mn •m mm : ^^^ NS^,>y DO NO CULATE ^.V:.:>-^>^' ^ >N 0- S^ibnirn of tijc |llu5cum OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, AT nARVAKD COLLEGE, CAMERIBCE. MASS. iFounticiJ b]) pifbatc subscvfptfoii, in ISGi. Prom the Library of LOUIS AGASSIZ. No. ^2^^. ..A^. r1n/y / PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY HELD AT PHILADELPHIA PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE Vol. VII JANUARY 1859 TO JANUARY 1861 PHILADELPHIA PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY C. SHERMAN &. SON 1861 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Vol. VII. JAxNUARY— JUNE, 1859. No. 61. Stated Meeting, January 7, 1859. Present, eighteen members. Dr. George B. Wood, President, in the Chair. The judges and clerks of the annual election, held this day for officers of the Society, repoi'ted that the following named members were elected officers of the Society for the ensuing year: — Presif]e7it. George B. Wood. Vice Presidents. John C. Cresson, Isaac Lea, George Sharswood. Secretaries. Charles B. Trego, E. Otis Kendall, John L. Le Conte, J. P. Lesley. Members of the Council, for Three Years, Isaac Hays, Robert E. Rogers, Henry C. Carey, Robert Bridges. Curators. Franklin Peale, Elias Durand, Joseph Carson. Treasurer. Charles B. Trego. VOL. VII. A Dr. Wood, the newly elected President, then took the chair, and expressed his acknowledgments to the Society for the ho- nour conferred upon him. Letters were read from Capt. W. F. Lynch, U. S. N. dated Philada. Dec. 28, 1858, acknowledg;ing the receipt of notice of his election as a member of the Society; — from Col. J. D. Gra- ham, dated Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 25, 1858, enclosing a dona- tion of fifty dollars to aid in the Society's publications. For this donation the thanks of the Society were directed to be communicated to Col. Graham: — and from John F. Frazer, dated Dec. 30, 1858, resigning his membership in the Society; which letter was laid on the table. The following donations for the Library were announced: — Astronomical Journal, No. 119. — Frovi Dr. B. A. Goitld. Monthly Notices, Roy. Astron. Soc. XIX. 1. — From the Society. Revue de I'Art Creticnne; Recueil mensuel d'Archeologie reiigieuse dirige par M. I'Abbe J. Corblet. Deuxicme annee. No. 9. Paris, 1858. 8vo. Lite and Services of John Lyon; The Marbles of Vermont; Two Addresses before the V^crmont Hist. Soc. by P. II. White and A I. D. Hagar. (Pamphlet 42 pp.) Burlington, 1858. 8vo. — From the Society. Report in the N. Y. Times, of the Address of Dr. Hays before the N. Y. Geographical Society, Dec. 18, 1858. — From the Author. Report of the Improvement of the Kanawha and Ohio rivers by arti- ficial lakes, by C. Ellet, Jun. C. E. Phil. 1858. 8vo. Die quinarc und vigesimale ZiihhTiethode bei volkern aller vvelttheile; nebst ausfuhrlichercn bemerkungen (iber die Zahlworter Indoger- manischen stammes; und einem anhange uber Fingernamen. Von Dr. A. F. Pott. (300 pp.) Halle, 1847. S\o.— From F. L. O. Rohrig. Die grundzuge der Finnischen sprache, mit riicksicht auf den Ural- altaischcn sprachstamm. Von H. Kellgren. (100 pp.) Berlin, 1847. Qwo.—From F. L. O. Rohrig. La Hongrie ancienne et moderne; histoire, arts, litterature, monu- ments; par une societe de litterateurs, sous la direction de M. J. Boldenyi. (400 pp.) Paris, 1851. 8vo. with illustrations. — Fro?ri F. L. O. Rohrig. Journal Acad. N. S. Phila. VI. 1. — Fro?n the Society. Amer. Jour. Med. Sciences. Jan. 1859. — From Blanchard 6^ Lea. Medical News and Library. Jan. 1859. — From Blanchard 6^ Lea. Maryland Institute: Book of the XI. Exhibition, 1858 From the Institute. American Iron Association, Bulletin and Statistics. Philadelphia, 1858. 4to. Proceedings Amer. Antiq. Soc. Oct. 21, 1858. Boston. — From the Society. Amer. Jour. Sci. and Art. New Haven No. 79. — Fromihe Editors. On motion of Prof. Cresson, the Society proceeded to the nomination of a Librarian, in compliance with Sec. 1, Chap. VIIL of the amended laws of the Society, and Mr. J. P. Les- le}' was nominated for election to that office: after which, on motion, the nomination was closed. Pending nominations for membership, Nos. 3S5, 3S6 and 3S7, were read, and the Society was adjourned. Stated Meeting, January 21, 1859. Dr. George B. Wood, Pi'esident, in the Chair. Present, sixteen members. The following donations for the Library were announced: — Quarterly Jour. Lond. Chem. Soc. XLII. — From the Society. Official Army Register for 1859. — From the War Department. African Repository, No. 1. From the Am. Colonization Society. Journal, Franklin Inst. Jan. 1859. — Fromthe Listitute. A Key to the Trustees' statement; letters to the majority of the Trus- tees of the Dudley Observatory; by G. II. Thacher. (126 pp.) Albany, 1858. 8vo. — Fromthe Avthor. Obs. on the Genus Unio. VI. 2, 1858. 4to. — From Isaac Lea. Eleventh Annual Report of the Regents of the University on the con- dition of the Slate Cabinet, &c. Albany, 1859. 8vo. — From the Board of Regents. Seventy-first An. Rep. of the Board of Regents. (384 pp.) — From the same. An. Rep. of the Trustees of the N. Y. State Library. (80 pp.) 1858. Catalogue of Books on Bibliog. Typog. and Engraving in the N. Y. State Library. Colonial Doc. Holland Doc. If. (770 pp.) Albany, 18.58. 4to. Account of the remains of a fossil extinct reptile recently discovered at Haddonfield, N. J. (16 pp. from Proc. A. N. S.) Philadi • 1859. 8vo. — From Isaac Lta. Twelve .Memoirs of M. Jules Bienayme presented at various times to the French Academy. — From Mrs. E. Smith. Professor Treii;o hiid upon the table a mineral deposite from the hot springs of Munnikurrun, in the immediiitc vicinity of the eternal snows of the Himalayas, about SOO miles north of Simla, in Upper India. The speciinen exhibited was obtained from beneath the boiling; water of the sprinj^s, in November, 1867, by J. Tiiomas, M.D., and presented by him to Prof. Tre<:;o. The temperature of these hot springs is 196° F. which is above the boiling point of water at that place, it being near 7000 feet abov^e the level of the sea. The rock formation in the vicinity is gneiss and granite, accompanied with occa- sional layers of chloritic or talcose slate. The specimen laid befoie the meeting much resembles, in shape and general ap- peaiance, a petrified fungus of vegetable growth. The surface of the lower portion and stem is covei'ed with warty excres- cences of a black colour, while the flat surfjice of the top has a smooth coating of a browMiish yellow tinge. The interior is composed of delicate, shining yellow fibres, closely aggregated, snd generally radiating from the central portion or stem. Dr. R. E. Rogers, upon examination of this mineral de))osite, finds the dark coloured coating to be a mixture of the oxides of iron and manganese; the fibrous portion is carbonate of lime co- loured by oxideof iron; and the smooth top coating is carbon- ale of lime with a smaller pi"oj)ortion of oxide of iron. Dr. R. E. Rogers called the attention of the Society to some facts in electricity, and exhibited an instrument calculated for the development of induced electricity, being a modification of Rumkorff's coil, devised by Ritchie. He described the opera- tion of this instrument in producing primary and secondary currents, and in arresting or absorbing the backward current, so as to allow a free discharge of the forward current; and ex- plained the effects and inferences to be deduced from the facts mentioned by liim. The list of surviving members of the Society was read. The number on the first of January, 1S59, was 383; of whom are resident in the United States 284, and in foreio;n countries 99. Mr. J. P. Lesley was elected Librarian for the ensuing year. The Standing Committees of the Society were appointed, as follows: Flufuice; Messrs. Fraley, Justice, J. F. James. Puhlicdtion; Dr. Hays,^ H. C. Carey,* Dr. Bridges. Hull; Mr. Peale, Judge King, Prof Coppee. Library; Mr. Ord, Dr. Bell, Rev. Dr. Stevens. The Society proceeded to ballot for candidates for me.mber- ship. On motion of Mr. Foulke, it was agreed that a committee of ten members be appointed to consider and report upon the condition of the Society, and whether any and what measures should be adopted to increase its future usefulness. The Pre- sident was requested to appoint the committee, and announce it at a future meeting. All oth.er business having been concluded, the ballot box was opened, and the following named gentlemen were declared by the presiding officer to be duly elected members of the So- ciety:— Oswald Thompson, of Phihuielphia. Edmund C. Evans, IvI.D. of Cliester County, Pennsylvania. Caspar Wister, iNLD. of Phihulelphia. And the Society was adjourned. * Resigned April 15. T. P. James, Dr. Ed. Hartsliorne appointed. 6 Stated Meeting, February 4, 1859. Dr. Wood, President; in the Chair. Present, eighteen members. Letters were read from the Regents of the University of the State of New York, dated Albany, Jan. 17, 1S59, announcing a donation for the Library; — from Col. Graham, dated Chica- go, Jan. 31, 1859, enclosing a donation of ^33.62, in aid of the Society's publication; — and fi'om Oswald Thompson, dated Jan. 25, 1859; Ed. C. Evans, M.D. dated Highfield, Feb. 1, 1859; and Caspar Wister, dated Jan. 29, 1859, severally ac- knowledging the receipt of notice of election to membership. The following donations for the Library were announced: — Monthly Notices R. Astr. Soc. XIX. 2. London. — From the Soc. Geol. Rejx:)rt, S. W. Branch Pacific R. R. in Missouri by G. C. Swal- low. St. Louis, 1859. (100 pp. with a map.) 8vo. — From G. C. SicaUow. Philada. Water Works, An. Rep. of Chief Engineer. Philada. Jan. 1859. (50 pp. 2 copies.) — From City Councils. Mr. Fraley announced the decease, at Boston, of the Ame- rican historian, Wm. PI. Prescott, a member of this Society, aged 63 years; and suggested that Mr. Banci'oft might perhaps be present at some future meeting, and be induced to deliver a eulogy on the deceased. Mr. James announced the decease, at Caml)ridge, Mass. of the American astronomer, Wm. C. Bond, a member of the So- ciety. The Committee directed at the last meeting to be appointed to consider and repoi't upon the condition of the Society, was named by tiie President to consist of Mr. Foulkc, Di". F. Bache, Dr. Dunglison, Prof. Cresson, Mr. Lea, Mr. Fraley, Judge King, Dr. \i. PI Rogers, Dr. J^eidy, Dr. Le Conte, and (on motion of Mr. Foulke) Dr. Bell and Dy Laroche. The Librarian presented estimates of the cost of additional shelves to accommodate the books, which, on motion of Dr. Bell, were referred to the consideration of the Committee on the Hall, with power to act. Dr. R. E. Rogers exhihited the capacity of the Rumkorff coil (as modified by Ritchie), for generating electricity of high ten- sion and great volume. Dr. Rogers explained, by experiments with a small but powerful electi'ical machine armed with a wooden ring, in the hollow of which was concealed a solid wire ring (not alluded to by the maker or describers of the machine), how the volume of the common electrical machine can be in- definite.y increased, without diminishing the tension, by simply protecti.'ig its condenser from the air, which, even in its most favourable conditions, cannot but occupy itself incessantly with carrying off the electricity. Dr. Rogers succeeded in affording such protection to the common condenser by simply making it hollow, and facing the inside instead of the outside with a me- tallic surface. The same result is obtained by insulating the outside surface by means of a heavy coat of varnish. A silk gown thrown over the operator standing on an insulating stool, makes him a ])owcrful condenser, upon this pi'inciple. Slated Meeting, Februarij IS, 1859. Prof. Cresson, Vice-President, in the Chair. Present, thirteen members. Letters announcing donations for the library were read from the I. R. Geol. Inst, dated Vienna, Nov. 30, 1857, Jan. 10, 1858;— the I. Soc. of Nat. of Moscow,-dated June 5-17, 1858; —the R. Sax. Soc. dated Leipsig, April 28, and July 18,1858: —the U. Hess. S. N. H. dated Giessen, Aug. 6, 1858:— the R. Dan. S. dated Copenhagen July 1, 1858:— the R. A. S. at Am- sterdam, dated Dec. 10, 1857, and June 23, 1858: and the scientific commission of the Zool. Gard. of Amsterdam, dated March, 1858. Letters were also read from the R. A. S. at Amsterdam, ac- knowledging the receipt of the Society's publications: — from Dr. D. Bierens de Haar, calling the favourable attention of the 8 Society to his published tnbles of definite integrals, dated De- venter, March, 1S5S:— tVom Wm. H. Miller, F. Sec. of the R. S. dated London, January 19, 1S59, relative to the supply of missing numbersof the A. P. Transactions: — from E. Everett, Pres't. Trustees Boston Pub. Lib. dated Boston, Jan. 1859, announcing the presentation of Dr. Bowd itch's library to the B. P. L. and requesting a continuation of exchanges. The following donations for the Library were announced: — African Repository. XXXV. 2.—F?'om the Amer. Col. Society. Giornale . . . Instituto Lombardo,y. xlvii.-liv. — From the Institvte. Memorie ... VI; VII, /. i, ii, iii. 1856, 18o8.—Fro/n the same. Atti . . . . I. R. Is. Lombardo 1,/. i-v. Milan, 1858. 4io.— From the same. Bulletin . . . Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, 1857, ii-iv, 1858, i. — From the Society. Jahrbuch . . . K. K. Geol. Reich. 1857. VIII. No. 2, 3. 8vo.— From the Institvte. Bericht . . . K. Sach. Gesell. Phil. hist. C. 1856, iii, iv, 1857, i, ii, 1858 i.— Math. phys. C. 1657, ii, iii, 1858,1— From the Society. Hankel's elektrische untersuchungen, iii. Leipsig. — From the same. Hanson's theorieder sonnenfinsternisse p. 306-451. — From the same. Jahrs. (43d) ... Nat. Gesell. Emden, 1857. 8vo.~From the Soc. Kleine Schriften . . . N. G. Emden, 1858. V. Small 8vo.— From the same. Bericht (6th.) . . . Oberhess. Gesell. Giessen, 1857. — From the Soc. Obersigt . . . K. Danske V. Sels. For. 1857. Copen. — From the Soc. CatalofTue of books . . R. Acad. Amster. I. i, 1857. — From the Acad. Jaarboek . . . R. Acad. Amsterdam, April, 1857 — April, 1858. — From the same. Verslagen en Mededeelungen, Letter Kunde III. i, ii, iii, 1858; — Na- turkunde VII. i, ii, iii. 8vo. — From the same. Verhandelingen .. IV. V. VI. 1856,1857,1858. Alo.— From the sa7ne. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde . . . K. Zool. S. Nat. Artis, vii, 1858. Boston Public Library, circular to the patrons of the Bovvditch Library. Aug. 28, 1858. (Pamphlet 13 pp.) 8vo. — From the Library. Cincinnati Y. Men's Lib. Ass. 24th An. Rep. 185-^. — From the Asso. Missouri Geol. Survey, 4th Rep. of progress, 1859. — From G. C. Sivallojv. California State Register, 1859, edited and presented byE. G. Langley. Franklin Institute Journal. Feb. 1859. — From the Institvte. The minutes of tlie last meeting of the Board and Council were read. Pending nomination, No. 3SS was read. On motion of Mr. Foulke, the Librarian was instructed to transmit by mail to the members of the Society its proceed- ings, so soon as publislicd, except in cases where requested not to do so by the parties interested. On motion of Dr. Le Conte, tl.e letter of resignation of Prof. Frazer was taken fj'oni the table and accepted, and the Society was adjourned. Stated Meeting, March 4, IS59. Present, twent3--two members. Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair. New- members wei-e introduced : Dr. Evans b}- Dr. Bridges ; Judge Thompson by Mr. Fi'aley ; Dr. Wister b\' Dr. Le Conte. A letter was received from Joi"dan& Brother, of Philadelphia, dated February 28, 1859, enclosing and i-equesting attention to a lettei' from the heii's of Joseph Horsfield, of Bethlehem, deceased, reclaiming through their agents, Jordan & Brother, a certain manuscript volume of correspondence relating to Indian Affairs in the last Century, deposited in the library of the A. P. Societv by the said Joseph Horsfield, and so descj'ibed iii Vol. I. Part 1, of Historical and Literary Transactions, page 4. The following donations to the Library were announced: — Ten pamphlets of Natural History and one of Chimatology, from the proceedings of different societies. — From Dr. Leidy. Monthly Notices . . . R. As. S. xix. iii. Jan. 14, 1857. — From the Soc. Principles of Social Science, by H. C. Carey, III. — From the Avthor. Reply of B. A. Gould to the Statement of the Trustees of the Dudley Observatory. Albany, 1859, (pamp. 8vo. 366 pp.) — From the Author. First Annual Message of A. Henry, &c. Phila. 1859, (pamp. 172,) — From the Councils. VOL. VII. — B 10 Journal . . . S. Arts and Inst, in Union. London, VJ. 280, 284. — From the Society. Proceedings A. N. S. Philada. 1859, i. ii. iii. — From the Acad. Amer. Jour. Sci. and Art. New Haven, March, 1859. — From the Ed, Dr. Leidy presented the following papers, intended for the Transactions, and remarked that they gave an account of the geology, and of the remains of some extinct vertebrata of a small portion of country near the head-waters of the Missouri, in the Territory of Nebraska. This great territory, embracing upwards of 130,000 square miles, is composed of Ibrmations of the Cretaceous and later Tertiary periods, with here ai]d there a protrusion of Metamorphic rocks. Watered by the many western tributaries of the Missouri, almost all of these, so far as they have been explored, have yielded large num- bers of species of extinct organic forms, vegetable and anirrial. From the Mauvaises Terres of White River, a miocene tertiary freshwater formation, apparently a lacustrine deposit, an immense quantity of fossil bones of extinct mammals and turtles have been col- lected. In collections made by gentlemen of the Fur Company, by Jesuit Missionaries, by Dr. Hayden ; and in others obtained under the auspices of the government, the Smithsonian Institution, and Professor James Hall, altogether forming from 6000 to 8000 lbs. of fossils, sub- mitted to Dr. Leidy's inspection — he had detected the remains of 30 extinct mammals and 1 turtle. Of these there are 10 species of the extinct genera of rw/ninawYs, Oreodon, Agriochoerus, Poebro-therium, Dorca-therium. Leplauchenia and Protomeryx; 8 species of /?rtc/j2/- derms of the genera Hyopotamus, Elotherium, Titanotherium, Pala?o- choerus, Leptochcerus, Flyracodon and Rhinoceros; of solipcds, a species of Anchitherium ; of rodents, 4 species of the genera Chali- comys, Ischyromys, Palseolagus and Eumys; oC carnivora, 1 species of the genera Hysenodon, Amphicyon, Drepanodon* and Dcinictis; and the turtle forms the type of the extinct genus, Stylemys. ■'^The name Drepanodon, was applied by Nesti, as early as 182G, to the sabretoothed tiger, for which, subsequently, a number of other names have been employed — that of Machairodus of Kamp, being the most familiar. The author of the above remarks applied the name Drepanodon, in 18oG, to an extinct reptile or fish, a tooth of which was discovered by Prof. E. Emmons, at Cape Fear, North Carolina. (See Proceedings of Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. VIII. 255.) The author would now substitute the name Lesticodus impar, Leidy, for the animal. 11 From a later tertiary formation than the one just indicated, and suspected to be of pleiocene age, on the Neobrara river, explored in the recent expedition of Lieut. G. K. Warren to Nebraska, Dr. Hay den, geologist to the expedition, collected a large quantity of fossil bones. These are of especial interest as indicating a fauna more nearly allied to the existing. fauna of Asia and Africa than to our own. In the collection submitted to the examination of Dr. Leidy, he detected the remains of 29 mammals and 1 turtle. Of these there are 10 species of ruminants of the genera Cervus, xMerycodus, Procamelus, Megalo- meryx, Merycochoerus and Merychyus; 3 pachydej'ms of the genera Rhinoceros, Mastodon and Elephas; ofsolipeds, 8 species of the genera Equus, Hipparion, Protohippus, Hypohippus, Parahippus and iMeryc- hippus; of rodents, 2 species of the genera Hystrix and Castor; of carnivora, 6 species of the genera Canis, Felis and Aelurodon; and . the turtle appears to be a species of Stylemys. From the green sand formation of the cretaceous period, through which courses the Missouri and its tributaries, the Grand, Moreau and Cheyenne rivers, with a part of White river, the remains of numerous species of mollusks have been obtained. From this forma- tion it was that Maximilian, Prince of Neuwicd, obtained the skull and vertebral column of Mososaurus Missouriensis, described by Dr. Goldfusz, and now preserved in the Museum of Bonn. Teeth of sharks and remains of sphyraenoid fishes have also been discovered in the same formation. From the great lignite basin, an estuary formation of the middle tertiary period, covering many thousand square miles at the upper part of the Missouri river. Dr. Hayden obtained remains of numerous species of plants, mollusks and vertebrates. This basin, and the re- mains of the vertebrated animals discovered in it, form part of the material of the papers presented to the Society this evening. The bad lands of the Judith river, a tributary to the head waters of the Missouri, with the vertebrate remains discovered by Dr. Hayden, in those lands, form the other part of the subject matter of the papers just mentioned. The paper? presented by Dr. Leidy, for the Transactions, were entitled: A Geological Sketch of the Estuary and Fresh- water Deposite of tiie Bad Lands of the Judith, with some re- marks upon the surrounding formations, by F.V. Hayden, JVLD. ; and On extinct Vertebrata from the Judith and Great Lignite Formations of Nebraska, by Joseph Leidy, ALD. Both papers 12 were referred to a committee consisting of Dr. Le Conte, Mr. l^esle}' and Dr. Cjispar Wi>tcr. Pending nomination No. 3SS, and new nomination No. 389, were read. The committee to consider the condition of the Society not being j^rcpai-ed to report, was continued, witii leave to report when prepared. On motion of Dr. Le Conte, the application of the heirs of Joseph Horsfield was referi'ed to the Committee on th.e Library, with power to act, and the Societ}^ was adjourned. Slated Meeting, March IS, 1S59. Present, twenty-four members. Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair. Letters were read from C. C. Rafn, dated Copenhagen, Sept. 3, 1858, expressing the desire of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquarians to address its memoirs and reports to foreign socie- ties;— and from the Lyceum of Nat. Hist., dated New York, March 12, 1859, acknowledging the receij)t of the proceedings, Vol. VL No. 59. The following donations for the Library were announced: — Proceedings . . . Mass. Hist. S. in respect to the memory of W. H. Prescott, Feb. 1, 1859. Boston. (53 pp.) 8vo. — From the Soc. Report of Hist, and Progress of Am. Coast Survey, to 1858. By the committee of twenty appointed by the A. A. A. S., August, 1857. (88 pp.) 8vo. Proceedings Am. Antiq. S. Special Meeting, Feb. 10, 1859. — From the Society. Soc. R. des Antiq. du Nord. List, &c., 1858. (8 pp.) 8vo. — From the Society. Sur la Construction des Salles dites des geants, par S. M. le roi Fred, de Danemark. Copenha. 1857. (19 pp.) 8vo. — From the same. Cabinet d' Antiq. Amor, a ('openbague, 185ft. (60 pp.) 8vo. — From the same. 13 Proceedings . . . Boston N. H. So. VI. 26, 27. — From the Society. Account of the Iliicldonfield Reptile. (Second copy.) — From W. P. Foulke. Report . . . Penn. Hospital for the Insane, for 1858. — From Dr. Kir h bride. Report (31st) Phila. House of Refuge, for 1S5H.— From Board of M. Report . . . Penn. Inst. Deaf and Dumb, for 1858. — From Board of M. Frankhn Institute Journal. March, 1859. — From the Institute. Medical News and Library. Marcii, 1859. From Blanchard same. Jour. Soc. Arts, Man. and Com. London. — From the Society. Franklin Inst. Jour. No. 401, May. Philada. — From the Institute. African Repository for May, 1859. — From the Amer. Col. Society. Proceedings Acad. N. S. Philnda. 9, 10. — From the Academy. Astronom. Journal, No. 123. Cambridge. — From Dr. B. A. Gould. Report of Siip'f. of Coast Survey, for 1857. 4to. — From, the Svp't. The death of Baron Von Humboldt was announced, with appropriate remarks, by Dr. Franklin Bache. Baron Voti Humboldt was elected a member of this Society, July 20, 1S04, and died at Berlin, May 7, 1859, aged 89. The death of iVlexis do Tocqueville, elected a member of the Society, January 21, 1842, was announced by Dr. F. Bache. The minutes of the last meetiuij; of the Board of Officers and Council vverc read. Pending nomination. No. 391, was read. Dr. Franklin Bache presented a report, in part, in behalf of the Committee on the Franklin Manuscripts, appointed Dec. 7, 1849, which was acce])ted, and the resolutions contained therein adojjted. 21 On motion of Mr. Fraley, and owing to the absence, through sickness, of the chairman of the committee on the condition of the Society, the discussion of the alterations in the Laws and Regulations, proposed by the committee, was again postponed to the next meeting. The resolutions of Council, relating to the Magellanic pre- mium, implying an alteration of the by-laws, they were laid upon the table for consideration at the r.ext meeting: and, on motion of Mi*. PValey, were ordered to be printed for the use of the members. Stated Meeting, June 17, 1S59. Present, thirteen members. Judge Sharswood, Vice-President, in the Chair. Letters were received, acknowledging the receipt of Nos. 57, 58 of the Proceedings, from the Society of Antiquaries, dated London, May 20, 1859; and announcing a donation for the Library, from the Royal Observatory, dated Greenwich, May 12, 1859. The following donations for the Library were announced: — Astronomical Jour. No. 124, 125. Cambridge. — From Dr. Gould. Journ. Soc. Arts, Man. and Com. No. 324-;3:31. London. — From the Society. Contrih. to Palteontol. New York, by J. Hall. (16 pp.) 1855-58. From the Author., Report, Geol. Survey, Iowa. I. II. Hall & Whitney. — From J. Hall. Reports of Explorations . . . Pacific Ocean. X. Senate Document. From U. S. Government. Med. News and Library. No. 198. Philada. June, 1859. — From Blanchard „ „ 32.17 120 30 10 18 56 31.2 24 25 48 „ „ 09.60 1 , „ 31.17 121 03 35 18 58 04.6 24 24 14.2 „ „ 09.40 J> , „ 30.97 121 52 05 19 00 24.4 24 21 56.7 „ „ 10.55 5J , , „ 32.12 123 21 10 19 04 38.4 24 17 41 „ „ 09.70 ,, , , „ 31.27 124 00 10 19 06 29.1 24 15 50.2 „ „ 09.65 >» J , „ 31.22 124 52 10 19 08 56.5 24 13 22.5 „ „ 09.50 >5 ? , „ 31.07 125 22 30 19 10 23.1 24 11 56.5 „ „ 09.80 , „ 31.37 126 08 00 19 12 31.9 24 09 49 „ „ 10.45 „ , „ 32.02 2d Result. By 14 pairs of eqval altitudes of a Cygni: — Chronometer No. 2557, last of sidereal time for this station (at 20//. 867/1. :3'-'.43&'. sidereal h. m. s. time) - - - - - + 1 04 31.57 1st Result, as above, by E. and W. Stars (at 197/. U?n.) . - . . - + 1 04 31.42 Mean, or Result adopted. — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station, August 12th, 1858 (at 207^. 10m. sidereal) - + 1 04 31.49 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time the same night (at 10//. 45m. mean time) . > . - - — 4 28.31 29 'ith. 1858, August loth. At the same Station. 1st Detej-mina- tion — By East and West Stars. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: By 12 observ^^tions on c<, Coronoe Bo- h. m. s. realis, west (at 19/i. 04/n.) - 1 04 48.20 By 21 observations on a Andromedce, east (at 20/i. mm.) - - 1 04 48.51 h. m. s. 1st Result— By E. and W. Stars (at 19A. SOtw.) -f 1 04 48.35 2d Determination — By equal altitudes. By 9 pairs of equal altitudes o[ a Cygni, observed East and West (at 20//. 36m. 38.42s.) + 1 04 48.36 Mean, or Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at 20A. 1 3/«. sidereal) this night, - - - + 1 04 48.35 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slov/ of mean solar time this night (at 10/t. Vim. m. t.) — 4 28.78. 5th. 1859j February '20th. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: I. St Set. By 13 observations on ^ Geminorum, //.. m. s. east (at U. 33/n.) - - 1 26 04.08 By 13 observations on ,3 Andromedse, west (at Ah. 56m.) - - 1 26 03.84 h. 777. 5. U'/JRes77Z^— Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 4/7. 437/7.) + 1 26 03.96 2d Set. By 14 observations on c« Arietis, west h. m. s. (at 6A. 05777.) - - - 1 26 04.46 By 12 observations on y Leonis, east (at eh. 29m.) - - - I 26 04.25 2d Result— Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at67t. 17?72.) + 1 26 04.35 30 Resvlt adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- //. m. s. dore.il time for this station (at 5/i. 30m.) + 1 26 04.15 By comparison. — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean sohir time for this station (at Ih. 28///. mean time) - - - - - — 4 41.29 6/A. 1S59, February '2'^d. At the same Station. Sidereal cliro no meter No. 2557, fast: By 9 observations on Arcturus, {x Bootis,) east (at //. m. s. lOh. i)9m.) 1 26 20.55 By 5 observations on /3 Geminorum, west (at 10//. 59m.) - - - - - 1 26 20.66 Resvlt — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at 10//, Mm.) - - 1 26 20.60 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141 was slow of mean solar time (or this station (at 12/i. 20/?/. mean time) - - - - - — 4 43.68 This night was not very favorable for observation. It was cloudy, with a few spots of clear sky, within which the only time-stars that were visible were Arcturus and /3 Geminorum. They do not match very well in Declination, — that of the former being 19° 55', and that of tiie latter 28^ 22', both North. As the latitude of the station is well determined, however, there is probably very little error in the deduced time from that cause. But there was a very strong wind, which made it difficult to hold the sextant as steady as was desirable for close work. As the time deduced affects the accuracy of the longi- tude of Dunleith, Illinois, herein reported, we will endeavour to verify the result by another series of observations, whenever an opportunity shall occur. We do not apprehend that the error will be found to exceed a fraction of a second of time. 1th. 1859, February 21th. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: //. m. s. By 10 observations on u Arietis, west (at 5//. 50/?/.) 1 26 45.42 By 13 observations on y' Leonis, east (at 6/t. 24;//.) 1 26 45.74 31 Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fastof sidereal time h. m. s. for this station (at 6/t. 07ni.) - - - + 1 26 45.58 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141 was slow of mean solar time for this station (at Ih. 'S8m. mean time) - - - - - — 4 43.48 8th. 1859, March ^th. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: h. m. s. By 10 ob:?ervati()ns on /3 Tauri, west (at 9h. S'Srn.) 1 27 15.26 By 12 obscrvalions on « Bootis, east (at 10/t. 07///.) 1 27 15.71 Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at 9/i. 50//Z.) - - - + 1 27 15.48 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time for this station (at llA. 00/k. mean lime) - - - - - — 4 43.52 9//;. 1859, March 8th. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: \st Set. By 8 observations on j Tauri, west (at 7/i. 00m.) - - - 1 28 33.48 h. m. s. ls^72e5?yZ«— Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 6/i. 467/1.) + 1 28 33.80 2d Set. By 8 obs. on a Tauri, west, and 7 obs. on jS Tauri, also west (at 8//. 4Sm.) 1 28 33.88 By 12 observations on « Bootis, east (at 9/i. 48m.) - - - 1 28 34.51 2c?i?fswZ^— Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 9//. IS/w.) -f 1 28 34.20 Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 8A. 02m.) giving the 2d result twice the weight of the 1st, - - - - - -f 1 28 34.07 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time for this station (at 8h. 30m. mean time) - - . - . _ 4 40.14 When the stars composing the 1st Set, of this night, were observed, a very strong wind prevailed, which sometimes made it difficult to hold the sextant perfectly steady. When the stars composing the 2d Set were observed, there was but little wind, and the sextant could be held quite steady. For this reason we give the 2d result twice the weight of the 1st. This, however, makes the result adopted only 07 (t^o) of a second of time greater than would be obtained by a direct mean of the two results. 33 nth. 1859, March I9fh. At the same Staiion. Sidereal chronometer No. 255T, fast; h. m. s. By 7 observations on /3 Tauri, west (at 9h. I77n.) 1 29 01.60 By 13 observations on u Bootis, east (at 9h. Sim.) 1 29 01.66 Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at 9h. 24m. sidereal time) + 1 29 01.63 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time for this station (at 9h. Sojn. mean time) - - - - - — 4 40.52 I2th. 1859, March S\st. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer^No. 2557, fast : Bv 8 observations on /3 Geminorum, west (at llh. h. m. s. mm.) - - - - - 1 30 30.08 By 8 observations on « Coronce Borealis, east (at llh. 53m.) - - . . I 30 30.50 Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at llh. 44m.) - + 1 30 30.29 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141 was slow of mean solar time for this station (at 11//. 08m.) — 4 38.97 13,'/i. 1859, April M. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast : By 8 observations on /3 Geminorum, west (at 11//. h. m. s. 11m.) . - - . - 1 30 49.87 By 8 observations on x Coron^e Borealis, east (at 11/t. 57m.) - - - - - 1 30 49.94 Resvlt — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at llh. 34m.) - + 1 30 49.90 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time for this station (at 10//.. 46?//. mean time) - - - . . — 4 38.70. VOL. VII. — E 34 l^th. 1859, April 20ih. At the same Station, Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast : 1st Set. By 7 observations on /3 Tauri, west h. m. s. (at 9k. 37m.) - - - 1 32 59.29 By 8 observations on cc Bootis, east (at 9/t. 49m.) - - - 1 32 59.64 //. m. s. 1st Result— Chronometer No. 2557, fast (Rt9h.^3?n.) + 1 32 59.46 2d Set. By 8 observations on /3 Geminoriim, west (at 11/i. 207W.) - - 133 00.04 By 9 observations on a. Coronse Bo- realis, east (at 11 A. 52/71.) 1 32 59.84 2d Re sidt— Chronometer No. 2557. fast (at llh. mm.) - - - - H- 1 32 59.94 Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- dereal time for this station (at 10//. 40/^.) + 1 32 59.70 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141 was slow of mean solar time for this station (at Sh. 45m.) — 4 41.06 15/7t. 1859, April 21th. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: By 10 observations on e Bootis, east h. m. s. (at lOA. 53m.) - - 1 33 52.18 By 10 observations on u, Corona) Bo- realis, also east (at 11/i. '\om.) 1 33 52.05' By 20 observalions on 2 East stars • //. m. s. (at llA. IHm.) - - 1 33 52.11 -f 1 33 52.11 By 10 observalions on /3 Geminorum, west (at 11//. 24m.) - - - - + 1 33 51.84 Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at 11//. 21m.) - - + 1 33 51.97 35 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141 was slow of mean solar time for this station (at 97*. 00m. Ji. m. s. nnean time) . . - - — 4 41.14 16//j. 1859, April 29th. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: By 9 observations on s Boolis, east h. m. s, (at 11/t. 00m.) - - 1 34 05.38 By 15 observations on a. Coronce Bo- realis, also east (at 11/?.. 48m.) 1 34 05.41 By 24 observations on 2 East stars (atllA. 24m.) - - 1 34 05.40 h. m. s. h 1 34 05.40 By 17 observations on /3 Geminorum, west (at llA. 24m.) - . - - + 1 34 05.24 Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at 11/?. 24m.) - + 1 34 05.32 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time for this station (at 8h. 54m. mean time) - - - - - — 4 41.48 17th. 1859, May I6th. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: By- 11 observations on ^ Geminorum, west (at 11/?. /?. m. s. 41m.) - - - - - 1 36 14.61 By 9 observations on a. Coronse Borealis, east (at 12A. 00m.) - - - . - 1 36 15.19 Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at 11/?. 50m.) - + 1 36 14.90 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time for this station (at 8^. l^m. mean time) - - - - - — 4 41.43 36 18^//. 1859, 3I(nj 19///. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: \st Set, By 12 observations on cc Coronoe Bo- //.. m. s. realis, east (at 12//. 26m.) - 1 36 37.93 By 12 observations on e Lconis, west (at 12//. 44/7/.) - - 1 36 37.12 15/ Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 12//. //. m. s. 35///.) - - . -• + 1 36 37.52 2d'Sc'f. By 9 observations on y' Leonis, west (at 13//. 07?//.) - - 1 36 37.31 By 12 observations on ^ Herculis, east (at 13//. 30///.) - - 1 36 37.87 2d i?es//Z/— Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 13//. 19///.) - - - . 4- 1 36 37.59 Sd Set. By 5 observations on cc Ophiuchi, east (at VSh. 42m.) - - 1 .36 37.48 By 6 observations on cc Leonis, west (at 13//. 54?//.) - - 1 .36 37.60 3c/ Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 13//. 48m.) - - - - + 1 36 37.52 Resvlt adopted, or men?!, of the 3 sets — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at 13//. 14m.) - - - + 1 36 37.55 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar lime for this station (at 9//. 25///. mean time) - - - - - — 4 40.16 19///. 1859, Jf//// 21.S/. At the same Station. Siderenl chrononieter No. 2557, fast : 37 15/ Set. By 9 observations on oc. Coronse Bo- h. m. s. realis, east(at 12/i. 18m.) - 136 51.65 By 10 observations on s Leonis, west (at I2h. 40m.) - - 1 36 50.96 1st Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fust (at 12/i. h. m. s. 29m.) - - - - H- 1 36 51.31 2d Set. By 8 observations on /3 Geminorum, west (at I2h. 04m.) - - 1 36 50.75 By 8 observations on ^ Herculis, east (at I2h. 34m.) - - 1 36 51.58 2d ReswZ/— Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 12^. 19m,.) - - - - + 1 36 51.16 Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- dereal time for this station (at 12//. 34m.) + 1 36 51.24 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time for this station (at 8/*. 27m. mean time) - - - - - — 4 41.08 20th. 1859, May 22d. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast; By 10 observations on « Coronre Bo- h. m. s. realis, east (at 12/i. 14^7/1.) - 1 36 58.55 By 4 observations on f Herculis, also east(at 12/i. 57m.) - - 136 58.59 By 14 observations on 2 East Stars, jzivins weight accordino; to the number on each, (at V2h. 36m.) 1 36 58.56 //. m. s. L 1 36 58.-56 By 11 observations on e Leonis, west (at \2h. 44m.) + 1 36 58.15 Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at 12^.. 40m.) - + 1 36 58.35 38 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time for this station (at 8/t. 39m. mean time) - - - - - — 4 41 65 2\sL 1859, May 24.th. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: By 11 observations on « Coronoe Boreali«, east (at h. m. s. I2h. 22m.) - - - . ' . 1 37 13.25 By 11 observations on s Leonis, west (at 12/i. S8m.) 1 37 12.75 Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at 12/t. 30m.) - - +13713.00 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time (at 8//. 21?«. mean time) - — 4 41.60 22d. 1859, June Sd. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: Is; Set. By 7 observations on ^ Leonis, west h. m. s. (at 1.5/i. 04m.) - - - 1 38 33.25 By 8 observations on & Cygni, east (at 15/t. 24m.) - - 1 38 33.60 1st Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 15/t. 14m.) - - 1 38 33.42 + 1 38 33.42 2d Set. By 10 observations on a, Lyrce, east (at ISA. 40m.) - - 1 38 33.00 By 10 observations on x, or 12, Canum Venaticor. west (at 16h. 00m.) . - - 1 38 83.18 2d Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at ISA. 50m.) - - 1 38 33.09 -f 1 38 33.09 39 Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- h, m. s. dereal time for this station (at 15/?.. :37m.) + 1 38 33.26 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time for this station (at lOA. 48m. mean time) - - - - - — 4 44.22 2M. 1859, June 6th. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: \st Set. By 9 observations on y' Leonis, west h. m. s. (at 14/i. 19w.) - - 1 38 51.20 By 12 observations on 0 Cygni, east (at lU. 51m.) - . 1 38 51.26 Is^ 12e5?/7/— Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 14//.. 38m.) - - 1 38 51.23 h. m. s. 4- 1 38 51.23 2^ Set. By 11 observations on <^ Leonis, west (at 14^. 04m.) - - 1 38 51.20 By 18 other observations at a later period of the night, on 0 Cygni, east (at lOh. 16m.) - - 1 38 51.52 2d Result— Chroi^omeier No. 2557, fast (at 15A. 10m.) - - 1 38 51.36 4- 1 38 51.36 Sd Set. By 13 observations on « Lyroe, east (at 15/*. 18m.) - - 1 38 51.82 By 15 observations on a (or 12) Cap.um Venaticorum, west (at IGh. 12m. - - - 1 38 51.50 Sd Result — Chronometer No. 2557, last (at 15A. 45m.) - - 1 38 51.66 1 38 51.66 40 Result adopted— Chronomeier No. 2557, fast of si- h. m. s. dereal time for this station (at 15A. Win.) -f 1 38 51.42 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time for this station (at lO/i. Il7«. mean time) - - - - - — 4 44.80 24.th. 1859, June lOth. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: Is^ Set. By 14 observations on 7' Leonis, west h. m. s. (at 14^. 28m.) - - 1 39 17.98 By 13 observations on y3 Cygni, east (at 14A. 52m.) - - 1 39 17.98 \st Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast, (at 14^. 40m.) - - 1 39 17.98 h. m. s. h 1 39 17.98 2d. Set. By 12 observations on ct, Lyroe, east (at 15A. 37m.) - - 1 39 18.46 By 14 observations on a (or r2)Canum Venaticorum, west (at 16//. 05m.) 1 39 18.28 2d Result— Chx'onomeWr No. 2557, fast (at 15/i. 51m.) - - 1 39 18.37 f- 1 39 18.37 M Set. By 24 observations on y Cygni, east (at 10//. 55m.) - - 1 39 18.62 By 15 observations on e Bootis, west (at 17/i. 21m.) - - 1 39 18.40 3(i Result — Chronom(>fer No. 2557, fast (at 17/t. 08m.) - - 1 39 18.51 \- 1 39 18.51 41 Resvd adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- h. m. s. dereal time for this station (at 15//. 53m.) + 1 39 18.29 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time for this station (at 10//. 37m. mean time) - - . - - — 4 46.59 'Zoth. 1859, June. 22d. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: Is^ Set. By 10 observations on (^Leonis, west h. m. s. (at loh. 16m.) - - 1 40 48.05 By 10 observations on B Cygni, east (at 15//. 29m.) - - 1 40 47.96 Is^ /?fs?//^— Chronometer No. 2557, liast (.It 1.5//. 22m.) - - 140 48.00 h. m. s. \- 1 40 48.00 2d Set. By 9 observations on 64 (or 12) Canum Vonaticorum, west (at 15//. 40m.) 1 40 47.63 By 11 observations on a Lyrse, east (at 15//. 56m.) - - 1 40 48.05 2d Result — Chronometer No. 2557, last (at 15//. A&m.) - - 1 40 47.84 H- 1 40 47.84 3d Set. By 12 other observations on a3 Cygni, east (at 16//. 23m.) - - 1 40 48.06 By 17 observations on e Bootis, west (at 17//. 41m.) - - 1 40 48.31 Sd Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 17//. 02m.) - - 1 40 48.18 + 1 40 48.18 Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- dereal time for this station (at 16/t. 04m.) + 1 40 48.00 VOL. VII. 42 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time for this station (at lO/i. 02m. h. m. s. mean time) - - - - . — 4 49.83 26th. 1859, June 2Uh. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: 1st Set. By 12 observations on a, Lyroe, east h. m. s. (at 15/t. 25771.) - - - 1 41 02.05 By 12 observations on x Canum Venaticorum, west (atl6/i. 02?7z.) 1 41 01.82 1st Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 15/i. 42m.) - - 1 41 01.94 h. m. s. h 1 41 01.94 2d Set. By 9 observations on <^ Leonis, west (at 15h. 11m.) - - 1 41 01.74 By 9 observations on ^ Cygni, east (at 10/t. 46/71.) - - - 1 41 02.16 2d Resvlt — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 15/j. 58m.) - - I 41 01.95 Sd Set. By 9 observations on /3 Cygni, east (at 15^. 4677i.) - - . 1 41 02.33 By 11 observations on e Bootis, west (at ISA. 18771.) - - - 1 41 02.52 Sd Result— Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 17A. 02m.) - - 1 41 02.42 + 1 41 01.95 -f 1 41 02.42 Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- dereal time for this station (at IQh. l^m.) + 1 41 02.10 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time for this station (at 10/t. 03777. mean time) - - - - - — 4 50.21 43 21th, {Omitted in the proper order of dates.) 1858, March 2'2d, At Chicago Observing Station, No. I, in lat. 41° 53' 50". 3 N.: long. 5h. 50m. 30.995. ivest of the meridian of Greenwich. See page 351 of Vol, VI. of the Society's Proceedings. Mean solar chronometer No. 141, slow of mean time, at apparent noon: By 5 pairs of equal altitudes of the sun's upper and m. s. lower limbs - - - - - — 4 56.26 By comparison. — Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station, at apparent noon, (say at Oh. 06m. 44s. sidereal time) - + 49 55.67 I desired to get observations on East and West Stars for the time on the night of iMarch 22d ; but ihe sky was entirely clouded, which prevented it. On the next morning (March 23) I started with both chronometers, the sextant and artificial horizon, on a journey to Fulton and Albany, Illinois. I also visited Lyons, in Iowa. Having observed for the latitude and longitude of these places — depending for the longitude on the run of the two chronometers — I returned to Chicago on the evening of March 29th, 1858, and made the following observations for the time, viz : — 2Sth. 1858, March 29th. At Chicago Observing Station Ao. I. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: By 7 observations on « Tauri, west (at m. s. 8h. 48m.) - - - - 50 26.94 By 11 observations on jS Tauri, also west (at 9/t. 21m.) - - - 50 27.14 By 18 observations on 2 West Stars (at 9A. 08m.) giving weight according to the number of observations on each - 50 27.06 m. s. h 50 27.06 By 20 observations on <* Bootis, east (at lOh. 20m.) . - - . -f 50 26.90 liesvlt — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at 9^. 44m.) sidereal time + 50 26.98 44 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141 was slow of mean solar time (or this station (at 9A. 15m. mean h. m. s. lime) • - - - - - — 5 01.76 F. S. The following determinations of the Chicago time (Nos. 29 and 'M)) were made after this paper was presented, with reference to a second determination of the longitude of the City of Rock Island, viz: — 29th. I'^.dO, July 2^fh. At Chicago Station Ao. 8. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast : //. /u. s. By 13 observations on s Bootis, west (at 17/i. 44/«.) + 1 45 30.94 By 15 observations on of station, . . 41 39 02.20 N. 53 When the observations were made for the latitude on the night of August 13th, 1858, the sky to the south was so much clouded that no more observations could be made in that direction, for that object, than are above reported. The result then obtained agrees, however, well with that derived from the satisfactory set of observations made on the night of January 24th, 1859, on the occasion of a second visit to the same station. It is believed that the result reported is a pretty close determination. 26?. Ohservntions for the Time. l&o8, Avgvst lUth. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast : 1st Set. By 7 observations on u, Coronre Bo- m. s. realis, west (at 19/>. 29m.) - 48 15.59 By 11 observations on « Andromedse, east, (at 19/*. 59//i.) - - 48 15.31 2d Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 19/i. 44m.) - - 48 15.45 m. + 48 15.45 2d Set. By 12 pairs of equal altitudes of a Cygni, observed east and west (at 20/i. 36/w,. 38.43s.) - . -f 48 14.85 ResyJt adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- dereal time for this station, Aug. 13th, 1858, (at 20//. 10m.) - ^ - - + 48 15.15 3c?. The Longitude. The above determination of the Toledo time, and the Chicago time derived from the observations made there on the nights of August 4th and 12th, combined with the following telegraphic signals, give us the longitude of Toledo, Ohio, as follows, viz :— 54 Determination of the Difference of Longitude between Chicago and Toledo^ Ohio, by electric signals for comparisons of time, August 13th, 185«. Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Toledo, sidereal time, (at 20^. 49m. sidereal time,) 4:Sm. 15s.30. Rate per sidereal day, + 55.62; or per sidereal hour, + Os.234. Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar time, (at 11//. 0.*3m. mean time,) 4m. 286'.5. Rate per mean solar day, — O5.I8T; or per mean solar hour, — 05.0078. 1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations. Times of Pifference ot Times of signals Correct Chicago Toledo Chicago Longitude by given at Chicago signals, as noted correct reduced each signal.— Chicago mean solar at Toledo, sidereal sidereal Toledo east of by mean solar time of by sidereal time of time of the meridian of Chronometer Chicago Chronometer Chicago Chicago Chicago observ- No. 141. signals. No. 2557. signals. signals. ing station No. 3. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 10 58 50 11 03 18.5 21 37 13.5 20 48 58.2 20 32 36.55 0 16 21.65 11 01 50 11 06 18.5 21 40 14 20 51 58.69 20 35 37.04 0 16 21.65 11 04 50 11 09 18 5 21 43 14.5 20 54 59.18 20 38 37.54 0 16 21.64 11 07 50 11 12 18.5 21 46 15 20 57 59.66 20 41 38.03 0 16 21.63 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Toledo, Ohio, 0 16 21.642 2d. — Toledo siiinals recorded at both stations. Difference of Times of Longitude by Times of signals Toledo signals Chicago Chicago Toledo each signal. — given at as noted at coreect reduced correct Toledo oast of Toledo, by Chicago mean solar sidereal time sidereal time the meridian of sidereal by mean solar time of of of Chicago Chronometer Chronometer Toledo Toledo Toledo observing No. 2557. No. 141. signals. signals. signals. station No. 3. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. in. s. 21 52 15 11 13 49 11 18 17.5 20 47 38.01 21 03 59.64 0 16 21.63 21 55 15 11 16 49 11 21 17.5 20 50 38.51 21 07 00.13 0 16 21.62 21 58 16 11 19 49 11 24 17.5 20 53 39.00 21 10 00.62 0 16 21.62 22 01 18.5 11 22 51 11 27 19.5 20 56 41.50 21 13 03.10 0 16 21.60 2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Toledo, Ohio, to Chicago, 0 16 21.618 Ist Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Toledo, Ohio, as above, --------- 0 16 21.642 Result: — Toledo OI).serving Station is east, in longitude of Chi- cago observing Station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets of signals, — () 16 :i.63 55 . /*. m. Sc Brought forward, — 0 16 21.63 Longitude of Chicago observing station No. 3, west of the naeridian of Greenwich, - + 5 50 31.20 Longitude of the Toledo observing station, west of the meridian of Greenwich, - - -f 5 34 09.57 Equal, in arc, to ... 83° 32' 23".55 W. Latitude, as before, ... 41° 39' 02".26 N. From true azimuths from observations on Polaris, with the theo- dolite, and measured distances from the observing station, we are enabled to give the following table of the latitudes and longitudes of positions in the city of Toledo, viz. — Longitude West of Greenwich. North Latitude. ' In are. In Time. 1. Intersection of the middle of Jefferson Street, Avith the middle / / // h. m. s. of Superior Street, - - - - 41 39 01.57 83 32 25.1G 5 34 09.68 2. Steeple of the Methodist Church on the most western corner of Superior and Madison Streets, 41 39 05.92 83 32 22.42 5 34 09.49 3. Steeple of the Congregational Church on St. Clair Street, be- tween Jefferson and Madison Streets, -------- 41 39 02.71 : 83 32 20.18 5 34 09.34 4. The Rail Road Depot, (ticket 1 office,) -------- 41 38 47.04 83 32 17.75 5 34 09.19 On the map accompanying the report of Captain Andrew Talcott, of his operations and observations in determining the boundary line between the States of Michigan and Ohio, in the year 1833 (see Doc. No. 497 of the House of Representatives, of the 23d Congress, 1st Session), he places Toledo in latitude 41° 38' 43", and in longi- tude 83° 22' 28"=5A. 33m. 29.875. west of Greenwich, as near as we can measure by the map scale. Our latitudes agree well, consi- dering the difference of stations occupied ; but in longitude, my deter- mination places Toledo 9' 50" in arc = 39.335. of time west of the position given to it on Captain Talcott's map, as printed on a scale of 5 miles to 1 inch, to accompany his report. This difference in longi- tude is equal to 8.48 statute miles. 