Cr*^ PROCEEDINGS OF THE Academy of Natural Sciences OF PHILADELPHIA Volume LXI1 1910 philadelphia : The Academy of Natural Sciences LOGAN SQUARE 1910-19H The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, February 2, 1911. I hereby certify that printed copies of the Proceedings for 1910 were mailed as follows: — Pages 1-32 March 33-144 \pril 145-254 May 255-270 May 271-382 July 383-430 July 431-462 July 463-494 August 495-534 October 535-566 December 567-614 January 615-694 January EDWARD J. NOLAN, M.D., Recording Secretary. 29 1910 26 1910 23 1910 26 1910 21 1910 25 1910 29 1910 17 1910 6 1910 13 1910 14 1911 27 1911 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE! Henry Skinner, M.D., Witmer Stone, Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., William J. Fox. Ed-\yard J. Nolan, M.D. The President, SamuelJG. Dixon, M.D., LL.D., ex-officio. EDITOR: Edward J. Nolan. M.D. 7 / f ^ CONTENTS For A nnouncements, Reports, etc., see General Index. PAGE Barbour, Thomas. A note regarding the Chinese Alligator 464 Bilgram, Hugo. Unusual forms of Myxomycetes 271 Boyer, Charles S. Jelly-pores in the Diatomaceae 271 Bush, Katharine J., Ph.D. Description of new Serpulids from Bermuda, with notes on known forms from adja- cent regions. Plate NXXVI 490 Colton, Harold Sellers. Modiolaria marmorata and its surface film 42 Cook, Margaret Harris, Ph.D. Spermatogenesis in Lepi- doptera. Plates XXII-XXVII 294 Fowler, Hexry W. Thamnophis butleri in Pennsylvania 149 Notes on the Variation of some species of the Genus Notro- pis. Plates XY-XXI 273 Notes on Batoid Fishes 468 Description of four new Cyprinoids (Rhodeinop) 476 Little-known NeAv Jersey Fishes 599 Notes on Chimseroid and Ganoid Fishes 603 Anew Albuloid Fish from Santo Domingo 651 Fowler, Henry W., and Dr. Richard J. Phillips. A new fish of the Genus Paralepis from New Jersey 403 Moore, J. Percy, Ph.D. The Polychsetous Annelids dredged in the U. S. S. "Albatross" off the coast of Southern California in 1904: II. Polynoidae, AphroditkUe and Segaleonida?. Plates XXVUI-XXXIII 328 Nolan-, Edward J., M.D. A BiographicalNotice of Henry Cad- walader Chapman, M.D., Sc.D. With portrait 255 Palmer, T. Chalkley. Stauroneis Terryi D. B. Ward. Plate XXXIV 456 Anew Diatom. Plate XXXV 460 Pennell, Francis W. Flora of the Conowingo Barrens of Southeastern Pennsylvania 541 IV CONTEXTS. PAGE Pilsbry, Henry A., Sc.D. A new species of Marinula from near the head of the Gulf of California 148 A new Haitian Oligocene Horizon 487 Land Mollusca of the Panama Canal Zone. Plate XXXVII . 502 Pilsbry, Henry A., and Amos P. Brown. The Mollusca of Mandeville, Jamaica, and its Environs 510 Pilsbry, Henry A., and J. H. Ferriss. Mollusca of the Southwestern States: IV. The Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. Plates I-XIV 44 Rehn, James A. (4. On the Orthoptera of Bermuda 3 Some notes on Idaho Orthoptera, with the description of a new species of Trimeropteris 12 Rehn, James A. G., and Morgan Hebard. A revision of the North American Species of the Genus Ischnoptera (Orthoptera) 407 Records of Georgia and Florida Orthoptera. with the descriptions of one new species and one new subspecies.... 585 Preliminary Studies of North Carolina Orthoptera 615 Sargent, C. S. Crataegus in Pennsylvania. II 150 Smith, Burnktt. Notes on some little-known Fishes from the New York Devonian 656 Smith, EdgarF. Some Berks County Minerals >. 538 Southeran, R.. B.Sc. A new species of Enchytraeid Worm from the White Mountains 18 Vanatta, E. G. Bermuda Shells 664 Walker. Bryant. Variations of Polygyra albolabris in Michi- gan 21 Wherry, Edgar T., Ph.D. The Copper Deposits of Franklin and Adams Counties, Pennsylvania 454 PROCEEDINGS OF THB ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES or PHILADELPHIA. 1910. January 4. J. Percy Moore, Ph.D., in the Chair. Twelve persons present. The Council reported the appointment of the following standing Committees to serve during the year: Finance : John Cadwalader, Edwin S. Dixon, Effingham B. Morris, James D. Winsor, and the Treasurer. Publications: Henry Skinner, M.D., Witmer Stone, Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., William J. Fox, and Edward J. Nolan, M.D. Library: Thomas Biddle, M.D., Thomas H. Fenton, M.D., Henry Tucker, M.D., and Frank J. Keeley. Instruction and Lectures: Benjamin Smith Lyman, Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., Charles Morris, Witmer Stone, and Henry Tucker, M.D. The death of Israel W. Morris, a member, December 17, 1909, was announced. Henry Leffmann, M.D., made a communication on parasitism in plants. (No abstract.) 1 2 proceedings of the academy of [jan., January 18. Henry Skinner, M.D., in the Chair. Twenty-five persons present. The deaths of the following were announced: Edward A. Jessup, a member, April 4, 1909; John Ford, a member, January 10, 1910; Peter - MacOwen, a correspondent, December 1, 1909; R. Bowdler Sharp, a correspondent, December 25, 1909. Dr. William Morton Wheeler made a communication on the effects of parasitic and other kinds of castration on insects. (No abstract.) Hamilton D. Carpenter was elected a member. The following were ordered to be printed: 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. ON THE ORTHOPTERA OF BERMUDA. BY JAMES A. G. REHN. In the spring of 1909 the Academy received from Mr. Frank M. Jones a collection of Bermudan Orthoptera which had been secured by him during a residence of some months in the islands. This sending was supplemented later by several others, the whole series, while not large, being of considerable interest, as Mr. Jones endeavored to secure every species seen during his stay, which lasted from Decem- ber, 1908, to the latter part of April, 1909. The examination of the literature on Bermudan Orthoptera demonstrated how imperfect and unsatisfactory was the last summary of the Bermudan repre- sentatives of the order, that of Verrill. In consequence the pub- lished records were gathered together, the determinations of necessity being given as recorded unless the synonymy was well known and established, the results of the material on hand and the published records being incorporated into the paper here presented. Twenty-eight species are here recorded, of which two taken from previous authors have only generic reference. A tabulation of the species according to their distribution (omitting the two without specific identification) gives the following results: Peculiar to Bermuda 2 Tropical and subtropical America 2 South America, Antilles and Bermuda ] North America and Bermuda 5 Circumtropical 3 North America, West Indies and Bermuda 3 Cosmopolitan 5 All America 2 North America, Bahamas and Bermuda 1 North America, Mexico, Cuba, Bahamas and Bermuda 1 North America, Mexico and Bermuda 1 From this it would appear that the greater portion of the Qrthop- terous fauna of the region is closer related to that of the mainland than to that of the Antilles, excluding, of course, from consideration the cosmopolitan and circumtropical forms, which probably have been introduced bv commerce. 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP [Jan., The author wishes to express his indebtedness to Mr. Jones for his interest and energy which brought to light the most remarkable of the two known endemic species. DERMAPTERA. LABIDURID^. Labidura bidens (Olivier). Five adult males, one immature male and three adult females from Paget West, taken December 9 to March 24, have been examined and compared with Georgian and Cuban material of the species. This species has been recorded (as L. riparia) by Uhler, Dahl, Scudder and Verrill. The latter states (p. 827) that it is "not uncommon, occur- ring among debris along the shores, and also in storehouses," Uhler (p. 156) has suggested the probability of its introduction by com- merce. Anisolabis maritima (Bon.). According to Verrill (p. 827) this species is common under decaying debris and stones at high-tide mark. No Bermudan specimens have been seen by us, and no other author has recorded the species from the islands. Anisolabis annulipes.