ries ay e: G a * pie ark) <. ete t. de puta it : i ui is raed 4 ah eats re das rt tf sill mae e ln NO Wt Va ay ied ys WT | LF ear PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. COMMITTEE OF PUBLICATION: JOSEPH LeErpy, M. D., Gro.+H. Horn, M. D., Epw. J. Nouan, M. D., Tuomas MEEHAN, JoHN H. REDFIELD. Epiror: EDWARD J. NOLAN, M. D. PHILADELPHIA: ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, LOGAN SQUARE, 1886. ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, February 4, 1886. I hereby certify that printed copies of the Proceedings for 1885 have been presented at the meetings of the Academy, as follows :— Pages 9to 24%. : ; . March 10, 1885. e 25 to 40 . é 5 April 7, 1885. Oe ty CORE : ‘ ». April 21, 1885. cy) > 89%0N96 =. 5 : cy ep 28, 1885. §§ OT toda 3 : . May 12, 1885. “e A1i3to144 , : 5 . June 9, 1885. So TAD HONIG... ; . dune 23, 1885. Gait LOLeean : - - September 1, 1885. e225 to 240 : : . September 29, 1885. e241 t0 272 ~—C ; : . October ~ 6, 1885. ‘* = 273 to 304 —Ci«w : F . October 13, 1885. “e305 to 852. : : . November 17, 1885. <¢ 358 to 884 _—w : : . December 15, 1885. ‘= Soo GOlALGr ay. 2 : . January 19, 1886. EDWARD J. NOLAN, Recording Secretary. PHILADELPHIA W. P. KILDARE, PRINTER. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. With reference to the several articles contributed by each. For Verbal Communications see General Index. PAGE, Bicknell, Ernest P. and Fletcher b. Dresslar. A Review of the Species GimiMer GUUS, SOMO USE 2.7 stoi Vo s/arlavs. * The species may be distinguished by the name of RuHINocEROS PROTERUS. The subgenus, whether Aceratherium, Aphelops, or other, is of course only to be determined by the supply of other portions of the animal. The inferior molars and bones of a rhinoceros, indicated in the former communication on fossils from the same deposit, most probably also pertain to this species. The extinct genus Hippotherium, a three-toed ancestor of our horses, was originally described from remains found in the Miocene and later Tertiary deposits of Europe. Remains of the same genus were first discovered in this country in the Ashley River phosphate beds of South Carolina, noticed in our Proceed- ings of 1853, p. 241, under the name of Hipparion venustum, and described in Holmes’ post-Pliocene fossils, 1860, 105, pl. xvi, figs. 32, 33, as Hippotherium venustum. Since then a number of other species have been described by the speaker and Prof. Cope from remains found in various localities of this country. The tooth now under inspection is an upper molar, perhaps the fourth large one of the series. It indicates a small species, little more than half the size of the domestic horse, or of the Hippotherium gracile of Europe, and exhibits sufficient difference to assume that it indicates another species from those already described. The folding of the contiguous borders of,the Hippotherium ingenuum. interior enamel islets of the worn triturating surface is less complex than in H. venustuwm, and the internal islet is elliptical instead of circular. The species may be named HIPPOTHERIUM INGENUUM. The measurements of the tooth are as follows: Length at antero-internal corner of crown, 42 mm. Breadth fore and aft of triturating surface, 1 eee Breadth transversely of triturating surface, hy 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF FOSSIL COCKROACHES, FROM THE OLDER AMERICAN ROCKS. BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER. Since the publication of my essay on Paleozoic cockroaches,! a considerable number of new types of Palzoblattariz have come to hand, largely through the endeavors of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, to whose favor I owe the opportunity of studying them, and partly from my exploration of an interesting locality in South Park, Colorado. Some of the former have since been published in a revision of the species of Mylacris, and the more interesting of such as remain are described in this paper. The two new genera of Mylacridz are closely allied to, but differ considerably from, the known genera. Of the Blattinariz, the species of Oryctoblattina is the first. secured from America, and the Triassic genera and species are interesting, not only from the deposit in which they occur, but also from their relation to Carboniferous and Liassic types.* They will all be figured on another occasion. PROMYLACRIS (7p6, pwdaxpis), nov. gen. The mediastinal vein, though large and abundantly supplied with veins, terminates not far beyond the middle of the wing; most of the branches fork more than once; the scapular vein runs in a nearly straight course, and terminates a short distance beyond the mediastinal, playing a very insignificant part; the externomedian vein is far more important, crowding back the seapular vein on the one side and the externomedian on the other; the anal furrow is very deeply impressed and the anal area strongly convex, its veins regular, frequent and strongly eurved. Promylacris ovale, nov. sp. Represented by a single specimen and its reverse in a nodule preserving well the anterior half of the body. The pronotum is regularly arched, about one-fourth as high as broad, and twice as 1 Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, 23, e¢ seq. 2 Tbid., iii, 299, et seq. 3 Amer. Jour. Se. (3), xxviii, 199, et seq. aT ae * A yy @'* 1885. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 35 broad as long. The front wings have a strongly developed humeral lobe and a costal margin of considerable convexity. The mediastinal branches are clustered into three groups; the scapular vein is composed of only two branches, each of which forks with slight divarication ; the externomedian vein has three principal branches, all of which originate far toward the base of the wing; the internomedian area is unusually small, apparently not reaching so far out as the scapular area. The fragment is 20 mm. long and the wing 12 mm. broad, but it was probably about 29 mm. long. Carboniferous deposits of Mazon Creek, Ill. Received from Mr. Wm. Gurley. PAROMYLACRIS (xdpos, pvdaxpis), nov. gen. The mediastinal vein consists of at least seven or eight prin- cipal branches, several of them forking close to the base, the outermost extending far toward the tip of the wing, making this area unusually important; the scapular is also important, the main vein running through the middle of the wing in a straight course to the tip; the externomedian branches do not separate widely, and occupy on the margin of the wing only the lower half of the broad apex; the anal furrow is deeply impressed, and strikes the middle of the inner margin. Paromylacris rotundum, nov. sp. The single specimen shows the larger portion of the upper surface, and all the more important parts, visible from above. The whole body is strongly arched, and the central portion of the pronotal shield, which is twice as broad as long, is elevated about 4°5 mm. above the margins. The front wings are obovate, searcely narrower at tip than at base, barely twice as long as broad; the humeral angle very prominent. The scapular vein has four or five straight superior branches ; the externomedian vein runs parallel to the scapular, and has two dichotomizing branches. The length of the wing is 29°5 mm.,and its width 15 mm. Carboniferous deposits of Mazon Creek, Ill. Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No. 2026. SPILOBLATTINA (czidos, Blattina) nov. sp. This genus is allied to Htoblattina, but differs from it and from all other genera of Blattinariz in the divergence of the scap- 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF 1885. ular and externomedian veins beyond the middle of the wing, and then their rapid convergence beyond a more or less conspic- vous elongated spot (whence the generic name) which fills the space so produced; a similar arrangement is seen even more conspicuously between the the externomedian and internomedian veins, where the spot is much larger and round. All the species are Triassic. Spiloblattina Gardineri, nov. sp. A number of specimens of this were found, some of them nearly perfect. The wing is long and slender, more than three times longer than broad, the tip roundly produced. The mediastinal vein terminates some way beyond the middle, approaching the margin very gradually; the scapular runs parallel to the costal margin, slightly more removed from it in the apical than in the distal half, and terminates a little before the tip of the wing; it has many branches, usually compound; the externomedian vein begins to branch usually in the middle of the wing, about oppo- site the stigma in the interspace between it and the scapular vein, and its branches fill the apex of the wing. To form the enlarged cell for the median stigma, the curve of the main externomedian vein is graceful and very gradual. The anal terminates far before the middle of the wing. Length of wing about 17:5 mm., width 5°5 mm. Named after my son who obtained the first and best speci- men seen in our exploration of the beds. Triassic beds near Fairplay, Colorado. Spiloblattina triassica, nov. sp. In this species the wing appears to be more slender than in the others, although the exact proportions cannot be given from the imperfection of the specimens; all the branches have a more longitudinal and less arcuate course, the externomedian and scapular veins scarcely part from each other to give place to the stigma, and the divergence of the former and the internomedian veins is also less conspicuous. The wing was probably about 18 mm, long, and 5 mm. broad. Triassic beds near Fairplay, Colorado. Spiloblattina guttata, nov. sp. This species differs from the others in the stoutness of the wing, which is proportionally much shorter than any of the others; in keeping with this peculiarity is the greater width of a 1885. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 37 both the mediastinal and scapular areas, and the more rapid descent to the margin of the termination of at least the former. In other respects the species completely resembles S. Gardineri. Two fragments only were obtained, which indicate a wing about 15 mm. long, and 7 mm. broad. Triassic beds near Fairplay, Colorado. Spiloblattina marginata, nov. sp. This species, of which only a single specimen was found, is remarkable for the paucity of its neuration, and for the fact that all the veins and branches are margined with a slender dark edging. The scapular vein recedes more than usually from the costal margin opposite the very slight median stigma, and the externomedian vein is consequently more than usually curved to make place for it. The probable length of the wing was 18 mm. The inner margin being lost, the width can hardly be more than conjectured, but it was perhaps 7 mm. Triassic beds near Fairplay, Colorado. Oryctoblattina occidua, nov. sp. The veins appear to originate from the middle of the upper half of the base of the wing, and have scarcely the least basal arcuation. The mediastinal vein runs at but slight distance from, and nearly parallel to, the costal border, in the outer half con- stantly but gradually approaching it, emitting numerous oblique, generally simple branches; the vein terminates in the middle of the outer half of the wing, and shows no such peculiarities at its tip as characterize O. reticulata of Europe. The scapular vein is also not so peculiar as there; it runs in near proximity and parallel to the mediastinal vein, but there is the same slight bend in its course at the base of the principal branch; the mass of the branches, which are fewer than in O. reticulata, do not arise as there from a vein emitted abruptly from near the base of the second branch, to which they are inferior, but from the principal branch itself, to which they are superior. The internomedian vein terminates at about the end of the middle third of the wing, and has only a few branches. The externomedian branches all terminate on the inner margin. The length of the wing is 19 mm., its breadth 7 mm. Carboniferous beds of Mazon Creek, Illinois; R. D. Lacoe, No. 2039. 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. Petrablattina qua, nov. sp. Mediastinal vein terminating scarcely beyond the middle of the costal margin, with numerous, closely crowded, simple branches; scapular vein terminating above the tip of the wing, and beyond the basal curve nearly straight, with four or five singly forking branches ; branches of externomedian vein straight, superior, mostly simple, parallel to the main scapular vein; the internomedian area extending to some distance beyond the middle of the wing. It is a tolerably large species, the wing measuring 24 mm. in length and 10 mm. in breadth. Triassic beds near Fairplay, Colorado. Petrablattina Meieri, nov. sp. Mediastinal vein terminating a long way beyond the middle of the costal border, with comparatively distant, usually simple branches. Scapular vein terminating just below the tip of the wing and beyond the basal curve, gently arcuate throughout, with branches similar to those of P. equa, but occupying a larger area. In consequence, the externomedian area is of less importance than in P. equa, and it has but few branches, which appear to be generally simple, and slightly declivent, though superior. Unfortunately this portion of the wing in the single specimen known is very obscure. The internomedian vein is not preserved in its outer portion, but it evidently reached the border nearer the base than the mediastinal vein, and the anal furrow is strongly curved. The wing is broken at the base, but ; its probable length was 19 mm., and its breadth 7 mm. It is named after Mr. Robert A. Meier, of Garo, Col., in whose shaft all these specimens were obtained, and who afforded our party all possible assistance in working them. Triassic beds near Fairplay, Colorado. 4 POROBLATTINA (répos, Blattina), nov. gen. Allied to Petrablattina, and especially the species of that genus found in the same Triassic rocks, differing from them principally in the insignificant part played by the mediastinal area and the corresponding importance of the scapular area. The mediastinal vein extends no further out than the anal, terminating far before the middle of the wing, and has consequently but a few offshoots ; while the mediastinal, sweeping downward, away from the costal margin at the termination of the mediastinal, occupies nearly half 1885. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 39 of the wing before curving upward again to terminate above the apex. The externomedian vein is arcuate and terminates on the lower margin not far from the tip, and has only three or four superior longitudinal branches. The anal furrow is strongly arcuate. The anal veins are nearly parallel to the inner margin, but impinge upon it near the anal furrow. Poroblattina arcuata, nov. sp. The costal border is considerably convex. The scapular vein is unusually arcuate and has a large number of mostly simple oblique branches. The externomedian and internomedian veins, on the contrary, have few and distant branches, and the former is also strongly arcuate. The whole surface of the wing is broken by closely crowded cross-veins, which are more transverse to the whole wing than to the interspaces. A single, rather imperfect specimen is known, indicating a species with a wing about 10 mm. long; the width is 4 mm., and apparently the wing was well rounded and much shorter in proportion to its breadth than in the next species. Triassic beds near Fairplay, Colorado. Poroblattina Lakesii, nov. sp. The costal border is nearly straight and the wing elongate. The scapular vein is much less arcuate than in the preceding species and has a comparatively small number of distant, singly or doubly forked, oblique branches. The much less oblique branches of the internomedian vein are more frequent but appear less crowded from their simplicity, while those of the externo- median are more distant than the latter, and equally simple. There is no sign of any cross-venation. This species, like the preceding, is small, the wing measuring about 12 mm. long, and 4:5 mm. broad. Named after Prof. Arthur Lakes of the School of Mines at Golden, Colorado, the first discoverer of these fossils. Triassic beds near Fairplay, Colorado. 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. A REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MELICE. BY F. LAMSON SCRIBNER. The determination of our North American species of the genus Melica, and the notes relative to their distribution, ete., contained in the present paper, are based upon the collections in the herba- rium at Cambridge, the Torrey herbarium, and the herbarium of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, all of which have been kindly loaned me for this purpose, by those having them in charge. I have also consulted the herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, as well as several valuable private collections. The following is a synopsis or analytical key of the species, as they appear to me, by which it is hoped they may be readily identified without the aid of more extended descriptions. 21. GLYCERIZA. Spikelets 1-5 flowered, flowering glumes herbaceo-coriaceous, with a narrow scarious margin above, strongly 7-nerved. Culms not bulbiferous, panicle many-flowered, spikelets 14—24 lin. long, with 1, or sometimes 2 perfect flowers. Empty glumes shorter than the spikelet, rudimentary floret large, and nearly sessile. M. imperfecta. 1. Empty glumes as long as the floret, the second one exceeding it, rudimentary floret small, long stipitate. M. Torreyana. 2. Culms bulbiferous, panicle simple, few-flowered with short diver- gent branches, spikelets 4—7 lin. long, with 3-5 perfect florets, flowering glumes 2-3 lin. long, joints of the thickened rhachilla about 1 lin. long. M. fugax. 3. 22. EUMELICA. Spikelets 4-8 lin. long, with 2-8 perfect florets, flowering glume, apparently many-nerved below (at least when dry), with a broad scarious margin above. Culms not bulbiferous. Empty glumes very unequal and decidedly shorter than the 3-5 flowered spikelets. Panicle diffusely branched, many-flowered, the flexuose ped- icels smooth or slightly pubescent. M. diffusa. 4. 1) eee eee 1885. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 4 1 Panicle narrow, the slender branches erect, or the lower slightly divergent, pedicels flexuose or recurved, densely pubescent. M. Porteri. 5. Empty glumes unequal, the second nearly or quite as long (6-8 lin.) as the 4—6-flowered spikelets. Panicle with 6-15 large, pendulous spikelets forming a simple secund raceme. M. stricta. 6. Panicle strict, densely many-flowered above, interrupted below, branches and short, straight pedicels erect. M. frutescens.' 7. Empty glumes subequal, nearly as long (4-5 lin.) as the 2-flowered spikelets. Panicle few-flowered, sparingly branched below, often reduced to a simple raceme. M. mutica. 8. Culms bulbous at base (excepting in occasional samples of No. 10). The second glume decidedly shorter than the third. Panicle nodding, loosely few-flowered, the slender branches erect spreading, flowering glume very broadly acuminate, obtuse or notched at the tip, terminal floret acute. M. spectabile. 9. The second glume as long as the third. ‘Panicle erect, densely many-flowered, branched below, spicate above, spikelets about 4 lin. long, with about 3 perfect florets the rudimentary one obtuse. M. Californica. 10. Panicle erect, branches appressed, few-flowered, spikelets 5—6 lin. long, with 5-8 perfect flowers, terminal floret acute. M. bulbosa. 11. 23. BROMELICA. Spikelets of 3-8 perfect florets, the lower exceeding the empty glumes ; lower palet prominently 7-nerved, apiculate or distinctly awned by the excurrent midnerve at the notched or bifid or narrowly truncate or rarely long attenuated tip (Thurber). Culms bulbiferous, panicle with spreading, very unequal few- flowered rays, the upper rays and spikelets mostly solitary. Flowering glumes smooth or minutely scabrous, notched at the acute tip, the midnerve ending asa short point or awn between the teeth. M. bromoides. 12. 1 Melica frutescens approaches, by intermediate forms, very closely to Californica, but the membraneous character of its glumes, the unusual length of the outer ones, and the comparatively short palea (this being scarcely half as long as its glume) suggest a nearer relationship with IM stricta. 4 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [ 1885. Flowering glumes ciliate on the margin and hirsute, especially below, with scattered hairs, long attenuated into a narrow subulate point, but not awned. M. subulata. 13. Culms not bulbous at the base, panicle contracted. Flowering glume about 4 lin. long, ciliate on the margin below with long shining hairs, apex truncate or obtusely lobed, awn when present not exceeding 3 lin. in length. M. Harfordii. 14. Flowering glume 5-6 lin. long, strongly scabrous, with a few stiff marginal hairs near the base, awn 4-7 lin. long. MM. aristata, 15. 1. Melica imperfecta, Trin. in Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., 1840, 59, and Icon. Gram., t. 355; Bolander, Proc. Calif. Acad., 1870, iv, 101; Thurber in 8. Wats. Bot. Calif., ii, 303. M. colpodioides, Nees. in Tayl. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1, 282; M. panicoides and M. poxoides, Nutt. in Pl. Gambl., 188. Has.—California: Hills, San Bernardino Valley, Parish Bros., No. 885, April, 1881 ; San. Bernardino Co., Parry and Lemmon, No. 403, 1876; G. R. Vasey, No. 664, 1880; Southern California, Parry and Lemmon, No. 404 ; Santa Maria, Sta. Barbara Co., Lorenzo Jared, 1881; Santa Barbara, Mrs. E. Cooper, 1879 ; ‘‘Abundant in dry rock places,’’ Mrs. R. F. Bingham, 1882; Fall Brook, M. E. Jones, No. 3092, March, 1882 (spikelets 24 lin. long); Guadaloupe Island, off Lower Calif., E. Palmer, No. 98, 1875; Los Angelos, Bolander, Kellogg & Co. (a form with unusually broad and obtuse outer glumes). 'Two-flowered forms, the I. powoides of Nuttall, come from San Francisco, Bolander, No. 6076, in part; Hills, San Diego, C. G. Pringle, 1882 ; Miss Scott, 1880; Dr. Cleveland, 1882. Var. refracta, Thurber in 8. Wats, Bot. Calif., ii, 303. Haxs.—Near San Bernardino, Calif. J. G. Lemmon, No. 1471, 1879. Var. flexuosa, Bolander, Proc. Calif. Acad., iv, 101; Thurber, 1. c., 303. On the road from Mariposa to Clarks, Bolander; Santa Inez Mission, Brewer, No. 569 (teste Thurber). I do not recognize this variety among the specimens I have in hand. Yar. minor. Characterized by its comparatively low and densely tufted habit, short and chiefly radical leaves, compressed or angular culms, slender few-flowered panicle, the short branches divergent or even reflexed ; the spikelets are generally smaller than in the species and the outer glumes usually shorter and more obtuse. Has.—San Bernardino Mts., Parish Bro., No. 856, May, 1882. 1885. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 43 2. Melica Torreyana. WM. imperfecta, var. sesquiflora, Torrey in Herb. The specimens thus ticketed by Dr. Torrey were collected in California, by Dr. Bigelow, in 1853-4. This proposed new species is distinguished from M. imperfecta, with which it is very closely allied, by its more membraneous, longer and more acute glumes—the second one equaling or exceeding the floret—by the hairs on the back of the flowering glume above the middle and by the long-pedicelled rudimentary floret, characters which seem to me to be of specific value. Bigelow’s specimens are immature, but the typical form is well represented by the specimens distributed by Bolander, Kellogg & Co. (1872). In these specimens the culms are 3 ft. high or more, leaves numerous, flat, 2-3 lin. wide, 6-8 in. long; ligule 3-4 lin. long, lacerated; panicle 6-10 in. long, diffuse, the slender flexuose branches 2-4 in. long and few-flowered at the ends, naked below. The characters of the spikelets are well shown in fig. oe og a Forms with two-flowered spikelets occur, but the second floret and rudiment are long-pedicelled, while in similar two-flowered forms of MV. imperfecta, these are both nearly sessile. No. 13 Bolander. and No. 6076 Bolander in part belong to this species. No. 586, collected by Dr. Torrey at New Almaden, California, in 1865, is a narrow-panicled form of M. Torreyana, closely resembling I. imperfecta, but at once recognized by the characters above noted. 3. Melica fugax,! Bolander, Proc. Calif. Acad., iv, 104; Thurber in S. Wats. Bot. Calif., ii, 304. M. Geyeri, Thurber, Bot. Wilkes’ Exped., 492, not Munro. Has.— California: J. G. Lemmon, 1875; Sierra Valley, J. G. L., 1873 and 1874; Donner Lake, Bolander, Kellogg & Co., 1872 ; Plumas Co., Mrs. Austin, 1877. Oregon : Dry mountain sides, Union Co., W. C. Cusick, No. 1032, June, 1882. Washington Territory : Open pine woods, Falcon Valley, W. N. Suksdorf, Nos. 61 and 16, 1883. In the spikelets of Melica fugax, the rhachilla is smooth, thickened and of a peculiar spongy texture, quite unlike that of any other North American species. 1The Melica, from Mt. Shasta, referred to in my List of Pringle’s Grasses (see Torr. Bull., x, p. 31, No. 72), is not M@. fugax, nor am I able to identify it with any of the known species, unless it be an unusual form of M. bulbosa, Geyer. The specimens in hand are too meagre for more definite conclusions. 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [ 1885. 4, Melica diffusa, Pursh Flor., i, 77; Kunth En. Pl. i, 377; Stendel Gram., 291: M. altissima, Walt, Flor. Carol., 78. M. glabra, Michx., i, 62(in part). M. mutica, var. diffusa, Gray in Man., 626. M. scabra, Nutt., Fl. Ark., 148. Var. nitens.—WM. nitens, Nutt. in Herb. Phila. Acad. M. mutica, Torr. in Marcy’s Rept. Differs from the species in its more leafy culms, narrower leaves, more densely flowered panicle, and in its much broader and more unequal outer glumes, the second one being nearly as long as the spikelet. DisTRIBUTION.—Pennsylvania, Illinois, southward and westward to Texas. The variety —No. 3464 a, Curtiss’ Distribution N. Am. Plants, coll. in Texas by J. Reverchon ; also 389, Lindheimer, and 2062, C. Wright. Nos. 729, Lindheimer (1847), and 769, C. Wright (1849), belong to the species. 5. Melica Porteri, Scribner in Rusby’s Arizona plants, No. 8814, 1883, and in Pringle’s distribution of 1884. M. mutica, var. parviflora, T. C. Porter in Porter & Coulter’s Fl. of Colorado, 149; M. stricta, Brandegee, Fl. Southwestern Colorado, p. 244. Has.—Oolorado: Glen Eyrie, near Colorado City, T. C. Porter, July, 1872, and August, 1873. ‘‘ This Melica, which I have from several stations in Colorado, I am now inclined to think a good species, as you do.”? T. C. P. in litt., December, 1882; Chiann Canon, M. E. Jones, No. 1550, June, 1879 ; Cafion of the Rio La Plata, and Parrott City (alt., 8500 ft.), T. S. Brandegee ; Hall and Harbour, No. 228. Arizona: Rusby, 1883 ; Santa Rita Mts., Pringle, 1884; Sierra Blanca, J. T. Rothrock, No. 805, 1874; J. G. Lemmon, 1884 (specimens differing from the type in their smaller spike- lets, scarcely exceeding 4 lin. in length, while in the ordinary forms they are two lines longer). New Meaico: C. Wright, No. 2063, 1851, and Fendler, No. 924, 1847; G. R. Vasey, No. 142, July, 1881. Teras: Chixos Mts., V. Havard, No. 19, 1888 (a small flowered form like that collected by Lemmon in Arizona). 6. Melica stricta, Bolander, Proc. Cal. Acad., iii, 1863, p. 4, and iv, p. 104; Watson, Bot. King’s Exped., 384; Thurb. in 8. Wats. Bot. Cal., ii, 303. Has.— California: Virginia City, Bolander, No. 47; Yosemite Valley. Bolander, No. 6089, 1866; Sierra Co., J. G. Lemmon, No. 223, 1874; Bolander, Kellogg & Co., 1872 (alt. 7000 ft.) ; Sierra Nevada, ‘‘ crevices of high rocks, 9000 ft.,’’ E. L. Greene, No. 417, Oct., 1884; same district, alt. 9500 ft., C. G. Pringle, Sept., 1882; Plumas Co., R. M. Austin, 1878 ; Soda Springs, alt. 9000 ft., M. E. Jones, July, 1881; ‘‘Dry ridges, among rocks,’? Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish Bros., No. 1553, Aug., 1882. Nevada: East Humboldt Mts., alt. 8000 ft., Aug., and Pah Ute Mts., alt. 5500 ft., June, S. Watson, No. 1305, 1868. Note.—The inflorescence of this alpine species is similar to that of M. Porteri, but the panicle is much shorter, with only about a dozen spikelets, rarely more than 20, and the spikelets themselves are very much larger. 1885. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 45 7. Melica frutescens. Culms 23-35 feet high, simple or branched near the base, leafy ; leaves narrow, involute near the tip, scabrous, as are also the sheaths. Panicle 6-12 inches long, strict, densely flowered and spicate above, interrupted below, the appressed branches 1-3 inches long, densely flowered, or the longer ones naked below. Spikelets about 6 lin. long, with usually 5 perfect florets ; first glume about 5 lin. long; the second a line longer, nearly equaling the spikelet; third glume about 4 lin. long, obtuse, the papery-membraneous tip occupying fully a third of its length. Palea usually about one-half the length of its glume. Has.— California : Southern California, Parry and. Lemmon, No. 401, 1876; Mountains San Diego Co., C. G. Pringle, April 20, 1882; Lower California, near the United States border, C. R. Orcutt, No. 513, May, 1883 ; Near the Tia Juana, M. E. Jones, No. 3748, April 6, 1882. 8. Melica mutica, Walt., Flor. Carol., 78 (1788). M. glabra, Pursh.; Mx. (in part.), M. mutica, var. glabra, Gray in Man., 626. M. speciosa, Muhl., Ind. Fl. Lane. (1791), 161, and Gram., i, 87. M. racemosa, Muhl. Gram., 88. M, Muehlen- -bergiana, Schult, Mant., 2, 294 (after Kunth). DIsTRIBUTION.