56 X. PRAIRIE DU CHIEN, WISCONSIN. Station. — This stailon is 122 feet due north from the front door of the Telegraph Office at the depot of the Milwaukee and Mississippi Rail Road, on the left bank of the Mississippi river. 1st. Observations fo?' the Latitude. 1858, Ji/hj 12th. By 10 observed altitudes of c4 Ursee Minoris (Polaris,) nortli, combined with 24 circum-meridian altitudes ^ ^ ^, of /3 Aquarii, south; Latitude of station 43 02 01.35 N. The sky was so much clouded to the north, all night, that I could obtain no more than ten observations on Polaris, and /3 Aquarii was the only star that could be observed on, south, for the latitude. It was only by watching the sky until an hour and a half past midnight, that the above result could be obtained. Still later watching was necessary, as will presently appear, to obtain the desired observations for the time at this place. 2d. Observations for the Time. Same night. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: 1st Set. By 16 observations on a. Coronne Bo- h. m. s. realis, west(at 18/a. 07m.) - 1 15 39.18 By 9 observations on cc Andromedse, east (at 20//. 43m.) - - 1 15 39.94 1st Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 19A. 25m.) - - 1 15 39.56 h. m. s. + 1 15 39.56 2d Set. By 7 observations on a, Bootis (A retu- rns) west (at 17/t. 39m.) - 115 39.60 By 12 observations on a, Lyroc, also west (at 22/t. 05/7?.) . - 1 15 40.49 Mean from 2 West Stars (at 1 9/i. 52?//.) 1 15 40.04 By 12 observations on u Cygni, east (at 17//. 10///.) - - 1 15 39.43 57 2d Result — Chronometer No. 2557, h. m. s. tast (at 18/i. 31m.) - - 1 15 39.74 h. ?n. s. h 1 15 39.74 Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, Oist of si- dereal time for this station (at 18/?.. 58?w.) + 1 15 39.65 3J. The Longitude. Tiie above determination of the Prairie du Chien time, and the Chicago time as observed on the nights of the 12th and 15th of July, already given at pp. 358 and 359 of Vol. VI. (No. 60) of the Society's Proceeidings, and the rates of the two chronometers between those two dates, given at page 362 of the same volume, combined with the fol- lowing telegraphic signals, give us the longitude of our Prairie du Chien station, as follows, viz. — Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and. Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, by electric signals for comparisons of time, July 13, 1858. Sidereal Chronometer xNo. 2557, fast, of Prairie du Chien sidereal time, (at 18//.. 47m. sidereal time,) Ih. 15m. 396-.61. Rate per sidereal day, + 4s.91; or per sidereal hour, + 0s.2045. Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago mean solar time, (at 11//. 34m. mean time,) 4m. 44s. 51. Rate per mean solar day, — 06'.03; or per mean solar hour, — Os.0013. 1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations. Times of Chicago Difference of Lonsritucle bv Times of Correct signals, as note 1 Prairie duChien Chicaiio each .-igual. — signals given Chicago at Prairie du correct reduced Prairie da Chien at Chicago mean ?olar Chien by sidereal time sidereal time west of the me- by mean solar time of sidereal of of ridian of Chi. Chronometer Chien go Chronometer Chicaw Chicago cago observing No 141. signals. No. 2.557. signals. signals. ■■station No. 2. h. VI. s. h. m. s. h. /ft. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 11 29 20 11 34 04.51 20 02 50.5 18 47 10.89 19 01 14.35 0 14 03.46 11 32 10 11 36 54.51 20 05 41 18 50 01.38 19 04 04.81 0 14 03.43 11 35 20 11 40 04.51 20 08 51.5 18 53 11.87 19 07 15.33 0 14 03.46 11 58 50 12 03 34.51 20 32 25.5 19 16 45.79 19 30 49.19 0 14 03.40 12 02 00 12 06 44.51 20 35 86 19 19 56.28 19 33 59.71 0 14 03.43 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Prairie du Chien, 0 14 03.436 VOL. VII, H 58 2d.— Pi airic; du Chien signals r Bcorded at both stations. Difference of Times of Times of Longitude by signals given PrairieduChicn Chicago Chicago Prairie du Chien each signal. — at Prairie du signals, as noted correct mean reduced correct Prairie du Chien Chien by at Chicago solar time sidereal time sidereal time west of the me- sidereal by mean solar of Prairie of of Prairie ridian of Chi- Chronometer Chronometer du Chien Prairie du Chien du Chien cago observing No. 2.357. No. lil. signals. signals. signals. station No. 2. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. VI. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. S. 20 41 30 12 07 53 12 12 37.51 19 39 53.68 19 25 50.26 0 14 03.42 20 44 30.5 12 10 53 12 15 37.51 19 42 54.17 19 28 50.75 0 14 03.42 20 47 31 12 13 53 12 18 37.51 19 45 54.66 19 31 51.24 0 14 03.42 20 50 30.5 12 16 53 12 21 36.51 19 48 54.16 19 34 50.73 0 14 03.43 2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Prairie du Chien to Chicago, 0 14 03.422 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Prairie du Chien, as above, ---------- 0 14 03.436 Result: — Prairie du Chien observing station is west, in longitude, of Chicago observing station No. 2, by a mean of the two sets of signals, - - -f 0 14 03.429 Longitude of Chicago observing station No. 2, west h. m. s. of the meridian of Greenwich, - - -f 5 50 31.15 Longitude ofPraire du Chien ob.serving station, west of the meridian of Greenwich, Equal, in arc, to - Latitude of this station, as above. 6 04 34.58 91°08'38".7 W. 43° 02' 01". 35 N. The above determination will be found, we think, to correspond very nearly with that of Mr. J. N. Nicollet, derived by him from obser- vations made in the year 1839, while employed in ex[)loring the hy- drographical basin of the Mississippi. His station was the American Fur Company's house, near Fort Crawford. An interesting discus- sion of the several observations which led him to the longitude which he adopted for that station, will be found in his report at page 117, of Senate Document No. 273, of the 26th Congress. 2d Session, printed in the year 1843. He there states the longitude of that point to be, //. m. s. West of the meridian of Greenwich, - - 6 04 35.55 Equal, in arc, to - - - 91° 08' 53".25* In his table of geographical positions, however, at page 123, he states that position to be in Latitude - - . . 43° 03' 06" N. Longitude, west from Greenwich, - ijh. 04m. 37.35. ^- Erroneously printed in tliat document, 93°, (S:c. 59 I only spent the night in observing at Prairie du Chien, and was obliged to leave that place early the next morning, on my return to Chicago. Hence I had no opportunity for making any survey to connect our two stations, and thus determine accurately their relative positions. In looking up the Mississippi, however, from my station, I observed that its course upward appeared, when compared with the direction of the North Star (Polaris) to be a very little west of north. The difference of our longitudes, reduced to a common point, is not probably more than one second of time; and, judging by the eye, of the distance from my station to the Fur Company's old house, our latitudes appear to agree very closely. XI. DUNLEITH, ILLINOIS. Station. — One hundred feet east from the left shi;reof tlie Mississippi river, between the freight depot and the passenger house of the North- western terminus of the Illinois Central Rail Road. From the ob- serving station to a point perpendicularly under the most northern of the two cupolas on the north end of the ticket office, of this rail road depot, is S. 13° W. 250 feet, horizontal measurement. Ist. The Latitude. 1859, Febrvary 22d. By .37 circum-meridian altitudes of /3 Orionis, south, combined with 24 altitudes of Polaris (oc Ursse ^ Minoris,) north, - - - - 42 29 45.16 Same night. — By 26 circum-meridian althudes of a, Hydrce, south, combined with 14 other altitudes of Polaris, observed 5 hours later than the pre- vious set, - - - - - 42 29 44.65 /2e5t//«— Latitude of station, - - 42 29 44.9 N. 2d. Observations for the Time. 1859, February 2\st. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast : 1st Set. Before the telegraphic signals. By 10 observations on a Arietis, west h. m. s. (at Qh. 16m.) - - 1 38 14.48 By 1 1 observations on y' Leonis, east (at U. 39m.) - - 1 38 14.67 60 1st Result. Before the signals — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at h. m. s. 6k. 27m.) - - - 1 38 14.57 h. m. s. 1- 1 38 14.57 2d Set. After the telegraphic signals. By 13 observations on « Bootis (Arctu- rus)eust (at 10/<. 37m.) - 1 38 15.60 By 14 observations on /3 Geminoriim, west (at 11//. \lm.) - - 1 38 14.88 2d Result. After the signals — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 10^. 54m.) - - - 1 38 15.24 h 1 38 15.24 Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- dereal time for this station (at 8h. 40m.) Feb. 21st, 1859 + 1 38 14.90 1859, Feb. 22d. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: 1st Set. Before the telegraphic signals. By 10 observations on a, Arietis, west h. m. s. (at 6//.. 03m.) - - 1 38 19.55 By 10 observations on y' Leonis, east (at Qh. 31m.) - - 1 38 20.09 1st Result. Before the signals — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 6A. 17m.) - - - 1 38 19.82 h. m. s. h 1 38 19.82 2d Set. After the telegraphic signals. By 14 observations on /3 Geminorum, west (at 11 /i. 02m.) - - 1 38 20.52 By 11 observations on cc Bootis, east (at lU. 26m.) - - 1 38 20.79 2d Result. After the telegraphic sig- nals Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at Uh. 14m.) - - 1 38 20.05 u 1 38 20.65 61 Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- dereal time for this station (at Sh. 46m.) Feb. h. m, s. 22d, 1859, - . - - + 1 38 20.23 ^d. The Longitude. We have two determinations of the longitude of our Dunleith station. The first is derived from the time-observations made at that station, and the signals interchanged with Chicago, on the night of Feb. 21st. The second is derived from the similar observations and signals made on the night of Feb. 22d. They both depend in part upon the run of the mean solar chronometer No. 141, while at rest at Chicago as as- certained by the time-observations made there on the nights of Feb. 20th and 23d, already given. The telegraphic signals, and the results, for the 1st determination, are as follows, viz. — Determination of the diffei'ence of Longitude between Chicago and Dunleith^ Illinois, by electric signals for comparisons of time, February 2lst, 1859. Sidereal Chronometer No. 25.57, fast, of Dunleith, sidereal time, (at 9A. 41m. sidereal time,) Ih. 38m. 14.90s. Rate per sidereal day, -f 5s.308; or per sidereal hour, + 0s.221. Mean Solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar time, (at lO/i. 47m. mean time,) 4m. 42s.l4. Rate per mean solar day, — Os.746; or per mean solar hour, — Os.03109. 1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations. Difference of Times of Longitude by Times of Correct Chicago Dunleith Chicago each signal. Signals given at Chicago signals as noted correct reduced" Dunleith west Chicago mean solar at Dunleith sidereal time sidereal time of the meridian by mean solar time of by sidereal of of of Chicago Chronometer Chicago Chronometer Chicago Chicago observing No. 141. signals. No. 2.557. signals. signals. station No. 3. h. VI. S. h. m. s. A. 7)1. S. h. m. s. h. 111. s. h. in. s. 10 42 10 10 46 52.14 10 19 16.5 8 41 01.60 8 53 06.27 0 12 04.67 10 45 10 10 49 52.14 10 22 17 8 44 02.09 8 56 06:76 0 12 04.67 10 48 10 10 52 52.14 10 25 17.5 8 47 02.58 8 59 07-26 0 12 04.68 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Dunleith, 0 12 04.673 62 2d. — Dunleith signals recorded at both stations. Times of signals given at sig Dunleith hj sidereal Chronometer No. 2557. Times of Dunleith Chicago Chicago Dunleith signals as noted correct mean reduced correct at Chicago solar time sidereal time sidereal time by mean solar of of of Chronometer Dunleith Dunleith Dunleith No. 141. signals. signals. signals. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 10 51 10 10 55 52.14 9 02 07.75 8 50 03.06 10 54 10 10 58 52.14 9 02 08.24 8 53 03.55 10 57 10 11 01 52.15 9 08 08.74 8 56 04.04 11 06 10 11 10 52.15 9 17 10.22 9 05 05.51 11 09 10 11 13 52.15 9 20 10.71 9 08 06.00 h. m. s. 10 28 18 10 31 18.5 10 34 19.0 10 43 20.5 10 46 21 2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Dunleith to Chicago, 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Dunleith, as above, --_______ Result: — Dunleith Station No. 1, is west, in longitude of Chi- cago obsei'ving Station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets of Difference of Longitude by each signal. — Dunleith west of the meridian of Chicago ob- serving station No. .3. h. m. s. 0 12 04.69 0 12 04.69 0 12 04.70 0 12 04.71 0 12 04.71 0 12 04.70 0 12 04.673 siffuals. Longitude of Chicago observing station No. 3, west of the meridian of Greenwich, Determination 1st. Longitude of Dunleith observing station, west of the nneridian of Greenwich, — 0 12 04.086 + 5 50 31.20 6 02 35.^ For the second determination, reference must be had to the time- observations at Dunleith, of the 22d of February; and to those at Chicago, as before slated, of the 20th and 23d of February, and to the following telegraphic signals, viz. — Detei'inination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and Dunleith, Illinois, by electric signals for comj)arisons of time, February 22, 1859. Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Dunleith sidereal time, (at 10/i. 00m. sidereal time), \h. 38m. 205.51. Rate per sidereal day, + 5^.308; or per sidereal hour, + 05.221. Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar time, (at I2h. 01m. 425. mean time), 4m. 42s. 92. Rate per mean solar day, — 05.746; or per mean solar hour, — 05.03109. 63 1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations. Difference of Times of Longitude by Times of Correct Chicago Dunleith Chicago each signal. — signals given at Chicago signals, as noted correct reduced Dunleith west ChicaffO mean solar time at Dunleith sidereal time sidereal time of the meridian by mean solar of by sidereal of of of Chicago Chronometer Chicago Chronometer Chicago Chicago observing No. 141. signals. No. 265". signals. signals. station No. 3. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. VI. s. 11 57 00 12 01 42.92 11 38 22 10 00 01. -50 10 12 05.91 0 12 04.41 12 00 00 12 04 42.92 11 4122.5 10 03 01.99 10 15 06.40 0 12 04.41 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Dunleith, 2d. — Dunleith siirnals recorded at both stations. 0 12 04.41 Difference of Times of Longitude by Times of Dunleith Chicago Chicago Dunleith each signal. — signals given at signals, as noted correct reduced correct Dunleith west Dunleith at Chicago mean solar sidereal time sidereal time of the meridian by sidereal by mean .«olar time of of of of Chicago Chronometer Chronometer Dunleith Dunleith Dunleith observimr No. 2'- 57. ^0. 141. signals. signals. signals. station No. 3. h. m. s. h. 111. s. h. m. s. A, m. s. h. VI. 8. k. m. s. 11 47 23.5 12 00 00 12 10 42.93 10 21 07 39 10 09 0 .97 0 12 04.42 11 50 24 12 09 00 12 13 42.93 10 24 07.88 10 12 03.45 0 12 04.43 11 53 24.5 12 12 00 12 16 42.93 10 27 08.37 10 15 03.94 0 12 04.43 11 66 25 12 15 00 12 19 42.93 10 30 08.87 10 18 04.43 0 12 04.44 2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Dunleith to Chicago, 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Dunleith, as above, ___---- 0 12 04.43 0 12 04.41 Result : Dunleith station No. 2, is west in longitude of Chicago station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets of signals, + 0 12 04.42 Longitude of Chicago Station No. 3, - +5 50 31.20 Defcrminaf'ion 2d. Longitude of Dunleith observing station, west of the meridian of Greenwich, by this 2d determination of Feb. 22d, 1859, ... - 60235.62 Determination Isf. By the ob.servations and signals of February 21st, as above given, - - - - 6 02 35.88 Resvlt adopted — Longitude of the Dunleith observing station, west of the meridian of Greenwich, by a mean of the two determinations, - . 6 02 35.75 Equal, in arc, to ... 90^ 38' 56".25 Latitude of this station, as before given, - 42"^ 29' 44". 9 N. 64 Result — By the measured offset and azimuth, from this station, given at the beginning of this article XI. the most northern cupola on the top of the ticket-office of the rail road depot, is in — Latitude •- - - - 42° 29' 42".5 N. Longitude, west of Greenwich. - - 6h. 02m. 35.8s. Equal, in arc, to - - - 90° 38' 57" W. Dunleith is at the north-western terminus of the Illinois Central Rail Road, on the east bank of the Mississippi river, and occupies the site of the old Indian village o^ Sinipi. Extensive earth works, con- sisting of mounds thrown up in oval forms by the tribe which formerly resided here, still exist at Dunleith, in a state of perfect preservation. We had no time to devote to them that minute exploration which would no doubt show their contents to be similar to those of the numer- ous Indian mounds examined by Professor J. A. Lapham, of Mil- waukee, and described in his valuable memoir, published in the year 1855, by the Smithsonian Institution, under the title of "The Anti- quities OF Wisconsin. " The position oC Sinipi (now Dunleith), is laid down on the map of Nicollet, in latitude 42° 36' north, and in longitude, west of the meri- dian of Greenwich, 6/t. 02/n. 38.6s. = 90° 39' 39"- Nicollet did not, however, make any astronomical observations at this or any other point on the Mississippi, between the " Head of the Upper Rapids, below Port Biron and Parkhurst,"and "Prairie du Chien. We infer from his report, that the extensive reach of the Mississippi, from lati- tude 41° 36' 08" to latitude 43° 03' 06", was laid down on his map, from the surveys made under the direction of the (general Land Office of the United States, checked by his observations made at the two ex- treme points above mentioned. (See his table of Geographical posi- tions, page 123 of Senate Doc. No. 237, of the 26th Congress, 2d Session.) Nicollet's longitude, thus derived, agrees very closely with ours; but in latitude he is 6' 18" = 7^ miles north of us. Dubuque is placed equally out of position, in latitude, on his map; but it appears to be very correct in longitude. In the last map issued from the War Department of the "Territory of the United States, from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean," these cities arc laid down correctly in longitude, but they are placed four minutes, = 4^^^ miles too far north in latitude. The boundary line between the State of Illinois on the north, and the State of Wisconsin on the south, is defined to be along the parallel of 42° 30' of latitude. 65 We regret that we had not time to make a connection, by survey, from our astronomical station at Dunleith, to the stone monument on the east bank of the Mississippi river, erected to mark the western terminus of this boundary line. From a close reconnoissance, how- ever, we infer that the latitude of this monument is about 42"^ 30' 20", and hence, that the monument is placed about one-third of a mile too far to the north. XII. DUBUQUE, IOWA. This city is situated on the west bank of the Mississippi river, op- posite to Dunleith, Illinois. From a reconnoissance and bearings observed from several points in Dunleith, based on the latitude and longitudeof our Dunleith station, as already given, we are enabled to give the approximate position of Dubuque as follows. The distance between the two points being, in a direct line, not more than one and one-fourth mile, viz. — Centre of the city of Dubuque. Latitude, .... 42^ 29' 55" N. Longitude, west of the meridian of Greenwich, Gh. 02?n. 405. Equal, in arc, to ... 90° 40' 00" XIII. FULTON, ILLINOIS. This city is situated on the east shore of the Mississippi river, 136 miles west of Chicago, b}' the track of the Chicago, Dixon, and Iowa Air Line Rail Road, of which it is, at present, the western terminus. Immediately opposite is the city of Lyons, situated on the west shore of the Mississippi. Observations were made at both places, and the observing stations were connected by a triangulation and azimuths, derived from an observation on Polaris (at Ursse Minoris). From the astronomidal station at Fulton, to that at Lyons, is 3595.5 feet, on an azimuihal course of N. 08° 43' W. Hence the Lyons station is -f 12". 89 north of the parallel and -f 44". 29 in arc, = + 2s.95 in time, west of the meridian of the Fulton Station. We shall have oc- casion to use this difference of latitude in a])plying a common correc- tion ( — 1 ".92 in the one case, and + 1".92 in the other), to the observed latitudes of these two stations, in order to render the difference of their latitudes consistent with the result of the survey. The survey gave us, also, the longitude of the Lyon's Station, based on that of the VOL. VII. — I 66 Fulton Station, derived from comparison by means of the two chrono- meters, with the longitude of Chicago. We now proceed to give the observations at Fulton : — Position of the Fulton Station. — From this station to the intersec- tion of the middle of Base Street, with the middle of Cherry Street, is N. 53° 24' 53" W. (true) and the distance is 302 feet. Hence the reduction in latitude is + 1".71, and in longitude + 3".20 in arc, or + 05.214 in time. 1st. Observations for the Latitvde. 1858, March 2Ath. By 19 circum-meridian altitudes of Polaris (lower transit) north, combined with 26 circum-meridian ^ , altitudes of c« Virginis, south, - - - 41 52 03.25 Correction due to survey, connecting with the Lyons observino; station, .... — 1.92 Latitude of station adopted, - - 41 52 01. 33 N. 2d. Observations for the Time. 1st. 1858, March 2Ath. Mean solar chronometer was fast of mean solar time at apparent noon : By 2 pairs of equal altitudes of the sun's lower limb, + 57«. 10.725. By comparison — Chronometer No. 2557, was fast of sidereal time for this station at apparent noon (say h. m. s. at 0/t. 14m. sidereal time) - - + 1 00 13.75 2d. 1858, March 2Sth. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: By 10 observations on « Tauri, west, and 9 observa- tions on fi Tauri, also west (at 8/t. 407n.) + 1 00 31.93 By 24 observations on e Bootis, east (at 10/i. SOm.) + 1 00 31.87 Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at 9/i. .35m. sidereal time) -f 1 00 31.90 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was fast of mean solar time for this station (at 9h. 10m. mean time) - - - . -|- 5 07.94 67 Sd. The Longitude. 1. By the transmission of mean solar chronometer No. 141, from Chicago to Fulton and back to Chicago, between the 22d and 29th of March, 1858. Rate, during the elapsed time, — Os.744 per mean solar day. 1858, March 24/t/i.— Chronometer No. 141, was fast m. s. of Fulton mean solar time at apparent noon, + 5 10.72 1858, March 22d.~S\o\v of Chicago mean solar time at Chicago, appa- m, s. rent noon, - - - — 4 56.26 Elapsed time, 2.007 mean solar days, allowing for diff. of longitude of stations, X — Os.744, = — 1.49 Chronometer No. 141, slow of Chi- cago mean time, at the period of Fulton apparent noon, of March 24th, 1858, - - - — 4 57.75 -— 4 57.75 (a) Difference — Fulton, west of Chicago, - -f- 10 08.47 2. By sidereal chronometer No. 2557 : 1858, March 2Uh. — Chronometer fast of Fulton si- dereal time (at OA. 14m. sidereal time) -\- 1 00 13.75 1851, March 22d. — Fast of Chicago sidereal time (at Oh. 06m. 44s. h. m. s. sidereal time) - - + 0 49 55.67 Elapsed time, allowing for difT. in long. = 2.012 sider.days, X + 4s.23, the rate per sidereal day, = + 8.51 Chronometer No. 2557, fast of Chi- cago sidereal time, at the period of the Fulton time observations, -}- 50 04.18 + 50 04.18 (6) Difference. — Fulton west of Chicago, - - + 10 09.57 If we take the time-observations at Fulton, of the 28th March, 1858, 68 as the basis of the comparisons, a similar process to the above, will give us the following additional results, viz. — (c) By mean solar chronometer No. 141 : Fulton m. s. west of Chicago, - - - +10 08.96 (d) By sidereal chronometer No. 2557: Fulton west ofChicacTo, - - - - - + 10 09.15 Mean of the 4 results, a, ^», c, ^, - - - -j- 10 09 04 Longitude of Chicago observing station No. 1, + 5 50 30.99 1st Determination, Longitude of Fulton observing station, by the run of the two chronometers, west of the meridian of Greenwich, - - - - - 6 00 40.03 On this journey, the chronometers were transported in the rail cars. Each chronometer was carried in a small basket, resting within a nest of elastic curled hair, with a lining of soft green baize between the hair and the chronometer. Every pains was taken to protect them from jolts and all kinds of rough usage. From long experience, I believe that good results for differences of longitude, derived from transporting chronometers, depend much more upon this sort of care and attention to them, than upon any other circumstances attending the operation. A few seconds of time are easily lost by careless handling of the chronometers. In the present month of June, 1859, 1 determined to test the above result for the longitude, by the method more recently followed, of transmitting time-signals by the electric telegraph. For this purpose, the time-observations of Chicago, given under the dates of June the 22d and 24th, and those now to be given under the date of June 23d, together with the signals, were made. 1859, June 2M. At the Fulton Observing Station, already described. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: Is^ Set. Before the Signals. By 8 observations on « Lyrrc, east h. m. s. (at 15/i. 20m.) - - - 1 51 04.00 By 12 observations on « (12) Canum Venaticorum,wcst(atlC/i.OO///.) 1 51 04.21 69 Is^ Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at loA. 40m.) h. m. s. 1 51 04.10 h. m, s. + 1 51 04.10 2d Set. After the Signals, By 14 observations on e Bootis, west (at 18^. 03m.) - - - 1. 51 04.47 By 10 observations on C" Cygni, east (at 18A. 23m.) - - - 1 51 04.49 2d iJeswZi— Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 18^. 13m.) - - 15104.48 Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- dereal lime for this station (at 16A. 56m.) + 1 51 04.48 1 51 04.29 The above result, and the results of the time-observations at Chicago of the 22d and 24th of June, api lied to the telegraphic signals, give us a second determination of the longitude of our Fulton Station, as follows, viz. — Determination of the Difference of Longitude between Chicago and Fulton, Illinois^ by electric signals for comparisons of time, June 23c?, 1859. Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Fulton, sidereal time, (at 16A. 29m. 23s. sidereal time), 1^. 51m. 04s.l6. Rate per sidereal day, + 7s.025; or per sidereal hour, + Os.2927. Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar time (at lO/z. 32m. 20s. mean lime) 4?^. 50s.03. Rate per mean solar day, — 0s.l9; or per mean solar hour, — Os.0079. 1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations. Times of Difference ot Times of signals Correct Chicago Fulton Chicago Longitude by given at Chicago signals, as noted correct reduced each signal.— Chicago mean solar at Fulton sidereal sidereal Fulton west of by mean solar time of by sidereal time of time of the meridian of Chronometer Chicago Chronometer Chicago Chicago Chicago observ- No. 141. signals. No. 2557. signals. signals. ing station No. 3. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 10 27 30 10 32 20.03 18 20 27 16 29 22.84 16 39 31.57 0 10 08.78 10 30 30 10 35 20.03 18 23 27.5 16 32 23.33 16 42 32.06 0 10 08.73 10 33 30 10 38 20.03 18 26 28 16 35 23.82 16 45 32.55 0 10 08.73 10 45 30 10 50 20.03 18 38 30 16 47 25.75 16 57 34.52 0 10 08.77 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Fulton, 0 10 08.74 70 2d. — Fulton sisfnals recorded at both stations. Difference of Times of Longitude by Times of signals Fulton signals Chicago Chicago Fulton each signal. — given at as noted at coreect reduced correct Fulton west of Fulton, by Chicago mean solar sidereal time sidereal time the meridian of sidereal by mean solar time of of of Chicago Chronometer Chronometer Fulton Fulton Fulton observing No. 2557. No. 141. signals. signals. signals. station No. 3. h. m. s. h. VI. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 18 29 28.5 10 36 30 10 41 20.03 16 48 33.05 16 38 24.29 0 10 08.76 18 32 29.0 10 39 30 10 44 20.03 16 51 33.54 16 41 24.78 0 10 08.76 18 35 29.5 10 42 30 10 47 20.03 16 54 34.03 16 44 25.27 0 10 08.76 2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Fulton to Chicago, 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Fulton, as above, _----._ 0 10 08.76 0 10 08.74 Result: — Fulton Observing Station is west, in longitude of Chi- cago observing Station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets of signals, + 0 10 08.75 Longitude of Chicago observing station No. 3, -|- 5 50 31.20 2d Determination., June 236?, 1859. Longitude of Fulton Station, west of the meridian of Greenwich, by the time-observations and the elec- tric signals exchanged June 23d, 1859, \st Determination, March 1858. Longitude of the same station by the time-observa- tions, and the transportation of the two chrono- meters between the 22d and 29th of March, 1858, above given, .... 6 00 39.95 6 00 40.03 Result adopted — Longitude of Fulton Station, west of the meridian of Greenwich, by a mean of the two determinations, - - - - 6 00 39.99 Equal, in arc, to - - - - 90° 09' 59". 85 Latitude of this station, as before, - - 41° 52' 01 ".33 N. By the triangulation, based on the true meridian, made in March, 1858, taking our departure from the astronomical station whose posi- tion is above given, we obtain the positions of other stations, serving as permanent points of reference, in Fulton, as follows, viz. — 71 POSITIONS IN THE CITY OF FULTON, ILLINOIS. North Latitude. Longitude West of Greenwich. In arc. In Time. 1. Intersection of the middle of Cherry Street, with the middle of Base Street, _ _ . _ . 2. Dome of the Dement Hotel, 3. Steeple of the Congregational Church, -------- 4. The centre of Washington Square, 5. Foot of Cherry Street, on the east bank of Mississippi river, at high water mark, - - - - 41 52 03 41 52 04 41 51 59.2 41 52 01.8 o / // 90 10 03 90 10 02.35 90 09 50.3 90 09 38.4 h. m. s. 6 00 40.2 6 00 40.16 6 00 39.35 6 00 38.56 41 52 03 : 90 10 15.2 6 00 41.01 On Nicollet's map, Fulton is placed in latitude 41° 52' 4:3" N., and longitude 90° 13' 45" West of Greenwich, which, in comparison with our result, if we take the centre of Washington Square as the point of reference, is + 41 ".2 in latitude, and -f 4' 06". 6 in longitude. In the last edition (that of 1857) of the map of the territory of the United States, from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean, Fulton is laid down in latitude 41° 55' 27" N., and in longitude 90° 12' 19" W., which, in comparison with our result, is + 3' 25" in latitude, and + 2' 41" in longitude. XIV. LYONS, IOWA. Station. — Near the middle of the garden of Mr. Benjamin Lake's house, on Third Street, at the S. W. corner of Third and Exchange Streets. From the station to the point of intersection of the axes or middles of these two streets, is N. 45° 49 30" E., and the distance is 190 feet. 1st. Observations for the Latitude. Time-stars /3 Tauri west, and cc Bootis (Arcturus) east. Sidereal chronometer fast 1/i. 00m. 31.2s. at 9A. blm. sidereal. Mean solar chronometer fast 5m. 11.4s. at 9/j. 36m. mean time. Latitude of Station. 1858, 3Tarch 27th. By 22 circum-meridian altitudes of cc Hydrse south, and 20 circum-meridian altitudes of » Virginis, also south, combined with 25 circum-meridian altitudes (at lower meridian transit) of Polaris, north, .... Correction due to the observations for lat. at Fulton, and the survey connecting the two stations. 41° 52' 11".78 Latitude of station adopted. + 1.92 41° 52'13".7N. 72 26?. The Longitude. This we derive from the survey made to connect the Fulton and Lyons stations, thus : — Longitude of the Fulton Station, as ^ , ^, h. m. s. already given, - - 90 09 59.85 = 6 00 ?)9.99 Lyons Station west in longitude, - + 44.29 = + 2.95 Longitude, deduced,of Lyons Station, 90 10 44.14 = 6 00 42.94 Latitude, as before, - - 41 52 13.7 Our survey, based on this result, gives two other positions in Lyons, as follows, viz. — POSITIONS IN THE CITY OF North Latitude. Longitude West of Greenwich. LYONS, IOWA. In arc. In Time. 1. The intersection of the middle of Exchange Street, with the middle of Third Street, - - - 2. The turret of the Female Insti- 41 5^2 U 41 52 10.5 o / // 90 10 42.3 90 11 14.5 h. m. s. 6 00 42.8 6 00 44.97 On Nicollet's map, this position is given -f 30" in latitude, and -f 5' 50" in longitude greater than our observations give for our station, which is nearly central of the city. On the other map mentioned, it is + 2' 02" in latitude, and + 3' 57" in longitude greater than ours. XV. ALBANY, ILLINOIS. This place is sometimes called "New Albany." It is situated on the eastern shore of the Mississippi river. Both chronometers were carried from Fulton to Albany and back to Fulton, between the 25th and 28th of March, 1858. Observations were made at Albany on the nights of the 25th and 2Gth, both for the latitude and the time. The longitude of this place is derived from chronometric comparison with the meridian of Fulton. Station. — From this station to the intersection of the axes of Maple and Main Streets, is S. 48° 51' 03" E. (true), and the distance is 89 feet. l5^ Observations for the Latitude. 1. IS58, March 25th. By 18 circum-meridian alliludcs of cc Hydra:', south, combined with 5 altitudes of Polaris, north (clouds prevented more observations on Polaris) - 41'' 47 23" 73 2d. 1858, March 26th. By 2li circum-meridian altitudes, at lower meridian transit,ofPolaris,north, combined with 21 circum- ^ , meridian altitudes of «6 Virginis, south, - 41 47 20.2 Latitude of station,— giving the result of the 26th, three times the weight of that of the 25ih, 41 47 20.9 N. Reduction to the point of intersection of the axes of Maple and Main Streets, - - • — 0.6 Result — Latitude of the point of intersection of the axes of Maple and Main Streets, Albany, Ills. 41 47 20.3 N. 2d. Observations for the Time. 1st. l8oS, 3Iarch 2Dth. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: By 6 observations on y Geminorum, west (at 9h. h. m. s. 48m.) - - - - + 1 00 33.35 By 12 observations on « Bootis, east (atlO/i. 42m.) + 1 00 34.87 Resvlt — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at lOA. 15m.) - + 1 00 34.1 By comparison — Mean Solar chronometer No. 141, was fast of mean solar time for this station (at 10^. 00m. mean lime) - • -4-5 23.98 2d. 1858, March 26th. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: By 10 observations on u Leonis (Regulus), west (at 137t. 50m.) - - - - -f 1 00 39.17 By 10 observations on a Lyrse, east //. ?«. s. (at 14/i. 10m.) - - 1 00 38.78 By 10 observations on ex. Aquila;, also east (at 167j. 14m.) - - 1 00 38.14 By 20 observations on 2 East Stars. (at 15/t. 12m.) - - 1 00 38.46 \. 1 00 38.46 VOL. VII. K Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time h. m. s. for this station (at 14/t. Sim. sidereal) + 1 00 38.81 By comparison — Clironometer No. 141, was fast of mean solar time for this station (at 14A. 12m. mean time) - - - - - + 5 23.05 Rates of Chronometers from the 2Uh to the 28th of March, 1858. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, gains per sidereal day, + 4s.l4 Mean solar chronometer No. 141, loses per mean solar day, - - - - - — Os.637 Sd. The Longitude. Albany Station, west of the meridian of Fulton Station, by the Albany time-observations of March 25th: s. By the run of sidereal chronometer No. 2557, - + 14.49 By the run of mean solar chronometer No. 141, - + 14.15 By the Albany time-observations of March 26th : By the run of sidereal chronometer No. 2557, + 14.32 By the run of m.ean solar chronometer No. 141, - -f- 13.97 Mean of these four results, - - - + 14.23 h. m. s. Longitude of Fulton observing station, - -}- 6 00 39.99 Longitude deduced of the Albany observing station, + 6 00 54.22 Reduction to the intersection of Maple and Main Streets, ....._ 0.06 Result — Longitude of the intersection of Maple and Main streets, Albany, Ills., west of the meridian of Greenwich, - - - - 0 00 54.16 Equal, in arc, to .... 90M3' 32".4 VV. Latitude of the same point, as before, - 41° 47' 20". 3 N. On Nicollet's map, this position is placed in latitude 41° 45' 37" N. and in longitude OO*" 21' 52" VV., which differs from our result by — 1' 43" in latitude, and + 8' 30" in longitude. This place is not laid down on the other m;i|). A town is now being laid out on the site of an extensive group of 75 Indian mounds, on the eastern shore of the Mississippi, which is to be called South Albany. It is in Illinois, and is situated a little more than a mile below Albany. By our survey, and an observed azimuth of the star Polaris, connected with the above astronomical station, we make the tallest Indian mound, which will be preserved, according to the plan, in the public park of South Albany, in — Latitude, .... 41° 46' 35" N. Longitude, west of Greenwich, - - 6/t. OOm. 56.93s. Equal, in arc, to ... 90° 14' 14" W. Note. — The west end of the ferry which crosses the stream drain- ing the Marais des Osiers (corrupted into '•'■ Meredosia Marshes''' on some of the maps, and into '-'■Marais d' Ogee'''' on t)thers) near the left bank of the Mississippi, on the stage road between Albany and the City of Rock Island, was found, by an offset in our survey between Albany and Camanche, to be in — Latitude, .... 41° 46' 11".6 N. Longitude, - - 6/i. 00m. 59.9s. = 90° 14' 58".5 W. XVI. CAMANCHE, IOWA. This town is situated on the western shore of the Mississippi. By triangulation from our observing station at Albany, and an ob- served azimuth of Polaris to obtain the true meridian, we derive the position of Camxnche, as follows, viz. — POSITIONS IN CAMANCHE, IOWA. Latitude, North. Longitude west from Greenwich. In Arc. In Time. 1. Intersection of Main and Maxan Sti-eets, -- 2. Flag-staflF on Chicago Street, about 100 yards west of the shore of the Mississippi, - - - - o / // 41 46 58.9 41 46 51.3 o / // 90 15 10 90 15 14.6 h. VI. s. 6 01 00. G 6 01 00.97 Nicollet's map gives the latitude of Camanche — 1' 22" less, and the longitude + 10' 20" greater than the above. He probably had no observing station near this point, but depended on other authorities for its position. 76 XVII. CITY OF ROCK ISLAND, ILLINOIS. This city is on the left or south bank of the Mississippi river,* which, for a short distance above and opposite this place, flows from east to west in its course. The western terminus of the Chicago and Rock Iskuid Rail Road, is here. The rail-way connects, however, by a bridge across the river, with the City of Davenport, in Iowa, situated on the opposite bank of the river; and, under the name of the Mississippi and Missouri Rail Road, runs in a direction about W. N. VV. to Iowa City, distant 54 miles from Davenport. Station. — The centre of Washington Square (called, on some of the maps, Church Square) bounded on the north by Illinois street, on the south by Orleans street, on the east by Madison, and on the west by Jefferson street. 1st. The Latitude. 1859, February 2Sth. By 17 circum-meridian altitudes of « Flydrte, south, combined with 20 altitudes of Polaris, north: latitude of station, .... 41° .30' -37 ".8 2d. Observations for the Time. 1859, February 28th. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: \st Set. By 8 observations on cc Arietis, west h. m. s. (at 6h. 37m.) - - 1 38 38.19 By 8 observations on y' Leonis, east (at 6//. 56m.) - - 1 38 38.06 h. m. s. \st Result — Chronometer fast (at 6//.. 46^m.) - - - 1 38 38.12 h 1 38 38.12 2d Set. By 10 observations on /3 Leonis, east (at 8^. 04?/?.) - - 1 38 38.59 B}' 6 observations on cc Tauri, and 8 observations on /3 Tauri, both west (at 8/t. 26m.) - - - 1 38 38.25 * A plan for a city, called ''Rock hland City,'' is laid out on Keck river, about 3 miles south of the " City of Rock Island^ The two places should not he confounded under names so nearly alike. i i 2d Result — Chronometer fast (at 8h, h. m. s. I5m.) - - - 1 38 38.42 h. m. §. + 1 38 3S.42 Result adopted— Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- dereal time for this station (at Ih. 31ot.) H- 1 38 38.27 Having so good a determination of the ti7ne by this night's observa- tions, it was a great disappointment, when we went to the telegraph office, to find the communication with Chicago cut off at La Salle, througli some misunderstanding there. We were thereby prevented from passing any electric signals this night, but were obliged to wait until the next night. 1859, March Isi. Same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: By 8 observations on « Leonis, east h. m. s. (at 6^. 34m.) - - 1 38 42.18 By 9 observations on y' Leonis, also east fat Ih. 04;«.) - - 1 38 42.22 By 17 observations on 2 East Stars (at h. m. s. 6h. 4.9m.) - - 1 38 42.20 = -f 1 38 42.20 By 13 observations on a, Tauri, west (at 8/t. lo/w.) -f 1 38 42.21 Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station, (at 7h. 32w.) - + 1 38. 42.20 The above observations for the time at the City of Rock island, on the. nights of February 28th, and March 1st, give the rate of chrono- meter No. 2557, for the 24 hours between those dates, + 35.93. This rate applied to the period of the chronometer error of the 1st of March, together with the time observations made at Chicago on the 27lh of February and the 4th of March, and the following telegraphic signals, give us the longitude of our "City of Rock Island" station. Although we returned from Rock Island to Chicago on the evening of March 2d, yet the weather continued so cloudy until the night of the 4th, as to prevent our making earlier observations for the time here. Thus we have to depend upon five days run of chronometer No. 141, to obtain its rate to be applied to the observations of February 27th, in order to get the Chicago mean solar time of the signals of the 1st of March. 78 Determinalion of the difference of Longitvde between Chicago and the City of Rock Island, by electric signals for comparisons of time, March 1st, 1859. Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Rock Island, sidereal time (at Sh. 55m. 42s. sidereal time), Ih. 38m. 42s.43. Rate per sidereal day, + 3.S.93; or per sidereal hour, + 0s.l637. Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar time (at 10/t. 29:^. 44s. mean time), 4m. 43s.50. Rale per mean solar day, — Os.008; or per mean solar hour, — Os.0003. 1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations. Difference of Times of Longitude hy Times of siji'nals Correct Chicaso Rock Island Chicago each signal. — given at ChicMn-o signals, as noted correct reduced Hock Island Chicairo, mean solar at Hock Island sidereal time sidereal -west of the me- ty mean solar time of hy sidereal of time of ridian of Chi- Chronometer Chicago Chronometer Chicago Chicago cago observing No. 141. signals. No 2557. signals. signals. station No. 3. h. in. s. ' h. m. s. h. m. s. h. VI. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 10 25 00 10 29 43.50 10 34 24 8 55 41.57 9 07 27.26 0 11 45.69 10 28 00 10 32 43.50 10 37 24.5 8 58 42.06 9 10 27.75 0 11 45.69 10 31 00 10 35 43.50 10 40 25 9 01 42.56 9 13 28.24 0 11 45.68 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to the City of Rock Island, __-__- 0 11 45.687 2d. — Rock Island signals recorded at both stations. Difference of Times of Lonuitude by Times of signals Rock Island Chicago Chicago Rock Island each signal. — given at signals as noted correct reduced correct Rock Island Rock Island hy at Chicago mean solar sidereal sidereal west of the me- sidereal by mean solar time of time of time of ridian of Chi- Chronometer Chronometer Rock Island Rock Island Rock Island cago observing No. 2657. No. Ul. signals. signals. signals. station No. 3. h. m. s. h. m. .?. h. m". s. h. m. s. h. VI. s. h. VI. s. 10 43 25.5 10 34 00 10 38 43.50 9 16 28.74 9 04 43.05 0 11 45.69 10 46 26 10 37 00 10 41 43.50 9 19 29.23 9 07 43.54 0 11 45.69 10 49 26.5 10 40 00 10 44 43.50 9 22 29.72 9 10 44.03 0 11 45.69 10 52 27 10 43 00 10 47 43.50 9 25 30.21 9 13 44.52 0 11 45.69 2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from the City of llock Island to Chicago, - - - - - - 0 11 45.690 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to the City of Rock Island, as above, - - - - - 0 11 45.687 Result: — llock Island Station is west, in longitude, of Chicago observing Station No. 3, l>y a mean of the two sets of signals, - + 0 11 45.69 79 h. m. s. Brought forward, +0 11 45.69 Longitude of Chlcaffo station No. 3, - - +5 50 31.20 Determination Isf. Longitude of the centre of Washington Square in the City of Rock Island, west of tlie meridian of Greenwich, - - - - - 6 02 16.89 P. S. Since presenting the above result, I made, on the 29th of July, 1859, another visit to the City of Rock Island. It was made the occasion of a second determination of the longitude of that place, depending on the time-observations at Chicago given under the dates of July 28th and 31st, the time-observations at the City of Rock Island of July 29th, as given below, and the electric signals of that night. The observations at the same Rock Island Station which was before occupied, were as follows, viz. — 1st, Observations for the Time. I8r>9, July '29th. At the centre of Washington Square. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: h. m. s. By 3 observations on e Bootis, west (at \Sh. 08m.) + 1 57 25.19 By 4 observations on fCygni, east (at 18A. 18m. 405.) + 1 57 25.63 Result — Chronometer No 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at 18/^. 13m. 20.s.) - + 1 57 25.41 The night was cloudy, but the sky opened clear just long enough to enable us to make the few observations above recorded. They were worked separately and the results were satisfactory. The extreme difference, for chronometer error, in the three on $ Bootis, west, being Os.33 and in the four on f Cygni, east, being 15.03. The extreme difference in three (the first not being counted) on fCygni, is O5.47. They were all, however, taken into the count. These stars being nearly of the same declination, north, (e Bootis 27° 40' and f Cygni 29= 39'), the result for the time at Rock Island, this night, may, we think, be considered satisfactory. The elapsed time between the Chicago observations which apply to the first determination (that of March 1st), was five days. That between the Chicago observations which enter Into the calculation of this second determination, is only three days. Considering all circumstances we are inclined to assign equal weight to the two de- terminations. The second one is as follows, viz : — 80 Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and the City of Rock Island, Illinois^ by electric signals for com- parisons of time, Jidy 29th, 1859. Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Rock Island sidereal tinne (at 19h. 53m. 36s. sidereal time), 1/t. 57m. 25s.94. Rate per sidereal day, + 7s.61 ; or per sidereal hour, -f 0s.317. Mean Solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar time (at llA. 36/;i. mean time), 1/t. 57m. 25s.94. Rate per mean solar day, — Os.755; or per mean solar hour, — 05.03146. 1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations. Difference of Times of Longitude by Times of Correct Chicago Rock Island Chicago each signal. Signals given at Chicago signals as noted correct reduced City of Rock Chicago mean solar at Rock Island sidereal time sidereal time Island west of by mean solar time of by sidereal of of the meridian of Chronometer Chicago Chronometer Chicago Chicago Chicago observ- No. 141. signals. No. 2557. signals. signals. ing station No. 3. A. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 11 31 00 11 36 04.19 21 51 02 19 53 36.06 20 05 22.29 0 11 46.23 11 34 00 11 39 04.19 21 54 02.5 19 56 36.55 20 08 22.78 0 11 46.23 11 36 50 11 41 54.19 21 56 53 19 59 27. 03 20 11 13.25 0 11 46.22 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to the City of Rock Island, ______ 0 n 46.227 2d. — The City of Rock Island signals recorded at both stations. Times of Difference of Longitude by Times of Rock Island Chicago Chicago Rock Island each signal. — Bignals given at signals as noted correct mean reduced correct City of Rock Rock Island at Chicago solar time sidereal time sidereal time Island west of by sidercil by mean solar of of of the meridian of Chrononioter ChroMonietcr Rock Island Rock Island Rock Island Chicago observ- No. 2557. Xu. 141. signals. signals. signals. ing station No.3. h. m. s. h. m. s. 1 h. m. s. h. m. 3. h. m. s. A. m. S. 22 02 44 11 42 40 111 47 44.20 20 17 04.22 20 05 18.00 0 11 46.22 22 05 44.5 11 45 40 111 50 44.20 20 20 04.71 20 08 18.48 0 11 46.23 22 08 45 11 48 40 111 53 44.20 20 23 05.21 120 11 18.97 0 11 46.24 2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from the City of Rock Island to Chicago, - - - - - - 0 11 46.23 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to the City of Rock Island, as above - - - - - 0 11 46.227 Result: — Tiie centre of Wasliiiigton •Sqnare in the City of Rock Island is west, in longitude, of Chicago observing Station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets of signals, - -j- 0 11 46.228 81 Longitude of Chicago Station No. 3, h. m. s. Brought forward + 0 11 46.23 + 5 50 31.20 2d Determination. July 29th, 18.59. Longitude of centre of Washington Square, in the City of Rock Island, . - - - 6 02 17.43 1st Determination, March 1st, 1859, - - 6 02 16.89 Result, giving each Determination an equal weight: Longitude of the centre of Washington Square, in the City of Rock Island, lUinois, vvestof the meridian of Greenwich, - - - - 6 02 17.16 Equal, in arc, to ... 90° 34' 17".4 W. Latitude of the same station, as before given, 41° 30' 37". 8 N. liy survey, departing from this station, based on an observed azimuth of the sun on the 2d of March, 1859, for comparing our courses with the true meridian, we obtained the positions of other points, in the City of Rock Island, which may be useful for future reference. We give them all in the following table, viz. — POSITIONS IN THE CITY OF Latitude North. Longitude west of Greenwich. ROCK ISLAND, ILLINOIS. In Arc. In Time. 0 / // o / // h. m. .s. 1. Centre of Washington Square, 4i 30 37.8 90 34 17.4 6 02 17.16 2. Dome of the Court House on Orleans Street, between Elk and Deer Streets, ------ 41 30 33.7 90 34 42.3 6 02 18.82 3. Steeple of the 2d Presbyterian Church, on Illinois Street, be- tween Elk and Deer Streets, 41 30 37.4 90 34 43.7 6 02 18.91 4. Intersection of Jefferson and Orleans Streets, ----- 41 30 35.9 90 34 19.9 6 02 17.33 5. Passenger house of the depot at the western terminus of the Chi- cago and Ptock Island Rail Road, 41 30 41 90 34 12.8 6 02 16.85 On the War Department map of 1857, the City of Rock Island is laid down in latitude 41° 28' 39" N.,and longitude 90° 39' 13' W.; which is 2 minutes of latitude less, and 4' 31" more, in longitude, than our observations give. Note. — By applying a transcript from the Land Office Surveys, contained in C. H. Stoddard's map of Scott county, Iowa, and Rock VOL. VII. L 82 Island comity, [llinois — published in 1857, on a scale of 1 mile to 1 inch — to our Station XVII., we obtain the approximate positions of several places in the vicinity, as follows, viz. — NAMES OF PLACES. 