(HY Lucas). This widely distributed species is represented by a male and four female individuals taken in Paget West, December 9 to March 30. One female, taken March 30, 1909, has the femoral annuli practically absent. Kirby1 has described the Bermudan insect as distinct, but Caudell had shown it is not separable from the typical form of this almost cosmopolitan species. ORTHOPTERA s. s. BLATTID^J. Blattella germanica (Linnaeus). Verrill (p. 826) recorded this species on local authority, but no speci- mens had been seen by him. Ceratinoptera diaphana (Fabricius). Scudder recorded this species from the collection made by J. M. Jones, while the present series contains three adult males, three adult females and five immature individuals taken in Paget West, January 2 to May 17. The collector's notes are to the effect that the specimens 1 Anisolabis antennata, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, XXIII, p. 517, 1891. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 5 were beaten from cedar trees and the species was found rarely under stones in woods. The species is widely distributed in the West Indies. Blatta orientalis Linnaeus. Included on the authority of Verrill, who states (p. 825) that it is mostly confined to dwellings and ships. Periplaneta americana (Linnseus). This widely distributed species has been recorded by J. M. Jones, Uhler, Dahl, Hurdis and Verrill, and is represented in the series in hand by a single male from Paget West. It is stated to be extremely abundant during the hot summer months, particularly in old houses surrounded by trees, and Verrill (p. 824) entertains the possibility of its being indigenous. F. M. Jones' note. "Not often seen, perhaps more abundant indoors," may be explained by the season when collecting was done not being the hot summer months, although the suggestion of greater abundance indoors is probably the more potent explanation. Periplaneta australasiae (Fabricius). Scudder and Verrill have both recorded this species, the latter author considering it common in the fields, under stones and in buildings. An adult male from Paget West and one nymph from the same locality, taken May 8, are before us. The collector's notes are to the effect that the species is very abundant under stones out of doors. Leucophaea maderse (Fabricius). This widely distributed species has been recorded from Bermuda by J. M. Jones, Uhler, Hurdis and Verrill. The latter author states that it is very common in storehouses, while Jones and Hurdis agree in considering it less abundant than P. americana. The former of these two last mentioned authors states (p. 110) that it is rarely seen except in cellars and other dark places, and that it is known locally as the "knocker," from a habit of making a noise like a person gently tapping on a box or board. The present collection contains one female from Paget West, the notes accompanying which are the same as those on Periplaneta americana, and which can probably be ex- plained in similar fashion. Pyonoscelus surinamensis (Linnaeus). This species has been recorded by Scudder, Dahl and Verrill, and is represented in the present series by two adult females and five imma- ture specimens, taken in Paget West, December 11 to January 24. It is found under stones and considered common. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., MANTIDJE. Stagmomantis sp. Verrill (p. S23) records on Henshaw's authority a species of this genus in Bickmore's collection from Bermuda. Mr. F. M. Jones (in litt.) comments as follows on this record: "The mantis recorded was perhaps a stray specimen, otherwise I should have seen at least the egg-masses before this." PHASMID^]. Anisomorpha buprestoides. On Henshaw's authority Verrill (p. 823) also records this species as taken in Bermuda many years ago (about 1861) by A. 8. Bickmore. The fact that* both this and the preceding species have been unnoticed by other collectors, in spite of their conspicuousness wherever found, leads one to suspect the possibility of erroneous labelling. ACRIDID^J. Orphulella pelidna (Burmei*rer). Uhler (p. 152) has recorded this species as Stenobothrus maculipen- nis, one of its synonyms. Probably 0. olivacea is the species to which the reference should belong. Orphulella olivacea (Morse). Scudder (p. 43) has recorded this species, and a series of two males and five females taken in Warwick Parish, December 11 to April 18, are now before us. Probably Dahl's record of a species of Orplnda and J. M. Jones' "small yellowish-brown colored grasshopper" belong- to this species. The latter author says (p. Ill) the species is " common on open tracts, particularly where the sandy waste is relieved by tufts of grass." The notes with the specimens in hand are to the effect that it is not rare and found on the south shore of Warwick Parish. Orphulella speciosa Scudder. This species was recorded by J. M. Jones in 1876 on Scudder's deter- mination, the record being published as Stenobothrus bilineatus, one of the synonymic names of the species. It appears probable to the author that the record really refers to 0. olivacea, a species unrecog- nized at that date. Dissosteira Carolina (Linna-us). This species has been recorded by Jones and Verrill, and three females from Paget West, December 16-27, 1908, and summer of 1909 are in the present series. The two December specimens were the only ones seen by the collector during his stay, the summer individual having been sent him by a friend. These specimens have the median 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. i carina of the pronotum lower and more uniform in elevation than in the majority of specimens from the United States. Scnistoceroa americana (Drury). Caudell (p. 330) has recorded this species from Bermuda. Paroxya bermudensis Rehn. 1909. Paroxya bermudensis Rehn, Ent. News, XX, p. 343. [Warwick Parish, Bermuda.] The full data for this most interesting species are given in the original description. It is apparently a form which matures late in the fall and in early winter, as search in March, April and May in the section where the types were taken on January 15 revealed only immature individuals. TETTIGONID^3. Neoconocephalus triops (Linnaeus). Verrill (p. 821) has recorded this species as Conocephalus dissimilis on Henshaw's authority. Neoconocephalus maxillosus (Fabricius). This Antillean species is represented in the present series by a single male and two females taken in Paget West, December-January and summer of 1909, and at Walsingham, February 16. These specimens are smaller than Redtenbacher's measurements of the species, but otherwise no differences exist. The male Paget West individual measures as follows : Length of body 24.0 mm. Length of fastigium 1.2 Length of pronotum 7.5 Length of tegmen 30.5 " Length of caudal femur 18.0 This is the first record of the species from Bermuda. Neoconocephalus fusco-striatus "(Redtenbacher). Scudder (p. 43) has recorded this species, and a pair taken in Paget West, December to January, are before us. According to the accom- panying notes the species is not common at that season. Orchelimum vulgare Harris. Uhler (p. 158) has recorded this species on the basis of a badly broken female individual. Conocephalus fasciatus (DeGeer). (Xiphidium fasciatum Auct.) One male and three females of this species taken in Paget West are in the present series. This is the first record of the species from Bermuda, where it is said to be locally abundant. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., GRYLLID^J. Gryllus bermudensis Caudell. This form, recently described on the basis of a single specimen, is represented in the present collection by an interesting series of forty- one individuals taken in Warwick Parish, in Paget West and on St. George Island, on a number of dates in December, January, April and May. The majority of the specimens are accompanied by habitat data, and the whole series presents some light on the extent of variability in size, proportions and coloration in material of this genus from a circumscribed locality. The striking coloration of the tj^pe is hardly equalled in the series before us, although closely approached, but in no case is the extent of ochraceous on the head as great as originally described. Mr. Cau- dell, while in Philadelphia, kindly looked over some of the material treated in this connection and, as far as memory served him, he con- sidered the specimens to belong to his species. It is apparent that the majority of specimens are darker and less contrastingly colored than the type, and it is as evident that a considerable amount of color variation is present in the species. From a type with the head and pronotum blackish, marked on the gense, shoulders of pronotum, borders of the lateral