—Pennsylvania, southward and westward to Texas, (781, E. Hall). Distinguished from M. diffusa, with which it has been united by some authors, by its more slender habit, less branched and fewer flowered panicle, which is often reduced to a simple raceme. The spikelets also rarely have more than two perfect florets, the outer glumes are more nearly equal in length, and often quite as long as the spikelet, while the flowering glumes are broader and more obtuse. 9. Melica spectabile. MM. bulbosa, S. Wats., Bot. King. Exp., 383; Porter & Coulter, FI. Colurado, 149. Has.—WMontana: Crow Creek Mts., etc., alt. 6000 ft., Scribner, No. 385, 1883 ; Bozeman Pass, Wm. M. Canby, No. 368, 1883. Colorado: Twin Lakes, Upper Arkansas, and Plains near Ogden, T. C. Porter, 1872. Yellowstone Park, C. C. Parry, No. 295, 1873. Utah : Cottonwood Canon, alt. 10,000 ft., S. Watson, No. 1303, July, 1869. Jdaho : Beawyer Caiion, S. Watson, No. 455, July, 1880. This grass has been referred to Geyer’s VW. bulbosa by authors, but aside from its affecting higher elevations, it is readily distin- guished from that species by its usually taller and more slender culms, by its more open and nodding panicle, by the more 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. slender and flexuose pedicels, by its shorter empty glumes, and by its broader flowering glumes, which taper abruptly to a rounded and usually two-lobed summit. 10. Melica Californica, M. poxoides, Torrey, in Pac. R. Rep., iv, 157, non Nutt. M. bulbosa, Thurber, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif., ii, p. 304, non Geyer. Haz.— California: Bolander, Nos. 32 and 6120; Kellogg & Harford, No. 1133, 1868-9 ; San Bernardino, Parish Bro., No. 865, 1881.—Mud Springs, Upper Yellowstone, T. C. Porter, 1871. The bulbous character of the base of the culm, although usually manifest, is sometimes wholly wanting, as in Prof. Porter’s specimens from the Upper Yellowstone, Prof. Thurber’s description in the Botany of California applies only to the Californian plant (M. Californica) ; from the distri- bution given, however, and the authors cited, it is evident that he supposed this to be identical with Geyer’s plant, which is typically represented by Cusick’s specimens, and also my MM. spectabile. I have endeavored to point out the characters that distinguish these three species, which, to me, appear sufficiently well marked to leave little doubt of their specific rank. 11. Melica bulbosa, Geyer, in Hook. Jour. Bot., viii, 1856, 19 (without description); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., viii, 409. Culms bulbous at the base, growing singly or densely tufted, usually about 2 ft. high, simple; sheaths and upper surface of the leaves scabrous or (in Howell’s specimens) retrosely pubes- cent; panicle slender erect, the short 1-3 flowered branches appressed; spikelets 5—7 lin. long with 6-8 perfect florets ; empty glumes obtuse, the first about 3 lin. long, the second a line longer and nearly equaling the third or first flowering glume, which is oblong lanceolate, obtuse or notched at the tip and gen- erally larger and firmer in texture than in M. Californica. Has.— Oregon: ‘‘ Rocky ravine, Upper Platte, and only seen in one grassy spot,’? Geyer, No. 11; Union Co., W. C. Cusick, No. 900, 1880 and 900 a, 1882 ; Bolander, Kellogg & Co., 1872 ; Henderson, 1882; E. Hall, No. 635, 1871 ; Howell, 1881. Washington Territory: T. 8. Brandegee, No. 1182, 1883. Nevada: Wheeler, 1872; West Humboldt Mts., alt. 8500 ft., S. Watson, No. 1304, 1867. Idaho: Bois City, Dr. J. E. Wilcox, 1883. Utah: Wasatch Mts., alt. 9000 ft., M. E. Jones, 1879; Ogden, J. M. Coulter, 1872. Montana: Belt Mts., alt. 6000 ft., Scribner, No. 386, 1883 (spikelets crowded above, 7-8 lin. long and 5-7 flowered). 1885. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 4T 12. Melica bromoides, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., viii, 409; Thurber in S. Wat. Bot. Cal., ii, 304. M, Geyert, Munro, ex Bolander, Proc. Cal. Acad., iy, 130. M. poxoides and M. p. var. bromoides, Nos. 6120, 40 and 6119 of Bolander’s dis- tributed sets. Glyceria bulbosa, Buckley, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1862, 95! Has.— California : Redwoods, Coast Range, Mt. Dana, Bolander, No. 6119 ; San Francisco, No. 6120; Woods, Ukiah, Mendocino Co., Bolander, No. 40. Oregon: Near Waldo, Thos. Howell. Note.—Mr. Howell sends from Oregon (No. 335, 1884) a form that differs from the type in its more open and fewer-flowered panicle ; the flowering glumes are also considerably longer, and entire, or but slightly notched at the tip, without any awn. This form has a decided festucoid “look,” and may be designated as var. Howellit. 13. Melica subulata. Bromus subulatus, Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross., iv, 358; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., viii, 410. M. acuminata, Bol., Proc. Cal. Acad., iv, 104; Thurber in S. Wats. Bot. Cal., ii, 305. MM. poxoides, var. acuminata, of Bolander’s distribution, No. 4698. Has.— California : Mendocino Co., Bolander, 1866. Oregon: E. Hall, No. 645, 1871; ‘‘Low mountains,’’ Union Co., W. C. Cusick, No. 876, 1880; ‘‘Along mountain streams,’’ Howell, 1880, distributed sub nom, ““M. Geyeri’’ ; Kellogg and Harford, No. 1112, 1868-9; Suavie’s Island, Howell, 1888. Washington Terr. : Woods, Columbia River, W. N. Suks- dorf, 1882 ; G. R. Vasey, No. 129, 1883. Festuca subulata, Brong.,is cited as a synonym for this species by Dr. Gray and Prof. Thurber. The description, in Led. Fl. Ross., of F. subulata, Brong., and the synonyms there quoted point to a very different grass. I would rather concur with the opinion expressed by Prof. E. Hackel, that F. pauciflora, Thurber, in S. Wats. Bot. Cal., ii, 318 (No. 6073, Bolander), is the /’. subulata, of Brongard, and not Thunberg’s fF. pauciflora. 14. Meliea Harfordii, Boland. in Proce. Calif. Acad., iv, 102; Thurber in S. Wats, Bot. Calif., ii, 305. Has.— California : Cations, Santa Cruz Coast, Bolander, and Redwood on the Upper Mattole River, No. 6424: Sierra, alt. 4000 ft., Bolander, Kel- logg & Co., 1872; G. R. Vasey, 1875 (these specimens show well the tufted habit of the species); J. G. Lemmon. Oregon: Waldo, Howell, June, 1884; L. F..Henderson, 1883. Washington Territory : Willamette Slough, Howell, May, 1882 ; Dry rocky hillsides, Columbia River, Klickitat Co., W. N. Suksdorf, 1882. “This grass I collected in June, 1864, in a gulch near the summit of Santa Cruz Mts. It grows in large tufts 3-6 ft. high, the spikelets breaking asunder, even in what appear to be young specimens, at the slightest touch. Panicle contracted, erect, 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. slightly drooping at the apex, caused by the club-shaped heavy top, often 9 in. long, with a few or even a single branch far below the main panicle. This spring I noticed the same grass near Ukiah.”’— Bolander in Herb. A. Gray. In Bolander’s specimens the spikelets are about 5 lin. long, and less than a line in width; the second empty glume is scarcely 3 lin. long, and the slender awn of the flowering glume is about a line in length. In the Oregon specimens the spikelets are 8 lin. long and nearly 2 lin. in width, with the second glume nearly 5 lin. long. 15. Melica aristata, Thurb. in Bolander’s Revision of the Melicx, Proc. Calif. Acad., iv, 103, and in S. Wats. Bot. Calif., ii, p. 305. Has.— California : Yosemite Valley, Bolander, No. 4861, 1866 (sheaths and leaves densely pilose); Bolander, Kellogg & Co., 1872 (culms stout, 3 _ ft. high, panicle a foot long, purplish) ; Emigrant Gap, M. E. Jones, 1882 ; Mt. Shaster, alt. 6000 ft.; C. G. Pringle, August, 1881 (culms slender, smooth, sheaths and leaves scabrous, panicle simple, few-flowered, dark purple). Washington Territory: W. N. Suksdorf, 1883 (panicle few-flowered, green.) EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. Fie. 1. Spikelet of Melica imperfecta. SY Same with the outer glumes removed, showing the nearly sessile rudimentary floret, 2. Spikelet of WZ. Torreyana. Same with outer glumes removed. Spikelet of M. fugaz. Spikelet of M. Californica. Spikelet of JL bulbosa, from the typical plant. Anterior view of floret of same, showing palea. Terminal empty glume and rudiment of same. Spikelet of M. bulbosa, the florets raised above the empty glumes ; unusually large, from the Idaho specimens, “11. Spikelet of Welica spectabile. *¢ 12. Terminal empty glume and rudiment of same. ‘* 13. Anterior view of flowering glume of same, flattened to show veins, etc. “14. Seed of M. bulbosa from Howell’s specimens. «15. Spikelet of Melica frutescens. i “* 16. Floret of same, 17. Spikelet of Melica Porteri. . ** 18. Dorsal view of flowering glume, flattened out above. “19, Spikelet of Melica subulata. ‘¢ 20. A floret from the spikelet of Melica bromoides. All enlarged on the same scale, excepting fig. 14. 20 pk SOD tS IP oO 1885. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHTA. 49 Marca 17. Mr. Grorce W. Tryon, Jr., in the chair. Twenty-four persons present. The following papers were presented for publication :— “ Kntomologia Hongkongensis.—Report on the Lepidoptera of Hongkong,” by F. Warrington Eastlake. “Description of a supposed new species of the genus Cyano- corax,” by Alan F. Gentry. The death of Titian R. Peale, a member, was announced. Marcu 24. The President, Dr. Lerpy, in the chair. Twenty-six persons present. Remarks on Mylodon.—Prof. Lxerpy remarked that among the fossils of Mastodon, Equus, etc., from the salt mines of New Iberia, La., noticed in the Proceedings of 1884, p. 22, there are three teeth, which are probably to be referred to the reputed Mylodon Harlani. Of this species we are sufficiently well acquainted with the posterior three lower molars, but know little of the first lower molar, and nothing of the upper teeth. One of the Louisiana specimens accords in form and size with the third lower molar, in the best preserved jaw-fragment (see Extinct Sloth Tribe, pl. xiv, 1, 2), from Big-bone-lick, Ken., regarded as characteristic of Mylodon Harlani. The other Louisiana specimens, in comparison with the complete dental series in both jaws of Mylodon robustus, as represented in the famous memoir of Prof. Owen, are so unlike any of the teeth of this animal, that they might readily be considered as pertaining to another genus. One of the specimens, of which the tritu- rating extremity and a transverse section are represented in the outline figures 1,2, he took to be a first lower molar. It has lost all its cementum, but is otherwise weil preserved. It is worn off in deep slopes, of which the posterior is more than an inch long, and the anterior little less than an inch. The transverse section is reniform, widest in front, and agrees in shape and size with a fragment of the corresponding tooth (op. cit., pl. xvi, 19 a) retained in the jaw-fragment from Kentucky. In all the teeth of Mylodon robustus, the triturating surface inclines comparatively little from a level. Such also is the case in all the teeth of the ramus of a lower jaw, from Natchez, Miss., attributed to a half- 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. grown animal of Mylodon Harlani, preserved in our museum. In this, among some rude casts in plaster, the originals of which were described by Dr. Harlan, under the name of Orycterotherium mis- sourtense (Am. Jour. Sci., 1843, 69), and _ subse- quently referred to Mylo- don Harlani, is one of a lower-jaw fragment, which contains the first molar, and the mutilated base of the second. The latter, in the perfect state, would appear to accord in shape and size with the corresponding tooth 1. 2. in the Kentucky jaw- fragment, referred to Mylodon Harlani. ‘The first molar is unlike that of Mylodon robustus, but sufficiently accords in size, Shape, and condi- tion of wear, with the Louisiana tooth to regard this as pertaining to the same animal. The remaining Louisi- ana specimen is not only unlike any of the teeth of Mylodon robustus, but differs from them to such a degree as to render it doubtful whether it belongs to the same genus. In comparison with other teeth of the lower or upper series, in size and shape, it accords with the canine molars of Megalonysx more than it does with any of the teeth of Mylodon. The triturating extrem- ity and transverse section are repre- sented in the outlines S. 2 3 and 4. It is more uniformly elliptical in transverse section than in the canine molars of Megalonyx, and is devoid of the abrupt median bulge 1885. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 51 inwardly of the latter. Regarding it as a first upper molar, it is twice the breadth of the corresponding tooth of Mylodon robustus, not only absolutely, but also proportion- ately in comparison with all the other teeth, except the last one of the lower series. The triturating extremity is worn away obliquely and concavely behind for about two-thirds the breadth of the tooth, and obliquely in front the remaining third of the breadth, but the slopes extend only half the depth observed in the accompanying specimen of the first lower molar. In view of the dentition of Mylodon robustus, it seems improbable that this tooth should belong to an animal of the same genus, nor would it appear to be adapted as an opponent to the comparatively narrow, long-pointed tooth which accompanies it. Nevertheless, he was suspicious that both these teeth may pertain to the Mylodon Harlani, partly from the fact that the lower-jaw fragment, originally referred to Orycterotherium mitssouriense, and then to the latter, contains a first molar like the Louisiana specimen, and partly from the fact that the jaw-fragment was accompanied by an isolated molar tooth nearly resembling the supposed upper first molar from Lonisiana. A plaster cast of the tooth referred to Orycterotherium, of which the triturating extremity and transverse section are represented in the outlines 5 and 6, though rather smaller, is sufficiently like the corres- ponding Louisiana tooth to render it probable this belonged to the same animal. Admitting that the two Louisiana specimens may not belong to the reputed Mylodon Harlant, he felt that the coincidence of facts is such as not to justify a conclusion to refer them to a new genus, and if further discovery should demon- strate that they really pertain to this animal, it becomes a question whether the difference of the teeth from those of Mylodon robustus is not sufficient to restore the name of Orycterotherium missouriense. Fig. 1. Outer view of the first lower molar; Louisiana speci- men; length, 85 mm. Fig. 2. Transverse section; the front above, the outer side to the right; fore and aft, 24 mm.; short diameter,17 mm. Fig. 3. Outer view of the first upper molar, Louisiana specimen; length, 83 mm. Fig. 4. Transverse sec- tion; fore and aft, 34 mm.; short diameter, 19 mm. Fig. 5. Outer view of cast referred to Orycterotherium; length, 67 mm. Fig. 6. Transverse section; fore and aft,29 mm.; short diameter, 17 mm. The following were ordered to be printed :— 52 * PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. A REVIEW OF THE AMERICAN GENERA AND SPECIES OF BATRACHIDE. BY SETH E. MEEK AND EDWARD A. HALL. In the present paper we have attempted to collect the synonymy of all the genera and species of Batrachide known from American waters. The specimens examined by us all belong to the Museum of the Indiana University. Analysis of Genera of Batrachide. a. Dorsal spines two; opercle very small, its posterior part developed as a single strong spine; subopercle feebly developed, narrowed and not ending in a spine; body scaleless. ; b. Spines of dorsal fin and operculum hollow and connected with venom glands; lateral line on sides of body single ; no canine teeth. THALASSOPHRYNE. 