1. Rock Island City, Illinois, - - 2. Mouth of Rock River ; the west extremity of the island in the mouth of said river, - - - - 3. Moline. The south end of the bridge connecting with Rock Is- land, --------- 4. Watertown, ------ North Latitude. o / // 41 28 14.3 41 29 01. 41 30 37 41 32 19.6 Lougitude west from Greenwich. In Arc. In Time. o / // 90 35 06 90 30 49 90 25 02 h. m. s. 6 02 20.4 90 35 53 16 02 23.5 6 02 03.3 6 01 40.1 XVIII. FORT ARMSTRONG, ILLINOIS. This old fort is situated on the point at the west or lowest extremity of Rock Island; an island in the Mississippi river, between the "City of Rock Island" and the City of Davenport. By Hogane & Lambach's map of the City of Davenport, published in 1857, on a scale of 9 inches to 1 mile, or 5S6f feet to the inch ; and on C. H. Stoddard's map of the cities of Rock Island, in Illinois, and Davenport in Iowa, published in 1851, on a scale of 13.2 inches to 1 mile, or 400 feet to the inch, — scales which admit of minute measurements of courses and distances, — Fort Armstrong is laid down in reference to the centre of Washington Square, in the City of Rock Island, our astronomical station, XVII., as follows, respectively, viz. — Latitude North of Station XYII. Longitude East of Station XVII. In Arc. In Time. By Hogane & Lambach's map of 1857, - - - - By Stoddard's map of 1851, - - -\- 20^93 + 23.17 // — 22.87 — 25.46 — 1.524 — 1.697 Mean of the two maps in reference to Station XVII. - - - - - Position of Station XVII., by our determination, ----- _|_ + 22^05 o / // 41 30 37.8 - 24^.16 -f- 90 34 17.4 s. — 1.61 h. m. s. -f- 6 02 17.16 North Latitude. Longitude West of the meridian ofGreenwich. In Arc. In Time. Position of Fort Armstrong, Ills., deduced, -------- Davenport's House on Rock Is- o / // 41 30 59.8 41 31 18.7 o / // 90 33 53.2 90 33 19.7 6 02 15.65 0 02 13.03 83 In Captain Andrew Talcott's report on the Ohio and Michigan boundary, made in January, 1834, he gives the position of Fort Arm- strong to be in latitude 41° 31' 09".7 N., and longitude 90° 27' 15"*- = in time to 6h. 01m. 49s., exceeding us in the latitude, say 10", and falling short of us in the longitude 26s.55 in time = 6m. 38s.25 in arc = 5.736 miles. On Nicollet's map, the lower extremity of Rock Island (occupied by Fort Armstrong), is laid down 1' 20" in latitude less, and 8' of longitude, = 6.91 miles more than our observations indicate. On the last War Department map (of 1857), it is laid down in latitude 35" of latitude south, and 5' 24" in longitude west of the position given by our observations. XIX. DAVENPORT, IOWA. This beautiful city occupies the height and slope of an eminence, on the right bank of the .Mississippi river, immediately opposite to the City of Rock Island, Illinois. A mean, derived from courses and distances measured on Stoddard's map of 1851 , and Hogane & Lambach's mnp of 1857, mentioned be- fore, and referred to our astronomical station XVII., gives us as fol- lows, in regard to Davenport, Iowa, viz. — POSITIONS IN THE CITY OF North Latitude. Longitude West from Greenwich. DAYENPOIIT, lO'^VA. In Arc. In Time. 1. The intersection of the middle of Brady Street with the middle / // h. m. S. of Fourth Street, ----- 41 31 22.9 90 34 25.2 6 02 17.7 2. Centre of the Court House, oc- cupying the centre of the square. bounded on the north by Fifth Street, on the south by Fourth, on the east by Kipley, and on the west by Scott Street, - - - - 41 31 24.8 90 34 43 6 02 18.9 On Nicollet's map, Davenport is placed 18" in latitude south, and 7' 37" in longitude west of our position, derived from the preceding observations. On the War Department map of 1857, it is placed 16 seconds of latitude south, and 6 minutes and 5 seconds of longitude west of the position which our observations assign to it. * Erroneously printed 90° 26^ 15''^ in his report, as contained in Doc. No. 497, of the House of Representatives, 23d Congress, 1st Session. See page 6 of that document. 84 XX. NEW BUFFALO, MICHIGAN. This place is situated on tiie south east shore of lake Michigan, nearly opposite to Chicago. Station. — In Mr. Joshua R. C. Brown's garden. From this station to the point of intersection of the axes of VVhitaker Avenue and Me- chanics Street, is S. 5^ 12' VV. (true) 106 feet. \st. The Latitude. 1859, May 2M. By 35 circum-meridian altitudes of ot Virginis, south, combined with 32 altitudes of Polaris (a Ursse ^ Minoris) norlli; latitude of station, - - 41 47 48 N. Reduction to the intersection of the axes of VVhitaker Avenue and Mechanics Street, - - — 1 Latitude of ihe point of intersection of VVhitaker Avenue and Mechanics Street, - - 41 47 47 N. 2d. Ob Starvations for the Time. \st. 1859, March l^th. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast : By 3 observations on « Tauri, west (at h. m. s. 8h. 42m.) - - - 1 25 07.46 By 8 observations on Ca[)ella (a Au- riga), also west (at 9/t. 04/71. ) 1 25 07.37 By 11 observations on 2 West Star.-^, givino; weiaht accordins; to the number of observations on each, (at 8h. 53//i.) - - - 1 25 07.42 + 1 25 07.42* By 10 observations on a Bool is, east (at i)h. AAm.) + 1 25 09.18* Result — ('hronomeier No. 2557, last of sidereal time for this station (at 9A. 19w.) - - -j- 1 25 08.30 Clouds prevented the selection of the best time-stars; and none were visible for the latitude. * Here it is evident that too great an index error for tlie sextant was used in computing the altitudes for the time by the East and West stars. That error had changed since last observed, which is the cause of the differ- ence of results East and West; — the west observations giving too little, by an unknown quantity, and the cast observations giving too much by the same <|uantity. The mean of the two results elimhiates the error, and gives the correct time as reported. J. D. G. 85 Sd. The Longitude. This result for the New Buffalo time, and the results of the time- observations at Chicago on the nights of the 15lh and 19th of March, — which last was the earliest date after our return to Chicago from New Buffalo, that observations could be made, owing to bad weather — combined with the following telegraphic signals, give us our 1st deter- mination of the longitude of New Buffalo, viz. — Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and New Buffalo, Michigan, by electric signals for comparisons of time, March \Qth 1859. Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, last, of New Buffalo sidereal time (at lOA. 34m. 285. sidereal time), U. 2bm. 08s.66. Rate per sidereal day, + 6s.793; or per sidereal hour, + 05.283. Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar time (at lOA. 54m. mean time), 4?«. 40s.25. Rate per mean solar day, — 05.094; or per mean solar hour, — 05.0039. 1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations. Difference of Times of Longitude by Times of Correct Chicago New Buffalo Chicago each signal.— signals given at Chicago signals, as noted correct reduced New Buffalo Chicago mean solar time at New BuflFalo sidereal time sidereal time station is east of by mean solar of by sidereal of r. °f the meridian of Chronometer Chicau;o Chronometer Chicago ChicaTO Chicago obserT- No. Ul. signals. So. 2.=) 57. signals. signals. ing station No.3. h. m. s. //. m. s. h. in. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 10 49 20 10 54 00.25 11 59 36.5 10 34 27.84 10 30 56.30 0 03 31.54 10 52 20 10 57 00.25 12 02 37 10 37 28.33 10 33 56.79 0 03 31.54 11 13 20 11 18 00.25 12 23 40.5 10 58 31.73 10 55 00.24 0 03 31.49 11 16. 20 11 21 00.25 12 26-41 10 01 32.22 10 58 00.73 0 03 31.49 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to New Buffalo, 0 03 31.52 2d. — New Buffalo signals recorded at both stations. 1 1 Difference of 1 Times of Longitude by Times of ] New Buffalo Chicago Chicago New Buffalo each signal.— signals given at signals, as noted correct reduced correct New Buffalo New Buffalo at Chicago mean solar sidereal time sidereal time station is east of by sidereal bv mean polar • time of of of the meridian of Chronometer Chronometer Nev*' Buffalo New Buffalo New Buffalo Chicago observ- No. 2557. ' No. Ul. signals. signals. signals. ing station No.3. h. VI. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 12 05 37.5 HO 55 20 11 00 00.25 10 36 57.28 10 40 28.82 0 03 31. .54 12 08 38 ,10 58 20 11 03 00.25 10 39 57.77 10 43 29.31 0 03 31.54 12 32 42 11 22 20 11 27 00.25 11 04 01.72 11 07 3.3.19 0 03 31.47 12 35 42.5 ill 25 20 11 30 00.25 10 07 02.21 11 10 33.68 0 03 31.47 12 38 43 11 28 20 11 33 00.25 11 10 02.70 11 13 34.16 0 03 31.46 86 2d Mean.— Electric signals sent from New Buffalo to Chicago, 0 03 31.516 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to New Buffalo, as above, - - - - - - - 0 03 31.520 Result : — New Buffalo Observing Station is east, in longitude, of Chicago observing station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets of signals, _ . - - _ —0 03 31.518 /*. m, s. Longitude of ChicafTO Station No. 3, - _j- 5 50 31.20 1st Determination. Longitude of New Buffalo Station, west of the meri- dian of Greenwich, - - - - 5 46 59.68 On the 19th of May, I found T should be obliged to visit New Buf- falo harbour again, so I determined to make it the occasion of another trial of the difference of longitude between that place and Chicago. For this purpose the observations, as recorded, were made at Chicago on the night of the 19th; and also on the night of the 21st, on my return from New Buffalo. The night of the 20th was spent at New Buffalo, where the following time-observations were made at the same station as before, viz. — 1859, May 20?^.— Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast of New Buffalo sidereal time: By 3 observations on oc Coronse Bo- h. m. s. realis, east (at 12/t. 51m.) - 1 33 13.59 By 8 observations on C Hercules, also east (at 13/t. 54?n.) - - 133 13.21 By 11 observations on 2 East Stars, giving weight according to the number on each (at 13/t. 22m.) 1 33 13.31 h. m. s. f- 1 33 13.31 By 5 observations on y' Leonis, west, (at I'Sh. AOin.) + 1 33 12.52 iJeswZ/— Chronometer No. 2557, fast of New Buf- falo sidereal lime (at 1.3/t. 29?n.) - + 1 33 12.91 The night was not favourable for observation. The sky was much clouded, which again prevented a selection of the best lime-stars. Those that were observed on were caught, at favourable moments, be- 87 tween passing clouds, and fewer observations were obtained than was desirable for a close determination of the time. A set of observations was obtained on a Virj^inis, S., for the lati- tude; but Polaris, North, was hidden from view, and the result from meridian observations, on only one side of the zenith, being considered imperfect for a close approximation, they were not used. The Longitude. A second determination of the longitude of this station, is derived from the above time-observations, made at New Buffalo; combined with those at Chicago on the nights of May 19th and 21st, and the telegraphic signals, as follows, viz. — Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and New Buffalo, Michigan, by electric signals for comparisons of time. May 20th, 1859. Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of New Buffalo sidereal time (at 14//.. 23m. 29s. sidereal time), Ih. 33m. 13s.l7. Rate per sidereal day, + 6s.966; or per sidereal hour, + Os.29. Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago mean solar time (at 10^. 26m. 51s. mean time), 4m. 40s.65. Rate per mean solar day, — Os.47; or per mean solar hour, — Os.0196. 1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations. Difference of Times of Longitude by Times of Correct Chicago New Buffalo Chicago each signal. — signals given Chicago sisals, as noted correct reduced New Buffalo at Chinago mean solar at New Buffalo sidereal time sidereal time station is east of by mean solar time of by sidereal of of the meridian of Chronometer Chicago Chronometer Chicago Chicago Chicaso observ- No. Ul. signals. No. 2.657. signals. signals. ing station No..3. h. VI. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. k. m. s. 10 22 10 10 26 50.65 15 56 43 14 23 29.83 14 19 58.31 0 03 31.52 10 25 10 10 29 50.65 15 59 43.5 14 26 30.31 14 22 58.80 0 03 31.51 10 37 10 10 41 50.65 16 11 45.5 14 38 32. 5 14 35 00.77 0 03 31.48 10 40 10 10 44 50.65 16 14 46 14 41 32.74 14 38 01.26 0 03 31.48 10 43 10 10 47 50.65 16 17 46.5 114 44 33.23 14 41 01.75 0 03 31.48 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to New Buffalo, 0 03 31.494 88 2d. — New Buffalo signals recorded at both stations. Difference of Timos of Longitude by Times of New Buffalo Chicairo Chicasro New Buffalo each signal. — signals gi^'en sijinals.asiioteil correct mean reduced correct New Buffalo at New Buffalo at Chicajio solar time sidereal time sidereal time station is east of by sidereal by mean solar of of of the meridian of Clirdiiometer Chronometer New Buffalo New Buffalo New Buffalo Chicago observ- No. 2557. No. 141. signals. signals. siirnals. ing station No.3. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. in. s. h. VI. s. 16 20 47 10 46 10 10 50 50.65 14 44 02.25 14 47 33.71 0 03 31.46 16 23 47.5 10 49 10 10 53 50.65 14 47 02.74 14 50 34.20 0 03 31.46 16 26 47 10 52 09 10 56 49.65 14 50 02.73 14 53 33.68 0 03 31.45 16 29 48.5 10 55 10 10 59 50.65 14 53 03.73 14 56 35.17 0 03 31.44 16 39 49 10 58 10 11 02 50.65 14 56 04.22 14 59 35.66 0 03 31.44 2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from New Buifalo to Chicago, 0 03 31.45 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to New Buffalo, as above, - - - - - - - 0 03 31.49 Result: — New Buffalo Observing Station is east, in longitude, of Chicago observing station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets of signals, - - . - Longitude of Chicago Station No. 3, 2d Determination. Longitude of New Buffalo Station, . _ 0 03 31.47 + 5 50 31.20 + 5 46 59.73 We have here two satisfactory results for the longitude; but the unfavourable state of the sky on both nights prevented a satisfactory determination of the latitude of this station. A third visit, made on the 23d of May, gave an opportunity for a third trial of the difference of longitude between this place and Chicago, and for observing for the latitude, 'i'he night, this time, was clear, and good pairs of stars, both for the time and the latitude, were selected. Those for the lati- tude, and the result, are already given at the beginning of this article, XVllI. Observations for the Time, 1859, May 23c?. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast of New Buff^alo sidereal time: By 12 observations on a, Coronae Borealis, cast (at //.. m. s. 12/*. 1 9m.) - - - - +1 83 33.47 By 13 observations on e Leonis, west (at 12//. 4l7«.) + 1 33 33.64 Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of New Buffldo sidereal time (at 12A. 3()m.) - - +1 33 33.55 89 The Longitude. The above result for the New Buffiilo time, and the observations of the 22(1 and 24th of May, for the Chicago time, combined witli ihe following telegraphic signals, give us a third result for the longitude, as follows, viz. — Deiermination of the Difference of Longitude between Chicago and New Buffalo, Michigan, by electric signals for compariaons of time, May 2'Sd, 1859. Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, last, of New Buffalo sidereal time (at 15/j. 11m. 27s. sidereal time), 1^. 33m. 34s.71. Rate per sidereal day, -f 7s.351 ; or per sidereal hour, + 05.3063. Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar time (at 11 A. 02m. 52s. mean lime), 4m. 41s. 76. Rate per mean solar day, + 0s.02764; or per mean solar hour, + Os.00115. 1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations. 1 difference of 1 Times of Longitude by Times of signals Correct Chicago New Buffalo Chicago each sitrnal. — given ut Chicago signals, as noted correct retluced New Buffalo Chicago mean solar at .Vew Buffalo sidereal sidereal station is east of bvmean solar time of by sidereal time of time of the meridian of Chronometer Chicago Chronometer Chicago Chicago Chicago observ- No. 141. signals. No. 2.5,57. signals. signals. ing station No. 3. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. ?«. ,?. 10 58 10 11 02 51.62 16 45 01.5 15 11 26.79 15 07 54.86 0 03 31.93 11 01 10 11 05 51.62 16 48 02 15 14 27.27 15 10 55.35 0 03 31.92 11 04 10 11 08 51.62 16 51 02 5 15 17 27.76 15 13 55.85 0 03 31.91 11 22 10 ill 26 41.62 17 08 55.5 15 35 20.66 15 31 48.78 0 03 31.88 11 25 00 11 29 41.62 17 11 56 15 38 21.15 15 34 49.27 0 03 31.88 1st Mean.— Electric signals sent from Chicago to New Buffalo, 0 03 31.908 2d. — New Buffalo signals recorded at both stations. Difference of Times of Longitude by Times of signals New Buffalo Chicago Chicago New Buffalo each signal. — given at signals as noted at Chicago coreect reduced correct New Buffalo New Buffalo by mean solar sidereal time sidereal time station is east of sidereal by mean solar time of of of the meridian of Chronometer Chronometer New Buffalo New Buffalo New Buffalo Chicago observ- No. 2.557. No. 141. signals. signals. signals. ing station No. 3. h. m. s. h. m. S. h. m. s. h. VI. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 16 54 06.5 11 07 13.5 11 11 55.12 15 16 59.85 15 20 31.74 0 03 31.89 16 57 08.5 11 10 15 11 14 56.62 15 20 01.85 15 23 33.73 0 03 31.88 17 00 09 11 13 15 11 17 56.62 15 23 02.34 15 26 34.21 0 03 31.87 2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from New Buffalo to Chicago, 0 03 31.88 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to New Buffalo, as above, - - - - - - - 0 03 31.908 Result: — New Buffalo Observing Station is east, in longitude, of Chicago observing Station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets of signals, - - - - - — 0 03 31.894 VOL. VII. M 90 Brought forward, Longitude of Chicago Station No. 3, *Sd Determination. Longitude of New Buffalo Station, h. m. s. — 0 03 31.89 + 5 50 31.20 4- 5 46 59.31 Summary. — Longitude of this Station : By determination 1st, of March 16th, 1859, - 5 46 59.68 By determination 2d, of May 20th, 1859, - 5 46 59.47 By determination 3d, of May 23d, 1859, - - 5 46 59.89 Mean, giving double tveight to the last. Longitude of New Buffalo Station, west of the meri- dian of (Tieenwich, - - . Equal, in arc, to . . - Latitude of this station, as before, - 5 46 59.78 86° 44' 56".7 W. 41° 47' 48" N. The above results, connected with observed azimuths of the sun, and distances determined by triangulation in our survey of this harbour, made in September, 1857, (see map G. No. 57), give the positions of other points in New Buffalo, as follows, viz. — POSITIONS IN NEW BUFFALO, MICHIGAN. Intersection of Whitaker Avenue and Mechanics Street (centre), Passenger house of the Michigan Central Rail Road Station (cen- tre), --------- Intersection of the middle of Merchant's Street with the mid- dle of Brown Street, - - - - , The Light House, - - - - Latitude North. Longitvicle West of Greenwich. o / // 41 47 47 41 47 47.1 41 47 33.1 41 47 43.5 In arc. o / //■ 86 44 50. 86 45 01.4 86 45 16.8 86 45 37.4 In Time. h. m. s. 5 46 59.: 47 00.09 5 47 01.12 5 47 02.49 In Colton's map of the United Stales, of 1851, this place is laid down in latitude 41° 51' 30" N., and in loncvitude 86° 42' West. XXI. NILES, MICHIGAN. Station. — In the yard in the rear of the Methodist Church, near the N. W. corner of Fourth and Main Streets. From this station to the intersection of the middle of Main Street, with the middle of Fourth Street, is S. 22° 31'. E. 221 feet. 91 Isi. Observations for the Latitvde. 1859, June 8th. By 14 altitudes of Polaris, north, combined with 2 altitudes of a, Vir- ginis S., observed at 16 and 21 minutes of time after meridian passage, we get: Latitude of station (approximate), - - 41° 49' 56" Reduction to the point of intersection of Main and Fourth streets, - - - - — 2" Latitude (approximate) of the intersection of Main and Fourth streets, - - - 41° 49' 54" N. The sky to the south was so cloudy, that a satisfactory set of obser- vations on a star passing the meridian to the south of our station, could not be obtained to combine with those on Polaris, north, for the latitude. The index error of the sextant had, however, been very carefully measured on the day of these observations, and hence we believe that the latitude, here stated, is within four or five seconds of the truth, which is quite near enough for satisfactory results in com- puting the lime from altitudes of East and West Stars, two sets of which were obtained to-night. 2d. Observations for the Time. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast : 1st Set. By 12 observations on y' Leonis, west h. m. s. (at 14A. 02m.) - - - 1 33 36.16 By 11 observations on oc Lyrse, east (at 15/i. 06m.) - . - 1 33 36.29 1st Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast(at 14/t. 34m.) - - 1 33 36.22 h. m. s. + 1 33 36.22 2d Set. By 11 observations on /3 Cygni, east (at 15/i. 29m.) - - - 1 33 36.55 By 9 observations on e Bootis, west (at 18/?. 06m.) - - - 1 33 36.92 2d Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast (at 18/i. 06m.) - - 1 33 36.73 + 1 33 36.73 92 Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- h. m. s. dereal time for this station (at I5h. 40m.) + 1 33 36.47 This determination of the time, 1 consider very satisfactory. The difference between the results by the East and West Stars, is, in each set, very nearly correspondent with the known rate of the chrono- meter during the elapsed time; which shows that the total arc mea- sured in each case was actually what the limb of the sextant, after applying the measured index error, reported. Hence the 14 alti- tudes of the star Polaris, observed for the latitude, probably gave a pretty close result, independent of a south star for eliminating errors of observation. Sd. The Longitvde. From the time-observations made at Chicago, on the 6th and lOlh of June, and those of the Sth, at Niles, and the telegraphic signals of the Sth, we derive the longitude, as follows, viz. — Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and Niles, Michigan, by electric signals for comparisons of time, June Sth, 1859. Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Niles sidereal liri.e (at 16/i. 46m. 37s. sidereal time), Ih. 33m. 36s.78. ilate per sidereal day, + 6.'?.6688; or per sidereal hour, + Os.2778. Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar time (at ll/i. 32m. 56s. mean time), 4m. 45s.72. Rale per mean solar day, — Os.443; or per mean solar hour, — Os.01845 1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations. Times of Difference of Longitude by Times of si;,'nals Correct Chicago Niles Chicago each signal. — given at Chicago signals, as noted correct reduced Niles east Chicat^o, racjiii solar at Niles sidereal time sidereal of the meridian by mean solar time of by sidereal of time of of Chicago Chroiiornct<*r Chicago Chronometer Chicago Chicago observing No. 141. eignalH. No 2557. signals. signals. station No. 3. h. m. s. h. m. s. A. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 11 28 10 11 32 55.72 18 20 14 10 40 37.22 10 41 08.88 0 05 28.39 11 81 10 11 85 55.72 18 23 14.5 10 49 37.71 16 44 09.82 0 05 28.89 11 ai 10 11 88 55.72 18 20 15 10 52 88.20 10 47 09.83 0 05 28.87 11 40 10 11 50 55.72 18 38 17 17 04 40.14 10 59 11.79 0 05 28.35 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Niles, 0 05 28.375 93 2d. — Niles signals recorded at both stations. Difference of Times of Longitude by Times of signals Niles Chicago Chicago Niles each signal. — given at signals as noted correct reduced correct Nilesj east Niles by at Chicago mean solar sidereal sidereal of the meridian sidereal by mean solar time of time of time of of Chicago Chronometer Chronometer Niles Niles Niles ob.serving No. 2557. No. 141. signals. signals. signals. station No. 3. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. TO. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 18 29 15.5 11 37 10 11 41 55.72 16 50 10.31 16 55 38.68 0 05 28.37 18 32 16 11 40 10 1] 44 55.72 16 53 10.80 16 58 39.17 0 05 28.37 18 35 16.5 11 43 10 n 47 55.72 16 56 11.29117 01 39.65 0 05 28.36 2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Niles to Chicago, 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Niles, as above, __.---- 0 05 28.367 0 05 28.375 Rest/It: — Niles Observing Station is east, in longitude, of Chicago observing Station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets of signals, - - - Longitude of Chicago station No. 3, - _ 0 05 28.37 + 5 50 31.20 Longitude of Niles observing station west of the meri- dian of Greenwich, - - - - 5 45 02.83 Equal, in arc, to ... 86^ 15' 42.45" Latitude (approximate) of this station, as before given, 41° 49' 56" N. By a careful survey, conn(;cted with this determination, we derive the positions of other points in Niles, as follows, viz. — Longitude west of Greenwich. POSITIONS IN NILES. Latitude, North. In Arc. In Time. 1 . Intersection of Main and Fourth o / // o / // h. m. s. Streets, - - 41 49 54 86 15 41.3 5 45 02.75 2. Steeple of Trinity Church (Epis- copal) at the S. E. corner of Broadway and Fourth Streets, - 41 49 46.1 86 15 40.1 5 45 02.67 3. Steeple of the Presbyterian Ch. on Fourth Street, between Broad- way and Cherry Streets, - - 41 49 44.3 86 15 40.1 5 45 02.67 4. Foot of Main Street, on the east bank of St. Joseph river, - - 41 49 54 86 15 57.7 5 45 03.85 The 4th or last point given in the above tabulation, is the station where Captain Andrew Talcott observed in the \ear 1833. [t was pointed out by Mr. William B. Beeson, who resided here at the time. 94 At page 6 of Doc. 497, House of Representatives, 23d Congress, 1st Session, Captain Talcott states its position to be: Latitude, .... 41° 50' 09" N. Longitude west of the meridian of Greenwich, 86° 06' 28". 5 W. Or, in Time, .... 5k. 447W. 25s.9 Our observations place this station 15" in latitude, south, and 38 seconds of time, or 9' 30" of arc, in longitude, west of the position assigned to it by Captain Talcott. Time Observations at Toledo, Ohio. We now adopt Toledo, as our meridian of comparison, for deter- mining the longitudes of places eastward of it. By reference to our Station IX., it will be seen that our observing station here was determined to be in : Latitude, .... 41° 39' 02".26 N. Longitude, .... 5//. 3^??i. 09s.57 VV. The time-observations made at this station for comparison with those made at other stations, were as follows, viz. — 1st. 1859, January I8tk. At Toledo Station, Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: By 9 observations on u Andromedse, h. m. s. west, (at 3/i. 49?n.) - - 1 06 04.99 By 6 observations on jS Andromedoe, also west (at 4/i. 25?w.) - 1 06 04.96 By 15 observations on 2 West Stars, (at 4A. 07m.) - - 1 06 04.98 Ji. m. s. h 1 06 04.98 By 10 observations on ^ Geminorum, east (at 4^-. 08m.) - - - - -f 1 06 05.78 J2e5w/^— Chronometer No. 2557, fast of Toledo si- dereal time (at 4A. 07m. 30s.) - + 1 06 05.38 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time for this station (at 'Sh. \Qm. mean time) - - . . . — 20 50.63 95 'Zd. 1859, January 2\st. Same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: 1st Set. By 13 observations on /3 Geminorum, h. m. s. east (at 4/i. 39m. 30s.) - - 1 06 23.07 By 2 observations on se, Andromedse, and also 10 observations on /3 An- dromeda, both west (at 4//. 08m.) 1 06 22.84 Ist Result — Chronometer fast (at 4A. - 54m.) ^ - - 1 06 22.95 h. m. + 1 06 22.95 2d Set. By 5 observations on « Leonis, and 2 observations on /3 Leonis, both east, (at Ih. 46m.) - - 1 06 23.62 B)> 9 observations on cc Tauri, west (at Ih. 48m.) - - - 1 06 22.84 2^ Result — Chronometer fast (at Ih. ^Irn.) . . - 1 06 23.23 + 1 06 23.23 Result adopted. — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of Toledo sidereal time, (at Qh. 20m.) by giving weight according to the number of observations in each set, - - - - + 1 06 23.04 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time for this station (at 10^. 16m. mean time) - - - - - — 20 50.38 Sd. 1859, January 2^th. Same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast; By 10 observations on ^ Geminorum, east (at 3A. h. m. s. 40m.) - - - - + 1 06 36.14 By 10 observations on a. Andromedse, west (at 47i. 03m.) - - - - + 1 06 36.10 96 Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of Toledo si- h. m. s. dereal time (at 3//. 51m.) - - + 1 06 36.12 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time for this station (at Ih. 36m. mean time) ..... 20 58.04 Ath. 1859, January 26th. Same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: By 5 observations* on /3 Geminorum, east (at 3h. 46m.) - - - - + 1 06 44.77 By 13 observations on u Andromedse, west (at 4A. 18m.) - . - - + 1 06 45.44 Result — Chronometer No 2557, fast of Toledo si- dereal lime (at 4/i. 02m.) - + 1 06 45.1 By comparison — Chronometer No. 141, was slow of mean solar time for this station (at Ih. 39771. mean time) - - - - . _ 20 59.04 \st. Rates of the Chronometers. The rates of the chronometers, between the 18th and 26th of Janu- ary, 1859, are given below, for use in computing the longitudes of Elyria, Cleveland, and Columbus, Ohio, with reference to the meri- dian of our Toledo observing station, as follows, viz. — Rates of Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557. 1859. Elapsed Sidereal interval. Rate per 24 Sidereal hours. To From Days and Decimals. Gaining. January 18, January 21, January 24, January 21, January 24, January 26, 3.092 2.896 2.007 s. 4- 5.710 + 4.517 + 4.473 * The sky became suddenly clouded in the east, and no more observations could be made in that direction, this night. 97 2d. Rates of Mean Solar Chronometer No. 141. 1859. Elapsed Mean Solar interval. Rate per 24 Mean Solar Hours. From To Days and Decimals. -|- Gaining. — Losing. January 18, January 21, January 24, January 21, January 24, January 26, 3.083 2.889 2.002 s. + 0.082 — 2.651 — 0.500 It will be observed that the rate of mean solar chronometer No. 141, changed materially, between the 21st and 24th of January, from its usual mean rate. This we attribute to the fact that it was kept, during that time, in a room very much over heated by a large iron stove. The weather during this time was very cold out of doors, and, fearing the chronometer might be subject to too cold an atmos- phere, during my absence from Toledo on a visit to Cleveland, I cau- tioned the person in whose care it was left at Toledo, for the purpose of noting by it there the telegraphic signals of the 23d, not to permit the temperature of the room to fall below 70° of Fahrenheit. He over shot the mark, and when I returned from Cleveland on the after- noon of the 24th, on entering the room where the chronometer was, I was surprised to find the temperature so high that' it was distressing to remain a moment in the room. It must be remarked, however, that this new rate, during the short period mentioned, combined with the time-observations made at Cleveland on the 23d, and the telegra- phic signals which were interchanged between that place and Toledo on that night, give a result for the longitude of Cleveland, which cor- responds very nearly (within 0,5.77 of time) with that which was ob- tained bv the interchanoje of signals with Chicacro on the nigrlit of August 5th, 1858. Both results were derived from observations made under very un- favourable circumstances. If they do not settle the longitude of this place definitely, it is believed that they at least give a close approx- imation to it, as will presently be shown, when we come to treat of that position. XXII. ELYRIA, OHIO. This is the seat of justice of Loraine county, and the nearest lake port is the mouth of Black river of Lake Erie. VOL. VII. N 98 Station. — In the court-house public square. This station is 35 feet west of the meridian, and 152 feet north of the parallel of the dome of the court-house. Isf. The Latitude. 1859, Janvary l^h. By 16 circum-meridian altitudes of ^ Orionis, south, combined with 16 altitudes of Polaris, north: ^ , ,, Latitude of station, - - - 41 22 02.75 Reduction to the dome of the court-house, - — 1.50 Latitude of the dome of the court-house at Elyria, 41 22 01.25 N. 2d. Observations for the Time. 1859, January 19th. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: By 10 observations on /3 Geminorum, east (at 'Sh. h. m. s. 50m.) - - - - + I 00 28.47 By 6 observations on a AndromedeB, west (at 4/^. 08m.) - - 1 00 28.30 By 9 observations on /3 Andromeda^, also west (at Ah. 457«.) - - 1 00 28.33 By 15 observations on 2 West Stars (at 5/t. 277/1.) - - - 1 00 28.32 f- 1 00 28.32 Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at 4/t. 08m.) - + 1 00 28.39 Sd. The Longitude. The above result, combined with the time-observations made at Toledo on the nights of the 18th and 21st of January, already given, and the telegraphic signals which were passed between these two places, give the longitude of Elyria, as follows, viz. — Determination of the difference of Longitude between Toledo, Ohio, and Elyria, Ohio, by electric signals for comparisons of time, January Idth, 1859. Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Elyria sidereal time (at 6^. 23m. 23.6s. sidereal time), Ih. 00m. 28s.93. Rate per sidereal day, + 5s.710; or per sidereal hour, + Os.238. 99 Mean Solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Toledo, mean solar time (at 10^. 2lm. 405.5 mean time), 20m. 50s.54. Rate per mean solar day, + 05.082; or per mean solar hour, + 05.0034. 1st. — Toledo signals recorded at both stations. Times of Times of Correct Toledo Elyria Toledo DifiFerence of Signals given at Toledo signals as noted correct reduced Longitude by Toledo mean solar at Elyria, sidereal time sidereal time each signal.— by mean solar time of by sidereal of of Elyria east of Chronometer Toledo Chronometer Toledo Toledo the meridian of No. 141. signals. No. 2557. signals. signals. Toledo. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 10 00 50 10 21 40.54 7 23 52.5 6 23 23.57 6 17 41.50 0 05 42.07 10 03 50 10 21 40.54 7 26 53 6 26 24.06 6 20 41.99 0 05 42.07 10 06 50 10 27 40.54 7 29 53 5 6 29 24.55 6 23 42.48 0 05 42.07 10 15 40 10 36 30.54 7 38 45 6 38 16.01 6 32 33.93 0 05 42.08 10 18 50 10 39 40.54 7 41 55.5 6 41 16.50 6 35 44.45 0 05 42.05 10 21 40 10 42 30.54 7 44 46 6 44 16.99 6 38 34.92 0 05 42.07 10 33 40 10 54 30.54 7 56 48 6 56 18.94 6 50 36.89 0 05 42.05 10 3G 40 10 57 30.54 7 59 48.5 6 59 19.43 6 53 37.38 0 05 42.05 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Toledo to Elyria, 0 05 42.06 2d. — Elyria signals recorded at both stations. Times of signals given at Elyria by sidereal Chronometer No. 2557. h. m. s. 8 14 45 8 17 45.5 Times of Elyria signals as noted at Toledo by mean solar Chronometer No. 141. h. m. s. 10 51 34 10 54 34 Toledo correct mean solar time of Elyria signals. Toledo reduced sidereal time of Elyria siornals. Elyria correct sidereal time of Elyria signals. h. m. s. h. m. s. \ h. m. s. 11 12 24.54 7 08 33.83 7 14 15.87 11 15 24.54 7 11 34.32 7 17 16.36 Difference off Longitude by each signal. — Elyria east of the meridian of Toledo. h. iiu s. 0 05 42.04 0 05 42.04 2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Elyria to Toledo, 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Toledo to Elyria, as above ------- 0 05 42.04 0 05 42.06 Result: — Elyria Observing Station east in longitude of Toledo observing Station, by a mean of the two sets of signals, — 0 05 42.05 Longitude of Toledo observing station, — see No. IX., ante — + 5 34 09.57 Result — Longitude of Elyria observing station, west of the meridian of Greenwich, - -}- 5 28 27.52 Equal, in arc, to - - - - 82° 06' 52".8 W. Latitude of this station, as before given, - 41° 22' 02".75 N. 100 By an azimuth of Polaris, observed with the theodolite and chrono- meter, this night, and offsets measured next morning, from our station, we get the following positions in Elyria, viz. — POSITIOXS IN ELYRIA, OHIO. Latitude, North. Longitude west of Greenwich. In Arc. In Time. 1. Dome of Eljria Court House, - 2. Steeple of the Presbyterian Cli., built of stone, on Short Street, at the S. W. corner of Second or South Street, ------ o / // 41 22 01.25 41 22 01.21 0 / // 82 06 52.3 82 06 55.1 h. m. S. 5 28 27.49 5 28 27.67 XXIII. CLEVELAND, OHIO. Station. — The point of intersection of the middle of Bank street, with the north-western margin of Lake street. Comparison of Longitvde with the Meridian of Chicago, 1858, Avgust 5th. The night was unfavourable for observation. The sky to the south was entirely clouded, so that no star could be observed in that direc- tion for the latitude. The only observations that could be obtained for that purpose, were two altitudes of Polaris, north, which gave, approximately, as follows, viz. — Latitude of station, Observations for the Time. By 11 observations on a, Andromeda?, east (at 20h. 28m.) . . . . . By 3 observations on a Ophiuchi, and 7 observations on oi Lyra3, both west (at 2lh. 29m.) Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at 20/t. 58m. 30s.) 41° 30' 10" m. s. -f 40 08.84 -f 40 09.77 + 40 09.30 Clouds prevented observations on better time-stars in the west. Both e Bootis and a. Corona? Borealis were carefully watched for, but in vain ; also ^ Ilcrculis, at a later period of the night, but he also was hidden from view. The great discrepancy between the N. Declination of « Andromedce, and either u 0[)hiuchi, or cc Lyra), combined with the fact that the latitude — which becomes a term in the equation for computing the time, — was not closely determined, induces us to doubt if our chrono- 101 meter error can be depended on to-night, nearer than one second of time. However, as this, even, affords a desirable approximation to the true longitude of Cleveland, we think it may be well to report the result. It depends on the time-observations for this night at Cleve- land, above given, those at Chicago given under the dates of August 4th and 12tli, 1858, and the following telegraphic signals, viz. — Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and Cleveland, by electric signals for compai'isons of time, August 5th, 1858. Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Cleveland sidereal time (at 22h. 18m. 47s. sidereal time), 40m. 096-.61. Rate per sidereal day, -f 5s.58; or per sidereal hour, + Os.232. Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago mean solar time (at \2h. 57m. mean time), 4m. 31s.46. Rate per mean solar day, + Os.455; or per mean solar hour, + Os.01896. 1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations. 1 Difference of Times of i Longitude by Times of Correct Chicago Cleveland Chicago each signal. — signals given Chicago signals, as noted correct reduced Cleveland at Chicago mean solar at Cleveland sidereal time sidereal time east of the me- by mean solar time of by sidereal of of ridian of Chi- Chronometer Chicago Chronometer Chicago Chicago cago observing No. 141. signals. No. 2557. signals. signals. station No. 3. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. S. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 12 52 30 12 57 01.46 22 58 57.5 22 18 47.89 21 55 05.74 0 23 42.15 12 55 40 13 00 11.46 !23 02 08 22 21 58.38 21 58 16.26 0 23 42.12 12 58 30 13 03 01.40 ;23 04 58.5 22 24 48.87 22 01 06.73 0 23 42.14 13 14 00 13 18 31.45 23 20 31 22 40 21.31 22 16 39.27 0 23 42.04 13 17 10 13 21 41.45 23 23 41.5 22 43 31.80 22 19 49.79 0 23 42.01 13 20 10 13 24 41.45 23 26 42 22 46 32.29 22 22 50.28 0 23 42.01 13 23 00 13 27 31.45 23 29 32.5 22 49 22.77 22 25 40.74 0 23 42.03 14 01 54 14 06 25.43 00 08 33 23 28 23.12 23 04 41.11 0 23 42.01 14 10 40 14 15 11.43 00 17 20.5 23 37 10.59 23 13 28.56 0 23 42.03 14 16 40 14 21 11.43 00 23 21.5 23 43 11.56 23 19 29.54 0 23 42.02 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Cleveland, 0 23 42.056 102 2d. — Cleveland signals recorded at both stations. Difference of Times of Longitude by Times of Cleveland Chica-ro Chicago Cleveland each signal. — signals given signals, as noted correct mean reduced correct Cleveland at Cleveland at Chicago solar time sidereal time sidereal time east of the me- by sidereal bj^ mean solar of of of ridian of Chi- Chronometer Chronometer Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland cago observing No. 2557. No. 1-11. signals. signals. signals. station No. 3. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 23 59 32 13 52 54.5 13 57 25.93 22 55 40.14 23 19 22.16 0 23 42.02 0 02 32.5 13 55 54.5 14 00 25.93 22 58 40.63 23 22 22.65 0 23 42.02 0 05 32 13 58 58.5 14 03 24.93 23 01 40.12 23 25 22.13 0 23 42.01 0 20 21 14 13 40 14 18 11.43 23 16 29.05 23 40 11.07 0 23 42.02 0 23 42.018 0 23 42.056 2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Cleveland to Chicago, 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Cleveland, as above, ------- Result: — Cleveland Observing Station is east, in longitude of Chicago observing Station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets of signals, .-.-.. —02342.037 Longitude of Chicago Station No. 3. - + 5 50 31.20 1st Approximation. Longitude of Cleveland Station, - - +5 26 49.16 When the time-signals were being exchanged with Chicago, there was much excitement and some interruption, from noise, in the telegraph offices at both places, arising from the celebrations which were going on in commemoration of the successful laying of the great metallic cable across tlie Atlantic ocean, which placed the continents of Europe and America, for a short time, in electro-telegraphic communication. The news of this important event was, this day, announced by telegraph all over our country. This accounts for the signals, forth and back, not agreeing quite so close as usual. Here there is an extreme dif- ference of Os. 14 of time between the greatest and least telegraphic re- sult. But if we except 3 out of the 14 signals transmitted, the extreme difference in the 11 remaining is only 0s.03 of time. So far, there- fore, as the signals arc concerned, there is probably no appreciable error in the mean adopted. Comparison of the Longitude with the Meridian of Toledo. 1859, January 22d. Arrived at Cleveland, from Toledo, this afternoon. Cloudy all night, and no observations could be made. January 2'Sd. At the station which was occupied for the obser- vations of August 5thj 1858. 103 Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal timer 1st Set. By 4 pairs of equal altitudes of the sun, observed A. M. and P. M., middle time of observations being apparent noon, or say (20A. 227n.) sidereal time of the 22d, - - - - + 59 09.3S 2d Set. By 10 observations on /3 Geminorum, east, (at 28A. 267W.) - - 59 10.10 By 2 observations on fi Andromedse, west (at 28/?. 50m.) - - 59 10,51 By E. and VV. Stars, (at 2Sh. 38m.) 59 10.30 4- 59 10.30 Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station, January 23d, 1859 (at Oh. 30m. sidereal), - - - - - + 59 09.81 Here we had, again, an unfavourable night for observation, being so cloudy that only two observations could be obtained west, for the time. The clouds were so dense to the north and south, that no ob- servations whatever could be got for the latitude. The time derived from the East and West stars, however, agrees well with that obtained from the equal altitudes of the sun, if we take into account the usual rate of the chronometer for the elapsed time between the two sets. This is evidence enough that our approximate latitude, used as a term in the equation for computing the time by the stars, was accurate enough for that object. The time may, therefore, be considered as pretty well determined at Cleveland on this occasion. But the disturbance in the usual rate of mean solar chronometer No. 141, owing to the very high temperature of the room in which it was kept at Toledo, during this journey, must be considered. Although we may suppose that the new rate thus acquired, was probably uni- form during our absence from Toledo, yet we cannot be certain that it was so. All things, therefore, being considered, we are inclined to attribute equal weight to the resulting longitude of Cleveland, from this journey, and that which was obtained on the night of August 5th, 1858, by comparison with the meridian of Chicago. The Longitvde. The result of the time-observations at Cleveland, of January 23d, above given, combined with that obtained for Toledo, from the obser- 104 vations made there on the nights of the 21st and 24thof January, and the electric signals of the ^Sd, give us a second approximate determi- nation of the longitude of Cleveland, as follows, viz. — Determination of the difference of Longitude between Toledo and Cleveland, Ohio, by electric signals for comparisons of time, January 2Sd, 1859. Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Cleveland sidereal time (at Qh. 20m. sidereal time), 59;«. lOs.91. Rate per sidereal day, + 4s.515; or per sidereal hour, + 0s.l88. Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Toledo, mean solar time (at 10/^. Olm. mean time), 20/«. 55s.65. Rate per mean solar day, — 2s. 65; or per mean solar hour, — Os.1104. 1st. — Toledo signals recorded at both stations. Times of Difference of Times of Correct Toledo Cleveland Toledo Longitude by signals given at Toledo signals, as noted correct reduced each signal.— Toledo mean solar time at Cleveland sidereal time sidereal time Cleveland, east bv mean solar of by sidereal of of of the meridian Chronometer Toledo Chronometer Toledo Toledo of Toledo ob- No. 141. sij^nals. No. 2557. signals. signals. serving station. h. m. s. h. m. S. h. m. s. h. m. S. h. m. s. h. m. s. 9 40 10 10 01 05.65 7 19 20 6 20 09.09 6 12 49.45 0 07 19.64 9 43 00 10 03 55.65 7 22 10.5 6 22 59.58 6 15 39.94 0 07 19.64 9 45 50 10 06 45.66 7 25 01 6 25 50.07 6 18 30.42 0 07 19.65 10 03 40 10 24 35.69 7 42 54 6 43 43.02 6 36 23.37 0 07 19.65 10 09 40 10 30 35.70 7 48 55 6 49 44.00 6 42 24.35 0 07 19.65 10 12 40 10 33 35.71 7 51 55.5 6 52 44.49 6 45 24.85 0 07 19.64 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Toledo to Cleveland, 2d. — Cleveland signals recorded at both stations. 0 07 19.645 Times of Difference of Times of Cleveland Toledo Toledo Cleveland Longitude by signals given at signals as noted correct mean reduced correct each signal.— Cleveland at Toledo solar time sidereal time sidereal time Cleveland east by sidereal by m(!an solar of of of of the meridian Chronometer Chronometer Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland of Toledo ob- No. 2557. No. 141. signals. signals. signals. serving station. h. m. s. h, m. s. h. 7/1. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. , 7 31 05 9 51 53 10 12 48.67 6 24 34.40 6 31 54.06 0 07 19.66 7 34 00.5 9 54 48 10 15 43.68 6 27 29.89 6 34 49.55 0 07 19.66 7 37 01 9 57 48 10 18 43.68 6 30 30.38 6 37 50.04 0 09 19.66 7 54 56 10 15 40 10 36 35.71 6 48 25.35 6 55 44.98 0 07 19.63 7 57 54.5 10 18 38 10 39 33.72 6 51 23.84 6 58 43.47 0 07 19.63 2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Cleveland to Toledo, 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Toledo to Cleveland, as above, ------- Result: — Cleveland Station is east, in longitude, of Toledo observing station, by a mean of the two sets of signals, 0 07 19.648 0 07 19.645 0 07 19.64 105 h. m. 5. Brought forward — 0 07 19.64 Longitude of Toledo Station, - - + 5 34 09.57 2d Approximation. Longitude of Cleveland Station, by the observations of January, 1859, - - - + 5 26 49.93 \st Approximation. Longitude of same station by the observations of August, 1858, as before given, - -j- 5 26 49.16 Approximate Result adopted — Longitude of the in- tersection of the middle of Bank street with the north-western margin of Lake street, Cleveland, Ohio, west of the meridian of Greenwich, - 5 26 49.54 Equal, in arc, to - - - - 81° 42' 23".l W. Approximate latitude of the same station, as before given, - - - - 4P30'10"N. We think the position above given may be relied on as within Is. of time for the longitude, and within 15 seconds of arc for the lati- tude; an approximation which may be useful to geographers. According to this approximation, the new Court House at Cleve- land is in about: Latitude .... 41° 30' 05" N. Long-itude, from Greenwich, - - 81° 42' 06". 1 VV. Equal, in time, to - - - 5h. 26m. 48.4s. XXIV. COLUMBUS, THE CAPITAL OF OHIO. Station. — From this station, to a point perpendicularly under the centre of the dome of the State Capital, is S. 10° E. (true) 277 feet, horizontal measurement. Hence, the reduction from our station to the centre of the said dome is, in latitude, — 2". 7, and in longitude — 0".62 in arc, = — 0s.04 in time. 1859, January 25th. The night was hazy; but as any errors from the atmospheric refraction, that might arise from this circum- stance, are eliminated by the system of observing on norih and south stars for the latitude, and on east and west stars for the time, the re- sults obtained to-night, both for the latitude and longitude, are con- sidered satisfactory. VOL. VII. O 106 Isl. The Latitude. By 11 circum-meridian altitudes of j3 Orionis, south, combined with 15 altitudes of Polaris, north : latitude of station, - - - 39° 57' 45".9 N. Reduction to the dome of the State Capital, — 2".7 Result — Latitude of the dome of the State Capital at Columbus, Ohio, - - - 39°57'43".2N. 2d. Observations for the Time. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast : 1st Set. Before the signals. By 7 observations on /3 Geminorum, h. m. s. east (at 4/t. 49/71.) - - 1 04 31.96 By 8 observations on /S Tauri, west (at 8/i. 5l7W.) - - - 1 04 32.58 \st Residt. Before the signals — Chronometer fast (at 6A. 50m.) 1 04 32.27 h. m. s. + 1 04 32.27 2d Set. After the signals. By 6 observations on cc Tauri, west (at 8h. 32m.) - - 1 04 32.63 By 4 observations on 0 Leonis, east (at 9h. 04m.) - - 1 04 32.32 2d Result. After the signals — Chronometer fast (at 8/i. 48m.) 1 04 32.47 + 1 04 32.47 Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- dereal time for this station (at Ih. 49m. sidereal), + 1 04 32.37 The number of observations in each set would have been greater, but that the stars were frequently obscured by a mist that was passing. 3(Z. The Longitude. The above result for the Columbus time, and the results for the Toledo time, from the observations of the 24th and 26th inst., com- bined with the following electric signals, give us the longitude of the State Capital at Columbus, as follows, viz. — 107 Determination of the difference of Longitude between Toledo and Columbys, Ohio, by etectric signals for comparisons of time, January 2Dth, 1859. Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Columbus sidereal time (at 7h. 09m. 525. sidereal time), Ih. OA?n. 325.25. Rate per sidereal day, + 45.473; or per sidereal hour, -f 05.1664. Mean Solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Toledo mean solar time (at lOh. 4:7m. 58s. mean time), 20m. 58s.61. Rate per mean solar day, — 0s.500; or per mean solar hour, — 05.0208. 1st. — Toledo signals recorded at both stations. Times of Difference of Times of Correct Toledo signals Columbus Toledo Longitude by signals given at Toledo as noted at correct reduced each signal. — Toledo mean solar Columbus sidereal time sidereal time Columbus by mean solar time of by sidereal of of east of the Chronometer Toledo Chronometer Toledo Toledo meridian of No. 141. signals. No. 2557. signals. signals. Toledo. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 10 27 00 10 47 58.61 8 14 24.5 7 09 52.25 7 07 43.23 0 02 09.02 10 30 00 10 50 58.61 8 17 25 7 12 52.74 7 10 43.72 0 0: 09.02 10 33 00 10 53 58.61 8 20 25.5 7 15 53.23 7 13 44 21 0 02 09.02 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Toledo to Columbus, Ohio, 0 02 09.02 2d. — Columbus signals recorded at both stations. Times of Difference of Times of Columbus Toledo Toledo Columbus Longitude by signals given at signals, as noted correct reduced correct each signal. — Columbus at Toledo mean solar sidereal time sidereal time Columbus by sidereal by mean solar time of of of east of Chronometer Chronometer Columbus Columbus Columbus the meridian of No. 2557. No. 141. signals. signals. signals. Toledo. A. m. s. ll. m. S. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. A. m. s. 8 23 24 10 35 58 10 56 56.61 7 18 51.72 7 16 42-70 0 02 09.02 8 26 26.5 10 39 00 10 59 58.62 7 21 54.21 7 19 45.20 0 02 09.01 8 29 27 10 42 00 11 02 58.62 7 24 54.70 7 22 45.70 0 02 09.00 8 32 27.5 10 45 00 11 05 58.62 7 27 55.20 7 25 46.19 0 02 09.01 8 35 28 10 48 00 11 08 58.62 7 30 55.69 7 28 46.68 0 02 09.01 8 38 28.5 10 51 00 11 11 58.63 7 33 56.19 7 31 47.18 0 02 09.01 2d Mean. — Electric signals sent fx'om Columbus to Toledo, 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Toledo to Columbus, as above, __---__ 0 02 09.01 0 02 09.02 Result: — Columbus Observing Station, east in longitude, of Toledo observing Station, by a mean of the two sets of signals, ----... 0 02 09.015 108 h. m. s. Brought forward, — 0 02 09.01 Reduction to the dome of the State Capital, — 0 04 Dome of the State Capital is east, in longitude, of Toledo station, - - - — 0 02 09.05 Longitude of Toledo observinc^ station, - -f 5 34 09.57 Result — Longitude of the dome of the State Capital at Columbus, Ohio, west of the meridian of Green- wich, 5 32 00.52 Equal, in arc, to .... 83° 00' 07". 8 Latitude of this dome, as before given, - 39° 57' 43". 2 N. Verification of the Positions of Michigan City, Indiana., AND Madison, Wisconsin. The approximate positions of these stations were given in our pre- vious paper, primed in \"ol. VI. of the Society's Proceedings; the first numbered as Station II., and the other as Station VI. See pp. 363 to 365, and 385 to 368 of that volume. We have since had opportunities for testing the results, then re- ported, by more reliable observations, which we will now give. II. MICHIGAN CITY, INDIANA. Station. — The centre of the public square, bounded on the north by Michigan street, on the south by Fourth, on the east by Franklin, and on the west by Washington street. By a survey made with the theodolite and chain, — the true azimuths of the courses being determined from four azimuths of Polaris, 2 by direct observation, and 2 others by reflection from the liorizon of quicksilver, on the 17th May, 1859, with the times by the sidereal chronometer, — we find that this new station is S. 11° 15' 49" E., (true) and distant 1717 feet from our station of Jime 21st, 1858. Hence the reduction from the station of 1858 to that of 1859, at the centre of the aforesaid public square is, in latitude, — 16". 64, and in longitude — 4". 41 in arc, = Os.294 in time. From the centre of the public square, to the station where Captain Andrew Talcott observed in 1833, as pointed out to us by Herman Lawson, Esq., attorney at law, who was here at that time and still resides here, is N. 12° 05' 25" W., (true) and the measured distance 109 is 227 feet. Hence the reduction from our new station at the centre of the public square to Talcott's station is, in latitude, + 2". 19, and in longitude -f 0".63 in arc, = 0s.04 in time. The positions of other points in relation to our observing stations, were also fixed by our survey, and will be given hererfter. It will be remembered that the position of our station of June 21st, 1859, was stated, in our former paper, to be approximately, as fol- lows, viz. (See Vol. VI. page 363.) Latitude, .... 41° 43' 25" xN. Longitude, west of Greenwich, - 57i. 47m. 37s.41 This was the result of a few observations made within the space of one hour and forty minutes, on that night, and a series of telegraphic signals for comparing the longitude with the meridian of Chicago. A reduction of the above determination, to our station of 1859, gives the position of the centre of the public square, as follows, viz. — Determination 1st, of June 21st, 1858. Latitude, .... 41° 43' 09".36 Longitude, west from Greenwich, - 5/t. 47m. 37s. 12 We will now give the observations made in 1859, and the results, as follows, viz. — At the centre of the Public Square in Michigan City, Indiana, 1st. The Latitude. 1859, ilfaj/ 11th. By 14 circum-meridian altitudes of ct Virginis, south, combined with 17 altitudes of o / r Polaris, north: latitude of station, - - 41 43 08.3 1858, June 21st. By 10 circum-meridian altitudes of ■ 0 Libra?, south, combined with 5 altitudes of Po- laris, north, reduced from the old, to this station, as already shown, - - - - 41 43 08.36 Result adopted — Latitude of the centre of the Michi- gan City Public Square, - - - 41 43 08.33 2d. Observations for the Time. 1859, April 28th. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast : By 10 observations on s Bootis, east h. m. s. (at 12h. 11m.) - - - 1 31 05.20 By 10 observations on ex. Coronas Bo- realis, also east (at llh. 44m.) - 1 31 05.33 no By 20 observations on 2 West Stars, (at llA. 28m.) - - 1 31 05.26 h. m. s. 1- 1 31 05.26 By 10 observations on j3 Geminorum, west (at llh. SOm.) - - ' - + 1 31 05.29 Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at 11/t. 29m.) - - -f 1 31 05.27 The above result for the Michigan City time, combined with the observations made on the 27th and 29th of April, for the time at Chicago, and the following telegraphic signals, give us a second deter- mination of the longitude of Michican City, viz. — Determination of the Difference of Longitude between Chicago and Michigan City, Indiana, by electric signals for comparisons of time, April 28th, 1859. Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Michigan City sidereal time (at 12A. 47m. 47s. sidereal time), Ih. Sim. 05s.63. Rate per sidereal day, + 6s.669; or per sidereal hour, + Os.2775. Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar time (at lOA. 18m. 32s. mean time), 4ot. 41s.:^2. Rate per mean solar day, — 0s.l7; or per mean solar hour, — Os.007. 1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations. Pifference of Times of Longitude by Times of signals Correct Chicago Michigan City Chicago each siunal.— given at Chicago signals, as noted correct reduced ^lichigan City Cliicago mean solar at Michigan City sidereal sidereal east (if the me- by mean solar time of by sidereal time of time of rieUan of Chi- Chronometer Chicago Chronometer Chicago Chicago cago obserA'ing No. 141. signals. No. 2557. signals. signals. station No. 3. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 10 13 50 10 18 31.32 14 18 52.5 12 47 46.87 12 44 53.3 7 0 02 53.50 10 16 50 10 21 31.32 14 21 53 12 50 47.35 12 47 53.86 0 02 53.49 10 28 40 10 33 21.32 14 33 45 13 02 39.30 12 59 45.80 0 02 53.50 10 37 40 10 42 21.32 14 42 46.5 13 11 40.76 13 08 47.28 0 02 53.48 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Michigan City, 0 02 53.49 Ill 2d Michigan City signals recorded at both stations. Difference of Times of Longitude by Times of signals Michigan City Chicago Chicago Michigan City each signal. — ■ given at signals as noted coreect reduced correct Michigan City Michigan City at Chicaso mean solar sidereal time sidereal time east of the me- by sidereal by mean solar time of of of ridian of Chi- Chronometer Chronometer Michigan City Michigan City Michigan City cago observing No. 2557. No. 141. signals. signals. signals. station No. 3. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 1 h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 14 27 44 10 22 40 10 27 21.32 12 53 44.82 12 56 38.32 0 02 53.50 14 30 44.5 10 25 40 10 30 21.32 12 56 45.31 12 59 38.81 0 02 53.50 14 36 45.5 10 31 40 10 36 21.32 13 02 46.30 13 05 39.79 0 02 53.49 14 39 46 10 34 40 10 39 21.32 13 05 46.79 13 08 40.27 0 02 53.48 2(1 Mean.— Electric signals sent from Michigan City to Chicago, 0 02 53.49 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Michigan City, as above, - - 0 02 53.49 Result: — Centre of public square in Michigan City, east in longitude, of Chicago observing Station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets of signals, _ _ _ Longitude of Chicago Station No. 3, Determination 2d. Longitude of the centre of PubHc Square at Michigan City, — 0 02 53.49 + 5 50 31.20 5 47 37.71 I was obliged, on the 17th of May, 1859, to go again to Michigan City, on public duty, and this visit enabled me to obtain a third result for the longitude of this place, as follows, viz. — 1859, May, 27th. At the same Station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast : By 13 observations on /3 Geminorum, h. m. s. west (at 11 A. 43m.) - - 1 33 29.30 By 9 observations on e Leonis, also west (at I3h. 01m.) - - 1 33 29.23 By 22 observations on 2 West Stars, (at I2h. 22m.) 1 33 29.26 h. m. s. }- 1 33 29.26 By 13 observations on a. Coronse Borealis, east (at I2h. 02m.) .... + 1 33 29.30 Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at I2h. 12m.) - + 1 33 29.28 112 This result, and the results of the time-observations made at Chicago on the 16th and 19th* of May, and the following telegraphic signals, give us a third determination of the longitude of Michigan City, as follows, viz — Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and Michigan City, by electric signals for comparisons of time, May 17//t, 1859. Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Michigan City sidereal time (at 14/j.. 11m. 12s. sidereal time), lA. 33m. 29s.89. Rate per sidereal day, — 7.9.366 ; or per sidereal hour, — 0s.307. Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago, mean solar time (at \0h. 27m. mean time), 4m. 41s.02. Rate per mean solar day, + 05.377; or per mean solar hour, + Os.01.57. 1st. — ChicajTo signals recorded at both stations. Difference of Times of Longitude by Times of signals Correct Chicago Michigan City Chicago each signal. — given at Chicago signals, as noted correct reduced Michigan City Chicago, mean solar at Michigan sidereal time sidereal east of the meri- by mean solar time of City by sidereal of time of dian of Chicago Chronometer Chicago Chronometer Chicago Chicago observing No. 141. signals. No, 2557. signals. signals. station No. 3. h. m. s. h. VI. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 10 22 20 10 27 01.02 15 44 42.5 14 11 12.61 14 08 19.03 0 02 53.58 10 25 20 10 80 01.02 15 47 43 14 14 13.10 14 11 19.52 0 02 53.58 10 28 20 10 33 01.02 15 50 43.5 14 17 13.58 14 14 20.01 0 02 53.57 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Michigan City, 0 02 53.577 2d. — Michigan City signals recorded at both stations. Difference of Times of Longitude by Times of signals Michigan City Chicago Chicago Michigan City each signal. — given at signals as noted correct reduced correct Michigan City Michigan City at Chicago mean solar sidereal sidei'eal east ot the me- by t^idcrcal by mean solar time of time of time of ridian of Chi- Chrononielcr Chronometer Michigan City Michigan City Michig;in City cago observing No. liooT. No. 111. signals. signals. signals. station No. 3. h. m. s. h. m. .s: h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 15 56 44.5 10 34 20 10 39 01.01 14 20 20.99 14 23 14.55 0 02 53.56 15 59 45 10 37 20 10 42 01.01 14 23 21.48 14 26 15.03 0 02 58.55 16 02 45.5 10 40 20 10 45 01.01 14 26 21.98 14 29 15,52 0 02 53.54 2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Michigan City to Chicago, 0 02 53.55 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Michigan City, as above, - - 0 02 53.577 Result: — Centre of Public Sciuare in Michigan City is east, in longitude, of Chicago observing Station No. 3, Ijy a mean of the two sets of signals, — 0 02 53.56 It was cloudy at Chicago, May 18th, and uo obBervations could be made ou that uight. 118 h. m. s. Brought forward, — 0 02 53.56 Add loncritude of Chicago station No. 3, - + 5 50 31.20 3fZ Determination. Longitude of the centre of the public square of Michi- gan City, - - - - - 5 47 37.64 We have here three determinations of the longitude of this position: one from observations in June, 1858, and two from observations in 1859, namely, April 28th and May 17th. The time-stars were much better selected in 1859 than in 1858, which will appear on a compari- son of their north declinations. Those in 1859, were all observed near the prime vertical, but those of 1858 were observed before reach- ing the prime vertical, east or west, and on different sides of it, though at nearly equal altitudes. All things considered, we think the two results of 1859 are each entitled to twice the weight of that of 1858. On this principle the final result is presented, as follows, viz. — Summary. — Longitude of the Centre of this Public Square: h. m. s. By determination 1st, of June 21st, 1858, - 5 47 37.12 By determination 2d, of April 28th, 1859, - 5 47 37.71 By determination 3d, of May 17th, 1859, - - 5 47 37.64 Result adopted, giving the 2d and dd determinations each a double weight. Longitude of the centre of the public square at Michi- gan City, Indiana, west of the meridian of Green- wich, - - - - . 5 47 37.56 Equal, in arc, to ... 86° 64' 23".4 W. Latitude of the same point, as before given, 41° 43' 08". 33 N. From our survey, based on the above result, and observed azimuths of Polaris for determining the true courses, we obtain the positions of other points in Michigan City. The following table shows them all : VOL. VII. P 114 POSITIONS IN MICHIGAN CITY, Latitude North. Longitude West of Greenwich. INDIANA. In Arc. In Time. 1. Centre of the Public Square, - 2. Intersection of the middle of Franklin with the middle of Michigan Street, ----- 3. Passenger house of the Michi- gan Central Ptail Road Com- pany's Station, ------ 4. The Light House, - - - - 5. Mouth of Trail Creek, (east cape of), -------- 6. The Episcopal Church on Pine St. between Market and Fourth Streets, -------- 41 43 08.33 41 43 11.23 41 43 18.91 41 43 22.88 41 43 24.58 41 43 07 8°6 54 23.4 86 54 21.4 86 54 26.79 86 54 32.60 86 54 37.23 86 54 13.28 h. m. s. 5 47 37.56 5 47 37.43 5 47 37.78 5 47 38.17 5 47 38.48 5 47 36.88 In Talcott's map, accompanying his report on the survey of the Michigan and Ohio boundary of 1833, he lays down the position of Michigan City in latitude 41° 43' 10". 8 N., and in longitude 86° 43' 26". 9 = 5A. 46m. 53s.8' W. By our observations, his station, here, appears to be in latitude 41° 43' 10".52 N., and in longitude 86° 54' 24" = 5/i. 47m. 375.6 W. While there is a remarkable agreement in our observations of the latitude, we place the longitude 43s.76 of time, = 10' 56". 4 in arc, = 9.42 miles, west of the position assigned to it on Talcott's map. Captain Talcott, in his report, gives the longitude of the south bend of o / /< '*• ^* ^* Lake Michigan, - - 87 09 06 = 5 48 36.4 By applying our difference of longi- tude, found at Michigan City, viz: -f 10' 56".4 = -f 43S.76 We assume, for the approximate longi- tude of the south bend of Lake Michigan, until we can have an opportunity of connecting it by ob- servation with our primary meri- dian of Chicago, The latitude of this bend, is no doubt very accurately stated by Talcott, at . - - - 87 20 02.4 = 5 49 20.16 41 37 07.9 N. 115 VI. MADISON, THE CAPITAL OF WISCONSIN. In our former paper, we gave an approximation to the geographical position of this place, derived from unsatisfactory observations made during unfavourable weather, which cut us off from a selection of pairs of stars well matched in declination for eliminating errors of observation, either for the determination of the latitude or the longitude. The approximate result then arrived at appears, from more accu- rate observations recently made, to have given the latitude too great by about 9". 5, and the longitude too little by about ls.2 of time. This, however, was far more accurate than the position assigned to Madison on any of the maps extant. These more recent observations are now presented, as follows, viz: IsL The Latitude. 1859, June Ath. At Madison Station No. 2.* 1. By 21 circum-meiidian altitudes of » Virginis, soutii, combined with 17 altitudes ofPolaris, north: q latitude of station, - - - - 43 04 25 2. Same night — By 21 circum-meridian altitudes of i3 Librae, south, combined with 17 other altitudes ofPolaris, north, observed at a later hour of the night than the 1st set, - - - 43 04 25.24 Result adopted— LidxiudiQ of xMadison station No. 2, 43 04 25.12 N. Reduction to the dome of the State Capital, + 5.68 Latitude of the dome of the State Capital, - 43 04 30.8 N. Here the stars are well paired with regard to their altitudes when observed, north and south, and the above result is, therefore, believed to-be a pretty close approximation to the true latitude of this place. 2d. Observations for the Time. Same night (June Uh, 1859), and, saine station. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: 1st Set. By 10 observations on « Canum Vena- h. m. s. ticorum, west (at 16/i. 43m.) 1 45 42.17 By 10 observations on a, Cygni, east (at 17/i. 00m.) - - 1 45 43.15 * This station and its position relatively with that of the dome of the State Capital, will be found described in Vol. VL. at page 386 of the Society's Proceedings. 116 1st Result — Chronometer fast (at 16A. h. m. s. 52m.) - - - 1 45 42.66 h. m. s. h 1 45 42.66 2d Set. By 7 observations on ^ Hercules, and . 11 observations on <^ Cygni, both east (at 16^. 04m.) - - 1 45 42.74 By 9 observations on s Bootis, west (at 17/i. 25m.) - - 1 45 42.50 2d Result — Chronometer fast (at IQJi. 45m.) - - - 1 45 42.62 + 1 45 42.62 Result adopted — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of si- dereal time for this station (at 16^. 48m.) + 1 45 42.64 The above result for the Madison time, and the results of the obser- vations for the time at Chicago on the 3d and 6th of June, 1859, already given in tlieir proper places, combined with the following tele- graphic signals, give us a new result for the longitude of Madison, as follows, viz. — Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and Madison, Wisconsin, by electric signals for compai'isons of time, June Uh, 1859. Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Madison sidereal time (at 15/t. 51m. 45s. sidereal time), \h. 45m. 42&-.43. Rate per sidereal day, + 65.O86; or per sidereal hour, + Os.2535. Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago mean solar time (at 11 A. 12m. 24s. mean time), 4m. 44s.42. Rate per mean solar day, — 0s.20; or per mean solar hour, — Os.0083. 1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations. Times of si^riiila given at Chicaj^o by mean solar Chronometer No. 141. Correct Cbi(Mf;o mean solar time of Chicago signals. h. m. s. 11 07 40 11 10 40 11 25 40 h. m. s. 11 12 24.42 11 15 24.42 11 30 24.42 Times of Chicago signals, as noted at Madist)n by sidereal Chronometer No. 2657. h. m. s. 17 43 28 17 46 28.5 18 01 31 Madison correct sidereal time | of Chicago signals. h. m. s. 15 57 45.57 16 00 40. OG 10 15 48.49 Chicago reduced sidereal time of Chicago signals. h. m. s. 16 04 47.93 16 07 48.42 16 22 50.88 DifTerence of Longitude by each signal. — Madison is west of the me- ridian of Chi- cago observing station No. 3. h. m. s. 0 07 02.36 0 07 02.36 0 07 02.39 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Madison, 0 07 02.37 117 2d. — Madison signals recorded at both stations. Times of signals given at Ma^lison by sidereal Chronometer No. 2557. Times of Madison signals, as noted at Chicago by mean solar Chronometer No. 141. Chicago correct mean solar time of Madison signals. Chicago reduced sidereal time of Madison signals. Madison correct sidereal time of Madison signals. Difference of Longitude by each signal. — Madison west of the me- ridian of Chi- cago observing station No. 3. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 17 52 29.5 11 16 40 11 21 24.42 16 13 49.41 16 06 47.03 0 07 02.38 17 55 30 11 19 40 11 24 24.42 16 16 49.90 16 09 47.52 0 07 02.38 17 58 30.5 11 22 40 11 27 24.42 16 19 50.39 16 12 48.01 0 07 02.38 2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Madison to CMcago, 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Madison, as above, ------- 0 07 02.38 0 07 02.37 Result: — Madison Observing Station is west, in longitude, of Chicago observing Station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets of signals, -..-.. +00702.375 Reduction to the dome of the State Capital, — 0.23 Dome of the State Capital at Madison, west, in longi- tude, of Chicago Station No. 3, - + 0 07 02.14 -f 5 50 31.20 Lonoritude of Chicago Station No. 3 ^st Determination. Longitudeof the dome of the State Capital at Madison, + 5 57 33.34 We also observed for the time at Madison, about midnight of June 5th, 1859, and afterwards exchanged telegraphic signals with Chicago, which gave us another comparison with the meridian of Chicago for the longitude of this station, as follows, viz. — Observations for the Time. At Madison Station No. 2. 1859, June 5th. Sidereal chronometer No. 2557, fast: By 7 observations on cc Canum Venaticorum, west (at 16/j. 38m.) - - - + 1 45 46.99 By 7 observations on x Cygni, east (at 16h. 56m.) + 1 45 47.48 Result — Chronometer No. 2557, fast of sidereal time for this station (at 16/i. 47m. - - . _[_ i 45 47.23 A comparison of this result with the last mentioned Chicago time- observations, by means of the following signals, which were exchanged 118 by telegraph after midnight of June 5th, give us another comparison of longitude between the two places, as follows, viz. — Determination of the difference of Longitude between Chicago and Madison, Wisconsin, hy electric signals for comparisons of time, June 5th, 1859. Sidereal Chronometer No. 2557, fast, of Madison sidereal time (at 17/t. 2ljn. 26s. sidereal time), Ih. 45m. 47s.37. Rate per sidereal day, + 6s.086 ; or per sidereal hour, + 05.2535. Mean solar Chronometer No. 141, slow, of Chicago mean solar time (at I2h. 2ljn. 55s. mean time), 47/i. 43s.63. Rate per mean solar day, — 05.20; or per mean solar hour, — 05.0083. 1st. — Chicago signals recorded at both stations. Difference of Times of Longitude by Times of Correct Chicago Madison Chicago each signal. — signals given at Chicago signals, as noted correct reduced Madison is Chicago mean solar time at Madison sidereal time sidereal time west of the me- by meau solar of by sidereal of of ridian of Chi- Chronometer Chicago Chronometer Chicago Chicago cago observing No. 141. signals. No. 2557. signals. signals. station No. 3. h. m. S. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. h. m. s. 12 27 10 12 31 54.64 19 07 13.5 17 21 26.13 17 28 27.70 0 07 01.63 12 30 10 12 U 51.64 19 10 14 17 24 26.61 17 31 28.25 0 07 01.64 12 45 10 12 49 54.64 19 25 16.5 17 39 29.06 17 46 30.72 0 07 01.67 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Madison, 0 07 01.647 2d. — Madison signals recorded at both stations. Difference of Times of Longitude by Times of Madison Chicago Chicago Madison each signal. — signals given at signals as noted correct mean reduced correct Madison is west Madison at Chicago solar time sidereal time sidereal time of the meridian by sidereal by mean solar of of of of Chicago ob- Chronometer Chronometer Madison Madison Madison serving station No. 2557. No.141. signals. signals. signals. No. 3. h. m. s. //. 7??. S. h. m. s. h. in. s. h. m. s. h. in. s. 19 16 15 12 3(; 10 12 40 54.64 17 37 29.25 17 30 27.60 0 07 01.65 19 19 15.5 12 39 ]0 12 43 54.64 17 40 29.74 17 33 28.08 0 07 01.66 19 22 16 12 42 10 12 46 54.64 17 43 30.23 17 36 28.57 0 07 01.66 2d Mean. — Electric signals sent from Madison to Chicago, 1st Mean. — Electric signals sent from Chicago to Madison, as above, ------- Result: — Madison Observing Station is west, in longitude, of Chicago observing station No. 3, by a mean of the two sets 0 07 01.657 0 07 01.647 of signals, - _ 0 07 01.65 119 h. m. s. Brought forward, + 0 07 01.65 Reduction to the dome of the Capital, - - — 0-23 Dome of the Capital, west, in longitude, of Chicago Station No. 3, - - - + 0 07 01.42 Longitude of Chicago Station No. 3, - + 5 50 31.20 2d Determination of June 5th. 1859. Longitude of this dome, - - - - 5 57 32.62 1st Determination, June 4th, 1859, as before given, 5 57 33.34 Result adopted, giving the determination of June 4th a weight of S, to 2 assigned to that of June 5th, 1859: longitude of the dome of the State Capital of Wisconsin, at Madison, west of the meridian of Greenwich, ... 5 57 33.05 Equal, in arc, to - - - - 89° 23' 15".75 W. Latitude, as before given, ... 43° 04' 30". 8 N. We offer the above as a closer approximation, to supersede that heretofore reported, as derived from the less satisfactory observations of June, 1858. J. D. GRAHAM, Member of the Society, Pending nomination No. 391 was read, and, the balloting being ordered, a letter from Dr. Dunglison was read, regretting his necessary absence. The resignation of Mr. Hazlehurst was then, on motion of Dr. Hays, accepted. No further business being before the meeting, the ballot was scrutinised, and Prof. Samuel H. Dickson, M.D., of Philadelphia, was declared duly elected a member of the Society, which was then adjourned. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY Vol. VII. JULY— DECEMBER, 1859. No. 62. Stated Meeting, Aiignsf 19, 1859. Present, three members. Dr. John L. Le Conte, Secretary, in the Chair. A letter was read from Prof. Dickson, dated at Phila. Ana:. 5, 1S59, acknowledging the receipt of notice of his election. The following donations for the Library were announced: — Patent Office Report for 1857. Wash. 185S.— Frowz the U. S. G. U. S. Coast S. Report for 1857. Wash. IS^S.— Supt. U. S. C. S, Washington Observatory during 1849, 1850. — From 31. F. Maury. Astronomical Journal, No. 126. Cambridge. — From B. A. Gould, Monthly Notices, R. A. Soc. XIX. 8. London. — From the Soc. Proceedings x\cad. Nat. Sci. 13. Philadelphia. — From the Society. Journ. Frank Hn Institute. Aug. 1859. Phila. — From the Institute. Med. News and Library. Aug. 1859. Phila. — Blanchard 6^ Lea, Index Catalogue, Public Library of Bostc^n. — From Prof. Jeirett. Supplement, By-laws, 6th Report, &c. of the same. — Prof. Jeicett. An. Report N. Y. State Library. Albany, 1859. — The Trustees, 11th An. Report, Maryland Inst. Baltimore, 1859.— -i^rom the Ins. Silziingsberichte K. A. I\lafh.-Nat. C. XXIV. B. III. II. No. 5—6, 7, 8, 9, 10. XXVlil B, No. 1—26. Phil. -Hist. C. XXIII. B. V. H. No. 5 — 10, I — 8. Almanach 8th year, 1858, and Festrede by Karajan. — From the Academy of Sciences at Vienna. A communication for the Transactions, was received from Prof. Loomis, entitled Observations or the Magnetic Dip IN THE United States, by Elias Loomis, Professor of Math- VOL. VII. — Q 122 ematics and Natural Philosophy in the University of the City of New York, and referred to a committee consisting of Prof. Kendall, Dr Bridges and Mr. Lesley. Pending nomination No. 392 was read, and the Society was adjourned. Stated Meeting, September 16, 1859. Present, twelve members. Prof Cresson, Vice-President, in the Chair. A letter was read from the American Oriental Society, dated New Haven, July, 1859, announcing the transmission of a do- nation to the Libi'ary, and requesting exchanges. A letter was read from M. F. Maury, dated Washington, Sep. 2, 1S59, inclosing a communication from Com. Wiillerstorf, just returned from a scientific voyage of circumnavigation in the Austrian Frigate Novara, entitled, Essay vpon the deter- mination of the form of the earth by means of simultaneous observations with the barometer and aneroid. A letter was read from G. A. Matile dated Phila. Aug. 27, in relation to the publications of the Roy. Acad, at Brussels. The following donations for the Library were announced: — Amor. Journal No. 83, September. N. Haven. — From the Editors. Frank. Insl. Journal. No. 405. Sept. Phila.- — From the Institute, Med. News and Library. No. 20L Sept. Phila. — From the Eds, African Ropos. XXXV. No. 8. Aug. Wash.— ^mer. Col. Soc, Astronomical Notices, No. 7, 8. Albany. — From the Editors. Proc. Boston N. H. Soc. VII. 5, 6, Boston. — From the Society, Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci. 14. Philadelphia. — From the Acad. Proc. N. Jersey Hist. Soc. VIII. 4. Newark. — From the Society, Journal Amer. Oriontnl Society from the beginning. — From the Soc, Journ. Elliot S. N. H. Vol. 1. 1,2. Charleston.— From the Soc, N. Y. Mercan. Lib. As. .SSth An. Rep. 1858-9.— From the Asso. La Bourgofrne, revue G*]nologique, 1 liv. Dijon. — C. Ladrey^ Ed. Die ])rincipion der lieutigcn physik. Oration by Dr. Andreas, R. von P]ttingliansen. Oct. 29, 1857. Wien. — 1. R. Acadcimj. Inquiries concerning a charge of interception in No. 124 of Gould's Astronomical Journal, by John Patterson. Albany. 123 The committee to which was referred the paper of Prof. Loomis, reported in favour of its pubhcation in the Transactions, which was ordered accordingly, and the committee disciiarged. The decease of Richard Rush, a member of this Society, (elected Jan. 17, 1S17), was announced by Dr. Bache, as having occurred in July last. On motion of Judge Sharswood, it was ordered that Mr. C. F. Ingersoll be requested to prepare an obituary notice of the deceased. The paper of Com. Wullerstorf was referred to a Committee consisting of Prof. Kendall, Prof. F. Rogers and Prof. Cresson. Prof. Cresson made an oral communication on the aurorae boreaies, which occurred on the evenings of Aug. 28th and Sept. 1st, and described minutely their various changes of ap- pearance. Remarks were made by Prof. Trego, Dr. Emerson, Dr. Coates and Prof. Lesley. Pending nomination No. 392, and new nomination No. 393, were read, and the Society was adjourned. Stated Meeting, October 7, 1859. Present, fifteen members. Prof. Cresson, Vice-President, in the Chair. Letteis were read from E. Uricoechea, President of the New Grenada Society of Naturalists, dated Bogota, 10 — 8, 1859, desiring the publications of this Society; — from Capt. Wilkes, U. S. N. dated Washington, Sept. 29, announcing the trans- mission of a donation for the library : — from the Conn. Hist. Soc. dated Hartford, acknowledging the receipt of No. 61 of the Proceedings ;— and from Col. Graham dated Chicago, Sep. 20, enclosing the following addition to his contributions No. 3. VII. ASHTABULA, OHIO. Station. — The centre of the North Public Square, bounded on the north by a lane thirty feet wide, on the south by Division street, on the east by Main street, and on the west by Park street. VIII. ERIE, PENNSYLVANIA. At the end of this article, and immediately preceding the closing 124 paragraph which begins with the words "my duties required me to return to Chicago," &c., insert the following, viz: From the above determination of the position of our observing sta- tion, and measurements therefrom of the azimuths and distances to other points as laid down on a "Map of the Borough of Erie, with the water lots and harbour, made by order of the Burgess and Town Council of tiie Borough of Erie, in 1837, under the supervision of T. S. Brown, Civil Engineer," we obtain the latitudes and longitudes of said positions within the City and harbour of Erie, as follows, viz: Longitude West of the Meridian POSITIONS IN TIIE CITY AND HAR- North Latitude. BOUR OF ERIE, PENNSYLVANIA. In Arc. In Time. 1. Centre of the Public Park, or intersection of the axes of State o / // 0 / // h. m. s. street and Sixth street, produced. 42 07 51.5 80 05 35.3 5 20 22.35 2. Steeple of the Court House, north side of Sixth street, between Peach and Sassafras streets, - - - - 42 07 49.3 80 05 45.23 5 20 23.01 3. Tlie Light House, ----- 42 08 42.7 80 04 15.7 5 20 17.04 4. The Beacon Light at the lake- ward end of the U. S. west pier, 42 09 16.7 80 05 07.5 5 20 20.5 5. Stone monument (supposed to have been placed by Andrew Elli- cott), at the west corner of Pa- rade and Front streets, inscribed as follows, Yiz : "1795 Lat. 42° 08^ 14^^ Var. 0° 43^ E." - - 42 08 20.8 80 05 172 5 20 21.15 6. Depot of the Erie and Butfalo Rail Road, (the Passenger-house), 42 07 19.8 80 05 21. G 5 20 21.44 XXIII. CLEVELAND, OHIO. In lieu of the last page under this head, substitute the following: According to the above, we give as the approximate positions of other points in Cleveland, the following, viz : POSITIONS IN TIIE CITY OF Approximate North Latitude. Approximate Longitude West of the Meridian of Greenwich. CLEVELAND, OHIO. In Arc. In Time. 1. The new Court House, - - - 2. The Light House, situated at the southern coiiier of Water and Lighthouse streets, - - - - - 3. The IJeacon Light at tlie cud of the U. S. harbour-pier, - - - o / // 41 30 05 41 30 07. G 41 30 16.5 o / // 81 41' OG.l 81 42 31.5 81 43 01.1 /;. m. ,v. 5 2G 48.4 5 2G 50.1 5 2G 52 125 Capital should read Capitol on pages 105 (line 26), 106 (bottom line), 108 (lines 2, 3, 6), 115 (lines 21, 22), 117 (lines 19, 20, 24), 119 (lines 2, :3, 11), of Proceedings No. 61. The following donations for the Library were announced: — Astronomical Journal, No. 127. Cambridge. — Fro?n the Editor. Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, IV. 2. — From the Academy. Observations on the Genus Unio. VII. 1. — From Isaac Lea. Quarterly Journal, Royal Dublin Society. XIV. — From the Soc. Quar. Jour. Chem. Soc. XII. 2. (XLVI). Lend.— From the Soc. Annales des Mines. XIV. 6 liv. of 1858. — Ingenieurs des Mines. Estatutos . . . S. N. Neo Granadinos. — From the Society. Med. News and Lib. No. 202. Phila.— From Blanchard r. F. Bache. Essais sur I'hygrometrie; Saussure. Neuch. 1783. — Dr. F. Bache. The decease of the eminent botanist, Thomas Nuttall,a mem- ber of the Society (elected Oct. 17, 1817 \ in Lancashire, England. Sept. 10, 1859, Wiis announced by Dr. Bache, and Mr. Durand was requested to prepare an obituary notice of the deceased. A quorum for the enacting of laws not being present, the special business of the meeting was postponed. A communication was pi-esented for the Transactions, en- titled Analytical Orthography; An Investigation of THE Sounds of the Voice and their Alphabetic Nota- tion, b?/ S. S. Ha/de?na?i,^.AI., which was referred to a com- mittee consisting of Prof. Lesley, Dr. Le Conte and Judge King. On motion of Mr. Fouike, it was resolved that the amend- ments of the By-Laws shall be the special order of each stated meeting until finally disposed of. Pending nominations Nos. 392 and 393, were read. On motion of iMr. Trego, it was resolved that the Society of Naturalists of New Grenada, at Bogota, be made a correspond- ing Society; and the Society was adjourned. 126 Stated Meeting, October 21, 1859. Present, fifteen members. Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair. Letters were read from the Hist. Soc. of Penna. dated Oct. 10: — from the Rhode Island Hist. Soc. dated Oct. 4: — and from the Bost. N. H. Soc. dated Oct. 6, 1859, acknowledging the re- ceipt of the Proceedings. The following donations for the Library were announced: — Astronomical Journal, No. 128. — From the Editor. Monthly Not. Royal Astron. Soc. XIX. No. ^.—From R. A. Soc, Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. VII. 7, 8. — Fro7n the Society. Journal of the Franklin Institute, No. 406. — From the Institute. Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci. 5-19, 1-2. — From the Academy. African Repository, Oct. 1859. No. 10. — From the Amir. Col. Soc. Cat. Off. and Students, Harvard Univ. 1859-60. — From the Univer, Providence School Committee An. Rep. 1859. — From the Committee, Chart of Canal de Haro, &c. Washington T. — From Major Bache. Tavole . . Vecchia Moneta Tuscana, Fir. 1826. — Prof. Haldeman, Delia Campagna di Roma. By Reumont, 1842. — Prof. Haldeman, The Committee, to which was i-eferred the paper of Prof. Haldeman, reported in favour of its being printed in the Trans- actions, which was ordered accordingly, and the Committee was discharged. The decease of the distinguished naturalist, Thomas Hors- field,a member of this Society (elected Oct. 16, 1S29), at Lon- don, Sept. 1859, was announced by Dr. Leidy. The decease of John Y. Mason, representative of the United States at the Court of the Tuilleries, a member (elected April 16, 1847), at Paris, Oct. 3, 1859, was announced by Prof. Trego. A communication was presented for the Transactions entitled: Revision of thb BupiiESTiDii<: of the United States, by John L. Le Conte^ M.Z)., and referred to a committee consist- ing of Prof. Haldeman, Dr. Ruschenberger and I)r Leidy. Prof. Lesley presented for publication in the Proceedings a paper, entitled, On the Insensible Gradation of Words.* Mr. Lesley brought before the notice of the members present, a measured and leveled section of the Geology and Topography * Sec page 129. 127 of Kentucky made across the eastern part of tlie State, from Greenup County to the Tennessee State line, hy Jos. Lesley, Jr., Asst. under the direction of Dr. David Dale Owen, State Geologist, in the summers of 1S58 and 1859; — and described its most remarkable features along the western outcrop of the eastern coal field. Nominations Nos. 392, 393 were balloted for, and new no- mination No. 394 was read. A quorum for the enacting of laws not being present, the special business of the evening was postponed. The ballot being scrutinised, the following persons were declared duly elected members of the Society: — Judge Henry Carleton, of Piiiladelphia. Dr. VVm, a. Hammond, U. S. A. And the Society was adjourned. Stated Meeting, November 4, 1859. Dr. Wood, Pi-esident, in the Chair. Present, sixteen members. Letters were read from the R. A. Dijon, the R. S. Gottingen, the R. Geog. S. London, the R. S. London, the Mass. H. S. ac- knowledging the receipt of Proceedings Nos. 57 and 58; — from the iMass. H. S. Worcester, the P. H. S. Philada. and the State Librarian, Harrisburg, acknowledging the receipt of Transac- tions, Vol. XL Part 2 ;— from the R. P. A. Berlin, acknowledging completesets of Transactions and Proceedings; — from the N. H. S. Emden and R. P. A. Berlin, announcing the transmission of donations for the Library; — from the Librarian R. L. Rio de Janeiro, and M. Brockhaus, dated Leipsig, Nov. 10, 1858, informing the society of new arangements for correspondence with Brazil and South America. A letter was read from Henry Carleton dated Philada. Oct. 24, 1859, acknowledging the receipt of notice of his election. The following donations for the Library were announced : — Greenwich Observntions for 1857. — From the Royal Society. Lond. Teneriffe Astron. Exper. Lond. and Edin. 4to. 1859. — From R. Sac. Maxima and Minima, solved by Algebra, by Ramchundra. (200 pp.) 8vo. London, 1859. — From the same. 128 Proceedings R. S. London. Nos. 32 to 35. 8vo. — From R. Soc. Philos. Trans. R. S. London. Parts I. II. 1858. 4to.— Fro??i R. Soc, List of Members, 30th November, 1858. — Fro?n the same. Report of the Joint Committee of R. S. and B. Ass. for procuring a continuance of the magnetical and meteorological observations, (16 pp.) 8vo. — Fro7n the same. Proc. R. Geog. S. Lond. Vol. III. Parts IIL IV. Y.— From the Soc. Peelpark R. Mus. and Lib. 10th An. Rep. (40 pp.) 8vo. Manchester. Journ. Bath and VV. E. S. 1 859. Vol. VII. London.— From the Soc. Proc. Geoi. and Poly. S. W.R.York. 1858-9. Leeds— From Z/jc^oc. An. Rep. Leeds Phil, and Literary S. 1858-9.— Fro?w the Soc. Journ. R. Dublin Soc. Nos. XII. XIII. 1859. Duh.— From the Soc. Journ. R. Asiatic Soc. Vol. XVII. Parti. Lond, — From the Soc. Jour. S. x\rts and I. in U. April-Aug. (May wanting.) — Fromthe Soc. Atlantis.No.II.III.IV.July,1858-July,1859. Lond— C.U. Dublin. Mem. Acad. I. Dijon. 6 vols. (1857.) Paris. — Fromthe Academy. Verhand. Natur. Ver. Bonn. 14 J. 2, to 15 J. 4. — Fromthe Univer. Jahresbericht 44th Natur. Ges. Emden, 1858. — From the Society. Nachr. G. A. Uni. 1858, No. 1-28. Gottingen.— From the Uni. Verhand. Gartenbau. 6 J. 2 h. No. 1-14. Berlin. — Fromthe Union. Monatsb. K. Preus. A. Berlin. July, Dec. 1858. — From the Acad. Meteor. Inst. Berlin. Weather Tables for 1855-8. — From the Inst. Jahrbuch K. K. Geol. Reichsan. 1858, JX. 4. — From the Institvte. Mittheilungen K. K. Geog. Gesell. 1859, III. 1. — From the Society. L'Acad. Paris, Compte-Rendu. April, 1855. — Fro?n the Academic. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1859. L No. ''i.— From the Acad. Hartford Asylum. 43d An. Rept. May, 1859. — From Directors. Hartford Retreat. 35th An. Rep. April, 1859.— From the Officers. Gen. Ass. Conn. Minutes, June, 1859. N. Flaven. — From the Soc. Method of studying Physiology. J. A. Meigs. — From the Avthor. Description of Skull from Jerusalem. J. A. Meigs. — Fro?n the Aut. Cat. of Mammalia in the Museum H. E. I. Co. Calcutta. London, 1851. By Thos. Horsfield.— From, the Avthor. The Committee to which was referred the paper of Dr. Le Conle read at the last meeting reported in favour of its publica- tion in the Transactions, which v.as ordered accordingly and the Committee discharged. A quorum for the enactment of laws not being present, the special business of the evening was again postponed. Pending nomination No. 394 was read, and the Society was adjourned. 129 On the Insensible Gradation of Words, bij J. P. Lesley. What practically happened years ago to every fossil — namely, to be studied in isolation, its surroundings and alhances unknown, is still to a great extent, the fate of those fossils of the intellectual world, words. When a word spoken by the people on this side of the globe is seen or heard to be like a word spoken by the people on the other side, if the meanings attached to its duplicate utterance can be allied, and especially if several such alliances can be catalogued, although merely as bald facts, ethnological reasoning upon origins and migra- tions is at once proceeded with. It cannot be denied that the science of comparative philology, although by no means in its infancy, la- bours under the defects of this rude method. Its grammars indeed are getting to be finished and proper tools for the scientific work- man, but its vocabularies are still of a barbarous and impracticable kind, mere museums of popular curiosities. It still remains a sub- ject for future demonstration, that in philology, as in palaeontology, the boundaries of genus and species are to be accounted conterminous; that the organic forms pass into each other by almost insensible grada- tions; and that not by hazard but by plan; and finally not by a plan dependent upon the merely accidental variation of radical elements, but on a plan of the variable and alternate development of members of a complex structure. Philology, as to its history, has three departments. First, the purely organic, containing all such involuntary or animal utterances, as the difl^erent species of men make, for the same natural reason that different species of animals quack, cluck, crow, scream, bark, bray, howl or roar, each with sounds fixed by the quality of its or- gans and by the emotions of its inner nature. It is to be expected that the child's organs will utter rriodifications of a given sound ut- tered with the same intent by an adult; and that one child will prefer guttural and another child labial utterances. It is reasonable, also, to expect that the African, the Malayan, the Esquimo, the Germanic groups of languages will be radically characterized by different soft and hard expressions, by liquid prefixes or guttural affixes, by sibi- lants, chucklings, and murmurs of their own, as we find they actu- ally are. The study of this department has been vigorously prose- cuted in one direction by able men, among whom, in this country, Kraitzer and Haldeman may be named as taking the lead. These have pointed out a multitude of true natural expressions. They tell us, for instance, that the Latin ex, K, S, and the English ou-t, may VOL. VII. R 130 be known by the very sound itself to mean expulsion from the inside outward. And so of many other words. But the range of this in- vestigation has been hitherto kept narrow by the neglect of the other direction in which these studies should move on. No one has yet se- riously taken up the true characteristics of natural language, such as the clucks of Oregon and CafTraria, the final K of the hypoborean race, the infantine TL of Mexico and other local regions, the softly vocalized finals of Southern Europe, the utter abandonment of the Polynesian race to vowelism, the monosyllabic humour of the Sinitic stock, to study these in the same spirit with which Gardner and Nut- tall studied the sounds of birds; to study them, in fact, in connection and in harmony with other specific differences of men not as men, but as animals. Yet until this is done, comparative philology has obtained no starting point. The second department of philology is that of pure Bardic or My- thologic words — words which are to be studied as inventions and not as imiohmfary organizations ; to be regarded truly as fossils, scat- tered, fragmentary, inverted, pseudo morphed ; and, when understood, instructing us far more likely about migrations of mind than of body; rather about the exodus of priesthoods and sects than of races; about a picturesque, mysterious propaganda of symbols by priests and their initiated, and not about the carriage of household sounds, war cries, or love whispers, from one locality or habitation to another, by men still half animals. And the third department of philological investigation deals with these same empirical constructions, these originally crystallized bard- isms, not in their first forms, but in their secondary or sedimentary condition, as words broken down, pulverized, readjusted and cement- ed ; as words with some of their elements abstracted and with new elements infiltrated; tinged by climate and social habits, and meta- morphosed by the logic, art and science of successive generations. To use a geological simile, there are many primary regions of phi- lology like Bretagne and Western Ireland, Northern Spain, Dalmatia and the Caucasus, Ceylon, New Holland, or any other remote and secluded lnnds,wheretheelementary sounds of the ancient wordmakers still present themselves for comparison and analysis almost in their original phases. On the other hand most of the languages of the world and all the languages of the historic, artistic and scientific nations are of a genuine secondary order and need to be studied first as to their grosser ingredients, and these again secondly in a finer analysis. And one object of the charts presented here is to show in 131 reference to this last, that a few elements of a primary order are every- where employed in language as in chemistry, to construct elements of a second order and a third and a fourth, by a few simple laws of change, in such a series of gradations, that any word out of the thousand used commonly by any people may be selected indifferently and discussed with the same results as any other word ; that even any given compound word will be found present in some well recognized form in nearly all the languages known, and yet will have different meanings in most of them; that there is therefore not the most distant approach to a common or universal language for all mankind beyond the fact that all use the same elements in the same endless round of composition, and cannot get out of this round; that the presence of the same words in two or more languages is therefore no prima facie evidence of kinship between the two or more tribes speaking those languages; that, therefore, ethnology cannot be considered as having yet taken hold of philology as one of its tools by the right handle, or turned it to any useful purpose beyond the determination of very local questions. It can be shown, probably, that the study of philology must be distributed between — first, a strict investigation by expert naturalists into the primary animal sounds made by the species or varieties of mankind; secondly, an investigation of those words in hieroglyphic, classical and mediaeval history and mytholog}^ which remain to re- present those old introduced non-animal, transcendental ideas by invented signs, by arbitrarily attached sounds, and by mysteriously arrano;od syllables; and thirdly, the classification of all words used to express such ideas in modern times, according to the laws now so well understood and obeyed in the study of chemical elements, fossils, and objects of the actual nature. The charts appended to this paper will speak for themselves in explanation of these views. They represent the gradual passage, through groups of ibrms, of the names which mankind have given to the five objects, MAN, HEAD, HAIR, HAND and STONE, in 200 languages, more or less. They have been made up from the Russian Comparative Vocabulary of Catherine I, from the Mithridates, from Comparative Vocabularies of the dialects of the Caucasus, from Hale's Volume of the Exploring Expedition, and a few other sources of in- formation open to all. Very few of the African words, however, are given, and only enough American words for comparison, as the object was to illustrate the subject, not to furnish a perfect specimen. In selecting letters the expression of the sound has been kept in view as the primary object, where it did not conceal the graduation. Hence 132 K is used for C, TJ for Tsch, &c. but no rule has been exactly observed throughout. Sometimes Sh is expressed by S, at other times the importance of the H is shown by writing it in full. The chief design has been to show how by prefixes and affixes, by the dropping out of medials, and the rejection novv of the first and now of the last element, an almost infinite series of changes not only can be permitted, but have actually realized themselves in the lan- guages and dialects of the earth; how that no idea can be technically said to be expressed by man labially, or dentally, or gutturally, or nasally, seeing that the very same series of dissyllables which in one direction ends in a single labial, is sure, when followed in another di- rection, to end in a dental, and when followed in a third direction, to end in a guttural or nasal; while the very same simple guttural, den- tal, or labial, reappears in the different series as a vehicle for different ideas. To illustrate by an example or two: — HAIR, from such double full forms as GURuGURu (197), CyPy' HUiR (153), tJe'RaChe'R (159), &c., passes down through one long range of changes to become a simple labial Fa (164), and through as long a range of changes in another direction, to become a simple dental oT (69). MAN passes on from similar full forms down to such simple forms as Mo, Tshu, or ;^oi. STONE becomes To, Ko, aL, aN, iSH and oFe. On the other hand, and to illustrate the other phase of the law, CaLGaSSen (1 37) means Plair, — KuDaCeS (58) means xMan,— and CiT'XiN (158) means Head. MieZ (56), MeS (57), mean Man, while MaZda (171), MaZ (107), mean Hair. HaiR in English and XeiR Hand in Greek, GoiR Man and KeR Stone, cannot be distinguished philologically. Many other like instances will appeal to the eye, without further remark; and would be innu- merable had we some scores of such tables made out. It follows, from facts like these, that two theories respecting the great body of monosyllables must be adopted. First, they do not belong to the organic primary sounds by which our involuntary animal nature utters itself, and so their study in that department will be a failure. It is evident that a stone or a bird cannot relate itself in- differently to all the organs of sjjeech in turn, if that be the kind of relation by which it gets itself named. If, for instance, its original organic name, not invented but simply exasperated by all mankind unconsciously, be TO, then it could not be KO, nor could it be ISH, nor AN, nor oFe. Are these then alterations? but if that be once granted, the science of Comparative Philosophy commits suicide. Secondly, the great body of monosyllables so far from being originals U Ru G U Ru^ U Ru U Ru Lo U Ru ;> H U Ru 1 U RuJ 133 are fragments. All language is a breccia, or rather it resembles the great fossiliferous lime-rocks of the coal measures, full of the parted joints of encriiii, once connected into living, waving, propagating stems and flowers of stone. In the construction of charts like these one can see how the stems came to be disjointed, and the isolated discs to be so strewn hither and thither among the secondary sediments of speech, the dialects of different tribes. To illustrate this: here is one actual formula of fragmentation. rj,.. Hair <( 196 I 191 L 196 Here we have the reduplicated form of the compound guttural, labial and lingual, and the dropping away of one part after another, until nothing but the end remains. The selection of these five particular objects of speech was made because they are among the most familiar to men, and have simple or unequivocal meanings, and therefore ought to be named alike in all languages, if such a fact were possible. Yet we see how they merely play different groups of runs upon the same gamut. They were selected also as good examples of a principal or type arrangement of the ele- ments in the full form, Ka Ba Ra Ta, the historical meaning of which I have endeavoured, in papers read before the American Association, to illustrate. There are undoubtedly many such type forms, all of which can be wrought out by this method of visible classification. The positive results to be arrived at then seem to be these — 1. The same radical sound, Ba fop example (modulated of course as Pa, Fa, Va, Wa, Ma), can be found in a large majority of languages, standing as a name for a majority of the objects of thought expressed by speech. 