lobes, cephalic edge of pronotal disk and around the eyes with ochraceous, and having the tegmina and limbs rufo- testaceous, the series can be laid in a graduated transition to a nearly uniform blackish type. The specimens from the south shore of War- wick Parish exhibit a constant type of coloration for the habitat, four males and two females from this section, all taken in April and May, having the head and pronotum shining black, with little or no ochraceous and comparatively pale tegmina and limbs. A depau- perate pair from the meadows of Paget West, all seen from the locality, are blackish brown without any pale color, except on the angle of the tegmina where there is a touch of testaceous. The other series are either of a uniform type, blackish brown with a limited and variable amount of ochraceous on the genae and pronotum, or each locality has several different shades of coloration. In size we have an interesting case of depauperation in five specimens from Paget West and Warwick Parish Meadows and Warwick Parish without further data, all the other material being of what might be considered more normal size. Careful tabulation of the proportions of the ovipositor and caudal femora reveals a variable disparity between the two, and while the correlation with the habitat is barren of results of a positive character, the suggestions are rather significant. The proportions of the females are as follows : 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 9 Caudal femora. Ovipositor. Meadow: Warwick Parish 9.3 mm. 9.0 mm. « " " 10.3 " 10.5 " Paget West 10.0 " 9.2 " South shore: Warwick Parish 12.0 " 16.5 " « » " 11.5 " 16.0 " Inland: Paget West 12.8 " 18.0 " « « « 10.2 " 12.0 " " 10.8 " 11.8 " " Warwick Parish 11.5 " 13.0 " " 10.8 " 10.5 " " 11.3 " 12.5 " « « " 11.5 " 11.8 " " « « 11.3 " 12.5 "" •• 12.8 " 13.0 No habitat given : Paget West 11.5 " 11.5 " 12.8 " 16.5 11.0 " 13.8 " " 11.8 " 13.0 " Warwick Parish 10.0 " 9.5 " " 12.0 " 15.0 " St. George Island 11.2 " 13.5 tt a a Retabulating the same specimens for the excess of one of these proportions over the other we have the following: Caudal femora Ovipositor exceeding exceeding ovipositor, caudal femora. Meadow: Warwick Parish 3 mm. mm. tt it u << 2 " Paget West 8 " — " South shore: Warwick Parish — 4.5 a it a " 4.5 " Inland: Paget West " 5.2 " a n tt " 1.8 " tt tt a . " 10 " " Warwick Parish — " 1.5 " u u tt 3 «< " tt a it tt j2 u tt a a " .3 " a a a « 1.2 " a a it tt 2 " No habitat given : Paget West 0 " .0 " it tt a " 37 " a it tt a 2.8 " a tt a tt 2 2 " Warwick Parish — " .5 " it it tt << 30 '■ St. George Island " 2.3 tt 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.. The series is divided as follows on wing length : Short-winged. Long-winged. a 9 a 9 Meadows : Warwick Parish 2 1 2 Paget West - 1 1 South shore: Warwick Parish 2 2 Inland: Paget West 1 1 3 2 " Warwick Parish 2 2 5 No habitat given: Paget West 2 3 3 1 Warwick Parish 1 1 St. George Island - - 1 It is interesting to note that the depauperate individuals are all long-winged. At the present time it does not appear desirable to attempt to make any statement on the systematic relationship of this species. To regard it as an entity worthy of a name, whether specific or subspecific, appears to us to be a necessary course, but what its possible origin was or nearest affinities are can only be determined by careful quan- titative work on not only this, but also the closely related North American and West Indian species of the genus. Mr. Jones' notes are to the effect thai the species is very abundant under stones. Gryllus luctuosus Serville. This species has been recorded by Uhler and Verrill, and also as the synonymous dbbrevicUus by the latter author. It is quite probable that these references really belong to the preceding species, G. ber- mudensis. Gryllus assimilis Fabricius. Dahl has credited this species, but no doubt the reference really belongs to G. bermiulensis. Liphoplus krugii Saussure. Four females of this species, taken January G and 18 in Paget West, are in the collection. When compared with Cuban specimens they are found to be inseparable. The collector's notes are to the effect that the species is not frequent and that the specimens were beaten from cedar trees. This is the first record of the species from the Bermudas. Cylindrogryllus sp. Dahl has recorded an undetermined species of this South American genus as living in numbers on a gray-leafed shrub growing in moist places. A strong suspicion exists in the author's mind that the well- 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 11 known Liphoplus krugii may have been erroneously determined as a Cylindrogryllus by Dahl. Literature. 1S59. Jones, J. M. The Naturalist in Bermuda. London. Orthoptera on pp. 109-112. Five species mentioned. 1876. Jones, J. M. The Visitor's Guide to Bermuda, with a Sketch of its Natural History. London. Orthoptera by Scudder, p. 144. 1889. Uhler, P. R. Observations on the Insects of the Bermudas. In Angelo Heilprin, The Bermuda Islands, pp. 152-158. Six species of Orthoptera mentioned. 1S92. Dahl, Ft. Die Landfauna von Bermuda. In Ergebnisse Plankton-Expe- dition der Humboldt-Stiftung, Bd. I, pp. 104-112, taf. III. Six species of Orthoptera mentioned on page 109. 1897. Hurdis, J. L. Rough Notes and Memoranda relating to the Natural History of the Bermudas. Notes on three species of Orthoptera on pp. 326-327. 1897. Scudder, S. H. [Xote on Bermuda Orthoptera.] Psyche, VIII, p. 43. Six species listed. 1902. Verrill, A. E. The Bermuda Islands: Their Scenery, Climate, Produc- tions, Physiography, Natural History and Geology; with sketches of their Early History and the changes due to Man. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci., XI, pt. II. Orthoptera on pp. 821-828. Eighteen species recorded with more or less certainty. 1903. Caudell, A. N. Notes on the Orthoptera of Bermuda, with the Descrip- tion of a New Species. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., V, pp. 329-331. Thirteen species mentioned. 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., SOME NOTES ON IDAHO ORTHOPTERA., WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TRIMEROTROPIS. BY JAMES A. G. REHX. The following notes and records are based on a small but interesting collection of Orthoptera made in the month of July at Springfield, Bingham County, Idaho, by Dr. Henry Skinner. One of the most interesting species in the collection is Trimcrotropis rebellis Saussure. a form which stood on our lists as a species unrecognized in American collections for several decade^. MANTIDiE. Litaneutria minor (Scudder). One female. This is the first exact record of the species from Idaho, Scudder's only record from that State being "Southern Idaho," taken from Bruner's record of " Ameles sp." AORIDIDiE. Cordillaoris affinis Morse. Four females. July '_'."). These specimens agree with the characters given by Morse for sepa- rating tnis species from C. occipitalis, and in addition the species is seen to differ in the narrower interspace between the eyes. This species was described from Ormsby County. Nevada, and is here recorded from outside that State for the first time. Stirapleura delioatula (Scudder). One female. July 25. This is the first Idaho record of the species. Hippiscus neglectus (Thomas). One female. July 25. This specimen lacks the pale line along the posterior anal vein seen in some individuals. Hippiscus validus Scudder. Two females. July 24. These specimens have the tegmina several millimeters longer than the measurement given by Scudder for the species, which was de- scribed from Blaine County, Idaho, and also exhibit other minor 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 13 differences; but inasmuch as the specimens show considerable indi- vidual variation in themselves, it appears preferable to regard the material in hand as validus, at least until further information is avail- able. Conozoa wallula Scudder. One female. July 25. Trimerotropis rebellis Saussure. Two males, one female. One dated July 25. These specimens fully agree with the original description of the species which was described from California. Rehn and Hebard's T. bilobata is the closest relative of this species, differing, however, in the characters given in the diagnosis of their species. Trimerotropis gracilis (Thomas). One female. This species has been recorded from Birch Creek, Idaho. Trimerotropis arenaceus n. sp. Types : cT and 9 ; Springfield, Bingham County, Idaho. July 25, 1906. (Henry Skinner) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila,] Related to T. albolineata Bruner and T. cristata McNeill, with specimens of both of which it has been compared, differing from both in the more robust build, the glaucous caudal tibiae and the suppression of the dark dorsal bar on the entire length of the lateral lobes of the pronotum. The general color is much like that of Trimerotropis maritima interior, but the pronotal crest is very much more decided than in that race. Size slightly less than the average for the genus ; form moderately slender; surface of the body more or less distinctly punctate except for the glab- rous venter of the thorax and abdomen. Head with the occiput and interocular region strongly arcuate and distinctly elevated dorsad of the disk of the pronotum, the interspace between the eyes being hardly (d1) or distinctly (?) broader Fig. 1.