PROCEEDINGS

OP THE

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF

PHILADELPHIA.

1874.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

Joseph Leidy, M.D., Geo. "W. Trton, Jr.,

AVm. S. Vaux, Edw. J. Nolan, M.D.,

W. S. W. Ruschenbergek, M.D.

PHILADELPHIA:

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

Corner Broad and Sansom Streets.

1874.

Hall of the Academy of Natural Sciences,

Philadelphia, February 4, 1875.

I hereby certify that printed copies of tlie Proceedings for 1874 have been
presented at the meetings of the Academy, as follows : —

Pages 9 to 34 . ... . April 28, 1874.

25 to 72 . . . . May 19, 1874.

73 to 104 . . . . August 18, 1874.

10.") to 136 . . . . September 29, 1874.

137 to 152 . . . . October 20, 1874.

153 to 200 . . . . December 15, 1874.

SAMUEL B. HOWELL, M.D.,

Recording Secretary.

Pages 201 to 216
" 217 to 232

5, 1875.

2, 1875.

. January
. February

EDWARD J. NOLAN, M.D.,

Recording Secretary.

puii.AnKi.PHiA :

C O I, I, I .V S , P R I N T IC R .

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS,

With reference to the several articles contributed by each.
For Verbal Communications see General Index.

Binney, W. G. On the Anatomy and Lingual Dentition of Ariolimax

and other Pulmonata 33

Conrad, T. A. Remarks on the Tertiary Clay of the Upper Amazon,

with descriptions of new Shells 25

Description of two new Fossil Shells of the Upper Amazon 83

Cope, E. D. Description of some species of Reptiles obtained by Dr.
John F. Bransford, Assistant Surgeon United States Navy, while

attached to the Nicaragnan Surveying Expedition in 1873 64

On some Batrachia and Nematognathi brought from the Upper

Amazon by Prof. Orton 120

Notes on the Santa Fe Marls, and some of the contained Vertebrate

Fossils 147

Cones, E. Synopsis of the Muridae of North America 173

Gentry, T. G. On Habits of some American Species of Birds 96

Grote, A. R. New species of North American Noctuidse 197

Herrick, H. Description of a new species of Helminthophaga 220

Lewis, J. Description of a new species of Helix 118

On a new variety of Helix 162

I S '^ i 1

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF

PHILADELPHIA.
1874.

January 6, 1874.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Thirty-two members present.

Dr. J. G. Hunt remarked that the structure of the Schizaea
piisilla differed widely from that of our other indigenous schiza-
ceous ferns, viz., Lygodium palmatum^ and its morphological ele-
ments are unlike those of our ferns in general. The barren frond
of Schizeea pusilla is marked on its epidermal surface with a
double line of stomata, and these organs extend the entire length
of the frond. The cells which make up the interior of this delicate
fern are cylindrical and vary in size, but their distinctive cha-
racters lie in minute projections or outgrowths from all sides of
the cells, and these projections meet and are articulated with cor-
responding outgrowth from adjoining cells, so that the cells of
Schizaea have penetrating between them in every direction inter-
cellular spaces and channels of remarkable t^egularify and beauty,
and so characteristic is this plan of cell-union that the botanist
need find no difficulty in identifying the smallest fragment of the
plant. This morphological peculiarity has not been noticed
before.

Dimorj^hous Floivers in Passiflora. — Mr. Thomas Meehan ex-
hibited some flowers of Passiflora qiiadrangularis, in which some
of them had the pistils almost wanting, while the flowers were

2

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

perfect in all other particulars. A large plant running along a
rafter in his greenhouse, and producing hundreds of flowers, bore
these dimorphous ones in about equal proportions. He said it
was well known that in cultivation this plant never produced
fruit unless by artificial cross-impregnation, but he thought the
tendency to abort in the female flowers, and thus approach the
classes which were in structure as well as practically uni-sexual,
had not been noticed before. There was a species in New Zea-
land, however, known to be monoecious, and it might be just pos-
sible tiiat the Fassijloraceee, with mostl}^ hermaphrodite flowers,
were following in the wake of the allied Gucurbitacese, in which
a complete separation of the sexes was the rule.

January 13.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Twenty-six members present.

Remarks on Hydi'a. — Prof. Leidy remarked that two species
of Hydi^a were common in the neighborhood of Philadelphia.
One is of a light brownish hue and is found on the under side of
stones and on aquatic plants in the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers,
and in ditches communicating with the same. Preserved in an
aquarium, after some days the animals will often elongate the
tentacula for several inches in length. The green Hydra is found
in ponds and springs attached to aquatic plants. It has from six
to eight tentacles, which never elongate to the extent they do in
the brown Hydra. In winter the animal is frequently observed
with the male organs developed just below the head as a mamma-
like process on each side of the bod}'. He had not been able to
satisfy himself that these Hydrse were different from H. fusca and
H. viridis of Europe. Prof. Agassiz had indicated similar colored
forms in Massachusetts and Connecticut, under the names of H
carnea and H. gracilis. Of the former he remarks that it has
very short tentacles, and if this is correct under all circumstances,
it must be difterent from our brown Hydra, which can elongate its
arms for three inches or more.

January 20.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Thirty members present.

Prof. E. D. Cope described some species of extinct tortoises
from certain formations of Northeastern Colorado, which had
been previously found in the Fort Union or lignite beds of the
Missouri river region by Dr. Ha^^den. He had in 1868 recognized

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 11

the age of the latter as cretaceous, contrary to the opinion ex-
pressed by some geologists, that the formation both in Dakota and
Colorado is tertiary.

Mr. Cope incidentally mentioned the recent discovery of remains
of Dinosaurs in the lignite beds of Colorado, which Avere thus proved
to belong to the cretaceous period, and not tertiary, as the evi-
dence of the fossil plants had been interpreted by Mr. Lesquereux
and others.

Dr. LeConte expressed his great satisfaction at the complete
confirmation, by his friend Mr. Cope, of the statements he made
several 3^ears ago,* concerning the cretaceous age of the lignites at
the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, from near Denver
southwards into New Mexico. Dr. LeConte had discussed the
subject on page 19, and more fully on Go and 66 of his report.
He had, it is true, expressed on page 65 a suspicion that the lig-
nites of the Missouri basin might be of miocene age, but it would
be seen by the narrative part of the report that Di\ LeConte had
not examined these beds personally, and their tertiary age was
assumed only in deference to the very strong!}' expressed opinion
of Dr. Hayden, "the pioneer and most successful explorer
of the Missouri basin" (Report, page 53), who was the first,
as he has been the most persistent advocate of this view.
While admitting the similarity of the flora of these lignites to
those of known tertiary localities, he had insisted on the greater
value of the stratigraphical and zoological evidence by which they
were shown to be cretaceous. He referred Mr. Cope to this report,
that he might see how perfectly these recent discoveries accorded
with the previously expressed views, which Mr. Cope had, perhaps
inadvertently, omitted to mention.

Mr. Cope replied that he was quite familiar with the report of
Dr. LeConte, but did not consider stratigraphical evidence of
value as compared with palseontological in this instance, because
the beds display continuity of deposit from cretaceous to tertiary
(Hayden), while the fauna and flora exhibit an interruption.

Prof. Frazer remarked that in this opinion Mr. Cope differed
from geologists generally, who regarded the weight of palaeonto-
logical evidence as based entirely on our previous knowledge of
stratigraphical relations, and where the field was so new as our
Western territories, the evidences of palaeontology as establishing
synchronism with the geological ages of Europe must be received
with great caution.

' Notes ou the Geology of the Survey for the Extension of the Union
Pacific Railway, Eastern Division. Philadelphia, Feb. 1867.

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

January 27.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Thirty members present.

Henry A. Muhlenberg, of Reading, Pa., George De B. Keim,
Henry Tagg, Chas. S. Whelen, and Charles W. Macfarlane, were
elected members.

Jas. Stevenson, U. S. Geol. Surv., was elected a Correspondent.

Prof. Cope made some observations on the age of the lignite
and other corresponding formations of the West, and especially
its supposed equivalent in Northern Colorado. He referred to his
determination of the Upper Missouri formation as cretaceous in
1868 ; of the Wyoming Bitter Creek series as of the same age in
1872. He now added the Colorado strata to the same, on the
evidence of vertebrate remains procured by himself during the
past season, in connection with the United States Geological
Survey under Dr. P. V. Hayden. These remains consisted of
DinoHauria of three species, tortoises of five, and a single species
of crocodile. Five of the genera were diagnostic. The Dinosauria
were referred to the old genus Hadrosaiirus and the new genera
Polyonax and Cionodon. The Gionodon arctatus was a large
herbivorous saurian, allied to Hadrosaurus, but with a most com-
plex and singular type of dentition ; the size that of a horse. The
other two species are much larger.

He also pointed out that the tortoises are identical with species
discovered b}' Dr. Hayden in the Fort Union formation of Dakota.
He identified the Colorado beds with this group, and believed that
they are therefore of cretaceous age, stating that it was the first
time such identification had been made.

Prof. Cope then discussed the age of the coal and lignite forma-
tions west of the Missouri River, and stated that Dr. Hayden had
divided them into several epochs, viz., the Placer Mountain (New
Mexico) ; Canon City (Colorado) ; Fort Union (Dakota) ; and
Bear River (W3'oming) ; and that Mr. Meek and himself liad re-
garded the Bitter Creek series as distinct from the others. He
stated that the stratigraphers and vegetable palaeontologists had
regarded all these beds as tertiary, but he believed that the animal
and especially the vertebrate pala^ontolog}' required their reference
to the cretaceous period. He observed that Mr. Meek had pointed
out the cretaceous age of the Bear River beds. LeConte had in-
sisted on the same reference for the Caiion City basin. Mr. King
and himself had determined that the Bitter Creek coal was creta-
ceous, and he had asserted that the Fort Union epoch belonged to
the same division of geologic time, in Dakota in 1869, and for

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

13

Colorado at the last meeting of the Academy, although LeConte
and others had regarded them as probably miocene.' lie stated,
moreover, that the evidence from palaeontology was discrepant,
and that it must be conceded that a tertiary flora was contempo-
rary with a cretaceous fauna. lie quoted Dr. Hayden as having
shown that there was no phj'^sical interruption in the series of
deposits above enumerated, and that the incongruity in the palae-
ontology is to be regarded as e-vidence that no extinction or re-
creation of a general character had taken place during this time;
that the apparent interruption in the vertebrate life in the dis-
appearance of large land saurians and appearance of land mam-
malia is due to the irruption of the latter by migration probably
from the south.

February 3.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Eighteen members present.

Dr. Chapman exhibited a dissection of
one of the hind legs of a muskrat, Fiber
zibethicus. The tendons of the tibialis
anticus (a), extensor proprius hallucis (6),
and extensor longus digitorum (c), pass
down a groove in the tibia and under a
little process of bone {d). The extensor
longus digitorum is held down by an
additional process {e). This arrangement
seems to quicken the extension of the foot,
and is of use apparently to the animal in
swimming.

Remarks on Protozoa. — Prof. Leidy re-
marked that while it was exceptional to
find the same species of the higher sub-
kingdoms in the difierent parts of the
world, it appeared to be the rule that
most species of Protozoa were found everywhere under the same
conditions. A large number of our fresh-water forms he had
recognized as the same as those described by European authors.
A less number of species are pi'obably peculiar to every region.
Among our fresh-water Ehizopods he had observed not only the
genera Ainceba, Arcella, Diffiugia, Euglypha, Trinema, Lagynis,
ActinophrySy etc., but also most of the species of these as indi-
cated by European naturalists.

1 LeConte, Notes on Geol, Pacific R. R. Co., 1868, p. 65.

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEiMY OF

Of the genus Arcdla^ A. vulgaris and A. dentata, with their
varieties, are common with us. In the genus Difflugia the lilce-
ness of our species to those of Europe is strilcing. Besides D.
2)roteiformis, D. acuminata^ D. comjji-essa, D. pyriforini.^, D.
aculeata, etc., he had observed the beautiful form described by the
English naturalist. Dr. Wallich, under the name of D. corona.
The shell of this species resembles a Roman helmet, with
from five to seven spines, and it has the mouth notched with
twelve serrations. A comparatively large species observed may
be peculiar, though future investigation may prove it to be only a
variety of 1). lageniformis. The shell has the form of an ancient
amphora, without the handles, and it measures the fourth of a
line in length. With its delicate pseudopods of varied form,
and sometimes extending far bej^ond the length of the shell, it
appears as a microscopic vase of phantom plants.

Among Amoeba he had observed one which he suspected to be
the same as A. princeps of Ehrenberg, but it was twice the size
given by this author. It was remarkable for its activity and
wonderful changes of form. At first globular, the next moment
pseudopods appear like a multitude of dewdrops all over the sur-
face. A few of these stream forth and widen in their course,
while others disappear. The animal will then extend itself and
appear like a branching coral. At one moment it will enter and
traverse the interstices of a mass of mud and sand, and then
emerge without an adherent particle. Detached and floating it
will appear like a long-rayed star. At times it assumes the most
grotesque forms — that of a human head with a rapidly growing
nose ; the outline of an elk with the antlers extending, or a leg
elongating at the expense of the body. The species is common
in the vicinity of Philadelphia. First observed in the neighbor-
hood of Swarthraore College, it was also found in the ditclies of
the Neck below the city. The animal contained a multitude of
minute particles of ellipsoidal form which reminded him of the
discoliths of the Bathybins of Prof. Huxley.

It is an interesting question whether our fresh-water protozoa
have reached us from the same sources as those of Europe and
other remote countries. If derived from the same sources they
were probably infused in the waters of the different continents at
an early age when the latter were not separated by ocean barriers.
If thus early infused we have a remarkable instance of a multi-
tude of specific forms retaining their identity through a long-
period of time. Such a view might appear to oppose the
doctrine of evolution, but not justly so, for the simplest forms
would be the slowest or least likely to vary, while the most com-
plex, from their extended relationships, would be most liable to
variation. Perhaps, however, the simplest forms of life, of the
same species, may have originated independently of one another,
not only in different places, but also at difl'erent times, and may

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 15

yet continue to do so. While the highest forms of life may have
been slowly evolved from the simplest forms of the remotest age,
eqnalh' simple forms may have started into existence at all times
down "to the present period. From the later original forms new
ones may have been evolved to speed towards the same goal as
those which preceded them.

February 10.
The President, Dr. Ruschenburger, in the chair.
Twenty-four members present.
The death of Prof. William Procter was announced.

February 11.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Twenty-six members present.

On the Mode of Groioth of Desmids. — Prof Leidy made some
remarks on the mode of reproduction and growth of the Desmids.
In illustration he described a common species of Docidium or
Pleurotseyiium. This consists of a long C3^1indroid cell constricted
at the middle and slightl}' expanded each side of the constriction.
When the plant is about to duplicate itself, the cell-wall divides
transversely at the constriction. From the open end of each half
cell there protrudes a colorless mass of protoplasm defined by the
primordial utricle. The protrusions of the half-cells adhere to-
gether and continue to grow. The bands of endochrome now ex-
tend into the protrusions and subsequently keep pace with their
growth. The protrusions continue to grow until they acquire the
length tyid form of the half-cells from which they started. The
exterior of the new half-cells thus produced hardens or becomes
a cell-wall like that of the parent half-cells. In this condition
two individuals of Docidium are frequently observed before sepa-
ration. During the growth of the new half-cells the circulation
of granules in the colorless protoplasm is quite active. In a
species of Docidium \\ mm. long by ^^ mm. broad, the growth of
the new half-cells was observed to be at the rate of about ^ mm.
In an hour.

16

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

February 24.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Seventeen members present.

The death of Col. Jas. Greer was announced.

There not being a sufficient number of members present for an
election, the meeting adjourned until March 3d, when the follow-
ing were elected members : John B. Pease, Gen. Isaac J. Wistar,
Gen. Wm. Tilley, Wm. M. Bowron, John T. Sharpless, M.D.,
Samuel J. Reeve, and John F. Weightman, M.D.

The following standing committees were elected for 1874 : —

Anthropology. Radiata.

J. Aitken Meigs, Geo. H. Horn,

Henry S. Schell, J. G. Hunt,

J. F. Richardson, R. S. Kenderdine,

E. Goldsmith. Samuel B. Howell.

Comparative Anatomy.
Harrison Allen,
J. McQuillan,
Jos. Leidy,
Henry C. Chapman.

Ornithology.

Bernard A. Hoopes,
Edwin Sheppard,
Theo. L. Harrison,
Jas. A. Ogden,
John Krider.

Articulata.

Geo. H. Horn,
R. S. Kenderdine,
T. Hale Streets,
John L. LeConte.

Stratigraphic Geology.
Jos. P. Lesle^'^,
P. Y. Hay den,
Franklin Piatt.

Vertebrate Paleontology.
Jos. Leidy,
Edw. D. Cope,
Harrison Allen.

Mineralogy.

Wm. S. Yaux,
E. Goldsmith,
Jos. Wilcox,
C. S. Benient,
Persifor Frazer, Jr.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

n

Botany.

Thos. Meehan,
Rachel Bodley,
Isaac Burk,
John H. Redfield.

Mammalogy.

Harrison Allen,
Edw. D. Cope,
Henry C. Chapman,

U. Smith.

Ichthyology.

Edw. D. Cope,
Thaddeus Norris,
J. H. Redfield,
Chas. F. Parker.

Herpetology.

Edw. D. Cope,
Harrison Allen,
Samuel B. Howell,
Chas. F. Parker.

Physics.

Robert E. Rogers,
J. G. Hunt,
Robert Bridges,
J. H. McQuillan,
Alex. Wilcox.

Invertebrate Paleontology.
T. A. Conrad,
H. C. Wood, Jr.,
Persifor Frazer, Jr.,
Geo. A. Koenig.

Chemistry.

F. A. Genth,
Robert Bridges,
E. Goldsmith,
Samuel B. Howell.

Instruction and Lectures.
Hector Tyndale,
Robert S. Kenderdine,
Wm. S. Halsey,
J. Aitken Meigs,
W. S. W. Ruschenberger.

Library.

Jos. Leidy,

Chas. F. Parker,

Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.,

W. S. W. Ruschenberger,

J, G. Richardson.

March 3.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Thirty members present.

The following paper was presented for publication : —
" Remarks on the Tertiary Clay of the Upper Amazon, with
descriptions of new shells." By T. A. Conrad.

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Extract of a Letter relating to Ilammalmn Fossils in Califor-
nia— Prof. Leidy read an extract from a letter recently received
from Dr. Lorenzo G. Yates, of Centreville, Alameda Count}',
California, as follows : —

Yours of the 29th came to hand, and also a copy of your work,
" Contributions to the Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western
Territories," for which accept my thanks. Prof. E. O. Hovey's
statement in relation to the localities of some of the fossils, page
229, of the " Contributions," is incorrect. I discovered all the
fossils in a gravel deposit, which Avas evidently an old river
channel, in Livermore Valle}^, not from a " wash in the side of a
hill."

The Bos latifrons, figs. 6, 7, plate xxviii. ; the Canis indianensis,
fig. 2, pi. xxxi. ; the Felis imperialis, fig. 3, pi. xxxi. ; and the
Auchenia hesterna, figs. 1-3, pi. xxxvii., together with the teeth
and bones of Elephas americanus, Equus, and the other bones
which I could not identify, were all discovered by me in that lo-
calit}^

Accompanying the letter was a newspaper slip of the discovery
of remains of Elephant and Mastodon in various localities, which
is here inserted.

At a meeting of the Agassiz Institute at Sacramento, on the
17th of June, the following paper by Dr. L. G. Yates, of Centre-
ville, Alameda County, was read : —

The interest taken within the last few years in the " antiquity
of man" has invested the finding of the remains of the extnct
mammalia with a greater degree of interest than they would other-
wise receive, and the question is one which has b}^ common consent
been admitted to be one of the most important which has been
raised of late years, consequently the discovery of the bones and
teeth of any of the larger animals, their geological location and
surroundiiigs, is matter of interest to men of science and the ma-
jority of educated minds of all classes.

Less than fifty j^ears ago the discovery of the bones of a fossil
elephant, or other large animal, would have been looked upon as
evidence supporting some popular superstition in relation to giants
or tritons, and by some, less sceptical than the majorit^y, they
would have been called a lusus natura?, or, as the writer has heard
them pronounced within the last three or four years, " peculiarly
formed rock," or "the bones of some common animal which has
grown in size since the animal died." But the majority of the
people of California at tlie present day are better informed on the
subject, and admit the finding of remains of extinct animals of
size and form different from those now existing in temperate re-
gions ; yet, within the last two or three years, the writer remem-
bers having seen an item in one of our interior papers, giving an
account of the finding of a "huge til)ia," and giving it (on the
authority of some " Doctor") as the bone of a " human" or of
some other " upright walking animal."

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 19

But the principal object of the writer of this article, is to furnish
a list of localities of remains of fossil elephants and mastodons,
to which additions may be made from time to time.

The writer, during a residence of eight years in California, has
spent considerable time in visiting locations where the fossils have
been discovered by others, and has succeeded in discovering a
number of localities not before known, where fragments of bones
and teeth, portions of skeletons, and, in some instances, whole
skeletons of the large pachyderms have been found, and has been
so fortunate as to discover the onl}^ new species, and, at the same
time, probably the oldest mastodon found on the Pacillc Coast.

List of Localities — Fossil Etephas.

Alameda Comity No. 1. Near Mission San Jose, Elephas Ame-

ricanus and E. ? Discovered by the writer in post pliocene

detritus with Mastodon, Lama, Equus, Bos, and a large carnivore ;
upper molar deposited in Amherst College ; portion of lower jaw
with molar in Yale College, and portion of tusk in Wabash Col-
lege.

No. 2. In Livermore Valley, two large molars of Elephas Arae-
ricanus, discovered by the writer in post pliocene with Lama
California ? Bos, Equus, Cervus, etc. ; one molar in Wabash Col-
lege, the other in writer's collection.

No. 3. Portion of tusk, from bed of a creek between Haywood
and Dublin, formerly in writer's cabinet, deposited in Wabash
College.

Calaveras County. — No. L Near Murphy's, in auriferous gi'avel,
fragment of molar of Elephas Americanus, discovered by the
writer ; deposited in Yale College.

Los Angelos County. — At San Pedro.

Placer County. — No. 1. Near Forest Hill.

No. 2. Near Michigan Bluff, in auriferous gravel.

Solano County. — No. L At Mare Island, molar. (W. P. Blake,
Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Science.)

No. 2. Near Rio Vista, entire skeleton of Elephas Americanus,
about seven feet below the surface in clay. The partj' who dis-
covered it " went for it" with a pick, and with the assistance of
his neighbors, and by dint of perseverance and hard labor, they
succeeded in entirely destroying the bones, so that when the
writer visited the locality he found a large pile of small fragments,
and succeeded in obtaining casts of portion of the right side of lower
jaw with molar, and a portion of upper molar; which, with three
or four vertebra, comprised all that was taken, and they were so
broken that they had to be built up and partially restored in order
to get the easts.

Fossil 31astodon.

Alameda County. — No. 1. Near Mission San Jose, in post plio-
cene gravel, the writer discovered an almost entire lower jaw,

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

containing five molars, and showing in a remarkable degree the
nlethod of growth and reiDlacement of the teeth ; deposited in
Yale College.

No. 2. Molar in bowlder of conglomerate, found in Alameda
Creek, and presented to writer; deposited in Yale College.

Amador County. — Near Volcano, in auriferous gravel. Locality
visited.

Calaveras County. — At Douglas Flat, near Murphy's. Locality
visited.

Contra Costa County. — No. 1. At Oak Springs, lower jaw entire
and upper molars of Mastodon obscurus, taken out of the base of
a pliocene hill by the writer ; entire skeleton in the rock, but im-
possible to take it out; lower jaw and upper molar in Amherst
College ; upper molar and fragment of tusk in Yale College.

No. 2. Molar taken out of tunnel on the railroad between
Somersville and Pittsburg Landing. Locality visited.

Ul Dorado County. — No. 1. At Grey's Flat, molars in recent
gravel deposit. Locality visited.

No. 2. El Dorado Ranch, several molars and fragment. Lo-
cality visited. The " Doctor" who had them pronounced them
" Saurian teeth." The teeth had been broken up, and he called
each fragment (consisting of a cusp) an entire tootli, but on seeing
the pieces put together, and forming a large molar, he thought
" perhaps it might be so," but seemed loth to believe it, and re-
fused to part with even a fragment.

No. 3. At Gold Hill, near Placerville.

Jlendocino County. — Locality unknown.

Placer County On North Fork of American River, above

Rattlesnake, in gravel. Locality visited.

Santa Barbara County. — At Gaviota Pass. (Prof. J. D. Whit-
ney.)

Stanislaus County. — On Dry Creek, Mastodon Shepardi; new
species discovered b}' the writer in pliocene sandstone, at the base
of a high perpendicular bluff; fragments of tusks in Amherst and
Yale Colleges.

Solano County. — Near Benicia. Locality visited.

Sonoma County. — Near Petaluma. Bones in recent deposit
near creek. Locality visited.

Tuolumne County. — No. L At Texas Flat, in aurifei'ous gravel.
Locality visited.

No. 2. At Shaw's Flat, in auriferous gravel. Locality visited.

No. 3. At Gold Springs, in auriferous gravel. Locality visited.

No. 4. Under Table Mountain ? (Dr. Snell) in old river bed.
Locality visited.

It will be seen that the majority of the localities given have
been visited by the writer. Particular attention has been given
to the formations and accompanying fossils, and search made for
evidences of the handiwork of man, but up to this time the writer
has failed to discover anything which would show conclusively

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 21

that man and either the mastodon or the fossil elephant were con-
temporaneous in this State.

The stories of the finding of bones and teeth of fossil verte-
brates, I)}' miners and persons not practical geologists, nor accus-
tomed to stud}' the geological whys and wherefores, and who do
not realize the necessity of close observation and discrimation of
the circumstances and surroundings of the relics, are not, in the
writer's opinion, entitled to much weight, and are very liable to
give false impressions; for example, in a ravine in Alameda Coun-
ty, the writer found a human skull in the bank, some thirty feet
below the surface, and apparently in the same formation where he
had previousl}' discovered bones and teeth of Elephas, and after-
ward found a lower jaw of Mastodon and molar of Elephas, but
upon climbing to the top of the bank, the remaining portions of
the human skeleton were found some eighteen inches below the
surface in an old Indian burial ground or rancheria. It would
have been an easy matter to have labelled that skull as "found
with bones of Elephant and Mastodon," and passed it ofi" as an-
other link in the chain of evidence of the contemporaneousness of
man and the extinct animals; or the creek in the ravine might
have changed its bed and the human skull been covered up by
detritus in close proximity with the mastodon jaw, and after
many years discovered by some future fossil hunter, and the re-
mains of the two animals assigned, without question, to the same

age.

One more example. Some four years since, a friend brought
me a remarkably well-preserved molar of a mastodon, imbedded
in a bowlder of conglomerate, which he had found in Alameda
creek. Now, suppose that tooth, instead of being placed in the
writer's cabinet, had been carried by a freshet on to some gravel
bed along the creek, and the skull of some aborigine washed out
of the bank above (as they often do), or some of the stone imple-
ments sometimes found there had been deposited in the same place.
Perhaps in a few hundred years or less, some antiquarian or eth-
nologist finding these relics in the same gravel bed might at once
decide tliat they were of the same age, when in fact the mastodon
tooth washed out of a pliocene gravel bed, miles from where it
was found, and it may have l)een (and probably was) separated
from the other parts of the skeleton, and carried by the action of
water perhaps hundreds of miles before it was deposited in the
pliocene conglomerate; or, to carry the probabilities still further,
the mastodon might have lived in the miocene period, and the
tooth washed out of a miocene rock by a pliocene river, to where
it was again deposited, and afterward formed a part of the con-
glomerate bowlder in wiiich it was found.

The death of Dr. John Bachraan, a Correspondent of the Acad-
eni}', was announced.

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

March 10.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberoer, iu the chair.

Twent3'-three members present.

The following papers were presented for publication : —

" On the Anatomy of Ariolimax and other Pulmonata." By

W. G. Binney.

" Descriptions of some new species of Reptiles." By Edward

D. Cope.

Elevation of the Trunks of Trees. — Mr. Thomas Meehan re-
ferred to remarks made on a former occasion — not communicating
anything new to science — but in regard to matter introduced into
a laAvsuit, as to whether the trunks of trees would elongate after
once formed. He suggested that trees growing on a rock, by the
natural thickening of the roots beneath, would lift the tree four
inches in forty years, which covered the matter in dispute.

Since that time, however, Dr. Lapham, the Botanist, and State
Geologist of Wisconsin, had called his attention to a force at
work in elevating the trees of that region, which he believes had
not before been recognized, and which he thought of interest suffi-
cient to merit a notice in the Academy's Proceedings. This was
that frost gradually lifted trees so that the trunk would sometimes
appear in time to have elongated a foot or more.

Since Dr. Lapham had made the suggestions, he had examined
trees in the vicinity of Philadelphia and found unmistakable evi-
dence that large numbers of trees had been raised iu the manner
stated. As was well known, most trees standing by themselves
had the collar of the tree of much greater diameter than the trunk
above; and the upper portions of the roots, springing from about
the collar, were considerably above the surface of the ground.
He had supposed, and he thought this was the impression of most
observers, that this arose merelj' from the annual deposition of
wood — the thickening upwards of the roots — but, on examination,
it could be seen in many cases that the axis, or original centre of
the root, once of course below the soil, was now above the surface.

That tills was caused b^' the action of frost was probable from
what we know of its action on vegetation by what is known
as " drawing out." When the land freezes, expansion ensues,
drawing the clover root up with it, leaving, of course, a cavity
from whence the root was drawn. When tlie first thaw came, the
liquid, carrying earthy matter, entered the cavity; and thus the
clover I'oot was prevented from descending to its original position.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 23

It was as true of trees as of the clover plant. Roots elevated
found the cavities below partially filled, and could not thus per-
mit of the tree being quite as low as before. Dr. Laphara thought
that in the West large old trees blew over much more readily than
younger ones, though the comparative weight of head and roots
were proportionally the s^ame, chiefly because the older trees had
been drawn nearer the surface.

Mr. M. also remarked that the belief was very prevalent among
woodmen, that the numerous large roots which marked the sur-
face of an old piece of woodland " like railroads on a modern
map" were not originally near the top, but had grown to the sur-
face. He had always supposed these also to result from thicken-
ing, but he now had seen some cases in which this would not ac-
count for it, and only the frost-lifting power would. So, also, in
many swampy pieces of land, much of the vegetation had the
appearance of tussocks, and the land as if it had been washed
awa^' from around the roots. It was not probablj'^ from annual
growths, but from gradual liftings of the plants from year to
year and the filling in of the spaces beneath by the soft mud.

It was likely that one of the chief offices of the tap roots was
to guard the tree from this frost lifting as much as possible. His
impression was that the trees of tropical climates had not near
the development of tap roots which are found in the more northern
ones, but this was a matter for further investigation.

March IT.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Twenty members present.
The death of Dr. Wm. S, Halsev was announced.

March 24,
The President, Dr, Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Twentj'-seven members present.

On Actinophrys sol. — Prof. Leidy, after describing the structure
and habits of this curious rhizopod, said that he had recently'
observed it in a condition which he had not seen described. He
had accidentally found two individuals including between them a
finely granular rayless sphere nearly as large as the animals them-
selves. These measured, independently of the rays, 0.064 mm.
in diameter; tlie included sphere 0.06 mm. He supposed that
he had been so fortunate as to find two individuals of Actinoj)hrys
in conjunction with the production of an ovum.

24 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

Preserving the animals for observation, on returning after an
absence of three hours, the animals were observed connected by
a broad isthmus including the granular sphere reduced to half
its original diameter. Two hours later the granular sphere had
melted in the isthmus, leaving behind Avhat appeared to be a large
oil globule and half a dozen smaller ones. The isthmus in the
former time measured -^^^ mm., at the later time -^-^ mm.

Shortl}^ afterwards, the isthmus elongated and contracted to
gL mm. on the left, while the right half, retaining the oil globules,
remained as thick as before. At the same time the animals be-
came flattened at the opposite poles. The latter subsequently
became depressed so that the animals assumed a reniform outline.

The isthmus now more rapidly narrowed and elongated, became
a mere thread, and finally separated about one hour from the last
two hours indicated.

The oil globules were retained in the right-hand individual,
which, with the remaining projection of the isthmus, appeared
broadly codiform in outline. In the left-hand individual all remains
of the isthmus at once disappeared, and the animal appeared reni-
form in outline, but now contracting on the same side it assumed
the buscuit form. The constriction rapidly increased, and in
thirty minutes from the time of separation from the right-hand
individual it divided into two separate animals presenting the or-
dinary appearance of A. sol. Thus this second division took
place in an opposite direction from the first.

The right-hand individual, retaining the oil globules apparently
unchanged, more slowly assumed the reniform outline, and then
became constricted all around. The constriction elongated to an
isthmus, in the centre of which were the oil globules. Three
hours after the separation of the right-hand animal, the isthmus
was narrowed to about half the diameter of the two new indi-
viduals which were about to be formed. At this moment other
engagements obliged me to leave the examination of the animals.
Six hours after, in the animalcule cage, I observed only half a
dozen individuals of the A. sol.

March 31.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Sixteen members present.

The following papers w^ere presented for publication : —

" On Variations in Structure of Horns of Deer of the Genus
Cariacus." By E. D. Cope, A.M.

" On the Ziphius of Nantucket." By E. D. Cope, A.M.

On report of the committees, the following papers were ordered
to be pu)>lished : —

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PEIILADELPHIA. 25

REMARKS ON THE TERTIARY CLAY OF THE UPPER AMAZON, WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SHELLS.

BY T. A. CONRAD.

Professor Eug. W. Hilgard has sent me for examination a
number of fossils collected on the Upper Amazon by Mr. Steere.
The extraordinary character of this interesting group has made it
one of more than ordinary attraction. The species and even
many of the genera being limited to these deposits, we fail to find
a point of comparison with other groups of fossils. Some natural-
ists have supposed from the look of freshness and the perfection
of many specimens, that they may be of comparatively^ modern
origin, but the clay in which they are imbedded is admirably
fitted for their indefinite preservation. The clay is generally free
from iron, and thus one source of injury is wanting. Tlie colors
of the shells are sometimes preserved in perfection, and even the
epidermis of a few specimens of Pachydon, and also portions of
cartilage, but I do not regard these as evidence of very late de-
position of the group. The colored markings of a cretaceous
Neritina from Mississippi, and on a univalve of the eocene of
Alabama, as well as portions of cartilage in an eocene bivalve, all
of which I have seen, might as well be considered evidence of late
tertiary deposition of the beds in which they occur. Were the
Pebas group of pliocene date, we should expect it to contain
man}' recent species of the Lower Amazon, and especially Azara,
but as far as we yet know, such shells are absent. Triquetra and
Hemisinus are characteristic genera of South American rivers,
but the fossil species are not identical with living ones. Mr. Dall
informs us that " many of the genera are exclusively marine," but
I am sure no such genus was in the collection which he studied at
the time. Only one doubtful genus of this character has been
found in all the collections since made. The fresh-water shells
consist of, 2 Anodontas, 2 of Hemisinus, and 2 of Triquetra,
besides several land shells, while the estuary genei*a, Mytilopsis
and Neretina, might have lived in either fresh or brackish water.
On the coasts of the Atlantic States of North America these two
genera live in the latter. The only shell which might be sup-
posed to be strictly marine is a Nuculana, if it prove to be a
3

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

species of that genus. So partial a view of the hinge has been
obtained that it cannot be certainly determined as indicating that
genus. The shell described as Tellina b^- Mr. Gabb is a young
valve of Pachydon teimis. So that any certain evidence of a
marine origin for the Pebas group is wanting.

Professor "Woodward remarks that in the living analosrue of
Pachydon, " Azara or Potamomya, we have just the evidence we
need to argue upon" in respect to the nature of the habitat of the
Pebas shells, and quotes Darwin's observations on Azara lahiata.
Darwin in his " Geolog-ical Observations on South America" saj's,
" On the northern bank of the great estuary of the Rio Plata,
near Moldonado, I found at the head of a lake, sometimes brack-
ish, but generally containing fresh water, a bed of muddy clay
containing Azara labiata,^' etc. This representation of the habits
of that shell indicates, I think, those of the Pebas fossils, which
may have inhabited a lake similar to that of Moldonado.

The following letter from Mr. Steere to Prof. Hilgard explains
the position of the fossils : —

" I first saw Prof. Orton's fossil bed near Tabatinga. It is com-
posed of horizontal beds of blue clay, separated b}'^ beds of dirty
coal, that seems more like peat than coal. There seems to be
nothing regular in these beds, thus differing apparently in thick-
ness, and appeared in a distance of a few hundred yards. I have
sent you fossils from these different localities, Pebas, Old Pebas,
and Pichana. The}' are situated in relation to each other some-
what as follows : Pebas one mile from the mouth of the Ambyacu
River, and Old Pebas two miles below, and Pichana perhaps
fifteen miles from the mouth of the Ambyacu. The fossils from
Pebas are 60 or 10 feet above the river level, while at Old Pebas
thej' ai'e at the water level, though tlie shell beds at Pebas ma}'
extend down, as the lower strata are covered by fallen and washed
earth, leaving the fossil beds visible only at the top. The fossil beds
appear to have been denuded irregularly and then covered with a
bed of red and white clay and sand, much like that formed so
plentifully on the Lower Amazon in some places. This shows in
the river bank 30 feet thick, but at Pebas only 8 or 10. I made
a rough section of the exposed beds at Pebas, with the following
i-esult — though the result I think is of little importance, the beds
change so frequently.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 27

Pebas.

8 feet red and white clay and sand.
20 feet blue clay, 4 feet of fossils.
G inches coal.
15 blue clay. 3 feet of fossils.

"I noticed that the lower strata had less univalves and more bi-
valves than the upper. I have sent you some shells that I know
are new, and bits of turtle shell, fish bones, coral, crustaceans,
etc., which have not been noticed in the bed before."

I found no specimen of coral in this collection, nor in an}' other
of the Amazon fossils.

Description of Shells of the Pebas Gy^oup.

PACHYDON, Gabb.
In this genus the species are A'ery diverse in form, iuequivalve,
both beaks directed forward, spiral ; the cardinal tooth of the left
valve is covered in front throughout two-thirds of its length by a
portion of the exterior layer of the valves, which is transversely
striated, and resembles a wedge sunk into the base of the lunule,
so as to define the tooth from the exterior when the valves are
closed. In most species the prominent margin of the lesser
valve fits into a groove, the lower margin of which is a well-
defined lateral tooth. This character is entirely wanting in CoR-
BULA, as well as the external view of the cardinal tooth. In P.
cuneata this character is strongly marked. Mr. Gabb's name for
this genus must be retained, because Stuchbury's Pachyodon, as
well as Schumacker's, are superseded.

P. (Anisorhyncus ■?) dispar, Conrad, PI. I., fig. 1.

Yery oblique, subquadrangular, right valve concave above, with
2 diverging carinated lines from apex, one directed towards the
ventral extremity, the other towards the anterior margin, left
valve profoundly ventricose, with a well-marked groove anterior
to the beak, directed somewhat obliquely backward to the ventral
margin which is emarginate. The two outlines represent side
views of right valve.

Six or seven siaecimens of this singular species are before me,
and I supposed the valves belonged to two different species, so
ver}' remote in appearance the}' are from each other ; but one spe-
cimen, a cast, occurs with both valves represented in connection.

28 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

It would hardl}' have been tliouglit a Corbula by those who insist
on the group being referred to that genus, if no other species of
Pachyodon liad been found.

P. erectus, Conrad.

I have not the specimen originally figured, of this species, to
refer to, and cannot say positively whether P. alius, Conrad, is
identical with it. There is no form in the collection which would
represent P. erectus.

P. altus, Conrad, PI. I., figs. 4, 18.

These represent the right or small valve of P. altus in its
3'oung stage of grovvth. There are many specimens of this species
in the collection, but not one form which I could refer to the pre-
ceding species.

P. cuneata, Conrad, PI. I., fig. 3.

This figure represents an unusual form of this shell, which
species is rare in the collection in comparison with P. tenuis, oh-
liqua, or erectus, about 10 specimens in all.

Subgenus Anisorhyncus, Conrad.

One valve of this subgenus occurs in the collection, the principal
distinctive character of which is the involution of the right valve.
What gives peculiar interest to this shell is that it is closely re-
lated to A. py}'iformis. Meek, which lived among Unionidas in the
eocene of Utah, and the subgenus unknown in later tertiary de-
posits. Tins is another instance of the belated character of the
South American faunas, and favors the belief that the Pebas
group is not of late tertiar^^ origin.

p. (Anisorhyncus) cuneiformis, Conrad, PI. I., fig. 19.

Pyriform, very inequilateral, ventricose anteriorl}', with the sub-
margin slightl}'^ convex, and the area before it depressed ; posterior
side elongated, somewhat sinuous or contracted, end acutely
rounded ; umbonal slope undefined.

This description applies to only one right valve, which is all in
the collection. It is a moderatel}- thick shell, and differs from
most species of Platyodon in wanting a prominent beak.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 29

DRESSEINA, Vanbeneden.

Subgenus Mytiloides, Conrad. Pkaxis, H. & A. Adams.
D. scripta, Conrad, PI. I., figs. 12, 16.

Triangular, elevated, ventricose anteriorly, compressed towards
the posterior end ; umbo sharply angulated anteriorly, anterior
side flattened or concave; markings zigzag brown lines.

This species much resembles D. polymorpha in its colored mark-
ings. It is a much smaller species than the latter, and propor-
tionally shorter or more elevated. It is sufficiently abundant to
mark the estuary character of the bed in which the species lived.

Figs. 12 are young shells showing extremes of variation in form.

There is a small species of this subgenus living in the waters of
Virginia, among the oysters planted in brackish waters ; D. leuco-
phxata, Conrad. (D. Americana, Recluz.)

ANODOXTA, Cuvier.
A. pebasana, Conrad, PI. I., fig. 5.

Rhomboidal, elongated, compressed ; dorsal and ventral mar-
gins parallel; summit very small and acute, little prominent above
the hinge line, and erect ; distant from anterior end.

A single valve of this species is before me. It is only remark-
able for its comparatively low elevation or height. There is a
fragment of a much larger species in the collection, which may be
A. Batesii, Woodward. The fragment I noticed as allied to Mul-
LERiA, Woodward states may be an Anodon, but the extraordinary
muscular impression renders that impossible.

TRIQUETRA, Klein. HYRIA, Lam.
T.longula, Conrad, PI. I., fig. 10.

Subrhoraboidal, slightly ventricose, elongated, scarcely alated,
hinge and ventral margins nearly parallel ; anterior margin
slightly eraarginate; dorsal line convex, ventral margin nearly
straight ; umbonal slope rounded except on the umbo, where it
is subangular ; umbo flattened, with longitudinal and transverse
zigzag plications ; posterior margin obliquely truncated ; cardinal
teeth of right valve, four, the anterior one elongated and com-
pressed, rectilinear, two diverging teeth immediately under the
apex, and a much less elevated linear oblique tooth between two
anterior teeth ; in the left valve two very oblique diverging teeth

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

anterior to the beak, and two or three very small direct teeth

under the beak.

T. longula (Young), Conrad, PI. I., fig. 13.

Rhomboidal, compressed, alated, anterior margin obliquely
rounded; umbo slightly convex, plicated, the plicfe similar to the
preceding, but the zigzag transverse ones wanting.

There are only fragments of this shell before me, and there-
fore the outline must necessarily be conjectural.

OSTOMYA, Conrad.

Thin, concentrically plicated ; hinge with a spoon-shaped ob-
lique fosset in the left valve, and a small tooth near the apex ;
right valve cartilage fosset very oblique, almost parallel with the
hinge line.

0. papyria, Conrad, PI. I., fig. 6.

Subovate, inequilateral, compressed, very thin, concentrically
plicated, slightly sinuous anteriorly; ventral margin slightly
emarginate anteriorly ; umbonal slope undefined ; posterior end
subangular.

A very rare shell, of the family Anatinidae. The fosset is very
large in proportion to the size of the shell. This form of hinge
would indicate a genus living in water more or less brackish. In
one specimen the apicial tooth is tuberculiform, in the others acute
with a slight channel anterior to it.

o

NUCULANA ? Link.

Plate I., fig. 2, represents the outline of a single specimen of a
shell having the form and somewhat similar hinge of Nuculana.

PLANORBIS, Guettard.
P. Febasana, Conrad.

Discoid, depressed ; volutions 3, convex, channelled along the
suture, glos.sy ; base concave, volutions rounded, separated by a
deep channel ; aperture round.

Four or five specimens of this very small species were found in
a quantity of small shells and fragments of shells. They ai-e as
fresh-looking as living species. If some of these Pebas fossils
were gathered, washed out of the clay on the shore of the Amazon,
the collection might include recent species of the vicinity.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 31

PACHYTOMA, Swaiuson.
P. tertiana, Conrad, PI. I., fig. 11.

Pyrainidamical, volutions 5, flattened or concave laterallv. cari-
nated at the suture and profoundly so at the sharp angle of the
base ; base slightly convex, subumbilicated, subcarinated behind
the depression ; basal margin slightly emargiaate.

A few specimens were found in the detritis. It is with some
doubt I refer it to Pachytoma, but I cannot compare it with any
other genus known to me.

TOXOSOMA, Conrad.

Conical, polished, the aperture projecting, subovate, direct, peri-
tome continuous ; columella concave with a plait or tooth in the
middle, not oblique ; base rounded, subumbilicated.

T. eborea, Conrad, PI. I., fig. 7.

Small, volutions 5, rounded; aperture angular above ; last volu-
tion expanded ; columellar tooth minute.

Found iu company with the preceding shell. It is probably a
laud shell.

CIRROBASIS, Conrad.

Subcylindrical, with last volution free, aperture projecting,
peristome continuous, mouth narrow, subovate, oblique.

C. venusta, Conrad, PI. I., fig. 15.

Elongated, volutions 9, very slightly convex, the last volution
straight on the side; a few volutions near the apex with a cari-
nated line below the middle of each volution ; angle of base sub-
carinated.

Only one specimen was found, and that in perfect preservation.
The genus is probably terrestrial, allied to Cylindrella.

LIOSOMA, Conrad.

Conical, polished ; aperture subelliptical ; columella with one
plait in the middle ; base entire.

L. curta, Conrad, PI. I., fig. 8.

Volutions smooth, 4, slightly convex; columella conspicuously
cut or indented above the plait, which is not oblique.

32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

CYCLOCHEILA, Conrad.

P3'raniiclal, aperture circular, expanded labrum widely reflexed,
columella flattened, subangular at l)ase.

C. Pebasana, Conrad, PI. I., fig. 17.

Volutions 5, with straight sides; last volution angular and
carinated on the angle; base flattened; spire and mouth of nearly
equal length, spire longest; lines of growth oblique.

HEMISINUS, Swainsou.
H. Steerei, Conrad, PI. I., fig. 14.

Turreted; volutions 6, convex, showing remains of 3 carina-
tions on each one of the spire ; last volutions having 4 revolving
carinated lines, the upper one near the suture ; sinus of labrum
deep.

A single specimen occurs, much water-worn, almost obliterating
the carinated lines of the spire.

EBORA, Courad.
E. crassilabra, Conrad, PI. I., fig. 9.

Notes. — LiRis LAQUEATA, Courad, appears to me to be a land
shell allied to Cylindrella and Clausilia. There are, I think,
five genera of land shells and three of fresh water, with four
species of the latter. A few fragments of fish remains (Mylio.
bates) were determined by Prof. Leidy, and there is an impress in
the clay of nearly a whole crab. It is remarkable that no remains
of plants have been found where delicate fresh-water and land
shells have been drifted into these deposits. We ma}'^ expect to
find mammalian relics when the beds are more thoroughly ex-
plored, and they would be likely to indicate their geological age.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 33

ON THE ANATOMY AND LINGUAL DENTITION OF ARIOLIMAX AND

OTHER PULMONATA.

BY W. G. BINNEY.

I have already, in connection with my friend Mr. T. Bland,
given a description of the external characters of Ariolimax (Ann.
N. Y. Lye, N. H. X. 297, 1873). 1 now propose to describe
such of its internal organs as I have*been able to study.

I have examined one specimen of Ariolimax niger^J. G. Coop.,
preserved in spirit, belonging to the state collection of California,
labelled and presented by Dr. Cooper, and in all respects an au-
thentic type. Agreeing with this type I have other specimens
from various California localities, so that I believe the species to
be well established and generally distributed along the coast of
California.

From the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mr.
Anthony has sent me a specimen, long preserved in alcohol,
marked from San Mateo, California. For reasons given below, I
am inclined to consider this the form described by Dr. Cooper as
A. Californicus. I have had the opportunity of examining
another specimen of this form, received from Mr. Stearns, who
collected it near San Francisco.

From Mr. Henry Hemphill I have received a specimen from
San Mateo Co., California, which presents most decided specific
differences from the last-mentioned form, especially in its geni-
talia. Having considered the last-mentioned form as A. Califor-
nicus, I am forced to consider this as A. Columbianus, the only
remaining described species. It must be borne in mind, however,
that I have never compared it with specimens from more northern
regions, whence the species was originally described. The large
number of specimens formerly preserved in the Smithsonian, tabu-
lated in Land and Fr. w. Shells, Part I. p. 281, were destroyed at
the fire in Chicago, and I have been unable to obtain elsewhere
any specimens from Oregon or AVashington Territory, which I
can refer to the true Columhianus.

In treating these various forms, I have abstained from giving
any description of their exterior markings. Such description
would be unreliable, as the specimens have been long preserved in

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

alcohol, and are evidently in various degrees of contraction. I
will say, however, that I found, in all the blind sac under the
mouth (well marked, though not very deep), which is suspected
by Dr. Leid}' to be the seat of the olfactory nerve.

I can also here refer to several external characters not affected
or obliterated by contraction in alcohol. All the specimens have a
distinct locomotive disk to the foot. In all, the orifice of respi-
ration is decidedlj^ posterior to the middle of the right margin of
the mantle. The position of the anns I found in A. Golumbianus
to be posterior and inferior to the respiratory orifice, with a
gutter-like groove to the edge of the mantle. Tiie position of the
orifice of the generative organs is not so easily decided in alco-
holic specimens. I have no doubt, however, that in the living
animal it is under the mantle, not close behind the right tentacle.
In one form, Ariolimax Californicus, there are beyond doubt
two distinct orifices ; that of the male being smaller and anterior.
In Dr. Cooper's figure of A. Calif ornicus (Proc. Phila. Ac. Xat.
Sc. 1873, pi. iii. f. D 3) the two orifices are plainly shown, and
suggested to me the identity of my specimens with his species,
especially as the external markings also agreed with his descrip-
tion. In A. Golumbianus ? also there is no common duct or
cloaca, as Dr. Leidy calls it, to the genitalia, though I could not
detect more than one exterior orifice. In A. niger there can be
but one common orifice, judging from the penis entering into the
common cloaca, as shown in my fig. c of plate XI.

The mantle is free on its margin in its whole circumference, espe-
cially in front and on its sides as far back as the respiratory orifice.
I could detect no concentric lines or other markings on the mantle.
The mantle was greatly produced and swollen on its margins in
Mr. Steam's specimen of A. Calif or Jiicus. In that and all the
specimens examined I found an internal shell, varying somewhat
in thickness, but always well marked, calcareons, subhexagonal,
longer than wide. In the specimen of A. Coluv^bianus '? there
were decided concentric lines of growth on the shell, as will be
seen in my fig. G, plate II.

The caudal mucus pore was plainly visible in all the specimens
of ^. niger which I have examined. In fig. a of plate II. I have
figured the pore of this species. It seems to be in two portions,
one erect, triangular, at the end of the body of the animal, with
another running at right angles with it in a gutter-like excava-

NATURAL SCIENTCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 35

tion towards the extreme end of the tail. In the form I have
referred to A. Columhianus ? the pore was quite different from
this, as seen in my figure B of plate II. In this the erect portion
of the pore is entirely wanting, the carinated body being arched
regularly down to, and overhanging the foot. The longitudinal
gutter-like pore is, however, plainly visible. In the two specimens
of the form I have referred to A. Californicus, the body is also
arched down to, and overhangs, the foot. On the tail, corre-
sponding to the gutter-like pore of the last-mentioned form, there
was no sign of any pore, but in its place the flesh was sponge-like,
without the markings which are found on the neighboring por-
tions of the foot. It may be, therefore, that in these specimens
the mucous pore was contracted or closed. No doubt it exists in
the living animal.

Of the internal anatomy I have examined the nervous S3-stem
in both A. Californicus and A. Colambianus ? The ganglia pre-
sent the usual three sets, all globular in form, and so crowded
together in the suboesophageal and supercesophageal as almost to
form a continuous chain around the buccal mass.

In these same two forms, also, I have examined the circulatory
and respiratory organs. Within the respiratory cavity is a large,
spongy, ear-shaped organ, attached only at one point to the roof
of the chamber. This, I suppose to be the renal organ, surround-
ing, and indeed inclosing, the heart, though it is not so arranged
in any of the genera described by Dr. Leidy. In Avion hortensis
he describes the nearest approach to such an arrangement.

I have examined the digestive system of all the forms, and
figured that of both A. Californicus and Columhianus. In the
latter, plate II. fig. d, f, the buccal mass (1) is large and round, the
salivary glands (4) short and broad ; the stomach (5) long and
large, with a decided constriction at its middle, and the usual cul-
de-sac (6) at its extremity, at which point the biliary ducts (T, 7)
enter ; from this the stomach passes into the intestine (8), which
proceeds first forward almost to the oesophagus, thence proceeds
backward to the extreme rear of the general cavity of the body,
and again forward to below the respirator}' cavity, into which it
penetrates upwards as the rectum (9), and through which it
passes to the anus, whose position is described above. The intes-
tine in its whole course winds among, and is imbedded in, the

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

various lobes of the liver, which latter organ is arranged as usual
in Limax, Avion, etc.

In A. Calif amicus (plate XI. fig. e), there is a difference in the
arrangement of the stomach. Before reaching the cul-de-sac (6),
the stomach is greatly constricted, and the cul-de-sac runs at
right angles with the stomach in an erect position, not lying on
its side as I have represented it, in order to show the connection
between it and the anterior portion of the stomach, which connec-
tion was entirely concealed by the cul-de-sac in its upright posi-
tion. The extreme length of the digestive system is three times
that of the whole body of the animal, at least in its contracted
state.

The jaw in all the forms of Arioliviax is quite thick, dark horn-
colored, arcuate ; ends but little attenuated, blunt ; anterior surface
with stout ribs, denticulating either margin. I have figured the
jaw of A. Golvmhianus'^ (plate II. fig. h) which has about twelve
ribs. In A. Californicus, from Mr. Anthou}-, there were thirteen
ribs to the jaw; fourteen in Mr. Hemphill's specimen of the same.
In A. niger Dr. Cooper describes about twenty, but in one spe-
cimen I found but eight. In Land and Fr. w. Shells, I. p. 280, I
have figured a jaw of the true northern form with eighteen ribs.

The pouch of the lingual membrane is shown in plate II. fig.
D, 5. The membrane is as usual in the Helicidae, with tricuspid
central, bicuspid lateral, and quadrate marginal teeth showing
simply a modification of the laterals. In L. and Fr. w. Shells, I.
]). 280, I have figured the lingual membrane of the true northern
A. Columbianus. The marginal teeth are there shown to have
one long denticle and a small, subobsolete side denticle. This
form of marginal teeth I have found in the form I have referred
to ^'^. Columbianus? (see plate II. fig. e). Also in one of Dr.
Cooper's tj'pes of A. niger (plate XI. fig. a), and in both the spe-
cimens of A. Californicus (plate XI. fig. g). This form of mar-
ginal tooth may therefore be considered characteristic of the
genus, though in one specimen supposed to be A. niger, I noticed
marginal teeth with the outer cusp much more developed and
bifid, and figured them in Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y., x. pi. xiii. fig. L
In plate XI. fig. B, I have given the central and the adjoining
lateral teeth of A. niger. In fig. F, the central and one adjoining
lateral of A. Californicus.

There is no retractor muscle to the buccal mass in A. Califor'

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 37

nicus and A. Golumhianus ?, but a very stout, broad one to the
whole head, attached to the outer integument, below the buccal
mass, and running along some distance on the floor of the general
visceral cavit}", to which finally it becomes attached.

In describing the genital organs I have used the terras applied
to the various organs by Dr. Leid}' in the first volume of my
father's work on "The Terrestrial MoUusks of the United States."
Each form examined presented differences in these organs. They
all agi'ee, however, in having a very large ovary.

On opening the body of ^. niger (plate XI. fig. c), the genitalia
are found in the usual place, the testicle lying quite at the rear of
the visceral cavit}' near the extreme point of the upper lobes of
the liver, hardly imbedded in it, connected to the ovary by a long
epidid3nnis (2). The testicle (1) is globular in form, composed
of black, aciniform cfeca. It contrasts in color with the dirty
"white of the liver. Color, however, I have not found constant in
the internal organs of land shells preserved in spirits. The above
described arrangement of the testicle is as usual in Limax^ Arion^
and other slugs. It forms an excellent specific character for A
nigei', the position of the testicle being quite difierent in A. Cali-
fornicus and ^4. Columbianus?, a.s will be seen below. The epi-
didymis (2) is long, convoluted at the end nearer the ovary. The
accessory gland is shown in 3. The ovary (11) is large, yellow-
ish. The oviduct (8) and prostate (4) show no unusual characters.
The genital bladder (9) is large, oval, with a short duct (16).
The penis is in a short, stout sac (5), which has a bulb-like swell-
ing at its upper extremity, where the vas deferens (7) enters.
The latter organ has nothing of peculiar interest. A vaginal
prostate, or perhaps dart sac, is shown in 13. The extei'nal ori-
fice is described above (p. 34).

The genital system of A. Californicus is figured in d of plate
XI. The testicle does not lie far away, imbedded in, or resting
on, the upper lobes of the liver, but lies close against the ovary,
in the semicircle formed by the recurving of the apex of the
ovary upon itself. In this respect, the position of the testicle is
diflTerent from that of most slugs, and affords an excellent specific
character. The testicle (1) is kidney-shaped as it is covered by
its investing membrane. It appears to consist of closely bound
fasciculi of short, white, tubular, not aciniform caeca. The epi-
didymis (2) is shprt and still more shortened by its excessive

38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

convolution. The accessoiy gland is shown in 3, partiall}^ iml)edded
in the ovaiy. The ovaiT (11) is large and distinctly lobulated.
The oviduct (8) is narrow, ver^' long, greatly' convoluted. From
the testicle to about the middle of the course of the oviduct is a
stout thread-like organ, of unknown use to me, either a muscle,
nerve, or duct. It is not figured in my plate, as I am not certain
of its forming part of the genital S3'stem. The genital bladder
(9) is oval, large, with a short, stout duct (16). The penis is
inclosed in a long tapering sac (5), terminating in a decided fla-
gellum (15), in which I detected no capreolus. On the end of
the flagellum is a large, globular bulb. The retractor muscle of
the penis is attached to the roof of the general visceral cavity,
below the pulmonary chamber. It joins the penis at the com-
mencement of the flagellum. The vas deferens (7) is peculiar.
It leaves the prostate gland (4) as usual, runs alongside of the
vagina to the base of the penis, thence runs upwards, swelling to
an enormous extent, so as to equal the breadth of the penis, then
again becomes gradually reduced to its former size until, as the
most delicate thread, it enters the penis at the end of the flagellum
below the bulb. The penis did not appear in the animal extended
as drawn in the plate, but was twice recurved upon itself. There
is also a vaginal prostate (13), large, ear-shaped, close to the
exterior orifice of the female organs, which, with that of the male,
is described above (p. 34).

On plate II. fig. c, I have figured the genitalia of A. Columhi-
anus? which also has a xevy large ovar^^ (11) against which the
testicle (1) lies as in the preceding form. The OA'ary is so large
as to take up one-half of the entire visceral cavit}^, extending
completel}' across the body, resting on the floor of the cavitj', its
ends recurved upwards so as to rest upon the liver on the upper
surface of the viscera. The body of the animal externally is
swollen by the large size of the ovary. The oviduct (8) is narrow,
long, greatly convoluted, ending in an extremely' long, convoluted
vagina. The genital bladder (9) is oval, large, with a short, stout
duct (16). The vas deferens (7) unlike that of the preceding
form, is as nsual in the land shells. It enters the penis (5) at its
summit, opposite the retractor muscle (6). The sac of the penis
is very stout, long, cylindrical. The external orifice is described
above (p. 34).

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 39

Zonites Isevigatus, Pfr., pi. III., fig i.

I have examined numerous specimens, but have some liesitation
in giving m}' figure and description as absolutelj^ perfect. I had
great difficulty in dissecting the species.

The ovary is short and vagina long. The genital bladder with
its duct forms a short cylindrical sac-like organ, opening ne.ar the
base of tlie vagina, and tapering at the apex. The penis sac is
long, cylindrical, larger at its apex where it receives the vas de-
ferens. At its base the penis sac has its opening into the vagina
with a short stout organ (fig. 13) with rounded apex, where a re-
tractor muscle seems to be attached. This organ may be a dart
sac or some form of prostate gland.
HempMllia glandulosa, Bl. and Binn., pi. III., fig. v. vi.

Tiie testicle is composed of a large globular mass of aciniform
caeca. It lies looselj- upon, not imbedded in, the upper lolies of
tlie liver. The ovary and oviduct are as usual. The genital
bladder is globular, very large, on a short stout duct, entering the
vagina near its base. The penis sac is long, C3lindrical, larger
towards its apex, where both tlie retractor muscle and vas de-
ferens enter.

In several specimens examined, the penis sac appeared some-
what different. It had a large globular bulb (5a) at its apex.
The vas deferens (1) entered beyond the middle of the length of
the sac (5) ; it was greatly swollen (56) before entering the sac,
for a distance equalling about one-half of the length of the sac.
At the commencement of this swelling the retractor muscle (6)
was inserted. This form of penis sac is figured in fig, vi.

The balance of the anatomy of Hemphillia seems to be as in
the other slugs.
Helix Kelletti, Forbes (Arionta), pi. III., fig. iv. The Catalina Island form.

The ovary is light yellow. The oviduct is white. The genital
bladder is light yellow. The prostate is large and j^ellow.

The whole genital system is long and narroAV. The genital
bladder is small, globular, on an extremely long and delicate duct
which enters the vagina at its npper end. The duct just below
the bladder receives a branch duct, very long, flagellate, three
times the diameter of the duct itself. The penis sac is long, stout,
cylindrical, tapering towards its apex and prolonged into a very
long delicate flagellum. The vas deferens enters at the point

40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

where the flagellum commences. The retractor muscle is inserted
half way between the vagina and the entrance of the vas deferens.
Opposite the mouth of the penis sac is a small sac-like organ,
probably a dart sac or vaginal prostate.

Helix Mitchelliana, Lea {^fesodon), pi. III., fig. iii.

The genital system is long and narrow. The oviduct is greatly
convoluted. The penis sac is long, stout, cylindrical, with a bulb-
like expansion at its apex, at which point both vas deferens and
retractor muscle are inserted. The genital bladder is lengthened,
ovate, not much larger than its duct, which is sliort, and enters
the vac-hia below the middle of its length.
Helix reticulata, Pfr. {Arionta), pi. III., fig. ii.

The specimens examined have a very globose shell. The ovary
is brownish below, yellowish above. The epididymis and testicle
are salmon colored. The oviduct is w^hite, the prostate salmon.
The genital bladder is small, oval, with an extremely long duct,
which has a flagellate branch. The duct enters at the lower end
of the vagina. The penis is narrow, cylindrical, extremely long,
with a flagellate extension. The retractor muscle is inserted be-
yond the middle of the length of the penis, the vas deferens at
the commencement of the flagellum. There is a stout long cylin-
drical vaginal prostate, whose apex is extended into a flagellum,
which shortly becomes bifurcate, there being a bulb-like expansion
on each branch just beyond the bifurcation.

In some individuals the bulb-like expansions are still larger and
stouter than in the figure. The cylindrical extension of the va-
ginal prostate is abruptly truncated, the two flagella entering near
the end, not at the extreme terminus.

Helix Eoemeri, Pfr. {Mesodon) .

The genitalia are figured on pi. lY., fig. v. The oviduct is
scarcely convoluted. The genital bladder is large, oval, with a
long, large duct. The penis sac is short, stout, of about equal
breadth throughout, ending in a stout oval bulb, into which the
vas deferens enters. The retractor muscle is inserted above the
entrance of the vas deferens.

The specimen examined was collected in Bosque County, Texas,
by Mr. Hugo W. Ericsson.
Helix appressa, Say { Triodopsis) .

The genitalia are figured on pi. IV., fig. IV. The ovary is long

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 41

and narrow. The epididymis is very long, convoluted at the end
nearer the oviduct. The last-named organ is not much convoluted.
The prostate is scalloped along its edges. The genital bladder is
globular, small, with a long, small duct. The sac of the penis is
extremely long, ribbon-like, one and one-half as long as the ovi-
duct. The vas deferens enters its apex.

The long ribbon-like sac of the penis resembles that figured by
Dr. Leidy (Terr. Moll. U. S. I.), of H. Sayii. There is but little
resemblance to the genitalia of H. iJalliata, so nearly allied b^- its'
shell.

The specimens examined were collected in eastern Tennessee,
by Miss Law.

Helix Nickliniana, Lea {Arionta).

The genitalia are figured on plate IV. fig. iii. The ovary is yel-
low, long, narrow, concave on one side, convex and carinated on the
other. The accessory gland of the epididymis is composed of long,
white cseca. The oviduct is extremely long, narrow, convoluted.
The genital bladder is globular, small, with an extremely long
duct, to which is added an accessory duct or branch, almost as long
as the oviduct. This branch joins the duct near its end. It is
thicker than the duct. The duct enters the vagina at its upper
part. The penis sac is long, cylindrical, small, almost equalling
in length the oviduct and ovary united. The retractor muscle is
Inserted at about the middle of its length, it is attached to the dia-
phragm ; the vas deferens enters about three-fourths of its length ;
beyond the vas deferens is a flagellate extension. The vagina is
long and narrow ; near its base, opposite the entrance of the sac
of the penis is a stout, cylindrical, long, hollow, vaginal prostate,
gradually tapering at its apex, and extended into a delicate tube,
which soon becomes divided into two long flagella. Just beyond
the division, on each flagellum, is a stout bulb-like enlargement.

This complicated form of genitalia, hitherto unnoticed in Ame-
rican species, has been noticed in European species.

Patula strigosa, Gould, pi. IV., fig. ii.

Represents the genitalia of a Salmon River specimen. The
testicle, as usual, was in the summit of the upper lobe of the liver.
The epididymis is long, convoluted in its half nearer the testicle.
The accessory gland is composed of several long, black coeca.
The oviduct is sac-like, not convoluted, containing eight embr^'onic
4

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

shells. The genital bladder is long, with a long, narrow dnct en-
tering the upper part of the vagina. The vagina is short and
swollen. The penis sac is long, stout, blunt at apex, where the
retractor muscle is inserted. The vas deferens becomes greatly
swollen before it enters the sac of the penis, which it does above
the insertion of the retractor muscle.

As the shells of some forms of this species are difficult to dis-
tinguish from some forms of Patula solifaria, it is interesting to
state that the genitalia of a specimen of the latter from the same
locality', offer very distinct specific characteristics, agreeing with
Dr. Leidy's figure in Terr. Moll. U. S. I.

Macrocyclis Vancouverensis, Lea.

The genitalia are figured on pi. IV., fig. i. The epididymis is
extremely long and very large, forming the peculiar feature of the
sj^stem. The genital bladder is oval, with a long duct, which is
very much broader at the end nearer the vagina. The penis sac is
long, gradually tapering at its apex, where it receives the vas de-
ferens. Upon the side of the vagina, about the middle of its
length, is a wart-like protuberance, which may be a dart sac or a
vaginal prostate.

A comparison of Dr. Leidy's figure of the genitalia of M. con-
cava in Terr. Moll. U. S. I. shows considerable difference between
the two species, especially in the epididymis.
Zonites demissus, Binney.

The genitalia are like those of Z. intertexhis, Binney, figured by
Dr. Leidy (Terr. Moll. U. S. I.). The accessory glands of the
dart sac are rather shorter in demissus.

Amphibulima appendiculata, Pfr.

Elsewhere (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y. x. 206, pi. ix. f. 2, 6, 9,
11) we have fully described the external appearance, jaw, lingual
membrane, and shell of this species, pointing out its differences
from Succinea, from Pellicula, from Omalonyx, and all other de-
scribed genera.

I now give (pi. VIII. fig. 5) a figure of its genital system, with
notes on other organs, drawn from specimens in alcohol.

The external orifice of generation is behind the right eyepedun-
cle. The orifice of respiration is on the right mai'gin of the man-
tle, slightly to the rear of its middle. There is a distinct locomo-
tive disk to the foot. The eyepeduucles must be short and stout.
The digestive and nervous systems present no remarkable feature.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 43

The suboesophageal ganglia consist apparently of six closely
agglomerated globules. There are two simple globules to the
stomacogastric ganglia. The genital system (pl.VIII. fig. 5) is quite
simple, presenting no accessory organs. Tlie testicle is composed
of six or seven fasciculi of long cseca, which massed together in a
globular form equal the length of the oviduct. This enormous
development of the testicle is the peculiarity of the genital sys-
tem, and no doubt will prove a reliable specific, but not generic,
character. The epididymis is long, convoluted at its middle por-
tion. The oviduct is long, narrow, not convoluted. The vagina
is about one-fifth the length of the oviduct; it is swollen greatly
at the entrance of the penis. The genital bladder is small, glo-
bular ; its duct is narrow, longer than the oviduct, and enters the
vagina at the upper fourth of its length. The penis sac is short,
stout, blunt at apex, where the vas deferens enters and where the
retractor muscle is also inserted.

In the paper referred to above we hesitated to decide upon the
generic position of this species, leaving it temporarily in Pellicula
of Fischer (not of Heynemann, which is Omalijnx). Since that
time I have become acquainted with the jaw of Aniphibulima, and
find it to be of the same tj-pe as in appendicidata. I would, there-
fore, suggest that this species belongs to Amphibulima. It is true
its lingual dentition (see pi. VIII. fig. 6) more closely resembles that
of Simpulopsis sulculosa as far as centrals, and perhaps laterals,
are concerned; but in the marginals, as described in S. sulculosa
and S. Potiornceyisis, the resemblance ceases. Moreover, the jaw
of Simpulopsis is described as quite diff"erent by Shuttleworth. The
species under consideration cannot, therefore, be placed in Si7n-
pulopsis. It appears, at all events, that the shell in this group is
an unreliable guide to generic position.

It must be borne in mind that I here describe the anatomy of
the shell figured by us (I.e.). We believe it to be Succinea ap-
joendiculata, Pfr. Fischer bases his genus Pellicula on Succinea
depressa, Rang. He does, indeed, place S. appendiculata, Pfr., in
the synonymy of his species, but our specimens of appendiculafa
could never be the same as Fischer's specimens of depressa. His
had a jaw with nine decided ribs, denticulating the cutting edge,
and teeth^ of the usual form of Eelicinae^ quite different from what

• In Fischer's plate the references to teeth of Omalonyx unguis aud Pel-
_ licula depressa are reversed.