2. In the midst of this apparent wilderness of confusion, a very evident order will come to view, when all the sounds employed to represent one idea are classified in vertical columns; and this order will consist in their various ^rowpmo-^. Each idea is indeed expressed by all the signs known to the ear of man, but is most often expressed, or in other words is expressed by the greater nvmher of months^ in one kind of way, that is, by one group of analogous words larger than all the other groups. The idea will be recognised as having, so to speak, a greater run upon one set of elements or combinations. And we may hope that as Lesquerox has succeeded in recognizing each 134 successive coal bed, not so much by any individual fossil, as by some different group of plants, the plants themselves being nevertheless found in higher and lower beds than the one so marked, we in like manner will be able to distinguish languages ethnologically by this grouping of forms of words common to all, under special ideas. 'S. Charts like these prove the reality of certain facts in philology sometimes doubled; the reality, for instance, oi' derivative reversion; as in the Greek Aoy, Hebrew h)p; Go-bo-l, becomes Go-lo-ba, &c. This will be of importance in discussing the kinship of neighbouring nations with inverted names such as Dorians and Rhodians, Italians and Latins, Berbers and Arabs, &c. I have pursued my own researches for some years with this in view as an established fact, that the bou- strophedon manner of writing is a reality in etymology and ethnology, as it was in mythology and common history. It made no difference to the inventor of a word whether one symbol or another came first, for he did not write to express a previously known sound (as we do), but set down the symbols of his ideas and afterwards accepted the sounds they gave him. In other words, in this department of philology letters make words and not words letters.* 4. It seems to be evident that the liquids and dentals, as a rule, replace each other not by alteration but by alternation, for none of these columns worked well until the L's and R's were put under one head and the Ts, Ds and N under another. There are, of course, many exceptional cases of true organic mutation. — In like manner it seems clear that the terminal NG of many languages is not a mere nasality, but that the G is the relic of a lost syllable beginning with a guttural. 5. The loss of consonantal elements is seen to be indicated by the presence of diphthongs or groups of vowels, and especially by the concentrated diphi hongs O and U. Also, the fact appears that not only any diphthong, but any strong vowel, can in time come to re- place not the labials only but any one of all the consonants; and our only salvation from this utter confusion to result from such a law — a veritable law of disorder or decomposition — is a systematic and general classification of words, not according to men's theories of etymological relationships, but in a mechanical way, as we classify fossils and * Dr. Pickering has draAvn my attention to the curious adventure, reported by Ilale, of certain New Zealand savages who were drifted to another and distant ishand, and commemorated their salvation on its shores by deliberately revertiiug their whole vocabulary, pronouncing every word backwards. 135 minerals, in tables and in columns, to let their groupings reveal them- selves, and then we can begin again with our philological arguments on ethnology. 136 Some of the Changes through which the Word STONE passes in P T Egyptian, shaft of a column, (Bunsen) Pa T LaB } (13) Celtic Te B 50 Lesgin (antsug) Caucasia, Di Pa (171) Pehlvi Te Bou Karib ^ Tu Mu Sapibocoro y American. RuMi Quichua j La Pi S (22) Latin La a S Greek La Pi De (23) Italian Pa Ta R 167 Moultani ] Pa aT R 168 Bengali 1 Pu en R 169 Decan | India Py TTeR '^y/ Malabar j Romaic Pe T Ra Pe D Ra 26 Portughese Po r Ra 29 Vallzan Pi eT Ri 46 Volosch (Walachian) Pi er Re (28) French Pe i Ro (27) Romance Pi 0 R Na 25 Spanish Bo i Na 162 Kurile Isles, E. Asia^ ^ Pj u N 126 Tomscago ocr I E. Asia. Fu a LLa 125 Tavgin J Fa TTu 188 Magendie, (Australia). tt Fa Tsh 160 Kamschatka (Joznye) \ -sr -^ .- (Tigil) I ^- ^- ^^^^• Ua Tsh 158 a Tu R Do R } 80 ^"^S^^ \ Caucassian (N. E. Asia.) Oset / m RTo 168 Tangutch Du R 79 Ta RRua 15 Basque cc RoT Coptic (Sand.) Je Re Ra (171) Pehlvi 02 Li0of Greek. Dzo La ) DzjuL / 145 Lamut N. E. Asia. { 144 Tungus Ocotsck Sea Jo L 64 Tshjobasch in Russia. Dzo Lo Sho Lo [It^jJTungus ^ Zhu Lo (146) Tschapogir Jio LLo (141)- Tungus - N. E. Asia. Zho LLo DiSoLLo } 139 |- Tungus Ja Lo 138 J Tungus TshaLo 135 Mongol TsheRu TshaR Tsh 117 119 Casi-cumit | j^_ ^ ^ . Acuschen / TshuLu N Sha Lu N Tshe Lo N } 137 136 Calmuck . ^ g.^^^.^ Brat / STi R N 38 Islandic STa ai N 1 STo a N 36 Cimbric ST a N J ST ei N 35 German ST ai Na 33 Teutonic ST ai Ns 30 Gothic ST eoN (40) Dutch - Europe. ST e Na (13) Celtic ST 0 Ne 32 English ST a N 31 Anglo-Saxon ST e N 34 Old high German ST eeN 37 Danish ST eN 39 Swedish . ST iNG 41 Frizian ^ 137 the various Languages of Asia^ Europe and America. Susdalian (Europe) Arabic Andu (Siberian) Lumpocol „ Romance Lopar (S, Russian) L^'grtshet } ^^^^"^^ 'r^^*^^' Albanian (Greece) Lesquiz-dido (Caucasus) Irish Gaelic Welsh Tschengis Tartar. u Ju Ra K Greenland Esquimaux Ro CCo 24 Neapolitan Ro CK English Tcf R P Comanche fCe T Rus 12 Ha DzaR 1 85 J Ge Je R Hi Ntzo Zo Gi T 118 (152) Co Du (^') Ge D Ca } ^Ca i LLe 58 Ce Ra / 116 \ 115 Gu R 45 Gu L 53 Ca LoC 16 Ca La Zh 17 Ca RreG (18) Tu La K 114 Cu Cy Cj 6 Ce 1 Cj Ui Ce U Ci B Co B Ce B Ce B Ci Bi Ci Bi Ci Bi TShiBi TSi Bi Ci BBi VOL . VII 66 Vogul "It. • XT « (63) Tscherimiss | ^^^^la N. E. 47 Wenger (Hungary?) (40) Dutch (63) Tscherimiss (Russia N. E.) (71) Oseti, 2. -j ^ 70 Oseti, 1. I Caucasus (67) Vogul, 2. ^ 61 Mord 62 Moscow? 56 Corel (55) Ostland 5- Russia 54 Tschjochous (55) Ostland 138 Ta Ta NGa NGaiT 131 (130) Taigin Carassin I Polar-Russian Tu NuNG Lake Macquarie (N. Holland) De Nai 123 Samoiede Tschuktsch N.W.Am. UiGa K i NGa 142 I Tungus Armenian (107) Ga Ca R i Na i41 Maltese 86 HaG Ra Sa NGa (177) Malabai- Abassinian 113 HauC Se NG } - Persian Abassinian 112 HaC Sa NG Hlyrian (3) Cu C Se NC 77 Koord Osetian, 3, 4. 72 Co X Se NG 102 Boeliarian Osetian, 5. 74 Cuu;^ Sa Xum (22) Latin iRomance (27) CoCS Sa SSo (23) Italian Shi Slii Sh Sh 149 150 C"'"" \ Asia Assan J SW 164 Cliinese (Cipaisk) i Sli 161 Japanese (Eponsk) Zha (146) Tscliapogir N. E. i z 59 Zuren Asia. Cabarda / My Vy t My VVa i z 60 Permian Caucasian 111 i z 65 Votet Camashin 132 Fi Tsi s (27) Romanch Carassin (130) Py TshyS 152 Lumpocol Samoid (128) Py Tye s 151 Inbat Coibal 133 Pi Ta s 88 Turian ^ Kasan Samoid 127 Po Ta s 89 Samoid 129 Po Ta s 90 Mestsh. Osetian (75) Pj u Ta s 91 Bashkir Samoid (123) Pu i Ta s 92 Nogai Polynes. 197 Wei Ta s 93 Piodac . Samoid 121 Pa i Ta Ta s s 94 95 Tobolsk Tshatsc Samoid 120 fPa 0 IPa Co Ta s 96 Tschol. Mancliu 163 Fe x^ Ta s 98 Cusnet Tschjoc. 157 Fu GoN Ta s 99 Barab Ta s 101 Teleutsch Ta s 103 Khivan Ta s 104 Kirguis Ta s 105 Turcoman Ta s 106 Ecut Ta Zh 97 Enesei Tartar "X To Ti s T 1 58 Vogul on Tscherdy ma Ge T So 48 Abari Caucasian \ X\ T So 51 Lesquis dzar i T So 52 ;t""zag , «a: Ty T 69 Vogul on Berezou '^X To T 67 ,, on Bercotursk, Ho Ta Tai Te Te Te Cora (New Mexico Te TL Mexican Te Koljusch N, W. coast America i Ta Brazil (3 dialects) To i (128) Narymscargo ocruga (Samoyed) To (71) Ostet on t he Naryma (N. Russia) 139 Ci Pa 87 Assyrian " Ce Fo 84 Syrian C Ua 109 Imeretian (Caucasus) - S.-E. A Ce Fa no Cuban ,, Ce Fa 108 Cartalin ,, Ce Fa E, (107) Armenian C Ua C Ua L Li 155 159 Corean \ m v a • Kamscliatcadale,2. / ^^' -^^ ^^la. Gi Be R Sidney Muruya Bu Ra Ma Ra Ma Peel River }- New Holland Yu Ru BaNG Bathurst Wa La NG Wellington J Ba Re 166 Tsygan (Himalaya ?) Be R (^7^ Malabar (India) Me Ma a N 0 N 19 14 Cornish ) ^ „. Breton f ^- ^^^ Europe Ma 0 N (18) Welch 1 aC Mu 0 42 Lithuanian aC Me NS (43) Lettish aC Me NS 44 Crivingo Livonian Ca Mj e N (3) Polish Ca M meN (3) Iliyrian Co Mi N 8 Polabsk Ca Mi Ca Mi N N 0 Russian Old Schlavonic - E. Europe. Ca Mi N 4 Bohemian Ca Mi N 5 Serbian Ca Mi N 6 Wendish Ca Mi N 7 Sorabish Ca Mi N 11 Malo-Russian 1 Ca M N o Slavo-Hungarian 1 Ca M 9 Cashub J Gu FF 0 N 153 Corean (E. Asia), 01 F e N 82 Zidonian ? 1 a F Nu 83 Chaldee - S. W. Asia. 6 F e N 81 Hebrew (px) 0 F e (27) Romanch (S. Europe). Ko f Stone Ko Va Ko Mo C - Hungarian Jg^i^-^ Ko Ve CK [ Gravel Oo Ne Sahidic Coptic Pi, the ) oNe Memphite Coptic ^asc. artic / o Ni Sahidic Coptic Pi, „ eNe aL } Coptic A N Egyptian (Bunscn Vol. 49). 140 Before passing to another example, a few words seem necessary here. It is evident that the scheme of radicals to represent the above table of words is the following: — T P LP LPT PT PTR TR TRN (TRP) once TR K R K K KB KBR BR K R K RK K K It is equally evident that this scheme would be improved,-if it were not actually completed, had we the words meaning Stotie in all the other languages of the earth, four hundred more or less. In which case assuming only the three principal contacts and keeping within the range of triliterals, it might be represented thus: — P PT PTK P K TK TKP T P KP KPT K T TK T P KP P P KP P KP K K K K K TK TK T T T T 141 But if, as we see by the above chart vvould take place, instead of only the three primary contacts P, T, K, we must add the Ungual L or R as distinct from T, and in fact a fourth primary element, while N plays a prominent role as primary grammatical affix, it is easy to imagine the great extent to which the perfected scheme will descend. The point of remark, however, is this: — the scheme is not one made up artificially like a row of arithmetical numbers or algebraic figures, to see how many different compounds of three or four or five elements exist arithmetically in the abstract ; on the contrary, it results from a process of alternate growth and decay, of alternate additions and elisions, or of alternate expansions of expression and contractions, under the influence of two very different, opposite but co-ordinated laws of speech, by one of which the human mind endeavours always to enlarge and make more precise its words for better comprehension, and by the other to shorten and sweeten them for use. Thus language has a phyllotaxis of its own, by which its stem is regularly occupied to the utmost possibilities of the occasion. As to the aboriginal meaning of these words for STONE, or which came first, or what radicals are original prefixes and what are affixes, these are recondite questions not involved in this discussion, and perhaps impossible to answer. It may, however, not be uninteresting to point out as a possible key to some of these riddles, the form PTR, PTL, contracted to P'R, P'L, (Romance Peiro, Coptic Pial, c. Boina, Piorna, Pjun, Fualla, &c. &c. in the chart), which explains at all events the Greek ^er^*, as P- Tor, the tor, the tabor, the taurus, the tower, meaning the rock or stone; and shows why the Apostle of the keys was chosen to bear the church. The sermon was on the mount. But these sucraestions are foreign from the subject of this paper. The Greek A.'^e$ seems to be as true an inversion of tor, or tel, as the Tangutch RTo evidently is. And here mention cannot be omitted, however casually, of the intimate mythological connection between the ideas of STONE and MAN in language. RT was the Egyptian, ROT the Coptic word for both, while ReT meant form, species, sculpture; and herein lies the explanation : the principal bardic use of stone was to represent the human form divine, whether in sculpture on the native rock or propylon wall, or as set up in ambrose stones alone or in circles, or as termini, caryatides, images, or columns in the temple. Idolatry being ancestral worship, the stone PaTaR had the same name as father, -^aTep, and all standing stones were legendary giants, or patriarchs turned to stone in some past age of human magic 142 or divine wrath. Yet in the next chart which gives the words for MAN in the same languages (designated not by their names but by ciphers to save space) the whole grouping of the chart is different. A different aspect pervades the columns, and the prevalence of certain forms stamps a peculiar chaiacter upon the series. Some of the Phases of the Word 31 AN. Ma N 32,36 Ma Na 30 Ma Nd 37) Ma DuR } 38 Me NeSCia Me NeSCe 37) Me NiSC 31 Me NiSCo } 33 Me N SH Mi e NiSHa 89 Me N SH 35, 40, 51 M I N SH 34 e NaSH 83) e KoSH 84 NaSHa 17 I N SHaN 8 I N TH 85) I SH 81) 01 D TS 163) a I Nu 162 Mo No Japan Ma Nii 165 a I T 192 V F I To I To \ J 161 Pa D SuL 85) Ma Ni TSeN 177 M I Ni Ha 174 Ma NuSHeN 178 Ma NuSia oRaN Ct I J 183 BaaRaN G 194 Boo N 184 Ma NuSH 179, 166 Ma NuSH Mu R D } 169 MuuR D 168 Me Me ReTe SHio 1 170 Me S 57 Mi e Z 56 Mo u T Z 29 BahaR SHi 51, 52 Bah; iiR SH 50 Mu R D 65 Mu K T 60 Mo R T 59 Ma R T 107 Ma U D 143 Mu Eu F 77 Ma Re 110 Ba loL 139 Bo lo 140, 146 Ba lo 141 Bo le 142, 138 Ba I 143 By I 144 Be I 145 Bo i 140, 139 Ba R 13) Fa R 16) Vi R Latin Be R 47 B Re 25 Mo Old Irish Mo jMandingo 0 M 40 0 Mo 23,24 Ho Me 28 Cu M 69, 127, 12! CuuM 126 Cu B 75, 130 XJ B 129 Ge YaE 83 G Oi B 13) N G Uol 182 TaN Ga Ma 191 i GueB Na 171) i N Ge Mi N i y Mi ni N } 54 IN Ge Mi Ne 56) IN ne Mi Ne 55 eN Me T Shi 123 NeN Me T Sh 122 aL Ma T S I i 56 uL Mu T S Lo Ma N 61, 62 NeL Ma 163) Se Ka M 175) Se Ro Ma aN 193 SoNo N Ma N 189 Ne Ne T SH( '■] 121 MeNe T SH eNNe T SHe 124 NiiNe Lu T S T S "} 120 TeN Ga Ta 200 Te Ga Ta 197 Te Ha T a Ta Ne ] 196 Ti Ti 198 Ho Ho le T 70 Gu I ZoN 15 Gu I 70 aGu 113 Gu 112 (Ja Zi \ i TO ZO i^ 144 Ca Ce Ci Ci Cy Cy Cu Cy Ga C Ce KuDaCe CeL Go La ;^ La Vo L ui T Hu La aJeN Nu Sa M tShaN CuPvuSa M C RoS uScaM elleM iri Ta VyLa Te iRa S Ha L Ds a La Ga TsHuha Z Ha Z a Lai CoLLe Go Lo CoLLe C La Co Ly i Hi Ce Ci Cu Ga Ca Co Co Co Za Sa Se Si Shi Shy She Shy Zhe Se Shi Li HoMi HoMo Ho Jo Mi CyMy Cy CuMu Cu S T T T T N D Zhe DZhi DtShi DShi NShi NG NiS N TsHe TsH TsH TsH TsUi Ts TsHe TsHu N N NG NG NeRi Ne ReSh TsHerioL TsHi L Ve C S LoVieC Lo VieC lo VieC LoVi C L eC S Mo GuS Ke Vi G 132, 134 131 104, 102 106 92, 94) 95, 97, 101, 120 91 74 70) 89) 90, 91) 103 70) 58) 155) 157 154 153 155 160) 159 160) 158 78 69) 68 66 67 147 150 151 148, 152 136 166) 164 108 109 147 125 27 137 135 45 170) 8 43 1, 5, 11, 12 2, 4, 7, 10 3 6, 9 44 42 63 111 145 TsHu TsHe ts ho TsHi St e St a S ie S He He LaKi D UiNe D iN D eN eN eDeM S iN aDeMiN uDoM aDaM aDeM aD Mi TaVo RoM La Le La G G K Ka X G Ki 117, 119 49 48 114 116 115 85 118 79 80 184 17 18 14,19 63 64 65 82) 48) 81, 89) 93) 76) 77, 85) 88 94) 102, 105 167, 169) 186, 187 166) Changes in the Word HAIR. Fa 104 Mu 77 Pe I 29 Mul 92) Mo I 76, 102 Ma Lia 21 MaOu China PyR 46 Pa U } 27 Pe L Va L 167 Ba L 169) 177 Mo Ptia 190 Ba La 166 iWa Ra Tuscarora Pi R Su Penobscot P RuSa Robber Di. Ba RaS 72 WoRoNG Lake Mac. U RaN Wellington U L Lea 15 Vo L T 17 Vo LoS 11 Vo LoSe 0 RaS 114 ihe ReSH 51 LeSH 45 Lo SSi 6 V oSSo 7 V LuSSe 9 V LaS 1,2,4,5) V LaS m} 3 P Ra VOL. VII.- — T Pa B Ve Pa P Bo Bu Fu Pu Pe Ma Ma Ma Be Pa P oP oB iB aP oP oP aUo oP oBi uPa HoP nGaP nGoP ngeeP GyP GeP C 0 R Pe Le BeN Li SoC I CaoP La u Cai ho C a C Ne x^ N S Cennet Z z Da t Ti d SHe t u teDa tiDa De De Ty Te T T Ta 1 T / T T Ta T Ta Ty T D Comanche 14 12 67 42 187 186 163 192 115) 107 171) 43, 44 116) 110 131 130 134 133 132 127, 129 126 73, 74 71, 75 72 130) 125 ]22 121 120 49 146 CO Do 53 C A J DzH 115 K I toNG Sidney, &c. 0 I toNG Liverpool G I a N Bathurst KuBoaeu Moreton B. K Poa Ti ) GUI TsChil / Mexican A Re . Ch: ia Onondago C 0 nuo_;^ 13 G Ra I GG 16 G I 0 Go 200 X I R Gi 188) C Y L .88 H A LaL 48 X A I 47 H AaR 33, 34, 35 H AiR 32,40 H AR 38 H OiR 41 H 0 R 31, 37, 39 H 0 R K UiR \ J Huron cHeVeU X 28 KaPi L Le 24 KaPeL Li 23 KaVeL Lie 25 KaBeL Lo 26 GoA L T 18 KaB a D 186) KeV 0 Dio ]\I 193 G U BiN 160 CAR B 55) GUI Ba 158 Ci R BiT 157 CyPy H UiR 153 G U Ru . G URu \ r } 197 U Rii URu Lo URu 196 H URu URu 191 196) Ca L Ga SseN 137) tJe L Ga D 155 n.T U Ri i C Tu 138, 141 C le C U L Ta 87 11 1 N Ga R N 149 X I N Ga R N 150 X I N Ga 152 aU 0 n s Ko Hochelaga Ce T i G URi 154 t.]Q Ra x^ tJe RoX ; R \ 159 nJ U Ri C Ta 139 mJ URi (' Ta 140, 146 nJ U Ri T Ta 143 nJ U Ri Ta 145 n U Ri T 144 in Be i C Ta Te 142 78 11 0 u IT U N li N } 136 147 esa R C U N ) dsi c c u \ 79 zi B Ca J B u Ca ) HiU X^ [ 54 HiU C SeT J iU s SeD 55) U y s s SeN SeN } 137) i C S To ] J C S To Mexican c SiL Co S Se 3 Ci Co Ca Sa } 5 c RaNs 5 27) c RiNis 22 TaO L 29 TaiK U L Peel Riv. Ti a U R Muruya T Je R 61 T Ja Ra 117 T J U L 168 T J U Ly 169 D J 0 R S 60 D J 0 R Si i 81 D Ji e R Si R Si } 65 T sa R 1 85 SliiGa R / Shi ie R 62 Ze Ga R 1 84 Sa a R / Se a R 81 Si a Ru 83 eZ Ha c Ce dZ Hi c Ca 0i Ga Nagailer GieGa Chipewyan T Je X T U c Cu T U c CasaB T U c Ca P To N Ge 151 T Ue 128 TsH Ua 114 TLoTs U 118) Ts H Me 119 T M: a 108 Turn M e Waccoon To Ma 109 oTo P 102 Jo P ) uP ( r 68 i P J uY. 0 199 Sa Pi 88 Sa B 71) Za B 50, 52 monZa Bo N Souriquois 148 Sa U TsH ts Ha TsH S Ho sH ts Ha TsH Sh Ha TsH 11 Si 0 T Ts ts He Ts ts He Ts tz a Ts s a TsH s e S s NoS oT y S Sy Ta yT yT aT a oT aS aeTi !^uiaT Sum K LeR 99 97 96, 98, 101, 104 111 27 89 90, 94, 95 92) 93, 103, 105, 91 91) 64 135 66 123 124 66, 68 69 109 Vogul Ktiskatchewak Labrador Changes of the Word HEAD. Pe Pa iPo uPo euPo eoPo uMa hoMa Bo PPe Bo PPe BouPou oPouBou GUPOUPOU PaoP Vo Ba UaiVe Bui Pei Poi Pee Pie Will L Wi Le Wi L WijR WyeR Maall Mie 11 ieR eR oL 0 Lo 199 54, 57 162) 200 191, 196, 197 195 Quicliua, S. America). Florida Waccoon. Yaoi. Carib Islands. Carib of the Spanish Main. 162 7 58 63 18 64) 55 56 Delaware Indian. New Sweden or Sankikani in N. America. 118 118) 65 65) 75 187 149 uLu oLol oLlo BoRla BiiRua PuRa PoLl P Re P Re VaRi ShuB Le LaNC Pa NC Po NCe Pa NGa Pa NCuN Be CeR Be Gke Pa Ccha Pa Cchu Pa Ciiacua NuChi Bu Ku Be C Ba G Wa SSijehe Ba SH Pa SH Bo S B SHi Pe N Ba i N PeD N BuDiaN WoLoXa BaLa NG K WaR Te C UaR Te C oR Te C aR Ta C 0 RieT Chi uR La C i RaSSu C i RaHe H oLaD C o LaTsH C uLu C C uL ;t C o L Ca C o L Ce C 0 i Go aC aNGa aC aNG iaH aNGe iCaii aCa iaKa oiKe iiKa aGa oG 132, 133 126 127, 129 Italian Robbers. Basque. Australian, Peel R. English. 62 61 124 Caucas. for forehead, Araucanian, S. Am. 68 69) 67 66 57 Aymara, S. M. 1 Yarura in / South America. Mobima, S. Am. Maipoor, S. Am. 117, 119 171) Arawackan, S. A. 88, 106 14} 64 63 14, 15, 18, 27) 194 19 Wellington, Austra. Lake jNIacquarie, Au. Bathurst, Australia. Caucasian, 4. 115 114 45 Italian Robbers. 172 130 155 107 152 148 151 Tupi, S. America. Suaransch. Brazilian. Mocabi. Guaransch). Caucasian, 1. 58 112 113 71 150 ^x 70 oG Huastecan. Ka Mudgie, Aust. Go 165 Ka Mi KuK Kuscatchewan. Ga Vu NG 8 Co M TCo 155 Ca Pu T 22 Ca Be Za 26 Ca Be Sa 25 HauPi T 30,32 HauP T 35 Ho F T 34 HeoFo D 31 Hu Vu . D 39 Ho Fu D 38 Ho Be D 37 Ho P D 40) Ai Va Da 130 Ha i D 41 He a D 32 NisCo Ise Villela, •) South Lule, J America. To Co Ka Ba Ra Australian. Ca Pa La 183 Ke Fe Le 20 Ce Pa Li 21 Co Ca Be Ve L L 1 J 159 sChi a Ra Gypsey Borrow. tJe Ro ) s e Ro 166 X^ Ro J oG Lu 70) uGo L 72 eCa R 79 Ca R 76, 77, 102, 167 Ce Ci R R } 168 Jo R 59, 60, 65 Za R 65) Ze R 77, 78, 79) 80 Ga L 13) Ga Lo Ba 0 Russian G La Ya 1, 2, 3, 5 G La Ba 11 Go Tio Ba 12 G Lo Va 6, 10 G Lu Ba 9 H La Va 4 0 Lu Va 174 Le Bu T • 154 Lo Vu T 157, 158 Le u T 153 Ne Mb? iT 131 Ne Mai T 1 Abipona, Na Pa NC South Na Ma GaT J Amei'ican Nlia:\Iha Cariri, S. A. Tsa Mb u 134 151 Ta \i 1 Caucasian Ka Yi / Ta Bi 108 Du P Mohegan aDa Ma 161 TsheM GQ) TsheN 17 C sheaN 16 aBa R; a Ca Ma uGo M Ce M GaPo CaPo KoPf CaP GaP CoP GaU Cayubaba, N. A. 73, 74 49 23 24 34, 35 27,46 13 iO 180 Ne G UiLo Mbaya, S. Am. Tai GaVoR 175 TeNa ,CaM 156 Do Lo Ci N 145 aPv Ce M 70) T CuM 110 T Ci N 53 CT XJ^ 158 WiLuSTi CaN Minsi, N. Am. To Gai 150 Ta Gai 149 TuL Gai 136) To Lo Goi 135, 137) ToL Go 137) BumT C 186 Be De Ge \ 170 MeSTeRe G Ni j MaSTeR T 171 Be TeR 50, 52 Ma Ta 169 Mo No Li 147 TaLa 177 TaLi 176 Da Lei 178 TuLa 179 DeLi 138 DoL 145 DeL 144 Di L 140 Dy L 139, 141, 142, 143, 146 Do i 173 Te U 164 Da U T U / 182 Ty 151 eie Naguiler eDeie Chippewyan TeNeTeie Hudson bay TeTe 28 (French) ToTao 29 aDaDa 48) DuDi 109 (Caucasian) 152 TioS Te 27 TeS Ta 23 eN Da S 184 Na ScliKo Kadiak "I N. Tschegarr / Am. Na S KoK Tu S 69) iiD Zu 163 echu Ja Sapebocaua,S.A. T Ju Sha 160 T Sha 111 Ri Sha 87 Re Sho 84 Rei Sho 83) Rui S MaX 171) Ra S 86 Ro Sh 81, 82 (Hebrew) RaaS I 85 ReeS i ReoS 83 Ro Sa Ca = "my head" in Betoi, S. Amer. Na c sMa ) Othami Na J Mexican Some of the Phases of the Word HAND. EeSe Peru, Chequito. iS Lule, Paraguay. Villelue iSiG iSi P Po 1 Poo I Poll I Mbo }- Brazilian Tribes. eMe I GePo I cHoPa J iccHi Mo \ Lower iccHi / Orinoco Carib Isles uCaBu Ho NouCaBo Nu CaPe Maypure La GeBa 165 ;taMaRa 124 CuMuR \ .o r.T 49 CeVeR | 4«' ^'' ^2 C UeR 50 yt iR 20 Xi Ri 21 Xi Ria 12 C Y R 117 Ga R 135, 186, 137 COL 98, 99, 42) 0 L 86, 42) 89) C U L 90, 94, 89) 91) 104 Ca L 95, 96, 97, 101, 91) 105, 101) 102 XSi L 94 Che Li 108 Ga La 141, 103 Ga U 1 N e La / 140 153 NGa La 143 N a La 142 N a Li 146 NGa L oNCo COL \ i 144, 145 CeNGa R 150 CeNGa RaN 149 MiNaGiLGe N 153 MiN Gi LaN 157 CoNMeN X ^^ ^ 156 MyN Ga Ga TZ 154) X Ca TSh 158 X Ce TZ 155 Ca Z 118 tsHe Zi Si } 54 Ji T 85 Ci Z 47 Ce Zi 55, 56, 57 Ce s } 74 C 0 Ta Ca T 66, 68, 69, 167 C 0 T 74 C 0 Da 49 Ci T 71) Ci To 125 Ha D 169, 173 Hu TTe 131 Cy TTe 160 Ha aT 168 Ha Te } 177 ea i Gi eT 58 Ha nT 36 He nT 33 Ha nD 31, 32, 34, 35, 39, 40 Ho nD 37 HaM DuS 30 HaU N G 41 C UL C UL G Cu / 115 C Ui C U C Ci 1 J 114 C U X 80 C 0 X 79 C UU Gh 1 C UU [ Araucanian C Ue J Cii 176, 178 Hiia 192 X^ 109 aHh 111 SHi 110 SCi 179 SHeU 184 Ca TaLa 134 Mu DeTaR Ca 123 u De Na Ga 120 u Da Da 130 u TuNoL 129, 128, 127 VOL. VII.— -U 154 'a aLo 79, 118 u DoL 75) NoLi NeLa I 136 dZeLa N ) tSeR N 117 tSeR C J DoR N 19 DuR N 14 D Ra Na 17 D RieH 86 DoR 45 Te C 162 Na c 119 To GoN 151 To oN 152 To No 159 ShTo N S 154 aN GoShT } 76 T eS T D aS T 77 D eSIiT 102) aD eSh 100) D tiS T 109 T S eS Te 110 S HeShT 77 HaS TaM 172 L aSh 78 Lee 180 iRi 134) Tai 182 Te 161 uDa 121, 120, 75 iDa 84 eDa eD } 81, 82, 83 FeN iT } 86 Many of the above combinations are proven by the fact of their occurring in the same lann;uao;e, the same fjroup of dialects, or the same group of well studied alliances. Many others are easily dis- proved by criticism, being mere coincidences. And many are probably misplaced, as to the range of their radicals in the vertical rows, and might be placed to ftir better advantage to exhibit the law of insensible gradation. But the reality of the law is seen from these tables to be indisputable, and the further multiplication of tables will but heighten the illustration of the law. Arrange any one of the words of the Parable of the Prodigal Son, translated by the Antiquarian Societ . of Paris into the seventy or eighty local dialects of France, and the law is at once established. The most incongruous and dissimilar forms are seen to be organically derived from one another. The French words^/,9 and garcon and the English boohj/ are but widely separated 155 fragments of a series of forms regularly graded like the words of the preceding tables. Bou-eBe, Bou-Be, Fiu, Fieu, Pi, Fe, FaiL, FiL, FiL-(4, VaL, VaLeT, FaNT, afFaNT, eNFaNT, exNFaN, afFaN, aFaN, eFaN, eFoN, MeNioT, MeNeGe, MaiNaChe, G-aR-CheeN, GaPwChouN, GaeChoxN, GaiChoN, GouGeaT, GouiaT, Gouia, GaRCouN, GaRCoN, GaSSox\, HiL, and an abnormal form DRoLei, belonging to some other series, or to a part of this series too distant to appear more than this once among the French patois; in fact a word bearing the same relation to the English DRoLL that FiL does to FooL, that Boube does to Booby (German Bube, Boy), &c. 6ic. The most interesting point of this series is the change of FiL to HiL, through some lost form H'FiL or G.FiL, the reverse of which still remains in FiL.G, MeNaGe, &:c. This lost form is found in other languages; as in the Dshar Lesguis Caucasian KiMiR, Child, con- tracted in tlungarian (as in French patois) to Gi'eR-mek, child. In the Lesguis Antshong and Chunsagh, on the contrary, we have TiMiR, the original, so to speak (through Ti'eR), of the French patois DRoLei; as in the Georgian Suaneti we have BoBosh (Imeritian Boshi) to explain the French patois BouBe, a contracted repetition of the original Hebrew form BaR-BaR, the diminutive of BaR, boy. Stated Meeting, November IS, 1S59. Present, eighteen members. Dr. Wood, President, in tlie Chair. Judge Carleton, a new member, was presented by Dr. Bache. A letter was read from Dr. W. A. Flammond, U. S. A. dated Fort Mackinaw, jNlichigan, Nov. 5, 1S59, acknowledging notice of his election. The following donations for the Library were announced: — Journal Franklin Institute, No. 407. (Nov.) — From the Institute, African Repository, XXXV. No. IL (Nov.)— From A. C. Society. Columbia College Annual Catalogue. 1859-60. — Frcm the College. Inau. Addresses by T. W. D wight and G. P. Marsh. — From the same. Pasigraphie mittels arabischer Zahlzeichen. Ein versuch von Moses Paic. Semlin, 1659. — From the Author. Natural Philosophy, by B. Hobson, M. D. London Miss. Society, Canton, China; in Chinese, unbound. — From Dr. F. Bache. 156 The death of M. Guillaume Theophile Tilesius (elected lS19),a memher of this Society, was announced by Dr. Bache. On motion of Dv. Bache, the followinp; biographical notice of John Reynell, read June 17, by Dr. B. H. Coates, was ordered to be printed: — The writer of this was, a few years since, invited by a deceased president, to furnish to this Society a brief notice of the above named member, for preservation in the archives. He has done so, in part out of reverence for the wishes of the distinguished individual alluded to, but also partly from a conviction that it is useful and honourahk^, in associated bodies, to procure and retain such memoirs. "Stare super anliquas vias" is pre-eminently the motto of learned incorpora- tions; and, if it be thought to contain within it much that is objection- able, let us not fail to gather from it its proper and praiseworthy fruits; among whicli are stability, moderation, impartiality, and the opportu- nity of benefitting by the example, for good and evil, of those who have preceded us. John Reynell was the son of Sannuel and Sarah Reynell, and was born at Bristol, England, June 15, 1708, old style; but was brought up at Exeter, in Devonshire, the residence of many of his relatives, at which individuals among them continued to reside after his death. His family was, at one time, of some note;* and several branches of it are said still to hold liege landed possessions. He was designed and educated for a merchant; and was sent, in a commercial capacity, to reside in the Island of Jamaica, at the early age of eighteen years. His advisers appear to have set as high a valuation on the activity of youth as is done at the present day; and Young England, in him, to have not been inferior in enterprise to Young America. He was at that time under strong religious impressions. At his re- moval to Jamaica, he is found a member of the religious Society of Friends, in which it is inferred that he had been educated. He was diligent in tho attendances expected of him in his religious connexion, and in efforts to obviate breaches of morality which he believed to be * Barbe's Commoners ; IV. pp. 446, 450. &c. ; and Fuller's Worthies, Article Devonshire. Sir Ilichard Reynell defended the City of Exeter and Launcestcr Castle for Richard Coeur de Lion, against Prince John, afterwards King .John Lackland. Sir Hugh Reynell Avas a INLaster and Governor (not to be confused with Grand Master) among the Knights of St. .John of Jerusalem, A. D. 1275; and the small harbour of Port Renelle, in the Island of Malta, received its name from this Knight, and still retained it in 1838. 157 too much indulged in the island. These were chiefly connected with slavery? illicit intercourse, and intemperance. He was not an un- qualified opponent of slavery in all cases and under all circumstances; and retained one slave with him in the United States to a very ad- vanced ao-e, toleratino- and comfortino; manv infirmities and eccentri- cities. The efforts and remonstrances of John Reynell in Jamaica were not well received; and it was in consequence of this that he ultimately settled in Philadelphia in 1728. In our city, he soon acquired the confidence of his acquaintance, after a moderate interval, a solid and commanding character, and, finally, a rapid success. After another interval he assumed a style of liberal hospitality, and maintained a large establishment; and he closed by an adequate provision for those dependent on him, damaged only by the derangements in business caused by the war of the revo- lution. By far the most important of these was the receipt of debts in paper money; Reynell, in common with all Quakers, and many others, not being willing to descend to the payment of his own obliga- tions in the same imaginary representative of value. John Reynell was not an ambitious man ; and by no means betray- ed eagerness to have his name freqiiently before the public in connec- tion with politics or corporate bodies. It occurs in but few instances, and he seems to have acted on the principle ascribed to Cosmo de Medici and President JacUson, never to seek for public ofTice, but only to accept it when the undeniable wish of their fellow citizens. Ho may have been of opinion that his time was better bestowed, first, upon his private afFuirs, and then upon institutions in such limited number that he might feel confident of giving adequate attention to the service of th(;ni all ; rather than upon a difilised mass of objects, exposing him to the risk or certainty of occasional neglects. I have found records of him in only two or thrpc of the incor[)orations of the city. Of these, two were literary, and the third, charitable, the Ame- rican Philosophical Society, the School Corporation established by Penn, and the Pennsylvania Hospital. Of the body I have now the honour to address, he was a foundation member; having been elected to the branch styled "The American Philosophical Society," and of which the president was Governor Hamilton, January 26, 1768; and becoming a member of the joint society by the iniion of the two original bodies, January 2, 1769. By this election of a man of sixty years of age, and much occupied with private business and the affairs of a religious body, and that during the short interval between the stam.p act troubles and the more imme- 158 diate movements towards a civil war, it is not likely that the Society expected direct labours in the way of philosophical research. It is a high and valuable testimony of esteem for the man, and implies the ascription of character and influence. The corporation of "Overseers of the Public Schools founded by Charter, in the Town and County of Philadelphia," but supported ex- clusively by private munificence, has never appeared to court popular applause, but has been long known to many among us for unobtrusive usefulness. It is not forgotten in the maintenance of a series of schools, distributed through the city, and intended for the instruction of the middle classes, as well as for the education of a number of the poor, whose reception of assistance from charitable funds was kept a pro- found secret even from tljemselves. So careful have been the Over- seers to preserve that self respect of the imfortunate which has been deemed by phil()so[)hers the best safeguard against the increase of pauperism, that, in place of enjoining, as has been the case in some parts of the world, the observance of an absurd, ugly, antiquated and ridiculous uniform, care was taken, on the other hand, that no peculi- arit}' of dress should distinguish them from their more prosperous companions; and if necessary, the parents of these children were aided in procuring for them the materials for a decent and respectable ap- pearance. The institution was also known for the support of a Latin and Greek Seminary, which, till a period not far remote, was acknow- ledged to be the best preparatory school for college in this part of the United States. A learned and eminent writer in an inland town, has lately stated to a sister society that he had not heard much of the eminent men educated at it. There has been, until about the last thirty j-ears, but little of wliat was em.inent in our city that did not owe an impoitant part of its education to the Quaker School, in Fourth Street; and in many cases, it furnished all, with the exception of pro- fessional instruction. It is not universally known that it furnished many courses of lectures on popular science, and carried its care for astronomy and its liberality in the supply of instruments, and the em- ployment of observers so Car as to furnish, for many years, the only observations made in this country, fit to rogulate ships"' chnmometers. For this I (juoto the repoit of a Committee of the Councils of New York. It has not found equally favourable notice in some of the his- tories of astrononiical labours in this city. John Pveynell was made a member of this body October 8, 1742. He became Treasurer in 1760; and his services, and those of his predecessor, John Kinsley, furnish a curious instance of tlic customs 159 of the men and of the time, and perhaps a lesson not without utility at the present day. I have collected it from a careful examination of the minutes of the board. Kinsley had fallen into the slow illness which was ultimately the cause of his death. His habit of mutual and implicit confidence with the board, together with his illness, had occasioned his accounts to grow a little behind hand in settlement; but instead of this giving rise to the retention of money belonging to the Institution, as has been charged in some well known instances, it had the reverse effect of inducing him to advance his own funds for the public service. In the first instance, friendship, and afterwards the instructions of the board, induced John Reynell to assist him, both by settling his accounts for him, and by advancing Reynell's funds for the common service; both of them feeling that the charitable and educational institution must not be allowed to suffer. At length, on the demise of the old and confidential Treasurer, a iTiinute of respect and regret was recorded ; but no successor was appointed, and business, when occasion offered, was only referred to John Reynell to fulfil the duties which belonged to that office, until, at length, and as if acci- dentally, repeated recognitions of him in that capacity had taken place. It may be fairly asked whether modern changes in such habits have given rise to much improvement. Of the Pennsylvania Hospital, John Reynell was also Treasurer, and was the original one, having been elected during the organization, July 1, 1751, new style. At the annual election, in 1752, he was removed from the Treasurer's office, to be made a manager; and his place was supplied, in the prior capacity, by Charles Norris. We may imagine that he here also acted upon the principle of not undertaking too many duties; and he may have thought that the Trcasurership, which he had been exercising in the manner we have just described for the previous two years, was sufficient. He was continued manager for twenty-eight years, and for the last twenty-three of them as Presi- dent. He declined re-election at the annual meeting in 1780. During the troubles which preceded the revolutionary war, John Reynell acted in a manner consistent with his character. He was a whig who disapproved of civil war. Flis name appears signed to the Address of the Merchants of Philadelphia to the people of the Colonies, against the Stamp Act. Deeply imbued with a sense of the destructive tendency of all military struggles, and of opinion, as he repeated it, that the worst of all wars is a civil war, he could not in any way promote the sanguinary struggle with England. In peaceable resist- ance, on the other hand, he was active and persevering; and be 160 believed it possible, by non-consumption of British manufactures, to compel a just respect to colonial rights. The present writer does not here enlarge uj)on this fruitful topic. Much may be said in favour of peaceable resistance; and to show that, if ibe United States had not been separated from England, it would have been preposterous for the latter power to pretend to tyrannize over them, that many valuable sources of advantages would have been preserved, enormous destruc- tion avoided, and that at a day not far removed from the present time, the gigantic colony would have superseded the parent as effectually as Syracuse did Corinth, Carthage Tyre, Athens the Egyptian or the Hellenic Thebes, or Rome Alba Longa. John Reynell remained in Philadelphia during the whole war, and preserved the respect of every one, but was certainly not in the war to achieve political glory. Commerce was effectually superseded by the blockades and hostile occupation of the city; and when peace was restored, the energies of a man of seventy-ihree years of age could not be expected to push it to any active rivalry with younger men. Three or four years before the close, he took a nephew of his wife into partnership; and some two years later, transferred the remainder of his business to his younger partner. His death took place by a gradual decline of about four months, with little definite disease, and which terminated September 3, 1782. In his last confinement he was attended by his friends Drs. Kuhn and Foulke. He was married, April 15, 1756, to Mary Nicholas, widow of Samuel Nicholas, and daughter of Thomas and Beulah Coates. By this connexion, he had four daughters and a son; all of whom, how- ever, died in early infancy, except a daughter who nearly attained the age of fifteen years. Mr. John F. Watson records the death of this young lady by drowning, in that branch of Dock Creek which crossed Chesnut street below Fourth street, near or at the ruinous bridge. Mr. Watson is unable to give me his authority for this. I find no mention of it in the newspapers of the time; the reports of the grand juries are not easy of access; and I have no tradition of the circum- stance. The record in the family bible merely relates that she died "early in the morning." As far as has been gathered from incidental indications, John Rey- nell appears to have ham of the middle size, of considerable bodily powers, very good health, and a dignified and imposing aspect. His manner was grave, quiet and somewhat taciturn. His signature is bold and masculine; and resembles that of John Hancock. There is no portrait of him. Although conforming to the requiren:ients of 161 the religious body of Friends, in preserving a plain appearance and using sober colours, he did not observe any peculiar dress, or deviate in any remarkable degree from tbe custom of tbe time. He used stiuff and smoking tobacco freely. He did not advocate abstinence from wine, or even from ardent spirits; but was earnest in enforcing moderation and temperance. His mind, naturally endowed with great energy and decision, was cultivated upon antique models," and he had re;:d history, "Stare super anfiquns vias," though not quoted, was evidently the basis of the acquired part of his character. He was not without prejudice in favour of birth, and advised a young person to connect himself with "a good stock." He had great confidence in character; aimed at it himself, and praised it and confided in it when met with in others. He was eminently moderate, steady and permanent in all his views. This extended to commerce, which he considered as the business of a man's life, and a tiling that ought to be habitual. []e does not seem to have aimed at accumulating a large fortune. This is shown by his liberal housekeeping, and the extent of his contributions to charity. During his last illness, it was unexpectedly discovered that, in addition to liberal contributions of every sort, he had, for many years, dis- tributed among the poor an amount equal to one half of all his expenses of living, in absolute and total secresy. Commerce was steady and profitable; speculation scarcely existed ; and there w^ere no banks. But he was equally liberal of his time in the service of others. Besides the secret investigations of poverty just alluded to, and the service of institutions, he was more remarked for healing differences among his neighbours and acquaintance than perhaps any other man, and liis awards were almost always adopted as decisive. His personal influence was very great; and several of our most eminent citizens placed their sons with him, to live in his house, ac- cording to the custom of the times, in order to acquire a knowledge and the habits of commerce. Amon" these el^ves were Dr. Georse Logan and the noted Timothy Matlack. John Reynell had read extensively; was by no means indisposed to wit and satire, and valued the writings of Swift. He was aware of the value of science, as may be judged from his adhesion to this Society; and his name appears among the subscribers to our first volume. At his death the most honorary mention of his usefulness and high VOL. VII. V 162 character was made public from the most diverse sources; and the general love of the citizens attended him to the grave. Pending nomination No. 394 was read. No quorum for the enacting of laws being present, the special business of the evening was again postponed; and on motion of Mr. Foulke, the Secretary was instructed to give special notice of the fact to each of the members and request a punctual attendance at the next meeting. The records of the last meeting of the Board of Officers and Members of Council were read. On motion of Dr. Harris, the Committee on the Hall were instructed to place a new carpet on the hall floor. And the Society was adjourned. Stated Meeting, December 2, 1859. Present, thirty-three members. Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair. The Hon. Wm. B. Reed was presented by IMr. Fraley. The following donations for the Library were announced: — • Gould's Astronomical Journal. No. 129. — From the Editor. Jour. Soc. Arts and of the I. in U. May, 1859. Lond. — From the Soc. Das Astronom. Diagram ; von Dr. Prestel, 1859. — Frojn Dr. Wilson. Academic Fallacies by M. Coppee, Phil. 1859. 8vo. p. — Fro?n the Aut. The reading of Mr. Durand's obituary notice of Mr. Nuttall was postponed to the next meeting. The death of Washington Irving, aged 76 (elected a member April 17, 1829), at his residence, Sunnyside, on the Hudson river, Nov. 28, 1859, was announced by Dr. Bache, and on motion of Dv. Elwyn, Prof. Coppee was requested to prepare an obituary notice of the deceased. Mr. Dubois oirercd for the inspection of the Society, two of the golden images lately found in the Indian graves, at Ciiiriqui, in Central America. Both of them have been assayed at the Mint, and they are reserved as a part of the Mint Cabinet. The one of reptile form is 163 807 thousandths fine, and its intrinsic value is near thirty-five dollars; the bird is 627 fine, and worth nearly eight dollars. Some interesting matters of fact may be deduced from these curious relics; which, from the small rings or loops attached to them, and from a consideration of the customs and superstitions of ancient heathen nations all over the world, may be believed to have been worn upon the person both as ornaments and talismans, and as such sacredly deposited with the owners upon their decease. We must assume that these images were manufactured before the Spanish Invasion, and they mny belong to a high antiquity. It appears then, that the ancient Indians were familiar with the mining and metallurgy of gold; and if not very elegant designers, could make quite respectable castings. They also knew the relative values of gold and copper; or they would not have troubled themselves to introduce copper so largely into these sacred emblems or images, and then covering it up with a pickled surface. For it must be ob- served that copper is not a natural alloy of gold, as silver is; yet we find in one of these specimens a large proportion of copper. And in a considerable quantity of these images, lately melted down at the United States Assay Office in New York, the proportion of the mass was 788 parts gold, 190 parts copper, and only 22 parts silver. Another curious fact is, that they were acquainted with the process of pickling, or biting out the alloying metals from the surface, so as to leave a golden exterior. This is specially observable in the reptile specimen; and many years ago, we noticed the same circumstance, in relation to similar images found in the mounds of New Grenada, and shown at the Mint; now in the collection made by the late Jacob G. Morris, Esq. As the ancient artists had no knowledge of the mineral acids, they must have employed certain native salts, such as sal ammoniac and the nitrate of soda, to produce the desired effect. Central America is a gold-producing region, and formerly we re- ceived considerable quantities of gold from that quarter. It was always in artificial laminations, resulting from a process of parting the silver alloy; whence we infer that the gold naturally is consider- ably alloyed with that metal. The addition of copper is always of man's device; and with a judicious proportion of silver, as jewellers understand very well, a good gold colour is maintained. The' fact that all these images seem to be in the form of reptiles and birds of prey, real or fanciful, leads to the idea that they were meant to propitiate such creatures as were most likely to disturb the repose of the dead. 164 Mr. Peale presented at Ihe same time for the inspection of the menibers, another gold image, the surface of uhicli bore no marks of tlic pickling process, which had been in his possession many yeai's, and ma}" have been obtained from the same locali- ties. The Annual Report of the Treasurer was read; and that of the Committee of PuI)lication postponed to tiie next meeting. Pending nomination No. 394 w^as read. The special business of the meeting was then taken up, and the amendmciits to the laws recommended by the Cominittee in their repoil read May 6, 1S59, were adopted with some few exceptions, pending the discussion of which the Society was adjourned. Stated Meeting, December 16, 1859. Present, thirty-three members. Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair. The following donations for the Library were announced: — Journal of the Franklin Institute. No. 408. — From the Institvte. Meciical News and Library. No. 204. — From Blanchard Hall, 300 J5 Binding, 50 J5 Publications, .500 ?? General x^ccount, ISOO Total, ^2700 Pending nomination No. 394, and new nominations Nos. 395, 396, were read. The Annual Report of the Publication Committee, postponed from the last meeting, was read. The Committee on the sale of the Hall reported the following recommendation, which was adopted: — Resolved, That the President be requested to prepare and cause to be presented to the Congress of the United States a respectful memo- rial, in the name of the Society, setting forth the facts connected with the sale of the Hall of the Society to the United States, the action of the Officers of the Government thereon, and the authority given by Congress to sell the Hall as the properly of the United States, and requesting the passage of a law directing the acceptance of the con- veyance tendered by the Society for said property, and the payment of the purchase money due to it therefore. Signed F. Fraley, Charles B. Trego, Isaac Hays, VV. Parker Foulko. The resignations of Henry A. Boardman and George M. Wharton, members, were again read and accepted. The deferred special business of the evening being in order, Judge Thompson's amendment to Mr. Fraley's substitute was discussed, and both amendment and substitute adopted. Amendments to Chapter VH. were then adopted, and the Society adjourned. Note. The Laws of tlie Society as amended will be printed immediately, with a list of members, uniformly with the Pi'O- ceedings, so that those who desire to do so, may bind them in with the current Vol. VII. Errata in No. 60 (Vol. VI.), and No. 61 {Vol. VII.), of the Pro- ceedings of the American Philosophical Society. No. 60, (Vol. VI.) Page. Line from top. 348 350 364 31 13 40 369 372 379 10 6 14 55 55 387 8 CORRECTIONS. 0/t. For ''practicaZ observer," read, practisecZ observer After "Minoris)" add the word, north. At the end of the (biirth line from the bottom: for ' 02m. 53.9.76," read. Oh. 02m. 53s.763. For "00s.03,"m;i, 0s.003. At the end of this line: for '' + 05.251," read, -\- Os.256. After the word "day," place a comma. After "(July 3d.)" erase the semicolon, and substitute a comma in its stead. At the end of this line: for "104?n. 42s. 16," read, Am. 42s. 16. No. 61, (Vol. Vll.) Line Page. from top. •29 28 32 32 37 16 47 1 48 19 50 19 58 14 62 11 65 28 67 22 74 30 82 43 85 30 85 44 89 28 95 8 109 35 118 10 51 44 105 27 108 5 55 6 55 34 108 2 51 3 15 6 115 22 55 23 55 36 117 20 21 55 119 25 2 CORRECTIONS. For " 7 Leonis," read, y' Leonis. For " 07," rearf, .07. For "(at 12//. 347«.)" read, (at \21i. 24m.) For '-station," read, stations. For "36/72. 345.04," read, 36m. 34s.4. For "(at 20//. 86/w. 38s.44, &c.)" read, (at 20/i. 36m. 3^5.44, &c.) For "12/i. 16m. 53s." in the second column from the left hand, read, I2h. 16m. 525. In the fourth column from the left, for " 9//. 02m. 085.24," read, 9h. {)5frt. 085.24. For "astronomidal," ?'ead, astronomical. For "1851," read, 1858. For " -f 8' 30"," read, + 6' 20". At end of bottom line, for"6A. 02m. 1 35.03," reat/, 6h. 02m. 135.30. In the last line of the fourth column from the left: for "10/i. &c.," read, 11//. &c. In the second line from the bottom, and in the fourth column from the left; for"lO/i. &c." reac?, llA. &c. In the first or left hand cohnnn: for "llA. 22m. IO5." read, 11//. 