variety of subjects, including matters connected ^^■ith 18 DORSET ASSIZES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. general administration, and are j)erhaps the most valuable of the series. The material for this paper has been derived from these Assize-Books and from a few references to pro- ceedings at the Assizes scattered through the Domestic State Papers. Of civil suits there are no records except some Postea Books, which, since they give only the bare titles of the suits, seem to be of no value for any purpose. There being a preponderance of references to crime in the records which survive, it will be desirable to deal first with such criminal matters as came before the Judges. It must be confessed that the Gaol Books form somewhat dry reading. At Assize after Assize comes the same dreary record of murder, stealing of sheep and horses, highway rob- beries, burglaries, and larceny, interspersed of course with entries relating to less common offences. Sometimes murder cases were especially numerous (there were seven in the Autumn of 1679), and at other times the criminal class seems to show a particular tendency to appropriate other people's sheep or horses. The most distressing feature of the tale of crime in Dorset at this period (no doubt it Avas the same in other parts of the kingdom) was the great frequency of murder of infants by their mothers, generally with the assist- ance of one or two other persons. The punishment meted out by the Judges naturally varied with the circumstances. The death sentence was carried into effect for murder, sheep- stealing, horse-stealing, highway robbery, and burglarj^, and there are isolated instances of the same penalty for picking pockets and for stealing a watch ; but there was no invariable rule, and many a perpetrator of grave crime escaped with his or her life. Some of the unhappy mothers to whom allusion has been made, and whose children presumably died of neglect, received no other punishment than a few weeks in the house of correction, and others who, since they were sentenced to be hanged, were surely guilty of wilful murder, were respited and either transported or pardoned after a few months in prison. Such commutation of the death-penalty was fre- quently granted to all kinds of felons, and a common method DORSET ASSIZES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 19 of exercising leniency was to admit the criminal to " Benefit of Clergy." Above the entry of such an one in the Gaol Book may be read two sentences in contracted Latin signifying " Asked for a book " and " Read as a cleric," and in the margin is written the word " Clergie." And this loophole of escape was, if offered, open to all men and, towards the end of the century, to women also. The test of reading, as appears from text books on the subject, consisted in repeating, with open Bible in hand, the 1st verse of the 51st Psalm, appro- priately called " the neck verse," — a feat which, it would seem, could easily be accomplished even by the most illiterate. The names of scores of persons may be found in the Dorset Gaol Books who, as was pretended, saved their lives in this fashion. All were branded in the hand, the letter " M " being used for murder, and " T " for theft. A gentleman named John Davis, who in 1671 was found guilty of the " murder " of Mr. John Dawbeny by striking him with a stone, was allowed the " Benefit " and branded, but suffered no other punishment. And a man, convicted of no less than seven cases of sheep-stealing, was also found to be a cleric. Sheep -stealing, it may be remarked in passing, was often carried out on a large scale. In 1642 a thief stole as many as 70 sheep from the common fields of Nether Cerne, and there was nothing unusual in a conviction for taking a couple of score or more, — sufficient, it may be observed, to bring small stockowners to ruin, — and in all likelihood the depredators were frequently not discovered. In pronouncing sentences, Judges were much influenced by the money value of goods stolen. Two burglars, who entered a house with intent to steal but got nothing, were fined 40s. each, and in a similar case another burglar paid but 10s. One who broke into Sir John Strode's mansion house (? at Parnham) and stole 31 bottles of claret was condemned to death, but respited on his expressing " his desire to be transported." Culprits of smaller offences, such as taking a neighbour's pigs, poultry, or small personal belongings were almost invariably whipped. It is a somewhat extraordinary fact that while sheep-stealing 20 DORSET ASSIZES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. was often punished by death, pig-stealing Avas treated as petty larceny. Three or four deeds of violence are recorded, which must have made considerable stir in the county at the time of their occurrence, and thus call for particular mention. When we read in the Gaol Book for 1684 that Matthew Burt, charged Avith murder, pleaded guilty to the homicide of John Colling- don with a fowling piece, and that Burt had " Benefit of Clergy," and except for branding went scot-free, we see nothing remarkable in the entry. But when we know from other records that Matthew Burt, a yeoman of Mapperton, suffered from a load of debt and that his neighbour John Collingdon was a bailiff, there naturally follows the con- jecture that the bailiff was shot in an attempt to arrest Burt for debt. An incident which happened just beyond the Dorset border, at Crewkerne, suggests that the courts regarded bailiff-shooting under such circumstances as an almost venial offence. At Crewkerne Fair in 1597, as appears from some proceedings in the Court of Chancery, a bailiff named Fox tried to arrest Thomas Merefield, who shot and killed his would-be captor without seiious consequence to himself. In fact, Merefield duly received his pardon. But this was not the end of the matter. Thirty-six years later, in 1633, some members of Fox's famity contrived to have Merefield arraigned for the murder at the Somerset Assizes, when the Grand Jury ignored the bill, and the dead man's relatives were promised imprisonment if they trovibled Merefield again. It should be observed that neither Burt nor Merefield was in a position to exercise influence in high places, and neither was capable of raising a large sum of money for securing favourable treatment. Next may be mentioned two highway robberies, one in 1674 and the other in 1696. In the former year the Exeter carrier called " Mr. John Mathew," coming from London, was stopped near Milborne St. Andrew by four men, who took over £800 from the waggon and decamped. Mathew followed the robbers until they told him that " hee should DORSET ASSIZES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 21 leave them utiles hee would loose his life before his time," on which the unfortunate carrier went back to his waggon. It was considered that the robbers showed remarkable bold- ness, owing to the fact that the Judges on their way to the Assizes at Dorchester had passed the spot only half an hour previous]J^ A coachman named Kinge was suspected of being concerned in the robbery, but was acquitted at the Assizes, and neither robbers nor money were ever discovered. The perpetrators of the other highway robbery in 1696 were not so lucky. On this occasion William Sampson, John Dampier, and Robert Everett were escorting a horse carrying £750 of money belonging to the Royal Treasury (probably tax money) on the King's highway, when a party of four des- cended on them and carried off the whole of the treasure. It must have been evident that somebody had to suffer for such a daring exploit, and three men (it is to be hoped they were the real culprits) were hanged for the robbery and one transported. It is a curious circumstance that the three tax-gatherers (if such they were), shortly after losing the money entrusted to them, met with another gang of thieves who relieved them of the horse, some small sums of money in their pockets, and, attracted by some silver buckles, left one of the wayfarers shoeless. Perhaps the most remarkable crime recorded in the Assize Books was the murder or manslaughter of Robert Knight, a collector of hearth tax at Bridport. In an Order Book under the date 1668 it is stated that a large number of Bridport people had a share in the matter, and that some of them had been indicted, some were in gaol, and others had not been discovered. An inquiry was to be held by certain Justices, a Coroner, and some officials of the borough. The result of the inquiry does not appear, but a letter among the Domestic State Papers throws some light on the affair. The writer says " From first entring into the Tovvne the greatest part of the Towne, men, women, and children, followed them (the tax-collectors) about the streets throwing stones at them, and little appearance of the 22 DORSET ASSIZES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. magistrate to quell the Tumult. Oiie stone from them hitt Mr. Knight, one of the hearth men, upon the forehead and knocked hini downe, riseing againe another stone hitt him in the hinder part of the head and soe was caryed into a howse and the same day seven night dyed of the wound. Its said all this designd before ther comeing and the non-appearance of i.he magistrate shows it too much." There being no Gaol Book of this date, no information is available as to how all these people of Bridport were dealt with, but the Bail Book for 1668 gives the names of some half dozen men of Bridport who were admitted to bail, perhaps charged with participating in the attack on Knight. Some of the names were, and still are, well known at Bridport. Among the less frequent indictments may be included those for arson, the illegal export of wool, cheating, vagrancy, witchcraft, offences against the Church, the passing of false coins, clipping coins, sedition, and high treason. A Moman who in 1684 burned a dwellinghouse was executed, but another who a dozen years later, wishing to destroy her neighbour's houses, adopted the curious expedient of setting fire to her own house, was fined 20 nobles. Vagrants received very stern treatment. In 1657 two very dangerous and suspicious men were to be taken by the Sheriff to Shaftesbury and " there be A\"hipt on their naked backs until they bleed and from thence be sent from tythinge to tythinge by passes to the severall places of their births." Some of these wanderers had travelled far from home. A family of four adults arid four children had come from Derby, and another vagrant, Dunkin Mackanon, was a Scottish highlander. They \\ere usually branded on the left shoulder " according to law." There are but three references to witchcraft. Alice Abram alias Browning, of Tolpuddle, said to be a witch, was in 1655 admitted to bail, eleven men of the neighbourhood being bound over to prosecute. A little later, in 1660, a committee was appointed to enquire with all speed into " the busines concerninge witchcraft and consultacon with the Devill and Evil Spirits at Sherborne." The latest mention of witchcraft occurs in 1687, when Deanes Grimmerton, accused of DORSET ASSIZES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 23 bewitching Nathaniel Scorch, was apparently acquitted. For speaking against the Church in 1673 a fine of 3s. 4d. was imposed, but even this small sum was remitted ; and by May of contrast it may be stated that absence from church for three weeks was punished by a much heavier fine, 26s., and that three men who in 1675 had worked on " The Lord's Day " were kept in prison till the following Assizes. Cheating and uttering false coin were not considered serious crimes, but the clipping of coin was a very different matter, con- stituting in fact an act of high treason, and clippers were always drawn and quartered. It will be convenient for present purposes to take the more important cases of sedition and high treason together, although in legal eyes they were of course by no means the same thing. Probably many Dorset men were implicated in Penruddock's rising in Wiltshire in 1655, and the names of a few occur in the Bail Books of 1655-6, the most prominent being Roger Coker, of Keyneston, and Thomas Bragge, vicar of Horton. In Charles the Second's reign there is nothing but a few paltry accusations of speaking seditious words, and a prosecution of 14 men for joining in a seditious assembly at Sherborne in 1674. It is not until the coming of the Duke of Monmouth that there is anything worth recording, and then in the Gaol Book of 1685 may be found page after page filled with the names of those indicted for levying war against the King. So much has been printed respecting the Monmouth rebels, that it will be sufficient to note here that the charges of levying war number 321 , and that opposite 57 of the names is drawn a hieroglyphic resembling a wheel, the words " Ts et Ss," signifying that these 57 wretches were drawn and quar- tered. But, besides the actual rebels, there were 21 convicted of lesser offences in connection with the rebellion, such as spreading false news, uttering seditious words, recruiting for the Duke's forces, or entertaining rebels. The false news was generally to the effect that the King was dead, or that Mon- mouth was not dead and would come again, and in an utter- ance of Thomas Pitt's we have a specimen of the rumours 24 DORSET ASSIZES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. that were flying about the country. " Hampshire," he related, " is upp in armes for the Duke of Monmouth. I saw both horse and foote souldiers on the hill neere Christchurch. Argile is much increased in strength and is on his marche in England and within Ix miles of London." Sedition of this petty type was in most cases expiated by a whijoping and a fine of five marks, but for some reason a few speakers of sedition Avere subjected to the pillory. William Do well was sentenced to remain an hour in this instrument of torture in each of the towns of Dorchester, Sherborne, and Cerne Abbas, and a member of a notable Weymouth family, Henry Cuttance, suffered similarly at Melcombe Regis. Hugh Green, a gentle- man of Nether Compton, was fined £3 for reading the Duke's Declaration in public, and compelled to find bail for good behaviour during the rest of his life. In the year following the rebellion, two men, who cut down rebels' quarters, were pilloried for an hour on a Satvirday at Dorchester. At the accession of William and Mary there were still a few of the rebels in Dorchester Gaol, and these were at once released, the flight of King James coming in the nick of time to save at least one of them from transportation. Later than the Monmouth Rebellion there was little inducement for Dorset folk to join in treasonable or seditious pi'actices, bitt in 1689 one William Clarke was so out-of -fashion as to announce his love for the expelled James in these words : " King James, a poore innocent harmless King was wrongfully driven out of his Kingdom by a company of Rogues and Traj^tors that did endeavour to destroy King and Kingdom. I will list men to fight for King James and restore him againe. A health to the late King James and Prince of Wales, and confusion to «he other. King William is a rebell and have noe right to the Crowne." The Court could afford to treat the Jacobite with leniency. He had to pay five marks, and was kept in prison for a short time. Before leaving the subject of crime, it will be well to men- tion that, although it is impossible to gauge the amount of crime that went unpunished, it was undoubtedly very large. DORSET ASSIZES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 25 Indications of this may be found in the considerable number of bills thrown out by the Grand Jury, and in the not infrequent fines inflicted on tithings for suffering the escape of murderers, who were moreover known and named. The fines were collected by distraint, or threat of distraint, on one of the principal inhabitants, who was allowed to recoup himself in part by levying a rate on his neighbours. Attention may now be directed to the work carried out at the Assizes in connection with the civil administration in the county, as depicted in the Order Books. The orders refer to disputes between parishes as to the settlement of paupers, refusals to take apprentices appointed by parochial officers, the repair of highways and bridges, the erection of cottages without sufficient land attached, the appointment of coroners and of constables of Hundreds, suppression of alehouses, and some other subjects which can hardly be classified. One of the disputes concerning paupers is perhaps worth a passing notice. Robert Way was born at Wimborne, and eighteen years later went beyond the seas, but returning again to his native place, lived there for some short time, and then moved to Ringwood, where he rented some land, and at Ringwood Way fell on evil days and seemed likely to become a charge on the parish. Under these circumstances, the people of Ringwood drove Way out of their town, and put pressure on his landlord to prevent the (possible) pauper being brought back. The Court decided that Ringwood would have to maintain Way if the necessity arose. Disputes of this kind were exceedingly frequent, and indeed the whole subject of pauperism must have been one of the most pressing problems with which the authorities were confronted. In 1635 a large number of the inhabitants of Sturminster Marshall were turned out of their houses, the result, it may be imagined, of a quarrel about the title to an estate, and were living under hedges, and were " like to perish for want of succour." Two Justices were ordered to make immediate arrangements for their relief. The apprenticing of poor children was also the cause of a good deal of trouble, for employers naturally 26 DORSET ASSIZES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. preferred to choose their own apprentices, and objected to the coercion applied by the overseers. Henry Stone, of Min- terne, was paid 40s. for taking from the parish a boy who turned out to be a bad character. He stole £5 from his master, and was in consequence burned in the hand and put in prison. Stone was then ordered to pay back the 40s. to the parish, and the boy was to remain in prison until the parish found him another master. Refusals to take such apprentices were evidently justifiable in some cases. When roads or bridges fell into disrepair, the authority of the Assize Court was often employed to enforce the duty of putting them in order. Both owners and occupiers of land had a custom, when troubled with surplus water, of diverting water courses into highways, the consequences being decidedly unpleasant for travellers, and the offenders, whatever their social status, were promptly called to account. The responsibility for the repair of bridges was sometimes a delicate question, depending partly on ancient custom. In or before 1636 there had been a process against the Hundreds of Badbury and Cogdean for the repair of Julian Bridge. In 1647 the inhabitants of Wareham were presented at the Assizes for not repairing the south bridge of their town, " being a very great bridge con- sisting of seaven arches and of a very great length," and later the Wareham people petitioned that the work might be done by the county. An enquiry into the matter was to be made by two gentlemen of the Grand Jury. In the same year a sum of £80 was to be raised by the county of Dorset to repair the " Common bridge over a great river near Yeovil," broken down by soldiers during the Civil War, whereby the lives of travellers had been endangered, some of them falling into the river. It is added that the road served by the bridge is the great road running from the West to the City of London. Other County bridges referred to are Craford Bridge (in 1640) and Stocking Bridge (in 1641). There is also mention of a few parish bridges, viz. : Julian Bridge and Fivebridges in Sherborne Hundred, Hossey Bridge in Manston, DORSET ASSIZES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 27 Parsons Bridge in Pulham, Crickmore Bridge in the Hundred of Cogdean, a bridge in Marnhull, and a footbridge at Wool, all in the period 1637 to 1651. There are signs that the ancient system, already obsolete, on which the county was divided for administrative purposes, was found to be a hindrance to the proper per- formance of police duties. The borough of Blandford ad- joined and was intermixed with " divers habitations called the Warnership of Pimperne," and when persons of ill behaviour were hunted out of the borough they took shelter in alehouses in the Warnership, and there defied the constables in safety. An order in 1637 enacts that the constables of Blandford shall be permitted to enter the Warnership, and that borough and Warnership shall join together in their watches and wards for His Majesty's service. The duty of watch and ward is often emphasized. In 1646 any persons refusing this service were to be bound over to appear at the next Assizes, and in 1651 it is noted that there had been great neglect in this respect, and the number of men usually so employed were to be doubled. Four years later the Court speaks of " the manj^fold dangers and incon- venience which doe dajdy happen in those places which lye neere unto the sea coast, by reason of the multitude of idle persons, who can give noe good account of theire beings, makeinge that theire place of refuge." Constables are to see that watch and ward are duly kept in such places, with a view to all wandering persons being examined, and to report their proceedings to the justices. Another duty imposed on all during some part of the cen- tury was the observance of the last Wednesday in every month as a day of solemn fast and humiliation. It is stated in 1646 that the practice had fallen into disuse in many parts of the country, and that the Lord's Day was often profaned. Also the statute of the first year of Elizabeth's reign, enforcing attendance at the parish church on Sundays and holidays, was in 1640 often evaded, and constables were to present the 28 DORSET ASSIZES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. names of persons not frequenting their respective churches to justices, who would inflict a fine of 12d. for ever}^ Sunday neglected. There was considerable difficulty, about the middle of the century, in finding men both willing and qualified for the office of coroner. It is repeatedly asserted that three coroners were required for the whole county, but often not more than one was available. Henry Clapcott, on being selected for the office, claimed exemption on the ground that he was an attorney of Common Pleas, an excuse that had to be admitted. John Randoll, of Piddletrenthide, objected that he was not well versed in the laws and had no freehold in the county. George Savadge, of Deane, was quite willing to serve, and filled the office for a short time, but was discharged for neglect of duty. Thomas Younge, another willing occupier of the post, was removed owing to the discovery that he was deeply in debt, and that, since he was frequently being chased by bailiffs, his duties (as might be imagined) suffered. Thomas Gollop, of Caundle Marsh, stopped the gap for seven years, generally working single-handed, but at the end of that period found that he was not proi3erly qualified, not being a free- holder. In conclusion a short account will be given of a vigorous camiJaign against drunkenness, apparent in the Order Books, during the second quarter of the century, when great efforts (unavailing, it is to be feared) were put forth with the object of making Dorset men more sober. It began, so far as the records now under reference can show, in 1628, with an attempt to abolish Church and other Ales. '" All publique Revells, Church Ales, Clerkes Ales, and other Ales " were to be utterly suppressed. Three years later the order had not been obeyed, and the gentlemen of the Grand Jury and constables of Hundreds and Liberties were then to present at the Grand Inquest all cases of Ales, with a report of " the Keepers of the said Ales and Revells, tiplers, and mynstrels resorting unto and Keepinge tiplinge and mynstrelsy there." This seems to have marked the end of Ales, for no more is heard of DORSET ASSIZES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 29 them, but the number of alehouses increased b}^ leaps and bounds. In 1632 Thomas Bartlett, of Puddletown, was dis- tinguished by the illrule and drunkenness in his alehouse, which was to be suppressed. But Bartlett was not an easy man to deal with. He abused the constables who came to carry out the orders and successfully resisted them, no doubt with the assistance of some of the villagers, for Puddletown possessed only this one alehouse, and its suppression \\ould have meant total abstinence from beer on the part of most of the smaller householders. After the lapse of several months, and when another man was readj' to take his place, Bartlett was removed, but little was gained by getting rid of this particular offender. A very few years later, Puddletown was able to boast of four alehouses, besides an inn, and the place was then said to be very disorderly. There were few parts of the county where similar measures were not required. Wambrook, Chardstock, HaAvkchurch, Netherbury, the Hun- dred of Buckland, Sturminster Newton, Shaftesbury, and Wareham all earned especial orders from the Court. Also, in a petition from the ministers of Yetminster and adjacent parishes, complaint was made that the excessive number of alehouses occasioned much drunkenness on the Sabbath as well as on weekdaj-s. Thej' add that from this cause " the word of God looseth its fruit, God is dishonoured, men's estate exhausted wch should be spent on their families, and for the intollerable abuse of the Creatures a famine, Avithout God's especial mercy, is justly to be feared." But nothing effectual was accomplished. Subsequent to all these orders for suppression comes the old complaint, this time from the Grand Jury in 1646, of the multiplication of alehouses and the increase of abuses and disorders ; and there are still later entries in the Order Books showing that the want of a licence did not always deter an alehouse keeper from carrying on his business. So far as the Assizes were concerned, the campaign against alehouses was abandoned soon after 1650. It would appear that the people wished to drink to excess, and no power on earth could stop them. 30 DORSET ASSIZES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. A perusal of the Assize Books leaves the general impression that a great part of the inhabitants of Dorset in the 17th century Avere addicted to crime, drunkenness, or other vice, or were submerged in poverty ; but there is at least the redeeming fact that those in power fought strenuously, according to their lights, against all these evils, and such records as these serve to remind us of hoAv much the present generation owes to the improvements in social conditions effected, little by little, in past centuries. ^\jc Ancient CnirtljiDorks of (tranliornc €l)it$c. By HEYWOOD SUMNER, F.S.A. :"X^7I>. plans which I am submitting for j'our inspection to-day are an attempt to put into practise the preaching of the Archaeo- logical Committee on Ancient Earthworks. This committee has urged that plans and schedules should be made of our Ancient Earthworks throughout England ; that a definite area should be undertaken by each worker ; and that the plans should be made on the 25 inch scale. My daily view extends over Cranborne Chase, and curiosity had often led me to investigate its varied earthworks. In so doing I had felt the want of a complete record of their plans. Thus it came to pass that two years ago I ventured to undertake a definite survey of the Ancient Earthworks on Cranborne Chase, the results of which you see before j'Ou. It is curious that the old cartographers, Saxton, Norden, and Speed, did not mark camps and earthworks in their surveys. Speed records a few in his letterpress descriptions 32 ANCIENT EARTHWORKS OF CRANBORNE CHASE. of the counties, and in writing of Dorset he mentions Maumbury, Poundbury, Maiden Castle, and Badbury — but that is all. Evidently they were held in small estimation by our ancestors, a neglect that increases the debt of gratitude that we owe to Dr. Stukeley, whose " Itinerarium Curiosum- " (published in 1724) was the first contribution to a study of these priceless relics of our history by means of plans. When maps were few, and surveys scant, how exciting must have been the search for Ancient Earthworks ! Imagine a description of Dorset — as Speed describes it — with never a word about the camps on Hambledon Hill, or on Hod Hill, and with no mention of Bokerly Dyke ! And then think of riding afield as a roving enquirer, and coming upon these forgotten earthworks that express such indomitable energy, and that confront us with such great problems of prehistoric life. This was the happy fortune of the antiquary in the 18th Century. What Dr. Stukeley began, Sir Richard Colt Hoare continued. In the early years of the 19th Century he gave up hunting foxes in favour of hunting earthworks, and the ardour of his new chase led him across the borders of his native Wiltshire into Dorset and the district of our survey. His folio volumes on " Ancient Wiltshire " contain most beautifully engraved plans of several of the earthworks on Cranborne Chase ; but their accuracy is not equal to their execution. Mr. Charles Warne's " Illustrated Map of Dorset- shire " also includes some of these earthworks, but this admirable map only locates sites ; it is on too small a scale to give any details of plan. In " Ancient Dorset," by the same author, there are a few wood-cuts of camp plans that are scarcely worthj^ of their purpose. The most accurate plans of Earthworks on Cranborne Chase are to be found in General Pitt Rivers' works ; but they only include the sites of his excavations. Accordingly, if Ave wish to study plans of the various earthworks in this district, we must obtain about 40 6-inch Ordnance Survey sheets whereon they are recorded. The Ordnance Survey is a most admirable and exact work, from its own point of view, but it is not the ANCIENT EARTHWORKS OF CRANBORNE CHASE. 33 court of final appeal in matters of antiquity. There are omissions, and there are misunderstandings, and so the antiquary has still got his part to plaj^ and ma}' still help to perfect such a record. The method that I have adopted in making this survey has been — first, to make a tracing of the 25-inch O.S. sheet that records the earthwork under examination. Then to study the 6-inch O.S. sheet of the same place, in order to note the rise and fall of the land, which are shewn by contour lines on the 6-inch scale, but not on the 25-inch. Then to examine the site with both the 25-inch tracing and the 6-inch sheet, in order to verif}^ the record, and to supplement omissions. And finally to measure up typical sections of the earthwork. In one case — the large pastoral enclosure on Rockbourne Down — I have made an original survej', as it is not recorded in any of the maps of the Ordnance Survey. The limits of this district of Cranborne Chase have been the cause of much contention. But with this we have no concern. The outer bounds or extreme limits of the Chase as recorded by the Perambulations, 29, Henry III., and 8, Edward I., and in two maps of A.D. 1618 by Richard Hardinge and Thomas Aldwell respectively, are the bound- aries of our survey. These boundaries, though mediaeval, are founded upon natural features, that have always tended to impart a certain local and separate character to this district. Even now Cranborne Chase is a peculiar district. It lies apart from railroads, and apart from most of the road traffic that passes through Ringwood, Wimborne, Blandford, Shaftesbury, or Salisbury. It is a solitary tract of down- land, corn-land, wood-land, and Avaste. Dry valleys run far up into the steep flanks of the Oxdrove Ridgeway that is the backbone of the Chase. Streams emerge with intermittent flow in the lower slopes of these valleys. The present villages, with the exception of Whitsbury and Ashmore, are in the lowlands. While, on the uplands will be found the sites of many ancient British villages. Barrows, both long and 34 ANCIENT EARTHWORKS OF CRANBORNE CHASE. round ; camps of defence ; boundary banks and ditches ; pastoral enclosures ; cultivation banks ; Roman roads ; and dykes of defence, all testify to the former habitation and desirability of this now solitary land. On the East it was bounded by the New Forest. On the South by the Holt Forest and the heathland of Dorset. On the West by the Forest of Blackmore ; and on the North by the forests and swamps of the valley of the Nadder. Amid such surroundings the rolling downs of Cranborne Chase must have emerged as desirable land. Its chalk soil suited the requirements of the early camp makers, and it was well watered ; for the rainfall we believe to have been greater then than now, and the evidence of General Pitt Rivers' Roman well at Woodcuts shows that the water level in the chalk has sunk since this well was in use 1,600 years ago. Think of the Tarrant, the Allen, the Long Crichel, and Gussage brooks, the Crane, the Martin Allen, the Rockbourne brook, the Ebble, the Donhead, the Iwerne, and PimjDerne brooks. Think of all these streams flowing constantly from 50 to 100 feet above their present rise, and we get a very different conception of the prehistoric pastoral and agricultural value of this tract of country. A truly desirable land when contrasted with its surroundings. These natural conditions may account for the large number of great hill-top camps within the area of this survey, that are probably among the most ancient as they are certainly the most conspicuous earthworks on Cranborne Chase. They also account for the later pastoral and agricultural earthworks, and for the numerous British village sites, which are specially frequent in the centre of the Chase. The following list will give an idea of the number and variety of these earthworks. Hill-top Camps. Hod Hill, 50 acres ; Hambledon Hill, 25 acres ; Castle Ditches, near Tisbury, 23 acres ; Badbury Rings, 18 acres ; Whitsbury Castle Ditches, 16 acres ; Winkel-bury, 12| acres ; ANCIENT EARTHWORKS OF CRANBORNE CHASE. 35 Castle Rings, near Shaftesbury, 11 J acres ; Buzbury Rings, 11 acres ; Chiselbury, 10 acres ; Clearbury Ring, 5 acres ; Damerham Knoll, 3| acres ; Penbury Knoll, 3h acres. (Twelve in all.) 1413083 Camps on High Ground. Bussey Stool Park, 5| acres ; Odstock Copse, fragment, 3 1 acres ; Mistleberry Wood, 2 acres ; Thickthorn Down, fragment, f acre. Enclosures, probably for Pastoral Purposes. Rockbourne Down, 96 acres ; Soldiers' Ring, 27 acres ; Chicken-grove, 12 acres ; Vernditch, fragment, 8 acres : South Tarrant Hinton Down (1)8 acres, (2) 5 acres ; Tarrant Hinton Down, 6 acres ; Knighton Hill Buildings, 2^ acres ; Martin Down, 2 acres ; Bussey Stool Park, 1| acres ; Wood- cuts (2) ; Pimperne Down, fragment ; Prescombe Down, f acre ; South Lodge, Rushmore, | acre ; Handley Hill, I acre ; Knighton Hill, J acre ; Oakley Down, J acre ; Fifield Down, h acre ; Chettle Down ; Mountslow. (Twenty- one in all.) British Village Sites. Gussage Down ; Tarrant Hinton Down ; South Tarrant Hinton Down ; Chettle Down ; Blandford Race Down ; Oakley Down ; Middlechase Farm ; Marleycombe Hill ; Berwick Down ; Rotherley; Woodcuts; Woodyates; Fontmell Down; (?) Swallowcliffe Down ; Blackbush on Pentridge ; Tidpit Down ; (Sixteen in all.) Defensive Dykes and Ditches. Bokerly Dyke ; Charlton Down ; Hatts Barn ; Melbury Hill ; Fontmell Down ; Tennerley Ditch ; Half-Mile Ditch (White Sheet Hill) ; Row Ditch ; Buxbury Hill ; Burcomb Punch-bowl. 36 ancient earthworks of cranborne chase. Boundary Banks and Ditches. Grim's Ditch ; Banks and Ditch running N.E. from Whits- bury Castle Ditches to Breamore Mizmaze ; Banks and Ditch running E. from Whitsbury Castle Ditches, towards Whitsbury Common, now only discernible in a wood called Rowdidge ; Banks and Ditch running over Martin Down, E. of Bokerly Dyke to Vernditch, excavated by General Pitt Rivers and proved to be of the Bronze Age ; Banks and Ditch crossing Launceston Down ; Banks and Ditch between Blandford Race Down, Buzburj- Rings, and dj'ing away pointing for Spettisbury Ring or Crawfurd Castle. Earthworks of Exceptional Character. Knowlton Circles. Circle within which stands the ruined Church IJ acres Partially effaced circle within which stand New Barn Buildings . . . . . . 8 J acres Almost effaced circle to the North-West of circle No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . 1 acre Almost effaced circle beside the above. . . . A acre Cranborne Castle. Castle Green, Shaftesbur}'. Breamore Mizmaze. The Principal Long Barrows. Giant's Grave, near Clearbury ; Giant's Grave, near Breamore Mizmaze ; Duck's Nest, near Rockbourne Down ; Grans Barrow and Knap Barrow on Knoll Down (?) ; Round Clump, near Great Yews ; near Tidpit Common Do^^■n ; near Bokerly Dyke (2) (?) ; Down, near Waterlake, beneath Pentridge Hill ; Wor Barrow ; Oakley Down ; Gussage Down (2) ; Thickthorn Down ; Launceston Down ; near Tarrant Hinton Do\An ; Chettle Long Barrow ; Blandford Race Down ; Pimperne Long Barrow ; Langton Down ; Whitesheet Hill ; Hambledon Hill (?). (Twenty -three in all.) ancient earthworks of cranborne chase. 37 Roman Works. Roman Road, from Sarum to Badburj^ where one branch goes on to Dorchester and another to Poole ; another road turns off to the north-west from Badbury, through Eastbury Park to Ashmore, pomting for Donhead, and the Groveley Ridge ; the inner camp on Hod Hill ; Hem&worth Villa ; Barton Hill Villa ; Iwerne Minster Villa. The sequence of such a long list of varied earthworks bristles Avith debatable points, and demands a book rather than a short paper ; but the clock compels me merely to give general conclusions — tentative conclusions — for considera- tion. I think that the Hilltop camps probably represent the actual sites of the pre-Roman Tribal habitations on Cranborne Chase, at a period when wealth consisted in flocks and herds, and when Tribal hostility was frequent ; and that the great scale of their banks and ditches is mainly original, though in several instances the defences seem to have been enlarged or raised. That the open British village sites represent a later -and a different phase of Tribal life ; when there were planters of corn on a considerable scale, as well as tenders of cattle, and when men counted on reaping where they had sown. That the lovs^ Boundary Banks and Ditches represent a period A^hen areas of occupation were decided by mutual agreement, and that their parallel duplication and triplica- tion, which happens near British village sites, may represent defence. That here, in this district of Cranborne Chase, the Roman occupation represents a period of peace and prosperity, and that the British villages \\'ere Romanized. And finally, that the great defensive Banks and Ditches, such as Bokerly, Half-Mile Ditch, Charlton Down, &c., represent the period of the oncoming West Saxon — A.D. 552 to 577, when imminent danger came from one direction — from the East, as their banks testify. And to this period 38 ANCIENT EARTHWORKS OF CRANBORNE CHASE. also I am inclined to suppose may belong the great earth- works on the South-Eastern approach of Hambledon Hill ; the uneven height that appears to have been added to the inner bank of the camp on Hod Hill ; and the high, narrow- topped inner bank on the Eastern side of Whitsbury Castle Ditches. -4>^$<- 38 ANCIENT EARTHWORKS OF CRANBORNE CHASE. also I am inclined to suppose may belong the great earth- works on the South-Eastern approach of Hambledon Hill ; the uneven height that appears to have been added to the inner bank of the camp on Hod Hill ; and the high, narrow- topped inner bank on the Eastern side of Whitsbury Castle Ditches. *<^$4* „J0^ I !|| 41 Mffl 4? ■■■•v^jj/jj^iuiijt^" jj^j^y /l>«M^% .,,, -.. .,,..- 'Tarra/nJi '^-iAAxtim. i^o/nMv. // ■ ■'?ii(v '! % jvr.'co-. Co S.