— Trimerotro- than twice the width of the basal antennal joint; ^s aJ'er^ace^s n- " sp. Lateral out- fastigium nearly half again as long as broad, line of head and decidedly excavate with a low medio-longitudinal pronotum of male . . type. ( x 3.) carina, lateral carina) well elevated, the depression extending caudad to between the eyes and not markedly delimited from the occiput, cephalad separated more or lass distinctly by a V-shaped carina from the frontal costa; lateral forveolse distinct, impressed, tri- 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., gonal; frontal costa compressed dorsad of the insertion of the antennae, expanding between the antenna?, very slightly constricted ventrad of the ocellus and thence expanding to the clypeal suture, moderately sulcate for a short distance ventrad of the ocellus, slightly sulcate dorsad of the same; eyes quite (c?) or moderately (9) prominent, in length about equal to (J1) or slightly shorter than (9) the infraocnlar sulcus; Fig. 2. — Trimerotropis arenaceus n. sp. Dorsal view of female type. ( X 2.) antenna? distinctly exceeding the head and pronotum in length. Pro- notum with the greatest dorsal width about equal to the greatest length; median carina distinctly elevated and cristate on theprozona, divided rather deeply into two lobes of which the cephalic is twice the length of the caudal, although but slightly higher than the caudal, the outlines of the lobes being rounded, except for the caudal por- tion of the margin of the cephalic lobe which is subangulate, varying in the two types, median carina distinct on the metazona, but not elevated except cephalad; lateral angles distinct, irregular cephalad, 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 15 carinate on the cephalic portions of both the prozona and meta- zona; cephalic margin broadly obtuse-angulate, caudal margin slightly obtuse-angulate, metazona about one and one-half times the length of the prozona; lateral lobes deeper than long, subequal in width, ventral margin oblique, the ventro-caudal margin rounded, ventrad with a very blunt and low process. Tegmina exceeding the apex of the abdomen by about ( 9 ) or nearly (cT) the length of the head and pronotum together, rather slender, the greatest width contained about five and one-half times in the length, the apex oblique rotundato- truncate. Wings rather narrow, the greatest width very slightly more than half the length. Caudal femora of medium build, the ventral carina hardly arcuate and not produced; caudal tibiae with eight to nine spines on the external margin. General color very pale pinkish ochraceous, becoming yellowish on the abdomen and venter, the overlying markings being dull, burnt umber. Head with the occiput obscurely mottled, the gense pale but clouded with pale bluish and the carina? beaded with the darker color, a faintly indicated transverse bar indicated by very weak clouds and clustered beading on the carina? being present immediately ventrad of the antenna? and another midway between this and thesutural margin; eyes raw sienna; antenna? regularly annulate umber and pinkish, the annulations .usually occupying a whole joint each . Pronotum uniformly st ippled with the umber dorsad the lateral lobes with the metazona nearly uniform with the dorsum, the prozona with two longitudinal umber bands, one dorsad and the other mesad, the area between pale, a more or less distinct hoary white spot present about in the middle of the lateral lobes. Tegmina with the punctations of umber grouped irregularly into a median and one or two proximal groups, very poorly defined and limited almost entirely to the discoidal field, the distal half occa- sionally (d* type) with an additional small irregular group indication and always with distinct infuscation of the longitudinal veins, infuscate cross veins in some cases forming contrasting cells. Wings with the proximal half pale greenish yellow, the apical portion hyaline with the principal veins blackish brown; transverse bar blackish brown varying some in intensity, narrow, in no case solid but always with the vein infuscation giving the body to the bar, nearly or quite reaching the caudal margin but not continued on it toward the internal margin; spur rather broad, reaching halfway to the base of the wing, separated by a very narrow hyaline area from the wing band. Cephalic and median limbs annulate more or less distinctly by clouds and bead grouping on the carina?. Caudal femora with four distinct black 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., areas on the internal face, one proximal, one distal, one premedian, one postmedian, the base color here pale greenish yellow, external face with two more or less distinct oblique bands, dorsal face with the bars of the internal face continued more or less distinctly upon it, ventral face dull yellowish with a distinct preapical black band and occasionally ( 9 type) a median one is more or less distinctly indi- cated; caudal tibiae glaucous, cream colored proximad with the gen- icular section blackish on the internal face, spines with their apical halves black; caudal tarsi pinkish_ochraceous. Measurements. & 9 Length of body 20.5 mm. 27.0 mm. Length of pronotum 4.0 " 5.5 " Length of tegmen 21.5 " 29.0 " Length of caudal femur 11.5 " 15.0 " A series of five male and three female paratypes have also been examined. These exhibit a slight amount of variation in size and an appreciable amount of difference in the intensity of the depth and size of the tegminal color blotches and in the intensity of the femoral bars. The wing bar is variable in intensity, but not in position or extent, and the general pale color varies only in two lines, i.e., one toward a more pinkish type, the other toward a more distinctly ochra- ceous shade. The dorsal section of the frontal costa is distinctly sulcate in the majority of the paratypic males, but this is not nearly so apparent in the females. In one of the few specimens in which a median blackish spot is present on the ventral sulcus of the caudal femora it extends distinctly toward the base. Trimerotropis laticinota Saussure. One female. July 25. This specimen has the left tegmen considerably aborted, its length being but three-fourths that of the normal right one. Trimerotropis vinculata Scudder. Ten males, fourteen females. Several dated July 25, remainder not dated. One specimen has the head, thorax and abdomen hoary, while the majority of the series are slightly darker and more contrasted in coloration than the usual type, the markings being blackish brown. Circotettix oarolinianus (Thomas). Three males, one female. July 25. These specimens are similar in size to a pair from Soda Springs, 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 17 Idaho. In two of the males which are spread the wings are without infuscation except along the radiate veins. TETTIGONIDiE. Idiostatus variegata Caudell. Two females. The type material of this species consisted of a single female taken at Pocatello, Idaho, which remained unique until the present time. The measurements of the caudal femora and ovipositor of the Spring- field specimens are as follows: Length of caudal femora 19.5 mm. 22.5 mm. Length of ovipositor 18.5 " 18.2 " Stenopelmatus fasciatus Thomas. Two females. 