22m. 00s. For "(at 4//. OSm.)" read, (at 5//. 08m.) For "(at 12//. 11m.)" read, (at 11//. 12m.) For "4m. 435.63," read, Am. 445.64. Bottom line. For the sign — (minus), read, + (plus). Bottom line. 3 11 (Foot note.) ^ For "Capital," read, Capitol. PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Vol. VII. JANUARY— JUNE, 1860. No. 63. Stated Meeting, January 6, 1860. Present, fifteen members. Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair. Letters were received from the Elliott Society of Natural History, Charleston, S. C, dated December 15, 1859, ac- knowledging the receipt of the Proceedings ; from the Corpo- ration of Harvard College, dated Cambridge, December IT, 1859, and from the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, dated Madison, December 20, 1859, acknowledging the receipt of the last No. of the Transactions. Letters were also received from the Dublin University Zoological and Botanical Association, dated Trinity College, Dublin, and from the R. Saxon Society of Sciences, dated Leipsig, August 23 and September 3, 1859, and from the R. Geographical Society, dated London, September 9, 1859, acknowledging donations for the Library. The following donations for the Library were received : — Trans. Zool. Soc. London, iv, parts 5, 6. 4to. — From the Society. Proceedings, Nos. 339*, 347=^, 384=*^, 392*.— i^rom the same. Mem. R. Astron. Soc, xxvii. 4to. — From the Society. Monthly Notices, xviii complete, and xx, No. 1. — From the same. Journ. R. G-eog. Soc, xxviii. 8vo. — From the Society. Proc Royal Society, x, Nos. 35, 36. — From the Society. Report (xxviii) British Association. Leeds, 1858. — From the Ass. VOL. VII. — w 170 Ann. Rep. (xxvi) E. Corn. Poly. Soc. Falmouth, 1858. — From the Society. Proc. Liverpool L. and Ph. Soc, No. 13. — From the Society. Journ. London Society of Arts, &c., vii, No. 354-58. — From the Society. Dublin University Zool. and Bot. Ass., i, parts 1, 1. 8vo. — From the Association. Natural History Review or London Quarterly, Vol. i. Vol. ii, 1854, 1855, No. 12, 1856, and, under its new title of N. H. R. and Quarterly Journal of Science, Vol. vi, Nos. 1, 2, 3. — From Ir. isr. II. s. Wallace on Geog. Distribution of Birds. (6 pp.) 1859. — From the Author. Jahrb. K. K. Gleol. Reichsanstalt, No. 1, 1859. — From the Institute. Berichte, R. Saxon Soc. Leipsio- Ph. C, ii. M. P. C, ii, iii. — From the Society. Hankel's Elec. Unters., 4th part. (80 pp. 8vo.)— i'Vom the Author. Hofmeister on Phanerogamen, 1st part. (132 pp.) — From the Author. Fechner on Schiitzung der Sterngrossen. (70 pp.) — From the Author. Brockhaus on Nala und Damayanti. (30 pp.) — From the Author. Verb, des Ver. Gartenbaues, 1, 2, 3 heften, ISbS.— From the Union. Am. Journ. Science. New Haven, Jan., 1860. — From the Editors. Am. Geog. and Stat. Soc. Journal, i, No. 10. New York. — From the Society. Proc. Boston S. N. H., vii, 9, 10, to p. liJ^.—From the Society. Ann. Rep. Regents N. Y. Univ. March, 1859. (110 pp.)— i'>077i the Regents. Proc. Acad. N. S. Philada., Nos. 20, 21, 1859.— i-Vowi the Academy. Official Army Register for 1860. — From E. D. Townsend. Introductory Lectures and Addresses on Medical Subjects, &c., by G. B. Wood, M.D. Philada., 1859. (460 pp. Swo.')— From the Author. Map of Eastern Kentucky, showing the western outcrop of the Coal Field, by Joseph Lesley. — From the Author. Mr. Durand, pursuant to appointment, read an obituary notice of Thomas Nuttall.'"' The committee to which was referred the paper of Mr. Chase, on English and Sanscrit Analogues, reported in favor * See page 297. 171 of its publication in the Proceedings, which was ordered to be done, and the committee was discharged.* On motion of Professor Lesley, it was ordered that a list of the Corresponding societies with which the Society ex- changes publications be published with the Proceedings. The judges and clerks of the annual election, held this day for officers of the Society, reported that the following named members were elected officers of the Society for the ensuing year : — President. George B. Wood. Vice-Presidents. John C. Cresson, Isaac Lea, George Sharswood. Secretaries. Charles B. Trego, E. Otis Kendall, John L. Le Conte, J. P. Lesley. Members of the Council, for Three Years. George M. Justice, George Tucker, Robert Patterson, Henry Vethake. Curators. Franklin Peale, Elias Durand, Joseph Carson. Treasurer. Charles B. Trego. Mr. J. P. Lesley was nominated for Librarian. *See page 177. 172 "^ Pending nominations, Nos. 394, 395, 396, were read, and the Society adjourned. Stated Meeting^ January 20, 1860. Present, twenty-four members. Dr. George B. Wood, President, in the Chair. Letters were received from the Historical Society of Penn- sylvania, dated Philadelphia, January 16, 1860, acknowledging the reception of No. 62 of the Proceedings. The following donations for the Library were announced : — Journ. FrankHn Inst, for Jan., 1860, No. 409. — From the Institute. African Repository, for Jan., 1860. — From the Am. Col. Soc. Numerical Relations of Elements, by M. Carey Lea. Part 1. (16 pp. 4to.) Philadelphia, I860.— i^rom the Author. A paper, entitled " Experientise prsecedentes, by William Sharswood," was presented for publication in the Transactions, and referred to Dr. Bache, Prof. Booth, and Dr. Uhler. J. P. Lesley was elected Librarian for the ensuing year. The Standing Committees were appointed, as follows : — On Finance. — Mr. Fraley, Mr. Justice, Mr. J. F. James. On Publication. — Dr. Bridges, Mr. T. P. James, Dr. Hartshorne, Prof. Coppee, Dr. Wister. On the Rail — Mr. Peale, Judge King, Prof. Coppee. On the Library. — Mr. Ord, Dr. Bell, Dr. Stevens, Dr. Coates, Mr. Foulke. The list of surviving members was read and corrected. The number on the list on the 1st of January, 1860, was 374 Of whom are resident in tlic United States, . . 282 And in foreign countries, ...... 92 On motion of Judge King, the Secretaries were directed to report to the Society the names of such members as appear to have lost the right of membership. 173 The Society then proceeded to ballot for candidates for membership. New nomination, No. 397, was read. Prof. Trego, Judge King, and Mr. Price were appointed a committee on the subject of a telescope now in the State Library at Harrisburg, reported to be the one ordered for the Transit of Venus in 1769. All other business having been concluded, the ballot-boxes were opened by the President, and the following named gentle- men declared duly elected members of the Society. P. Angelo Secchi, Professor of Astronomy at Rome. Aubrey H. Smith, Attorney-at-Law, of Philadelphia. Dr. Francis W. Lewis, of Philadelphia. And the Society was adjourned. Stated Meeting^ February 3, 1860. Present, nineteen members. Dr. George B. Wood, President, in the Chair. A letter was received from Aubrey H. Smith, acknowledg- ing notice of his election. Letters were received from the Director of the Russian Observatory, dated St. Petersburg, August 30, 1859, from the Royal Danish Society, dated Copenhagen, July 1, 1859, and from the Corporation of Harvard College, dated Cam- bridge, January 16, 1860, acknowledging copies of the Pro- ceedings. Letters were received from the Society of Naturalists at Moscow, dated June 13, 1859, from the Director of the Cen- tral Observatory, dated St. Petersburg, August 30, 1859, and from the Royal Bavarian Academy, dated Munchen, October 1, 1859, transmitting donations for this Library. The following donations for the Library were announced : — ■ Annales des Mines, xv, 1, 2 Is. de 1859. — From B. des Fonts, &c. Bulletin S. Imp. Naturalistes. Moscow. No. 4, 1, 2, 3. — From the Societi/. 174 Compte-rendu Ph. Cent. Obs. Russia. 1857. 4to. — From the Di- rectors. Annales de I'Obs. 1856. Nos. 1, 2. 4to. — From the same. Oversigt K. Danske V. S. Forhand., 1858. 8vo. — From the Society. Skrifter K. D. V. S. Nat. Afd., iv, 2; v, 1. 1859. ^io.— From the Society. Reports of Council Brit. Meteorological Soc. 6, 7, 8. — From the Society. Glaisher's Determination of Mean Temperatures. 1814 to 1856. — From the same. G-laislier's Mem. on the Meteorology of England. 1858. — From the same. Syro-Egyptian Soc. Correspondence and Papers. 1858 and 1859. — From the Society. Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc, xx, No. 2. — From the Society. Airy's Instructions for Mars in 1860. — From the same. Proc. Royal Geograph. Soc, iii, No. 6. 1859. — From the Society. Journ. Soc. Arts and I. in IT., vii, Nos. 359-362. — From the Society. Medical News and Library, xviii, No. 205. Jan., 1860. — From Blanchard & Lea. Amer. Journ. Med. Sci., Ixxvii. Jan., 1860. — From the same. Report of State Librarian, 1859. Harrisburg. — FroiJi the Lihraria'ii. Proc Amer. Antiq. Soc, Oct. 21, 1859. Boston. 8vo. — From the Society. Proc Acad. N. S. Philada. 1859. — From the Academy. Wilkes on the Circulation of the Oceans. Philada., 1859. — From the Author. Dr. Bache presented a communication from W. Sharswood, asking leave to withdraw his paper oiFered at the last meeting. His request was granted and the committee discharged. Alexander (Joseph Addison). — The Rev. Mr. Barnes announced the death of the Rev. J. A. Alexander, of Prince- ton, N. J., a member of the Society, January 28, 1860, oet. 50. The Rev. Dr. Lcyburn was appointed to prepare an obitu- ary notice of the deceased. Gilpin (Heney D.) — Judge Sharswood announced the death of the Hon. Henry D. Gilpin, of Philadelphia, a mem- 175 ber of the Society, January 29, ast. 58. Mr. Joseph R. IngersoU was appointed to prepare an obituary notice of the deceased. Espy (James P.) — Dr. Emerson announced the death of Prof. James P. Espy, a member of the Society, at Cincinnati, January 20, 1860, i^t. 75. Prof. Henry was appointed to prepare an obituary notice of the deceased. Jones (Joel). — Mr. Lesley announced the death of Judge Joel Jones, of Philadelphia, a member of the Society, Feb- ruary 2, 1860, i^t. 54. Judge Sharswood was appointed to prepare an obituary notice of the deceased. Dr. Emerson called the attention of the Society to a quality of the diamond as producing light after friction in a dark room. When drawn along, for instance, over the surface of a polished marble mantel-piece, it emits a phosphorescent light. In the case of a large diamond, weighing twenty-four carats, the largest diamond ever found in North America, picked from a bank of drift near Richmond, Va., and now in the possession of Samuel W. Dewey, this phosphoric light was quite vivid and occasional, accompanied with a gentle scintil- lation. Observations were elicited by this description from Mr. Lesley, Dr. Le Conte, Dr. R. P. Harris, and Dr. Bache. Dr. Emerson referred to a flexible sandstone found in con- nection with diamonds in Stokes Co., N. C, a hill which is owned by Mr. Dewey. ■ Prof. Trego exhibited a specimen of this itacolumite sand- stone, showing very plainly its flexible and elastic properties. Pending nomination, No. 397, was read. The report of the Secretaries, concerning those members elect who appear to have lost the right of membership, was presented and referred to the Committee of Finance. Dr. Leidy moved that the plaster casts of fossils now in possession of the Society be deposited with the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the consideration of which was postponed for the present. And the Society was adjourned. 176 Stated Meeting, February 17, 1860. Present, seventeen members. Dr. Georue B. AVood, President, in the Chair. A letter was read from Dr. F. W. Lewis, acknowledging notice of his election. A letter was read from Edward Sabine, of London, relative to the decease of Sir Francis Beaufort. The following donations for the Library were received : — Trans. Rojal Irish Acad., xxiii, part 2. 4to. 1859. — From the Academy. Proc. Royal Irish Acad., vii, parts 1 to 8. 8vo. — From the same. Lloyd's Memoir on Light through Thin Plates. 4to. — From the same. Lloyd's Memoir on Determining the Earth's Magnetic Force. 4to. — From the same. Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., vii, sigs. 11, 12. Jan., 1860. — Frojji the Society. Memoirs Hist. Soc. Penna., vii. (500 pp. 8vo.) — From the Society. Med. News and Library, xviii. No. 206. — From Blanchard & Lea. Journ. Franklin Institute, No. 410. — From the Institute. Ann. Rep. Penna. Inst. Deaf and Dumb. 1859. — From the Board. Ann. Rep. Y. M. Mercantile Library Assoc. Cincinnati, 1859. — From the Association. Beaufort (Sir Francis). — Dr. Le Conte announced the death of Sir Francis Beaufort, December 17, 1857, vet. 84. Mr. Lesley presented a communication from Mr. George Calhoun, of Philadelphia, exhibiting at the same time a model of his compound ventilator, eliciting explanations from Prof. Cresson. Professor Cresson described the effects of the gale of Febru- ary 9th and 10th at the City Gas Works, destroying a strong new building, 250 feet long by 57 wide and 54 high, lifting up the roof of iron, braced and stayed in the strongest manner, and weighing with its slates 300,000 pounds, and with it large portions of the walls. (Continuation on page 292.) [Read Sept. 17, 1858.] SANSCRIT AND ENGLISH ANALOGUES. BY PLINY E. CHASE. Few Etymologists will be disposed to claim for their favorite study the dignity of a Science; for neither its elementary princi- ples, its legitimate ends, nor its ethnological uses in verifying history, or determining the pre-historical migrations and affiliations of tribes, are definitely settled. Resemblances, that one investigator regards as valuable and important, are pronounced trivial, accidental, or insignificant by another, whose most serious dicta are, in their turn, made the subject of ridicule by those who advocate a theory of language differing from his own. Such students as Bopp, Grimm, Curtius, Pott and others, have accumulated a mass of information, from which some rules have been deduced that must be recognized in every attempt to find a scientific basis for comparative philology. But even their labors have been ridiculed by sciolists, who, placing undue stress on the mistakes that are inseparable from all human effort, lose sight of the merit that rewards all sincere investigation. It is not strange that a tyro, perplexed between the assumed derivation of "wig" on the one hand,* and the curious "Ten Paradoxes" of Haldeman on the other, I should be disposed to assert the worthlessness of Etymology, and to regard as its fundamental rule, that " all consonants are mu- tually interchangeable, and all vowels are of no account,'' or to set the derivation of "fox" from "rainy day" and "mango" from "King Jeremiah," on a level with the results of the most abstruse philological researches. But the earnest student will soon outgrow all disposition to ridi- cule even what may appear to him as absurd in the deductions of careful investigators. He will feel that every addition to knowledge *■ Pilus, pelo, peluco, paruik, periwig, wig. t See Trans. Am. Phil. So. Vol. XI. page 270. VOL. VII. — X 178 is an addition to the treasury from which future investigators will draw their wealth, and he will rather leave the rejection of the base metal to those who can find a proper use for the good, than attempt to depreciate the whole by directing our attention exclusively to that which he imagines may be bad. All etymological researches may be arranged in three classes, viz. : 1. Immediate or Derivative ; 2. Comparative; 3. Radical or Ger- minal. 1. Derivative P]tymology is limited to the determination of the language from which any given word is immediately derived, and usually without much change of form. Its method is the one adopted by ordinary lexicographers. 2. Comparative Etymology traces similarities and subordinate dif- ferences of sound and meaning, between different languages which are generally, though not necessarily, of the same family or origin ; and sometimes attempts to assign the cause of such similarity or difference, whether accidental, organic, derivative, or otherwise. 3. Radical or Germinal Etymology, endeavors to ascertain the essential elements of words, without regard to their immediate deri- vation or remote affinities. The most noteworthy example of this class, is to be found in the labors of the Indian grammarians, who compiled the lists of Sanscrit radicals, an example that might be advantageously imitated by supplying similar lists for other languages. The philological labors of Oriental scholars, such as Grimm, Bopp, and others, have been mostly comparative. In the sanguine enthusi- asm of the early students of Sanscrit, the hope was often indulged, that the key to all languages had been found, and that all dialectic mysteries would be speedily removed. Since these extravagant ex- pectations have been generally given up, there has been, perhaps, an undue tendency in the opposite direction, to disparage the study of Sanscrit for etymologic uses. In contending against such a ten- dency it is not necessary to assume any theory with regard to the relative antiquity and position of the Sanscrit and its kindred lan- Kuao^es ; it is sufficient to show that the Sanscrit is one of the earli- est known members of the Indo-European family, and that, therefore, from its introduction into a comparative list with any other member of the same family, it is reasonable to hope for aid in ascertaining primitive roots and determining radical significance. Whatever value may be attached to the following vocabulary must belong to it in virtue of its adaptedness to the wants of the com- parative etymologist. It is a list, not of roots, but of analogues; 179 not of primitive germs from which English words are derived in a line of direct descent, but of similar forms in which similar ideas have been clothed by different members of one human family. It is not to be expected that the points of resemblance should strike all alike, or that all should agree as to the relative value of different portions of the list, but it is proper that the compiler should indicate his own estimate of the comparisons which are merely accidental, as well as of those which he considers most striking. This is done by printing the most important words in small capitals, and using the mark (A.) to indicate what is supposed to be purely accidental. LIST OF AUTHORITIES. Bellott, Thomas. — Sanskrit Derivations of English Words. Bexfey, Theodor. — Kurze Sanskrit-Grammatik. Bopp, Franciscus. — Glossarium Sanscritum. '^ '' Comparative Grammar, Eastwick's Translation. Carey, W. — Grammar of the Sungskrit Language. CuRTius, Georg. — Grundzlige der Griechischen Etymologie. DiEFEXBACH, Lorenz. — Vergleichende Worterbuch der gothlschen Sprache. Diez, Friedrich. — Etymologisches Worterbuch der Romanischen Sprachen. Donaldson, John Wm. — The New Cratylus. EiCHHOFF, F. G.— Verglelchung der Sprachen von Europa und Indien. Haldeman, S. S. — Analytical Orthography. Kennedy, Vans. — Researches into the Origin and Affinity of the Principal Languages of Asia and Europe. Kraitsir, Charles. — Glossology. Pott, Aug. Friedr. — Etymologische Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der Indo-Germanischen Sprachen. Terwen, J. L. — Etymologisch Handwoordenboek der Nederduitsche Taal. Webster, Noah. — American Dictionary of the English Language. Welsford, Henry. — On the Origin and Ramifications of the English Lan- guage. Westergaard, N. L. — Radices Linguae Sanscrila}. WiLKiNS, Charles. — Grammar of the Sanskrita Language. Wilson, H. H. — Dictionary in Sanscrit and English. 180 SANSCRIT ALPHABET. jfoTE. — The first column contains the letters employed to represent the Sanscrit characters in the following Vocabulary. Vowels. a, pronounced like u in hut,'^ or like a in German. nearly like a in call,* or in /ar.f " e in hefal. like ee in meet, u in full, u in ?'?fZe. ri in merrily, (or nearly like smooth r.) r lengthened. " ?i in Zi7^ (nearly). Ir lengthened. e in loliere* or a in amiable.f ei in height. 0 in 5^0 ?ie. au, '• '* o?i in our. ^ a nasal, equivalent to either m or ?i. In many words it may be either omitted or inserted, at pleasure. <», a substitute for a final aspirate or sibilant. Gutturals. C, pronounced like c in car ; never like s. " c aspirated, (as in Mac-Henry) ; never like ch in cheer. " g in gun ; never like J. " g aspirated, as in log-house. " ng in King. Palatals. tf, pronounced like ch in church. a^ 11 ne£ U u a i', li lik( u, u n^ a r, ii r^ iC ir u Ir^ a "n ' e, Cl ai, u 0, li ch, a S< u gh, li n, 11 tfh, U " tf aspirated. dj, il " j in Jai7. djh, 11 " dj aspirated. n, 11 " the first n in o?iion (nearly), * Wilkins. t Wil 181 Cerehrah. t, pronounced like t, with the tip of the tongue placed far back against th, the same sound, aspirated. [the palate,* somewhat like t in art. d, a cerebral d, pronounced nearly like d in drum. It is sometimes pro- dh, the same sound, aspirated. [nounced like a hard r or I. n, pronounced like n, with the tongue back (as in horn). Dentals. t, pronounced like Spanish i, with the tip of the tongue against the teeth. th, the same sound, aspirated, nearly as in hothouse. d, pronounced like d in day. dh, the same sound, aspirated. n, pronounced like n. LahiaJs. p, pronounced like ^;. ph, the same sound, aspirated, nearly as in haphazard. b, pronounced like b. It is often confounded with the semi-vowel v, " with which some grammarians consider it to be at all times option- ally interchangeable. "t bh, the same sound, aspirated, nearly as in Cohhouse. m, pronounced like m. Semi-vowels. y, pronounced like y in yarn. In Bengal, it is usually pronounced like^. r, " " trilled r. 1, " " I. V, " nearly like German w. Sibilants. g, pronounced like sh in shun,j- and interchanges with k, z, or 7i.| f, " " sh in sJioe. Pronounced in some schools like A-'/i.f S. li II Aspirate. h, pronounced like h. * Wilkins. f Wilson. t " Haec litera orta est e c et respondet graeco x. hit. c, lith /.• et sz, Slav. /; et s, hib. c, ch, et s, germ, /i." — Bopp. 182 APPROXIMATE TABLE OF PHONETIC EQUIVALENTS. SANSCRIT. GREEK. LATIN. GOTHIC. GERMAN. a d £ 0 a e 0 a i u a i U . . . . . i u ai au e 0 a^ d fj UD a e o e o a (o) uo i % i i ai i e .... . e - . . . .... i' i i ei i VL u short u u au U 0 .... . . . . 0 .... .... U^ 0 long u u u e ai ££ 01 ai e oi ae oe i u ai ei ai ^ri r r r 1 X 1 1 1 y C ' J J j s f a s (r) s (z) s (r) V digamma V V w * Occasional. 183 VOCABULARY. (A.) — accidental, ags. — anglosaxon. ar. — arabic. arm. — arraoric. caus. — Causative form, cfr. — (Confer) Compare, d- — dutch, dan. — danisli. dor. — Doric. ABBREVIATIONS. fr. — french. frs. — frisian. g. — german. goth. — gothic. ir. — irish. it. — italian. lit. — lithuanian. n. — norse. nl — netberlandish. ^v._Welsh. o. — old. pers. — persian. pg. — Portuguese, prakr. — prakrit. russ — russian. s. — Saxon, slav. — Slavonic, sp. — Spanish, sw. — Swedish. A, An. a, an, demonstrative radicals; ec-as,-a^,-aj, one. Cfr. n the; 'tj, Dor. 'a; 'ev; nnus ; gotli. ains ; g. em; fr. un. A-, AN-. a-,an-, negative prefixes. Cfr. 'a-, 'av-, privative ; "w^su, A-. a''-, to. Cfr. 'a- for "«/7.a ; ad; fr. a. ['^*-; goth. un. Aam. Cfr. ir^X to measure, nox a cubit, v. Measure. AB-, ABS-. apa, ava, from. Cfr. "a-6 ; ah; goth. ahu, a/; g. ah. Abacus, bhacf, to devour. Cfr. p3X to struggle, dust; a,3a^. Abaddon, a^badh, to bind. Cfr. i3X, to destroy, to be cast away. Abb. vap, to weave. Cfr. 'u(f-aco; ags. loefan ; g. icehen. [instructor. Abba, Abbot, pa^, to nourish, pati, a master. Cf. DX, a father or Ab-ditory, Ab-domen. dha^, to give, to hold, to place ; dha^man, the body. Cfr. nxn a bound, to establish ; rDiD to close up ; Ti-f}rj!J.'. ) ah-derey-domen. Ability, Able, balas, strong. Cfr. :h2 to strengthen, n^x strong ; -oh'j:;', kahilis, ^xjUco, val-idus; goth. ahrs ; ags. ahal ; fr. Jiahile. v. Hab-. [mmoy. A-bominate. bha^m, to be angry or impatient. Cfr. duij.6q) aho- Abound. pa.d, to heap together ; und, to wet. Cfr. abundo. ABOUT, at, to roam ; ut, on, up ; pat, to surround. Cfr. ns a hinge, Above. V. Over. [ii3X he girt about; 'ert'; apud ; ags. ahutan. ABRIDGE, (abbrevjare.) rudj, avarudj, to break, fr. ahreyer. v. Abusing, abhisa^sana, abusing. (A.) [Break. Abyss, pas, to embrace ; pus, to fill. Cfr. "a^iuaao^' Acantha. ga^dh, to torment; candu^, to scratch. Cfr. "ay.a'^da] Accipiter. v. Eagle. Cip-. [acantlius. Accolade, v. Collar. 184 Ac-coramodato. (A.) ca^inada«, giving what is wished. (ca^ma«, desire, da«, a giver.) Cfr. nroD to long for; xo/m^oj-^ commo- dum. V. Cou-, Mete. [com-pleo ; fr. ac-complir. Accomplish, pr, to fill; pul, to be heaped up. Cfr. (rop-'-lrj-pou) ) Ac-cost, Ac-cuse. cu^s, (cu.sati,) to speak, v. Coast. Cfr. |DD to reason, to reprove ; causa^ ac-cuso. Ac-coutre. crt, cat, to clothe, to surround. Cfr. li^D to enclose ; ytr-cu'^- cothur-nus] fr. accoutrer. [fr. as. ACE. eca**, one. Cfr. inx one; Itq, h.aff-roq-y as; it. asso • sp. Acel-dama. adjira, a court, or yard. Cfr. ^pn a field ; 'ayp-o:; ; ager ; g, acker; goth. akrs ; ags. secer. Acerbity, crb, frbh, to hurt or injure. Cfr. ^iiy to burn, Din a sharp instrument ; (Tip(po<; ; acerhus. Acetous, Acid, a, privative ? v. Sweet, acetum, acid us. Ache. aca«, pain, sin; a^has, sin. Cfr. r\y grief, aflliction; "a/oq, "ay/oi; ; angor ; ags. ace. Achieve, tfi^v, to take, to cover. Cfr. nan to cover; xotTrw; capio. AcHOR. cfar, to ooze, to trickle ; tfar, to go. Cfr, "np an issue, to gush out ; 'o.y(I>p, yuipi^o^ ^^X^P- Acker, ac, to wind, or move tortuously. Acne. a,ca, a mark or spot. Acolyte, acula, of low family. Cfr, ' ay.6Xou0o<;. Acop. V. Cap. Acquaint, v. Know, Cfr. goth. kunnaii ; g. kunde ; ofr, accointcr. Acre. V. Acel-dama. Acrid, Acritude. chard, to bite; crt, to cut; cr^ to hurt or injure; agri«5, the edge of a sword. Cfr. niD, ;^"ip to cut off or down; acer, acritudo. [end; " axpo-7:o-Xi<; ; acro-teriiim. xVcRO-POLis, agra, the summit ; palli^, a village, Cfr. "inx the Act. a^C, adj, to go. Cfr, "ayiu, 'r^yioimi) ago, act- inn ; fr. agir. Acute, cutt, to cut, Cfr. xo-tw ; a-cutus. Ad-, (af-, ag-, &c.) a^ to; ath, ad, to go; adhi, over. Cfr. nx with; Si'X at; dq) goth. at; og. az ; ags. dtt, to; g. zu. A-damant. v. Dam, Adays, adya, to-day. Cfr. "rjdrj; hodie] g, heute ; fr. aujom'-dhui. Add, And. add, to connect ; da^, to give. Cfr. nx with ; "ezc, ri, Si J ad-do, et ; g. iind ; d. eu, ende. Adder, ad, to eat; dhu% to strike, to kill ; nat, nud, to hurt or kill. Cfr. nx torment; "nn to penetrate; "c^Jw, "ey-id-'m; edo, natrix ; goth. nadrs ; g. natter; ags. aetter. [Dress. Ad-dress, tra.s, to speak. Cfr. u^m to inquire ; fr. ad-dresser, v. 185 Adeling. id, to praise; al, to be competent. Cfr. ags. ethel ; g. edel ; sp. hidalgo, v. -Olescent. Adept, adipiscor, ad-eptus. v. Apt. A-dieu. it. addio. v. Divine. Adipose, dap, to accumulate. Cfr. lyata fat; Xi-noq) a-deps. Adjutant, v. Aid. Ado. ad, to strive, or endeavor. Cfr. nx trouble, ['aidcu^-, adoro. Adore, dr, to reverence, a^dara**, respect. Cfr. inn to honor ; Adroit. V. Dress. [it. avviso. Advice, a^vis, evident. Cfr. no disease; impahu}, ^a-ijApw^zoq-, umaranthus. Amaurosis, "'a.imufx'x;. mUT, to wrap round ; mr, to die. Ambassador, pag, paf, pas, pat, to go ; bhaf, to speak. Cfr. nD3 to 187 go by, "tt/jt/Sa^rri?; goth. andhahts ; ags. emhelit ; it. amhascia- dore ; sp. pg. emhaxador ; fr. emhassadeur . Amber, amb, to go; ambara,, a perfume. Ambi-. ubhaii, both, Cfr. "atj.cpu) -, ambo. v. Am-. Amble, Ambulatory, v. Alley. Amen, mun, to promise; man, to think; om, verily, px A-methyst. mad, to intoxicate; madhu, spirituous liquor. Cfr. AMi-able,-cable, Amorous, v. Am-ability. \_iJ.s6b(Vj ^a-p-iOoGToq. Amict. mac, to adorn, amicior. Amphi-. v. Amb-, Ambi-. [p*^^} amplus ; fr. ample, v. Fill. Ample, u^bh, to fill; pul, to be great. Cfr. :3 0« an assembly; -Aiy- Amputate. pat, to cut, to divide. Cfr. yiD, to scatter, to break to pieces; x6-r.rio; amputo. Amylaceous. (^a-fiuXov, ami/lum.) v. Mill. An. V. A. Anchor. a,c, vane, to move crookedly; sl^q, to divide; anciira«, a shoot or sprout. Cfr. HDn a fish-hook ; 'a^x?y, "ayxupa ; anchora ; g. d. anl-er ; sp. ancla ; it. pg. ancora ; fr. ancre. Anchoret, anaga^ras a hermit (an, privative), aga^ra^, a house. Cfr. "^jt? a tower, an altar; mp a roof, a city; x(i)pa, ^wm-ywpiw^ Ancient, fr, ancien ; it. anzi, anziano. v. Ante, Antic. \^ava-ywprjrrj<;. Ancillary. Qi^l, to do, to worship, ancillaris. An-con,-cone. (V^xwv.) anca,, the flank; anga,, a limb or member. And. v. Add. [v. Angle. And-iron. indh, to kindle, to shine. [!^^VP> yovq. Andro-gynous. nara«!, man; djani^, woman. Cfr. lyJN man; Anemo-. an, to sound, to breathe, to go. Cfr. ^jn to blow, or snuff with the nostrils; "a'^tpuq) animus. l^'ayyeloq. v. Call. An-gel. eel, tfel, to go; a,tf, to move, to speak. Cfr. yih an angel ; Anger, Angina, Angor. a,gh, to go, to blame or censure ; agha,, passion; ugra,, anger. Cfr. pjx to cry out; pjn to strangle; "ayyto, "ayyp'x, ^opyrj', aiujor ; goth. aggvus ; g. eng ; d. ang. Angle. a»g, a,gh, to go; a^tf, to bend; angas, near, proximate; a,gula««, a finger. Cfr. 'eyyoq, 'ayxvXoq, "oyxoc; -^ angidus, uncus', g. winhcl ; d. g. angel, v. Anchor; Ankle. Anguish, August, fr. angoisse. v. Anger. (angadja«, sickness,) Anhel-ation, anila, air or wind. Cfr. anJielo. v. Anemo-. Anil, nilas blue. Cfr. niUon? sp. anil; pg. anil. ANiM-al, &c. v. Anemo-. An-kle. a^n-cal, to bind or tie. Cfr. yr,Xr, ; g. dnhel ; d. enkel ; ags. ancleov ; abp contracted, drawn together, v. Angle, Keel. 188 Anneal, nal, to sliine, to bind or confine; ul, to burn. Cfr. ags. an-cel-. Ann-als,-ual. hay, to move ; hayanas, a year. Cfr. "evoq ; annus. An-odyne. tun, to curve, to bend or make crooked. Cfr. 'udwrj. An-orexy. rac, to taste, to obtain. Cfr. u^D") to obtain; 'optyw. Ansated. a,s, to share, to divide ; a^sa", a portion, a shoulder. Cfr. Anser. v. Goose. [ansa. Answer, anusa^rin, following; anusva^ras echo; anu, after; svr, to sing, to praise ; svar, to sound, to reprove. Cfr. nnv to cry out ; nity to sing, to praise ; (Tupc^w ; ags. andswarian ; v. Swear. Ante-, Anti-. anta<5, final, near, a boundary ; anti, near. Cfr. nx ? Antelope, ena*?, an antelope. [with; 'avTi; ante. An-tennae. v. Tend. Anthem, am, to sound; (i^d, to praise^ to celebrate ;) Cfr. Din, HDH, a noise ; ''u/xvoq, "odio. An-tic,-tique. tac, to laugh at; tic, to go, to move; antaga*!, dead, departed. Cfr. antiquus; fr. antique. [v. Ante. Antre. antar, within ; antara,, a hole or rent. Cfr. "avr/?ov; antrum. An-vil. vil, to break or divide, to throw, to direct or send. Cfr. pS^, to break ; [^aXXw ; jpello. [Ache. Anxious, ca^ncf, ma^ncf, va^ncf, to desire. Cfr. anxius. v. Anger, Any. anyas other. Cfr. ullus-, ags. anig] g. einig ; d. eenig. v. Aorist, Aorta, r, to go. [An, One. Ap-, Apo-. V. Ab-. Ape. capi^, an ape. Cfr. c^ip an ape; g. affe ; d. aap ; ags. apa. Aper-. V. Over. Apheresis. hr, to seize. Cfr. alpiio. Apiary, bhas, a bee. Cfr. apis; ags. leo ; sp. aheja ; d. hij. Apollyon. lu^, to cut. Cfr. 'oUuco, 'A7:oXXuwv. A-pory. pa^r, to get through or over; pur, to go before. Cfr. "a-r.opo^. Apo-siopesis. svap, to sleep. Cfr. ffico7:dw. Apo-stle. v. Stall. Apo-theca-ry. dha^, to place. Cfr. "aTvo-Orjxr) ; Apo-zem. gai, to boil. Cfr. C^w. Ap-paratus, Apparel, Apparitor, pr, to complete, pari, ornament. Cfr. 'iXS to adorn ; ap-paro. Ap-parent,-pear. pur, to go before. Cfr. ap-pareo. Appeasing. (A.) upaga^nti«, appeasing, v. Peace. [ags. appel. Apple, ap, water; pu^l, to accumulate. Cfr. goth. apcl ; g. apfel ; Apricate. bhra^5, to shine. Cfr. p")3 a flash ; ^pdcrixa ; apricor. A-pron. pra, forth, v. Front. 189 Apt. (Ad-apt.) a^p, to obtain ; a^pta^, fit. Cfr. "jaD to gather, to apply; X3p to join, to cling together; "ar.ro)] aptus. A-ptera. pat, to go, to move ; vi-pat, to fly. Cfr. "a-Tzrspor:. Aqua, ap, water; ucf, to moisten. Cfr. pi3X a river; yjio, -oTaixo^) aqua ; goth. ahva. Arc, Arcanum, Arch, Archaism, Archives, Archon, Arctation. artf? to honor, to reverence ; rakf, to guard, to preserve ; arh, to be worthy, to be powerful. Cfr. iyx"> principal, to lead ; "ap/w, 'apxiw^ arx, area, arcus ; goth. arka ; ags. arc. Arctic. rcfa<«, a bear. Cfr. "apxroq; ursus ; tr. ours. -Ard, arthas, thing, kind, sort. v. Art. Ardent, Arduous, ard, to pain ; u^rddhva*?, high ; ardani*?, fire. Cfr. "apSrj'^', ardeo ; arduus. v. Ash. Area, Areole. ra,g, r, to go. Cfr. nnx a road ; ir^ a small floor or yard; 'pioj-, area. Arena, irana^, salt or barren soil, desert. Cfr. "eprjiwq] arena. Argent, radjata^, silver, white. Cfr. :f-in gold; "apyupoq-, ar- gentum. Argil, rtftfh, to become hard or stiff; rdj, to be firm; radjata^, white. Cfr. J"? a clod, mn white; 'a/>n^, "apydoqj'piyoq) argilla. Argue, rag, to doubt; ra.gh, la.gh, to speak. Cfr. Xoyi'^oiiar, arguo. ARiSTO-cracy. varilta'^, best. Cfr. "apLGzoq. Arm. r, kram, to go, to move ; varmma, armor. Cfr. nD"i to throw; 'apixoq) armus, ramus; ags. g. d. arm. Aroma, rama^, pleasing, charming. Cfr. "apw/ia. Arrant, r, to go. Cfr. errans; fr. errant, v. Area. Array, v. Dress, Read-. [fr. arreter. Arrest, Arret, rut, to resist or oppose. Cfr. resto? it. arrestare; Arrow, r, ves, va^ sr, to go ; sara«, an arrow. Cfr. nn*ky to loosen, dismiss, send forth; n"iD to shoot forth, to spread; ffsiu) ; sa- gitta ; goth. arhvasna ; ags. arve, areica. Arsenal, racf, to protect, to preserve; iiau^, a boat, arx navalisf Arson, v. Ardent, Ash. Art. artha*!, intelligent; kr, to do; karttr, an agent, a maker. Cfr. :f"in active, industrious; y.pdroq', ars ; g. art. Arthritic, Article, Articulate, dhr, to hold; rt, to go; artha«, thing. Cfr. "apOpo^^, ^apdpTnq; artus, articxdus. Arundinaceous. ratha^^, ratan. Cfr. arundo. Aruspice. ara*?, swift ; r, to go ; spag, to inform, to touch, to make evident ; spaQa*«, a spy. Cfr. aruspex, specio, ar-mentum f 190 Arvel. arv, to kill. As. V. All, Same, al-sam, sa, (in composition,) with, like; yat, Asa-foetida. v. Resin. [as. Cfr. 'w^j g. d. ah; fr. aussi. Ashes, indh, to kindle; ush, to burn. Cfr. i:^x fire; njy;' to shine; "a^w, 'aiOco] asso, uro, iistus, aestus ; goth. azgo ; ags. ad, a&he ; sp. pg. ascua ; g. asche. Ask. va'',cf, va^jtfh, to desire. Cfr. 'a^idw; ags. acsiaii] g. Jieischen, wiinscJien ; d. eischen ; fr. exiger. v. Wish. \_asperyo. Asperse. spr§, to bathe, to besprinkle. Cfr. k;id to scatter; ftpiyco; Askant, Askew, Asquint. ska,d, sku, to go, to move; skabh, to be dull or stupid. Cfr. g. scliief; d. sclieefj schurf, schuin ; njtJ? to wander; axa.iu<;. [sp. pg. asno ; fr. ane, {asne.^ Ass. agva*!, a horse. Cfr. asinus; goth. asilus) g. esel ; ags. asal ; Assart, ^rath, to loosen. Cfr. ijliy to cut; solutus ; fr. assarter. x^ssation. v. Ash. Assay, v. Seek. Assemble, sam, together, with; pul, to collect; samb, to collect. Asseverate, v. Swear. [Cfr, aoii^dXXio; it. assamblea; fr. assemhUe. Aster. V. Star. [Cfr. 'ar/ic>^, ""aaOjxa. v. Wind. Asthma, as, to move, to throw; dhma^, to blow, a^tman, wind, air. Astonish, Astound, stall, to thunder, to groan. Cfr. (TzhWy attono ; Astrolabe, v. Star, Lab-. [fr. estonner. Asylum, a^gaya*', an asylum, an abode or retreat. Cfr. "aaoXo^^. At. at, to approach ; atra, here ; adhi, ut, above, upon. Cfr. nx with; nnx to approach ; "err; ad; goth, ai; ags. ^?'. Atlas, Atlantic, atala^^, immovable. Atmosphere, v. Asthma, Sphere. Attach, Attack, tic, to assault, to attack. Cfr. riDn to join; xd'^m) tactui^ ; fr. attacker, attaquer. Attic. atta<5, an attic ; att, to surpass or excel. Attitude, adj, to go, to drive away, v, xict. Cfr. actus-, sp. actitude; Attorney, v. Turn. [fr. attitude. Auburn, v. Brown. [g. wachsen. v. Eke, Auction, vacf, to increase ; vatf, to speak. Cfr. au^ico- auctio; Audacious, dacf, to expedite, to hurt or kill. Cfr. DpD to set in order; ^£^£o?; audax ; h. audackux. Audible, av, to hear. Cfr. |?x an ear; 'ai'w, '<;D?; audihUis, auris ; fr. ou'ir ; goth. auso ; g, ohr. [ags, nafegar. Auger, chur, to cut ; djiri, to wound, or injure. Cfr. '^^^^ to cut ; Augment, v. Auction. August, (^august us.) odjas, might, splendor. 191 AuLic. alaya>a); pando; sp. pg. it. handa ; goth. handi, hindan ; ags. handa, hindan, hendan; fr. hander. V. Federal. Bang, bha^dj (bha,ga), to break. Cfr. J3 a fragment; J3 to divide; J^JD to break in pieces ; ;^p3 to cleave ; g. hdngel. [fr. hanque. Bank, banh, ma,tf, to increase. Cfr. 'oyxoio', g. d. bank; it. banco; Banner, pen, pain, phan, ven, to go ; panna*?, downward motion. Cfr. TtTJvix; ; pannns ; g. fahne, panier ; goth. bandva, fana ; sp. bandera ; fr. banniere. v. Ban. Banter, bhad, bhand, to jest. Cfr. d;^^ to spurn. Baptize, ba^d, to bathe; va, water, pat, to distribute. Cfr. iSarcri'^uj. Bar. pr^ spr, to protect. Cfr. "id;*, nn3 a bar ; mora ; sp. pg. it. harra ; fr. harre ; g. qjcrren. Barb, Barbarian, barb, to go; vr, to cover; bharbh, to injure; varvara^, a barbarian, woolly hair; barbara«, a blockhead. Cfr. (^d/yfiapoq ; N"^i3 a wild man ; harba ; goth. bars. Bard, prd, mrd, to delight, to make happy. Bargain, argh, to cost, to be worth ; pr, to transact business. Cfr. Trepdw, 7:piii)', it. harganarc ; fr. harguigner. 193 Barge, Bark, Barque, bhr, to carry ; rdj, to go. Cf'r. /?«/>£ (bhadjyate,) to break, v. Bang. 194 Beacon, patf, to make evident. Cfr. jnD a beacon; specula; g. hake; d. haak ; ags. heacen. \_befen, hethe. Bead, veth, to ask; vad, to speak. Cfr. ND3 to speak; peto ; g. Beadle, v. Bid. Beak. v. Peak. Beam, bamb, to go ; bha^, to shine. Cfr. jSrj/it ; 'S3 to destroy; [id/lu); iSiXoq ) helium. Bellow. V. Bleat, Bull, Low. [follis; goth. hahjs ; g. d. halg. Bellows, Belly, pu^l, to accumulate, to heap. Cfr. ^ol^oq ; hidya, Belo-mancy. bil, to throw or cast. v. Belli. Belong, lag", (lagna,) to be with or near. Cfr. Xay^^w^w, g. d. ]5ench. V. Bank. [belangen. Bend. v. Band. Beneath, v. Nether. [bencj honus. Bene-, pun, to be pure or virtuous ; pan, to praise. Cfr. 'e-av^iu) ; Bequeath, v. Quote. [fr. hoise. Berry, bhacf, to eat. Cfr. hacca ; goth. hasi ; ags. heria ; g. heere ; Berth, v. Bear. Besom, pas, to bind, to move, to obstruct or hinder. Cfr. 'o, spoil, plunder; :od3 arced; -drrffiOj ags. hesm ; g. hesen ; d. hezem. 195 Better, Best, (a-bet.) bath, pat, to be powerful ; bad, to be steady or firm ; bhat, to cherish, or maintain ; bha^d? to be happy ; bhadra«, excellent. Cfr. pd^ to trust; /JeArcwv; potior ; goth. hatiza, hatista ; ags. hetan, hetre, best; g. lesser, beste ; d. beter, Bet. bhat, to hire. Cfr. nna to allure; ags. bad ; g. wette. [best. Beverage, Bib-acious. pa^ (pibati,) to drink. Cfr. -cVw; bibo ; it. bevere ; sp. beber. [to command; nnD a governor. Bey, Beg. pidj, to adore, to be strong; bhadj, to serve. Cfr. npa Bezel, pag, to bind. v. Besom. Bib-, ira-Bibe. v. Beverage. Bid. put, bad, to speak ; vidh, to command. Cfr. x£33 to speak ; Tzeido)', invito J peto ; fr. re-peter ; goth. bidjan ; g. beten, bitten] d. bidden ; ags. bidan. Bide, (a-bide). bad, to be steady or firm; rv2 a house; iSddoq; ha- BlER. V. Bear. \bit-o ; goth. beidan ; g. bitan ; ags. bidan. Big, Bight. bahu«!, great; bhudj, to bend; mah, to grow or in- crease. Cfr. in2,p3 empty; ixiya^) rtiagnus. v. Back. Bigot, cut, to be dishonest ; cu^t, to be niggardly. Bijou. V. Jewel. Bile, bhil, to divide or separate ; bal, to nourish, to support. Cfr. j'72 to strengthen; x^3 to separate, to put away; ^dXlo)) pello, Bilk. goth. bilaikan. v. Balk ? \bilis ; fr. bile. Bill, bhil, to divide or separate ; bil, to cleave ; bal, to explain. Cfr. vhii to separate; ^(iXXw) rj.ridau) ; pllum ; ags. bil, bile. v. Ball. Billow. bala«, strength; bala^ha,, water; pul, to collect, to heap up. Cfr. :^i3 a river or stream ; uollio ; fluo. Bin. pu% to collect. Cfr. panarium ; ^oth. bansts ; iv. panier. Bin-ary. v. Bis. Bind. v. Band. Birch, Birken. bhu^rdja«, a tree, called by travellers a kind of birch ; (the bark is used for writing on.) Cfr. ags. birce ; g. birhe ; d. berk. Birth, v. Bear. Cfr. partus; goth. gabaurth ; g. geburt ; d. Bis. V. Both, Bit, Deuce. [cjeboorte ; ags. beortlt. Bit, Bite, bhid, to cut; bhitta,, a bit. Cfr. '^2 to separate; -in3 to divide; di-vido ; goth. beitan ; g. beissen ; d. bijten; ags. bitan. Blab, lap, hlap, to speak, v. Lip. Black, (Blanch, Blank, Bleach, Bleak.) lich, to write to paint ; ladj, to hide, to shine ; lu.tf, to blot out ; loc, to see, to shine ; bhla^g, to shine. Cfr. Xeuxuc;-, lux] g. bleich ; d. bleeh; ags. Mac, blaec. Bladder, Blade, v. Broad. 196 Blame, Blas-pheme. bru^s, vrii''s, to injure. Cfr. fr. hlesser, hla{s)mer ; it. hiasmo ; (iAa(j-^rjfj.iaj, ^Idr.ru). v. Bale. Blare, Blate, Blatter, mlet, to be mad ; ma^, to sound ; balh, to speak ; lat, to speak with difficulty, v. Bleat. Blaze, Blazon, pluf, pruf, plas, to burn ; bhla^s, to shine. Cfr. nxiD brightness; Tzop, (ployiioq) flamma', g. hlasen; fr. hiaser. Bleach, Bleak, v. Black. Bleat. (Bawl, Bellow, Blate, Blatter.) v. Blare, Peal. Cfr. D^D to leap out; oh'S to escape, to cast out; ^XrjyaoiJ.ai; halo, hlatero, plaudo; ags. hisetan ; d. hellen, hlareUj hlaten ; sw. hladra. Bleed, v. Blood. Blemish, v. Blame. Blend, Blind, andh, to be blind; bal, tokill; mil, to mix. Cfr. bb:} mixture, a blemish in the eye ; V^l to destroy ; ra-^Ao^ ; g. d. ags. hlind. [hleiths ; ags. hletsian. v. Glad. Bless, Bliss, Blithe, la^d, to give joy. Cfr. Isetus ; w. Had; goth. Blight, bal, tokill; ghat, to injure. Blood, bal (balati,) to live; bala,, blood; plu, to flow. Cfr. :^3 to strengthen; yXioj, (iAu^w, fluid us ; goth. hlotli ; g. hlut. Bloom, Blossom, Blow, phull, to blossom. Cfr. loqyholus. v. Balister. Bomb, Boom, bamb, to go. Cfr. ^y'ti to move, an anvil, a bell; ^uii^oq. Bon, Bonus, Boon, pun, to be pure or virtuous ; ban, to ask. Cfr. Bond. v. Band. [;?!£) to shine ; bonus, v. Bene. Boot, Bottle, put, to embrace, to bind. Cfr. nnn a bottle ) '^^2 shut up; fr. hotte, houteille ; it. hotte, hottiglia. Booty. bha^ti«, wages, fee. Booth, v. Bide. Border, v. Broad. Bore. v. For-. Borough, pura^, a town, a city. Cfr. n3 a borough ; rJjpyoq) goth. hairgs ; ags. hurg ; fr. hourg ; it. horgo ; g. d. dan. hurg, berg. Bosc-. V. Bush. Bosh, bha^r, to speak. Cfr. iil22 to speak; ^ao-xw; fateor. Bosom, pu^r, to nourish ; puf, to cherish or nurture, to increase. Cfr. B'li) to spread, to become fat, to be fruitful ; ^uffdoj, (iouj ; ags. bosm ; g. busen ; d. boezem. [goth. bajoths ; g. d. beide. Both. ubhaya«, both. Cfr. na, nn^ to divide; "aiKfo)) ambo, bis; Bother, ba^dh, pith, to vex. Cfr. n;'3 to disturb. Bottle. V. Boot. Bottom. V. Base. Bouch, (de-.) bhudj, to eat. Cfr. } it. hottone ; Buddie. V. Bath. [fr. houton ; sp. hoton ; d. hot. Budoje. V. Back. Build, pul, to be heaped up. Cfr. b'D a gate, a post ; tMtj ; ags. Bulb. V. Bubble. [hi/Id; g. hild ; d. heeld. Bulge, Bulk, valg, to leap. v. Bal-, Bolus, Back, Bubble. Bull, bali^, a bull ; bal, to kill ; bala^, strength. Cfr. pbi to destroy; (id}JM ; bellua, helium ; g. hidL v. Bleat. Bull, Bullet, Bulwark, v. Balister, Bubble. Bump, ba^b, to go. Bunch. pa,tf, to spread, v. Back. Bundle, v. Band. Bungle, va^c, to be crooked, to make crooked. Buoy. g. hoje ; d. hoei ; fr. houee. v. Back. Bur, Burrow, Bury, vr, to cover. Cfr. 1)2 a pit ; n^;; an inclosure ; Burden, v. Bear. [ags. hiir, hurre, hyrian, hurgan. Burg, Burgeois, Burglar, v. Borough. Burn, bhr^, to fry. Cfr. pi:i to ghtter; izop ; pr una y few eo, furor, fornax ; goth. hrinnan ; ags. haernan, hri/7ie ; g. hrennen ; d. Burse, Bursar, v. Purse, [harnen, hranden ; dan. hraende. v. Fire. Burst. V. Bristle. Bush, puf, to flourish, to grow; bhu^f, to adorn. Cfr. lyiD to grow up; ^00)- it. hosco ; sp. pg. hosque ; g. husch ; d. hosch. Bust, pust, to bind or tie. v. Waist. \hout. v. Beat. But, Butt, (a-, de-,) but, to strike ; badh, to bind or tie. Cfr. fr. Butler. V. Boot. Button. V. Bud. Buttress, v. But, Truss. By. abhi, near. v. Be-. Cab, Cabin, cub, to cover. Cfr. \^2D to cover, t^SJ to bend, I2p to bury; xutzzo), xo^tj, ya^oq] capio, caput ; it. capanna ; sp. pg. cabana; fr. cahane ; w. cao, cahan. Cable, Couple, pul, to collect; capala«, assemblage. Cfr. SijD to double: S^D, '72n to bind; avii^dDM) copulo ; fr. coupler, cahle ; g. d. kahcl ; gael. cahal. [j^cKje, caque ; ags. coeg'jian. Cache, catf, to bind. Cfr. npD, no:: to hide; /.tyjco; fr. cacher, Cac-. cacfa', sin. Cfr. y.axuq. Cach-, Cackle, Gaggle, Giggle, each, gaggh, to laugh. Cfr. ^U gladness ; lynD to crow ; pnv to laugh ; ytldui, -/.ayxd^o) ; cachinno ; Cad. cud, to be boyish. [g. gackern ; sp. cacarear. 201 Cadaverous, calevara,, the body. Caddis, Caddy, Cade, tlhad, to cover; cud (cu,d,) to heap, to pre- serve. Cfr. ID a cask, a vessel; y.d8o<;- cadus ; w. cadw. Cadence, gad, to fall. Cfr. cado ; it. cadere ; sp. pg. cadencia ; fr. cadence. [xo-tw, ffyi^o) ; cdedo^ caes-. Caes- (-arian, -ura.) ca^s, tfhid, to cut. Cfr. 2iDp, ytap to cut oflf; Cag, Cage, Catch, catf, to bind; cudj, to steal, v. Cache. Caitiff, chet, to alarm ; chela*!, vile, bad, low ; cheta^, hunting ; tfi^V, to take. Cfr. pp low, vile, worthless ; yj^ro^ ; captivus ; it. cattivo ; fr. chetif. Cajole, tfhal, to deceive. Cfr. Snj to counterfeit; fr. cajoler. Cake. V. Cook. Cal-. y.aXuc;. v. Clever. Calabash, carb, to go, to approach. Cfr. f]-iD to swell; 3*^^ to approach; /.dX-rj; curvus, carpentum ; g. kiirhiss', sp. calahaza ; fr. calehasse. Calaboose, cul, to enclose ; labh, to take. Cfr. k'73 to close, to contain, a prison ; 2^3 a cage ; y.dladoq, Xaix[idvio ; sp. calahozo. Calamar. ca^la*', black. Cfr. it. calamaia ; sp. calamar. Calamity, clam, to be weary or exhausted. Cfr. dSd dishonor, ignominy; xaXdiif]) calamitas. Calamus, calamar, a writing-reed, wild rice. Cfr. So to support; xauX.oq, ydXa/ioi;, ; caidis, culmus, calamus. Calash, cal, to go. Cfr. xiXXm ; ante- es.-ceUo, pro-cella ; d. kales ; sp. calesa ; fr. calecJie. [calcular ; fr. calculer. Calculate, cal, Cul, to number. Cfr. calculo ; it. calcular e ; sp. Caldron, Cale-fy, Calender, ul, tfur, to burn ; djval, to shine, to blaze. Cfr. *113 a furnace ; nSp a caldron ; xaiu) ; caleo, caldarius; it. caldo, caldaro ; sp. calda, caldera ; fr. chaud-ron. [v. Call. Calendar. ca^la«, time. Cfr. nSn time; nS3 old age ; xa/.iw ? calendse. Calf, cala^, weak; cal, to cast; calabha^, a young elephant; garbha, offspring. Cfr. "jSn weak ; ^r\ to spring, to grow up ; xdX-uq ; calvus; goth. kalho ; g. hahl, halhe ; os. nl. d. ags. half. Caliginous. cala^, black ; chaludj, obscurity. Cfr. nSd to shut up; call go ; goth. halja. Call, cal, to sound, to throw or cast. Cfr. Sip sound ; nSd to call aloud; xaXico-, gallus, calator ; ags. (jT/llan ; g.gallen] d.kallen; w. galw ; fr. challenge. Calli-. calyas sound, perfect. Cfr. xaX.oq) goth. hails. Callipers, cu^l, to enclose; pr, to fill. Cfr. SiD, nSd to contain; "iXi3 to be puffed up ; xa/Mr.ro) ? VOL. VII. — 2 A 202 Callid, Callous, Could, cal, to throw, seize, count, think, ohserve, hold, &c. Cfr. bbD to perfect; "73^ to bring, to lead; calleo. Callow. V. Calf. Calm, clam, to be wearied ; gam, to be appeased, to calm. Cfr. dSh to sleep, to dream ; '/aXdm ; it. sp. pg. calma ; fr. calme. Calumny, cal, to cast; hul, to strike. Cfr. ob^ calumny; calumnia ; fr. calomnie ; goth. holon ; ags. Jiolan. Calx. giW, a rock; calca, dirt, sediment. Cfr. ybo a rock; x^^^^) sileXy calx ; g. d. dan. kalk ; fr. chaux. Calyptra, apo-Calypse. v. Callipers. Calyx, cul, to enclose ; calica^, a bud ; calaga,, an earthen pot. Cfr, xSd, Si J to contain; xuXc^, y.dXu^', calyx; ags. calic; it. fr. cnNce ; g. kclch ; d. kelk. Cam, Camber, Cambrel, Camera, Camous. cmar, to be crooked. Cfr. nop to gird; xa/jApa- hamatus, camera', fr. camhrer, cTiamhre, camus ; w. cam; sp. pg. camara; g. Tcammer ; d. kamer. Camel, cramela^ a camel. Cfr. S:3J a camel; xd/n^Xot;', camelus; g. kamel ; d. dan. kameel; ags. gamol. v. Cam. Camisade. gaman, quiet; if, to give. Cfr. "jxii^ tranquil; xw/aa, xdfjyw) somnus ; it. camiscia ; sp. pg. camisa ; fr. chemise. Camp. ca,p, to shake, to tremble ; cup, to be angry ; cu,p, to spread. Cfr. liDn to tremble, to hasten ; f]ip a circuit ; xutztco ; xdfj.Tzru) ; campus; it. sp. pg. campo ; fr. camp, champ; g. d. kamp. Camphor, carpu^ra*?, camphor. Cfr. "nSD camphor; xatpoopd; g. d. kamfer; fr. camphre. Can, Canister. cu% to contract or close. Cfr. pJ covering; dJ3 to gather together ; xdy^m, yMmaxpir^, xw^Oapoq ; canistriim ; g. kanne ; d. kan ; ags. canna ; w. cant; fr. canastre. Can. djan, to produce ; djna^, to know. Cfr. ye'^'^dco, yvcbaxw ; prs. kunda ; goth. kunnan ; ags. cunnan ; ^. kcjinen, konnen ; d. kunnen. v. Begin. [Cane. Canal, chan, to dig. Cfr. yaiMo • canalls) fr. sp. pg. canal, v. Cancel, ca^tf, cil, to bind. Cfr. pjp a lattice; xiyxXiq] cancello. Cancer, v. Conch. Candid, Candle, Candor, can, tfa^d, to shine. Cfr. ni3, "ip' to burn; ydvoq) scintilla, caudeo, -cendo ; w. canu ; g. scheincn, schon ; prs. kandil', sp. it. candela; fr. chandelle; ags. candel. Candy, chanda'^, candied treacle ; chand, to break ; chanda,, a kind of sugar cane. Cfr. r\'D'D sweet cane ; t3Jn to sweeten ; condio ; it. candire. Cane, Canon, can, to go; ca^nda**, a stem, a reed. Cfr. njp a reed ; xd^vaj xd^wv ; canna ; sp. pg. cana ; fr. canne. 203 Canine, Canaille, gvan, {Qun,) a dog. Cfr. xt»wv; canis ; goth. hunch; os. g. d. ags. hund ; fr. cliien. Cannabine. gani*!, hemp. Cfr. xM'd linen; y.dwai^i^] cannabis; ir. canaib ; ags. haenep; g. hanf; d. hennep ; dan. hamp ; fr. Cannon, Canoe, v. Cane, (can, to sound ?) Canny, v. Can. \chanvre. Cant, Canter, ca^t, to go. Cfr. CDJn to shoot forth ; nJn a spear ; Canto, can, (canati,) tfan, to sound. Cfr. njj a harp; xavay^-q; cano, canto; it. canto ; sp. pg. cantar ; fr. chanter. Canvas, v. Cannabine. Cfr. d. kanefas ; it. canavaccio ; fr. canevas. Canvass, baf, vaf, to strike. Cfr. ofr. cannahasser. Cap, Cape, Capital, Captain. cu,p, to cover. Cfr. L^aD to cover; ■/.aXoK-Ta), y.ui3rj, xtxpwv ', caput; g. kappe ; d. kaap, kap ; ags. cseppe ; fr. cJief, chapeau ; it. cappa, capo ; w. cap. v. Cephalic. Capable, crp, to be able. Cfr. capax ; fr. capahle. Capon, tfap, to pound. Cfr. "liJD to cut off; y.6-rwj y.d-iow; capo ; g. kapaun, happen ; d. happen, hapoen ; fr. couper, chapon. Caprice, vrg, to choose. Cap-ture. v. Cip. Car. tfar, to go. Cfr. ni^ to dance; mp to flow; carrusj curro ; g. d. harre ; w. car ; fr. courir, char ; sp. it. pg. carro. Carbon, tfu^r, to burn ; bha^, to shine ; gra^, to cook, to sweat. Cfr. "^ID a furnace; mn to kindle ; 3-ii' to burn; /.dp^o), haydpa ; carlo; it. carhone ; sp. carhon ; fr. charhon. Carcass, tfartf, to kill. Cfr. y^p destruction; d. harhas ; it. pg. carcassa; fr. carcasse. Carcer. ca^ra^, a prison, binding; tfacra**, a wheel. Cfr. "pD to bind; 2D'^D a circle; xipyoq, y.bxloq', carcer, circus, curvus; goth. karhara ; g. herher ; os. karkdri ; og. hriny ; goth. g. rings. Carcinoma, carcata^, a crab. Cfr. y.apxi>uq, xapxt'^oj/xa. Card, chur, (churati,) crt, to cut. Cfr. mD to cut off; /apdrrw, ^dpTqq'j carduus, caro, careo, charta, curtus ; g. karte ; d. kaardj kaart ; dan. kort, karde ; sp. pg. carda ; fr. carde. Cardiac, hrd, the heart. Cfr. "I'p the ventricles of the heart; xdpdta; cor ; goth. hairto ; g. herz ; ags. heorte ; fr. coeur. Care, or, to make, to do; ca^ras, effort; ca^ra^ afiliction. Cfr. mo sick, to prepare; xrjpoq, xbpoq) creo, cura; goth. kara ; w. Career, v. Car. \_cur ; ags. ceari(j. Caress, ras, to love. Cfr. iy*iK a desire; tynx to betroth ; "epioq-, cams; fr. caresser. v. Care. Caret, Caries, v. Card. 204 Cargo, grhf to take. Cfr. :13 tribute; it. caricare, carico ; sp. cargar, cargo ; fr. charge, v. Car. Carminative, gra^m, to call ; cur, man, to sound. Cfr. ydpixa j carmen ; fr. cliarme ; ags. cyrm ; w. garm. Carmine, crmis, a worm^ an insect, the red dye. Cfr. N'"ip a worm; boiD crimson; it. carmesino, carminio ; sp. fr. carmin. Carnal, Carnelian. ci^ra^, flesh. Cfr. n^iy flesh; xpiaq; cam-; fr. charnel. Carol, cur, to sound. Cfr. Sip sound; N^p to call; it. carola. CARP-al. carabha<«, the wrist; grh, grbh, to seize. Cfr. f]"): the fist; Carry^ Cart. v. Car. \^a.p-aXoj] carpo, carpus ; it. carpire. Cart -el, -oon, -ouch. v. Card. Carve, chur, to cut; cr^, va^, to strike, garv, to strike. Cfr. 3"in a knife; x-cpw, caro, carpo ; g. kerpen; d. kerven ; ags. cearfen ; fr. crever. v. Sculp-. Cascade, Case, Casual, cas, to go, to move ; cat, to go, to rain. Cfr. cado, casus; it. sp. pg. caso ; fr. cas, cascade; it. cascata. Case, (-mate, -ment,) Caste, Castle, cus, to embrace; tfi, to collect. Cfr. HDD to cover; xddoq, xuffm;, xiarrj] cista ; goth. g. kas ; dan. kasse ; ags. cest ; fr. caisse ; it. cassa, casa. Castigate, cag, caf, to hurt; casa^ a whip; tig, to assail. Cfr. r\^p to smite; "[Dn to punish; castigare ; sp. pg. castigar ; fr. Castor, castu^ri^, mark. Cfr xdariop', fr. sp. pg. castor. [cliatier. Cassiteria, (Caster?) casti^ra^, tin. Cfr. xaGairepoci) cassiteron. Cat. cat, to approach; cit, to approach, to terrify; tfat, to kill. Cfr. '7:3p to slay; Dip to contend with; xarri; xrzi-vco] catus ; it. gatto ; sp. pg. gato ; fr. chat ; g. kdtze ; d. dan. kat. Cata-. cat, to go, to approach, to encompass, to appear. Cfr. T^)::) like it ; xazd. — comb. cu,b, to cover. Cfr. nnp a sepulchre ; xopiSuq. — ract. rig, rug, rcf, rif, ruf, to strike. Cfr. ^^pi to strike against ; DD"1 bruised; '^pd<7<7co, "pd^co, xa-apd.xrriq ', cataracta. — rrh. r, to go. Cfr. xardppuoq; catarrluis. Catch. V. Cage. Catechise, ya^tf, to ask ; vatf, to speak ; chya^, to narrate. Cfr. n3' to dispute ; nnx yells ; xax-rfi-iio^-i^io. Catenary, ci^t, to bind ; cat, to encompass. Cfr. "inj to compass, to enclose; "iDp to bind ; y-ifrrrj-, catena; s^. cadena ; q. kette; d. keten ; fr. chaine. Cater, Gates, chet, to cat; ghat, to act, to strive or endeavor; 205 tfat, to ask, to seek. Cfr. xaTrrw, capto; it. cattare; sp. captar ; fr. capter, acheter. Cathartic. Qudh, to cleanse, or purify. Cfr. NDn to cleanse, to purify from sin; mn beauty, glory; -/.ddapffiq; catliarticus, Cath-olic. V. All. [castus (cad-tus?) Cathode, hu^d, to go. Cfr. "odd:;, [n^: cattle. Cattle, gotra^, a herd of kine ; gadi, a steer ; gotra,, wealth. Cfr- Caudle, Caustic, Cautery, cut, to be hot ; ca^s, to shine, v. Hot. Caul, cul, to collect, v. Hold, Calamus. Cautious, cit, to know; tfit, to observe. Cfr. xoiiUj ^ay.oow] caveo, cautus ; goth. skavja, skaus, skauns ; g. schauen, sclibii. Cavalry, agva'*, a horse. Cfr. 