& // # i III ;/ /^ ■ " ■ .... '^n/gi^TLq toiMsLWJ r^1f^ -I I I I I I I I I r O SorvU. unohoi/rvi lOcAai/nA. (-1 c>uu/n. =22>^<3>oU>) 20. ANCIENT EARTHWORKS OF CRANBORNE CHASE. 39 NOTES DESCRIPTIVE OF THE FOREGOING PLANS. (Respecting the plan conventions. The shading Unes that indicate earthwork banks show the top of the bank by the thick end of the hne, the bottom by the thin end. Dotted spaces indicate the bottoms of ditches and depressions. Numbers and contour Unes indicate the height of the land above the sea.) 1. Badbury Rings — Of the five principal Hill-top camps within the district of my survey — Hod, Hambledon, Castle Ditches, Tisbury, Whitsbury Castle Ditches, and Badbury Rings — the last stands lowest above the sea ; yet Badbury Rings are so isolated, and are situated in such a spacious tract of lowland, that their pine-crowned summit of 327 feet tells as a landmark for miles around — a distinction that Castle Ditches, Tisbury, miss, though this latter camp area rises to 630 feet — 7 feet higher than Hambledon. Badbury Rings may serve as a fine specimen of a Hill-top Camp. They have been described in the Dorset Field Club Proceedings, Vol. XXVII., and in " Ancient Dorset," by Charles Warne. So far as I know, their varied occupation has not been proved by excavation, but their origin is generally accepted as Celtic. They are surrounded by a triple ring of great banks and ditches. There is a wide space between the outer and middle earthworks. The Eastern entrance is a straight-forward passage through the three lines of defence. There are two entrances on the Western side. One, like the Eastern, straight- forward, the other winding through the berm defence of the middle bank. It seems possible, in view of Mr. and Mrs. Cunnington's excavations on Knapp Hill, that the straight-forward Western entrance may be original, used for driving cattle in times of danger, and the entrance gaps then stockaded. The earthworks of the Rings do not show any signs of Roman adaptation, though the site must have been occupied by the Romans, for three of their roads converge here. Probably this was the site of " Mens Badonicus," see " Origines CeUicce," Vol. II., p. 147, by Dr. Guest. The wasted earthwork outside the Rings on the Western side do not seem to have any intelligible connection with the camp defences. 2. Buzbury Rings are about two miles distant from Blandford and the Upland road, thence to Wimborne, passes through the outer part of the camp. The inner camp appears to have been the place of habitation, and here you may pick up in half an hour more pottery shards than your pockets will hold. The outer camp extends on the Northern and Eastern sides of this inner camp, and shows no sign of habitation, but was probably used for pastoral purposes. Buzbury Rings have been cut about by road-makers and by cultivators, but their general disposition are still fairly discernible. The camp shows no signs 40 ANCIENT EARTHWORKS OF CRANBORNE CHASE, of having been strengthened, and its broad-topped low banks (six foot average height) and shallow ditches give us an idea of an Early British Tribal camp that combined safety with pastoral requirements. Many of the pottery shards to be found in the inner area are of the Early British type, hand-made, imperfectly baked, and made of clay mixed with siliceous granules. Banks and ditches of the Grims-Ditch type branch out from Buzbury Rings. The O.S. marks one that approaches the Rings from Langton Long as " suj^posed British Trackway ; " but its superficial measurements compare with Grims-Ditch, through which I have cut sections on Damerham Knoll and on Gallows Hill, and in both these cases the bottom of the ditch was 4 feet 6 inches below the surface and only a foot wide, with steep sides, showing no signs of use ; indeed, it would be impossible to use such a ditch as a way. These Banks and Ditches appear to be boundary divisions for pastoral purposes. Similar branching of such earthworks from a centre of habitation may be noted on Blandford Race Down, South Tarrant Hinton Down, Gussage Down, Middle Chase Farm, and Whitsbury Castle Ditches. 3. The British Settlement on South Tarrant Hinton Down is specially interesting. Here are two oval enclosures, surrounded by low earthworks — the outside banks never rise above 4 feet — that are separated from each other by a shallow down valley in which jDre- sumably the water came out when these enclosures were made. The upper enclosure shows no superficial signs of ancient habitation, but there is a sunken way leading down to the little valley that suggests cattle usage. It should be noted that outside the entrance on the Eastern side are the wasted remains of two detached banks that appear to be defences covering the opening, and that the Northern enclosure bank (the Southern has been destroyed) widens into a pear shape at the entrance — a form that often occurs at camp entrances. The all-over measurements of the bank and ditch show, however, that this can never have been a camp of much account, and I am inclined to regard it as a pastoral enclosure with slight defences. The lower enclosure is the larger of the two, and the area is covered with humps and hollows that suggest habitation. The entrance is on the South-Eastern side. On the North-Eastern side there is a semi- circular depression strongly banked, and approached from the area by a sunken way. This compares with somewhat sinailar earthwork forms on Tarrant Hinton Down (near Eastbury Park), Chettle Down, and Swallow-Cliffe Down. Their purpose could only be conjectured by excavation. Two large mounds may be barrows. The duplication of the single bank and ditch — which for the most part surround their enclosure — on the South-Western and lowest side of the site is another puzzle that needs solution. A ditch between dovible banks (of the ANCIENT EARTHWORKS OF CRANBORNE CHASE. 41 Grims-Ditch type) starts from this South-Western side and can be traced for some distance over the hill towards Pimperne. 4. Knowlton— It is doubtful whether Knowlton was within the ancient outbounds of Cranborne Chase. The place names of the Perambulation are dubious here. But we may take the benefit of the doubt, for benefit it is, as it enables us to consider a most remarkable site. Nowhere else on Cranborne Chase, excepting in barrows, and specially in the disc barrows near Woodyates, do we find any earthwork exjaression of what is supposed to be prehistoric formular religion. Circles, either marked by stones or wrought in earth, are signs of the unknown reverence of our forefathers. Here, et Knowlton, we have four circular earthworks, only one of which, however, is still fairly perfect — the others have been destroyed by cultivation. From the remnant that remains we cannot suppose that purposes of defence or of habitation, or of cattle enclosure, were the motives of the makers of these rings. The two apparently original entrances of the one perfect remaining circle are opposite each other. The wide ditch is on the inside. The bank is unusually broad and precise in its circle. There are no other earthworks of similar construction on Cranborne Chase, but in certain particulars they compare with the Rings at Thornborough Moor, near Ripen, and with Figsbury Ring near Salisbury (see " Earth- work of England," by Hadrian Allcroft). Within the area of this earthen circle stands the ivy-clad ruin of a little stone church. With- out, these Knowlton circles are surrounded by barrows ; but this site does not now appear as the barrow centre of the district, as Stonehenge is the barrow centre of Salisbviry Plain. That distinction belongs to Oakley Down, below Pentridge, near Worbarrow, that was excavated by General Pitt Rivers. m ^ Hcminisccncc of ri)c late V^c\). C UX, I). Didvcr, l^.T)., (With Plates), 3inti some ObscvlJittions on 61oxU)ortl) By the Rev. 0. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S. CANNOT suppose that the following few lines will be otherwise than acceptable to the members of our Field Club, the more especially as they relate to, probably, the last that our lamented member, the Rev. C. W. H. Dicker, ever did or wrote in connection with any work on our behalf. In order to make this intelligible to you, I must premise that Mr. Dicker (in his paper on " The Normans of Dorset," Dors. Field Club Proceedings, Vol. XXXI., 1910, p. 125) mentions that " Norman Porches are very rare ; I only know of three in Dorset — Sherborne, Bloxworth, and Belchalwell." I wrote at once to Mr. Dicker that this was evidently a mistake so far as Bloxworth was concerned, where the church porch certainly was not Norman. In the short 31 Reminiscence of m)c UiU 3^c\). C UL I). Dicker, B.D., (With Plates), ^nt\ some Obserliations on tSJoxiuortl) Cl)urcl^ By the Rev. 0. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S. CANNOT suppose that the following few lines will be otherwise than acceptable to the members of our Field Club, the more especially as thej^ relate to, probably, the last that our lamented member, the Rev. C. W. H. Dicker, ever did or wrote in connection with any work on our behalf. In order to make this intelligible to you, I must premise that Mr. Dicker (in his paper on " The Normans of Dorset," Dors. Field Club Proceedings, Vol. XXXI., 1910, p. 125) mentions that " Norman Porches are very rare ; I only know of three in Dorset — Sherborne, Bloxworth, and Belchalwell." I Avrote at once to Mr. Dicker that this was evidently a mistake so far as Bloxworth was concerned, where the church porch certainly was not Norman. In the short ProcDcrsH.NHiA F CUk. U XXXIV. ^^T^' .S ,r-^-^J. Height (in clear). 7 ft. Width ,. 4 ft. BLOXWORTH CHURCH. DOORWAY AND FONT. Height from Base. 3 ft. 2 ins. THE LATE REV. C. W. H. DICKER, R.D. 43 correspondence that ensued Mr. Dicker acknowledged that he had not himself visited the church, and had been mis- informed ; but that he would shortly pay me a visit and inspect the church himself.* Time went on, one thing and another delayed Mr. Dicker's kind intention, until in the afternoon of Thursday, August 22nd last, he paid me his long-promised visit (in company with the Rev. A. L. Helps, Vicar of Puddletown). I was unable to accompany him to my church, but he made a close and thorough inspection of it under the guidance of one of my sons. He had no time to give me a report on it at the moment ; but on the following morning {Friday, August 23rd) wrote to me the result of his examination of several points of interest, including the Norman doorway. Saturday and Sunday, August 24th and 25th, intervened ; and then early on Monday, August 26th, the sudden and lamentable catastrophe occurred in which we have to mourn his irreparable loss. I feel sure that no one of us will under the circumstances object to enter into a little detail of what thus occupied Mr. Dicker's last scientific consideration. I therefore make no apology for quoting, almost verbatim, his letter to me, dated August 23rd, 1912. " Dear Mr. Pickard-Cambridge,— " I was much interested in your church, and am very glad to " have seen it. The porch is particularly a good bit of " Jacobean building ; the architect has adopted a nice 14th " Century moulding in the outer arch — probably a copy of " work in the older building. I am not sure that the lower " stones of the jambs are not part of the original. The " doorway is much more like a Norman Chancel Arch than a * Mr. Dicker appears to have been unaware that the Field Ckib paid me a visit on Avig. 19th, 1886, when I pointed out that " the only remaining portion of an original Norman Church was the Doorway." See report of F. Club Proc, Vol. VII., p xxiv., 1886 ; also that in a paper on Bloxworth Church read at the meeting above mentioned and published Vol. VII., p. 99, this doorway is again remarked upon. 44 THE LATE REV. C. W. H. DICKER, R.D. " door arch. The doors one finds in village churches of the " 12th Century are very much narrower, and the imposts " (with ' nail-head ' ornament) look exactly like those oi a " tj^pical chancel arch of the period. I have seen some " chancel arches about that width, though now removed from " their old position. " The Font seems to me a piece of undoubted Early English " Avork. Its bit of foliage and mouldings are quite of the " Early 13th Century style. It is not mentioned in Dr. " Cox's list of Dorset Fonts. — With kind regards, yours very " truly, C. W. H. Dicker." The above, then, being the subject A\hich so immediately preceded Mr. Dicker's untimely decease, has, I think, a melancholy though real interest for us all ; I therefore presume to make a few remarks upon it. It Avill be noted that the idea of Bloxworth Church Porch being Norman is quite given up ; and whether the opinion that the architect of it adopted, in his design, the course Mr. Dicker mentions, I must leave to experts ; but I must remark that there is no proof of there ever having been a porch to the original Norman building. The opinion that the " doorway " (which is undoubtedly Norman) is the Chancel Arch of the original Norman church I am hardly qualified to criticise. It would have been most interesting and useful to us if Mr. Dicker had added to his note upon this point the names of the churches where he had seen some similar arches removed from their original positions, and so become " doorways." I have noted on the plate accompanying this paper the exact dimensions of the doorway as it now stands. My own opinion is certainly against the idea that it formed the chancel-arch of the original church. With respect to Mr. Dicker's opinion that the Font is an undoubted " Early English " work, I cannot say that I am convinced upon this point. I have always thought it to be partly Jacobean, mixed with some of the materials of an original Norman Font ; but I do not profess to be an expert on such points. I will only say that the Font has been THE LATE REV. C. W. H. DICKER, R.D. 45 examined by more than one who have professed to be experts, and they have invariably been doubtful. Perhaps what I have said above maj' lead some one of our members competent to give an opinion (and assisted by Mr. Dicker's remarks as well as the sketch I have given of the Font as it stands) to let us know more about it, and to confirm or otherwise the opinion that the " doorway " is the chancel-arch of the original Norman building. ^ccont) Supplement to tl)c Ecpiticiptera of tljc £slc of ^urlicck. Compiled from the Notes of Eustace R. Bankes, M.A., F.E.S., By NELSON M. RICHARDSON, B.A. j-.-ye^ai^g FiWING to the unfortunate illness of friend, Mr. Eustace Bankes, I have been my asked to edit the valuable notes made by him on the additions to the Lepidoptera of the Isle of Purbeck since the publication of the 1st Supplement in Vol. X. of the Pro- ceedings of the Dorset Field Club (1889), the original list being contained in Vol. VI. of the same Proceedings (1885). The notes from which the present list is made carry on the records to the end of 1910, the last entry being dated Nov. 27th, 1910. The bulk of the captures were made by Mr. Bankes himself, and where he has had to depend on those made by others, he has always either identified the species himself or relied upon some recognised authority for its correctness. Amongst the insects in the present list are some of great or considerable rarity, such as Vanessa antiopa, Sterrha sacraria, Notodonta LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 47 trepida, Leucania vitellina, L. albipuncta, L. extranea, Micra parva, Catocala electa, Lemiodes pulveralis, Epischnia bankes- iella, Simcethis vibrana, Eupoecilia manniana, Tinea richard- soni, Micropteryx aruncella (probably merely a variety of M. seppella), Yponomeuta rorellus, Argyresthia atmoriella, Litlio- colletis triguttella (Mr. Bankes brings evidence to prove this to be merely a variety of L. faginella), Nepticula fulgens, N. conjusella, Trifurcula pallidella, besides other interesting species. Altogether, no less than 171 species are now added to the list, which swells the number found in Purbeck (after allowing for all corrections) to the very large total of 1,197, an extraordinarily rich Lepidopterous fauna for so small a tract, which it probably owes to the varied nature of the land comprised in it. Heath and bog, sand-hills and salt marshes, woods and downs, fertile fields and rocky cliffs and sea-shore are all found, and each contributes the different species that inhabit it. A few corrections of previous lists and records are necessary. In Entomologist XXX., Ill (1897), Hesperia paniscus and Sesia muscceformis were recorded from Swanage by Mr. J. H. Fowler, but in Entom. XXXII., 309 (1899), he withdrew both records. Although he could not say what the supposed H. paniscus of his informant could have been, it is quite incredible that it could have been H. paniscus, unless proved indubitably by the production of the specimen. A list of Delenda et corrigenda in the first List of Purbeck Lepidoptera and the first supplement, a few of which have already been noticed in the first supplement, is here appended. Delenda et Corrigenda. Lepidoptera of the Isle of Purbeck. (Proc. D.F.C., Vol. VI., pp. 128—177.) p. 141. Delete " Eupithecia minutata, G., Corfe." p. 147. 1. 4 and 12, for " about the year 1845 " read " in the year 1844." 48 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. p. 148. 1. 23, 24, and 37, for " about the year 1845 by Sir Frederick Lighton " read " in the year 1844 by Sir Christopher Lighton." p. 158. For "' Phycis subornatella, Z." read " Phycis ADORN ATELLA, D." See note under the latter species in 1st Supplement (Proc. D.F.C., X., 202.) ,, For "Phycis abietella, S.V.'" read "Phycis SPLENDIDELLA, H.-S." See note under the latter species in the present supplementary list. p. 160. For " Penthina sororculana, Ztt.'' read " Pen- thina BETUL^gETANA, Hw." Merrin, in his list, which was followed, erroneously enters hetulcetana, Hw., under the name sororculana, Ztt., which should stand for Avhat Merrin calls prcelongana, G. p. 163. For " Retinia pinicolana, Dh.'' read " Retinia BUOLIANA, S.V." The former species, which had not been found in Purbeck until the date of its record (1901) in the present supplementary list, was inserted by mistake for the latter species. (See also 1st Supple- mentary List, Proc. D.F.C., X., 204.) ,, For " Carpocapsa gross an a, Hw.'' read " Car- POCAPSA SPLENDANA, H." The former spccics, which has not yet been found in Purbeck, was recorded by mistake for the latter. p. 166. Delete " Yponomeuta plumbella, /S.F., Studland. The grey var. of Y. padella, L. was mistaken for this species, which was not found in Purbeck until 1891, as recorded in the present Supplementary List. p. 167. Delete " Depressaria propinquella, Tr., Stud- land, Corfe ; rare." The entry was made on the strength of specimens taken b}^ Rev. C. R. Digby and E.R.B., which have since LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 49 turned out to be merely forms of subpro- pinquella, Stn., and both the captors were in 1894 sure that they had never taken propinquella, Tr. in Purbeck or anywhere in Dorset. Neither is it recorded from Purbeck in the present Supplementary List. p. 167. Delete " Corfe " as a locality for Dbpeessaria ALBIPUNCTELLA, H. p. 168. For " Gelechia nanella, H." read " Gelechia ALBiCAPiTELLA, Z." The former species has not yet occurred in Purbeck. (See 1st Supple- mentary List, Proc, D.F.C., X., 208.) p. 174. 1. 14. For " on Ulex." read, in a fresh line, " Litho- colletis messaniella, Z., Corfe, Studland, on Ilex. (See 1st Supplementary List, Proc. D.F.C., X., 212.) ,, Delete " Lithocolletis emberiz^pbnnella, Bou., common among honeysuckle." This was entered by Rev. C. R. Digby, who afterwards found that L. trijasciella, Hw., had been mistaken for it. It has not yet occurred in Purbeck. p. 175. Delete " Nepticula ulmivorella, Frr., Studland." This species has not yet occurred in Purbeck. p. 176. 1. 7 and 8 from bottom, delete " with the exception of P. Globularise," and the whole of the bottom 6 lines referring to that species. (Note by E.R.B.) In the " Lepidoptera of Dorsetshire " Mr. C. W. Dale says " A specimen in my collection was taken at Langton Matravers in 1853, by Dalton Serrel (Serrell), Esq." If this moth has been rightly identified as globularice, this is the only instance known of the occur- rence of this species outside the counties of Kent and Sussex, and is therefore very remarkable. [Although Mr. E. R. Bankes 50 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. admitted this record into his list, he thought on further consideration that it should be omitted as being too doubtful. I agree with him in this view, as the identification of the species of this genus is somewhat difficult. — N. M. Richardson.] First Supplement to the " Lepidoptera of the Isle of PuRBECK." Proc, D.F.C., X., 197-213. p. 200. Delete Bombycoid.^. Acronycta, Tr. Acronycta tridens, S.V., Corfe. E.R.B. says that this Avas entered on the strength of specimens taken by him which he had thought to be A. tridens, but which he has since identified as only A. psi. p. 205. Delete " Dicrorampha Saturnana, G., Kimmeridge coast." ,, 1.8, 9. For " one specimen, which has been identified by Mr. Warren as this rare species, was taken by the author on June 16th, 1884 " read " four specimens, of which one alone was identified by Mr. Warren as this rare species, were taken by the author on June 16th, 1884, and many others since." ,, Delete " Dicrorampha Tanaceti, Wlk., Kimmeridge Coast." p. 208. Delete " Gelechia Artemisiella, Tr., Swanage coast ; occasionally taken on the downs." The specimens on which the entry was made were merely forms (caught) of G. anthyllidella (recorded Proc, D.F.C., VL, 169) and both E.R.B. and Rev. C. R. Digby are quite sure that they have never taken G. artemisiella in Purbeck. For " Gelechia Affinella, Hw." read " Gelechia Similis, Dgl." This entry was made on the LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 51 authority of Rev. C. R. Digby, but E.R.B. has carefulJy examined all the specimens (now in coll. G. W. Bird) taken by him in Purbeck, and supposed to be affl^nella, Hw., and they are all undoubtedly similis, Dgl., as are aJl the specimens that E.R.B. has taken or bred himself in Purbeck. On his mentioning these facts (1894) to Rev. C. R. Digby, he said that he had no doubt that the correction was right. p. 209. For " Gelechia Ligulella, Z.," read •' Gelechia Vorticella, Z." See under Gelechia vorti- CELLA, Z., in the present 2nd supplementary list. p. 213. For " Nepticula Gratiosella, Stn.," read " Nepticula Ignobilella, Stn." The nomenclature adopted in the first list and the first supplement is that of Merrin's Lepidopterist's Calendar (1875), and the present being only a second supplement and not a new list, I have thought it best, to prevent confusion, to use the same nomenclature, placing Avithin brackets any synonyms which have been shewn to have prior claims, and which are more generally used at the present time. Where Mr. Eustace R. Bankes' name occurs as the authority for a capture or otherwise in the notes, it is designated for convenience by the initials (E.R.B.) ; other captors' names are given in full. A list of abbreviations used for the names of the authors of the descriptions of the various species is appended. The Author's names with the abbreviations used are as follows : — Auct. Angl. Auctorum Anglicorum ; B. Boisduval ; Ba. Barrett ; Ben. Bentley ; Bk. Borkhausen ; Bnks. Bankes ; Bou. Bouche ; Br. Bruand ; C. Curtis ; Clms, Clemens ; D. Duponchel ; Dh. Doubleday ; Dg. Douglas ; Drt. Durrant ; Dyar, Dyar ; E. Esper ; F. Fabricius ; Fisch. Dr. F. Fischer ; F.R. Fischer E. von Roslerstamra ; Frey. 52 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. Frey ; Frr. Freyer ; Fro. Frolich ; G. Guenee ; H. Hiibner ; Hein. Heinemann ; Hey. Heyden ; Hf. Hufnagel ; Hrng. Hering ; H.-S. Herrick-Schaffer ; HtcJi. Hatchett ; Hw. Haworth ; L. Linne ; Lch. Leach ; Lnig. Lienig ; Ls. Laspeyres ; Lt. Latreille ; M. Mann ; Merrin, Merrin ; 0. Ochsenheimer ; Rdsn. Richardson ; Rtz. Ratzeburg ; 8. Scopoli ; Scfiiff. Schiffermiller ; S.V. Systematisches Verzeichniss der Weines Gegend ; Sax. Saxesen ; Ss. Stephens ; Stdgr. Staudinger ; Stn. Stamton ; Thnh. Thunberg ; Thrfl. Threlfall ; Tr. Treitsche ; Tutt, Tutt ; Va. Vaughan ; \Yood, Dr. J. H. Wood ; Wk. Wocke ; Wlsm. Walsingham ; Z. Zeller ; Zk. Zmcken. In Mr. E. R. Bankes' notes, Corfe Castle is sometimes written in full, but generally designated as Corfe. It is always alluded to as " Corfe " in the folloAving list for the sake of brevity : — DIURNI. VANESSID^. Argynnis, F. Argynnis adippe, L. Swanage ; one taken by Mr. S. W. Kemp in Aug., 1899, and recorded in Entom., XXXII., p 260. Vanessa, F. Vanessa antiopa, L. SAvanage ; a specimen was seen flying along the road about half-way between Swanage and Studland by Mr. Arthur W. Geffcken at about 1.45 p.m. on June 1, 1892. As Mr. Geffcken was driving at the time he could not capture the insect, but had an excellent view of it as it flew towards him, and then, when quite close, turned to the left over some bushes : he knows the species thoroughly well, having seen and taken it commonly both on the Continent and in the United States, and feels sure of its identity. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 53 NOCTURNI. SPHINGID^. Macroglossa, 0 Macroglossa bombyliformis, 0. (Hemaris tityus, L.). Corfe ; one was taken at Rhododendron flowers in the garden at Norden House, by E.R.B. on June 4, 1906. ZENZERID^. Zenzera, Lt. Zenzera yESCULi, L. (Zeuzera pyrina, L.). Swanage ; a full-fed larva was found under a sod, close to some elm trees near Whitecliff Farm, on May 26, 1910, by Mr. Leonard Tatchell. LIPARID^. LiPARIS, 0. LiPARis CHRYSORRHEA, L. Swanage ; one male was taken at light by Mr. E. B. Nevinson on July 9, 1894. The specimen has been seen by E.R.B. GEOMETR/E. AMPHIDASYD^. Phigalia, D. Phigalia pilosaria, S.V. (pedaria, F.). Corfe; one male tak a at rest on the front wall of the Rectory by E.R.B. on Feb. 22, 1896. Amphidasis, Tr. Amphidasis prodromaria, S.V. (STRATARIA, ///.). Corfe ; a male was taken at light by E.R.B. on Ap. 17, 1895. BOARMID^. BOARMIA, Tr. BoARMiA ABiETARiA, S.V. Corfe ; one taken by E.R.B. on July 23, 1902, and one by Mr. F. J. Han- bury on Aug. 2, 1902. A few others taken there since by E.R.B. 54 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. BoARMiA ciNCTARiA, S. V. Rempstone ; taken not uncom- monly on Scotch fir trunks in the middle of Bushey Heath Plantation by E.R.B. in May, 1891. Tephrosia, B. Tephrosia biundularia, E. Rempstone ; one taken by E.R.B. on May 12, 1890. „ punctulata, S.V. Holme ; one taken at rest by E.R.B. on May 15, 1901. GEOMETRID^. Phorodesma, B. Phorodesma baiularia, S.V. (PUSTULATA, Hf.). Corfe ; two taken by E.R.B. on July 17, 1902. ACIDALID^. EUPISTERIA, B. EUPISTERIA HEPARATA, S.V. (OBLITERATA, Hf.) Corfe ; One taken by E.R.B. on July 18, 1902. ACIDALIA, Tr. AciDALiA INORNATA, Hiv. Studland ; a fine specimen taken on Studland Heath by E.R.B. on July 16, 1891. FIDONID^. NUMERIA, D. NuMERiA PULVERARIA, L. Creech Grange ; one taken by E.R.B. in the " big wood " on June 12, 1891. Sterrha, H. Sterrha sacraria, L. Corfe ; a fine male specimen was taken in a stubble field at Corfe by E.R.B. on Sept. 7, 1895 (vide Ent. Mo. Mag. Ser. 2, VII. 19). Another beautiful male specimen w^as taken in a grass meadow at Corfe (the next field but one to that wherein the other was taken, and only about 200 or 250 yards from the actual spot !) by E.R.B. on Sept. 6, LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 55 1905 — just 10 years almost to the very day since the previous one was secured. LARENTID.E. Oporabia, Ss. Oporabia autumnaria, G. Corfe ; one was taken at rest on a birch trunk by E.R.B. on Nov. 7, 1901. [Positively identified as this species by Mr. L. B. Prout, the highest authority on this difficult genus.] EUPITHECIA, C. EuPiTHECiA LARiciATA, Frr. Corfe ; taken among larch in Norden new plantation, by E.R.B., in June, 1901. ,, IRRIGUATA, H. Corfe ; a splendid specimen seen in the Rectory copse by E.R.B. on Ap. 24, 1893. It was first noticed on the wing, when it could not be identified ; but it then settled, where a grand view of it was obtained ; but it was not secured, owing to a pill box only and no net being available. ,, ASSIMILATA, Db. Corfe ; one taken by E.R.B. on Aug. 9, 1906. ,, SOBRINATA, H. Rempstone Heath ; several taken by E.R.B. among juniper growing in a fir wood in Aug., 1889. COLLIX, G. CoLLix SPARSATA, H. Corfe ; one (much worn, but identity? certain) was taken amongst Lysimachia vulgaris by E.R.B. on July 29, 1901 (a remarkably late date !), and another on July 12, 1902. Thera, 8s. Thera firmata, H. Corfe ; one (identified by E.R.B.) was taken by Mr. P. Helps at Norden in 1899 ; one taken by E.R.B., also at Norden, on July 19, 1902 ; and others since. Uncommon. 56 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. CiDARIA, Tr. CiDARiA siLACEATA, S. V. Corfe ; one taken at rest in the Rectory shrubbery by Rev. C. R. Digby on Aug. 25, 1893. DREPANUL^. DREPANULID^. Platypteryx, Ls. Platypteryx hamula, 8. V. Corfe ; one beaten from Alder (oak growing near) by E.R.B. in " Scotland " rough field on June 10, 1891. PSEUDO-BOiMBYCES. NOTODONTID^. NOTODONTA, 0. NoTODONTA trepida, E. Corfe ; a young larva was found on oak on July 4, 1905. [Owing to its being sickly it was preserved in spirits of wine.] NOCTU.'E. BOMBYCOID^. ACRONYCTA, Tr. AcRONYCTA leporina, L. Corfe ; two bred from birch, June 20 and 25, 1902, by E.R.B. One has been taken at Studland by Mr. L. W. Bristowe. LEUCANID^. Leucania, Tr. Leucania vitellina, H. Swan age ; two specimens were taken at sugar, above Durlston Bay, by Mr. Arthur Rose, in 1900. Studland ; several taken by Messrs. Rippon and Tautz in 1908. ,, TURCA, L. Swanage ; four specimens were taken on the wing by Mr. W. Edwards on July 11, 1903. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 57 Lbucania albipuncta, S.V. Swanage ; one specimen was taken " on ragwort flowers in a rough field between the Waterworks and stone quarries," by Mr. A. U. Battley, early in Sep., 1901. Studland ; four were taken by Mr. P. H. Tautz in Aug., 1908. ,, EXTRANEA, G. (uNiPUNCTA, Hw.). Corfe ; a fine specimen taken at sugar in the Rectory shrubbery on Oct. 12, 1891. ,, STRAMINEA, Tr. Studland ; one was taken at sugar by Mr. Percy H. Tautz on Aug. 6, 1908. [The specimen has been seen by E.R.B.] Senta, Ss. Sent A ulv^, H. (maritima, Tausch.). Studland ; one was taken at light by Mr. P. H. Tautz on Aug. 11, 1909. [The specimen has been seen by E.R.B.] NONAGRIA, 0. NoNAGRiA FULVA, H. Corfe ; one taken by E.R.B. on Sept, 24, 1892. Studland ; two in 1908 (P. H. Tautz). ,, GEMiNiPUNCTA, Htch. Swauagc Coast ; two specimens were bred on Aug. 4 and 11, 1895, by Mr. E. B. Nevinson from pupae found by him in stems of common reed {Arundo phragmites) in July. Studland ; the larva was found by E.R.B. and identified by him as this species on June 3, 1887 ; but the record was accidentally omitted from the previous lists of Purbeck Lepidoptera. ,, TYPH^, E. Swanage Coast ; larvae and pupae found in stems of Typha lati folia by Messrs. B. G. and E. B. Nevinson and by E.R.B. in July, 1895 ; the moths emerged in the follow- ing month. Mr. E. B. Nevinson was the first to find it in Purbeck. 58 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. APAMIDiE. Hydr^cia, G. Hydr^cia paludis, Tutt. Studland ; a few specimens were met with near South Haven by Mr. W. Parkinson Curtis in Aug., 1908. Getting it plentifully at Poole, he, however, only troubled to take one of them. Aporophyla, G. Aporophyla australis, B. Swanage ; taken at ivy bloom by Mr. A. B. Farn in Sep., 1893 ; also by Mr. S. W. Kemp in 1899 (Entom. xxxii., 260), and by Mr. A. U. Battley in Sep., 1901. Neuria, G. Neuria saponari/E, Bk. (Heliophobus reticulata, Vill.) Swanage ; one Avas taken on Ballard Down by Mr. W. Parkinson Curtis on July 4, 1905. Apamea, 0. Apamea fibrosa, H. (leucostigma, H.) Studland ; one was taken at sugar by Mr. P. H. Tautz on Aug. 29, 1909. The specimen has been seen by E.R.B. MlANA, Ss. MiANA FURUNCULA, aS.F. Corfe ; Swanage; &c. ; Common (E.R.B. ). ,, ARCUOSA, Hiv. Corfe ; one taken on the wing at dusk by E.R.B. on July 15, 1890, and others since. CARADRINID^. Caradrina, Tr. Caradrina alsines, Bk. Corfe ; (E.R.B.). Swanage ; (E.R.B.). Examples of this species taken by E.R.B. both at Corfe and Swanage were found by him when sorting through his Caradrinidse in Jan., 1895. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 50 Caradrina ambigua, F. Studland ; one (identified by E.R.B.) was taken by Mr. Frederick White- head in Aug. or Sep., 1896. Swanage ; one (identified by E.R.B.) was taken by Mr. Percy M. Bright in 1892, and several at sugar and ragwort flowers by Mr. A. U. Battley in Sep., 1901. Mr. W. Parkinson Curtis reports it as not uncommon in 1907 in this locality. NOCTUID^. Agrotis, 0. Agrotis obelisca, S.V. Studland; a few (one of which was seen by E.R.B.) were taken at sugar by Mr. Percy H. Tautz in 1907, and in each of the following years. ,, AGATHINA, D. Studland ; one taken at light by Rev. C. R. Digby in 1890. Not new to the Purbeck list, but only previously recorded from there as occurring on Wareham Heath by Mr. C. W. Dale in his Lepidoptera of Dorsetshire. NOCTUA, L. NocTUA umbrosa, H. Studland ; about a dozen were taken at sugar by Mr. P. H. Tautz during Aug., 1909, and a few in each of the two preceding years. ,, baia, S.V. Corfe ; occasionally taken by E.R.B. It should have been included in the earlier supplement to the Purbeck list, as one, now in his series, was bred from Corfe by E.R.B. in 1886, and another was taken there by him in 1892. Others were taken by him in 1902. HADENID.E. Eremobia, Ss. Eremobia ochroleuca, S. V. Worth ; one boxed off a scabious flower by E.R.B. on Sep. 3, 1889. 60 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. DlANTH^CIA, B. DiANTH^ciA cucuBALi, 8.V. Corfe ; a larva, certainly- belonging to this species, was found on seed- head of Lychnis flos-cucuU in Corfe Rectory Copse by E.R.B. in 1895. It fed well for some time, but died before pupation. An imago was taken at Corfe by Mr. Philip Helps in 1899. Dasypolia, G. Dasypolia templi, Thnh. Swanage Coast ; larvae found sparingly in stems and roots of Heradeum sphondylium by Mr. E. B. Nevinson and E.R.B. in July, 1895. The entire credit of the discovery is due to Mr. Nevinson. From the larvae then found, nine moths were bred, Sep. 13 — Oct. 8, by Mr. Nevinson, and two by E.R.B., a male on Sep. 26, and a female on Oct. 16, 1895. Epunda, D. Epunda lichenea, H. Swanage ; taken at ivy bloom by Mr. A. B. Earn in Sep., 1893, and taken and bred there since by Mr. G. Russell- Wright and E.R.B. Hadena, 0. Hadena protea, ^.F. Corfe; one taken at sugar by E.R.B. on Oct. 9, 1891, and several others since, including a specimen of var. variegata, Tutl, taken at sugar in the Rectory copse by E.R.B. on Sep. 28, 1892. ,, suasa, S.V. Wych ; one taken flying over the salt marsh at dusk by E.R.B. on June 20, 1892. ,, GENiSTiE, Bk. Swanage ; one taken on Ballard Down by Mr. W. Parkinson Curtis on June 16, 1907. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 61 XYLINID^. CUCULLIA, Sk. CucuLLiA CHAMOMiLL^, S. V. Studland ; 6 larvae, some of which produced moths in 1897, were found on and fed up on leaves of Matricaria inodora by E.R.B. on June 15, 1896. Corfe ; larvae found by E.R.B. in 1900. HELIOTHID.E. Heliothis, 0. Heliothis dipsacea, L. Studland ; in 1898 Mr. E. N. Blanchard, of Poole, shewed E.R.B. in his collection specimens taken by himself at Studland some years previously. Two taken there in 1909 by Mr. P. H. Tautz. ACONTIID^. AcoNTiA, Tr. AcoNTiA LUCTUOSA, 8 .Y . Corfe ; one was taken by E.R.B. on June 29, 1897. Swanage ; taken by Mr. S. W. Kemp in 1899 and several by E.R.B. in 1906. ERASTRIID^. Erastria, Tr. Erastria fuscula, 8.V. Corfe; one taken by E.R.B. on July 12, 1902, and another by him on July 25, 1905, and a few others since. ANTHOPHILID^. MiCRA, G. MiCRA PARVA, H. Wj'ch ; a specimen was taken within a foot of the very edge of the water of Poole Harbour by E.R.B. at about 6.0 p.m. on June 8, 1892. LIMBAT.^. Catocala, 0. Catocala electa, Bk. Corfe ; one taken in a '" trap " for wasps and flies inside the walled garden of the 62 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. Rectory by E.R.B. on Sep. 12, 1892. The only other specimen ever taken in Britain was captured at sugar near Brighton by Mr. A. C. Vine on Sep. 24, 1875. PYRALIDES. HYDROCAMPIDvE. Cataclysta, H. Cataclysta LE3INALIS, L. Stoborough ; locally common in ditches in the water-weadows. (E.R.B.) BOTYD^. BOTYS, Lt. BoTYS LANCEALis, S.V. Corfe ; one taken by E.R.B. on July 15, 1895. Lemiodes, G. (Psammotis, H.) Lemiodes (Psammotis) pulveralis, H. Corfe ; one (identified by W. H. B. Fletcher and E.R.B.) rather worn specimen was taken at Norden by Master Rowley Helps in July or the beginning of August, 1899. Recorded in Ent. Mo. Mag. 2 Series, x., 289 (1899). A few were taken also at Norden, and doubtless in the same spot as R. Helps took it, by F. Capel Hanbury and E.R.B. in July — August, 1901. CRAMBITES. CRAMBID.^. Crambijs, F. Crambus salinellus, Tutt. Studland ; a fine specimen (identified by E.R.B.) was taken by Mr. E. B. Nevinson in July, 1894. (Calamatropha, Z.) „ (Calamatropha) paludellus, H. Studland ; one (identified by E.R.B.) was taken at light on LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 63 the heath by Mr. Percy H. Tautz on Aug. 8, 1909. PHYCID^. HOMCEOSOMA, G. HoMCEOSOMA NEBULELLA, S.V. [H .) Swaiiage Coast; one was taken by E.R.B. on July 27, 1897. Corfe ; one was taken by E.R.B. on July 11, 1902. Swanage ; one taken by Major R. B. Robertson in 1899. Epischnia, H. Epischnia bankesiella, Rclsn. Swanage Coast ; larvae of all sizes found rather plentifully in webs on Inula cnthtnoides in one spot on the Coastline by E.R.B., on May 24, 1898. The moths were successfully reared in due course. Recorded as new to Purbeck List in Ent. Mo. Mag. 2 Ser. x., 236 (1899). [Note by N. M. Richardson — This species probably occurs wherever Inula crithmoides is found on the coast, as I have met with it at Lulworth since its original discovery as a species new to science by Mrs. Richardson and myself at Portland. See Proc. D.F.C., X., 192 and plate, XV., 66, XVII., 173, XIX., 155, and plate of moth, larva, and mode of feeding.] Ephestia, G. Ephestia Kuehniella, Z. Corfe ; one was taken in Norden House (in a room where there had been no fire since the previous winter) by E.R.B. on Nov. 27, 1910. ,, PiNGUis, Hw. Corfe ; a fine specimen was taken on Aug. 13, 1891, by Rev. C. R. Digby, who beat it from the E. hedge of the Rectory copse. 64 lepidoptera of the isle of purbeck. Phycis, F. (Dioryctria, Z.) Phycis abietella, 8. v. (Dioryctria decuriella, H.) Studland ; a few have been taken at light by Rev. C. R. Digby. Corfe ; one was taken, by beating, bj^ F. Capel Hanbury, Esq., on June 28, 1901 {teste E.R.B.), and several by E.R.B. since. Note. — Phycis (Nephop- TERYx) splendidella, H.-S. (Dioryctria SPLENDIDELLA, ^.-;S'. = SYLVESTRELLA, Rtz.) Swanage Coast ; one specimen was taken by Rev. C. R. Digby in Punfield Cove in Aug., 1879. There are no spruce firs or firs or pines of any sort Avithin a very long distance ; but this insect has several times occurred in equally unexpected places. (See Ent. Mo. Mag. 2nd ser. II., 221.) Mr. Digby's specimen has always been standing in his series Avith some genuine decuriella, H. { = abietella S.V.) of which he has taken a few at Studland ; but after a careful comparison of it with specimens of both these closely allied species, I have not the slightest hesitation in identifying it as the true splendidella H.-S. It is a decidedly larger insect than the other, and always has a noticeable reddish-brown patch (band) before the first line. [This is the specimen recorded in the original Purbeck list in Proc. D.F.C, VI., 158, as Phycis abietella, S.V., but the name abietella belongs to the smaller species.] Rhodophjea, G. Rhodoph^a advenella, Zk. Studland ; one beaten out of a hedge and secured by E.R.B. on July 28, 1896. Corfe ; one, beaten from blackthorn, was taken by E.R.B. on Aug. 2, 1901. lepidoptera of the isle of purbeck. 