2 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., A NEW SPECIES OF ENCHYTRJEID WORM FROM THE WHITE MOUNTAINS. BY R. SOUTHERN, B.SC. In the late summer of 1907, after the meeting of the International Zoological Congress at Boston, Dr. Scharff visited the White Moun- tains in New Hampshire. He informs me that earthworms were very rarely met with in the forests at elevations of 2,000-3,000 feet, but he succeeded in finding a few specimens of Helodrilus (Dendro- bcena) rubidus Savigny, forma typica, under the bark of trees. The typical form of this species has not yet been recorded with certainty from North America. Michaelsen, in 1900/ doubtfully includes North America, but later2 he confines its distribution to Europe and Asia. The variety subrubicunda (Eisen) is widely distributed over the whole Northern Hemisphere. The typical form is endemic in the British Isles, Germany, France, Switzerland, Siberia and Iceland. Its occurrence on the latter island and on the eastern side of North America is interesting with reference to theories of a former land connection between Europe and North America by way of Iceland and Greenland.3 After a close examination of the American speci- mens, I was unable to find a single character distinguishing them from the same species, which occurs commonly in Ireland. In some damp moss, in which Dr. Scharff brought back some living slugs and newts from the White Mountains at an elevation of 2,000 feet, I found a single mature specimen of an Enchytrseid worm which appears to be new to science, and for which I propose the name Henlea scharffi sp. n. It is 10 mm. long, and milky-white in color. The epidermis of the prostomium and first segment is covered with small glandular papillae. The clitellum is formed by a mosaic of large granular glands, and occupies the 12th segment. In the anterior ventral bundles there are 5 seta?, which are approximately equal in length, slightly curved, 1 Das Tierreich, Oligochceta, Lief. 10, 1900, p. 490. 2 Die Geographische Yerbreitung der Oligochceten, Berlin, 1903, p. 140. 3 R. F. Scharff, On the Evidences of a Former Land-bridge between Northern Europe and North America, Proc. Royal Irish Academy, Vol. XXVIII, B, 1909, p. 1. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 19 and widely separated at the base. The head-pore is situated between the prostomium and first segment. The brain (fig. 1) is concave before and behind. The length exceeds the breadth, and the greatest breadth is near the posterior end. No salivary glands were observed. The ccelomic corpuscles are large, flat, broadly oval to circular disks. .The intestine widens out somewhat gradually at the beginning of the 9th segment. There are no intestinal pouches. The dorsal vessel rises in the 9th segment, and the blood is colorless. Three pairs of septal glands are present in the 4th, 5th and 6th segments. The nephridia (fig. 2) have a large anteseptal, somewhat longer than broad. The postseptal is 2 to 3 times as long, and the duct, Fig. 1. — Henlea scharffi sp. n. The brain. Fig. 2. — The nephridium. Fig. 3. — The spermatheea. Fig. 4. — The spermatheea seen through the body of the worm. which equals the postseptal in length, rises from the anterior end. The spermathecae, which lie in the 5th segment, are long and slender, showing no differentiation into duct and ampulla (figs. 3 and 4). The opening to the exterior is surrounded by a large rosette of glands. Fig. 4 shows this from the inside. This description is very inadquate, owing to the lack of material, but sufficient was seen to differentiate this form from all other species of the genus. H. scharffi is characterized by the structure of the ne- phridia and spermathecae, the number of setae, the place of origin of the dorsal vessel, and the absence of salivary glands and intestinal pouches. This species falls into that somewhat unsatisfactory section of the genus which is characterized by the absence of intestinal pouches. This group includes: 1. Henlea dicksoni (Eisen). 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., 2. H. rosai Bretscher. 3. H. pratorum Br. 4. H. sulcata Br. 5. //. lefroyi Beddard. 6. H. dorsalis Br. 7. H. rhcetica Br. 8. H. st oil i Br. None of these species have yet been recorded from North America. They may be separated as follows: 1. Salivary glands \ P**"* 2' • E \ absent 6. 2. No sharp distinction between oesophagus and intestine H. lefroyi. Very sharp distinction between oesophagus and intestine 3. 3. Nephridial duct rises at the front end of the postseptal....//. dicksoni. Nephridial duct rises at the back end of the postseptal 4. 4. Dorsal vessel rises in the 8th segment H. rosai. Dorsal vessel rises in the 7th segment 5. 5. Nephridia with broad anteseptal H. pratorum. Nephridia with small anteseptal H. sulcata. 6. Swelling of gut in the 8th segment 7. No swelling of gut in the 8th segment 8. 7. Setae of anterior ventral bundles 4-6 H. dorsalis. Setae of anterior ventral bundles 6-8 H. rhcetica. 8. Spermathecae uniform in width; dorsal vessel rising in the 9th segment H. scharffi. Spermathecae differentiated into duct and ampulla; dorsal vessel rising in the 8th segment H. stolli. Members of this genus are characterized by the sudden change in diameter of the gut, where the oesophagus passes into the middle intestine, and by the frequent presence at this point of intestinal outgrowths or pouches. In H. scharffi these pouches are absent and the change in diameter is gradual, and is spread over half a seg- ment. In this feature it bears some resemblance to the species H. lefroyi, described by Beddard4 from India. In the latter species Beddard — working on preserved material — found that the oesophagus passed without any abrupt change in dimensions into the middle gut. The two species also resemble each other in being without the intestinal pouches. The genus Henlea includes a somewhat heterogenous assembly of species, and will probably be found to contain several distinct generic types. However, the present species may be placed provisionally in this genus. The type-specimen is preserved in the Irish National Museum, Dublin. * Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1905, II, pp. 61-64. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 21 VARIATION OF POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS IN MICHIGAN. BY BRYANT WALKER. Polygyra albolabris Say is not only the largest, but one of the most abundant and widely distributed species of the genus. It inhabits the whole of the Eastern States and Canada, ranging north to the Saskatchewan, south to Florida and west to Nebraska, Kansas and Texas. It may be fairly said to be the characteristic land snail of the region. In view of the enormous extent of territory which it occupies, and the very diverse environmental conditions to which it is subjected, it would naturally be expected to show a very considerable range of variation. This Is true particularly in the Southern States, where in the southeast two well-marked varieties {major Binn. and fusco- labris Pils.) have been developed, and in the southwest a third (allcni Weth.), which practically replaces the typical form west of the Missis- sippi from Missouri to Texas. In the region north of the valley of the Tennessee River and east of the Mississippi, however, the typical form is everywhere present and, except in size and contour, presents no substantial variation. Barring var. dentata Tryon, a dentate form, and var. fusca Billings, a color variation, which do not come within the province of this paper, the only varieties to receive recognition have been based mainly on size. There have been three of these to appear in the literature, of which only one has been fully described, viz.: var. mariiima Pils.1 from the New Jersey coast. Var. minor Sterki2 from New Philadel- phia, O., is simply stated to be "a peculiar, small, thin-shelled form." While var. traversensis Leach3 was never described at all, but was a MSS. name attached to a small form collected by Leach near Traverse City, Michigan, which is stated by Pilsbry4 to be "scarcely distin- guishable" from var. mariiima. In the preparation of the writer's Illustrated Catalogue of the Mollusca 1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 283. 2 L. and F. W. Mollusks of New Philadelphia, O. (1S94). The var. minor of Wetherbv (1881) and of Sampson (1893) are referred to var. allcni Weth. by Pilsbrv, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903. p. 197. 3 Manual of Conch., IX, p. 76 (1894). 4 Cat. Land Shells of Am. (1898). 