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

we find in onr S. appendiculata. His species and ours are there-
fore distinct.

Pellicula convexa, Martens (Succinea), is quite a distinct species,
and belongs to tlie genus Omalonyx^ as sliown by Heynemann's
figure of the jaw (Mai. Blatt., xv.).

I give also figures of the central and lateral teeth of our species
(pl.YIII.,fig. 6^).

Amphibulima patula, Brug.

I have elsewhere described, in connection with Mr. Bland, the
jaw and lingualmembraneof specimens of this species from St.Kitts
and Dominica (Am. Journ. of Conch., YII. 186, pi. xvii., f. 1, 2;
Ann. Lye. N. H. and N. Y., x. 225, pi. xi., f 8) Lately the question
of identity of these shells with the Guadeloupe jja/^Jo has been
raised (see Journal de Conch^liologie, XXL 12). I have, therefore,
again carefull}' examined the lingual membranes previously de-
scribed to learn if the}- give any difference worthy to be considered
of specific value. 1 have figured teeth from each lingual mem-
brane (pi. YIL). I regret not having had the opportunity of exam-
ining Guadeloupe specimens also, but have never been able to
receive the latter with the animal ; indeed it seems to be now
found subfossil only. I can only treat the question of the identity
of the St. Kitts and Dominica forms, not their identit}^ with Guade-
loupe forms.

It will be seen that the Dominica form has sharper cutting-
points to the large cusps of its central and lateral teeth than that
of St. Kitts. Fig. B shows a group of laterals of the former, in
which some variation from the pointed shape is indeed shown, but
no decided tendenc}' that way. On the other hand, the laterals,
from the St. Kitts form, show great constancy in the square trun-
cation of the cutting points.

The teeth of the St. Kitts form are broader in proportion to
their length than those of Dominica, have a greater curve in their
outlines, and more developed side cusps, which overlap the me-
dian cusps.

The Dominica lingual in the onl}'^ row counted had 81-1-87
teeth. A row of the St. Kitts form 57-1 -5T. The marginal teeth
of the St. Kitts form show a greater tendency to splitting into
sharp denticles on the cutting cusps than tliose of Dominica.

It cannot be denied that certain variations may be noticed in
the two lingual membranes. I believe, however, that these differ-

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 45

ences are not such as suggest specific distinction, especially as the
shell furnishes no grounds for doubting the specific identity of the
forms. Nor by the shell alone does there seem to be two species.
Mr. Bland has given a detailed account of the species in Journal
de Conchyliologie, XXI. 342, October, 1873.

Amphibulima rubescens, Desh.

Mr. Bland and myself are indebted to Governor Rawson for
specimens preserved in spirits of Succinea 7-ubescens, Fer. of
Martinique.

On examination of the jaw and lingual membrane, I found
the species to be no Succinea, but an Amphibulima, in which
genus it is placed by H. and A. Adams (Gen. Rec. Moll.), and by
Beck (Index), though PfeifTer treats it as a Succinea, and von
Martens catalogues it in Succinea, s. str. (See note 1 to p. 345
of Journ. de Conch., Oct. 1873, 3d series, XIII.)

The external appearance of the animal has nothing peculiar.
The head appears blunt and short, the tail long and pointed,
without any mucus pore. There is no distinctly marked loco-
motive disk to the foot, over the whole breadth of which the
transverse muscles pass. The reticulations of the surface of the
animal seem large and coarse in proportion to its size. As far
as can be judged from alcoholic specimens, the tentacles and e3^e-
peduncles seem short and stout. The respiratory and anal orifices
are under the mantle on the right side. The external orifice of
generation is behind the right eyepeduncle.

On opening the animal from above, the generative system is
found as usual, lying on the right of the animal. It occupies the
whole of the visceral cavity in front of the shell, lying upon the
stomach. The testicle (see plate VIII., fig. 4) is a globular mass
composed of long ceeca. It lies imbedded in the liver. The epidi-
dymis is not greatly convoluted. It passes between the stomach
and intestine, at the cul-de-sac of the former, on its way to the
ovary. The latter organ is, as usual, tongue-shaped. The ovi-
duct is long and greatly convoluted. The vagina is short,
receiving at its lower portion the long duct of the small, globular
genital bladder. The penis enters the vagina close to the common
opening. The sac of the penis is not long, is stout, cylindrical,
blunt at apex, where it receives the vas deferens, just above the
insertion of the retractor muscle. There are no accessor^'^ organs.
The genital system is very much the same in its general arrange-

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

nient as that of Amphibulima appendiculafa, Pfr. (see fig. 5), but
dirt'evs among other things in wanting the huge testicle of that
species.

The digestive sj^stem presents no peculiar characters. The
stomacli is long, narrow, and ribbon-shaped, lying under the
genital system and extending backward as far as the shell when
the animal is extended. At this point the stomach forms the
usual cul-de-sac at its junction with the intestine. The last organ,
and the liver are small in proportion, as would be anticipated
from the short spire of the shell ; the liver is dark blue. There
seems to be a retractor muscle to the whole head rather than to
the buccal mass. It lies on the floor of the cavit}'. The buccal
mass is large, the oesophagus small. The salivary glands and
ducts, and pouch of the lingual membrane are as usual. The jaw
is readil}' detached from the muscles of the mouth, and is not
connected with the lingual membrane as usual with our Helices.*
It is thin, wide, low, arched, with attenuated, bluntly pointed
ends ; divided by numerous (about 63) delicate ribs into separate
plate-like divisions, as in the jaw of Gi/lindrella, Bidimidus, etc.,
the ribs running somewhat obliquely towards the centre of the
jaw ; there is no decided, upper median, triangular plate (fig. 2,
plate VIII.). The lingual membrane (plate VII., fig. 3) is long,
broad, composed of numerous rows of 76-1-76 teeth. Centrals
long, narrow, expanding below with the lower margin squarely
excavated as in Succinea ; tricuspid, the central cusp yQvy long,
wide, with a greatly expanded, squarely truncated cutting point
reaching beyond the lower margin of the tooth; the side cusps
short and narrow, simply pointed. The lateral teeth are of same
t3'pe as the centrals, but unsymmetrical and bicuspid. The mar-
ginals are a simple modification of the laterals, with a long,
bluntly truncated median cusp, and obsolete side cusps. The
extreme marginals are irregularly denticulated, the outer and inner
denticles being more produced, especially the outer, and greatlj''
curved ; the inner denticles, usually two in number, are quite
small.

The jaw agrees perfectly with that of the genus Amphibulima
described by us. (Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., x. p. .223, pi. xi.

' Even after boiling the whole buccal mass in potash, the lingual mem-
brane and jaw remain attached in most of our Helices of K. A. showing a
decided connection between the two.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 41

fig. 8.) The lingual membrane has also the same general arrange-
ment as in that genus, with specific differences from that of A.
patula (see plate YII., fig. a-c), especially in the widely expanded,
blunt median cusp, and in the Sicccinea-\ike cutting away of the
lower margin of the teeth.

The nervous ganglia are as usual in the Geophila, forming a
continuous ring in the supraoesophageal, and grouped together in
one mass in the suboesophageal set.

Plate YIII., fig. 3, gives the central and adjacent lateral teeth,
with marginals at different intervals to the edge of the membrane.

The notes we have given above will enable a full generic descrip-
tion of the genus Amphibulima to be drawn.

Gonospira and Nanina, from Mauritius.

Having received from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Cambridge a number of specimens in alcohol of Mauritius species,
collected b}' Consul Pike, we are able to give the following notes
on them.

Gonoftpi7-a. There were several species of this and the allied
subgenera, allowing an examination of their anatomy. The soft
parts of the animals are colored red. The species especially
examined are G. Newtoni, H. Ad,, and G. palanga, Fer. There
seems nothing in the anatomy different from what is usual in the
land shells. The genitalia of G. Neiotoni are figured on plate VIII.,
fig. 7. There are no accessory organs. The genital bladder is
long, oval, with a long, narrow duct. The penis sac is stout, long,
receiving the vas deferens at its summit, at which point, also, the
retractor muscle is inserted. The vagina is long, the oviduct not
convoluted. The ovary tongue-shaped as usual. The epididymis
is short, the testicle as usual lies in the liver.

G. palanga has a similar genital system. There appears no
locomotive disk and no caudal pore.

The lingual membrane of the genus has been photographed by
Mr. Bland and myself (Am. Journ. of Conch., v. pi. xi. fig. I).
All the species now received have similar dentition. There is,
however, a difference in the number of teeth in each transverse
row. I counted about 37-1-37 in palanga; 6-1-6 in G. Newtoni;
12-1-12 in G. mauritiana^ Morelet ; 25-1-25 in G. modiolus, Fer.
(Gibbulina, v. Martens). The dentition of this species is also
described by Semper (Nachr. Mai. Ges., II. 103). 21-1-21 in G.

48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Nevilli. We have elsewhere described the dentition of G. sulcata,
Miill. (Ann. N. Y. Lye. N. H., x. 222).

No jaw was found in any of the above, nor in Ennea clavulata,
Lam This last sjiecies is placed in s. g. Gulella by von Martens.
There were five embryonic shells in the oviduct, proving the
species to be viviparous. The dentition is the same as in Gonos-
pira. There appears to be a median tooth of same form as the
laterals.

Of the genus Nanina (using the name in the same sense as von
Martens in die Heliceen), there were several species. All have the
locomotive disk, the caudal pore with overhanging horn-like projec-
tion, the smooth jaw with median projection, and the lingual denti-
tion of the genus, ^. e., centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, mar-
ginals aculeate, bluntly bifid. Such are N. Caldwelli, Benson; N.
Baivsonis, Barclay = semicerina, Morelet ; X. argentea, Rve. ; N.
implicata, Nevill ; N. stylodon, Pfr., put in Flelix {Erepta) by von
Martens. Entirely different in the dentition is another species, N.
philyrina, Morelet, though the species agrees in other respects with
the above-named. The membrane is very broad, the teeth exceed-
ingly numerous, arranged in oblique rows. The centrals, which
I am confident of having seen, are small, narrow, high. The other
teeth are the same in form to the edge of the membrane. They
appear to have the usual aculeate form of the marginal teeth in
Nanina, but instead of narrowing towards the cutting point, they
are broadly and obliquely truncated, reflected, and minutely den-
ticulated. This lingual membrane is also figured by Semper (Phil.
Archip., pi. vi. f. 35), but his figures give more the impression of
the usual Nanina marginals with denticulated side and bifid jjoints.
The teeth are, however, so exceedingly numerous and small, it is
very difficult to understand them.

Elsewhere (Ann. N. Y. Lye. X. H., x. ITO) we have described
the lingual of the following Mauritius species : Nanina inversi-
color, leucostyla, rufizonata, militaris. I have examined the geni-
talia of N. inversicolor. The oviduct is long, narrow, sac-like j
the genital bladder is hardly smaller than its long wide duct; the
penis sac is long, extended into a flagellum, receiving the vas
deferens near its apex, be^'ond it having a bulb-like termination ;
the vas deferens is greatly swollen at its middle portion, and near
the base of the oviduct has a long flagellate appendix.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 49

Glandina semitarum, Rang. ( Varicella) .

Martinique, Governor Rawson.

Lingual membrane as usual in Glandina. There are about
30-1-30 teeth. The central is long and narrow, sharply pointed.

Glandina Phillipsi, Adams ( Varicella.) .
Jamaica.
Lingual membrane as in last species.

Helix clausa, Say [Mesodon).

Whitley Co., Kentuck3^ A. G. Wctherby.

Jaw as usual in the subgenus, with about 10 stout, separate
ribs, denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth about 4 1-1-4 L
Centrals and laterals (about 11 of the latter), as usual in the sub-
genus (see fig. of those of H. Sayi, L. and Fr. w. Shells, I. 154,
fig. 265). Marginals quadrate, with one extremely long, oblique
denticle, as in H. thyroides (1. c. fig. 252, p. 148). Some of the
extreme marginals are notched or obsoletely bifid at their point.

The penis resembles that of H. thyroides as figured by Dr.
Leidy in Terr. Moll. U. S., I.

Helix Downieana, Bland (Mesodon).

Whitley Co., Kentucky. A. G. Wetherby.

Jaw ribbed as usual in the subgenus. Lingual membrane as
usual in the subgenus (see fig. 265 of L. and Fr. w. Shells, N. A.,
I). Marginals with one long, oblique, bluntly bifid inner denticle,
and two short, blunt outer denticles.

Helix Wetherbyi, Bland {Mesodon).

Whitley Co., Kentucky. A. G. Wetherby.

Jaw and lingual membrane as usual in the subgenus (see ante.,
H. clavsa), the former with about 18 ribs, the latter with mar-
ginals peculiar for the great development of the inner blunt den-
ticle, the outer being short and blunt. Plate V., fig. IV, 18.

Helix Edvardsi, Bland {Stenotrema).

Whitley Co., Kentucky. A. G. Wetherby.

Jaw as usual in the subgenus (see L. and Fr. w. Shells, N. A.,
1), with about 13 broad, crowded ribs, denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane as in H.hirsuta (1. c. 119, fig. 197). Cen-
trals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, marginals wide, low, with one

50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

innei', long, oblique, bluntly bifid denticle, and two outer, short,
blunt denticles.

Helix angulata, Fer. {Eurycratera) .

Porto Rico. From the late Mr. Robert Swift.

Jaw stout, dark claret-colored, low, wide, ends blunt; about 7,
very wide, crowded, decided ribs, bluntly denticulating either
margin.

Lingual membrane as in the H. crispata (plate X., fig. 9), as far
as the general arrangement of the teeth, but there are decidedly
developed points to the side cusps of both centrals and laterals;
we have therefore figured it (plate IX., fig. 5).

Helix Texasianna, Mor. (Polygyra) .

Bosque Co., Texas. Mr. H. W. Ericsson.

Jaw wide, low, slightly arcuate, ends blunt, with 10 decided
ribs, denticulatino; either marofin.

Lingual membrane (plate V., fig. 1) as usual in the subgenus.
Centrals and laterals with a plate about as wide as high, the
former tricuspid, the latter bicuspid, cusps long and slender, with
long, sharp points. Marginals low, wide, multidentate, the two
inner denticles long, the several outer denticles short and slender.
Of the same type as figured by us for H. auriculata in L. and Fr.
w. Shells, L 87.

Helix Luquillensis, Shuttl. (Polydorites) .

The lingual was received mounted from the late Mr. Robert
Swift.

Lingual membrane (plate X., fig. 2-4) as usual in the Helicidae.
Centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, cusps with long, sharp
points, extending beyond the base of the i^late. Marginals bicus-
pid, cusps short, bluntly rounded, the inner one, as usual, the
longer.

We received no jaw of this species.

Helix notabilis, Shuttl. {Thelidomus).

Tortola. Received mounted from the late Mr. Robert Swift.

Jaw arcuate, low, ends blunt ; narrower at the centre ; decided
separate ribs, denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane already published by us. (Am. Journ.
Conch., VL 177 ; see also plate IX., fig. 10). Centrals tricuspid,
laterals bicuspid, the plates about as wide as high, the lai-ger
cusp with a long point extending beyond the lower margin of the

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 51

plate. Marginals quadrate, of equal width and height, with two
short, wide, Munt, round cusps, the inner one slightly the larger.

Helix discolor, Fer. (Thelidomns).

Jaw arcuate, thick, ends blunt. Anterior surface with 7 un-
equal, decided, stout ribs, denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane (plate X.,lig. 1) long and narrow. Centrals
with a long narrow plate expanded at the base, and bearing at its
corners a small reinforcement ; base of the plate extending be-
yond the cusp ; bluntl}^ tricuspid, the median cusp long, stout,
with a short blunt point ; side Cusps subobsolete. Laterals as in
the centrals, but unsym metrical, and with a shorter plate. Mar-
ginals quadrate, wide as higli, with two short, blunt denticles,
the inner one slightly the longer.

Helix lima, Fer. {Thelidomns) .

Porto I\ico. Received mounted from tbe late Mr. Robert
Swift.

Jaw arcuate, thick, high, ends blunt ; no median projection to
the cutting edge. Anterior surface with 7 stout ribs. A strong,
thick muscular attachment to the upper margin.

No lingual membrane received.

Helix marginella, Gmel. (Caracohts).

Porto Rico. Received mounted from the late Mr. Robert Swift.

A portion only of the jaw is preserved on the slide. It appears
to be thick, arcuate, with strong transverse lines of reinforce-
ment and decided ribs.

Lingual dentition as in H. excellens (see plate X., fig. 67).

Helix Chemnitziana, Pfr. (Pleiirodonta).

Jamaica. Received mounted from the late Mr. Robert Swift.

Jaw stout, arched, ends attenuated, blunt ; anterior surface
with about 6 irregularly disposed ribs, stout and denticulating
either margin.

No lingual membrane received.

Helix Carmelita, Fer. (Pleurodonta).

Jamaica. Received mounted from the late Mr. Robert Swift.

Jaw arcuate, ends blunt, anterior surface with about 6 stout
ribs, denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane (plate X., fig. 5) as usual in the Helicidse.
Central teeth short, bluntly pointed on the middle cusps, the
side cusps subobsolete ; laterals like centrals, also with obsolete

52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

side cusps ; marginals with oblique bluntly rounded broad cusps,
the inner, larger, one bluntly bifid.

Helix punctata {mix dentimlata), Born. {Dentellaria).

Martinique. Governor Rawson.

Jaw stout, arched, ends blunt, catting edge with a blunt me-
dian projection, one stout, decided rib on the centre of the jaw,
and three less developed separate ribs M each side of it.

Lingual membrane long and narrow (plate IX., fig. 8). Centrals
high and narrow with long, stout median cusps, bearing a point
extending nearly to the base of the plate; side cusps subobsolete.
Laterals like the centrals, but uns3'mraetrical. Marginals low,
wide, subqiiadrate, with one very long, broad, bluntly bifid,
oblique denticle, and one smaller, bluntly rounded, side denticle.

Helix nucleola, Rang. {Dentellaria).

Martinique. Governor Rawson.

Jaw thick, arched, ends blunt ; cutting margin with an obtuse
median projection. One central, stout rib, denticulating either
margin.

Lingual membrane, as usual in Dentellaria (see H. punctata^
Born), above.

Helix formosa, Fer. {Dentellaria).

Antigua. Received mounted from the late Mr. Robert Swift.

Jaw arched;, ends blunt; several strong, transverse lines of re-
inforcement, but no ribs ; a median projection to cutting edge.

Lingual membrane as usual in the subgenus. (See pi. IX., fig. 8,
of punctata.^ Born.)

Helix badia, Fer. {Dentellaria).

Received mounted from Mr. Swift.

Jaw stout, arched ; ends blunt, with about eight decided ribs.
Lingual membrane as usual in the subgenus. (See pi. IX., fig. 8,
of H. punctata, Born.)

Pupa rupicola, Say.

Ohio. A. G. Wetherby.

Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate; ends but little attenuated,
blunt ; no median projection to cutting edge.

Lingual membrane as usual in the genus. (See figures of that
of eorticaria, pentodon, and badia in L. & Fr. w. N. A., I.) The
cusps on the laterals, however, are very much stouter. There are
five perfect laterals.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 53

StropMa decumana, Fer.

Castle Island, Bahamas.

On pi. VIII., fig. 1, will be found figures of the dentition of this
species. For full description, see Annals of Ljc. Nat. Hist, of
N. Y., X., p. 348.

Bulimulus chrysalis, Pfr.

Martinique. Gov. Rawson.

Jaw of the t3'pe common in Bulimulus^ Ci/lindrella, etc., arcuate,
low; ends blunt; thin, transparent ; with eighteen narrow, sepa-
rated ribs ; a transverse central line of reinforcement. Attached
to the upper margin is a strong triangular membrane of the same
consistency and material as the jaw itself, and equally resisting
the action of potash, so as readily to be mistaken for the accessory
plate of the Succinese. (PI. Y., fig. 11.)

Lingual membrane (pi. Y. fig. 12, 13) as usual in the Helicinse.
Centrals about as broad as long, tricuspid, the median cusp short
and stout, its short point not extending to the base of the plate.
Laterals like the centrals, but bicuspid. Marginals wide, low,
with one inner, long, blunt, stout, oblique denticle, and one or
two short, blunt side denticles.

Bulimulus Vincentimus, Pfr., var. ? (Drymmus),

Tobago. Jaw as usual in Bulimulus, CyUndr'ella, etc., thin,
transparent, with numerous delicate, separated, narrow ribs.

Lingual membrane as in Bulimulus taiicinctus, etc. (see Ann.
N. Y. Lye, X. pi. xi., fig. 1.)

Bulimulus Knorri, Pfr. (Drymceus).

Porto Cabello, Yenezuela, ReeeiA^ed mounted from the late Mr.
Robert Swift.

Jaw arched, high, ends attenuated, blunt ; an obtuse median
projection to cutting edge; transverse lines of reinforcement, but
uo ribs.

An unusual form of jaw in this genus, though common in many
subgenera of Helix.

Bulimulus Peruvianus, Brug. (Plectostylus) .

Talcahuana. Museum Comparative Zoologj^

Jaw as in Gylindrella, etc., with about thirty delicate ribs ;
upper central plate triangular.

Lingual membrane (pi. Y., fig. 2) combining tlie usual characters
of the genus with those peculiar to the group of B. laticinctus

54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

(referred to above under B. Vincentinus). The central tooth is
higher than wide, tricuspid, the central cusp short, not extending
near the base of the tooth. The laterals (5 in numljer) are bi-
cuspid, the inner cusp with short, subcircular cutting edge.
Marginals of the type of B. laticinctus (1. c).

Bulimus {Pachyotus) egregius, Jay.

Brazil. J. G. Anthony.

No jaw received.

Lingual membrane as usual in the Helicidae. Centrals and
laterals higher than wide, the plates almost extending to the point
of the cusps ; central with a large median and small side cusps ;
lateral bicuspid, the inner cusp very large, and bluntly poiutevl,
the outer cusp very small, and acutely pointed. Marginals quad-
rate, about as high as wide, with one wide, very short, blunt
inner cusp, and a similar small outer cusp. (PI. YI., fig. 1.)

Succiuea Barbadeusis, Guild.

Barbados. Jaw and lingual membrane as usual in the genus.
Lithotis rupicola, Blanford.

Figs. 3-6 of plate V. represent the jaw and lingual dentition of
this species, which are fully described in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.
Y., X. 346.

Erinna Newcombi, A. Adams. .

Sandwich Islands.

Figs. *7-10 of plate Y. represent the jaw and lingual dentition of
this species, which have been fully described in Ann. of N. Y. Lye.
of Nat. Hist., X. p. 349.

Before closing this paper, I propose reviewing my work on lin-
gual dentition and jaws, for the purpose of ascertaining what
reliance may be placed on their characters as a basis for subgeueric
distinction, in the genera Helix and Bulimus. Oi Buliviulus we
cannot 3'et speak with confidence, so poor is our material.

Sagda. — The genus is included in the Vitrinea of von Martens,
but we have shown that it belongs to the JSelicea, the marginal
teeth being quadrate, not aculeate.

The jaw has no anterior ribs. In H. Jayana there is an approach
to a median projection to the cutting edge, but not in Haldemani-
ana or Foremaniana.

The lingual membrane we have examined in connectens, Jayana,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 55

and Haldemaniana. We figure that of the latter (plate IX., fig. 4),
with which the others agree. The centrals have their plates short
in comparison to the reflection, and broad. The middle cusp is
long, with a long slender point. The side cusps are subobsolete,
with short, acute, triangular points. The laterals are of same
type as centrals, but bicuspid,theouter cusp more developed than
the external cusps of the centrals. The marginals are wide, low,
with one long, oblique, blunt, narrow inner cusp, and one or more
side, small cusps. The dentition and jaw of this species are fully
described in Am. Journ. Conch., VII. 115; S. connectens in Ibid.
175 ; S. Jayana in Ann. N. Y. Lye, x. 219.

Leucochroa. — We have shown L. Boissieri, Charp., to belong
to Helicea and not to Vifrinea, and expressed our belief that the
same will prove true of candidissima. (See Ann. N. Y. Lye, x.
220.) We now figure the dentition (plate IX., fig. 3). The jaw is
ribless, with a median projection.

Microphysa is put in Helicea by von Martens. //. minuscula
(see L. and Fr, w. Shells) and circumfirmata, Redf. (N. Y. Ann.,
X. 231), both belong to Vitrinea, having aculeate marginal teeth,
and jaw of Zonites. H. turhiniformis^ Pfr. (Ann. N. Y. Lye, x.
79, pi. ii. fig. 2) has a jaw as in Cylindrella, Bulimulus, etc. — i. e.
with numerous very delicate, distant ribs, giving the appearance
of separate plates. It would be put in Goniognatha of Morch,
though there are no upper triangular median plates. We here
figure the lingual dentition (plate IX., fig. 7).

For Pafula, Gonostoma, Polygyra, Polygyrella, Stenotrema,
Triodopsis, Mesodon, Acanthinida, Vallonia, Aglaja, Ai'ionta,
Euparypha^ Tachea, Pomatia, Glyptostoma^ see L. and Fr. w.
Shells N. A., I., and our various papers on dentition.

Dorcasia is known to us only by one species, H. similaris, Fer.
(see Am. Journ. Conch., VII. 176). The jaw has eight decided
ribs. I figure the lingual dentition (plate IX., fig. 6).

Fruticicola is known to us only by H. griseola, Pfr. (see Proc.
Phila. Ac. N". S. 1873, 243). The dentition I now figure (plate X.,
fig. 11).

Goryda. — We have described the lingual membrane only of this
subgenus, and that in only one species, H. Gossei, Pfr. (Am.
Journ. Conch., VII. 177). We figure it on plate IX., fig. 2. The
centrals have long, narrow plates, a very short reflection, with a
short, blunt median cusp and obsolete side cusps. Laterals like

56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

centrals, but uns3'mmetrical. Marginals quadrate, with one broad,
oblique, long, bluntly bifid inner cusp, and one or two very short
rounded side cusps.

ThelidomiiH. — We have examined H. aspera, Fer. (Am. Journ.
Conch., YI. 204); discolor, Fer. (ante, p. 51); notahilis, Shuttl.
(Amer. Journ. Conch., VII. 177); Zi?na, Fer. (ante, p. 51); and
provisoria, Pfr. (Ann. Lye. N. Y., x. 347).

There are 8 decided stout ribs on the jaw of aspera, 7 on that
of discolor and lima, on provisoria we find 10-15 ribs, less decided
than in the other two species.

I figure the lingual dentition of H. discolor (plate X., fig. 1).
H. aspera agrees with it. The marginal teeth of provisoria and
notahilis agree with those of aspera and discolor, but as the centrals
and laterals differ in the shape of the plates and the development
of the cusps, I also figure the central and lateral of nofabilis
(plate IX., fig. 10), with which prouz'soWa agrees.

Cysticopsis we know by tumida, Pfr., and pemphigodes, Pfr.
For description and figure of the former see Ann, N. Y^. L3'C.
N. H., IX. 213, f. 3 ; Am. Journ. Conch., YI. 203, f. 1. Finding the
dentition o^ pemphigodes to be ditferent (Am. Journ. Conch., YII.
177) I here figure it (plate IX., fig. 1).

Plagioptycha. — We have published iT". ?oa;o(7on, Pfr., Albersiana,
Pfi'., monodonta, Lea, diaphayia, Lea, and macroglossa. (See Am.
Journ. Conch., YII. 177, 178.) The}' all agree in having a ribless
jaw with blunt median projection to cutting edge, and in dentition
such as I figure for H. macroglossa, Pfr. (plate X., fig. 10).

Pohjmita — We have elsewhere (Ann. N. Y. L3'C., x. 341) pointed
out the necessit}^ of revising this subgenus. The t3'pical species
muscarum, and H. pticta which must be removed to it from Lio-
chila, have a ribless jaw without median projection to the cutting
margin (see Am. Journ. Conch., YI. 204, pi. IX., f. 4, 10). The
lingual dentition of both species agrees (see ibid, and Ann. X. Y".
L3'C., X. pi. xvi. fig. 14). It is entirel3' diflerent from that of an3-
species now known.

Hemilrochus must be used as the name for the balance of the
subgenus Polymila of von Martens. We have examined varians,
Mke. (Amer. Journ. Conch., YII. 206, and L. and Fr. w. Shells, I.
185) ; Troscheli, Pfr. (Ann. X. Y^. L3-c., x. 343); graminicola. Ad.
(Am. Journ. Conch., YII. 178) ; gallop)avonis, Yal. 343. (N. Y. Am.
X. 343.) All agree in having an arched ribless jaw with blunt

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 5Y

median projection. All have lingual dentition such as I figure
of graminicola (plate X., fig. 8).

Liochila. — As stated already (p. 56) H. picta, Born, must be
removed from this subgenus to Po/^?ni7a, probably also H. sulphu-
rosa., Mor.

Eurycratera has decided stout ribs on its jaw. We have seen
n. crispata, Fer. (Am. Journ. Conch., YII. n9), and H. arigulata,
Fer. (this paper, p. 50). The lingual dentition is essentially the
same in each, but on account of diff"erence in the development of
the points of the side cusp, I figure that of each (pi. IX. fig. 5;
pi. X. fig. 9).

Pohjdontes has the same type of dentition, as in the last sub-
genus, as shown in my figure of //. Luquillensis, Shuttl. (plate X.,
fig. 2-4) the only species examined by us. Jaw not seen.

Stylodon — We have shown H. milifaris, Pfr. to be a Nanina
(Ann. N. Y. Lye, x. 169). Other species unexamined by us.

Erepta. — The same may be said of H. stylodon, Pfr. (see ante, p.
48), and leucostyla, Pfr., and rujizonata, H. Ad. (Ann. N. Y. Lye,
X. 169), all Mauritius species.

Dentellaria We have examined a large proportion of tlie

known species. The jaw varies somewhat, so that each descrip-
tion should be studied. There seems a tendenc3'^to a median pro-
jection to the cutting edge, and to the presence of ribs. H.pachy-
gastra. Gray (Ann. N. Y. Lye, x. 305) has 7 decided ribs and no
median projection. H. orbiculata, Fer. (Am. Journ. Conch., VI.
205, pi. ix. f. 14) has traces of ribs and no median projection. H.
Isabella, Fer. (i.e. YII. 179) has decided ribs and no median i)ro-
jection. H.dentiens, Fer. (Am. Journ. Conch., YII. 179) has de-
cided ril)s and no median projection. H. nueleola, Rang (ante,
p. 52) has one decided rib and a median projection. H. hadia
(ante, p. 52) has 8 decided ribs. H. formosa, Fer. (ante, p. 52)
has no ribs, but a strong median projection. H. perplexa, Fer.
(Ann. X. Y. Lye., x. 221) has obsolete ribsand median projection.
H. lychnuchus, same as last (Ann. N. Y. Lye, x. 221, pi. xiv. f. 5,
7). H. punctata, Born (ante, p. 52) has median projection and
decided ribs. H. Josephinx, Fer. (Ann. N. Y. Lye, x. 306) is
strongl}^ arched, has no ribs, but a median projection.

All the above species agree in their dentition. See figure of
that of lychnuchiis (1. e) and of punctata (plate IX., fig. 8 of this
paper.)
5

58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Pleurodonta The jaw in Ghemnitziana ^ Pfr. (ante, p. 51) has

T stout, seijarated ribs ; Carmelita, Few has 6 (ante, p. 51); acuta.
Lam. (Amer. Journ. Conch., VI. 204) has 1 ribs.

Tlie linoual membrane is the same as I fio-nre for Carmelita
(plate X., fig. 5) in Schroteriana (Amer. Journ. Conch., VII. 179),
in invalida, Ad. (Ann. N. Y. Lj-c, x. ITO). In acuta^ Lam. the
centrals and laterals are of the same type, but the marginals have
only one long, wide, blunt denticle, slightly bifid at end. In this
respect it is more like Caracolus than the other species of Pleuro-
donta examined by us.

Caracolus. — We have shown H. Bermudensis, Pfr. (Ann. N. Y.
Lye, X. 221) to belong to Vitrininse ; H. inversicolor (1. c. x. 169)
to Nanina.

The jaw in H. marginella^ Gmel. (ante, p. 51) appears to be
ribbed.

I figure (plate X,, fig. G-T) the lingual dentition of H. excel-
lens, Pfr. (Am. Journ. Conch. VII. 180). H. marginella, Gmel.
agrees with it, excepting that the cusps of the marginals are
shorter.

Leptoloma. — We have described only H. fuscocincta, Ad. (Am.
Journ. Conch., VII. 180). The jaw has a median projection, but
no ribs. Tiie lingual I figure on plate IX., fig. 9.

Acavus. — H. phcenix^ Pfr. has a ribless jaw (Am. Journ. Conch.,
VII. 180). Its dentition is figured on plate IX., fig. 11.

In Bulimus we have examined the following genera: —

Macrodontes we know by B. odontostomos (Am. Journ. Conch.,
VI. 209). The jaw is ribless. The dentition is figured on plate VI.,
fig. 1.

Pelecychilus we know from B. au7'issileni, Born (Ann. Lye. N.
H. N. Y., X. 229), and B. glaber, Gmel. (not before published) ; both
have delicate ribs as in Bulimulus, Cylwdrella, etc. The denti-
tion of the former is given on plate VI., fig. 4 ; of the latter on
plate VI., fig. 6.

Anihinus we know from B. multicolor^ Rang (Am. Journ.
Conch., VI. 208). The jaw is ribless. Lingual dentition given on
plate VI., fig. 8.

Pachyotus we know from B. egregius, Jay (see this paper, p. 54).
Jaw not examined. Lingual dentition figured on plate VI., fig. 1.

Bonis. — We have examined B. oblongus^ Mull. Its ribbed jaw
and lingual dentition are figured by Heynemann (Mai. Blatt., xv.).

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 59

Of Orphnus we have examined one species, B. Hanleyi, Pfr.
(Ara, Jouvn. Conch., YI. 208). The jaw is ribless, with a median
projection. The lingual dentition is given on plate VI., fig. 5.

Dryptus we have examined in two species, B. pardalis, Fdr.
(Am. Journ. Conch., VII. 181) and B. marmoratus, Dunk. (1. c).
The jaw of the latter is unknown. In the former it is ribbed.
The lingual dentition of i?. marmoratus is given on plate VI., fig. 2.
In B. pardalis it has not been examined.

Eurytus we know from only one species, B. aiilacosfylus, Pfr.
(Ann. Lye. N. H. N". Y., x. 282). The jaw has delicate ribs as in
Bulimulus, Cylindrella, etc. The lingual dentition is given on
plate VI., fig. 3.

A comparison of the figures I have given of the lingual denti-
tion of the subgenera of Bulimus shows a greater constancy in
that genus than in Helix, especially as regards the marginal
teeth.

I add a figure of the dentition of Gochlostyla fulgetrum, Brod.
(plate v., figs. 14-16). See Am. Journ. Conch., VII. 180.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate II.

A. Ariolimax NIGER, J. G. Cooper. The tail enlarged to show

the caudal mucus pore. From the type in the California State
Collection, preserved in spirit.

B. Ariolimax Columbianus? The tail, slightly enlarged, of a

specimen from Mr. Hemphill (see p. 35) showing the mucus
pore. It must be borne in mind that the specimen has long
been preserved in spirit.

C. Ariolimax Columbianus? A specimen from San Mateo Co.,

California, received from Mr. Henry Hemphill (see p. 38).
The genitalia about life size.

1. The testicle.

2. The epididymis.

3. The accessory gland of the last ?

4. The prostate gland.

5. The sac of the penis.

6. The retractor muscle of the penis.
T. The vas deferens.

8. The oviduct.

60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

9. The genital bladder.

10. The external orifice of the genitalia.

11. The ovar3^ ,

16. The duct of the genital bladder.

D. A portion of the digestive organs of the same.

1. The buccal mass.

2. The oesophagus.

3. 3. The ducts of the salivar}- glands.

4. 4. The salivary glands.

5. The pouch of tlie lingual membrane.

E. The same; an extreme marginal tooth of the lingual mem-

brane.
r. Same as last — life size.
1-4. See fig. D.

5. The stomach.

6. The blind sac of the same.
T, T. The biliar^^ ducts.

8. The intestine.

9. The rectum.

G. The same. The rudimentarj' internal shell.
H. The same. The jaw.

Plate III.

Fig. I. ZoNiTES L^viGATUS, Raf. The genital S3'stem. Same re-
ferences as in pi. II. fig. c.

13. Dart sac? See p. 39.

Fig. II. Helix reticulata, Pfr. ^ ramentosa, Gld. Genital system.
Same references as in fig. 1.

13. Yaginal prostate.
13a, o. riagella of same.
15. Flagellum of penis.

16a. Accessory to duct of genital bladder.

Fig. III. Helix Mitchelliana, Lea. Genital system. Same re-
ferences as in fig. I.

Fig. lY. Helix Kelletti, Forbes. Genital system. Same re-
ferences as in fig. II.

14. Dart sac? See page 40.

Fig. Y. Hemphillia glandulosa. Genital system. Same refer-
ences as in fig. I.
Fig. YI. The same. See page 39 for 5a and 56.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 61

Plate IV.

Fig. I. Genitalia of Macrocyclis Vancouverensis, Lea.

1. Testicle.

2. Epididymis.

3. Accessory gland.

4. Prostate.

5. Sac of penis.

7. Yas deferens.

8. Oviduct.

9. Genital bladder.

10. External orifice.

11. Ovary.

14. Dart sac? vaginal prostate?
16. Duct of genital bladder.

Fig. II. Genitalia of Patula strigosa, Gld. Same references as

in fig. I.
Fig. III. Genitalia of Helix Nickliniana, Lea. Same references

as in fig. I.

6. Retractor muscle of penis.
13. Vaginal prostate.

13a. Fiagellum to last.

15. Fiagellum to penis.

16a. Accessory duct to the genital bladder.
Fig. IV. Genitalia of Helix appressa, Say. Same references as

in fig. I.
Fior. V. Genitalia of H. Roemeri, Pfr. Same references as in fig.

I.

Plate V.

Fig. 1. Lingual dentition of Helix Texasiana, Mor. Central,

lateral, and marginal teeth.
Fig. 2. Same of Bulimulus Peruvianus, Brug.
Fig. 3. LiTHOTis rupicola, B1. Jaw.
Fig. 4. Same ; central and lateral teeth.
Fig. 5. Same ; marginal teeth.
Fig. 6. Same ; extreme marginal teeth.
Fig. 7. Erinna Newcombi, A. Ad. Jaw.
Fig. 8. Same ; central and lateral teeth.
Fig. 9. Same ; marginal teeth.
Fig. 10. Same; extreme marginal teeth.

62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Fig. 11. BuLiMULUs CHRYSALIS, Pfr. Jaw.

Fig. 12. Same ; central and lateral teeth.

Fig. 13. Same ; nmrginal teeth.

Fig. 14. CocHLOSTYLA FULGETRUM, Brocl. {C anistrum) ] central and

lateral teeth.
Fig. 15. Same ; first marginal teeth.
Fig. IG. Same; extreme marginal teeth.

Fig. 17. Helix Wetherbyi, Bland ; central and lateral teeth.
Fig. 18. Same; marginal teeth.

Plate YI.

Central, lateral, and marginal teeth of —
Fig. 1. BuLiMUS EGREGius, Jay (Pachyotus).
Fig. 2. MARMORATUS, Dunk. {Dryptus).

Fig. 3. AULACOSTYLUS, Pfr. (Eurytns).

Fig. 4. AURis-SiLENi, Born (Pelecychilus).

Fig. 5. Hanleyanus, Pfr. (Oiyhnus).

Fig. 6. GLABER, Gmel. (Pelecychilus).

Fig. 7. ODONTOSTOMus, Sowb. {3Iacrodontes).

Fig. 8. MULTICOLOR, Rang. [Anthinus).

Plate VII.

Fig. A. Amphibulima patula, Briig. Dominica.
Fig. B. Same, to show variations in cusps of laterals.
Fig. C. Amphibulima patula. St. Kitts, see p. 44.

Plate YIII.

Fig. 1. Strophia decumana, a. Central and lateral teeth ; b. mar-
ginal teeth.

Fig. 2. Amphibulima rubescens, Desh. Jaw.

Fig. 3. Same. Lingual membrane, a. Central and lateral teeth ;
b. marginal teeth ; c. extreme marginal teeth.

Fig. 4. Same. Genitalia.

Fig. 5. Amphibulima appendiculata, Pfr. Genitalia.

Fig. 6. Same. Lingual membrane, a. Central and lateral teeth ;
b. marginal teeth.

Fig. 7. GoNospiRA Newtoni, H. Ad. Genitalia.

Plate IX.

Lingual dentition ; central, lateral, and marginal teeth of —
Fig. 1. Helix pemphigodes, Pfr., Gysiicopsis.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 63

Fig, 2. Helix Gossei, Pfi-., Coryda.
Fig. 3. Helix Boissieri, Cliavp., Leucochroa.
Fig. 4. Helix Haldemaniana, Ad., Sagda.
Fig. 5. Helix angulata, F^r., Eury crater a.
Fig. 6. Helix similaris, Fer., Dorcasia.
Fig. 7. Helix turbinifornis, Ffr., Microphysa.
Fig. 8. Helix punctata, Born, Dentellaria.
Fig. 9. Helix fuscocincta, Ad., Leptoloma.
Fig. 10. Helix notabilis, Fer., Thelidomus.
Fig. 11. Helix phcenix, Pfr., Acavua.

Plate X.

Central, lateral, and marginal teeth of lingual membrane of —
Fig. 1. Helix discolor, Fer., Thelidomus,
Fig. 2, 3, 4. Helix luguillensis, Shuttl., Polydontes.
Fig. 5. Helix Carmelita, Fer., Pleurodonta.
Fig. 6, 7. Helix excellens, Pfr., Garacolua.
Fig. 8. Helix graminicola. Ad., PoJymita.
Fig. 9. Helix crispata, Fer., Eury crater a.
Fig. 10. Helix macroglossa, Pfr., Plagiopfycha.
Fig. 11. Helix griseola, Pfr., Fruticicola.

Plate XI.

A. Ariolimax NIGER, J. G. Coop. From the type in the Califor-

nia State collection. Extreme marginal teeth from the lingual
membrane.

B. Same as last. The central tooth and first lateral teeth.

C. Same as last. The oenitalia enlarged. References same as

in fig. C. of plate II.

13. The vaginal prostate.

D. Ariolimax Californicus? From a specimen from San Mateo,

Cal., in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The genitalia
slightly enlarged. Same references as in last figure, except-
ing 15, the flagellum.

E. Same as last. The digestive organs, life size. Same references

as in fig. F. of plate II.

F. The same. 1. Central tooth; 2. first lateral tooth of the lin-

gual membrane.

G. The same. Extreme marginal tooth of the lingual membrane.

64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

DESCRIPTION OF SOME SPECIES OF REPTILES OBTAINED BY DR. JOHN
F. BRANSFORD, ASSISTANT SURGEON UNITED STATES NAVY, WHILE
ATTACHED TO THE NICARAGUAN SURVEYING EXPEDITION IN 1873.

BY EDWARD D. COPE, A.M.

The collection, though not large, embraces a number of inter-
esting new and rare species besides those usually obtained in the
region of Nicaragua. The whole number is twenty-eight, distri-
buted as follows: serpents 12, lizards 9, tortoise 1, and Batrachia
6. Several interesting points in geographical distribution are
established. I have added descriptions of three new snakes, one
from near the same, and two from more southern localities.

OPHIDIA.

PlioceroTis dimidiatus, Cope.
Ophibolus micropholis, Cope.
Spilotes puUatus, L. var.

Of the typical form ; scales in fifteen or sixteen rows, the outer
smaller, several median considerably enlarged, the more central
only faintly keeled; generally biporous. Only seven superior
labials, the e^ye over the fourth and chiefly the fifth ; sixth and
seventh much enlarged, and nearly reaching the parietal shield,
being only separated by a single narrow temporal each. Orbitals
1-2, the anterior nearly reaching the frontal. Loreal small, longer
than high ; nasals two, quite elongate. Frontal longer than wide,
with broad front and concave sides. Parietals wide, truncate,
followed by four scuta, the two outer the larger. Temporals 1-1
or 1-1-1. Inferior labials eight or nine, separated from the ante-
rior gastrosteges by two rows of elongate scales on each side, in
continuation of the geneials.

The general form is elongate ; head a long oval ; muzzle not
prominent. Gastrosteges 220; an entire anal; mosteges 118.

General color black ; near the middle of the length yellow spots
appear at intervals on the belly, and increase in extent and fre-
quenc}^ until they occupy most of the space anteriorly. On the
upper surface a few 3'ellow spots appear at remote intervals on
the anterior half. A yellow band extends across the occiput
from angle to angle of the mouth, and one across behind the or-

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 65

bits. There are large yellow spots on the frontal and snpercilia-
ries, and the prefontals and labials are yellow-black bordered.

Masticophis pulcherrimus, sp. nov.

Scales in quincunx, in seventeen subeqnal series, all smooth,
many of them with two apical pores. Teeth subequal, without
noticeable diastemata. Form very slender ; tail one-third the total
length. Gastrosteges weakly angulated, anal divided. Head flat,
rostral low ; loreal twice as long as high ; prefontal not reaching
frontal, which is quite narrow ; occipitals wide oval. Temporals
2-2-1-2 and 2-1-1-2. Superior labials nine, fourth, fifth, and
sixth bounding orbit. Geneials slender. Total length m. .875 ;
tail .285 ; gastrosteges .205 ; urosteges .152.

Ground color clay-white; a black band occupying two and two
half rows of scales extends on each side from the orbit to the
end of the tail. The dorsal interval is one and two half scales in
width, and was j-ellowish or reddish in life, except anteriorly,
where it is an emerald-green. This brilliant color extends over
the entire top of the head. Lips white.

This species is as slender as, and is partially colored as, some of
the tree-snakes of the genus Ahsetulla. From a small collection
made on the "western side of Central America" by Prof George
Davidson, which also contains EJcrps viigrocinctus, Gir., Trimor-
phodon major, Cope, Boa eques Eyd-Soul.

Oxybelis acuminatus, Wied.

Ahaetulla bilineata, Gthr. Diplotropis Ulineatus Gthr. Ann. Magaz. Nat. Hist.,

1872, p. 24.
Ahsetulla mexicana, D. B.
Leptodira annulata, L. var.
Dipsas cenchoa, L.
Leptognathus atypicus, sp. nov.

Belonging to sec. vi. of my monograph of this genus,^ that is,
with smooth equal scales, and short geneials separated b^' but
one pair of labials from the syniphyseals. The body is rather
stout, and, unlike most of the genus, nearl^^ cylindric ; the neck
is not contracted, but the head is wide and flat, and the muzzle
short. Scales rather wide; in fifteen rows. Kostral plate subtri-
angular; a subquadrate loreal; no preocular; postoculars 2; tem-
porals 2X3. Frontal and parietals broad and short, the latter
truncate. Superior labials six, eye over third and fourth, fifth

' Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 107.

66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

and sixth elongate. Inferior labials ten, mostly transverse ; four
pairs of geneials, all except the first broader than long. Tail short,
m. .047 in length, from a total of ni. .243.

Color pale, with black transverse spots, which are wide ante-
riorly (the second covers seven transverse rows of scales) and
become gradually narrower, having a width of only two cross-rows
on the hinder part of the body. Posteriorly their lateral ends
are broken off, and alternate Avith the dorsal portion. A few small
blotclies on the ends of the gastrosteges.

This serpent and two fishes were presented to the Academ}' of
Natural Sciences with the statement that they wei'e derived from
some portion of the Peruvian Andes, from an elevation of twelve
thousand feet. One of the fishes is Trichomycterus dispar, C. Y.,
and the other is described below as Protistius semotilus}

' Protistius semotilus, gen. et sp. nov.
Family ?MugilidfB.

First dorsal fin represented by a single rudimental spiue ; second ori-
ginating a little behind the line of the first anal radii. Ventrals present ;
lateral line rudimental. Mouth bordered above by the premaxillary only,
whicli supports a band of rather large bristle -like teeth, those of the outer
series the largest. Dentary bones with strong symphj'sis, with a band of
teeth like those of the premaxillary. Swim-bladder present ; alimentary
canal short, simple.

Char. Sjjecif. — Snout conical both from the lateral and vertical views.
Premaxillary bone viewed from above, wide and angular crescentlc ; top
of head moderately convex in cross section, its integument not separated
by a fold from the premaxillary. Lower jaw horizontal and angulated at
the rictus, and symphysis, as in the genus Mugil. Pectoral fin elevated,
rather short, the ventral commencing below its apex. Fin radii D. I. 1. 10 ;
P. 15; V. 5; A. I. 13; C. forked 2-J-8— 94-2. Scales 4—81—17; lateral
line very imperfect ; isolated tubes visible at various points between scapula
and tail. Head a little more than four times in length minus caudal fin ;
depth of body 5.5 times in the same ; caudal peduncle deep. Eye with
round adipose margins, 4.75 times in length of head, and twice in inter-
orbital width. Top of head, opercula, and cheeks entirely scaled, the latter
in four rows.

Above olivaceous, below yellow, a broad lead-colored lateral band on the
posterior .66 of the length.

Length to opercular border m. .027, to ventral fins .052, to first dorsal
.066, to second dorsal .078 to end of caudal fin .140, all axially measured.

There are three gills and a half, and no pseudobranchus ; the first bran-
chial arch is the only one furnished with rakers. Branchiostegal radii six.

In its physiognomy this fish is intermediate between that of the MugilidcB

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 6t

Leptognathus nebulatus, L.
Elaps nigrocinctus, Gird.
Bothrops atrox, L.
Teleuraspis schlegelii, Berth.

Yellow variety with short superciliary horns.

LACERTILIA.

Anolis bransfordii, sp. nov.

Abdominal scales smooth, pavement-like, longer than the dorsal
and lateral scales, which are small, subequal, and smooth. Scales
of tail subequal, carinate. Muzzle medium, shorter (from eye)
than wide at orbits. Auricular meatus large, fully half of eye.
Facial rugse obsolete, bounding a distinct cavity, Avhich is covered
b}'^ smooth scales of the size of those on the remaining portions of
the muzzle, in six longitudinal series. Superciliaries wide, sepa-
rated from each other by one, and from the large occipital bj'
two rows of scales. Twelve supraorbital scuta keeled ; six loreal
rows ; fan little developed. Infralabials equal, small. Limbs
slender, the anterior extending to the groin, the posterior to the
end of the muzzle ; dilatations well developed. Brachial and
femoral scales equal ventral. Tail long and slender.

Color above golden-lead color, beneath silvery, the line of sepa-
ration defined from the orbit to the groin. No cress bands on
head or body ; front brown speckled ; feet blackish.

and that of Cyprinodontidoi. The form and scaling of the head and mouth,
with the small sphious dorsal, are very similar to those of the Mugils, while
the posterior position of the ventral fins and supporting bones, with the
simple stomach and intestine, are characters of the latter family. I was
unable to find any ductus pneumaticus, and if it exist it must be very slender.

The weight of evidence is in favor of referring this genus to the Cyprino-
dontido}, and should its only dorsal spine occasionally be wanting, the refer-
ence will be less inappropriate than might at first appear.

The rudimental dorsal consists of a short (.003 m.) spine, but little ele-
vated above the doi-sal line on account of the small extent of the membrane
VFhich binds it. It is well separated from the second dorsal.

This fish must be regarded as an interesting annectaut form between types
usually placed in the distinct divisions of Physostomi and Physoclysti.

68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

M.

LcDgtli from end muzzle to eye 0057

" " " ear 0105

" " " axilla . . '. . .0170

" " «' groin 0350

" " " end of tail . . . .1190

This species resembles both tlie A. lo7igicaudus, Hallow., and A.
trochilas., Cope.' From the former it differs in the smooth abdo-
minal scales, large auricular meatus, etc.; resembling more the
latter. In A. frochilus^ a line specimen of which accompanies the
collection, the scales of the frontal area are much smaller, form-
ing nine rows ; four rows separate the superciliaries from each
other and from the occipital. The muzzle is longer, and the head
is marked with brown chevrons and cross-bands.

Dedicated to Dr. Bransford, who has been successful in his
zoological investigations in connection with the expedition.

Anolis trochilus, Cope.

A female, with a single larsie e^g in each oviduct.

Anolis cupreus, Hallow.
Anolis biporcatus, Wiegm.

The most southern locality recorded for this species.

Anolis pentaprion, Cope.

The most northern locality yet discovered for this Anolis.

Chamaeleopsis hernandezii, Weig.
Stenodactylus fuscus, Hall.
Sphaerodactylus glaucus, Cope.
Amiva eutropia, Cope.

TESTUDIXATA.

Einosternum leucostomum, Duui.

BATRACHIA.

Bufo sternosignatus, Gthr.
Bufo, sp-

Dendrobates auratus, Girard.
Dendrobates Ignitus, sp. nov.

First finger shorter than second ; end of the tarsus of the
extended foot reaching the end of the muzzle. Membranura tyra-
pani visible, one-fifth the eye slit in extent ; muzzle little promi-
nent, as long as eye measured on the side. Derm of the back

' Proceed. Acad. Sci. Phila., 1871, 215.

.♦

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. ;,69

rather thick and glandular in fresh specimens ; of the belly and
limbs smooth. Color, vermilion red, all four limbs black, in
four specimens. In a fifth which represents a variet}', the red
is replaced on the upper surfaces of the body and femur by a
pink, which is thickly black speckled ; the faces of all the limbs,
which are concealed when the latter are drawn up, are vermilion.
Size small.

M.

Length from end muzzle to axilla .... 0.0095

" " " " vent 0115

" of fore limb 0138

" of hind limb 03.")3

" of hind foot . .0120

Width at tympana .OOGO

" of sacrum 0040

Hyla ebraccata, sp. nov.

Of the type of H. leiicopJiyUata, and perhaps to be regarded as
a color variety of it. It is a very distinct one and probably
geographically circumscribed, and hence until intermediate forms
are discovered, may be considered as a species. Head broad,
short, lores nearly vertical. Tympanum one-fifth orl)it; skin
above perfectly smootli. Fingers i)almate to end of first pha-
lange, toes to end of second. Tongue little free behind ; vome-
rine teeth in fasciculi opposite anterior margin of nares. The
heel extends to beyond the muzzle, which marks the middle of
the forearm. Color above very light golden-brown ; a deep brown
triangular spot between the eyes, whose apex is produced back-
wards to a similar large spot on the back. A purplish-brown
band from the end of the muzzle to the end of the cocc^'x, which
fades below into the white of the belly. Edges of the upper lip
white marked; a large yellow spot telow the eye, and small yel-
low spots in the lateral band. On the foreleg, tlie humerus like
the forearm is brown above, silver spotted. On the hind leg, the
femur is entirely colorless ; tibia is brown with silver bands and
spots ; bases of all the toes colored. Fingers uncolored except
on the metacarpus. Belly yellow. Length of head and body 29
mm., width head 11 mm. Length hind leg 51 mm., to hind foot
22 mm.

Hypsiboas xerophyllum, Dura. Bibr.

Differing slightl}- from the typical form Surinam ; probably
a geographical variety.

70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

\

APPENDIX.

Propus vermiformis, gen. et sp. nov.

Char. Gen. — Family Ghalcididae. Scales smooth, in anniili ;
a lateral longitudinal fold. Limbs one pair, the anterior only,
without digits or claws. A few pores at the side of the vent.
Head shields above, two internasals, one frontal, a narrow super-
ciliary which descends in front of each e3'e, and a pair of parie-
tals. Nostrils on the suture between intern asal and first labial;
a loreal shield. Tail elongate.

This genus is near to the Ophiognomon^ discovered by Prof.
Orton in Equador, and is principally distinguished from it by the
absence of the posterior limbs.

Char. Sjyecijic. — Scales in twenty-six longitudinal rows on the
posterior, and twenty rows on the anterior part (with closed
lateral folds) of the body, and fifty-one transverse annuli between
the nape and the vent. Anteriorly they are imbricate on the
dorsal surface ; posteriorly they are truncate. The abdominal and
thoracic scales are subequal, those of the seventh row from the
gular groove excepted, which embrace two between the fore limbs,
and are not longer but wider than the others, but not so wide as
long.

There are five upper labial plates, of which the third and
fourth are of subequal length, and bound the orbit below ; .the
second is the least. A large rhombic temporal separates the
fourth and fifth from the parietals, behind which are two others.
There are four narrow inferior labials and three infralabials, of
which the two anterior are in contact on the middle line, with
those of the opposite side. They are preceded by a large geneial
and small symphyseal. The last infralabials are separated from
each other by four narrower scuta and from the temporal on each
side by two scales. Two pores on each side of the vent, and three
elongated scuta in front of it. Tail subquadrate in section (per-
haps contracted).

' Cope, Proceedings Academy, Philadelphia, 1868, p. 100.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. *?!

M

Length of head and body 064

" of head ' . . .006

Width of head ' . . .004

Length of tail (extremity lost) OHS

" of fore limb . 0027

Color, a dark reddish-brown; a dorsolateral series of pale spots
one each side, separated by an average width of eiglic scales.

From Xauta on the Peruvian Amazon ; obtained by Professor
Orton. Various peculiarities distinguish this little saurian from
the Opliiognomon Irisanale, among which are the more numerous
scales, and mutual contact of the second pair of infralabials.

Gerrhosteus prosopis, gen. et sp. nov.

Dentition opisthoglyph ; cranial scuta normal except that the
prefrontals are united into a continuous shield. A loreal and a
preocular ; pupil vertical. Anal scutum undivided;- subcaudals
two ro'wed. Scales poreless, smooth, subequal. The neural
spines of the vertebrae each supporting a shield-like expansion,
giving a T-shaped cross section, which is divided by a median
groove.

This genus is the first of the Ophidia known to possess the
osseous expansions common to some genera of Batrachia, etc., of
the western tropical part of the Neotropical region, and the mio-
cene salamanders of the genus Chelotriton^ Pom. The great de-
velopment of the neural spine is not nnlike that seen in frogs of
the genus Dendrohaten^ which are characteristic of this region.
The series of closel}^ consecutive bony parallelograms, forms an
elevated rib throughout the length of the animal, which is clearly
visible through the skin, which is not involved in it, though thiu
and closely adherent. Tlie structure would appear to be an addi-
tional protection to the spinal cord from blows or falling objects.

Char. Specif. — General appearance that of a L3'codont, while
the dental and scutal characters ally it most to Oyrrhopus.
Head an elongate oval, very distinct from the narrow neck ; body
fnoderatel}' stout ; tail short, terminating in a corneous spine.
Rostal plate small, not prominent, intern asals small. Frontal
broad as long, straight in front with two subequal lateral facets
for the preocular and the short superciliary. • Parietals elongate.
Nasal apparently single, large, descending nearly to the edge of
the lips. Dorsal small, not longer than high. Preocular large,

72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

postoculavs two, small, ^ye small. Temporals 1-2 narrow.
Superior labials seven ; eye over the third and fourth, fiftli and
sixth the longest ; geneials rather short, subequal. Scales in seven-
teen longitudinal series, rather wide ; the first not materially
larger. Gastrosteges 137 ; anal 1 ; urosteges 32. Total length,
m. .305 (12.5 inches) ; of head .011 ; of tail .046.

Color light brown, with black triangular spots on each side of
the middle line, the apices directed downward and extending lialf
way to the gastrosteges. The intervals between the apices are
about four scales in length, and are centrally darker tlian imme-
diately round the black spots. The spots are sometimes con-
nected b}' a black vitta on the median line, giving, when they
alternate, the appearance of zigzag band. Top of head dark
brown ; lower surfaces and lips pale and unspotted.

The neural osseous plate is deeply longitudinally fissured, each
half having a tubercularly rugose superior face. The anterior
border is notched, while the posterior is a little produced on each
side of the groove. Length of plate, m. .0018 ; width of plate,
.0013.

From Nauta on the Peruvian Amazon ; two specimens obtained
by Professor James Ortou during his last survey of that region.

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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. T3

April 7.
Dr. Jos. Leidy in the chair.
Sixteen members present.

The Blue Gravel of California. By E. Goldsmith — Under
the name of " Blue Gravel" the California gold miners, and espe-
ciall}^ the placer miners, understand a rock which underlies the
goldbearing alluvium of that State and part of Nevada. Speci-
mens of this rock were shown to me by John C. Trautwine, C. E.
It is stated that, whenever the goldbearing sand in many localities
in the two above-named States has been removed by the well-
known washing process, the "blue gravel" appears. It also con-
tains gold, which cannot, however, be extracted by washing, the
stream of water being unable to disintegrate the rock, which is a
compact composite one, and not, as the name "gravel" would
imply, a loose material.

This so-called "blue gravel" is composed of two ingredients
widely differing in age, namely, of pebbles cemented together by
a lava. The pebbles are of all sizes. In the specimens alluded
to, they are ver3' smooth and rounded, and present no sharp edges
or grooves. Their color is externally brownish, with a slight
yellow or olive green, but without the least trace of blue. When
a pebble is scraped or cut with a knife, the fresh exposed surface
is bluish-gra3% The hardness is 4. From the general appearance
I infer that some of these pebbles were derived from the sedi-
nffentary rock, slate, and others from Hornblende rock.

Entirely different in general aspect from the rounded pebbles is
the other part of the rock, which I have already stated to be a
lava. This appears to envelop the pebbles completely. When
we detach a pebble from the enveloping mass, a perfect impression
of the same is observed, having a beautiful lustre as if it had
been freshl3^ oiled. This oily lustre, indeed, characterizes the en-
tire enveloping mass. Some of the dull pebbles are as it were
externally polished by a coating of the volcanic glass which has
run over them. The lustre of the freshly exposed surfaces is
brilliant, but it sometimes loses its brilliancy and becomes dull
with handling. The color is dirty olive-green. This lava is very
brittle, so much so that the preparation of a thin plate for micro-
scopical observation is impossible. The hardness is equal to
apatite.

The most distinguishing crystallization within the lava mass

is a black mica, which is probably biotite. I noticed also a few

grains of quartz, as well as flattened grains of bright yellow gold.

These are all observable by the naked eye, and, with the pocket

6

74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

lens, I could detect nothing more. When small fragments of
irregular form were placed under a more powerful magnifier, the
black mica appeared smoky by a transmitted light, or green when
in very thin platp.s, and most of the material seemed to be a green
amorphous glass, having no effect on polarized light. The specific
gravity I found to be 2.48. The silica I determined by an analy-
sis to be 65.48 per cent. We might presume that the amount of
silica should be greater than that obtained, but we must keep in
mind that the biotite present contains only about 40 per cent, of
it, and thus reduces the proportion ; however, the quantity indi-
cates that we must class this lava among the acidic ones. The
conclusion at which I arrive is that the so-called " blue gravel"
of California is a conglomerate of pebbles of various kinds ce-
mented together by an acidic lava in which crystals of mica (bio-
tite) and grains of gold are imbedded.

How the gold came into the lava is a question of some difficulty.
Whether it was mingled with the pebbles before the lava ran over
the bed, or whether the gold was ejected from the volcano, I am
not able to decide. It would require observations on a variety of
specimens to arrive at some plausible theory. The specimens I
have seen had the gold suspended in the lava. The metal did not
touch the pebbles ; therefore, if the gold was present in the pebble
bed prior to the ejection of the lava, this latter must have raised
the metal from its bed, that is to say, a metal of s. g. 19.3 must
have been raised by a semifluid mass having s. g. = 2.48 !

Of course my observations are limited on these questions, but
since copper was ejected by the ancient volcano on Lake Superior,
may not gold have been similarly ejected in the case before us ?

April 14.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Twenty-two members present.

Prof. Leidy called attention to the " Bulletin of the United
States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories,
Ko. 2," presented this evening. It contains a "Review of the
Vertebrata of the Cretaceous Period found west of the Mississippi
River," by Prof. Cope. In this article he was quoted in such a
way as not fairly to express his original meaning. Thus, on page
7 of the Bulletin, reference is made to the Proceedings of this
Academy, 1856, p. 312, in which it is intimated that Thespesius
occidentalis was referred to the Mammalia, and regarded, per-
haps, as a Dinosaurian. In the Proceedings I have rather ex-
pressed the reverse, as I state of T. occidentalis, " among the
collection of vertebrate remains, are two apparent caudal vertebrae
and a first phalanx of some huge animal, which I suspect to be a

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. T5

I

Dinosaurian, though they may have belonged to a mammalian."
I ma}' add that, on p. 8, Prof, Cope, quoting from the same Pro-
ceedings, p. 89, indicated that I had referred Ischyrotherium to a
Sirenian. This is so, but Prof. Cope appears to have overlooked
the more full account of the animal in the Trans, of the Am, Phil.
Soc, 1859, p. 151, in which, though I still refer it with doubt to
the mammalia sirenia, I state that the remains may have belonged
to an aquatic reptile.

In view of the reptilian character of Ischyrotherium, Prof. C.
has changed the name to Ischyrosaurus, but his reason for doing
so appears to me not to be valid, as classical authorities at times
have included reptiles in the word therion, and it has been con-
sidered admissible as applied to the extinct Cheirotherium.

April 21.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Eighteen members present.

Note on the Enemies of Diffliigia. — Prof. Leidy remarked that
in the relationship of Difflugia and Amcjeha we would suppose
that the former had been evolved from the latter, and that its stone
house would protect it from enemies to which the Amoeba would
be most exposed. The Difflugia had many enemies. I have
repeatedly observed an Amoeba with a swallowed Arcella, but
never with a Difflugia. Worms destroy many of the latter, and
I have frequentl}' observed them within the intestine of Nais,
Pristina, Chaetogaster, and ^olosoma. I was surprised to find
that Slentor polymorphus was also fond of Difflugia^ and I have
frequently observed this animalcule containing them. On one
occasion I accidentally fixed a Stentor by pressing down the cover
of an animalcule cage on a Difflugia.^ which it had swallowed.
The Stentor contracted, and suddenly elongated, and repeated
these movements until it had split three-fourths the length of its
body through, and had torn itself loose from the fastened Difflu-
gia. Nor did the Stentor suffer from this laceration of its body,
for in the course of several hours each half became separated as a
distinct individual.

Bemarks on a supposed Compound derived from Leather. —
Prof. Leidy directed attention to a dark-red, compact, sliining,
resinous-looking mass, several inches in thickness, which, he said,
was reputed to have been derived from leather in the great fire of
Chicago. It now exhibits no evidence of organized structure,
and its origin would not have been suspected from its appear-
ance. On burning it still gives out the peculiar odor of burning
leather. It was supposed to be a compound evolved from the
leather, under the influence of high heat with absence of air.

76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

April 28.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Twenty-one members present.

On Echinorhynchus moniliformis. — Dr. H. C. Chapman matle
the following remarks: I take the opportunity of exhibiting spe-
cimens of the rare and interesting worm the Echinorhynchus moni-
liformis from the alimentary canal of the Fox Squirrel (Sciurus
vulpinus) known to occur also in the Hamster and Field Mouse.
This species is so called from its resembling a row of pearls ; its
posterior portion is, however, smooth. The color of the worm is
white. The characteristic snout is armed with about a dozen
rows of recurved hooks, which enables the worm to hold on to the
animal which it infests. This proboscis is retractile, being moved
by delicate muscles. The male is much smaller than the female,
and can be readily distinguished by the sac at its posterior extre-
mity, which serves as a receptacle for the penis. In this species
the testicles occupy only a small portion of the posterior part of
tlie animal, while the ovaries, filled with eggs, extend through the
entire length of the body. The female in this species attains a
length of eleven inches, the male only that of from four to five.
The Echinorhynchus is a member of the Acanthocephali or " Spiney
Heads," a family of round worms.

There not being a quorum present for the transaction of busi-
ness, the meeting adjourned until May 5, when the following were
elected members: —

Reuben Haines, G. Schwartz, Galloway C. Morris, John N.
Coles, M.D., U. S. Navy, Hugh Hamilton, M.D., and Charles P.
Perot.

Don Antonio del Castillo, Don Mariano Barcena, and Don Jos^
Joaquin Arriaga, of Mexico, were elected correspondents.

May 5.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Thirty members present.

^ The following papers were presented for publication: —

"On the Habits of some American Species of Birds and other
things Ornithological." By Tlios. G. Gentry.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 71

" Description of two uew Fossil Shells from the Upper Amazon."
By T. A. Conrad.

Anali/sis of Graphite from Wythe County, Virginia. By E.
Goldsmith, — Of all the varieties of Graphite that have come
under my notice, I have never seen any resembling that which was
given to me recently by Mr. John C. Trautwine, C. E. It is com-
pact massive ; the touch is smooth. If cut with a knife or scratched
with the finger nail, it shows a bright dark metallic lustre. The
fracture is rough, uneven, dull. The color is dark blue, so that
the mineral greatl}^ resembles the massive earthy vivianite of New
Jersey. The powder has the same color.

Talc makes an impression on it, hence its softness is less than
one. Lines drawn with it on paper are of a dark gray hue, similar
to common soft lead pencil marks. Specific gravity = 2.1068.
The blowpipe reactions, as well as my qualitative analysis, showed
that beside the carbon a large proportion of silica, alumina, and
iron oxides, also a trace of manganese, were present. The mineral
contains a considerable amount of gas, the quantity and reactions
of which I had not the means to ascertain.

The quantitative determinations of the amount of moisture and
gases, the carbon, and ashes were found in the same manner as is
usually adopted in the analysis of anthracite.

These were the results : —

Carbon 29.12.

Ashes 60.61.

Gases and moisture . . . 10.27.

Showing that the mineral may be regarded as a very impure gra-
phite.

May 12.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Twenty-seven members present.

Notice of some New Fresh-water Rhizopoda. — Prof. Leidy re-
marked that besides the ordinary species of Amoeba, which he had
observed in the vicinity of Philadelphia, he had discovered what
he suspected to be a new generic form. It has all the essential
characters of Amoeba, but in addition is provided with tufts of
tail-like appendages or rays, from which he proposed to name the
genus Ouramceba.

The rays project from what maj' be regarded as the back part
of the body as the animal always moves or progresses in advance
of the position of those appendages. The rays are quite different
from pseudopods, or the delicate rays of the Actiuophryens.

78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

The}^ are not used in securing food, nor is their function obvious.
The Ouramceba moves like an ordinary Amoeba, and obtains its
food in the same manner. The tail-like rays are not retractile,
and they are rigid and coarse compared with those of Actino-
phr3'ens. They are simple or unbranched, except at their origin,
and they are C3diiKlrical, of uniform breadth, and less uniform
length. When torn from the body they are observed to originate
from a common stock attached to a rounded eminence.

Several forms of the Ouramceba were observed, but it is uncer-
tain whether they pertain to one or several species. One of the
forms had an oblong ovoid body about the |^th of a line long and
y^jth of a line broad. The tail-like rays formed half a dozen tufts,
measuring in length about the width of the body. The latter
was so gorged with large diatomes, such as Navicula viridis,
together with desmids and confervoe, that the existence of a
nucleus could not be ascertained. The species may be distin-
guished with the name of Ouramceba vorax.