65 (acrobasis, z.) Rhodoph^a rubrotibiella, F.R. (Acrobasis tumidana, S.V.) Stiidland ; one was taken by Rev. F. H. Fisher on Aug. 7, 1904. TORTRICES. TORTRICID^. DiCHELIA, G. DiCHELiA Grotiana, F. Corfe ; one taken (at Norden by- beating) by F. Capel Hanbury, Esq., on July 28, 1901 {teste E.R.B.). New to Dorset List. Corfe ; one taken (near " Scotland Copse," beaten from oak) by E.R.B. on July 14, 1902. Peronea, C. Peronea sponsana, F. Corfe ; taken not uncommonly during some years past by E.R.B., and also bred by him from larvae found feeding on birch [Betula alba) at Corfe. The fact of its not being already in the Purbeck list has been overlooked till now. ,, AUTUMN ANA, H. (rufana, ScJuff.) Corfe ; one specimen taken amongst Myrica gale in a bog on the heath by E.R.B. on Oct. 16, 1900. ,, perplexana, Ba. Corfe ; taken sparingly in the Rectory Copse by E.R.B. in Aug., 1891. PENTHINID^. Penthina, Tr. Penthina picana. Fro. (corticana, H.) Corfe ; one taken among birch by E.R.B., June 25, 1902, and others since. SPILONOTIDiE. Spilonota, C. (Hedya, H.) Spilonota (Hedya) lariciana, Z. Corfe ; taken not un- commonly among larch by E.R.B. in July, 1900. 66 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. Spilonota aceriana, M. Swanage ; the larva found not uncommonly feeding in its characteristic way in shoots of 3'oung poplars in villa gardens by E.R.B. in June, 1891. SERICORID^. Sericoris, Tr. Sericoris bifasciana, Hw. Corfe ; taken plentifully amongst Pinus innaster by E.R.B. in July, 1900. Also bred therefrom. MixoDiA, G. (P^DiscA, Tr.) Mixodia (P^disca) ratzeburghiana, Sax., Rtz. Corfe ; bred plentifully by E.R.B. in July from larvae in shoots of spruce fir collected in June, 1900. SCIAPHILID^. SCIAPHILA, Tr. SciAPHiLA CHRYSAXTHEANA, D. Swanage Coast ; taken by E.R.B. rarely. Corfe ; rare. (E.R.B.) GRAPHOLITHID^. P.EDISCA, Tr. P-SDISCA OPPRESSANA, Tr. Corfe ; one taken among Populus nigra by E.R.B. on June 23, 1900, and another by him on July 16, 1901. ,, occuLTANA, D(j. (diniana, Gu.) Corfe ; one taken among larch by E.R.B. on July 20, 1901. New to Dorset List. ,, SORDIDANA, H. (sTABiLANA, Ss.) Corfe ; taken commonty among alders by E.R.B. in 1902, also bred therefrom. Ephippiphora, G. Ephippiphora cirsiana, Z. (cnicicolana Z. 'I *) Swanage Coast ; taken not uncommonly in a damp * Note. — Mr. E. Meyrick, F.R.S., informs me that E. cnicicolana is a strictly South European form (Sicily to Dalmatia), very similar to cirsiana, but considerably smaller, with some slight differences of marking, perhaps of doubtful distinctness, from that variable species. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 67 hollow in the clay cliffs by Punfield Cove by E.R.B. on May 12, 1893. Kimmeridge Coast ; common. Feeds in roots of Inula dysenterica. EPHIPPIPHORA TRIGEMINANA, Ss. (= COSTIPUNCTANA, Hw. ?) Swanage Coast ; not uncommon among Senecio jacobcea on the steep rough cliff slopes. (E.R.B.) Coccyx, Tr. Coccyx splendidulana, G. Corfe ; one taken by E.R.B, on May 23, 1890. ,, DiSTiNCTANA, Ben. Corfe ; a beautiful specimen was taken in the Rectory shrubbery by E.R.B. on June 2, 1892. Coccyx, Tr. (Steganoptycha, Ss.) Coccyx (Steganoptycha) subseqijana, Hw. Corfe ; three specimens were taken and about three others seen far out of reach, among spruce fir (at Kingston) by E.R.B. on May 19, 1908. The species was evidently almost over by this date, and is probably common in one fair- sized spruce fir at the right time ; the many other spruces in the same plantation were tried in vain, except for one small one that yielded a single individual. [Note by N. M. Richardson — I have found this species, which I took at Langton Herring, near Weymouth, in 1889 and subsequent years, more attached to silver fir than spruce, but never common. Proc. XI., 77, and Plate, fig. 5.] Retinia, G. Retinia pinicolana, Db. Corfe ; beaten not uncommonly from Scotch fir by E.R.B. in July, 1901, and since. (New to Dorset List.) The erroneous entry of this species in the original Purbeck List was corrected in the " Fu'st Supplement " to it. 68 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. Retinia sylvestrana, C. Corfe ; a few were bred from male catkins of Pinus pinaster by E.R.B. in July, 1901, and others since. Opadia, G. Opadia funebrana, Tr. Corfe ; a full-fed larva found in a ripe greengage picked in the Rectory Garden on Aug. 19, 1898, and the traces of another soon afterwards which had fed inside a "golden-drop" plum. The moth emerged on July 3, 1899. Stigmonota, G. Stigmonota coniferana, Rtz. Rempstone ; 2 taken among Scotch fir in Bushey Heath plantation by E.R.B. on July 7, 1890. DiCRORAMPHA, G. DiCRORAMPHA ALPINANA, Tr. Studland ; 4 taken amongst tansy by E.R.B. on Aug. 4, 1894. „ SEQUANA, H. Corfe ; 2 taken in a rough pasture close to Blashenwell Farm by E.R.B. on June 15, 1891. v Catoptria, G. Catoptria albersana, H. Corfe ; 2 taken on the wing in the evening in Scotland rough field by E.R.B. on June 5, 1891. Trycheris, G. Trycheris mediana, S. V. Swanage ; one taken at rest by Rev. C. R. Digby on July 7, 1890, and others since. Note. — Carpocapsa splendana, H. Corfe ; occasionally met with. (Erroneously recorded as grossana, Hw., in " Lepidoptera of Purbeck," Proc. D.F.C., VI., 36.) LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 69 PYRALOID^. SiMiETHIS, Lch. SiM^THis viBRANA, H. Corfe ; a single specimen of this great rarity was taken on the wing in a rough field of mixed herbage at about 6.15 p.m. on Sept. 14, 1889, by E.R.B. CONCHYLID^. EUPCECILIA, 8s. EuP(ECiLiA GEYERiANA, Auct. Augl. (nec. H.-S.) Corfe ; 2 fine specimens taken, one on May 31, 1889, the other on Aug. 19, 1889, by E.R.B. on Scotland Heath bogs, have been identified by C. G. Barrett. Many have been taken in one heath bog since by E.R.B., who has also bred it from seed-pods of Menyanthes trijoliata (Bog-bean). (For description of larva by N. M. Richardson, and plate by Mrs. Richardson see Proc. D.F.C., XIII., 168.) ,, MANNIANA, F.R. Corfe ; a specimen of this great rarity was taken, flying in the evening, in a bog on Scotland Heath by E.R.B. on June 25, 1889. It has been duly identified by Mr. C. G. Barrett. Chrosis, G. Chrosis bifasciana, H. ( = AUDOUiNANA, Dp.). Corfe ; one, beaten out of spruce fir, was taken by E.R.B. on July 16, 1901, and others since. TINE/E. PSYCHID^. Psyche, Br. (Fumea, Hh.). Psyche (Fumea) intermediella, Br. Studland ; one specimen (a fine male) lately found and identified by E.R.B. among Rev. C. R. 70 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. Digby's former captures (now in Coll. G. W. Bird). The specimen was taken by Rev. C, R. Digby at Studland on Aug. 1, 1885. TINEID^. Tinea, Stn. (Meessia). Tinea (Meessia) richardsoni, Wlsm. (vinculella, Rdsn.). Punfield Cove, near Swanage ; a nice specimen [recently (cir. 1896) found labelled X. argenti- maculella, in Coll. G. R. Bird, and identified by E.R.B. as T. richardsoni] was taken by Rev. C. R. Digby on a grass stem on July 8, 1882. Bred sparingly in 1896 and plentifully in 1897 by E.R.B. from cases found on the underside of rocks and stones in the same locality. This species has hitherto been only recorded from Portland in 1891 and bred where it was discovered in 1894 by N. M. Richardson. (See Proc. D.F.C. XVI., 81, and figs, on plate by Mrs. Richardson. Also Ent. Mon. Mag. XXXI., 61, XXXVI., 176.) Tinea, Stn. (Monopis, Hb.) Tinea (Monopis) crocicapitella, Clms. ( = Lombardica. Hrng, = heringi, Rdsn. = hyalinella, Stdgr., = FERRUGiNELLA, Dyar, nee. H.). Studland ; taken rather commonly on dry, grassy banks near the sea at Southaven, &c., by Rev. C. R. Digby in and about 1889 and 1892. (See Ent. Mon. Mag. XLVIII., 39, and Plate.) Tinea, St7i. (Phylloporia, Hein.). Tinea (Phylloporia) bistrigella, Hw. Corfe ; one swept from birch in Norden plantation by E.R.B. on June 14, 1901. MiCROPTERYX, Z. MiCROPTERYX ARUNCELLA, ♦S'. Corfe ; taken in company with M. calthella and seppella by sweeping LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OP PURBECK. 71 amongst Veronica chamcedrys, &c., in " Scot- land " rough field by E.R.B. in June, 1890. It is firmly believed by E.R.B. to be merely a variety of M. seppella. MiCROPTERYX SEMIPURPURELLA, Ss. Rempstone ; taken not uncommonly among the birch-trees in Goat- horn plantation by Rev. C. R. Digby and E.R.B. on April 19, 1892. Corfe ; by E.R.B. „ sANGii, Wood. Corfe ; on May 16-18, 1895, three undoubted larvae of this species were found by E.R.B. on birch in the Rectory shrubbery, and preserved in spirit of wine so that there may be no question of their identity, for the moths are sometimes inseparable from M. semipurpurella. „ KALTENBACHii, Stn. Corfe ; one taken in the Rectory Copse by E.R.B. on April 22, 1892, and a few more during the next few days. Adela, Lt. Adela rufimitrella, S. Corfe ; taken not uncommonly in Norden Copse by E.R.B. in May, 1901. ,, VIRIDELLA, L. Creech Grange ; one taken by E.R.B. on May 25. 1900. Corfe ; one taken by E.R.B. on June 1, and another by him on June 3, 1901. Arne ; taken by E.R.B. YPONOMEUTIDiE. Yponomeuta, Lt. (Hyponomeuta, Z.). Yponomeuta (Hyponomeuta) plumbella, S.V. Corfe ; one taken by Rev. C. R. Digby on Aug. 13, 1891. Locally common. (E.R.B.) [N.B.— This species was wrongly entered in the original Purbeck list, the specimen there recorded by Rev. C. R. Digby being the grey var. of Y. padella.] „ RORELLUS, Hb. Kimmeridge Coast ; one was taken by E.R.B. near Chapman's Pool, on 72 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. July 26, 1895. In November, 1907, it was identified by E.R.B, with 4 other British specimens in his collection as certainly rorellus, Hb., which species was not then known to occur in the British Isles. PLUTELLID^. Ypsolopha, F. Ypsolopha sylvella, L. Corfe ; one taken on Aug. 13, 1884, and another in 1893, both by E.R.B. GELECHID^. Depressaria, Hw. Depressaria bipunctosa, C. Corfe ; this obscure and very little known species has been taken sparingly on the wing at night, by E.R.B., in 1890 and following years in one old pasture field, where knaj)weed (C. nigra) and a variety of other such plants are plentiful. ,, SCOPARIELLA, Hcin. Corfe ; a few were bred by E.R.B. in Aug., 1904. It appears to be not uncommon locally. „ HYPERiCELLA, H. Corfe ; bred from shoots of Hypericum by E.R.B. in July, 1890. * Gelechia, Stn. Gelechia celerella, Dg. (true). Studland ; a few specimens taken by Rev. C. R. Bigby and E.R.B. at Southaven on Aug. 18, 1890, and a good many by the latter since. Gelechia, Stn. (Bryotropha, Hein.) Gelechia (Bryotropha) tetragonella, Stn. Studland ; taken in fair numbers, flying in the salt * Note. — Gelechia (Anacampsis) vorticella, Z. Corfe ; three taken in the Bucknowle rough field amongst Genista tinctoria on July 13-15, 1891, by E.R.B. Identified as vorticella by Mr. H. T. Stainton. [N.B. — Vorticella was erroneously entered as ligulella in the First Supplement to the Purbeck List. Proc. D.F.C., X., 209.] LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 73 marsh at Southaven in the evening, by Rev. C. R. Digby and E.R.B. on June 24-29, 1892. Gelechia, 8tn. (Lita, Tr.). Gelechia (Lita) maculella, 8s. (maculea, Hw.). Corfe ; one taken by E.R.B. on Aug. 22, 1891. ,, ,, semidecandrella, Thrjl. Studland ; 2 specimens {teste E.R.B.) taken near the shore by Rev. C. R. Digby on July 17, 1888, have remained unidentified until now, but they are clearly this species. ,, ,, SALicoRNiiE, ^rwg'. Wych ; two taken in a salt marsh by E.R.B. on July 31, 1894. Gelechia, 8tn. (Xystophora, Hein.). Gelechia (Xystophora) lutulentella, Z. Corfe ; one netted on the wing in the evening by E.R.B. on July 15, 1890, and taken by him abun- dantly in subsequent years at night in one meadow. Parasia, D. (Metzneria). Parasia (Metzneria) metzneriella, Stn. Corfe Castle ; one was taken by E.R.B. on Aug. 11, 1909. SOPHRONIA, 8tn. Sophronia parenthesella, L. Corfe ; one was taken by E.R.B. on July 10, 1903 (new also to Dorset !), another on July 15, 1903, and another on July 16, 1907. BuTALis, Tr. BuTALis LAMiNELLA, H.-8. Swanage ; taken by sweeping amongst Helianthemum vulgare during bright sunshine in Punfield Cove in June, 1890, by E.R.B., and plentifully by him in the same place in the following years. 74 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. Pancalia, Stn. Pancalia latreillella, C. Swanage ; one taken on Ballard Down by E.R.B. on May 30, 1891. (Identification confirmed by Mr. H. T. Stainton.) GLYPHIPTERIGIDiE.* TiNAGMA, D. (Heliozela, H.-S.) TiNAGMA (Heliozela) betulje, Stn. Corfe ; one swept from birch in Norden Plantation by E.R.B. on June 5, 1901. ARGYRESTHim^. Argyresthia, Stn. Argyresthia ephippella, F. Studland ; two taken by E.R.B. July 13, 1888. ,, conjugella, Z. Arne ; several taken by beating a solitary Mountain Ash tree, by E.R.B., on May 24, 1905. ,, MENDiCELLA, S. (mendica, Hw.). Corfe ; common among blackthorn (E.R.B.). Swan- age ; taken commonly by E.R.B. near Swanage in 1890 and since. „ ARCEUTHINELLA, MeRRIN (ARCEUTHINA, Z.). Rempstone Heath ; abundant among the junipers in the one fir plantation where they grow. Taken by E.R.B. on May 12, 1890. * Note. — Acrolepia marcidella, C. Fresh record. Studland ; a fine specimen was taken on the wing at about 7 p.m. on the sloping banks overhanging the back shore, by Rev. C. R. Digby on June 15, 1892. This is the third specimen that Mr. Digby has taken there, and they have all occurred within a few yards of the old bathing house with a thatched roof. No. 1 was beaten out of the hedge at the top of the bank ; No. 2 taken sitting on a grass stem under the bathing hut ; No. 3 netted on the wing within 2 or 3 yards of the hedge at the top of the bank. (Proc. D.F.C., X., 209, and fig. 3 on plate.) LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 75 Argyeesthia atmoriella, Bnks. Corfe ; taken rather sparingly among larch in Norden new planta- tion by E.R.B. in June, 1901, and plentifully COLEOPHORID^. COLEOPHORA, Z. CoLEOPHORA DEAURATELLA, Lnig. Swanage ; taken not uncommonly by sweeping amongst Trifolium pratense in one small hollow in the clay cliffs between Swanage and Punfield Cove by E.R.B. on July 17, 1892, and since. „ PALLiATELLA, Zk. Corfe ; 3 cases were found in Norden Copse by E.R.B. in June, 1901, and 2 moths were bred from them. „ THERiNELLA, Stn. Swanage Coast ; a fine specimen taken by E.R.B. on June 17, 1891. „ ALTICOLELLA, Z. (lAMPROCARPI, Woocl). Stoborough ; a few cases found on seedheads of Juncus articulatus by E.R.B. on Dec. 29, 1891. Corfe; cases found on Middlebere heath on Feb. 12, 1891, by E.R.B. ,, GLAUCicoLELLA, Wood. Studlaud ; larvae found on seedheads of Juncus hulhosus (or Gerardi ?) on " the plain " beyond Littlesea by Rev. C. R. Digby on Feb. 18, 1892. They were perfectly unmistakeable on account of the extreme minuteness of some of the cases. Wych ; larvae not uncommon on Juncus hulhosus (or Gerardi ?) in April, 1892. E.R.B.) Note. — Gracillaria phasianipennella, v-ar. quadruplella, Z. Studland ; bred with the type from Rumex. The species, but not the variety, has been already recorded in the Purbeck Ust. (Proc. D.F.C. VI., 171.) 76 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. COLEOPHORA APICELLA, Stn. (CACUMINATELLA, Db.) Corfe ; larvse found on seeds of Stellaria graminea in hedgerows by E.R.B. in the beginning of August, 1891. Studland ; larvae found by E.R.B. on Aug. 15, 1891. ELACHISTID^.* Batrachedra, Stn. Batrachedra pinicolella, Z. Rempstone ; 2 taken amongst Scotch fir in Bushey Heath planta- tion by E.R.B. on July 7, 1890. Laverna, C. Laverna phragmitella, Ben., Stn. Corfe ; bred in abundance from old seedheads of Typha latifolia by E.R.B. in July, 1900. ,, decorella, Ss. Corfe ; one taken in Norden House by E.R.B. on Sept. 11, 1900. ASYCHNA, Stn. AsYCHNA modestella, D. Langton Matravers ; 2 taken in Crack Lane by Rev. C. R. Digby on May 29,1891. Corfe; locally abundant. (E.R.B.) ,, ^RATELLA, Z. Swanage Coast ; one was taken by sweeping, by E.R.B. on July 8, 1897. Corfe ; one Avas taken, by sweeping, by E.R.B. on Aug. 5, 1901. Stephen SI A, Stn. Stephensia brunnichella, L. Church Knowle (near Corfe) ; undoubted traces of the work of the larvae in leaves of Clinopodium vulgare found rather commonly in Cocknowle Lane by * Chauliodus illigerella, H. Corfe ; one taken on the wing at dusk in the Rectory Copse by E.R.B. on June 27, 1892. Not new to Purbeck List, but a confirmation of the only previous record, viz., one specimen at Studland by Mr. C. W. Dale on Aug. 11, 1879. (Recorded in the 1st Supplement ; Proc. D.F.C., X., 211.) LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 77 E.R.B. in Sept., 1892, but it was too late to find either larvae or pupae. It seems confined to the chalk, as I have frequently searched for it on other soils in Purbeck, but always in vain. Elachista, Stn. Elachista gleichenella, F. Corfe ; taken in " Scotland " rough field by E.R.B. in June, 1890. ,, cinereopunctella, Hw. Winspit (near Worth) ; taken on June 5, 1889. (E.R.B.) ,, SUBNIGRELLA, Dcj . Corfe ; a few specimens taken by E.R.B. 1887-1893. Worth; one taken in 1889 by E.R.B. Its food plant, Bromus erectus, is rare in Purbeck. LITHOCOLLETID^. * LiTHOCOLLETIS, Z. LiTHOCOLLETis SORBI, Frey. Corfe ; bred plentifully from mines in the under side of leaves of Mountain Ash {Sorbus aucujMria) by E.R.B. in 1896. (N.B. — The imago emerges through the upqxr surface of the leaf, as pointed out by Frey.) „ TORMiNELLA, Frr. (mespilella, H.). Corfe ; bred from mines on the underside of leaves of Mountain Ash {Sorbus aucwparia) by E.R.B. in 1890. Studland ; bred from quince {Cydonia vulgaris) by Rev. C. R. Digby in 1884 and 1885. * LiTHOCOLLETIS TRiGUTTELLA, Stn. Corfe. From a careful study of the unique specimen in the Douglas collection, E.R.B. had made a note in the spring of 1892 that it was almost certainly a queer variety of Lith. faginella. Three weeks later he looked through the long series of faginella bred by him April 27 — May 12, 1891, and found a genuine triguttella among them, thus proving that his supposition was correct. Douglas' specimen is a male, the Corfe one a female. ■ 78 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. LiTHOCOLLETis HEEGERiELLA, Z. Corfe ; Oil oak (E.R.B.). ,, oxYACANTH^, Frtxj. Corfe ; mines abundant on hawthorn, and probably throughout Purbeck. Also bred sparingly from mines on Pyrus aucuparia collected by E.R.B. „ ACERiFOLiELLA, Z. Corfe ; bred from Maple. (E.R.B.) Ulwell; (Rev. C. R. Digby). Creech; (E.R.B.) ,, PYRivoRELLA, Bnks. Corfe ; bred abund- antly from cultivated pear trees of various kinds in the Rectory Gardens, and also plentifully from Pyrus mains by E.R.B. ; also sparingly from Pyrus aucuparia by E.R.B. LYONETIID^. Opostega, Z. Opostega crepusculella, Fiscli. Corfe ; one taken by E.R.B. on July 11, 1902 ; two more by him on July 25, 1905, and a few others since. BUCCULATRIX, Z. BUCCULATRIX CRAT-EGIFOLIELLA, D. (CRAT^^GI, Z., Stn.). Swanage ; taken by E.R.B. in June, 1890. ,, CRiSTATELLA, Fiscli. Corfe ; 2 taken in " Scotland " rough field on June 11, 1890, by Mr. N. M. Richardson, and a few subsequently in the same spot by E.R.B. NEPTICULID^. Nepticula, Z. Nepticula perpygmjeella, Dh. (pygm^ella, Hw., Stn.) Corfe ; bred commonly from hawthorn by E.R.B. in 1890 and subsequently. „ POMELLA, Va. Corfe ; larva common on apple trees. (E.R.B.) „ FULGENS, St7i. Corfe ; empty mines of this species (which are quite as easily distinguish- able from N. tityrella as the moths) were LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 79 found in beech in Corfe Rectory garden by E.R.B. in Oct., 1898. Nepticula acetosella, Merrin (acetos^, Stn.) Corfe ; larvae pretty common (at the E. end of North- castle Hill) in leaves of Rumex acetosella growing among the furze bushes. First found by Rev. C. R. Digby on Aug. 24, 1893, and mines both tenanted and empty were then collected by him and E.R.B. Also locally common on the S.E. slope of the hill on which Corfe Castle stands. (E.R.B., 1895.) Creech ; locally common on the hill above Creech Grange. (E.R.B.) ,, centifoliella, Z., Stn. Studland ; bred May, 1879, from larvae found in Rosa sjyinosissima in the Manor House pony fields by Rev. C. R. Digby in the autumn of 1878. Not satisfac- torily determined till 1892. ,, FRAGARiELLA, Hey. (gei, Wk.) Corfe ; bred from bramble in Feb., 1890. (E.R.B.) „ CONFUSELLA, Wlsm. Corfe ; a mine found by E.R.B. in birch was identified in Sep 5., 1893, by Dr. J. H. Wood as certainly his then unnamed species, since described as con- fusella. Note. — The following occurs in Mr. Bankes' notes — ■ " Nepticula eurema, Drt. Swanage Coast (Punfield) ; taken plenti- fully in 1899 by sweeping amongst Lotus corniculatus. (E.R.B.)." But as I cannot discover that any description of a Nepticzda under this name has been published, and the circumstances strongly suggest cryptella, I assume that it was that species or a variety of it, perhaps the variety with pale opjoosite spots on the forewing alluded to under the record of Nepticula cryptella in the first Purbeck List, Proc. D.F.C., VI., 175, which may have been mistakenly thought at one time to be a distinct species, and for which this name may have been suggested. (N. M. Richardson.) 80 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. Nepticula fletcheri, TuU. Corfe ; bred plentifully, in company with N. anomalella, from larvae in leaves of the garden rose growing up the E. front of Corfe Rectory House. (E.R.B.) Trifurcula, Z. Trifurcula immundella, Z. Rempstone Heath ; taken amongst broom by E.R.B. Aug. 19-31, 1889. Corfe ; plentiful amongst broom. „ PALLiDELLA, Z. Corfe ; taken sparingly amongst Genista tinctoria by E.R.B., Sept. 5-18, 1889, and plentifully in the following year. (Only four specimens had been pre- viously taken in Britain, 2 in Lancashire, and 2 in Hertfordshire.) „ PULVEROSELLA, St7i. Corfe ; some empty mines of this species were found on wild apple by E.R.B., July 23, 1897. PTEROPHORI. PTEROPHORID^. Pterophorus, Lt. Pterophorus isodactylus, Z. Stoborough water meadows ; 4 or .5 larvse found in stems of Senecio aquaticus by E.R.B. on August 2, 1890. ,, GALACTODACTYLUS, H. Crecch Grange ; bred from larvae found on burdock by E.R.B. in the " big wood " on June 12, 1891. Corfe ; occurs sparingly in one small spot in a wood. u 1- < Q. 7" ^^^ /_i 1 ''^v "•-, '■■-,■■■, V\ \\ •rt / A y^ ^ ^^ - \X ''■---/•\"\l \ n \ "*" / / ^ • ■'■ -'■' /// \V\ "'^ '^•''^"'•' \ "^ // ■■ r /// -Is \ ^^\ "'• '• '■■ \ / ^ \ \\ „ \ / / / / — ,. * ^ \ 2\\ // / / / = 1 2 \ 2 \ \ lU // '■■'/// ^ - Ui ^V\ \ D ' / / s'xv X|| s q: x^^ ) z > 3Sli3ASNVHJ. W 1 < Wm / /\ \ \ \\ \ ^M 1 ^ \ '■ '■. \ \ \ . i * 5 2 °i pS ::3 V^ :*^ ** = > h X X X h Uj oi K H Wl < c2 y >< *< 3 «J §1 ?: o Q aa X \ o 5 4 ^ \ 1 u s 5? ^ \ . ^ < ► A tjoui/j.^ Autfinsvis/i/oj iS Interim Beport on tl)c (Exritbations at iEaumburt) Hings, Dorclicstcr, 1912. Committee : H. Colley March, M.D., F.S.A., Chairman. John E. Acland, F.S.A., Hon. Sec. W. M. Barnes J. G. N. CHft J. M. Falkner R. H. Forster * J. C. Mansel-Pleydell H. B. Middleton * H. Pentin Alfred Pope, F.S.A. C. S. Prideaux W. de C. Prideaux * N. M. Richardson C. W. Whistler * Executive Body, Dorset Field Club. HE Report which follows has been prepared by Mr. H. St. George Gray, who has once more directed the investigations for the Committee, the season's work having lasted from 26th Aug. to 18th Sept., 1912. The many interesting features which were brought to light are fully described and illus- trated in the following pages, and all tend to confirm the views previously expressed as to the history of the site, and the character of the work executed at different periods. 82 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. The thanks of the Committee are especially due to Mr, C. S. Prideaux for the constant help rendered to Mr. Gray, and for the hospitality accorded to him during his visit. We should also mention Major Willcock and Mr. Sebastian Evans, who almost daily gave assistance on the ground. As in former years, materials and appliances were lent by the Town Council of Dorchester, Messrs. Lott and Walne, Mr. Foot, Mr. Slade, and Mr. Feacey, to all of whom we tender our thanks. The total expenditure for the 3'ear came to £84 6s. 4d., and the receipts to £100 14s. 7d., but charges incidental to the production of this Report have still to be met. Signed on behalf of the Committee, H. CoLLEY March, Chairman. EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 83 SHORT REPORT ON THE EXCAVATIONS OF 1912. By H. ST. GEORGE GRAY. Brief Description of the Plates accompanying this Report : — Plate I. — Sketch-plan of Maumbury Rings, similar to that given in the Third Interim Report, 1910, the position of the 1912 excavations having been added. It shows the relative position of the cuttings made in 1908, 1909, 1910, and 1912, but the scale is too small to attempt to show structural details. This plan differs, however, fron:i the previous one in indicating the position of the prehistoric shafts so far discovered, and it is seen that they follow the curve of the great embankment at the foot of the interior slojoe. Plate II., fig. A. — Cutting XXVII., outside the N.N.E. Entrance, September 4th, 1912. Photograph taken from the W.N.W. margin of a grave containing a human skeleton, the knees of which are drawn up.. The interment was at a minimum depth of 2"4ft. below the surface of the turf. To the east a smaller excavation in the solid chalk was found, connected with the grave jDroper, but divided by a slight ridge of chalk. At the bottom of the smaller hole a few iron nails and a dark brown earthenware pot, of Romano -British type, were dis- covered. The pot (fig. 1 in text) is shown in this photograph in the exact position in which it was uncovered, at a distance of 3'2ft. from the top of the skull. Plate II., fig. B.— Cutting XXI., Shaft X., September 13th, 1912. Part of the back of the skull of a red-deer with antlers attached ; photographed in the jaosition discovered in the filling of Shaft X,, at a depth of 14"5ft. below the turf over the arena. The skull was found tight against the wall of the shaft. One of the antlers (max. length 84 EXCAVATIONS AT MATJMBURY RINGS. 3ft. 2ins.) was complete, having brow, bez, and trez tines, and four points on top. A broken antler pick is seen at the bottom of the photograph. Plate III. — Cutting XXI., W.N.W. side of the arena, September 13th, 1912. Photograph giving a general view of this large cutting taken from the N.W. terrace, looking S.W. ; in the distance the S.W. embankment, and on the extreme left the southern entrance. The solid chalk wall covers a large part of the right-hand side of the photo- graph, above which the material forming the XVII. Century terrace is seen. Following the line of the eastern margin of the cutting and running nearly parallel to it, the curved edge of the arena is well defined ; it is bounded by the " inner trench," in which the position of the post-holes is indicated by wooden pegs. The line of the " outer trench " is represented by the post-holes seen in the middle of the foreground. Owing to the presence of a series of prehistoric shafts, rammed chalk had to be used by the Romans very considerably in this position. The levelling-rod stands on rammed chalk flooring, which, on being removed, revealed Shaft VIII. ; the mouths of other shafts are seen in the photograph. Plate IV.— Cutting XXI., Shafts VIII., IX., and X., September 18th, 1912. PhotograjDh taken from the N.N.E. siiowing some of the shafts excavated in the solid chalk in prehistoric times and re-excavated recently to reveal their form, depth, and contents. At the toj? of the photograph the margin of Shaft VIII. can be traced ; this was not re-excavated. Behind the top of the ladder the mouth of Shaft IX. is seen ; this was entirely cleared out, its depth being 28'5ft. below the surface of the turf over the arena. The 25-rung ladder stands on the bottom of Shaft X. (depth 25'5ft.) ; this pit had a double bottom divided by a little chalk ridge 9ins. high. In the immediate foreground comes Shaft XI., the S. half of which was re-excavated to the bottom (depth 28ft.). Plate V.— Cutting XXI., Shafts IX., X., and XI., September 18th, 1912. Photograph taken from the S.S.W. from the slope of the terrace, showing Shaft XI. in process of re-excavation. Shaft IX., in the foreground, was cleared out and filled up again before this photograph was taken. The 25-rung ladder rests on the bottom of Shaft X. Dark seams of mould or decayed vegetable matter are seen in the chalk rubble filling of Shaft XI. Very narrow ridges of chalk are seen to divide Shafts IX. and X., and Shafts X. and XI. On the right-hand side the edge of the western curve of the solid chalk arena-floor is seen ; Roman remains were found on it. EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 85 I. — Introductory Remarks. Our knowledge of Roman amphitheatres in Britain has been at a standstill from the time of the close of the excava- tions at Maumbury Rings in 1910 till the renewal of the work at Dorchester in August, 1912. It was anticipated that the exploration of the amphitheatre known as " King Arthur's Round Table " at Caerleon would be continued in 1912, but it has not been found practicable. There is, how- ever, at the present time a scheme before the public to raise £500 to purchase the site of this amphitheatre, to excavate it, and to put the remains in such a state of repair as to enable them to withstand the weather. When completed it is possible that the monument may be handed over to the National Trust. Comparative notes on the Maumbury and Caerleon amphitheatres were given in my third Report, and Mr. John Ward, F.S.A., has since that time put a few notes on record.* The oval structure at Caerwent has not been proved to be an amphitheatre, f and recent excavations there have revealed nothing of a definite character. There is said to be a circular wall, some 130 feet in diameter, enclosing an octagon, and inside the latter some stonework not yet examined. { The director of the Maumbury excavations, as in past years, has received valuable support from the members of the sub-Committee, and the general organisation of the investigations was all that could be desired. Dr. H. Colley March, F.S.A., Captain J. E. Acland, F.S.A., and Mr. W. de C. Prideaux were frequently on the ground ; and Mr. Chas. S. Prideaux, without whom the work could not have been carried on with any degree of comfort, showed all his * Archaeol. Journ., LXIX. (1912), 184, 193, 203. t Archaeol. Journ., LXIX. (1912), 198. X It is thought that tlie structure may prove to be some sort of temple. 86 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS, enthusiasm and acumen of former years ; his camping arrangements, with caravan and tents, were even on a more lavish scale than in 1910. The kind assistance of Major S. Willcock and Mr. Sebastian Evans cannot be too warmly acknowledged. As previoush', the director has held himself responsible for the recording of the work, the preparation of all plans, sectional drawings and photographs,* as well as the care and repair of the relics discovered. Help in the matter of identifj'ing specimens has been kindly rendered by Mr. E. T. Newton, F.R.S., Mr. Clement Reid, F.R.S., and Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. In conjunction with this, the Fourth Interim Report, readers are recommended to peruse the previously published papers on the subject, to enable them to interpret the full significance of some of the details of structural interest. The sketch-plan (Plate I.) is intended merely to show the general outline of Maumbury Rings and the relative position of the twenty-nine cuttings already made. The detailed plans, sectional diagrams, and contoured map (it should be repeated in this paper) are reserved for a fuller Report on the excavations. During this season the investigation of the outer part of the northern entrance was completed, finding the Civil War trench again and the limit of the chalk cut to form a flat roadway leading into the arena. The first cutting (No. XXII.) made, revealed quite a new structural feature, viz., a deep trench of V-shaped section which extended first in a N.W. direction, and afterwards turned almost due south, terminat- ing at the foot of the great embankment not many j-ards westward of the Avestern margin of the entrance. In pursuing this investigation another human skeleton, the fifth found in these excavations, was discovered — in this instance in a shallow grave hewn in the chalk, — and associated with these * Subscribers may see the full series of photographs (1908-1910, and 1912) on applying at the Dorset County Museum. EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 87 bones of a powerfully-built and tall man was a small and complete earthenware vessel, assigned to the Romano- British period. Within the Rings, a very large cutting (No. XXI.), measur- ing some 60ft. by 26ft., was made on the N.W. side of the arena in continuation of Cutting XX. of 1910, where a large area deeply recessed into the solid chalk wall (described in the Third Interim Report) Avas discovered. In this excava- tion we had to deal with a period covering some 4,000 years, or at least from Neolithic times down to the Civil Wars of Charles I. The northern termination of this western recess and platform was found ; and it was observed that the solid chalk wall further north sloped considerably, and was more- over covered to a large extent with rammed chalk. This afforded indication of the existence of another series of prehistoric shafts below the rammed chalk of the Roman work. Undoubtedly the Romans had great difficulties to contend with when forming their amphitheatre, or adapting the site to their requirements. In this particular cutting, only a small part of the western curve of the arena floor was found to be of solid chalk, all the other Roman work over the position of several prehistoric shafts being of rammed chalk ; so that the greatest care had to be exercised in following the details of construction. It is worthy of note that the inner curve of the earthwork follows the line of these shafts, the relative position of which is given in the Plan (Plate I.) ; and it may prove to be an important factor in determining the age of the great embank- ment. The existence of at least eleven of these shafts is now known, and a large proportion of our time this season has been occupied in endeavouring to ascertain their true significance. Their contents have been of no little interest, but their real purpose is not positively proved, although it is probable that in sinking them an attempt was made to obtain good flint suitable for the manufacture of small or delicate implements. Their depth was fairly uniform. Measured from the present turf-level covering the arena, the depths of 88 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. the five shafts re-excavated were 24-5, 25-5, 28, 28-5, and 30 feet respectively. One of the chief reasons for making this large cutting (No. XXI.) was to complete the excavation of the N.W. quarter of the margin of the arena from the transverse axis to the northern entrance, and to trace the arena wall con- tinuously, the inner and outer trenches, and the post-holes in which the vertical supports for the barriers formerly stood. This has been satisfactorily accomplished. The most important things which remain to be done are : — The excavation of the eastern recess and platform (on the line of the transverse axis), if such exist ; the tracing of the arena wall and its accompanying features from the middle of the eastern side to Cutting II. Extension near the northern entrance ; and the examination of the great embank- ment down to the ancient turf line. It is proposed to cut a section through half the bank from the inner side in one position, and half from the outer side in quite a different place ; in this way there will be no permanent disfigurement to the present contour of the earthwork, and the archaeological evidence derivable thereby should be as valuable by this means as by making a single cutting straight through the great bank. It is a question, too, if the front (N. side) of the so-called "den" should not be examined. Time did not permit of completing the work in this position in 1909. II. — Excavations Outside the Northern Entrance, Cuttings XXII., XXVI., XXVIII., and XXIX., see Plan, Plate I. {See Cuttings XVII. and XIX., Reyort, 1910.) Cutting XXII. in the first instance measured 36ft. by 6ft., and was made at right angles to the long axis of Maum- bury. In digging Cutting XVII. (1910) the N. limit of the floor of the ancient entrance was not reached ; it was found EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 89 to be rising slightly towards the N., whereas the floor of the " Civil War trench " fell in the same direction (see Plate II., Report, 1910). The object in digging Cutting XXII., there- fore, was to ascertain whether the solid chalk entrance extended further towards the town. In Cutting XVII. the W. chalk wall was revealed in diminished proportions, and this year it was found to disappear altogether beyond Cutting XXII. Moreover, the rise in the chalk roadway ceased, and proof was afforded that the N. termination of the Roman entrance was 3" 8ft. higher than the solid arena at its N. margin. Close to the floor a piece of ornamented Samian pottery (No. 248) was uncovered, and a coin of Constantino I. {Vrbs Roma) was found in filling-in. It was found also that the Civil War trench on the east side of this cutting was still falling northwards, the difference in the level of the bottom of the trench and the Roman floor being about 2- 3ft. This trench was 7-7ft. wide at the Roman level, and 5-7ft. at the bottom. In the lower half of the filling were found XVII. Century shards, an iron key-shaped object (Fig. 2), and a French counter with AVE as the only legend, repeated {circa 1550). In Cutting XXIV. (7ft. by 3ft.), further N.N.E., the W. edge of the C.W. trench was again struck ; also in Cutting XXV. (10ft. by 4ft.) close to the wall of the Constabulary Station, where it was 4 •5ft. deep below the present surface. In it were found a small bronze buckle and some XVII. Century shards. Another reason for digging here was because archaeological remains were discovered when the wall was being built in 1893, and the trench was also disclosed then.* The C.W. trench was again met with in a garden * Dorset Album, Vol. I., part 2, p. 27b. — " April, 1893 ; five graves shown as having clean straight cut sides, 3ft. or 4ft. deep, running in a line 70ft. to 180ft. measured from Wej^mouth Road fence. In the graves two Roman coins, a small Roman cup and a two-handled cup (R68 and R139), a rapier, iron bands, coffin nails, &c." These antiquities are in the Dorset County Museum. 