'Aa^d)lr^(;) cahallus', sp. cahallo ; fr. clieval, Gavalerie. Cave, djabh, to gape ; cu,b, to cover. Cfr. nnp a grave, f]ip a vase; •/.or.rj, xot^bDm'^. xocfoq-y cavea, citpa ; it. cava} fr. cave. Cavern, gahvara^, a cavern. [v. Coop. Cease, cas, to go. v. Cede. Cede, (ac-, con-, de-, pre-, &c.) fad, sad, (sidati,) to go or move, to lack energy. Cfr. x^^^} cedo; it. cedere ; sp. pg. fr. ceder. Ceil, -Ceal, (con-ceal.) gal, to cover; tfil, to clothe. Cfr. x^D to shut up. -AaX-br^TU) ; celo ; fr. celer. -Ceive. (con-, de-, re-, per-.) tfi^v, to take. v. Cip-. -Cele. (Broncho-, Cysto-.) v. Cell. CEL-er-ity. (ac-, ex-,) gal, r, to run ; sel, eel, to go. Cfr. nS^ to go; SSp swift; -/.Olo}) salio, celer ; it. cehritd ; sp. celeridad ; fr. celerite. Celestial, Celiac, cha^, sky, vacuity; ehila«, void. Cfr. Sip a bowl; Xdoq^ xoVMq'y coelum, coeliacus ; goth. hall ; g. hohl ; d. ags. hoi. CELL-ar, Celt, eul, to collect; gal, hul, to cover; gala^ a house. Cfr. nSd a prison, a sheepfold ; xaX-u-ru), xtjXtj, xaXid, xolXoq; celo, cella ; goth. hallus ; g. keller ; d. kelder ; it. pg. cella ; w. celt, celtiad ; it. sala ; fr. salon. [v; cum, ccementum ; fr. ciment. Cement, sam, together; a^t, to bind. Cfr. ;»Diy to gather together; Cemetery, gam, to be tranquil. Cfr. xoi/xdo), xoi/x7jTrjpio>', ccemeterium. -Cend. (ac-, in,-), v. Candid. Ceno-taph. dap, to heap up; tap, to burn. Cfr. Odr.zw, zdcpoq. Censer. ca^,g, can, to shine. Censor, ga^s, to point out, to praise, to injure. Cfr. censeo, censor. Cent. v. Hundred. [pg. it. centra. Centre, cendrai, centre. Cfr. xivrpov, centrum; fr. centre; sp. 206 Cephalic. capa^la*«, the skull. Cfr. xecpaXt^ ] caputj capillus ; goth. haubith ; ags. lieafod ; g. kopfj havpt ; d. kop, Jioo/d. -Cept-. V. Ceive. Cereb-ral. v. Cranium. [creo ; fr. ceremonie. Ceremony, cr, to act, to make. Cfr. nip to prepare; x^^P) ceremo7iiaj -Cern. (con-, dis-,) \ cr^, to know; earn, to pierce; ^rat, a particle Certain, (as-,) ) and prefix, implying belief or reverence. Cfr. n'^D to know ; xpcvw, xpiatq, xdpza ; cerno, credo, crinien, certus ; Cervine, v. Cranium. [it. pg. certo ; fr. certain. Cespitous. 5afpa„ young grass. Cfr. csespes. Cesura. caf, to strike; cut, to cut. Cfr. HDD, 3t3p to cut; (txc^w- csedOf caesum, caesura ; fr. cesure. [d. koopen ; ags. ceapian. Chaffer, tfi, to collect; a^p, to obtain. Cfr. yjio-, 'afdw, g. kaufen; Chain, v. Catenary. [clidire, contracted from cadiere. Chair, fad, (sad,) to sit. Cfr. piy to rest; sedeo ; w. cadair ; fr. Chalc-. hri^cu«?, hli^cus tin. Cfr. xahMq, Chalice, v. Calyx. Chalk, v. Calx. Challenge. a4j> la.dj? lu,dj> to speak, v. Call. Chamade. v. Claim. Chamber-lain, lain, to go. v. Cam. Champ, tfap, to grind, to pound; tfam, to eat; clip, to throw or cast. Cfr. nap to cut off; xo^rrw; fr. couper, cliampaytr. Champain, Champion, v. Camp. Chance. ca,S, to go; gad, to fall. Cfr. g. schanze ; d. kans ; fr. Chancel, Chancery, v. Cancel. [chance, v. Cadence. Chandelier, v. Candid. Change, cfa^dj, tla^tf, to go. Cfr. it. cangiare ; fr. changer. Channel, v. Canal. Chant, v. Canto. Chaos, v. Celestial. Chap, djabh, to gape. v. Chop, Gape. Chap, (-eau,-el,-iter,-lain,-let,-ter.) v. Cap, Chaffer. Char, Chore, tfar, to go, to act; tfu^r, to burn. Cfr. mp to meet, to prepare ; yiopio). v. Carbon. Character, chur, to cut, to dig. Cfr. yapafffno, yapaxrijp ; char- acter; it. carattere ; fr. charactere. v. Card. Charge, Chariot, Charon, v. Car, Cargo. Charge, tfartf, djardj, to speak, to blame. Charity, (car-itas.) v. Care, Comity. Charm, v. Carminative. 207 Charnel. v. Carnal. Chart, (-el,-er.) v. Card. Chary, v. Care. Chase, tfagh, caf, chaf, tfaf, to strike, to kill ; gag, to leap. Cfr. rwi^p to shoot; "inD to destroy; cogo; it. cacciare ; sp. cazar ; fr. chasser. v. Seek. [Cfr. r\DD torn ; /a{,^w, ydaixa. Chasm, tfun, to cut; chan, to dig; cas, to cut; cus, to embrace. Chaste, (-en, -ise.) cus, to embrace. Cfr. yJjw^ z£w,aa. Chuck, (wood-.) QU^cara*!, a hog. Cfr. pers. zend. cluih. Chuckle, v. Cach-. Chud. cfad, to eat. Chunk, tfun, to cut. Church. V. Cyrio-. Career. Churme. ags. cyrm. v. Carminative. Churn, tfu^rn, to pound. Cfr. ags. cyrln, cernan. Chute, tfyut, to fall. Cfr. fr. chute, v. Cadence. Chyle, v. Diachylum. CiD-. (ac-, in-, de-, oc-,) v. Cadence, Caes-. -Cide. gath, to kill. Cil. (con-, coun-, os-.) v. Call, Cel-. -Cile, -Cle. (domi-, taberna-.) gal, to cover; gala^ a hall. Cfr. bjn a palace, a temple; •/.aX-6-ra> ; -cilium, -culum. v. Ceil, Cell. Cincture, fa.dj, sa^dj, to embrace, to cling to. Cfr. cinctura; Cinder, fr. cendre. v. Candid. [fr. enceindre. Cinque, pa.tfan, five. Cfr. -ivrs; quinque ; fr. cinque. Cion. gi, to sharpen. CiP-. (anti-, per-, re-,) tfi^b, to take. Cfr. r\2'^ to take captive ; r|D the hollow of the hand; capio. CiRC-. v. Career, Chord. Cirr-. V. Curl. -Cise. V. Caes-. -Cist. V. Case. 209 Cit-. fev, sev, to serve, to dwell ; gi^, to lie down, a^-gi^, to dwell. Cfr. io^iyatribe; zsi-; xoc-; -/.(u/j.oi;, xcb/j.rj'^ civitas,civis ; it. ciftd ; sp. ciudad; fr. cite. Cite, (ac-, ex-, in-, re-.) cet, to invite; cath, to narrate. Cfr. cito ; goth. haitan; ags. Jisetan ; d. lieetcn ; sp. pg. citar ; fr. citer. Civ-. V. Cit. C1-. cal, to sound, seize, go, count, think ; cul, to collect. Clack, cal, to sound; loc, to speak. Cfr. V: a bell; in^ a message; •/.alia), Aa.y.iw, Ir^/.iio ', loquor, glocio ; ags. clugga, cloccan ; d. Tcloh, Mahhen ; fr. daquer, cloche. Claim, Clam-, (ac-, de-, pro-, re-.) gra^m, to call. Cfr. iti3, jaj. Clip. calpana«, cutting. Cfr. ags. clypan. v. Cleave. Cloak. Mag, to cover. Cfr. SiD to contain ; pj a cloak ; ylaVm^ Clock. V. Clack. \_ylaiw:;) d. laken; ags. lach. VOL. VII. — 2 B 210 Clod, Clot, did, to be moist; lut, to adhere, to roll on the ground. Cfr. ylu^io'j lutum ; g. Mosz, Motz ; d. Idoot, Mutt; w. cluder. Cloister, Close, v. Clasp. [v. Clan, Clasp. Cloth, gud, tfil, to clothe ; lud, crt, to cover. Cfr. y^n apparel ; £3N^ to cover; y.Xetduu)] celoy clando ; g. hleid ; d. Meed; ags. dath. V. Clasp. Cloud, (Clout. V. Clod, Cloth.) djalada^, a cloud. Clove, lava,, cloves, v. Clavate. Clown, (colonus.) v. Colony. Club. V. Clavate. Cluck. V. Clack. -Clude, Cluster, Clutter, v. Clasp. Clutch, grutf, to steal. Clyster, v. Clod. Co-. V. Con-. [it. coccliio ; sp. fr. cocJie. Coach, cat, to go, to cover; cutf, to go. Cfr. g. kutsche ; d. koets; Coal. cala«5, black; ul, djval, to burn. Cfr. bnJ a live coal; xr^MCD'y caleo'y ir. gual ; ags. col ; g. holdc ; d. hool. Coast, ca^ftha^, limit, boundary; cas, (casati,) to approach; cus, to embrace. Cfr. nvp extremity, end; costa ; fr. costCj cote; Coat. V. Catenary. [g. kiiste ; d. kust. Cob. V. Cap. Cock, cac, to be proud. Cfr. ags. coc ; fr. coq. Cochlea-, Cockle, v. Conch. Cocoon, fr. cocon. cu^n, to contract or close. -Coct. V. Cook. Cod; Code, cud, to collect; cad, to cut, to preserve. Cfr. id a vessel; (yyj^y}] codex; it. codice ; sp. codlgo ; fr. code. Coff-er, -in. Coif, cu.bh, to cover. Cfr. -/.ocptvoq; g. d. k offer ; fr. Cognize, v. Co-, Know. [p^ff''^, cofin-, sp. pg. cofre. v. Cap. Cohort. V. Chir-. Coil, Coleo-, Cullis. chal, to gather ; cul, to collect, to flow homo- geneously. Cfr. -/.ohoq] colo , coluber ; fr. cueillir, coider ; it. cofjliere. v. Calyx. Coin, tfun, to cut; cona, a corner, an angle. Cfr. ywAa; ciineus ; pg. cunho, quina ; sp. cuna, csquina ; it. conio ; fr. coin. Colander, v. Coil. Cold, Cool. v. Chill. Color. V. Al-cohol. Collar, (de-collate.) gala«, the throat. Cfr. iSp a collar; rpd- yr^Xoq-j gula, collum, collare ; i^-p. collar ; goth. os. g. d. nl. hah. 211 Collect. (A.) hlag", to collect. [to nourishj to contain; colo-nia. Colony, (ac-colent.) cul, to collect ; cal, to go. Cfr. Sid to support, Colt. V. Child. Coluber, v. Coil. Column. V. Culminate. Com.. V. Con-. Coma, ^am, to be tranquil. Cfr. jNiy tranquil ; y.wiia; somnus. Come, gam, to go, to approach. Cfr. roip to arise, to assault; xoiii^M'j comes; goth. quiman ; g. hommen ; d. homen ; ags. CoMELr. comalas beautiful, pleasing. [cuman. Comity, cam, to desire, to love. Cfr. n^D to desire greatly; xo/iiw^ comisj cams, (ca[m]rws;) ir. caomh. v. Cit-. CoMMOD-. V. Con, Mode. Common. sa^ma^nya«, common. Cfr. ;':2iy to gather together; xoiv6<;- communis ; goth. gamains; g, gemein ; d. gemeen; ags. gemaen ; fr. commun. [commimiquer ; it. comunicare. Com-mune. ma^n, to consider. Cfr. com-munico ; fr. communier, Com-pany. pen, to go. Cfr. nj3 to go away ; autj.-i3aivw ; pen-na ; it. compag7iia ; sp. companla ; fr. compagnie. Complice, v. Plic-. Compt. V. Accompt, Count. Comrade, v. Cam. Con-, sam, together, with; cu^n, to contract, or close. Cfr. ]'Dp, IDp, in:; to close up; ;'niy to gather together; ffuv ; cum; goth. ga-; ags. g. d. ge-. Con. v. Can. Conch, gancha*?, a shell. Cfr. p^nahvuid; xo-^/tj- concha; fr.conque. -Cond. (abs-, re-,) cund, to keep, to preserve. Cfr. condo. Condiment-, Condite. v. Candy. Cone, can, to go; cu% to curve; ga^n, to sharpen; conas an angle. Cfr. f]Jp a tent; xwvog; conus ; it. sp. co7io ; fr. cone; w. con. [goth. thairh. Con-tra-ry. tr'', to overcome, to surpass. Cfr. zepito ; trans, con-tra ; Con-tund, -tuse. tud, to beat, to strike. Cfr. tundo. Con-vey. vah, to carry. Cfr. velio. Coo. cu, to sound, to complain, v. Cuckoo. Cook, patf, (pactUj,) to cook; cvath, to boil. Cfr. rs'-rw; coquo ; Cool. v. Chill. [g. kochen; d. koken ; ags. cocan ; sp. cocer. CooLY. V. Clan. Coom, Comb, gajb, to collect. Cfr. xu/x^tj ; cumulus. 212 Coop, cuppas a cave, a hollow. Cfr. ^ip a vase; -/.ucpoq) ciipa ; g. hufe; d. kuip, kop ; fr. cuve, coupe, v. Cave. Cop, -e. V. Cut, Cap. Copulate, v. Couple. [Char, Ash. Cor-olla, -ona, -pus, -ridor, -sair, -tes^ -uscate. v. Career, Chord, Car, Cord. v. Chord. CoRD-ate, -ial. Core, (ac-, con-, dis-, re-.) v. Cardiac. Coriaceous, v. Curry. Cork, Cort-ical. crt, to encompass, to cut. Cfr. cortex; g. kork ; d. kurk ; sp. corcJio. v. Chord. Corn-ea, -er, -et. v. Cranium, Kernel. [y.6(T/j.o(;. Cosmetic, -ical. ga^s, to direct, to govern. Cfr. iivD to set right; Cosset, cus, to embrace ; QelQ, to leap. Cfr. Di^p a lamb. Costal, (ac-cost.) v. Coast, Case. Cot. cota*«, a hut; chatti^, a bed, or bier. Cfr. "in3 to enclose; nriD to hide; xsuOco, xocttj', g. koth ; d. kot ; w. ctvth. Cotton, cat, to surround, to cover. Cfr. \DJ linen, flax ; g. kattun ; Cotyl-. V. Cut. [d. katoen ; it. cotone ; fr. colon. Cough. capha*s, phlegm ; ca^s, to cough. Cfr. nt

w?; crusta ; g. kruste ; d. korst ; it. crosta ; fr. croute. Crutch. V. Crook. Cry. gr^, to sound; crad, to call, to weep. Cfr. ?*i3 to call aloud; Nip to call; y.paXio, y.rjpu^', goth. greitan ; ags. grdedan ; d. hrijten ; sp. pg. gritar ; it. gridare ; fr. crier. Crypt, grbh, to take. Cfr. y.pu-rco. v. Carp-. Cub-. V. Cumb-. Cuckoo, cu, to sound, to complain ; cocila«, the cuckoo. Cfr. ■/.oxxu^ ; cnculus ; fr. coucou ; g. Jcuckuck ; d. koeJcoek ; sp. ciico. Cucullate. tfil, to clothe; cul, to collect. Cfr. a^j to contain; xohu:;', cuculiis ; sp. coguUa ; pg. cogula ; ags. cugele. Cud. cha^d, cud, to eat. Cfr. xr/jo<;. Cucumber, (cucumis.) sucha^ga, a cucumber. Cuddle, cud, to collect, v. Caddis, \_xo-zoj ; pers. kafa. v. Cab. Cuff, cup, to be angry; copayati, he strikes. Cfr. y: to strike; Cull. V. Cell, Coil.^ Culm. V. Calamus. [columen. Culminate, tful, to erect ; gal, djal, to cover. Cfr. culmen, columnar Culpable, crp. to be weak. Cfr. f^-ij weak ; culpa, v. Clavate. Culter. V. Coulter. Cultivate, hal, to plough, v. Coil. Culver. calarava«, a pigeon. Culverin. fr. couleuvrine ; it. coluhrina. v. Coluber. Culvert, cul, to collect, to flow continuously ; cul, to enclose, to cover; vr, (vrta,) to cover, v. Cull. Cumb-ent, -er. (ac-, en-, in-, re-, sue-.) CU,b, cub, to cover, to pros- trate. Cfr. 12D heavy; r\2D to extinguish; \^2D to cover; xi>(ioq) cuho, ciniiho. Cumulate, (ac-.) gvi, to swell; mal, to hold. v. Con. Cfr. xuiujj xufxa; cumulo ; it. ciimulare ; fr. comhler, cumuler. Cuneal. v. Coin. Cunning, v. Can. Cup. V. Cave, Coop. Curd. V. Crude. Cure, (ac-curate.) v. Care. 216 Curiality. gu^ra«, a hero. Cfr. zD/>yc, y.bptoq ; curia. Curl. curala«, a curl. Cfr. d. krullen ; it. crollare ; fr. crouler. CuR-rent, -ricle, -sive, -sory. v. Car. [coriarius; fr. corroyer. Curry, chur, to cut, to scrape. Cfr. "W^"^ a curry-comb ; corium, Curse, crug, to cry out. Cfr. x")ptocall; ags. cursian. Curt, djr, to make short or low; crt, to cut. Cfr. xecfjio; ciirtus; Curt-ain, -al, -ate. v. Cork. [g. kurz ; ags. sceort. Curule. V. Car. Curve. V. Career. -Cuse, (ac-, ex-.) v. Ac-cost. Cuss-ion. (con-, dis-.) caf, to strike, to kill. Cfr. con-cussio. Custody. V. Case, Chaste. Cut, -icle. cut, to cut, to despise. Cfr. Dip to cut off, to disdain ; 7.6-zuj ; csedo, cudo, cutis, acutus. v. Cuttle, Escutcheon. Cuttle, tfhad, tf ud, to cover, to hide; cud, to collect; cat, to rain, to surround, to cover. Cfr. in3 to hide ; nnD to enclose ; yoTuq] cutis; ags. cudele. Cycle, cue, to take ; ga^ch, to embrace ; catf, to bind ; cutf, to curve. Cfr. "jiDacave; -/.uyloc; -, cyclus. Cylinder, cal, to throw or cast ; cul, to flow homogeneously. Cfr. ^^y to roll; y.oXio), y.ohydpoq; cijlindrus ; sp. it. ciUndro ; fr. cylindre. Cyma. cu^ma,, a lake, a pool, a pond. Cfr. yhfj-a. [it. cembalo. Cymbals. ] gamb, to move, to join. Cfr. y.bfjpolov] cymhalum ; CYMBi-form. J camb, gamb, to go, to move; cambu^, a shell; CUmbha«, a small water-jar. Cfr. y.uixftoq; cymha. CYN-anche, -ic. gvan, (Qun,) a dog. Cfr. x^wy; canis, cyntcus ; goth. Iiunds. [g. hirche ; d. herk ; dan. Icirke ; ags. circe. Cyrio-. gu^ra«, a hero ; ^u^r, to be brave. Cfr. y.bpioq, y.optay.oq ; Cyst. v. Case. Czar, sur, to possess supreme power, v. Cyrio-. Dab, Daff, Daft, Deaf. da,b, dabh, to throw, to heap up ; tup, to strike. Cfr. 21 dung; pDi to beat violently; b2D to dip; tutztio', in-duo ; fr. dauber, etouffer ; goth. daub; g. tauh ; d. doof. Dactyl. V. Digit. DAG-ger. dagh, tudj, to strike, to kill. Cfr. in, riDT to beat, to bruise; "»pi he pierced; oac'Cw; oa'iy-rjp', g. d. degen ; it. daga ; pg. adaga ; fr. daguc. Dainty. danta«, a tooth. Cfr. 'ootj.a, dipco. Derrick, dr, dhr, to hold. Des-cry. v. Certain, \_desidero ; fr. desirer ; it. desirare. v. Seat. Desiderate, Desire, sad, to sit, to despond, to encounter. Cfr, Desk. V. Disc. \_poto ; ^v. despot e. v. Potent. Despot, deg, a region; pati^ a master. Cfr, dta-uzr^q-, it, sp. des- Destiny, difta„ destiny. Cfr. desfino ; fr. destin. Destroy, (destruo.^ v. Strew. Desultory, (desilio.) v. Salient. Deter, dr^, (Cans,) to terrify, to deter. Cfr. zap-drrrra) ; dc-terrco. De-tri-ment, -tus. v. Tear. Deuce, Deutero-, (Bis, Bin-.) dva^ dvau, dvi*', dvitaya,, two; dviti^ya**, second. Cfr. ::3 to divide, to separate ; :3n a twin; 219 ,3'yiujj diurepoCf duOj oi^j otdu/wq '^ binus, duo; goth. fuz, tvai ; g. zwei ; nl. d. tice ; ags. tied; fr. deux. Devil, di^, (di^yati,) to destroy; bal, to strike, to kill. Cfr. dul^oXnq) diaholus; g. teufel; d. duivel ; fr. diahle ; it. diavolo. Dew. dha^V, to wash, nn to wash; deocoj dicpuj] g. thau; d. dauiv ; ags. deaiij. Dexter, dacfa^, dextrous. Cfr. dz'^io:;] dexter ; goth. taihsus. Di-. V. De- Diabolic, v. Devil. Dia-chylum. cul, to flow homogeneously. Cfr. yulu^. Diaconal. v. Deacon. Dial, Diary, v. Dawn. [diamante. Diamond, v. Dam. Cfr. ^addfiaq, -w^Toq] g. d. fr. diamant ; it. sp. Die-, (apo-, ab-. de-, e-, in-, pre-, &c.) di^, to give, to point out, to order, to narrate. Cfr. pn to observe ; osu-, SUtj, ddy-u?.o<;, doxiwj d6yfj.a, do^a ; rdaawj zayoq ; cZi'co, dux, disco, digitus, disertus, in-dex ; fr. dieter, dovjt ; goth. taikns ; g. zeichen ; d. teelcen. Dicker, v. Dec-. Did. V. Dedition. Didactic, Didascalic. v. Disc-. Die. di^, to perish ; day, to kill. Dif-find, -fission, bhid, to cleave. Cfr. n3 to separate; dif-jindo. Digit, v. Die-, Dec-. Cfr. <^d-/.xoloq; digitus; goth. taiho; g. zehe. Dignity, v. Decorous. Di-lute, -luvial. v. Deluge. Dim. tamas, obscurity; dhu^ma^, smoke. Cfr. x'OD he was defiled; 1:dD to conceal; tenehree ; goth. dumbs; dan. dum ; g. dilii-hel, stumm ; ir. teim ; ags. ofrs. dim. v. Damp, Din. dhan, to sound; dindi, din. Cfr. pi strife; rovo^r; tinnio, tono ; ags. dyn. v. Tone. Dine. v. Dawn. fr. diner ; ags. dynan. [dencgan. Ding, dagh, tu.dj» to strike. Cfr. riDi to break or bruise ; ags. Dip. dip, to throw, to cast. Cfr. do-rcj; goth. daupjan, diups ; g. tup/en, tie/; d. doopen ; it. tuffare ; ags. dippan. v. Dab. Diploma, v. Deuce, Couple. Dire, dr^, (Cans.) to terrify; di^, to fly. Cfr. i)ioq; diviis. v. Deter. Dis-. das, to throw. Disard. v. Die-. [Siay.oq', discus; s]^. it. disco ; fr. disque. Disc, Dish, das, to throw; cas, to go, to cut. Cfr. dd a thin plate; Disc-, Disert. v. Die-. Dishevel, v. Cap. Cephalic. 220 Distinguish, v. Sting. \detto. v. Die-. Ditto, tatha^, (A.) thus, so -, dig, to point out, to narrate. Cfr. it. Diu-. V. Dawn. Dive. V. Dip. [fr. divin. Divine. deva«, a god; divya^, divine. Cfr. 0^6^, dluq-, deus, divinus; Divorce, (divortium.) v. Vert. \ryw\5 stockings. Dizen. ta^s, to adorn ; dhu^s, to make beautiful; da^s, to give. Cfr. Djerrid. dju% to kill. Do. vi-dha^, a^-dha^, to do. Doc-ile, -imacy, -tor. v. Die-. Dodd. tud, to cut. Dodge, Dog. da^gh, to avoid, to guard, to hurt or kill; da^g, to bite. Cfr. n:i to break or bruise ; ddyyco ; lac-ero ; goth. tahja ; Dogma. V. Die-. ' [fr. do(jue ; d. dog. v. Attack. Dole. v. Dale. Dolabriform. do, to cut off; lu^, to cut. Cfr. dolo, dolahra. v. Dale. Dole, Doole, Dolor-, Dolt, tal, tval, to be disturbed by fear, anxiety, &c. ; du^, to grieve, to be afflicted. Cfr. d'id to grieve ; doleo, dolor ; goth. duals. -Dom, Domain, Domin-, Domit-. v. Dam, Dome. Dome, da^bh, to collect, to heap up ; dha^man, a house, dignity. Cfr. pi a wall or building; diiio), Sw/xa; domus ; goth. doms, timbrijan ; fr. dome; it. domo ; d. dom. Don-, da^, da^s, to give ; da^na,, a gift. Cfr. ddvoq, dtdw/jA, doatq ; dono ; fr. donne?-, dose. Doom. V. Dam. Door, dva^r, (du%) a door, a passage ; dvr, to cover. Cfr. ^nn a gate; Din the beams; 6upa; for is ; goth. daur ; g. tlior^ tliilr ; d. dcur. [iioree Dorado, dru'', gold. Cfr. i"n a drachm of gold; sp. dorado ; fr. DoR-mant. drai, to sleep. Cfr. n"iD fatigue; dapOw^io; dormio ; fr. dormir ; g. traum ; d. droom. Dose, Dotal, (anec-, anti-.) v. Don-. Dot. tat, to strike or beat. Double, dvi^, two; pul, to collect. Cfr. OL-Aooq; duplus ; g. doppelt ; d. duhhel ; it. dojipio ; sp. dohle ; fr. double. Doubt, dvis two; path, pad, to go. Cfr. du-bito ; sp. dudar ; it. dubitare; fr. douter ; g. zwei-felu ; d. twij/elen. Douche, Douse, tudj, to strike, v. Dash. Dough, dih, to smear, to increase, to accumulate. Cfr. ags. dah; g. tei to cast out; opaoruu:;. Drastic, drf, to conquer, to overcome. Cfr. *|m to tread upon, to Draught, Draw, Dray. v. Drag. Drave. v. Drop. Dread, dr^, to fear; darad, terror. Cfr. x"it loathing; terreo; Dream, v. Dormant, Dragoon. [^gs- dreorlg ; g. traurig. Drear, v. Dread. Dredge, v. Drag. Dregs, dra^ch, to be dry. Cfr. rpu'^, rpoyia, rpoyiu). Oipw ; torreo, tergo ; g. trochcn, dilrr ; d. droog^ dor ; ags, drig. Dress, ra^dj, to shine, to govern. Cfr. rego, dirigo ; it. dhizzare, Drib-ble. v. Drop. [diritto; fr. dresser, droit. Drift, Drive, turv, thurv, durv, dhurv, trup, to strike. Cfr. TM a goad; f]"iCO to tear, to prey; opu-rto, TptjSuj ; goth, dreiban; Drill. V. Thirl. [g. treiben, treffen ; d. drijven ; ags. drifan. Dromedary, dram, to run. Cfr. dpopAq; dromas ; sp. pg. it. dromedari'o. Drone, drai, to sleep; drun, to injure; druna«, a bee; dhran, to sound. Cfr. goth. drunjus; ags. drsen ; g. drone, dronen; it. irono. Drop, Drip, Droop, dru, (dravati,) to flow. Cfr. p-^i to sprinkle; dpoffoq'j drupae; g. irop/en ; d. droppen ; ags. dropan. Dropsy, "udpwip) hydrops, v. Hydra. Droso-meter. v. Drop, Roscid. Drought, v. Dregs. Drowse, v. Dormant. Drub. v. Drift. 222 Drudge, v. Drag. Drug. v. Dregs. [dryades. Druid, Dryad, da^ru", wood; druma«s, a tree. Cfr. opoq; druidae, Dry. v. Dregs. Dual, Duel. v. Deuce. Dub. V. Dab. Due-, (ad-, con-, de-, e-, pro-, re-.) Ducat, Duchy, v. Die-. Dudojeon. v. Das^-a'er. Due. V. Debit, (sub-due. v. Tame.) Dug. duh, (dugdhe,) to milk. Webster refers tins word to the root of digitus, v. Die-. Dulc-. gllla'5, raw sugar. Cfr. yluy.bq) dulcis. Dumb, Dump, dam, to subdue; da,bh, to deceive, to injure. Cfr. DH silence; goth. ditmhs ; ags. dumb; g. stumm, dumm ; d. dom. V. Dam. Dung, da^gh, to quit or abandon. Dungeon, ta^dj? to shrink, or contract. Duo-, Duple, v. Deuce, Double. DuR-. dhr, to hold, to detain; dhr^, to grow old; du^ra««, distant; dur, dus, difl&cult, bad. Cfr. '^n an age ; duq- ; dwo, durus, -turnus ; fr. dur, -er. Durst. V. Dare. Dust. tusta„ dust. Cfr. "]tyT dust and ashes ; li'iD blemished; nl. d. ags. dust. Dys-. v. Dur-. Each, eca"?, one. Cfr. ir. each. v. Ace. Ead-, Ed-, i^d, to praise, to celebrate. [.7<*<^'^"- Eager, gur, to make an effort. Cfr. ace?' ; it. agro ; fr. aigre ; d. Eagle, a^gu, quickly. Cfr. ^loy.oq] aq-uihi, ac-cipiter ; sp. aquila ; fr. aigle. Ear. V. Aud-ible. Earn-est. gur, (gu^rna,) to make an effort. Cfr. sw. g. gem ; ags. georn ; g. d. crust. . Ease, a^s, to sit. Cfr. iDx a pillow; ~rj(7-zai] oti'um, esscda ; goth. azetaha ; ags. aeth, eadhe ; it. agio; fr. aise. East, uf, to shine, to burn; iifaa; biter , infro, venter ; sp. eiitrar ; it. entrare ; fr. entrer. En-viron. vr, to cover, to surround. Cfr. sp. hirar ; fr. virer, environner. Envy, invideo ; iw eiivier. v. Yid-. Ep, Epi. ('£-£'.) upa, api, abhi, near, beside, with. Ephod. IDN. V. Band. Ep-ic. V. Fable. Epicede. 's-r/.rjotwv. cad, to weep. Cfr. Dip to grieve. Epulation. epulse, (edi-p)nlije ? Ainsicorth.) v. Eat, Full. Equal. eva„ as, like ; eca^, one, the same ; vifu, equally. Cfr. "jix thus; IcFoq, er/.io ) sequus ; goth. iha, ihns ; g. ebcii. EQU-erry, -estrian. aQva«, a horse. Cfr. '':--o^; equiis ; fr. ecu}/er, ecuric. v. Esquire. Era. i^r, (air-,) to go. Cfr. aera ; sp. era. v. Err. Ergo, ardj, to make ; ii^rdja«, power. Cfr. "spyo) ; ergo, cc-crc- eo, -itus ; it. esercizio ; fr. e.re refine, v. Work. -Erne. v. Urn. Err. i% r, to go. Cfr. dh' to pervert; "epfkr^; erro ; goth. alrzis ; g. irre ; it. errare ; fr. errer. 225 Erruncate, (ab-, av-.) averrunco. luntf, to pluck up. Escalade, v. Echelon. Escape, v. Scamper, Shaft. Eschar, v. Carbon. Escheat, fr. echeoir. v. Chute. Escutcheon, scu, to cover. Cfr. ffy.ozo!; ; cutiSy scutum ; it. scudo ; sp. escudo ; fr. ecu-sson ; ags. scylan, scyld ; sw. sl-yla ; g. d. schild. V. Shade. [cutcheon. Esquire, fr. ecuyer ; sp. escudero ; it. scudierc. v. Equerry, Es- EssENCE. as, (asti,) to be. Cfr. nti^' existence; 'e^rr:'; esse-ntia] goth. g. ist ; it. essenza ; fr. essence. Establish, stu^p, to heap up, to erect ; sta.bh, to fix, to support. Cfr. 2"^' to place; stahilio ; it. stahilire ; fr. etahlir. Estate, stha^ to stand. Cfr. arazoq; status; g. d. staat; it. stato ; sp. estado ; fr. etat. Estival, Estuary, v. Ash. Etch. g. etzen ; d. etsen, v. Eat. Eternal. seternuSy (xvi-turnus.) fr. eternel. v. Aeon, Dur-. Ether. iddha«, shining, clear. Cfr. ald-co,-r,p) ccther ; ags.wceder; g. wetter; d. weder. Eth-ic, -nic. edh, to grow or increase. Cfr. "eOoj/'eOvo:;) ethicus, -nicus ; g. heide. v. Use. Ethiop. Ab^to(^'. indh, to kindle. Cfr. "ac^'/oj-, cesfus. Etio-logy. yat, to make, to strive. Cfr. Ni'^ to produce ; aizLu. Etymo-logy. satya*!, true. Cfr. "sru/io:;. Eu-. su, good, easy, well. Cfr. eu. Euch-ology, Euc-tical. ya^tf, to ask. Cfr. "tu/o/iat. [Equal, Ab-. Even, iva, eva„ even, so, as. Cfr. goth. iba, ihns ; g. ehen. v. Ever. (ags. efre.') v. Aeon, Hora-. Evil. aMla*?, foul, turbid ) abala^, weak, feeble ; vyala«!, wicked, villanous. Cfr. Sd: foul, vile; goth. uhils ; g. ilhel ; d. euvel ; ags. efel. ["ejzw; e-vito. Evitable. vitt, to abandon; vitf, to separate. Cfr. 13 to separate; d. ooi ; ags. eowa. Ewe. avis, a sheep. Cfr. "oj*?; ovis ; goth. avis-ti ; sp. oheja ; Ewer, hvr, to bend, to curve. Cfr. goth. hrugg ; ags. hwer ; g. Ex-. V. Ec-. [krug ; d. kroeg ; fr. cruche. Examine, gam, to be tranquil, to inspect. Cfr. p'k^ gross, stupid; -lO'k^ to observe; o-y^a; exam-en, -ino ; pg. enxame ; fr. essaim. Example, v. Sample. Execute, v. Seek. VOL. VII. — 2 D 226 Excellent, ucfa^la^, excellent. (A.) Exegesis, v. Act. Exercise, Exergue, v. Ergo. Exhaust, hr, to seize. Cfr. 'apbio ; Jiaurio. Exile. V. Sally. Exist. V. Essence, Estate. Exodus, hod, to go. Cfr. m;? to pass by ; "odo^. Expatiate, pat, to go. Cfr. ncD3 to depart; rerawjpa^eo, ej-pa^ior. Expedite, v. Speed. Exper-. pr, to be busy, to labor. Cfr. ns£! power; -t'lpa; experior. Extra. V. Con-tra-ry. Exult. V. Salt-. Eye. acfi, (nayana,,) the eye. Cfr. |';r; "o^^-s. "ox-Aoq] oculus; goth. augo; g. auge ; d. oog ; it. occhio ; sp. ojo ; fr. oeil ; dan. di/e; ags. eag. Fable, djap, Map, to speak ; a^b, to sound. Cfr. ndi speech ; "e-w • fahulor ; it. favola ; sip. hablar ; f v. fable, v. Fac-und. Fac-. bhu^, to be, (Caus. bha^v-.) Cfr. -otioj, (fuco^/acio; fr. /aco7i, /aire, faisahle. Fac-und, Face, vatf, bha^f, to speak ; vactra,, the mouth or face ; vafc, to see. Cfr. a{vaj, (pa'^rdXio ) phan- Fane. (fanum.) van, to serve, to honor. Fang. V. Fadge. Fanion. v. Banner. Far, Fare, para, remote -, pur, to go before. Cfr. nna absence ; Tzoppco, TzopzUio ; foris, porro, prce, pro ; ags. feor, faran ; goth. far an ; ^. falireUj fern ; d. varen, veer, voor ; iv. forain, liors. Farce, v. Force. [v. For. Fardeh v. Bear. Fart, pard, to fart. Cfr. -ipdu) ; pedo ; g. furz. Fascia, v. Fadge. [/5«c--zajvw ; fascino. Fascinating, va^, to desire; vagi, subjugating, fascinating. Cfr. Fash, paf, vaf, to strike. Fashion, v. Facile. Fast. V. Fadge. upavasta., hunger. (A.) Fastidious, bhaf, to rail, to reproach; bha^f, to address; bhas, to blame or abuse, to eat. Cfr. 113 to loathe, to despise; (paffiq) fastidiosus. [v. Sting. Fastigiate. (fasiif/iatus.) dha^ to place; tidj, (Caus.) to sharpen. Fat. vath, pi, pi^v, to grow or be fat. Cfr. OGD to fatten, to cram ; "113 fat; :3'3 a collopof fat; tzXw^^ ] pinguis, fatuus ; ags. g-fett; Fate. V. Fac-und. [d. vet. Father, pa^, to protect, to nourish ; pitr, father. Cfr. :-|£i a tutor, a nurse; 3X a father or instructor; Tza-Tjp; pater; ags. feeder ; g. fader; d. vader ; sp. \i. padre; fr. per e. Fathom, Fatiscence. pat, to surround ; put, to embrace, to bind ; pa^d, to collect. Cfr. nn-) to enlarge; g. faden; d. vaden ; ags. fcethem ; goth. fatlia. Fatuous, vathara^, stupid, slow, dull. (A.) v. Fat. Fauces, bhacf, to eat. Cfr. ns the mouth ; TtyD to chew the cud ; Fault. V. Fail, Fall. \♦ jij to assault ; ~6| ; pungo, pugna ; goth. veigan ; g. fechten ; ags. feahtan ; dan. fegter. v. Vigor. Fig-ure, -ment, -ulate. pi^djj to paint, to delineate. Cfr. tzocxcUo) ; p mgo, jingo, fuco, jig-ura ; fr. figu re. Fil-ament, File, Fili-form. pa^li^, a sharp edge, a line, a row or range. Cfr. filum ; pg. it. fila ; sp. kilo ; fr. file, filet. Filch, vitf, to separate; bhil, to cut; vil, to cover, to hide. -File, (de-) v. Filth. Filial, bal, to live, to nourish; ba^la, ~p6j T.pojzuq', prcc, princeps, primus ; gotli. faur) d. vor^ filrst ; d. voor, vorst. Fisc. V. Fadge, Basket. Fish, Fisk. pay, to go; payas, water; ac, ic, to go. Cfr. "r/.u), \yjybq) piscis; goth. dan. sw. fisk ; g. fiscJi ; d. visch ; ags. fisc ; it. pesce ; fr. poisson. Fiss-. bhid, bhi4, to break, to cut. Cfr. 12 to separate ; findo, fissura, fidis ; ^y. fissure ; g. heissen. Fist, muf, to steal or take; mufti, the fist; pag, pust, to bind. Cfr. r.b^, r.uyiiri', g. faust ; d. vuist ; ags. fi/st. v. Pugil. Fit. pat, to fly, to fall ; pat, vat, to clothe, to surround ; hita«, proper. Cfr. -:'--rw; peto. Five, pantfa, five. Cfr. -i^ze, Tzi/j-t; quinque; goth. fimf; nvm. pemp ; g./iinf; d. vijf ; dan. sw.fem. ags. fif. Fix. figo,fixum. v. Fadge. Flagrant, Flame, bhla^g, bhra^dj, to shine. Cfr. (pliyuj ; fidgeOj Flagellant, Flail, v. Blow. \_flagro, fiamma. Flake, Flask, Flax, Flex-, v. Plic-. Flash, pluf, plas, to burn, to set free. v. Blaze. Flat. V. Broad. Flea, Flee, Fleet, vli^ plih, pli', plu, to go. Cfr. -Xioj, r.li^ ; volo ; goth. tldiulian ; g. fiicgen, flichcn ; d. vliegen ; ags fieogan. V. Float. Fleece, vil, vr, u^rnu, to cover; u^rna^, wool. Cfr. "epcov, villus, vellus, lana ; russ. volna ; goth. vidla ; og. wolla ; g. woUe, fiicss ; d. vcl, vlies ; ags. fcl, fli/s. Flicker, Flight, Flit. v. Flea. -Flict. (af-, con-, in-.) Fling, v. Blow. Flimsy, v. Limber. Float, plu, to go, to swim. Cfr. r/Aiuj, -kw-oq', pluo, pluvia,fiumen ; goth. flodus; ags. fiota ; g.fioss; d. vlot ; fr. flotte ; rnss. plot. 231 Flock. V. Fill, Plic-. Flog. V. Blow. Flood, Flow, Flu-, (af-, con-, re-,) Flue-, Fluv-, Flux-, v. Flea, Float. Flower, Flor-, Flos-, Flour-. phuU, to blossom. Cfr. ^uAAov, ftXaariu)', flos, fioreo, folium; it. Jiorc, foglia ; sp. fior ; fr. jleur, feuille. Flush, Fluster, v. Flash. Fly. V. Flea. Foal. V. Filial. Foam. V. Fume. Focus, Fair, dhucf, dah, to burn, to kindle; bha^, to shine. Cfr. (fdio, ifwq) focusj for-mosiis ; goi\i. fa(jrs ; ags. /ce(jr ; s^. fuego ; it. fuoco; pg./o^o; fr. feu. Fodder, v. Feed. Foe. V. Hate. Foil, Fol-. V. Fail, Flower. Foin. V. Point. Fold, pul, to collect; pa% to keep, to guard. Cfr. goth. fcdthan ; figs, fealdan ; g. fallen ; dan. folder ; russ. j^halda. v. Cable. Folk. v. Fill. Follow, pal, val, ga^, to go. Cfr. -o/Jcu ; g. folgen ; d. vohjen ; Sigs. fohjian. Fo-ment. v. Focus. Font. V. Found. Foot, pad, a foot. Cfr. Z)2 to tread under foot; -od-] pcd- ; goth. fotus ; g. fuss ; d. voet ; ags. fof ; fr. p/<:r7. For. para, after, distant, attached to ; pra, forth. Cfr. Ttapa, Tzspa, Ttoppw^ per, pro, prce, 2)or- ; goth. fiur; g. fur, vor, ver- ; d. voor ; ags. for; fv. p)our ; it. per ; sp. pg. jjo?*. For-, (bi-, per-.) pa^r, to get through or over ; pra, forth. Cfr. (papoio; foro; g. hohren. v. Ter-. For-age. v. Fare, Vor-. Force, Fort, vi^r, vrf, to be powerful. Cfr. vireo, fortis ; it. forza ; sp. fuerza ; fr. force, v. Bear. Ford, (af-) Fore, Foreign, -est, -feit. v. Far, For. Forge. V. Burn, Ferreous. Fork. V. Furc-. Form, dhariman, form. Formidable, v. Fear. Forth, v. Far. Fortu-ne, -itous. v. Bear, Fare. 232 Foss-il. pat, bhid, vas, to cut. Cfr. y)^ to break to pieces ; DD a piece ; fodio, foss- ; it. fossa, fossile ; fr. fosse, fossile. Foster, v. Feed. Fougade. v. Focus. Foul, puy, to stink, to putrefy. Cfr. -uf}u}',pus, puteo ; goth fuls ; ^.faul; d. vuil ; a^s, ful, faul. v. Evil. Found, Fount, bhu^, to be; pud, to leave; bus, to pour out. Cfr. ^ua>; fundo, fons, facio ; it. fondare, fonte ; fr. fonder, fon- taine. v. Funnel. Four, tfatur, (tfatva^ras,) four. Cfr. r^^ro-a^osi?, -cVu/^e? ; ^je^ori7w?7i, quatuor ; Qoih. fdvor ; g. d. vier. Fowl, pacfa'', a wing ; pacfalu, a bird ; vah, to flow, to convey. Cfr. ^^:d to rush; (fsoyw- fugio, passer; goth. fugls; g. d. vogel ; ags. dan. fugl. [d. vos. Fox. pacf, to seize. Cfr. al6-raj~ ; goih.. f aha, faulio ; g. fuchs ; Fract-, Frag-, Frail, Franch-, Frang-, Frank, Fray, Freak, Freck-, Free. v. Bray, Friend. ["a^a>/j.a; fra-gro. Fragrance, ghra^ to smell; ghra^na, odor, the nose. Cfr. '/>:v, FRATER-nal. V. Brother. Fraught, Freight, v. Bear, Fare. Freeze, bhri^, to fear, to hold ; bhref, to fear ; bhr^, to hold, to fry. Cfr. (ppiaau)-, frigeo, frigo ; goi\\, frius ; og. friusan; d. Fre-quence. pr^, to fill. \yrlezen ; ags. frysan. Fresh, vrf, to rain, to be powerful ; prf, to sprinkle; rf, bhref, to move. Cfr. g. d. frisch; dan. frisk ; ags. fersc ; it. sp. pg. //-esco. Fret, Fri-, Fric-tion. ghrf, to rub, to grind, or pound; ghr, to sprinkle. Cfr. /jhw ; frictio ; goth. fr tan ; g. fressen ; d. vreien ; ngfi. frctan. v. Eat. Friend, pri^, to please, to desire or love. Cfr. -pdo:; ; -perior, fruor ; go\\\. frljon, friond ; g. freue, freund ; d. vriend; ags. freon, freond ; dan. frende. Frieze, Fringe, v. Bray. Frig-. V. Freeze, Rig-. Frith. V. Far, For-. Frog. Vlih, to roar. Cfr. 'p^rA^o-, rngi'o ; ngs. frog a ; d. frosch. Frolick. pri^, to please; la.gh, to leap. Cfr. /.(xyw^; goth. lai/ain ; g. froh, frohlocl-en ; d. vro-lljk. From. goth. ags. /rr/m. v. Far, For. Front, Frown, pra^nta^s, edge, border, v. Brow, For. Fruct-, Frug-, Fruit, bhr, to bear. Cfr. fruor, fructas, fruges ; g.fruclU; d. vruclit ; \i. frutto ; fr. fruit, v. Friend, Orchard. 233 Frush, Fnis-. v. Bray. Fry. bhr^, bhrdj, to fry. Cfr. (ppoyw -, frigo ; fr. frire. Fuc-, Fudge, v. Figure. Fuel. V. Focus. Fug-, bhadj, to separate, to fly. Cfr. (poyrj ; fuga. Fu]g-. bha^dj, bhra^dj, bhla^g, to shine. Cfr. (fXiyio ; falgeo ; g. Ful-iginous, Ful-some. v. Foul, Fill. [blicke, hlitze. Full, pu^rnas full. v. Fill. Fulmin-. v. Bal-ister. \_fumus ; fr. fumee. Fume, dhu^ma'', smoke; phena'», foam, vapor. Cfr. i%!ia; spuma, Fun-ambulist. put, to bind. Cfr. funis. [v. Found. Fund, budhna'?, the root of a tree. Cfr. 7zui%/j.rjv', fundus; g. hoden. Funeral, van, to kill. Cfr. a kettle; -/.otuIti) catiUus; goth. hatils ; on. had; g. hessel ; d. nl. hctel ; ags. cetel. Key. V. Cag. Kibe. V. Chap. Kid. dja^ta«, (djan,) born. Cfr. n: a kid; hoedus ; g. d. Jcind. Kilt. V. Cloth. Kimbo. V. Cam. Kin, Kind. v. Gen-, Kid. Kindle, can, to shine ; indh, to kindle, v. Candid. Kirk. V. Church. Kirtle. crt, to surround, to clothe. Cfr. sw. hiortel ; ags. cyrtel. Kiss, cus, to embrace. Cfr. g. hilssen ; d. kussen; ags. cyssan. Kitchen, v. Cook. Kite. V. Cat. [nl. hue ; fr. genou. Knee. dja^iiu««, the knee. Cfr. yo^^u; genu; goth. hiiu ; g. d. Knife, tfun, to cut. Cfr. ags. cnif; dan, kniv ; sw. hnif; fr. canif. Knit, Knot. v. Net. Knout, cnath, to hurt, to kill. KNOW-ledge. v. -Gnize. ladj, to be manifest; lotf, to perceive. Knuckle, cangula^, the hand. v. Nail. Koran, cur, to sound. Cfr. Ar. harciy to read, to call, to teach. Lab-. la,b, to sound, to fall ; lap, to speak ; labh, to get. Cfr. Lachrymal, v. Tear. [labor, labium. Lackey, v. Legate. 244 Lad. lat, to be childish ; lad, to frolic. Lag-. V. Languid. Lagoon, Lair, Lake. v. Lay. Lame, la^b, to fall. Cfr. ags. lame ; g. sw. laJim ; d. dan. lam. Lamp, lip, to smear, to burn. Cfr. ki-oq, kdnr.w ; limpichis, lam- Lane. lain, to go. [pas ; fr. lampe. Language. la,gh, la.dj> to speak. Cfr. lingua; it. linguaggio ; fr. langage. [Cfr. Xayyiw, layapoi^) languidus. Languid, Lank, landja^ sleep; la,g, to limp; la.gh, to diminish. Lap-, Lapse, v. Lab-. Lascivious, laf, to desire. Cfr. Xdw^ UaGoimi^ lascivus ; goth. Lash, luf, to hurt or injure. \liistus ; fr. lascif; it. sp. lascivo. Lat-. (ab-, col-, de-, re-.) luth, to rob; lud, to cover or conceal. Latration. lat, to cry out. [Cfr. A7y'»97y ; -latio, latens. Laud. V. Loud. Launch, lu.tf, to pluck up. Lav-, dha^v, to wash. Law, Lawn, Lay, Lea. lag, to touch ; hlag", to collect ; la,gh, loc, to speak. Cfr. Xiyw, lex, lego, liigeo, locus; goth. lagyaw, ags. Lazy, alasa^, lazy. [lecgan, laga ; sw. lag ; it. legge. v. Loc-. Lead. v. Load. League, hlag, to collect. Cfr. ligo ; it. lega; sp. liga; fr. h'gue. Leap, lep, to go. Cfr. Xei-Kio) goth. hlaupan ; ags. lileapan ; g. laufen; d. loopen. [leder ; ags. lether. Leather, lud, to adhere to, to cover. Cfr. goth. hleithr ; g. d. Lea, Ley. v. Loc-. Learn, v. Lore. Leave, lep, rev, to go. Cfr. Xdnw ; ags. Isefan. Lech-. V. Lick. Lect-. V. Law. Leden. lad, to use the tongue, ags. lyden. Leef, Leof V. Love. Lees, Leese, Lesion, Leze. v. Lash, Less. Leg-. V. Law, Log-. Leg. la.g, to go. -Lepsy. V. Lab-. Less. v. Olig-. Lesson, (lectio.) v. Log-, Lore. Leth-. V. Lat-. Lev-, laghu'5, light. Cfr. \Xaybq\ leva, levis; ags. liht ; g. leicht ; d. Ugt ; fr. leger. 245 Lewd, lad, to wanton; lud, to embrace. Cfr. g. ludern ; w. llodig. Liable, Liaison, -liance. (fr. lier.) v. Lig-. Lib-, lubh, to desire; lubdha^s, covetous. Cfr. li-rw, luhet, Uhet, libido; goth. Hubs; g. Helen; d. lieven; ags. leof, lufian. LiBRATE. li, equality, sameness; bhr, to bear. Lice, licca^ licfa^ a nit, a young louse. Cfr. g. laus ; d. hds ; Licit. V. Law. [ags. sw. dan. lus. Lick, lih, to taste, to lick. Cfr. ppS to lick; Xdyio-j lingo ; goth. hi-laigon ; g. lechen ; d. likken ; fr. lecher. Licorice, (^glycyrrliiza.^ v. Glue-. Lid. lud, to cover. Cfr. tDi'7 to cover; -/.XeLo--, daudo, cludo ; ags. Lie. V. Law. \]ilid; d. dan. lid. Lief. v. Lib-. Liege, v. Lig-. Lieu. V. Loc-. Lift, labh, to get. Cfr. -/M-tsiv) goth. Idifan; ags. Idlfian. v. Lev-. Lig-. aMig, to embrace. Cfr. Ibyoq) ligare. v. Law. Light, las, la, dj, loc, to shine. Cfr. huxu^j Xuyvoq) lux; goth. liuhath; g. licht ; ags. leoht. v. Lev-. Like, laf, to desire; latfh, to mark. Cfr. 'ij-Acxo?; de-lecto, ta-lis ; goth. leikan, leiks ; g. gleicJi; d. lijk ; ags. lician, lie. Limb-er, Limp, lamba*', pendulous, v. Lame. Lime, v. Loam. Lin-. V. Lig-. Ling-, Link. v. Long, Lang, Light. Ling-, lich, lijg, to go, to move. Lip. lap, to speak; la^ba^, broad, pendulous. Cfr. lahinm; g. Liquid, li^, to liquefy. [dan. ags. lippe ; d. lip ; pers. lah, lih. -Lish, List, Litany, v. Lust, Like. Lit-, lut, to resist, or oppose. [os. ags. hladan ; g. laden. Load, lud, to cover, to rest in or on. Cfr. goth. af-hlathan ; og. Loam, lip, to smear; liinpa«, smearing, plastering. Cfr. Xi-oq; limus; g. lehm; d. leem ; ags. lam; dan. liin; w. llim; fr. limon. Lob, Lobe. v. Lab-. Loc-. locals, a division of the universe ; loc, to see. Cfr. locus. Lock. V. Plic-. [ags. logian. Lodge, la^dj? lu^dj, to dwell. Cfr. it. loggia ; fr. loger ; sp. alojar ; Loin. V. Clin-. Log-, la.gh, loc, lotf, to speak. Cfr. Xiywy Xoyoq-, loquor. Loll, lal, to loll, to thrust out the tongue. Cfr. XaXioj ; g. lallen. 246 Long. lagnais(piXr)) nuhcs, nebula ; og. nibid. Nepiielin. nabha«, a cloud; nabholaya««, smoke. Cfr. vi(poq, Nephew, Nepo-. naptr, a grandson. Cfr. v/roos^r; nepos; it. nipote; fr. neveu ; g. neffe ; d. neef. Nereid, na^ra^ water. Cfr. *^nj a river ; vqpri'i^. [fr. ncrf. Nerve, nr, man ; nr, to lead, to guide. Cfr. vsbpov, 'avijp ; nervus ; Nest, ni^da^, a nest. Cfr. nidus; fr. nid ; g. d. ags. nest; it. sp. nido. Net. nah, (nahyati, naddha^) to bind or tie. Cfr. vi^io) nodus; 253 goth. nati; g. netz, knoten ; d. net, hnod ; ags. net, cni/ttan. V. Neat. Inteder ; d. dan. neder. Nether, nad, to fall off or from ; nata«, bent, reclining. Cfr. g. Neur-. V. Nerve. New, Neo-. navas new. Cfr. >io^; novus, nuper, nuntius ; goth. niujis ; g. neu ; d. nieuw ; ags. neow ; fr. neuf. Nex-, Next. v. Net, near. Niche, Nick, ni, in; tfho, to cut; nitfita*!, covered, overspread. Cfr. it. nicchia; sp. pg. nicho ; fr. niche; g. nicken; d. knik. NiD-. V. Nest. Nig-, Nigh. V. Near. Night, Nigr-. nig (nit,) nacta,, night. Cfr. vo^) niger, nox ; goth. nahts; g. nacht ; d. 7iagt ; ags. mhf. Nimble, namb, to go. Nimbus: v. Nephel-. [neun; d. nig en ; ags. nig an ; sw. nijo. Nine, Non-. navan, nine. Cfr. nonus, novem ; goth. niun ; g. Nit-, nat, to shine, to dance. Cfr. nitor, nitidus. Niv-. ni^v, to moisten, to sprinkle, v. Snow. No, Nay, Ne-, Non-. na^ no. Cfr. vt;-; ne-, ni-, nee, non; goth. ni;' g. nicht ; fr. no/i ; ags. na, ne. NocENT. V. Necro-. NocT-, Nyct-. v. Night. [nuto. Nod. nat, to shake, to move slightly. Cfr. iij to shake, to tremble; Nod-, Qwdus,) Noose, v. Net. NoM-. nam, to bow in homage or worship, to sound, v. Name. Nook, Notch. V. Niche. Noon. V. Nine. North, nr, to guide ; nrd, to sound ; na^ra^, water. Nose, Noz-. v. Neese. Noso-. v. Necro-. Note. V. Know. Noun, -Nounce, -Nown (re-.) v. Name. Nov-. V. New, Nine. [d. sw. dan. nu. v. New. Now. na^, na^, same, like; nu"?, time. Cfr. vw; nunc; goth. g. Nox-, Noi-, Noy-, Nuisance, v. Necro-. Nub-, v. Nephel-. Nun-. V. Nine, -Nounce. ["w; 0. 0. 0, an interjection of calling, reminiscence, or compassion. Cfr. Oak. och, to adorn, vacf, to increase. Cfr. g. eiche ; d. eik; V. Eke. 254 Oar. (ags. a?\) r, to go. v. Rem-. Oasis, vas, to dwell or inhabit, to clothe. Oat. V. Eat. Oath, a^d, a,t, i^,t, to bind. Cfr. goth. aiths; g. eid; d. eed ; ags. ath. Ob. v. Ep-. Obed-, Obey, abhi-vad, to salute respectfully; vidheya««, compliant. Ob-scure. v. Sky. Ocean, v. Eke. Ochre. hari to divide. ['aet'^w; oda, ode. Ode. vad, to speak ; i^d, to praise, to celebrate. Cfr. "udo), 'wdrj, Odium. V. Hate. Odont-. v. Dainty. Oeco-. v. Eco-. Of, Off. v. Ab. Oft. v. Aft-. Ogre, ugra*!, cruel, fierce, savage. [ulda. -OiD. vid, to know, to describe, to be fixed or steady. Cfr. el'dw, Oil, Ole-, Olive, ulca^, fire; li,p, to smear; lavana^, light, lustre. Cfr. "eXacov'y oleum, oliv- ; goth. ahv ; g. bl ; d. oh'j ; ags. oel ; fr. huile. [fr. oindre, oint. OiNT. a.dj, (atCta^,) to anoint. Cfr. ungere, unctum ; sp. pg. untar ; Oker, Okra. v. Ochre. Old, -Olete, -Olescent. al, to be competent or able. Cfr. Sx pro- tection, "71X strength; "aXdw, 'aXxyj^j alo, oleo ; g. alt; d. oud ; ags. eald. Olig-. lu^ to cut; li^, to lessen. Cfr. \))uyoq, 'eXdaawv, ags. Ices. Omphal. v. Umbil-. [goth. ana; g. an; d. aan. On. ani^, a limit, a boundary; antar, within. Cfr. 'sv, "avw; in ; One. v. Un-. Onoma-. v. Name. Onych-, Onyx. v. Nail. Oo-. V. Egg. Ooze. V. Issue. Open. V. Up, Over. [ibhya*?, opulent. Opi-, Opt-, Opu-. a^p, to obtain ; ibh, to accumulate ; ibha«, best ; Oper-, pr, to labor. Cfr. -spdu) ; operor, ops. Optim-. uttamas best. 255 Option. V. Pet-. [aiththau ; g. oder ; ags. other. Or. uta:C«; liortus ; goth. vaurts, aurti-yards ; og. wurz ; ng. wurzel ; ags. viirt, ort-geard. Orchestra, rach, rdj, to go, to move. Cfr. "opyjoimi-, ^opyr]aTpa. Ord-, Ortho-. urd, to measure ; rdh, to augment, to please ; ra^dh, to complete, to be right ; hrud, to collect. Cfr. "pabioq, 'opdoq ; ordo, ordlno ; pers. radah ; goth. ga-raids, raidjan, raihts ; ags. hrad, gerad ; g. hereit ; d. reeden, lereid ; fr. it. sp. sw. dan. g. ir. russ. ord-. Organ, Org-, Orig-. rdj, to be strong ; vradj, to prepare ; ratf, to work, to make ; r, to attack, to excite, to go ; u^rdja*J, effort, exertion. Cfr. "epyuvj "opyw^ov, ^opyrj; origo, urgeo, orgamim ; goth. vaurhjan ; g. d. loerk ; ags. wircan. [orno, urna. Orn-. u^rnu, to cover, to conceal ; varn, to color. Cfr. obpdvo<; ; Oro-. giri«, a hill. Cfr. "opoq) s\?i\. gora. Os-. ag, to eat. [ostrea. OsTEO-, Ostra-. asthi, a bone. Cfr. '''uffzpto'^, 'oaziov, os, osseus, Other, antara,, itara^, other, different. Cfr. "eztpo:;) alter, itero ; goth. antliar ; g. ander, oder ; ags. other; fr. autre; sp. otro. Otter. lldra*«, an other. Cfr. "udpoq, "£vodpt<;; Intra; g. d. ags. otter; sw. utter; it. loutra ; fr. loutre. v. Water. Ourano-. v. Orn-. Oust, Out. vahis, ut, out, outwards. Cfr. "en-, ultra ; goth. us, ut; g. aus ; d. uit ; ags. sw. ut; dan. ud ; fr. oter, outrager, outre. Ov-. v. Egg. Ovation, a^-vad, to celebrate. Oven, tfu^r, uf, av, to burn; agni^, lire. Cfr. no a furnace; zA-or x/?-c/?avo<7, aow; goth. a^ihns ; sw. ugn ; ags. g. ofen; d. oven. Over, upa, upari, upon, above. Cfr. 'uTzip; super, aperio ; goth. ufar; og. oha ; ags. ah-ufan ; g. ilher ; d. dan. over ; fr. ouvert. Ovine, v. Ewe. Owe, Own. ag, to receive; Vq, to possess. Cfr. "£/<^; goth. aigan ; ags. agan, agen ; dan. egen ; g. d. eigen. Owl. ulu^ca«, an owl. Cfr. 'oXoluyjidq', ululare ; ags. ula ; g. eule ; d. uil ; sw. ugla. [d. os ; sw. dan. oxe. Ox. uclan, an ox or bull. Cfr. goth. auhsa ; ags. oxa ; g. ochse ; 256 Oxy-. Qo^uq.') acf, to pervade. Oyster, v. Osteo-. Pa-, pa-', to nourish, v. Feed. Pac-. V. Peace. PacE; Pad. pat, path, pad, pas, to go, to move; pad, to heap together; pad, a foot; pathin, a road, a way. Cfr. Tzariuj, Tzdro:;, 7:id(v^, -riXa, Tzovq, Tzirotiat ; peto, pes, pedester, passas, spat tor ; it. passo ; sp. paso ; fr. j^^^f^^, pcLS, passer ; g. pass ; Pacha, Padisha. v. Bashaw. [d. pas, pad. v. Foot. Pack, Pact. v. Bag. Paed-. V. Puerile. [^paglna ; fr. page. Page, patf, to spread; pacfa*«, a side; pa,dji^, a journal. Cfr. Pail, pul, to collect. Cfr. rMXa. Paillasse. pala«, straw. Cfr. palea ; fr. paille, paillasse. Pain, pUjth, to hurt, to suffer pain ; van, to serve, to be distressed; pain, to grind ; pu^s, to punish, to pain. Cfr. r^h^oq^ r^o^joq^ T.iyrjq^ TcivoijLai'j poena, penuria ; ags. pin, pine; g. pein ; d. pijri ; fr. j^eine. [^peindre. Paint, pi^dj* (pitCte,) to dye or color. Cfr. 2^^'^9o, pictus; fr. Pair, para's, more, other, different; pr^, to fill; para^, back. Cfr. Tzapd; per, par ; sp. pg. g. sw. arm. fr.^ar; g. d. p)aar ; iv.pair. Palace. palli to adore. Cfr. pius, pietas ; sp. it. pg. pio ; fr. pieux, piete, ; it. pietd ; sp. piedad. Pig. pi^ga^, a young animal ; puccasa«, low, vile. Pigeon, (it. piccione ; fi\ pigeon.) v. Pecker. Pight, Pike. v. Peak. Pigment, v. Paint. [r.oyixaloq. Pigmy, pacf, to take or accept; (vaca^, a crane.) Cfr. r.v^; r^uyix-q) Pigno-. V. Peace. Pile,- Pil-. pil, to cast or send ; pal, to go ; pul, to collect ; pul, to be heaped up. Cfr. Vd a post; -ohrioc, tzuayj, TzJXoq-, pila, palus, palor ; g. pfahlj pfeiler ; d. paal, pijl, pijlaar ; it. sp. pila ; sp. pilar, pillar ; fr. pile, pilieVj piller. v. Pel-. Pimple, piplus, a freckle, a mark. Pincers, Pinch, (fr. pincer.) v. Piece, Peace. 260 Pine, Pinguid, pinna's, fat. Cfr. -~io^, -iru^ -, pinus ; sp. it. pino ; Pinge. V. Pay. [fr. pin. v. Pain, Pen. Pinion, Pinnate, v. Pen. Piquant, v. Peak. Pirate, v. Peir-. Pirouette, v. Vort-. [Cfr piscis; fr. dan. pisser ; g. d. pissen. Pis-, pis, pif, to go or move ; bis, vis, to throw or send, to put forth. Pist-, Pistil. V. Paste, Pest. [ags. p2/t. Pit. puta<5, a shallow concavity; pat, to fall. Qh\ puteus ; d. put; Pitch. V. Fadge, Peak. Pittance, v. Petty. [fi\ pit ie. v. Piety. Pity, pith, to feel pain or affliction; pi^da^ pity. Cfr. patior ; Pix. V. Box. [content. Cfr. placare, placere. v. Bless. Plac-. pluf, to be fond of or kind to ; pr, to satisfy, to please or Place, {^.i^latz; d. plaats ; sp. plaza ; it. piazza ; fr. place.) v. Plag-. V. Blow, Lay. [Lay, Plat-. Plaice. V. Plat-. Plain, Plan-, plu, to go. Cfr. -lavoM^ izidov, Tzsdt^oc;, planus ; sp. Plaint. V. Blow. \y^. piano ; fv. g. &w. plan. v. Pace. Plait, pli^, plu, plih, pref, to go ; prtf, to touch, to join. Cfr. fr. ■plisser ; ^.pletli; dun. /letter, v. Plec-. Plash, pluf, to be moistened, to sprinkle. Plasm, Plaster, plus, to distribute. Cfr. Tddatxa, "eij-Xaqpu'^) emplastrum ; it. impiastro ; g. pjlaster ; d. pleistre ; sw. dan. plaster ; fr. platre. Plat-. pa^tra««, a vessel, {patera.) v. Broad, Ball. Plaud-. V. Loud. Pleas-. V. Plac-. Plebeian, -Plement, Plen-, Pleo-, -Plete, Pleth-. pr^, to fill ; pul, to become great; pu^l, to collect; pu^rna«, full. Cfr. -Xyji%q', plehes, populus ; <^ot\\. fulls ; og. folc. v. Fill. Plec-, Pledge, Plex-, -Plevy, Pli- Plic-, -Plice, Plight, -Plish. prtf, prdj, (prctas) to touch, to mix. Cfr. -Aixw, tzXoxtj, dinla^ ; p)lecto, amplector, ^)//co, duplex; ags. pi Hit -an ; g. pjiielit ; d. -Plode. v. Loud. [dau.p//V/^; fr. plevje; it. piegare. v. Plait. Plot. V. Plat, Plait. Plough. plava«, leaping, jumping, tumbling. Cfr. g. pfluij ; d. ploe7j', 7'esina; Revel. V. Rap-. Revere, v. Fear. Rhetoric, ret, to speak, v. Rat-. Rheum, -Rhoea. r, to go. Cfr. 'picu, 'peu/ia, Rhin-. ri^na«!, oozing, dripping. Cfr. 'piv. Rhod-. V. Red Rib. V. Reef Rich, -Rick, ra^djyas, a government, a principality; rctha^, rictha,, wealth; rdj, to acquire, to gain or earn. Cfr. goth. reiks ; g. reich; d. rijk ; ags. ric ; sp. onco ; fr. riche. v. Reg-. Rick-. V. Ridge. Rid-. V. -Rade. [d. rijden ; ags. ridan. v. Rat-. Ride, ri^, to go; ratha^s, a carriage. Cfr. rhcda, rota; g. rciten ; Ridge, Right, Rigid, v. Reach. -Rif V. Reeve. Rigation. v. Rain. Ring. ra,g, to go. v. Career, Chord. Rif-, Rip-, Rive. v. Rap-. [fr. rite. Rite, ri^ti^, usage, practice, observance. Cfr. rifus ; it. sp. rito; River, (ar-rive.) ri^ riv, to go. Cfr. 'piio; rivus; it. riviera ; Rix-. V. Reg-. [fr. riviere. 267 Roach, V. Red. Road. V. Grad-, Ride. Roam. V. Ram-. Rob. V. Rap-. Rock. V. Crag. Rod. rudj, to hurt or injure, to bend or break, v. Radio-, Ray. Rodent, Root, -Ros-. v. -Rade, Ray. Rodo-. V. Read. Rog-. V Pray, Roil, V. Broil. Romp-. V. Ram-, Rup-. Rook. V. Crow. Rope. V. Reef. Roscid. rasas water; vrf, to sprinkle. Cfr. dpoffo^j^epdr)] ros-cidus. Rose, Rouge, v. Red. Rosin. V. Resin. Rostrum, v. Root. Rota-. V. Ride. \j'aiic7i, Jiriig ; d. ruig. Rough, ru^cf, to be harsh. Cfr. raucusy ruga ; ags. rug ; g. rauhj Round. V. Run. Roup, rap, to speak. Rout-. V. Rup-, Road, Ride, Root. Rove. V. Rab-. Row. V. Rail, Rank, Rem-. Roy-, v. Reg-. Rub-, Rud, Ruf-. v. Red. Ruck, Rug-, v. Rough. Rudder, v. Rem-. Rude, rod, to disrespect, v. Raw. [d. rouwen ; ags. reowian. Rue. ru, to roar 3 rud, to weep. Cfr. 'wpuw; rumor , rudo; g. reuen; Ruin, sru, to flow ; r, ra,v, rev, to go. Cfr. ruo, ruina ; sp. it. Rule. v. Reg-. Iruina; fr. riiine. Rumble. ra,b, to sound, to go. Cfr. it. romhare ; g. rummeln ; Ruminating, romantha,, ruminating. [d. rommelen. Rumor, v. Rue. Run. rn, ran, to go; ara„ swiftly. Cfr. goth. rinnan ; g. rennen, rinnen ; d.renne7i; a.gs. rennan. Rup-. lup, to cut, to rob. Cfr. rumpo, rup-. [ags. reosan. Rush, rf, to go; ruf, to be angry. Cfr. g. rausclien ; d. ruisclien ; Russet, Rust, Rutil-. v. Red. Rustle, ras, to sound. 268 KuT. rata,, copulation. Cfr. fr. rnt. v. Ride. Ruth. V. Rue. Rye. V. Ray, Rough. Sabre, subh, to hurt or kill. Sacchar-. v. Sugar. Sack, sag, to cover j sevacaxa',, i^iiarpo'^, d^swpia) tJieatruiiij theoria. Thee, te, with or by thee. Theo-. V. Divine. [radical. Cfr. rb'h^iii, ^im, ^'H(ji^. -Theca, Theme, Thesis, Thetic, Thew. dha^ to place; dha^tu*?, a There, dhr, to place. Therm-, v. Warm. Thin. v. Ten-. Think, v. Thought. Thir-. V. Three. Thirl. V. Ter-. [diirry dilrste ; d. dorst ; ags.