A second form, perhaps of a different species, moved actively
and extended its broad pseudopods like Amoeba, princeps. Wli^n
first viewed beneath the microscope it appeared irregularly globu-
lar and about the iV^'^ ^^ ^ ''"® ^^^ diameter. It elongated to the
^th of a line, and moved with its tail-like appendages in the rear.
These appendages formed five tufts about the ^V^^ ^^ ^ ^^"® ^^ng.
The interior of the body exhibited a large contractile vesicle and
a discoid nucleus. This second form may be distinguished with
the name of Ouramceba lapsa.

Another Ouramoeba had two comparatively short tufts of ra3'S,
and a fourth, of smaller size than the others, had a single tuft of
three moniliform rays.

It is possible that Ouramoeba is the same as the Plagiophrys
of Claparede, though the description of this does not apply to
that.

Plagiophrys is said to be an Actinophryen, furnished with a
bundle of rays emanating from a single point of the body, but
the rays are described as of the same kind and use as those of
Actinophrys. Plagiophrys is further stated to be provided with
a distinct tegument like Gorycia of Dujardin, or Pamphagus of
Baile}'^, but the body of Ouramceba is as free from any investment
as an ordinary Amceba, and the rays are fixed tail-like appen-
dages with no power of elongation or contraction.

The species of Ouramoeba were found among desmids and dia-
tomes, on the surHice of the mud at the bottom of a pond, near
Darby Creek, on the Philadelphia and West Cliester Railroad.

Two of the commonest species of Difflugia of our neighborhood
I had until recently confounded together as D. proleiformis, and,
perhaps, the two forms \x\a.y be included inider the latter name in
Europe. In one the mouth is deeply trilobed, and the animal is
usually green with chlorophyl globules. In the other the mouth

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 79

is crenulate, usually with six shallow crenulations, and the animal
is devoid of chlorophyl. The former is usually the smaller, and
may be distinguished with the name of D. lobostoma ; the latter
may be named D. crenulata.

In an old brick pond, on the grounds of Swarthraore College,
Delaware County, among Difflugia pyriformis, D. spiralis, D.
corona, D. acuminata, and others not yet determined, there occurs
an abundance of a large species, apparently undescribed. It is
sometimes the fourth of a line in length, and is compi'essed pyri-
form, but is quite variable in its relation of length to breadth, and
in the shape of the fundus of the shell. This is often trilobate,
but from the non-production of one or more or all the lobes, differs
in appearance in different individuals. The animal is filled with
chlorophyl grains, from which it might be named D. entochloris.

Another large Difflugia, allied to D. lageniformis, is not unfre-
quent about Philadelphia. The shell is beautifully vase-like in
shape. It has an oval or sub-spherical body with a constricted
neck, and a recurved lip to the mouth. The body of the shell
opposite the mouth is acute and often acuminate. The animal
contains no chlorophj'l. One shell measured g- of a line long by
I" of a line broad; another measured ;^ of a line long by ^ of a
line broad. The species may be named D. amphora.

A DifHugian, found in a spring on Darby Creek, is interesting,
from its transparency, whicli allows the structure of the animal to
be seen in all its details. The investment is membranous and
apparently structureless. The soft granular contents occupy
about one-half of the investment, and are connected with this by
long threads. The pseudopods are protruded in finger-like pi'o-
cesses. The form of the animal is compressed ovoid, with the
narrow pole truncate and forming the transversely oval mouth.
It is probably the species Difflugia /^■g'a^a, described by Mr. Tatem,
of England. Its length is about ^'^d of a line. The character of
the investment is so different from that of ordinary Difflugians
that the species may be regarded as pertaining to another genus,
for which the name of Catharia would be appropriate.

Dr. Chapman made the following remarks on the generative
apparatus of the Tebennophorus Garolinensis : —

Various have been the interpretations offered from time to time
of the generative organs of the Gasteropoda. Thus Cuvier con-
sidered what is now regarded as an hermaphroditic organ to be
the ovary. Later observers regarded this hermaphroditic organ as
the testicle, and considered what is now supposed to be an albu-
minous gland the ovary, and which Cuvier regarded as part of
the testicle. With reference to these views, I have recently
dissected the Tebennophorus Carolinensis, a slug found often in
our environs under trees, etc., and found both ova and sperma-
tozoa in the organ regarded first as simply the ovary, later as the

80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

testicle. I take the opportunit}'' of acknowledging the assistance
afforded me in m^"^ dissection by Dr. Leidy's beautiful monograph
on the Gasteropoda.

May 19.

Dr. Kenderdine in the chair.
Twenty-five members present.

The Veins of Beech and Hornbean Leaves. — Mr. Thomas Mee-
HAN said that De Candolle had noticed some years since a differ-
ence in the venation between the Fagus ferruginea and Fagus
sylvatico., the common American and European beeches. In the
American beech the lateral veins were said to terminate in the
apex of the serratures — in the European they terminate at the base
of the sinus. He had not read the original paper of De Candolle,
but abstracts in the scientific serials. As the statement stood, it
conveyed the idea that there was a marked difference in structure
between these two allied species which did not, however, exist, as
groM'ing in this countr}'^ the leaves of the European beecli are al-
most entire ; the lateral veins, in approaching the margin of the
leaves, curve upwards, and connect with the lateral above tliem,
forming a sort of marginal vein near the outer edge of the leaf.
The veins of the American beech curve upward in the same way,
biTt are early arrested, and this sudden cessation of growth pro-
duces the serra, which are slightly curved upwards. An early ar-
restation of growth in the veins makes the serratures, and consti-
tutes the onl}^ difference between the two species. The structural
plan is the same in both — the European, curving its lateral vein
into the apex, reached the upper one — the American terminating
abruptly.

There was a greater tendency to marginal development in some
European than in allied American species. In the Garpinus Be-
tulus, the English Hornbean, there were from four to five teeth
between each pair of lateral nerves, while there were but from two
to three between those of the American — Garpinus Americana —
a character that was quite as distinctive between these two very
closely allied species, as the viens were in the case of the beech.

Direct Growth Force. — Mr, Meehan referred to some potatoes
exhibited by him to the Academy a few years ago, in which the
stolons of a grass had penetrated througli from one side to the
other, preferring, as it would seem, to go through such an ob-
struction to turning aside to avoid it. A potato was a rather
rough surfaced body. He now exhibited a similar case, only the
obstruction was the round smooth root of an herbaceous peony.
Though not more than one-third of an inch thick and round, a

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 81

stolon of TrUicum repens, the common couch grass, had pushed
itself through.

May 26.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Twenty-three members present.

Thos. Hockley, Wm. A. Stokes, John Shallcross, Alfred G.
Reed, M.D., Richard J. Dunglison, M.D., Louis A. Godey, and J.
E. Kingsley were elected members.

On report of the Committee to which it had been referred, the
following paper was ordered to be published.

82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW FOSSIL SHELLS OF THE UPPER AMAZON.

BY T. A. CONRAD.

The Pebas group of the Upper Amazon was first discovered by
Prof. James Orton in 1867, who obtained a collection of the re-
markable shells, some of which were first described by Mr. Gabb.
Subsequently, at request of Prof. Orton, Mr. Hauxwell collected
other specimens, and Prof. Steere obtained some new species,
besides a very large number of several species of Pachydon.
Prof Orton, having revisited the region in which the Pebas group
occurs, has found two new forms which he has forwarded to me to
describe. These new shells belong to fresh-water genera, and help
to define the nature of the habitat of the gi'oup. They confirm
the opinion I advanced in the preceding paper, that it was a basin
of fresh water to which brackish water had access at times. The
Hemisinus herein described occurs crowded in the clay in such
perfection that the species must have lived and died on the spot,
and as the living shells of the genus inhabit fresh-water rivers of
South America, very far from salt water, they are as much fresh-
water shells as are those of Melania. Some of the shells are
water-worn, and there is abundance of small fragments of shells
in the claj^, in which respect it resembles some of the Miocene beds
of Virginia. The Pebas clay in all the localities is crowded with
specimens of Issea Orfoni, I. lintea, Liris laqiieata, all of which
I believe to be fresh-water shells of the family Melaniidse.

The two shells described in this paper were found at Iquitos,
about 100 miles west of Pebas.

Family UNIONID^.

HAPLOTH^RUS, Conrad.

Eqnivalve, hinge margin straight, the cartilage area very broad and thick,
hinge edentulous, anterior muscular scar small, narrow, and deeply
impressed, accessory situated under the primary scar.

This is a large, very thick shell, laminated and pearly like Unio,
and is remarkable for the thick, broad hinge area. It comes in
fragments, so that the entire outline is unknown. The anterior
accessory scar is differently situated from that in Anodonta,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 83

which is on the posteriox* side of the primary impression. The
latter is very much smaller than in an Anodonta of the same size.

H. capax. PL 12, figs. 1, 2, 3. *

Ovate,? thick and ponderous, inflated; umbo prominent,
rounded ; beaks distant from anterior extremity ; valves some-
what contracted near the middle towards the base.

Prof. Orton remarks that he saw many fragments of this shell,
and, therefore, it probably lived in company with Pachydon, but
the lamina of the shell separate so readily that fragments only are
obtainable. The shape of the shell is evidently somewhat like

that of a TRIQUETRA.

HEMISINUS, SwaiDson.
H. tuberculiferus. PI. 12, fig. 4.

Turreted, elongated, volutions 9, laterally straight ; 3 prominent revolv-
ing tnberculated ribs on each volution of the spire, except two or three
nearest the apex ; last volution with 9 or 10 revolving lines, unequal in
size ; a fine carinated line borders the upper margin of the suture,
which is indistinctly defined ; aperture short.

A beautiful species, very distinct from any living shell of the
genus. It occurs often very perfect, with the exception of the
labrum, which is broken, in every specimen I have seen, from the
chalky nature of the shell, not generally from attrition.

PACHYDON, Gabb.
P. tenuis. PI. 12, fig. 5.

Outlines representing extremes of variation.
P. . PI. 12, fig. 6.

As there is only one specimen of this form, I am uncertain
whether it is a distinct species or a variety of P. tenuis.

In my last paper, for Mylitoides read Mytilopsia.

84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

June 2.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Eighteen members present.

The thanks of the Academy were tendered to Mr. Alfred B.
Durand for a life-sized portrait of his father, the late Elias Durand,
presented this evening.

Habits of the Orchard Oriole. — Mr. Thomas Meehan stated
that he was not familiar with the latest knowledge in ornitholog}',
that not being a special study with him; but if Wilson^s Orni-
thology contained all that was known of the habits of the orchard
oriole — Oriolus mutalus — he might say that the bird did not con-
fine itself solely to insect food. He liad on his grounds a large
specimen of the Staphylea trifolia, which, when in bloom, was a
favorite resort with humblebees and humming-birds, and the oriole
took its share of honey from the flowers as well. It did not rest
on the wing as the humming-liird did, but sought a lower branch
from which it could leisurely extract the sweets from the flowers
above. He had thought it possible that the bird was in search of
insects among the flowers, but a careful examination proved
otherwise.

Poisonous character of the Floioers of Wistaria Sinensis. —
Mr. Meehan remarked that there was a popular belief that the
flowers of the Wistaria sinensis were destructive to bees. He
had himself seen hundreds of dead bees under large flowering
plants. He was struck with the fact this season, that none were
dead under similar circumstances. The flowers were continually
visited b}' the honey bee, and others, without, so far as he could
see, any fatal results following. It was clear, therefore, that, what-
ever might be the cause of the death of these insects under some
circumstances, it could not be from the honey alone.

GroiL'th of the Cuicus arvensis, Hofl". — In regard to the I'apidity
with which plants sometimes grew, Mr. Thomas Meehan pbserA-ed
that, though it was well known that the Canada thistle spread sur-
prising]}', there had been no figures, giving its exact growth,
placed on record. In the first week in May, IStS, he sowed a
few seeds. By the first week in June the little plants were well
above the ground, and about to push out their stolons. They
continued to radiate from this centre in every direction till the
first week in September, when they had reached a distance of six
feet, covering a circle of twelve feet in diameter, the space being

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 85

profusely filled with plants thrown up from the creeping stolons.
This gave an average of about three-fourths of an inch of growth
per day ; equal to maize or other rapid-growing vegetation above
ground.

June 9.
* Prof. Jos. Leidy in the chair.

Sixteen members present.

Prof. Persifor Frazer, Jr., made the following remarks : —
During a recent trip to Missouri I had an opportunity of visit-
ing and personally examining the Pilot Knob, and Iron Mountain,
and Mine La Motte districts, in company with two of the assist-
ant geologists — Prof. Potter and Mr. Gage. There is much in
this district, and in fact in most parts of Missouri, to interest
the student of geology from east of the Alleghanies: for example,
the variations in the character of the porphyry, which is the
archpean according to Prof. Pumpellj^ or the azoic member of the
Missouri series. This porphyry carries several deposits of ore,
both veins and beds, as has been ably pointed out in the recent
geological survc}^ of the State by Prof. Pumpelly. Tliis, and the
magnesian limestones which overlie it, form the principal part of
the surface in the southeastern part of the State.

Mine La Motte is situated in St. Francois County, about ninety
miles nearl}'^ due south of St. Louis. There are extensive works
put up on this property, and the whole was sold to an English
company two j^ears ago for $.3,000,000, but the sale could not be
ratified owing to a law of Missouri which prohibits foreigners
from holding property in tiiat State. At least such was the in-
formation given to me. The deposits of lead and copper and
nickel ores at Mine La Motte, part of a great belt about one hun-
dred miles wide which crosses the State from southeast to north-
west, lie in the limestone. At Mine La Motte there is a pro-
fuse occurrence of nickel-bearing minerals, and especially of
millerite, which is found in stellate, acicular, and radial crystals
on the sui'face of many of the lumps of ore.

The works here, before they were burned down, treated the
ores in open American hearths, and brouglit out matt wliich was
shipped to Swansea. It is said, on competent authority, that a
galena exhibiting a peculiar blue color (like that found on the
surface of much peacock ore), contains cobalt. The cause of this
color, and also its connection with the contained metal, are not
perfectly understood. Abnost all of the galena of the district is
colored in this way.

I present also specimens of iron ore from Iron IMountain,
Missouri, where it occurs in irregular veins, intersecting the por-

86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

phyry mountam in all directions. This mountain covers at its
base about seventy acres, more or less, and is furrowed by deep cuts
near its summit ; some of tliese to a depth of eighty to one hun-
dred feet. The best and purest ore is that which was found lying
on the surface of its slopes, and of this there is still a very large
quantity; but the large boulders have been almost all removed,
while that which remains is so finely divided and so mixed with
the clay and soil that any ordinary method of separation would
make it too expensive.

Lately, the California hydraulic mining has been applied to
win this ore, with great success. Water is pumped through large
hoses which are led up the sides of the hills, and the debris is
washed down through sluice-boxes and over small falls, which
agitate it sufficient!}' to shake the ore from the dirt and allow it
to deposit at the foot of the hill by virtue of its higher specific
gravity, in receptacles provided for it. The remaining ore is ob-
tained by blasting, is loaded on a gravit}' railway and carried to
the foot of the mountain, where it is dumped, three or four tons
at a time, over a shoot which precipitates it some eight or ten
feet, upon the flats of the Iron Mountain Railroad Company, which
are awaiting it. The shock as this heavy weight strikes the cars
is great enough to cause them sometimes to tilt over on two
wheels. How much it increases the wear and tear I was unable
to ascertain.

This ore contains from 65 to 68 per cent, metallic iron, asso-
ciated with 0.031 per cent, to 0.11 per cent, phosphorus and 4 to
4.5 per cent, silica, and a trace of sulphur. The quantity exposed
is enormous, but was stated by Mr. David Thomas, of Catasauqua,
not to equal in quantity the celebrated Cornwall mines of this
State.

The ore from Pilot Knob is much more sandy than that from
Iron Mountain. It occurs in a bed dipping with the general dip
of the country rock, and inclosed within the porphyry out of
which the knob is formed. The formation of this ore is a most in-
teresting study, and the only plausible theory seems to be that of
lateral replacement, a case of metasomatism wiiere the porpliyry,
having become slaty in structure, and less capable of resisting
the solvent, has been replaced along the line of strike, and only
in such laminated parts. Tiiis ore is banded in appearance, and
is almost, if not quite, invariably hematite.

June 16.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the cliair.

Twenty-five members present.

Notice of some Fresh-wafer and Terrestrial Ehizopods. — Prof.
Leidy stated that among the amoeboid forms noticed by him in

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 8t

the vicinity of our city, tliere was one especially remarkable for
the comparatively enormous quantity of quartzose sand wliich it
swallowed with its food. The animal might be viewed as a bag
of sand ! It is a sluggish creature, and when at rest appears as
an opaque white, spherical ball, ranging from |^ to | of a line in
diameter. The animal moves slowly, first assuming an oval and
then a clavate form. In the oval form one measured f of a line
long by I of a line broad, and when it became clavate it was f of
a line long b}' |^ of a line broad at the. advanced thick end. An-
other, in the clavate form, measured | of a line long by ^ of a
line wide at the thick end. The creature rolls or extends in ad-
vance while it contracts behind. Unless under pressure it puts
forth no pseudopods, and the granular entosarc usuallj^ follows
closely on the limits of the extending ectosarc. Generally the
animal drags after it a quantity of adherent dirt attached to a
papillated or villous discoid projection of the body.

The contents of the animal besides the granular matter and
many globules of the entosarc, consists of diatomes, desmids,
and confervas, together with a larger proportion of angular particles
of transparent and mostly colorless quartz. Treated with strong
mineral acids so as to destroy all the soft parts, the animal leaves
behind more than half its bulk of quartzose sand.

The species may be named Amceba sabulosa, and is probably
a member of the genus Felomyxa, of Dr. Greef (Archiv f. Mik.
Anat.,:s., 1873, 51).

The animal was first found on the muddy bottom of a pond, on
Dr. George Smith's place, in Upper Darby, Delaware County, but
has been found also in ponds in New Jersey.

When the animal was first noticed with its multitude of sand
particles, it suggested the probability that it might pertain to a
stage of life of Difflugia^ and that by the fixation of the quartz
particles in the exterior, the case of the latter would be formed.
This is conjectural and not confirmed b}-^ any observation.

A minute amoeboid animal found, on Sjnrogyra, in a ditch at
Cooper's Point, opposite Philadelphia, is of interesting character.
The body is hemispherical, yellowish, and consists of a granular
entosarc with a number of scattered and well-defined globules,
besides a large contractile vesicle. From the body there extends
a broad zone, which is colorless and so exceedingly delicate that
it requires a power of 600 diameters to see it favorabl3% B}'' this
zone the animal glides over the surface. As delicate as it is, it
evidently possesses a regular structure, though it was not re-
solved under the best powers of the microscope. The structure
probably consists of globular granules of uniform size alternating
with one another, so that the disk at times appears crossed by
delicate lines, and at others as if finely and regularly punctated.
The body of the animal measures from ^\ to g^^ of a line in dia-
meter, and the zone is from ^ J^ to 5^^ of a line wide. The species
may be named Amoeba zonalis.

88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

The interesting reseai'ches of Prof. Richard Greef, of Marburg,
published iu the second volume of Schultze's Archiv f. Mikros-
kopische Anatomie^ on Araoebse living in the earth (Ueber einige
in der Erde lebende Amoehen, etc.), led me to look in similar
positions for Rhizopods.

In the earth about the roots of mosses growing in the crevices
of the bricks of our city pavements, in damp places, besides find-
ing several species of Amoeba, together with abundance of the
common wheel-animalcule, Rotifer vulgaris, I had the good fortune
to discover a species of Oromia. I say good fortune, for it is
with the utmost pleasure I have watched this curious creature for
hours together. The genus was discovered and well described
by Dujardin, from two species, one of which, G. oviformis, was
found in the seas of France ; the other, the G. Jiuviatilis, in the
River Seine.

Imagine an animal, like one of our autumnal spiders stationed
at the centre of its well-spread net ; imagine every thread of this
net to be a living extension of the animal, elongating, branching,
and becoming confluent so as to form a most intricate net; and
imagine every thread to exhibit actively moving currents of a
viscid liquid both outward and inward, carrying along particles
of food and dirt, and you have some idea of the general character
of a Gromia.

The Gromia of our pavements is a spherical cream-colored
body, about the -i-^th of a line in diameter. When detached from
its position and placed iu water, in a few minutes it projects in
all directions a most wonderful and intricate net. Along the
threads of this net float minute naviculae from the neighborhood,
like boats in the current of a stream, until reaching the central
mass they are there swallowed. Particles of dirt are also col-
lected from all directions and are accumulated around the animal,
and when the accumulation is sufficient to protect it, the web is
withdrawn and nothing apparently will again induce th« animal
to produce it.

From these observations we may suppose that the Gromia
TERRicoLA, as I propose to name the species, during dry weather
remains quiescent and concealed among accumulated dirt in the
crevices of our pavements, but that in rains or wet weather the
little creature puts forth its living net which becomes so many
avenues along which food is conveyed to the body. As the
neighborhood becomes dr}', the net is withdrawn to await another
rain. The animal with its extended net can cover an area of
nearly half a line in diameter. The threads of the net are less
than the ^otoo^^ °^ ^^^ inch in diameter.

Bemarks on the Revimjication of Rotifer vulgaris — Prof.
Leidy remarked that during the search for Rhizopods, having
noticed among the dirt adhering to the mosses in the crevices of

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 89

our pavements many individuals of the common wheel-animalcule,
liotifer vulgaris^ he had made some observations relating to the
assertion that the}' might be revivified on moistening them after
they had been dried up.

Two glass slides, containing, beneath cover glasses, some dirt,
exhibited each about a dozen active living Rotifers. The glass
slides were placed, on a window ledge of my study, the thermo-
meter standing at 80°. In the course of lialf an hour the water
on the slides was dried up and the dirt collected in ridges. The
next morning, about twelve hours after drying the slides, they
were placed beneath the microscope. Water was applied and the
materials on the slides closely examined. On each slide a number
of apparently dried Rotifers were observed. Tliese imbibed
water and expanded, and some of them in the course of half an
hour revived and exhibited their usual movements, but others
remained motionless to the last.

The same slides were again submitted to drying, and from one
of them the cover glass was removed. They were examined the
next day, but several hours after moistening them only two
Rotifers were noticed moving on each slide.

I next prepared a slide on which there were upwards of twent}'
actively moving Rotifers, and exposed it to the hot sun during
the afternoon. On examination of the slide the following morn-
ing, after moistening the material, all the Rotifers continued mo-
tionless, and remained so to the last moment.

From these observations it would appear that the Rotifers and
their associates became inactive in comparatively dry positions
and may be revived on supplying them with more moisture, but
w^hen the animals are actually dried they are incapable of being
revivified. Moisture adheres tenaciously to earth, and Rotifers
may rest in the earth, like the Lepidosiren, until returning waters
restore them to activit3^

Prof. Cope mentioned the capture of a young Balsena cisarctica^
of fort3'-eight feet in length, in the Raritan River, near South
Amboy, on May 30th. The skeleton was buried and would be
preserved in some museum. He examined the whalebone, of
which there are 245 laminae on each side of the mouth. The color
is black and the hair is fine, long, and has a brownish tinge ; length
of longest plate with hair, 48 inches. The gum is 11 G inches long
and 11 inches deep. He was informed that the whale was entirely
black, and the dorsal line without irregularities.

Prof. Cope exhibited mounted crania of some gigantic horned
mammalia of the Miocene of Colorado, viz., the Symhorodon
bucco, S. aUirostris, S. acer, and S. tHgonoceros. He explained
the distinctive features of this genus as compared with Titaiio-
therium, exhibiting typical specimens of the latter from the Aca-
demy's museum, showing four inferior incisor teeth, while the
7

90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

lower jaw of Symborodon does not possess any. He pointed
out that these animals had small brains, with few convolutions,
wliicli were separated by deep fissures occupied by thin bony
laraince, and that the falx and tentorium are well developed. He
pointed out the relatively small size of the brain, and that at
least half of the length of the cranium is occupied by enormous,
undivided frontal sinuses. Each of these communicates with the
nasal meatus by an elongate foramen, and enters the base of the
corresponding horn core. He stated that similar sinuses exist in
the cranium of Eobasileuft^ and enter the basis of the middle pair
of horns in the same manner.

June 23.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Twenty-one members present.

On the Pelvis of Hadrosaurus. — Prof. B. Waterhouse Haw-
kins, having completed his model of Hadrosaurus at Princeton
College, took the occasion to call the attention of the Academy to
his success in placing certain fugitive bones belonging to Hadro-
saurus, and also to its English cousin Iguanodon. It might lie
allowable to remind the meeting of the fact that in 1868, when he
had made and presented the restoration of Hadrosaurus now in
the museum, he then recognized the homologous character of
a bone described by Dr. Leidy in his monograph of the Cretaceous
Reptiles, to that which had become a fugitive bone in Iguanodon,
the English representative of Hadrosaurus. These bones had
been for many years appointed to the place of clavicles by Prof.
Owen and Dr. Mantel, of England. When Mr. Hawkins made his
large restoration of Iguanodon at the Crj'stal Palace, in 1853,
his first difficulty was to find room for these so-called clavicles in
his model, a task which he was obliged to abandon, as they were
twice the size which the natural arrangement of the limbs rendered
possible. A few days previous to his sailing for America he found
that Prof Huxle}^ had been studying the same problem of their
true position in the animal's body, concerning which he delivered
an address before the Royal Institution. Prof Huxley, on this
occasion, transposed the pseudo-clavicles from the pectoral to
the pelvic arch, where he arranged them either as pubic or ischiatic
bones, and placed them as in the ostrich and rhea. At the same
time this transposition was taken advantage of to suggest the
probability of Iguanodon walking on its hind legs, thus account-
ing for some of the larger forms of bipedal footprints, and justify-
ing the establishment of the new order Ornithosauria. On the
arrival of Prof. Hawkins in America, after studying Dr. Leidj^'s
description of Hadrosaurus, he found that Dr. L. had anticipated

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 91

Prof. Huxley's transposition of the pseudo-clavicles, which he
suggested in the above-named description might more probably
represent the ischiatic bones of Iladrosaurus. While engaged in
the Central Park, in developing the external form of tiiis former
inhabitant of New Jersey, Mr. Hawkins found it necessary to
renew the whole question as to the component parts of the pelvic
arch of these giants, wliich he practically tested with casts from
the actual fossils, endeavoring to ascertain their true position
according to both Dr. Leidy's and Prof Huxley's views. In this
attempt he utterlj^ failed, finding it impossible to place these
fugitive bones in such relationship to the gigantic femur as would
enable either animal to make footprints similar to those found
both in England and America. This being the case at the moment
when the iconoclastic Central Park Commission declined allow-
ing the further prosecution of paleozoic studies in the Park, the
inquiry was not continued until the opportunity was afforded by
the trustees of the New Jersey College at Princeton, who desired
to possess for their new museum one of Mr. Hawkins's restorations
of an extinct animal of New Jersey. For this purpose they
selected Hadrosaurus, which enabled Mr. H. to again investigate
the true position of the bones in question, which he has finall}^
placed as the analogues of the abdominal plastron-like supports,
found largely developed in the pelvic region of the alligator.
This position of the bones, when united with the bipedal carriage
of the body, suggested immediately an analogy between these
fugitive bones and marsupial bones of the Didelphidse. These
remarks were illustrated by Mr. Hawkins in his usual manner
by crayon drawings on the slate.

Prof. Cope stated that he was still of the opinion that the evi-
dence derived from Lselops and Megadactylus rendered it neces-
sary to believe in the backward direction of these bones in Hadro-
saurus.

Prof. Cope described a species of Dipnoan fish of the genus
Ctenodus from the coal measures of Ohio, based on specimens
placed in his hands by Prof. Newberry, as follows : —

The top of the head is covered with angular plates or scuta,
arranged in the following manner on the region presented. Two
s^'mmetrical scuta occupy the median line, one in front of the
other. One of these is a longish coffin-shaped hexagonal, with
the suture with the other concave. The latter is more ovoid,
broad and convex next the first mentioned, and somewhat more
contracted at the opposite extremity. Beyond this are two shields
joining by a straight suture on the middle line ; besides this one,
they have two concave sutures for scuta, at the farther end two
concave lateral sutures, and a straight one to the adjoining me-
dian scutum, whose suture is also concave. On each side of this
median plate is a large area surrounded before outwards, and

92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

behind, by smaller scuta, three in front, two at the side, and two
behind. Commencing with tiie first. No. 1 has already been de-
scribed. No. 2 is small, oval, and antero-posterior ; No. '■> is an
antero-posterior pentagon, with the narrowest side inwards. No.
4 is a similar transverse pentjtgon. No. 5 is an antero-posterior
pentagon, which presents its shorter lateral facet inwards. No. 6
has a similar character, but is smaller and with more definite an-
gles. Another series of scuta is seen outside of these at one end
of the series. Three of this set bound the front and side of each
of the median pair above mentioned, leaving a short facet next
its fellow unaccounted foi*. The sculpture consists of radiating
ridges and' tubercles, which are most broken near the centres of
the scuta. The tubercles and ridges are obtuse and low, and the
latter do not inosculate. An angular depression commenced at
the middle of each lateral area, and extends across the middle line
at the point of junction of the paired and single median scuta.

M.
Width of vertex at middle scuta . . . .0.176
Length of single median scute .... .048

June 30.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Fifteen members present.

Permission having been granted (the meeting being for busi-
ness), Prof. Persifor Frazer, Jr., made the following remarks : —

In the investigation of the chemical formulas of minerals, the
student will meet with two kinds of difficulties. The first is the
great variations in the analysis, and the next is the connecting to-
gether in the formula for the particular mineral of different com-
pounds by the sign -|-. The first of these difficulties is a neces-
sary consequence of the manner of formation and occurrence of
minerals in tthe midst of solutions of other materials, and conse-
quently subjected to mechanical and chemical conditions tending
to add impurities to it, (whether by percolations tlirough its open
joints, crevices, and pores, or by oxidizing or partially decompos-
ing it).

The first results of the best processes of mechanical separation
merely reduce to. a low per cent, the admixture of one mineral
with another of greatly difterent sp. gr., and even the best known
chemical methods can never succeed in producing an absolutely
and theoretically pure substance. So much less probable is it that
the deposits of compounds by the mechanical and chemical pro-
cesses which a change of the conditions of the surrounding nature
have caused, and which have not been bottled up in impervious
glass jars, but left to the action of the rain and sun and subter-

J

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 93

ranean solutions, should even acquire more than a relative purit}'.
So that when we glance over the anal^^sis of the same mineral
made by different cliemists, it is often hard to say which elements
are those characteristic of the species. (See Glaucon-ite, Conarite,
Beudantite, etc. etc.)

In some cases, the admixture of the two minerals can be proved
to be mechanical (gold dust in magnetic sand) ; in others it is
merely strongly suspected, but the mineral cannot be separated
by mechanical means (gold in pi/rites, etc.), while in the great
majority of cases the formula maker contents himself with two
arrangements of the atoms present connected by the sign +5 ^iit^
each representing a different mineral.

It is this that forms one of the greatest difficulties to the stu-
dent, at the present state of science, in forming any probable
conception of the mutual chemical relations of the various ele-
ments represented. Such an hypothesis is certainly tenable in
two cases: 1st. When the resulting mass cannot be classed under
any of the crj'stal systems (limonite, etc.) and the mineral is set
down as amorphous or crystalline; and 2d. Where the percentage
of one or two of tlie supposed compounds is so small that the
morphological properties of that which greatly preponderates are
assumed by the whole mass. ( Quartz containing scales of specular
iron or needles of rutilite.) But when a mineral cr3^stallizes dis-
tinctly in one crystal sj^stem and is deliberately assumed to be
made up of two others, each crystallizing in a different one, the
case is exceedingly perplexing to the mind. Yet the greater
number of all the formulas determined by chemists exhibit this
anomaly.

It was not surprising that this should be the case at a time
when the electro-polar theory of Berzelius was unquestioned, and
the bases and acids were placed opposite each other — frequently
separated by the -f sign — like the partners in a Virginia Reel,
and it was thought necessary to make them analogous b3' dividing
the oxygen between them. CaO, SO3 (anhydrite) or CaO -\- SO.j
which has a crystal form differing from that of S0„ and CaO seems
to justify (Ag.,S),, + Sb.^S., (proustite), for in this latter case the
mineral is rhorabohedral (hexagonal) while one of its constituents
crystallizes isometric and the other rhombic. It is true that this
mineral belongs to the class of those of metallic habit, and is
therefore opaque, and thus its optical properties cannot be deter-
mined, but if it were transparent we should be under the necessity
of recognizing the power of a mineral which can only pi'oduce
the ordinarily refracted my + one that can produce two extraor-
dinary rays to form a mineral which can give rise to one extraor-
dinary ray, and so of pleochroism, etc. In this case the fancy is
pleased by the accidental coincidence of the crystal form of the

0-4-2
resultant with the average of the other two — ^!1-^ = 1 ; but we

94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

know there is no basis for such a, thought, and besides in other cases
the union of two simply crj'stallizing minerals produces one of
more complex morphology.

Thus our authorities tell us that sternbergite which crystallizes
orthorombic is to be written chemically Ag,,S -j- (FeS)^ -{- FeS.,,
or in other words, is composed of three minerals, two ol^ which
(Ag.,S and FeS.,) crj'stallize in the isometric system, and the third
has no place in nature and no name.

I propose at a future meeting of the Academy to call the atten-
tion of the mineralogists to several formulas which, though new,
seem to fulfil all the conditions of agreement with analysis and
the ncTvest developments of theoretical chemistry.

The following anatomical notes by Dr. Chapman were read : —
Disposition of the Latissimus Dorsi, etc., in Ate.les Geoff royi
{Kiihl) and Macacus Bhesus {Desviarest). — Frequently the atten-
tion of anatomists is called to the abnormal arrangement of parts,
such as variations in the disposition of muscles, arteries, etc., and
by comparison with other animals what is abnormal, variable, in a
higher animal is usually'' found to be normal, constant, in a lower
one. Supposing the theory of the evolution of life to be true,
that the higher animals are the modified descendants of the lower,
we have some explanation for the occurrence of such abnormalties,
these variations being reversions to ancestral types. An interest-
ing illustration of this view is seen in the occasional occurrence in
man of a muscular slip, running from the latissimus dorsi to the
internal condyle of the humerus. This muscle, which is of very
rare occurrence in the human subject, is constant in monkeys,
among others in the spider monkej' or Ateles, as sliow^n in Plate
13, Fig. 1 (6). Another variation met with so frequently in the
human subject that surgeons have their attention called to it with
reference to the ligation of the main arteries, is the presence of a
muscular slip, passing from the latissimus dorsi across the axil-
lary arterj' and nerves to the pectoralis major. This muscle, Plate
13, Fig. 2 (c), is constant in the Macacus, which also exhibits the
muscular slip (6), just referred to in Ateles. On the supposition
that man and the monkeys are the descendants of a common
stock, we may expect to find such variations recurring like other
family traits.

Flexor Brevis Digitorum in Ateles Geoff royi {Rube). — I take the
opportunity of calling attention to the arrangement of the flexor
brevis digitorum in a sjjider monke}^, the Ateles Geolfroyi. By
looking at Plate 14, we see that tendons 1 and 2 are the continua-
tion of the muscular bell}' rising from the calcaneum, that tendon
3 results from the union of two muscular slips, one from (o), the
other from the tendinous portion of the flexor longus digitorum,
while tendon 4 comes only from tendon of flexor lona-us digitorum.
This arrangement of the tendon of the flexor brevis digitorum is
somewhat difierent from that observed in other New World mon-

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 95

keys (Platyrrhini and Arctoppithecini) or those of the Old World
(Catarrhini).

Rete Alirahile in Bradypus Didacfylus. — Of the man}'' peculi-
arities in the organizations of the sloths, one of the most interest-
ing is the breaking up of the arteries into rete mirabile. This is
well seen in the upper extremity of a two-toed sloth {Bradypus
Didacfylus) which recently died at the Zoological Garden, Phila-
delphia. While the axillary arterj^ is seen to continue its course
as the brachial, diminished, however, in its calibre, it gives off
numerous branches which divide and subdivide. The main artery
with the surrounding plexus and the median nerve passes through
the internal condyle of the humerus, Plate 13, Fig. 3. In this
latter respect it differs from the three-toed sloth, as may be seen
by comparison with the beautiful plates of Prof. Hyrtl. This in-
teresting disposition of the bloodvessels is also seen in the femoral
arteries of these animals. Yarious explanations have been offered
for the rete mirabile of arteries. Thus in the Cetacea the dividins:
and subdividing of the arteries appear to serve as reservoirs of
arterialized blood, enabling such animals as the porpoise, etc., to
remain for a long time under water. In the sloths and slow lemurs
this disposition of the bloodvessels seems to be in relation with
the slowness of the circulation, fluids travelling less rapidly
through a number of small vessels than one large one.

On report of the Committee to which it was referred, the fol-
lowing paper was ordered to be published : —

96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

ON HABITS OF SOME AMERICAN SPECIES OF BIEDS.
BY THOS. G. GENTRY.

The ])ocly of facts contained herein is the result of observations
carried through a period of four consecutive seasons, and is con-
fined to species which, though of extended range, breed within the
State of Pennsjdvania. This paper is designed to cover the ground
from the Family Icteridae to the end of the Family Picariffi, ex-
clusive of western species and a few whose habits have been de-
scribed by the writer in the forthcoming work of Dr. Coues.

Family ICTERID^.

Subfamily AGELiEiNJE.
Molothruis pecoris, Swainson.

This well-known species, though an early visitor in Massachu-
setts, which, according to the authorit}' of Samuels, makes its ap-
pearance there as early as the middle of March, from some cause
or other has never been observed by the writer earlier than the
second week of April, long after the blue-birds, robins, and black-
birds have made the fields and woods resound with their music.
Its arrival is announced by the coming of the warblers and spar-
rows, betw^een w^hom and it exists such mysterious relations.
The anomalous habit which the female possesses of visiting the
nests of smaller species of birds when she wishes to deposit her
eggs, and thus shifting a responsibility which she should alone
assume, is familar to all. There is no doubt that primitively all
species were as equally social and gregarious in their habits as the
cow-bird of to-day ; and that the present system of mating, which
is surely an index of a high state of improvement, has been
gradually evolved. The art of nest-building has doubtless also
been slowly acquired. In some families it has attained a wonder-
ful degree of perfection, while in others it may be said to be in its
infancy. With the cowMjird either it has never been studied, so
to speak, or else it is a lost art which the species has never been
able to regain.

The species of birds which seem to be the objects of its special
regard, are comprehended within the three great families of the
Sylmcolidse, Vireonidse, and Fringillidae; Geothlyxjis trichas,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 97

Cab.; Vii^eo olivaceiis, Y'le'iL ] V. novahoracensis, Bonap; Cyano-
spiza cyanea, Baird ; and 3Ielospiza melodia, Baird. Why the
small birds should be the recipients of such unsolicited favors it
would be difficult to guess, -unless the cowardly spirit of the
species under consideration operates to prevent similar discour-
tesies being shown where they would probably be resented. As
a proof of said cowardice, might be cited the stealthy manner in
which the female approaches the nest of any of the above species.
She is ev^r on the alert for fear of detection by the rightful
owners. In case of discovery she takes to flight, sometimes fail-
ing to complete her work ; but when suddenly pressed, she is
compelled to drop her egg. This will account for the eggs which
are occasionally seen either entire or broken upon the ground.
It is said that the egg of the cow-bird hatches rather sooner than
those of the birds among which it is found, and from this it is
argued by some, that it is a wise provision of nature, which,
were it otherwise ordered, would defeat the end she had in view.
The writer knows from experience that sometimes a nest of eggs
is a longer time in hatching than at others; the difference of time
being the evident result of variation in the amount of heat to
which they are subjected. Now, the egg of the cow-bird being
perceptibly larger than the others, would receive more heat from
the body of the female than the latter's own, for the simple reason
that it is in closer proximity to the source of heat. This seems to
be a satisfactor}^ explanation of its much shorter period of incuba-
tion. Were the eggs hatched by their rightful author, there is no
doubt that the time would vary but a trifle, if any, from that of
the rust}' black-bird.

Agelaieus phoeniceus, Vieil.

At the time of writing, March 24th, not a single individual of
this species is to be seen, while the purple grakle is found in pro-
digious numbers. About the first of April is the usual time of its
appearance witli us. Like the crow-black-bird, it is fond of society,
many pairs being observed building within a few paces of each
other in the same swamp or meadow. Occasionally a nest is
constructed within a tussock of grass, but generally upon the
alder bushes so common along the borders of meadow streams,
where the eggs and young are less liable to the attacks of snakes,
particularly Bascanion constrictor and Tropidonotus sipedo7i which
seem to have such a decided penchant for such fare.

98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

In structure those found upon bushes are finer and more com-
pact. On the exterior are observed occasional patches of mud.
While those built upon the small mounds in swampy situations are
surrounded by tall overarching grasses, and have in consequence
a looseness of arrangement which in general 'will scarcely bear
manipulation.

In the selection of a localit^^ there is manifest an evidence of
design. High grounds are seldom chosen for nidification, for the
obvious reason that the birds are not so apt to meet )vith such a
ready and full supply of the various species of insects which pander
to their appetites and those of their 3- oung as in the former situa-
tions. The insects which afford them a living in such localities, are
the aquatic larvse of ephemerids, dragonflies, and mosquitoes which
are found in the small shallow pools so abundant therein ; together
with mature forms of the same — a variety which the most fastidi-
ous bon vivani among the aves cannot fail to appreciate.

It has been affirmed that the red wings are destructive to far-
mers' crops, but as far as the writer's experience extends, the
damage which they do is small in comparison with the good
which thej' accomplish. When a cornfield is in close proximity
to a meadow, it is probable that a few grains may be exhumed, or
a few tender shoots uprooted, in early spring, but I am certain that
the birds during the breeding season are so strongly attached to
the meadows that the}' are reluctant to leave them. In the fall
of the 3'ear they may visit the cornfields and pluck a few grains
from the standing shocks, but in view of the manifold advantages
gained by the myriads of insects destroj^ed, we should not grudge
them a mere pittance of corn, since, at this season of the 3'ear,
they are doubtless productive of immense good in the destruction
of various coleopterous and lepidopterous larvae.

Stumella magna, Swainson.

This beautiful species, though quite common in this latitude
during the breeding season, according to the writer's observations
makes its appearance from the first to the fifteenth of April. It
is not gregarious in early spring like the purple grakle, but ar-
rives from the south already paired for the essential duties of
nidification and incubation. It does not commence building ope-
rations, however, earlier than the last of April or the begin)iing of
May; the interval of time being enii)loyed, judging from the
manoeuvres of the birds, in the selection of a desirable and suit-

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 99

able locality. The site chosen is, as is well known, a meadow.
Samuels affirms, "the localit}- is generally in a meadow or low
field." I have as often found the nest on upland in a field of red
clover or one of timoth}^ grass. In such situations it reposes in
a concavity of the earth, partially hidden and protected b}' en-
veloping and over-arching grasses.' Nuttall's description thereof,
though correct in his da}', according to the writer's experience
needs some modification. As the nest of the same species varies
with a change of locality, this difference may be attributed thereto.
According to that eminent authority "it is compact, made of wiry
grass, to which a hidden and almost winding path is made, and
generally so well concealed that the nest is only to be found when
the bird is flushed." I have alwa3rs observed a looseness of
arrangement in its structure. The materials out of which it is
built are the hollow stems and leaves of Phleum pratense. These
are accumulated principally in the bottom, to insure protection
against the dampness of the ground.

It is seldom that the hen bird can be detected on the nest.
When alarmed by approaching footsteps, there is no sudden up-
rising or whirring of wings as is usual. Aware of danger, she
quietly slips out of the nest and noiselessly wends her way through
the thicket of grasses, along well-beaten paths which she has made
for the purpose.

The food of the meadow lark consists chiefly of larval insects,
together with earthworms, beetles, grasshoppers, and the seeds of
grasses. Nuttall says it does not appear that it ever adds berries
or fruits to its bill of fare. The writer is confident he has seen it
feasting upon the small black cherry which is so plentiful during
the month of June. The period of incubation is from 14 to 15
days according to various observations.

Subfamily Icterin^,
Icterus spurius, Bonap.

The orchard oriole is quite as common as its near relative. It
reaches us from the genial South about the first of May. Samuels,
in describing its nest in Massachusetts, says substantially, it is
deposited on a forked branch of a tree in an orchard, at an eleva-
tion of not more than twenty feet from the ground, and constructed
of different grasses neatly and compactly woven together 5 the whole

100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

being lined with fine grasses and a few hairs. Further, he says,
"it is not pensile but built on a branch." Its style of architecture
varies no doubt with the latitude. Of the many nests which
have been examined, including many in the writer's collection, all
with but one or two exceptions were of a decidedly pensile char-
acter; uniform in texture, and suspended from slender branchlets
after the fashion of Icterus Baltimore, Dandin. The exceptional
cases were placed between the forked branches of trees. These
nests, with two exceptions, have been found upon apple and
pear trees, in close proximity to the residence of man ; the ex-
ceptions were noticed on the confines of forests, at considerable
distances therefrom. There is no doubt that in earlier times this
oriole was as timid and suspicious of man as many other species
that might be cited ; and that as time advanced it gradually lost
all fear. Familiarit}^ with man, the result no doubt of many
years' experience, has taught it to regard him in the light of a
friend. In the fact that the nest of this species is occasionally
found on the borders of immense thickets, we have a clue to its
past history. In the writer's opinion, reserve, timidit}', and dis-
trust were then the leading elements of its character, while famili-
arity, a certain degree of boldness and confidence are traits which
now stand prominently forth.

A typical nest of the species measures 2^ inches in diameter
and 4^ inches in depth. It is pouch-shaped, and attached to the
slender twigs of an apple or pear tree in such a manner as to be
swayed to and fi*o by the gentlest breeze. It is built of the soft
and flexible leaves of a species of Poa, neatly and compactl3''
woven togetlier, and lined on the inner side with much narrower
leaves of a closel}^ allied species. The site selected is usually one
where the small spurs of the pear and apple, prineipall}" the former,
with their crowns of leaves can meet over the nest and form a roof
to protect the female and young from inclement weather.

During the breeding season its chief food is beetles, flies, lepi-
doptera, earthworms, and various larvae. The seeds of grasses
are occasional!}'' relished. It is highly insectivorous in its nature.
I am not able to say whether it has a fondness for fruits and
berries, but am inclined to the belief that it will not refuse a juicy
berry if thrown within its way; but that it will not put itself to
any inconvenience to obtain the same I am well aware.

In the duties of incubation the male takes no direct part. I

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 101

have often observed him bringing food to the female while thus
engaged. When the young have developed from the egg, both
parents are extremely sedulous in their attention to them until
they have attained their feathered stage, when the mother seems
to hand them over to the father to initiate into the mysteries of
aerial navigation. There is but one brood in the season, as far as
I have been able to determine, although I have seen nests in the
early part of August with rather tender fledglings. The period
of incubation ranges from fourteen to fifteen days.

Family CORYID.E.

Corvus Americanus, Audubon.

The above species is very abundant throughout the summer in
this section of the country', and the writer has observed through
the severest winter weather numberless individuals roosting in
the junipers and cedars of the hills of the Wissahickon, when the
snow stood several inches upon the ground. The birds commence
pairing about the last of April, seldom earlier than the fifteenth,
and shortly afterwards commence building. The nests are usually
built upon the various species of oaks, and occasionally upon
some of Pinus. They are large in dimensions, fully 18 inches in
diameter at the base, and from 8 to 10 inches in depth; the thick-
ness of the walls is from 3 to 4 inches. They are constructed of
coarse rude sticks externally, of the thickness of a lady's ring
finger, mostly fragments of dead branches that had fallen from
the oaks and chestnut. Within are smaller twigs of the same
covered by a few dried leaves of Quercus and Fagus to relieve its
hardness. All the nests that I have examined, and I have had
abundant opportunities, answer to the above description, whicii
will be found to differ materially from others. Usually but one
brood is reared in a season ; the writer has met with two, but
this is of rare occurrence.

Nests have been taken close by the dwellings of man, showing
the friendly disposition of the authors. Usually the species is
very shy and builds in places seldom visited. When with young
the birds are very pugnacious, permitting no intrusion within
their jurisdiction. They manifest the most tender regard for their
progenj', and exercise the most jealous care over them. Notwith-
standing the mischief they commit to the farmers' crops, and their
frequent raids to the poultr3^ yards, the good which they accom-

102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

plish in the destruction of noxious insects and small animals
should commend them to public favor. Besides subsisting upon
insects, small animals, carrion, grass, and fruits, I have in two
instances observed individuals, which I took to be males, imitating
the habit of their nearest kin, the fish crow, by plying the trade of
fishers. There is no doubt that in the case of Corvus ossifragus,
this habit was similarly acquired b}'^ a few birds of more sagacity
than others. The period of incubation I have not satisfactorily
determined, but am confident that it cannot exceed eighteen days.

Corvus ossifragus.

This species, though assigned to the South Atlantic and Gulf
States by Dr. Coues in his Key to North American Birds, has
been observed by the writer during the past four years to breed
within the rural districts of Philadelphia. Although designated
by the same great authoritj^ as a maritime species, yet it should
be considered only partially so. It has been observed in company
with its near relative the common crow, and commences buildino-
at the same period. Its nest, unlike that of the crow, is constructed
upon a willow, by the side of a watercourse, where it can ply its
piscine trade without being molested. Externally, it consists of
a few rude sticks as a sort of foundation, upon wliich a neat and
comfortable superstructure, composed of the inner fibrous parts
of the red cedar, is placed, loosel}^ arranged, the whole present-
ing a neater and more fastidious appearance than that of the
common crow. The eggs are four in number. The ground-color
is a light blue marked with a few dots and blotches of umber-
brown on the small end, which are more or less confluent on the
large one, obscuring to a considerable extent the background. In
size they are but little superior to the eggs of the purple grakle,
being about 1.40 in. in length, and .89 in width. In configuration
they bear a very close resemblance to those of the great crested Fly
Catcher, being almost perfectly oval. There is a marked contrast
between the eggs of ossifragus and Americanus in size, shape,
and markings, sufficiently striking to convince one of the distinct-
ness of the two species, even though other details should be
wanting. I have never met with more than one brood in a season.
It is like its cousin in some points of character, but minus its
thievish propensities. A fisher by trade, it holds all other occupa-
tions at a discount. It is fond of its young, but has not the

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 103

courage to defend them against the attacks of enemies, as the
former. Since it breeds usually in out-of-the-way situations, it
can give farmers and others but little anno^^ance. Its period of
incubation is similar to that of Americanaa.

Family TYRANNID^.

Tyrannus Carolinensis, Baird.

The Bee Martin, shortly after its arrival in the latter pai't of
April, commences building. Its nest is ordinarily constructed
upon the forked branches of a pear tree in an orchard, or in close
proximity thereto. Why the pear tree should be selected in
preference to any other, the apple and cherry for examples, it is
difficult to imagine, unless the density of its foliage, and the short
spine-like twigs with which the branches are armed, afford greater
protection ; the former from the keen gaze of rapacious birds, and
the latter from mischief-seeking and mischief-loving boys. It is
usually built near the top of the tree where the denser foliage is
found. Occasionally, I have taken nests of this species in places
remote from orchards, on the confines of thick forests, a fact which
seems to intimate that the habit of building in orchards is an
acquired one, brought about in obedience to a change of character
in the species. As it has a passion for the little Apis mellifica
whose hives are found in such situations, there is no doubt that a
desire to be near such articles of luxury raa^' have prompted a
change, thereby saving unnecessary waste of time in procurement,
and giving a better guarantee of success. It is true that the
species is proverbial for its pugnacity and pertinacity, not even
fearing to attack birds of pre}'^ which come within the precincts of
the ground over which it exercises sway, and, therefore, the
securities which a pear tree throws around are not absolutely
necessary. But birds of the least sagacity would not be slow to
perceive the advantage which would be gained b}- the selection of
such a site, in the saving of great physical labor. In the vicinity
of forests these protective objects are in a measure denied, the
birds in consequence making up in braverj^ Perhaps a vivid
sense of greater danger to their young induces them to give them
the advantage of everything protective that wisdom and ingenuity
can devise. There is one feature about the nests which have been
found in regions unoccupied by man that has not been observed
in those adjoining his residence : the entire absence of feathers

104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

and hairs in the interior; these articles being substituted by fine
grasses and leaves. The period of incubation ranges from 13 to
14 days according to circumstances.

Myiarchus crinitis, Cab.

This species is very abundant in this latitude, arriving from the
South during the early part of May, and shortl}^ afterwards
l)airing. Both birds engage in nest building. The nest is con-
structed in a hollow tree, mostly a pear or an apple ; no doubt
the previous labor of some hard-working wood-pecker, possibly
Golaptes auratus. Mr. Samuels sa^'s, "the nests are composed of
straws, leaves, feathers, and the cast-off skins of snakes." He
further affirms, "it seems a distinguishing characteristic of the
nests of this species, to have the skins of one or more snakes
woven into the other materials." This has also been the expe-
rience of others. Mine has been quite different. I have yearly
collected many nests of this species, and find a great difference
in the materials. The following is the aggregate description :
Loose in arrangement, with scarcely the slightest evidence of
design. To an observer, it seems as if the materials had been
dropped into the cavity by the birds, and, when a sufficient quan-
tity had been accumulated, the whole had been shaken together
until the ingredients had been thoroughly commingled. Dried
grasses, liber of trees, rotten wood, and feathers are the chief
constituents; the slough of snakes being an nnuoticeable feature.
In lieu thereof, I have always found the feathers of the common
barnyard fowl to be a characteristic feature thereof.

That this species does not always build in cavities is certain.
Two years ago, near Germantown, I found a nest built between
the forked branches of an apple tree. It was composed princi-
pally of the feathers of chickens, held in place by a woof of long
grasses. Though not very compact, yet it was sufficiently so to
last during the season. It is doubtful, however, whether it could
withstand the peltings of winter. The habit of building within
the hollows of trees is doubtless an acquired one, rendered neces-
sary by external circumstances. That species do occasionally^
vary in the selection of a site for a nest, is instanced b}^ Tardus
migraforius, Lin., which, as is well known, ordinarily builds its
mud-plastered nest within the forked branches of a tree. In the
case to which the writer refers, the nest was found upon the hori-

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 105

zontal beam of a,n outhouse, to Avliicli the rafters are attached,
after the manner of Sayornis fuscus^ Baird. The case oi M. cri-
nitus cited above seems to the writer to be a case of reversion of
habits.

Why this species alone of all others of the family to which it
belongs should seek shelter and protection for its young in the
hollows of trees, is hard to divine. We should expect to see in
its structure a family resemblance. It is true that it is of a
quarrelsome disposition, and as a necessary consequence, gains
many enemies. To insure protection for its young against the
latter's attacks, it has hit upon the happy expedient of hiding
them away in the places designated.

The feathers selected for the nest are mostly white, or of a
grayish color, which, with the characteristic hue of the inner bark
of trees and the rotten wood that form the bulk of the nest, i*e-
semble so closely the ground color of the egg and its markings,
that great advantage is gained thereby. The food of this species
is mostly bees, beetles, grasshoppers, and lepidoptera. Perched
upon a dead branch of a tree, the writer has observed the male
bird, for hours, bobbing the head this way and that, then up and
down, always on the alert for the beings which form its appro-
priate diet. During the period when the species is with young,
ma}^ be noticed similar practices, Avhich, however, are not so pro-
longed, for the male bird after brief periods of time repairs to the
nest with its spoils, which are dealt out to the female and the
young according to the character of the food. The period of in-
cubation ranges from 13 to 14 days.

Order PICARI-ffi.
Family CAPRIMULGID^E.

Subfamily Caprimulgin^.
Antrostomus vociferus, Bonap.

This common and little known species arrives during the earl}'
part of May, already paired. It is of a shy and retired disposition,
secluding itself during the daytime in close forests, among the
leaves or underbrush, only venturing forth during the shadowy
twilight in quest of its food, which consists of crepuscular and
nocturnal lepidoptera and various species of Phj-llophagous
beetles. Such a partialit}' has it for the covert of woods that the
8

106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

writer has never startled it in the open- fields. The dull and
sombre shadows cast upon the ground by the fluttering leaves of
the trees, with the faint streaks of light that come and go between
their interstices, combined with the dark colors of the leaves that
repose upon the soil, create a sort of gray light, which beautifully
harmonizes with the natural tints of the bird. In my travels I
have often observed a whip-poor-will to start up within fifteen
paces of me, and after fl3'ing a short distance on swift and noise-
less pinions, to alight upon the ground. After indicating the spot
by a certain bush or fallen limb, I have stealthily approached,
straining my vision to its utmost capacity to gain a glimpse of
the squatting bird, but before I could gratify my desire, she
was up and off" again. Time after time has been so spent, but
seldom has it been my fortune to witness the consummation
of this desire. It has never been my lot to see the male and
female together during the period of incubation. The merest
apology of a nest is all that is constructed. By the side of a
fallen and decayed log, usually on the side where the deepest
shadow is found, the female has been observed to deposit her
eggs. A slight concavity is scooped out b}^ her, and frequently
lined with decayed wood, reduced to a powdered condition, the
site being selected where a read}' supply of the material is at hand.
There is never more than one brood in a season. The period of
incubation ranges from fourteen to fifteen days. I have often
been surprised while travelling to notice how conscious it is of
approaching steps even when the greatest caution is observed to
avoid giving alarm. Its visual organs being ill-adapted to the
light of day, and even the mellowed light of the woods being too
powerful a stimulus, it is certain that it must depend upon other
means for the detection of danger. The organ of hearing, which
is well developed, is assuredly called into requisition. This species
makes its appearance rather late in the season, when the sun has
obtained considerable power, and retires earlj-, frequently as early
as the 25th of September.

Family TROCHILID^E.
Subfamily Trochilin^.

Trochilus colubris, Linn.

This beautiful little species, which is the only one of its family
limited to this section of country (E. Penn.), makes its appearance

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 107

during the early part of Ma3^, about the time the horse chestnut
(jEscuhis hi];)pocastanum) spreads its rich clusters of fragrant
blossoms to the vernal breezes. The small insects which frequent
the blossoms for their honey, together with the honey itself, afford
it a rich repast. It commences building during the early part of
June, both birds working assiduously until the nest is completed.
In the spring of 1812, Master Charles Silverthorn, one of the
writer's pupils, secured for the latter's collection at least fifteen
nests, from a district scarcely one-fourth of a mile in diameter,
thus showing the abundance of the species in this latitude. Some
of these nests were saddled upon the moss-covered branches of an
apple or pear tree, while the major part of them was found upon
the branches of various species of oaks, chiefly Quercus rubra and
Quercus alba. They were constructed of a W00II3' substance of
vegetable origin, plucked from the leaves of Verbascum thapsus,
L., of almost immaculate whiteness. It is doubtful whether the
soft down which appears upon the unexpanded leaves of the pop-
lars is utilized, since the leaves are already developed in the gene-
rality of cases when nidification commences. The exterior of the
nest is compactly covered by a thatching of bluish-colored lichens,
possibly a Parmelia, glued thereon by a viscid saliva, secreted by
the birds. I have never observed, as some, the small woody fibres
on the outside, which are said to strengthen the fabric. Occasion-
ally a few cobwebs have been noticed, but the manner in which
the lichens cohere seems to be all that is necessary. The nests are
usually 1.50 inch in diameter, with a depth of 1.75 inch. Speci-
mens have been taken fully 2 inches in ' depth. The internal
cavity never exceeds | of an inch in depth, while instances are
known of small nests with less than ^ inch. The writer has taken
nests during the latter part of Juh*, with eggs, but whether a
second set or not he is unable to say, possibly the work of pairs
that have been frustrated in their labors during the earl}^ part of
the season. During the hatching period the male is in close
proximity to the nest, and if any attempt is made to interfere
therewith, is foremost and loudest in his cries of resentment, and
even flies into the intruder's face with half opened jaws, requiring
considerable effort to beat him off. His mate is of a more passive
nature. The period of incubation, according to the writer's esti-
mate, is about eight days. So susceptible to cold is the species

108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

that I have known it to leave for the sunny south as early as the
10th of September.

Family CUCULID^E.

Subfamily Coccyzin^.
Coccyzus Americanus.

This species, a very common resident during the warm season,
arrives from the south during the latter part of April, and retires
to its genial warmth early in the fall, frequently as early as the
first of October. In this neighborhood the nest is usually con-
structed between the forked branches of Madura aurantiaca, at
an elevation of about ten feet from the ground. It is composed
externally of small sticks and rude grasses, and lined internalh'
■with fine grasses. The male bird scarcely forsakes his mate during
incubation, save to provide himself and her with food. When not
thus engaged, he perches upon a limb of the same tree, within a
short distance of the nest, ever watchful of her, and apparently
ready to administer to her slightest calls. Feelings of the tender-
est sympathy and the most devoted affection are mutually ex-
hibited. It is not shy and timid in disposition, but shows con-
fidence in man hy building close to his domains. In tlie spring
of 1872, from mj^ school window I could command a view of a
nest of this species, and obsjprve the minutest details of its every-
day life. My pupils frequently in their plays would pass under-
neath the tree, while the birds were engaged in building, but so
intent were they upon their work that the}' heeded not their
presence. The nest was completed, eggs were deposited and
hatched, and the young matured ; the parent birds evidentl}' feel-
ing as secure as in more sequestered situations. Such friendship
as is here displayed should strike a sympathetic cord in the bosom
of relentless man, and induce him to throw around such unsus-
pecting creatures the ajgis of his protection. The period of incu-
bation is fourteen daj's. When the female is with young, the duty
of feeding devolves upon the male, who, with the instincts of a
faithful husband and father, administers with alacrity to their
physical wants.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 109

Family PICID.E.

Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Sw.

This beautiful species is of rave occurrence in tlie vicinit}^ of
Pliiladelphia during tlie breeding season. It is more abundant,
however, farther west. In the counties of Union and Northum-
berland, of the State of Pennsylvania, the writer has observed it
in great numbers. There it is the principal species, as Golaptes
au7-atus, Swainson, is in the east. It arrives seldom earlier than
the first week in Maj', and soon begins to excavate a cavity in a
tree for its nest. The place selected is ordinarily' an apple tree
close by the habitation of man, but occasionally a more secluded
and retired spot. The writer has often observed the nests in the
hollows of partially decaj^ed willows upon the margins of ponds.
The cavity ranges from ten to twelve inches in depth, being some-
what wider at the bottom than at the entrance ; the latter being
just wide enough to admit the body of the bird. Dr. Thompson,
in his work entitled "Birds of Vermont," affirms that " the larger
end of the egg is marked with reddish spots." This variety I
have never observed. It may be an exceptional occurrence in
more northern latitudes. From Samuels' description of the site
selected for nidiflcation, it would seem that this species is of a
timid nature. Familiarit}' with its habits has convinced me that
it is remarkablj" unsuspicious, and courts rather than shuns the
society of man. In the month of August, not later than the 10th,
in the central part of this State, the writer has seen immense flocks
of this bird, numbering hundreds, within an apple orchard, tap-
ping the rough and fissured bark of the trees in quest of the insects
that lurk therein. So tame and confiding were they, that it was
possible to approach within a few paces of them without exciting
suspicion or creating alarm. In the vicinity of the White Deer
Mountains, in the count}^ of TJnion, they abound in immense num-
bers during the breeding season, and are the objects of protection
by the farmers, for the good which they accomplish in the destruc-
tion of m^'riads of insects. The period of incubation ranges from
fourteen to fifteen days. The usual complement of eggs is two,
occasionally three have been found.

110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

July 7.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger. in the chair.
Fifteen members present.
The death of Dr. Governeur Emerson was announced.

Prof. Persifor Frazer, .Jr., made the folloTving remarks : —

I had the honor, at the hist meeting, of presenting to the Aca-
demy for its consideration, some attempts to reconcile the results
of the analyses of minerals 1)3' tlie best chemists with formulas,
which were constructed on the doctrine of quantivalence, i. e., the
known atom-saturating power of the elements. In my former
communication I endeavored to show that such a mixture of defi-
nite chemical compounds (generally cr3^stalli^ing in different sys-
tems) as was indicated b}^ the greater number of the old formulas
could not have those characteristic physical properties which serve
to distinguish homogeneous bodies from each other ; and above
all, that no mixture of two minerals crj-stallizing in different sys-
tems could produce a third cr\^stallizing in still another S3'stem.
I stated that there seemed to be onl3' two cases in which the for-
mation of minerals in this way is possible ; the one where one of
the compounds preponderates to such an extent that the resulting
mass is moulded according to its own morphological law ; aiid the
other where the resulting mass is not crystallized at all, but at
most cr3'stalline, 2. e., made up of minute cr3'stals or individuals
of each species, but simpl3- ^ggi'cgated together.

That such is the explanation of man)' crystalline and cr3'pto-
crystalline rocks the microscope has sufficientl3' demonstrated,
and it would hardl3^ be going too far to sa3^, that, wherever an
amorphous mineral shows such a chemical constitution that its
elements cannot be brought into a single formula consistent with
what we alread3' know of the behavior of its anion and cathion
radicals, a strong probabilit3' exists that the mineral is simph^ a
mixture.

On this hypothesis of the case the circumstance cannot fail to
demand explanation that the same mixtures in the same propor-
tions should so often occur with similar paragenesis ; and it is
not to be denied that this fact needs careful study'.

But in man3' instances the cause of this uuiformit3', itself appa-
rently the result of chance, is to be traced to disintegration of a
previousl3' existing mineral into two or more others, or the partial
alteration of one mineral into another throughout its whole mass,
and by the action of outside forces.

Thus chalcop3'rite might suffer partial decomposition into chal-
cocite and jna-ite, or into tenorite and hematite, or into all four of

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. Ill

these minerals, and while the mass could hav^e no crystal form of
its own, the mutual ratios of the resulting compounds would be
more constant as the process of decomposition was more perfect.

It often results that in calculating a formula for a so-called
species the results of analyses of specimens from widely distant
localities, and made by different persons, agree remarkably well
together, while the atomic ratio is such as to resist all efforts to
bring these atoms into one homogeneous compound Often, too,
the student sees clearly that he is dealing with a partiallj' decora-
posed mass, and would, perhaps, be justified in writing "a, per
cent, of the mineral A with &, per cent, of the mineral B dissemi-
nated through it," but it is obvious that he must assign wide
limits to a and 6; and if the species possess that patent of genuine-
ness, crystal form, unless he define those limits his formula loses
its value.

Take the case of smaltite. This mineral has veiy well-marked
physical properties and unmistakable crj'^stal form, and is an arse-
nate of cobalt, iron, and nickel, but its per cent, of As varies from
59 percent. (Salvetal & Wertheim) to about 75 per cent. (Karsten);
the Co from 0 per cent. (Rammelsberg) to 20 per cent. (Stro-
meyer) ; the Ni from 0 per cent. (Yarrentrapp & Stromeyer) to
29.50 (Rammelsberg); the Fe from trace (Rammelsberg) to IS
(von Kobell) ; Cu from 0 per cent. (Lange, Booth, Karsten, &c.)
to 2 per cent. (Jackel). Besides these very large varieties of com-
position there are frequentlj^ found other elements with it, such
as Bi and S. Howls a formula to be constructed for such a
mineral?

The only recourse is to the R's, and we have no less than four
groups of formulas proposed b}' Dana, under one of which every
smaltite yet analyzed can be brought. The first two of these are
really identical, and differ only in the different proportions in
which the analogous elements Is^'i, Co, and Fe, replace each other,
and may be written RAs^. But the next group (C) has the for-
mula RAs -f RAs,, and the third (D) RAs. + RASg.

Independently' of the presumptive evidence against such a mix-
ture producing a beautiful octahedron of smaltite, where is to be the
limit to such formulas ? Why not RAs -|- RAs, -|- RASg -j- etc. ?
And would it not be well to adopt some more definite rule for
assigning formulas to minerals of such variable composition ?

Without naming these laws certain facts can be assumed on
which to base them: 1st. If there is no single chemical formula
which expresses the constitution of a crj-stallized mineral, then
that mineral is a mixture. 2d. Its form is determined by the
preponderance in quantit}^ or in crystallizing power, or both, of
one of its constituents. 3d. The mineral can only present its
characteristics when the foreign ingredients are present under a
given per cent.

The plan would seem to be to deduce from the known charac-

112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

teristics of the simpler compouncls which most resembk it, to
which of them it owed its morphological properties; and, having
decided this question, to write the formula, for that mineral as the
si^ecies, and consider the other as a complex variety of it,

I append some few names of minerals with their old and new
rational formulas generally compared, and in addition to the usual
method of writing these new formulas I have added that form of
graphic symbol which presents fewest typographical difficulties.

Old Formula. New Formula.

Niccolite.
NiAs Ni^^As^— As^=:Ni"or } .^.

As"^ = Ni'^— Ni^^EEAs'"

Breithauptite.

NiSb (NiJ^'^Sb./"

NigSb,

Bornite.

(Cu„re)S (Cu,)3"fS,"i(re,)'^

(Cuj3"FeJ^S,

(Eecalculated from one of the
original records of analysis.)

Chalcop3'rite.

Cu.^S + FeS+FeS, (D) {Cu.y'=S,''=FeJ'=S^'\

usually Cu.S + Fe.Sg ' (Cu,)"Fe/^S,

Barnhardite.

2CuS+FeS+FeS, (Cu4"=S^" = Fe.7i=S

(CuJ,Fe,S, '

Calaverite.

Au,Te^ Te"=An"^— Te"— Te"—

— Au"^=Te"

Au"n^e.,"— Te/'Au"^
(AV"Te,"), '

Miargyrite.

Ag,S+Sb,S3 Ag^— S"— Sb"i=S"

Ag^Sb"^S,

^.IC-I-vIIIli^ 11

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 113

Old Formula. New Formula.

(Antimonial.) Tetraheclrite.

4CUS + SKS3 (CuJ"=S,"=Sb^— S"— Sb^=S,"=(Cu.J"

(Cu,),"Sb,S,
(Arsenical.) Tetrahedrite.

4CuS + As,S3 (Cu;;"=S.,"=As^— S"— As^=S,"=(Cu,)''

II II

S" S"

(Cu,),"As,S,

Witticbenite.

3CU3S + BI3S3 S"= Bi"^— S"— (Cu.,)/^=

= S3"=Bi"^

(Cu,),"Bi,/"S."
Note. — Dana gives the atomic ratio of Cu : Bi : S : : 3 : 1 : 3. From his
seventh record of analysis (by Schneider), however, this ratio is 4 : 2 : 5.

Stromej-erite.
(Ag,Cu,)S (Cu,)"=S,"=Ag./

((Cu,)"Ag./)S,"
Note. — The atomic ratio expressed in Dana's formula is Ag : Cu : S : :
1 : 2 : 1, whereas from Stromeyer's analysis it appears very clearly as 1 : 1 : 1.

Dufrenite.
Karsten's Analysis D2.

I I

0"=Fe.7^ = 03"EEEP^=0"J

Libetbenite.

4CuO.P03-{-HO From tbe atomic ratio.