90 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. behind the Police Station late in 1910, and its position was noted by Mr. C. S. Prideaux. In digging Cutting XXII. an entirely new structural feature was found, viz., a large ditch (called the New Ditch) of V-shaped section extending obliquely across the W. half of the cutting. Its E. termination, abrupt and clean cut, was found to be about 6ft. short of the W. margin of the C.W. trench. Here its average dimensions at the Roman floor level were, — width at top 7ft., depth 3- 7ft. In the filling of the ditch a number of shards of potter^-, some glazed, were found, all, except two small Romano-British frag- ments, dating between Norman times and the XVII. Century. Cutting XXIII., lift, by 4ft., was dug with the intention of tracing the course of the new ditch, which was found to be clearly defined, and its N. margin was also traced between this cutting and Cutting XXII. In the filling at a depth of 2*3ft. was found the false spout of some sort of glazed puzzle- jug (No. 336), Avith slits and perforations, date circa 1650. With the same object in view the E. end of Cutting XXVII. was dug, bvit the ditch was not found to extend so far westwards. Cutting XXVI., 16'8ft. long, 4"7ft. max. width, was also dug to follow the New Ditch, and it soon became evident that it made an abrupt turn southwards at the N. end of the cutting (see Plan). The full width of the ditch was not exposed here, but the bottom was laid bare (average width l*6ft.). On the outer side, on the top of the solid chalk profile of the ditch, a semicircular recess was cleared out, measuring 2^ft. in length. Glazed shards were again found here, and close to the bottom a modern tea-spoon (No. 261) of German silver, plated, circa 1870. The shape of the spoon came into use at the end of the XVIII. Century, but this thin form is of much more recent date. In seeking the termination of the ditch. Cutting XXVIII., a small excavation, 6ft. by 55ft., was made further south. Here a quantity of ox bones was found within 3ft. of the EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 91 surface ; and at 6ft. an iron spike-nail (No. 277), length 7|ins., having a rather modern appearance. The last excavation made in this connection was Cutting XXIX., irregular in outline, its N.N.E. margin being only a few feet from Cutting XXVIII. Here we found the termina- tion of the New Ditch a foot or two under the exterior slope of the great embankment (see Plan). The bottom, having an increased average width of 2ft., was reached 6ft. below the surface. At the end of the ditch and at the W.S.W. corner of the cutting, a trench (width 3ft. at bottom) was found to join the larger ditch at a higher level, and it appeared to extend in a W. direction. Here our investigations had to cease. Scattered on the bottom of Cutting XXIX. was found the greater part of a thin glazed earthenware vessel (No. 295), ornamented with horizontal ribbings and a wave pattern. It is a kind of albarello, height SJins., of a form often seen in Lambeth delft. It is referable to the middle of the XVII. Century. The iron harness-ring (No. 304) found on the bottom of the side trench has a modern appearance. General Description of the New Ditch. — This ditch, measured along the middle, was about 95ft. in length. Beginning in Cutting XXII. just outside the N. entrance, it extended in a N.N.W. direction, and after turning to the W.N.W. for a short distance it made, on approaching Cutting XXVI., an abrupt turn towards the S., terminating against the great embankment. It was about 9 ■5ft. wide at the turf level. It was quite evident that it had not been allowed to silt up, but was intentionally filled, and apparently the material was thrown in from the inner side. Whatever its purpose, it could never have been used for drainage, as the relative levels of the bottom show. Between the E. end of Cutting XXII. (see Plan) and its W. end there is a fall of 0-58ft., and from the latter point to Cutting XXIII. a fall of only 008ft. Then, between Cutting XXIII. and the N. end of Cutting XXVI. there is a rise of 0-34ft., and in the length of the latter cutting a rise of 1ft. ; in Cutting XXIX. the bottom was at a still higher level. Thus it is seen 92 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. that the bottom of the New Ditch at its angle was about 6ins. deeper than the E. termination and about 21 ins. deeper than the other end against the embankment. The relics discovered were for the most part XVII. Century. Of course it is quite possible that the modern tea-spoon had worked down to the depth of 5- 7ft. by means of burrowing animals ; on the other hand if it were thrown in with the filling it would indicate that the ditch was still open circa 1870 ! The fact that one or two Romano-British shards were found deep is of no importance, as they are frequently found mixed with the soil in the vicinity of a Roman station. The ditch can in all probability be dated by the albarello found on the bottom, viz., about the middle of the XVII. Century ; and the great majority of the shards, &c., point to that period. The ditch very likely was hurriedly dug and its use of short duration, and it is quite probable that it was refilled very soon after its original excavation. The solid chalk sides had not the appearance of long exposure to subaerial forces. This ditch may have served as a protection against a sudden attack of Roj^alists from the direction of the Weymouth Road, when the Parliamentary troops held Maumbury during the Civil Wars. The excavated material may perhaps have been deposited on the inner side to form a stockade and a bank for musketeers to lie down upon when defending the entrance from the enemy's attack.* III. — Human Interment in Cutting XXVII. This was the most westerly cutting made outside the N. entrance (see Plan). It was begun with the intention of * Major Phillips, R.E., in " Field Fortification," says, " It is generally desirable to close or protect a ' gorge ' of open works with some obstacle, as a guard against surprise. It may be of any nature, provided it keeps an enemy out of the work." EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 93 tracing the New Ditch, and in making this attempt Major Willcock turned up a human lower jaw. The cutting was extended to 14£t. by 4ft. to afford room for further investiga- tion. Eventually the complete skeleton of a powerfully-built man, fully adult, was uncovered in a grave of irregular form hewn in the solid chalk, the natural surface of which was I'Sft. below the turf (see Plate II.). The grave proper was found to be 5-2ft. in length at the bottom ; to the east was an oblong cavity measuring 3"4ft. by 2-8ft. at the top, being a little smaller at the bottom, which was reached at a depth of 3- 15ft. beneath the surface. The two parts of the grave were divided by a ridge of chalk of slight relief and about 1ft. wide, the skull coming very near the west margin of the ridge ; the top of the cranium was only 2 •4ft. below the surface. The grave proper was 2- 15ft. wide at the top, and l'9ft. at the bottom. Thus it is seen that the body was pushed into a narrow grave, head to E., feet to W. The right foot pressed against the solid end ; both legs were drawn up at the knees. The head rested on its left side on the bottom of the grave, facing S.S.W. The body touched the sides of the grave at four points, viz., the left knee, right hip, right elbow, and left hand. The length of the skeleton measured in its cramped position, from the skull to the toes, was 5-5ft. Mixed with the soil and rubble, filling the grave, were a few flint flakes. An interesting discovery was made at the bottom of the oblong cavity to the east of the skull and at a distance of 3'2ft. from it, viz., a complete globular vessel. No. 264 (Fig. 1), of dark brown pottery of a form and quality typical of the Romano -British period, and of similar character to the pot (No. 205) found in some fifty fragments (but now restored) close to the right hand of the contracted human skeleton met with in Cutting XVIII. in the N. entrance (see Report, 1910). The vase (No. 264) was found standing on its base, as seen in Plate II. ; height 4ins., max. diam. nearly 4ins. It is not lathe-turned ; the external surface is burnished at 94 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 264 top and bottom, but the band encircling the pot is rougher and is or- namented by burnished oblique lines. Within a foot of the vessel and on its N. side several flat-headed iron nails (No. 265), originally about 2|ins. long, were found within a small area (Plate II.). Wood, resembling oak, still adheres to them. The skull may be described as medium- headed, approaching round, being rounder than that of the R.B. skeleton found in Cut- ting XVIII. The hori- zontal circumference of the skulls is the same. The occipital protuberance is abnor- mally developed ; the internal ridge at this point is also very prominent — the thickness of the skull here being 20'5mm. The skull (Cutting XXVII.) has a remarkably powerful lower jaw with square chin and wide angle, the bigonial breadth being 113mm. (the average of eight lower jaws of the Romano-British period found by Pitt-Rivers in Wor Barrow being 97mm.). The ridges for the attachment of muscles are enormously developed, and the maximum thick- ness of the jaw is 18-5mm. The bones are very massive and thick, and the muscular attachments well developed. The thighs are deeply arched and have very pronounced longitudinal ridges. The estimated stature, calculated from femora plus tibiae, is 6ft. Ofin. Fig. 1. — Earthenware Pot of the Romano-British period, found in association with the human skeleton in Cutting XXVII., Maumbury Rings, 1912. {From a Drawing; hij Mr. E. SpranhUng.) EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 95 IV.— Cutting XXI. Roman and Later (Plate III.). Cutting XXI. was the largest excavation made during the four seasons' Avork, its margins, though irregular, measur- ing some 60ft. by 26ft. During the work three main objects Avere kept in view, viz. {a) the examination of the remaining portion of the platform and enclosure recessed into the solid chalk wall ; (b) the completion of the examination of the structural details in the N.W. quarter of the arena, so that the former excavations in Cuttings X. and XX. might be connected ; and (c) observations having reference to the position of prehistoric shafts, if any existed, between those in Cutting XX. (1910) and Shafts I. (1908) and IV. (1910) further round the curve to the N.E. Here we have to deal with (a) and (b). The N.E. termination of the enclosure was reached much nearer to Cutting XX. than was anticipated. All through the new cutting the material thrown up during the Civil Wars to form a terrace was removed, and the face left standmg on the N.W. showed — as clearly as any diagram could — the old turf line which formerly represented the contour of the lower part of the great embankment between Roman times and the XVII. Century (Plate III.). Below this, again, was more rubble, apparently attributable to the Roman period, which covered another old turf line, less well defined, just above what appeared to be the natural level of the chalk. But on coming a little further eastward from the N.W. margin of the cutting, it was found that the solid chalk had been worked down to a considerable slope, and it was evident that this was prehistoric work, suggesting the existence of the mouths of the shafts at no great distance beloAv (Plates III. and v.). For the present, however, we must return to later times. In the material forming the Civil W^ar terrace XVII. Century shards were found and three leaden bullets ; also a Nuremberg 96 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. counter, circa 1550 (No. 266), the obverse inscribed " Hans Schulter," the reverse inscription blundered. On the old turf line below the terrace material the following were found : — A small metal pin (No. 259), an iron knife (No. 257), and a well-worn bronze bell, or crotal (No. 256), of a form known to date from Elizabethan times. Of greater interest was the Harrington farthing (No. 258) of Charles I. (the earlier issue) found in the same position, namely, the level at which the threepence of Elizabeth, 1564 (No. 192), was discovered in 1910. Mixed with the rubble towards the base of the terrace was found a ring-bead (No. 273) of lemon-coloured glass partly encompassed by the remains of a bronze link for suspension (Fig. 2). As it is of Late-Celtic character it was evidently not in its original position. The type is not uncommon in the Lake-villages of Somerset. Two large and six small ring-beads of light amber-coloured glass (one is of lemon shade) were found at Belbury Camp.* The next stage in the operations was to clear the N.N.E. end of the recess and platform, which, judging from the relics found in 1910, were cut out of the solid chalk during the Roman period ; and it will be interesting to know if a similar enclosure exists below the terrace on the opposite, or E.S.E., side of the arena. It was to be regretted that the whole of this area on the W. could not be excavated at one and the same time (Plate IV., 1910 Report). But the drawings clearly show that the enclosure, as far as the cut chalk is concerned, was not rectangular but an irregular oblong ; neither was it centrally placed when considered in connection with the central transverse axis of Maumbury. The enclosure was bounded by chalk walls, except on the side open to the arena, and at both ends there were trenches dug to receive large vertical wooden posts. Measured at the foot of the * Exhibited in the Dorset County Museum ; Archaeologia, XLVIII., PI. vi., 10. EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 97 walling the platform was 16ft. long, including the trenches (2ft. each). It is less easy to give its original width, the solid margin on the E. being interfered AA'ith owing to the position of Shafts VII. and VIII., but the maximum width of the solid part remaining is lift. At, and just beyond, the N.E. corner of the platform, but at a higher level, a group of eight stones was uncovered (depth l"6ft. below the turf line under the terrace material). They were contained in an area 4ft. by 2- 8ft. The most easterly slab bore signs of fire, and the charred wood collected proved to be hazel. Another scattered group of five stones was revealed at the N.E. end of the cutting on the Roman level. Along the E.S.E. margin of the cutting the solid arena- floor was reached at a depth of 3"55ft. and at a level about 1ft. lower than the platform of the recess (Plates III. and V.). This floor was bounded by the inner trench, was somewhat complicated in design, and had the ledge, or step, on the inner side more or less slightly recessed at irregular intervals averaging 6ft., similar to features met with in Cutting XX. Near the margin of the inner trench a basin-shaped hole was discovered in the arena-floor, 14|in. by 12|in., and 6Jins. deep ; round the sides there were about twenty well- defined pick-marks. (A small white patch marks the spot in Plate III.) Near the hole a narrow seam of flint projected (sometimes 2in.) above the level of the floor. On the floor and close to the hole an uninscribed British coin of bronze (No. 269) was found — of a degraded' type and of a kind common in Dorset (Fig. 2). Some years ago these coins were supposed to belong to about the end of the first century B.C. ; in 1897 they were found at Rushmore (S. Wilts) in association with coins of Claudius I., A.D. 41—54 ; * but from recent discoveries at Hengistbury Head in Hants it is now known that they were current till about A.D. 130. * Pitt-Rivers' "Excavations," IV., Plate 317. 98 EXCAVATIONS AT MATJMBURY RINGS. Near the British coin, on the floor, a much distorted bronze armlet (No. 270) of the " slip-knot " variety was found (Fig. 2). The method of manufacture rendered it possible 249 Fig. 2. — Relics found at Maumbury Rings, 1912. 2-19. Iron Key-shaped Object, Cutting XXII. 269. Uninscribed British Coin. 270. Bronze Armlet, distorted, of the " slip-knot " variety. 273. Lemon-coloured Glass Bead (scale §). 288. Flint Implement. 300. Ornamented Pot-cover. 335. Iron Arrowhead. All, with the exception of No. 249, were found in Cutting XXI. {From Drawings bi/ Mr. E. SpranUing.) EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 99 to pass the armlet over a hand, however large, the spring of the ornament exerting a pressure on the arm which would keep it in place. These armlets have not infrequently been found in England, including, in the S.W., Woodcuts (N. Dorset) and Puckington (Somerset). A bronze leglet of the same type was found in 1896 in Albert Road, Dorchester, encircling the thigh-bone of a human skeleton.* On the same part of the arena floor, or near it, the following remains of the Roman period were found : — 263, piece of a Kimmeridge shale armlet and an iron nail ; 267, small disc of stone, probably a counter ; 271, rim piece of pottery with burnished lattice pattern ; and 272, piece of green glass handle. Owing to the earlier mutilation of the solid chalk, the whole of the trench in this cutting, in w^hich wooden posts had been placed to support the outer barrier, and the greater part of the inner trench which followed the true margin of the arena, had been formed in rammed and puddled chalk, and in some places they were filled with a dark, rich mould. Post-holes were clearly defined in these trenches, those in the outer trench averaging 3ft., and those in the inner trench 4ft., apart (Plate III.). Most of these post-holes were circular. Dealing with so much rammed chalk it was by no means easy to trace the true surface of the Roman work, but when the clue was once obtained the features were carefully exposed. Repairs had evidently been frequent. In places the surface of the rammed chalk w^as covered with shells (described elsewhere) . It now remains to give a brief description of the rest of the numbered relics found in Cutting XXI. having reference to the Roman work. * It is exhibited in the Dorset County Museum, as also are t^vo twisted armlets of gold of similar design from the Fayyiim, Egypt. The Dorchester and Puckington specimens are figured in the writer's paper on the subject in Proc. Som. Arch. Soc, LVII., ii., 94. 100 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 255. Iron nail, embedded in highest part of wall. 260. " Third brass " coin of Constantine I., circa A.D. 335 ; a poor specimen of the Gloria Exercitus type ; depth 2ft. below the larger group of stones. 268. Small globular glass bead, painted red ; in rammed chalk. 274. Fragment of shale armlet, on level of inner trench ; another piece. No. 334, found in filling-in. 288. ChiiDped flint implement, weathered white, of Neolithic type, length 3^in. (Fig. 2) ; in rammed chalk, depth 3ft. 294. Fragment of red Samian ware, ornamented ; depth 2"5ft. 296. Oval hammer-stone of bi-convex section, 3in. in diam., smooth on both faces and bearing evidence of hammering round the edges ; in rammed chalk, depth 5"5ft. 297. Part of a Romano-British bowl of black burnished ware, with bead rim ; in inner trench, depth 6ft. 298. Fragments of red Samian and other ware ; in the rammed chalk of arena-floor, depth 4' 7ft. 299. Fragments of R.B. pottery, red on faces, black internally ; depth 4' 85ft. on arena-floor. 300. Greater part of a pot-cover, of blackish-brown ware, with funnel-shaped perforated knob (Fig. 2) ; the burnished surface faintly ornamented with triangles filled with crossed lines, and comparable with designs found in the Lake-villages in Somerset. Depth 4'8ft. on rammed chalk arena level. 301. Large iron ring, corroded and distorted ; over the inner trench, depth 4"8ft. 302. Bent bronze pin, perhaps of a brooch ; on rammed floor. 303. Part of an iron spear-head with sides hammered up to form a socket ; found as No. 302. 335. Small iron arrowhead (Fig. 2), with rivet-hole on one side of the hammered up socket, length 51mm. ; found in filling-in. v.— Cutting XXI. The Prehistoric Shafts (Plates III., IV., and V.). [See Cutting X., Report, 1908 ; Cutting XV., 1909; Cuttings XII. Extension and XX., 1910.) We must now turn to the someAvhat puzzling shafts of which eleven have been uncovered at the mouth, five having been completely re-excavated (Plan, Plate I.). The first was Plate iv MAUMBURY RINGS, DORCHESTER, 1912. CUTTING XXI. i PREHIvSTORIC vSHAFTS, Nos. VIII, IX, X and XI. j (Full Title given at the beginning of the Report.) I From a Photograph by Mr. H. St. George Gray,' EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 101 cleared out at the foot of the earthwork in Cutting X. (1908), depth 30ft. (the depth of all being given below the nearest turf over the arena). In front of " the den " in Cutting XV. (1909) at least two shafts (Nos. II. and III.) are known, one of which was re-excavated to a depth of 19ft. Cutting XII. Extension revealed part of the outline of a very large pit, No. IV. (Plate III., 1910 Report) ; and a series of three shafts (Nos. v., VI., and VII.) were met with in Cutting XX. between the " inner trench " and the solid chalk core of the arena-wall (Plate IV., 1910 Report). Of these. No. VI. was completely re-excavated (depth 24-5ft.), and within 2ft. of the bottom fragments of a rude pottery vessel were found. The outline of Shaft VIII. was partly revealed in 1910, and partly in 1912 when Cutting XXI. was extended for the purpose. At the top of the filling, part of an antler pick (No. 320) was found. The excavation of Cutting XXI. added three shafts more (Nos. IX., X., and XI.) to the list, and the bottom of all of them Avas reached, their depth being 28'5ft., 25'5ft., and 28ft. respectively. The average depth of the five shafts re-excavated was 27" 3ft. Their outlines were irregular (Plate I.). Nos. VI., VII., and VIII. were separated from each other at the top by very narrow partitions, and Nos. IX., X., and XI. were similar in this respect. A few feet separated Shafts V. and VI., and Shafts VIII. and IX. ; a V-shaped gutter cut in the solid chalk connected the two latter. Shaft IX. (Plates III. and IV.). — Below the mouth where the sides became steep the shaft was 7ft. in diam., and at a ledge further down the dimensions were 4- 25ft. by 4' 5ft. At 1ft. from the bottom it was only l"7ft. across, and ultimately it lessened to 1ft.* At the top of the shaft against the N.W. side two deep, vertical, and well-worn grooves M-ere * The floor of one of the shafts at Cissbury was 4*5ft. in diameter, and this was unusually small {Archaeologia, LXIII., 123). 102 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. noticed, which may have been caused by the rubbing of ropes used for the ascent and descent of men and material when the shaft was sunk. Red-deer antler was plentiful, including twelve picks, more or less broken, found in the filling, down to a depth of 27ft. Two crowns of antlers were also met with ; one had perhaps served the purpose of a rake ; the other had been much used, judging from the extreme smoothness of the implement. Three of the picks bore traces of fire. With few exceptions the picks found here and in the adjoining shafts were formed from shed antlers. A few large flint flakes, up to 4|in. in length, were found between 23ft. and 26ft., and a flint with deep marks of calcination, depth 26-5ft. One small fragment of prehistoric pottery (No. 291), unornamented, was discovered at 26ft. Shaft X. (Plate IV.). — This shaft may, perhaps, have been started by prehistoric man as two distinct pits. Its double bottom was in the form of an elongated 8, the two halves, small and of oval outline, being divided by a ridge of chalk 9ins. high. The top of the division between this shaft and No. XI. was only 8ft. above the bottom of the former. The upper part of the filling of this shaft and No. XI. was crossed by a concave seam of mould about an inch thick, the depth of which varied from 8- 4ft. to ll-2ft. It was important to note this, because fragmentary human remains (Nos. 305 and 306) were found in rammed chalk on the level of this seam or just above it ; and there seems to be no evidence for regarding the bones as prehistoric. The " finds " in this shaft were few, but of great interest. Two antler picks were met with at 15ft. and 22ft. At a depth of 14- 5ft. the base of a red-deer's skull with antlers attached (No. 307) was found tight against the wall of the shaft ; after being cleared it was photographed in situ (Plate II.). The antler complete measures 38in. in length, and is surmounted by a crown of four points ; the brow-tine is 14in, long, and the bez and trez each 13in. ; the circum- ference of the antler above the burr is 220mm. (8|in.). Pl.ATK V. MAUMBURY RINGS, DORCHESTER, 1912. Cl'TTING XXI. j SHAFTS IX, X AND XI, AND MARGIN OF ARENA FLOOR. (Full Title given at the beginning of the Repoif.) ; From a Phofogitify/i by Mr. H. St. George Gray.'. EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 103 A somewhat remarkable carving in chalk was found in the filling, 15ft. deep, and perhaps affords further evidence of phallicism in early prehistoric times. This object differs from the chalk carving of the male organ found by Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., in the Grime's Graves (Brit. Mus.) * in being much larger, with a diameter of 2 Jin. Several flint flakes were noticed here and in Shaft XI., especially in the upper three-quarters of the filling. The nodules of flint were fairly numerous, and all appear to have been tested as to their quality. Some of the blocks of chalk in the filling were very large. Shaft XI. (Plate V.). — This large pit was cleared out only at the W.S.W. end. The bottom was trench-like and only l-2ft. wide ; the termination to a height of 5- 5ft. had a nearly upright even face. Thin seams of mould were noticed in the filling (Plate V.). No less than thirteen antler picks, some damaged, were found between 8-25ft. and 28ft., and five of them bear marks of fire, the handle-end of one being much burnt. Two crowns of antlers were also found, and an excellent antler rake of three points. Portions of three red-deer skulls were also met with, and a worked piece of rib-bone (ox or horse) was obtained. At a depth of 10ft. a rough chalk ball (3Jin. diam.), and another piece, cheese-shaped (SJin. diam.), were found. At the same level a fragment of rude pottery (No. 314) was disco vered— undoubtedly prehistoric . General Remarks on the Shafts {see also Introductory Remarks) : — The flint occurring in such thin seams and being of such poor quality sustains the only tenable theory that these shafts were sunk in search of better material ; for no * Described by Canon Greenwell in a paper that he read to the Ethnological Society, 27 June, 1870 {Journal, II., 430). See also Archaeologia, LXIII., 118. 104 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. flint nodules were found thrown away in the filling which would have been of any value to the flint-knapper. Indeed, all the nodules remaining — and they are by no means plentiful — appear to have been " tried," i.e., struck by the hand of man, and being found unsuitable for implement-making were discarded. There can be little doubt that these shafts were filled in to the top, or almost to the top, at one time, judging from the fact that the chalk rubble — which for the most part is large — is found on re-excavation to be very loosely compacted. If the shafts at Maumbury are flint-mfnes, why are there no galleries of the kind so common at Cissbury and at Grime's Graves ? * At Maumbury the pits are in close order, and indeed in many cases hardly a foot separates them at the top. It is difficult to conceive prehistoric man's reason for digging so many shafts if intended for mines, as one or two would have sufficed to test the quality and quantity of the flint ; the material of course abounds in Dorset, though the best qualities are in some places not easily obtainable. If, in any of these shafts, flint of the desired quality had been found, he might then have cut galleries, and the trial-shafts would have become mines. VI. — Animal Bones. All the bones and fragments found in the Prehistoric Shafts at Maumbury have been preserved ; also a selection from the Roman deposits. The greater number of those found in 1912 have been kindly identified by Mr. E. T. * A paper by Mr. Reginald A. Smith, F.S.A., has recently been pubUshed on " The Date of Grime's Graves and Cissbury Flint- Mines," where a resume of the records of the various excavations which have been conducted at these places is given {Archaeologia, LXIIL, 109-158). EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 105 Newton, F.R.S. The following are the most interesting, all found in Cutting XXI. : — * From the Roman Deposits — Horse (a metatarsus giving height of 12 hands Sin. at shoulder — size of New Forest pony). Ox (a radius giving height of 3ft. 5|in. — size' of. modern Kerry Cow). Shee2D, or Goat. Fox {Canis vulpes). Badger {Meles taxus). Polecat (Mustela putorius) — large size ; skull and nearly complete skeleton. Water Vole {Microtus amphibius). Rook, or Crow. From Shaft IX. (total depth of shaft below arena turf, 28-5ft.). At 20 feet deep. Toad (Bufo vulgaris) — large size. Bank Vole {Evotomys glareolus). Field Vole (Microtus agrestis). At 23-24 feet deep. Pig [Sus scrofa) — may be wild Boar. At 26 feet deep. Part of rib of Horse or Ox, and other fragmentary remains. From Shaft XI. (total depth of shaft below arena turf, 28ft.). Fragmentary remains of Horse and Ox in rammed chalk at the top of the shaft. At 10 feet deep. Red-deer (Cervus elaphus). At 15 feet and 17 feet deep. Pig (Sus scrofa) — may be wild Boar. At bottom of Shaft, Field Vole (Microtus agrestis) — part of two skeletons. * This list does not include worked animal bones, red-deer skulls, antlers, or picks, bearing special numbers. 106 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. At depths not recorded. Dog (Canis familiaris) — larger than fox. Toad (Bufo vulgaris) — large size, as in Shaft IX. VII.— Woods. The most interesting specimens of decayed and carbonized wood found at Maumbury in 1912 were sent to Mr. Clement Reid, F.R.S., for examination ; he has kindly reported as follows : — Cutting XXI. — In Roman Deposits. — Oak charcoal. Specimen from post-hole. — Indeterminable. Charred wood found in burnt area against the heap of stones at the south end of the cutting. — Hazel. In Shaft IX., with bones. — Hazel (?). In Shaft IX., depth 20 feet. — Oak charcoal. Frofn bottom of rammed chalk over Shaft XI. — Apparently fragments of root — perhaps oak. Cutting XXVII.— Wood on Iron Nails found near Human Skeleton. — Not determinable, but resembles oak. VIII. — Shells. Messrs. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., and John W. Taylor, of Leeds, have kindly examined the shells found at Maumbury this season. They report that the Roman deposit yielded Helix aspersa (typical) and several H. nemoralis, of which two were especially conical in form, and one of these very solid in substance. A mass of shells, chalk, and mould from the surface of the rammed chalk Roman work in Cutting XXI., having been carefully washed, yielded several H. itala var. minor, numerous Hygromia hispida var. concinna, and Pupa muscorum ; also a couple of Vallonia pulchella. From Prehistoric Shaft IX., depth 20 feet, were a fine Helicella itala with the upper band very high, and two with contracted utnbilicus approaching the Continental European H. obvia. Plate A. Proc.Dorset, N.H.d-A. F. Cluh, Vol. XXXIV. 25. 24. ^J^ 22./ 0. Pickard-Caratridje. del! MTarlanc &Ei:skint, LittEdin NEW AND RARE ARACHNIDA. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE. Fig. 1. Agroeca diversa, sp.n. female. 1. Abdomen. 2. Genital aperture. 3. Ditto, from another specimen. „ 4. Leptyphantes inaignis, sp.n. male. 4. Profile. 5. Cephalo- thorax. 6. Palpus. „ 7. Oongylidiellum incertuni, sp.n. female. 7. Upper side. 8. Profile of cephalothorax. 9. Genital aperture. „ 18. Entelecara errata, sp.n. male. 18. Profile of cephalothorax. 19. Upper side of ditto. 20. Right palpus. 21. Left ditto. ,, 10. Collinsia notahilis, sp.n. male. 10. Cephalothorax. 11. Pro- file of ditto. 12. Eyes from above and behind. 13. Palpus from outer side. 14. Ditto, showing form of digital joint of palpus. 15, 16. Radial joint of palpus, in two positions. 17. One of the falces showing the single tooth. ,, 22. Calyptostoma Hardii, Cambr. 22. Showing mouth parts. 23. Ditto in profile. 24. Genital aperture. 25. Anal ditto. I ^n jHctD anti Hare ^rxtisl) ;^rai:l)nxtia Noted and Observed in 1912. By the Rev. 0. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., &c. With Plate. a^M^^i- past year (1912) has brought me a fair number of additions to our British List of Spiders (Araneidea). 1 wish I could say that my own personal efforts had had a greater share in producing these results ; but these have been made mainly possible by the continued kind help and exertions of my correspondents, both friends and relations. To all who have so contributed during the past year I am again now indebted, as well as to some others (and amongst these I must specially add the name of a valuable Dorset correspondent — Dr. Haines, of Winfrith), whose collections, though containing no novelties, yet by many rare and local forms bore testimony not only to their kindness to me but to their efforts to add to our know- ledge of this comparatively neglected group of animals. The names of those who have added to our List species new to 108 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. science, or other species not 'previously known to the British Fauna, will be specially mentioned in the course of the following List ; but I may here note the names of such species and that of their finders. The species considered to be new to science are nine. Zora letifera (Falconer), found by Mr. W. Falconer and Dr. A. R. Jackson in Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire ; Agroeca diversa, Bloxworth Heath, taken by one of my sons (A. E. LI. P.-C.) ; Leptyphantes insignis, also found (by A. E. LI. P.-C.) in one of the Bloxworth Woods ; Leptyphantes moratus (Hull), found by the Rev. J. E. Hull at Forres, N.B. ; Microneta ( Agyneta) ramosa, Jackson, found by Dr. Jackson in the New Forest, and Delamere Forest, Cheshire ; Gongylidiellum incertum, taken by Mr. Horace Donisthorpe at Nethy Bridge, Scotland ; CoUinsia notabilis, taken by Mr. J. Collins (University Museum, Oxford) at Tubney, Berkshire.; Entelecara errata, found at Penrith, Cumberland, by Dr. Jackson ; and Neon valentulus (Falconer), taken by Mr. Falconer and Dr. Jackson in Wicken Fen ! Besides the above, a very distinct and interesting species, new to Britain, has been sent to me from Wicken Fen, by both Mr. Falconer and Dr. Jackson — Maso gallica (Simon). The above species are all noted and described more fully in the following List and Supplement, p. 130. If any of our readers should wish for further information on the General Subject, reference may be made to the follow- ing publications, by the author : — " Spiders of Dorset,'" published by the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club, 1879 — 1881, and Supplemental Papers in most of the subsequent years to the present date. " List of British and Irish Spiders " (Sime and Co., Dor- chester, 1900). " British Phalangidea or Harvest Men " (Dors. F. C. Proceedings, Vol. XL, 1890). " British Chernetidea or False Scorpions " (I.e. Vol. XIIL, 1892). ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 109 Since the publication of my last report in Vol. XXXIII. of our Proceedings, or previously omitted, the following Papers on British Arachnida have appeared : — " On Some Rare Arachnids captured during 1907," A. Randell Jackson, M.B., M.Sc, Transactions Nat. Hist, of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, n.s. Vol. III., part I., pp. (sep. cop.) 1-30, pi. IV. " On Some Rare Arachnids obtained during 1908," A. Randell Jackson, M.B., M.Sc, Trans. Nat. Hist, of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, n.s. Vol. III., part 2, pp. (sep. cop.) 1-24, pi. X. " On the British Spiders of the Genus Microneta," A. Randell Jackson, M.B.,. Sc, Trans. Nat. Hist. Northumber- land, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, n.s. Vol. IV., pp. 117-142, pi. VII., VIII. (a valuable and important paper which I have not yet been able to examine thoroughly). " A New Spider — Leptyphantes moratus (n. sp.)," Rev. J . E. Hull, M.A., "Scottish Naturalist," February, 1912, pp. 40-42, with woodcut figs. " Allendale Spiders," Rev. J. E. Hull, M.A., Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle- upon-Tyne, n.s. Vol. III., part I., pp. (sep. cop.) 1-8, pi. V. " Yorkshire Arachnida in 1911," William Falconer, Slaithwaite, near Huddersfield, " Naturalist," Feb. 1, 1912, pp. 52-54. " Airedale and Wharf edale Area " (Yorkshire), W. P. Winter, " Naturalist," February 1, 1912, p. 54 (notes some additions to a former list, of 29 spiders and 1 Pseudo- Scorpion). " The Spiders of Wicken, Cambridge," William Falconer, " Naturalist," October, 1912, pp. 310-324, pi. XV. (Contains a list of species, and descriptions of two new to science and one new to Great Britain.) " Chernes cyrneus in Nottinghamshire, a recent addition to the known False Scorpions of Britain," H. Wallis Kew. 54th Report and Transactions of the Nottingham Naturalists" Society for 1905-1906, pp. 41-46, pi. V. 110 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. " Notes on the Irish False Scorpions in the National Museum of Ireland," H. Wallis Kew, " Irish Naturalist," December, 1909, pp. 249-250. " A Holiday in South- Western Ireland. Notes on some False Scorpions and other animals observed in the counties of Kerry and Cork," H. Wallis Kew, " Irish Naturalist," April, 1910, pp. 64-73. " The False Scorpions of Scotland," Robert Godfrey, " Annals of Scottish Natural History," April and July, 1908, p. 91 and 155-161 ; January and July, 1909, pp. 22-26 and 153-163 ; January, 1910, pp. 23, 33. It only remains for me to add my kindest thanks to all who have in any way assisted me during the past year. ARACHNIDA. ARANEIDEA. Fam. THERAPHOSID^. Atypus af finis, Eichw. Atypus affinis, Eichw. -Cambr., Dors. N. H. and A. F. Club, Vol. XXIX., p. 166 ; and XXXI., p. 49. An adult male, found wandering on the heath at Worgret, near Wareham, was sent to me by Dr. Haines, of Winfrith, in February, 1912. Fam. DRASSID^. Drassus pubescens, Thor. Drassus pubescens, Thor.-Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 20. Adults of both sexes were taken on Bloxworth Heath by A. E. LI. P.-C. in May, 1912. Mr. W. Falconer also ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNID A. Ill records it from Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire, in June, 1912 (" Naturalist," October, 1912, p. 311). Phaeocedus braccatus, L. Koch. Drassus braccatus, L. Koch.-Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 570. Drassus bulbifer, Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 18. An immature male and females from Bindon, and adults underneath bits of slate at Kingstead, early in July, 1912, were found and sent to me by Dr. Haines. This is still one of our rarest and most distinctly marked of the British Drassidae. Prosthesima pedestris, C. L. Koch. Prosthesima pedestris, C L. Koch-Cambr., ^ V- Spid. Dors., p. 15. Females, found and sent to me from Ringstead by Dr. Haines early in July, 1912. Clubiona caerulescens, L. Koch. Clubiona ccerulescens , L. Koch-Cambr. Spid., Dors., p. 29 ; and British and Irish Spid., p. 11. Adult males, found in Coombe Wood, Winfrith, were received from Dr. Haines in May and July, 1912. It is one of the most distinctly characterised, as well as the rarest, of the genus in Great Britain. Zora letifera, Falconer. Zora letifera. Falconer, " Naturalist," October, 1912, pp. 312, 317, pi. XV., figs. 1-4. Adults of both sexes, new to science, were found at Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire, by Mr. W. Falconer in June, 1912. It is nearly allied to Zora maculata, BL, but differs in both structure and markings. (For a more detailed description, see postea, p. 130.) 112 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNID A. Agroeca proxima, Cambr. Agroeca proxima, Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 36, and Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. VII., pi. IV., fig. 4a. (In the description of pi. IV., in loco, figures a and b should be reversed.) This spider was abundant on Blox worth and adjoining heaths in late summer of 1912. An hermaphrodite example of it was taken by A. E. LI. P.-C. on Blox worth Heath on October 12th. Agroeca inopina, Cambr. Agroeca inopina, Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. XVI., p. 101. Numerous in the same localities and at the same time as A. proxima, C&inhr. Agroeca celans, Bl. Agelena celans, BL, Spid. G. B. I., p. 161. Liocranum celans, Bl. -Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 41. This very distinct species, which had hitherto been very rarely met with at Blox worth, was found in some abundance and at the same time, and in the same localities, by A. E. LI. P.