1. bb. Spines solid, without venom glands; several lateral lines on sides of head and body, composed of pores and — shining spots, some of these accompanied by cirri; canine teeth present; vertebrae 12 + 31; frontal region depressed, forming a triangular area below level of tem- poral region, its median ridge very low. PoricHTHys. 2. aa. Dorsal spines three; opercle developed as two strong diverging spines; subopercle rather strong, with two spines similar to those of opercle. c. Body scaleless; branches of subopercular spine parallel, the lower branch much the shorter; vertebr 10 + 22; frontal region not depressed, its median ridge promi- nent. BaTRACHUS. 3. ec. Body scaly; branches of subopercular spine subequal and diverging; frontal region broad, flat and slightly depressed, its median ridge rather prominent. BATRACHOIDES. 4. 1. THALASSOPHRYNE. Thalassophryne Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iii, 1861, 174 (maculosa). In this genus only five species are recognized. These have been well described by Dr. Gunther and Dr. Steindachner. They are noted for the development of poison glands in connection with their spinous armature. 1885. } NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 53 Analysis of Species of Thalassophryne. Common Characters.—Dorsal spines two; opercle very small, its posterior part developed as a single strong spine ; subopercle feebly developed, narrowed and not ending in a spine; no scales on body. Spines hollow and connected with venom glands. Lateral line on sides of body single; no canine teeth. America. a. Dorsal and anal fins joined to the caudal; teeth on premaxil- laries smaller than on lower jaw; eye very small; lower jaw the longer. D. II-20; A. 18 or 19. b. Anterior teeth on jaws in two rows. ce. Pectoral fins short, their tips reaching just to front of anal; head as wide as long; opercular spine about 4 length of head ; caudal 4 length of head. Color chocolate-brown; no distinct dark bands on head; body, except belly and under side of head covered with numerous small, dark, round spots; anal clear brownish gray, edged with dark brown; no dark bands on sides of body. (Stein- dachner.) Punctata. 1. ec. Pectoral fins longer, reaching past third or fourth anal ray; head 14 times as long as wide; opercular spine about 4 length of head; caudal = of length of head ; mouth very oblique. Color brownish, marbled with darker; two distinct bands on head; dorsal and anal with brown spots arranged in distinct rows; six dark bands on sides of body, the first at spinous dorsal, the others along the base of soft dorsal. (Steindachner.) Amazonica. 2. bb. Anterior teeth on lower jaw forming a band; mouth mod- erately oblique; head less than 3 in length of body; interorbital width 53 to 53 in length of head. Color more or less clear reddish brown; belly brownish yellow; base of fins reddish brown or whitish, the upper part of the fins deep dark brown, the two colors separated by a distinctly marked whitish streak. (Steindachner.) Natterert. 3. aa. Dorsal and anal fins not joined to the caudal. d. Dorsal and anal fins rather short (D. II-19; A, 18); pectoral fins short, their tips reaching to origin of anal. Coler brown, marbled with darker; pectoral fins and sides of body with some round black spots ; chin and ventrals brownish; belly white. (Ginther.) ‘Maculosa. 4. 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. dd. Dorsal and anal fins longer (D. II-24; A, 24); pec- - toral fins longer, their tips reaching to sixth anal ray. Color of head, body, and fins brown, with a network of yellowish lines; dorsal, anal, caudal and pectoral fins with white margins. (Ginther.) feticulata. 5. 1. Thalassophryne punctata. Thalassophryne punctata Steindachner, Ichthyol. Beitrige, v, 1876, 121 (Bahia ; Porto Segro.) Habitat.—Coast of Brazil. This species is known to us only from Steindachner’s descrip- tion. 2. Thalassophryne amazonica, Thalassophryne amazonica Steindachner, Ichthyol. Beitrige, v, 1876, 118 (Amazon River). Hatitat.—South America, Amazon Basin, in fresh water. This species is known to us only from the description of Stein- dachner. 3. Thalassophryne nattereri. Thalassophryne natterert Steindachner, Ichthyol. Beitrige, v, 1876, 115 (Para). Habitat.—Amazon Basin; Para. This species is known to us only from the description of Stein- dachner. 4. Thalassophryne maculosa. ?? Batrachus gronovtt Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xii, 1837, 482 (America). 2? Callionymus niqui Gronow, Cat. Fish., Ed. Gray, 1854, 45. Thalassophryne maculosa Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1861, 175 (Puerto Cabello) ; Giinther, Fishes of Central America, 1869, 436, pl. 68, fig. 1 (Puerto Cabello). Habitat.—Kastern Coast of Central America; Puerto Cabello. This species is known to us only from the description of Dr. Gunther. Batrachus gronovii of Cuvier & Valenciennes — Callionymus niqut Gronow, perhaps, belongs to some species of this genus; but of this there can be no certainty, the descriptions are too imperfect. 1885. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 55 5. Thalassophryne reticulata. Thalassophryne reticulata Gimther, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1864, 150 155 (Panama); Giinther, Fish. Central America, 1869, 487, pl. 68, fig. 2 (Panama); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 626 (Panama). Habitat.— Western Coast of Central America; Panama. This species is known to us only from the accounts of Dr. Giinther and Professors Jordan and Gilbert. 2. PORICHTHYS. Porichthys Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 141 (notatus = margaritatus). This genus is remarkable for the development of its mucous pores, or “lateral lines.” The number of vertebra in Porichthys is much greater than in Batrachus, and the skull is somewhat different. Analysis of Species of Porichthys. Common Characters.—Dorsal spines two; opercle very small, its posterior part developed as a strong, single spine; suboper- culum feebly developed, narrowed and not ending in a spine; no scales on body; spines solid, without venom glands; several lateral lines on sides of head and body, composed of pores and shining spots, some of these accompanied by cirri; canine teeth present; vertebree 12+ 31; frontal region depressed, forming a triangular area below level of temporal region, its median ridge very low. Branchiostegals 6; interorbital area short, wide, and with shallow grooves. Air bladder more or less deeply divided into lateral parts. Pyloric appendages none. a. Abdomen with two longitudinal series of pores, none of them accompanied by shining bodies ; vomer with one canine tooth on each side. Color above brown, sides and belly silvery; dorsal fin with four oblique dark bands ; posterior half of the caudal blackish, or with blackish spots; anal with two blackish spots posteriorly. Head 43% in total length. D. II-34; A. 33. Porosus. 6. aa. Abdomen with four longitudinal series of pores; each of which is accompanied by a shining silvery body ; four rows of pores on sides of body. Color dark brownish above, below with brassy reflections; dorsal and anal with dark margins, a dark blotch below eye. Head 37 in length. D. II-87; A. 33. 56. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. b. Teeth on palatines numerous, subequal, none of them much enlarged; two canine teeth on each side on vomer, the inner ones usually about 4 length of outer ones. Margaritatus. ‘T. bb. Teeth on palatines unequal, few; one to three on each side enlarged and canine-like; one canine tooth on each side on vomer. Porosissimus. 8. 6. Porichthys porosus. Batrachus porosus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xii, 1837, 506 (Valparaiso); Gay, ‘‘ Hist. Chili Zool., ii, 1844-54, 296 (Chili).”’ Porichthys porosus Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iii, 1861, 177 (Chili) ; Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 41. Habitat.— Western Coast of South America, Chili. - We have not seen this species; we only know it from the accounts above cited. 7. Porichthys margaritatus. Midshipman ; Singing-fish ; Cabezon; Sapo. Batrachus margaritatus Richardson, ‘‘ Voyage Sulphur, Fishes, 1844— 45, 67 (Pacific Coast of Central America).’’ Porichthys margaritatus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 368 (Cape San Lueas ; no description); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 626 (Central America; no description); Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 958; Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1883, 291 (Panama; Vancouver’s Island); Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 41. Porichthys notatus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1854, 141; Girard, U, S. Pacific R. R. Survey, 1859, 1384 (San Francisco); Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 32 (Pacific Coast). Porichthys porosissimus Giimther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iii, 1861, 176 (in part; Vancouver Island); Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1862, 280 (California); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 25 (San Diego; no description); Bean, Proc. U. §8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 83 (West Coast ; San Diego ; Santa Barbara ; Monterey ; no description) ; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 454 (Puget Sound ; San Francisco; Monterey Bay; San Luis Obispo; Santa Barbara ; 2 San Pedro; San Diego; no description); Rosa Smith, Ichth. San. Diego, 1880 (San Diego); Jordan & Jouy, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 5 (Santa Barbara ; Monterey ; San Francisco; Puget Sound; no de- scription); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1881, 65 (West Coast U. §8.; no description); Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1881, 263 (Puget Sound); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1881, 274 (Gulf of California ; no description); Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 751; (not Batrachus porosissimus Cuvier & Valenciennes). Habitat.—W estern Coast of North America, from British Co- lumbia to Panama. 1885. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 5Y This species has been confounded with porosissimus, but the absence of canine teeth on palatines (a constant character in all known specimens), warrants its separation. Professor Jordan has also examined the specimens in the British Museum. Those in that collection from the Atlantic have canine teeth on the pala- tines, the character assigned to P. plectrodon, while these are wanting in the examples from the Pacific. A letter from Dr. H. E. Sauvage to Professor Jordan, states that the type of Batrachus porosissimus Cuv. and Val. “has a strong canine tooth on each side of the vomer ; on the palatines are seen at first a strong, then some small teeth, and finally a strong curved tooth.” The application of the name porosissimus to the present form is thus shown to be improper. 8. Porichthys porosissimus. Batrachus porosissimus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xii, 1837, 501 (Surinam ; Cayenne ; Rio Janeiro; St. Catherine); Jenyns, ‘Zool. Beagle, 1842, 99.” Porichthys porosissimus Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iii, 1861, 176 (Brazil); Jordan, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 41; Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1882, 751; Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1883 (South America). Porichthys plectrodon Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 291 (Gal- veston); Goode & Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 236 (Gulf of Mexico ; no description); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 307 (Gulf of Mexico; no description); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 616 (Charleston ; no description); Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 958; Bean, Cat. Fish. Exhibited, London Exhibit, 1883, 47. Habitat.— Atlantic Coast of North and South America, from Charleston to Rio Janeiro. We have nothing to add to the very detailed description of this species, given by Jordan and Gilbert under the name of Porichthys plectrodon. The single specimen examined by us is from Pensacola. 3. BATRACHUS. Batrachus Bloch & Schneider, Systema Ichthyol., 1801, 42 (didactylus, tau, etc.). In this genus we recognize one American species, with two varieties ; all found in the Atlantic. 9) 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. Analysis of Species of Batrachus. Common Characters.—Dorsal spines three; opercle developed as two strong, diverging, subequal spines ; subopercle rather well developed; branches of subopercular spine parallel, the lower branch much the shorter. Noscales on body. Vertebra 10 + 22; frontal region not depressed, its median ridge prominent. Inter- orbital long and narrow with a deep groove. Branchiostegals 6. Teeth conical and blunt; lateral teeth on jaws and palatines in single rows. A large foramen in axil of pectoral fin (in North American species). Head about 22 in length of body ; width of head from 3 to 4 in length of body. OD. ITI-24 to 28; A. 19 to 22. a. Two indistinct rows of pores on sides of body. b. A fleshy tentacle between nostrils ; color brownish or dusky greenish, mottled with darker and lighter, the dark on sides of body in large irregular blotches extending from base of dorsal to about = distance to base of anal, and more or less covered with small pale spots; belly and chin plain white or yellowish. In specimens from shallow water or algee, the brown becomes nearly black and more extended, the belly and chin spotted with darker, and top of the head has no distinct markings; in specimens from deeper water or from coral sand, the coloration is more brownish or yellowish. Soft dorsal with six to nine oblique light bands; anal with five to nine. Caudal and pectoral fins with five to seven light cross-bands, these formed chiefly from light spots; ventrals with some dark markings. Tau. Ds bb. No fleshy tentacle between nostrils ; color whitish or gray, everywhere blotched or spotted with brownish yellow and black, the black spots on top of head smaller and more numerous than on rest of body; a large black blotch at base of spinous dorsal, running up on fin; three black blotches along base of soft dorsal, which do not extend half the distance to base of anal. Pectoral with black spots which do not form cross-bands. Ventrals with more dark markings than in tau. Dorsal, anal and caudal marked nearly as in tau. Tau pardus. 