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., of Michigan, the fact of these references to a small form of Polygyra albolabris raised a question as to whether there was really a small race in Michigan worthy of varietal distinction or not, and led to the investigation, the results of which are embodied in this paper. The material used consisted of 511 specimens, contained in six distinct sets as follows: Fig. 1. I. Two hundred and twenty-five specimens, representing the writer's collection of Michigan albolabris. These shells are from all parts of the State. It contains 53 separate lots, varying from 1 to 11 in number, from 38 of the S3 counties of the State. The accompairying chart 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 23 shows the various counties represented in the collection, and the larger figures the total number of specimens from each county. While an inspection of this chart shows a lamentably large number of coun- ties wholly unrepresented, it is to be borne in mind that the physical conditions of Michigan are much more uniform than in many other States where there is a greater diversity of surface, and that, therefore, as far as they go the specimens from the region south of the Saginaw- Grand Valley may be fairly considered as representative of all the counties in that district; the shells from the Grand Traverse region as of those characteristic of the sandy plains of the northern part of the Lower Peninsula, and those from the Upper Peninsula as repre- sentative of that region. The small number of specimens from so large an area is, of course, unfortunate, but that could not be helped. In considering the results of a study of this series, it is necessary to bear in mind the manner in which it has been accumulated. It is not an entirely "unprejudiced" series of specimens, i.e., it does not include in every instance all the specimens that were collected at the locality represented. The collection in this particular may be divided into three classes: 1. A very considerable number of sets, mostly small in number of individuals, which are all the specimens that were collected at the particular place represented. 2. Sets received from correspondents, which were, no doubt, selected from a more or less extensive series of duplicates. 3. Sets collected by myself and selected from a larger number of specimens. In such cases it has always been my intention to preserve a representative series, consisting of the extreme forms and a fair representation of what appeared at the time to be average specimens. But, of course, the proportion of extreme specimens would be largely in excess of what it would be had the whole series been retained. In view, therefore, of the very large proportion of selected speci- mens included in the series, it would seem likely that the series as a whole would give results, especially as to size, that would be in excess of that obtained from an entirely unprejudiced series. II. One hundred and twenty-four specimens from Isle Royale, Lake Superior, Mich., collected by the University of Michigan Expe- dition in 1906. This series includes all the specimens collected on the island. The number of specimens was so much larger than the series from any other Michigan locality that it was deemed best not to incorporate it with the general Michigan series, on account of the 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., preponderating influence it would have in determining the extent of variation in the shell as a whole. As shown by figs. 5 and 7, however the results, so far as the variation in height and width are concerned would not have been substantially changed. But the size of the average shell would be considerably reduced. III. One hundred and fifty-two specimens from Cincinnati, O., collected by the late A. G. Wetherby. This was Prof. Wetherby's duplicate series, and may be fairly considered to be a representative series from that locality. It was used as being the only large series from a single locality available as a basis of comparison with the Michigan specimens. IV. Seven specimens of P. albolabris maritima Pils. from Cape May, N.J., viz. : 3 from the collection of Mr. G. H. Clapp; 3 from that of the writer and the type as given by Pilsbry in the original descrip- tion. V. Three specimens of P. albolabris minor Sterki from New Phil- adelphia, 0., received from Dr. Sterki. VI. Nine specimens of the original lot of P. albolabris traversensis, collected by Leach near Traverse City, Mich. This set is also included in the general Michigan series (I). For the purpose of comparing these different series and platting the results, three different measurements have been used: 1. The height, which is the distance from the apex to the lower base of the lip, measured on a line parallel with the axis. 2. The greater diameter, measured on a line at right angles to the axis and including the lip. 3. The ratio of the height to the diameter, obtained by dividing the altitude by the width, the resulting percentage being the axial index of the shell.5 This method in the case of albolabris gives a reasonable basis of comparison as to the proportionate height of the shell, although it is obvious that it is neither accurate nor satis- factory as a basis for a comparison of shape, as two shells may have the same axial index and yet one be trochiform and the other planorboid. Owing to the comparativeh' low spire and large body whorl of albolabris, no satisfactory method of determining the com- parative elevation of the spire and angular divergence of its sides has been suggested, and attempts in that direction were abandoned as futile. «See Baker, Am. Nat., XXXVIII, p. 661 (1904). 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 25 The Cincinnati Series. Say did not give the locality of his type of albolabris nor its height. Its width is given as one inch. W. G. Binney (Manual Am. Land Shells, p. 299) gives 30 x 17 mm. as the size of typical albolabris, but gives no information as to the basis on which the measurement was determined. In the absence of any better basis for comparison, the Cincinnati series was adopted as probably representative of the species in the Ohio Valley and a locality about midway between the northern and southern range of the typical form. 7 / \ /j" 1 / 1 li / / 1 / I 1 1 1 1 / I / V 1 / 7 / \ / ,r \ 1 \ 1 J \ \ f / i V \ / \ \ ) /6 /S II -t 20 ± Z/ i. ZZ,?>w* ft i | -i v s i- / / \ / / 60 61 64 66 68 70 72 Ht Hv»V Fig. i — Axial index — 152 Cincinnati. In comparison with the variability in height and width, the curve of the axial index is remarkably simple, showing great uniformity in the series in the general proportions of the shell. The curve is practi- cally unimodal, culminating at 67 per cent., the average being 66 per cent. Eighty-nine specimens or 58 per cent, have an index between 66 and 68 per cent. The Minor Varieties. The number of authentic specimens of the three smaller varieties available for study is too small to justify platting a curve for them separately. The dimensions of the several specimens of each form are as follows : 1. Var. maritima Pils.: Alt 13. 006 17.50 15.25 15.25 16.00 17.00 15.00 Diam 22.00 24.00 23.00 22.00 22.50 24.00 21.50 Index 59 .73 .66 .69 .71 .71 .70 6 Pilsbry's type. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 27 The average shell is 22.7 x 15.6 mm., with an index of .68. Com- pared with the remainder of the series, the type is more depressed, having an index of .59 as against an average index of .70. 2. Var. minor Sterki : Alt 15.75 13.75 13.25 Diam 24.00 20.50 19.25 Index 66 .67 .69 The average shell Is 21.25 x 14.25 mm. with an index of .67. 3. Var. traversensis Leach: Alt 14.00 13.50 13.75 13.00 12.25 Diam 23.75 21.25 20.50 21.00 19.75 Index 59 .61 .67 .62 .67 Alt 15.00 13.75 12.50 12.00 Diam 23.00 22.00 20.50 20.00 Index .65 .63 .61 .60 The average shell is 21.31 x 13.31 mm. with an index of .63. At the same time that Dr. Leach collected these recent shells, he also collected a series of fossil shells from the marl lying beneath the present forest, where the typical set was found. The series is of interest as showing that, as a local form, this variety has existed in the same place for a very long period of time and substantially unchanged in character. The dimensions of this series (14) are as follows: Alt 15.00 17.75 Diam 23.00 25.75 Index 65 .67 Alt 16.00 14.50 Diam 25.00 22.00 Index 64 .66 Alt 14.75 Diam 22.50 Index 66 The average shell is 22.14 x 14.71 mm. with an index of .66. Com- paring this series with the recent shells, it is to be noted that while the range of variation both in height and width is greater in the fossil series, the average shell in each series is very nearly the same. The 17.00 15.75 16.50 26.00 23.25 23.00 .65 .68 .72 14.50 13.00 14.00 22 25 21.25 21.50 .65 .61 .65 12.00 12.75 12.50 18.00 19.00 17.50 .66 .67 .71 Diam. Index. 