-C. and W. A. P.-C. as the two foregoing species. It appears to be more abundant in the North of England. Agroeca gracilipes, Bl. Agelena gracilipes, Bl. -Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 39. Liocranum gracilipes, Bl. -Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 162. Numerous on Bloxworth and other adjoining heaths, and at the same time as three foregoing species, by A. E. LI. P.-C. and W. A. P.-C. ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNID A. 113 Agroeca diversa, sp.n. Figs. 1, 2, 3. Two adult females of an Agroeca, closely allied to A. gracilipes, Blackw., were found by A. E. LI. P.-C. on Blox worth Heath at the end of the summer of 1912. In size, general structure, and character these are very like A. gracilipes, but the striking dissimilarity in colour and markings, as well as some small structural differences, lead me to believe them to be of a different species. (For a detailed description see postea, p. 130) Fam. THERIDIID^. Theridion impressum, L. Koch. Theridion impressum, L. Koch-Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club, XXIV., pp. 152, 162, pi. A, fig. I., and Vol. XXVI., p. 45. An adult male of this interesting species was taken on the lawn railings at Bloxworth Rectory on the 5th of July, 1912, by the Rev. R. J. Pickard-Cambridge ; and I found one of the same sex among some hitherto over- looked spiders taken many years ago by myself at Bloxworth. Theridion familiare, Cambr. Theridion familiare, Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 86 ; Proc. Dors. F. Club, XX. p. 6, and XXIII., p. 20. A female adult was taken among herbage in Bere Wood by A. E. LI. P.-C. on the 17th of October, 1912. This is the first instance known to me of the occurrence of this species in any other situation than in old buildings and unused rooms. 114 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNID A. Laseola prona, Menge. Euryopis prona, Menge-Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 481. Laseola jucunda, Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. XXIV., pp. 152, 162, pi. A., fig. 3, 1903, Vol. XXVIII., p. 125, pi. A, figs. 13, 14, 15 (1907), and Vol. XXIX., p. 170 (1908). An adult male was brought to me from Bloxworth Heath on May 11, 1912, by A. E. LI. P.-C. Crustulina sticta, Cambr. Steatoda sticta, Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 97, and Proc. Dors. F. Club, XVIII. , p. 111. Theridion stictum, Cambr. -Bl., Spid. G.B.I., p. 196. Several of each sex Avere found in Wicken Fen by Dr. Jackson and Mr. W. Falconer early in June, 1912 — " Naturalist," October, 1912, p. 313. Linyphia peltata, Wid. Linypliia peltata, Wid. -Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 229. Leptyphantes nigrescens, Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club, XXXIII., pp. 75, 90, pi. A, figs. 11, 13. The examination of some additional examples of L. nigrescens, including adult females and immature males, has convinced me that L. nigrescens, Cambr. (I.e.) is a melanic form of Linyphia peltata, Wid. I have found in Dorsetshire, Hampshire, and some other counties the normal form of L. p)eltata in fair abundance, but until now have never seen this melanic form of it. Mr. L. A. Carr, however, seems to have met with it commonly in Staffordshire, and to have suspected its identity with L. p)dtata, Wid. ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 115 Taranucnus setosus, Cambr. LinypJiia setosa, Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 191. Mr. W. Falconer ('•' Naturalist," October, 1912, p. 313) records both sexes from Wicken Fen in June, 1912. Leptyphantes moratus, Hull. Leptyphantes moraius, Hull, " Scottish Natur- alist," February, 1912, p. 40. An adult female, taken at Forres, N.B., in August, 1911, and described and figured as a sp. no v. I.e. supra. I have not myself seen this specimen. Leptyphantes insignis, sp.n. Figs. 4, 5, 6. An adult male, of what appears to me a very distinct species of this genus, and hitherto itndescribed, was found by A. E. LI. P.-C. on the 18th of May, 1912, among herbage in a wood at Blox worth. (For detailed descrip- tion see postea p. 131.) Leptyphantes ericaeus, Bl. Linyphia ericcea, Bl. -Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 201. BL, Sp. G.B.I., p. 287. An adult male, found near Oxford by W. A. P.-C, and new to that county, in 1912. Leptyphantes pallidus, Cambr. Linyphia pallida, Cambr., Spid. Dor., p. 216. Adult females found near Oxford by W. A. P.-C. in 1912, and new to that county. Microneta beata, Cambr. Microneta beata, Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. XXVII., pp. 77, 190, pi. A, figs. 27-31 (1900). An adult example of each sex, taken on Blox worth Heath, September 1, 1912, by W. A. P.-C. This is its 116 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. first record in Dorset. It is allied to the common M. rurestris, C. L. Koch. Microneta (Agyneta) ramosa, Jackson. Agyneta ramosa, Jackson, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc, Northumberland, Durham, and New- castle-upon-Tyne (n.s.). Vol. IV., p. 139, pi. VIII., figs. 6, 6a, 6b. Males are recorded by Dr. Jackson from the New Forest and from the Forest of Delamere, Cheshire. I have not yet myself seen this species, which appears to be a good one. Microneta innotabilis, Cambr. Neriene innrAabilis, Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 131. An adult female found by W. A. P.-C. in 1912, near Oxford, and new to that county. Sintula cornigera, Bl. Neriene cornigera, Bl., Spid. G.B.I., p. 273. ,, ,, Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 430. Neriene indecora, Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. XIV., p. 156, fig. 7. Sintula cornigera, Bl. -Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club, XX., p. 9 ; XXIV., p. 154 (1903) ; and XXXII., p. 39 (1911). An adult male of this rare and curious spider was taken by A. E. LI. P.-C. on Bloxworth Heath on October 12th, 1912. Tmeticus concinnus, Thor. Tmeticus concinnus, Thor. -Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. VII., p. 74, and Vol. XXIX., p. 173 (1908). Adult males were taken on Bloxworth Heath October 12th, 1911, by A. E. LI. P.-C. ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNID A. 117 Maso gallica, Sim. Maso SundevalUi, Westr. -Simon, Arachnides de France, V., p. 862. ,, gallica, Sim. Falconer, " Naturalist," October, 1912, pp. 313, 320. Both sexes were obtained by Dr. Jackson and Mr. Falconer in Wicken Fen in June, 1912. It is a very distinct little species, and had not been before recorded as British. (Further particulars are added postea, p. 132). Gongylidium retusum, Westr. Nerieyie retusa, Westr. -Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 116. ,, elevata, Cambr., Zoologist, 1862, p. 7966. Examples of this spider, always of great rarity hitherto in Dorsetshire, were taken on iron railings on the lawn at Bloxworth Rectory in June, 1912, by the Rev. R. J. Pickard-Cambridge and A. E. LI. P.-C. Gongylidiellum murcidum, Sim. Gongylidiellum murcidum, Sim. -Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. XVI., pp. 105, 125, and Vol. XXX., p. 105. Dr. Jackson and Mr. Falconer met with this rare spider in some abundance in Wicken Fen in June, 1912. (" Naturalist," October, 1912, p. 314.) The New Forest and Wicken Fen appear to be as yet the only known localities in which it has been found. It is probably a marsh-loving species, and would be found in other similar localities yet unsearched. (?) Gongylidiellum incertum, sp.n. Figs. 7, 8, 9. A very distinct female spider, sent to me from Nethy Bridge, Scotland, by Mr. H. Donisthorpe in May, 1912. It appears to me to be of an undescribed species, and to 118 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. belong to the genus Gongylidiellum ; though whether this generic position is its true one I do not yet feel certain. (For full description see postea, p. 133.) Erigone atra, Bl. Erigo7ie atra, Bl.-Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 106. Neriene longipalpis, Sund.-Blackw., Spid. G. B. and I., p. 174. Hillhousia desolans, F. 0. P.-C, Ann. & Mag., N.H., ser. 6, Vol. XIII., Janry. 1894, p. 89, PI. I., Fig. 4. The genus Hillhousia was based on examples which turn out to be Erigone atra, Bl. Lophomma herbigrada, Bl. Neriene herbigrada, Bl.-Cambr., Spid. Dors., pp. 113, 576. ,, exhilarans, Cambr., Ann. Mag., N.H., ser. 5, Vol. 4, p. 199, pi. XII., fig. 3. An adult male was found by W. A. P.-C, near Oxford, in 1912. It is new to that county. Lophomma subaequale, Westr. Lophomma subcequale, Westr. -Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. XXVI., p. 50, pi. 3, fig. 10 (1905). Walckenaera subcequale, Westr. -Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 501. ,, fortuita, Cambr., Trans. Linn. Soc, Vol. 27, p. 452. Tapinocyba subcequalis, Westr. -Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club., XXIII., p. 26 (1902). A single male, found by Dr. Jackson in Wicken Fen in June, 1912. (" Naturalist," October, 1912, p. 314.) ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 119 Entelecara trifrons, Cambr. Walckenaera trifrons, Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 166, and Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. X., p. 132. Entelecara trifrons, Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club, XXIV., p. 156. Found not rarely by Dr. Jackson and Mr. Falconer in Wicken Fen in June, 1912. (" Naturalist," October, 1912, p. 314.) Entelecara omissa, Cambr. Entelecara omissa, Cambr., British and Irish Spiders, p. 75 (1900). Proc. Dors. F. Club, XXIIL, pp. 24, 33 (1902), and Vol. XXIV., pi. A, figs. 10, 10a, 106, 10c (1903). The fig. of the female {lOd) is that of the next species. Found abundantly by Dr. Jackson and Mr. Falconer in its original locality, Wicken Fen, in June, 1912. (" Naturalist," October, 1912, p. 314.) Entelecara errata, sp.n. Figs. 18, 19, 20, 21. Entelecara omissa, Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. XXIV., pp. 149, 156 and postea, and 167, pi. A, fig. lOd.) (1903). The other figs, in pi. A are E. omissa, Cambr. The occurrence in plenty of Entelecara omissa, Cambr. in Wicken Fen has enabled me to compare that species more fully with the examples taken in Cumberland by Dr. Jackson on the top of Scafell Pike and Bowfell, and supposed at the time to be those of Entelecara omissa, Cambr. We have now concluded that, though nearly allied, the Cumberland examples are of a different species. (For a description of which see postea, p. 134.) 120 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. Entelecara flavipes, Bl. Walckenaera flavipes, Bl.-Cambr. Spids. Dors., pp. 559, 577. Blackw. Spid. G.B.I., p. 898. Entelecara flavipes, Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. XVII., p. 59, and XXIII., p. 24. Although occasionally this little spider turns up locally in greater numbers, it is still generally rare. An adult male was sent to me in June, 1912, from Winfrith, by Dr. Haines, and one was also taken on the railings of the lawn at Bloxworth Rectory by the Rev. R. J. P.-C. in the same month. Baryphyma pratensis, Bl. Walckenaera pratensis, Bl.-Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 502. BL, Spid. G.B.I. , p. 306. ,, Meadii, Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. C, Vol. X., p. 13 ; Vol. XII., p. 95. Baryphyma pratensis, Bl.-Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. C, Vol. XVI., p. 106 ; Vol. XVII., p. 59 ; Vol. XX., p. 7 ; Vol. XXIV., p. 159 ; and Vol. XXVL, p. 53 (1905). Baryphyma Schlickii, Simon (Cambr.) ; Araneides de France, V., p. 695. Two adult males were sent to me in 1912 from Yarnton, Oxfordshire, by Mrl J. Collins. This is its first record from that county. It was also found in Wicken Fen many years ago by Mr. W. Farren and F. 0. P. -Cambridge. Gen. nov. COLLINSIA. (For Generic Characters, etc., see p. 135, postea.) Collinsia notabilis, sp.n. Figs. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. Not being able to allocate this very distinct little spider at present to any established genus, I have tentatively ON NEW AND RAEE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 121 formed a new one for it. It seems to be allied to Gongylidiellum ; (for further particular description see postea p. 136) an adult male was found by Mr. J. Collins, of the Oxford University Museum, at Tubney, in Berkshire, and sent to me by him in May, 1912. Araaeoncus humilis, Bl. Walckenaera, Bl.-Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 150. An adult male was found on the lawn railings at Bloxworth Rectory by the Rev. R. J. P.-C. in June, 1912. It appears to be still a rare spider in Dorsetshire. Wideria fugax, Cambr. Neriene fugax, Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 121 ; Proc. Dors. F. Club, XIV., p. 153. An adult male found by A. E. LI. P.-C. in Bere Wood on Nov. 7th, 1912. It is still an exceedingly rare spider. Ceratinella scabrosa, Cambr. Walckenaera scabrosa, Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 143. An adult male found in the shrubbery, Bloxworth Rectory, in May, 1912, by A. E. LI. P.-C. It is still a species of rare occurrence. Ceratinella brevipes, Westr. Walckenaera brevipes, Westr. -Cambr. Spid. Dors., p. 143. An adult male found on the Lawn Railmgs at Blox- worth Rectory on June 23rd, 1912, by the Rev. R. J. Pickard-Cambridge. This, like the foregoing species, is also of rare occurrence. 122 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. Fam. MIMETIDiE. Ero tuberculata, DeGeer. Ero tuberculata, DeGeer-Carabr., Spid. Dors., pp. 335, 580 ; Proc. Dors. F. Club, XVIII., pi. A, fig. 6, and XXXII., p. 42 (1911). Both sexes, adult and immature, found on the heath near Trigon Hill in September, 1912, by A. E. LI. P.-C. and W. A. P.-C. It is still a very rare and local species. Fam. EPEIRIDffi. Singa hamata, Clerck. Epeira tubulosa, Walck. -Black w., Spid. G.B.I. , p. 364. Si7iga hamata, Clk.-Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 248, and Proc. Dors. F. Club, XXXI., p. 60 (1910). Adult males sent to me b}^ Mr. J. Collins from Tubney, Berkshire, in 1912. Singa pygmaea, Sund. Epeira anthracina, BL, Spid. G.B.I., p. 357, pi. XXVIL, fig. 257. Epeira Herii, BL, I.e. pi. XXVII., fig. 264 (exclude description at p. 466). Singa pygmcea, Sund.-Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 249, Proc. Dors. F. Club, XXIII., p. 28, 1902, and XXVI., p. 54, 1905. An adult female received from Mr. J. Collins, by whom it was found at Cothill, in Berkshire, in 1912 ; and also received, in 1912, from Dr. Haines, Winfrith. ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 123 Singa sanguinea, C. L. Koch. Singa sanguinea, C. L. Koch-Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 251 ; Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. XXIII., p. 28 ; Vol. XXX., p. 108 ; XXXI., p. 61 ; and XXXII., p. 42. Epeira Herii, Hahn-BL, Spid. G.B.I., p. 366 (exclude pi. XXVII., fig. 264). An adult female received from Dr. Haines, Winfrith, in 1912. Singa Herii, Hahn. Singa Herii, Hahn-Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club, XIV., p. 160, fig. 5, and XXXI., p. 61 (1910). An adult male was taken at Wicken Fen by Dr. Jackson in June, 1912, " Naturalist," October, 1912, p. 315. This locality is the only one from which this very rare spider has hitherto been recorded in Great Britain. Epeira Westringii, Thor. Epeira Westringii, Thor.-Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 260. An adult male found at Witham, Berkshire ; sent to me in 1912 by Mr. J. Collins, University Museum, Oxford. Fam. THOMISIDJE. Thomisus onustus, Walck. Tliomisus onustus, Walck Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 188 ; and Proc. Dors. F. Club, XXI., p. 25, and XXIII. , p. 28 (1902). A rare and local spider found in the blooms of various plants on heaths. Immature females sent to me from the district of Winfrith in June, 1912, by Dr. Haines. 124 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNID A. Oxyptila sanctuaria, Cambr. Oxyptila sanctuaria, Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 319 ; Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. VI., p. 10 ; XIV., p. 161 ; XV., p. 114 ; XX., p. 11 ; XXXII., p. 44. On the wall of Bloxworth Rectory I found an adult male on the 24th of August, 1912, remarkable for its exceedingly minute size. It is a rare and local species. Oxyptila Blackwallii, Sim. Both sexes, but the males immature, were received from Dr. Haines, by whom they were found at West Lul worth in July, 1912. It is a rare species, and appears to be confined to the sea coast, beneath stones and among dwarf herbage. Tibellus maritimus, Menge. Tibellus oblongus, Kulcz., Aran. Hungarise, p. 115, Tab. IV., fig. 28. Thanatus oblongus, Menge (female), Preussische Spinnen, p. 396, Tab. 224, fig. 3. Tibellus maritimus, Menge-Kulcz. (male), Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club, XXXII., p. 47, pi. A, figs. 28-31 (1911). Tibellus oblongus, Walck. -Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 339 (ad partem). Both sexes are recorded as abundant in Wicken Fen by Dr. Jackson and Mr. Falconer in June, 1912. (" Naturalist," October, 1912, p. 316.) Fam. LYCOSIDiE. Trochosa spinipalpis, F. 0. P.-Cambr. Trochosa spinipalpis, F. 0. P.-Cambr., Ann. and Mag. N.H., ser. 6, Vol. XV., p. 28, pi. III., ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 125 fig. 4, &c. ; Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. XVI., p. 118 ; Vol. XVII., p. 61 ; and Vol. XXVI., p. 55 (1905). A male and several females are recorded by Dr. Jackson and Mr. Falconer in Wicken Fen, " Naturalist." A very rare British spider. Lycosa Farrenii, Cambr. Lycosa Farrenii, Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 546. Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. X., p. 134 ; Vol. XXIV., p. 160 ; and Vol. XXIX., p. 182. (Further examination makes it certain that this species is not identical Avith L. ferruginea, L. Koch.) Mr. Falconer reports the frequent occurrence of this species in the Wicken Fen. (" Naturalist," October, 1912, p. 316.) Fam. SALTICID^. Marpessa pomatia, Walck. Marpessa pomatia, Walck. -Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 555 ; Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. XII., p. 97 ; XIV., p. 161; XXIII., p. 29 (1902), and XXXI., p. 64 (1910). Hyctia prompta, Bl. -Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. X., p. 127. Salticus promptus, Bl., Spid. G.B.I., p. 59. ,, Blackwallii, Clark. Blackw., Spid. G.B.I., p. 62. Dr. Jackson reports this fine species as numerous, spinning in the heads of Arundo phragmitis, and Mr. Falconer speaks of it as more occasionally at large among vegetation, on the ground, at Wicken Fen in June, 1912. (" Naturalist," October, 1912.) 126 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. Neon valentulus, Falconer. Neon valentulus, Falconer, " Naturalist," October, 1912, pp. 317, 321, pi. XV., figs. 9-12. Taken in some abundance at Wicken Fen by Mr. Falconer and Dr. Jackson. It is nearly allied to Neon reticulatus, Blackw. Mons. Simon believes it to be a dark variety of this last species, and identifies it as M. obscurus, Sim., var. of reticulatus ; but I cannot find it so recorded by M. Simon. From differences found by Mr. Falconer between the two forms it appears to be a good species. Euophrys aequipes, Cambr. Euoj)lirys ceguipes, Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 404 ; Proc. Dors. F. Club, p. 134, XVII., p. 113, and XXIV., p. 161. An adult male found at Ringstead in Jul}^ 1912, and sent to me by Dr. Haines. It is a rare and local species. Attus (Sitticus, Sim.) caricis, Westr. Attus caricis, Westr. -Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 563 ; Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. X., p. 135. Dendryphantes hastatus, C. L. Koch-Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. VL, p. 11 ; X., p. 128 ; and XXL, p. 25 ; and List of British and Irish Spiders, p. 71 (1900). Dr. Jackson found this spider (a female adult and several immature) at Wicken Fen in June, 1912 (" Naturalist," October, 1912, p. 317) ; and an adult of the same sex was sent to me in September, 1912, from that locality also, by Mr. J. Collins, of the University Museum, Oxford. ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 127 Order CHERNETIDEA (False Scorpions). Fam. CHELIFERID^. Chernes dubius, Cambr. Cherries dubius, Cambr., " On the British Species of False Scorpions," Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. XIII., p. 227, pi. C, fig. 19. An example of this Arachnid was sent to me from Enslow Bridge, Oxford; in 1912, by Mr. J. Collins. This is the first record I have received of a species of this Order from Oxfordshire. Other examples of this species were received also from Mr. Collins, found in an old owl's nest in an elm tree at Bradfield, Berkshire. Order ACARIDEA. Fam. TROMBIDIIDiE. Calyptostoma, Hardii. Figs. 22, 23, 24, 25. Calyptostoma, Hardii Cambr., Annals and Mag, N.H., ser. 4, Vol. XVI., p. 384 (1875), pi. XIII., fig. 1, and Andrew Murray, F.L.S., " Economic Entomology," Aptera, p. 140, with woodcut figures. An example of this curious little Acarid was found by A. E. LI. P.-C. among dead leaves in Bere Wood on May 10th, 1912. The figs, given in the plate are from an example received Jan. 8th, 1903, from Mr. W. Evans (found in Perthshire at a height of 3,500), and in which the mouth parts were accidentally protruding. 128 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. LIST OF ARACHNIDS In the foregoing Pages, with references to Page and Plate. Order Araneidea. Atypus affinis, Eichw. P- 110 Drassus pubescens, Thor. P- 110 Phaeocedus braccatus, C. L. Koch p. 111 Prosthesima pedestris, L. Koch p. 111 Clubiona cserulescens, L. Koch P- 111 Zora letifera, Falconer P- 111 Agroeca proxima, Cambr. P- 112 ,, mopina, Cambr. P- 112 ,, celans, Bl. P- 112 ,, gracilipes, Bl. P- 112 „ diversa, sp.n. P- 113 Theridion impressum, L, Koch P- 113 ,, familiare, Cambr. P- 113 Laseola prona, Menge P- 114 Crustulina sticta, Cambr. P- 114 Linyphia peltata, Wid. P- 114 Taranucnus setosus, Cambr. P- 115 Leptyphantes moratus, Hull P- 115 ,, insignis, sp.n. P- 115 ,, ericseus, Bl. p. 115 ,, pallidum, Cambr. P- 115 Microneta beata, Cambr. P- 115 ,, (Agyneta) ramosa, Jackson P- 116 ,, innotabilis, Cambr. P- 116 Sintula cornigera, Bl. P- 116 Tmeticus concinnus, Thor. p. 116 Maso gallica, Sim. P- 117 Gongylidium retusum, Westr. P- 117 Gongylidiellum murcidum, Sim. P- 117 „ incertum, sp.n. P- 117 Figs. 1-3. Figs. 4-6. Figs. 7-9. ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNID A. 129 Erigone atra, Bl. P- 118 Lophomma herbigrada, Bl. p. 118 ,, subaequale, Westr. p. 118 Entelecara trifrons, Cambr. p. 119 ,, omissa, Cambr. P- 119 ,, errata, sp.n. p. 119 Figs. 18-21. ,, flavipes, Bl. P- 120 Baryphyma pratensis, Bl. P- 120 Collinsia notabilis, sp.n. P- 120 Figs. 10-17. Argeoncus humilis, Bl. P- 121 Wideria fugax, Cambr. P- 121 Ceratinella scabrosa, Cambr. P- 121 ,, brevipes, Westr. P- 121 Ero tuberculata, DeGeer P- 122 Singa hamata, Clerek. P- 122 ,, pygmsea, Sund. P- 122 ,, sanguinea, C. L. Koch P- 123 ,, Herii, Hahn P- 123 Epeira Westringii, Cambr. P- 123 Thomisus onustus, Walck. P- 123 Oxyptila sanctuaria, Cambr. p. 124 ,, Black wallii, Sim. P- 124 Tibellus maritimus, Menge P- 124 Trochosa spinipalpis, F. 0, P.-Cambr. P- 124 Lycosa Farrenii, Cambr. P- 125 Marpessa pomatia, Walck, P- 125 Neon valentulus, Falconer P- 126 Euophrys aequipes, Cambr. P> 126 Attus caricis, Westr. p. 126 Order Chernit idea. Chernes dubius, Cambr. P- 127 Order Acaridea. Calyptostoma Hardii, Cambr. p. 127 Figs. 22-25. 130 on new and rare british arachnida. Descriptions of Some of the Spiders in the Foregoing List. Zora letifera, Falconer, p. 111. Length of the adult male, If lines, very nearly 4 mm. Adult female 2| Imes, 4 mm. Closely allied to the common Zora maculata, Bl., but of a generally paler hue and less distinctly marked. The legs of the 3 females examined were immaculate ; those of the male had the tibiae of the first two pairs black and a very small dark spot or marking at the fore extremity of the tibiae of the third and fourth pairs. The structure of the palpi in the male, and of the epigyne in the female, also differ in the two species. Found in Wicken Fen in June by Mr. W. Falconer and Dr. Jackson ; who do not appear to have met there with the usually common Z. maculata, Bl. Agroeca diversa, sp.n. p. 113. Figs. 1-3. Adult female, length 2 lines. Very similar in general form and appearance to Agroeca gracilipes, BL, which is fairly common where the present spider was found. The colour of the CejihalotJiorax is deep brown with ver}^ slight traces of any longitudinal central pale yellow-brown stripe, which is plainly marked in A. gracilipes. The legs are dull orange yellow. The genuse, tibise, metatarsi, and tarsi of the first two pairs deep brown — approaching black. The metarsi of the third and fourth pairs deep brown, but less dark than those of the anterior pairs ; the tibise of the third and fourth pairs are obscurely annulated with dull orange and brown. The abdomen is jet black, the ordinary pattern on the upper side obscurely ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 131 indicated with fine pale whitish lines, scarcely visible excepting in spirit of wine. The genital aperture is much like that of A. gracilipes, but differs a little. Two examples found on Bloxworth Heath, October 14, 1913. Leptyphantes insignis, sp.n. p. 115. Figs. 4-6. Adult male, length 1-1 3th of an inch. Cephalothorax longer than broad, obtuse at its fore extremity ; lateral marginal impressions at the junction of the thorax and caput almost obsolete ; marginal profile slightly impressed (or hollow) between the ocular area and the thoracic junction ; colour pale dull yellowish, the margins and normal thoracic segments very faintly indicated by dusky blackish. The height of the clypeus appeared slightly to exceed half that of their facial space. The eyes are on black spots, and rather closely grouped in a semi-circle ; they are of moderate size ; those of the posterior row are largest, and form a very slightly curved transverse row, whose convexity is directed forwards. The interval between the central pair is distinctly greater than that between each and the outer eye of the same row, next to it. The eyes of each lateral pair are contiguous and obliquely placed, and seated on a small tubercular prominence ; those of the anterior pair are the smallest, near together, but not quite contiguous, and placed on a largish and tolerably distinct dull blackish spot. The trapezoid formed by the four central eyes is rather longer than broad, and broadest at its hinder side. All are pearly white, excepting the fore- central pair, which are slightly suffused with blackish. Legs rather long and slender ; 1, 4, 2, 3, hairs, and spines generally, normal. The spines on the tibiae, especially of the fourth pair, very long. Colour uniform pale yellowish, slightly deeper than that of the CephalotJiorax. Palpi moderate in length. The cubital and radial joints short, the latter much the strongest, and has its fore extremity 132 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. rather produced in the form of an obtuse projection ; besides a few ordinary hairs the cubital joint has a single one a little stronger than the rest in front, and the radial has a curved one much stronger than the rest towards its extremity on the outer side. The digital joints are of moderate size. The palpal organs are highly developed, complex, and very distinctive ; their form and structure can be best seen and understood from the figure on the plate. The jalces are of moderate size, vertical, and tapering, and, with the maxillce, which appear to be of normal form, similar in colour to the Cephalothorax. Sternum heart-shaped ; obtusely drawn out at its hinder extremity, which is truncate. Colour yellowish brown. Abdomen, rather elongate-oblong, a little narrowest in front, and moderately convex above, of a uniform dull, pale, whitish hue (which would probably have become darker by age), furnished thinly with hairs, of which a few scattered over the upper side are very much longer than the others, prominent and black. The under side of the abdomen is suffused Avith sooty black. Found among dwarf herbage in a wood at Bloxworth on the 18th of May, 1912. Maso gallica, Sim. p. 117. This species differs a little in size from the closely allied form, M. Sundevallii, Westr., but may easily be distinguished by the clavate hairs on the palpi of the male. These are, some of them at the fore extremity of the upper side of the radial joint and three others at the extremitj^ of a conical projection near the base on the upper side of the digital joint. The genital aperture of the female also differs from that of M. Sundevallii. This latter species is widely distributed and common in some localities, but M. gallica has as yet only been recorded from Wicken Fen. ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 133 (?) Gongylidiellum incertum, sp.n. p. 117. Figs. 7-9. Adult female, length 2 lines. Cephalothorax much longer than wide, broadly and roundly obtuse at its fore extremity ; lateral marginal impressions at the caput well marked ; profile without impression between caput and thorax. The clypeus projects forwards, and exceeds in height half that of the facial space. The colour is yellow-brown. The Eyes are small, and form very nearly a semi-circle. The hinder row form a slightly curved line, whose convexity is directed forwards ; the two centrals are separated from each other by a diameter's interval, and each by a perceptibly greater interval from the lateral eye on its side. The fore lateral eye on each side is slightly the largest, and each lateral pair is seated on a small tubercular prominence. The fore-central pair are smallest, very near together, but not quite contiguous, and form, with the hind-centrals, a trapezoid whose hinder side is the longest. The legs are rather long, 4, 1, 2, 3, moderately strong, furnished with hairs, and a few slender bristles, and similar in colour to the Cephalothorax. Palpi similar to the legs in colour, and furnished on the digital joints rather thickly with spine-like bristles. Falces strong, straight, tapering, prominently convex in front at their base, a little directed backwards, and slightly darker coloured than the Cephalothorax. Maxillce strong, nearly straight, rounded on the outer side, and a little leaning towards the labium, which is broader than long, hollow truncate at its upper margin and rounded at the corners, and of a dark brown hue, the maxillcB being in colour like the falces. Sternum heartshaped, its hinder extremity is rather con- siderably produced into an oblong form between the basal joints of the fourth pair of legs. Its colour is dark yellow brown. 134 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNlDA. Abdomen oblong-oval, the upper side dull black and thinly furnished with fine black hairs. The underside is marked with an indistinct broken marginal whitish line on each side, and the spiracular plates are white. Spinners short and of a dull j^ellow-brown hue. On the underside of the abdomen, rather less than half way between the spinners and the genital aperture, is a longish transverse slightly curved fold in the epidermis, which has the appear- ance of being a perforated aperture ; but this may be only from a shrinking of the sldn. The genital aperture is of a distinctive and characteristic form. A single example found at Nethybridge, Scotland, by Mr. H. Donisthorpe. Entelecara errata, sp.n. p. 119. Figs. 18-21. Adult male, length | of a line (or l-16tli of an inch) ; length of a female slightly more. This minute spider is closely allied to Entelecara omissa, Cambr., and has been hitherto recorded under that name. It is, however, rather larger, and although corresponding in its general form, appearance, and structure, the following differences, among other lesser ones, seem to be sufficient to justify its being considered a distinct species. The eyes of the hind-central pair are distinctly nearer together, the interval between them being little, if anything, greater than an eye's diameter, while that between those of the corresponding pair in E. omissa is much greater. The palpi also of the male differ ; the digital joint in both has a similarl}^ curved, concave production of its extremity, but the prominent process issuing from its concavity is longer and not clavate, nor is it smooth at its extremity like that in E. omissa ; this extremity in E. errata is apparent^ roughened and furnished there with some minute points or denticulations. The genital aperture in the female also differs slightly in its form and structure. ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNID A. 135 In E. errata the general colouring is — Cephalotliorax dark brown, legs dull orange yellow, and the abdoynen dull yellow- brown ; the colours of E. omissa being of a darker brown hue on the cephalothorax, the legs clearer yellow, and the abdomen jet black. These colours, however, may in some measure depend upon the age of the specimen and the length of time it had been in spirit of wine. The examples of E. errata were found by Dr. A. R. Jackson on Scawfell Pike and Bowfell, Cumberland, at height of 3,210, and 2,960 feet, while so far E. 07nissa has only been found in a marsh or marsh-like habitat. Genus Nov. Collinsia. Cejjhalothorax nearly as broad as long, rounded behind, and tapering to its fore extremity, which is broadly and roundly obtuse; the lateral marginal impressions are obsolete, or almost so ; upper convexity normal ; profile almost uniformly convex ; a very slight impression at the junction of the caput and thorax. The height of the clypeus, which is rather prominent, exceeds half that of the facial space. Eyes in normal position of two transverse curved rows, posterior row slightly curved, the convexity of the curve directed backwards. Those of the central posterior pair appear to be slightly largest of the eight. Legs moderately strong, rather short, 4, 1, 2, 3! (1, 2, and 3 do not vary greatly in length) furnished with hairs, excepting a slender bristle-like spine at the extremity of each of the femora, and on each of the genual joints and tibise. The digital joint of the male palpus has a strong obtuse concave prominence directed backwards at the base of the upper side. Falces rather long, moderately strong, straight, perpendicular, and furnished with a small single tooth (ending with a slender bristle) on the inner side near their extremit}^ besides the normal teeth near the fangs. 136 ON NEW AND RAEE BmTlSH ARACHNIDA. Collinsia notabilis, sp.n. p. 120. Figs. 10-17. Adult male length l-13th of an inch (2 mm). The colour of the cephalothorax and falces is yellow-brown, that of the maxillce rather browner, and the sternum dark brown, convex and furnished thinly with prominent pale hairs. Abdomen black, spotted underneath, irregularly streaked on the sides, and suffused above with a pale hue. Some obscure transverse curved lines may be traced on the hinder half of the upper side ; but all these pale markings are probably untraceable excepting in spirit of wine. The whole abdomen is covered with short curved hairs. The eyes are rather large, those of the hinder row are equidistant from each other, or very nearly so, the interval between the hmd-central pair being slightly the greatest, but rather less than an eye's diameter. Those of each lateral pair are seated a little obliquely on a slight tubercular prominence, and the fore laterals appear to be rather larger than those of the hinder row ; the fore-centrals are smallest and almost contiguous to each other. The yalpi are of moderate length, the cubital joint shorter than the radial. This latter joint is much larger and spreads out considerably to its fore extremity ; at its fore extremity towards the inner side is a prominent curved, tapering, short-pointed, black thorn-like projection or apophysis, and near it on its outer side is another pointed one, though not so long. The digital joint is of tolerable size, and has its hinder extremity on the upper side produced into a strong obtuse, slightly concave prominence directed backwards. The radial and digital joints are furnished with coarse hairs. The palpal organs are very prominent at their extremity and complex, but their structure can be better understood by reference to the figure in the plate. A single example in excellent condition was found and sent to me from Tubney Wood, Berkshire, by Mr. J. Collins, of the University Museum, Oxford. Dorset Mlcatljcr Eore* By J. S. UDAL, F.S.A. T is only to be expected that in a county like Dorset, with a population so largely addicted to agricultural and pastoral pursuits — to say nothing of that part of it employed upon its large extent of sea-board — that signs and portents in any way indicative of what the weather is likely to be, are eagerly looked for and carefully treasured up, resulting in a ■strong belief in those superstitions to which they give rise. It is, of course, impossible to say that many of the things that I note in this paper are peculiar to Dorset, or even to the West of England. But if one were only to record such of them as are not known to exist outside the county, and that principle were followed by other county collectors, then very many interesting items of weather lore would remain unchronicled altogether. As with plant and flower lore, so it is obviously impossible that the study of weather lore, if it be at all exhaustive, can be confined within the narrow geographical limits of a county. 