9 b. aa. Two very prominent rows of pores on sides of body ; teeth more numerous than in Batrachus tau. Cirri above eyes very large (Cuv. and Val.). Tau cryptocentrus. 9c, 1885. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 59 9a. Batrachus tau. Toad-fish; Sapo. Gadus tau Linneus, Systema Nature, ed. xii, 1766, 489 (Carolina) ; Schoepf, Beobacht. viii, 1788, 141 (New York) ; Walbaum, Genera Pisc., 1792, 185 (Eastern America). Batrachus tau Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xii, 1837, 478 (New York); De Kay, New York Fauna, Fish, 1842, 168, pl. 28, f. 26 (New York) ; Storer, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1846, 132; Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iii, 1861, 167 (New York; New Orleans) ; Gill, Cat. Fish. East Coast N. A., 1861 (mame only); Poey, Syn. Pisce. Cuba, 1868, 390 (Cuba); Gill, Report U. S. Fish Comm., 1871-72, 798 (New Jersey ; Florida ; Cuba; no description) ; Baird, Report U. 8. Fish Comm., 1871-72, 824 (Wood’s Holl); Poey, Enumeratio Pisce. Cubensium, 1875, 136 (Cuba) ; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1878, 372 (Beaufort, N. C. ; no description) ; Goode, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1879, 110 (Mouth of the St. John’s River, Fla. ; no description) ; Goode & Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1879, 127 (Pensacola) ; Goode & Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1879, 304 (Pensacola ; Beasley’s Point, N. J. ; Norfolk, Va. ; Punta Russa, Fla. ; Wood’s Holl, Mass. ; Indianola, Tex.) ; Goode, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1879, 32 (Wood’s Holl; no description) ; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 83 (Wood’s Holl, Mass. ; Noank, Conn.); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 291 (Pensacola, Fla.) ; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 616 (South Carolina ; no description) ; Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N: A., 1882, 750; Bean, Cat. Fish. Ex. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 47; Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 143 (Key West; no description). Lophius bufo Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc., New York, 1815, 463 (New York). Batrachoides vernullas Le Sueur, ‘‘Mem. Mus., v, 1819, 157, pl. 17.” Batrachoides variegatus Le Sueur, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1828, 399 and 401 (Egg Harbor, New Jersey). Batrachus variegatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xii, 1837, 484 (copied); Storer, Fish. Mass., 1839, 74 (Holmes’ Hole) ; Storer, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1846, 183 (New York); Gill, Cat. Fish. East Coast N. A., 1861, 48 (Name only). Batrachus celatus De Kay, New York Fauna, Fish, 1842, 170, pl. 50, f. 161 (New York) ; Storer, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1846, 183; Gill, Cat. Fish. East Coast N. A., 1861, 48 (Name only). Habitat.— Atlantic Coast of North America, from Cape Cod to Cuba. We have examined numerous specimens (from 3 to 93 inches in length) of this species from Key West, Florida. We find among these apparently the varieties A and B of Dr. Gunther, and also intermediate grades. 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [ 1885. In the young specimens the head is more narrow and rounded, and the lower branch of the subopercular spine proportionally larger than in the adult. The deeper-water specimens are lighter in coloration than those from near the surface, and those from the coral reefs are paler than those from the green algze and sea-wrack, otherwise no dif- ferences seem to exist. 9b. Batrachus tau pardus. Batrachus tau var. pardus Goode & Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1879, 336 (Pensacola, Fla.); Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 751. Batrachus pardus Goode & Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 336 (Gulf of Mexico); Bean, Cat. Fish. London Exhibit., 1883, 47 (Pensa- cola, Fla.); Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 45 (Egmont Key). Habitat.—Gulf of Mexico; Egmont Key; Pensacola. The coloration of pardus is very different from that of tau. In the specimen (133 inches in length, from Pensacola) which we have examined, the fleshy tentacle between nostrils is wanting, while in all the specimens of B. tau this is present. The former seems to be a deep-water variety or subspecies of the latter. The few specimens of pardus known are from con- siderable depths. The texture of the flesh and the skin is less firm than in tau. 9c. Batrachus tau cryptocentrus. Batrachus cryptocentrus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1837, 485 (Bahia). Habitat—Eastern Coast of South America (Bahia). This form is known only from the meagre description of Cuvier and Valenciennes. We venture to place it among the varieties of tau, aS no diagnostic character of importance appears in the description. 4, BATRACHOIDES. Batrachoides Lacépede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iii, 1798, 306 (Batrachoides tau Lacépede = Batrachus surinamensis Bloch). This genus is closely allied to Batrachus, but it seems to be sufficiently distinguished by the scaly body. ‘Two species are found in American waters. 1885. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 61 Analysis of Species of Batrachotides. Common Characters.—Dorsal spines three; opercle developed as two strong diverging spines; subopercle strongly developed ; branches of subopercular spine subequal and diverging; body covered with small ctenoid scales; frontal region broad, flat, and slightly depressed, its median ridge rather prominent. a. Teeth small, about 14 on vomer; anterior teeth on lower jaw in a band ; lateral teeth on palatines enlarged and canine-like, irregularly arranged ; pectoral without pores on its inner surface. Color grayish, darker on sides and head ; base of soft dorsal pale, with a dark irregular line above; upper part of fin lighter; caudal nearly black; anal fin light, with some dark markings. Head 3} in length of body; depth 6. D. ITI-29; A. 26. Surinamensis. 10. aa. Teeth larger, about 8 on vomer; anterior teeth on lower jaw in two rows; lateral teeth on lower jaw gradually increasing to middle of jaw, behind which they become abruptly smaller, and then gradually increase to end of jaw; three teeth on middle of palatines enlarged and canine-like, the middle one the smallest; pectoral with a row of pores on inner surface. Color olivaceous brown; some indistinct dark cross-bands on body; dorsal with about seven very irregular oblique dark bars, anal with about five; pectorals and caudal dark, with few light cross-bands. Head 3 in length of body. D. III-26; A. 22. Pacifici. 11. 10. Batrachoides surinamensis. Batrachoides tau Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iii, 1798, 306, pl. 12, fig. 1 (Mot Gadus tau L.) Batrachus surinamensts Bloch & Schneider, Systema Ichthyol., 1801, 43, tab. 7 (Surinam); Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xii, 1837, 488 (Surinam); Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iii, 1861, 174 (Dema- rara ; British Guiana ; West Coast Central America). Habitat.—Atlantic Coast of Tropical America; a specimen recorded by Dr. Gunther from the Pacific Coast. The single specimen of this species examined by us is from Curuca. The record given by Dr. Gunther of this species from the Pacific Coast needs verification. It was not found at Panama by Professor Gilbert. 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. 11. Batrachoides pacifici. Batrachus pacifict Gimther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iii, 1861, 178 (Panama); Giinther, Fishes Central Amer., 1869, 435 (Panama). Batrachoides pactfici Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 170 (West Coast of Central America); Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U. 8. Fish. Com., 1882, 3 (Panama; no description); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 626 (Panama ; no description). Habitat.—West Coast of Tropical America; Panama. The single specimen of this species examined by us is from Panama, at which place the species was found to be abundant by Professor Gilbert. 1885. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 63 A REVIEW OF THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS PIMEPHALES, BY WILLIS S. BLATCHLEY. I have examined numerous specimens of Pimephales and Hyborhynchus from various parts of the United States, with a view to discrimination of the species. The genus Hyborhynchus is evidently unworthy of retention, and the entire group is, in my opinion, composed of but two species, Pimephales promelas and Pimephales notatus. I give the synonymy of each and an analytical key giving the principal characters by which they may be separated. The specimens examined belong to the Museum of the Indiana University. a. Body comparatively short and deep, the greatest depth about 4 times in length of body; head short, convex, almost as broad as. long in the adult, its length 4 in body; mouth slightly oblique ; lateral line of various lengths, sometimes wanting on twenty or more scales; sometimes complete (variety confertus); origin of dorsal midway between pupil and base of caudal; ventrals reaching to or beyond first ray of anal; head, dorsal and pectoral fins of breeding males jet black, the snout with a few moderate-sized tubercles ; scales 8—47-6. Promelas. 1. aa. Body elongate, rather slender, the greatest depth about 42 times in length of body; head comparatively long, its length 45 in body, its surface much depressed above and descending abruptly in front of nostrils ; mouth horizontal; lateral line complete; origin of dorsal midway between snout and base of caudal; ventrals not reaching vent ; males in spring with 16 large nuptial tubercles, often accompanied by a small protuberance of skin, resembling a barbel, at angle of mouth ; scales 6-44—-4. Notatus. 2. 1. Pimephales promelas Raf. Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, Ichth. Oh., 1820, 53 (Lexington, Ky.); Kirtland, Rept. Zool. Ohio, 1838, 194; Kirtland, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., iii, 1888, 475; Storer, Synopsis, 1846, 418; Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1855, 220; Putnam, Bull. M. C. Z., 1863, 8; Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vii, 1868, 181; Jordan, Ind. Geol. Surv., 1874, 224; Jordan, Bull. Buff. Soc, Nat. Hist., 1876, 94; 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. Jordan, Man. Vert., 1st ed., 1876, 275; 2d ed., 1878, 288; 3d ed., 1880, 288; Nelson, Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist., i, 1876, 45 (Bailey’s Creek, Ill., Evanston, Ill.); Jordan & Copeland, Check List Fresh Water Fish. N. A., 1876, 146; Jordan, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1877, 32; Jordan, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1877, No. 4, 107 (Wis- consin R., Pecatonica R., Ohio R., Kentucky R.); Jordan, Bull. Tl. Lab. Nat. Hist., ii, 1878, 55 (Bailey’s Cr.; Rock R., Ill.); Jordan & Brayton, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xii, 1878, 78 (Tributaries Cumber- land R.); Jordan, Bull. Hayden’s Geol. Surv., iv, 1878, 402, 419 and 783 (Rio Grande); Jordan, Rept. Geol. Surv. Ohio, iv, 1882, 839 ; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis Fish. N. A., 1883, 158 ; Bean, Cat. Fish. Internat. Fish Exhibition, London, 1883, 95 (Lake Beaver, Peters- burgh). Pimephales maculosus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 180 (Arkansas R.); Girard, Pac. R. R. Sury., x, 1858, 284 (Arkansas R.). Pimephales fasciatus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 180 (Yellowstone R.; Milk R.); Girard, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 1858, 234 (Yellowstone R.; Milk R.). Hyborhynchus confertus Girard, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 179 (Pecos R.); Girard, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 1858, 233 (Pecos R.); Jor- dan & Gilbert, Synopsis Fish. N. A., 1883, 159. Plurgyrus melanocephalus Abbott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 325 (Lake Whittelsey, Minn.). Pimephales milesii Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 282 (Detroit R.); Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vii, 1868, 181 (copied) ; Nelson, Bull, Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist., i, 1876, 45 ; Jordan, Man. Vert., 1st ed., 1876, 276. Pimephales agassizti Cope, Cyp. Penn., 1866, 394 (Whitewater R., Ind.); Jordan, Ind. Geol. Surv., 1874, 224. Hyborhynchus nigellus Cope, Zool. Wheeler’s Expl. W. 100th Mer., v, 671 (Arkansas R., Pueblo, Col.). Pimephales nigellus Jordan, Bull. Hayden’s Geol. Surv., iv, 1878, 664 Rio Grande R.). Habitat.—Lake Champlain to the Upper Missouri, south to Tennessee and the Rio Grande. The species H. confertus Girard, is, in my opinion, not a distinct species, but only the western form of promelas, having the lateral line better developed. 2. Pimephales notatus. Minnilus notatus Rafinesque, Ichth. Oh., 1820, 47 (Ohio R.). Hyborhynchus notatus Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1855, 222 (Frankfort, Ky.; Scioto R.; Quincy, Ill.; Burlington, Iowa; Lebanon, Tenn.; Natchez, Miss.; Beardstown and La Salle, Ill.; Rome, N. Y.; L. Huron, lL. Champlain); Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 282; Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 235; Gimther, Cat. 1885. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 65 Fish. Brit. Mus., vii, 1868, 182 (Montreal; Kanawha R.); Cope, Cyp. Penn., 1866, 392 ; Jordan, Ind. Geol. Surv., 1874, 224 (L. Michi- gan, Ohio R.); Nelson, Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist., i, 1876, 45 ; Jordan, Man. Vert., ist ed., 1876, 275; 2d ed., 1878, 288; 3d ed., 1880, 288 ; Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 45 (Lakes, Laporte Co., Ind.; St. Joseph’s R., Kankakee R., Tippecanoe R., Lower Wabash R., White R., Ind.); Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1877, 27; Jordan, Annals N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., xi, 1877, 3738 (Rock Castle R., Ky.); Jordan, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, 1877, No. 4, 107 (L. Michigan, Fox R., Rock R., Wisconsin R., White R., Ohio R., Salt R., Rock Castle R.); Jordan, Bull. Tl. Lab. Nat. Hist., ii, 1878, 55 (Mackinaw Cr., Woodford Co.; McLean Co.; Rock R. at Oregon ; Little Wabash, Effingham Co.; Ill. R., Peoria; Crystal Lake, Mc- Henry Co., Ill.); Forbes, Bull. Il. Lab. Nat. Hist., ii, 1878, 79 (Food of Hyborhynchus notatus); Jordan & Brayton, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1878, 63 and 78 (Chickamauga R., Cumberland R.); Hay, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 502 (Corinth, Miss.; Catawba Cr., Miss.; Noxubee R.); Hay, Bull. U. 8. Fish Com., ii, 1882, 67 (Miss. R.., Vicksburg ; Big Black R., Yalabusha R., Tombigbee R., Chicka- sawha R.); Jordan, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1882, iv, 840; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis Fish. N. A., 1883, 159; Bean, Cat. Fish. Internat. Fish Exhibition, London, 1883, 95 (Yellow Cr., Ohio); Jordan & Swain, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, 248 (Cumberland R., Ky.). Pimephales notatus Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 200 (Salt Cr., Brown Co., Ind.). Hyborhynchus perspicuus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 179 (Arkansan R.); Girard, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 1858, 231 (Arkansas R.). Hybognathus perspicuus Ginther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vii, 1868, 185. Hyborhynchus tenellus Girard, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 179 (Arkansas R.); Girard, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 1858, 231 (Arkansas R.). ? Hyborhynchus puniceus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1856, 179 (Canadian R.); Girard, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 1858, 282 (Canadian R.). Hyborhynchus superciliosus Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 234 (Kanawha R.); Jordan, Man. Vert., 1st. ed., 1876, 276 ; 2d ed., 1878; 289 ; 3d ed., 1880, 289; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1877, 27; Jordan, Bull. Il. Lab. Nat. Hist., ii, 1878, 56 (Cache R. and Clear Cr., Union Co.; Rock R., Ogle Co., Ill.); Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis Fish. N. A., 1883, 160 ; Jordan & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 248 (Cumberland R.). Habitat.—St. Lawrence River to Delaware; Ohio Valley and Great Lake Regions, southward to Tennessee and Mississippi. Very abundant. The nominal species, H. swperciliosus Cope, is, as has already been noted by Jordan and Swain, but a spring form of the breed- ing male of notatus. 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. A REVIEW OF THE AMERICAN ELEOTRIDINE. BY CARL H. EIGENMAN AND MORTON W. FORDICE. We have attempted to give in this paper the synonymy of the genera and species of SHleotridine found in the waters of America, with analytical keys by which they may be distin- guished. All the specimens examined belong to the Museum of the Indiana University, most of them having been collected by Professor Jordan. All the species are referred by Dr. Gunther to a single genus, Eleotris. This group, however, seems to us rather of the nature of a subfamily. An examination of the skeletons of some of the species shows important differences, which we must regard as having generic value. We place the American species in six genera, which may be characterized as follows :— Analysis of Genera of Eleotridine. Common Characters.—Ventral fins separate, each with one spine and five soft rays; dorsal spines six or seven. a. Vomer with a broad patch of villiform teeth; isthmus very narrow ; gill-openings extending forward below to posterior angle of mouth; teeth villiform, the outer scarcely enlarged ; vertebree, 12 +13 (dormitotor) ; skull above with conspicuous elevated ridges, one of these bounding orbit above ; the orbital ridges connected posteriorly above by a strong cross-ridge; a sharp longitudinal ridge on each side of the occipital, the two nearly parallel, the post-temporals being attached to their posterior ends. Insertions of post- temporals widely separated, the distance between them greater than the rather narrow interorbital width; the post- temporal bones little divergent; top of head depressed, both before and behind the cross-ridge between eyes; a flattish triangular area between this and the little elevated supraoccipital region; preopercle without spines; lower pharyngeals with slender depressible teeth, and without lamelliform appendages ; scales of moderate size, ctenoid. Gopiomorus. 1. aa. Vomer without teeth ; isthmus broad ; gill-openings scarcely extending forward below to posterior angle of preopercle ; skull without crests. 1885. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 67 6. Body and head entirely scaly. c. Lower pharyngeal teeth setaceous, the bones with an outer series of broad flexible lamelliform appendages or teeth ; body short and elevated, cyprinodontiform; teeth slender, those in the outer row scarcely larger, and movable; top of head without raised crests, flattish, its surface uneven; post-temporal bones rather strongly diverging, the distance between their insertions about half the broad flattish interorbital space; no spine on preopercle or branchiostegals; scales large, ctenoid. Species herbivorous. DoRMITATOR. 2. ec. Lower pharyngeals normal, subtriangular, the teeth stiff, villiform, none of them lamelliform; scales of mod- erate or small size; body oblong or elongate. d. Body moderately robust, the depth 4-51 times in the length to base of caudal; cranium without distinct median keel; a small supraoccipital crest. e. Post-temporal bones little divergent, not inserted - close together, the distance between their insertions greater than the moderate interorbital space, or 34 in length of head; top of skull little gibbous; interorbital region somewhat concave or chan- neled ; lower pharyngeals narrower than in Eleotris; preopercle without spine; scales very small, ctenoid, about 100 in a longitudinal series. Vertebree, 11 + 13; teeth moderate, the outer series enlarged. GUAVINA. 3. ee. Post-temporal bones very strongly divergent, their insertions close together, the distance between them about % the narrow interorbital space, and less than + the length of the head; top of skull somewhat elevated and declivous; interorbital area slightly convex transversely ; lower pharyn- geals rather broad, the teeth bluntish; preopercle with partly concealed spine directed downward and forward at its angle; scales moderate, ctenoid, 45 to 60 in a longitudinal series. Vertebra (pisonis) 11+ 15; teeth small.! ELxorris. 4. 1 These characters of the skeleton are taken from E leotris pisonis, and have not been verified on other species. 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. dd. Body very slender, elongate, the depth about } the length to base of caudal ; post-temporal bones short, strongly divergent, the distance between their inser- tions about equal to the narrow interorbital space, or about 3 length of head; top of head with a strong median keel, which is highest on the occipital region ; no supraoccipital crest; preopercle without spine ; mouth very oblique; the teeth small; scales very small, cycloid, EROTELIS. 5. bb. Body naked on the anterior part; head naked; lower jaw with four larger recurved teeth. GYMNELEOTRIS. 6. 1. GOBIOMORUS. Gobiomorus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ii, 599, 1798 (dormitor, etc.). Philypnus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xii, 255, 1837 (dormitator). Lembus Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 505, 1859 (maculatus). Gobiomorus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 571 (restricted to dormitator). This genus is well characterized by the presence of vomerine teeth, and by the narrowness of the isthmus. Equally good char- acters may be taken from the cranium, which is provided with elevated, longitudinal and transverse ridges, which are not found in any other of our genera of this type. The species reach a larger size than those of our other genera. The reasons for preferring the name Gobiomorus to Philypnus have been given in detail by Jordan and Gilbert (loc. cit.). Analysis of Species of Gobiomorus. Common Characters.—Body elongate; the head somewhat depressed ; body compressed behind. Scales ctenoid ; 55 to 66 in a longitudinal series. Dorsal with 7 spines and 9 or 10 rays; anal rays I, 9 or 10; lower jaw considerably projecting; teeth in jaw rather small, slender, recurved, the outer scarcely enlarged ; teeth on vomer villiform,in a broad crescent-shaped patch; gill-openings extending forward to below posterior angle of mouth, the isthmus being very narrow. No preopercular spine; insertion of post- temporals almost midway between occipital crest and edge of skull; parietals with a crest running from insertion of post- temporal forward to just behind eye, where they are connected 1885. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 69 by a thin, high, transverse crest ; supraocular with a short high crest, extending from above front of eye back to posterior edge of orbit, thence extending outward parallel with the transverse crest, leaving a deep groove between them; bony projections before and behind eye prominent. Vert. 12+13 (dormitator); lower pharyngeals triangular, with slender teeth. a. Seales large, 55 in a longitudinal series; 28 scales on median line between occiput and front of spinous dorsal. Body robust; depth 4 in length; head 23. D. VI-1, 9; A. I-10; crests on skull very high. Lateralis. 1. aa. Scales moderate, 57 to 66 in longitudinal series ; head 3 to 3} in length; depth 5 to 6. b. Scales in median line from occiput to front of spinous dorsal 26; head 34 in length; transverse frontal crest not con- tinuous. D. VI-1, 9; A. I-10; 57 to 60 scales in a longi- tudinal series. Maculatus. 2. bb. Scales on median line from occiput to spinous dorsal 35; transverse frontal crest continuous. c. Seales medium, 57 to 60 in a longitudinal series; head 34 in length; depth 5}. D. VI-1, 9; A. I-9; crests on skull moderate. Dormitator. 3. cc. Scales smaller, 66 in a longitudinal series; depth 6 in length; head 3. D. VI-1, 10. Longiceps. 4. 1. Gobiomorus lateralis. Philypnus lateralis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 128 (Cape San Lucas); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1881, 282 (West Coast Mexico); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 368 (Cape San Lucas); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 372 (Colima); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 377 (Panama); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 380 (San José). Eleotris lateralis Giinther, iii, 122, 1861 (Cape San Lucas). Habitat.—Pacific Coast of America, from San José to Panama. This species represents on the Pacific Coast the @. dormitator of the Atlantic. It is readily distinguished by its shorter body, ‘larger scales, and by the greater development of its cranial crests. 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. 2. Gobiomorus maculatus. — Lembus maculatus Ginther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 505, 1859 (Andes of Ecuador); Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 286 (Ecuador, Esmeraldas). Eleotris lembus Ginther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iii, 121, 1861 (Ecuador), Habitat.—Streams of Ecuador. This species is known to us only from the descriptions of Dr. Gunther. 3. Gobiomorus dormitator. Guavina Parra, Deser. Dif. Piezas Hist. Nat. Cuba, tab. 39, fig. i, 1787 (Havana ; fide Poey). Gobiomorus dormitor Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ii, 599, 1798 (from — a drawing by Plumier). Gobiomorus dormitator Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 572 (name only). Platycephalus dormitator Bloch, Syst. Ichth., Plate xii, 1790 (Mar- tinique); Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 60, 1801. Eleotris dormitatrix Cuvier, Regne Animal, ed. ii, 1829 (Antilles); Oken, Naturgeschichte, vi, 178, 1836; Gimther, iii, 119, 1861 (Bar- badoes, Jamaica, Mexico). Philypnus dormitator Cuvier & Valenciennes, xii, 255, 1837 (Porto Rico, San Domingo, Martinique); Poey, Mem. de Cuba, ii, 381, 1856 (Cuba); Girard, U. S. and Mexican Boundary Survey, 27, plate xii, fig. 13, 1859 (Rio Grande); Poey, Syn. Pisce. Cub., 395, 1868 (Cuba); Poey, Enum. Pisce. Cub., 128, 1875 (Mexico, Rio Grande, San Domingo, Martinique, Jamaica); Goode & Bean, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 236 (name only); Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 631, 1882. Batrachus guavina Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 44, 1801 (based on Guavina of Parra). Habitat.—Rio Grande to Martinique, in fresh waters. This species is generally common in the streams of the West Indies and Hastern Mexico. We follow later writers in changing the incorrectly spelled dormitor of Lacépede to dormitator. According to Poey, the type of Parra’s Guavina, still preserved in the Museum at Madrid, has teeth on the vomer, and is therefore a Gobiomorus, not a Guavina. The many specimens examined by us are from Havana. 4. Gobiomorus longiceps. Eleotris longiceps Giinther, Proc. Zod]. Soc. Lond., 1864, 151 ; Giinther, Fish. Central America, 1869, 440 (Nicaragua). Habitat.—Lake Nicaragua. This species is known to us only from Dr. Gunther’s description. 1885. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 71 2. DORMITATOR. Prochilus Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. i, 1817 (mugiloides), (preoccupied). Dormitator Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 240 (gundlachi = maculatus). This genus is not adopted by Dr. Gunther, but it seems to us well founded, its peculiarities in dentition being important. The name Prochilus at first given to this group is preoccupied by Prochilus of Illiger, a genus of mammalia, as well as by the prebinominal Prochilus of Klein, which belongs to the Poma- centride. The known species of this type are very closely related and should perhaps be regarded as geographical varieties of a single one. Analysis of the Species of Dormitator. Common Characters.