22.70 .68. 21.25 .67 21.31 .63 22.14 .66 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., fossil shell, however, is slightly larger, .S3 mm. in diameter and 1.4 mm. in height, and proportionately higher. Comparing the average shell of the four series, we have: Alt. maritima 15.60 minor 14.25 traversensis (recent) 13.31 (fossil) 14.71 This shows that, while all the western shells are smaller and more depressed than the eastern form, the average minor and fossil travers- ensis, though somewhat smaller than the average maritima, have nearly the same index. The recent traversensis, however, are not only considerably smaller but also proportionately more depressed. While the recent shells are too few in number and too variable to establish a satisfactory curve, the following arrangement of the several frequencies in the 19 specimens is nevertheless of interest, both as showing the range of variation and for comparison with other series. Diam 19.25 19.75 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.25 No 1113 11 Diam 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.75 24.00 No 13 12 13 Average, 22.97 mm. Alt 12.00 12.25 12.50 13.00 13.25 No 1112 1 Alt 13.50 13.75 14.00 15.00 15.25 No 13 12 2 Alt 15.75 16.00 17.00 17.25 No 1111 Average. 14.21 mm. Index 59 .60 .61 .62 .63 .65 No 2 12 111 Index 66 .67 .69 .70 .71 .73 No 2 3 2 12 1 Average, .66. Comparing these results with those derived from the Cincinnati series, it is to be noted: 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 29 1. That while both series vary greatly in diameter they do not overlap, there being a break of 1.75 mm. between the largest of the "minor" series and the smallest of the Cincinnati shells. The average diameter of the minor series is 22.97, as against 28.35 mm. in the Cincinnati series, and that while 62 per cent, of the Cincinnati series are from 27 to 29 mm. in diameter, more than 68 per cent, of the minor series are from 20 to 23 mm. in width. 2. That notwithstanding this great difference in size, the propor- tions of the shells of both series are substantially the same, the index of the minor series ranging from .59 to .73 and that of the Cincinnati series from .60 to .74, the average index in both series, however, being the same, .66. 3. That while perhaps it may be claimed that the minor series is too small, in proportion to the Cincinnati series, to give any satisfactory comparison, nevertheless the evidence, such as it is, certainly tends to show the existence of a smaller race of substantially the same general shape, but averaging 5.36 mm., or 19 per cent., smaller in diameter. The General Michigan Series. As shown by the figure, this series exhibits great variability in i^iii{*t«iat«i^i^i^t«i4i*t*^*i'"" f—4 Fig. 5 — Widths — Upper line, 225 Michigan and 124 Isle Royale. Lower line, 225 Michigan. size, ranging from 18.75 to 34.25 mm. in width, with an average of 26.95. The major mode is at 29, with minor modes at 30.5, 28, 26.75 and 25. The average is 26.95 mm. There is a decided break at 24.5, below which there is a series of minor modes at 24.23, 22 and 19.75. Were it not for the strong minor mode at 24.75 and 25, the break at 24.5 would be much more conspicuous. As the fifteen specimens 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., aggregated at these points are from twelve different localities, scattered all over the State and in both peninsulas, it is evident that this is a feature of the Michigan race as a whole, and not the result of a few sets of strongly characterized local forms. The same peculiarity- appears in the Isle Royale series (fig. 12), and is intensified when the two series are combined (fig. 5). It is similar to the strong minor mode culminating at 30.25. Indeed, the diversion of the whole series between 24.50 and 34.25 mm. into five well-marked groups is quite striking. In the same way the minor series below 24.5 is divided into five similar groups. It is to be noticed that the break in this series at 24.5 is sub- stantially at the same place where the break occurs between the Cin- cinnati and the "minor" series. This is apparently more than a mere coincidence. It is certainly corroborative evidence tending to strengthen the inference drawn from the comparison of those series. Of the 225 specimens in the Michigan series, 55 are 24.5 mm. in diameter or less and 170 are more than 24.5. Of the smaller group 8 are from the Upper Peninsula and 47 from the Lower. Of the larger series 34 are from the Upper and 136 from the Lower Peninsula. That is, in the Upper Peninsula 19 per cent, belong to the smaller race and 26 per cent, in the Lower Peninsula. In fig. 1 the number of specimens of 24.5 mm. or less in diameter from each county are represented by the smaller figure. Thus in Kent County, of the 30 specimens in the series, 9 are of the smaller race. In considering the probability of the existence of a small race, it is necessary to distinguish between dwarf individuals, which occur occasionally in all series of any extent, and a race of small individuals, which are all more or less characterized by their diminutive size, It is only the latter, of course, that is entitled to recognition in any proper varietal sense. From an inspection of fig. 1, it will appear that, while the small individuals are fairly well scattered over the State and in some cases are no doubt individual dwarfs, they are nevertheless more numerous in the northern part of the State, where the environmental conditions are generally more unfavorable to molluscan life and likely to affect the species as a whole. And it is significant also that of the entire series of 55, no less than 37 occur in the four counties of Charlevoix, Grand Traverse, Huron and Kent. The series from Kent is peculiar in being from so far south and in a county where the typical form is also well represented. The series, however, is well marked and proba- 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 31 bly the result of some peculiar local conditions. Unfortunately all data on this point are lacking. On the whole, therefore, there seems to be reasonable ground for dividing the Michigan series into two groups at this point (24.5 mm.), and for the purposes of this paper they will be treated on that basis, although there is no doubt but that a certain proportion of the series of smaller shells are individual and not racial diminutives. For purposes of convenience and ignoring all questions of synonomy between the varietal names of maritima, minor and traversensis, the smaller race will be termed the "minor" form and the larger race will be referred to as the "major" form. *? ) _i l1 T If J 1 \ \ \ 1 1 '7 \ ' | i\ | \ 1 \ \ / ' \ \ / 1 s 9 i I \ s \ \ JS 60 6i Fig. 6- 6« 6S 68 70 72 T* 70 7g/»«*. Axial index — 225 Michigan. The range of variation in the axial index of the Michigan series, taken as a whole, is very considerable, ranging from .59 to .75, with an average of .67. The curve is multimodal, but within rather narrow limits, the major mode being at .65, a conspicuous minor mode at .67, and two others of the same height at .63 and .71. Compared with the Cincinnati series, it shows much greater variability but with nearly the same average proportion. One hundred and seven specimens, or 48 per cent., are between .64 and .68, while only 63, or 28 per cent., are between .66 and .68, as against 59 per cent, in the Cincinnati series. 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP [Jan., w +- 3-J i- _L_ , it f4 7^^t-4t 2C /j / > '\ ' i - T nft ,j d _H ttt/lS 4t 4T 4- t Itt' 4V 4T ft + « - 4 t-i44t 4? r- tt tf -,£ I t-,t1t £4 h^ t 41 hU , 43 t 44f-E - t j i ™ in: ? I r ■ lit _ II I Ifffi 2EI , I 3 Jit 2 SE_I THS Ct 7 r Lit ' v 71 D 1/' JL e ->JS> ,. Z L 4 4 J2 v Z"v ^S„^ v iJi v -,C ^ i Z S_' SZ IZr _ S ii IS^. J" -v£ V4 s , S_ZSZ^ '2 V SLl S _^ n i3 t i« t at i /« ~t n -t " -£ /? •£ zo £ ■*' -i W ir ** " 2Vi*»/* Fig. 7— Heights— Upper line, 225 Michigan and 124 Isle Royale. Lower line 225 Michigan. The 170 specimens of the major form vary in height from 15.25 to 24.25, with an average of 19.06 mm. The major mode is at 17, with well-marked minor modes at 18, 20 and 20.75. In width (fig. 5) the series vary from 24.75 to 34.25 mm., with an average of 29.31. The major mode is at 29, with conspicuous minor modes at 25, 26.75, 28 and 30.5. ?