138 DORSET WEATHER LORE. It is difficult ill a short paper like this to deal with the subject in a scientific or orderly method that would satisfy the student of comparative folk-lore ; so I shall be content to adopt some simple method of classification or arrangement that will make it easy for any such student to select the material he may desire for the purposes of comparison or generalization. The older chroniclers of the domestic customs and superstitions of the people — which we now call " folk-lore " — were by no means scientific or orderly in the treatment of their subject matter, but one was nevertheless always able to find what one wanted. One of the most usual methods was that of taking the particular days of the calendar or periods of the year and adjusting and assigning to them the subject matter suitable to each. It is this method that I will now begin with, dealing with it in chronological order. Some thirty years or so ago the Dorset County Chronicle (I think at my suggestion, for I was anxious at that time to collect and preserve all the items I could of what may be termed Dorset folk-lore) instituted in its pages a " Folk-lore Column " for the collection of such items, and which I from time to time helped to supply with material. From that source, under date 17th December, 1891, I now give my first item. New Year's Day. It reads somewhat in the form of a prophecy from Old Moore's Almanac, and there is an old-world savour about it, but my note-book does not give the actual source whence it was taken. It treats of what we may expect should New Year's Day chance to fall upon a Thursday. " Winter and summer windie. A rainie harvest. Therefore we shall have overflowings ; much fruit ; plentie of honey ; yet flesh shall be deare, cattel in general shall die ; great troubles ; warres." Although not quite in chronological order I will now give some weather forecasts applicable to Candlemas. dorset weather lore. 139 Candlemas. (i.) If Candlemas Day (2nd February) is a fine day, winter is to come ; if it's a middling day, winter is half over ; if it's a very rough day, winter is past, (ii.) Another and rhythmical form of this belief was sent to me years ago, together with several other interesting items of Dorset folk-lore, by the late Rev. W. K. Kendall, of East Lulworth, himself an early member of this Club. " If Candlemas Day be fair and fine, Half the winter is left behin'. If Candlemas Day do bluster and blow, The winter is o'er, as all good people do know." (iii.) Yet another instance of mild weather at Candlemas being taken as a harbinger of something more severe later on is furnished by the old saying that " as much ground as the sun shines on on Candlemas Day will be covered with snow before Lady Day." The late Mr. Hugh Norris, of South Petherton, for many years Somerset Editor of our excellent contemporary, " The Somerset and Dorset Notes and Queries " (Vol. I., pp. 160-162), gives a list of some West Country weather proverbs, from which I extract his version of the above saying, clothed in a rich vernacular — perhaps a little more Somerset than Dorset — " Za much groun' as ez cove'd wi' " zun 'pon Cannelmas Day '11 be cove'd wi' znaw " avore Laady Day." (iv.) In the following instance relating to Candlemas, furnished to " Notes and Queries " in 1872 (4th S. X. 82) by F.C.H. (the well-known Roman Catholic ecclesiastical authority, the late Dr. F. C. Husenbeth), attention is called to the alteration in these old dates — a fact, I am afraid, generally 140 DORSET WEATHER LORE. ignored — caused by the introduction of the New Style. He says : — " In Dorsetshire people anxiously look for the dew-drops hanging thickly on the thorn-bushes on Candlemas morning. When they do, it forebodes a good year for peas. But these weatherwise seers are apt to forget that all these old saws were adapted to the Old Style, according to which what used to be Candlemas is now St. Valentine. N'importe, the weather prophet coolly moves on his peg and goes on predicting with equal confidence."' The following forecasts as to the kind of weather to be expected are based upon what has alread}^ obtained in particular months of the year — January — (i.) "A January Spring Isn't worth a pin " (or, in West Dorset, '" is good for no-thing.") Mr. Norris renders this latter version in the vernacular as follows : — " A January spring edd'n good vur noo-thing ; " because crops then become too forward, — " winter proud," as it is called, — and are liable to be damaged by later cold weather, (ii.) Another version has : " January Spring, February wring." (iii.) And a West Dorset variant of this last runs : " A January Spring Makes a February ring " {i.e. a ringing frost — the reverberation on the hard, frosty surface). February — (i.) If a mild January was considered unseasonable and undesirable, similar weather during the follow- ing month of February seemed even less to the DORSET WEATHER LORE. 141 taste of the Dorset agriculturist, if we may judge from a couplet sent in 1889 to the Somerset and Dorset N. and Q. (Vol. I., p. 269) by G.W.F., under which initials it is not difficult to recognise Mr. G. W. Floyer, another old member of the Club — " Of all months that are in the year Curse a fair Februeer." (ii.) According to Mr. Norris this month shares, in slightly different terms, the epithet given to it by many other counties of " Veb'uary veil-ditch." March — (i.) The following proverb is no doubt common to many counties besides Dorset — " If March comes in like a lion, it will go out like a lamb," and vice versa. (ii.) It is widely believed that March and the two follow- ing months afford the greatest trial to a weakly constitution, owing to their often rapid change of temperature. It is thus expressed in Dorset — " March wull sarch, Eapril wull try, May'ull tell If you'll live or die." (iii.) Another common one is — " March winds and April showers Will bring forth May flowers." (iv.) The value to agriculturists of a dry March is well recognised in the proverbial sayings of many counties. In West Dorset I find the somewhat unusual form of " A bushel of March dust is worth a King's ransom when do vail on thornen leaves," given by a correspondent in Notes and Queries (5th S. I. 505), who suggests that the March dust is valuable at the close of the month when the thorn begins to unfold its leaves rather than at an earlier period. 142 DORSET WEATHER LORE. (v.) Mr. Norris is responsible for the following : — " Zoo many vogs en Maarch, zoo many vrausts (or, var. " vloods ") en May." (vi.) Also for the statement that when in Spring snow lies for some time on the hill-sides and under hedges the popular belief is that " 'Tes awaitin' vurmooa." Easter. The following quatrain speaks for itself — " Sun Easter Day, Little grass, but good hay. Rain Easter Day, Good deal of grass, but bad hay." May — (i.) The changeable weather usually experienced in the month of May is neatly expressed in one of Mr. Norris's contributions : " May's ha'f zumma 'n ha'f wenta." (ii.) "A Zunny May 'n a drepping June '11 put all things en good tune.'" A comforting thought, as Mr. Norris says, for a late Spring. Midsummer. " A dry Summer never goes begging." Or, a West Dorset variant, " A dry Summer never begs its bread." Meaning thereby that fine dry weather in summer time is good for corn crops, particularly wheat. Michaelmas. The unseasonable effects of early frosts are shewn by the following lines : — " A frost before Michaelmas Day Hard enough to bear a duck ; All the Winter after Nothing but muck." dorset weather lore. 143 Christmas. (i.) Similar to the last is one referable to Christmas : " If the ice will bear a horse before Christmas it won't bear a duck after." (ii.) "A light Christmas, light harvest." " Light " here presumably refers to a mild Christmas. (iii.) The same consequences of unseasonably mild weather, as already expressed as prevailing at Candlemas (iii.) is, with regard to Christmas, shewn by the following : — " If the sun shines on Christmas Day it will snow on Candlemas Day." (iv.) The same idea is more graphically expressed, perhaps, in this variant of the aphorism : " How far the sun is within the stall on Christmas Day, so far the snow will be on Candlemas Day." (v.) As a West Country variant of the common saying that " A green Christmas makes a fat churchyard," Mr. Norris gives the following as indicating the fatal effects of a trying spring on the constitutions of the sick and aged who have survived a mild winter — " Ev a chich'ard da look lik' a pastur' veel " 'pon C'ursmas Day '11 look lik' a plow'd veel avoa " Medzumma Day." (vi.) He also gives the following : — " Dree whit' vrauses (frosts) vollerin' avore C'ursmas '11 bring rain," a saying not by any means peculiar to Dorset or even the West Country. Particular Days of the Week. (i.) The weather obtaining on particular days of the week has been made the subject of note or observa- tion. In Dorset it is said that " Friday and the rest of the week are never alike," referring to the exceptionable weather usually met with on a Friday, (ii.) And sometimes it takes the form, in connection with other counties, of " Like Friday, like Sunday." 144 DORSET WEATHER LORE. The former expression would appear to be at least as old as Chaucer. See the Knighte's Tale, 681 (Skeat's edition), " Selde is the Friday al the Avyke i-lyke." This is referred to in a note by Miss C. S. Burne in her " Shropshire Folk-lore," p. 261. Moon Weather Lore. The various phases of the moon in most counties bear a large part in their weather lore, and amongst these the time of the new moon is predominant. (i.) In 1874 I sent to " Notes and Queries " (5th S., i., 48) an illustration of this from a Dorset source, wherein I stated that I had been informed by an old Dorset shepherd that " a Saturday's new moon " once in seven years was once too often for sailors," meaning thereby that sailors have a special dread of a new moon falling upon that day of the week. And I mentioned in illustration of this that the new moon for the previous August had fallen upon a Saturday, and that both the weather and sea had been unusually rough for that time of year, (ii.) Hence the proverb : " A Saturday's moon is the sailor's dread." (iii.) This is intensified should the full moon also fall on a Sunday, as is shown by the following couplet : '■' A Saturday's moon and Sunday's full Never did good and never wull." (iv.) A variant of this from West Dorset was sent in 1856 to " Notes and Queries " (2nd S., ii., 516) by Clericus Rusticus (Rev. H. Rawlinson, Rector of Symondsbury) : — " A Saturday's change and a Sunday's full Comes too soon whenever it wool." (v.) When the moon is " cupped " {i.e., has her horns turned directly upwards), it is popularly supposed DORSET WEATHER LORE. 145 (vi.) to forebode a wet month. (Mr. H. Norris.) This position of the moon is sometimes spoken of as " lying on her back." " As many days as the moon is old at Middlemas {i.e., Michaelmas), so many floods before Christ- mas." Miscellaneous Weather Forecasts. I now come to what I may term miscellaneous weather forecasts, or circumstances and incidents portending wet or fine weather. And first I will deal with predictions of rain. Predictions of Rain. (i.) " Predictions of rain," says M.G.A.S. (Miss Summers, of Hazelbury Bryan, a lady who often contributed items of folk-lore to the Dorset Chronicle Folk-lore Column), in March, 1889, " are manifold. ' Painful rheumatism, shooting corns, spiders ' leaving their cobwebs and creeping about the rooms, soot falling down the chimney, stones drying quickly, cats washing over their ears with their paws. I was astonished by an exclamation I heard yesterday denoting the belief in ' weather prophets,' which still clings to Dorset. ' Dear-a- me,' says an old woman, " a weat zummer is a'-fore us.' ' Bad job this year,' says her com- panion. ' I didn't mind you 'twere a' tween the 18th and 20th.' " " Thus," adds Miss Summers, rain between these dates denotes a wet summer." I presume this would mean such a period in any month before summer commences, (ii.) Another prediction of rain is probably known to many here, namely, that when Hardy's Monument is plainly visible from Dorchester, it is a sign of bad weather, or, as another contributor to the Dorset 146 DORSET WEATHER LORE. County Chronicle in March, 1898, rhythmically puts it — " When Hardy's Monument is plainly seen, There'll soon be heavy rain, I ween." (iii.) From an illustration that has such an interesting naval connection with the county I will pass on to one of a more military character, namely, that the playing of a German band usually brings rain. A correspondent in Notes and Queries in 1887 (7th S., iii., 306) states that during the haymaking season in Dorset in the previous year a man was heard to say, " I thought it would rain, the Germingham (German) band was in the village." It appears to be a firmly rooted idea in the rural districts of Dorset, and also of Somerset (p. 432), that the arrival of these foreign musicians changes the weather for the worse. It is stated in " Folic Lore " (Vol. XX., p. 348, 1909) that a candidate in a recent Civil Service examination gave as a reason for the decreasing number of German bands in this country that people wil] not give them money because they bring rain ! (iv.) The direction of the wind as indicating wet weather will, I think, to most minds afford something more than a merely superstitious belief in the correct- ness of the following lines, which are not, I take it, peculiar to this county. " The south wind always brings wet weather ; The north wind wet and cold together ; The west wind always brings in rain ; The east wind blows it back again." The weather of the last month or two has afforded ample means of testing this ! (v.) The face of the sky is eagerly scanned by the weather-wise as indicative of bad or fine weather, and the following lines represent, I think, the form DORSET WEATHER LORE. 147 in which this old adage is generally known to Dorset folk :— " Red in the morning, Shepherds' fore-warning ; Red at night, Shepherds' delight." (vi.) Or, a shorter version : — " Red in the morning, All day storming." (vii.) Mr. Norris gives a combination of these two : " Urds (red clouds) en tha marnin'. All tha day starmin' ; Urds en tha night, 'Z tha shephe'ds' delight " (or, " All the day bright "). The general distrust of " mackerel " sky from a weather point of view is shewn from two rhymes given by Mr. Norris in his list of weather lore items above mentioned. (viii.) " Mack'el sky en maa's (mare's) tails, Da maake zailas (sailors) Iowa zails." And : (ix.) " Mack'el sky, Wun't be vaour 'n twenty hours dry." (x.) The old Dorset proverb that " A fog on the hill Brings water to the mill," is, of course, a clear indication of rain, (xi.) The ancients were not the only people to practise divination from observations of the flight of birds or the actions of animals. In Dorset it is commonly believed that if rooks are seen to be flying round and round, cawing loudly or in a " charm," as the rustics would say, and frequently dropping in their flight and recovering themselves, it is a sign of 148 DORSET WEATHER LORE. imminent and very stormy weather. This is more than a mere superstition, and is easily verified. (See also Somerset and Dorset Notes and Queries, Vol. I., p. 182, where this action of the rooks is spoken of as " playing breakneck.") (xii.) It is commonly noticed that immediately before a thunderstorm birds will cease their singing and seek shelter. (xiii.) If the green wood-pecker {picus viridis) — called in Dorset the " yaffle " (from his joyous laugh of " yaffala, yaffala, yaffala "), also the "wood-wall," and sometimes the " rain bird " (see R. Bosworth Smith's Bird Life and Bird Lore, p. 405 (1909)— whilst flying from tree to tree or wood, frequently utters its discordant, or, as some people would have it, laughing cry, it is a sign of rain. (xiv.) Again, if a wren is heard to cry or sing much it is said to be a sign of rain. (xv.) So, also, if geese fly, or flutter, down hill. (xvi.) Or if a cock crows upon his perch. Hence the rhyme — " If a cock goes a-crowen to bed. He'll ceartainly rise wi' a watery head." (xvii.) The same significance is attached whenever snails, especially black ones, are seen crawling about to any extent. Thus an old saying : " When black snails cross your path, Black clouds much moisture hath." Portents of fine weather : — I am afraid that I have not been able to gather together so many portents or predictions of fine weather as I have of those foreboding the reverse. (i.) If cattle during wet and miserable weather are seen feeding at the top of a hill, it is considered a sign that the weather will soon clear up. This I have not infrequently verified myself. DORSET WEATHER LORE. 149 (ii.) As we have heard that if geese fly, or flutter, down hill it denotes rain, so, if they do so uphill, it foretells fine weather, (iii.) The adage is common to most counties, I think, that "If it rains before seven It will be fine before eleven." (iv.) The common, or scarlet, pimpernel {anagallis arvensis) — called in Dorset " the poor man's weather- glass," from its delicate sense of perceiving the approach of rain, when it closes its flowers — is often apostrophized by children in their games in the following lines : — " Pimpernel, pimpernel, tell me true. Whether the weather be fine or no. No heart can think, no tongue can tell The virtues of the pimpernel." (v.) The ash, in conjunction with the oak, is a very favourite test, according as one or the other is the first to put forth its leaves, as to what kind of weather may be expected during the ensuing season. " If the ash is before the oak. Then there'll be a very great smoke ; If the oak is before the ash. Then there'll be a very great splash." But, as I have said in a former paper, in this Club's Proceedings in 1899, dealing with superstitions applicable to the ash tree, the variants of this weather forecast are many. Some that I have heard, even in this county, are exactly the opposite to what I have given above, as in the following lines : — " If the ash is before the oak. Then there'll be a very great soak ; If the oak is before the ash, Then there'll be a very small splash." 150 DORSET WEATHER LORE. I think it will be noticed that in the large majority of seasons the oak leaves are out before those of the ash. But I will leave it to observers themselves to say which of the two versions given above they consider the more correct one. For myself I can say that the oak leaves were first out last year, and what a summer we had ! (vi.) I will conclude this paper with a reference to the rainbow, which, somewhat curiously, seems to have been made but little use of as a weather portent, at least, so far as it has come to my notice. A correspondent in Notes and Queries (7th S., xi., 17) (1891) states that in Dorset, half a century before, the secondary rain-bow was called the " water- gull," and was supposed to be necessary to make the weather sign a satisfactory one. If one was seen alone, or with only an imperfect " water-gull," it was deemed unlucky. In other parts of England {e.g., Yorkshire) it would seem that attempts were made to " cross out," or get rid of, the bow, by making a cross on the ground. Sometimes this Avas done by the foot, or by taking two pieces of stick and laying them on the ground and placing a small stone at the end of each stick. Sometimes straws were similarly used, or even the crossing of the forefingers of each hand was considered quite as effectual. This charm Avas supposed to cause the rainbow to disappear ; but one may well believe that by the time some of these charms were got ready the rainbow had disappeared of its own accord. (X., 366, 471.) ^Ijcrlioruc iBrclucrs in 1383 (6 Hicljcirli M,). By E. A. FRY. N the De Banco Roll of Trinity, 7 Richard II., 1383, at the Public Record Office, London, are several long suits which recount a contest between the brewers of ale in Sherborne and Ralph, Bishop of Sarum. They are too long to give verbatim (though I have taken them out in full), but the controversy in a shortened form is as follows. The brewers complain that the Bishop had taken a horse and kept it for three days and, because it was not fed and watered, it had died. The Bishop replies it is true he took the horse, but he kept it only half a day, and that if it died it was through no fault of his, as the brewers could have fed and watered it if they had chosen. Whether it was one horse taken in the name of all the brewers or one horse from each of them, is not quite clear, but in each case the horse died, which seems rather extraordinary. The Bishop goes on to say that he was quite in order in taking the horse, as it was distrained for non-payment of his 152 SHERBORNE BREWERS IN 1383. due of 2 J gallons of the best ale and 2 J gallons of the second ale (subsequently altered to 2 gallons for each kind) and one farthing for every gallon of ale brewed for sale in his manor of Sherborne, of which he was the lord. In subsequent pleadings he alters the lordship to that of the Castle of Sherborne, and states that he had view of frank pledge twice a year. In reply to this, Henry Lyneden, one of the plaintiffs, states that the place where this brewing of ale took place was in La Nywelond, i.e. Newland, parcel of the demesne lands of the manor, situate between the Chapel of St. Thomas-on-the- Green of Sherborne and the Castle. He goes on to quote a charter granted by Richard (Poore) Bishop of Sarum (1217- 1228), in the reign of Henry III., and confirmed by Bishop Roger (de Mortival, 1315-1330) in the reign of Edward II., which I here condense in English, but give in full Latin text further on. It would be interesting to ascertain if this charter is still in existence, or is enrolled in any of the Salisbury Cathedral muniments, or whether it is a veritable antiquarian novelty. Bishop Poore's charter is dated in the eleventh year of his pontificate (the day and month are not stated), that is to say, in the last year of his being at Salisbury, and therefore before 22 July, 1228, on which day he was translated to Durham. By it he grants, with the assent of the Dean and Chapter, to all his freemen who take new burgages at Sherborne between the Chapel of St. Thomas and the Castle, that they shall hold them freely and quietly for ever from him and his successors with all liberties and free customs to the said burgages belonging. Three kinds or sizes of burgages are instituted, the first kind are on the south side of the way which leads from the said Chapel towards the Castle, and are to measure 20 perches long by 4 perches wide, and are to pay 12 pence per annum at the 4 usual quarter days. The second are on the north side of the said way, and are to measure 24 perches long by 4 perches wide, and are to pay an annual rent of 18 pence, and the third kind are situate between the said SHERBORNE BREWERS IN 1383. 153 Chape] and " our barn," probably a tithe barn, and measure only 2 perches long by 2 perches wide, and pay an annual rent of 8 pence. These rents are " for all service and exaction for said burgages which said free tenants and their heirs have for ever." It is over these few last words that the disputes arose, as will be shown later on. The " Inspeximus " of the Charter by Bishop Roger has no date whatever, and only an exhaustive examination of the periods when the witnesses to it were all alive will give the precise date, between 1315 and 1330 (during which years Roger de Mortival was Bishop of Salisbury), when the document could have been confirmed. Henry Lyneden's contention is that he now holds a burgage which Bishop Richard granted to John Bradford, and was therefore free from all services and exactions. To this the Bishop replies that the Charter only extended to the exoneration of the tenants from doing the services mentioned in the Charter. Some of the Plaintiffs go rather fully into the question of the situation of Newland, and say that the Castle is situate within the site of the manor of Sherborne, within the precincts of which manor there is an ancient vill of Sherborne bounded by ancient metes and bounds, and that there are within the precincts of the said manor divers hamlets outside the ancient vill of Sherborne, viz.. West Burton, East Burton, Holnest, Wotton, Gromeslee, Pyneford, Woborn, and Thornyford. Adjacent and contiguous to, but outside the bounds of the ancient vill, are three places called Coumbe, North Coumbe, and Nywelond, in which three places were men living for a long time who brewed ale for sale, and that Bishop Richard granted certain burgages of different dimensions, paying for them various rents '' for all services and exactions," and that the said Bishop had a Court with View of Frankpledge to be held at the Cross in the middle of the place of Nywelond by his Seneschall, to which Court the men of Nywelond holding burgages there came and not elsewhere, and were amerced and punished, and it was here the men of 154 SHERBORNE BREWERS IN 1383. Nywelond were tallied and taxed and not in the old vill of Sherborne, nor did the men of the old vill come to Nywelond. Apparently this plaintiff endeavoured to set up an imperium in imperio exempt from a tax on ale. But it was of no avail, for a jury being summoned they state on their oaths that the said Bishop and his predecessors in virtue of their lordship of the Castle of Sherborne have always been accustomed time out of mind (not merely in Bishop Poore's time) to have 2 gallons of the best ale and 2 gallons of the second ale and one farthing per gallon, both within and without the precincts of the vill of Sherborne, and they assess the damages of the Bishop at £37 0 0, which I suppose would be some £555 of our present money. They proceed to state what amount each of the plaintiffs have to pay towards this £37, and grant a " nolle prosequi " to two only of the plaintiffs. It is to be noticed that in the first place John Scopey (on m. 304), Richard Mohun (on m. 305), John Tayllor atte mere (on m. 306) and Henry Lyneden (on m. 307), as plaintiffs, each bring separate, though practically identical, suits against the Bishop for taking an unfortunate horse which dies, but it is only Henry Lyneden who quotes the Charter and its " inspeximus," presumably because he occupied one of the original burgages (formerly John Bradford's) granted by Bishop Poore. Then Bishop Ralph turns the tables and brings two suits, one against (m. 315) the Defendants, John Caundle, souter, Walter Fisher, Thomas Tylie, John Kent, mulleward, John Pyneford, Robert Font, Robert Mulleward, Roger Bavant, Richard Croppe, John Dale, Matilda Gys, Walter Goldsmyth, Richard Godefray, William Houpere, William Free, John Scopey, Peter Shoier, John Graunt, John Bakere, John Dodde, Thomas Shephurd, and Henry Lyneden. In the other suit (on m. 318) the Defendants are William Northerne, Stephen Bakere, William Font, John Nobilet^ SHERBORNE BREWERS IN 1383. 155 John Manston, Margery Toukere, William Muriel, Margery Mannyng, John Bemynstre, John Donpayn, John Taillour, webbe, Thomas Iweyn, Richard Monne, John Mulleward, John Bouer, Nicholas Deighere, William Mulleward, Stephen Holdefast, Robert Anketyll, Henry Mascall, William Webbe, and Nicholas Burel. The damages assessed by the Jury on m. 315 are £37, those on m. 318 are £30, but both seem to have been revised, and on m. 319 and m. 320 the damages are reduced to £20 for both sets of Defendants. What is particularly interesting in these proceedings is the statement that there was a Cross in the middle of the place of Newland, and Mr. Alfred Pope will be able to state in a future edition of his valuable "Old Stone Crosses of Dorset " that a Cross was certainly in existence there in Bishop Poore's time, viz., 1217-1228. Perhaps the division of Newland into three zones with burgages of various dimensions and rents, and its position with regard to the Castle and the Barn, may throw light on other points now doubtful. But the quotation in full of a Charter of A.D. 1228 cannot fail to be of archaeological value, and the long list of local brewers shows to what an extent this beverage was consumed even in those days. Incidentally, also, it shows that the Chapel of St. Thomas-on-the-Green was in existence at the date of the Charter of 1228, the earliest date, I believe, previously knoAvn concerning this Chapel, being a Patent Roll of 18-19 Richard II., 1395, as mentioned in Hutchins, 3rd ed.. Vol. IV., page 257. The Inspeximus of Bishop Roger de Mortival (1315-1330) of the Charter of Bishop Richard Poore (1217-1228) to his 156 SHERBORNE BREWERS IN 1383. freemen of Sherborne. (De Banco Roll No. 490, m. 307 d.) Universis sancte Matris ecelesie filiis ad quos presens scriptum pervenerit Rogerus permissione divina Sarum ecelesie minister humilis salutem in Domino Noveritis nos inspexisse cartam Ricardi quondam Episcopi Sarum in hec verba Universis Sancte Matris ecelesie filiis ad quos presens scriptum pervenerit Ricardus permissione divina Sarum ecelesie minister humilis Salutem in Domino Scire volumus universis quod nos assensu Decani et Capituli Sarum ad honorem beate Marie Sarum Dedimus et hac presenti carta nostra Confirmamus oiunibus liberis hominibus nostris qui nova burgagia capiunt vel recepturi sunt apud Shirobourn scilicet inter Capellam Sancti Thome et Castrum quod ipsi et heredes sui teneant de nobis et successoribus nostris burgagia que habent vel habituri sunt in predicto loco libera pacifice integre honorifice et quiete imperpetuum cum omnibus libertatibus et libris consuetudinibus ad hujusmodi burgagia pertinenti- bus Ita videlicet quod iDresente ballivo nostro liceat ipsis et heredibus suis burgagia sua dare vendere vel obligare cuicunque voluerint preterc[uam ecclesiasticis domibus religiosis et judeis sub tali forma scilicet quod quicumque aliquod burgagium dare voluit hereditarie dabit nobis et successoris nostris pro relevio quantum idem burgagium reddit per annum Sunt autem predicta burgagia in tres partes distincta Prima pars est in australi parte [vie] qua it a capella Sancti Thome versus Castrum in qua parte plenum burgagium continet in longitudine viginti perticatas et in latitudine quatuor perticatas Ita videlicet quod quicumque tale burgagium tenuerit dabit nobis et successoribus nostris duodecem denarios per annum Secunda pars est in boriali parte predicte vie in qua parte j^lenum burgagium continet in longitudine viginti et quatuor perticatas et in latitudine quatuor perticatas Et quicumque tale burgagium tenuerit dabit nobis et successoribus nostris annuatim decern et octo denarios et qui plus vel minus tenuerit de talibus partibus burgagii secundum predictam quantitatein nobis et successoribus nostris respondebit Tercia pars est que se extendit a capella Sancti Thome versus orreum nostrum in qua parte burgagium continet in longitudine duas perticatas et in latitudine duas perticatas Et quicumque tale burgagium tenuerit dabit nobis et successoribus nostris octo denarios per annum Ipsi vero qui predicta burgagia tenent et tenebunt solvent jjrenominatum redditum ad quatuor annuos terminos scilicet ad Natale Domini quartam partem et ad festum Annunciationis Beate Marie quartam pattern et ad festum Nativitatis Sancti Johannis Baptiste quartam partem et ad festum Sancti Michaelis quartam partem pro omni servicio et exactione Quare volumus et concedimus quod predicti liberi tenentes SHERBORNE BREWERS IN 1383. 157 et heredes sui habeant imperpetuum predicta burgagia per predictum servicium bene in pace sicut predictum est Et ad majorem hujas nostre concessionis securitatem huic carte sigillum nostrum una cum sigillo Capituli nostri huic presenti carte sunt appensa Hiis testibus Henrico Abbate de Shirborne Magistro Elia de Durham tunc Seneshallo nostro Gilbert© de Stapelbrigge canonico de Sarum Gilberto HospitaU Waltero de Purle Stephano de Burton Ricardo de Gulleford Rogero Everard tunc serviente de Shirborn clerico Henrico de Haddon Philhpo de Charteray WilHelmo de Duyn Anno pontificatus nostri undecimo Nos vero predictam cartam in omnibus suis articuhs predicis bur- gensibus et eorum heredibus jDrout ea usi fuerint pro nobis et success- oribus nostris approbamus ratificamus et confirmamus Salvis nobis et successor bus nostris et ecclesie nostre Sarum omnibus redditibus et serviciis que nobis et predecessoribus nostris aliquo tempore accre- verunt seu successoribus nostris accrescere possunt in future de qiiibus quidem purpresturis placeis terre arentatis seu arentandis Ac eciam escaetis in manibus nostris aut predecessorum nostrorum post datum predicte carte quoquomodo accidentibus In cujus rei testimonium presentibus sigiUum nostrum una cum sigillo Capituli nostri Sarum sunt apensa Hiis testibus Magistro Henrico de la Wyle, cancellario ecclesie nostre Sarum Magistro Thome Hentot, Archidiacono Dors Magistro Waltero Hervy, Archidiacono Sarum Magistro de Ayleston, Archidiacono Wiltes Magistro Roberto Blonttesdon Domino Willielmo de Braybrok Domino Roberto de Wynchcombe et aliis (There is no date to this Inspeximus.)* * Canon Mayo informs me that Robert de Ayleston was collated to the Archdeaconry of Wilts, 27 May 1326 and became Archdeacon of Birks in 1331, so that Bishop Roger de Mortival's inspeximus must be dated between 27 May 1326 and 14 March 1329 — 30 when the Bishop died. iEcmortal tBrasscs of Dorset. By W. de C. PRIDEAUX, L.D.S., Eng., F.R.S.M. Part VII. C^ZEi M^a^^ previous meeting I exhibited a series of figure and other memorial brasses ; to my great regret they were destroyed by fire shortly after, before being reproduced. I may perhaps mention that a large plano- convex lens was the cause of my trouble, and warn fellow-members against leaving lenses near papers, whether rolled or flat, on a sunny day. I have rubbed most of these again and reproduce those from Woolland, Pimperne, Lytchett Matravers, and Church Knowle this year. Of others I have five inscribed brasses from Wareham, not in Haines' list. The Rector of St. Marj^'s was kind enough to allow me to examine the reverse of these brasses for possible palimpsests, I regret to say with negative result. During the alterations at Puddletown Church, the Rev. A. L. Helps allowed me to examine the curious Cheverell effigy and inscription there, but these plates, contrary to expressed opinion, proved to have perfectly plain backs. Here lyef^ y boiy of Mr George Burge* f^mceMaior.of Ay TotDTie.SDbo died* FeW: 13*1 16^0. Ifhoneff tipfh,§ood'Wee(im^ Courage, \biff, Confempf of Waif h ,f irmeHrindlhiDpniap^ beFW An £pi/Dp^; OP Bounf ie, ferue To raife TKy fleepiTi^ Alhei' info taking praife J ThiV TombV -^y Trifmpef f A ^Hy %^acy I In zeale.leff^ fo fhis^ Houle ihafi neu^r dy J Sfmiipxtt' amopis'ei^o 1 ^^^ Anna Vxor eiu/ . I (5eorae Buroes, 1640. WAREHAM. wli aro tfrmiHr, Oitufeinir tmapcr uitDHi^iiam.!iirr 9r(r{f5ttirv^liiU-i»aiu^ of amw m ^ii.tf s fjcinft arafltam Ikat ni rtiaiiiTs 1* m mofiirtit ii^ ts^i Hnn dfi*an!?c, 1583. WAREHAM. ancient memorial brasses of dorset. 159 Wareham, St. Mary's. Position. — Fixed against south wall of chancel. Size. — This is given separately. Description. — Four 17th Century inscribed brasses in plain Roman type, and one of 16th Century date in Old English, having a little ornamental detail as filling. These epitaphs are curious, in matter and spelling. GEORGE BURGES. (1) Size of plate, 20in. wide above, 17oin. below, llfin. high. Here lyeth y*' body of Mr. George Burges, twice Maior of this Towne, who died Febr. 13°, 1640. If honest birth, good breeding, courage, witt. Contempt of wealth, firme friendshipp, may befitt An Epitaph or Bountie, serve to raise Thy sleeping Ashes into waking praise, This Tomb's thy Trumpett, and thy Legacy In zeale, left to this House shall never dy. Struxit amoris ergo Anna Vxor eius. ANNE FRANKE. (2) Size of plate, 18in. wide by 6^in. deep. Here lyeth the bodye of Ann Franke the wyfe of Richard Franke, sumtyme Draper in Wareham, shee Desesed the xviii. daye of Apryll in An°. 1583, being then the eayge of xxx yeres. A matron sage, in maners mild, in modistie did exsell, In Godlinis, in governement shee ever guyded well ; In wedlocke chast in faythfull hand shee yelded up her lyfe. Beloved, bewayled by man, by maj^d, and wyfe. 160 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. WILLIAM PERKINS. (3) Size of plate, 20|in. by GJin. Here Lyeth buried the Body of William Perkins of Byeastwall nere Wareham gent who dyed the xx™ of August in the yeere of our Lord God, 1613. Fine witt, fat welth, faire face, and sturdy strength All these Devoringe Death Consumes at length. Intemerated vertue and good name Stand fast as rock, nothing removes the same ; Therefore love firme things, loath the fleeting still. This is the Sense and Subject of my will. RICHARD PERKINS. (4) Size of plate, 20|in. by 5 Jin. To the deare memory of her husband Richard Perkins, Gent, who having passed his life Religiously towards God And w™ great integrity and uprightnes towards The World, rendered up his devout soule into the Hands of his blessed Saviour, y'' 22™ of Aprill, A° 1616. EDMUND MOORE. (5) Size of plate, 14in. by 6in. Loe heere lieth buried within this grave The man home God did meane to save, And hath him advanced to heaven's blis, Wher he of hevens joye possessed is ; If more of him you list to knowe Thes folowinge leters his name do showe. Edmund Moore who Lived 72 years and Died Maye 21, 1625. Here LyfrrH BvwtD the Body of WiULrAM Perkins of BVEAbTWALL NERE W\RHAM CENT WHO DYED IHE Xx' OF AVGVST IN THE YEERE-OF OVR LORD Gob.l 6^15. Fine witt^fat weltii,kaike e\ce, and STVimv sti^js^gth: All THE^E Dt:voRiNcr. Death Con svMEs AT i^NCTH. InTEMERAT ED VERTVE AND GOOD NAME: sx\nd.e\st as rock nothtng removes the s^^^ Therefore lov^e firme things loath the. tleetlng stilu This is THE Sense and Svbiect of my 'Wtul' Milliam iPcrkius, 1613. WAREHAM. 1b Tm DEARf; MEMORY OF HER HVSBANdRicHAJRD PERKINS Gent whohavit^g passed his life Reuciovsly towards God And w great integrjtY;& vprightnes towabds tfe vvbrld, re]^dertd vp his devovt sovle into the HA>fD5 OF HIS BLESSED S/^IOVRY ^1 OFAmitL )^l6l6' 1Ricbar& Perkins, 1616. WAREHAM. wHtrte LYETH OVR LANDLADIi LOVEB Of ALL: WfipM Mary Argenton las^t W£E;SID gall.. ^^5P()KNERLIElHORNH\rLL C«?T^ ;fe 5fSTER TO WlUJAMSOF HeRi^STON K>JI(}^H1 . BVT'ThORNHVLL DIDLK^^AVE *£R IN foYNG'WftE IVtOST SVRE oThISMaNNOR of WbLLANDJ'vVMlL ST IXFE DID IKDVRl Tie: REVENrFvw vvhiror siefreexyr did spend In GOOD H05P1TALTTIE VISfTILL TE:R LIVES ETxlD Her PR AVERS TO COD SFE NEVER NEGLECTED HER^ LpE^ WTTH INEAMYE NEVER1>ETECT£D - T\pSi MiST "WE. A5SVRED TfROVCHGODSCOOD GKaCE HER^«>yji^ I^^^ Y H taken her place :& mtoJisj TfE TEARErOFOVR LORDeOD \(f\6 /10ar\> Hroenton, lOie, WOOLLAND. ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. 161 - WOOLLAND. MARY ARGENTON. Mary, daughter of Robert Williams of Herringston, wife of Robert Thornhull, and then of Lewis Argenton, 1616, inscription in 12 lines Eng. mural Chancel, Haines. Position. — Mural in the South aisle. Size. — Effigy 98in. high, by 11 Jin. broad at the base ; inscription is 20|in. by 13in. Description. — This curiously worded inscription described above by Haines is dated 1616, but the kneeling effigy above would appear to be of earlier date ; if not, the figure is a very late example of its type. The Church of Woolland was wholly rebuilt in 1743, " being ancient and ruinous ; " in its removal further West monuments to the Thornhulls are said to have suffered. Mary Williams was the second wife of Robert Thornhull, and by her he had seven children ; his first wife was Jane, daughter of John Tregonwell of Milton Abbey Esq'" and by her he had two sons and one daughter, Margaret, who married John Skerne of Bere Regis. Margaret Skerne's kneeling figure* in the Chancel at Bere Regis, 1596, although considerably smaller, is very similar to that of her kinswoman at Woolland. The inscription, in Roman letters, reads as follows : — Here lyeth our Landladie loved of all. Whom Mary Argenton last wee did call. But formerlie Thornhull of Thornhull she hight. Yet sister to Williams of Heringston, Knight. But Thornhull did leave her in Joyncture most sure This Mannor of Wolland, whilst lyie did indure ; The Revenew whereof she freelye did spend In good hospitalitie untill her lives end. * Page 205, 1902 Proceedings, Part I., The Ancient Memorial Brasses of Dorset. 162 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. Her prayers to God she never neglected, Her life with Infamye never detected. Then rest we assured, through Gods good grace, Her soule in y® Heavens hath taken her place. & died in the yeare of our Lord God 1616. PiMPERNE, St. Peter. DOROTHY WILLIAMS. Mrs. Dorothy Williams, 1694, curious, her husband John (rector ?), quadrangular plate mural, Haines. Position. — Mural, near South door. Size. — 18Jin. high by 18|in. wide. Description. — This brass, showing fine but curious craftsmanship, and having borders representing the familiar emblems of mortality, probably came from the workshop of a goldsmith or copper plate engraver, whose name may be deciphered above the feet of the skeleton, " Edmund Colpeper, Fecit." It is an example of two figures representing one and the same individual, and is found occasionally in stone, one above, in health and full costume of the period, the other a skeleton recumbent. In this instance the lady is represented as rising from a skeleton lying on a mattress, with a scroll issuing from her mouth bearing the text — " 0 Death where is thy sting, 0 Grave where is thy victory." The inscription, in Roman letters, reads : — Near this place lies y® body of Mrs. Dorothy Williams who deceased Nov. y® 24th Ano Dom. 1694. Erected by her Husband John Williams Cler. in memory of y^ best of wives. Dormio at Resurgam. ' Borotbv MilliHins, 1694. PIMPERNE. ^ zrbomas petbvn, IRcctov, c. H70. LYTCHETT MATRAVERS, /IDargaret Clement, 1505. LYTCHETT MATRAVERS. ancient memorial brasses of dorset. 163 Lytchett Matravers, St. Mary. 1. — Thos. Pethyn, rector, c. 1470, in shroud, small, in Chancel. 2. — Inscription ; Margaret Clement " generosa specialis benefactrix reedificacionis hujiis ecclesie 1505." 3. — A matrix of a very large fret (the arms of Maltravers), with marginal inscription to Sir John Matravers, 1365 (Cough's Sepulchral EfBgies, Vol. I., p. 117). Haines. THOMAS PETHYN. Position. — Mural, below a windoAv in the Chancel a little Avest of the piscina. Size. — 15in. high by 4|in. wide at the feet. The inscrip- tion 12 Jin. by 2 fin. Description.