—Body short, robust ; head broad and flat above; mouth little oblique; maxillary reaching to anterior margin of orbit ; lower jaw little projecting ; no teeth on vomer ; scales large, ctenoid, 30 to 33 in a longitudinal series; skull much as in Hleotris, but everywhere broader. D. VII-1, 8; A. I, 9 or 10; no spine on preopercle ; post-temporals inserted midway between occipital crest and edge of skull; supraoccipital crest low. a. Scales large, becoming much smaller on belly; 25 series on a median line from base of ventrals to vent; 18 series across breast from pectoral to pectoral; 18 on a median line from posterior border of orbit to dorsal. Interspace between dorsals equal to orbit. Highest anal ray 1? in head ; highest dorsal ray 14 in head. 33 scales in a longitudinal series. Maculatus. 5. aa. Scales larger than in maculatus, not much smaller on belly ; 18 series on a median line from ventrals to vent; 13 series from pectoral to pectoral; 16 on a median line from pos- terior border of orbit to front of soft dorsal; interspace between dorsals less than diameter of orbit. Highest anal ray 11 in head; highest dorsal ray equals head. 31 scales in a longitudinal series. Latifrons. 6. 5. Dormitator maculatus. Sciena maculata Bloch, ‘‘Ichth., tab. 299, f. 2,’’ 1790 (West Indies); Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 80, 1801 (copied). Hleotris maculatus Ginther, iii, 112, 1861 (West Indies; Trinidad ; Demerara); Giinther, Fish. Cent. Am., 440, 1869 (Anamahal), 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [ 1885. Dormitator maculatus Goode & Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 236 (Gulf of Mexico). Eleotris mugiloides Cuvier & Valenciennes, xii, 226, 1837 (Martinique ; Surinam). Eleotris somnolentus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 169 (Rio Grande); Girard, U. S. and Mex. Bound. Survey, 28, pl. 12, f. 1-8, 1859 (Rio Grande); Giinther, iii, 557, 1861 (Cordova). Dormitator somnolenta Poey, ‘‘ Repert., ii, 168,’ 1868; Poey, Enum. Pisce. Cuben., 128, 1875 (Cuba). Eleotris omocyaneus Poey, Memorias, ii, 269, 1860 (Havana). Dormitator omocyaneus, Poey, Syn. Pise. Cuben., 296, 1868 (Cuba); Poey, Enumer. Pisce. Cuba, 128, 1875 (Cuba). Eleotris gundlachi Poey, Mem., ii, 272, 1860 (Cuba). Dormitator gundlachi Poey, Syn. Pise. Cuben., 396, 1868 (Cuba); Poey, Enum. Pisc. Cub., 128, 1875 (Cuba). Dormitator lVineatus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 271 (Savannah). Habitat.—East Coast of America; South Carolina, Texas, Louisiana, south to Surinam; chiefly in fresh water. As Cuvier and Valenciennes have identified the type of Bloch’s Sciezna maculata with their Hleotris mugiloides, we adopt the latter name for this species. We are unable to distinguish the somnolentus of Girard from maculatus, and the omocyaneus of Poey is certainly the same. Gill’s lineatus is also, doubtless, a young example of the same type. We find nothing (unless it be the greater height of the fins) in the description of Hleotris gundlachi Poey, by which it can be distinguished from Dormitator maculatus. Poey’s type was about 8 inches in length, and its large size may account for the slight differences indicated. The single specimen studied by us is from the West Indies. 6. Dormitator latifrons. Eleotris latifrons Richards, ‘‘ Voy. Sulph. Fishes, 57, pl. 35, f. 4-5,” 1837 (Pacific Coast Central America). Eleotris maculata Gimther, iii, 112, 1861 (Guayaquil), (not Sciwna maculata of Bloch). Dormitator sp., Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 83 (Colima). Dormitator maculatus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1881, 232 (Salina Cruz); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 368 (Cape San Lucas); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 372 (Colima); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 377 (Panama); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 380 (Cape San Lucas); Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Fish. Com., 1882, 108 (Mazatlan); Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1883, 682 (Mazatlan). 1885. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 13 Dormitator microphthalmus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1863, 170 (Panama). Habitat.—Pacific Coast of Central America, from Cape San Lucas southward to Panama. This species is abundant on the Pacific slope of Mexico and Central America. It differs from D. maculatus in few respects, and should, perhaps, be regarded as a variety of the latter. They have, however, not yet been shown to intergrade. 3. GUAVINA. Guavina Bleeker, Esquisse d’un Syst. Nat. Gobioid.,302, 1874 (guavina). This genus is externally distinguished from Eleotris only by the absence of preopercular spine, and by the smaller size of the scales. The skulls in the two genera are, however, strikingly different, and we think that the two groups should be regarded as generically distinct. We know only one species of this genus. Analysis of Species of Guavina. a. Body stoutish, oblong; mouth oblique; maxillary reaching opposite middle of eye, its length about 3) in head. Lower jaw little projecting. Teeth in broad bands, the outer ones enlarged. Scales on head imbedded; those on body very small, ctenoid on sides, cycloid on back and belly, 100 to 110 in a longitudinal series. Isthmus very broad. Pectorals reaching to middle of spimous dorsal. Highest anal ray 14 in-head. Head 3} in length to base of caudal; depth 41 to 51. D. VI,I,10; A.1I,9or10. Post- temporals inserted twice as far from occipital crest as in Eleotris pisonis. Parietals ending in a sharp point behind. Preopercular spine none; a broad thin extension on the lower limb of preopercle taking its place. Lower pharyngeals triangular, normal, rather narrow; the teeth small. Vomer without teeth. Guavina. T. 7. Guavina guavina. Eleotris guavina Cuvier & Valenciennes, xii, 223, 1887 (Martinique) ; Giinther, iii, 124, 1861 (Demarara) ; Poey, ‘‘Repert. i, 3387, 1867 ;” Poey, Syn. Fish. Cuba, 395, 1868 (Cuba) ; Poey, Enum. Pisc. Cuba, 127, 1875 (Cuba). Habitat.—East Coast of tropical America, West Indies, south to Surinam, in fresh waters. 6 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. This species is abundant in the streams of Cuba. The num- erous specimens examined by us were obtained by Prof. Jordan in the Rio Almendares, near Havana.. In life this species may be readily distinguished from leotris pisonis, which abounds in the same waters, by the bright cherry-colored edgings to its ventrals and anal. 4. ELEOTRIS. Eleotris ‘‘Gronow, Mus. Ichthyol., 16,’’ 1757 (Non-binominal). Eleotris Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 65, 1801 (pisonis). Eleotris Cuvier & Valenciennes, xii, 216, pl. 356, 1837 (gyrinus). Culius Bleeker, Esquisse d’un Syst. Nat. des Gobioides, 303, 1874 ( fuscus). As Eleotris pisonis possesses the preopercular spine assumed to characterize the genus Culius, we place the latter name in its synonymy. In large specimens of Hleotris pisonis, this spine is somewhat concealed by the flesh, but it may always be found by dissection. The four following species resemble each other very closely, and probably agree in the structure of the skeleton, but in this regard we have been able to examine only Lleotris pisonis. Analysis of Species of Eleotris. a. Body comparatively robust; head broad, depressed; body compressed; mouth oblique, lower jaw little projecting; maxillary reaching to below eye; scales ctenoid, 46 to 61 in longitudinal series. Dorsal rays, VI-I, 8; anal rays, I, 7 or 8. Vomer without teeth. Gill-openings extending forward below to angle of preopercle; isthmus broad. Preopercle with a spine projecting downward and forward at its angle. Post-temporals slender, widely diverging, inserted very near the scarcely evident occipital crest. Skull highest in the middle, very broad and short; bony projections in front of and behind eye prominent. Verte- bree about 10 + 14 (pisonis). Lower pharyngeals subtri- angular, rather broad, with comparatively coarse teeth. b. Scales large, about 48 in longitudinal series; depth 44 in length to base of caudal; head 31. D. VI,9; A. I, 8; teeth rather small, those of the inner series in each jaw largest, Amblyopsis, 8. 1885. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 15 bb. Scales moderate, about 60 in lateral series. D.VI-I,8; A. Tl; t or: 8: c. Body comparatively robust ; depth 4 to 5 in length; teeth in jaws all small, subequal. Pisonis. 9. cc. Body comparatively slender ; depth 6 in length; head 34. d. Teeth in jaws all small, subequal. Aiquidens. 10. dd. Teeth in jaws unequal, some of those in the outer row enlarged. Belizana. 11. 8. Eleotris amblyopsis. Culius amblyopsis Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1870, 473 (Surinam); Goode & Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 236 (Gulf of Mexico); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 610 (Charleston); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 619 (Pensacola); Jor- dan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 1882, 944. Habitat.— Atlantic coast of America, from Charleston to Suri- nam. Only three specimens of this species are yet known. It is well distinguished from its congeners by its larger scales. 9. Eleotris pisonis. Eleotris eapite plagioplateo, etc. ‘‘Gronow, Mus. Ichth., ii, n. 168,”’ 1757. Gobius pisonis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1206, 1788 (based on Hleotris of Gronow). Eleotris pisonis Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 68, 1801 (based on Hleotris of Gronow). Gobius pisonis Turton, Syst. Nat., 751, 1807 (South America). Gobius amorea Walbaum, Artedi Piscium, iii, 205, 1792 (based on EHleotris of Gronow). Hleotris gyrinus Cuvier & Valenciennes, xii, 220, 1837, Pl. 356 (Mar- tinique, San Domingo, Surinam); Girard, U. 8. and Mexican Boun- dary Survey, 28, Pl. xii, figs. 11-12, 1859 (Rio Grande); Ginther, Catalogue Fish. in Brit. Mus., iii, 122, 1861 ; Poey, ‘‘Repert., i, 336,” 1867; Poey, Syn. Pisce. Cubens., 395, 1868 (Cuba); Poey, Enumer. Pise. Cub., 127, 1875 (Cuba); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 571 (name only); Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 631, 1883. Eleotris picta Kner & Steindachner, Abhandl, bayer. Ak. Wiss., 1864, 18, Pl. 3, fig. 1 (Rio Bayano, near Panama). Culius perniger Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1870, 473 (St. Martins). Habitat.—Both coasts of Central America, north to Cuba and Texas, chiefly in fresh waters. 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. The Gobius pisonis of Gmelin and its synonym, Gobius amorea of Walbaum, are based on the Hleotris of Gronow. This is un- doubtedly identical either with Hleotris gyrinus or Guavina gua- vina. To us there is little doubt that the former species was the one intended, as the phrase ‘“‘ P. D. prior declinata 6 radiata ; secunda equalis, priori vicina”? applies well to the Hleotris gyri- nus and not at all to the Guavina guavina, in which species the second dorsal is much larger than the first. We therefore adopt the name Lleotris pisonis instead of Hleotris gyrinus. We have examined numerous specimens of this species from the Rio Almendares, near Havana. All these possess the antrorse preopercular spine supposed to distinguish the genus Culius from Eleotris. In the larger ones it is partly hidden by the encroach- ment of the skin and from this has arisen the erroneous suppo- sition (of Gunther and others) that this species is one in which the spine is wanting. A comparison of the figure and description of Hleotris picta, given by Kner and Steindachner, shows no constant point of difference whatever. We therefore regard picta as a synonym of prsonis. The Culius perniger of Cope is evidently identical with pisonis, Professor Cope being the first describer of the species who did not overlook the preopercular spine. 10. Eleotris equidens. Eleotris sp., Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 83 (name only). Culius equidens Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat..Mus., 1881, 461 (Mazatlan); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 372 (Colima); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 380 (Cape San Lucas, San José); Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U. 8. Fish Com., 1882, 108 (Mazatlan). Habitat.—Streams about the Gulf of California, south to Colima. This species is known to us from the original description by Jordan and Gilbert; it is said to be abundant in the streams of Sinaloa and Lower California. 11, Eleotris belizana. Culius belizanus Sauvage, ‘‘Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1879, 16 (reprint)’’ (Belize); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8, Nat. Mus,, 1881, 462 (foot-note). Habitat.— Belize. 1885. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. "7 This species is known to us only from a foot-note by Jordan and Gilbert, referring to the description by M. Sauvage. It is said to differ from /. equidens, by having the teeth of the outer row enlarged. 5. EROTELIS. Freotelis Poey, Memorias de Cuba, ii, 273, 1861 (valenciennesi = smaragdus). This genus differs from the others in having the scales small, cycloid, the body long, slender, and the tail lanceolate. In form this genus differs strikingly from Lleotris, its nearest ally. It presents a strong analogy to Gobionellus, differing from Eleotris much as the latter does from Gobius. But one species seems to be known. Unlike the other Hleotridine, this is strictly marine, inhabiting the coarse algze on the coral reefs. Analysis of Species of Erotelis. a. Body long, slender; depth about } the length to base of caudal; head broad, depressed; mouth large, very oblique, the lower jaw projecting. Maxillary reaching to below centre of eye, its length, 24 in head. Vomer without teeth; teeth on jaws small, equal. Scales small, cycloid, about 100 in a longitudinal series, largest on caudal peduncle. Caudal fin lanceolate ; caudal peduncle slender, 3 in length of body. D. VI-1, 9; A. I-9. Gill-openings extending forward to below centre of opercle. Post-temporals diverging, inserted near occipital crest, which is obsolete. Skull uneven and rather thick. Preopercular spine absent. Vertebree 10+15. Pectorals reaching past middle of first dorsal. Dorsal and anal high ; highest anal ray 14 in head. Smaragdus. 12. 12. Erotelis smaragdus. Eleotris smaragdus Cuvier & Valenciennes, xii, 231, 1837 (Cuba); Guichenot, ‘‘Poiss. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, 130,” 1855; Giinther, Cat. iii, 123, 1861 (Cuba); Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 141 (Key West). Erotelis valenciennest Poey, Mem. de Cuba, ii, 178, 1861 (Cuba); Poey, Syn. Pisce. Cub., 396, 1868 (Cuba); Poey, Enum. Pisce. Cub., 127, 1875 (Cuba). 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. Habitat.