Cu : P : II : 0 : : 2 : 1 : 1 : 5

Cn,"=^0^ = P^— 0"— IP
(HCu,")(P^O,")''
Olivenite.
4CuO.(P,As)0,+ H,p ((H^CiOAs^O,"),

Cn./^^0,=As^— 6"— H'
Note. — Some P replaces As.

114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Old Formula. New Formula.

Malachite.

2CuO.CO, Cu," = 0," = C^^+aq

Domeykite.

(Cuj3"As/"

Dyscrasite.
Ag.Sb Sb^lAg3

Calculated from orisfinal re-
cord of analysis by Rammels-
berg (No. 9 in Dana).

Leucopyrite.

FeAs^ As^— Fe"— As'^

Fe"As/

Linnaeite.

2CoS + CoSa Co"= S,"= Co^^= S,"= Co"

C03S,"

Skutterudite.

C0AS3 As3^=Coi^— Co^^eeAs.^

(Co,)^^As/

Sylvanite.

(Ag,Au)Te3 Ag^Te"— An'"=Te"

(Ag^Au"OTe/i

Jamesonite.

2(Pb,Fe)S + Sb,S3 Pb"=S/'=Sb"'— S"— Pb"—

_S"— Sb"^=S"
with Fe replacing Pb, or

Pb,"Sb,/"S3"

Chalcostibite.

Cu,S + Sb,S3 (CuJ"=S3"=Sb„"^ = S,"

^ (Cig"(Sb-S,")3^

Bournonite.

3(Cu„Pb)S + Sh,S, Sb"i= S3" = Pb.,"— S"— Sb"i=

= S,"=(Cu,)"
(Pb,"(Cu.,)")(Sb"^S3")/"

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 115

Old Formula. New Formula.

Stephaiiite.

5AgS + Sb,S3 Ag,^lS,"lSb^

Ag,^Sb-S,"
Note — Dana's first record of analysis by H. Rose gives atomic ratio of
Sb : S : Ag : : 1 : 4.3 : 5.2, but the indications are of a compound as above.

Sartorite.
PbS +Sb,S3 Pb"=S./i=Sb,/" = S.,"

Pb"(Sb"iS/03 ■
Brochantite.
From Forchhammer's Analysis (D 3).
(3CuO.S03),+ CuO.HO The ratio of

Cu : 0 : S : H : : .3 : 9 : 1 : 6

hence

Cu,"=0,"=S^^=0,"=Cu"+

+ aq

hence Cu3"S^^O„"+(H.p)3

Change of Habit in Smilacina hifolia. — Mr. Thomas Meehan
remarked that this plant, as was Avell known, was usually terres-
trial, preferring generall}^ the A'icinit}^ of large trees. It propagates
itself b}" underground stolons, advancing but a few inches each
season ; the stolons of the preceding year djing as soon as a new
one was made. He had recently seen a case where the stolons had
advanced from the ground, and up the trunk of a large chestnut
tree, to the height of about two feet ; the original stolons for sev-
eral years back having died awa}^, and the plant taken in a purel}^
epiphytal character. The I-oots and stolons mostly had penetrated
the coarse, rough bark of the chestnut tree, the leaves only being
chiefly visible. The fact is trifling, and in old times, perhaps,
hardly worth recording ; but in these days, when the change of
character in connection with the evolution of form had such a
general interest, even this was worth recording.

July 14.

The President, Dr. R,uschenberger, in the chair.

Seven members present.

The following papers were presented for publication : —

"On Fertilization of certain Flowers through Insect Agency,
and other jNIatters Botanical." By Thos. G. Gentry.

116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

" Description of a new species of Helix." B}^ Jas. Lewis, M .D.

" On some Batvachia and Xematognatbi brought from the
Upper Amazon b}- Prof. Orton." By Edw. D. Cope.

The resignotion of Mr. N. E. Macomber as a member of the
Academy Avas offered and accepted.

Prof. Cope stated that the snakes of the genus Storeria, B. and
G., are viviparous like Eutsenia and other tropidonotine genera
to which they are allied. He had frequently' made this observa-
tion, but had not placed it on record so far as he knew. He also
stated tiiat the Colorado potato beetle had probably terminated in
its eastern migration, as it had appeared pretty well distributed
in Isew Jersej' the present season.

Prof. Cope gave a synopsis of the result of his work in connec-
tion with Ha^'den's United States Geological Survey of the Terri-
tories during the season of IS'IS. He stated that the investigation
covered principally' the paleontology of the cretaceous, eocene,
miocene, and pliocene periods in Colorado. The whole number
of species of vertebrata obtained was one hundred and fift}', of
which ninety-five were at the time new to science. The cretaceous
species were both terrestrial and marine, and the miocene were
most numerous. These numbered seventy-five species, of which
fift3'-seven were new. They embraced, as especial additions to the
fauna, numerous reptiles and Mammalia of all the orders, espe-
cially Innecfivora, Rodentia, and Carnwora. Important additions
were the gigantic horned Si/mborodonn^ and numerous A'cry small
ruminants allied to the Tragulidse. He stated that the discovery
of the latter added a stronger resemblance to the miocene of
France than had been heretofore supposed to exist. The existence
of Elotherium and Anchitheriuin gave the fauna somewhat older
facies than that of France.

He stated that the only genus of lizards that could be well
anal^-zed is the Pellomi(rus, Coj^e, and that this proves to be a
memi)er of the existing family of Gerrhonotidse, which is now
confined to Mexico and California. Hence, like man}' rodents,
but unlike the higher mammalia, these miocene lizards had con-
tinued with but little modification to the present day.

He also discussed the age of the Bridger eocene, stating that it
had been orioinallv termed miocene by the geologists of King's
surve}^, and later lower miocene, or upper eocene, b}^ Marsh. He
had published it as eocene in 1872, and contended that it presented
features which indicate a somewhat earlier age tlian tliat of the
Paris basin. He said that there were numerous parallels of cor-
responding genera in the two ; the Mesonyx, Pa.lseosyops, JETi/ra-
chyus^ Achdenodon, Ilyop^odus, and Anaplomo7-pJw.s^ of the Bridger
formation, represented tlie Hyaenodon, Palseotlierium^ Lophiodon,
Anthracotherium, Hyr'acolherium, and Adapts of the Paris basin

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. IIT

respectivel3% The former was, however, entirely peculijir in its
Eohaailiidse^ Bathmodontidee, and Anchippodontidse^ and in its
almost entire want of artiodaetjles (none with crescent-bearing
teeth), while the French eocene possessed non-ruminating artio-
dactyles, with crescent-bearing teeth, in its numerous Anoplotherii-
dse and Hrjopotamidse. He concluded that there were good reasons
for reaardina: the facies as older than that of the Paris basin.

July 21.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Nine members present.

Prof. Persifor Frazer, Jr., made the following remarks : The
coal-cutting machine, designed by Mr. Jas. Brown, of Brazil, Ind.,
and photographs of which were kindly sent me by the inventor,
and are herewith offered for the inspection of the members, con-
sists of a steel or iron wheel set in a frame, connected with the
pneumatic engine, which runs in rails laid parallel to the face of
the lieading, which in this case may be several hundred yards
long.

On tlie outer periphery of this wheel are arranged twenty or
thirt}^ triangular-shaped pieces of steel, united with it at one of
their apices by a pin. In the middle of the opposite side, which is
curved, are firmly fixed chilled-steel teetli, which set themselves
by friction against the coal to the proper position for cutting, as
the wheel is rotated to the right or left. The motion is imparted
by Baeans of a small-toothed wheel which moves in rackwork on
the under surface of the wheel.

The machine is suitable for the soft coals of jointed structure
(i.e., the black coals), and is operated bj"- causing the machine to
revolve against the face of an exposure, and at the same time
draw itself forward, b\" means of a rack and pinion attachment,
to a middle rail. When it has undercut the coal as far as it can,
it is caused to move sideways along the pair of rails first men-
tioned until it has cut a channel an inch or two high, four and a
half feet deep, and as long as the breadth of the heading. The
blocks of coal are thus separated from the rest, except on two
sides, viz., the upper and the rear sides, and a skilful miner can
knock down with the pick huge cubical blocks, which are com-
paratively regular, and suffer less loss by attrition in transporta-
tion.

As in all pneumatic machines the escaped air aids materially in
ventilating the mine.

118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

July 28.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Six members present.

On report of the committees to whicli they had been referred,
the follo'wiug papers were ordered to be published: —

DESCKIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF HELIX.
BY JAMES LEWIS, M.D.

Helix (Mesodon) Lawii, Lewis.

^ex. Shell urabilicated, subglobose ; epidermis pale

r ~~^\ corneous, thin and delicately striate ; spire but a
j^^^ri^ little elevated; suture quite distinctly impressed;
i _ whorls nearly five, the last a little expanded and

then conspicuously contracted as it approaches the
peristome ; peristome white, reflected, rather nar-
row, scarcel}^ thickened, the margin being some-
what sharp ; aperture well rounded, elliptically
lunate, scarcely less in area than the unexpanded portion of the
last whorl, and scarcely modified bj' the presence of a narrow,
slightly curved, slightly elevated lamellar tooth on the parietal
wall ; umbilical region but a little impressed ; umbilicus narrow,
deep and scarcely contracted b}' the proximity of the reflected
lips ; base somewhat convex. Greater diameter 5.9, lesser 5.3,
alt. 3.6 mm. A smaller specimen — greater diameter 5.6, lesser
4.9, alt. 3.5 mm. Found among roots of strawberry plants in
fields near Hayesville, Clay Co., N. C. Miss Annie E. Law.
Cabinet of Isaac Lea, LL.D., Philadelphia.
Cabinet of the Academy of j!^atural Sciences, Philadelphia.
Remarks. Under the present system of classification the above
described shell will, no doubt, be regarded as coming within the
limits of the subgenus Mesodon. Possibly a revision of sub-
genera might with propriety be made to set this species apart.
The shell is about of the size and form of helicina (Ologyra)

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 119

orbiculafa, Say, but will at once be distinguished b3-its somewhat
translucent aspect, its umbilicus, and the noticeable lamelliform
tooth on the parietal wall. Regarded as belonging in the sub-
genus llesodon, it will at once be recognized as the most diminutive
known member of the group. It is not without importance, in-
asmuch as it increases the list of rare species referable to Meso.
don heretofore found in Cherokee Co.,' N. C, a portion of which
territory forms what is now known as Clay County. The shell
can scarcely be confounded with any known species. At the re-
quest of Mr. Lea (who refers the shell to me for description) I
name the species in honor of Miss Annie E. Law, wdiose earnest
labors in this department of zoology merit a much higher recog-
nition than this.

■ Helix Clarkii, Lea, Helix Wheatleyi, Bland, Helix Christyi, Bland.

120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

ON SOME BATRACHIA AND NEMATOGNATHI BROUGHT FROM THE
UPPER AMAZON BY PROF. ORTON.

BY EDWARD D. COPE.

BATRACHIA.

URODELA.
Oedipus altamazonicus, ?p. nov.

Represented hy three specimens. These are of slender form
with long tail and weak limbs. The digits are palmate to the tips.
The head is an elongate oval, and its width enters the length to
the o-roin more than six times. The end of the muzzle is tumid,
and notched in the middle ; the external nostril pierces each tumidity
above the lip. The vomerine teeth are in two short arches meet-
ing in the middle and not extending outwards bej'ond the inner
margin of the inner nares. Parasphenoids numerous, the patches
not distinguished anteriorly. Thirteen costal folds, the oppressed
foot and thin limbs each extending over four of them. Tail swol-
len at the base, a vertical oval in section. A groove along the
median line of the back and tail. Dermal pores numerous. Color
uniform dark brown.

Total length of a small specimen .082 m. ; of head and body,
.040 ; of head, .007 ; width of head behind, .005 ; length of foot limb,
.007. Length of head and body of a larger specimen, .050.

This is the most southern known salamander, the first disco-
vered south of the equator. «

From Nauta.

AXURA.

BUFOKIFOKJIIA.
Bufo agua, Dand.
Bufo naricus, Spix.

Bufo margaritifer, Laur. Otilophus Cur.
Bufo granulosus, Spix.
From the Maranon.

Arcifera.
Phyllomedusa scleroderma, Cope. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci.,Phila., 1868, p. 112.

From Xauta.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 121

Pithecopus tarsius, Cope, loc. cit., p. 113.

Kauta.
Pithecopus ccElestis, sp. nov.

General appearance and size much as in Phyllomedusa hicolor^
but there is no trace of parotid gland or line of cr^'pts. The
pigment of the upper surfaces extends on the humerus and the
outer two toes of both limbs. "Vomerine teeth present. Palpebrte
not reticulate ; no dermal processes. Tympanum a vertical oval
.3 to .25 of the diameter of the eye. Muzzle short, obliquely trun-
cate to lip. It is reached by tlie elbow of the extended fore limb ;
the heel only reaches the front of the orbit. First finger oppos-
able ; first toe longer than second ; third with very small dilata-
tion. Superior surfaces blue, sides yellow, with vertical purple
bars. Concealed surfaces light maroon, with yellow spots ; on the
posterior face of the femur in two series. Belly and throat sea-
green, unspotted. Lower lip yellow bordered ; upper lip without
markings. Upper e^yelids yellow bordered.

Skin smooth above, sides coarsely, belly finely areolate. Fore-
arm and outer toe with a narrow yellow line on the outer margin.
A similar one above vent. Length of head and bod^^, .057 ; of
head to angle of jaws, .016 ; width of head at angle of jaws, .020 ;
length of fore limb, .040 ; of hind limb, .080; of hind foot, .036 ;
of tarsus, .020.

From Moyabamba, Peru.

Pithecopus tomopternus, Cope, loc. cit., p. 112.
Abundant at Nauta.

Hypsiboas punctatus, Daudin, Dum. Bibr., viii. 552.

Nauta.
Hypsiboas crepitans, Wied. Beitr. Naturg. Braz., i. 525.
From Nauta.

Hypsiboas spectrum, Reinhot. et Liitk. Viden. Medd. Nat. Forening Kjobenhavn,
1861, p. 195.

Yery nearly allied to, if not identical with this species. From
Nauta.

Centrotelma geographicum, Spix, Cope, Journ Acad., Phila., 1867, 205.

From Nauta.
Hyla marmorata, Daudin, Cope, Proceed. Academy, Phila., 1868, p. 111.

Nauta.
9

122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Hyla leucophyllata, Beireis ; vars. tyjHca et triangulum, Gthr.

Nauta.
Osteocephalus planiceps, sp. nov.

A rather slender species, "with long limbs, and the general pro-
portions of the species of Hyjjsiboas. Head broad and plane on
the upper surface to the straight and rectangular canthus rostralis.
Loreal region nearlj' vertical. The fronto-parietal bones are ossi-
fied, and the nasals meet on the middle line ; their superior surface
is rugose with ossific deposit, which in some cases assumes the
form of radiating ridges, but nowhere penetrates the free derm.
The lateral margins of the fronto-parietals are indicated by deli-
cate angular ridges incurred posteriori}-. The vomerine teeth
form two curved transverse series between the posterior portions
of the inner nares, the angle forwards the outer limb a little longer.
Choanffi very large, ostia pharyngea half the size. Tongue oval,
bound behind. Eye large with transparent palpebra, its diameter
equal to the space between it and the nostril, one-fourth greater
than that of the large membranum t^'mpani, and one-fourth less
than the frontal width. Belly and sides coarsely areolate, back
minutely tubercular. A short tubercular fold from orbit to behind
scapula. Fingers free ; toes webbed to the base of the penul-
timate phalange of the fourth digit ; first (least) toe webbed to
disk. The heel of the extended hind limb extends beyond the ^
muzzle by the diameter of the tympanum. No dermal fringes or
processes.

Color above uniform dark brown, concealed surfaces of limbs
similar and without any markings. Sides a little varied with the
white of the belt. A light border to the upper lip, and lighter
line from the orbit to the angle of the mouth ; dermal scapular
fold pale edged. Femur and tibia with dark crossbands on the
exposed surfaces.

M.

Length of head and body 060

" " (axial) to angle of mandible . . . .017

Width " at " " ... .019

Length of muzzle from orbit 009

" of fore limb 037

" of hand 016

• " of hind limb 093

" of foot 037

" of tarsus 019

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 123

This is the fourth species of the genus Osteocephalus, Fitz, and
differs from those previously known in the absence of palmation
of the fingers, weaker cranial crests, straight canthus rostralis, etc.

From Nauta.

Scytopis funereus, sp. nov.

Vomerine teeth in short fascienti between the choan?e. Fingers
free. Head oval, muzzle narrowed; eyes small, diameter equal
length to muzzle and less than frontal width, twice diameter of
tympanic membrane. Hind limbs long, the heel extending to con-
siderably beyond the end of the muzzle. First (inner) toe nearly
free; longest webbed to base of penultimate phalange. Areola-
tion of belly fine, back with a very few scattered elevations. Dark
brown or blackish with a broad black cross-band between the eyes
and several across arm, femur, tibia, and tarsus. Femora uniform
behind ; a few black spots on the posterior part of the side.
Throat and breast black punctated.

M.

Length of head to angle of lower jaw 013

" of head at angle of lower jaw 015

" to vent 044

Width of sacrum. 008

Length of hind leg 073

" " foot 030

" " taraus 013

Distinguished from other species of the genus by its long lec;?^.

From Mo3'abaraba, Peru.
Scytopis allenii, Cope, Proceed. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1869, p. 162.

From Nauta and Moyabamba. ,

Scytopis cryptanthus, sp. nov.

Allied to the last species, but with non-elongate flat head, and
different coloration. The head is a long oval, and the diameter of
the e^'e is only three-fifths the length from its border to the ex-
ternal nostril, about .15 the interorbital width, and one and one-
half times that of the membranum tympani. Vomerine teeth
between nares. The heel of the extended hind limb marks the
half the distance from orbit to end of muzzle. Fino-ers and first
toe free. Uniform dark brown above, sides and gular region brown
speckled. Groin and concealed surfaces of hind limbs black, with
brillant yellow spots, three on the under side of the tibia, two on

124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

the posterior face of the femur, and one large confluent one on the
front of femur and groin, which is on the former notched above by
two or three blaclc spots.

M.

Length of head and body 044

" of head to angle of jaws 015

Width " above angle of jaws 015

Length of hind limb 070

" "foot 030

" " tarsus 013

From Nauta.

The species of this genus ma}^ be divided as follows :

Fingers webbed. 8. venulosus.

Fingers free. 8. aurantiacus.

Heel extending to beyond muzzle. 8. funereus.

Heel not reaching end of muzzle.
Skin smooth above. 8. allenii.

8. xsignatus.

8. cryptanthus.
Skin arrolate above. 8. ruber.

8. acuminatus.
Scy topis amantiacus, Daudin.

Nauta.
Nototrema marsupiatum, Derm. Bibr. Evp. Gen. viii. 598.

Nauta; in two specimens, the ethmoid is uuossified above, while
there is no fronto-parietal fontanelle.

Family CYSTIGNATHIDJE.
Subfamily Cystignathi.

Bubonias plicifrons, gen. et sp. nov.

Fronto-parietal bones fully ossiQed, nasals separated. Xiphis-
ternum, an osseous stjle with disk. Auditory organs well de-
veloped. A large gland in the inguinal region ; no tarsal shovels
nor spurs. Maxillary, but no vomerine teeth. Form, toad-like.

This genus it is evident presents characters of Liujperus in
dentition, Pleurodema in glands and feet, and Cystignathus in
cranial structure.

Char. Bjiecif. — Head narrow, with elevated lores. Membranum
t^'mpani oval, its long axis directed upwards and forwards, and
nearly equal in length to that of the eye. The latter equals the
length from its border to the end of the (osseous) muzzle. Skin

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 125

everywhere smooth except in the following regions of the upper
surface. A strong elevated fold from the superciliar}- border to
the inguinal gland, below which on the scapular region is a boss
like a parotid gland : A fold from the inner border of the eyelid
to the end of the sacral diapophysis ; a fold frona the end of the
muzzle to the end of the cocc3^x on the median line. A short
conic tubercle stands at its extremity on the muzzle. Edge of the
eyebrow with three dermal processes or " horns." There is a ridge
extending along the inner border of the large choanae which sup-
ports no teeth. Tongue a long oval, notched posteriorl3\ The
middle of the forearm marks the end of the muzzle, and the heel,
the tympanum. Digits all entirely free.

Color above brown; below pure white; sides pure black, the
color extending on the sides of the abdomen and then passing
round in front of the femora, thus inclosing an anchor-shaped
space of white. A black spot on the posterior part of the inguinal
gland ; femora behind with a black band from one popliteal region
to the other. From this, black bands extend to the end of the
coccyx, one across the femur above, and a broad one across the
femur below, near the knee. Tibia below black, with a j'ellow
cross-band. Limbs above brown; forelegs black and white spotted
below.

M.

Length of head and body 038

" " to angles of mandible 012

Width " at " " 013

Length of fore limb 021

" ofhindHmb 045

" of hind foot 022

" of tarsus 008

Two specimens from Nauta.

The dermal plicae though strong are easily lost by stretching.
Cyclorhamphus aemaricus, ?p. nov.

Form like Scaphiopus. The tympanic membrane wanting and
the tympanic chamber occupied by muscle. Ostia pharyngea
minute ; their depth not ascertained. Vomerine fasciculi minute,
and between the small choanre. Tongue round, extensively free.
Labial integument largely free and overhanging the lower jaw.
Xiphisternum broad, emarginate base osseous. Limbs short, the
heel reaches about to the angle of the mouth. Fingers free, toes

126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

half palmate ; a free border on the inner side of the tarsus, and
outer side of outer toe. Skin smooth except a few small tubercles
on the occipital region. In the male there are numerous small
horny points on the breast, and a lai'ge horn^' plate on each thumb,
whose surface is roughened with crowded projecting points.

Color olive-brown above, lighter brown below ; one specimen
has a few scattered yellow spots above.

M.

Length of head and body 048

" of head to angle of mandible 012

Width " at " " 018

" " interorbital 004

Length of fore limb . 025

" of hind limb 008

" of hind foot 032

" of tarsus 012

Two specimens from lake Titicaca.

This species has a much less depressed head than the C. ma?--
morafus, and probably a less developed auditory apparatus, and
vomerine tooth series. The coloration is entirelj^ different. The
C. fasciatus^ Peters, is equallj^ distinct, judging from the descrip-
tion.

Hylodes sulcatus, sp. nov.

Distinguished for its very wide head and rugose skin. The
form is stout, but the hind limbs rather elongate. The maxillary
borders are so expanded as to give the tympanic disks a partly
vertical exposure. These are vertically oval, the diameter a little
less than that of the orbit. The latter is a little less than the
length to the anterior nares. Choanoe large, but little larger than
the ostia pharyngea. Vomerine teeth in two short curved series
entirely behind the choanse, and not extending outwards beyond
their middle ; they approach nearly inwards. Tongue round, entire,
one-third free. Fingers very short without expansions. Heel of
extended hind limb to nares ; exjiansions of hind toes well marked,
with T-shaped phalanges. A peculiarity of the species is seen in
the strong ridge that extends along the superciliary border to the
posterior border of the cranium, inclosing a groove with its fellow.
Skin below areolate on the belly ; above with numerous short,
generally symmetrical folds, two of which cross the suprascapular
region, two on the sides, two on each side the back, etc. The

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

127

sides of the head from the orbit to the angle of the jaws is covered
with closely placed tubercles giving a rugose surface.

Color, deep brown above, white below. Limbs crossbarred with
brown; femora pale, marbled behind. Lips without light border ;
a pale spot below the interval between orbit and tympanum.

Length of head and body

" of head to angle of jaws

Width of head at angle of jaws
" of head at interorbital .

Length of fore Ihnb
" of hind limb
" of foot . .

" of tarsus

M.

.047
.016

Mri
.004
.024
.075
.034
.014

From Nauta.
Peters.

Evidently allied to the Strabomantis biporcatus,

Lithodytes conspicillatus, Gthr. Batrach, Brit. Mus , 92, Var.

" Santarem, Brazil, No. 141."
Plectomantis rhodostima, sp. nov.

General form ranoid, with oval head and full and truncate muz-
zle. The head of the extended hind limb reaches to the posterior
border of the orbit. T3'mpanum .66 the size of the eye, which
equals in terorbital width and length to nostril. Vomerine teeth,
in two short curved series, on a transverse line behind the nares,
and extending upwards as far as tlieir inner border. Their size
a little exceeds that of the ostia pharyngea. Tongue elongate
oval, largely free. Skin smooth above and below. Toes before
and behind, with well-marked dilatations, and without dermal
margins. Color, above uniform brown, below whitish ; muzzle
blackish to the orbits ; femora dark-brown behind. A rose-colored
spot in the groin, one on the superior face of the femur, two on
the inferior face of the tibia, and one on the superior face of the
tarsus.

M.

Length of head aud body 045

" of head to angle of jaws
Width of head at angle of jaws

' ' of head between orbits
Length of fore limb .

" of hind limb

" of hind foot .

" of tarsus

.014
.015
.004
.026
.OoO
.029
.012

128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

One specimen from Nauta.

This species has tlie cranial structure and xipliisternal style oi
Cystignathus, but the T-shaped pliahmges and disks of Hylodes.
The riectromantis ivagneri, Peters, I have examined in Munich,
and find it to be closely allied to Cystigiiathus, so far as external
appearances are concerned, but further than this I could not ex-
amine. It, however, has digital dilatations, and I refer the present
species, provisionally, to the same genus, suspecting that such
course will be warranted by a fuller investigation of the type spe-
cimen. As here defined, it bears the same relation to Cystignathus
that Hy lor an a does to Ban a.

Cystignathus hallowellii, Cope, Proceed. Acndemy, Philada., 1868, 115. Hylodes
Italloivellii, Cope, 1. c, 18fi2, p. 153.

A variet}' from between Balso Puerto and Moyabamba, Peru.

Gnathophysa ocellata, Linne; Seba, pi. 75, fig. 1. Cystignathus labyrinlliiciis,
Dum. Bibr. Castelnan. Pletirodema labyrinthica , Gthr.

From Nauta.
Gnathophysa rubido, sp. nov.

A much smaller species than the preceding, represented by two
males and a female, the former with the nuptial spurs largely de-
veloped. The metacarpus of the pollex terminates in one, and
the second projects from the metacarpus of the second digit.
There is one with three mucrones on each side of the breast. The
general form is stout. The toes are without free dermal margins,
and the smooth abdominal derm has the discoidal fold. The
vomerine teeth form two short transverse open arches behind the
nares, not extending outwards beyond, opposite the centres of the
latter. There is a dorsolateral fold from' the orbit to near the
groin, and another, commencing just below it, extends to the mid-
dle of the side, and sends- a short branch down behind the mem-
branum tympani. Dorsal surface smooth, pustular between the
ilia; tibia pustular above. The head is a wide oval, with a short
decurved muzzle, and large eyes. The diameter of the latter ex-
ceeds the length to the outer nares, and is nearl}' twice that of the
tj'mpanic membrane. Tongue elongate oval, faintly- notched,
choanre and ostia near the same size. The heel of the extended
hind limb falls short of the orbit. The lateral glandular mass ex-
tends from near the axilla to the groin and occupies the width of
the side.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

129

Color, above reddish to brown, in one specimen bright-red;
femora black behind, faintly pale-marbled ; front of femur black,
a few black spots in the groin. Entire hind limb black, cross-
barred. A narrow black bar from nostril to tympanum ; upper
lip broadl}' black-bordered. Inferior surfaces dark-brown, with
numerous pale dots, which may be wanting on the gular region,
and inosculate on the femur.

Length of head and body

" of head to angle of jaws

Width of head at angle of jaws
" of head between orbits .

Length of fore limb .

of hind limb
of hind foot .
of tarsus

M.

.066
.019
.026
.006
.035
.081
.040
.016

From Moyabamba, Peru.
Dendrobates trivittatus, Spix (?).

This species agrees with the figure given bj^ Spix, and differs
from the description by Giinther, of the D. tincforiiis, to which
the latter author refers it as a synonym. Thus the dorsal derm
is closel}' areolate, and the ventral smooth, and the first finger is
longer than the second. There are three longitudinal yellow
bands, the outer springing from the orbits, the median from
betw^een them. The lateral extend to the knee, while another
band extends from the lips below the orbit to the middle of the
humerus. A yellow horse-shoe on the end of the muzzle; below
black, with yellow spots on the limbs only. Femur with few spots
behind.

From between Balso Puerto and Mo^'abamba, Peru.

Dendrobates labialis, sp. nov.

Skin minutely areolate on the upper surfaces, smooth below.
Muzzle flat, moderately elongate, and broadly truncate. Tympa-
num one-fifth size of eye, which equals length of muzzle and
interorbital width. The muzzle marks the end of the forearm,
and the posterior edge of the orbit the heel. First finger longer
than the second. The upper surfaces are colored by some pig-
ment, whose distinctive character has been lost in the alcohol.
Upper lip pale banded, the band extending through the axilla,

130

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

and meeting its fellow at the j^ubis.
upper surfaces.

No spots or bands on the

M.

Length of head and body

. .026

" of head to angles of jaws .

. .010

"Width of head at angle of jaws

. .008

Length of fore limb ....

. .015

" of hind limb ....

035

of hind foot ....

017

From Nauta.

Dendrobates speciosus, Schmidt, Denkschr. Acad. AViss. Wien, 1858, p. 249.

From
Atelopus seminiferus, sp. nov.

Body elongate, limbs rather short ; the muzzle nearly reaching
the middle of the extended forearm, and the heel marking the
scapula. The muzzle viewed from above is rounded, truncate,
and in profile somewhat prominent; the nostril marking a line
which falls behind the sj^mphysis of the mandible. The eyelid is
thickened, and is not prominent; and the diameter of the eye
equals the length of the muzzle and the posterior interorbital
width. The ethmoid appears to be ossified to the end of the
muzzle. Fingers slightly, toes largely webbed, the web reaching
the end of the first phalange of the fourth (long) toe. Tongue
narrow, extensively free ; ostia pharyngea smaller than the small
choanse. Skin smooth except on the sides, where there are
numerous closel3'-placed minute tubercles from the head to the
groin. A broad fold of skin extending from the side to the middle
of the length of the femur.

Above, dark-brown ; below, brownish-oraiige. Sides black from
head to groin; each tubercle of the skin yellow, resembling yellow
grains. Limbs uniform black.

Length of head and body

" of head to angle of jaws

Width of head at angle of jaws

Length of fore limbs
" of hind limbs
" of hind foot . .

M.
.040
.009
.009
.026
.045
.021

" of tarsus 007

From between Balsa Puerto and Moyabamba, Peru.
This species has a much shorter muzzle and limbs than the A.
S2nimarius (Proceed. Acad. Philada., 1811, p. 222); from Pebas.

NATURAL SCIENCES OE PHILADELPHIA.

131

Colostethus latinosus, Cope (?), Proceed. Academy, Philada., 1866, 130, and 1863,
48. Colors not presented ; identification not final.

Uetvveen Balsa Puerto and Moj'abamba.

RANIFORMIA.

Ranula brevipalmata, sp. nov.

Nearl}' allied to the B. affinis, but with the web of the posterior
digits only reaching the bases of the ultimate, or in the fourth
toe, the penultimate phalange. The membranum tympani is as
large as the eye (not orbit) ; and the nostril is near the end of
the muzzle. The extended hind limb brings the heel to the ante-
rior border of the orbit, instead of the end of the muzzle, as in
Pi, affinis. General color, olive ; below, white. Femora and
tibige marbled, with black behind.

M.

Length of head and body ' . . .049

" of head to angle of jaws
"Width of bead at angle of jaws

" of bead between orbits
Length of fore limb

" of hind limb

" of hind foot

" of tarsus

,020
.019
.00.}
.027
.074
.034
.012

From Nauta.
Ranula nigrilatus, sp. nov.

Toes fully palmate to ends of last phalanges, or base of same
on the fourth digit. Heel of extended hind limb reaching anterior
border of orbit. Ej'e one and a half times the diameter of the
tj'mpanum, and equal to the length of the lores to the nostril.
Muzzle truncate in marking the middle of the metacarpi of pro-
file; flat above the extended fore limb. First and second fingers
equal ; a tarsal dermal fold. Skin smooth.

Color, dark-brown ; sides black ; lower surfaces closelj' mar-
bled with dark-brown. Femora and tibite black, marbled behind.

Length of head and body

" of bead to angle of jaws
Width of bead to angle of jaws
Length of fore hmb

" of bind limb

" of bind foot

" of tarsus

M.

.048
.018
.018
.025
.070
.034
.012

132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

This species has the palmation of R. affinis^ and the short legs
of R. hrempalmata ; the tympanum is smaller than in either.
The head is longer and the femur shorter than in the latter. The
coloration is notably distinct. In neither of these species do I
find the dorsolateral dermal fold of the R. affinis, though this may
be due to the rather soft state of the specimens.

From Nauta.

NEMATOGNATHI.

Trichomycterus pardus, sp. nov.

Origin of dorsal fin but little behind a point above that of the
ventrals. Radii, D. 8 ; A. 6 ; V. 5 ; A. 12; truncate. Head flat,
enterinsf the length without caudal fin 4.8 times. Diameter of
orbit one-sixth length of head, and one-half interorbital breadth.
Nareal beard extending backwards beyond eye, and the maxillary
to the border of the suboperculum. Preopercular and opercular
patches full. Color above yellowish-brown, with three rows of
dark-brown spots on the sides. ' Fins and lower surfaces pale and
unspotted. Total length, .073; caudal fin, .011; head, .010;
depth at dorsal fin, .011.

This is one of the few species of the genus where the dorsahfin
is nearly immediately above the ventrals.

From

Trichomycterus rivulatus, Cud., vol. xviii. 495.

From Arequipa, Peru.
Bunocephalus melas, sp. nov.

Radial formula: D. 5 ; P. I. 5 ; Y. 6 ; A. 7 ; C. 10. Head and
shield are elongate oval, without prominent ridges or marginal
angles. The anterior humeral tuberosity marks one-third the
length to the middle of the shield at the basis of the dorsal ra3^
The width in front of the pectoral spine is a little less than .25 of
the total length (including caudal fin) ; the length of the post-
coracoid process is equal to nearl}^ two-thirds of the interspace
between them. The maxillary barbel extends to the end of the
basal third of the pectoral spine; the latter oppressed, reaches the
base of the ventral fins. Tail at anal fin wider than deep ; com-
pressed near the base of the caudal fin. Four rows of wartlets
on the sides, one of them on the lateral angle of the tail. Dorsal
fin nearer the end of the muzzle than the base of the caudal fin by
two-thirds the length of its base.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 133

Color black, darkest on the skies ; head speckled with paler.
Total length .072; to caudal fin, .059; to dorsal fin, .028; to
dorsal shield, .025 ; to line of anterior humeral tuberosity', .008 ;
to orbit, .003.

From Nauta. The dorsal fin is apparently more posterior than
in B. gronomi, and there are fewer anal rays than in B. aleiii'opsis.

Dysiclithys coracoideus, gen. et sp. nov.

Char. Gen. — In general similar to Bunocephalus, but there are
no mandibular nor mental barbels. The head is depressed, but
deeper than the narrow tail.

Char: Specif. — Radial formula, D. 5 ; A. T ; C. 10 ; Y. 6 ; P. I.
4. Dorsal fin bound to the back behind by its membrane, the
base of its first ray a little nearer the end of the muzzle than the
basis of the caudal fin. The head and neck shield is diamond-
shaped, with truncate angles, and the humeral angles mark the
middle of its length instead of an anterior point, as in Bunoce-
pha.lus nelas. The anterior humeral tuberosity marks one-third
the length from the end of the muzzle to the second dorsal ray,
measured axially. The shield is peculiar for its strong ridges
and scalloped borders. A bigh heel, with three prominences,
divides it behind, while the scutum supports another. The poste-
rior border presents two angles, and there is a ridge across behind
the orbits. A ridge from each orbit meets its fellow, forming a V
at the occiput, and a ridge from the humeral process meets its
fellow behind this point. The postcoracoids are longer than in
B. melas., their length equalling the width between them. The
pectoral spines extend bej^ond the base of the dentrals. The
maxillary barbels extend to the base of the pectoral spines. The
tail is quadrangular with a line of evantlets along the lateral
angle. Belly, tail, and fins, black ; throat and belly white speckled.
Shield brown, with some paler specks. Total length, .055 ; do. to
caudal fin, .046; do. to dorsal, .021 ; do. to dorsal scutum, .018;
do. to humeral tuberosity, .010 ; do. to orbit, .003.

Several specimens from Nauta.

Zathorax nauticus, sp. nov.

Coracoid portion of the scapular arch only ossified so as to
occupy the derm. Postcoracoid narrow, not excavated. A dis-
tinct adipose fin. Prefrontal bone acutely pectinate on its upper
face. Head (to end of casque) one-third length to middle of caudal

134 PROOEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

fin. Orbit one-third length of head (to gill opening), and nearly
equal interorbital width. Mandibular barbel to end of postcora-
coid process ; maxillary to end of pectoral spine. Width of
casque greater than the interorbital. Radii D. L. 6 ; A. 12 ; V.
1 ; P. I. 4. Dorsal spine grooved, not dentate ; pectoral spine
strongly toothed extending be^'ond basis of ventral fin. Post-
clavicle with recurved teeth ; caudal fin truncate. Lateral shields
26 low, leaving a broad naked band above and below them ; with
a single strong median curved spine. Color brown above, with
a j-ellow band along the middle of the side border red with black
above and below. Belly white ; below the pectoral fin purple.
Caudal fin with some vertical dark bars. Total length, .082 ; do.
to first anal ray, .045 ; do. to end of postcoracoid, .026 ; do. to
base of dorsal fin, .026 ; do. to gill opening, .016 ; do. to orbit, .004.
From Nauta. The less exposure of the scapular arch below,
simple postcoracoid, etc., distinguish this fish from the Z. moni-
tor^ m. According to the description of Dr. Giinther the Boras
asterifrons pertains to the genus Zathorax.

RMnodoras niger, Valenciennes ; Gthv. v. 209.
Nauta.
One of the specimens is twenty-five inches in length.

Rhinodoras prianomus, sp. nov.

Head long, extending (measured to the end of the opercular
flap) the length of the short body to the origin of the npper and
lower caudal radii, 2.5 times. The eye is one-seventh the length
of the head, and is equidistant between the end of the muzzle and
the edge of the operculum, and is half the interorbital width.
Lateral scuta 22 ; the first and last with rudimental spine ; that
of the others strong and curved, the upper edge of the scutum
with two or three prickles. The scuta leave a wide naked space
above and below them. Radii, D. I. 6; A. 10; V. 7; P. I. 10.
Dorsal and pectoral spines serrate to the base on their anterior
edges; postclavicle with a longitudinal angle, which supports a
series of processes and spines. Head and casque rugose above.
Maxillary barbels reach to bej^ond eye ; the outer mentals are
.66 as long. Color brown, paler below, with numerous vertical
dark brown spots on the sides. All the rayed fins, and the back
at the base of the adipose, black. Head above and at sides gray

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 135

with unmevous large brown spots. Length to base of caudal fin
(marginal) m. .12 ; to base of dorsal, .Ot.

From Nauta.

One of the specimens from Nauta measures twenty-five inches.

Corydoras ambiacus, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1872, p. 280.
From Nauta.

Corydoras armatus, Calichthys armahis. Glinth. Proceed. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1868,
p. 231.

Oallichthys asper, Quoy. Gaim.

Nauta.
Hoplosternum longifilis, Cuv. Val., Glinther, v. p. 228.

Nauta.

Hypoptoporna bilobatum, Cope, Proceed. Amer. Philoso. Soc, 187.
Loricaria cataphracta, L. Glinther, v. p. 255.
From the Marafion.

Loricaria rostrata, Spi.\-, Glinther, v. 256.
Liposarcus jeanesianus, sp. nov.

This large and handsome species is allied to the L. pardalis^
Cast, and L. varius, Cope, but presents a number of peculiar fea-
tures. It is elongate and depressed, the head moderately so only.
The head enters the total length (with caudal) 5.75 times ; while
the greatest depth (in front of the dorsal fin) enters it eight times,
the head being measured to the superior end of the branchial fis-
sure. There is an obtuse canthus rostralis from the orbit to the
nares, there is a strong nuchal angle (not a crest), and a low one
corresponding to the outer border of the epiotic bone. The two
nuchal scuta have two very low ridges each. The orbit is small,
entering the length of the snout 6.5 times, and the interorbital
width 3.25 times. The sculpture of the upper surfaces of the head
consists of numerous close grooves forming various patterns.
Two or three small spines on the intei'operculum. Beard reach-
ing the line of the front margin of the e^'C. Inferior surfaces to
anal fin entirely granular. Scuta of the body in twenty-eight
transverse and (at the dorsal fin) four longitudinal series. They
have a low serrate keel wh'ich ends in a point. Six scuta between
dorsal fins and fourteen between anal caudal. Radii D. II. 12;
C. I. 14, I; A. I. 4 ; Y. I. 5 ; P. I. 6. Base of the dorsal enters
total length 3.5 times, and equals the length of the head and nape

136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

in front of it, exceeding the length of the pectoral spines by two
iuterradial spaces.

Color olivaceous above with numerous black spots, which inos-
culate on the dorsal jegion ; below lighter with numerous closely
placed black spots. Fins clouded. Head very closely radiate,
banded and spotted.

Total length .400 m. (15.75 inches) ; length to bases of caudal,
.305 ; do. to anal, .200 ; do. to ventral, .140 ; do. to pectoral, .060 ;
do. to edge of inferior lip, .034 ; do. to superior teeth, .011. Length
of first dorsal spine, .0*11 ; humeral width, .077.

Two specimens from Nauta, Peru. Dedicated to Joseph Jeanes,
of Philadelphia, one of the most liberal patrons of students of
the Natural Sciences in the United States.

Liposarcus scrophus, sp. nov.

Size of the last species but much more robust and rough in
character. The dorsal outlines arched, rising abruptly in a strong
crest on the posterior cephalic scutum, and maintained bj^ the
rough lateral keels of the nuchal plates. The head enters the
total length 4.25 times, and the greatest depth the same, five
times. An obtuse ridge to nares and a low swelling on the upper
part of the pterotic shield. There is an angular tuberosity on the
upper posterior part of the orbit, and a low ridge on the inner
side of each of the nares. Barbel only extending to line of interior
nostril. Several strong spines on the interoperculum. Diameter
entering length of side of muzzle four times, and three and a
quarter times the interorbital width. Sculpture of the upper sur-
faces of the head consisting of lines of minute acute tubercles,
which are nearly obsolete on the interorbital.

Lower surfaces everywhere rugose. Scuta in twenty-seven
transverse, and four longitudinal series, all rugose with lines of
points and each with an elevated keel-brush of small spines. The
upper and lower series of lateral scuta are strongly angulate, and
the sides are swollen from opposite the base of the dorsal fin.
Five scuta between the dorsal fins and thirteen between the anal
and caudal fins. Radii of tins ; D. II. 12 ; C. I. 14, I ; A. I. 4 ; Y.
I. 5 ; P. I. C. Dorsal fin longer than high, entering total length
3.5 times and a little less than length in front of its first spine.
Length of latter equal length of head to end of interoperculum.
Pectoral fin stout, shorter than basis of dorsal fin by three inter-
spaces. The lower caudal lobe is, as in L. jeaiiesianus consider-

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

13Y

ably longei- than the upper. Color uniform black ;

upper cau

ray j^ellowish.

Totallength

. 0.370

Length to basis of caudal fin

.298

" " " of oval fin

.200

" " " of ventral

.145

" " " of pectoral .......

.070

" " " of edge of lower lip . . . .

.040

" to superior teeth

.014

" to first dorsal spine

.075

Humeral width

.093

Two specimens from Nauta.
Plecostomus virescens, sp. nov.

Head wide, depressed, muzzle moderately elongate; bod}^ and
tail rather elongate. There is a very obtuse occipital and nuchal
elevation, while the post and preorbital angles are well marked.
A few preopercular spines. Head below naked behind the mouth.
Teeth numerous, acutel}' incurved. Posterior lip entire, smooth ;
beard sliorter than diameter of orbit. The latter is one-fourth the
length of the head, and one-half the flat interorbital space. Length
of head 4.25 times in the total minus caudal fin. Radii D. I. 7, I;
C. I. 14, I; A. 5 ; V. I. 4 ; P. I. 6. Basis of dorsal equal space
between it and second dorsal plus one scutum, and equal the length
in front of it to tlie middle of the interorbital region. Pectoral
spine reaching a little bej'ond base of ventral. Scuta 26 — 4, with-
out keels but with numerous rugose ridges.

10

138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

August 4.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Six members present.

Dimorphisvi in the Leaves of Acer Pennsylvanicinn., Lin. —
Mr. Thomas Meehan exhibited some branches of Acer Pennsyl-
vanicnra, Lin. (A. striatum, Lamb), which had a remarkable sys-
tem of dimorphic foliage, and which he believed had been gener-
ally overlooked.

The first pair of leaves developed after the bursting of the bud
in the spring, were larger and more perfectly developed than any
subsequent ones. In his specimens thej' were about six inches
long and five wide, and stronglj^ three-lobed towards the apex.
The next pair, however, were usually lance linear, in the specimens
exhibited about five inches long and less than two wide. Occa-
sionally there was a tendency to the pi'oduction of a pair of lobes,
but usually the margins were entire or sparsel}^ serulated. The
third and subsequent pairs of leaves partook of the form of the first
pair, though seldom so large. He had examined sevei'al hundred
of young ti'ees, and all had this singular dimorphic condition, the
second pair in all cases having this peculiar narrow form.

It was worthy of remark that in plants with alternate leaves, the
leaves with their axial buds were generally about the same size.
In some few instances there were variations in the size, especially
in the one-third arrangement of the leaves on the stem. In oppo-
site leaved plants the rule was the other way ; one bud or one leaf,
either in the blade or petiole, being larger or longer than the other.
In the maples this was especially the case. At times the petioles
in some cases would be not more than half the length opposite. He
had found this especial peculiarity, however, in no other species
but A. Pennsylxianicum that he had been able to examine, which
included most in common cultivation. It might be in A. spicatum,
Lam., which he had not been able to examine this season, and
which he supposed to be but a variety of A. Pennsylvanicum.

August 11.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Seven members present.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 139

August 18.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Fourteen members present.

August 25.
-The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Twenty members present.

On Pectinatella magnijica. — Prof. Leidy exhibited a living
specimen of the fresh-water ciliated polyp, formerly described by
him under the name of Pectinatella magnifica. It was obtained
by him this morning from the mill-pond at Kirkwood, N. J., on
the Camden and Atlantic R. R. The specimen, about four inches
square and three inches thick, is a fragment of a large colony,
which enveloped the submerged trunk of a tree. The entire
colony was estimated to be about six feet long, and from six to
twelve inches in diameter, including that of the tree trunk, which
was about four inches. Several branches of the tree were also
invested with extensions of the colony from six inches to a foot
in length. Pectinatella is by far the largest of all the known
fresh-water ciliated polj-ps, and, indeed, is not surpassed b}^ any
of the marine forms known to us. It has not been determined
whether the huge Pectinatella colonies start each from a single
individual, or are the result of the confluence of a number of
small colonies. On the approach of winter the colonies die and
undergo decomposition, in which process the remarkable winter
eggs or statoblasts are liberated. These are provided with
anchor-like spines, by which, as in the case of the eggs of skates
and sharks, they become attached to various fixed bodies.

On a Pay^asitic Woy^m of the House-fly. — Prof. Leidy remarked
that since it had become well known that manj^ parasitic worms
passed different stages of development within several different
animals, he had from time to time sought for the sources from
whence the more common thread worms obtained entrance into
the human body, but thus far without success. The Trichina
spiralis, discovered in man in 1833 by Mr. Hilton, and described
and named by Prof. Owen in 1835, was first found in the hog by
Prof Leidy in 1846 (See Proc. A. N. S., iii. 108), but it was not
until some years subsequently that it was determined that man
and the hog acted reciprocally as hosts for the Trichina in its
different stages of development.

140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

In examining various common animals of our household, Prof.
Leidy had found a thread worm, infesting the common house-fly.
The worm is from a line to the tenth of an inch long, and lives in
the proboscis of the fly. It was found in numbers from one to
three in about one fly in five. The parasite was first discovered
in the house-fly of India, by the English naturalist, Mr. H. J.
Carter, who described it under the name of Filaria Muscx, and
suggested the opinion that it might be the source of the Guinea
worm, Filaria Medinensis in man. Mr. Carter states that he
found from two to twenty of the worms iu one fly of three. Dr.
Diesing referred the parasite to a new genus with the name of
Habronema Muscse. The singular position in which the worm
lives suggests the man}' unsuspected places we have to search to
find the parents or offspring of our own parasites.

Notice of some Fresh Water Infusoria. — Prof. Leidy remarked
that a species of Limnias, belonging to the order of wheel animal-
cules, or Rotatoria, was exceedingly abundant in our rivers. It
lives in a tube, of its own construction, attached to aquatic plants
and stones. He had not been able to determine whether it was a
diflerent species from the L. ceratophylli of Europe. The latter
Is described as solitary, but the common Limnias of our rivers is
remarkable for the dense bunches that it forms. In many locali-
ties of the Schuylkill almost every stone exhibits multitudes of
such bunches, pendent from the sides and under part. The
bunches are conical, and usually one tube serves as a pedicle,
while the others hang from it and often curve outwardly. From
two or three to as man}' as fifty tubes may be counted in a bunch.
This fasciculated character mav distinguish the animalcule as a
variety, which might l)e named L. socialis.

The bunches of Limnias form a support for a multitude of
other animalcules. Among the latter, C'otJiurnia pusilla is quite
common. Prof. Leidy had also observed upon the bunches on
several occasions the curious branching infusorium described by
Ehrenberg, and also described and figured by Claparede under
the name of Dendrosoma radians. This measures a half a line
or more in length, and terminates in branchlets, each with a
rounded end, from which project a multitude of delicate raj'S,
extending as much as the one-twelfth of a line in length.

September 1.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Fifteen members present.

Dr. Nolan, having announced the death of Dr. John Hamilton
Slack, made the following remarks : —

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 141

Dr. Slack was born September 23(1, 1834. After graduating
from the Department of Arts of the University of Pennsylvania,
he made a tour of Europe, Northern Africa, and the Nile, and was
elected a member of the Academy in July, 185*7. During the same
year he presented valuable specimens of Egyptian natural history
and antiquities, for which tiie thanks of the Academy were formally
returned. The next year he presented for publication a paper,
wliich appeared in the Proceedings under the title " Catalogue
and Notes on the Egyptian Antiquities in the Museum of the
Academy'." In the spring of 1859 he graduated from the Medical
Department of the University, and at once applied himself to the
practice of his profession and the studj'^ of natural history. From
this time until his removal from the city he was an active and
enthusiastic worker in the Academy. His name appears in the
Proceedings as a constant contributor to the museum and library,
and also as the author of three papers on Mammalogy, the most
important of which was a monograph of the Prehensile-tailed
Quadrumana of South America. The work, however, b}^ which
he will be longest remembered as a member of the Society is his
Handbook to the Museum, the first edition of which appeared in
1861 and was rapidly exhausted. A second edition was imme-
diately issued, and of this, also, several thousand copies were sold,
showing that the Handbook supplied a want long felt, and which,
in consequence of the partial rearrangement of the collections,
aoain exists.

Dr. Slack was elected Librarian of the College of Physicians
in December, 1864, and served until December 31, 186*7. He
removed from the city in 1868 to his estate in Warren Count}',
New Jerse}', which he named Troutdale, and where he resided
until his death, on August 24, 1874, actively engaged in pisci-
culture. So highly was his work in this field appreciated that he
was appointed one of the Fish Commissioners of New Jersey. He
also rendered important service as Assistant United States Fish
Commissioner under Prof. Baird, during the winter of 1873-*74, in
hatching nearl}^ half a million eggs of the Salmo quinnat received
from California, and in distributing the fry to various rivers of the
Middle and Southern States. His contributions to the literature
of practical fish culture during this time were numerous and valu-
able.

Dr. Slack was a gentleman of unusuall}' varied attainments.
Although he was most devoted to the natural sciences, he exhibited
an active interest in literature and art. He possessed talents as
a musical composer which, if cultivated, would have secured him
a wide-spread reputation. As it is, his arrangement of Home, Sweet
Home has rendered his name familiar to thousands who know
nothing about his life-work. He extended hearty sympathy' and
valuable assistance to those who took an interest in the pursuits
to which he was devoted ; and these, as well as more advanced

142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

students of natural history, who recognized in him a valued asso-
ciate, will hear of his death with unfeigned sorrow.

September 8.

The President, Dr. Rlschenberger, in the chair.

Fourteen members present.

The following papers were presented for publication : —
" Xotes on Santa Fe Marls and some of the Contained Verte-
brate Fossils." B^^ E. D. Cope.

" On a new Variety of Helix." By James Lewis, M.D.

Notice of a Remarkable Amoeha. — Prof. Leidy stated that in
the early part of last June, in examining some material obtained
from a mill-pond at Absecom, Xew Jersej', he had observed a most
wonderful amoeboid animal, of which he had made notes, but was
not able at the time to make a drawing and satisfactory descrip-
tion. Subsequently he sought patiently for two days in the same
material for another individual, but without success. Last week he
made a visit to the Absecom mill-pond to seek the curious
amoeboid, and was so fortunate as to find it again. Prof. Leidy
exhibited a drawing of the animal, and described it as follows : —

The animal at rest is spherical or oval, or constricted back of the
middle. In the spherical form it measured the one-fifth of a milli-
metre in diameter ; in the oval and constricted form it was about
one-fourth of a millimetre long, and one-sixth of a millimetre broad.
It is white or cream colored, opaque, or translucent at the border,
and was spotted green from food balls of desmids. It moves with
extreme sluggishness, and with little change of form. From the
fore part of the body the animal was observed to project almost
simultaneously a number of long, conical, acute pseudopods, about
the one-twelfth of a millimetre long. From the back part in the
same manner a multitude of papillaform pseudopods were projected
about the one-fiftieth of a millimetre long. All the pseudopods and
the surface of the body everywhere bristled with innumerable
minute spicules. From time to time more or less obtuse i^ortions
of the clear ectosarc were projected, and these likewise were
observed to be covered with the minute spicules. The opacity
of the animal prevented the exhibition of a nucleus, if such exists.

In general appearance the curious creature resembles one of the
forms of Pelomyxapalustris, described b3' Prof. Greef, in Schultze's
Archiv, vol. x. pi. iv., fig. 9, but in this, minute spicules project only
from the posterior disk-like extremit}' of the bod}', as thej' have
also been observed to do in the corresponding part of Amceba
villosa, of Wallich, and perhaps other species.

The general spiculate character of the Absecom amoeboid is

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 143

probably sufficient to distinguish the animal generically from
Amoeba, and in this view the animal ma}^ be named Deinamoeha
mirabilis.

On the Mode in lohich Amoeba stoallows its Food. — Prof. Leidy
remarked that he had supposed that Amoeba swallows food by
this becoming adherent to the body, and then enveloped much
as insects become caught and involved in syrup or other viscid
substances. He had repeatedly observed a large Amoeba, which
he supposes to be A. princeps^ creep into the interstices of a
mass of mud and appear on the other side without a particle ad-
herent. On one occasion he had accidentally noticed an Amoeba,
with an active flagellate infusorium, a Urocentrum, included be-
tween two of its finger-like pseudopods. It so happened that the
ends of these were in contact with a confervous filament, and
the glasses above and below, between which the Amoeba was ex-
amined, effectually prevented the Urocentrum from escaping. The
condition of imprisonment of the latter was so peculiar that he
was led to watch it. The ends of the two pseudopods of the
Amoeba gradually approached, came into contact, and then actually
became fused, a thing which he had never before observed with
the pseudopods of an Amoeba. The Urocentrum continued to move
actively back and forth, endeavoring to escape. At the next moment
a delicate film of the ectosarc proceeded from the body of the
Amoeba, above and below, and gradually extended outwardly so
as to convert the circle of the pseudopods into a complete sac,
inclosino- the Urocentrum. Another of these creatures was noticed
within the Amoeba which appeared to have been inclosed in the
same manner.

This observation would make it appear that the food of the
Amoeba ordinarily does not simply adhere to the body, and then
sink into its siibstance, but rather, after becoming adherent or
covered by the pseudopods or bodj', is then inclosed by the active
extension of a film of ectosarc around it.

The death of Dr. Jeffreys Wyman was announced.

September 15.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Twentj'-three members present.

On the Motive Poioer of Diatomes. — Prof. Leidy made some re-
marks on the moving power of diatomes, desmids, and other alga.
While the cause of motion remains unknown, some of the uses are
obvious. The power is considerable, and enables these minute
organisms when mingled with mud readily to extricate themselves

14-4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

and rise to the surface, where the}' maj- receive the influence of
light and air. In examining the surface-mud of a shallow rain-
water pool, in a recent excavation in brick clay, he found little
else but an abundance of minute diatomes. He was not sufficiently
familiar with the diatomes to name the species, but it resembled
Navicula radiosa. The little diatomes were very active, gliding
hither and thither, and knocking the quartz sand grains about.
Noticing the latter, he made some comparative measurements, and
found that the Naviculoe would move grains of sand as much as
twenty-five times their own superficial area, and probably fift}'^
times their own bnlk and weight, or perhaps more.

Dr. J. Gibbons Hunt made the following remarks : —

"While examining, this summer, into the structure of some of the
so-called insectivorous plants, but more especially' into the ana-
torn}' of the genus Nepenthes^ I observed a part which I have not
seen expressed before, and of sufficient interest, perhaps, to go
upon record.

In the vegetable kingdom it is exceedingly rare to meet with
glands which have distinct excretory ducts. Some authors deny
their existence entirely; but in Nepenthes rafflesiana^ N. distilla-
toria, and X. 2)hyUamphora, and probabW in all the species, are
large C3dindrical glands which pour out their secretion through
distinct excretory ducts. In N. distiUatoria these glands are, on
an average, about the one-thirt3'-fifth of an inch long, and the
one-twentieth of an inch wide, while the ducts measure about the
one-thirtietli of an inch in length. In the Rafflesiana the glands
and ducts are much larger. A dense tissue of cells surrounds and
thoronghl}' imbeds these glands in Nepenthes.^ and this peculiarity
of position renders excretory ducts necessary for the secretion to
find its way into the pitchers.

In the vegetable kingdom it is the rule for glands to be located
on surfaces, but in Nepenthes where one s^'Stem of glands is im-
bedded the duct becomes necessary', and so far as I know is the
only instance of such ducts among plants.

September 22.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Thirt3'-five members present.

Remarks on Sponges. ^-Fr of. Leidy remarked that the animal
nature and structure of the sponges were first clearly made known
b}' Mr. H. J. Carter, of England, and Prof. H. James Clark, of
this country'. The sponges are compound, flagellate infusoria.
The sponge infusorium had been a])propriately named by Mr.
Carter the spongozoon, the exact characters of which were first

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 145

noted bj' Prof. Clark, and confirmed by Mr Carter. The spongo-
zoon is a globular cell, surmounted by a delicate cup, from the
bottom of whicli projects a tlagellum. The little animals are situ-
ated on the interior of hollow si:)heres of the sponges sustained
b}' the skeleton of the compressed animal, whether this be corne-
ous, as in the common sponge, or whether it be siliceous or calca-
reous. The observations of Prof. Clark had been made on a fresh
water sponge, to which he had given the name of Spongilla arach-
noidea. Mr. Carter's observations had been made on both fresh-
water sponges and the difterent classes of marine sponges. Prof.
Leidy at first supposed that the sponge described by Prof. Clark
might be the one he had formerly noticed under the name of Spon-
gilla fragiliH (Proc. A. N. S. 1851, 278), but comparison proved
them to be different. They are both of the same color, but the
siliceous spicules of S. arachnoidea are stated to be tuberculate,
while they are smooth in S. fragilis. Dr. Leidy had examined the
spongozoon of the latter, and found that it presented the same
essential structure as described b}' Prof. Clark and Mr. Carter in
other sponges.

Prof. Leidy further remarked that he had found several speci-
mens of the curious rhizopod, discovered by Cienkowski, and
named by him Clathrulina elegans. They were found among Utri-
cularia, but though retaining their stems were unattached and
apparently dead. One of the specimens presented a peculiar and
as 3-et unexplained character. On one side of the laticed head
the orifices were capped with little inverted, hemispherical cups,
from the top of which projected a funnel like the cup of the spon-
gozoa. Prof. Leid}^ was pursuing his searcli for the living and
attached Clathrulina.

Prof. Leeds made some remarks concerning a remarkable mine-
ral found in a bank of white sand near Fa^'etteville, N. C. It was,
in appearance, a rod of glass, four feet in length and two inches
in diameter, which was made up of a great number of irregular
fragments. These fragments were iiighly polished on one side —
the side apparentl3' turned toward the hollow axis of the rod, and
excessively contorted on the exterior side. They consisted almost
entirely of silex, the remainder being cliieflj^ oxide of iron. Ac-
curate analj'sis showed that the percentages of the constituents
in these siliceous fragments and in the sand found in the hollow
core of the rod were the same. On account of this identit}'^ in
composition, and the incompetency^ of anj^ other known agent to
produce such a fusion of almost pure silex, it was concluded that
this "rod of glass" was a result of lightning — a lightning-lube or
fulgurite^ as such products have been called.

Prof. Leeds also gave the particulars concerning a great eleva-
tion of temperature which had occurred in the adit level of a lead
mine in Missouri, where the heat had suddenly risen from 60° to

14G PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

over 100°, and had compelled the workmen, for the time Ijeing, to
suspend \york. The earth was found to contain over 75 per cent.
of sulphate of protoxide of iron, and the heating had been due to
the rapid absorption of ox3'gen by sulphuret of iron, disseminated
throughout the earth in a finely divided condition.

Change of Habit through Fungoid Agency. — Mr. Thomas Mee-
HAN referred to a former communication in which he exhibited
specimens of Euphorbia cordata, or E. humisirata, collected by
him in the Rockj^ Mountains, and which, normally procumbent,
had assumed an erect habit on being attacked by a fungulus ^ci-
dium Euphorbias hypericifolipe.

He now found that the common trailing Eiqohorbia of our sec-
tion, E. maculata, when attacked by the same fungulus, assumed
the same erect habit. There was an additional interest in this
observation, from the fact that with change of habit of growth
there Avas a whole change in specific character in the direction of
E. hypericifolia. In a comparison of the leading characters of
the two species, we see that in E. maculata there is a profusely
hairy stem, while that of E.hyyericifolia is nearly smooth. The
same is true of the fruit. The leaves of the former species are
ver}' oblique at the base — the latter nearly regular. The flowers
are produced in all the axils. In the E. hypericifolia the stems
have a tendeucj'' to be nodose at the joints, while E. maculata is
nearly free from this character, and the floAvers are mainly in
heads at the ends of the branches. The E. maculata, after the
fungoid attack becoming erect, also becomes nodose, and has the
flowers on the ends of the comparatively smooth branchlets, while
the leaves have lost their pointed obliquit}^ ; and, in short, all the
characters make an intermediate between the two species.

He said it would not be fair to assume, from these facts, that
Eupihorbia hypericifolia was an evolution from E. maculata, but,
as there could be no doubt that nutrition was one of the fac-
tors in the government of form, we could sa}' that certain phases
of nutrition, brought about b}" an attack of a minute fungus,
would change the characters to the direction of those in that
species.

September 29.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Sixteen members present.

There not being a suflScient number of members present for the
transaction of business, in accordance with the B3'-Laws, the
meeting adjourned until October 6.

On favorable report of the Committee to which it was referred,
the following paper was ordered to be printed: — '

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 14t

NOTES ON THE SANTA FE MARLS, AND SOME OF THE CONTAINED

VERTEBRATE FOSSILS.

BY E. D. COPE.

The palreontological and geological examination, conducted by
the party of the U. S. Survey, west of the north meridian, Lieut.
G. M. Wheeler in charge, has alreadj'^, during the present season,
developed facts of interest, some of which are noticed below.
The exploration has extended to the extensive lacustrine deposit
in the vallej'^ of the Rio Grande, which has been termed by Dr.
Haj'den the Santa Fe marls. This author describes the deposits
as first appearing in the north near Taos, and continuing for an
unknown distance southward, and occupj'ing the valley between
the Rocky Mountains on the east, and the Jemez range on the
west, he regards it as late Tertiary, but without special determi-
nation or co-ordination with the other known lacustrine forma-
tions of this continent.

Abundant material having been obtained by the party, it is
easy to determine the fauna, whose remains are entombed in it, to
be a part of that already described by Dr. Leidy and the writer,
as occurring in Dakota and Colorado, under the name of Pliocene.
This conclusion is indicated bj^ the presence of the genera Hippo-
therium, Protohijjpus, Procameius^ Cosoryx, Merychyus^ and
known Pliocene species of other genera, among which may be
mentioned Canis, Acerafherium, etc. In addition to species
already known, a number new to science were obtained, of some
of which descriptions are appended.

Martes nambianus, sp. nov.

Represented by a mandibular ramus which supports three teeth.
The anterior blade of the sectorial is rather obtuse. The first
premolar is one rooted ; the second and third are without pos-
terior coronal lobe, but exhibit small basal lobes, both anterior
and posterior. The anterior of the second is rather elevated, and
the entire crown is directed obliquely forwards. Canine com-
pressed. Mental foramina below the second and third premolars.

Measurements. m.

Length of three premolars 006

Elevation of anterior lobe of sectorial. .... .002

Depth of ramus at anterior lobe of sectorial . . . .003

148 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

This species is of smaller size than the M. mustelinus, Cope,^
and the sectorial tooth less elevated and trenchant.

Cosoryx ramosus, sp. nov.

Cha7'. Gen. — Inferior molars prismatic, 3-3 ; the premolars all sectorial,
last with short branch crests. Molars with basal intercolumnar tuber-
cles. Horns superciliary, solid, branched.

This genus was indicated by Dr. Leidj^ from a horn of the spe-
cies known to him, the Cosoryx fur catus^ from the Pliocene beds
of the Niobrara. The same, or a similar species, has left abun-
dant remains in the Santa Fe marls, and, in connection with the
more numerous G. ramosus, has enabled me to determine' the
dental and other characters of the genus.

After a careful examination of the horns of these species in my
possession, those of eighteen individuals (at least I find that of
ten where the basal portion is preserved), the beam has been
broken off and reunited by anchylosis in six. In most of these
the spot is marked by a ring of exostosed tuberosities, like those
constituting tl\e burr of the deer's horn. The fracture has taken
place in every instance at a point as far above the frontal bone as
the burr of deer is situated, and i,s irregular in outline, higher on
one side than the other. In some of the specimens the smaller
antlers are also broken, and exhibit a similar burr, but the terminal
portion is usually lost. In one specimen, a broken antler is an-
chjdosed in the ttsual manner of overlapping ends.

The horns are solid, the centre having a narrow spongy axis.
The surface is dense, and marked by arterial grooves, but not
pierced b^^ noticeable foramina.

It is evidentlj^ a question whether this genus should be referred
to the hollow or solid horned Ruminantia, to the Bovidse or Ger-
vidas. The horns might be regarded as those of deer, were it not
for the occasional specimens without burr, while the teeth are both
cervine and bovine. We may here draw such inferences as we can
respecting the nature of the covering of the horn. That the frac-
tured beam should not be lost, indicates the presence of some kind
of covering to retain it. That this covering was not horny, is
probable from the fact that the horns are branched, a structure
impossible to the Bovidae, since antlers effectually prevent the
usual mode of increase of horn by additions at the base and
removal at the extremity. That such covering protected arteries,

' Hayden's Annual Report, 1874.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 149

which aided in the production of the burrs, is also probable. We
may thus believe it to have been dermal lilie that of the giraffe or
the Aittilocajira at the period of immaturity of its horny sheath.

It may be concluded then tliat the genus Cosoryx represents
the ancestral type of the Cervidae, and explains the origin of the
remarkable type of horns of that family as follows : Ruminants
with fixed horns of structure more dense and brittle than others
of the same type, in their annual combats at the rutting season,
ver}^ frequently broke the beams off not far above the base. The
usual location of nutrition followed, which being annually re-
peated, became as periodical in its return as the activity of nutri-
tion of the reproductive system. This activity ceasing, the horn
being dense lost its vitality, the more so as the normal covering
would have already perished in its distal portions. The natural
consequence, the separation of the dead from the living bone by
suppuration, would follow. This process would, however, probably
require a longer time for the establishment of its periodical return
than the fracture and attachment of the existing horn.

This. appears to be the only explanation of the origin of the
phenomena exhibited by the horns of the Gervidse, and is sug-
gested by the specimens of Cosoryx to be described.

Char. Specif. — This species is larger than the C.furcatus^ Leidy,
and exhibits two antlers instead of one, of which the first is given
off at a point much further from the base than in that species.

The beam near the base is curved a little inwards, and is semi-
circular in section, the outer face being slightl}^ concave, the inner
very convex. The base is situated a short distance within the
free superciliary border. The beam becomes more cylindric, and
then expanding in a fore and aft direction, gives off an antler at
right angles, nearly paraljel to the cranial axis. At a distance
little over half the elevation of the first antler, the beam gives off
a second, in a plane transverse to the axis of the skull. The
terminal portion of the beam is cjdindric, curved, and acute at
the apex.

Mandibles with teeth of two species of this genus were found,
the smaller of which, occurring with the other portions of C./ur-
catus. belong to it. The larger differs in the elevation of the
intercrescentic column of the first molar, which is worn into a
loop at ordinary' maturity ; this may however be but an individual
variation. The diastema is long, and the ramus of that point
quite slender.

150

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Measurements.

M.

Long diameter base No. 1 016

^ . • .

.020

Elevation of first antler from base No. 1

.080

" of second antler from first No. 3

.042

Length of terminal part of beam No. 4 .

. .095

" of molars 2-5, No. 5 .

.037

" of molars 4-5, No. 5 .

. .022

" of fifth molar ....

.012

"Width of fifth moJar ....

. .006

Cosoryx teres, sp. nov.

Established on the connected frontal bones supporting the
horns of one specimen, and represented by portions of horns of
two others. The former individual is larger than any one belong-
ing to the other species, and the species is doubtless the largest
of the genus. The horns stand above the posterior part of the
orbit, which excavates its base, and presenting a considerable face
descending into the temporal or z3'gomatic fossa. There is no
free superciliarj- rim outside of the base as in C. ramosus^ Cope.
The section of the beam near the base is a regular oval, the long
axis directed longitudinally and a little outward in fi'ont. The
beam is erect with a slio^ht curvature outwards at the inner base
onl}'. So far as preserved it does not branch, but may do so in
its distal portion which is lost. The tissue is more spongy in-
teriorly than in the other species; supra-orbital foramen far within
the superciliary border.

Measurements. m.

Outer width between bases of horn cores 112

Inner width between bases of horn cores
Width of temporal fossa behind horns .
Long diameter horn core
Short diameter horn core
Length of part preserved

.055
.053
.028
.021
.033

This species was as large as the Antilocapra americana of the
plains.

Hesperomys loxodon, sp. nov.