— This is the solitary example of a shroud brass extant in Dorset, although there are matrices, one being at present in St. Peter's, Dorchester. They are not found earlier than the fifteenth century, one of the earliest being the half effigy of Joan Mareys at Sheldwich, Kent, 1431. Thomas Pethyn's effigy is probably c. 1470. The origin of these peculiar effigies is given in Cotman's Brasses, Vol. II., p. 51, to remind us "that the robes of pride will shortly be exchanged for the winding-sheet, and that beauty and strength are hastening to the period when they will become as the spectre before them." The preparation for a shroud brass cannot have been very different from the following, for a marble effigy now in St. Paul's. " A monument being resolved upon, Dr. Donne sent for a Carver to make for him in wood the figure of an Urn, giving him directions for the compass and height of it ; and to bring with it a board, of the just height of his body. ' These being got, then without delay a choice Painter was got to be in readiness to draw his picture, which was taken as foUoweth. — Several charcoal fires being first made in his large Study, he brought with him into that place his winding-sheet in his hand, and having put off all his clothes, had this .sheet put on 164 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. him, and so tied with knots at his head and feet, and his hands so placed as dead bodies are usually fitted, to be shrowded and put into their coffin, or grave. Upon this Urn he thus stood, with his eyes shut, and with so much of the sheet turned aside as might show his lean, pale, and death-like face, which was purposely turned towards the East, from whence he expected the second coming of his and our Saviour Jesus.' In this posture he was drawn at his just height ; and when the picture was fully finished, he caused it to be set by his bed- side, where it continued and became his hourly object till his death." — Walton's Lives, p. 72. The inscription is in Old English type with usual pre- Reformation wording — 1FMc jacet ^ns ZTbomas Ipetbv^n qualt^a IRectoris bin eccTie qui aic ppicietur ^i MARGARET CLEMENT. Position. — On a slab in the Nave near the Font. Size. — 16Jin. long, Sin. Avide. Description. — A plain inscription in Old English characters that incidentally fixes the date of a restoration of the Church in 1505. Bic jacet /Ibargareta Clement Generosa specialis beiiefactnj reeMficacionis bujus ecclesie que obiit il*5555 Me 5unu Ho &m /Ibo Dc x> cujus ate prcptcietur ^^U5 ame. Church Knowle, St. Peter. John Clavell, Esq''- in armour and two wives, 1st wife with 3 sons and 1 daughter, 2nd, Susan, daughter of Robert Coker of Mappowder, mural, North aisle. Haines. Position. — Beneath the canopy of an altar tomb of Purbeck stone are three compartments, having the following three ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. 165 figures let into the stone, below on the tomb are four blank shields. The monument is against the Eastern wall of the North aisle. Size. — John Clavell's effigy 12in. high by Sin. wide, the shield above, 6Jin. by 8|in., the inscription below 15in. by 2|in. His first wife and children llin. by lOin. wide, the shield over, 4fin. by 6in. His second wife llin. by 7in. with an inscription 16in. by 2|in., the shield over, 5in. by Gin. Description. — John Clavell of Barneston and afterwards of Wareham was born and baptized 2 May, 1541 ; he died 5 Jan., 1609, and was buried at Knoll ; his will was proved 17th Feb., 1609. He probably erected this monument very shortly after his second marriage. He is shown kneeling at a desk on which is an open book, his hands are clasped in prayer, he is clad in plate armour similar to that of Nicholas Martin of Athelhampton at Puddletown,* but his helmet and gauntlets are to be seen on the ground beside him. Over his head is a shield of arms, quarterly, bearing 1 and 4, Vaire a chief gules Estoke,t 2 and 3, Sable six escallops three two and one argent also Estoke. Crest, a buck's head couped ducally gorged gules pierced between the attires by an arrow flighted proper, Clavell. Below is the following inscription iij Old English characters : — XLbc t\^oure of 5obn Clavvell JEsquicr bou5l»an& of tbese two wifes, ina^e. B. /ID(XC(ICCXJ1*55 * Page 202, Proceedings, 1902, The Ancient Memorial Brasses of Dorset. t In the Sixteenth Century the Clavells had adopted for their paternal coat the arms of Estoke. The same arms are attributed in Mr. Dennis Bond's MS to Avis dau. of Walter Clavell of Winfrith (uncle of this John) who married Robert Bond of Lutton in 1565. But, in the Visitation of Dorset of 1623, their arms are given as, Argent, on a chevron sable three caps of maintenance or, and also in " Coker." Burke gives Clavell, Argent on a chevron sable three steel caps argent. 166 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. In the left compartment is the figure of his first wife, Myllecent daughter of John Gifford of Ishell, Hants, kneeling at a desk, her hands clasped in prayer, having her children, three boys and one girl, kneeling behind her. On the shield above her head, the arms quarterly as above, impaling Argent ten torteaux four three two mid one for Gifford of Ishell. Her marriage settlement was dated 11 June, 1563, and she was buried at Knoll 29th October, 1571. The inscription which should appear below this effigy is missing. In the right hand compartment is the effigy of his second wife Susan, daughter of Robert Coker of Mappowder, she was married before 1573, buried at Knoll 2 June, 1618, her will proved 29th June, 1618. She is shown kneeling alone at a desk on which is an open book, with her hands clasped in prater, and is looking towards the dexter. Over her head is a shield of arms, quarterly as above, but impaling on a bend gules three leopards' faces or, Coker. Below is this inscription in Old English characters — XLbc figure of /IIMstris Susan wife to tbc aforc5ai& 5obn BauGbter to IRobert Coker of /Il^aupow^er in tbe €ount\? of H)or5ett lEsquier ma&e. a. /II>(I(rcC(XX|'|'35 ^Ije iEitrria^c of ^t* Cutljtiurga, Mjo toasi aftcrUjitrtis jfountircss of t\)c JEonastcrt) at Mimliornc* By the Rev. Canon J. M. J. 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I.'J UU WJ 1 It ' i-^J I-'- tt/ llj lij UJ ^ u J t^J P^ iX5 l>- Ui I** OJ I HCOOO-Tll-^0500 I OOC105-^t_~CO-^rl<0-*05r--+C]I;-CDC]CIOOClCOCOCO^C ClOi^iHrtAHrtAniHOiHrHiHrtrti^iHAliHi^iHt' — 0) 1-^ = = S p „, b — '^ £?, ^ " " ■■ » o-= ^>«gl>^" a o o >^3 S ^"f^ ;go.=.SK;gg,oso2^^ ^ g g CO "5, Ml ■S, uM S « fi W73 Mi-^Ki RAINFALL IN DORSET. 197 tDOOOOO'MOOOOOl^OOOO(X)CiOOOOOOr-i rHi-(rHi-l(MrHrH(Mi-lT-lrH(MCIi-4rtrHi-li-l(MrHrH(MCMrtN(M(Mi-li-lCllMr-(i-lr-|lM -*m'*®t>Tji^iotooTm>i>TtH«i>«iooTiiOTooioicvnco«inTj(iot>i>m'<*i> -tt>OOCSOOi-lr-l«005rH(M(Mi-lOOOt»(MOOOOOr (^^^Heoeo-*1^coocOl-lcooo(^o{^^(^^oOl-l'*Tt^coc^lTt^ur3T)^lO-*MmM■*TJ^rH«■-lO ^5 5 s ft ^r; a TlltOTHMOC-)-*MeOCOrHC'mrHOTCOC']Cq«ONiHCJCOCOCOiHi-lrHrHO'*COlOt-(C'5 a; Ah CO-* o ft -- „ .« p, .fl p,a 02 "^ M hsMI-j 03 l-sJC I-sMO !/2 t-sOJ t-StO-5 'M (M !M rH M I-J J rt (M iH .I^00O(M'^00^^r-C5C0O00r^C000t0fMJvCi0J'-tt^»00000':0T-(iC(N )S^ • C to S -^ a •t- ,^ :^S: 22 ^ ^ - >'S .';;^gg^5SS933S-c £.4^ ^ cs ci « « .3 .3 .5 .a .5 .a .3 ■- ^ >> 198 RAINFALL IN DORSET. Table III. — Average Monthly Rainfall. 1912. 57 years, 1856-1912. Average of 24 Stations marked * Proportionate fall (a). Difference from 57 years average (6). Days of •dlin.or more. Proportionate fall (c). Do. corrected for inequality of days (d). January February . March April May June July August September . October November . December . In. 5-61 3-33 5-57 •11 1-75 4-05 2-72 7-28 2'12 4-64 2-09 5-36 (a) (b) 126 4- 30 75+1 125 + 53 2-63 39 - 19-5 91 + 25 61-7 163 + 81-5 47 - 38 104 - ]9 47 - 54 120 + 10 19-4 21-3 23-9 3-1 10-3 19-2 16-0 27-2 5-6 16-5 14-4 22-8 In. 3-24 2-52 2-44 2-20 1-98 2-25 2-29 2-76 2-87 4-15 3-43 3-71 (c) {d) 96 94-5 74 77-8 72 70-8 65 66-1 58-5 57-6 66 67-6 68 66-8 81-5 80-4 85 86-4 123 121-0 101 102-8 110 108-2 Year 44-624 1,000 199-7 33-843 1,000 1,000 TABLE IV. — Statistics of the Temperature of the Air, and of the Humidity and Amount OF Cloud., at Winterbourne Steepleton Manor at 9 a.m. Kept by Mr. H. Stilwell. Temperature of the Air. No. of Days. Tempre. ^IS I n Stev enson's Screei . On Grass. at or below 32°. 1912. Averaees of Extremes. ^ 0 " ■73 11 0 ^ '3'^ 0 to -t: ^ ■3 ^• ^ c 1-^ % (S > •§> 3 0 0 t 0 02 a 0 0 W h^ w h) > M 0 o o 0 0 0 0 0 0/ January . . 44-7 34-7 39-7 52-1 20-0 32-5 14-0 n 14 94 7-9 February 47-3 36-1 41-7 54-9 17-0 33-4 12-2 9 13 95 8-4 March 51-1 40-3 45-0 55-1 32-5 38-0 26-0 9 91 8-3 April 57-4 36-9 46'7 68-8 27-0 33-2 21-8 8 12 76 4-1 May 60-9 43-9 51-9 69-0 30-5 40-1 26-0 1 6 81 6-4 June 62-6 48-8 55-2 70-6 38-4 44-9 32-0 1 84 8-5 July 67-6 52-7 59-6 86-0 39-0 49-0 33-8 . — 82 8-0 August . . 61-3 48-8 54-7 67-0 36-5 44-7 31-0 0 85 9-3 September 60-2 44-0 51-7 67-6 31-4 38-3 24-8 1 8 80 6-2 October . . 55-3 37-2 46-0 61-0 26-0 32-6 20-6 19. 18 92 63 November 49-2 38-0 43-6 56-8 25-0 33-6 21-0 7 14 88 8-1 December 50-1 40-7 45-6 54-0 22-4 37-5 15-8 3 7 92 8-6 Year 55-64 41-84 48-45 86-0 on 15 July 17-0 on Feb. 3 38-15 12-2 on Feb. 4 62 104 86-7 7-5 I RAINFALL IN DORSET, 199 TABLE V. — Fluctuation of Annual Rainfall. 57 years' average = 100. tear. Ratio. 1898 .. .. 79 (81) 1899 . . 88 (90) 1900 . . 103-5 (104) 1901 . 89 (89-8) 1902 . 87-5 (88) 1903 . . 126-5 (127-7) 1904 . . 102 (102-6) 1905 . 79-5 1906 . . 100 1907 . 98 1908 . 81-5 1909 . . 110 1910 . . 117 1911 . 92-5 1912 . . 132 N.B. — The ratios previously arrived at are given in brackets for comparison. anti ifirst jTlotocriiig nf plants In Dorset during 1912. By NELSON M. RICHARDSON, B.A. JpHE names of those who have this year sent in returns are as follows ; they are denoted in the Report by initials : — (N. M. R.) Nelson M. Richardson, Monte- video, near Weymouth. (E. S. R.) E. S. Rodd, Chardstock House, Chard. (W. H. D.) Rev. W. Hughes D'Aeth, Buckhorn Weston Rectory, Wincanton. (J. R.) Rev. J. Ridley, Pulham Rectory, Dorchester. (S. E. V. F.) Rev. S. E. V. Filleul, All Saints' Rectory, Dorchester. (E. F. L.) Rev. E. F. Linton, Edmondsham Rectory, Salisbury. (J. M. J. F.) Rev. Canon J. M. J. Fletcher, The Vicarage, Wimborne Minster. (E. E. W.) Miss Ellen E. Woodhouse, Chilmore, Ansty, Dorchester. FIRST APPEARANCES OE BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 201 (G. R. P.) G. R. Peck, Muston Manor, Puddletown, Dorchester. (W. P. C.) W. Parkinson Curtis, ) Aysgarth, Parkstone (E. H. C.) E. Harker Curtis ) Road, Poole. Messrs. W. P. and E. H. Curtis are new observers as far as this Report is concerned, and have sent in valuable and interesting notes on birds and insects. The former was the author of the excellent monograph of the Ringed Plover, which gained the Mansel-PleydelJ Medal in 1906, and is printed at p. 188 of Vol. XXVII. of our Proceedings. Single notes from other observers will be acknowledged under their records. Note on Fish by (W. P. C.) and (E. H. C). Taken 15 Nov., 1912, in Holes Bay, Poole Harbour, by Mark Bolt and Fred Brown. Orcus (Thynnus) thy^mus. The short-finned Tunny — Length, 8 feet, nose to fork of tail ; girth behind pectorals, 5ft. l|-in. ; gape, llin. ; fins, pectoral, 16in. ; dorsal, 9|in. ; lower caudal, 19jin. ; tail, depth, 7m. ; anal dorsal, 17iin. ; ventral dorsal, 8|in. ; anal fin, 12|in. ; weight (estimated), 8501b. Notes on Rare and Other Birds in 1912. Hawfinch {Coccothraustes coccothraustes) . — Six seen at Buckhorn Weston, July 12-20. (W. H. D.) Lesser Spotted Woodpecker {Dendrocopus minor) seen Sept. 8 at Pulham. (J. R.) Lapland Bunting {Plectrophanes lapponica). — The follow- ing note is copied from the " Field " newspaper at the end of April, 1912, to which it was sent by Rev. S. E. V. Filleul, who observed this rare species near Wareham. Its occurrence in Dorset does not appear to have been before recorded : — Lapland Bunting in Dorsetshire. — On Jan. 30, whilst standing quietly in a rough field adjoining one of the 202 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. heaths near Wareham in Dorset, I noticed a strange little bird, something like a meadow pipit, feeding hungrily on the ground quite close to my feet. I called up a keeper to look at it, and we both agreed that it was a bird which we had neither of us seen before. I remarked that if it had been summer time I should have supposed it to be a reed bunting, the dark head being very similar to that common summer visitor. When I got home I found a figure of it in Morris's ' British Birds,' and there can be no doubt that it was a Lapland bunting. Its remarkable tameness is not an uncommon characteristic of this species, which, like the grey phalarope, comes from the uninhabited wastes of northern lands, and this peculiarity tends to confirm its identification, about which I have no doubt myself. If not a rare visitor, it is very rarely observed, and, as I believe that this is perhaps the first notice of its occurrence in Dorset, I think it worth while to send you this short account of it. — F." [In Mansel-PleydeJl's " Birds of Dorsetshire," pubHshed in 1888, no mention is made of the Lapland bunting. It is an uncertain visitor in autumn and winter, usually found on or near the coast, and occasionally in large flocks. Seen oftener on the east coast of Norfolk and Lincolnshire, it is sometimes found in company with snow buntings. — Ed.] (This was mentioned Proc. XXXIIL, 234.) Grasshopper Warbler {Locustella ncevia). — Colonel F. G. L. Mainwaring of Wabey House, Upwey, near Weymouth, sends the following note : — " I saw and heard a Grasshopper Warbler singing (very similar song to some of the Cicadae I have heard in India) in a Berberis bush in our shrubbery yesterday between 4.0 and 5.0 p.m. A very shy bird : I could not get nearer than six yards to it." This species is also mentioned in Mr. Curtis' notes below. (See also Proc. XXXIIL, 234.) Little Auk {Merguhis alle). Mr. B. Edmund Freame, of The Chantry, Gillingham, Dorset, sends the following note : — " A Little Auk was picked up near this place on Feb. 2nd. It is impossible to keep this Arctic bird alive in England, FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 203 apparently, and I believe the longest life at the Zoo has been but a matter of a few days. This specimen died during the night following its capture, and was given to me." (See also Proc. XXXIII., 234.) Shoveller {Spatula clypeata). — This duck seems to breed regularly between Wool and Moreton. Two pairs nested in the meadows at Wool ; one nest with five eggs was found on Apr. 20, probably the second attempt at nesting. The male bird appears to attend the female when she has her brood out, unlike the common Wild Duck. A brood of Shovellers was being disturbed by a little dog when the male bird came to the rescue and swooped down close to the dog, whilst the female fluttered away in the ditch. (S. E. V. F.) The following interesting Bird Notes are contributed by Messrs. W. Parkinson Curtis and E. Harker Curtis : — Ruticilla phoenicurus (Redstart). Small company of about one dozen seen on migration at Knighton, Canford Estate. Sept. 16th, 1912. None were observed the day before and none a week later. Acrocephalus phragmitis (Sedge Warbler) last seen Aug. 5th, 1912, at Poole Park. Muscicapa grisola (Spotted Flycatcher) seen very fre- quently around Charmouth, June 30th to July 2nd. In the district of Poole and Morden heath lands, in fact anywhere on the sandy soil, it is not abundant. Motacilla campestris, Sept. 8th, at Osmington, two seen keeping company with M. luguhris (Pied Wagtail). Numenius phceopus (Whimbrel). First downward migration, two seen in Poole Harbour, Aug. 25th, 1912. Totanus hypoleucus (Common Sandpiper). First downward migration July 6th, 1912, Poole Harbour. Arenaria interpres (Turnstone). Four or five seen on downward migration Aug. 10th, 1912, Studland Break- water. Vanellus cristatus (Peewit). First large autumn flock, 40-45, seen on Handley Down, near Cranborne, Dorset. 204 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. Athene noctua (Little owl). One juv. reported by Head- Keeper Wren, Break Hill Wood, Canford. Identity certain. [This appears to be new as a Dorset species. — N.M.R.] Turdus merula (Blackbird). Feh. 3rd, 1912. A male, with a deal of white about it, niakmg it look like a miniature magpie, has frequented the yard of Mr. Hiscock, builder, Longham. Three or four primaries Avere white on both wings, head and sides of neck white, crown black, the second or third outer tail feather w^as pure white, the wing coverts were white for the most part, and the markings were nearly symmetrical. Feb. 3rd and Fel. 4th, 1912, brought in a very cold snap. The salt water lake at Poole Park Avas nearly frozen over, except for a little water that the birds had kept open. About mid-day on the 4th it blew a small blizzard from the N.E., and I took the opportunity of approaching the fowl. I noted about 10 Tufted Duck, about 10 Golden Eye, one or two Widgeon, 30 to 40 Pochard, and 600 to 700 common Coots. DendrocojMS minor (Lesser spotted Woodpecker). Feb. 4th, 1912. One shot by a boy at Longfleet, who " thought it was a bullfinch devouring buds on a fruit tree." Feb. 10th, 1912. One male Linota rufescens (Lesser Redpoll) seen at Cock Wood, Canford Estate ; one Turdus iliacus (Redwing) seen at Break Hill Wood, Canford. Feb. 5th, 1912. Two Hawfinches and one Hawfinch {Coccothraustes coccothraustes) seen near Poole. (The two were seen by T. Rigler, jun., and others at Sandbanks, Poole, and the one was seen by Canon Okes Parish at Longfleet Vicarage, Poole.) Feb. 5th, 1912. Jesse Baker ("Sunbeam," of Poole) reports to us a large white falcon about the size of a Peregrine, which he watched for some time off Ballard Head. On cross- examination I assume that it must have been a Falco candicans (Greenland Falcon) driven south by the recent blizzard. (I do not offer identity as conclusive.) Feb. 17th, 1912. Turdus musicus (Song thrush) in song at Break Hill Wood ; Perdrix cinerea (Partridge), paired, FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 205 Canford, Dorset ; Turdus viscivorus (Missel thrush), paired, Canford, Dorset. Feb. 18th, 1912. Parus major (Great Tit), in " song." March 2nd, 1912. Aegithalis vagans (Ringed Plover) are still in parties, not yet paired, at Canford, Dorset ; Columbus palumbus (Wood pigeon), last seen in big flocks. March 3rd, 1912. In the field between Bere Wood and Bloxworth were about 200 Turdus musicus (Song thrush) spread about with a few T. viscivorus (Missel thrush) with them. Vanellus cristatus (Peewit) were reported to me by the Woodman to have been "weeping " over their breeding ground for the past week. March 9th, 1912. Break Hill Wood, Canford, Dorset. Parus major (Great Tit) and Gecinus viridis (Green Wood- pecker) are paired. March 10th, 1912. Paludum Bog, Bloxworth. Gallinago ccelestis (Snipe). One pair observed at Bloxworth. I hear an unfortunate Dendrocopus minor (Lesser spotted Wood- pecker) has been destroyed. April 5th, 1912. Turdus musictis (Song thrush). Nest and two eggs. Regulus cristatus (Goldcrest), building. Aegithalis vagans (Ringed plover), not yet paired. April 6th, 1912. Turdus musicus (Song thrush). Six nests (three with birds in nest, one nest and two eggs, one nest finished, one nest unfinished) on Handley Down, Cran- borne, Dorset. About 25 Turdus pilaris (Fieldfare) seen in the tops of the tall beeches on Handley Down. April 7th, 1912. At Break Hill Wood, Head-Keeper Wren saw a pair of ScoIojmx rusticola (Woodcock). April 20th, 1912. Asio otus (Long-eared owl) seen at Canford. At Canford, Phylloscopus sihilatrix (Wood wren) first heard. At Canford, Anthus trivialis (Tree pipit) first seen, April 21st, 1912. At Bloxworth, Ruticilla phosnicurus, (Redstart), one seen. At Bere Wood, Daulias luscinia (Nightingale), first heard. At Bere Wood, Inyx torquilla (Wryneck), first heard. At Bere Wood, Turdus musicus (Song thrush), juv. first seen out of nest. 206 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. April 28th, 1912. At Bere Wood, Sylvia curruca (Lesser white throat) first heard. April 30th, 1912. At Canford, Sylvia atricapilla (Black- cap) seen and heard. May 8th, 1912. At Canford, Locustella ncevia (Grasshopper warbler), one seen. May 5th, 1912. At Bere Wood. Nest of Sylvia salicaria (Garden warbler), structure finished, not yet lined. May 11th, 1912. At Bere Wood, Sylvia atricapilla (Black- cap warbler) nest and one egg. A few days prior to this a gamekeeper at Bloxworth destroyed a very fine female of Falco cesalon (Merlin) and nailed it up on his gallows. May 12th, 1912. Oaker's Wood, near Moreton, Phyllos copus sibilatrix (Wood wren) is by no means uncommon ; at Bere Wood it is met with very sparingly. May 18th, 1912. Turtur turtur (Turtle dove). Four seen at Canford, Dorset. May 26th, 1912. A pair of Coccothraustes coccothraustes (Hawfinch), evidently nesting in Bere Wood. Bere Wood, Caprimulgus europceus, one flushed ; but we did not search for nest, as we were too busy with insects. May 27th, 1912. Dendrocopus major (Great spotted wood- pecker) nested this year on the Canford Estate. Notes on Insects. By (W. P. C), Poole. — As a lepidopterist I found the season a failure. The weather was about the worst in my recollection. The heavy rains in the spring, followed by a short spell of fine weather only, were most detrimental to the larvae. The hot spell in May appears to have spoilt the birch stumps, and the death rate amongst the pupae of Sesia culiciformis was abnormal. Sesia cynipijormis, on the other hand, suffered from the wet June and July. It commenced emerging in May, my earliest is 18th May, and continued to dribble out until the later end of August. Larvae were exceptionally scarce, although SarotJiripus revayana got to a second brood in September. Hemaris fuciformis continued FIRST APPEARANCES OE BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 207 feeding till the end of September. We obtained a single larva of Acronycta alni at Canford. The only larva approaching abundance was Dicranura furcula, of which we obtained seven in September in the Poole District. One Colias edusa only came under my notice. My time was much curtailed this year. I only did night work in Cambridgeshire for 10 days in the middle of July, when both light and sugar paid well. I was unable to do any night work in Dorsetshire except in the late autumn, when nothing noteworthy was taken, although arbutus blossom paid well. Camptogramma fluviata occurred at Poole on 8th Nov., 1912. General Notes. Poole. — Portuguese man-of-war {Physalia utriculus) found washed up on Sandbanks, Poole Harbour, in March. (G. R. P.) Chickerell. — A fine sun-pillar was seen on May 3rd about 7.30 p.m., lasting a quarter of an hour or more. It was of about the diameter of the sun, and extended vertically upwards to a height of 20° or 25°, becoming fainter near the top. The light of it was of a pale, yellowish colour. There were a few clouds on the actual horizon, so that the sunset was not visible, and the pillar emerged above them. It differed from ordinary bright rays in being the same breadth all the way up, and not in the form of a cone. The moon, also, when near the horizon shortly after 11.0 p.m., presented somewhat the same appearance of a vertical pillar above it, but shorter and less definite. Possibly had it been observed when rising, the phenomenon would have been more distinct. (N. M. R.) Chard (E. S. R.). — Very wet January, with floods ; deep snow on 18th and 19th, which soon thawed. Very hard frost the beginning of Februarj', 20° frost here, and skating every- where for a week. The past five months, from November, 1911, to April, 1912, have been a remarkably wet, unsettled time, and farming operations are in a backward state. On April 17th I saw the eclipse of the sun from mid-day to 208 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 1 p.m. very well. I made several observations from Chard- stock House. The day was cold and raw ; wind light, from N.E. ; cloudy. The eclipse was seen well between the breaks in the light clouds. The summer of 1912 beats any record for wet and cold and no sunshine ; 1879 was the last very wet summer, but not to be compared with 1912. Floods and wet in Dorsetshire, Somersetshire, Wiltshire, and Norfolk from May to September, 1912. A good deal of thunder and wind, abnormally cold and wet from May to September. [From Meteorological Notes from E. S. Rodd's Daily Journal of Natural History and County Events of 40 years' close observation at Chardstock House, Dorsetshire — 1872 to 1912.] The Avettest August in England on record ; and much damage caused by floods, especially in Huntingdon and Norfolk. Fine cold September ; October was warm and bright ; lovely English autumnal weather up to 14th. Plenty of " Eddish " in the pastures everywhere. Partridges very patchy ; ditto pheasants ; hundreds drowned in the wet weather. Cubs very plentiful. Cows and calves high price, and more stock selling at good fair prices. Had my last dish of green peas on November 1st, grown in the open kitchen garden at Chardstock House. Potatoes not a good crop, but fairly sound. Roots fair, but no plant life has had sun or warmth enough this year, 1912. Apples and peas a fair crop, and abundant year for nuts and blackberries. Very few mushrooms, oddly enough, about here this wet season. Garden flowers have not done well, except sweet peas and begonias, which like much rain. I think the good nut and berry year may be owing to the wood in many trees and shrubs being thoroughly ripened during 1911, when we had a hot, dry summer. December 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th a heavy gale of wmd from the S.W. and torrents of rain fell at times. Weather very mild ; I have not observed the barometer so low for a very long time. On Dec. 31st I saw a field of wheat in " stitch " near Yarcombe Village returning from hunting. The year 1912 kept its character up to the end, and ended in wet, mild weather. FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 209 PuLHAM (J. R.). — On the whole a very wet year, but some intervals of drought. From Sept. 1st to 28th practically no rain — only slight drizzle on two or three days. Thunder, March 5th ; on 8th, heavy peal ; May 12th, June 19th, 30th, a little ; June 12th, very violent for 1| hours, no rain ; July 4th, heavy ; 5th and Aug. 10th and 20th, slight ; Oct. 25th, a little. On Dec. 26th a furious gale, very heavy rains, few peals of thunder. Snow, Jan. 12th, heavy, quite six inches deep. Some very sharp frosts. Since the dry summer of 1911 squirrels have disappeared. They used to come to be fed at my windows. In adjoining districts, also, they have almost, or quite, disappeared. It would be interesting to know the cause. Was it want of water or disease ? On last day of 1912 (and for many weeks previously) we could gather bunches of primroses. At end of year also there were white violets in bloom, and many lesser celandine. I never saw such a profusion of apple blossom and hawthorn blossom as in 1912. Leaves were lost in bloom. Barometer reading : average for each month and for the year : —January, 29-295 ; highest, 30-2 ; lowest, 28-825. February, 29-285 ; highest, 29-82 ; lowest, 28-59. March, 29-431 ; highest, 300 ; lowest, 28-45. April, 29-89 ; highest, 30-15 ; lowest, 29-46. May, 29-63; highest, 30-02; lowest, 29-12. June, 29-53; highest, 2984 ; lowest, 29-12. July, 29-62 ; highest, 29-87 ; lowest, 29-31. August, 29-451 ; highest, 29-85 ; lowest, 28-9. September, 29-837; highest, 30-12; lowest, 2905. October, 29-497 ; highest, 32-6 ; lowest, 29-0. November, 29-17 ; highest, 30-07 ; lowest, 29-925. December, 29-58; highest, 30025; lowest, 28-71. Average for the year, 29-518 ; highest, 32- 6 ; lowest, 28-45. Lists of the dates of First Appearances and First Flowerings are appended, as well as particulars of the prize exhibits of barley, wheat, and oats for 1912, furnished by Rev. James Cross, of Sturminster Marshall. 210 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 1— I o H O P5 O EH 1^ CO P5 O ft M ? >. H s K-^ 00OC-l'Mt^(M'-li-ir--*Oi-iC-imi-iL:300iCr-tl:*OiO 00 ,-(rH i-Hi-lOl'MCMCMaii-i i-itM C. . . • c! 2 . J3 si o I^ UO CS 00 (M (MCI i [^' iJ b 9 E -s rt 0 * 1 2 .§ ^:S^ P3 -w ■ k t- _^ ft FIRST APPEARANCES OE BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 211 o l-H o *^ »-l o CO O o CO (4 O Q EH CO PI M < as C Mar. 25 leb. 27 June 18 May 16 May 27 July 14 July 11 Aug. 14 Ap. 19 Jan. 9 Mar. 18 Mar. 31 fa g lo CO CO t^t^com lo lo fa*-5^ l-5l-sl-:g ^>>,>> : : *-' -• i," . 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S o -S| • .■'. _^ .••>>• bib •*•>-'■• • ft fto ft =5 s ce > Si3 o tfs Ci- . o .— O lo 1-H C!. . ■ ' >> ft ft =5 ^1 GOOini-li-lCOC:rJ1inCOtCCOXr^a)lOC>lfHCO C) 1-1 O'l CO r-1 o4 sq (M ^0-1 o a ^ ft jS p J^ " ft '-J JS ftJS s'iss=SJScB^=* fc aj Z i-j ta J u.' hi 6," -x hi 6.' »' J aj tn »J t« C C . . • '3 -ri ■ ■ a ■ o p z: c -r tc i- E = fe,2cefe ;- so CO «^60 S -r-; o C3 m " -l-f-^lft a'T' .- • M C^ . o - • '~' a S 00 i-> ^O f' oo-,50 fl 1^' ^ »J C3 C3 qj 3 5 ^ -tj ^ So - - fe ^ fl gp>R S "^ ^ S i M -s ^ cS^o mo ^ O CO f-i -S _ Q JiIh!|Ij'-h'-' t. _ • ^-,—1 ^-^ M I* -"^ ■"" CO S 3J5-^r-l l^P^'Ica^^" tio ^H .^^ fl 2i fe « 1=^ ^ ^ 5 a:b «" 2 .^ «> a M~ 3 "* >*» !*-r t; OiQ-^ S I ^'i'^SoS «" ??o_C° .-no o^ .■St'^g O ■~.-- >! 61 S •5dM« "=.5 ^'^S Coo ■1^1.'^. ^^^csp^goj-H o So-^ag o^ a fez -^ °!>< .^ "t; .^ Sfejj a ^ 05 SH^, CO I .g 3 ■23 ali S'^SS f^^ °0 oP^-S^ ^^^.oSoS-go a a--^— ■« '^ S Si-''^ 6B ...O c« to'-'- 214 FIRST APPEARANCES OP BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. I— I o O !21 O ;? , •■ ■ " «> « ddS^jsp. dig ^1 >* 5 55 2" May 10 Mar." 29 Mar. 19 Ap. IS Ap. 25 (1) June 25 May 1 May 12 May 26 July 12 s May 8 July 3 (6) Feb. 9 Jan. 13 Ap. 9 Mar. 27 June 11 May 17 Mar. 7 (2) Feb. 11 May 1 Mar. 30 May 12 June 23 No record. Feb. 20 Cock-chafer Glow-worm Common Hive Bee (A) . . Wasp (h) Small White Butterfly . . Orange-tip Butterfly Meadow-brown Butterfly ■Wall Butterfly . . Brimstone Butteifly(/i) Peacock Butterfly h) . . Red Admiral (li) .. Painted Lady (A) . . Cinnabar Moth .. Currant Moth Viper (/() Frog Spawn ^-^^% i p, ^ a o o oS-^-g I. ■h|1°I fc< (» O" WICC t< ^IN :5.a.'«^ ;f4 J= « 3.2i ° o ^ S=*t; « bo 2W m >> tn' ■- O ''^ ■" S goo o »o tj)S.£ So,fe p.-'« c- ^ ^ O ., ►.!■ .S.2 N fePM o "-0 S &.^ f-i ^ a> ti |H •^,6 -B^' rt s. »■= ^ o a; a 5 ■= C trc • - q= >■. a; M 2 • ^8S ^g o FIRST APPEARANCES OP BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 215 I— I O Q tf CO o su N P !>. 15 ^^ '^ J on pq V. fe^ r/5 ^ H ?> -3i ^ o !v. « p s 15 CV «^ o VN (TJ H < '■« H s w B ^ O CO >^ o 12; o H M M tH W t> 13 15 > .■S c 2 ,/ HW Hl« CO I~ O s SiSi^ O" p. •siiq .i8cl jD ^ ■^il^PAV P- l^^^n'BM in o O C a> •^ rf ^ zi a o O ?'o OJ >> c O-i cS ^ cS o -^ rt J3 • — • •a . i'l l^ rsi c '~' o :; O 73 V2m 3g§ ^ o o. a fa c S u >■ c S J3 1 C 11 .1i ^ c ^ o S c >, c4 i. o !^ S o 3 .M o P X M M &:' w W ^" 1^ S rt f5 IS ^SS A to . o !z; O "S „ nS j3 cS a (in O ' 15 Id o ^ pq p: q m s- c « O -T) >> Si ^ a "ii ri -1 rt Bo o iJ u 0) o a o o .a a cS 1-1 o br cq K © ta TS a >. c3 > CO a M > u « s Homan OiJlas tiiscolJi^rcti in Dorset* Their Sites and the Relics found therein WHICH Throw Light upon the Civil Life of their Occupants. {Being the Mansel-Pleydell Prize Essay for 1912-1913.) By the Rev. Canon T. E. USHERWOOD, M.A. Introduction. Mms^^- d\\ be well at the outset to place before our minds as clearly as possible what it is our purpose in the following pages to endeavour to show. We are to examine the rehcs of Roman life in Dorset which have come to light, and to learn from them, as much as may be possible, what was the condition of the civil life of those Roman visitors to these British shores, and the extent to which that civilisation which they introduced operated upon the less-civilised Briton with whom Rome now for the first time came in contact. To the early Greeks all foreigners were " barbarians " without exception, and the term, originally Greek, was adopted by Rome, and under this name the Romans were ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. 217 wont to class all who were outside the Empire, or beyond the pale of Greco-Roman civilisation. This spirit is not altogether unloiown amongst us at the present day. There is a strong tendency in the British mind to look down with some contempt upon all " coloured '' persons. Yet many of these, as e.g. our Indian fellow- subjects, are frequently not inferior in intellect to the globe- trotter who too often despises them. Amongst those whom we class as uncivilised there are undoubtedly many degrees. So no doubt it was in former years. It is a matter of comparison. Thus, in order to form a true estimate of the influence of Roman civilisation in Britain, we have to consider the state of civilisation to which each of the races now brought into communication with one another had then arrived. I. — The Civilisation of Britain, It would almost seem as if the words of our own Thomas Hardy, addressed to the Dorset Field Club in 1884, had been in the mind of those who suggested for our study this year, " Roman Villas discovered in Dorset. Their sites and the relics found therein which throw light upon the civil life of their occupants." It will not be out of place to quote a most inspiring passage from that address. Mr. Hardy says — " It would be a worthy attempt to rehabilitate, on paper, the living Durnovaria of 14 or 1500 years ago as it actually apjoeared to the eyes of the then Dorchester men and women. . . . . Standing on the elevated ground near where the South Western Station is at present, or at the top of Slyer's Lane . . we may ask what kind of object did Dorchester then form in the summer landscape as viewed from such a point. Where stood the buildings ? Were they small ? How did the roofs group themselves ? What were the gardens like, if any ? What social character had the streets ? What were the customary noises ? Were the passengers up and down the ways few, or did they ever form a busy throng such as we now see on a market day ? These are merely the curious questions of an 218 ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. outsider to initiated students of the period. When we consider the vagueness of our mental answers to such inquiries as the above, we perceive that much is still left of this fascinating investigation which may well occupy the attention of the Club in future days." Yes, these are indeed questions to set one thinking. Yet, even if we were able thus to see Durnovaria as it appeared in Roman times, there are further matters to be taken into consideration before we can justly estimate the influence which Roman civilisation exerted upon the ancient inhabitants of our beloved Dorset, the Durotriges. We must try to ascertain something as to their mode of life, the kind of dwellings they occupied, the dress they wore, the tools they used, the arts and crafts they were acquainted with ; then we can better judge of their progress under Roman influence. It will assist us if we trace the history of those early years, from the first contact of Britain with Rome to the time of the final withdrawal of the Romans from our shores. Some of our earliest information is found in Caesar's Com- mentaries. His first expedition was made in 55 B.C. The conquest of Britain seemed to him a small matter. A few weeks of summer {exigua parte cestatis reliqua) were left, which he thought sufficient for the purpose ; but he found it a harder task than he anticipated. It was a " terra incognita" ; also he did not luiow his enemies' manner of fighting ; and so he sends C. Volusenus to explore. Repre- sentatives from some of the states arrive, promising submission ; after which Volusenus, who, by the way, never dared to leave his ship, returns to Csesar and reports. Csesar starts, and, we are glad to see, finds much difficulty in landing. In spite of their promises the Britons make a good resistance {pugnatum est ah utrisque acriter), but in the end submit, and Csesar returns to Gaul, after having much trouble with his ships in the Channel. His expedition in the following year, 54 B.C., meets with better success, and in his account of this campaign we learn ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. 219 more about the ancient Britons. As an effect of these two raids the southern tribes of Britain were regarded at Rome as vassals of the Empire ; but had the Britons themselves been asked they might have told a different tale. But our chief interest is to learn what Caesar has to tell us about the people. We have seen they were good fighters ; another point on which we may claim kinship, a foreign enemy at the gate united tribes which before were unfriendly. He siDeaks of the inhabitants as numerous, and living in dwellings similar to those of the Galli. (By another author these are described as cabins made of brushwood — virgeas habitant casas.) He describes them as wearing their hair long, shaving all but the head and upper lip, and staining themselves with woad {inficiunt vitro). For money they used rods, of iron or copper, of a certain weight. He credits them, too, with being excellent charioteers, though he says nothing about the scythes fixed to the axles ; Pomponius Mela, the historian, seems to be the only authority for them, and as it is unsupported by any of the numerous discoveries that have been made, we may, I suppose, dismiss it as a myth. Having their horses under perfect control, they had the mobility of cavalry with the stability of foot-soldiers. The coast-dwellers he considered the more civilised ; those living inland did not sow corn, they lived on milk and flesh. Nearly 100 years passed ere Rome took in hand the sub- jugation of Britam. It had been planned years before by the Emperor Augustus, but imperial matters occupied his attention, and it was left to Claudius, 43 a.d., to undertake the conquest. The Second Legion, under the command of Vespasian, afterwards Emperor, subdued the south and penetrated as far as Somersetshire. Within three or four years all south of the Humber was annexed, but fighting was contmued m the highlands to the North and West till the end of the 2nd century. Thus it is to the Lowlands, which were the first to settle down peacefully, that we must turn for scenes of civil life. Here it was that towns, villages, and country-houses would 220 ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. be chiefly found. This would seem to be a chief reason why our county is so rich in Roman remains. Many an old Legionary soldier, his fighting days over, would be glad to settle down in this, now peaceful, neighbourhood, far removed from war's alarms. He was in close touch with the Empire, from which only a narrow belt of water divided him. And the Roman civil system encouraged it ; lands in a conquered territory would be given to old soldiers ; Roman citizenship was not lost ; we see Camulodunum made a " Colonia," Verulam a " Municipium." Friendly intercourse would be established between Rome and Britam through the use which Roman generals made, as we learn from Tacitus, of British auxiliaries. The Britons were also skilful boatmen. Their " Coracles " mentioned by Caesar were a few years ago still to be seen on the Severn, though they are less common now. They are formed of canvas, tarred and pitched, stretched over basket- work ; they are light and easily carried. In these it is not unlikely that the fearless Briton may have crossed the Channel and traded with the Belgae, and picked up something of Roman civilisation in those hundred years between Caesar's raid and the final conquest by Rome. They also had their " Dug-outs," such as have been discovered in the lake- dwellings near Glastonbury. But the mention of Glastonbury reminds us that in the Lake- Village (Crannog or Stockaded Island) discovered by Arthur Bulleid at the close of the last centur}^, in the close neighbourhood of Glastonbury, we have an excellent intro- duction to the state of British civilisation just previous to the Roman occupation. The date is very accurately fixed by the relics which excavations of a very thorough nature have afforded. These are distinctly British, and pre-Roman ; anything of a later date was found in superficial strata, and therefore of later importation. Samian ware, an evident mark of contact with Rome, is conspicuous by its absence. No Roman coins have been discovered ; the only coin, of tin, is contemporary with the British coins of the beginning of the ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. 