^ 2S^ _ > 7 s./ £ zs _ -V 3Z ^Zv-, , S_Z\^ 3Z /Z 1 .'3 ± ,y ± /J" ± 16 ■£ qnv-^. Fig. 8 — Heights — 55 Michigan, minor form. The 55 specimens of the minor form vary from 12 to 17 mm. in height, with an average of 14.67. The curve is practically trimodal, with the modes at 13.75, 14.75 and 15.75. In width (fig. 5) this series ranges from 18.75 to 24.5 mm., with an average of 22.3. The curve is multimodal, with nearly equal modes at 19.75, 20.5, 22, 23, 23.75 and 24, indicating a higher degree of variability than in the major form. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 33 !1 tf "1 J ,'/ '1 - \ n it 1 t\ T_ t~ i / \ / / \ / 1 i / \ \ / » i 7 s / \ j \ / \ *■» ' 6o 61 6V 66 63 70 7* 7u 7s -jg Fig. 9 — Axial index — 170 Michigan, major form. The axial index of the major form varies from .59 to .78, with an average of .67. The curve is multimodal, culminating at .65, with minor modes at .63,*.67 and .71. The similarity between this curve and that for the entire Michigan series is very striking, and both have a general resemblance with that of the Cincinnati series, but show greater variability. 1 J — r :::::: zh -it 4\ - 'iii^szBii-h::: J ::/::: =d"z^:" /__[ if- •Tf 61 6i1 06 61 io 72 14 TH-ms. Fig. 10— Axial index — 55 Michigan, minor form. The index of the minor form ranges from .59 to .74, with an average of .66. The curve is also multimodal, but shows greater variability than in the typical series. The major mode is at .67, with minor modes at .61, .63 and .71. The Isle Royale Series. This series is of interest as being, like that from Cincinnati, repre- sentative of a comparatively restricted region with no great variation 3 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., in the environmental conditions. Compared with the general Michigan series, coming from a very much greater extent of territory and representing the effect of very diverse conditions of environment, it would naturally be expected, like the Cincinnati series, to show much le.-s variation. This is true so far as the height of the shell is con- cerned. But in width the range of variation is much greater and is more similar to that of the general Michigan series. This is owing to the fact that both the Isle Royale and Michigan series extend below 24.5 and include the minor race, which does not appear in the Cincinnati series. -,z~u -i it » 1 t 1Z 4 4 tt I_] ft T I 1 3l_4.. ZL , ^\ t i~j vZv tt J i IJ SL\ LI I II J_^ I , 7\ L-, - 4 W Y^ , _S__ '■ „j v iSZ"^ _ - >i -t is- -i is i a i it i /? -i zo ■£ Zi ± m Fig. 11— Heights— 124 Isle Royale. In height the Isle Royale series varies from 14 to 21.5 mm., with an average of 17. As in the Cincinnati series, the curve shows con- siderable variation, but within narrower limits than in the general Michigan series, the range of variation in both being within lh mm., while in the general Michigan series the range of variation covers 12^ mm. The curves of both the Isle Royale and Cincinnati series are very similar, the former, however, showing somewhat great variability and averaging 1.78 mm. lower. Fifty-seven specimens or 46 per cent, are between 15.5 and 17 mm. in height, as against 50 per cent, between 18 and 19 mm. in the Cincinnati series. 1 J£- 41' Si it -i i 1 4 tt 4 I ZI I J EH I I -«--«- I 7- \7^—' u J JSZS7 s i V -f ^t =t s^ ±t -- -, I5_Z v S_Z J± - ZZ * 2,3 J- ZH ZJ ZS Zf ± ■So 2. K.w*\f- Fig. 12— Widths— 124 Isle Royale. In width the Isle Royale series varies from 21.75 to 30.75 mm., with an average of 25.86. The curve is very similar to that of the general Michigan series, but within somewhat narrower limits, 21.75-30.75 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 35 as against 18.75-34.25. The average shell is smaller, being 25.86 as against 26.95 nun. It is to be noted that a decided break occurs in the curve at 24.5, as in the general Michigan series. Thirty-six specimens or 28 per cent, are 24.5 or less in diameter, as against 24 per cent, in the general series. Eliminating these, the curve of the remaining 88 specimens of the major form is quite similar in a general way to that of the Cincinnati series and to that of the major race in the general Michigan series, but is like the latter in showing greater variability as compared with the Cincinnati series. The range of variation in the Isle Royale and Cincinnati series is about the same, but only two-thirds that of the general Michigan series. The three series may be compared as follows : Cincinnati varies from 25.75 to 32.5 or within 6.75 mm.; average 28.35. Michigan varies from 24.75 to 34.25 or within 9.50 mm.; average 29.31. Isle Royale varies from 24.75 to 30.75 or within 6.00 mm. ; average 26.97. / i / 1 / \ i / \ / \ / \/ \ l 7 \ 1 \ f j \ i f \ i / f ! . i Y \ / 1 ^3 j-6 ■•ys Go 61 sa 66 <*? lo li. Tif THn\. Fig. 13— Axial index— 124 Isle Royale. The axial index of the Isle Royale series varies from .59 to .72, with an average of .65. The curve is bimodal, with the major mode at .65 and the minor at .67. It is intermediate between that of the Cincin- nati series and that of the general Michigan series, which it resembles more than it does the former, differing mainly in being more simple by the suppression of the conspicuous minor modes at .61, .63 and .71 . Comparative Notes upon the Different Series. ] . The shells of the Upper and Lower Peninsulas. 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., Of the general Michigan series, 42 are from the Upper Peninsula and 183 are from the Lower. As shown by figs. 5 and 12, the curve of widths in both series is very similar. This being so, if the Upper Peninsular examples from the general series are added to the Isle Royale series, we shall have a fair basis for comparison of the species as between these two portions of the State. There are then 166 Upper Peninsular specimens and 183 from the Lower Peninsula. 1 1 / 1 1 I \ | tit l \ 1 \ 1 / 1 / i \ / \ \ \ J \ I / \ \ 6 1 /' i i / \ j\ 1 1 y /■ / \ / \ /' \ \ 1 \ \'l \ (\ \ \ J \ • . i \ / r > \ \ \ (X. i / t, \ \ i I 1 i \ \ / S s / s / \ ■ \ y \ 1 \ / k E i r / > i i u / ■y I i 6 n : r / 8 -L 2. / f 2 to K 1.1 t n. J. I « z>J inunty. Fig. 14 — Heights — a to b, 183 Lower Peninsula; c to d, 166 Upper Peninsula. The Lower Peninsular series varies in height from 12 to 24.25 mm. with an average of 18.10. The Upper Peninsular series ranges from- 14 to 21.50 mm., with an average of 17.02. The Lower Peninsular series not only has a much wider range of variation, but is more variable within that range. Both series are alike in having a conspicuous mode at 17 mm. But the conspicuous modes at 16 and 21.75 mm. in the Lower Penin- sular series are practically lacking in the Upper Peninsular series. In other respects the two curves are very similar. T 1 t 3Z 1^ --u i\ - At $ j_v a -U — tt— --, z z :::: : :: : ■* :::::: ;::j i <±2j:[ i± i % —i 3-r / , 2 / S E .V vi • \ \ J t ■> - ^ VA ' 'V A v J \J-/ I A"/ i ^'25221 •'/ 3 r \ yy \ * \ tit H-r. ■ s- ^A7i^ ■%*■ - \/ v- 12 -v \JA- ;* s zc itzzzzlzzlzlzl .1. \Z A — Zjl it;-] 2— 5T > * * ' t ** t " - t " t »i i w t jr t-.M. t n t M t If i le i a t 4* t jj t J" 1 »> Fig. 15— Widths — a to b, 1S3 Lower Peninsula; c to d, 166 Upper Peni nsu In width the two series show the same general similarity, exhibiting great variability with conspicuous modes at nearly the same points, the Lower Peninsular series differing mainly in the prominent modes at 29 and 30.5 mm. and in the greater range of variation. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 37 The Upper Peninsular series varies from 21.75 to 30.75 mm. with an average of 25.81, while the Lower Peninsular series ranges from 18.75 to 34.25 mm. with an average of 27.10. It is to be noted that both curves show the same decided break at 24.5 mm. Forty-seven or 25.7 per cent, of the Lower Peninsular and 44 or 26.5 per cent, of the Upper Peninsular shells are 24.5 mm. or less in diameter, while 122 or 73.5 per cent, from the Upper Peninsula and 136 or 74.3 per cent, from the Lower belong to the major race so called. n "1^~ > fl "l 24 I I "T i i \ >' \ a ! '1 V ' 1