An entire mandibular ramus w^tli all the teeth preserved, was
found in the same deposits as the preceding species. Molars sub-
equal, short-crowned, triturating surface sigmoid. The apices of
the sigma on the inner side, tubercular, and anterior to the outer
apices. First molar with an additional transverse crest in front.
Incisor compressed, outer angle of enamel face rounded, smooth.
Molar series oblique, rising anteriorly.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 151

Measitrements. m.

Length of molar series 0050

" of first molar 0018

Depth below last molar (inner side) 0030

" below first molar 0045

" of incisor 0015

" as diastema 0027

Panolax sanctaefidei, gen. et sp. nov.

Char. Gen. Molars prismatic, transverse, except the first and
last, each divided by a plate of enamel extending transversely from
the inner side. Anterior molar longitudinal; posterior molar
composed of two columns.

This genus is represented by numerous teeth and portions of the
cranium. It evidently belonged to the Leporidse, and is allied to
both Lepus jind Palseolagus. As the teeth are mostly sepai'ate, it
is not easy to determine which is the posterior and which the ante-
rior molar. Judging by the analogy of the known species, the
determination as here made is correct; should the relations be
reversed the species will be referred to Palseolagus.

Char. S2:)eci.f. The teeth are curved, the convexity inwards.
Inner face grooved, the groove occupied by cementum ; the outer
border compressed either without or with very shallow groove.
First molar with triturating- surface twice as Ions: as wide with
an entering loop of enamel on the inner side, anteriorly narrower.
Last molar as wide antero-posteriorly as transversely, the shaft
curved backwards ; the posterior column sub-cylindric half the
diameter of the anterior.

Measurements. Inch.

Diameter of middle molar i antero-posterior

(. transverse

first molar \ antero-posterior
( transverse .
( an
(tra
Length of crown of last molar

last molar i ^ntero-posterior
transverse .

.093

.187
.140
.002
.100
.065
.250

This species is about the size of the northern hare.

Cathartes umbrosus, sp. nov.

Represented by numerous portions of nearly all parts of the
skeleton, in excellent preservation. The beak from the frontal
bone to near the apex is preserved ; it displays the depression just
anterior to the nares, which marks the anterior boundary of the

152

PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

cere. The cnlmen is nearly horizontal to just beyond this mark,
and then exhibits a gradual decurvature to the apex. The beak
is strongly compressed, and the tomia strongly decurved, forming
an open festoon, whose middle point marks one-fourth the length
of the beak from the uares. The latter are directed obliquely down-
wards and forwards, narrowing anteriorly, and having a prominent
inferior bounding ledge. The mandible is weak, the symphysis
marking on half the length of the beak, from the anterior angle of
the nares.

The bones of the anterior extremities exhibit large and power-
ful proportions as compared with the posterior, appropriatel}' to
capacitj' for sustained flight. The head of the humerus is much
compressed, and the articular face is nearly divided into two by
the deep bicipital groove. The head of the femur is small, and
the rotular face, a wide and deep groove. The tibia is slender,
the shaft much compressed, with a prominent ridge. The cuemial
crest is short, and not produced downwards on the shaft. The
distal posterior bridge is narrow and oblique. The tarso-raetatai'-
sus has a strong exterior crest which constitutes half the width of

the shaft.

Measurements. Inch.

Length of beak from base of CLilmeu ( q • i ) • • • ^-^^

" from cere to apex ( j

1.20

Depth of beak at culmen ....

.87

" of pre-maxillary at festoon .

.75

Length of symphysis

.69

" of nares

.37

Width of palate at festoon

.50

" of head of humerus ....

1.37

" of condyles

1.18

" of distal end femur ....

.94

" of head of tibia

.81

" of condyles of tibia ....

.66

" " of tarso-metatarsus

.75

Length of a first phalanx ....

1.12

" of seven sacral vertebrse

1.87

" of two dorsal vertebrse

1.12

Depth of a dorsal vertebra (total) .

. .93

" " "to roof of arch

.44

" of centrum of roof of arch .

. .25

Width of " " "

.32

Length of two cervical vertebrffi .

1.12

Depth " " to apex neural spine

.44

" of articular face centrum

.17

Width " " ...

. .25

PrDc.A.N.S. 1874

Plate IE.

.-T/rf^-y-

">

P

4

J

\

■\

\f}

>/

Conrad's Fossils of the Pebas, Group

^^oc. AN.S. I 87 4-.

-Pl^U J 3.

Z]^¥All ON BRAD^rrVS , ATELES MD MACACUC

'Prop AN.S. /^'/r-f.

'Pla^e 14'.

i-

/

-e

- d

CHAPMAN Oil ATELES.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 153

October G.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Twentj^-nine members present.

Wheat and Chess. — Mr. Thomas Meehan introdnccd a subject
which he said had never before, to his knowledge, been brought
directly' to the attention of a scientific bod3' — the popular belief
that wheat will turn to chess. The scientific world niitrht well be
pardoned for deriding such an idea, for if so distinct a genus as
Triticum can be found to produce a Bromu.-i, the most exaggerated
notion of the "leaping" power of nature must be enlarged in con-
sidering theories of evolution. Yet he might sa}'^ he had seen
many popular impressions, derided b^' men of science, prove true.
When a boy his agricultural friends insisted that the same toad
which would deposit its eggs in water when convenient, would
bring forth its young alive when deprived of the water privilege.
He had proved the fact b}' keeping toads in breeding condition in
confinement, and counting the toadlets when certainly not more
than a few da_ys old. The idea was once derided by intelligent
men, but he believed most zoologists now admit that the common
toad is oviparous or viviparous according to circumstances. In
like manner in his youth lie saw five young snakes, one after
another, enter the mouth of the parent when alarmed. 'J'his was
a universal belief of countrj'- people ; yet only last year, on over-
whelming evidence before the American Association, was it
admitted as scientific truth. Again, during the past year we had
seen how a popular belief in regard to an apparent elongation of
tree trunks had proved to be true, though the popular reasoning
was wrong. We now know that trees may sometimes be lifted
from year to ^-ear Iw the gradual thickening of roots growing
over a rocky base, so that a side branch, which in a young tree
is opposite to a mark, may, in time, be as much as a foot above
it, as popular observation contends it sometimes will. With these
things in mind he had held himself open to give even some trouble
to get reputed facts with reference to tliis question of chess. He
now exhil)ited one of several specimens sent him by Mr. Levette
of the Indiana Geological Survey, and proceeded to point out
that there could be no mistake about the branch from the wheat
ear being Bromus secalinus.^ the common chess, so far as the palea
and glumes were concerned. In the flowers he had dissected he
found no perfect grain to compare with wheat. In instances pre-
viously' recorded there seems never to have been an}^ dispute about
the appearance from the wheat head being the real Bromus. But
it had been contended that in these cases an examination had
11

154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

sliown an accidental union of two culms, one from each plant, and
wliicli, in some way, bad formed an apparent union one with
another. This api^eared not to be the case in the present speci-
men. In the wheat ear the small clusters of flowers inclosing the
ultimate grain, came out at each bend of the zigzag rachis. The
spike of chess ai)i)eared to come out at one of these bends, the
lowermost, taking, in faet, the place of one of these small clusters.
It was not an accidental union of two distinct parts, but appa-
rently a substitution of one part for another. Again the Bromaa
secaliuus rarel}- gets as tall as wlieat, especially so tall as this
strong looking wheat head had evidently grown. There was, he
said, another remarkable fact connected with the popular reports.
Man}' other grasses grow with wheat as well as B7-omus i<ecoli}n(s,
the common chess or cheat. It was apparently as easy for any
of these to become accidentally conjoined with wheat as this, but
no case is brought forward. There was enough in appearance, he
thought, that deserved further investigation.

On Mr. Meehan's motion, the specimen was referred to the
Biological and Microscopical Section for examination.

Neio Growth of Plants. — Mr. John H. Redfield called the
attention of the Academy to some curious facts recently observed
b}'^ Mr. C. F. Parker. On some low marshy ground near the Dela-
ware River below this city, was deposited in the spring a large
amount of mud dredged from the channel of the river. The mud
was spread to the depth of several feet over a space of more than
an acre in extent, for the purpose of raising the level. Later in
the season over this whole area sprung up a growth composed
almost exclusively of two plants, viz., Foli/gonum 07'ientale^ an
East Indian species (which occasionally occurs on waste ground),
and Clcome pungeiis^ii West India species of less ft'equent occur-
rence. The former plant constituted the mass of the growth,
though there ma}' have been more than one hundred plants of the
Cleome scattered among the growtli. One or two specimens of
Quamoclit cocdnea, also a naturalized species, were likewise
noticed. Mr, Parker had also previously observed a similar case
upon Smith's Island, and also in two localities in Camden, where
channel mud had been thus deposited. Mr. Redfield thought it
an interesting inquiry as to whence the seeds of these plants origi-
nated, and how they had survived their long burial in the river
mud.

Dr. Leidy thought that as the vicinity had long been used as a
place for the deposit of ballast from shijts, the seeds might have
laid upon the ground previously, and have been quickened b}' the
deposit of the mud.

Mr. Meehan referred to some recent discoveries as to the effect
of oxygen in the germination of seeds, and thought that perhaps
the seeds of these plants, protected from air while buried under

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 155

water, might, under exposure to the air, germinate. He referred
to other cases of the springing up of nevv plants after the deposit
of fresh earth, and suggested a mode of testing the origin of the
seeds.

Dr. Carson and Mr. Aubrey H. Smith called attention to the
great change which, during late 3'ears, had occurred in the vege-
tation of the neck below the city.

On Asplenium ebenoides. — Mr. Redfield then alluded to the fern
known as Aaplenium ebenoides^ described some years ago b}' Mr.
Scott, from a few plants found on the rock}' banks of the Schuyl-
kill above Philadelphia. Most of our botanists have doubted the
validity of the species, and have supposed it to be an abnormal or
hybrid form originating from Gampto^orus rhizophyUu!^ (Walking
Fern), and Asplenium ebeneum, both of which species occur abund-
antl}' at the locality. Recently a few plants of the same form
have been found near Havana, Alabama, by Miss Tutwiler, and
in precisely the same suspicious compan}-. Her account ma\' be
found in the Bulletin of the Torrey Club for May, 1873. Recently
Mr. A. H. Curtiss, of Libertj^, Va., has received from Alabama a
frond of this fern, rooting at the apex, precisely as the walking
fern does. Mr. Redfield thouo-ht this fact tended to confirm the
doubts already entertained upon the validit}- of the species.

Notice of some Bhizopods. — Prof. Leidy remarked that since
he had made a communication on Deinamceba mirabilia he had
had the opportunity of examining a number of additional speci-
mens. All of them appeared to be variegated with twin spots of
green, which he found to be due to the scattered joints of tw^o spe-
cies of desmids of the genus Didymoprium, swallowed as food. He
had observed the animal swallow a considerable portion of a ^\2i-
mcuto? Didymoprium Gremllii. In another instance he had seen
an individual eject upwards of fift}' joints o^ Didymoprium Bre-
bissonii, from three different portions of the body simultaneously.
Another peculiarity he had observed in the animal which had pre-
viously escaped his notice. The body appears to be surrounded
or enclosed in what might be called an atmosphere of minute spi-
cules, which can be seen as a circle a short distance beyond the
outline of the bod}'.

Prof. Leidy then presented drawings and descriptions of a
number of Difflugians which he supposed to be new. They were
mostly found in a pond in Absecom Creek, New Jersey, and in
the sphagnum on the border of the pond. Most of the same spe-
cies were likewise found in a sphagnous swamp of Longacoming,
and in the sphagnum on the border of Lake Hattacawanna, New
Jersey.

DiFFLUGiA VAS. Tcst composcd of angular quartz particles,
generally coarse, shape pyriform, with the neck constricted where
it joins the body; fundus obtuse; mouth large, circular. Ento-

156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

sarc bright green from the abundance of chloro])h3l grannies.
Lenglli of test | mm.; neck one-fourth to one-third the length of
the test. Abundant in Absecom Pond, New Jersey.

DiFFLUGiA OLLA. Test Composed usually of angular C[uartz par-
ticles, and occasionally of diatorae shells; form pot-like, with a
s[>lieroidal body, a contracted neck, a large circular mouth, a
reflected \i\>, and ol)luse, divergent spines projecting from the fun-
dus. p]ntosarc colorless. Length of test i mm. Abundantly
found with the preceding. The form is intermediate to Difflugia
corona and D. lageniformis of Wallich.

Catharia. Ditflugians with a membranous, structureless test
without adherent particles of foreign matter.

Difflugia (Catharia) papilio. — Test pale yellow, transparent,
compressed pyriform, width less than half the breadth, border
acute; mouth transversel}' oval. Entosarc with many chlorophyl
globules, and attached bj' many bands to the inner surface of the
test. I'seudopods digitate. Length of test 0.112 mm., breadth
0.072 mm., width 0.032 mm. The living animal, from its varied
colors, is very handsome. Abundant in the sphagnum of Absecom,
of Longacoming, and of Lake Hattacawanna, ^^ew Jersey.

Difflugia (Catharia) elegans. — Test pale brown, compressed
bottle-shaped, width about one-half the breadth, border obtuse,
surface with shallow conical depressions ; mouth transversel}- oval.
Entosai'c colorless, or yellowish from the food balls. Length -j-'^
mm.; breadth -^^ ; width ^\ mm. Ver}- abundant among the
sphagnum of Absecom, of Longacoming, and of Lake Hattaca-
wanna, New Jerse}'.

Nebela. — DiflUigians with an areolated test.

Difflugia (Nebela) ansata. Test compressed pj-riform, width
about two-thirds the breadth, laterally obtuse and furnished with
a pair of handle-like processes projecting at the base of the neck,
and extending nearly parallel with and about one-third the length
of the bod}', colorless, transparent ; areolae appearing circular or
hexagonal; mouth transversely oval. Entosarc colorless, or yel-
lowish from the food balls. Length 0.22 mm., breadth 0.1 mm.,
width 0.72 mm.; length of handles 0.04 mm. A rare form among
the sphagnum of Altsecom, having only found it twice. Remark-
able for the large hollow handle-like processes of the test.

Difflugia (Nebela) equi-calceus. Test compressed pyriform,
the width about one-half the breadth, colorless, transparent ; cir-
cularly or hexagonally areolated, laterally acute and with the bod\''
carinated. Carina deep and thick, and seen in the broad view
of the test as a horse-shoe like production with the extremities
free and projecting into the interior of the test towards the mouth.
Entosarc colorless, or yellowish from the contained food-balls.
Length ^ mm., breadth 0.14 mm., width 0.072 mm. Also rare,
and found in the same locality with the preceding, with which it
is equally- remarkable, from the existence of the singular horse-

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 157

shoe-like production. It resembles the Difflugia carinata of
Archer, but this appears to be devoid of the horse-shoe.

Difflugia (Xebela) sphagni. — Test pale \^ellowish, compressed
ovoid, width little more than half the breadth, borders obtuse, sur-
face reticular; mouth large, transversely elliptical and with acute
commissures. Entosarc bright green, from the multitude of chlo-
rophyl grains ; pseudopods numerous, digitate Lengtli y^yUim.;
breadth J^ mm. ; width ^^ mm. Very abundant among the sphag-
num of Absecom. In some specimens the border of the fundus of
the test is loaded with quartz particles. Frequentl^^ the animal is
observed in a passive state with the mouth of the test closed by
an epiphragm, and the sarcode appears as a discoid ball ^V ^^^'^'^'
broad, and -^-^ mm. thick.

Difflugia (Nebela) numata. Test colorless, broadly com-
pressed pyriform, about half the width of the breadth, borders sub-
acute ; surface covered with oval or circular disks, resembling in
appearance blood disks ; mouth transversely oval. Entosarc trans-
parent, colorless or yellowish from the food contents, attached by
long bands to the inner peripliery of the test ; pseudopods coarse
digitate. Length i mm., breadtli y'^, width, ^^ mm. Abundant
in the sphagnum of Absecom, and Lake Hattacawanna, New
Jerse3\ A beautiful form. The discoid areolar structure is very
variable, and is frequently mingled with more oi' less bodies of
linear form.

Difflugia (Xebela) barbata. Test colorless, circularly areo-
lated, slightl}' compressed bottle-shaped ; neck long, body ovoid,
mouth oval; surface of test everywhere finely hirsute. Entosarc
colorless, or yellowish from the food contents. Length ^ mm. ;
breadth of body oV mm., of neck ^'^ mm.; width of bodj' ^^ mm.
Rare in the sphagnum of Absecom, New Jersey.

Difflugia (Nebela) plabellulum. Test colorless, compressed
spheroidal, broader than long and width less than half the
breadth ; neck slight or nearly obsolete ; surface of test with round,
oval and bacilliform areolae. Entosarc colorless, or centrally yel-
lowish from food balls. Length of test J^ mm. ; breadth -j-'^ mm. ;
width ^r mm. Abundant in the sphagnum of Longacoming
swamp, New Jersev.

The business of the adjourned meeting of Sept. 29th having
been resumed, Charles Dutilh, George Washington Smith, J. E.
Mitchell, Jno. Leisenring, Charles Parrish, Charles Baeder, Wil-
liam Adarason, Charles B. Baeder, Wm. B. Adamson, Charles W-
Poultney, Karl Seller, M.D., and Mrs. Amelia D. Hockley were
elected members.

H. W. Hollenbush, of Reading, Pa., Prof. Peter MacOwen, of
Somerset, East South Africa, J. Fayrer, M.D., of Calcutta, and
A. L. Siler, of Osmer, near Glendale, Utali, were elected Corre-
spondents.

158 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

October 13.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Sixteen members present.

The Seibert Collection of Minerals, which was completed in
1820, was received on deposit, and ordered to be preserved intact
under that name as historic evidence of scientific progress.

Variations in Solanum Fendleri, A. G. — Mr. Thomas Meehan
said that among other agricultural and horticultural i)lants the
history of the potato was not clearly known. It was said to be a
native of Mexico, Chili, and Peru, but he doubted whether it had
been found anj'where beyond all question indigenous. Solanum
FencUeri^ A. Gray, had much in common with S. tuheroHiim. The
flowers and foliage differed chiefl}^ in being much smaller in all
their parts. He Iiad plants under culture for eight years, but
could not find any variation in the shape and size of the tubers
until this year, when the}- have l)egun to vary in the direction of
the common potato. Hitherto, the tubers haA'e been round, about
the size of a large bullet, and i-ugose from the imperfect tuber
cells on the surface. Tliis season the roots have varied in the
direction of the common potato. They are oval and compressed,
and one has reached a dimension of one inch wide and two inches
long, and with the skin clear and semi-translucent as we see in
more delicate potatoes. He thinks, however, that these facts do
no more tlian suggest a possibility' of the unity of origin of the
Solanum Fendleri and Solanum tuberosum. The fact, that the
former tubers will endure a temperature of zero in the ground,
while the latter was so easil^^ destroyed b}- frost, might, indeed,
be considered against such possibility unless we couhl conceive
of some physical change coexistent with a change of ibrm.

Crystallization in Plants. — Dr. J. Gibbons Hunt remarked that
the subject of crystallization in plants, though not new to botan-
ists, is interesting because of the extreme beauty of tliese deposits,
and, also, an account of the obscurity of their origin and true
significance in the life-historj^ of the plants. The entomologist,
perhaps, has need for alarm, because some botanists assert that
some plants devour the special objects of his study; but, 1 think,
the mineralogist might feel equally jealous to learn that the all-
devouring plants were busy picking up his cr3'stals from the
inorganic kingdom, and using them, at least, to beautify' their
own tissues.

I would ask attention, at this time, to onlv one form of plant-

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

159

crystal — the cystolith — so called because the aggregation of crys-
tals is inclosed in a capsule or cyst within a special cell, and is,
moreover, connected with its cell by means of a delicate filament,
differing in this particular from all other cell-contents.

In our common nettle ( Urtica) we meet with tlie ordinary form
of cystolith. A simple aggregation of minute crystals — probably
oxalate of lime — nearl}- circular in form, showing the capsule
plainly which envelops them, and also the special cell containing
the cystolith. About six hundred fill a line an inch long, and
four hundred are found in one square inch. Each cystolith con-
tains about one hundred individual crystals. At lowest estimate,
therefore, forty thousand crystals exist in one square inch of
nettle leaf.

In Pilea muscosa — a near ally of Ur-tica — I find a tj-pe of C3'sto-
litli differing widely from all forms heretofore described. They

are elongated and bent, in form, like
an Australian boomerang. They
lie in cells measuring only the ^q
of an inch long, and the ^l^ wide;
and so abundant that quite one-
third of the entire leaf is occupied
with them. Cystoliths of this mag-
nitude and singular form I believe
to be unknown to botanists. The
filament connecting each one with
its cell-wall is apparent.

What is the significance of these
plant-crystals? — and there are
others more numerous and more
beautiful — what their office in the
life of the plant? what part do they
act in supplying the salts of lime,
potash, and soda to the tissues of animals? AYill scientific agri -
culture answer ?

lOOOth of an inch.

The death of Thomas Sparks was announced.

October 20.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Twenty-four members present.

Abies concolor in Colorado. — Mr. Thomas Meehan announced
the discovery of Abies (Picea of Loudon) concolor in Glen Eyrie,
near Pike's Peak, in Colorado, by Dr. Engelmann. When, how-
ever, he explored what was till then an unknown caiion in 1871,
and which by right of a first discover}' he had named Caiion

IGO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Engelraann. after his distinguished Iriend, and which name it still
retains, he found a considerable quantity in that canon also. He
was attracted Ly the light green cones, as distinguished from the
puri)lish ones of Ablefi grandis, but on climbing the trees, and
examining the characters, he concluded it was but a variation
from A. grandis^ similar to what he was already familiar with in
A. balsamea. Prof. Porter had also found it in Cheyenne Canon
in 1872 ; and, if really distinct from A. gi-andis, it is probabl}'-
much more widel3- diifused through the Rocky Mountains than
has been supposed.

Fertilization of Gentiana. — Mr. Thomas Meehan called atten-
tion to the fact that the autumn-blooming gentians were now in
flower ; and a close investigation promised an interesting field to
the botanist. They belonged to the class with gelatinous pollen,
and whicli was now believed to require the aid of insects in fertili-
zation ; but many of our species had closed corollas, which seemed
to make fertilization by this agency difficult. In connection with
this subject he said Dr. Engelraan had made some curious ol)ser-
vations on the gentians of the Rocky Mountains. All the large
flowered species (as Gentiana affinis, G.frigida^ G. Parryi, etc.)
have the anthers definitely fixed, and open outwards towards
the corolla; while those of the smaller species (such as G. acuta^
and neighboring genera, Sioertia and Pleurogyne) have the face
of the anthers directed towards the ovary at an earl}' stage of
development, but, on expansion of the corolla, are thrown over
the filament, and then face outwards as the others. The stigma
is cloven, but the lobes do not expand till several hours after the
anthers have shed their pollen. Mr. Meehan finds the anthers of
the large flowered eastern species accord with Dr. Engelman's
observations on the Colorado ones, in having the anthers fixed
from the first outwardl}-, at least in all that he has been able to
examine.

Variations in Leaves of Ailanthus glandulosa. — Some leaflets
gathered from the trees by Dr. H. Leffman were exhibited, in
which the usual lanceolate form was departed from, and a triangu-
\av\y hastate, or aceriform shape, assumed.

Note on Dryocampa. — Prof. Leidy stated that the oaks in the
forests of New Jerse}', during the last summer, were greath' devas-
tated by the Dryocampa senatoria. In the earl}- part of Septem-
lier, in passing along the edge of a forest skirting a cranberry
swamp, at Absecom, New Jersey, he had observed multitudes of
the Dryocampa lying dead on the swamp and all bristling with the
sinaular fungus Aclilva prolifera.

The death of M. Elie de Beaumont, a correspondent of the
Academy, was announced.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 161

October 27.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Twent3'^-five members present.

Chapter XIY., Art. Y. of the By-Laws was amended to read
as follows : " Six members shall constitute a quorum. Except
the election of members and corres})ondents, no question other
than purely scientific shall be decided at any meeting unless at
least twenty members vote ;" the words " except the election of
members and correspondents" being added to the original article.

The following paper was presented for i)ublication : —
"Synopsis of the Muridai of North America." By Dr. Elliott
Coues, IJ. S. A.

W. S. Bissel, Dr. A. M. Owen, U. S. N., James Dougherty,
Daniel Maul, John Rothermel, John B. Robinson, Charles H.
Howell, and Mrs. Elizabeth V. Graham, were elected members.

Dr. A. E. Carothers, of Saltillo, Mexico, was elected a Corre-
spondent.

On report of the Committee to which it was referred, the follow-
ing paper was ordered to be published : —

162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

ON A NEW VARIETY OF HELIX.
BY JAS. LEWIS, M.D.

Among the interesting shells observed recently b}' Miss Law
among the mountains of North Carolina, near Ha3^esville, is a
variety of Helix (Stenotrema) monodon, Rackett, of which there
appears to be no record. The shells in question present the un-
mistakable characters of monodon modified in the following par-
ticulars: The whorls are more flattened than usual, making the
whole shell flattened and more discoidal than has hitherto been
remarked of this species. The periphery is slightly carinate or
onlj' obsoletely carinate, specimens vaiying slightly among each
otlier in this respect. The larger number of specimens are marked
with a single, faint, brown band on the peripher3',in which respect
may be observed a habit comparable with what has heretofore
been remarked of banded specimens of Mesodon elevafa. The
presence of this band on some of the shells imparts a somewhat
variegated aspect to the superior portion of the shell.

It is scarcely to be presumed that specific characters will be
predicated upon the variable features above mentioned, but the
variety seems to be so well characterized as to deserve a name hy
which to distinguish it, and I therefore venture to propose for it
the following designation, viz.. Helix (Stenotrema) monodon,
Racket, var. cincta.

Specimens from near Hayesville, Clay Co., N. C, are herewith
presented in the name of Miss Law.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 163

November 3.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Twenty- six members present.

A paper entitled " On new species of NoctuidjE," by Ang. R.
Grote, was presented for publication.

The President read the following extract from a letter written
by Prof. Edw. D. Cope, and dated " Camp near Naciraiento, X. M.,
Oct. 11, 1874 :" "I have been camped for some five weeks in this
region with five men, forming one of Lieut. Wheeler's surveying
parties. I find much of interest geologicall}-, paleontologically,
and archfeologically, and have an agreeable location in a country
with good water, timber, and grass, and, I may add, Indians. The
latter are Apaches, Utes, and Navajoes, all friendl}'. I find many
remarkable ruins of rude stone buildings of an extinct race, with
great quantities of broken pottery. I discovered a ruined stone
village of twenty-five houses arranged on the edge of a cretaceous
sandstone hog-back, from six to twelve feet wide only, and 250 to
300 feet perpendicular on one side, and on the other sloping at an
angle of 45° to 60°, besides other ruins in regions now entirely
waterless."

Dr. F. Y. Haj'den exhibited a series of photographs of ruins
similar in character to those spoken of by Prof. Cope. The
builders were suj^posed to be the ancestors of the Moquis.

Wheat and Chess. — The specimen of wheat (Ti'iticum) with a,
head of cheat (Broimis) apparently'' growing from a joint of the
former plant, which had been presented to the Academy at the
meeting of Oct. 6, having been referred to Dr. J. Gibbons Hunt
for examination, he made the following report: —

After rendering the chaff of both plants transparent, and tinting
properly, so as to render every morphological element distinct for
study, and after treating the doubtful outgrowth similarly, I pre-
sent tlie tliree specimens to the meml)ers for study.

I will call attention to only a few points of structure in each. In
the upper glume of the wheat, on the inside surface against which
the grain lies, the cells are large, and are bounded at their ends by
cell-walls nearly transverse to the long diameter of the cells. In
corresponding cells in cheat the ends of the cells are bounded by
oblique lines generally. In the outer or epidermal cells of both
plants silica is abundant, the deposit occurring at the ends of the

161 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

cells, bill in granules differently formed in the wheat, from those
in the cheat.

It is impossible to conve}' in words, an idea of this difference
in form. In the cheat the silica granules are larger and more
abundant than in Avheat.

In the upiier glumes of both plants there are from three to nine
veins. In tlie wheat not more than one vein is bordered with
stomata, in cheat every vein has on either side a distinct row of
large stomata, and this peculiarit3- of structure is so distinctive
that the botanist can pick from a 'bushel of the mixed glumes of
both plants, all that belong to the cheat, without possibility of
mistake. Other points of dissimilarity are obvious, but I have
stated enough to make a comparison with the doubtful outgrowth.

In this doubtful outgrowth from the head of wheat I find the
obliquely ending internal cells in the upper glume, in the epidermal
cells, silica deposits identical in form and position with the cheat, and
unlike the wheat, and every vein is bordered with a row of stomata
on either side. Every morphological element of the outgrowth
corresponds in form to analogous elements in the cheat. 1 am
compelled therefore to pronounce it undoubted Bromus and not
Triticum. But I would report further.

Seize now, very gently, this remarkable outgrowth, with delicate
forceps, and out comes the Bronuis from the Triticum, and the
trick is exposed. The Bromus has been introduced into the Triti-
cum artificially, and the cement employed to make the deception
more secure still adheres in flakes to the artificial parasite, and
resembles in appearances gum tragacanth. A beautiful fungus,
moreover, has found a nidus in the gum solution while fresh, and
is not found elsewhere on the wheat. The stem of the Bromus
which was inserted into the wheat, bears on its epidermal surface
minute outgrowths resembling precisely those on the correspond-
ing parts of the plant which is separate from the wheat. Now, on
naturally internal surfaces such epidermic outgrowths never occur;
I have no hesitation, therefore, in pronouncing this specimen cheat^
neither do I think the workman has been expert in his manipula-
tion.

November 10.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Twenty-six members present.

A paper entitled " Description of a new species of Helmintho-
phaga," by Harold Herrick, was presented for publication.

Mountain Drainage of Eastern Tennessee and Western North
Carolina. Ancient Burial Custom. — Joseph Willcox made some
statements in reference to the drainage of the mountain region of

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 165

Eastern Tennessee and Western North Carolina. Tlie Blue Ridge
there attains its greatest development, both in width and altitude;
its width being from 50 to 70 miles, while more than 30 of its
peaks attain an altitude exceeding GOOO feet. The western border
range, called the Smoky Mountains, is as high as the eastern range,
styled the Blue Ridge ; yet all of the streams that drain this region
flow to the west, cutting deep gorges tlirough tlie Smoky Moun-
tains. Having visited this region on several occasions recently,
Mr. Willcox observed that the eastern and central portions of it
consist of gneiss rocks, while the western portion is composed of
other sedimentary rocks. It is presumed that tlie former was up-
heaved at a time long anterior to the elevation of the latter, and
the drainage system, having once been establislied to the west-
ward, continued its erosion during tlie subsequent elevation of the
Smoky Mountains.

Mr. Willcox also stated that when recently in North Carolina
his attention was called to an unusnal method of burial by an an-
cient race of Indians in that vicinit3\ In numerous instances
burial places were discovered where the bodies had been placed
with the face up, and covered with a coating of plastic clay about
an inch thick. A pile of wood was then placed on toj) and fired,
which consumed tlie body and baked the clay, which retained the
impression of the bodj'. This was then lightly covered with earth.

Notice of Remains of Titanotherium. — Prof. Leidy directed
attention to two fossils recently received through Prof Ilayden.
They consist of an isolated last lower molar tooth and a lower
jaw fragment containing three teeth. The specimens are part of
a skeleton, most of the bones of which were found about one
hundred miles east of Greeley, Colorado.

The last lower molar tooth is identical in character with that
referred to Titanotherium ProiUii (Ancient Fauna of Nebraska,
pi. xvii. figs. 8, 9, 10), except that its outer basal ridge is less well
developed. Tlie fore and aft diameter of the crown is three and
one-quarter inches; the width in front 19 lines.

The teeth of the lower jaw fragment are either the last three
premolars, or the last two of these and the first molar. They are
like the corresponding teeth of Titanotherium Proutii. In all,
the crowns are bilobed. The series of three teeth measures, fore
and aft, four inches and five lines. The first of the series meas-
ures, fore and aft, 14^ lines; the second 16:^, and the third 21
lines. A large mental foramen is situated about an incli and a
half below tlie interval of the anterior two teeth.

These remains I suspect to belong to the animal indicated under
the name of 31egacerops coloradensis (Extinct Vertebrate Fauna
of the Western Territories). This, from all the evidence I have
thus far seen, appears to be of the same genus as Titanotherium,
to which I also suspect the genus Brontotherium of Prof. Marsh,

166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

and the genera Symhorodon and Miobasileus of Prof. Cope be-
long.

Last summer, in passing through New Haven, I had an oppor-
tunity of seeing the fossils referred by Prof. Marsh to Brontothe-
rium. Among them I saw an incisor tooth, which is like one in
the museum of the Academy-. Tlie latter specimen accompanied
some remains of Tit another ium from White River, Dakota. The
crown forms an irregular hemisphere, and measures from 5 to 5^
lines in diameter.

The examination of the skull, described by Prof. Marsh, under
the name of Brontotherium, and an inspection of the skulls, ex-
hibited to the Academy last June b}^ Prof. Cope, and referred by
him to Symborodon, confirmed m}' suspicion that these two named
genera are synonymous with Titanotheriian. I also suspect from
the cursory examination of the specimens of Profs. Marsh and
Cope, that the number of species will probably be reduced to one
or two.

Notices of Rhizopods. — Prof. Leidy exhibited drawings of the
beautiful Actinophryan, Clathrxdina elegans^ described by Cien-
kowski and other European naturalists. It was found abundanth''
on Utricularia, at Absecom, New Jerse}-. The more mature speci-
mens have a brownish or yellowish color. The spherical, fenes-
trated, siliceous shell measures from ^^th to ^^-th mm. in diameter.
The intei'ior Actinophrys-like body is about ^^^'^ vava. in diameter,
and gives off a multitude of delicate rays which extend thi-ough
the fenestra of the shell. The stem of attachment of the shell
measures ^th of a mm. or more in length.

The maturer specimens frequentl}' have others attached to their
shell, usually one, but as many as six wei*e observed radiating on
their slender stems from the parent shell. These secondary shells
are slightly smaller than the others, are colorless, and ofteu so
delicate and transparent that the fenestrate character, if it exists,
is invisible.

In a number of detached specimens of Clathrulina^ the shell
was occupied by a central, rayless, granular mass, from ^^^th to
^'pth mm. in diameter.

Prof. Leidy also exhibited drawings of Actinosphserium Eich-
Jiornii, which, though not so common as Adinophrys sol, is fre-
quentlj' found in the ponds and ditches in the vicinity of Phila-
delphia. It varies considerably in size, ranging from jVth mm.
to I ram. in diameter. Some exhibit a multitude of rays, others
a few, and some observed, of large size, alive and active, were
utterly rayless.

Drawings were also exhibited of Acanthocystis viridis. This
remarkable rhizopod occurs frequently in all the ponds and ditches
in the vicinity of the city. It is either very pol^-morphous, or else
perhaps several species may be included under the one name.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 16t

Some are green from the chlorophyl bulls occupying tbe superfi-
cial part of the bod3\ Others exactly alike in all other points of
structure are colorless. From the body project a multitude of
exceedingly delicate spines with discoid bases and furcate ends.
Rays also like those of Actinofjhrys project beyond the spines.
Both rays and spines in the immediate vicinity of the body are
enveloped in a stratum of exceedingly minute vibrio-like si)icules.
The green specimens of Acanthoci/stit;, independently of rays and
spines, measure about -jJ^th mm. in diameter; the colorless ones
measured about one-half the size of the former.

Drawings were also exhibited of an Actinophryan, of which a
number of individuals lived together in colonies. These are not
unfrequently met with in the same positions as Acanthocystis and
Actino)<2?hserium. The species appears to be the same as that
recently described by Hertwig and Lesser, in the Archiv fur Mi-
kroskopische Anatomie,, 1874, plate iv. fig. 1, under the name of
Raphidiophrys eJegans. I have rej^eatedly met with the creature
in colonies from half a dozen up to forty. The whole colony moves
along with much greater rapidit}^ than Actinophrys sol. The in-
dividuals measure ^^gth mm. in diameter, and project a multitude
of rays extending to ith mm. in length. In colony the bodies are
conjoined by bridges or isthmi, through which chlorophyl balls
and granules incessantly but slowly pass from one to another.
The bodies and the bases of the rays are enveloped in an atmos-
phere of exceedingly delicate semicircular spicules. The animals
take their food in the same manner as Actino2')hrys sol. A colony
of thirty-eight was observed to break up into three separate colo-
nies numbering severall}- fifteen, ten, and thirteen, each of wiiich
moved awaj' in a different direction.

Drawings were exhibited of Amoeba qitadrilineata, Carter, a
common species in the waters in the vicinity of Philadelphia. It
is about -vgth mm. in length b}- ^^gth mm. in breadth. The species
is remarkable especially for the retention of the four delicate lon-
gitudinal folds in all its movements.

Drawings of two other species of Amceha were exhibited, which
are supposed to diflfer from those previously described. They w^ere
characterized as follows: —

Amceba viridis. — Bright green from the multitude of contained
chlorophyl balls. Form of body irregularly stellate, with thick
conical pseudopods projecting in all directions. Sarcodic sub-
stance colorless and finely granular. Neither nucleus nor vacuoles
were observable. Movements slow. The bod}' occupied a space
of about ,'yth mm. The chlorophyl grains are nearly of uniform
diameter and measure the ^^qUi mm. Absecom Pond, New Jersey,
Nov. 5, 1874.

Amceba tentaculata. — Body spheroidal, oval, or limaciform,
projecting a multitude of long, conical, or fusiform pseudopods of
clear ectosarc, into which no granules of the entosarc enter ; pos-

168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

teriorly finely papillate, or with a discoid papillate subdivision
Exterior of the body colorless and transparent; interior of tlie
bod}', or entosarc, 3'ellowish, and spotted brown or green from the
food contents. When moving the animal resembles a sea-slug,
Eolis, in its shape and from its many long pointed pseudopods.
At the fore part of the body, in progression, a large extent of per-
fectly clear ectosarc precedes the entosarc, equal to about one-
sixth the length of the body. This is blunt in front, and with its
divergent pseudopods resembles the head of a slug. When float-
ing the animal looks like a large Aclinoplu-yti with thick conical
rays. The animal is voracious, and feeds on desmids, diatomes,
and diffnse granular and flocculent vegetable matter. Leng-th of
the body from \Xh. to ^th mm; breadth •j^'^t'' ^o ^tli mm. The
pseudopods up to y^^jth mm. long by xgsth mm. thick. Absecom
Pond, New Jerse3\ Frequent from September to November.

On Supposed Spermaries in Amoeba — Prof Leidy stated that
in an examination of a large Amoeba^ from Absecom Pond, N. J.,
he had observed a point of structure which he had not previously
noticed in any of the species. The Amoeba generally assumed a
globular or oval form from the j\ to the |^ of a line in diameter.
It projected from an}' part of its circumference digitiform pseu-
dopods np to j';j of a line by the j^jj of a line thick. The gran-
ular matter of the entosarc was mingled with a multitude of brown
food balls, and numerous crystals, most of which appeared to be
of isometric forms. The coarser granules of the entosarc rarely
entered even the base of the pseudopods.

The uniformly granular nucleus, immersed in the entosarc,
measured about -^\ of a line in diameter. The contractile vesicle
measured 2V of a line, AVith a j^^ immersion objective lens, there
were observed around tiie circumference of the contractile vesicle,
half-a-dozen granulated spheres, from ^^^ to g^, of a line in
diameter. The grannies of these spheres appeared to be of uni-
form size, and exhibited an active swarming movement, resembling
the motion of sperniatozoids. I could not isolate the spheres to
examine them more definitely, nor could I detect the ordinary
spermatozoid form among the closel}' swarming granules. I have
suspected that these granular spheres were spermaries ? After
having detected them with the j\ objective lens, I could barelj'
see them with the i objective.

On the Geology of Certain Lands in Ritchie and Tyler Coun-
ties^ W. Va. — Prof, Persifor Frazer, Jr,, asked the attention of
the meeting while he described, as follows, the geological features
of two tracts of land in Ritchie and Tyler Counties, W. Va., be-
longing to the Acadeni}', and which lie had recently been requested
to examine as an expert. The tract in Ritchie County exclusively
comprises a tolerably regular parallelogram, whose sides run north-

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 169

cast and northwest, and whose area includes about seventeen hun-
dred and eightj-seven acres, divided into unequal parts, both by
the Hughes River and by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The
north angle of the property' is distant about half a mile from the
station of Cornwallis on the above railroad.

The lands themselves resemble in general character thousands
of square miles of territory both in West Virginia and Penns^dva-
nia, which are situated in the coal measures. They ma}' be de-
scribed as very thick deposits of sandstone and shale through
whose almost horizontal strata the numerous small streams have
cut precipitous ravines to a depth of three hundred and fifty or
four hundred feet. The soil, which is what is known in that part
of the counti'y as "white sand soil," is generally light and poor,
and, except in the alluvial bottoms, unsuited to the production of
fine cereal crops.

These hills and plateaus are covered with forest vegetation of
difl!"erent kinds, the most abundant representatives of which are
white, red, and black oak, chestnut oak, poplar, beech, hickory
and ash, white and yellow pine. Locust is almost imknown on
the tract near Harrisville, though frequently met with in the
northern part of the count}'. The greatest value of the land is
for its production of white oak and poplar, especially the former,
which is cut into railroad ties and barrel staves.

Both the Harrisville and the Tyler County tracts are situated
upon the so-called coal measures of West Virginia, and the former
of these is about ten to fifteen miles east of the town of Petro-
leum. So far as the mineral resources of this property (the Har-
risville tract) are concerned, the excitement which a few years ago
was allayed after an enormous expenditure of money in futile
efforts to procure oil in the district embracing Ellenboro', Harris-
ville, and Cornwallis, furnishes us with the means of making a
very fair estimate of them. Nothing but oil, coal, iron ore, or
clay is to be anticipated, and the very numerous bore-holes sunk
to procure the first of these presents us with seven hundred and
fift}' feet of measures, in no horizon of which is there a workable
bed of coal. The formation, with its plates of sandstone and shale,
is almost horizontal, and rolls gently east and west with a dip of
2° or less; and though different sections of these hills varied the
order of recurrence of their sandstone, flags, and shale, the posi-
tion of the onl}' coal seam found was constant, and near the beds
of the streams. The coal bed was opened along a small run enter-
ing the south corner of the Harrisville tract in several places. In
order to ascertain the true position of this deposit with reference
to the rocks on the property- which lie about one-quarter of a mile
northwest of the largest opening, a line was run connecting to-
gether the south corner of the tract, the bore-hole, and this open-
ing. This line was onl}' a rough approximation to the truth, the
distances being obtained by pacing, and the altitudes by the eye,
12

no PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

but it was clearly evident that the coal underlay tlie whole tract
where it had not l)een washed out by the streams. I could obtain
no exact information as to its value nor even a fair sample of it,
the excavations iiaving been nearly filled with dirt. If this bed
siionld prove to be the same as that opened near Ellenboro', it
will probabh' average from fourteen inches to eighteen inches in
thickness and may be of good qualit3^, but cannot for many years
add any great value to the lands under vvliich it occurs. This is
tlie only coal of which an^tiiing is known, although the bore-hole
of which I am about to speak developed a bed of black slates at a
much lower level.

The bore-hole alluded to was sunk by Mr. Moats, and lies about
three hundred feet inside the southeast property' line, and about
thirt}^ feet north of the road. Tlie record of this exploitation was,
as usual, not kept, and the account which follows, taken entirely
from remembrance of the alternation of strata, must be accepted
with great allowance, and is rather valuable as indicating what
was not found than for any positive results ascertained.

Shales and loose stuff (?) 50 feet.

Very hard white rock "like marble" without grain, only

got through three or four inches in a day . . . 4 "
Sand rock, black slates, sand rock and fire clay . . ? "
"Soap stone" (e.e. soft slaty rock) . . . . 8-10 "

Beneath the black shales occurred a sand rock of which there
were three in all.

At three hundred feet enough oil was reached to see and smell,
and it seemed of good qualit3\

Starting from a station high up the hill at the southern corner
of the property, a rough section gave: —

? covered with debris 70 feet.

Reddish-gray sandstone ? feet ) 70 "

? ? " j"

Greenish sand rock ? " ) or, ^

9 9 u j- • • • • • o'J

Massive plate of sandstone 30 "

Flat sandstone in bed of creek.

This brings the rocks down to about the level of the bore-hole,
and renders it probable that the first fifty feet through which the
hole was sunk included the first sand rock.

It will be remarked that in the section here described no place
is given to the eighteen-inch coal bed, which occurs a little higher
up the run. Its position is to be looked for in the fift}' feet through
which Mr. Moats first passed. He ma}^ not have noticed it; or he
ma}' have forgotten it ; or (which is very probable) these fifty feet
below the general level of the bank of the run may consist of loose
debris which the stream has torn out and scattered along its course
where the soft coal would have disappeared.

It would be dislo3'al to science to hazard an opinion on the true
horizon of these measures without the most careful instrumental

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. HI

work, and a thorough comparison of the labors of the Pennsylva-
nia and Ohio geologists, as well as the more recent sections of
Stevenson and White.

It has been stated that the measures are almost horizontal, hav-
ing a dip of about 2° or less from low axes, which are generally
north and south, Mr. I. C. White, in his preliminary introduction
to his "Notes on the Upper Coal Measures of Western Virginia
and Pennsylvania," read before the Lyceum of Natural History of
New York, and reprinted from their Annals^ speaks of the " Divid-
ing Ridge" as a w^aterslied between tlie tributaries of tlie Monou-
gahela and those of the Oliio, which occui)ies the median line of a
gentle anticlinal axis which passes across tlie coal measures from
north to south.

There are, without doubt, many of these gentle north and south
axes in the southwestern coal measures — at least in Tyler, Ritchie,
and Pleasant Counties, and one of them on tlie western limits of
the Academy's Harrisville tract sheds the oil as well as the water.

Geologically there seems to be no reason to expect awy great
development of mineral resources.

Tyler County Tract — During the entire time occupied by the
examination of the lands of the Academj-, extensive forest fires
prevailed, and the whole region was densely clouded with smoke,
which not only made it impossible to get any extended view of the
countiy, but so completely obscured the sun that at 3 P.M. it was
not possible to indicate its position in the sky. This smoke sliort-
ened the day and prevented mc from visiting certain tracts where
the fires were prevailing.

The so-called Tyler County tract lies across the border of Tyler
and Ritchie Counties, from the headwaters of the largest tributary
to McKiin Creek, across the " Dry Ridge" to the banks of Hughes
River. It contains more bottom and, therefore, more arable land
than the Harrisville tract, and what parts have not been settled
on contain an abundance of fine timber.

What I have said of the structure of the Harrisville tract applies
largely to that of the Tyler County tract, though the poverty of
the country in coal in the latter must be assumed on different
grounds from that of the former, where numerous borings made
in the search after oil served to show the absence of coal within a
reasonable distance below the surface; while here there are no
such exploitations.

About three miles south-southwest of the lower corner of the
Tyler-Ritchie tract, on the property of Mr. Campbell I discov-
ered a thin bed of coal, which, from what I could learn, agreed in
general description with the thin seam opened in the base of tlie
liills near EUenboro'. It would be rash to generalize, from a hur-
ried observation of a bed beneath the surface of a run, a continuity
wuth the p]llenboro' bed eight miles distant, but so far as I could
carry the measures southward by a rapid transit over them, they

172 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

bore out the identit}'. If this be truly the same thin seam which
crops out near Ellenboro', and which I have supposed to be the
same as tliat on Mr. Moat's farm, there is no difficulty in prophe-
sying an absence of coal and oil from these Tj'ler Count}' lands.
If the seams are not the same the structure must be so complicated
as to need a special stud}'. The chauces, however, are very much
against the existence of valuable mineral deposits on the Tyler-
Ritchie tract.

Prof Lesley remarked that he had not had an opportunit}' to
speak with Prof. Frazer before the presentation of his report, but
that he had seen Mr. Stevenson lately, who informed him of a
very important observation which he had made in the region of
the Harrisville tract.

Mr. Stevenson had satisfied himself of the existence of a fault
on the Hughes River which brought up the lower measures hori-
zontally against the middle barren group of coal measures which
lay westward of them.

Prof Lesley regretted the absence of Mr. Stevenson, who could
of course much better explain his own views on this subject, but
he believed that this fact had a most important bearing on the
geology of the whole region.

Prof. Frazer asked how the horizontal structure of this faulted
district could be satisfactorily accounted for; to which Prof.
Lesley replied that it would necessitate the supposition of a
vertical drop of the region west of a north and south line of
fracture parallel to, and perhaps synonymous with, the " Oil
Break" anticlinal, which is only a few miles further west.

In reply to a question as to his opinion of the probability of
the sanclstone of the downthrown region being the representation
of the Mahoning sandstone. Prof Lesley said that he understood
Prof Stevenson to hold that opinion.

The Committees to which they had been referred recommended
the following papers to be published : —

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 173

SYNOPSIS' OF THE MTJEID^a: OF NORTH AMERICA.
BY DR. ELLIOTT COUES, U.S.A.

Family MURID.E.

Taken in its current acceptation, but witli exclusion of the
genus Jaculus, which differs sufficiently in dentition, in the cha-
racter of the anteorbital foramen, proportions of limbs, and other
features.

1.1-=!; C. ^; P. 0-« ; M. ^H^^ = tzi = 1 = 16 teeth.
1—1' 0—0' 0-0 ' 3—3 4—4 8

Anteorbital foramen a large pja-iform slit, bounded exteriorly by

a broad plate of the maxillary.

Subfamily MuRiNiE.

Molars rooted, tubercular, with crenate peripher^^ Koot of
under incisor causing protuberance on outside of jaw, at or near
notch between cond^'le and coronoid process. Descending pro-
cess of mandible a broad flattened plate, wholly below plane of
the molars. Anterior root of zj'goma deeply nicked at the ante-
orbital foramen. Palate nearly plane.

Murine Series.

Molars with three tubercles in transverse series. Soles naked.
(Only indigenous in the Old World — introduced in the New.)

Genus I. MUS, Linn., emend.

1. Mus decumanus.

2. Mus alexandrinus.

3. Mus rattus.

4. Mus musculus.

' Abstract of a memoir in wliicli the characters of the varietie.s, species,
aud liigher groups are treated in full, with sjaionymy, bibliograpliy, etc.,
and the argument for the views advanced. Based on the material (several
thousand specimens) in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution.

174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Sigmodont Seines.

Molars with two tubercles in transverse series. Soles normully'
hairy. (New World rats and mice.)

Genus II. NEOTOMA, Say and Ord.

Syn. 3fu/t, sp , Say and Ord, 1818 ; Desm., 1833. — Arvicola, sp., Harlan,
1825. — Lemmm, sp., Fiscb.,1839. — Neotoma, Say and Ord, J. A. N.
S. P. iv. 1825, 346, and of authors ; type, N. floridana. — Mi/oxus, sp..
Rich., Zool. Journ. ill, 182S, 517 (JS^ cinerea). — Teoiioma! J. E.
Gray (same type).

Ohs. Embracing sigmodont rats of North and Middle America,
of the largest size, highly murine in general aspect. None so
small as the largest of the other N. American species. There are
abundant cranial and external generic characters. Only here we
find in one species a bushy distichous tail, almost as in Sciurus —
a circumstance which doubtless caused the reference of the species
to 3I1JOXUS ; but other species of the genus do not show this
feature.

Analysis of Species.

I. Tail scantily hairy (nearly as in Mus).

a. Tail bicolor, barely or not as long as the body without the head.

Feet entirely white. Length 9 inches or less ; tail 6 or less.

PLORIDAXA.

b. Tail unicolor, blackish, about as long as head and body. Feet

partly dusky.

a'. Large ; about the size and general coloration of iV. floridana.

PUSCIPES.

b'. Small ; length about 7 inches. Coloration rich, warm rusty-
red, with snowy white uuderparts. (Extralimital.)

FERRUGINEA.

II. Tail densely hairy (as in Myoxus), bicolor. Size of the first, or larger.

CINEREA.

Ohs. In addition to the foregoing, occurs N. magister, a fossil
species, known only by its skull. It is a probable progenitor of
series I., if not of the whole. N. cinerea obviouslj^ stands apart;
the other species still continue more nearly united, though I have
not seen exactly intermediate specimens.

' Naked in Sigmodon, in subgenus Oryzomys, and almost so in two species
of subgenus Vesperimus.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 175

1. Neotoma magister, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 498, in text. Loc. of remains: — Caves
in Pennsylvania, near Harrisburg and Carlisle.

2. Neotoma floridana, Say and Ord.

Stn. Mux floridana, Orel, Bull. Soc. Pliilom, Phila. 1818, 181.
Arvicolu floriduna, Harlan, Fn. Amer. 1825, 111.
Neotoma floridana, Say and Ord, J. A. N. S. P. iv. 1825, 352, pi. x.

figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Lemmus floridanus, Fischer, Syn. 1829, 299.
Neotoma mexicana, Bd., P. A. N. S. P. vii. 1855, 333 ; M. N. A. 1^57,

490 ; Mex. B. Surv. ii. 1859, 44, pi. 24, f. 1 a-g.
Neotoma mieropuH, Bd., P. A. N, S. P. vii. 1855, 333 ; M. N. A. 1857,

492 ; Mex. B. Surv. ii. 1859, 44.

Hah. Southern United States, and Northern Mexico. North to
Maryland (y4i/,c?u6o»),New York (i?e?^), and Massachusetts (G^z66s)-
Illinois, Arkansas, Kansas.

3. Neotoma fuscipes, Cooper.

Syn. Neotoma fmcipes. Cooper's MSS., Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 495.

Hab. California.
[3 his. E.xtralimital : Neotoma ferruginea, Tomes.]
Syn. Neotoma ferruginea, Tomes, P. Z. S. 18G1, 281.

Hah. Guatemala. Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).
i. Neotoma cinerea, (Ord) Baird.

Syn. Mus cinereus, Ord, Guthrie's Geog., 2d Am. cd., ii. 1815, 292 (based
on ash-colored rat icitli hairy tail of the Rochy Mts., Lewis and Clarke,
passim).
Neotoma cinerea, Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 499, pi. liii. f. 4.
Myoxus drummondii. Rich., Zool. Jouru. iii. 1828, 517.
Neotoma drummondii. Rich., F. B. A. i. 1829, 137, pi. viii.
Neotoma occidentalis. Cooper's MSS., Bd., P. A. N. S. P. vii. 1855,
335 ; M. N. A. 1857, 496, pi. liii. f. 3.

Hah. Western and Northwestern North America, to the Pacific.
East to Nebraska, Colorado, etc., and in British America to Hud-
son's Ba3\ South to New Mexico and California.

Genus III. SIGMODON, Say and Ord.

Syn. Sicjmodon, Say and Ord, J. A. N. S. P. iv. 1825, 352. Arvicola,
sp., And. and Bach., Harlan, Godman. — Hespero?nys (subg. Deil-
emys), De Saussure, R. & M. Z. 18G0 (type toltecm).

Ohn. Yery closely related to the average sigmodont mice.
Larger than usual; pelage hispid; soles naked, granular; hind

176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

feet veiy long. 1st and 5th toes subequal and veiy short ; fore-
feet not half as long as the hind. Tail nearly naked. Dental and
cranial characters slight. I can find but one species.

1. Sigmodon hispidus, Say and Ord.

Stn. Sigmodon hi^ridum, Say and Orel, J. A. N. S. P. iv. 1825, 354, pi.

X. f. 5, G, 7, 8 ; and of authors.
Arvicola hispidus, Godm., Am. Nat. Hist. ii. 182G, 68.
Armeola Jiortensis, Harlan, Fn. Amer. 1825, 138.
Arvicola ferrugineus, HarL, Am. Journ. Sc. x. 182G, 285 (rnsty var. ).
Arvicola texiana, And. and Bach., Q. N. A. ill. 1853, 229, pi. cxlvii.

fig. 2 (not A. texiana, Id., ibid. 319, which is Hesperomys leucopus).
Sigmodon berlandieri, Bd., P. A. N. S. P. vii. 1855, 333; M. N. A.

1857, 504 ; Mex. B. Surv. ii. 1859, 44, pi. yi. f. 2, 2a (Texas and

Mexico).— Tomes, P. Z. S. 18G1, 281 (Guatemala).
Hesperomys {Deilemys) toltecus, De Saussure, R. & M. Z. 18G0. p. — ,

pi. ix. f. 3a (Vera Cruz).

Hab. Southern United States and Mexico, especially coastwise.
South to Guatemala.

068. Occupying a considerable stretch of countr}' tliat affords
ver3" different climatic conditions, this species changes insensibly'
from reddish-brown lined with black, beneath whitish, tail rarely
equalling the body alone, and hind foot not over 1.30 or under
1.10 (typical hisjndus), to a grayer brown, with purer white under
parts, tail sometimes equalling bod}'^ and head, hind foot some-
times 1.37 i^'' berlandierV ) ; and this to an animal like the first in
colors and proportionate length of tail, but the hind foot not over
1.10, sometimes only 0.95 {'■^toUecus''').

Genus IV. HESPEKOMYS," Waterh., emend.

Stn. 3Tus, sp.. And. — Arvicola, sp., Harl., Am. Monthly Journ. 1832,
44G (nu.ttalli) ; Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. (sonoriensis Le C, texana,
Woodh., AM^oryzidora, Aud. and Bach.). — Uypudceus, sp., Maxim.,

' In proposing Hesperomys, Waterhouse obviously intended only to sepa-
rate the New World mice collectively from those of the Old World, on the
difference in the dentition. This is evident throughout his article in the
Voyage of the Beagle. Though treating only of South American species,
he is at pains to say in one place that " Mus leucopus, Neotoma and Sigmodon
certainly belong to the same group." As instituted, Hesperomys is pre-
cisely coequal with the tribe or series Sigmodontes as contrasted with
typical Old World Mures. It includes in South America, Calomys {Eligmo-
dontia, F. Cuv.), Habrothrix, Phyllotis, Scapteromys, Oxymicterus, Holo-
clieilus, and Reithrodon ; in North America, the '■'■ Hcsjjeromys'''' of our
authors, OnycJiomys, Oryzomys, '■'■ Eeithrodon'''' of our authors, Sigmodon

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 17T

Reise, ii. 1841, 99 (J,exi,cogaster).—Mmculm, Raf., Am. Monthly
Mag. iii. 1818, 446 (leucoptii^).—IIe!<peromyx, Watcrh., Zool. Voy.
Beag. 1839, 75 (established for the New World mice collectively, and
therefore equivalent to the tribe Sigmodontes as now understood). —
Calomys, And. and Bach., Q. N. A. ii. 1851, 303 iauveolu><).—
OnycJiomys, Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 4r)8 {leucogaster, Maxim.). — 0/'^-
zomys, Bd. op. et loc. cit. {palustvis Harl.).

and Neotoma. Naturalists soon perceived the supergeneric value of this
assemblage, and sought to eliminate various groups under other generic
appellations. Waterhouse himself established a number of divisions which,
with some modifications, have been generally accepted. In North America,
Sigmodon and Neotoma^ with the so-called ^'Eeithrodo}},'' stand well apart
from He>iperomys ; in South America, Ilolocheilus and the true Reithrodon
seem perfectly distinct. The rest of the American mice (at least so far as
I know them) most probably fall under a restricted genus Ilesperoinys;
we have only to tie this name down to the strict value of a genus, pin it to
its type, and establish among the numerous species what subgeueric divi-
sions we can. From the circumstances of its founding it is difficult to say
what sliould be considered the type of IIe>iperomys. Waterhouse, in drawing
his comparisons between Mus and the New World mice, took M. rattus and
If. bimaculatus for such purpose ; we may properly therefore elect the
latter as technically the type. But when Waterhouse, in 1837, established
Calomya upon C. elegdns, he included in it hoih bimaculatm ?md gracilipes ;
and Eligmodontiii of F. Cuvier is strictly coequal. It becomes a question
whether one of these names should not stand in place of IIe^j}eroiirys as re-
stricted ; but as the latter is firmly established, as Calomys is by the same
author, and as Eligmodontia is no earlier, there may be no necessity for a
change. Resting then upon this strict application of Hes^peromys to such
species as binD/culatus, elegnm. and gnicilijyes, we may inquire how nearly,
if at all, the North American Vesper-mice agree with it. In his essay of
1857, Prof Baird elaborately details the characters of the South American
species, and", excluding Beithrodon and Ilolocheilus as full genera, makes
Heqjeromys to include three subgenera, viz., Calomys Waterh., ILibrotlirix
{z=Habrothrix plus Phyllotis, Waterh.) and Oxymieterus (=:Oxymicterus
plus Scupteromys, Waterh. ). Among North American forms, he establishes
three subgenera, Hesperomys, Onyehomys, and Oryzomys. I confirm these
last unequivocally ; the only point being whether the leucopus group, which
Baird left in Hesperomys, is not also a group subgenerically dilTereut from
that including elegans, bimaculatus, etc. All the North American mice
seem to be differentiated from those of South America by characters of
more than specific importance ; the closest approach that I am aware of
being found in the leucopus group, a species of which — nuttalli, yellowish
underneath — comes near Calomys.

I propose to retain Hespei'omys for all the North as well as certain South
American species, and to divide the former into three subgenera; Vesperimus,
Mihi, Onychomys, Baird, and Oryzomys, Baird.

nS PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Subgenus Vesperimtjs, Cones.

Stn. 3fmcului>, Raf., Am. Month. Mag. iii. 1818, 446 (used in connec-
tion with leucopus, but ineligible for obvious reasons.) — Hestper-
omys, Baird (with exclusion of Onychomya and Oryzomyn^. —
Calomys, Aud. and Bach. Q. N. A. ii. I80I, 303 (type aureolus ; not
of Waterhouse).

Char. Teeth strictl}' sigmodont.' Back upper border of orbit
not beaded (compare Onychomys and Onjzomys). Coronoid not
attaining level of condyle. Cranial and dental characters in
general strictly those of Hesperomyn. Small but well-deA^eloped
cheek-ponches! Of medium and small size, lithe form and quick
movement. Eyes large, prominent. Snout pointed. PJars large,
rounded, thin, scantily and finely jnlous ; antitragus evident but
not valvular. Fore feet hardly or not half as long as the hinder;
palms naked ; fore claws not larger than the hinder ; digits slender,
3d and 4th subequal and longest, 2d and 5th successively much
shorter. Hind feet long, slender; soles 6-tuberculate, naked or
scant-furred on the posterior third ; 2d, 3d, and 4th subequal
and much the longest, 5th shorter; 1st shortest. Tail terete,
slender, closely hairy, ranging in length from as long as body
alone to a little longer than head and body. Pelade soft, close,
glossy, with but few longer bristly hairs ; feet and under parts
white or whitish ; body and tail more or less distinctly bicolor.
No woolly tufts of hair about the ears. Type, V. leucopus.
(Compare diagnoses of Onychomys and Oryzomys.)

Obs. Among the multitude of species of tliis group ascribed to
North America, I can recognize as distinct but the few foUowin
having proven to my entire satisfaction the complete intergradu'
tion of the others.

1. Hesperomys (Vesperimus) leucopus, (Raf.) Le Conte.

Syn. Aynerican Field 3fouse or Bat, Penn., Syn. 1771, No. 303; Hist.

Quad. 1781, No. 302 ; Arct. Zool. i. 1784, 131.
American Wandering Mouse, Barton, Med. and Surg. Journ. Phila. i

1805, p. 31.
Mus sylvatieus, var., Erxl., Syst. Av. i. 1775, 390 (based on "New

York var." of Pennant).
JTus sylvKticus, var. noveboraceiuia, Fisch., Syn. 1829, 318 (the same).
Mus noBcboracetisis, Selys-Longch., Etudes Microm. 1839, 07.
Mus agrarius, var. americanus, Kerr's Linn. 1793, 231 (based on

Pennant).

g»

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 1T9

Mus agrarius, Godmau, Am. Nat. Hist. i. 3tl ed. 1800, 316 (also in the

earlier editions).
Cricekis myoides, Gapper, Zool. Journ. v. 1830, 204, pi. 10 (Canada).
IIef(i)eromys ^nyoides, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 472 (Vermont, based on

Gapper').
Arvicola emmonsii, DeKay, Eep. Quad. Mass. 1840, 61.
[ Musculus leucopus, Raf., Amer. Month. Mag. iii. 1818, 446.
Mus leucopus, Desm., Mamm. ii. 1822, 307 ; and of authors.
Hesperomys leucopus^ Le C, P. A. N. S. P. vi. 1852, 418, and of authors.
Hesperomys maniculatus, Wagn., Wieg. Arch. ii. 1843, 141, and ii.

1845, 148; Abh. Aliad. Wissen., v. 1848, 316 (Labrador).
Hesperomys p>olionotux, Wagn., Wieg. Arcli. ii. 1843, 52 (Georgia).
Hesperomys campestris, Le C, P. A, N. S. P. vi. 1853, 413 (New

Jersey).
Hcspermys texanus, Woodli., P. A. N. S. P. \\. 1853, 243 (Texas).
Hesperomys cognatus, Le C, P. A. N. S. P. vii. 1855, 442 (Soutliern
• States).

Hesperomys gracilis, Le C, P. A. N. S. P. vii. 1855, 442 (Northwest

States).
Hesperomys austerus, Bd., P. A. N. S. P. vii. 1855, 336 (Washington

Territory).
Hesperomys boylii, Bd., P. A. N. S. P. vii. 1855, 335 (California).
Hesperomys gamheli, Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 464 (Pacific Coast, U. S.),
fHesperomys indiumis, Maxim., Arch. f. Naturg. xviii. 1862, 111 {fide

Allen).

\_Note.~1\\Q above synonymy is exclusive of the several geographical
varieties of ttiis species which may be recognized.]

Hah. North America generall3\

la. Hesperomys (Vesperimus) leucopus gossypinus (Le C).

Syn. Hesperomys gossypitius, Le Conte, P. A. N. S. P. vi. 1853, 411
(Georgia).
Hypudceus gossypinus, Le C, McMurtrie's Cuvier, i. 434, App.

Hah. South Atlantic States.

lb. Hesperomys (Vesperimus) leucopus sonoriensis (Le C).

Syn. ? Mus leucopus. Rich., Zool. Journ. iii. 1818, and F. B. A. i. 1829,
142.
Hesperomys sonoriensis, Le C, P. A. N. S. P. vi. 1853, 413 (Sonora).
Hesperomys sonoriensis, var. nehrascensis, Bd. M. N. A. 462, in text.

Hah. Interior of North America, west of the Mississippi, from
Arctic Regions to Mexico (usuallj^ occupying this range to the

' The presence of cheek pouches, supposed to remarkably distinguish
this animal, I have determined in all the species of Vesperimus examined.
It is an interesting question whether they also occur in South American
forms.

180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

exclusion of typical leucopus, but associated with it iu some
localities),

1c. Hesperomys (Vesperimus) leucopus eremicus (Bd.).

Syn. Iletperoinys ereiiiicus, Bd. M. N. A. 1857, 479. — Coues, Quad, of
Arizona, Am. Nat. i. 398.

Hab. Yalleys of the Colorado and Gila Rivers.
Obs. The soles in this variety, and in species Xo. 4, are quite
naked, but merely as an incident of their desert habitat.

2. Hesperomys (Vesperimus) aureolus, (Aud. & Bach.) Wagn.

Syn. 3fus [Calomys) aureolus, And. & Bach., J. A. N. S. P. vi. 1842, 303 ;

Q. N. A. ii. 1851, 303, pi. 95.
Hesperomys aureolus, Wagn., Wieg. Arch. ii. 1843, 51.
? Arvicola nuttalli, Harlan, Am. Mouth. Journ. 1833, 446 ; Med. and

Phys. Res. 1835, 55, pi. 00.
Hesperomys mittalh', Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 467. ,

Hab. Central and Southern States.

3. Hesperomys (Vesperimus) micMganensis, (Aud. & Bach.) Wagn.

Syn. Mus michiganouis, Aud. & Bach. J. A. N. S. Phila. viii. 1843, 304;
Quad. N. A. iii. 1854, 326.
Hesperom,ys micMganensis, Wagn., Wieg. Arch. ii. 1843, 51.
Mm bairdii, Hoy & Keun., U. S. Patent Office Rep. Agric. for 1856,
(1857) 93, pi. xi.

Hab. Upper Mississippi Yalley, especially Illinois, Michigan,
and Wisconsin.

4. Hesperomys (Vesperimus) californicus, (Gambel) Baird.

Syn, Mus californicus, Gamb., P. A. N. S. P. iv. 1848, 78 (Monterey).
Hesperomys californicus, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 478.
Hesperomys parasiticus. Cooper's MSS., Bd., op. cit. 479 (in text).

Hab. Southern and Lower California.

5. Hesperomys (Vesperimus') aztecus, De Sauss.

Syn. Hesperomys aztecus, De Sauss., R. M. Z. 1860, p. 00 (p. 22 of the re-
print).

Hab. "Mexico." Cape St. Lucas.

Obs. This species appears to belong strictly to the Vesjjerimus
group. It is about tlie size and form of V. leucopus, but the tail is
nearly naked and scarcely bicolor, while the colors are notably
different ; they differ just as those of Neotoma ferruginea do from

' I have not determined the presence of cheek pouches in this or the suc-
ceeding species ; in all other respects they are truly Vesperimus, and they
doubtless possess them.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 181

those of N. Jloridana, in rich rusty-red on the sides and partly
dusky metatarsus.

To the foregoing list I append the description of an apparently
new species of this group: —

6. Hesperomys (Vesperimus) melanophrys, Coues, n. s.

Syn. f ? Hesperomys mexicanus, De Sauss., R. M. Z. 1860, p. 00 (p. 20 of
reprint), pi. ix. figs. 1, la.

Descr. from No. 10,183, Mus. Smiths., Sta. Efigenia, Sumichrast.'
General aspect of a species of the leucojnis group. Large ; nose
to eye 0.62 (inches and hundredths), to ear 1.12, to occiput 1.40,
to tail 4.15 ; tail 5.00 ; fore foot 0.42; hind foot 1.04; ear 0.T8 above
notch. Tail a little longer than head and body, slender, scant-haired*
Absolute and relative proportions of feet and digits as in V. leu-
cojnis ; soles hair^' on posterior third. Ears large, leafy, ap-
parently naked, really closely pilous. Whiskers reaching to or
beyond the shoulder. Skull strictly as in V. leucopuH (palate
ending opposite last molars, not far behind it as in Mus, Oryzomys,
etc.), but not quite so thin and papery, and developing a slight
bead on the orbital border, as in the stouter mice generally.
Color above giving the general impression of a gray mouse, rather
than a red mouse with darker dorsal area as in leucopiis and
aztecus. It is gra}', brightened with fulvous, slightly darker
along the back, more decidedly fulvous laterally, and everywhere
with a peculiar slight glaucous or hoary shade. Head noticeably
purer gray; eye encircled with a black ring in marked contrast,
the edges of the lids, and a little anteocular spot, being jet black.
(This suggests the specific name; I have seen nothing like it else-
where.) Color below, pure white, the plumbeous roots of the
hairs, however, giving a slight grayish cast. Line of demarcation
of this white with the color of the upper parts everywhere abrupt.
Outside of fore leg colored to the very wrist, but back of the hand
white. Hind leg also colored to and a little beyond the anklei
forming a definite dark spot on the base of the metatarsus, the
remaining five-sixths of the foot being pure white. Tail above,
like the back; below, gray — not white; and the line of demarca-
tion, though evident, not sharp. No yellowish or fulvous tinge
anywhere on the under parts {^^ mexicanus''^ of De Saussure is said
to be yellowish on the chin and breast). Skull 1.20 long by 0.64
broad.