—F lorida Keys to Cuba; strictly marine, not ascending rivers. This species is rather abundant on the coast of Cuba. A single specimen was obtained by Professor Jordan at Key West. It reaches a length of about a foot. It is confounded by Cuban fishermen with the Esmeralda (Gobionellus), although it lacks the emerald-colored prominences on the tongue. From this con- fusion the not appropriate name of smaragdus has come to be given to this species. This Poey has proposed to change to Valenciennest ; but this change the law of priority forbids. 6. GYMNELEOTRIS. Gymneleotris Bleeker, Esquisse d’un Syst. Nat. des Gobioides, 304, 1874 (seminuda). The distinguishing mark of this genus seems to be the absence of scales on the head and anterior part of the trunk. Nothing is known either of the genus or of its single species, except what is contained in Gunther’s description of the latter. Analysis of the Species of Gymneleotris. a. Head and trunk naked; tail covered with small scales; head 2? of total length; maxillary extending to below anterior margin of orbit. Teeth in upper jaw in a narrow band; the lower has four somewhat larger and recurved teeth in front; palate toothless. Fin-rays not prolonged. Pectorals not quite extending to origin of second dorsal. Ventrals much shorter than pectoral. D. VII, 11; A. 9. Seminuda. 13. — 13. Gymneleotris seminuda. Lleotris seminuda, Giinther, Proc. Zoological Soc., London, 1864, 24, “Plate iv, f. 2, 2a’ (Pacific Coast of Panama); Giinther, Fish. Central America, 441, 1869. Gymneleotris seminuda Bleeker, Esquisse d’un Systema Nat. Gobi- oides, 304, 1874. This species is known from the description by Dr. Giinther of a small specimen in the British Museum, 1885.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 79 List oF NomMInaAL SPECIES OF ELEOTRIDINA, ARRANGED IN CHRONO- LOGICAL ORDER, WITH IDENTIFICATIONS. (Tenable Specific Names are in Italics.) Nominal Species. Date. Identification. Gobius pisonis Gmelin, 1788, Eleotris pisonis. Sciena maculata Bloch, 1790, Dormitator maculatus. Gobius amorea Walbaum, 1792, Eleotris pisonis. ~Gobiomorus dormitor Lacépéde, 1798, Gobiomorus dormitator. Platycephalus dormitator Bloch & Schneider, 1801, é¢ Sc Batrachus guavina Bloch & Schneider, 1801, ao < Eleotris mugiloides Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837, Dormitator maculatus. Eleotris guavina Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837, Guavina guavina. Eleotris gyrinus Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837, Eleotris pisonis. Eleotris smaragdus Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837, Erotelis smaragdus. Eleotris latifrons Richardson, 1837, Dormitator latifrons. Eleotris somnolentus Girard, 1858, Dormitator maculatus. Lembus maculatus Giinther, 1859, Gobiomorus maculatus. Philypnus lateralis, Gill, 1860, Gobiomorus lateralis. Eleotris omocyaneus Poey, 1860, Dormitator maculatus. Eleotris gundlachi Poey, 1860, # ee Erotelis valenciennesi Poey, 1861, Erotelis smaragdus. Dormitator lineatus Gill, 1863, Dormitator maculatus. Dormitator microphthalmus Gill, 1863, Dormitator latifrons. Eleotris longiceps Giinther, 1864, Gobiomorus longiceps. Eleotris seminuda Giinther, 1864, Gymneleotris seminuda. Eleotris picta, Kner & Steindachner, 1864, Eleotris pisonis. Culius amblyopsis Cope, 1870, Eleotris amblyopsis. Culius perniger, Cope, 1870, Eleotris pisonis. Culius belizanus Sauvage, 1879, Eleotris belizana. Culius eguidens Jordan & Gilbert, 1881, Eleotris zquidens. RECAPITULATION. In this review we have admitted 13 species and 6 genera of Eleotridine as probably valid. We give here a list of the species. The general distribution of the species is indicated by the letters W. (Western Atlantic, West Indies, etc.); U. (Coast of United States); P. (Eastern Pacific, Mazatlan, Panama, etc.); G. (Western slopes of South America). SuBFAMILY Eleotridine. Genus 1. GOBIOMORUS Lacépéde. 1. Gobiomorus lateralis Gill (P.). 2, Gobiomorus maculatus Giinther (G.). (Species unknown to us.) 3. Gobiomorus dormitator Lacépéde (W. U.). 4. Gobiomorus longiceps Giinther (W.). 80 12. 13. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [ 1885. Genus 2. DORMITATOR Gill. synonymy.) . Dormitator latifrons Richardson (P.) . Dormitator maculatus Bloch (U. W.). (Possibly more than one species in our . (Possibly a variety of maculatus.) Genus 3. GUAVINA Bleeker, . Guavina guavina Cuvier and Valenciennes (W.). Genus 4. ELEOTRIS (Gronow) Bloch & Schneider. . Eleotris amblyopsis Cope (U. W.). . Eleotris pisonis Gmelin (W. P.). synonymy.) (Possibly two species contained in our . Eleotris equidens Jordan and Gilbert (P.). . Eleotris belizana Sauvage (W.). (Unknown to us.) Genus 5. EROTELIS Poey. Erotelis smaragdus Cuvier and Valenciennes (U. W.). Genus 6. GYMNELEOTRIS Bleeker. Gymneleotris seminuda Giinther (P.). (Unknown to us ) 1885. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 81 ENTOMOLOGIA HONGKONGENSIS —REPORT ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF HONGKONG. BY F. WARRINGTON EASTLAKE. The province of Kwangtung, to which the island of Hongkong properly belongs, has long been celebrated throughout the Chinese Empire for the beauty and great variety of the insects to be found within its borders. The soil is, in most parts, exceptionally rich, and teems with an ever-busy world of animal life. But, great as is the fecundity of the larger part of the province, there are, here and. there, sandy, arid wastes, which even the untiring labor of the native agriculturists fails to make yield more than the scan- tiest of crops. This is especially the case along the southeastern littoral. Here the formation is igneous and the rocks granitic, as a rule, with occasional intrusive traps and seams of trachytic porphyry. The island of Hongkong, in particular, consists mainly of hornblendic granite, of which silica, alumina, and various oxides of iron are the principal components. The rock is, at the same time, composed throughout of materials unusually susceptible to climatic influences, particularly to the action of heavy rains. The decomposed and disintegrated rock makes an admirably fertile soil, especially in the ravines, valleys, and low- lands ; the hills, however, being constantly exposed to all sorts of weather, are signally barren and verdureless. Tufts of “ arrow- grass,” long, trailing mosses, coarse ferns and hardy flowering- plants are sparsely scattered over the mountain-slopes; pines, firs, and a few other resinous trees cover the less-exposed portions, but the heavy rains annually sweep down quantities of this local vegetation into the sea. In such places insect life is rare. And yet the entomology of Hongkong, although so small an island, is unusually rich and worthy of attention. This is chiefly due to the fact that the island is connected with the famous Lo-fan Shan —a small range of mountains some fifteen miles north of the thriving market-town of Shek Lung (‘Stone Dragon,’’) and about seventy miles east of Canton. Starting from the westernmost spur of this range, a limestone formation runs to the north and northwest. Here the flora is both beautiful and luxuriant; flowering plants laden with tempting pollen cover the hillsides, 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [ 1885. and insects find in the verdant groves a veritable paradise. The Lo-fan Mountains besides this, probably owing to their majestic scenery and rich flora, have for more than ten centuries enjoyed a reputation of great sanctity. In the deep caves and mountain forests of the Lo-fan, hermits, sages and priests have lived and taught their disciples from time immemorial ; while, in accordance with both Buddhistic and Taoistic precepts, all animals, birds, reptiles, insects, and even the delicious trout of the mountain- streams have been kept from harm and allowed to breed undis- turbed. Passing through the thickly populated districts of Pok-lo and Tong-kun, a low, undulating range of hills connects the Lo- fan with the mountainous country opposite Hongkong. And hence it comes that the entomology of the island is so extensive and varied. Hongkong lies between 22° 9’ and 22° 1’ north latitude, and 114° 5’ and 114° 18’ east longitude; the island is, therefore, just inside the tropics, but near enough to the boundary to enjoy fine, temperate weather from September to April. To a considerable extent, the insular fauna shows close relationship with the fauna of the tropics; and yet there can be no doubt that some few of the tropical features are not characteristic of Hongkong. To this category belong notably Python reticulatus, Gray, the rock python of India, and the venomous cobra, Naja tripudians, Merr.; very possibly, also Macrochlamys superlita, Morelet—a fine land snail. The Lepidoptera, however, are very distinctly related to the entomic fauna of the Himalayas, East India, and the Malayan Archipelago. During a stay of several years in Hongkong, the writer devoted much time and attention to the study of the insular fauna, and formed large collections of the lepidoptera and terrestrial mollusks. In the spring of 1883, the writer published a work on Hongkong, in which a short list of the diurnal Lepi- doptera was given. But this list was necessarily incomplete, as the writer had not enjoyed any opportunity of subjecting his collections to competent scientific inspection and classification. Since then, thanks to several important works which have appeared on the Insect Fauna of various parts of Asia, the writer has been enabled to compile the following list in a far more thorough manner. Outside of Donovan’s ‘“ Insects of China ”— which will be mentioned later on—no work has ever been published on the entomology of China, and, beyond a few chapters in the 1885. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 83 journals of passing naturalists, the enumeration and description of the Hongkong insects have been entirely neglected. Despite this fact, a rich field there awaits the collector and the scientist, as the beetles, butterflies and moths are often of exceptional size and great beauty. An Attacus (male) in the writer’s possession measures no less than eleven and one-half inches across the wings. Of beetles alone—according to Frauenfeld—Mr. John Bowring (son of Governor Bowring, of Hongkong), collected more than twelve hundred species, many of which were new to science. In compiling the following list, the entomology of various other localities throughout the province of Kwangtung has been taken into special consideration. Notably that of the other islands in the Ladrones group of the Lo-fan Mountains—where some time was spent in collecting—and of Macao. In the latter port the writer passed several months, and succeeded in making valuable collections, thanks to the courtesy of Governor da Gra¢a, who did everything in his power to facilitate the work. A complete catalogue and description of the collections then made have since been embodied in a work entitled ‘‘ Fauna Macanensis,” recently forwarded to the Portuguese Government. It is somewhat diffi- cult to keep the entomology of Hongkong entirely distinct from that of adjacent islands and mainland. As has already been stated, the hills opposite Hongkong practically introduce the insect fauna of the entire Kwangtung Province. At times, months or even years may pass before the reappearance of a certain species ; and then a favorable wind may waft it unexpectedly into the flower- gardens of Victoria, there, mayhap, to completely puzzle the brains of some ardent entomologist. In the following list, how- ever, all doubtful species have been so far as possible excluded, and only such admitted as have been identified by scientists of acknowledged ability. Reference has been made to the following works :— Donovan, A. The Insects of China, 2d ed., 1842 (Westwood). Frauenfeld. Die Novara Expedition, Sitzungsber. d. mathem. naturw. Cl. K. K. Acad. d. Wissensch., Wien, xxxv, 1859, 10. Butler, A. Lepidoptera Heterocera in the British Museum, Pts. Elwes, H. J. Butterflies of Amurland, North China and Japan. Proc. Zoolog. Soc. London, 1881. 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1885. Distant, W. L. Rhopalocera Malayana, Pts. i-v, London and Penang, 1882. Pryer, H. A Catalogue of the Insects of Japan, Trans. Asiatic Soc. of Japan, 1883. Donovan’s ‘Insects of China’ isa mere primer on the vast subject included in its title, and very incorrect at that. Since his day, entomological nomenclature has undergone many changes, and even the classification of genera and species has not been left undisturbed. For the sake of completeness, however, it is per- haps advisable to append the meagre list of Lepidoptera, which Donovan notes as coming from Hongkong. It includes but fifteen butterflies and four moths :— Papilio paris, Linn. Cynthia almana, Linn. Papilio agenor, Linn. Limenitis leucothoe, Linn. Papilio agamemnon, Linn. Limenitis eurynome, Linn. Papilio epius, Jones. Thecla mecenas, Jones. Papilio demetrius, Linn. Pieris hyparete, Linn. Sesia hylas, Linn. Pieris (Iphias) glaucippe, Linn. Glaucopis polymena, Linn. Pieris (Thestias) pyrene, Linn. Phalena attacus. Argynnis eurymanthus, Drury. Saturnia atlas, Linn. Cynthia orithya, Linn. (Husemia lectriz, Linn., doubtful.) Cynthia enone, Linn. In Mr. H. J. Elwes’ list I find further one butterfly mentioned as coming from Southern China, which I have never met with in Hongkong. Thisis Thaumantis howgua, Westwood, named prob- ably after that rich Cantonese merchant so well known twenty or thirty years ago. Those marked with an asterisk (*) in the following list are contained in the writer’s collection, but several others in this collection have still to be identified. *Papilio xuthus, Linn. («uthulus, Linn.). This insect occasionally finds its way to Hongkong, but is tolerably numerous around Canton and further north, and abun- dant in Japan. The imago invariably appears under the xuthulus form in the spring. The female is dimorphic, it feeds on various kinds of Citrus, especially C. trifoliata. *Papilio maackii, Men. (Dehaani, Feld.). Very frequent in the Lo-fan Mountains; less so in Hongkong. Found also in North China and Japan. 1885. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 85 *Papilio helenus, Linn. Rare; has been taken also in Shanghai and Nagasaki. *Papilio pamnon, Linn. This gorgeous butterfly is not uncommon about May, and con- tinues to visit the island from time to time until September. *Papilio memnon, Linn. This is one of the largest of the Hongkong Lepidoptera. The markings of the female are totally different from those of the male,.which is altogether a smaller insect. Also Southern Japan. *Papilio sarpedon, Linn. Quite common throughout the year. North China and Japan. *Papilio demetrius, Cramer. Occasionally seen in autumn. Common in Japan. *Papilio paris, Linn. Abundant.