221 Christian era ; and lastly, the " Fibulae," or brooches, found are like the Gaulish brooches of Caesar's time. For all these reasons Dr. Munro, an expert, determines the date of this Lake- Village to synchronize with the date of Csesar's raid. The discoveries here are, therefore, of the highest importance in estimating the civilisation of the Briton at the time of the Roman conquest. The accurate manner in which the squared logs were morticed together, to which our attention was drawn by Mr. Bulleid on the occasion of the D.F.C.'s visit, are most remarkable, and show a great knowledge of carpentry. The bronze " Fibulae " show their knowledge of metal- work. Nor are these altogether devoid of ornament. Personal ornaments, too, are not wanting. But particular notice should be taken of the weaving combs which have been found in large numbers, made chiefly of red-deer antler, these proving without a doubt the knowledge of the art of weaving. Many fragments of frame-work, also, have been found, which presumably have formed parts of a loom ; so that we may consider the knowledge of weaving proved, although, from the nature of the case, no product of the loom has survived. Another interesting find at Glastonbury is a lathe-turned wheel- hub. This, taken in connection with the skill shewn in morticing, proves the early Britons to have been not unskilled in carpentry and the allied arts and crafts. Then as to their milling. We loiow they were agricul- turists (British com was exported to the Rhine valley in the 4th century) and grew com, so it is natural to enquire how they ground it. Now sundry Querns have been discovered in various parts of the county ; one pair, from Portland, may any day be seen working in the Dorchester Museum ; another, found at White Staunton, is probably Roman ; then the upper part of a Quern was found at Bagber in a British Barrow in company with a coin of Vespasian ; that found at Tyneham is considered to be mediaeval ; but the most convincing evidence of British milling comes from Hod-hill. 222 ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. In an interesting address delivered to the Club at Hod-hill by Dr. Boyd Dawldns he describes his researches in that ancient British camp. He mentions the circular depressions which were noticeable. These he had discovered to be the bases of hut-dwellmgs, 6ft. to 7ft. in diameter. He had found the old hearths, the old utensils, and what is more to our purpose, the old Querns. Next, as to the age of these finds. Dr. Boyd Dawkins was fortunate enough to find in one of the huts a perfect skeleton. Now, the skull is an index to the age in which its owner lived. Let us here briefly sketch the changes which have taken place in man during his habitation of this island. First, we have Palaeolithic man, dwellers in the limestone caves, as at Brixham and Kent's Cavern, Torquay. Then the Ice-Age followed which swept him away, blotting him out, as it were, until he was discovered in our ownn. time, buried under a bed of stalagmite which must have taken incalculable years to deposit. After this, followed what is commonly called the Neolithic Age, showing an advance in civilisation ; his flint implements are better executed, he is an agriculturist, breeds cattle, lives no longer in caves, but in huts or houses, and in one point only seems inferior to Palaeolithic man, in that he has apparently lost the art of drawing for which the cave-dwellers were distinguished. Probably he was non- Aryan. The Age of Stone is succeeded by the Age of Bronze, and that by the Age of Iron. Now both these Ages — the Bronze and the Iron — belong to the Celtic domination. There were two Celtic waves. The first of these is identified with the Bronze Age, and is known as the Gaelic ; it advanced as far as Scotland and Ireland. The second is identified with the Iron Age, and is known as the Cymric ; it advanced to the East and centre of Britain, probably driving the Gaels before them, their knowledge of iron giving them, perhaps, the advantage. Now, how are these different races distmguished ? Chiefly through their burial customs. The Neoliths buried in long barrows, the Bronze Age in round barrows ; and the skulls ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. 223 found in the one differ from the skulls found in the other. The Neolithic men, buried in the long barrows, have Dolicho-Cephalic skulls ; i.e., the width from ear to ear is considerably less than the length from the eyes to the back of the head ; whereas the Bronze-Age men have Brachy- Cephalic skulls ; i.e., square and strong, the width about 4-5ths of the length. Then as we pass from early to late Celtic, the transition being marked by the presence of iron objects, we notice that the skulls undergo modification, tending towards the Dolicho-Cephalic type, indicating, as it would seem, that Neolithic man had not been entirely extirpated, but that, on the contrary, he was much in evidence, and was tending to re-establish his type, as would be the case if Neolithic men were numerous. We see, then, the immense value of such a find as a skeleton in these pit-dwellings at Hod-hill, as we are able through it to assert with some confidence that we are examining relics of the prehistoric age, and that querns were known before the Roman occupation. The crucibles which the excavations at Glastonbury have brought to light show that our Celtic fore-elders were versed in Metallurgy, and many objects in iron and bronze, such as awls, gouges, nails, and portions of harness have been found. Weaving, too, presupposes spinning, and the evidences for this art are supplied by numerous finds of spinning-whorls, made both of tin and of lead. II. — ^The Civilisation of Rome. We have examined to some small extent the civilisation of our British forefathers ; we must now proceed to examine the civilisation of Rome at the period under consideration, and this we are enabled to do in a very remarkable manner. Anyone who has visited Pompeii will aclaiowledge the weird feeling that comes over one when traversing the streets of that ancient Roman town. Why, at any moment you 224 ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. would not be astonished were an ancient Roman to confront you ! You expect to meet one at every corner you turn. The place is alive with memories. There you may see the life of Rome depicted ; the shops, the theatres, the temples, the private houses both of the wealthy and of the poor ; all has been preserved to us in the present day, having been buried in the ashes of Vesuvius for the last eighteen centuries. Now, as Pompeii was utterly destroyed by an earthquake in the year 63 a.d., and was at once rebuilt, and then, only 16 years later, was buried out of sight in the volcanic eruption of Vesuvius in August, 79 a.d., we have here an exact record of the civilisation to which Rome had attained at the time, or very shortly after, the Roman invasion of Britain. The decoration of their houses exhibited the most refined taste. The walls were covered with frescoes or mosaics. What can we imagine more beautiful in the way of decoration than the frescoes on the walls of the house of the Vettii, the colours of which are as fresh to-day as when they were first painted ? The floors were inlaid with coloured mosaics, worked out in the most choice and elaborate patterns. A most beautiful example of Roman mosaic of about this period, or a little earlier, is to be seen in the museum "Alaoui," in the suburbs of Tunis. It has been removed there from Sousse, and it represents the " Triumph of Neptune." It is a noble piece of work, of splendid design, covering an immense area. But that which is considered by some to be the finest Roman specimen extant is one representing the " Battle of Issus." It was found at Pompeii in the " House of the Faun," being the floor of a sitting-room in the peristyle, an apartment probably used by the ladies of the family. In it Darius is seen flying before Alexander, who pursues him mounted on Bucephalus. The relics found in Pompeii are both numerous and varied in character. There are articles of ladies' toilet, includmg the safety-pm which is still in use, combs for the hair, hair-pms, studs, &c. Articles in glass, such as wine glasses, tumblers, chemists' jars, also a beautiful specimen of glass, cut like a ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. 225 cameo, representing a vintage scene. Then the surgical instruments, and the mathematical, denote a high advance in scientific knowledge. Also there are carpenters' and labourers' tools, as spades, hoes, &c. Kitchen utensils in bronze, truellce for decanting and drawing liquids, colanders, &c.. Amphorae of all sizes. In short, almost every depart- ment of Hfe is represented here, and shows the Roman to have been highly advanced in civiUsation, though, possibly, there may be detected a decadence from the high state of art which Rome had received from Greece. And nearly all these find their representatives in Dorset- shire. We are rich in mosaic floors, as any visitor to the Dorchester Museum is aware. Then there is the pavement discovered on Lenthay Common, now removed to the dairy at Sherborne, representing a sitting figure playing on a lyre with six chords, while a second figure is dancing and playing a double pipe united at the mouthpiece. Another was discovered at Fifehead Neville, and has been described and figured in Vol. XXIV., D.F.C. Again, there is the well- known " Venus pavement," now in the British Museum, which was found at Hemsworth, near Badbury, and about f mile from the Via Iceniana, which connected Badbury with Old Sarum. This floor is about 16ft. by 12ift. The pavement found at Preston is figured in Vol. XXI. of D.F.C. Proceedings. If we have no conspicuous object such as the Roman Baths of Uriconium, we have at least traces of the existence of such in the tiles and pipes which have from time to time been discovered. Flat clay, or pottery, tiles have been found at Thornford, and these may have been used for carrying hot air to the rooms, as at Uriconium. They would also serve the purpose of drain-tiles. In the same spot were also found roofing-tiles with, in some cases, the nails adhering. Tiles have also been found at Iweme Minster, and at the East Farm, Bradford Abbas. The Thornford find has furnished us with knives and tools. Passing on to ladies' dress, we find pins and brooches are common objects in our local museum, and special attention 226 ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. may be drawn to the beautiful glass pins from the Roman cemetery at Fordiiigton. These are described by Mr. Moule in " Dorchester Antiquities." A bronze hair-pin, with very delicate ornamentation, 9in. long, has been found in Dor- chester. (Proceedings, Vol. IV.) From Thornford comes a fragment of an Amphora, besides sundry knives and tools. Roman beads have also been found. One, of ex- quisite blue glass, was found deep in the clay at Norden. Others, together with Samian ware, on the site of All Saints, Dorchester. III. — Progress op Civilisation in Britain. Having now reviewed the civilisation of the Briton and the Roman at the period under review, we are in a position to judge of the effect of Roman civilisation upon the Briton. Our enquiry, I think, should lead to the conclusion that the Briton had a good deal to learn from the Roman. In the foremost place we should name the great advance made in their dwelling-places. Nowhere would the result of Roman civilisation be more self-evident than in the ex- change from the rude, circular hut to the princely Roman villa, square, stone-built, with its several rooms. The hut, as constructed by the Britons, was almost of necessity a single chamber ; and the change to a square building is now, in the Mission stations of Africa and elsewhere, one of the aims of the missionary, as it more easily lends itself to the pro- vision of separate rooms for the various members of a family, and so tends to decency of life. The best preserved private houses are to be seen at Silchester (Calleva Attribatum) ; the site extends over 100 acres ; and has been completely un- covered. Here we find two types of house ; one, a long row of rooms with a verandah in front, and frequently a small room at each end of the verandah, a common type in the colonies to-day ; the other, in which the rooms form three sides of an open square, and are connected by a corridor. One modification of the Roman type is to be noticed ; " while ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. 227 the houses of Italy were constructed to look inwards upon open impluvia as befitted a hot climate, the houses of Britain and Northern Gaul looked outwards on to the surrounding country." (Romanization, &c.) A further advance made possible by the exchange from the pit-dwellings, or wattle-built hut, to the style of building introduced by the Romans, was the heating of their houses. This, from the necessity of the case, was a novelty to the Briton. There was no place for it in his hut. In Uriconium' (Wroxeter, Salop) we have a fine example of a Roman, or rather what we should now call a Turkish, bath ; for there is clear evidence that the different rooms were heated to a different degree. Tiles for the passage of hot air from the cellar fires were clamped to the wall, in some rooms sparsely, closer in others, and again, in the hottest room they were placed in contact, so covering the whole wall. In Dorset we have abundant evidence of hypocausts in the tiles which have been discovered in various places, and which have most certainly been used for heating purposes. Moreover, in the villa discovered at Hemsworth we see the remains of the actual hypocaust in situ. Then from the Roman the Briton would also learn to decorate his home. The decoration of the floors and walls of the Roman houses could not but strike the simple Briton with wonder. The Greek historian, Dion, records the surprise of Caractacus when, as a captive, he viewed the stately buildings of the Imperial City of Rome and exclaimed ' You who possess all these things actually covet the shanties of Britain.' Nay, as we look upon them to-day, after the lapse of nearly 2,000 years, do not such fragments as are preserved to us make us feel that we have not greatly advanced in that art ? The material used by the Roman builder in the construction of his mosaic floors seems, by general consent, to have been local, and not imported, so the Briton would readily learn to copy the Roman colonist, and his material was close at hand. In support of the view that he did thus copy we learn an interest- ing fact from Eumenius that in the age of Constantine ' skilled 228 ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. artizans abounded in Britain, and were fetched to build public and private edifices as far south as Autun.' (Roman- ization, etc.) The Briton, as we know from the Quern found at Bagber, was accustomed to grind com, but his method was as simple as that of the African to-day ; the Roman Quern or Mill was a great improvement which he would readily adopt. There is some uncertainty as to the introduction of the Potter's Wheel. Early British pottery gives clear evidence that it was made by hand, without the aid of the wheel. For the smaller vessels this would be a simple matter. For the larger ones it has been suggested that a basket would be used as a foundation, and the clay gradually built up inside until the whole was finished. Then, when fired, the basket- work would be burnt off, leaving the marks of the reeds on the outside like a pattern. It has been conjectured, indeed, that this may very probably have first suggested the orna- mentation of other pots made by hand. But on the other hand, the British Museum Guide (Iron Age) is of opinion that the pottery found in the Aylesford Cemetery, to which is assigned a date of about 100 B.C., was all made on the wheel and " shows a distinct advance on the rough hand- made ware of the British Bronze Age." It is thought, too, that traces of a Potter's Wheel have been found amongst the relics from Glastonbury. But whenever, and by whom- soever the wheel was introduced, it would greatly advance the potter's art, and we may at least give Rome the credit of teaching the Briton improvements in the art. Gardens — We have evidence from Pompeii, to mention only the house of the Vettii, of a Roman's love of a garden. We have also Pliny's description of his villa built at Laurentium on the shores of the Tuscan Sea, near the mouth of the Tiber. Writing on this subject Mr. Calthrop, in the " Charm of Gardens," says " Whether a Roman living in England ever built himself such a house it is difficult to prove, since, so far as I can find, no remains ®f such a place are to be seen. But when one considers the actual evidence of the ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. 229 Roman occupation, the yields given by the neighbourhoods of Roman cities, the statues, vases, toys, the amphitheatres for cock-fighting, wresthng, and gladiatorial combat, then surely there were gardens of great wonder near to these cities, where men like Pliny went to sit in their garden-houses, and enjoyed the cool of the evening after a day's work. Yes ! We have little doubt that the Roman colonist would have a garden attached to his villa, and moreover he would most likely endeavour to grow some of his old friends to remind him of home, as the English colonist does to-day in Africa or Australia. To this we probably owe the introduc- tion of some of our rarer plants ; and in this connection it is interesting to read in the " Flora of Dorset " (p. 37), " Leucojum Vernum may possibly not be accepted as truly indigenous, for although it grows luxuriantly in its English habitat, it has no nearer authentic home than the Cote d'Or and Saone et Loire. Devon and Cornwall share with Dorset the enviable distmction of possessmg the delicate, southern type plants Polycarpon Tetraphyllum, Lotus Hispidus, and Cynodon Dactylon." These and other plants may with great probability have been brought to our shores by the Roman settlers in Dorset. To Rome we certamly owe the Lettuce (Lactuca), both plant and name. Also in another department, the gastronomic, Rome used to be credited with the introduction of the Edible Snail (Helix Pomatia), but now I believe it is considered to be indigenous. Roads — The Romans were notorious as road-makers. These were made with such care that they have out-lived the ages, and their traces are to be found in this XXth Century. But the Britons, too, were road-makers to some extent ; their fame as Charioteers would suggest this ; traces of these British roads are undoubtedly to be found in our county ; though as with British earthwork fortifications so also with the roads, we doubt not that Rome utilised and improved them. Bridges — From roads the transition is natural to bridges. A great engineering nation like Rome must, sooner or later 230 ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. have introduced the Arch into Britain, and we see no reason to doubt, 2Mce Mr. Brocklebank (D.F.C., Vol. 29), that the bridge at Preston is Roman ; and if Roman, it would come within the scope of our paper, as Preston is one of the sites which has furnished a tesselated pavement, so that it may be regarded as an adjunct to a Roman villa. Then, a people who could produce surgical and other instruments such as Avere found in the ruins of Pompeii, and are now to be seen in the Naples Museum, had much to teach the Briton in the manufacture of tools. Already the Briton was advanced beyond the age when he had nothing but his flint implements with which to fashion his dug-outs, and make his spear and arrow heads. He was beginning to learn the use of metal, but a great impetus would be given by the advent of the foreigner. He had learned the art of Metallurgy even in pre-Roman times, as we know from the crucibles that have been found in Glastonbury. He had learned to forge his spear-heads and axes and implements of agriculture ; but from Rome it seems certain that he learnt coinage. In Caesar's time his money consisted of cumbersome bars of iron of a definite weight, and slightly varying in shape ; specimens of these may be seen to-day m the British Museum. And here, on the adjacent wall, is hung a case containing casts of British coins preserved in the Museum. But first there is a cast of a gold " Philip II. of Macedon." The object of placing these in juxta-position is to show the genesis of British coinage. In the Guide to the Antiquities of the Early Iron Age a plate is given of these early British coins, and one sees how the first coinage was almost a burlesque on the Philip II., from wliicli it appears to have been copied. To quote from the Guide, " The obverse has the locks of hair and the laurel wreath much exaggerated, and drapery added at the neck, while the reverse has a fret pattern in the exergue instead of the name of Philip, and only one horse is shown, the driver being placed above in the position usually occupied by a Victory on coins of Syracuse." The horse, however, after a time develops eight legs, and the Charioteer is resolved into ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. 231 a cluster of atoms. Coins of British kings are extant extend- ing over the last 30 years B.C., which show an increasing tendency towards Roman manners and art. The old barbaric survivals of the Macedonian effigies disappear, classical profiles are introduced, and the cornucopia, the eagle, and the lion sometimes make their appearance. (Political History.) It is interesting to note that the name of one of these kings, Dumnobellaunus, is preserved in a monument at Angora, in the heart of Asia Minor. On the side of a desolate Galatian hill stand the ruins of a marble temple of ' Augustus and Rome,' the walls of which bear an inscription recording the chief events of the 56 years of Augustus' reign : "To me fled as suppliants the Idngs of the Parthians . . . the kings of the Britons, Dumnobellaunus and Tim . . .," the rest of the name being obliterated. (Political History p. 27.) While speaking of coins it is well to remember that even the civilised world has only recently, so to speak, produced coinage. It was in the 7th century B.C. that the Lydians in Asia Minor introduced a stamped coinage, replacing the unstamped, weighed metal of the Babylonians. (Encyc. Brit.) So the Britons were not so very far behind the times, and they would prove apt pupils under Roman tutelage. British coins have been found, one of Allectus and one of Victorinus, on the site of the British village on Boveridge Down (Ancient Dorset p. 22), 20 of bronze or copper on Minchington Down, and others in various parts of the county (p. 279). Hod Hill furnished several British coins (p. 154) besides Roman from Augustus to Trajan. Dorchester is credited with but few, a gold coin from Maiden Castle, a large silver, a base silver, and a bronze (Dorch. Antiq. p. 48) but Roman coins are plentiful, from Augustus to Trajan. Coins from Gordian to Postumus have been found at Preston. But if the Briton learned many good things from the Roman, we cannot blind our eyes to the fact that, in all probability, he also learned some bad things. It is painfully certain that, along with their civilisation, they would impart also their vices. So far fortunately we have not to my knowledge 232 ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. unearthed anything which could give colour to this charge ; but the obscenities of Pompeii make one fear that such would be the case. It is the sad experience of the Missionary to-day. Civilisation is not always an unmixed blessing. It never can be a blessing at all unless it is accompanied by Christianity ; and our study of Roman influence on the civil life of Britain would be incomplete were we to leave out altogether the subject of Christian Missions. At the Council of Aries, 310 a.d., there were present three British Bishops, York, London, and probably Lincoln, proving the early introduction of Christianity. Whence did it come ? Tradition speaks of S. Paul himself as having visited our island. S. Joseph of Arimathea is bound up traditionally with Glastonbury. The first missionaries made use of, and to a large extent followed, the Roman roads ; and one of these we know traversed our county from Durnovaria (Dor- chester) to Sorbiodunum (Old Sarum). Traces of Cliristianity may be rare amongst us. If we are to trust antiquarians, no traces have been found amongst the innumerable Roman remains extant in this county. That may be too strong a statement. But the wonder is, considering the ruthless character of the Saxon invasion, that any traces at all of Roman civilisation are left to us ; and such emblems of Christianity as might be found would be the first to suffer at the hands of their heathen invaders. Yet even within the limits of our survey there is one relic which lays claim to be Christian, and is in keeping with the thought that some of our Roman colonists brought the Faith of Christ to these shores. There has been found, worked into the design of a tesselated pavement at Frampton, what has been said to be ' the earliest known emblem of the Christian Faith in Britain,' the Chi-Ro, the initial letters of the Name of Christ, and this lends colour to the assertion that Christian- ity existed as a new Faith in Wessex even during the life of S. Paul himself. It is no disproof that this emblem was associated with an inscription to Neptune, and a head of the God. ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. 233 IV. — Concluding Remarks on the Civil Life IN Britain. We are now able to picture to ourselves, faintly perhaps and only in dim outline, yet with some degree of truth, the civil life of the Roman colonist in those early years of the history of our county. Dorset is still held by Roman garri- sons, dotted about in good strategic positions. Many of the ancient British earthworks, as at Maiden Castle, Hod Hill, &c., have been strengthened and adapted to the requirements of the Roman Legions. But Roman and Briton in this South country are no longer at strife. War has travelled northwards and left our county to develop the arts of peace. The Roman is now free to build himself those villas which modern research is from year to year exposing to our view. We see those villas to have been equipped with all the appli- ances to which he had been accustomed in the luxurious city of Rome. He spared no pains in the decorating of his home, for he had come to stay. The floors were laid with mosaics, rich in colour and in design. The walls were adorned with frescoes. Baths of a most elaborate kind were added, furnish- ed with all the appliances of a Turkish bath. His rooms were comfortably heated, for our climate, especially in the winter, would feel cold to the southerner. Then on a summer evening, can we not picture him sitting in his villa garden looking at the shadows racing across the heath, or enjoying the cool breeze which comes to him from off the Channel, and watching the waves breaking, and dream- ing perhaps of his distant home-land across the water ? Or it may be that he is busy sowing the seed which some friend has just brought him from home, or watching his bed of young lettuce which he is trying to naturalise. Nor is he alone. There were no need for him to build such villas unless he intended to bring wife and family to Britain. These assuredly shared his voluntary exile, and have left us abundant evidence of their presence in the bracelets and brooches, the hair-pins and combs which have been found on the site of their dwellings. 234 ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. The Briton, moreover, was rapidly learning the arts of civilisation from his Roman neighbour, so that there would be a steady approach between the two nations. Friendships would be formed, and these might in time grow to closer alliances. Then if, as we have reason to believe, some of our Roman visitors were Christian, they would regard the native Briton in a new light. The more earnest of them, at any rate, would try to bring these natives to the knowledge of Christ, and here would be a new link forged binding the races together in a Christian fellowship. Other influences were at work tending to assimilate the races. We learn from Tacitus that Agricola, his father-in-law, encouraged the Britons to come into the towns, build houses, &c. The bath, and the luxurious banquet offered their attractions not in vain to the late simple hunter in the forest, and though, as Tacitus sarcastically remarks, " the simple folk called that civilisation (humanitas) which was really the beginning of slavery," yet at first it would have the effect of bringing Roman and Briton into closer contact. We know how in the end it sapped the virile life of the nation, and made them unequal, when Rome withdrew her troops, to withstand the Saxon invasion. If Professor Buckman (D.F.C., Vol. 11. p. 58) is correct in his surmise, we have in East Farm, Bradford Abbas, an example of a little community of British and Roman living together. The villa remains to be discovered, but " bits of pavement " have been found scattered about. But what has been found is a number, some five or more, of cooking stoves ; or they may have been used for firing pottery ; and the Professor considers the dwellings in which they have been found to have been occupied by Celts, the slaves or labourers of the owner of the adjoining villa. Were this the case, it gives us a fresh peep into the life of the Roman colonist. Another scene of Roman life in Britain we may surely picture to ourselves. The Amphitheatre, so essential an adjunct to the life of a Roman, was not wanting. Maumbury Rings, just outside Dorchester, has fortunately been preserved to our ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. 235 day. Dr. Stukeley calculated that it would accommodate close on 13,000 spectators. In the 18th century it was used as the place of public execution, and 10,000 persons are said to have been present at the last execution in 1705. A different, but not less disgusting, sight claims our attention. Some great national festival is at hand, and there are to be games in the Amphitheatre. The " Gens Togata " and majesty of Imperial Rome will show itself. High officials may even join in the contests. In Whyte Melville's " Gladiators," which we believe gives a faithful picture of Imperial Rome, the Patrician Placidus enters the arena as a Retiarius. Our Roman, clad in his Toga ; wearing finger rings such as have been found at Fifehead (at first a military distinction, then a Senatorial privilege, but afterwards extended to knights and other classes) ; will drive in his chariot to attend the show. The ladies of liis household will be there also. They will be distinguishable more by their ornaments than by their dress, for the Toga was worn by both sexes. They will appear in their gayest attire, wearing their Fibulae or brooches, and Armillse (bracelets), as found at Fifehead Neville, Brac- chialia (armlets) like that from Maumbury, Crinales (hair- pins) such as the beautiful specimen of bronze found at Dor- chester ; also may be seen Tores or cords of gold, worn round the neck or on the arm, such as had been introduced from Gaul, and are amongst the relics found at Neville. On the head would be worn Coronse (wreaths). But the greater number of the spectators would be drawn from the native population. In contrast to the richly dressed Romans, these would come in their rough dress made from the skins of animals taken in the chase ; the women, perhaps, wearing leather aprons, adorned with beads, much after the fashion of the African to-day. And then the show ! Gladia- torial combats ; fierce exhibitions of courage, strength, and skill ; crowned with the victor's wreath, or alas, doomed to the fatal penalty awarded to ignoble defeat. These, with various kinds of races, constituted in all probability the prin- cipal amusements which the civilising Roman provided for 236 ROMAN VILLAS DISCOVERED IN DORSET. the purpose of reconciling the Durotriges to the yoke they had to bear. But we must curb our imagination. The Roman occupa- tion drew to a close. The Teuton conquest of Gaul early in the 5th century cut off Britain from the Empire. The Central Government ceased to send Governors, and the Roman Legionaries were gradually, and about the year 436 A.D. finally, withdrawn, having occupied our island for nearly 400 years. But though the soldiers left, many a Roman civilian would remain. Ties of friendship, and even of kinship, had been formed which knit them in a bond of fellowship with the Britons ; and even amongst the soldiers we can well believe that Millais' picture is true to life, and that many a soldier, while ordered home, left his heart behind. BOOKS OF REFERENCE. Proceedings of D.F.C. from the commencement. 32 Vols. Days before History. By H. R. Hall. The Glastonbury Lake Village. By A. BuUeid and St. G. Gray. Vol. I. Pompeii. By Gusman. Ancient Dorset. By Chas. Warne. Wessex. By Walter Tyndale and Clive Holland. Political History of England (in XII. Vols.). By T. Hodgkin. Vol. I. Caesar. De Bell. Gall. Tacitus. Agricola. Uriconium. By J. Corbet Anderson. Dorchester Antiquities. By H. J. Moule. Guide to Dorset County Museum. By J. E. Acland. Catalogue of Sepulchral Pottery. By J. E. Acland. Guide to Early Iron Age Antiquities. By British Museum Trustees. The Charm of Gardens. By D. C. Calthrop. Flora of Dorset. By J. C. Mansel-Pleydell. The Romanization of Roman Britain. By F. Haverfield. Encyc. Brit. Xlth Ed. INDEX TO VOL. XXXIV. By E. W. YOUNG. Acland, Ccipl. J. E., xliii., xlvii., 1. Arachnida, Bdtish (1912), xlviii., 107 Author's Publications on. 108 List of, 128 New and Rare, 110 Arch£eological Congres.s, Delegates' Report, xliii. Afssizes, Dorset, XVII. Century, xlvi., 17 Avebury, Church, xxx:. Temple, xxxi. Bankes, E. R., xlviii., 46 Barclay, Rev. W. G., xli. Barley, Malting, &c. (Table), 215 Beauliou, Abbey, xxvii., xxviii. Buckler's Hard, xxviii. "St. Leonard's Abbey," xxvii. Bellarmine Jugs, xliv. Birds, First Appearances, &c. (1912), 200 Notes on Rare, &c., 201 Tables, 212 Bloxworth, Chvueh, 42 Bond, Nigel, liii. Bradford Abbas, Church, xxxvi. Cross, xxxvii. Brasses, Memorial, 158 Brewers of Sherborne (1383), xlviii., 151 British Association, Delegate's Report, xlii. Browne, Cornish, 1., liii. Butterwick, Biiried Oaks at, xlv. Cambridge, Rev. O. P. (Vice-President) xlviii., 42 Came, Barrows, Damage to, xliii. Cecil, Lord E. (Vice-President), xl. Cerne Valley, Visit to, xxxix. Abbey, xl. Barn, xl. Church, xl. St. Augustme's Well, xl. Charles II. at Trent, xxxvi. Charminster, Chiu-ch, xxxix. Cross, xi. Ciccda, larva and pupae of, xlvii. Cistercian Order, The, xxviii. Clifton Maybank, xxxvii. Coker's Survey of Dorset, xxxvi. Committees, Earthworks, Hi, liii. Numismatic, liii. Photo. Survey, 1. Cranborne Chase, Earthworks at, xlvi., 31 List of, 34 Notes on Plans of, 39 Crosses (Dorset), 155 Daniell, Mr., xxxvii. Dicker, Rev. C. W. H. (Editor and Vice-President), xxviii., xxix., (Death of)xxxv.,lvii. (Reminis- cence of), 42 C. G. H., xliv. Digby, Wingfield, xliii. Dorchester, Plans and Sections of, li. Dundas, Ai-ch deacon, xxxix. Elwes, Capt. (Vice-President), xxvii., xxviii., xlix. Financial Statements, liv. Fletcher, Canon, xlviii., 167 For.syUi, Mr., xliii. Froxfiekl Almshouses, xxxiii. Fry, E. A., xliii., xlviii., liii., 161 Gerard, Thomas, author of Coker's Siu'vey, xxxvi. Gray, H. St. G., xxx., xxxi., xxxii., 81 Gundry, Rev. H. D., xl. Harbin, Rev. E. H. Bates, xxxvi., xxxvii. Harding, Stephen (Monk of Sher- borne), xxviii. Henshaw, R. S., xliii., 186 Insects, &c., Dorset, First Appear- .inces of (1912), 200, 206 Table 214 238 Lepidoptera (Purbock), xlviii., 46 Delenda et Corrigenda (Vol. VI., pp. 128-177). 47 List of, 52 Mainwaring, Lt.-Col., xliii., xlvii. Mansol-Pleydell, Canon J. C. M. (Vic - President and Hon. Treas.), xli., xlix., liii. March, Dr. H. Colley (Vice-President), XXX., xxxiii., xl., xlv., lii., 1, 81 Marlborough, Meeting at, xxx. Avebury Church, xxx. Temple, xxxi. Froxfield Almshouses, xxxiii. Knowle Chapel, xxxiii. Gravel Pits, xxxiii. School, xxx. Silbury Hill, xxxii. St. Mary's Church, xxxii. Littlecote Hall, xxxiv. Marque, Letter of (1803), xliv. Maumbury, Excavations at, xlvii. 81 Medals Competitions, lii. Meetings, Annual, xlix. Summer, xxvii., xxx., xxxvi., xxxix. Winter, xlii., xlvii. Members of the Club — Honorary, xi. List of, xii. New, XXV. Memorial Brasses of Dorset (Part VII.), xlix., 158 Church Knowle — Clavell, 164 Lytehett Matravers — Pethyn, 163 Clement, 164 Mappowder — Coker, 166 Pimperne — Williams, 162 Wareham, St. Mary's — Burges, 159 Franke, 159 Perkins. 160 Moore, 160 Woolland — Argenton, 161 Minterno, xli. Montagu, Lord, xxviii. Morris. Sir W., xxx., xlii. Mortival, Roger do. Bishop. Inspoxi- mus of (1315-1330), 153. 155 Moulo. Henry (the late), xl. Museum, Co'untv, additions to, xliii., 1. Nash -Brown, J. W., xxviii. Newland, Stone Cross at, 155. Newton Surmaville, xxxvii. New Testament, Paraphrase of Erasmus on, xlvii. Officers of tlie Club, Past and Present, v., xi. Orcus {Thynnus) thynnus, 201 Ord, Dr. W. T., xlv. Pentin, Rev. H. (Vice-President and Hon. Sec), xxix., xxiii., xxxv., xxxvii., xl., xliv., xlix., liii., 176 Peters, Rev. A. E. G., xxxii. Petroleum Oil, Sou:'.ces of, lii. Pitt-Rivers, A. L. F., xli. Plants, Flowering, Dorset, Earliest Records (Dorset), Tables 210 Pope, A., xxxvi., xxxvii., xl., xlvi., xlviii., 155 F. J., xlvi., 17 Pouncy, H. (Assist. Sec), liii. Presidential Address, xlix., Ivi. Anthropology and Arch- aeology, Ixxvi. Astronomy, Ixvii. Botany, Ixiv. Chemistry, Ixxii. Electricity, Ixxii. Engineering, Ixxiv. General, Ixxx. Geography, Ixxxvi. Geology, Ixv. Meteorology, Ixix. Obituary, Ivi. Zoology, lix. Prideaux, W. de C., xlix., 158 Publications of the Club, xxvi. Rainfall,&c.,inDorset(1912), xliii., 186 Annual, 199 Monthly, 198 Observers' Notes, 188 Steepleton Manor, 198 Tables, 194 Ramsbury, xxxiv. Rawlence, E. A., xxxvi., xliv., xlv. Reid, Clement, xlix. Reports, Director Plioto. Survey, 1. Earthworks Sectional Com- mittee, lii. Editor's, 1. Secretary's, xlix., Iv. Treasurer's, xlix., liv. Richardson, N. M. (President), xxx., xxxv., xxxviii., xxxix., xlii., xliv., xlvii., xlix.. liii., Ivi., 46, 200 Roman Villas (Dorset), lii., 216 Roper, Charles, lii. Rules of the Club, vi. Fandsfoot Ca=itle, xliv. Scando-Gothic Art in Wessex, xlv.. 239 Sermon to Dorchester Gentlemen (1691), xliv. Sherborne Brewers, xlviii., 151 Silbury Hill, xxxii. Societies, &c.. Corresponding, xxxvi. St. Cuthburga of Wimborne Minster, Marriage of, xlviii., 167 Stihvell, H., xliii. Sumner, Heywood, xlvi., 31 Superstitions (Dorset), 137 Candlemas, 139 Days, 143 Months, 140 New Year's Day, 138 Weather Forecasts, 145 Symonds, H. (Vice President and Hon. Editor), xliii., xliv., 1., liii. Trent, Church, xxxvi. Manor House, xxxvi. Udal, J. S., xlviii., liii., 137 Upcerne, xli. Usherwood, Canon, xlix.. Hi., 216 Weather Lore, Dorset, xlviii, 137 Webb, E. Doran, xxx., xxxiii., xxxiv. Weymouth Half-crown (1643-4), xliv. Whitcombe Church, Sculptured Stones at, xlv., 1. Wickham, Canon, xxxvii. Wilton, Eev. T. G., xxxvi. Winwood, T. R., 1. Wright, Rev. T. Russell, xxix. Wyke Grange, xxxvi. Yeo Valley, Upper, Visit to, xxxvi. Bradford Abbas, Church, xxxvi. Cross, xxxvii. Trent Church, xxxvi. Wyke Grange, xxxvi. ^