182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Ohs. This may just possibly be H. mexicanus of De Saussure,
but I cannot so identify it, and prefer to err on the safe side, if at
all. Besides tiie above specimen, I have others from Tehuacan
and Tehuantepec. It is nothing like any of the foregoing North
American species. A female shows three pair of mammae — one
axillary, two inguinal.

Subgenus Onychomys, Baird.

Syn. irypud(PACs, sp., Maxim., Reise, ii. 1841, 99, nee cmct. Mus, sp., Aud.
«& Bach., Q. N. A. ii. 1851, 327 {missoiin'eiisis), HeKperomys subg.
Onydiomys^ Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 458 (tj'pe Hypudmus leucogaster,
Maxim.).

Diag. Skull strictly' as in Hesperomys (Vesperimus), but mo-
lars larger with sharper saliencies and re-entrances. Coronoid
attaining level of condyle. External form somewhat approaching
the arvicoline in stoutness, and in shortness of tail and ears.
Tail in tj-pe of the genus not one-half the length of the bod}'
alone — little if any longer than the head, very thick and tapering
to an obtuse point. Ears about as in the arvicoline genus Evoto-
mys (Hypudseus of Baird). Fore feet very large, f to ^ as long
as the hinder, with long, little curved, almost fossorial claws,
longer than those of the hind feet. Soles quadrituberculate only
— densely furry to the tubercles. White beneath, as in typical
Vespe7-imus. A strongly differentiated form ! To the type of this
section (Hypudseus leucogaster of Maximilian, afterward Mus
missouriensis of Audubon) I add a peculiar variety — more proba-
bly a second species. The two may be thus distinguished: —

a. Tail much less than half the head aud body, scarcely twice the hind foot.
Fore foot more than half the liiud foot. Ear about 0.50 high. Be-
neath snow-white ; above mouse -browu with darker dorsal area.

LEUCOGASTEK.

h. Tail nearly half the head and body, about 3| times the hind foot. Fore
foot only half the hind foot. Ear about 0.75 high; beneath tawny
white ; above brownish fulvous without darker dorsal area.

(var ?) TORRIDUS.
7. Hesperomys (Onycliomys) leucogaster, (Maxim.) Baird.
Syn. Hypudaus leucogaster, Maxim., Reise, ii. 1841, 99 (Fort Clark).
Hefiperomys {Onycliomys) leucogaster, Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 480.
(Nebraska.)

Mus missouriensis, Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. ii. 1851, 327, pi. 100.
(Fort Union, Montana.)

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. lS3

Hah. Interior of United States, between Mississippi and Kock}"
Mountains. Upper Missouri. Red River of the North {Gouea).
Wyoming. Kansas. Doubtless of more extended, but as yet un-
ascertained range.

S. Hesperomys (Onychomys) torridus, Coues.

Diag. Resembling O.leucogaste?' ; tail longer, ears larger, soles
less hairj', fore claws weaker. Coloration luucli more yellowish ;
no darker dorsal area ; snout, feet, and all under parts tawny-
white ; dusk^' stripe on top of tail ver}- narrow, not reaching the
tip. Length of head and body 3.15 ; of tail 2.00 ; of fore foot
0.40; hind foot 0.80 ; ear about 0.75 above notch. Only two pair
(inguinal) of teats discovered. (Type No. 9886, Mus. S. I.)

Hab. Arizona. '

Subgenus Obyzomys, Baird.

Syn. 3fus, sp., Harl., Am. Journ. Sci. 18^7.— Hesperomi/s, sp., Wagn. ,
Suppl. Schreber, 1843, and authors. — Arvicola, Aud. & Bach., Q. N.
A. ill. IQrid.—Onjzomy.^ (suljg.), Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 458 (type 3Iuh
2?ttlustri><, Harl.).

Char. Orbits beaded. Anteorbital foramen nearly circular
above (somewhat as in Jaculua) continued slit-wise below, where
narrower than in VesperimuH ; the maxillary plate bounding it
not produced into a pointed process (compare Sigmodon.) Palate
produced behind last molars — a deep pit on either hand, Coro-
noid attaining level of condyle. Hind legs short, but feet very
large, with obliquely set toes (much as in Fiber) in evident adap-
tation to aquatic habits. Soles perfectly naked, granular, with
one long, narrow, postero-internal tubercle (as in 3Ius) and five
small ones. Toes wnth evident basal webbing; very unequal in
length, the fifth reaching to the penultimate joint of the fourth
(compare Sigmodon). Fore feet not half as long as the hinder;
palms perfectly naked. Ears small, little overtopping the fur,
hairy both sides, with a flufty tuft in the concavity. Nasal pads
more evident than in other sections. Tail long, about equalling
the head and body, scant haired ; the dermal scales and vertebral
rings evident. Fur glossj', but coarse and hispid. Larger than
any other N. American species of Hesyeromys ; general aspect of
Sigmodon or even 3Ii(s i)roper.

181 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

9- Hesperomys (Oryzomys) palustris, (Harlan) Baird.

Syn. Mm paluHvis Harl., Am. Journ. ScL, xxxi. 1837, 38G (New Jersey).

Hesperomys puluatris, Wagn., Suppl. Sclireber, iii. 1843, 543.

Hesperomys {Oryzomys) palustris^ Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 483.

Arvicola oryzivora, Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii. 1858, 214, pi. 144, f. 3.

Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf States, north to New Jersey.
Kansas! (Goss). Tchuantepec (>S'i<77u'c7i?-a.s(!). Jamaica?

Genus IV. OCHETODON, Coues, n. g.

Syn. Mus, sp., Aud. & Bach. — Hesperomys^ sp., Wagner. — Reitlirodon,
Le Conte, P. A. K S. P. 1853, 413, and Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 447,
hut not of Waterhouse.

Diag. Form murine (general appearance of 3Ius musculus).
Size minute. Skull as in Vesperimus ; coronoid not attaining
level of condyle. Tail about as long as head aud body. Upper
incisors grooved (^unique character among N. American Ilurinx).
Front upper molars with four roots instead of three, as in Hespe-
romys.

Obs. The occurrence in North America of sigmodont mice with
sulcate incisors was first noticed in 1841 by Audubon aud Bach-
man, who described 3Ius humilis. Their animal was soon referred
to Hesperomys b^^ Wagner. But the peculiarity of the upper
incisors was overlooked until 1853, when Maj. Le Conte took up
the point and referred a species to the South American genus
Reitlirodon — a course followed by Prof. Baird in 1857, when the
latter described three supposed new species, R. moiitainis, mega-
lofis, and longicmida. But sulcation of the incisors is almost the
onl}' character that Ochetodon shares with Reitlirodon ; the two
genera are otherwise widely difterent.'

• Beithrodon, Waterh., P. Z. S. 1837, 29 ; Zool. Voy. Beag. 1839. Type
R. cuniculoides.

DUig. Upper incisors sulcate. Rostral portion of the skull large in proportion to
the cranial, producing a high, convex forehead; zygomatic width of skull about § its
length ; interorbital portion narrow ; posterior nares contracted from close approxi-
mation of the pterygoids ; palate with lateral paired fossse, and ending nearly opposite
or beyond the last molar; incisive foramina very long, extending to or beyond the
first molar ; coronoid process small and exflected ; condylar narrow and very oblique ;
descending process large, subquadrate, the emargination between this and the con-
dyle deep. Size large ; form stout and compact ; head broad and arched ; eyes large
and prominent ; ears moderate, pilous ; soles hairy behind j lateral toes subequal and
extremely short ; tail short, about one-half the head and body, moderately hairy.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 185

Analysis, of Species of Ochetodon.

A. Tail shorter than head and body (at most barely as long).

Hind feet under 0.70 long (usually 0.55 to 0.65). humihs.

B. Tail longer than head and body.

Hind feet under 0.70 (exceptionally = 0.70). longicauda.

Hind feet over 0.70 (rarely, if ever = 0.70). mexicana,

1. Ochetodon humilis, (Aud. and Bach.) Coues.

Syn. Mm Jiumilis, Aud. and Bach., P. A. N. S. P. i. 1841, 97; J. A. N. S.

P., viii. 1842, 300 ; Q. N. A., ii. 1851, 103, pi. Ixv. (South Atlantic

States.)
Hesperomys Tiumilis, Wagner, Wieg. Arch. 1843, 51.
Reithrodon humilis, Bd., M. N. A., 1857, 448.
Mus Ucontii, Aud. and Bach., J. A. N. S. P. viii. 1842, 307 ; Q. N.

A. iii. 1854, 324 (no fig.). (South Carolina.)
Hesperomys lecontii, Wagn., Wieg. Arch. 1843, 51.
Reithrodon leco)itii, Le C, P. A. N. S. P. vi. 1853, 418.

Most of which is widely different from -what obtains in Ochetodon, the
grooving of tlie incisors being merely a coincidence. Nor am I satisfied
that the three supposed species of Reithrodon are sti-icth' congeneric. They
differ among themselves in cranial as well as external characters, to an
extent at least warranting subgeneric separation. In respects of palatal
structure and form of the anterior zygomatic root, there is a curious paral-
lelism with the same points in Sigmodon and Oryzomys. I will tabulate
some of the characters, as follows : —

Reithrodon proper. (Tj'pe R. ciiniculoides.) Anterior root of zygoma
deeply emarginated in front. Palate ending much behind the molar series,
and showing a median ridge between lateral paired excavations. Ptery-
goid fossfe deeply excavated, and these bones closely approximated. In-
cisive foramina reaching beyond the first molars. Condylar process of
mandible concave internally ; descending process rounded off inferiorly ;
coronoid process very oblique. Species R. cuniculoides, Waterh., P. Z. S.
1837, 30, and Zool. Voy. Beag. 1839, pt. ii. p. 69, pi. xxvi. (animal), pi.
xxxiii. figs. 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e (teeth), pi. xxxiv. figs. 2a, 2b, 2c (skull), from
Patagonia; and a second supposed species i2. typicus, Id., P. Z. S. 1837,30;
Voy. Beag. 1839, pt. ii. p. 71, pi. xxxiii. fig. 4a (teeth), from La Plata.

Euneomys, Coues, n. subg. (Type Reithrodon chinchilloides.) Anterior
root of zygoma nearly straight in front. Palate ending nearly opposite the
last molars, but slightly ridged or excavated. Pterygoid fossre shallow ;
these bones less approximated. Incisive foramen only reaching to first
molars. Condylar process of mandible flat internally ; descending process
angular; coronoid process nearl}' vertical. Species i2. {E.) chinchilloides,
Waterh., Zool. Voy. Beag. 1839, pt. ii. p. 72, pi. xxvii. (animal), pi. xxxiv.
figs. 20a, 20b, 20c, 20d, 20e, 20f (skull and teeth), from Straits of Magellan.
13

186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

? Mus enroll nensis, And. and Bach., J. A. N. S. P. viii. 1842, 306 ; Q.

K A. iii. 1854, 332. (South Carolina.)
? Hesperomys cnrolinensis, Wagn., Wieg. Arch. ii. 1853, 51.
? Reithrodon carolinensis, Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 453.
Reithrodon megalotis, Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 451 ; Rep. Mex. B. Surv.,

ii. pt. ii. 1859, p. 43, pi. vii. fig. 4 a-c, pi. xxiv. fig. 4 a-g. (Sonora.)

Hab. United States, southerly. South Carolina to Texas.
Kansas. Missouri. Iowa. Nebraska. Utah. Sonora.

2. Ochetodon longicauda, (Baird) Coues.

Syn. Reithrodon longicauda, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 451. — ? Tomes, P. Z. S.
1861,284. (Guatemala.)

Hab. California (? south thence to Guatemala).

3. Ochetodon mexicanus, (De Sauss.) Coues.

Syn. Reitlirodon mexicanus, De Sauss., R. and M. Z. 1860, p. — (p. 27 of
reprint).— Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, 284. (Guatemala.)

Hab. Mexico. Guatemala. Louisiana ?

4? Ochetodon montanus, (Bd.) Coues. (sp. proband.)

Syn. Reithrodon montanus, Bd., P. A. N. S. P. vii. 1855, 335 ; M. N. A.

1857, 449, pi. liv. fig. No. 1306 (teeth). (Rocky Mts., lat. 390.)
5 ? Ochetodon sumichrasti, (De Saus.) Coues. (sp. proband.)

Syn. Reitlirodon siimichrasti, De Saus., R. M. Z. 1861, 3. (Mexico.) (Un-
known to me.)

Subfamily Arvicolin^.

Molars normally rootless, prismatic, with serrate peripherj' and
flat crowns. Root of under incisor causing ijrotuberance on in-
side of jaw at or near notch between condjde and descending pro-
cess. Descending process of mandible hamular, attaining level of
molars. Corouoid a long stout hook. Anterior root of zj'goma
not obviously nicked. Palate highly arched.

Genus V. EVOTOMYS, Coues, n. g.

Syn. Arvicola, sp., Auct. — Myodes, Selys-Lougch., Etudes de Microm.
1839, 87 (not of 'Ps\\a.%).—Hypudwus, Kej-s. and Bias., Wirbelth.
1842 (type A. glareola ; not of lUiger, which includes Mus lemmus,
amphibins, etc.). — Hyjnidceus of Baird, M. N. A., 1857, 513, 515,
518 (type A. gapperi). — Evotomys, Coues (type 3Iu.s rutilus. Pall.).

Diag. Dentition arvicoline, in flat-topped prismatic molars, but
murine in rooting of the molars (molars only rooted here among
Arvicolinse). Coronoid process of lower jaw not attaining level

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 187

of tlie cond^yle (unique among Arvicolinae). Bony palate ending
in a straight flat shelf opposite middle molars, the whole space
between last molars thus left open. General form arvicoline, but
ears distinctly overtopping the fur as in Min-inse. A strong
genus, linking the two subfamilies. There are many peculiarities
besides these given.

1. Evotomys rutilus, (Pall.) Coues.

Syn. Mus rutilus. Pall., K Sp. Quad. Glir. 1778, 246, pi. xiv. B.
Arvicola gapperi, Dall, Alaska and its Resources, 1870, 577.

Hab. Arctic, circumpolar. Southward in this country this spe-
cies shades into the following variet}' : —

la. Evotomys rutilus, var. gapperi, (Vig.) Coues.

Syn. Arvicola grippei'i, Vig. Zool. Journ. v. 1830, 204, pi. 9. (Canada.)
Arvicola {Hypudaus) gapijeri, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 518.
Arvicola fulva, Aud. and Bach., J. A. N. Phil. viii. 1842, 295.

(Name preoccupied.)
Arvicola dekayi, Aud. and Bach., Q. N. A. iii. 1854, 287 (same as
their A. fulva of 1842). Excl. syn. '■'■ oneida DeKay" which belongs
to A. riparius.

Hab. Northern frontier of IJnited States, from Atlantic to
Pacific, and adjoining belt of British America. South to Massa-
chusetts.

Obs. This species and its variet}^ are distinguished at a glance
by the prominent ears and chestnut coloration.

Genus VI. ARVICOLA, Lacep., emend.

Syn. Mus, sp., Linn., Syst. Nat. i. 1766, et auct. nntiq. — Mures ciinicn-
larii, Pall., N. Sp. Glir. 1778, Ti.—Lemmus, Linck, Fischer, et al.—
Myodes, Pall, Zoog. R. A. i. 1811, 172 (not Myodes of Selys-L.,
1839, which = 7/?/^j«/(ffe(<s, Keys, and 'E\&.^. = Evotomys, Coues). —
Arvicola, Lacepede, Tabl. 1803, et auct. recent, (includes amphibius
and arvalis). — Hypudceus, 111., Prod. 1811 (not of Keys, and Bias.,
nor of Baird. Includes lemmus, ampMbius and arvalis), — Myonomes,

Rafinesque, (type "Wilson's Meadow 1sIo\\s,q'' = Arvicola

pennsylvanica of Ord.). — Psammomys, Le C, Ann. Lye. N. Y.
1829, 132 (type pinetorum; not oiHueppel). —Pitymys, McMurtrie,
ed. Cuvier, i. 1831, 434 (type A. pinetorum). — Hemiotomys, Selys-L.,
Etudes, 1839, 85 (anijiJubius, terrestris, etc.). — Microtus, Selys-L.,
Etudes, 1839, m.—Pinemys, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. R. A. 1842, 12
(type pinetorum). — Hemiotomys, Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 515 (type
A. riparius, Ord.). — Pedomys, Bd., op. cit. 517 (type A. austerns,
Le C). — Ghilotus, Bd., op. cit. 516 (type oregonus, Bach.).

188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Obs. The limits I would set to Armcolii ma^' be gathered from
the foregoing, though doubtless some S3'non3niis, and, perhaps,
some tenable subgeneric names, of old world forms, have escaped
me. Without, therefore, writing out the full diagnosis, I will
simply mention characters which separate Arvicola as I accept it
from the other North American Arvicolinee : —

Molars normally rootless, perennial {cf. Enotomys). Folds of
enamel fusing at the re-entrances {cf. Evofomys). Molars viewed
from above about equally serrate on eitiier side (cf. ITyodes,
Synaptomys). Upper molars all subequal in length and breadth
{cf. Myodes, Synaptomys). Middle lower molar of 4-5 prisms,
the last a transverse loop, the rest alternating lateral triangles {cf.
Evotomys). Back lower molar of not more than 3 prisms seriatim
{cf. Synaptomys., Myodes)., each malving a transverse loop. Gene-
ral molar pattern, as to number of prisms to a tooth, as shared
by most Arvicolinge {cf. Guniculus). Upper incisors plane (cf.
Synaptomys). Roots of under incisors running up the condylar
process forming a ridge that only subsides near the notch between
condyle and descending process {cf. Synajytomys, 3Iyodes, Guni-
culus). Palate not ending behind in a flat straight-edged shelf
(cf. Evotomys^ 3Iyodes, Guniculus). Coronoid process as high as
cond^-le {cf. Evotomys). Ears moderately developed (cf Myodes.,
Guniculus)., but not overtopping the fur (cf. Evotomys). Tail
longer than foot {cf. Myodes., Guniculus). Fore claws of normal
size and growth (cf. Guniculus). The species do not turn white
in winter (cf. Guniculus). Many other details could be adduced.

The North American species fall in four sections or subgenera,
as established by Baird. I use Myoclonies, Raf., for the section
for which Baird employed Hemiotomys., Sel3's, as none of our sec-
tions seem exactly the same as any one of Europe. Pedomys and
Pitymys are like eacli other in skull and dentition, but otfer ex-
ternal peculiarities. The sections may be thus analyzed : —

A. jNIyonomes. Back upper molar with 3 external triangles and a pos-

terior crescent. Middle upper molar with 3 internal triangles. Front
lower molar with 3 internal and 3 or 3 external lateral triangles.
Ears unrimmed in front. Soles 6-tuberculate. Fore claws not longer
than the hinder ones. Tail about ^ the length of head and bod}', or
more. Pelage ordiuar3^ Size maximum and medium.

B. Chilotus. Back upper molar with only 1 external triangle and a pos-

terior trefoil. ]Middle upper molar with 1 internal triangle. Front
lower molar with 3 internal and 3 or 3 external triangles (as in

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 189

Myonomes.). Ear with a rim in front of meatus, the anterior and
posterior roots of tlie auricle there meeting. Soles 5-tuberculate (?).
Fore claws not larger than the hinder. Tail about ^ the liead and
body. Pelage ordinary. Size minimum.

C. Pedomys. Back and middle upper molars as in the last. Front lower
molar with only 2 internal and 1 external triangle. Ear unrimmed.
Soles 5-tuberculate. Fore claws not larger than the hinder. Tail ^
the head and body, or rather less. Pelage ordinary. Size medium.

I). PiTYMYS. Molars all as in Pedomys. Ears unrimmed. Soles 5-tuber-
culate. Fore claws larger than the hinder. Tail al)out \ the head
and bod}^, or less. Pelage dense, silky, mole-like. Size small.

Subgenus Myonomes, Raf.

Syn. Arvieola of most American writers. — Arvicohi., A, IIemiotomy»^
Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 515 (type riparius. Not of Selys-L.).
— Myonomes, Raf. (type M. pratensis, Raf., based on "Wil-
son's Meadow Mouse" = A. penusylvanica, Ord. = A. riparius,
Ord.).

I. Arvicola (Myoaomes) riparius, Ord.

Syn. Cavipagnol or Meadow Mouse of Pennsylvania., Warden, Descr.

U. S., V. 625.
Meadoto Mouse, Wils., Am. Orn., vi. pi. 50, f. 3.

Arvicola pennsylvanica, Ord, Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. ed. ii. 1815, 292
(based on the foregoing). — Harlan, Fn. Amer. 1825, 144 (in part;
quotes Ord, but (S.e?,Q,v\\ies pinetorum) .
Arvicola riparius, Ord, J. A. N. S. P. iv. 1825, 305. (Philadelphia.)
Arvicola ripariris longipilis, Kenn., Agric. Rep. U. S. Patent OlEce,

1856, 304. (West Northfield, 111. ; in winter pelage.)
Arvicola xanthognatlw, Harlan, Fn. Amer. 1825, 136 (also of God-
man, Say, DeKay, and Linsley, but not of Leach nor of Richardson).
Arvicola alborufescens, Emmons, Rep. Quad. Mass. 1840, 60 (albino).
Arvicola hirsutus, Emmons, I. c.

Arvicola nasuta, Bachm., J. A. N. S. Phila. viii. 1842, 296. (Massa-
chusetts.)
Arvicola oneida, DeKay, N. Y. Fn. i. 1842, 88, pi. xxiv. f. 1. (Xew

York.)
Arvicola rufescens, DeKaj', op. cit. 85, pi. xxii. f. 1. (New York.)
Arvicola occidentalis, Peale, Mamm. U. S. Ex. Ex. 1848, 45. (Paget

Sound. )
Arvicola ealifornica, Peale, op. cit. 46. (California.)
Arvicola montana, Peale, op. cit. 44. (California.)
Arvicola edux, Le C, P. A. N. S. P. vi. 1853, 405. (California.)
Arvicola borealis, Le C, op. cit. 407. (Rhode Island.) (Not of Rich.)
Arvicola trowbridgei, Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 529 (in text). (California.)
Arvicola longirosiris, Bd., op. cit. 530. (California.)

190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Arvicola modesta, Bd., op. cit. 535, (Rocky Mts.) (Very young.)
Arvicola rufidorsum^ Bel., op. cit. 526. (Mass.) (Reddish specimen.)
Arvicola ireioeri, Bd., op. cit. 525 (Muskeget, Mass. ; bleached insular
race).

la. Arvicola (riparius var. ?) borealis, Rich. ?

Syn. f Arvicola borealis, Rich., Zool. Journ. 1828, 517 ; F. B. A. i. 1829,
127. — Also of Aud. and Bach., and of Baird.

Eab. Northwestern America.

Obs. This and the two succeeding species are presented provi-
sionally.

2. Arvicola (Myonomes) townsendii, Bach.

Syn. Arvicola iownsendii, Bach., J. A. N. S. P., viii. 1839, 63, and of
subsequent writers.

Hah. Oregon and Washington Territories.

3. Arvicola (Myonomes) xanthognatlius, Leach.

Syn. Arvicola xanthognatlia, Leach, Zool. Misc. i. 1814, 60, pi. 26. —
Rich., F. B. A. i. 1829, 122.— Aud. and Bach., Q. K A. iii. 1853,
67, pi. 125.— Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 552.— Dall, Alaska and its Re-
sources, 1870, 577. — Whether of Sabine ? but certainly not of any
author treating of United States species.

Hab. British America.

Obs. In its typical condition the animal is unmistakable in its
immense size (up to 8 inches long) and chestnut cheeks. There
remain, liowever, some points to be elaborated before the relation-
ship of the several forms of BIyonomes can be considered estab-
blished.

Subgenus Chilotus, Baird.

Syn. Chilotus, Baird, 1857. Type, A. oregoni. Bach.

4. Arvicola (Chilotus) oregonus, Bach.

Syn. Arvicola orcgoni, Bach., J. A. N. S. P., viii. 1839, 60. — Aud. and
Bach., Q. N. A. iii. 1858, 232, pi. clxvii. f. 3.— Bd., M. N. A., 1857,
537.

Hab. Oregon.

Subgenus Pedomys, Baird.

Syn. Pedomys, Bd., M. N. A. 851, 517. Type, A. austerus, LeC.

5. Arvicola (Pedomys) austerus, Le C.

Syn. Arvicola austertis, Le C, P. A. N. S. P. vi. 1853, 405. (Wiscon-
sin.)
Arvicola {Pedomys) austerus, Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 532, pi. liv. (Wis-
consin and Missouri to Louisiana.)

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 191

Arvicola {Pedomys) cinnamoma, Bd. cp. cit. 541, pi. liv. (Minnesota.)
Arvicola {Pedomys) haydeni, Bd., o^;. cit. 543. (Nebraska.)

Hah. Western States and adjoining Territories, especially Illi-
nois, Missouri, and Michigan. Kansas. Louisiana.

oa. Arvicola (Pedomys) austerus, var. curtatus, Cope.

Syn. Arvicola curiata, Cope, Pr. A. N. S. Phila. 1868, 2. (Owen's Valley,
California.)

Hab. United States, west of the Mississippi. California. Colo-
rado. Kansas and Nebraska, where becoming mixed up with true
austeints.

Obs. In comparing his supposed new species with "^. modesta,^^
Prof. Cope was misinformed as to its affinities. It is a true
Pedomys. not in the least like any style of Myonomes, as I ascer-
tain by inspection of the type specimen. Its extreme modifica-
tion is peculiar in the small size, and very short tail (less than the
head) : it sliades directly into ordinary austerus.

Subgenus Pitymys, McMurtrie.

Syn. Psammomys, Le C, 1829, nee Buppel (type pinetorum) . — Pitymys.,
McMurt., 1831 (same type). — Pinernys, Less, 1831 (same type).

6. Arvicola (Pitymys) pinetorum, Le Conte.

Syn. Arvicola penn.^yloanica, Harl., Fn. Amer. 1825, 144, in part; the

descr. but not the synon. {not of authors).
Psammomys pinetorum, Le C, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 1829, 132, pi. ii.
Pitymys pinetorum, McM., Am. ed. Cuvier, i. 1831, 434.
Pinemys pinetorum, Less., Nouv. Tabl. R. A. 1842, 12.
Arvicola pinetorum, Aud. and Bach., Q. N". A. ii. 1851, 216, pi. Ixxx.

(excl. syn. '■^ oneida DeKay.")
Arvicola {Pitymys) pinetorum, Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 544.
Arvicola scalopao/des, Aud. and Bach., J. A. N. S. Phila. viii. 1842,

299 (Long Island).
Arvicola apellu, Le C, P. A. N. S. P. vi. 1853, 405. (Pennsylvania.)

6a.'? Arvicola (Pitymys) pinetorum, var. quasiater, Coues, n. v.

Diag. Subgeneric characters of Pitymys (skull not seen), and
somewhat resembling P. pinetorum (particularly the large dark
stjde formally called scalopsoides). Rich glossy blackish, ap-
pearing quite black at first sight, but this color warmed into a
slight auburn shade by uniform admixture of dusky chestnut or
chocolate brown. No markings anywhere; color of the upper parts
changing on the sides insensibly into blackish-ash or dark plumbe-
ous of the under parts, which are slightly hoary. Tail like back

192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADExMY OF

above, indistinctly paler below. Fur siiort, close, of so rich silky
lustre that in some lights an appreciable purplish or coppery iri-
descence is seen. General build of 2yineto7-um; rather stouter,
larger; nose to eye 0.50 ; to ear 1.05 ; to tail 4..33-4.45 ; tail verte-
bra 0.10 ; with hairs 0.80 ; height of ear in front 0.45 ; palm 0..33 ;
sole 0.66.

Hah. Mexico. (Xalapa, De Oca, No. 3524, Mus. S. I., type of
the species ; Tuxpango, Sumichrast, No. 7006, Mus. S. I.)

Obs. This peculiar field mouse, which may prove entirely dis-
tinct from pinetorum, is specially interesting in coming from a
region where the genus was long supposed to be not represented.
I have never seen any other Arvicola from south of the United
States, nor is there, to my knowledge, but a single one hitherto
described from so low a latitude, on this hemisphere at least. This
is Arvicola {Hemiotomys) mexicanus^ De Sauss., R, M. Z. 1861,
3, a species apparently allied to A. riparius.

Genus VII. SYNAPTOMYS, Baird.
Stn. Synaptomys, Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 558, in text under Myodes, and p. xHv.

Diag. Superior incisors grooved (unique in the subfamily).
Root of inferior incisor ending abruptly opposite last lower molar
(the root generally runs up to the condyle in Arvicolinae). Con-
struction of molars, and general cranial characters as in llyodes.
Palate ending as in typical Armcola. External characters in
general of an ordinary arvicoline style, but in the very long soft
full pelage, short heav}' head, and blunt muzzle, approaching tlie
Lemmings; nevertheless, ears equalling or overtopping the fur as
in Evotomys, and tail equally or exceeding the hind foot, as usual
in Arviicola.

Obs. Foregoing are the essential characters of the most remark-
able genus of the subfamily, one singnlarl}' comlnning peculiari-
ties of several widely different arvicoline genera. It may be de-
fined in a -word as skull and teeth of Myode.^, in body of Arvicola,
with ears of Evotomys, and sui generis sulcation of upper incisors.
The genus was happily characterized in 1857, but upon such
miserably inadequate material,' that Prof Baird did not formally

' ^^- 2"i5l' ^^^^^- ^- !•' merely a rat-eaten bunch of fur, lacking head, tail,
and three of the feet, with a defective skull ; and No. 1368, skin with feet
and tail, but no head, and no skull. Locality unknown, supposed United
States. Eeceived from Wm. Cooper.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 193

introduce either genus or species in tlie body of his work, though
in the introductory list he gives Synapfomys as a subgenus of
Myodes and catalogues a species, S. cooperi. Though defined with
precision, as far as the material would allow, the genus remains
little known. I can indorse it unequivocally, and add all details
hitherto wanting. There is probably no more strongly marked
genus of ArvicoUnae.

The groove of the upper incisor is deep, distinct, and runs near the
outer edge instead of along the middle (as in Ochetodon and Reithro-
don). The incisors are short, broad, and much curved ; their front
much bevelled off, so that, viewed in profile, one part of each incisor
stands in front of and parallel with the part on the other side of the
groove. These teeth tend to the Myodes pattern further in being
enamel tubes not completely filled with dentine (calling to mind
an unfinished quill pen, after the first oblique slice is cut away) ;
their tips are not straightly transverse, and generally nicked at
the end of the groove. The under incisors, exactly as in 3Tyodes,
stop as to their roots abruptl^^ just in front and inside of the last
lower molar ; while in all other Armcolinse I have examined, ex-
cepting Myodes and Cunicuhis^ the root runs past (outside) the
lower molar up the ramus of the jaw to near the condyle, this
passage of the root making an obvious ridge, here wanting. In
Synaplomys, as in the genera just mentioned, the whole condylar
ramus is thus flat, with its inner surface nearly plane, separated
by a strong sulcus from the end of the alveolar portion of the jaw.
, As is well known, the molars of Myodes (restricted to exclude
Cuniculus), though essentially aggregated rootless prisms as in
other Aroicolinse:, are quite diflferent in their details of pattern.
Not to go here into detail, I may simply say, that the inner mar-
gin of the molar series is crenate, not sharply serrate like the
outer as in Arvicola. Now this pattern of Myodes is duplicated
in Synaptomys, and so is every other molar detail. Incisoi's aside,
the skull and teeth of Synapfomys are not distinguishable with
certaint}^ fi'om those of Myodes. Outside, Synaplomys is not a
lemming, but an Arvicola., one, too, with ears as large as in Evo-
tomys. An alcoholic specimen might be mistaken at first sight
for Arvicola austerus. One might suppose it originally a lem-
ming, stranded in time long past in latitude so low as to impress
upon it ordinary arvicoline exterior characters.

194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Measurements of a skull of Synaplomys cooperi (No, 6915, Mus.
S. I., Kansas, B. F. Goss ). Total length (occip. protub. to end
of nasals) 1.14; greatest z^'gomatic width, 0.12; least width (at
intei'orbital constriction) 0.15; width of rostrum, 0.25; interraas-
toid width 0.58 ; interparoccipital width 0.37 ; height opposite and
including last molar, without lower jaw, 0.45 ; length of upper
molar series 0.30 ; length of extra-alveolar portion of upper inci-
sors 0.24 ; length of rostrum 0.25 ; tip of under incisors to apex
of coronoid 0.62, to back of condyle 0.79, to end of descending
process 0.81; length of under molar series 0.28; of extra-alveolar
portion of under incisor 0.25.

1. Synaptomys cooperi, Baird.

Myodes {Synaptomys) cooperi, Bd., M. N. A. 1857, p. xliv.
Synaptomys cooperi, op. cit. 558, in text.

Armcola {Synaptomys) gossii, Bd., Mus. S. I. (labels of Kansas speci-
mens which, however, are inseparable from the types).

Hab. Middle and Western United States and northward. Brook-
ville, Indiana, Haymond. South Illinois, Kennicott. Benton Co.,
Minnesota, Garrison. Neosho Falls, Kansas, Goss. Skagit Val-
ley, Oregon, Kennerly. Nulato, Alaska, Ball.

Dimensions (average of several, alcoholic, from Kansas). Nose
to eye 0.45 ; to ear 0.95 ; to occiput 1.20 ; to root of tail 3.50 (from
3.00 to 4.00 — range of the whole series 2.90 to 4.30) ; tail verte-
brae 0.65 (from 0.51 to 0.75) ; tail, with hairs, 0.75 ; fore foot 0.40 ;
hind foot 0.70 ; ear 0.35.

Eigliteen specimens, dry and alcoholic, examined from the above
localities.

Genus VIII. MYODES, Pall., emend.

Syn. Mm, sp., et Arvicola, sp., Anctt. antiq. — Ilypudmis, Illiger, 1811,
partini (includes Mus lemmus, amjMbius, etc.). — Myodes, Pall., Zoog.
R. A. i. 1811, 173, in part (includes Arvicola, and thus about coexten-
sive with liis Mures cunicularii of 1778). — Lemmus, Linck (fide Bd.
In part; includes Arvicola.) — Georychus, Rich., F. B. A. 1829 ; and
And. and Bach., 1854 (includes Cuniculus). Not of Illiger, which is
of an entirely different family.

Ohs. The chars, of this genus should unquestionably be so
drawn as to exclude (7(<m'cu/«s, which latter, although also a " lem-
ming," is quite as widely separated as the other genera of Arvicol-
inse are. Being based upon a long and well-known animal, the

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 195

characters need not be here recapitulated. The several ascribed
species of North American Myodes proper are reducible to the
following, which is not specifically separable from that of Asia.

1. Myodes obensis, Brantz.

Syn. Myodes obensis, Brantz, Muisen, 1827, 55. — Keys, and Bias., Werb.

Eur. vi. 1840, pp. vii. and 32. Midd., Sib. Reise, ii. 1853, 99, pi. ii.

figs. 7, 8, 9, pi. viii. pi. ix. and pi. x. f. 2.— Baird, M. N. A., 1857,

559.
Arvicola (Georychus) helvohis, Rich., F. B. A., 1829, 128.
Georychus helvolus, And. & Bach., Q. N, A. iii. 1853, 84, pi. cxx, f. 1.
Myodes helvolus, Dall, Alaska and its Res. 1870, 577.
Arvicola {Georychus) trimucronaius, Rich., App. Parry's 2d Voyage,

1825, 309 ; F. B. A. i. 1829, 130.
Georychus trimucronatus, And. and Bacli., Q. N. A. iii. 1833, 86, pi.

cxx. f. 2, 3.
Myodes trimucronatus, Dall, Alaska, 1870, 577.
Myodes albogularis, Wagner, Suppl. Schreber, iii. 1843, 602.

Hah. More western portions of Arctic America.

Ohs. Of this species I have handled about forty specimens, the
first examined by an American naturalist for many years. They
differ somewdiat from the only two Siberian skins before me, pos-
sibly representing a variety (to be called Myodes helvolus) ; but I
am far from disputing Yon Middendorff's decision as to their
specific identity with the Asiatic animal.

Genus IX. CUNICULUS, Wagler.

Stn. Mus, Arvicola, Myodes et Lemmus, Auctt. — Georychus, partim. Rich.,
And. and Bach., nee lll.—Cuniculus, Wagler (" 1880"), Isis, 1832,
1220; type C gr(enlandicus= G. torquatus or Jiudsonius. — Lilljeborg,
Syst. Ofvers. Gnag. Glires, 1866 (same type).

Obs. Withont going into the characters of a perfectly well-
known form, I wish to particularl}^ signalize the fact that this
genus, tliough 'based upon a " lemming," is very different fi'om
3Iyodes^ and, indeed, from any other arvicoline type. The molar
pattern is strongly of an ordinary arvicoline general character —
not at all as in Myodes or Synapfomys — wliile details of the molar
dentition (as, for instance, six prisms on back upper molar and
nine on front lower molar) are unique. The obsolete ear and
pollex, the singular hypertroph}^ of the two middle fore claws, and
the notable seasonal changes of pelage, are all peculiar. I find
but one American species, identical with that of Asia. A second
supposed species, C. lagurus, I have not seen.

196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

1. Cuniculus hudsonius, (Forst.) Coues.

Syn. Miifi hudsonius, Forst., Phil. Trans. Ixii, 1772, 379.— Pall., N. Sp.
Glir. 1778, 201.— Gm., Syst. Xat. i. 1788, 137.

Lemmun hudsonius, Sab., Suppl. Parry's Voy. 1824, 185 ; App. Frank-
lin's Journ. 1825, G61.— Harl., Fn. Amer. 546.

Arvicola hudsonia, Rich., App. Parry's 2d Voy., 308.

Arvicola (^Qeorydms) hudsonius, Rich., F. B. A. i. 1829, 132.

Myodcs hudsonius, Wagu., Suppl. Schreb. iii. 1843, G04. — Midd., Bull.
Acad. St. Petersl). iii. xix. Dall, Alaska, 577.

Georychus hudsonius, Aud. and Bach., Q. N. A. iii. 1853, 81, pi. cxix.

Mus torquatus. Pall., N. Sp. Glir. 1778, pp. 77 and 205, pi. xi. B.

Myodes torquatus. Keys, aud Bias. Wirb. Eur. 1840, pp. vi. and 32. —
Midd., Sib. Reise, ii. 1853, 87, pi. iv.-vii. and x.— Baird, M. X. A.,
1857, 558.

Mus Unensis, Pall., N. Sp. Glir. 1778, 195.

Mus grcenlandicAis, Traill, Scoresby's Greenland, 1823, 416.

Arvicola (Oeorychus) grcenlandicus. Rich., F. B. A. i. 1829, 134.

Oeorychus grcenlandicus, Aud. and Bach., Q. N. A. iii. 1854, 315.

Cicniculus grcenknidicus, Wagler, Isis, 1832, 1220.

Myodes gr<£nlandic}i.s, Wagner, Suppl. Schrebcr, 1843, 606.

Lemmus ungulatus, Baer, Baer and Helm., Beit. iv. 1841, 283.

Hudson^s Rat and Hare-tailed Bat, Penn., Arct. Zool. i. 132, 133 ;
Quad. ii. 201. — Hare-tailed Mouse, Hearne, Journ. 387. — Hudson''s
Bay Lemirdng, A.\\(\. —WapisJcooseesick ("White Bear Mouse") of
the Crees, Lunaguy {'■''y^'h.Me Mouse") of the Chippeways, Aioing-
nach ("White Mouse") of the Esquimaux.

Hah. Arctic regions.

Genus X. FIBER, Cuvier.

Syn. Castor, L., S. N. i. 1766, 78 (not type).— J/iis, Gm., S. N. i.
1788 (not lj^Q).—'-'Myocastor, Kerr's Linn., 1792," partly, (type
Myopotamus coypus) — Fiber, Cuv., Lemons, i. 1800 (type Castor
zibethicus, L.). — Lemmus, Fisher, Syn. 1829 (partly). — Ondatra,
Watorh., Charlesw. Mag. iii. 1839 (type zibethicus).

Obs. Although this well-known form presents many peculiari-
ties, these are chiefly in adaptation to aquatic habits ; it is strictly
arvicoline in all essentials.
1. Fiber zibethicus, (L.) Cuv.
Syn. Castor zibethicus, Linn., S. N. i. 1766, 79.

3his zibethicus, Gm., S. N. i. 1788, 125.

Myocastor zibethicus, "Kerr's Lum. 1792."

Fiber zibethicus, Cuv., R. A. i. 1817, 172, and of authors.

Lemmus zibethicus, Fisch., Syn. 1829, 289.

Ondatra zibethicus, Watcrh., Charlesw. Mag. iii. 1839, 594.
? Fiber osoyensis, Lord, P. Z. S. 18fi3, 95 (British Columbia).

Hub. North America.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 19'

NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN NOCTUIDS:.
BY AUG. R. GROTE.

Acronycta exilis, n. s.

9. A small species of the size of A. vinnulo,, and apparently
belonging to the group T7'iaena of Hiibner. The fore wings are
pale, with a 3^ellowisli stain, noticeable on the ordinary spots and
on the submedian space. The median lines are wide apart, gemi-
nate, faint ; the t. p. line rectangularly exserted opposite the
cell, running inwardl}' below the median vein. Both the stigmata
are relatively large and vague, the reniform with a central ochery
stain, which becomes easily lost. The median shade is obvious
between them on costal region. The costal region is regularly
dotted with pale black points at the inception of the lines; the
median shade is very oblique, and the t. p. line has a separate dot
for each of its component lines, liere divaricate; there is also an
independent dot midway between the median shade and the inner
dot of the t. p. line, above the reniform, wanting in tlie succeeding
species. A very narrow black dash above internal angle, broken
before the margin. The basal streak and that opposite the cell
are obsolete. Hind wings pale fuscous, with whitish frino-es
reflecting the markings of the under surface where the common
line is distinct and lunulate on the hind wings, more dentate and
medially exserted on primaries. A discal lunule on hind wino-s-
on the more fuscous primaries a discal dash joined to the dark-
marked crossvein. Head and thorax pale like the fore winos:
black at the sides of the basal joints. Legs pale ; tarsi black-
dotted.

Expanse 30 mm. Habitat. New York (E. L. Graef).

Acronycta paupercula, n. s.

9. Of the same size and appearance as ^. ^xiVi.s-, perhaps a
little slighter built. This species differs by the shape of the t. p.
line, which is more roundedly, less rectangulary exserted opposite
the cell than in its ally, and notably less inwardly inflected below
the median vein ; its position is similar in the two species. The
costal dots are fewer and wider apart, that above the reniform in
A. exilis is here wanting. The geminate t. p. line is finer, the
outer line more distinctly black, the inner faint; the orbicular is

198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

a small complete annulus. The black basal streak is distinct,
furcate on the oblique, geminate, waved t. a. line. The streak
above the internal angle is distinct and continuous, and there is a
faint darker sliading outside of tlie t. p. line opposite the cell con-
taining an obsolete streak. The whitish fringes are distinctly
black-dotted. Hind wings as in A. exilis. Beneath the common
line is faint and appears more even and straighter on the primaries
than in its ally.

Expanse 30 mm. Habitat. Texas (E. L. Grraef).

These closely allied species may be distinguished by the cha-
racters given above on close attention. J. paup^rcM^a seems to
resemble A. intert^ujjta, a species described by Guenee, from a
drawing by Abbot ; it seems to differ in the characters of tlie
basal line as given by Guenee as well as in the color of the hind
wings which are not at all yellowish in either of the two species
described by me.

Eutolype, n. g.

A genus which I would refer to tlie Bombycoidea of v. Heine-
man.

The e^'cs are naked, and the small ocelli ma^' be perceived on
their margin behind the antennae. The 'S antenna? are bipectinate,
thickly setose ; the pectinations increase in length on the inside
at basal third, and gradually' taper thence to the tips, where they
become obsolete. The labial palpi are short, as in Dicopis, and
do not exceed the front, and are thickly haired with depending
beard. The whole body is shaggil}' haired, and the short unarmed
legs are nearl}^ hidden by the lengthy vestiture. The thorax is
comparatively heavy and square, and its proportion to the abdo-
men is somewhat as in Dicopis. On the disk is a tuft of metallic
scales, such as have hitherto been recorded only of Eudryas and
Tolype. The wings are long and rather narrow, the primaries
with roundedly oblique external margin and defined apices. The
general aspect recalls the Notodontians, but veins 4 and 5 are
thrown off together on the fore wings, and the insect undoubtedly
is Noctuidous.
Eutolype Rolandi, n. s.

%. Cinereous fuscous. The markings on the primaries are
obliterate. The ordinarj^ spots can be made out, of a paler gray,
the reniform very large, obsoletely black ringed. The t. p. line
may be seen as an approximate gray sinuate band in some indi-

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 199

viduals. The blackish, brokenly dentate subterniinal line, pre-
ceded b}^ a gray shade, is usually observable and strikes the eye.
Below vein 2 there is a stronger blackish accentuation or small
dash. Fringes concolorous. Hind wings with soiled veins and
whitish fringes, pale, transparent, ashen, with darker broken ter-
minal line. Beneath the primaries are fuscous aslien ; hind wings
whitish, irrorate, with discal mark and traces of an approximate
median band.

Expanse 36-31 mm. Habitat. Massachusetts, April 8th to
15th (Mr. Roland Thaxter, No. 1019) ; Missouri, April (Prof. C
V. Riley).

Dianthoecia pensilis, n. s.

S 9. A bright gray, moderately sized species, shaded with
blackish, with a certain resemblance to Mamestra diatincta.
Primaries whitish at base, Avith a black basal longitudinal streak.
Median lines geminate, pale gray, approximate below median
vein. Claviform deep black, acute, extending to median shade,
apparently resting on a very fine black line which crosses the
median space. A very obvious bright brown shade extends
above it, below the median vein, from the t. a. line downwardly
below vein 2 to the t. p. line. A similar but fainter shade stains
the discal tield be^'ond the reniform spot. Orbicular narrow,
whitish, oblique, with an interior streak. Reniform pale, upright,
moderate, with an incomplete interior black annulus. T. p. line
lunulate, projected straightl}' outwardly along costal region,
thence obliquely downwardly to submedian fold, where it forms
a weak angulation to internal margin. A whitish shade below

O CD

vein 2 on subterniinal space setting off the lower black cuneiform
marks of the s. t. line b}' contrast. The s. t. line is preceded by
a series of such marks, increasing in size ; on costal region the
line appears as a white curve. A dark terminal line ; fringes pale
at base, fuscous outwardly. Hind wings pale fuscous, with soiled
veins and traces of double transverse lines. Beneath pale gray,
irrorate, with a common line accented on the veins and faint
discal points. Thorax and head mixed blackish and gray; collar
with a median black curved line. Abdomen tufted on the dorsum ;
ovipositor exserted ; eyes hairy ; tibiae unarmed.

Expanse 30 mm. Habitat. Victoria (Gr. R. Crotch, Mus. Comp.
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.).

200 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

Helotropha reniformis Grote, var. atra.

I luive received from Mr. Geo. Norman, under the num])er 172,
a singular variety of this species taken at St. Catlierine's, Ont.,
August the 12tli. The specimen is a female. The fore wings
are entirelj^ of a dead black, so that the markings become incon-
spicuous, and can onl}' be made out with difficulty. The reniforra
is, liowever, entirely white, and becomes very prominent by con-
trast. The hind wings are more blackish than brownish-fuscous,
as is the under surface and the body.

Gortyna cerina, n. s.

9. A large species witli the colors of Xanfhia siJago, hu.t a very-
much larger insect. I refer it to Gortyna Hubner=:Hydrcecia^ B.,
Led., from the circumstance tliat the thorax is crested beliind.
There is a sharp tuft behind the collar. Bright jellow marked with
dull reddish-purple. Head and thorax yellow, with the patagia
and crestings shaded with reddish-purple. Fore wings widening
outwardly, with sharp apices and rounded external margin, of an
intense yellow; the terminal and sub-terminal spaces reddish-pur-
ple, separated by the narrow yellow sub-terminal line proceeding
from a yellow apical shade spot. The base of the wing is shaded
with reddish-purple. The markings are fragmentar}^ ; the orbi-
cular small; the reniform large, narrow, diffusely annulated with
purplish in broken blotches. The median shade is as apparent as
the median lines, all somewhat ocherous, incomplete ; the t. p.
line scalloped. Hind wings soiled yellowish-white, a little darker
tinted outwardly. Abdomen like hind wings. Beneath like hind
wings above, with an obsolete median shade on secondaries ; on
the fore wings the darker tintings of the upper surface are partly
reflected terminally.

Expanse 47 mm. Habitat. Kansas (Prof. Snow, No. 258).

The head seems to me more sunken than in Xanthia, to which
the superb species might be referred at first sigiit from the color-
ing.
Himella, n. g.

The type of this genus, H. Jidelis, is characterized l\y a resem-
blance to the species of Caradina, while differing structurallj'' by
the hair^' ej'es. The %, antennae are brush-like. The palpi have the
terminal article a little dependent. The tibise ai'e unarmed; the
body parts linear and slender ; thorax untufted, hairy. The wings

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 201

are long, widening a little ontwardly with slightly rounded, nearly
straight external margin. The type has a casual resemblance to
the species of Tpimorp/ia.

Himella fidelis, n. s.

^ . Of a peculiar, soft warm grayish fuscous, the fore wings con-
colorous. The basal half line is indicated by black dots. Median
lines pale, even, shaded with blackish, approximate below the
median vein. Ordinary spots very large, a little paler than the
median space, rounded, very finely pale-circled, the reniform not
excavate. T. p. line a little waved or uneven, pale, with a narrow
preceding ochre3^-brown shade line, a little depressed on costa. A
very fine pale terminal line, fringes concolorous. Hind wings with
white fringes and whitish at base, else largely fuscous ; beneath
whitish, irrorate with fuscous, and with a discal dot, and faint
median shade. Thorax and head concolorous with fore wings.
Palpi black at the sides.

Exjoanse 31 mm. Habitat. Albanj^ (Mr. 0. Meske).
Himella furfurata, n. s.

% . Tiie structural characters are those of the genus, but this spe-
cies is ver}^ much smaller than the type, and the ornamentation is
more like Orthodes. Fore wings pale ochrey fuscous. Ordinary
lines geminate, blackish. T. a. line thrice dentatedly waved,
minutely denticulate on costa. Ordinary spots small, inconspicu-
ous, obsoletely outlined, the reniform darker than the wing, attenu-
ate, black stained inferiorly. T. p. line denticulate, broken up into
black points on the veins. Sub-terminal line pale, well removed
towards the margin, preceded by an inconspicuous series of darker
points. A terminal series of interspaced black dots. Costal edge
dotted. Hind wings very pale, immaculate. Beneath very pale ;
sparsely irrorate ; both wings show a distinct terminal series of
black dots ; there is a common median line and on the hind wings
a moderate discal mark. Palpi inconspicuously blackish out-
wardly. Head and thorax like fore wings.

Expanse 26 mm. Habitat. Albany (Mr. 0. Meske).
Tseniocampa capsella, n. s.

% . The dark testaceous antennae are bi-pectinate ; the e^'es
hairy. The fore wings are blackish fuscous, silky, with an admix-
ture of reddish scales, and remind us of those of Dianthoecia
raeditata. The lines are narrow, faint, interrupted, white. The
14

202 TROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

ordinary spots are moderate, blackish, very finely ochre-rii)ged.
Minute white and black points on the veins be^'ond the t. p. line.
Hind wings fuscous, paler at base, and allowing the distinct discal
mark of the under surface to be perceived. Under surface blackish,
hind wings partly whitish, with a narrow common line accented
on the veins.

Expanse 28 mm. Habitat. Albany (O. Meske).

A dark species with silk}' wings, resembling an Orthodes.

Agrotis innotabilis, n. s.

This well-marked species resembles, at first sight, A. bicar^nea
and A. c. nigrum from the Atlantic States, but differs l)y its
smaller size, and the absence of any carneous costal shades on the
fore wings. Blackish ; the collar is pale at base, and verj'' broadly
banded with deep black superiorly. Fore wings with the trans-
verse lines narrow, continued, geminate, accompanied by narrow,
pale shades. Orbicular small, spherical, lying in a deep black
discal shade preceding and following it ; reniform moderate, dis-
colorous, ochraceous, distinct, of the usual shape with distinct
internal ring ; fringes blackish. Hind wings blackish fuscous,
paler at base. Beneath paler with a purplj^ tinge ; a faint, narrow
common line, a little irregular on secondaries, and discal dots.
Body parts blackish.

Expanse 33 mm. Habitat. Saucelito, Cal., Aug. 25th (Mr.
Behrens, No. 160j.

I cannot observe the armatureof the fore tibife in my t3'pe with-
out breaking the specimen. It probably does not differ in this
respect from its allies.

Agrotis euroides, u. s.

%. A rather stout species, resembling at first sight some of the
gray forms of Ilamestra or Eurois. All the tibioe spinose. An-
tennse strong!}' pectinate, long, the pectinations decreasing to the
tips. Whitisli-gra}-. Collar shaded with black at the base, with
a black line. Palpi black at the sides of 2d joint; terminal joint
black near the socket. Primaries whitish-gray, with the costal
edge tinged with carneous. The transverse lines are more broadly
marked in black on the costal region, below which they are indis-
tinct. The lunulate median shade is tinged with ferruginous or
ochre below the reniform. Ordinary- spots large, concolorous,
black ringed, with black internal marking, lying in a blackish-

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 203

brown shade ■which obtains between them traversed by tlie black
median shade. Terminal dots distinct. Hind wings dark fus-
cous ; beneath closely irrorate with discal point. The primaries
beneath show the costal edge carneous, otherwise like secondaries,
without any apparent line. The thick body squamation beneath
has a carneous or ros^^ tinge.

Expanse 40 mm. Habitat. California (Mr. James Behrens,
No. 6fi).

Agrotis Bostoniensis, n. s.

'B9. A rather large, stout, mouse-gray, concolorous species,
witli the male antennjB bristled beneath, and the fore tibite spinose.
Tlie lines and spots on the fore wings are indistinct, the fuscous
lines geminate, component lines rather widely separate. Orbicular
obsolete ; reniform vaguely outlined, touched by the angulation
of the median shade which is more distinct than the lines, and
angulated below the spot. T. p. line with its inner component
line minutely scalloped, more distinct than the outer line. Sub-
terminal line a subcontinuous series of fuscous marks; fringes
concolorous. Hind wings dark fuscous in the female, with white,
narrowly interlined fringes; in the male nearl}- white, with soiled
veins. Beneath with a faint median shade and extremely incon-
spicuous discal mark on secondaries.

Expanse 38 mm. Habitat. Newtonville (Mr. R. Thaxter).

The specimens were taken September 11th. Mr. Thaxter's
numbers are 1057 9, 1058 %. It lias some resemblance to the
European A. cinerea, but it is, perhaps, nearest to A. violaris,
G. and R.

I have received also from Mr. Thaxter specimens of Agrotis
badinodis, Grote (No. 1063), taken Sept. 11th, and Agrotis geni
culata^ Q. and R. (Nos. 869, 870), taken Sept. 8th, in the same
localit3^

Owing to Mr. Morrison liaving sent me a specimen of Melapor-
p)hyria imniortua^ as I understood from his collection, I have
erroneously credited him with the species instead of Mr. Thaxter
in m}' original description (Bull. Buff. Soc. N. S., 2, p. 75). I
have received a specimen since from Mr. Thaxter, under the No.
259, collected by him at Newtonville, Mass., June 12th.

Oligia Ilubner, s. g.

A slight form allied to Hadena, apparently distinguishal)le by
the more curved, divaricate labial [)alpi. Antennae in tlie male

204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

simple, pubescent beneath. Ej^es naked, with short black lashes.
Tiie thoracic squamation consists of narrow scales. Maxillae
rather weak. Abdomen linear ; collar broad ; tliorax crested
behind ; front broad, exceeded b}^ the palpi. Legs unarmed ; the
median spurs on hind tibia? situate without the middle of the
joint.

Hadena (Oligia) versicolor, n. s.

Dark brown with a more or less decided ruddy tinge Primaries
shaded with ochreous along internal margin, and witii a well-sized
distinct deeper ochreous apical patch. Ordinary lines obsolete,
whitish, broken b}' black points on the veins ; the t. p. line ema-
nates from a distinct and large white spot on the costa above the
vague reniform, which latter is preceded b^^ a distinct black shade
on the disk, an evident feature of the ornamentation of the wing.
Hind wings uniform pale fuscous, silkj", beneath as above with a
discal dot and distinct darker median shade line. Fore winss
beneath blackish with traces of the continuation of the median
line, paler terminall3% Head and collar brownish ; tegulse paler ;
thoracic crestings tipped with blackish.

JExjyanse 20 mm. Habitat. St. Catlierine's (Mr. Geo. Norman,
Nos. 11 and 79). Taken in June.

Hadena (Oligia) tracta, n. s.

A little stouter than the other species, and resembling the com-
mon 0. Chalcedonia (Hiibn.) ? in ornamentation. Head and
collar dark brown. Tegulee and thoracic disk smooth pale faAvn
color, and this lighter tinting spreads over the fore wings at base,
and extends, obliquely upwardly, to bej'ond the t. a. line over the
costal region to the median shade. Median lines geminate ; t. a.
line forming wide dentations ; t. p. line white shaded, emanating
from a double white costal mark, angulate opposite the cell, nearly
perpendicular, a little inwardly bent at median vein, skirting the
pale and small reniform spot which latter shows a dark central
line. The wing is darker, blackish shaded within the t. a. line at
the edge of the oblique pale basal shade, and on the disk. A large
ochre}' apical blotch, below which the thread-like angulate sub-
terminal line may be faintly discerned. Hind wings translucent
whitish, shaded with blackish over the apical region and supe-
riorl}' along the terminal margin ; beneath with faint dot and
obsolete line.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 205

Expanse 23 mm. Habitat. Texas, Dallas Co., Boll, in Mus.
Comp. Zoolog3^, Cambridge. This species differs from our com-
mon species from New York, provisionally determined as Ghalce-
donia Hiibn.? by the smaller reniform, stonter form, and the
peculiar basal shading on the primaries.

Apamea Ochsenheimer (1816).

This genus is established in the Schmetterlinge von Europa, 4,
p. 75, and divided into three " families" or groups : " A," with
nictitans, etc.; " B," with/uruj?cuZo, etc. ; " C," with festacea, etc.
Hiibner next proposes distinct genera which sufficient!}'- corre-
spond to Ochsenheimer's three groups viz., Sideridis fov the group
"A," Oligia for the group "B," and Exarnes and Ogygia for
group " C." For some one of these genera the original term
Apamea has to be restored.

Boisduval, in 1829, divides ^2^^"^^^ Oclis. into two genera; retain-
ing Apamea for a group of species headed by 7n'c(f/7an,9, which era-
braces species included under all three of Ochsenheimer's divisions,
and proposing Luperina for testacea, and allied forms. This latter
genus is styled ^''Apamea^^ by Lederer, in whose work an exposi-
tion of generic character is the strongest feature. Lederer's genus
'■^ Lnpe?H7ia,^^ contains none of BoisduvaPs species, and cannot
remain. It must be resolved into Luceria, v. Hein., with the type
virenx, and Ledereria with the group " B." For Lederer's
'■'' Apamea''' the term Luperina, Boisd. (with the type testacea), must
be retained.

Two generic types nictitam^ and leucostigma are included in
Boisduval's genus Apamea ; the other species seem to be now con-
sidered as Hadenas s. g. Oligia. The original type of Gortyna,
Hiibner (Tentamen) is I'eferred by Guenee to the genus Hydroecia,
Guen. I have restored Hiibner's original application in the " List
of the Noctuidfe of North America." In my work I have not
arbitrarily chosen the type of an}^ genus, but have endeav^ored to
apply the rules of zoological nomenclature throughout. In our
researches after the true type of Apamea we must choose between
these two species, nictitans and leucostigma., both contained in
Ochsenheimer's family " A," in the order cited, and both con-
tained in oisduval's restriction of that term. For the first spe-
cies we have Hiibner's term Sideridis to consider. Giving the
priority to Apamea in the first instance, I think we must consider
all oi" Hiibner's genera erected at the expense of this term, and

20G PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

without its recognition for any of the species, as standing on an
equal footing. We are not encumbered in this matter by any con-
sideration of Guenee's term Hydroecia^ for his indication of the
type makes it synonymous with Gortyna, Hiibner. To many of
Hiibner's genera, e. g. Agrofis, continental authors cite Treitschke
or Ochsenlieimer from prejudice or tradition. Here, in the United
States, we sliould be free from either sentiment. I see nothing in
all this embroiled s3''nonym3^ to prevent my proposing to fix the
type of Apamea on nictitans, in rectification of my undoubted
error on page 18 of my '' List," wliere I overlooked Guenee's dis-
tinct indication of micacea as the t3'pe of his genus Hydroecic. In
Ochsenheimer's mind nictitans was evidenth' tlie type of his genus
Apamea^ and the term was evidently intended foi- the smaller
white-flecked species allied to Goj'fyna. For Lederer's genus
" ffydrcBcia," in its integrit}', the term Gor-tyna should undoubtedly
be nsed, as I have before show^n. I think I am warranted in divid-
ing it into two genera : Apamea^ Oclis., with the type nictitans^
and Gortyna,, Hiibner, with the tj-pe micacea indicated b^^ Hiibner
in his Tentamen (ISO*)). Our North American species of Apamea
are as follows : —

1. Ap. nictitans (Linn).

var. erythrostigma (Haw.).

2. Ap. sera (G. & R.).

3. Ap. inqusesita (G. k R.).

4. Ap. purpuripennis, Grote.

5. Ap. semiaperta (Morr.).

I have alread}' referred the Hydrcecia Io?'ea, of Guenee, which has
hair^' eyes, to Mamestra in the "List of the Noctuidre of Nortli
America."

As yet I have seen onl^^ the var. erythrostigma (Haw.) of A. nic-
titans from California; the t^-pical lorm doubtless occurs there.
The specimens were large and highl}- colored.

Apamea purpuripennis, n. s.

9- Allied to H. semiapeffa^ Morr., slighter, of a more rich pur-
ply-red, something like the species of Ne2:)helodes in the tint of
the silky primaries. Transverse lines narrow, inconspicuous, the
median lines more approximate than in its all}'. The median
space, centrall}', is largely stained of an intenser hue than the
rest of the wing. In this deeper shading is placed the white re-

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 20V

nifovm, more acute inferiorly than in H. semiaperta^ shaded with
purplish and not well defined superiorl}', somewhat Y-shaped.
Terminal space again darker tinted; fringes concolorous. Thorax
like fore wings. Hind wings dark fuscous, silk3\ Beneath paler,
purply powdered, without perceptible markings. Antennffi simple.
Expanse 28 to 30 mm. Habitat. Newtonville, Mass. (Mr. R.
Thaxter, Nos. tOl and 587). Taken June 6th and August 7th.

Pseudorthosia pectinata, n. s.

% . The tibise are all spinose. The species differs from the
Californian P. variabilis in the longer pectinations of the anten-
nae. The color is probably variable as in the Californian form.
In the specimen it is ochre3^-brown, somewhat olivaceous ; all the
lines are obsolete. The reniform is merel}'' indicated by a vague
clouding. The subterminal line is preceded on costa by a deeper
tinting. Hind wings blackish fuscous without lines. Beneath
quite pale, with a brighter dusting of scales, without markings,
except a lunulate discal mark on the fore wings. Thorax like
primaries above.

Expanse 35 mm. Habitat. Colorado Territory (Mr. Mead,
No. 37).
Pseudorthosia variabilis, Grote.

Mr. Behrens has taken a number of specimens at Saucelito dur-
ing September, which vary from olivaceous through orange-brown
to pale in color. The species maj^ always be recognized by the
median shade, and the configuration of the stigmata.

Plusia labrosa, n. s.

-J,. A lovely species, larger than P.pasiphaeia Grote, and differ-
ing in color and the shape of the metallic mark. Ros}^ purple,
shaded with olivaceous brown on the median space below the
nervure, before the subterminal line, and on terminal space at the
extremities of veins 2 to 4, and again at apices. Median lines
narrow, pale, stained with ochreous. Reniform narrow, 8-shaped.
Metallic mark bold, 3'ellow white, not divided, extending out-
wardly nearl}' to the t. p. line, resembling that of Precationis, to
which this handsomer species is allied. Subterminal line distinct,
deeply angulated, forming two broad teeth between veins 2 and 4,
beyond which the terminal space shows three olivaceous shades.
Hind wings fuscous, wuth Itroad blackish borders. Head and
thorax rosy purple, shaded with olivaceous brown on the collar

208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

and face of the thoracic crestings. Beneath the wings are
3'ellowish-fnscous with obliterate markings.

Expam^e 38 mm. Habitat. Saucelito, Cal., August 18th (Mr.
Behrens, No. 162).

Plusia epigaea, n. s.

Allied to P. ampla TFa?^^, but with differently colored fore wings
and with the attenuate discal mark outwardly produced inferiorlj-.
Fore wings slatey or silky lilac-gray, watered in appearance from
the character of the transverse darker shades. The discal spot is
open, with the two limbs very narrow, inclosing a trigonate space
below the median vein of the ground-color of the wing, and with
its inferior portion directed outwardly more boldly in the shape of
the tail of a T., terminating roundedl3\ The spot surmounts a
deep brown shade stretching across the median space, but not
extending to internal margin, with a bright red stain where it
reaches the t. p. line. Keniform partially black ringed, oblique,
touched by the black median shade line which is apparent on the
costal region. T. a. line oblique, angulate, much as in P. ampla.
Orbicular small, apparently open to costa. Thorax colored like
fore wings, with elevated central crest, the outer face of which is
deep brown, discolorous. Hind wings, testaceous fuscous, with ,
darker borders, and pale fringes dotted interspaceally with fus-
cous. Beneath fuscous, the usu'al markings obliterate.

Expanse 40 mm. Habitat. jSew York.

Note. — The following description of a North American Noctuid (which I
have not identified) was found among the papers of Linne, and published by
Afzelius, Berlin, 1826, p. 137, No. 10. The Sw-edish original of the work is
dated in 1823.

Plialsena Omicron.

Noctua spirilingues: alls superioribus 0, albis inscriptis ; infe-
rioribus ferrugineis iramaculatis. Hah. in America Septentrionali;
Anna Blackburn, Hah. Phal. Gammse, Corpus cinereum inci-
saris albicantibus. Antennte nigrse. Pedes nigri genicalis albis.
Alse superiores supra griseo-nebulosiB, 0. albo notatre, infra cine-
reae ; inferiores supra helvolaj, latere anteriore magis fuscescentes,
infra cinerese et subferrugineae ; puncto arcuque nigro obsoletiori-
bus,

I am indebted to Doctor Hagen for the communication of this
description. Since a second American moth is described in tlie

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 209

same work as coming from New York, from the same person, it is
possible that the specimen above described came from the same
locality. The second species is apparently a Georaetrid, and called
Phal. Geom. exlenaria. It is barely possible that Linne intended
our common Plusia simplex by his description of Phalsena Omi-
cron.

Scopelosoma devia, n. s.

% . The new species resembles S. Morrisoni in that the primaries
are crossed by pale shade lines, but it differs from all the species
in their course. The color is dark olivaceous fuscous, darker
than S. Walkeri ; and the lines are accompanied by an olive shad-
ing. The median lines are even, and nearer together, especially
on the costa, than in the other species. The t. a. line is even, and
runs inwardly obliquely from the costa to internal margin. The
t. p. line is nearly straight, a little flexed, not roundedly exserted
opposite the cell. The concolorous reniform is annulate, upright,
pale ringed, not constricted, narrow, slightly luniform. The pale
subterminal line is preceded first by an olive shading, and secondly
b}' an even, distinct, pale shade, which is wanting in the other
species; hind wings dark fuscous; body parts concolorous.
Beneath the wings are a little paler, fuscous, subirrorate, with a
common blackish median shade line and discal marks.

Expanse 32 mm. Habitat. St. Catherine's (Mr. George Norman,
No. 12).

Although it is sufficiently apparent that the species of Scopelo-
soma are variable, and that we cannot rely on the ground-color
of the primaries for specific character, I believe we shall have to
discriminate three species at least of the group of vinulenta. I
am now inclined to reconsider my identification of sidus Guenee,
whose indefinite description is not of much use where we have to
descriminate between several species.

I think it now more probable that Guenee has described vinu-
lenta as sidus., and that " sidus" Grote., will prove a form of S.
Walke?'i Grote, in which the primaries are stained of a light
reddish, and the spots are variable as in the deep-colored S. vinu-
lenta. S. Morrisoni varies in the tint of the primaries in a cor-
responding fashion. We should then have the following species : —

210 rROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

1. S. vinulenta Grote. ?S. sidus, Guen.

2. S. Walkeri Grote, var. siihi-s, Grote.

3. S. Moi'risoni Grote.

4. S. devia Grote.

5. S. Grsefiana Grote.

The latter species one might be tempted to refer to Glxa or
Xanlhia^ but the elongate dentate primaries would determine its
generic position.

Calocampa cineritia, n. s.

Distinguishable from G. curvimaciila, Morr., and 0. nupera,
Lintn., by the absence of any basal dashes on the primaries.
Fore wings bathed in aslien from tlie base to the blackisli fringes,
allowing an ochreous shade to extend outwardly beyond the reni-
form over the subterminal line, the latter here more distinctly
marked by uneven cuneiform dashes. The black ringed ordinary
spots are so close as to nearly coalesce ; they arc wider apart in
C. ciirvimacula. Tlie costal region is shaded with deep brown;
the extreme base of the wing is wliitish; the t. a. line is visible,
strongl}' dentate, geminate; the costal edge is black; tlie thorax
is black, as in the European species, not brown as in Curvimacula;
the sides at the base of the piimaries are white; the collar is pale
brown, finely lined ; the front and palpi blackisli; hind wings con-
colorous, ruddy fuscous ; beneath ruddy fuscous with dentate
median line and discal j)oint on hind wings.

ExqoanHe 50 mm. Habitat. Ncwtonville, Mass. (Mr. R. Thaxter,
No. 44. May 19th).

This species resembles C. vetusta perhaps more than C. nupera
does, and might stand for its American "representative." I have,
following Mr. Morrison's remarks, been disposed to consider C.
nupera as the American "representative" of the European G. ve-
tusta (Bull. Buff. S. N. S., 2, p. 195). G. nupera appears to me
to resemble the European G. exoleta^ rather than G. carvimacida,
in opposition to Mr. Morrison's opinion on the subject. There
are no l)rown shades on the internal portion of the wing in G. cine-
ritia, nor is tlie terminal space ochraceous, except opposite the
disl<, and as the continuation of the same shade opposite the
reniform. There are no superposed dots representing the orbicu-
lar as in G. vetia^ta, from which G. cineritia seems to l)e easily
distinguishable by the configuration of the ordinary spots. The

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 211

three American species of Calocampa appear to me easily separa-
ble from the two European. The species had very probably a
common tertiary origin, and the question of one species " repre-
senting" another has probably no proper basis in fact. At any
rate, we must agree with Mr. Lintner that tlie American G. mipera
does not "represent" the European C. vetusta, and the comparison
between tlie species on page 195, of a^oI. ii. Bull. B. S. N. S., must
be omitted.

The inquiry as to what species irom America Mr. Walker has
regarded as the same as C. vetnsta^ seems to me entirely barren.
The European species was included in the "List of N. Am. Noc-
tuidai" upon Mr. Walker's authority, and whenever a European
species is cited in that list, it is understood to he on the authority
cited after the original description. Where no other than the
original description is given (as for instance Agrotia baga, p. 2)
the Author of the "List" assumes the responsibility.
Pyrrhia illiterata, n. s.

9. Tlie moth agrees with Pijrrhia in the unarmed fore tibire,
and the sharp tuft behind the collar. It differs greatly in the
appearance of the ordinary lines from our hitherto described spe-
cies ea:p7'imens and angulata. Entirely reddish orange, tiie collar
and tegalse faintly margined witli fuscous. Primaries with the
transverse lines narrow, undulate, denticulate, the t. a. and t. p.
lines tending to be accented b}' interspaceal points. Tlie lines are
fuscous or blackish, unaccompanied by any shades. Ordinary
spots like the lines, incompletely outlined, concolorous, the orbi-
cular spherical, moderate. Sub-terminal line indicated by dots,
with a preceding dark costal shade and a shade spot opposite the
cell. Hind wings stained with red, with a narrow fuscous subter-
minal shading, like that of Heliothii^^ but less prominent. Beneath
with a common continued fuscous exterior line becoming obliterate
on the hind wings inferiorly. Discal marks on primaries, but none
on secondaries.

ExpoMse 32 mm. Hahitat. Mendota, 111., from Prof. C. Y.
Riley. Taken in August, 18T2. Mass., from Mr. Thaxter.

The moth has some resemblance to Xanthia. The clypeus is,
however, fuller, and the habitus more that of the genus to wliich I
have referred it.

212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Tamila tertia, n. s.

Z 9. At first sight the species recalls the genus Tarache
(Acoulia), but the armature of the tibijB allies tlie moth to
HeliolhiH. It agrees witli Tamila in the fact that the vestiture
of the thorax consists of flattened scales mixed with hair. The
fore tibiiig liave a double row of short spinulcs terminating in a
stout shoi't blunt spine on the outside. White or with a yellow
brown tinge. Fore wings dark at base, with tlie t. a. line black,
projected on median nervure, a little irregular. The anterior and
widest half of the median space beyond the line is nearh^ white or
pale to the median sliade, showing tlie fiiintly marked orbicular.
Bej'ond the median shade the median space is shaded with oliva-
ceous fuscous, as is the rest of the wing except the rivnlous white
subterminal shade; the white usuall}^ obtaining again before the
t. p. line. Reniform rather large, outlined outwardly in black,
suffused with a leaden hue. T. p. line sinuate, geminate, the outer
component line black, bi'oken. A terminal black broken line pre-
ceded b}' pale shading. Fringes olivaceous fuscous, the extremi-
ties pale and dark dotted. Hind wings whitish with a subterminal
fuscous shade and discal mark. Beneath white, with a large black
discal mark on primaries, and a subterminal transverse fuscous
shade furcate superiorly. Hind wings with a faint discal lunule
and terminal shading. Body parts white or pale, the black
ovipositor shortly exserted.

Exjjanse 26 mm. Habitat. Texas (Boll),

A darker tinted, less whitish specimen has been sent me by Mr.
E. L. Graef from Texas. The dark color is less olivaceous than
in T. nundina^ from which the species is separable by the dis-
tinctly marked median lines.

Pseudolimacodes niveicostatus, Grote.

In my original description of this genus and species (Stett. Ent.
Zeitung), I referred it to the Nonfasciatae, but on account of the
projecting head, stout and prominent labial palpi, and in particular
the pattern of the ornamentation, I believe we must place it
among the Fasciatse of Borkhausen. The neuration has not been
studied. It differs from all the genera known to me in this latter
group by the proportionally short, stout, and distinctly brush-like
antennae. The obliquity of the line beneath on tiie hind wings is
indicative of its affinities. The lines on the primaries above are
like Phurys somewhat in position. The colors ai'e intense rosy

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 213

silky brown, and in this respect the concolorons species recalls
Panojjoda, Pleonectyptero,^ and other bright-liued quadrifid
genera. The costa is white to the inception of the outer trans-
verse line. The innei* line is outwardly rounded, oblique ;
approaching the straighter outer line on internal margin. The
two lines are dark witli pale rosy shadings. A white transverse
streak in the place of the reniform. No other markings on the
wing. Tlie hind wings are faintl}' crossed by a diagonal streak.
A % specimen has been sent me from Massachusetts for identifi-
cation by Mr, Morrison expanding 28 mm.

Homopyralis, n. g.

This genus appears intermediate between the genera allied to
Homoptera and the Deltoids. The eyes are naked, ocelli very
small. The male antennae are lengthily pubescent beneath with a
longer bristle on each side of each antenna! joint; in the female
the pubescence is absent, and the lateral bristles somewhat shorter.
The palpi are long and exceed the front, curved, with elongate
third article, closely scaled. The tlioracic squaraation consists of
flattened scales with rounded, even apices, those attaclied to the
prothorax very broad ; there is a very slight admixture of hair.
The size is small, the body slender, the wings broad with
Homopteriform ornamentation, the tibiae unarmed.

Homopyralis tactus, n. s.

% 9. Dark brown, concolorons Transverse lines black shaded.
Orbicular a small black dot; reniform a larger black subluniform
spot touched by the double median shade whicli forms the most
noticeable feature of the wing, and is repeated on the secondaries
where it includes the black discal spot. The t. p. line is geminate,
marked on costa, sometimes merely indicated by dotted fragments
opposite the cell, where it is somewhat rectangularly exserted,
running inwardly below median vein, and approximating to the
median shade on internal margin. Costal, pale, ante-apical dots,
below which the costal region is darker shaded before the faint
subterminal line. A terminal interspaceal series of dots; fringes
concolorons. On the hind wings transverse rivulous shades with-
out the black median shade; on internal margin these are relieved
by a pale yellowisli staining. Beneath pale, with common trans-
verse shades, imitating the upper surface, and with a resemblance
to the wider surface of the wings in Fseudaglossa.

214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Expanse 27 mm. Habitat. Mass.; X. Y.; Ya. ; Texas (Belfrage,
Oct. 29tli).
Homopyralis tantillus, n. s.

% ?. Jjoth sexes of a species smaller than H. tactus, of a more
blackish color, and with the median shading less apparent. The
paler dottings of the costal region are more distinct and relieved.
It may be distinguished also by a series of paler dots at the base
of the fringes, absent in its congener.

Expanse 23 mm. Habitat. Ya. ; Texas (Belfrage, Sept. IVth),

The genus may precede Phalsenophana on page 47 of the '"List
of the Noctuidae of North America."

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELrHIA . 215

November H.
The President, Br. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Twenty-three members present.

Anthers of Ambrosia artemisixfolia. — Mr. Meehan desired to
correct an error into which he had fallen, in some observations on
the Ambrosia artemisiasfolia, contributed to the Academ^y's Pro-
ceedings a few years ago. Among other things, he stated in tliat
paper that there were two classes of anthers in the flowers, one
barren, and surmounted b}^ a short horn, the other polleniferous,
and hornless. He had been led to re-examine the matter through
the kindness of Professor Asa Graj', who had written to liim, after
his remarks had been quoted in Hooker and Bentham's Genera
Plaufarum, expressing doubts as to the accuracy of the observ-
ation. He now found he was wrong. There is but one class of
stamens, and all have horns. He expressed regret for the error,
believing inaccurate observations the bane of science. He would
only say in extenuation that the error was one easily made.
The parts are exceedingl}^ small, requiring a strong glass to see
them. The small horn is bent down closely against the back of
the stamen, and does not become erect until the pollen has been
discharged. He thus had concluded it did not exist. Then the
pollen must be ejected in some way very rapidly' after the pollen
sacs have burst, and the dry membranous remains so freely mixed
with what appeared perfect anthers had misled him. The burst-
ing and emptying by the sacs of their pollen, and the erection of
the horn, he thought must take place suddenl}^ and early in the
morning, as he had found no change whatever in the various parts
of the inflorescence after 9 A. M. Pie had hoped to be able to
give the exaet time and manner of these actions, but the approach
of winter had destroyed the specimens, and he was unwilling to
let the season go over without correcting the error in the particu-
lars named.

Dimorphism in Apples. — Mr. Thomas Meehan said that of late
3"ears it had been an interesting question what influence was
exerted on the cliaracter of the fruit immediately by hyln'idiza-
tion. He had himself brought to the notice of the Academy, in-
stances which proved in some cases there was an immediate influ-
ence, as well as on the progeny of the fertilized fruit. But he
believed there was more claimed for this immediate influence than
the facts warranted. In the apple there had been many instances
in scientific journals of the highest charactei", in which it was
believed that two distinct fruits had combined in one apple b3'

216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

hybridization. The cliief mixtures were generally russets with
ligliter apples. He exliibited one which had been sent by Mr. J.
J. Thomas, of Union Springs, in which the upper half was russet
and tlie lower of some green kind. In this case, however, it was
clear that the russet was formed V\y some element of destruc-
tion in tlie epidermal cells. In the bark of most trees suber
cells had in each tree a specific form of dcA^elopment, and were
generally very uniform in their conditions of growth. They
usuall}' destro^'ed the bark as they grew, and generalh' in some
one regular direction, and this gave the characteristic fissures
to the bark of trees, and not mere mechanical expansion, as
was popularly supposed. It was not always regular, however, as
in the plane tree it was erratic, and thus the bark peeled otf with-
out an^' regular plan, and in the most unexpected places. The
skin of the apple was but modified bark, and in the epidermis were
cells sul)ject to the same laws of development as in bark. In
the beech onl}^ a very thin film was subjected to the destructive
agency of the suber cells, changing the color of the young green
shoots to an ashen-gray in age, without an3-deep rifts ever appear-
ing. In the apple, both in the bark and fruit, the cells proceeded
in much the same way, erratic sometimes as iu the beech, and
acting on the thin external membrane as in the beech or plane.
The russet appearance followed this action in the apple and pear.
Very often it appeared near the stem cavity. Frequently on the
same tree there would he large numbers russetted in this way, as
well as man}' without. The variable nature of the russet growth
was more frequently seen in the pear than in the apple. He had
seen in these kinds in some seasons and places all 3'ellow, the half
or more covered with russet in others.

He had never seen the peculiar condition of the parts exhibited
in Mr. Tliomas's specimen before, but it was evident that all the
phenomena pointed to some similar external cause, and that cross
fertilization had nothing to do Avith these dimori)hic cases.

Mr. M. also exhibited another specimen similar to the one pro-
duced last year, from the tree at Kittaning, Pa., which bore fruit,
without the production of calyx, corolla, or stamens. The upper
portions of the series of the embryonic leaves which form the fruit,
were more free than in that exhibited last year, affording a better
illustration of the morphology of the parts.

Blinduei<s of Salmon Dr. A. G. Reed made the following

remarks regarding the cause of blindness of the salmon: In the
month of August, 1873, I ascended the Tobique River, of New
Brunswick, to its head-waters, for the purpose of salmon fishing,
and thence descended the Xipisiquit River, where I found the best
salmon fishing in the province.

While on the Tobique River my Indian guide captured a large
salmon so easily that it attracted ni}' attention, when he told me

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 217

it was a blind salmon ; and ui)on examination, I found this fish
had various sears on liis head, the left e3'e had sloughed out,
the riglit eye had a cut across it, and a thin film had formed over
the eye, causing him to be entirely blind. I learned from the
Indians that it often occurred tliat large salmon became blind, and
did not return to the sea with the rest of the fish for feeding, but
remained in the deep pools of the river, and eventually starved to
death. The Indians have many theories regarding the cause of this
blindness, none of which are plausible. During this trip I had
several chances of seeing salmon that were either blind in one or
both eyes, but did not at that time find out the true cause. But
during the past summer, while fishing on the tributaries of the
Saguinay River, in Canada, I again saw the same disease present-
ing itself in the salmon of those streams. I noticed that no small
salmon are found in this condition, and that all the blind ones
have cuts across the eyes and head, producing scars as if some line
or thread had been drawn tightly across the eyeball.

M}^ view of the matter is that the fish in ascending or descend-
ing the streams come in contact with gill-nets that are set for the
capture of this fine fish for food, which the inhabitants of that
region use during their long cold winters. The meshes of the nets
are of the proper size to allow a large salmon to pass his head
through as far as the eye, while the smaller fish pass the head fur-
ther through, and thus escape the cut of the fine linen thread across
the delicate membranes of the e3'e.

This cut if deep produces sloughing, but if slight, inflammation
and infiltration of the conjunctiva, thereby rendering it opaque.

It is only the large noble fellows that escape capture by these
nets, with their heads scarred and their tails slit, showing the fear-
ful struggle tliey had in clearing themselves of the nets spread for
their capture, and living to become blind — never again to return
to their feeding grounds, and soon to die of starvation.

November 24.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Thirty-tAvo members present.

Paul Beck, George Gerrj^ White, James G. Pease, George F.
Barker, W. J. Hoffman, M.D., Joseph D. Potts, David "E. Dallam,
W. W. Jeffries, and Miss Adeline S. Trj'on were elected members.

15

218 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

December 1.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Thirty-three metabers present.

0^? Specific Gramty. — Prof, Letdy remarked, that, in taking the
specific gravity of minerals by means of the scales in weighing the
substance in water, the usual plan was to suspend it from one side
of the instrument by a delicate thread or hair. The attachment

of the specimen was tedious
and often difficult, especially
in the case of small crj'stals
and polished gems, from
which the hair would slip,
and could only be made to
retain its position by caus-
ing it to stick with some ad-
hesive matter. He dispensed
with the thread or hair, and
substituted on one side of
the balance a double dish,
as represented in the figure.
The lower dish is perforated, and is kept suspended in a glass of
water. After weighing the specimen in air in the upper dish, it
is simi)ly necessarj^ to change its place to the lower dish to weigh
it in water.

Coloring of Autumn Leaves. — Mr. Thomas Meehan presented
some leaves sent to the Academj'- from the West, illustrating the
influence of light in coloring autumn leaves. They were of the
red or swamp maple, Acer rub7-um,, and had been fastened in pairs
by a spider's web. The uppermost leaf, obstructing the sun's
action on a portion of the lower, had prevented any change of
color in the unexposed part of the lower leaf, and thus the exact
form of the upper was photographed or outlined on the lower one.
Mr. Meehan said there was nothing new to science in this observa-
tion, as orchardists were well aware that the coloring of apples
and pears was deepest on the sunny side ; and that when entirely
shaded from the sun, by over-hanging leaves or branches, they
were almost colorless.

This fact was often taken advantage of to photograph names
liy stencilled paper on fruits. At the Great Sanitary Fair held
during the war, fruit with names of Grant and Lincoln thus " sun
burnt" on them, brought good prices.

Still it was well to remember that the sun could not be the sole
cause of color. Apples exposed to the same sunlight would be

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 219

often striped, and the dark colors would often be of various shades.
Besides this, European trees which bad no color in their own
country, when planted side by side with allied species here, still
preserved tiie same characteristics. Neitlier heat, nor light, nor
frost made the slightest change. The English oak beside tiie
closely allied American white oak retained its green color till
absolutely dried up b}' frosty winds. On the other hand, our
colored-leaved trees preserved their same colored characteristics
when growing in Europe under veiy dissimilar circumstances to
those at home.

In spite of the visible action of the sun in the instances exhibited
and quoted, it was clear from the facts referred to, that solar or
chemical action could not be the sole cause of autumn colored
foliage. Though it seemed an incipient stage of decay, involving
chemical change, the coloring of the apple in the sunlight, or of
the autumn leaf, ceased if taken from its parent tree. It had to
remain on to the last, to get its full tints. Vital action of some
sort, therefore, must be taken into account by those who are
investigating the subject.

The Committee to which it had been referred recommended the
following paper to be published : —

220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF HELMINTHOPHAGA.
BY HEROLD HERRICK.

Helmintliophaga Lawrencii, Herrick. PI. 15.

Ui)per parts and inimp olive-green, a shade darker than in Pinus.
Wings bluish-gray with two white bands, the upper not so clearlj'
defined as in Pinus. Tail bluish-gray with the three outer tail-
feathers with most of the web white, also a small white spot on the
end of fourth feather.

Crown and under parts, from the breast to the vent, orange.
A broad black patch extends from the bill through and behind
the eye. Chin, throat, and forepart of breast l>lack.

A 3'ellow stripe, commencing under the bill, extends back between
the black eye and breast patches and increases in wndth upon tlie
shoulder. Length, 4.50. Wing, 2.50. Tail, 2. Measurements
from mounted bird.

The bird from which the above description is taken I obtained
from my friend, Mr. D. B. Dickinson, of Chatham, New Jersey, in
whose collection I found it. Its capture, as nearly as I can
ascertain, was in Ma}^, ISt-l, on tlie bank of the Passaic, near
Chatham. The specimen is evidentl}' an adult male, and is so
clearly and strikingly marked as to preclude the possibility of its
being an unusua] form of Pinus or Chrysoptera, its nearest allies,
or a hybrid. Its general appearance is at first like Pinus with the
black eye and throat patches of Chrysoptera, but a closer exami-
nation shows little peculiarities that do not exist in either. Of
its title to a place in our Helminthophagas there can be no doubt,
and I take greater pleasure in recording it, because of its capture in
New Jersey, a section already so thoroughly worked up. For a
name, I think none can be so appropriate as that of my esteemed
friend, George N. Lawrence, Esq., in recognition of many ftivors
in the past, and of his untiring labors towards the promotion of
ornithologv.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF rHILADELPIITA. 221

December 8.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Twenty-eight members present.

Continuous Oroivth in Fungoidal Excrescences. — Mr. Thomas
Meehan exhibited some excrescences, growing on branches of
Querciis tivctoria.^ the black oak, gathered from ab(3ve tlie remarka-
ble quarry of broken rocks at Edge Hill, which had been brought
to the notice of the Academy last year by Mr. Rand, and remarked
that all familiar with our forest features must have often seen
similar excrescences, which were the work of insects, and partook
of the nature of galls. An examination of these exhil)ited showed
them to be of fungoid origin, and similar in their nature to the
familiar knots on the plum and cherry, whicli through the re-
searches of the late Mr. Walsh and Prof Peck, of Albany, were
now known to be of fungoid, and nut of insect origin. These,
however, and he believed most of the excrescences of this character,
completed their groAvth within one year, becoming dead and dry
the subsequent season. Sometimes new matter would form near
the point of issue of the old one; but this was wholly from the
branches, and added nothing to the growth of the foi'mer year.
In the case of these Edge Hill sjiecimens, the growth of the
excrescence was as regularly continuous as the other woody
jiortions of the tree, and seemed to endure while the tree lasted.
The first season the excrescences were small, the second as large
as marbles, and the third often equalled a walnut in size, while
some on the trunks and main branches were as large as an average
sized oyster-shell. The minute fungoid organisms that formed
these excrescences were usually short-lived ; and their longevity
in these instances he considered remarkable.

On a New Mastodon and Bodcnt. — Prof Cope made a commu-
nication on the Elephants obtained by himself in New Mexico and
Colorado during the past season while attached to the Wheeler
Survey. He had obtained Elephas primigenius vav. Columbi from
post-pliocene beds at the base of the Zandia mountains, and the
Mastodon ohioticus from corresponding beds near Taos. The
former species he had also obtained from the valle\' of the South
Platte in northeastern Colorado. The pliocene sands of Santa Fe
contained numerous remains of a Mastodon which Leidy had re-
ferred to his 31. obscurus,^ but which is obviousl}^ a different species,
and being without name, Prof. Cope proposed to call it M. produc-

> Report of Geolog. Surv. Terrs., Vol. I. 4to., p. 235.

222 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

tus. He gave a list of the Ts^ovth American Mastodons, referring
them to the two groups characterized, tlie one by the continuous
cross-crests divided by a fissure only, the other b}' the transverse
series of two or more deeply separated tubercles. To tlie first
he referred 31. ohioficus.i Cuv.,and 31. pi'oavus^ Cope; to the second
31. chapmanii., Hays (from which 31. obi^ciirus could not he at
present distinguished), 31. shepardii, Leidv; 31. andium, D'Orb.
(the last two referred by Leidy to 31. obscurua) ; 31. mirifictis,
Leidy (closely allied to 3L humboJdfii), and 3T. pi-oductu.^., Cope.

No question as to the distinctness of the 31. productua coidd
arise, although our knowledge of the 31. chapmanii to which it
has been referred is very slight. As described by Drs. Hays and
Leid^^, tiie lateral tubercles of the molars in that species are
closely appressed or not separated, being sometimes continuous
across the crown of the tooth. This description applies to one
of the specimens (a cast) selected by Dr. Leidy as his type, and
to a second specimen referred by him to the 31. andium. The
second tj^pe specimen of Leid}', a fragment of a posterior molar,
is undistinguishable from corresponding pai'ts of 31. andium. The
3L i^hepardii as described by Leidy is evidently quite distinct from
both tlie preceding and from the 31. productuM., in the absence of
accessory tubercles of the lateral principal cusps of the molars.

The 3T. productus was characterized as follows : —

The posterior inferior molar supports five transverse series of
tubercles, of which the posterior is less developed than the others.
Each series is composed of two cusps of a conic form Avhich are
separated deeplv from each otlier, and are not united at the base
so as to become confluent on attrition. The cones of the outer side
support one or two accessory tubercles on a line with their inner
or median face, so that tlie transverse section of a worn tooth with
the two accessory cusps is that of a trefoil with the lobes iuwartls.
The penultimate molar in the same jaw supports three transverse
series. The symphysis is elongate depressed and subsimtulate ;
its proximal half is excavated, the distal half flattened. Two
tusks project from the extremity ; they are short, obtuse, and
flattened on the inner side. Total lengtli of a specimen which is
entire from the end of the symphyseal tusks to just beiiind tlie
last molar, 29 inches; length to first molar (penultimate), 19
Inches; length of first molar, 4.25 inches; of last molar, 6..^ inches;
width of same, 3 inches. Width across the rami at end of last
molar, 18 inches; do. between anterior borders of first molar, 2. .5;
do. of symphyseal spout, least, 4.5 inches; at base tusks, 4.75
inches. Length of free portion of S3'mphyseal tusks, 4 inches ;
diameter of do. 1.75 inches.

Prof. Cope also described a species of Rodent from the same
beds under the name of Sleneofiber pansus.

The molar teeth exhibit a regular gradation in width from the
large anterior to the small posterior. In the mandibular series

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 223

the second and third are broader than long, the first and fourth
longer than broad, and with an angle on the outer anterior side
of the crown. Tiiere is an inflection or groove of the enamel on
both inner and outer sides of the crown, and one enamel area before
and one behind them on all excepting the last molar, where there
are two in front. First nearly twice as large as last molar. Lower
incisor with smooth enamel, and angulate on the extero-anterior
border. Karaus stout. Length of molar series m. .OK; ; length
of first molar m. .005 ; width of first molar m. .004 ; width of last
molar m. .0035; transverse diameter of incisor m. .004; depth of
ramus at m. 2.012.

The regular diminution of the size of the teeth from front to
rear is characteristic of this species; according to Dr. Leidy their
reduction in size in the S. vehrascenais is more abrupt. The latter
species is said to be of Miocene age.

December 15.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Twenty-two members present,

Remarks on Fossih 'presented. — Prof Leidy remarked that the
collection of fossils presented this evening by Lieut. E. Crawford,
U.S.A., contained some interesting specimens. Among them
are a number of tartiary vertebrate remains, which were found l\y
Lieut. Crawford about ten miles from Red Cloud Agency, Ne-
braska. They mainly consist of fragments of bones and teeth,
similar to those which he had previously ascribed to Titanotheriura.
The s|)ecimens indicate two individuals differing in size.

A lower jaw fragment, contains a last molar, like tiiose repre-
sented in Plate XVi. of the Ancient Fauna of Nebraska, except that
the external basal ridge is interrupted at the extreme outer part
of the lobes of the crovvn. The fore and aft diameter of the latter
has been about 3 inches and 7 lines. 'J he thickness of the jaw
just below the fore part of the tooth is little more than two inches.

A number of lower molars exhibiting evidences of having
belonged together indicate a larger animal than the former. The
last molar has lost its hinder lobe, but without this is as large
fore and aft as in the specimen first indicated. When perfect, it
was about 4^ inches antero-posteriorl3\ In this likewise the basal
ridge is interrupted at the extreme outer part of the lobes of the
crown. The crown of the second molar, well-worn, is 35 lines
fore and aft.

The three premolars have the same constitution as the molars,
and rapidly diminish in size, passing forward in the series. The
first premolar is 14 lines fore and aft ; the second is 19 lines; and
the third is 22 lines.

224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

The lower series of three premolars and three molars has
rneasnrcd in its complete conrlition about 14 inches in length.

The isolated canine tooth, which I supi)oseto have pertained to
the lower jaw, is a remarkable tooth, and has more of the usual
characters of an incisor tooth. The crown is sliort, conical, and
robust, and is bounded internalh' with a thick basal ridge. The
length of the crown in its present worn condition is 13 lines; its
width at base from witliout inwardly, about the same measurement,
and from side to side 11 lines.

Of several imperfect thoracic vertebrre, one of the best preserved
has the bod}' over 2 inches long at the lower margin and about 3i
inches in breadth. The centre are strongly- concavo-convex.

The head of a thigh-bone is about 4 inches in diameter, and has
a large deep pit on its inner side for a terete ligament.

The distal end of a thigh-bone is 6 inches in transverse diameter,
and the trochlea for the patella Is over 3 inches wide.

Accompanying the Titanotherium remains are the shells of two
turtles pertaining to the sj^ecies Stylemys nebrascensis.

Tlie remaining fossils of the collection are mainlj' cretaceous,
and were obtained by Lieut. Crawford in various localities of
Dakota. Among them are several large specimens of Inoceramus
problematicus in nodules of iron stone, and fragments o{ Bacalites
compresHus^ together with several vertebra? of fishes, etc.

On the Characters of Symborodon. — Prof. Cope stated that the
fossil mammalian remains from near the Red Clond Agency, Da-
kota, presented this evening, probably belonged to a species of
Symborodon. He remarked that that genus differs from Titano-
therium (or Menodus) in the entire absence of inferior incisor teeth,
and the close approximation of tlie canines. In the last-named
genus the canine teet'.i of the lower jaw are widel}' separated by
four well-developed incisors. Dr. Leid^^ had included species of
Symborodon in his descriptions of Titanotherium Proutii ; thus
nearly or quite all of the portions of upper jaws described and
figured by him as belonging to the latter genus, really pertained
to the former, hence the erroneous assertion that Symborodon and
Titanotherium are identical. The u|)per jaw and superior teeth,
with the possible exception of one or two molars, of Titcnotlierium
Proutii are unknown. He added that in a few days his figures of
corresponding parts of tiie lower jaws of tlie two genera would
appear (in Hayden's Report U. S. Geological Survey Terrs. 1873,
Plate II.) and render tlie point clear.

On Dr. Leidy's '■^ Correction.''^ — Prof. Cope stated that his record
of Dr. Leidy's views on the Fossil Reptilia of tlie Upper Missouri
Lignite, contained in Hayden's Bnlletin, IT. S. Geological Survey
Territories, No. 2, p. 7, whicii Dr. Leidy had deemed inaccurate,^
expressed, as nearly as the case would admit of, the conclusions to

' Proceedings of the Academy, 1874, p. 73.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 225

he found in Dr. Leid3''s paper quoted. Thus, wliile it is true that
it is there remarked of tlie remains of Hadrosaurus occide7italis,
" I suspect to be a Dinosaurian, though tliey ma}' have belonged to
a Mammalian," he placed the genus " Thespesius," to which he
referred the species, under the capital heading " Mammalia." Tlie
paper {Proceedings Academy^ 1856, 312) was divided into the
headings, Mammalia, Chelonia, and Pisces, and tlie species num-
bered, and Thespesiun occidenlalis stands No. 4 under the first-
named heading; In regard to the genus Ischyrosaurns which was
also originally referred to the Mammalia, Dr. Leidy objected that
his modified views had not also been quoted iu the before-men-
tioned bulletin. Prof. Cope stated that he had already reprinted
those later views in tlie Extinct Batractria and Reptilia of North
America, ji. 39, as follows; "altiiougli I have supposed the remains
... to indicate ... an animal allied to the manatee . . . I have
auspecied that the}" have belonged to an aquatic reptile unlike an}'^
known."

December 22.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Twenty members present.

Notices of Rhizopods. — Prof. Leidy remarked that in the last
number of the Arch'iv fur Mikroskopische Anatomie^ presented
this evening, there was an interesting paper b}' F. E. Schulze,
entitled Studies of the Rhizopods. With the exception of one
new species, all of those represented in one of the accompanying
plates, Taf. V., which had been previously described by others, he
was familiar with, as common in the vicinit}^ of Philadeli)hia. The
genera and species are as follows : Euglypha alveolafa, Dujardin ;
E. comp7-essa, Cuvtev ; E. globosa, Gavtev; Trinema acinus^ Bii-
jardiu ; and Cyphoderia margaritacea^ Schlumberger. Besides
these, of nearly related forms, he had found Euglypha spinosa^
Carter, and several other species apparently undescribed.

1. Euglypha alveolata, Dujardin. E. tuberculata, Duj.
? Difflarjia setlgera, Ehi'euberg.

This species has an egg-shaped test, with over-lapping elliptical
scales which in one focus appear hexagonal in outline. The oral
scales are acute, and minutely denticulate. From two to six or
more spines project from the sides of the fundus of the test. The
largest specimens measure 0.132 mm. long, 0.08 mm. broad, with
the moutli 0.028 mm. The smallest ones measured 0.08 mm. long,
0.04 mm. broad, with the mouth 0.016 mm. Tliis species is com-
mon in the ponds and ditches in the neighborhood of the city.

226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

2. Euglypha compressa, Carter. ? Difflugia ciliata, Ehrenberg.

Test flatteiied-ovoid ; lateral border obtuse, and furnished with
spines towards the fundus. Surface of test covered with scales as
in the former species. Oral scales angular and denticulated. The
largest specimens measured 0.1 mm. long, 0.06 mm. broad, and
0.03 wide or thick ; with the mouth 0.052 broad, and 0.026 wide.
Smaller ones measured 0.08 mm. long, 0.036 broad, and 0.024 wide.

Abundant at Absecom, N. J.

From the same locality I obtained larger specimens of the same
form, but without spines, and also larger specimens covered with
spines over three-fourths of the l)road surfaces, as well as on the
lateral borders. I propose, at a fitting opportunity, to investigate
these still further, before expressing an opinion in regard to their
identity with E. compresaa.

3. Euglypha spinosa, Carter.

Test compressed-oval ; lateral borders subacute, and furnished
with narrow delicate dagger-like spines ; mouth unusually broad,
and narrow. Surface of test covered with oval scales, as in the
former species, but the oral row does not project beyond the mar-
gin of the mouth. The specimens usually measure 0.112 mm. long,
0.072 mm. broad, and 0.036 wide; with the mouth 0.048 broad,
and 0.008 wide.

This remarkable species is abundant at Absecom, and at Lake
Hattacawanna, N. J.

4. Euglypha cristata, n. s.

Test oblong, or cylindro-ovoid, covered with elliptical scales as
in the preceding species. With from four to six projecting angu-
lar, finely denticulated oral scales. With a tuft of six spines
radiant from the very summit of the test. The largest specimens
measure 0.05 mm. long by 0.018 broad, with the mouth 0.01 broad.
The smallest are 0.04 long by 0.012 broad, witii the mouth 0.008
broad.

A small and apparently well-marked species, common at Abse-
com, X. J.

5. Euglypha globosa, Carter

Test globose or oval, with a short neck or rim to the mouth.
Surface covered with circular scales. The smallest species, approach-
ing in character the next genus. Length from 0.02S to 0.048,
breadth from 0.02 to 0.04 mm.

Common at Absecom and Lake Hattacawanna, N. J.

6. Euglypha brunnea, n. s.

Test flattened-spheroidal, brown in colo?*, covered with imbri-
cate oval scales. Mouth transversely elliptical, with the edges
alwa^'s irregular or ragged. Length of largest specimens 0.1 mm.,
breadth 0.088, and width 0.036, with the mouth 0.04 broad.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 227

Length of smallest specimen 0.08 mm., breadth 0.072 mm,, width
0.028 mm., with the mouth 0.028 mm. broad, and 0.008 mm. wide.
This species is anions; the most frequent at Absecom, at Longa-
coming, and at Lake Hattacawanna, X. J.

7. Trinema acinus, Dujardin. Bifflngia enchelys, Ehr. Englypka pleurostoma,

Carter. Eitghjpka e?ic/ie/y«, Wallich.

Test ovoid, often contracted towards the narrow extremity,
beneath which is the circular depressed nioutli. Surface of test
covered with circular scales. Length of largest specimens 0.1
mm. long, and 0.06 broad, with the mouth 0.024 broad. The
smallest specimens measure 0.036 long, by 0.016 broad.

This species is common everywiiere, small ones having been
found in moss in the crevices of tlie bricks of the city pavements,
in shaded places. The largest specimens I have found in Absecom
Pond.

8. Cyphoderia margaritacea, Schlumberger. Eit gh/f ha cnrvota, Verty. Evglypha

viargarltacea, Wallicli. Ligynis baltica, Schultz.

Test curved jiyriform, membranous, minutely and hexagonallj-^
areolated. Mouth terminal, oblique, circular. The largest speci-
mens measured 0.L32 mm. long, 0.06 broad, with the mouth 0.02
wide ; the smallest specimen was 0.108 mm. long., 0.04 broad, with
the mouth 0.016 wide.

The species I found in a spring at Darby Station, near Philadel-
phia.

To til is same species I suspect the following forms belong,
described by Ehrenberg: Difflugia Lagena, D. adunca, 1). alaba-
mensis, D. ampulla^ and D. uncinata.

9. ? Corycia, Dujarrlin ; ? Paviphagus, Baily ; ? Plpwophrys scutiformis, Hertwig

ami Lesser ; perhaps Pleuropluys cylindrica, Claparede and Laclimann.

Test thin, hyaline, membranous, colorless, structureless, flattened
ovate or scutiform, with acute borders, with an acute, subacute,
or transverselj' obtuse fundus. Mouth small, inconspicuously
defined, sometimes with the appearance of a C-like lip. Pseudo-
pods long, filiform, acutely branching and radiant from the mouth.
Protoplasm clear, granular, with a large nuclear vesicle, and one
or more contractile vacuoles. The animal moves slowly with the
test erect, and it feeds on diatomes, desmids, etc. The largest
specimens measured were 0.1 mm. long, by 0.06 broad, and 0.02
wide ; tlie smallest 0 04 long, 0.028 broad, and 0.012 wide.

Found in a spring at Darby Station, on the Westchester R. R.,
Pa., and at Kirkwood Pond, on the Camden and Atlantic R. R.,
New Jersey.

This creature agrees well with the figures and description of
Plagiophrys scutiformis of Hertwig and Lesser (Archio f. 2Iik.
AnaL, 1874, Taf. iii., figs. ii. a, b, c), but iu size it rather accords
with the Plagiophrijs cylindrica of Claparede and Lachman.

228 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Weathering of Bocks. — Prof. Persifor Frazer, Jr., remarked
that the igneous rocks in tlie vicinity of Gettysburg, Pa., present
some curious phases of weatliering. The ridge along which our
forces were disposed during the battle at that place, consists of a
syenite which at a point opposite the position of our army's ex-
treme left wing (or Kound 'J'op) has broken off, and lies in huge
bowlders piled up with great irregularity, and presenting surfaces
sometimes many hundred yards in area. These surfaces are some-
times furrowed by channels cut into them by running water, and
intersecting in all directions so as to present the general appear-
ance of a Cyclopean wall. The furrows are about an inch in depth,
and the raised surfaces which they separate, though slightly dis-
colored, present no signs of perfect disintegration. The similitude
to a coarse wall built up of fragments of all sizes, is striking and
deceptive even on a close examination.

In some cases, this entire furrowed surface is detached b^' a frac-
ture, wliich separates it as a mask from the normally constituted
mass beneath it, and in a few instances there were observed two
such shells one beneath the other.

Tliis gave the whole rock a concretionary appearance wliich was
remarkable for the tolerably constant thickness of the shells, con-
sidering the want of homogeneousness of the rock. It raises an
interesting question of how rocks may assume this character by
weathering alone.

December 29.
The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.
Twenty-six members present. —

Isaac S. Williams, R. M. Girvin, M.D., George I). McCreaiy, J.
Elmore McCreary, and Robert B. Cruice, M.D., were elected
members.

Capt. J. H. Mortimer and M. C. Cook, of London, were elected
Correspondents.

The following reports were read and referred to the Publication
Committee : —

THE LIBRARIAN'S REPORT.

The Librarian respectfully reports that IGfiO additions have been
made to the library during tiie year 1814, being an excess of 324
above the number reported for 1873.

Of these 235 were volumes, 1416 pamphlets and parts of periodi-

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

229

cals, and 9 maps, charts, etc.; 120'7 were octavos, 388 quartos, 44
folios, 12 duodecimos, and 9 maps.

They were derived from the following sources : —

Societies 801 Geo. H. Cook 2

Editors 304 Engineer Department, U.S. A. . 2

Authors 12.0 Dr. F. A. Hussler 1

Wilson Fund 72 ; Geo. W. Tryon, Jr 1

Isaac Lea 25 j Dr. J. H. Slack 1

Department of the Interior . . 21;. J. H. Redfield 1

Geological Survey of Sweden . 15

Publishers 14

Prof. Alex. Agassiz 12

Smithsonian Institution . . .
Geological Survey of India . .

Thomas Meehan

Miss Amelia Priestnian . . .
Minister of Public Works, France
S. S. Haldeman

Dr. Asa Gray 1

Owen Biddle 1

Geological Survey of New Zea-

10 i land 1

9 Commissioners of Public Charity,

Pa 1

Trustees of Liverpool Library . 1

Trustees of N. Y. University . 1

Pennsylvania R. R. Co. ... 1

Two hundred and sixteen were purchased.

The additions to the lil)rary were distributed to the several
departments as follows : —

Journals and Periodicals . . . 1110
Geology 89

Conchology ,

Botany

Medicine - . ,

General Natural History . ,

Bibliography

History and Statistics . . .

Entomology 23

Ornithology 22

Helminthology 22

69
64
42
42
38
32

Religion 20

Physical Science 19

Anatomy and Physiology . . 18

Mineralogy 16

Voyages and Travels

Ichthyology

Herpetology

Education

Mammalogy

Chemistry

11
9
4
4
3
3

181 volumes, including 20 volumes of entomological pamphlets,
have been bound.

The copying of the Geological Catalogue, which had been
revised and arranged at the end of 1873, has been completed. A
general card catalogue of the entire library has been commenced,
and the titles of all the volumes and pamphlets in the departments
of Entomology and Botany, the former numbering 1067, and the
latter 1024, have thus been recorded. The works in these depart-
ments have been numbered, so that their position on the shelves is
indicated by the entry on the card, and the advantages of this
arrangement have been found to be so great that the same system
of numbering and cataloguing will be extended to the other depart-
ments of the library as rapidly as may be.

230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

One hundred and thirty -one letters have been written during
the year to editors and societies, asking for a supply of such parts
and volumes as were necessary to complete the Academy's set of
their publications. In several cases the parts asked for have been
received alread}', and a large number of favorable answers may be
confidentl}' expected during the coming spring.
All of which is respectfully submitted,

Edward J. Nolan, Librarian.

REPORT OF THE CURATORS.

Little has been done during the past j^ear in the arrangement
of the Museum of the Academy. Mr. Charles E. Parker, one of
the Curators, went over the alcoholic specimens, renewing the
alcohol, and otherwise securing their preservation.

The contributions to the Museum during the year are as fol-
lows : —

Mammals. — A Bat from Fort Randall, Dakota, pi'esented by
Dr. W. T. Thackeray, U.S. A. ; a Flying Squirrel from Texas, by
S. B. Buckley ; a large variety of the Cat, b}' A. Gr. B. Hinkle ; a
monstrous Pig, by W. Cox ; the skin of an Ant-eater, by an
unknown donor.

Dr. A. M. Owen U. S.N., presented five human skulls from the
Fiji, Marquesas, and Sandwich Islands.

Skeletons of a Cavia and a Muskrat were presented by Jacob
Geismar.

Birds. — Nineteen specimens, thirteen species of bird skins were
presented by a unknown donor. A small collection of bird skins,
from Nicaragua, was presented by Dr. John F. Bransford, U. S. N.

A collection of North American birds' eggs, 141 specimens of
14 species, was presented b}'- Mr. E.Dickenson, of Springfield, Mass.
A collection of 69 species of birds' eggs and nests was presented
\>y the Smithsonian Institution.

Jacob Geismar presented the skeleton of the Great-horned Owl,
and the skull of a Turkey.

Reptiles., Amphibians., and Fishes. — Seven serpents from the
Marquesas, South Sea Islands, and Australia, were presented by
Dr. A. M. Owen, U. S. N. Two Lizards from Armenia were pre-
sented by Rev. G. W. Coan, D.D. A largejar of South American

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 231

Reptiles was presented b\'' an unknown donor. An Amblystoma,
from Dakota, was presented by W. T. Thackeray.

Six specimens of a viviparous fish from California were pre-
sented bjr ]\Iajor F. G. Smith ; four species of fishes from San
Domingo were presented by Wm. M. Gabb ; and a File-fish fi*om
Atlantic City was presented by Joseph Wilcox.

General Collections. — A large and miscellaneous collection of
fishes, mollusks, insects, crustaceans, echinoderms, etc., from the
Pacific Coast of America and Islands, was presented by Dr. Wm.
H. Jones, IJ. S. N.

A collection in nine jars, of reptiles, fishes, mollusks, insects,
myriapods, radiates, etc., from Nicaragua, was presented by Dr.
John F. Bransford, U. S. N. ; six vials of insects, from South
America, were presented by an unknown donor; a collection of
34 alcoholic specimens of pelagic mollusks, bryozoa, crustaceans,
etc., was presented by Capt. Joliu II. Mortimer.

Mollusks. — A Pholas in bored rock, from Torbay, England, was
presented by Mr. Browse. A Boltenia, from Maine, was presented
by W. L. Mactier; specimens of Pecten Magellanicus, from Con-
necticut, by Dr. Leidj^ ; and six species of South American laud
shells, by an unknown donor.

For other contributions in this department, see the Report of
the Conservator of the Conchological Section.

Articulates. — Six vials of South American insects were presented
by an unknown donor. A small collection of insects and spiders,
in alcohol, from Fort Randall, Dakota, was presented by Dr. W.
T.Thackeray, U.S.A.

Two species of Pagurus, from Connecticut, were presented by
Dr. Leidy, and a Scolopendra, and a Tarantula, from the West
Indies, by Dr. John L. Le Conte.

Radiates and Protozoa. — Two si)ecies of Echini, from Connecti-
cut, were presented by S. F. Clark ; two species of Asterias,
from the same place, by Dr. Leidy ; an Actinia, and a Holothuria,
from Maine, by Wm. L. Mactier ; and a Coral, from the Sandwich
Islands, by Dr. Thomas H. Streets.

Sixteen species of Sponges, from the Cuyades Islands, were pur-
chased.

Fossils. — A collection of cretaceous fossils, consisting of Inoce-
ramus, Baculites, other moUuscan remains, remains of fishes, etc.,
from several localities in Dakota, and also a collection of rocks

232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

and tertiary fossils, mainly consisting of remains of Titanothe-
riuni Proutii, and Stylemys Nebrascensis, from near Red Cloud
Agency, Nebraska, was presented by Lieut. E. Crawford, U. S. A.

Fourteen cretaceous fossils, from Texas, were presented by Dr.
A. H. Graham. Three cretaceous vertebrate fossils, from New
Jersey, were presented l>y W. H. Doughert3\ A small collection
of eocene fossils, consisting of remains of fishes, shells, etc., from
Yincentown, N. J., was presented by Col. T. M. Brj^-an. A molar
tooth of a Mastodon, from the same neighborhood, was presented
by the same gentleman. A collection of post-tertiary fossil shells,
from Hennepin Co., Minn., was presented b}- Mr. Thomas T.
Smith.

A large slab of red sandstone with foot-tracks, and a fragment
of a fossil tree, from Portland, Conn., were presented by William
Strnthers. A slab of sandstone with fucoid remains, from Dau-
phin Co., Pa., was presented by Allen Walton.

Plants. — A collection of Californian and East Indian plants,
and one of Anderson's Willows, were presented by Prof. Asa Gray.

A collection of Palmer's plants of Arizona and Southern Califor-
nia was presented by the TJ. S. Department of Agriculture. A
collection of plants of Colorado and Wyoming, made by Messrs.
Coulter, Brandajee, and Poulter, was presented b}' Prof. Thomas
C. Porter.

Fifteen species of Arctic plants, from the voj^ageof the Polaris,
were presented by Dr. E. Bessels.

Eighty-six Californian plants were presented by Miss S. P.
Monks; 8 species of Brazilian ferns, by Mr. J. H. Redfield ; and
1 species of a Californian plant, by Rachel L. Bodley.

MineraU. — Specimens of Quartz, Topaz, Feldspar, Cyanite,
Hisingerite, Tourmaline, Pyrite, 3 Scapolites, 2 Tremolites, Stau-
rolite, Stilbite, and Calcite. were presented by Mr. Joseph Jeanes.

Specimens of Amethyst, Oligoclase, Tetrahedral Blende, Biotite,
Analcime, Stilbite, Mesolite, Acadialite, Corundum and Spinel,
and Staurolite, were presented hy Joseph Wilcox.

Specimens of Cacoxene, Eniplectite, Scapolite, and Staurolite,
were presented by Clarence S. Bement.

Other specimens presented are as follow: Seven polished Mar-
bles, by Geo. W. Thompson ; 2 Wulfenites, from Nevada, by Jas.
P. Carson ; Amethyst, and Feldspar with Quartz, from Siberia, b}^
Dr. J. H. Linn ; a large Stalactite, from Crystal Cave, Berks Co.,

NATURAL RCTENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 233

by Mr. S. D. F. Kohler ; Amber, from New Jersey, by Dr. H. O.
Hyatt; do., by Col. T. aM. Bryan; Salt, by H. T. Darlington;
Breunerite, by C. F. Parker ; Livingstonite, from Mexico, by Sr.
Mariano Barcena ; and Limonite, Analeime, Stilbite, Heulandite,
and Cacholong, by Dr. Leidy.

The collection of Minerals of the late Dr. Adam Seybert has
been deposited in the Academy b}' Mr. Henry Seybert.
Respectfully submitted by

Joseph Leidy,
Chairman of Curators.

REPORT OF RECORDER OF BIOLOGICAL AND
MICROSCOPICAL SECTION.

December 7th, 1874.

In reviewing the events of our microscopical year, I think we
may find just cause for mutual congratulation, in the fact, that
although the number of original papers presented before the Sec-
tion has been less than on some previous occasions, yet we have
in the past twelve months done more than almost ever before, to
popularize a knowledge of the wonders of microscopic investio-a-
tion, to interest the community in our special branch of natural
science, and to convince the citizens of Philadelphia that we form
a living active department, of an Association well worthy of more
general encouragement, as well as of more bountiful pecuniar}^
aid.

These important objects have of course been chiefly advanced
bj'the successful management of our two semi-annual Exhibitions,
the latter, and more satisfactory of which, was contributed to by
eminent microscopists of New York and Boston, as well as of
Philadelphia, and was witnessed by nearly one thousand of our
citizens. " The microscopes" (to quote from the report of Dr. J.
H. McQuillen, Chairman of the Committee), "forty in number, were
arranged on tables in three rooms of the librar}^, and the principal,
if not the only drawback of the exhibition, was the contracted
space and the impossibility of properly accommodating the large
number of persons present."

During the year original communications were presented by Dr.
James Tyson, "On a Setof Barth's Classified Specimens in Patho-
logical Anatomy," by Dr. J. Gibbons Hunt, on his novel and
16

234 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

beautiful method of "Double Staining Vegetable Structures," by
which certain portions of a plant may be colored green in situ
without dissection, whilst other parts are tinted violet ; b^' Mr.
D. S. Holman, on his veiy ingenious " Siphon Life Slide ;" andb}'
J. G. Richardson, " On the Supposed Hepatic Structure in the
Connecting Band of the Siamese Twins," "On the Value of High
Powers in the Diagnosis of Blood Stains," and " On the Perform-
ance of Two One-Fiftieth Objectives."

Most of these communications gave rise to copious discussions
among our members, eliciting a variety of opinions in regard to
the subject under consideration, and it is to be hoped materially
advancing the cause of science, by the establishment of some new
and positive facts. The debates, as reported for the columns of
the Philadelphia Medical Times., have possessed so much general
interest to the Medical profession, that they continue to be warmly
welcomed by the editors of that valuable journal.

The improved method of announcing the date of meeting, with
the title, etc., of some communication to be made and discussed,
by the employment of the United States Postal cards, has contri-
buted largely to the interest of our sittings, and at a decreased
expense.

All of which is respectfully submitted by

Jos. G. Richardson, Recorder.

REPORT OF CONSERVATOR OF CONCHOLOGICAL

SECTION.

The Conservator of the Conchological Section respectfull}-^ re-
ports that the following additions have been made to the Cabinet
during the year 1874 : —

Jeanes., Jos. Fourteen species of Terrestrial Mollusks, from
Mauritius and Madagascar.

Smithsonian Institution. Eight species of fresh-water shells
from Colorado.

Lea, Isaac. Anodonta Leonensis, Lea ; A. Ferussaciana, Lea,
from Fort Hayes, Kansas, and Ancijlus, from Florida,

Bransford, Dr. J. F. Several species of Mollusks from Nica-
ragua.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 235

Jones, Dr. Wm,, U. S. N. Mollusks in alcohol from the Pacific

Coast of America.
Leidy, Dr. Jos. Specimens of Pecten Magellanicus from Noank,

Conn.
Mortimer, Capt. J. H. Thirty-four alcoholic specimens of Oceanic

Mollusca beautifully prepared.
Sixteen species of Terrestrial Mollusks, from Mauritius and

Madagascar, were purchased.

At the last meeting of the Academy the reception of the Terres-
trial Shells of the Swift Collection was announced, and the thanks
of the Academy were ordered to be conveyed to Mr. Thomas Bland,
for the care exercised by him in labelling, arranging, and forward-
ing the specimens. The remaining part of the collection is now
in the hands of Prof. 0. A. L. Morch, of Copenhagen, to whom
it had been sent for determination. The two portions form the
finest collection of West Indian shells in existence, and when
arranged in our Cabinet will be a valuable addition to a collec-
tion which is alread}^ one of the largest in the world.

Apart from arranging the specimens received during the year,
the work of the Section has been confined to the preparation of a
reference index to the collection, the arrangement of which, as I
had the pleasure of reporting last 3^ear, was completed during
1873. This index, embracing 1574 generic and family names, was
rendered necessary by the extent of the collection, and has been
found of great service by those wishing to examine particular spe-
cies.

All of which is respectfully submitted,

Edw. J. Nolan, M.D., Conservator.

The election of Officers for 1875 was held in accordance with
the by-laws, with the following result: —

President . . . W. S. W. Ruschenberger, M.D.

Vice-Presidents . . Jos. Carson, M.D.,

John L. LeConte, M.D.

Recording Secretary . Edw. J. Nolan, M.D.

Corresponding Secretary Edw. D. Cope.

Treasurer . . , Wm. C. Henszey.

236

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Librarian
Curators

Publication Committee

Council

Finance Committee

Eclw. J. Nolan, M.D.

Jos. Leidy, M.D.,
Wm. S. Yaux,
Geo. W. Try on, Jr.,
Chas. F. Parker.

Jos. Leidy, M.D.,

Wm. S. Vaux,

Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.,

Edw. J. Nolan, M.D.,

W. S. W. Ruschenberger, M.D.

John L. LeConte, M.D.,
R. S. Kenderdine, M.D.,
Edw. S. Whelen,
Robert Bridges, M.D.
Anbrey H. Smith,
Wm. S. Vaux,
Robert Bridges, M.D.

ELECTIONS DURING 1874.

MEMBERS.

January 27.— Geo. De B. Keim, Henry Tagg, Charles S. Whelen,
Henry A. Muhlenberg, Charles W. Macfarlane.

March 3. — General Isaac J. Wistar, General William Lilly, Sam-
uel J. Reeves, John F. Weightman, M.D., John T. Sharpless,
M.D., John B. Fearse, William M. Bowrou.

May 5. — Charles P. Perot, Reuben Haines, G. Schwarz, Gallo-
way C. Morris, Dr. John M. Coles, U. S. N., Hugh Hamilton, M.D.

May 26. — Thos. Hockley, William A. Stokes, John Shallcross,
Alfred G. Reed, J. E. Kingsley, Louis A. Godej^, Richard J.
Duuglison, M.D.

October 1. — Karl Seller, M.D., Charles Baeder,Charles B. Baeder,
William Adamson, Wm. B. Adamson, George Washington Smith,
J. E. Mitchell, Charles Parrish, Hon. John Leiseuring, Charles
Dutilh, Mrs. Amelia D. Hockley, Charles W. Poultne3\

October 27— Dr. A. M. Ovven, U. S. N., John B. Robinson,
TJ. S, N., Daniel Maul, Mrs. Elizabeth Y. Graham, Charles H.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 231

Howell, James Dougherty, John Rothermel, Wm. Macdowall, W.
S. Bissel.

November 24. — Miss Adelme S. Tryon, Paul Beck, George
Gerry White, James G. Pease, Prof. Geo. P. Barker, W. J. Hoflf.
man, M.D., Joseph D. Potts, David E. Dallam, W. W. Jefferis.

December 29. — Isaac S. Williams, R. M. Girvin, M.D., Geo. D.
McCrearj^, J. Elmore McCreary, Robt. B, Cruice, M.D.

CORRESPONDENTS.

January 27. — James Stevenson, U. S. Geol. Survey.

Hay 5. — Don Antonio del Castillo, of Mexico; Don Mariano
Barcena, of Mexico ; Don Jos^ Joaquin Arriago, of Mexico.

October 1. — A. L. Siler, of Osmer, Utah ; J. Fayrer, M.D., of
Calcutta; Peter MacOwan, of Somerset, South Africa; H. W.
Hollenbush, of Reading.

October 2Y — Dr. A. E. Carothers, of Saltillo, Mexico.

December 29 — Capt. J. H. Mortimer; M. C. Cook, of London.

238 CORRESPONDENCE.

CORRESPONDENCE OF THE ACADEMY.

For 18t4.

January. — Boston Society of Natural History, acknowledging receipt of
Proceedings.

Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, soliciting a copy of the Consti-
tution and By-Laws of the Academy.

Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, with Proceedings and
soliciting the publications of the Academy in exchange.

H. W. Hollenbush, accompanying a stalactitic formation.

H. Dexter, in relation to bust of Prof. L. Agassiz.

February. — Linnean Society of London, acknowledging receipt of publi-
cations.

American Institute of Mining Engineers, Philadelphia, accompanying
Transactions.

W. P. Breed, with resignation as a member.

Kevue Scientifique, Paris.

Societe Royale des Sciences a Upsal.

Die Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, accompanying
publications.

March. — Lyceum of Natural History of New York ;

Essex Institute, Salem, Mass ;

Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool ; severally acknowledging
receipt of publications.

S. V. Summers, in relation to an Entomological Survey.

A. Morgan, soliciting an exchange of publications.

J. F. Weightman, acknowledging receipt of notice of election as a
member.

Eugene C. Skinner, soliciting a copy of the Constitution, etc., of the
Academy.

I. J. Wistar, acknowledging receipt of notice of election as a member,

Middlesex Mechanics' Association, Lowell, Mass., stating the object of
the association.

Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, accompanying botanical
specimens.

Die Naturforschende Gesellschaff of Basel.

Die Physicalisch-Medicinische Gesellschaft in Wiirtzburg.

Societe des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel.

Der Naturwissenschaftliche Verein fiir das Fiirstenthum Liineburg.

CORRESPONDENCE. 239

Directenr du Jardin Imperial Botanique, St. Petersbourg.
Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural, Mexico.
Naturwisseuschaftliclie Verein zu Bremen.
Konigliche offeutliche Bibliothek zu Dresden.
Die Kaiserliche Universitats und Landes Bibliothek, Strasburg.
Das Bibliothekariat der Konigliche Bayerische Akademie der Wisson-
schaften.
Societe Entomologique de Russie, St. Petersburg.
Die Konigliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen.

April. — Belfast Nat. History Society ;
Lyceum of Natural History, New York ;

Yale College, New Haven ; severally acknowledging receipt of publica-
tions,

Hurd & Houghton, with circular.

Geological Survey of India, Calcutta, with publication.

Dorpater Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Dorpat.

Die Koniglich Sachsische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften.

Konigl. Universitats Bibliothek, Kiel.

M. Mouillefarine, Paris.

Dr. Fred. Stein, Berlin.

May. — American Acad, of Arts and Sciences, Boston ;

Philosophical Society of Glasgow;

Lyceum of Natural History, New York;

Royal Society of London;

Essex Institute, Salem ; severally acknowledging receipt of publications.

D. G. Brinton, with resignation as a member.

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, soliciting a loan of specimens re-
lating to the Ethnology of the Esquimaux.

Liverpool Free Public Library, Museum, and Gallery of Arts, with pub-
lication.

Hammond Dugan, in relation to a picture.

Universite Catholique de Louvain.

Academie Royale des Sciences de Lisbonne.

Academie Royale des Sciences a Amsterdam.

L' Institute Royal Meteorologique des Pays-Bas, a Utrecht.

Societe Hollaudaise des Sciences a Haarlem.

Auftrag der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Ziirich.

June. — Royal Geological Society, Dublin ;

Harvard College, Cambridge;

Essex Institute, Salem ; severally acknowledging receipt of publications.

New Jersey Commissioners of Fisheries, Bloomsbury, N. J. , with an in-
vitation to view the mode of hatching spawn.

Smithsonian Institution, M'ith specimens for museum, and acknowledging
receipt of publications.

Prof. James Orton, in reference to a bill for proceedings.

Wm. Holden, desiring a copy of Hentz' Notice concerning a spider.

240 CORRESPONDENCE.

Die Obcrliessiche Gesellscliaft fiir Natur- nnd Heilkunde.

L' Institute Royal Meteorologique des Pays-Bas, a Utrecht.

Der Naturforscher-Vereiu zn Riga.

Archives du Musee Tyler, a Haarlem.

Der Bibl. Kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien.

Society Hollandaise des Sciences, a Haarlem.

July. — Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia, Pest, with publications.

B. Wilder, Jabez Hogg, Jos. D. Hooker, M.D., severally acknowledging
receipt of notice of election as correspondents.

Dr. Macomber, resignation of membership.

Wesley Creal, in relation to a Mastodon's tooth.

Yale College, New Haven, acknowledging receipt of publications.

Antonio del Castillo, acknowledging election as correspondent.

Der Offenbacher Verein fiir Naturkunde.

Academic Royale des Sciences, des Letters, et des Beaux-arts de Bel-
gique, transmitting publication.

August. — Cambridge University ;
Zoological Society of London ;
Leed's Philosophical and Literary Society ;

British Museum ; severally acknowledging receipt of publications.
Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, with publications.
Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, with publications.
Anales del Museo Publico de Buenos Aires.
Academia National de Ciencias Exactas, Buenos Aires.
Der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, zu Frankfurt
a. M.
Bureau de la Recherche Geologique de la Suede.
Naturforcher- Verein zu Riga.
Mariano Barcena, Mexico.

September. — New York State Library, Albany, with publications.
Dr. J. Heule and Jose Joaquin Arriago, Mexico, acknowledging election
as correspondents.
Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Kjobenhavn.

October. — New York Lyceum of Natural History, acknowledging receipt
of publications.

Thos H. Streets, accompauying a specimen of coral.

A. L. Siler, acknowledging receipt of notice of election as correspondent.

Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, with publications.

November. — Smithsonian Institution, Washington ;

Naturforschende Gesellschaft of Basel ;

Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia ;

Belfast Museum ; severally acknowledging receipt of publications.

Konigl. Bayerischen Universitjits Bibliothek, acknowledging receipt of
publications and desiring deficiencies.

Thos. Frazer, acknowledging receipt of notice of election as corre-
spondent.

CORRESPONDENCE. ' 241

Die Kouigl. Bohmische Gesellschaft der Wisscuscliaften.

Auftrasf des Aerztliclien Verein iu Frankfurt.

Das Museum des Konigreiches Bohmen.

Konigliche Universitiitsblbliothek, Wurtzburg.

Der Bibliothekar der K. Baj^erisclien Akademia der Wissenschaften.

Die Kouigliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingeu.

Der Verwaltungs-Ansschuss des Ferdinandeums zu Innsbruck.

Physicalisch-Medicinische Gesellschaften in Wurtzburg.

Der Naturforschende Verein in Briiun.

Verein fiir Vaterliindische Naturkuude, in Wiirttemberg.

Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

Mariano Barcena, acknowledging election as correspondent.

December. — Smithsonian Institution, Washington ;

New York Lyceum of Natural History ;

Yale College ; severally acknowledging receipt of publications.

Chicago Academy of Sciences, acknowledging receipt of specimens.

State Normal School, Mansfield, Tioga Co., Pa., desiring Geological
specimens for a Cabinet.

Academic des Sciences et Letters de Montpelier, asking for a supply of
deficiencies.

Dr. Wm. B. Corbit, with resignation as a member.

Robt. Ridgway, desiring permission to study and to catalogue the Fal-
conidse.

W. J. Hoffman, desiring to become a member.

R. J. Dunglison, James 0. Pease, Geo. Gerry White, severally acknow-
ledging receipt of notice of election as members.

Bataafsch Genootschap der Proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte te Rotter-
dam.

Congres International des Sciences Geographiques, Paris.

Societe Hollaudaise des Sciences a Haarlem.

Societe Entomologique de Belgique.

Prof. Peter MacOwan, Somerset, S. Africa, acknowledging election as
correspondent.

Which is respectfully submitted by

E. D. COPE,
Corresponding Secretary.

242 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY, 18U.

Agardh, J. G. Til Algernes Systematik. Nya bidrag af J. G. Agardh.

From the Author.
Agassiz, Prof. Louis. Catalogus Systematicus Ectyporum Echiuodermatum
Fossilium Musei Neocomensis. Neocomi Helvetorum, 1840.
Description des Echinodermes Fossiles de la Suisse ; Ire et 2e Partie.

Neuchatel, 1839.
On Ichthyological Fauna of the Pacific Slope of North America.
Contemplations of God in the Kosmos.
On the Principles of Classification in the Animal Kingdom.
On Extraordinary Fishes from California.
On the Origin of Species.

The Primitive Diversity and ISTvimber of Animals in Geological Times.
Contributions to the Natural History of the Acalephte of North

America.
Iconographie des Coquilles Tertiaires. Neuchatel, 1845.
Histoire Naturelle des Poissons d'Eau Douce de I'Europe Centrale.
2e Livr. Neuchatel. From Alex. Agassiz.
Allen, J. A. Notes on the Mammals of portions of Kansas, Colorado,
Wyoming, and Utah.
Metamorphism produced by the Burning of Lignite Beds in Dakota

and Montana.
Geographical variations in North American Birds.
On the Geographical variation in Color among North American Birds.
From the Author.
Anderson School of Natural History at Penikese Island, Organization of

the. Report of the Trustees for 1873. From the Trustees.
Austin, Coe F. Hepaticse Boreali-Americanse. Closter, N. J., 1873.

From the Author.
Baird, S. F. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Eeport on
the Condition of the Sea Fisheries of the South Coast of New Eng-
land in 1871 and 1872. Washington, 1873. From the Author.
Baird, S. F., T. M. Brewer, R. Ridgway. A History of North American
Birds. Vols. I., II., and III., Land-Birds. Boston, 1874. Pur-
chased.
Baker, Sir Saml. White. Ismailia ; A Narrative of the Expedition to Cen-
tral Africa for the Suppression of the Slave Trade organized by
Ismail, Khedive of Egypt. New York, 1875. Purchased.
Bancroft, Hubert Howe. The Native Races of the Pacific States of North

America. Vol. I., Wild Tribes. New York, 1874. Purchased.
Barcena, Mariano. Viaje a la Caverna de Cacahuamilpa. Mexico, 1874.

From the Author.
Barratt, J., M.D. Fossil Wonders of a former World. From the Author.
Baumhauer, E. H. von. Sur un Meteorographe Universel destine aux

Observatoires Solitaires. Harlem, 1874. From the Author.
Bechler, G. R. Map of the Lower Geyser Basin on the Upper Madison

River. From U. S. Geol. Sur. of Territories.
Belt, Thos. The Naturalist in Nicaragua. London, 1874. Purchased.

ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 243

Benson, Lawrence S. My visit to the Sun ; or, Critical Essays on Physics,

Metaphysics, and Ethics. Vol. I., Physics. New York, 1874. From

the Author.
Binney, W. G. Notes on American Land Shells. Vol. IL Part II. 8vo.

Burlington, 1874. From the Author.
Bland, Thos. Description of a new species of Helix, and Note on H.

Mobiliana, Lea. From the Author.
Bland, Thos., Binney, Wm. G. On the Lingual Dentition and Anatomy

of Achatinella and other Pulmonata.
Bosgoed, D. IMulder. Bibliotheca Ichthyologica et Piscatoria. Harlem,

1874. From the Author.
Bouvier, A. Catalogue des Collections Ornithologiques en vente chez A.

Bouvier. Paris, 1874. From the Publisher.
Brady, Geo. Stewardson, D. Roberts. Contributions to the Study of the

Entomostraca. Two pamphlets. Aug. 1873, and Feb. 1874. From

the Authors.
Brefeld, Dr. Oscar. Botanische Untersuchungen iiber Schimmelpilze. II.

Heft. Leipzig, 1874. Purchased.
Brenchlev, Julius L. Jottings during the Cruise of H. M. S. Curacoa

among the South Sea Islands in 1865. 8vo. London, 1873. Pur-
chased.
Broadhead, G. C, F. B. Meek, B. F. Shumard. Reports on the Geologi-
cal Survey of the State of Missouri, 1855-1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Jeffer-
son City, 1873.
Geological Survey of Missouri. Preliminary Report on the Iron Ores

and Coal Fields from the Field Work of 1872. 1 vol. 8vo. New

York, 1873. With Atlas of 9 Maps. Folio. From G. C. Broadhead.
Bronn, Dr. H. G. Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier Reichs. 5er Band,

17 Lief; 6er Band, 5 Abth, 2 and 3 Lief. Leipzig, 1874. From the

Wilson Fund.
Brown, Thomas. The Conchologist's Text-Book. Glasgow, 1837. From

Dr. Hassler.
Bruce, James. Travels to discover the Source of the Nile in the years

1768-1773. Second Edition. Vol. VIII., containing the plates and

maps. Edinburgh, 1805. From Miss Amelia Priestman.
Bulard. Observations Meteorologique, Janvier et Fevrier 1871. Alger,

1874. From R. S. Mason. '^
Observatoire d' Alger. Ire Partie Panorama Meteorologique du Climat

d' Alger. Observations Meteorologiques. 33 Tableaux, 1 Tableau

Graphique. Jan. 1872. 2 folio pamphlets and 1 large chart. From

R. S. Mason.
Observatoire d' Alger Resume Meteorologique des Deuxieme et Troi-

sieme Trimestres 1868 et Mars, Avril et Mai, 1871. 2 tracts. From

R. S. Mason.
An Abstract from the Meteorological Observatory of Algiers. From

Richard S. Mason.
Secheresse et Inondations. Necessite de Reboisement. Alger 1873.

From R. S. Mason.
Bureau of Statistics of Labor and Agriculture, First Annual Report of the,

1872-73. Harrisburg, 1874. '"From the Bureau.
Biitschli, Dr. O. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der freilebenden Nematoden.

Dresden, 1873. Purchased.
Cabrera, Florencio. Descubrimiento y Estudio del Bismuto. From the

Author.
Calkins, W. W. The Land and Fresh-water Shells of La Salle Co., 111.

Chicago, 1874. From the Author.
Carli, Luigi. Risposta all lettera del Rev. P. Gio. Maria Cornokli sul

Colera e suoi rimedi.

244 , ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY.

Osservazioni sul progetto di Prosciugamento delle Valli di Comacchio.
Alcunc parole di Comforto al C'omuni di Massafiscaglia, etc.
Apologia del Beneficio parroccliiale in Specie di Lagosanto. From the
Author.
Catalogue of the Liverpool Free Public Library, First Supplement to the.

1873. From the Trustees.
Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College.
No. VII. Revision of the Echini. Text, Part III. ; Plates, Part
III. and IV. Cambridge, 1873. From the Museum.
Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office XJ. S. A. 3 vols.

4to. Washington, 1873. From the Surgeon General.
Catalogue of the Photographs of the U. S. Geo. Surv. of the Territories.

Washington, 1874. (Misc. Publ. No. 5.) From the Survey.
Central Colorado. Preliminary Map of U. S. Geol. Surv. of Territories.
Chautres, Ernest. Projet d'une Legende Internationale pour les Cartes
Archeologiques prehistoriques. Lyon, 1874.
Les Faunes Mammalogiques tertiaire et quaternaire du Bassin du

Rhone. Lyon, 1874.
L' Age de la Pierre et I'Age du Bronze en Troade et en Grece. From the
Author.
Chittenden, Geo. B. U. S. Geol. Surv. of the Territories. Miscellaneous
Publ. No. 6. Meteorological Observations made during the year
1873 and the early part of the year 1874, in Colorado and Montana
Territories. Washington, 1874. From the Dep. of Interior.
Cobbold, T. Spencer. Fatal Epidemic affecting Ponies. Parasitism in
Australia.
Observations on rare Parasites from the Horse.
Parasites, and the part they play in the Economy of Nature.
Observations on Hsematozoa.
Remarks on the Entozoa and Ectozoa of Fish.
Entozoa in Beef.

Krabbe on the Intestinal Worms of Domesticated Animals.
Revised List of Entozoa, with notes and references. Nos. 1 and 2.
Parasites and Parasitic Diseases.
The Grouse Disease.

Description of a new Generic Type of Entozoon from the Aard Wolf.
Notes on Entozoa, Parts 1 and 2.

Opening of the Winter Session of the Royal Veterinary College, Oct.
1, 1873. Introductory Address. From the Author.
College Reports, Catalogues, etc. From the Publishers.
Colonial Museum and Geological Survey of New Zealand. James Hector,
M.D., Director. Eighth Annual Report and Meteorological Report,
1873. Wellington, 1873-74. From the Director.
Cooke, Josiah P., Jr. The Vermiculites. From the Author.
Commission of Fish and Fisheries U. S. Part II. Report of the Commis-
sioners for 1872 and 1873. Washington, 1874. From the Commis-
sioner.
Cope, E. D. Bulletin of the United States Geol. and Geographical Survey
of the Territories, No. 2. Review of the Vertebrataof the Cretaceous
Period found west of the Mississippi River. From the Department
of the Interior.
On the Plagopterinse and the Ichthyology of Utah. From the Author.
On the Homologies and Origin of the Types of Molar Teeth of Mammalia
Educabilia. Philadelphia, 1874. From the Author.
Cox, E. T., J. Collett, W. W. Borden, Dr. G. M. Levette. Fifth Annual
Report of the Geological Survey of Indiana, made during the year
1873. 8vo. Indianapolis, 1874. From G. M. Levette.
Dall, W. H. Notes on Prehistoric Remains in the Aleutian Islands.

ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 245

Oil Further Examinations of the Amak-Cave, Captains Bay, Unahiska.

From the Author.
Preliminary Description of New Species of MoUusca from tlie Coast of

Ahxska.
Catalogue of Shells from Behring Strait, etc.
Notes ou some Tertiary Fossils from the California Coast, etc.
On New Parasitic Crustacea, from the N. W. Coast of America.
Remarks of W. H. Dall on the Death of Dr. John Torrey. From the
Author.

Dawkins, W. Boyd. Cave Hunting, Researches on the Evidence of Caves
respecting the Early Inhabitants of Europe. London, 1874. Pur-
chased.

Dawson, Geo. M. British North American Boundary Commission. Geo-
logical Report of Progress for the year 1873 (in part). Report ou
the Tertiary Lignite Formation. Montreal, 1874. From the Author.

Dawson, J. W. Notes on the Post-Pliocene Geology of Canada. From
the Author.

Des Cloiseaux, A. Manuel de Mineralogie. Tome Second, ler Fasc.
Paris, 1874. Purchased.

Deutsche Nordpolarfahrt in den Jahren 1869 und 1870. 2er Band. Wis-
senschaftliche Ergebnisse, Ite Abtli. Leipsig, 1874. Purchased.

Dollinger, J. von. GedJichtnisse-Rede auf Konig Johann von Sachsen.
Miinchen, 1874. From the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences.

Duiiker, Dr., Zittel, Dr. Pala?ontographica. Herausgegeben von Drs.
Dunker und Zittel, 22 Band, 4e Lief, 1873, undliO Band, 2 Abth.
4e, 5e, und 7e Lief. From the Wilson Fund.

Finer, Dr. Theodore. Zoologische Studien auf Capri. Leipzig, 1873.

Elliott, D. G. A Monograph of the Pfiradiseidaj or Birds of Paradise.
Parts IV.-VII. From the Wilson Fund.

Engleman, Geo. Notes on the Genus Yucca. From the Author.

Fiasch, Dr. O. Monographic der Gattung Certhiola. From the Author.

Fiusch, O., and P. Conrad. Ueber eiue Vogelsammlung aus Ostasien.
From the Author.

Fischer, M., M. H. Crosse. Mission Scientifique au Mexique, etc. Re-

cherches Zoologiques, 7me Partie. Etudes sur les Mollusques

Terrestres et Fluviatiles. Paris, 1873. From Geo. W. Tryou, Jr.
Flint, Dr. Austin, Jr. The Physiology of Man. Vol. 5. Special Senses,

Generation. New York, 1874. Purchased.
Fromentel, E. Etudes sur les Microzoaires ou Infusoires proprement dits.

Fasc. I. Paris. Purchased.
Gegenbauer, Carl. Grundriss der vergleichenden Anatomic. Leipzig, 1874.

Purchased.
Geikie, Jas. The Great Ice Age and its Relation to the Antiquity of Man.

New Y^ork, 1874. Purchased.
Geological Survey of Sweden, Publications of the. Nine octavo and two

quarto tracts. From the Survey.
Giebel, Dr. C. G. Thesaurus Ornithologia, 3er Halbband. Leipzig, 1874.

Purchased.
Insecta Epizoa. Fol. Leipzig, 1874. Purchased.
Goode, G. Brown. On the Question, Do Snakes swallow their Young.

From the Author.
Gould, J. The Birds of Asia. Part XXV. London, 1874. From the

Wilson Fund.
The Birds of Great Britain. Parts XXIII. , XXIV., and XXV. London,

1874.
Grote, Aug. R. On Allied Species of Noctuidise inhabiting Europe and

North America. From the Author.
List of the Noctuidse of North America. From the Author.

246 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY.

Haeckel, Ernest. Anthropogenie. EntwickelungsgeschichtederMensclien.

Leipzig, 1874. Purchased.
NatiirliclieScbopfungsgescliichte. .5e Verbesserte Auflage, 8vo. Berlin,

1874. Purchased.
Hall, Jas. Descriptions of Bryozoa and Corals of the Lower Helderberg

Group. From the Author.
Descriptions of jSTew Species of Gouiatidte. From the Author.
Hanley, Sylvanus, Wm. Theobald. Conchologia Indica. Part 6. Lon-
don. From the Wilson Fund.
Hawkins, Dexter A. Report on Compulsory Education, Dec. 30, 1873.

From the Author.
Hayden, J. V. Department of the Interior. Catalogue of the Publications

of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories. From the

Department.
Heushaw, H. W. Annotated List of the Birds of Utah. Salem, 1874.

From the Author.
Hidalgo, .J. G. Moluscos Marines de Espana, Portugal y las Baleares.

Entrega 8a. From the Author.
Hoyt, John W. A National University. From the Author.
Hugo, L. Les Cristalloides Complexes a Sommet Etoile. Paris, 1873.
Essai sur la Geometric des Cristalloides. Paris, 1873.
Introduction a la Geometric descriptive des Cristalloides. Paris, 1874.

From the Author.
Theorie des Cristalloides elementaires. Paris, 1867.
Les Cristaloides a directrice Circulaire. Etudes Geometriques. Paris,

1867. From the Author.
Hume, Allan. Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds. Rough Draft, Part I.

Calcutta, 1873. From the Author.
Humphry, G. M. Observations on Myology. 8vo. Cambridge and Lon-
don, 1872. Purchased.
Jan, M. le. Prof. Iconographie General des Ophidiens par M. le Prof.

Jan. 45me Livr. From the Wilson Fund.
Joly, Dr. N. Etude sur les Metamorphoses des Oxolotls du Mexique.

Montpellier, 1873.
Etudes sur les Moeurs, le Developpement et les Metamorphoses d'un

Petit Poisson Chinois du Genere Macropode (Macropodus Paradisi).

Notice sur les Travaux Scieutifique du Docteur N. Joly. From the

Author.
Joly, Dr. N. and Dr. A. Documents Nouveaux sur le Pygopage de Mazeres

et sur Millie Christine. From the Authors.
Juranyi, Dr. L. Ueber die Entwickelung der Sporangien und Sporen der

Salvinia natans. Berlin, 1873. Purchased.
Kiener, L. C. Species General et Iconographie des Coquilles Vivantes.

Livr. 139 et 140. Genre Turbo. Paris, 1873. Purchased.
Kingston, G. T. Third Report of the Meteorological Office of the Dominion

of Canada, the fiscal year ended 30th of June, 1873. From the

Author.
Klein, E. The Anatomy of the Lymphatic System. I. The Nervous Mem-
branes. 8vo. London, 1873. From the Royal Society, London.
Kokscharow, Nikolai v. Materien zur Mineralogie Russlands. Vols. 1-5,

Vol. 6, pp. 1-344. Atlas plates 1-83. St. Petersburg, 1853-1874.

Purchased.
Koninck, L. G. Recherches sur les Animaux Fossiles. 2me Partie.

Bruxelles, 1873. From the Author.
Kiister, H. C. Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und

Chemnitz, ler Band, Heft 19 ; 9er Band, Heft 33. 35, 26 ; 3er Band,

Heft 33, 33 ; 4er Band, Heft 12, 18 ; 9er Band, Heft 24, 27. From

the Wilson Fund.

ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 247

Lacordaire, Th., F. Chapius. Collection des Suites a Buffon. Insectes
Coleopteres. Tome X, Planches XI. Livr. Paris, 1874. From
the Wilson Fund.

Lea, Isaac. Observations on the Genus Unio. Vol. XIII. Phila. 1874.
From the Author.
Notes on Microscopic Crystals included in some Minerals, etc. From
the Author.

Lehmann, J. G. C. Monographia Generis Potentillarum. Hamburgi, 1820.
From J. H. Redfield.

Leidy, Jos. Contributions to the Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western
Territories. 4to. From the Department of the Interior.

Levis, R. J., M.D. Skin Grafting. From the Author.

Linder, M. Du Role de P Attraction Universelle et de la Resistance de
rather dans les Variations de M. Tyudall. From the Author.

Lindsley, J. Berrian. On Prison Discipline and Penal Legislation. Nash-
ville, 1874. From the Author.

Loher, Franz von. Ueber Deutschlands Weltstellung, Munchen, 1874.
From the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences.

Luse, J. P. Agassiz. A Lecture. Louisville, 1874. From the Author.

Lyman, Benjamin Smith. Preliminary Report on the First Season's Work
of the Geological Survey of Y esso. Tokei, 1874. From the Author.

Magnetical Observatory, Toronto, Ontario, General Meteorological Register
for 1873. From the Observatory.

Major, C. J. Forsyth. Note sur des Singes Fossiles Trouves en Italic,
Precedee d'un Aperqu sur les Quadrumanes Fossiles en Generale.
From the Author.

Mallet, Robt. The Eruption of Vesuvius, in 1872, by Prof. Luigi Palmieri,
with Note, etc. by Robt. Mallet. London, 1873. Purchased.

Marcoy, Paul. Travels in South America, from the Pacific Ocean to the
Atlantic Ocean. Vols. I. and II. New York, 1875.

Marey, E. J. Animal Mechanism ; A Treatise on Terrestrial and Aerial
Locomotion. New York, 1874. Purchased.

Marsh, 0. C. Notice of New Equine Mammals from the Tertiary Forma-
tion. From the Author.
Fossil Horses in America. From the Author.
On the Structure and Affinities of the Broutotherid?e. From the

Author.
Notice of New Tertiary Mammals. From the Author.

Martin, Alexander. Manuel de T Amateur d'Huitres. Paris, 1828. From
Prof. Haldeman.

Martyn, Thomas. The Universal Conchologist, exhibiting the figures of
every known Shell, accurately drawn and painted after nature, with
a new Systematic Arrangement by the author. 16 Great Marlborough
Street, London, 1789. A very fine copy containing the 80 plates of
vols. 1 and 2, bound in 1. From Miss Amelia Priestman through
Mr. Vaux.

Mcintosh, W. C, M.D. A Monograph of the British Annelids, and con-
tinuation. Part 1. The Nemerteaus. London, 1873-74. Ray
Society's volumes for 1872-73. Purchased.

McOwen. Catalogue of South African Plants. From the Author.

Meunier, Stanislaus. Cours de Geologic Comparee Professe an Museum
d'Histoire Naturelle. 8vo. Paris, 1874. From the Author.

Miller, E. S., H. W. Young. Catalogue of the Phaenogamous Plants of
Suffolk Co., Long Island. 1874. From the Authors.

Milne, Edwards H. Leqons sur la Physiologic et I'Anatomie Comparee de
r Homme et des Animaux. Tome lOme, 2me Partie. Paris, 1874.
Purchased.

248 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY.

Minnesota, The Geological and Natural Histor}^ Survey of. 3d Annual
Report. St. Paul, 1874. From tlie Minnesota Academy of Natural
Sciences.
Monroe, Henry S., E. M. Geological Survey of Hokkaido. Yesso Coal.

Tokei, 1874. From the Author.
Morch, O. A. L. Catalogue des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles des
Anciennes Colonies Danoises du Golfe du Bengale. From the Author.
Museum Godeffroy, Journal des. Ileft II.-V. Catalogue V. Hamburg,

1878-74. Purchased.
Neville, G. and H. Descriptions of new Marine Mollusca from the Indian

Ocean. From the Authors.
New Jersey, Geological Survey of. Annual Report for the year 1873.

With Map of Northern New Jersey. 1874. From Geo. II. Cook.
Newton, Albert. The Zoological Record for 1872 ; being vol. <Jlh of the
Record of Zoological Literature. 8vo. London, 1874. Purchased.
Ordinaire, Abbe. The Natural History of Volcanoes. London, 1801.

From Prof. Haldemau.
Orsted, A. S. Prpecursores Floroe Centroamericante. Fragmentum Pos-

thumum. HavuifE, 1873. Purchased.
Packard, A. S., Jr. Third Annual Report on the Injurious and Beneficial
Insects of jNIassacliusetts. From the Author.
Descriptions of New American PhaliBnidje and Phyllopoda.
On the Transformations of the Common House Fly, with notes on Allied

Forms. From the Author.
Synopsis of the Thysauura of Essex Co., Mass.
Descriptions of new American Phalajuidfe.
Catalogue of the Phaljenida; of California. No. II.
Catalogue of the Pyralida? of California.
Further Observations on the Embryology of Limulus.
Record of American Entomology for the year 1872. Salem, 1873.
The Ancestry of Insects. From the Author.
Palacky, Dr. Jan. Asie pruodni Pomery. V. Praze, 1873.

Amerika, Staticke Macrtky. I Stredni a Jazni Amerika. V. Praze,
1871. From the Hungarian Academy.
PalfBontographica. 32er Band, 5te Lief. Cassel, 1874. From the Wilson

Fund.
Paleontologie Franqaise. Terrain Jurassique. ler Serie, Livr. 34 and 3o ;
3me Serie, Livr. 13. Animaux Invertebres, 26, 37, 38. 3e Serie
Vegetaux, Livr. 14, 15, IG, 17.

Pander, Dr. C. H. UberdieSaurodipterinen, Dendrodonten, Glyptolepidon

und Chcirolepiden des Devonischen Systems. St. Petersburg, 1860.

With Atlas of 17 plates. Purchased.
Patti, Carmelo. Carta Geologica dclla Citta di Catania Diutorni. From

the Genoese Academy.
Peckham, S. F., N. H. Winchell. The Geological and Natural History

Survey of Minnesota. 3d Annual Report. 1873. St. Paul, 1874.

From the Authors.
Pettigrew, J. Bell, M.D. Animal Locomotion, or Walking, Swimming,

and Flying, with a dissertation on xieronautics. New York, 1874.

Purchased.
PfeifJer, Dr. L. Synonymife Botanicre 1870 editre Supplementtum pri-

mum curavit. Cassel, 1874. Purchased.
Nomenclator Botanicus. Vol. 1, Fasc. 3 to 34 ; Vol. 3, Fasc. 1 to 34.

Cassellis, 1871-1872. Purchased.
Novitates Concliologicre. I. Abtheilungen Land-Conchylien. 44 and

45 Lief. Supplement V., 4 and 0 Lief. From the Wilson Fund.
Plaff, Dr. Friedrich. Algemeine Geologic als exacte Wissenschaft mit

einen Anhange Geologische Versuche. Leipzig, 1873. Purchased.

ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 249

Porter, Thos. C, and J. M. Coulter. Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado.

Washington, 1874. (U. S. Geol. Surv. Piibl., No. 4.) From the

Authors.
Preger, W. Die Entfaltung Idee des Menschen durch die Weltgeschichte.

From the Author.
Priugsheim, N. Ueber den Gang der Morphologischen Differenzirung in

dor Sphacelarien-Reiche. Berlin, 1873. From the Author.
Proceedings of the Nintli Anniversary of the University Convocation of the

State of New York, held August, 1872. Albany, 1873. From the

Regents of the University, N. Y.
Putnam, F. W. Notes on Ophidiidse and Fierasferidae. From the

Authors.
Quetelet, Ad. Tables de ]\Iortalite ct leur Developpement. From the Author.
Recueil d'Histoire Naturelle Colorie. 1 vol. folio, containing 134 colored

Plates. No title page. From Miss Amelia Priestman.
Report of the Committee on Fisheries of the State of N. J. Session of 1874.

From J. H. Slack.
Report of the Investigating Committee of the Pennsylvania Railroad Com-
pany. Philadelphia, 1874. From the Company.
Report, Fifty-Sixth Annual, of the Trustees of the New York State Library

tor the year 1873. From the Regents of the University of N. Y.
Report, Twenty-Fifth Annual, on the N. Y. State Museum of Natural

History, 1873. From the Regents of the University of N. Y.
Report, Twenty-Third Annual, on the Condition of the State Cabinet of

Natural History. From the Regents of the University of N. Y.
Reeve, Lovell. Conchologia Iconica. Parts 306-317. London, 1873.
Richardson, Wm. A. Annual Report oh the State of the Finances to the

Forty-Third Congress, First Session. Washington, 1873. From the

Author.
Rosenbusch, H. Mikroskopische Physiographic der Petrographisch

wichtigen Mineralien. Stuttgart, 1873. Purchased.
Ruschenberger, Dr. W. S. W. Seventh Annual Report of the Board of

Trustees of the Building Fund of the Acad. Nat. Sciences. Phila-
delphia, January, 1874. From the Trustees.
Rutimeyer, L. Ueber den Bau von Schale und Schadel del Lebenden und

Fossilen Schildkroten. Basel, 1873. From the Author.
Sandberger, F. Die krystallinischen Gesteine Nassaus. From the Author.
Scammon, Chas. M. The Marine Mammals of the Northwestern Coast of

North America, described and illustrated, together with an account

of the American Whale Fishery. 4to. San Francisco, 1874. Pur-
chased.
Schlegel, H. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas. lOme Livr.

Leide, 1873. From the Wilson Fund.
Schmidt, Dr. H. D. On the Origin and Development of the Colored Blood

Corpuscles in Man. From the Author.
On the Construction of the Dark or Double-bordered Nerve Fibre.

From the Author.
Schnltzer, Steph. C. Kalchbrenner. Icones Selectse Hymenomycetum

Hungaria?. Fol. I. Restini, 1873. From the Hungarian Academy

of Science.

Schulze. Uber den Bau von Syncoryne Sarsii, Loven und der zugehorigen

Meduse Sarsia tubulosa. Lesson. Leipzig, 1874. Purchased.
Schweinfurth, Dr. George. The Heart of Africa. 2 vols. London, 1878.
Semper, Dr. C. Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. 2er Theil, Wissen-

schaftliche Resultate. 2er Band, Malacologische Untersuchungen.

Von Dr. Rud. Bergh. VI. and VII. Heft. Wiesbaden, 1874. From

the Wilson Fund.

IT

250 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY.

Sharpe, R. Bowdler. Catalogue of the Birds of the British Museum. Vol,

I. Accipitrcs. Loudou, 1874. Purchased.
Smith, Prof. J. Lawrence. Mineralogy and Chemistry. Original Re-
searches. Louisville, Ky., 1873. From the Author.
Smith, Rev. S. S. An Essay on the Causes of the Variety of Complexion

and Figure in the Human Species. Philadelphia, 1787. From Prof.

Kaldeman.
Smithsonian Reports, 1863, '68, '69, '70, '71 and '72. From the Institution.
Miscellaneous Collection. Vols. 10, 11, and 13. Washington, 1873-74.
Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. 19. From the Smithsonian Institu-
tion.
Souverbie, Dr. R. P. Montrouzier. Descriptions d'Especes Nouvelle de

I'Archipel Caledonien. From the Authors.
Spinzig, C, M.D. Epidemic Diseases as dependent upon Meteorological

Influences. St. Louis, Mo., 1874. From the Author.
Strecker, Herman. Lepidoptera, Rhopaloceres, and Heteroceres. Nos.

8-11. Reading, 1874. From the Author.
Suggestions on a Unitbrm System of Meteorological Observations. Utrecht,

1873. From the Meteorological Institute.
Surgeon-General U. S. A., Annual Report of, for 1874. Washington.

From the Author.
Sweden, Four Geological Maps of. From the Geological Survey.
Swedenborg, Emmanuel. Tlie Complete Works of Emmanuel Swedenborg.

19 vols. 8vo. New York, 1873. From the American Swedenborg

Publishing Society.
Theses, most Medical. From the University of Wurzburg.
Thiolliere, Victor. Description des Poissous Fossiles proveuant des Gise-

ments Coralliens du Jura dans le Bugey. Livr. 2d. Lyon, 1873.

Purchased.
Thomas, Cyrus. Synopsis of the Acrididge of North America 4to. From

the Department of Interior.
Thommasi, Dr. D. Action of Benzy Chloride on Laurel Camphor (Laurus

Camphora).
Action of Ammonia on Phenyl-Chloracetamide and Cresyl-Chloraceta-

mide. From the Author.
Researches on the Preparation of Organo-Metallic Bodies of the d Hj^

Series. From the Author.
Tommasi, D. Parasiti interni degli Animali domestici. Traduzione dall

Inglese e Note del Dott. Tommaso Tommasi. From the Author.
Tremaux, P. Principe Universcl du Mouvement et des Actions de la

Matiere. 2me Ed. Paris, 1874. From the Author.
Tryon, Geo. W., Jr. Land and Freshwater Shells of North America.

Part IV. Strepomatidse. Smiths. Misc. Col. Washington, 1873.

From the Author.
American Marine Couchology. Parts IV. -VI. Philadelphia, 1874.

From the Author.
Ulrich, Dr. Axel. Sigfrid. Pathologic und Therapie der muskulareu Ruck-

gratsverkriunmungen. Bremen, 1874. From the Author.
United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838-42, under the

command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Vol. XVII. Botany. I.

Lower Cryptogamia, II. Phanerogamia of the Pacific Coast of North

America. 4to. Philadelphia, 1863-1874. From Dr. Gray.
Van Beneden, M. , Paul Gervais. Osteographie des Cetaces vivants et fossiles.

Texte and Atlas, Livr. XI. Purchased.
Villa, Fratelli Antonio Giov. Batt. Specie e varieta de Molluschi della

Lombardia Catalogo Sinonimico.
Clausilia de Cattaniaj.
Oggetti Inviati alle esposizioni di Milano.
Un Invasion d'Insetti. From the Author.

ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 251

Vogel, Augt. Dr. M. von Pettcnhofer, Dr. Theodore L. W. von Bischoff.

Justus Freiherr Von Liebig. Miinchen, 1874. From the Royal

Bavarian Academy of Sciences.
Ward's Museum of Mineralogy, Geology, and Zoology. From the Author.

With, E. L'Ecorce Terrestre. Les Minc-raux, leur Histoire et leur Usages
dans les Arts et Metiers. Paris, 1874. Purchased.

Wood-Mason, Jas. On a New Genus and Species (Hylfeocarcinus Humei)
of Landcrabs from the Nicobar Island. From the Author.

Yarrow, H. C. Geog. and Geol. Exp. and Surveys west of the 100th
Meridian, First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler. Catalogue of Phmts col-
lected in the years 1871, '72, and '73, with description of New Species
by Sereuo Watson and J. T. Kothrock. Report upon Ornithological
Specimens collected in the years 1871, '72, and '73. 2 pamphlets.
From Engineer Dep. U. S. A.

Zittel, K. A. Palfeontographica. Supplement. Die Gastropoden der
Stramberger Schichten. Text and Plates, 3e Abtheilung. Cassel,
1873. From the Wilson Fund.

JOURNALS AND PERIODICALS.

SWEDEN.

Upsal. Nova Acta Regia Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis. Seriei
Tertine, VIII., Fasc. II., 1873. From the Society.
Bulletin Meteorologique mensuel de I'Observatoire de I'Uuiversite
d'Upsal. Vol. IV., Nos 1-12, 1872; Vol. V., Nos. 1-6, 1872-3.
From the Observatory.

DENMARK.

Copenhagen. Oversigt over det K. D. Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhand-

linger og dets j\Iedlemmers Arbeidar i Aaret, 1873, Nos. 1, 2, and 3 ;

1874, No. 1. From the Society.
Videnskabelige Mcddelcser fra Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn

for Aaret, 1872 and 1873. Nr. 1-4. From the Society.
Memoires de 1' Academic Royale de Copenhague. 5me Serie. Classe

des Sciences. Vol. X., Nos. 3 6, 1873. From the Society.

RUSSIA.

Dorpat. Sitzungsberichte der Dorpater Natui'forscher-Gesellschaft. 3er

Band, 3es and 4es Heft, 1871-72, 1873. From the Society.
Archiv fiir die Naturkunde Liv-, Ehst- und Kurlands. Iste Series, oer

Band. 2e and 3e Lief. 7er Band, Meteorologische Beobachtuug, Iste

Lief. 1872. From the Society.
Moscow. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscow.

Annee 1873. Nos. 2. From the Society.
Riga. Arbeitcn des Naturforscher-Vereins zu Riga. Neue Folge, oes Heft,

1873. From the Society.

Correspondenzblatt des Naturforscher-Vereins zu Riga. 20er Jahrg,

1874. From the Society.

St. Petersburg. Memoires de 1' Academic Imperiale des Sciences de St.

Petersburg, from Tome 19, No. 8, to Tome 21, No. 5. From the

Society.
Bulletin de I'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersburg.

Tome 18, Nos. 3 et seq. Tome 19, Nos. 1, 2, and 3. From the

Society.
Horaj Societatis Entomologicaj Rossicse. Tome 8, Nos. 3 and 4 ;

Tome 9, Nos. 1 and 2, 1872. From the Society.

252 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY.

HOLLAND.

Amsterdam. Verliandelingen der K. Akademie van "Weteuschappen.

Dcrtiende Deel, 1878. From the Eoyal Academy of Amsterdam.
Jalirboek der K. Akademie van Wetenschappen, 1872. From the

Society.
Verslagen en Mededeelingen der K. Akademie van Wetenschappen,

Afdeeling Naturkunde, Tweede Reeks, Zeveude Deel ; Afdeeling

Letterkunde, Tweede Reeks, Derde Deel, 1873. From the Society.
Processen Verbal der K. Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling

Naturkunde, van Mei, 1872, tot en met, April, 1873. Gaudio Do-

mestica, Elegia Petri Eiseiva, 1873. From the Society.
Harlem. Archives du Musee Teyler. Vol. III., Fasc. 3me, 1873. From

the Society.
La Haye. Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles-

publiees par la Societe Hollandaise des Sciences a Harlem. Tome

VII., 4me and 5me Livr., and Tome VIII., 3me and 4me Livr. From

the Society.
Utrecht. Nederlandsch Meteorologisch Jaarboek voor, 1868, 1872, and

1873. Uitgegeven door het K. Nederlandsch Meteorologisch In-

stituut. From the Institute.

GERMANY.

Augsburg. Zweiundzwangigster Bericht der Naturhistorischen Vereins in

Augsburg, 1873. From the Society.
Berlin. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, herausgegeben von Dr. F. H. Tro-

schel. 37er Jahrg., 6es Heft; 39er Jahrg., 3es and 4es Heft ; 40er

Jahrg., les and 2es Heft, 1871-74. From the Editor.
Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift. Herausgegeben von dem Ento-

mologischen Vereine in Berlin. 17er Jahrg. les Vierteljahrsheft.

to 18er Jahrg. 2es Viertelj. From the Society.
Zeitschrift fiir die Gesammten Naturwisseuschaften. Redigirt von Dr.

C. G. Giebel. Neue Folg(^, Bands VIII. and IX. From the Editor.
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. XXV. Band, 3

Heft, to XXVI. Band, 1 Heft. From the Society.
Monatsbericht der K. P. Akademie der Wisseuschaften zu Berlin,

September, 1873, to August, 1874. From the Society.
Physikalische Abhandlungen der K. P. Akademie der Wissenchaften

zu Berlin. Aus dem Jahre. 1872-73. Mathematische Abhand-
lungen, 1873. From the Society.
Monatschrift des Vereins zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den

K. P. Staaten fiir Gartuerei und Pflanzenkunde. 16er Jahrg. 1873.

From the Society.
Festschrift zur Feier des Hundertjahrigen Bestehens der Gesellschaft

Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1873. From the Society.
Bonn. Archiv fiir Mikroskopische Anatomic herausgegeben von Max

Schultze. Vol. I., 1869, to Vol. XI., les Heft, 1874. Purchased.
Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereines der Preussischen

Rheinlande und Westphalens. 29er Jahrg. 2e Halfte ; 30er Jahrg.

Iste Halfte, 1872-73. From the Society.
BrauuschAveig. Archiv fiir Anthropology. 6er Band, 3es Viertelj ahresheft

to 7er Band, 2es Viertelj., 1873. Purchased.
Bremen. XVII. Jahres-Bericht des Schwedischen Heilgymnastischen

Institutes in Bremen. From the Society.
Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine

zu Bremen. III. Baud, IV. Heft ; IV. Band, I. Heft, 1873-74. From

the Society.

ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 253

Brtinn. Verhandluiigcn des Naturforsclienden Vereins in Briinn. XI.

Band, 1872-73. From the Society.
Cassel. Malaliozoologisclie Blatter. Band 21, pg. 1, to Band 22, pg. 7.

Purchased.
Chemnitz. Vicrter Bericht der NaturTvissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu

Chemnitz, 1873. From the Society.
Danzig. Schriften der Naturforsclienden Gesellschaft in Danzig. Neue

Folge, 3er Bandes, 2es Heft, 1873. From the Society.
Darmstadt. Notizblatt des Yereins fiir Erdkunde. III. Folge, XII. Heft,

Nos. 133-144, 1873. From the Society.
Dresden. Sitzungsbericht der Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Tsis in

Dresden. Jahrg. 1873, April to March, 1874. From the Society.
Emden. Achtundfunfzigster Jaresbericht der Naturforschenden Gesell-
schaft, 1872. From the Society.
Erlangen. Verhandlungen der physicalisch-medicinischen Societat zu Er-
langen Heft 1-2 and 3, 18G7-71. From the Society.
Sitzungsberichte der physikalisch-medicinischen Societat zu Erlangen,
5 Heft, 1873. From the Society.
Frankfurt a. M. Der Zoologische Garten. XIV. Jahrg., Nos. 7-12, 1873.
From the Editor.
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73. From the Society.
Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturfors-
chenden Gesellschaft. 9er Bandes, les and 2es Heft, 1873. From the
Society.
Jahrbiicher der deutschen Malakozoologischen' Gesellschaft nebst

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Jahresbericht uber Verwaltung Medicinalwesens die Krankenanstal-
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XVII. Jahrg. From the Society.
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Gottingen. Nachrichten von der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und
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Society.
Halle. Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle. 12er

Bandes, 3es and 4es Heft, 1873. From the Society.
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254 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY.

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Observatory.
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9 Szam., Hetedik Evfolyam, 7 Szam. 1872-73. From the Hungarian

Academy of Sciences.
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1870. From the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
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tarral 1872-ra. 1873. From tlie Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Mathemalikai es Termeszettudomanyi Kozlemenyek. Vonatkozolaga

Hazai Viskonyokra, Kiadja a Magyar Tudomanj'os Akademia. VI.

Kotet, 1868. From the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Ertekezesek a Termeszettudomanyok Korebol. Kiadja a Magyar

Todomanyok Akademia II. Kolet II. Szam 1873, and III. Kotet,

IV. Szam 1872 to IV. Kotet, II. Szam 1873. From the Hungarian

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Jahrg. 1873, 7es Heft, 1874, 6es Heft. From the Editors.
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3es Heft, SOev Jahrg. l-3es Heft, 1874. From the Editors.
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Society.
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Wien. Jahrg. 1873, XXIII. Band. From the Society.
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ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 255

Arbeiten aus dem Zoologiscli-zootomischen Institut in Wlirzburg.
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187-4. From the Society.

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Geneva. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de

Geneve. Tome 23, Ire Partie. 1873. From the Society.
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Serie, Nos. 71 and 73, 1874. From the Society.
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1873. From the Society.
St. Gallen. Bericht iiber die Thiltigkeit der St. Gallischen naturwissen-

schaftlichen Gesellschaft -wahrend des Vereinsjahres 1873-73, 1874.

From the Society.
Zurich. Vierteljahresheft der Naturforschen den Gesellschaft in Zurich.

17er Jahrg., 1-4 Heft, 1872. From the Society.

BELGIUM.

Bruxelles. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique. Tomes
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Societe Entomologique de Belgique, Compte-Kendu. Serie II., Nos.
1-4. From the Society.

Annales de la Societe Malacologique de Belgique. Tomes VI. and
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Gand. Table generale de la Belgique Horticole. Articles et gravures for-
mant les Tomes I. -XX., 1851-1870. 1871. From the Horticultural
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Annuaire de TUniversite Catholique de Louvaiu, 1851 and 1874. Lou-
vain. From the University.

Twenty-two Theses. From the University.

FRANCE.

Angers. Memoires de la Societe Nationale d' Agriculture, Science, et Arts
d' Angers. Nouvelle Periode. Tome 16me, No. 1-Tome 17me, No.
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Besancjon. Academic des Sciences, Belles-Lettres, et Arts de Besanc^on.
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Livr. 1874. From the Minister of Public Worlds, France.
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ITALY.

Catania. Atti dell Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali di Catania. Serie

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Edinburgh. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Vol. 27,

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Leeds. Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. The Annual Report

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ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 257

Liverpool. Proceedings of the Literary and Pliilosopliical Society of Liver-
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and 18, 1873. Purchased
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Nature. Nos. 228 and 235, Vol. 9, 1874. From the Editor.
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year 1873, Part I., 1874, Pt. III. "From the Society.
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56. Botany, Vol. XIIL, Nos. 68-72. London, 1873. From the

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and also Oct. 1869. From the Society.
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the years 1872 and 1873. From the Society.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Natural History Transactions of Northumberland

and Durham. Vol. V., Part I. 1873. From the Society.
Perth. The Scottish Naturalist. No. XL, Vol. II., July, 1873. From B.

Westermann & Co.

258 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY.

UNITED STATES.

Albanj'. Proceedings of the Ninth Anniversary of the University Convo-
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Regents of tlie University, N. Y.
Baltimore. Seventh Annual Report of the Provost to the Trustees of the
Peabody Institute of the City of Baltimore, June 4, 1874. From the
Trustees.
Boston. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
New Series, Vol. I., 1873-74. From the Society.
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3— Vol.'XVIL, Part 1. From' the Society.
Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. 11., Part II.,

No. 4, and Fart III., Nos. 1-3. From the Society.
Annual Report of the Trustees of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
for 1872. From the Director.
Buffalo. Bulletin of the Buffiilo Society of Natural Sciences. Vol. I., No.

4— A^ol. II., No. 3. From the Society.
Cambridge. Bull«tin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Vol. III.,
No. 10, 1874. From the Director.
Annual Report of the Trustees of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

for 1873. From the Trustees.
Seventh Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum of

American Archaeology and Ethnology, 1874. From the Trustees.
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ence, 20th Meeting. Cambridge, 1872. From the Editor.
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol.
VIIL, from May, 1868, to May, 1873. From the Society.
Harrisburg. Fourth Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners of
Public Charities of the State of Pennsylvania, 1874. From the Com-
missioners.
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and 2. 1874. From the Society.
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1874. From the Society.
New Haven. The American Journal of Science and Arts. Third Series.
Nos. 38-48. From the Editors.
Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Vol. II., Part 2. From the Society.
New York. The Popular Science Monthly. Vol. I., and Nos. 22-33.
From the Editor.
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. Vol. IV., No. 11-Vol. VI.,

No. 11. From Thos. Meehan.
New York Medical Journal. February, 1874. Vol. XIX., No. 1-

Vol. XX., No. 6. From the Editor.
The American Sportsman. From Vol. III., No. 26, to Vol. IV.,

No. 25. 1874. From the Editor.
Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Vol. X.,

Nos. 1-11. 1873. From the Society.
Bulletin of the American Geographical Society. Session 1873-1874.
From the Society.
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delphia. Nos. 1 and 2. 1874. From the Publication Committee.
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelpliia. New
Series. Vol. VIII., Part I. 1874. From the Publication Com-
mittee.
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ciety.

ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 259

The Second Annual Report of the Board of Managers of the Zoological

Society of Philadelphia. 1874. From the Society.
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. XIII., No.

91. 1873. From the Society.
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. XV., No. 1.

From the Society.
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the Editor.
The Medical News and Library. Nos. 373-384. From the Editor.
The American Chemist. Vol. IV., No. 7-Vol. V., No. 4. From the

Editor.
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The Penn Monthly, Nos. 49-Gl. From the Editor.
The Dental Cosmos. Vol. XVI., Nos. 1-12. From the Editor.
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576-580. From the Society.
Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association at the

Twenty-first Annual Meeting held at Richmond, Va., September,

1873. ' From the Association.

American Journal of Pharmacy. Fourth Series. Vol. IV., Nos. 1-

13. January, 1874. From the Editor.
Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. Vol. I.

From the Institute.
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Owen Biddle.
Salem. Bulletin of the Essex Institute. Vol. V., No. 9- Vol. VI., No. 8.

From the Society.
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Sciences. Twenty-second Meeting, Portland, Me., 1873. Salem,

1874. From the Society.

Sixth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of

Science for the year 1873. From the Society.
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San Francisco. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences.

Vol. v.. Part 3, and Vol. I., Part 3. Edition 1873-4. From the

Society.
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State of New Jersey for the year 1873. From the Authors.
Washington. Monthly Report of the Bureau of Statistics. August, 1873-

August, 1874. From the Department of the Interior.
Worcester. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. Nos. 61

and 63. From the Society.

CANADA.

Loudon. The Canadian Entomologist. Vol. V., No. 13- Vol. VI., No. 10.

From the Editors.
Montreal. The Canadian Naturalist. New Series. Vol. VII., Nos. 4

and 6. 1874. From the Editor.
Quebec. Le Naturaliste Canadien. Vol. V., No. 13-Vol. VI., No. 11.

From the Editor.
Toronto. The Canadian Journal of Science, Literature, and History.

Vol. XIV., Nos. 3 and 3. From the Editors.
Report of the Entomological Society of the Province of Ontario for the

year 1873. From the Society.

260 ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY.

MEXICO.

Mexico. La Naturaleza. Periodico Cicntifico de la Sociedad Mexicana de
Historia Natural. Entrega I., 1869-Ent. VI., 1874. From the So-
ciety.
Boletin de la Sociedad de Geographia y Estadistica de la Republica
Mexicana. Tercera Epoca. Tomo I., Nos. 1 y 2. Mexico, 1873.
From the Society.

SOUTH AMERICA.

Buenos Aires. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas
existente en la Universidad de Cordova. Entrega I. 1874. From
the Academy.
Annales del Museo Publico de Buenos Aires. Por German Burmeis-
ter. Ent. 8-12 in. 1871-73. From the Director.

ASIA.

Batavia. Natunrkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie uitgegeven

door de K. Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie.

DeeI32. Afl. 4-6. 1873. From the Society.
Calcutta. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. No. 5, 1873-

No. 7, 1874. From Isaac Lea.
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 1872. Part II., No. 4.

1874, Part II., No. 1. From Isaac Lea.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Palaeontologia Indica.

4to. Ser. VIII. 3; Ser. IX. 1. 8vo., Vol. X., Part 1. From the

Survey.
Records of the Geological Survey of India. Vol. VI., Parts 1-4.

1873. From the Survey.
Ceylon. Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.

1867-70. Parts 1 and 2. From the Society.
Yokohama. Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. From 22d

October, 1873, to 15th July, 1874. From the Society.

NEW ZEALAND.

Wellington. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute.
1873. Vol. VI. From the Society.

INDEX TO GENERA.

261

INDEX TO GENEHA.

Abies 159

Acantbinnla 55

Acantliocystis 166

Acavus 58

Acer 138, 318

Aceratherium 147

Aclifenodon 116

Achlya 160

Acronycta 197

Actinophrys 13, 23, 116

Actinosphferium 166

Adapis 116

Aeolosoma 75

^sciilus 107

Agelaieus 97

Aglaja 55

Agrotis 202

Ahfetulla 65

Ailanthns 160

Ambrosia 215

Ami va 68

Amoeba . .13, 14, 75, 77, 87, 142,

167, 168

Amphibulima 42, 62

Auaptomorphus 116

Ancbitberium 116

Anisorliyucus 28

Anodonta 25,29

Anolis 67

Antbinus 58

Antbracotherium 116

Autilocapra 149

Antrostomus 105

Apamea 205

Apis 103

Arcella 13, 14, 75

Ariolimax 33, 59, 63

Ariou 35

Arionta 55

Arvicola 187

Aspleniuni 155

Ateles 94

Atelopiis 130

Aucbenia 18

Azara 25

Baculites 224

Balfena 89

Bascanion 97

Batbybius 14

Boa 65

Bonis 58

Bos 18

Botbrops 67

Bradypns 95

Bromus 153, 163

Brontotberium 165

Bubonias 124

Biifo 68, 120

Bulimulus 53, 58, 61, 62

Bunocepbalus 132

Callicbthys 135

Calocampa 210

Camptosorns 155

Canis 18, 147

Caracolus 58

Caradina 200

Carmelita 58

Carpiuiis 80

Catbaria 79, 156

Catbartes 151

Centrotehna 121

Cbffitogaster 75

Cbamseleopsis 68

Cbeirotberium 75

Cbelotriton 71

Cbemuitziana 58

Cbilotus 190

Cionodon 12

Cirrobasis 31

Clatbrulina 145, 166

Clcome 154

Coccyzus 108

Cocblostyla 59, 62

Colaptes 104, 109

Colostetbus 131

Corvns 101

Corycia 78, 227

Coiyda 55

Corydoras 135

262

INDEX TO GENERA.

Cosoryx 147, 148

Cothornia 140

Ctenodus 91

Cnicus 84

Cunicnlus 193, 195

Curvimacula 210

Cyauospiza 97

Cyclochcila 32

Cyclorhamphus 125

Cylindrella 55

Cyphoderia 225, 227

Cystignatbus 124, 128

Cysticopsis 56

Deinamceba 1 55

Dendrobates 68, 71, 129

Dendrosoma 140

Dentellaria 57

Diautboecia 199, 201

Dicopis 198

Didymoprium 155

Diflaugia. . . 13, 75, 78, 155, 187, 227

Dipsas 65

Docidium 15

Dorcasia 55

Dresseina 29

Dryocampa 160

Diy ptus 59

Dysicbtbys 133

Ebora 32

Echiuorbyncbus 76

Elaps 65, 67

Elepbas 18, 19, 221

Elotberium 116

Eobasileus 90

Erepta 57

Erinua 54, 61

Eudryas 198

Euglypba 13, 225

Euneomys 185

Euparypba 55

Eupborbia 146

Eurycratera 57

Eurytus 59

EutfEuia 116

Eutolype 198

Evotomys 186

Exarnes 205

Fagus 80, 101

Felis 18

Fiber 13, 196

Filaria 140

Fruticicola 55

Gentiana 160

Geotblypis 96

Gerrbosteus 71

GlfPa 210

Glaudina 49

Glyptostoina 55

Guatbopbysa 128

Goniognatba 55

Gonospira 47, 62

Gonostoma 55

Gortyna 200, 206

Gromia 88

Habronema 140

Habrotbrix 177

Hadeaa 203

Hadrosaurus 12, 90, 225

Haplotbsserus 82

Heliotbis 211

Helix 39, 49, 60, 62, 118, 162

Helmiutbopbaga 220

Helotropba 200

Hemisiuus 25, 32, 82, 83

Hemitrocbus 56

Hempbillia 39, 60

Hesperomys 150, 176

Himella 200

Hippotberium 147

Holocbeilus 176

Homop3'ralis 213

Hoplosternum 135

HyfEuodou 116

Hydra 10

Hydroecia 205

Hyla 69, 121

Hylodes 126

Hyopsodus 116

Hypoptoporna 135

Hypsiboas 69, 121

Hyracbyus 116

Hj-racotberium 116

Hyria 29

Icterus 99

Inoceramus 224

Ipimorpba 201

Isa;a 82

Iscbyrosaurus 75, 225

Iscbyrotberium 75

Kinosteruum 68

Lselaps 91

Lagynis 13

Ledereria 205

Lepidosiren 89

Leptodira 65

Leptognatbus 65, 67

Leptoloma 58

Lepus 151

Leucocbroa 55

Limax 36

I

INDEX TO GENERA.

263

Liochila 5G, 57

Liosonia 31

Liposarcus 13o

Lids 83

Lithotis 54, 61

Lithodytes 127

Liupenis 124

Lopliiodon 116

Loricaria 135

Luceria 205

Luperina 205

Lygodiuin 9

Macacus 94

Madura 108

Macrocyclis 42, 61

Macrodontes 58

Mamestra 199

Martes 147

Masticopliis 65

Mastodon 19, 221

Megacerops 165

Megadactjius 91

Meianerpes 109

Melania 82

Melaporpbyria 203

Melospiza 97

Menodus 234

Merychyus 147

Mesodon 55, 118, 162

Mesonyx 116

Mici'ophysa 55

Miobasileus 166

Molothrus 96

Mugil 66

Mas 173

Myiarclius 104

Myodes 192,194

Myonomes 189

Mytiloides 29

Mytilopsis 25, 83

Nais 75

Nauiiia 47

Navicula 144

Nebela 156

Neotoma 174

Nepenthes 144

Nephelodes 206

Neritina 25

ISTototreraa 124

Nuculana 25, 30

Oclietodou 184

(Edipus 120

Ogygia 205

Oligia 203

Ologyra 118

Omaionyx 43

Onychomys 183

Ophibolus 64

Ophiognomon 70

Oriolus 84

Orphnus 59

Ortbodes 201

Oryzomys 174, 183

Osteocepbalus 123

Ostomya 30

OuramcBba 77

Oxybelis 65

Oxymicterus 176

Oyrrbopus 71

Pachydon 25, 27, 82, 83

Pacbyotus 58

Pacbytoma 31

Palseolagus 151

Palffiosyops 116

Palfeotberium 116

Pampbagiis 78

Pauolax 151

Panopoda 213

Parraelia 107

Passiflora 9

Patula 41, 55, 61

Pectiuatella 139

Pelecycbilus 58

Pclomyxa 87, 142

Pellicula 42

Peltosaurus 116

Pbalffina 208

Pbala^uopbana 314

Pbleum 99

Pburys 212

Pbyllomedusa 120

Pilea 159

Pitbecopus 121

Pitymys 191

Plagiopbrys 78, 227

Plagioptycba 56

Planorbis 30

Plecostomus 137

Plectomantis 127, 128

Pleonectyptera 213

Pleurodema 124

Pleurodonta '"JS

Pleurogyne 100

Pleurota^nium 15

Pliocercus 64

Plusia 207

Poa 100

Podomys 190

Polydontes <^>7

Polygonum 154

Polygyra 55

Polygyrella 55

Polymita 56, 57

Polyonax 13

2G4

INDEX TO GENERA.

Pomatia , 55

Precatioiiii^ 207

Pristina 75

Procamelns 147

Propiis 70

Protistiiis GO

Protoliippus 147

Psamraomys 191

Pseudaglossa 213

Pseudolimacodes 212

Pseudortliosia 207

Pupa 52

Pyrrhia 211

Quamoclit 154

Quercus 101, 107, 221

Rafflesiana 144

RaiuTla 131

Rapliidiophrys 167

Reithrodon 184

Rliiiiodoras 134

Rotifer 88

Sagda 54

Salmo 141

Sayornis 104

Scaphiopus 125

Schroteriana 58

Scliiztea 9

Sciurus 7G

Scopelosoma 209

Scytopis 123

Sideridis 205

Sigmodou 174, 175

Simpulopsis 43

Srailacina 115

Solannm 158

Sphferodactylus 68

Spilotes....' 64

Spirogyra 87

Spongilla 145

Stapliylea 84

Stenebfiber 222

Stcnodactylus 68

Stenotrema 55

Stentor 75

Storcria 116

Stropliia 53, 62

Slylemys 224

Stylodon 57

Stiirnella 98

Siiccinea 42, 54

Swertia 160

Symborodon 89, 166, 224

Synaptomys 192

Tacliea 55

Taeniocampa 201

Tamila 212

Tebennopliorus 79

Teleuraspis 67

Thelidomus 56

Tliespesius 74, 225

Titauotherium 89, 165, 223, 224

Tolype 198

Toxosoma 31

Trichina 139

Trichomycterus 66, 132

Trimorphodon 65

Trineiua 13, 225, 227

Triodopsis 55

Triquetra 25, 29

Triticum 81, 153, 163

Trochilus 106

Tropidonotus 97

Turdus 104

Tyranuus 103

Urocentruin 143

Urtica 159

Vallonia 55

Verbascuni 107

Vesperimus 174, 178

Vireo 96

Vitrinea 54

Wistaria 84

Xanthia 200, 210

Zalhorax 133

Zouites 39.42, 60

GENERAL INDEX.

265

GENERAL INDEX.

Additions to the Library, 342.
Amendments of By-Laws, 161.

Bachman, Dr. J., Announcement of

deatli of, 21.
Beaumont, E. De, Announcement of

deatli of, 160.
Binuey, W. G., On the Anatomy of

Ariolimax and other Pulmonata,

22, 33.

Cliapman, H. C, On the Muscles of
the Hind Leg of Fiber Zibethicus,
13 ; On Echinorhynchus Monili-
fornis, 76 ; On the Generative Ap-
paratus of the Tebenophorus Caro-
liueusis, 79 ; Anatomical notes, 94.

Committees for 1874, 16.

Conrad, S. A., Remarks on the Ter-
tiary Clay of the Upper xVmazon,
with descriptions of new Shells,
17, 25 ; Description of two new fos-
sil Shells of the Upper Amazon,
82.

Cope. E. D., On the extinct Fauna of
Colorado, 10 ; On the age of the
Lignites of the West, 12 ; On varia-
tions in structure of horns of Deer
of the genus Cariacus, 24 ; On the
Ziphius of Nantucket, 24; Descrip-
tion of some species of Reptiles
obtained by Dr. John F. Brans-
ford, while attached to the Nicara-
guan Survey iug Expedition in 1873,
64 ; On a young Balsena Cisarctica
and on the extinct Mammalia of
Colorado, 89 ; On the genus Cteno-
dus, 91 : On some Batrachia and
Nematognathi brought from the
upper Amazon, by Prof. Orton,
116, 120; On viviparous Snakes,
116 ; On the palaeontology of Colo-
rado, 116 ; Notes on Santa Fe Marls
and some of the contained Verte-

18

brate Fossils, 142, 147 ; Extract of
letter from, 163 ; On a new Masto-
don and Rodent, 221 ; On the char-
acters of Symborodon, 224.

Correspondence, 238.

Coues, Dr. E., Synopsis of the INIuri-
d;T3 of North America, 161, 173.

Durand, E., Presentation of portrait
of, 84.

Elections during 1874, 236.

Frazer. P., Jr., On the value of Palfe-
ontology, 11 ; On Pilot Knob, Iron
^Mountain, and Mine La ]\[otte, 85 ;
On the chemical formulas of Mine-
rals, 92, 110 ; On a coal-cutting
Machine, 117; On the Geology of
certain lands in Ritchie and Tyler
Cos., W. Va., 168 ; AVeatliering of
Rocks, 228.

Gentry, T. G., On the habits of some
American species of Birds and other
things Ornithological, 76, 96 ; On
Fertilization of certain Flowers
through Insect agency, 115.

Goldsmith, E., The Blue Gravel of
California, 73 ; Analysis of Gra-
phite from Wythe County, Va., 77.

Greer, Col. Jas., Announcement of
death of, 16.

Grote, A. R., On new species of Noc-
tuidfe, 163, 197.

Halsey, Wm. S., Announcement of

death of, 23.
Hawkins, B. W., On the Pelvis of

Hadrosaurus, 90.
Herrick, H., Description of a new

species of Helminthophaga, 220.
Hunt, J. G., On the structure of

Schizaja, 9 ; (3n Glands of Nepen-

266

GENERAL INDEX.

thes, 144 ; Crystallization in Plants,
151 ; Report on Wheat and Chess,
163.

Index to Genera, 261.

Le Conte, J. L., On the age of the
Lignite Beds of the Missouri River,
11.

Leeds, Prof., On a Fulgurite, 145 ; On
elevation of temperature in a Lead
Mine, 145.

Leidy, Jos., Remarks on Hydra, 10;
Remarks on Protozoa, 13 ; On the !
mode of growth of Desmids, 15 ; '
On Actinophrys sol, 23 ; Criticism
of paper of Mr. Cope, 74 ; Note on
the Enemies of Difflugia, 75 ; Re-
marks on a supposed comjiound
derived from Leather, 75 ; Notice
of some new Fresh-water Rhizo-
pods, 77 ; Notice of some fresh-
water and terrestrial Rhizopods,
86 ; Remarks on Revivification of
Rotifer vulgaris, 88 ; On Pectina- 1
tella magnihca, 139 ; On a parasitic
worm of' the House-fl}^ 139 ; Notice
of some fresh-water Infusoria, 140 ;
Notice of a remarkable Ameeba, \
142 ; On the mode in which Amoeba [
swallows its food, 143 ; On the '
motive power of Diatomes, 143 ;
Remarks on Sponges, 144 ; Notice \
of some Rliizopods, 155 ; Note on :
Dryocampa, 160 ; Notice of Re-
mains of Titanotherium, 165; No-
tices of Rhizopods, 166 ; On sup-
posed Spermaries in Amoeba, 168 ;
On Specific Gravity, 218 ; Remarks
on Fossils presented, 223 ; Notices
of Rhizopods, 225.

Lewis, J., Description of a new spe-
cies of Helix. 116, 118 ; On a new
variety of Helix, 142, 162.

E.

Resignation as

Macomber, N.
member, 116.

Meehan, Thos., Dimorphous Flowers
in Passiflora, 9 ; Elevation of the
trunks of trees, 22 ; The veins of
Beech and Horubean Leaves, 80 ;
Direct Growth Force, 80 ; Habits
of the Orchard Oriole, 84 ; Poison-

ous character of the flowers of Wis-
taria Sinensis, 84 ; Growth of the
Cuicusarvensis, HofF., 84 ; Change
of habit in Smilacina bifolia, 115 ;
Dimorphism in the leaves of Acer
Pennsylvanicum, 138 ; Change of
Habit through Fungoid Agency,
146 ; Wheat and Chess, 153 ; Vari-
ations in Solanum Fendleri, A. G.,

158 ; Abies concolor in Colorado,

159 ; Fertilization of Gentiana, 160 ;
Variations in leaves of Ailanthus
glaudulosa, 160 ; Antlers of Am-
brosia artemisiiefolia, 215 ; Dimor-
phism in Apples, 215 ; Coloring of
autumn leaves, 218 ; Continuous
growth in Fungoidal Excrescences,
221.

Nolan. E. J., Remarks on death of
Dr. Slack, 140.

Officers for 1875, 235.

Procter, Wm., Announcement of
death of, 15.

Redfield, J. H., New growth of

Plants, 154 ; On Asplenium ebe-

uoides, 155.
Reed, A. G., Blindness of Salmon,

216.
Report of Librarian,. 228.
Report of the Curators, 230.
Report of Recorder of Biological and

Microscopical Section, 233.
Report of Conservator of Conchologi-

cal Section, 234.

Slack, J. II., Announcement of death

of, 140.
Sparks, T., Announcement of death

of, 159.

Willcox, J., Mountain Drainage of
Tennessee and North Carolina,
Ancient Burial Customs, 164.

Wyman, Dr. J., Announcement of
death of, 143.

Yates, L. G., On Mammalian Fossils
in California, 18.

Proc.A.KS.1874

Plate 15

Rol.'Rid^way del.

Helminthopha^a Lawrcncii. Horrick.

29

'^^f^

m

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ita(Umg of Jaiunil ScitnciJi

OF

PHILADELPHIA.

PABT I.— January, February, MarcJi, 18741,

\D

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"^

y PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

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PHILADELPHIA:

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

Corner of Broad and Sansom Streets.

1874.

■^'-

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PUBLICATIONS OF

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA.

Seven volumes of the New Series of the Journal and Vol. VIII., Part I.
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is $10.00, or $3.00 per part, to subscribers; and to others, $12.50 per volume, or
$3.75 per part. Vol. 7 contains "The Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and
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The First Series op the Journal, 1817 to 1843, in eight volumes, octavo,
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The First Series of the Proceedings of the Society, published in octavo,
1841 to 1856, of which eight volumes were completed Dec. 31, 1856, may be ob-
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The Second Series op the Proceedings, commencing January 1, 1857 (of
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The Third Series op the Proceedings, Illustrated, commencing Janu-
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American Journal op Conchology, 1865-71. Seven vols. 8vo. Containing
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BOOKS FOR SALE,

The Academy have the following works for sale at the prices affixed : —

Description of Shells op North America, with 68 colored plates. By Thomas
Say, 1830-34. $10.50.

Monograph of the Unionid^ of North America. By T. A. Conrad. 60
uncolored plates, octavo, 1840. $8.00.

Monograph op the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States. With
Illustrations of all the Species. By George W. Tryon, Jr. Fine edition, plate
paper, with duplicate plates, colored and tinted, $20.00 ; colored edition,
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Monograph op the Fresh- water Univalve Mollusca op the United States.
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Application to be made to Wm. S. Vaux, Chairman of the Publication Com-
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London, TRUBNER & CO.,

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Agents, ■
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mw York, WM. WOOD & CO.,

No. 61 Walker Street.

L Salem, Mass., NATURALIST'S AGENCY.

'^^^

co]n^th:nts.

J. G. Hunt, M.D. On the Structure of Scbizsea pusilln, . . 9
Thos. Meehan. Dimorphous Flowers in Passiflora ... 9

Jos. Leidy, M.D. Remarks on Hydra 10

Edw. D. Cope. On the Age of the Lignite Beds of the Missouri

River 10, 12

J. L. LeConte, M.D. On the Age of the Lignite Beds of the

Missouri River 12

H. C. Chapman, M.D. On the muscles of the hind leg of Fiber

zibethicus 13

Joseph Leidy, M.D. Remarks on Protozoa . . . .13
Jos. Leidy, M.D. On the Mode of Growth of Desmids . .15

Standing Committees for 1814 16

Jos. Leidy, M.D, Extract from a Letter relating to Mammalian

Fossils in California 18

Thos. Meehan. Elevation of the Trunks of Trees . . .22

Jos. Leidy, M.D. On Actiuophrys sol 23

T. A. Conrad. Remarks on the Tertiary Clay of the Upper Ama-
zon, with descriptions of new shells 25

W. G. BiNNEY. On the Anatomy and Lingual Dentition of Ario-

limax, and other Pulmonata 33

Edw. D. Cope. Description of some species of Reptiles obtained
by Dr. John F. Bransford, Assistant Surgeon United States
Navy, while attached to the Nicaraguan Surveying Expedi-
tion in 18t3 C^i

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PBOGEEDINGS

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PABT II.— April, 3Iay, June, July, August^
and September, 1874.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

Joseph Leidy, M.D., Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.,

Wm. S. Vaux, Edw. J. Nolan, M.D.,

W. S. W. RUSCHEKBEKGER, M.D.

PHILADELPHIA:

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

Corner of Broad and Sansom Streets.

1874.

PUBLICATIONS OF

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA.

Seven volumes of the New Series of the J'otjrnal and Vol. VIII., Part I.
(Quarto) have been issued — 1847 to 1874. The price per volume of four parts
is $10.00, or $3.00 per part, to subscribers; and to others, $13.50 per volume, or
$3.75 per part. Vol. 7 contains "The Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and
Nebraska, with a Synopsis of the Mammalian Remains of North America." Illus-
trated with thirty plates. By Joseph Leidy, M.D., LL.D.

The First Series of the Journal, 1817 to 1842, in eight volumes, octavo,
may be obtained at $40.00 to members, and to the public, $48.00.

The First Series of the Proceedings of the Society, published in octavo,
1841 to 1856, of which eight volumes were completed Dec. 31, 1856, may be ob-
tained at $24.00, to members; and to the public, $80.00.

The Second Series of the Proceedings, commencing January 1, 1857 (of
which fourteen volumes were completed Dec. 31, 1870), maybe obtained at $42.00,
to members, or $3.00 per volume separately ; and to the public, $3.75 per volume.

The Third Series of the Proceedings, Illustrated, commencing Janu-
ary 1st, 1871, is published at $5.00 per annum, payable in advance, to members;
and to the public, $6.25.

American Journal of Conchologt, 1865-71. Seven vols. 8vo. Containing
2500 pages, illustrated by one hundred and fifty plates, many of them colored,
besides about a thousand wood engravings. Published at $70.00. Price reduced
to $42.00 for the set. Separate volumes $10.00 each.

BOOKS FOB SALE,

The Academy have the following works for sale at the prices afHxed : —

Description of Shells of North America, with 68 colored plates. By Thomas
Say, 1830-34. $10.50.

Monograph of the Unionid^ of North America. By T. A. Conrad. 60
uncolored plates, octavo, 1840. $8.00.

Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States. With
Illustrations of all the Species. By George W. Tryon, Jr. Fine edition, plate
paper, with duplicate plates, colored and tinted, $20.00 ; colored edition,
$13.50; plain edition, $8.50. Only one hundred copies printed, which have
been mostly sold.

Monograph of the Fresh-water Univalve Mollusca of the United States.
By S. S. Haldeman, 1840-44. With Continuation to 1871. By George W.
Tryon, Jr. 2 vols., with many colored plates. Fine edition, duplicate plates,
$40.00; with colored plates, $25.00; with plain plates, $18.00.

Either the original work or the continuation furnished separately, if desired.

Notice to Booksellers. — All the Publications of the Society will be supplied
to Booksellers at a discount of 20 per cent, on the prices charged to the public.

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Agents,
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London, TRUBNER & CO.,

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Salem, Mass., NATURALIST'S AGENCY.

CONTEJS'TS— Continued.

H. C. Chapman, M.D. Rete Mirabile in Bradypus Didactylus 95
Thomas G. Gentry. On Habits of some American Species of

Birds 96

Thomas Meehan. Chanjre of Habit in Smilacina bifolia . 115
Edward D. Cope. On the Genus Storeria . . . .116

Edward D. Cope. Synopsis of Geological work during 18*73 . 116

Persifor Frazer, Jr. Description of a Coal-cutting Machine 117

James Lewis, M.D. Description of a new species of Helix . 118
Edward D. Cope. On some Batrachia and Nematognathi

brought from the Upper Amazon by Prof. Orton . . 120
Thomas Meehan. Dimorphism in the Leaves of Acer Penn-

sylvanicura, Lin. ......... 138

Joseph Leidy, M.D. On Pectinatella magnifica . . . 139

Joseph Leidy, M.D. On a Parasitic Worm of the House Fly 139

Joseph Leidy, M.D. Notice of some Fresh-water Infusoria . 140

Edward J. Nolan, M.D. Obituary Notice of Dr. Slack . . 141

Joseph Leidy, M.D. Notice of a Remarkable Amoeba . . 142
Joseph Leidy, M.D. On the Mode in which Amceba swallows

its Food 143

Joseph Leidy, M.D. On the Motive Power of Diatomes . 143

J. Gibbons Hunt, M.D. On Excretory Ducts in Nepenthes . 144

Joseph Leidy, M.D. Remarks on Sponges .... 144

Prop. Leeds. On a Fulgurite from Fayetteville, N. C. . . 145

Prof. Leeds. On a sudden rise of Temperature in -a Lead Mine 145

Thomas Meehan. Change of Habit through Fungoid Agency 146
Edward D. Cope. Notes on the Santa ¥4 Marls, and some of

the Contained Vertebrate Fossils 141

-^^*V^r3^

CONTENTS.

E. Goldsmith. The Blue Gravel of California . . . IS

Joseph Leidy, M.D. Correction of an Article by Prof. Cope 1i
Joseph Leidy, M.D. Note on the Enemies of Difflugia . . 15
Joseph Leidy, M.D. Remarks on a supposed Compound derived

from Leather . . . . .
H. C. Chapman, M.D. On Echinorh^aichus Moniliformis
E. Goldsmith. Analysis of Graphite from Wythe Count}', Ya
Jos. Leidy, M.D. Notice of some new Fresh-water Rhizopods
H. C. Chapman, M.D. On the Generative Apparatus of Teben

nophorus Caroliuensis

Thomas Meehan. The Yeins of Beech and Hornbean Leaves

Thomas Meehan. Direct Growth Force .

T. A. Conrad. Description of two new Fossil Shells of the

Upper Amazon ........

Thomas Meehan. Habits of the Orchard Oriole

Thomas Meehan. Poisonous Character of the Flowers of "Wis

taria sinensis

Thomas Meehan. Growth of Cuicus arvensis, Hoff
Persifor Frazer, Jr. On the Geology of Pilot Knob, Iron

Mountain, and Mine La Motte, Mo

Joseph Leidy, M.D. Notice of some Fresh-water and Terres

trial Rhizophods

Joseph Leidy, M.D. Remarks on the Revivification of Rotifer

vulgaris

Edward D. Cope. On a Young Balaena cisarctica .

Edward D. Cope. On the Crania of Symborodon .

B. Waterhouse Hawkins. On the Pelvis of Hadrosaurus

Edward D. Cope. On the Pelvis of Hadrosaurus .

Edward D. Cope. On a Species of Ctenodus from Ohio

Persifor Frazer, Jr. On the Chemical Formulas of Minerals 92, 110

H. C. Chapman, M.D. Disposition of the Latissimus Dorsi,

etc., in Ateles and Macacus .....

H. C. Chapman, M.D. Flexor Brevis Digitorum in Ateles Ge

offi-oyi (Kuhl)

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16

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19
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(Continued on p. 3.)

'-'^^^^

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

catlfmjj of latiiral Sclnu^s

OF

PHILADELPHIA.

PART III.— October, November , and Decem-
ber, 1874.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.
Joseph Leidy, M.D., Geo. W. Tryon. Jr.,

Wm. S. Vaux, Edw. J. Nolan, M.D.,

W. S. W. RUSCHBNBERGEK, M.D.

^

"-^

PHILADELPHIA:

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

Corner of Broad and Sansom Streets.

1875.

4-

PUBLICATIONS OF

THE ACADEllY OF NATUIiAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA.

Seven volumes of the New Series of the Journal and Vol. VIII., Part I.
(Quarto) have been issued — 1847 to 1874. Tlie price per volume of four parts
is' $10.00, or $3.00 per part, to subscribers; and to others, $12.50 per volume, or
$3.75 per part. Vol. 7 contains "The Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and
Nebraska, with a Synopsis of the Mammalian Remains of North America." Illus-
trated with thirty plates. By Joseph Leidy, M.D., LL.D.

The FiKST Series op the Journal, 1817 to 1842, in eifjht volumes, octavo,
may be obtained at $40.00 to members, and to the public, $48.00.

The First Series of the Proceedings of the Society, published in octavo,
1841 to 1856, of which eight volumes were completed Dec. 31, 1856, may be ob-
tained at $24.00, to members; and to the public, $30.00.

Tlie Second Series of the Proceedings, commencing January 1, 1857 (of
which fourteen volumes were completed Dec. 31, 1870), maybe obtained at $42.00, ,
to members, or $3.00 per volume separately ; and to the public, $3.75 per volume.

The Third Series of the Proceedings, Illustrated, commencing Janu-
ary 1st, 1871, is published at $5.00 per annum, payable in advance, to members;
and to the public, $6.25.

American Journal op Conchology, 1865-71. Seven vols. 8vo. Containing
2500 pages, illustrated by one hundred and fifty plates, many of them colored,
besides aliout a thousand wood engravings. Published at $70.00. Price reduced
to $42.00 for the set. Separate volumes $10.00 each.

BOOKS FOB SALE.

The Academy have the following works for sale at the prices affixed : —

Description of Shells op North America, with 68 colored plates. By Thomas
Say, 1830-34. $10.50.

Monograph of the Unionid^ of North America. By T. A. Conrad. 60

uncolored plates, octavo, 1840. $8.00.

Monograph op the Terrestrial Mollusca op the United States. With
Illustrations of all the Species. By George W. Tryon, Jr. Fine edition, plate
paper, with duplicate plates, colored and tinted, $20.00; colored edition,
$13.50; plain edition, $8.50. Only one hundred copies printed, which have
been mostly sold.

Monograph op the Fresh-water Univalve Mollusca op the United States.
By S. S. Haldeman, 1840-44. With Continuation to 1871. By George W.
Tryon, Jr. 2 vols., with many colored plates. Fine edition, duplicate plates,
$40.00 ; with colored plates, $25.00; with plain plates, $18.00.

Either the original work or the continuation furnished separately, if desired.

Notice to Booksellers. — All the Publications of the Society will be supplied
to Booksellers at a discount of 20 per cent, on the prices charged to the public.

Application to be made to Wm. S. Vaux, Chairman of the Publication Com-
mittee, 1702 Arch Street, or to the Librarian, at the Hall of the Academy, oorner
of Broad and Sansom Streets.

Agents,

February, 1875.

London, TRUBNER & CO.,

No. 60 Paternoster Row.

New York, WM. WOOD & CO.,

No. 61 Walker Street.

. Salem, Mass., NATURALIST'S AGENCY.

CONTENTS— Continued

Joseph Letdy, M.D. Notice of Rhizopods

Persifor Frazer, Jr. Weathering of Rocks

Report of Librarian

Report of Curators

Report of Recorder of Biological and Microscopical

Report of Conservator of Coiichological Section

Election of Officers for 1875

Elections during 1874

Correspondence of the Academy

Additions to the Library

Index to Genera

General Index ....

Section

225
228
228
230
233
234
235
23fi
238
242
261
265

CONTENTS.

Thomas Meehan. Wheat and Chess ....

John H. Redfield. New Growth of Plants

John H. Redfield. On Asplenium ebenoides .

Joseph Leidy, M.l). Notice of some Rhizopods

Thomas Meehan. Variations in Solanum Fendleri .

J. Gibbons Hunt, M.D. Ciystallization in Plants .

Thomas Meehan. Abies concolor in California

Thomas Meehan. Fertilization of Gentiana .

Thomas Meehan. Variations in Leaves of Ailanthus gland u

losa

James Lewis, M.D. On a new variet}"- of Helix

J. Gibbons Hunt, M.D. Wheat and Chess

Joseph Willcox. Mountain Drainage of Eastern Tennessee

and Western North Carolina. Ancient Burial Custom
Joseph Leidy, M.D. Notice of Remains of Titanotherium
Joseph Leidy, M.D. Notice of Rhizopods
Persifor Frazer, Jr. On the Geology of certain Lands in

Ritchie and Tyler Counties, W. Va. ....
Elliott Coues, M.D. Synopsis of the Muridai of North Ame

rica ..........

Aug. R. Grote. New Species of North American Noctuidse
Thomas Meehan. Anthers of Ambrosia artemisiajfolia .
Thomas Meehan. Dimorphism in Apples
A. G. Reed, M.D. Blindness of Salmon ....

Joseph Leidy, M.D. On Specific Gravitj-

Thomas Meehan. Coloring of Autumn Leaves

Harold Herrick. Description of a new species of Helmintho

phaga . . . . • •
Thomas Meehan. Continuous Growth in Fungoidal Excres

cences .......•••

Edward D. Cope. On a new Mastodon and Rodent
Joseph Leidy, M.D. Remarks on Fossils presented
Edward D. Cope. On the Characters of Symborodon
Edward D. Cope. On Dr. Leidy's "Correction"

(Continued on p

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I MBl. WHUl I.IBKAKV

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