^thi/rst. Thirst, trf, to thirst. Cfr. ripffo/iat ; toi'reo ; goth. thaursja ; g. This. di5, to exhibit, to explain. Cfr. g. diese ; d. deeze. v. The. Thole, dal, to pierce, to cut; dala,, a sheath; dul, to excite, to raise. Cfr. tollo ; goth. tliidan ; g. d. dulden ; ags. tliol, tholian. Thomas, dva^, two. Cfr. on a twin ; oioutioq. Thong, ta^c, to bind, to tie. Thorn, Thorough. tarunacha:;. v. Orn-. Urge. v. Org-. Urine, va^ri, water. Cfr. obpov] urina. Ursine, v. Arctic. Us. asma^n, us. [fr. user; it. usai'e. Use, Utensil, Util-. yat, yas, to persevere. Cfr. "edio-, utor, usus; Usher, if, to go. 285 Usquebaugh, v. Whiskey. UsT-. V. Ash. Usurp. V. Serp-. Uter-. v. Udder. UTmost, Utter, v. Out. (ud-i^r, to send forth.) Vac-, Yag-. vi^, vacc, va,c, vag, vadj, to go ; vahata«, an ox ; vatsa*!, a calf. Cfr. vaco, vacuum, vagus, vacca, vitula ; fr. Vacillate, vi-tfal, to vacillate. [vague, v. Ox. Vague. va^gya«, doubt. Vail, Vale, val, to cover, to surround or enclose, to go. Cfr. velo, velum, vallis, vallum, valor, valvas-, velox ; fr. voile, val; g. luall; ags. weal. [yalidus. -Vail, (pre-, a-,) Val-. bal, to live, to be strong. Cfr. vale, valeo, Van-, ven, va^tf, to go. Cfr. ^ahio ; vanus, vanesco, venio ; fr. venir. Vapor. va^rpa«, vapor. Varic-. variftha*, largest. Varnish, varn, to color, to spread or extend ; vr, to cover. Vary, vr, to select; va^ra««, a multitude. Vassal, vaga^, subdued. Vast-, vast, to devastate, to move, to kill; vyastas pervaded, spread, Cfr. vasto, vastus; ags. tvesfan ; it. guastare. Vase, Vat. vat, to surround, to speak. Cfr. vates ; d. vat ; ags.faf. Veal. V. Vac-. Vec-. V. Veh-. Ved-. V. -Vide. ['^/'•■'/^J vegeo, vigor, augeo. v. Auction. Veg-. odj, to live, to be strong ; vadj, to move, to prepare. Cfr. Veh-. vah, to carry, to convey. Cfr. veho, via, vehemens, veJiicu- lum ; goth. vegs, vigs ; g. ivagen, iceg ; it. vettura ; fr. voiture. Veil, Vel-. v. Vail. [v. Vac-. Vend, van, to transact business. Cfr. (Lvoq; veneo, vendo. Vener-. van, to serve, to honor. Cfr. ''o'^tj/h-, venero, Venus. -Vene, Veney. ven, to go, to move. v. Van-. Venge. van, (vanayati,) to injure. Cfr. vindico ; iv. venger. Vent-, va^, va^t, to go, to blow ; va^ta*?, va^ti^s, air, wind. Cfr. "aupa-, ventus, ventilo ; goth. vaia, vinds ; g. wind ; fr. ventiler. Ventr-. v. Enter, Udder. Venus, ven, to seek, to love. Ver-, -Vere. v. Guard. Veranda, varanda**, a portico. Verb, bru^, vrdh, vrt, to speak ; svar, svr, to sound. Cfr. 'spiio ; verhum; goth. vaurd ; g. ivort; ags. word. 286 Verb-, vrdh, to grow -, hari«!, harit, green. Cfr. viridis ; fr. verd. Verge, vrdj, to sliun, to avoid. Verm-, v. "Worm. Vers-, Vert-, vr, to cover, to surround ; vrt, to turn, to excel, to be fixed or stable ; vrtta,, verse, metre. Cfr. vertere, versuSj vortex; iv. environ ; goih. vairths ; g. werth ; ags. icurth. Very, bhu^ri^, much; urus, great. (A.) Vesper, divas, day; para, subsequent. Cfr. 'ear.ipa; vesper. Vessel. V. Vase. [gotb. vast I ; fr. veste. Vest, vas, to clothe; vastra^, clothes. Cfr. "bgOo^', vestis, vestio ; Vet-. vi''ta'5, gone, departed. Cfr. vefus. Veto, vad, to speak. -Vex, -Vey. (con-, de-.) v. Veh-. Vex. bhicf, to be weary or distressed. -Viate, -Vious. vi^, to go, to move. v. Way. Vibrate, vabhr, to go, to move. Vice, vif, vit, faeces, ordure. Cfr. fdeces, foeteo, vltium. Vicar, vicrtas, altered, changed. Cfr. vicarins, vice, vicissitudo. Vicinage, vitfh, to approach. [vis-. ViD-. vid, to know; bud, to perceive; i^f, vifc, to see. Cfr. video j -Vide. V. Wide. ViDUAL. V. Widow. Vig-. V. Veg-. * Vile. V. Evil, Foul. Villa, vil, to cover; vilai, a cave. Villous. V. Fleece. Vindic-. v. Venge. [y/r, virtus; goth. vair. Virago, ViR-. vi^ras powerful, robust; vi^ra^ a matron. Cfr. Virent, Virid-. v. Verd-. Viru-. vif, to pervade ; vifa«, poison. Cfr. \6q-, virus. Vis-, v. Vid-, Vicar. Ivisiter. Visit. viQ, to enter, to pervade. Cfr. viso, visito; w. gwest ; fr. Vital, vid, vrt, to be, to exist; djiv, (djiMtas) to live. Viti-. V. Vice. Vitr-. vid, to break ; vida,, manufactured salt. Vituline. v. Vac-. Vituperate, v. Tap-. Viv-. V. Vital. [fr. voyelle, voix ; it. voce, vocale ; sp. voz. Voc-, Voice, vatf, to speak. Cfr. vox, voco, vocalis, vocahulum ; Vogue. V. Vac-. 287 Void, vi, a privative particle; vid, to divide, to break. Cfr. viduus; Voiture. v. Veil-. [it. -voto ; fr. vuide. v. Wide. Vol-, val, vel, vli^, to go; vr, to choose; vi^, to desire. Cfr. volo; fr. voler, vouloir ; goth. viljan ; g. wollen ; d. willen ; ags. willan. Volcano, ul, to burn. [fr. vomir. Vomit, vam, to vomit ; vamathii«, vomiting. Cfr. "ziiiw; vomo ; Vortex, v. Vert-. Vouch, Vowel, v. Voc-. Vot-, Vow. va^t, an exclamation on making an offering of boiled butter; vat, to divide, to speak. Cfr. votus, votum ; it. sp. coto ; fr. votifj vceu. v. Wish. Voyage, vadj, to go. Cfr. ags. tcoeg ; ags. g. wer/ ; fr. voie, voyage. Vulgar, v. Fill. Vuln-. vran, to wound. Cfr. vuhius; fr. vulnerahle ; goth. vunds. Vulpine. vrca«, a wolf; valbh, to eat. Cfr. hj-o:;; lupus, vulpes ; goth. vul/s. [v. Water. Waddle, Wade, ba^d, to bathe. Cfr. vado ; g. waten ; d. loaaden. Wag-. va,g, vadj, to go. Cfr. g. wagen, hewegen ; d. waagen, betceegen ; ags. wagian, wecgian. v. Vacillate, Veil-. Wages, vetfa^, wages. Waif, Waft, vap, to sow, (in composition, to scatter), [guaiolare. Wail, hve, to call Cfr. \)oa{; vse; ags. u-a; g, weh ; it. guai, W^ain. V. Wag-. Waist, vas, to divide, v. Bust. Walk, vargh, valg, to go. Wall. v. Vail. Wallow, Waltz, v. Vol-. Wan, Wane. v. Un-, Van-, Faint. Wander, va^th, to move alone. Want. tfha,dao wish, desire, v. Wan, Wish. War. vaira^, hostility; ha^ra«!, war. Ward. V. Vers-, Ware. Ware, Warn, Warrant, vr, to screen, to choose, to prepare. Cfr. digs, tear, ware, icarnian ; g. warnen. v. Guaranty. -Wark. v. Org-. [d. warm. Warm. gharina«, heat. Cfr. Oip/ir) ; fermentumj ferveo ; goth. g. Wart, vr, to cover. Cfr. verruca ; fr. verrne ; g. loarze ; ags. weart. Was. vasati, was. Wash, ucf, vif, to sprinkle. Cfr. g. icaschen ; ags. tvsescan. Waste, v. Vast-. 288 Water. uda„ udaca,, water; uttas wet. Cfr. g. wasser ; d. wafer. Wattle, vat, to surround^ to tie. [v. Hyd-. Waul. V. Wail. Wave. V. Wag, Waif. Wax. v. Auction. Way, Weak. v. Veil- We. vaya,, we. Weal. v. -Vail. [sw. vapen. Weapon, vap, to shave, to scatter. Cfr. ags. wepn; g. d. icapen ; Weather, va^, to blow ; tra, suffix of agency, v. Ether. Weave, Web, Weft. v. Abb. Wed. vid, to marry ; u^dha*!, married. [d. waanen. Ween, ven, to reflect, to discern. Cfr. ags. tvenan ; g. louhnen ; Weet. v. Wit. Weigh, vidj, to separate or divide, to shake or tremble, v. Veh-, Wag. Well, vela^, tide, flow ; villa^, a pit. v. -Vail. Welkin, vala'^hacas a cloud. Cfr. ags. ivohj loolcen ; g. wolke. Wend. (ags. wendan.) vandi, a ladder. Werth. V. Vert-. West, vasati^s, night; asta to worship, to praise. Woo. (ags. ivogan.) va^h, to endeavor, v. Wish. Wood, iddhma^, fuel. Wool. V. Fleece. Word. V. Verb. VOL. VII. 2 M 290 Work. V. Org-. "Worm. crmi««, a worm, an insect. Cfr. vermis; ags. wyrm; g. wurm ; d. ivorm. "Worse, Worth, v. Vers-. Wor-ship, Wr-. v. "Ver-. Wort. V. Orchard. Wot. V. Wis. Wound. vUjdh, to hurt or injure. Cfr. g. ivunde; d. wond ; ags. wund. Wrath. V. Irate. Wreath, v. Vert-. Wreck, v. Bray. Wrench, Wretch, Wriggle, Wrinkle, vrtf, vrdj, to quit, to shun -, vrdjanas crooked, wicked. Wrestle, Write, Writhe, Wry. v. Vers-. Wright. V. Work. Wurzel. V. Orchard. Yacht, Yager, ya^, to go. Yak. V. Ox. Yard. v. Garden. Yawn. V. Chasm. Ye. V. You. Yean. v. Gen-. Year, i^r, to go; va^ra,, a time. Cfr. zcnd. f/dre ; g. jalir ; d. jaar ; ags. gear. Yearn, v. Earnest. Yeast, (ags. gist.) v. Gas. Yell. (ags. gyllan.') v. Call. Yelk, Yellow, djval, to shine, to flame ; gaura^ white, pale red, yellow, gold. Cfr. gilvus, he.hiis ; ags. gealeiv ; g. gelb ; d. geel ; nor. Jaulne ; £r. Jamie ; it. giallo ; sip. Jalde. Yelp, djalp, to speak, to prattle. Cfr. ags. gealpan ; dan. gylpcr. Yeoman, v. Common. Yes, Yea. v. Aye. Yester-. hyas, yesterday. Cfr. y/^i^) 1 tester mis ; goth. gistra; g. gestern ; d. gisteren ; a<^s. gf/stern. Yet. yat, since, wherefore. Yoke, yudj, (yucta««,) to join; yugas a yoke. Cfr. :oy6v, Uoy, jugumjung-jux-; goth. Juk; g. Joch ; d.juk; ags. geoc ; it. giogo; sip. yugo ; iv.joug. 291 Yolk. V. Yellow. Yoa. yu^ya,, you. Young, Youth, yuvan, yu^ni^, young. Qfv. juvenis, junior ; goth. ji^gg^'^ ^'jung; d.jong; ags. geong ; fi\ jeune. Zeal, gol, to run. Zeugma, Zygo-. v. Yoke. Zocco. V. Sock. ERRATA. For f and j, wherever they may occur, read f, J. In the Greek font, the character used for a final sigma, is q. In the Hebrew font, the following letters are somewhat pzecZ ; "] 1 ^; 1 y, □ D. The dots in r, r^, and other letters, are sometimes omitted. Page 13, line 26, for ^2i<, read ii'jx. 24, (( 13, ^^ >U*i, read ;n-i. 28, a 39, '' nop read njp. 35, u 14, ins !ert a comma after '^family." 45, i( 7, for ds^iozj read dt^toq. 45, li 30, ^^ divus, read cllrus. 54, a 13, " Fend-, read Feud-. 60, (( 3, " pain, read pair. 63, a 15, - gvens, read qvens. 65, i( 29, insert hi.d, to go, to move. 76, i( 8, for ' miracalum, read miraculum. 76, a 40, " Sepho-, read Sopho-. 78, i( 9, - g. naakt, read d. naakt. 80, li 19, ^^ ol3a, read olda. 81, i< 25, '^ other, read otter. 83, Cl 41, " piguus, resid 2^ i'gmis. 89, u 40, " Qaadr-, read Quadr-. 90, u 22, " Qviver, read Quiver. 96, a 5, - Scabble, read Scrabble. 96, a 28, ^' "e!^ajrj.ac, read "s^o/iac. 101, a 15, - Snade, read Suade. 104, a 19, ^' Snav-, read Suav-. 292 (Continued from p. 176.) Another exactly similar retort-house, standing within ninety feet of the one destroyed, as well as several smaller buildings around, was left comparatively uninjured. The conjecture was ventured that the waves of the gust may have corre- sponded in time with the normal vibrations of a roof of that particular shape and area. Upon this possibility, when the building is reconstructed, such isochronous vibrations will be guarded against by a lattice-work of horizontal braces from wall to wall, at an angle of forty-five degrees from end to end of the building, stiffened by girders. In attempting to escape, two of the workmen were killed ; the rest, paralyzed by terror, crouched on the floor, and were all saved. The building fell forward, in the direction of the wind, the roof falling partly outside of the fallen walls. Professor Cresson contrasted those narrow, vortical, undulatory meteors which prove so destruc- tive when they traverse the American forest. Mr. Lesley described the Medford (Mass.) storm of 1851, in which the undulation of the tornado was rendered visible from each side of its track by the column of mud which it absorbed and held suspended in the air. The minutes of the Board of Ofiicers and Members of Council were read; and, on motion of Prof. Cresson, the resolution, recommended for the adoption of the Society, was discussed, and, on motion of Judge King, postponed to the next meeting. Pending nomination, No. 397, was read. The chairman of the Committee on the Hall reported the selection and purchase of a carpet, and moved that the com- mittee have authority granted them to renovate the principal room of the Society and the Librarian's room, which was granted. On motion of Mr. Fraley, the Librarian was authorized to comply with the request of the Librarian of the Toronto Uni- versity, and furnish Nos. of the Proceedings from No. 59 on- ward, and place the Toronto University upon the list of Cor- responding Societies. And the Society adjourned. 293 Stated Meeting, March 2, 1860. Present, twenty members. Professor Cresson, Vice-President, in the Chair. Mr. Aubrey H. Smith, a newly-elected member, was pre- sented, and took his seat. Letters were read from the Public Library at Boston, acknowledging the reception of Part 2, Vol. xi of the Trans- actions, and from W. Polman, of the University of New York, which was referred to the Librarian, with power to take order. The following donations for the Library were announced : — Ann. Rep. (8th) Free Pub. Lib. New Bedford. — From the Trustees. African Repository, xxxvi, No. 2. — From Amer. Col. JSoc. Proc. Acad. N. S. Philada. 1860. Sig. 1. — From the Academi/. Monthly Notices R. Astron. Soc. xx, No. 3. — From the Society. Astronomical Journal, Cambridge, Mass. vi, xi. — From the Editor. Hayes's Arctic Boat Journey. Boston, 1860. 8vo. — From the Author. Report Supt. U. S. Coast Survey for 1858. 4to. — From the Supt. Hallowell (Edward). Mr. Foulke announced the death of Dr. Edward Hallowell, a member of the Society, who died February 20, 1800, ^et. 51 ; and, on motion of Judge Shars- wood, Mr. Foulke was appointed to prepare an obituary notice of the deceased. Mr. Lesley drew the attention of the members present to the geological account of the Arctic Archipelago, affixed by the Rev. Samuel Haughton, President of the Geological So- ciety of Dublin, to Capt. McClintock's Narrative. The coal measures of the extreme north land of America are therein described as older than the carboniferous formation ; as suc- ceeding the upper silurian limestones ; containing numerous beds of highly bituminous coal, with one fossil shell, — the Atrypa fallax of the carboniferous shale of Ireland ; finally, as overlaid by a series of blue limestone beds full of charac- teristic carboniferous marine shells, among which occurs the 294 Terebratula aspera (Schlotlieim) of the Eifel. President Haughton says, " It is therefore highly probable that the coal- beds of Melville Island are very low do\Yn in the series, and do not correspond in geological position with the coal-beds of Europe, which rest on the summit of the carboniferous beds." The coal itself in some respects resembles some of the gas-coals of Scotland, w^hich form a system older than that of the South Welsh coals. The corals, collected apparently from the same beds, are a curious mixture of silurian and carboniferous types. " The same blending of corals has been found in Ireland, the Bas Boulonnais, and in Devonshire." He concludes by saying, "I do not believe in the lapse of a long interval of time be- tween the silurian and carboniferous deposits, — in fact, in a Devonian period." Mr. Lesley described the subconglomeritic or false coal measures, first recognized stratigraphically by Dr. R. M. S. Jackson in Northwestern Virginia, in 1841, and botanically by Leo Lesquereux, in 1851 ; the system being best developed in Wythe and Montgomery Counties in Southern Virginia, in Southeastern Kentucky, and in Nova Scotia. He considered it probable that this earlier carboniferous era, illustrated in Ireland, Scotland, and elsewhere further east by workable coal- beds, would determine the age of the Arctic coal-field. The carbonaceous slate deposit of the lowest Devonian rocks, such as have been searched for coal in Perry and Juniata Counties, Pennsylvania, and have actually yielded thin coal-seams in Western New York, may better represent the German De- vonian coal-measures. Stated Meeting, March 16, 18G0. Present, sixteen members. President Dr. Wood, in the Chair. Letters were read from the Oberlausitzischen Gesellschaft, dated Giirlitz, Dec. 21, 1859, requesting information; from 295 the Chicago Historical Society, dated February 29, 1860, desiring to form and sustain friendly relations with the So- ciety ; and from the Editor of the Gas Light Journal, dated New York, March 13, 1860, offering to sell a printing press, said to be the one on which Benjamin Franklin worked when a boy of fourteen years of age. On motion of Mr. Fraley, the offer was declined. On motion of Dr. Bache, the Chicago Historical Society was placed on the list of corresponding so- cieties. The following donations for the Library were announced : — Reinwald's Catalog. Annuel. Vol. ii. Paris, 1859. — From the Autlior. Bulletin Soc. Geog. Paris, xvii. Jan. to June, 1859. — From the So. Robinson^s Armagh Cat. of 5345 Stars. 8vo. 1859. — From the Aut. Cat. of Printed Books of N. Y. Hist. S. Lib. 8vo. l^b^.—From So. Journal of the Franklin Institute, No, 411. — From the Institute. Mayor Henry's 2d An. Mes. Phil. I860.— i^/'om City Councils, African Repository. March, 1860. — From Amer. Col. Society. Saggio di Bitterologia Messicana di Luigi Bellardi. Part 1. 4to. Torino, 1859. — From the Author. Mr. Lea read a letter from Dr. James Lewis, of Mohawk, N. Y., accompanied by drawings descriptive of a self-register- ing thermometer, registering on a fillet of paper, with a prick- ing point, at intervals as short as fifteen minutes if desired. REGISTERING THERMOMETER. BY JAMES LEWIS, MOHAWK, N. Y. The apparatus, for convenience of description, may be di- vided into three parts. First. The Thermometer, consisting of a bundle of iron and brass wires (No. 13 wire measure), which bundle comprises, within a length of about 15 inches, the equivalent of about 45 inches of iron wire antagonized by an equal length of brass wire. These wires are arranged around a centre, instead of being placed in alternate pairs each side of a centre, for the purpose of making each individual wire contribute its share of stiffness to the stiffness of the whole bundle ; also for the purpose of giving equal rigidity to the circular plates which 296 connect the wires at their extremities, so as to avoid as much as possible the elasticity which is being constantly multiplied by arranging the rods at unequal distances from the centre in a straight line each side of the centre. The whole number of rods or wires in the bundle is eleven, six of these (in three pairs) are iron, and on these the force of compression is exerted. The force of extension is applied to four brass wires (two pairs), arranged alternately with the iron wires around the centre, and also to a single brass wire in the centre (which single brass wire is the equivalent of a pair). It will be seen that the above arrangement makes the first pair of iron rods form the base of the Thermometer, and the last (single) brass wire the terminus. The base of the bundle of rods is secured against a proper foundation in a pendant position : on this foundation is placed the support for the fulcrum of a very strong lever, bearing on knife edges. The short arm of the lever is connected with the central brass wire of the bundle, and multiplies the differ- ence of the rates of expansion of the two metals composing it eight times ; a second lever still further repeats this five times. The long arm of the second lever, by means of a chain (made of flat links and rivets), communicates movements to a pulley resting on friction wheels, which pulley is made in two parts, one of which is eight times larger than the other (allowance being made for the semi-diameter of the chain on the smaller portion of the pulley). A slender silk cord runs over the larger part of the pulley and sustains a delicate weight, which is guided between two slender parallel rods (brass wire No. 32 wire measure), which parallel rods are kept in tension by means of springs. The above comprehends the essential features of the Ther- mometer. All the parts should be constructed with as much nicety of adjustment as a fine watch, and with the exception of the two metals in the rods, and perhaps the knife edges and shafts or pivots of the friction wheels, the whole work should be of brass, of a uniform quality and temper as near (Continued on page 316.) 297 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF THE LATE THOMAS NUTTALL. Thomas Nuttall, an Englishman by birth, but an Ame- rican by his scientific labors and reputation, was born in 1786, in the market-town of Settle, in the West-Riding of York- shire, of parents apparently in humble circumstances. At an early age, and scarcely possessing anything more than the rudiments of education, he was apprenticed to the printing business, either in his native town or in the city of Liverpool, where he had an uncle engaged in the same occupation. Nuttall resided several years in Liverpool, working as a mere journeyman printer. A misunderstanding with his rela- tive, upon whom he was somewhat dependent, induced him to leave that city and go to London in search of employment. There he met with troubles and pecuniary embarrassments, being sometimes, as he has related himself, so destitute of money as to be uncertain, on going to bed, where he would get his breakfast next morning. A love of the natural sciences, he said, — and perhaps also a hope to improve his position in the world, — brought him to the United States in 1808, when only twenty-two years of age. Young Nuttall was endowed with a strong, clear intellect ; his mind was of a meditative cast, and his thoughts were more particularly bent towards the contemplation of the great works of Nature, which became the objects of his investigations for the remainder of his life. Those who remember him, at the period of his arrival in Philadelphia, speak of him as being already a well-informed young man, possessing the language and history of his country, and somewhat familiar with some branches of natural history, and even with Latin and Greek. Such an acquisition of knowledge in a youth of twenty-two, who, at a tender age, had been removed from the benches of a village school to be apprenticed to a mechanical occupation, VOL. VII. — 2 N 298 calls forth the natural inquiry, " How did that young man find time to study?" The inference may justly be this: his hours of rest from labor, his hours of recreation and sleep were diligently employed in the pursuit of knowledge. Nay, at the very printing-case do we fancy to see him carrying books and stealthily devouring their pages. These studious habits, which elevated him finally to the high rank he attained in sciences, followed him throughout his long career. When, in 1824, Prof. Torrey was preparing for publication his Flora of the Northern and Middle States, which he dedicated to his friend Thomas Nuttall, with high compliments, the printer who was engaged upon it asked the Professor who was that Nuttall so frequently referred to in his work, adding that he had once worked with a printer of that name, who spent the greatest part of his time in reading books, and he would not be surprised if he w^ere the same man. Prof. Torrey rejoined, " that his surmise was correct ; the printer of former times had proved a most arduous laborer in the field of science, and was now a distinguished botanist, and an officer of one of the first scientific institutions of the country." Nuttall landed at Philadelphia in the spring of 1808. "In the ship Halcyon," does he say, emphatically, in the beautiful preface to his Sylva, '^' I arrived at the shores of the New World ; and after a boisterous and dangerous passage, our dismasted vessel entered the Capes of the Delaware, in the month of April. The beautiful robing of forest scenery, now bursting into vernal life, was exchanged for the monotony of the dreary ocean and the sad sickness of the sea. As we sailed up the Delaware my eyes were riveted on the land- scape with intense admiration. All was new ; and life, like that season, was then full of hope and enthusiasm ; the fo- rests, apparently unbroken in their primeval solitude and re- pose, spread themselves on either hand as we passed placidly along. The extending vista of dark pines gave an air of deep sadness to the wilderness. The deer, brought to bay and plunging into the flood from the pursuit of the Indian, 299 alone seemed wanting, to realize the savage landscape as it appeared to the first settlers of this country." That Nuttall had already devoted himself to the study of some branches of natural history, cannot be doubted. Minera- logy seems to have been his earliest and favorite study; but as to Botany, in which he has acquired his great reputation, it is evident, from the following anecdote, related by himself, that he was totally ignorant of its first principles. The morning after his arrival in Philadelphia, anxious to see the surround- ing country, he crossed the High Street Bridge, and walked along the Lancaster Turnpike. In a marshy ground by the road his attention was attracted to a spot where a common Greenbrier [Smilax Rotundifolia) was creeping up a tree. Egad ! said he to himself, there is a Passion-Flower ; and he plucked some branches of it, which he brought home for inquiry. Ilis fellow-boarders could not satisfy him, but re- ferred him to a certain Professor Barton, a great botanist, whose residence was near at hand. Nuttall, without loss of time, and with the branch of the presumed Passion-Flower in his hand, called on Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton, and this first visit decided his vocation to the worship of Flora, to whose shrine he remained devoted to the last day of his life. Prof. Barton received Nuttall with his usual politeness ; and struck with the intellectual countenance of the young man, he invited him to a scat, and entered into conversation with him, pointing out the difference between the two genera, Smilax and Passiflora ; and beginning a dissertation upon the principles of Botany, and the infinite pleasure which this beautiful science aff'orded to its votaries. Nuttall, on taking leave of the Professor, felt deeply impressed Avith the words that had fallen from his lips, and from that moment he de- termined to apply himself to the study of plants. An intimacy between those two remarkable men was thus the consequence of a great botanical mistake in the future eminent botanist and great explorer of the North American Flora. It was then early in the spring of the year, and during the whole season of flowers, our enthusiastic young naturalist rambled over the neighboring fields, bringing his 300 treasures to his friend and patron, studying them with him, and preparing them for the herbarium. His earliest botani- cal excursions out of the vicinity of Philadelphia were in the lower part of the peninsula, between the Delaware and Chesa- peake, and subsequently on the coast of Virginia and North Carolina. So zealous was he in the pursuit of his vocation, that he was deterred by no trifles. At the season of the year when, in the Southern swamps, the musquitoes were very nu- merous, and had made such an impression upon his face and hands as, unconsciously to himself, to give him the appear- ance of a man attacked with small-pox, upon approaching a habitation he was refused admittance by the people of the house, and with difficulty could he persuade them that he was only bitten by insects. On his return from those explorations, he made the ac- quaintance of Mr. John Bradbury, a Scotch naturalist, who had come to America for the purpose of visiting the interior of the country, and to collect new objects of natural history. Nuttall, with eagerness, embraced this opportunity to gratify his ardent desire for distant travelling, and his passion for the study of Nature ; he offered to accompany Bradbury, and his request was accepted. They started together from St. Louis with a party of traders and hunters, on the 31st of December, 1809, less than two years after his arrival in this country. They crossed the Kansas and Platte rivers, passed through different Indian tribes, reached the Mandan villages, where Lewis and Clarke had spent the winter of 1804 and 5, ascended still higher the Missouri River, and returned, after having experienced the greatest fatigues and dangers. They were pursued and robbed by the Indians, and Bradbury fell into their hands, and was very near being massacred by them ; he only saved his life by taking his watch to pieces, and distributing the works among them as trinkets. As to Nuttall, overcome by fatigue and hunger, driven to despair in the midst of the wilderness, and unable to go a step farther, he laid himself down with resignation, and would inevitably have died, had he not been found by a friendly Indian, who 301 placed him in his canoe and rowed him down the Missouri River to the first settlements of the white men. Nuttall returned to Philadelphia from this journey up the Missouri, in the beginning of 1811, bringing with him ample treasures of plants, seeds, minerals, and other objects of natural history. For eight consecutive years, he remained settled in our city, occupying his summer months in botanical excursions to the banks of the Ohio, through the dark forests and brakes of the Mississippi, to the distant lakes of the northern frontier, through the wilds of Florida, &c. During the inclement season, he employed his time in studying his collections, and preparing his materials for his admirable work, " The Grenera of tJie North American Plants.''' Naturally reserved, little fond of company, and absorbed by his studies, his circle of acquaintance was very limited. Professor Barton, Messrs. Zaccheus Collins, Reuben Haines, Correa de Serra, a few other devotees of science, and three or four families of Philadelphia and Germantown, were the only persons whom he visited. To them he frequently spoke of his mother and a favorite sister, for whom he expressed great tenderness ; otherwise, his habitual intercourse was with the principal horticulturists of the vicinity, with William Bar- tram, Col. Carr, with McMahon, to whom he dedicated his genus 3Iaho7iia, and others. The seeds of the numerous new species of plants, which he had brought with him from his explorations, he raised himself, and cultivated in their con- servatories, with the view to study them more accurately, and distribute them to correspondents at home and abroad. He visited them alternately, spending sometimes with them several days at once. Col. Carr, the only surviving member of these old horticulturists, tells me that Mr. Nuttall had a room expressly reserved for him at his house, called NuttalVs room, which he occupied occasionally for a whole week. In 1817, Mr. Nuttall, already a fellow of the London Linnean Society, was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society, and corresponding member of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. This double election placed him at once in contact with the learned com- 302 munity and elite of the Philadelphia circles. He began, at that time, to publish scientific essays in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences : — 1st, Observa- tions on the genus Eriogonum^ and oi^der Polygonacece ; 2d, An account of ttvo new genera of Plants ; of a species of Tillea^ and another of Limosella, recently discovered on the banks of the Delaware, in the vici7iity of Philadelphia. 3d, Description of Collinsia, a new genus of Plants, dedicated to his friend and patron, Z. Collins. The Genera of the North American Plants was published the ensuing year, 1818, in two vols. 12mo. Upon this work, principally, stands the reputation of Mr. Nuttall, as a pro- found botanist. Professor Torrey, in the preface to his Flora, justly remarks, " that it has contributed, more than any other work, to the advance of the accurate knowledge of the plants of this country." It is well known that he set up himself the best part of the types, and such was his accuracy in type composition, that some parts of his work were set up without a single error, and others, even without copy, reduced to writing. Mr. Nuttall had long entertained the idea of visiting the regions of the Arkansas as a fresh field of exploration, pro- mising to afford him an abundant harvest of new and interest- ing materials. In this enterprise he was assisted by Messrs. Correa de Serra, Z. Collins, Wm. Maclure, and John Vaughan, who procured him the means to perform this distant and hazardous journey. He left Philadelphia on the 2d of October, 1818, and pass- ing through Pittsburg, and down the Ohio and Mississippi, arrived at the mouth of the Arkansas River, on the 13th of January. He reached the post of Arkansas on the 22d fol- lowing, and Fort Bcllcpoint on the 24th of April. There he left the river Arkansas to ascend on foot the Pottoe, one of its tributaries, and, with Major Bradford and a company of U. S. soldiers, he proceeded across the wilderness to the con- fluence of the Kiameska and Red Rivers. Hence he returned to the garrison of Bellepoint with abundant collections. Having there obtained accommodation in the boat of a gentle- 303 man, proceeding to a trading establishment at the confluence of the Verdigris River, one hundred and thirty miles distant, he ascended again the Arkansas up to the Grand River, and made an excursion to the Osage salt-works. On his return to the trading establishment of the Verdigris, he set out again on foot to the Salt Lake River, the western limit of his journey. It was then the middle of August ; the heat was excessive ; but could not abate the unconquerable ardor of our explorer. At last, wearied by long and difficult marches, under the rays of a burning sun, suffering from thirst, insufficient food, as well as from exposure to the night dews ; being, moreover, harassed by the necessity of constant vigilance, to avoid being entrapped by the neighboring Indians, his constitution sunk under so many trials of body and mind. He was seized with violent fever, among the Osage tribe, from whose treach- ery and dishonesty he experienced both losses of effects and perils of life, and was long deprived of the pleasures of his usual excursions. He finally succeeded, with much trouble and sufferings, in reaching the garrison of Bellepoint, where he remained sick until the 16th of October, when he started again to visit the hot springs of Washita. On the 3d of No- vember following, he arrived at Fort Pecannerie, now Lewis- burg, on his way home, and reached New Orleans on the 18th of February, 1820, his constitution much impaired. Thus did Nuttall, in his enthusiastic love of science, perform, in the space of sixteen months, an arduous and perilous journey of more than five thousand miles, mainly over a country never visited before by scientific explorers, and still in the undis- puted possession of the wikl Indian. Mr. Nuttall had returned to his old quarters in Phila- delphia, early in the spring of 1820. AVith his usual activity and perseverance, he went immediately to work, arranging his Arkansas collections, and preparing the narrative of his journey, which he published the following year, under the title of. Journey into the hiterior of Arkansas in 1818 and 1819, with an Appendix, consisting, — 1st, of An Account of the ancient aboriginal Population of the Banks of the Missis- 304 sippi; 2d, A History of the Watches ; 3d, Observations on the OhicJcasaws and Ohoctaws ; 4th, 3Ieteorological Observations. From 1820 to 1822, he contributed the followmg memoirs to the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences : — A G-eo- grai^hical Description of the Valley of the Mississippi. De- scriptions of rare Plants recently introduced into the Crardens of Philadelphia. Observations on the genus Orysopsis. Re- marks on the Species of Corallorhiza indigenous to the United States. On the Serpentine Rocks of Hoboken^ ayid the Minerals tvhich they contain. About the same time, he was also en- gaged in mineralogical studies, with some rude attempts at chemical analysis ; and in delivering lectures on Botany to classes of young men. His style of lecturing was not remark- able for its eloquence, but he always succeeded in inspiring his pupils with his warmth and passion for his favorite science. At the end of 1822, Mr. Nuttall was called to Cambridge, to fill, in the Harvard University, the place of the late Mr. Peck. He was not elected Professor of Natural History, but simply appointed Curator of the Botanic Garden, the fund of the Massachusetts Professorship of Natural History being insufficient for the support of a professor. Mr. Nuttall had consequently but light duties of instruction assigned to him. He delivered only occasional lectures on Botany to the stu- dents and residents of Cambridge ; his time was almost ex- clusively devoted to the culture of rare plants and to his favorite studies, mineralogy and ornithology included. While at Cambridge, Mr. Nuttall led very much the same retired life that he had done in Philadelphia ; he made few acquaint- ances, and the late Mr. James Brown was, perhaps, his only intimate friend. The house which he then occupied, and which is now the present habitation of the Professor of Botany, retains yet traces of some ingenious arrangements to favor his recluse habits. During the first six or seven years of his residence in Cambridge, Mr. Nuttall paid a visit to Philadelphia in com- pany with several gentlemen of Boston, on their way to the coal and iron districts of Pennsylvania. Joined by Dr. Pick- ering, they proceeded to Pottsville ; hence over the mountains 305 to the Susquehanna, and up its west branch as far as the crossing of the Alleghany ridge. Mr. Nuttall, aware that he was doing little for science, did not relish much his residence at Cambridge ; he used to say- that he was only vegetating, like his own plants. At last, his friend, Mr. Brown, induced him to write a work on Orni- thology, a science which he had been cultivating almost since his arrival in this country. He set to work with great zeal, and, in 1832, produced his " Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and Canada.'' That work, framed on Temminck's admirable treatise on European Ornithology, was published at Cambridge, in two volumes of about six hundred pages each, illustrated by excellent wood-cuts. It is written in elegant and graceful language, and is a production very creditable to Mr. Nuttall, and an evidence of the energy and perseverance with which he could apply himself, almost simul- taneously, to the study of several branches of natural sciences. About the same time, appeared his ^^Introduction to Sys- tematic and Physiological Botany^'' a rare little book, which was favorably reviewed in Silliman's Journal. During his residence at Cambridge, he also published in the above journal the following papers, viz. : " A Catalogue of Plants from Florida;'' '^ Remarks on the Minerals of Paterson and Sparta^ Neiv Jersey ;" and his '''Reply to Mr, Seyhert." In the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, his " Re- marks and Inquiries concerning the Birds of Massachusetts." In the Transactions of the Philosophical Society, '•'A De- scription of a new Species of Sarracenia." And in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences, " An Account of the Jalap Plant as an Ipomoea," appended to a paper on the subject by Dr. R. Cox. Towards the beginning of 1833, Mr. Nuttall returned to Philadelphia, bringing with him a collection of plants gath- ered by Capt. Wyeth, during a journey overland to the Pacific. Capt. Wyeth was soon to start on a second expedi- tion, and Nuttall had decided to accompany him ; but, not succeeding in obtaining a prolonged leave of absence from the college authorities at Cambridge to perform this long VOL. VII. — 2 o 306 journey, he concluded to resign his office of Curator of the Botanic Garden. During his short residence in our city, preparatory to his arduous journey across the continent, he was assiduously engaged at the Academy of Natural Sciences, studying Capt. Wyeth's plants, and preparing his memoir on those which he had collected himself in the interior of Ar- kansas. The result of these labors was the publication of several valuable papers in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences: 1st. '^ A Catalogue of Plants collected cliiefly in the Valleys of the Rocky Mou7itains, towards the source of the Columbia River, by Nathan B. Wyeth.'' 2d. " Collections toivards a Flora of the Territory of Arkansas.'' 3d. '''Descriptions of some of the Rarer Plants indigenous to the United States." Indeed, Mr. Nuttall was a most indefatigable laborer in the domain of science. From morning until night, he was seen working in the Academy, scarcely ever leaving his task to attend to his meals. There, at that time, I made the ac- quaintance of the great American botanist, — I say American, because no other name could be given to him, his reputation belonging to this continent, as he has specially been the illustrator of the North American Flora, and of no other. His appearance and manner made a lasting impression upon those who approached him. He was a remarkable- looking man: his head was very large, bald, and bore the marks of a vigorous intellect ; his forehead expansive, but his features diminutive, with a small nose, thin lips, and round chin, and with gray eyes under fleshy eyebrows. His com- plexion was fair, and sometimes very pale from hard labor and want of exercise. His height was above the middle ; his person stout, with a slight stoop ; and his walk peculiar and mincing, resembling that of an Indian. Nuttall was naturally shy and reserved in his manners in general society, but not so with those who knew him well. If silent or perhaps morose in the presence of those for whom he felt a sort of antipathy, yet, when with congenial companions, he was affable and courteous, communicative and agreeable. From long solitary study, the cast of his mind was contem- 307 plative and abstracted ; but when doubts and difficulties were solved, he was apparently light and buoyant. *' At the con- clusion of a piece of work," says one who has been most intimate with him, " I have seen him rise from his chair, approach the stove, and, in his own peculiar way, put his hands behind his back, and, for an hour or two, pour forth a torrent of narrative and scientific facts on which was the cast of his own philosophical thoughts and conclusions. I have frequently seen him in social circles, when he was the delight of the company, from his cheerful and natural replies to all interrogatories, and his voluntary details upon the subject of his travels and adventures."''' I may be permitted here to relate a few anecdotes charac- teristic of the great naturalist. In one of his solitary excur- sions in the wilderness Nuttall got lost, and not returning, the party did not wait for him, but resumed their march, sending out some friendly Indians to look for him and conduct him upon his journey to rejoin the company. The Indians per- formed their duty faithfully. Looking upon him, however, as a great medicine man, they were afraid to approach him. They therefore surrounded him, and kept at a respectful dis- tance. Nuttall was soon aware that he was watched by sa- vages, and not knowing their character, whether friends or foes, he was in the greatest state of alarm. From all he had already experienced at their hands, he had the utmost horror of the Indians. Therefore hiding himself, and taking advan- tage of every ravine, every tree and bush, he succeeded in regaining the track of the caravan, which he followed for three days without food or sleep, when, to his infinite delight, he overtook it and was relieved from his anxieties. On another occasion Nuttall was rambling in the vicinity of the camp, when a band of Indians, apparently hostile, made its appearance. The alarm was immediately given, with orders to arm and be ready for the expected attack ; but Nuttall was not among them. A friend, uneasy about him, ran in search '•" This delineation of Mr. Nuttall's person and character has been fur- nished to me by Prof. Carson, to whom, as well as to Dr. Pickering, Mr. Lea, and other friends, I owe many of the details herein mentioned. 308 of him in the direction he had taken. It was not long before he perceived the great naturalist, at some distance, quietly occupied in examining a plant. He hailed him, with signs to return quickly. " We are going to have a brush with the Indians," said he, '^is your gun in good order ?" Alas ! the gun had been freely used to uproot plants, and was filled with gravel to the muzzle. Had Nuttall used it in this condition, it would inevitably have burst in his hands and killed or wounded him severely. In crossing over the Rocky Mountains the caravan sepa- rated in two parties, each following a different route and having rendezvous at Fort Hall. One of the parties had the good fortune to meet with plenty of buffalo cows, upon which they freely feasted and became fat. The other, on the con- trary, to which Nuttall belonged, suffered much from fatigue, and scarcely found anything to eat except a few lean grizzly bears. On arriving at Fort Hall, Nuttall had lost so much flesh that his old companions could scarcely recognize him ; and upon one of them expressing his surprise at the great change in his appearance, he heaved a sigh of inanition, and retorted : "Yes, indeed, you would have been just as thin as myself, if, like me, you had lived for two weeks upon old Ephraim (grizzly bear), and on short allowance of that too!" Mr. Dana, in his book "Two Years Before the Mast," re- lates an amusing anecdote of Nuttall, who was a passenger on board the same vessel. While opposite Cape Horn, and close to the land, his passion for flowers revived at once, and he entreated the captain to be put ashore, that he might make acquaintance with the vegetation of this dreary spot. The wind was then blowing furiously, and the vessel surrounded with icebergs and in danger of being wrecked. Still, Nuttall, undaunted by any circumstance, insisted upon being landed, even for a few hours. His request, of course, was sternly refused by the captain, to the great disappointment and dis- pleasure of our naturalist, who could not conceive such an indifference for the cause of science in a seafaring man. Nuttall was excessively economical in his habits and care- less about his dress ; none of his Philadelphia friends, I be- 309 lieve, ever knew where he resided, nor in what manner he lived. The profession of savant is not a very profitable one, yet with the few opportunities he had to advance his interest, he had succeeded, through the most strict saving, in laying aside a competency for his old age, even had he not inherited the estate of Nutgrove. He once travelled on foot to Westches- ter in his usual travelling dress, carrying his provisions with him, and a basket of minerals which he intended exchanging for Westchester specimens. Without stopping at any hotel, he visited the mineralogists of the place, and having accom- plished his object, the gentleman with whom he had made exchanges, asked him where he would send the package, and what direction he would put on it ? Nuttall answered simply to write Thomas Nuttall, and he would call himself for it. At this name, so well known by scientific men, the gentleman retorted, ''Any relation, sir, to the great botanist?" "I believe, himself," said Nuttall. Upon this he was cordially invited to a more tempting dinner than that he was carrying in his basket. At last the time appointed for the departure of Captain Wyeth's expedition was at hand, and Nuttall bade adieu to his Philadelphia friends. He was accompanied by Mr. John K. Townsend, a young naturalist who was sent out on the joint account of the Philosophical Society and of the Academy of Natural Sciences. The expedition was undertaken by the Columbia Fishing and Trading Company, for the purpose chiefly of establishing trading-posts beyond the Rocky Moun- tains and on the coast of the Pacific. Capt. Wyeth had col- lected at St. Louis and Independence a party of men to cross the continent, and this party Messrs. Nuttall and Townsend joined at St. Louis on the 24th of March, 1834. On the 29th following, they both started on foot from the capital of Missouri, arrived at Fulton on the 6th of April, and at Brownville on the 8th. There they were joined by Capt. Wyeth, and embarked with him on a steamer for Independence, where the whole party had rendezvoused. " On the 28th of April," says Mr. Townsend, " at 10 o'clock in the morning, our caravan, consist- 310 ing of seventy men and two hundred and fifty horses, began its march. Capt. Wyeth and Milton Sublette took the lead, Mr. Nuttall and myself beside them ; then the men in double file, each leading with a line two horses heavily laden ; Capt. Thing (Wyeth's assistant) brought up the rear ; then the band of missionaries, with their horned cattle, rode along the flanks, and they proceeded over ' Vast savannas, where the wandering eye, Unfixt, is in a verdant ocean lost,' across the arid plains of the far West, beyond the steppes of the Rocky Mountains, down to the Oregon, and to the ex- tended shores of the Pacific." I shall not follow our bold adventurers in their long and perilous journey, so well described in Mr. Townsend's narra- tive.* They successively crossed interminable green plains and great sandy wastes, grassy glades and black hills, high mountains and delightful valleys, along refreshing streams ; sufi'ering from fatigue, thirst, and hunger ; tormented by gnats, constantly alive to the danger of the short rattlesnake of the prairies, of the grizzly bear, that formidable inhabitant of the mountain, and withal to the arrow and tomahawk of the sa- vage and treacherous Indian, always prowling about the white men's caravans to steal or murder. But what's all that, if our naturalists can gather the harvest of the cherished objects of their explorations ? " To me," said Mr. Nuttall, '' hard- ships and privations are cheaply purchased, if I may but roam over the wild domain of primeval Nature, and behold ' Another Flora there, of bolder hues, And richer sweets, beyond our garden's pride.' How often did I realize the poet's buoyant hopes amidst my solitary rambles. My chief converse has been in the wilder- ness w^ith the spontaneous productions of Nature ; and the study of these objects and their contemplation have been to me a source of constant delight." * Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River, &c. Philadelphia, 1839. 311 On the 3d of September, they came in view of the noble Columbia River; they descended its course partly on foot, partly in canoes, and stepped on shore at Fort Vancouver, the end of their journey across the continent. Six months and three days had elapsed since they had left Philadelphia. Such was the first part of this adventurous journey. They remained at Fort Vancouver the rest of the autumn, still ex- ploring the environs of the Fort, and revisiting the fertile Valley of the Walla-Walla; but, anxious to escape the wet and unpleasant winter of that region, and to visit other parts where the inclemency of the season could not interfere with the prosecution of their respective pursuits, they took passage on board a Boston brig, ready to sail for the Sandwich Islands. They put to sea towards the middle of December, and landed on the Island of Oahu, on the 5th of January, 1835. Here, for the first time, Mr. Nuttall enjoyed the beauties of a tropical vegetation, ^' a climate that knows no change, but is that of a perpetual spring and summer." There he remained a couple of months, visiting the different islands of that happy group, and collecting plants and sea-shells. Thence separating from his companion, Mr. Townsend, he took pas- sage on board a vessel sailing for the coast of California, where he landed early in the spring, to enjoy new emotions of plea- sure. All again was new to him ! He remained in California a great part of the spring and summer, actively engaged in making collections, and returned to the Sandwich Islands, where he embarked on a Boston vessel, to come back to the United States, round Cape Horn. Mr. Nuttall arrived in Boston in the beginning of October, 1835. When he went to the counting-house of Messrs. Bryant & Sturges, the owners of the vessel which had brought him home, with the view to pay for his passage, these gentlemen courteously refused to receive the money of one who had been travelling, not for his own amusement, but for the benefit of mankind ! Upon his return to the United States, he again took up his abode in Philadelphia, working alternately upon his rich col- lections of plants, minerals, and land and sea shells. In the small room of the Academy, then corner of Twelfth and George 312 Streets, Mr. Nuttall and Dr. Pickering were always seen working together ; one at his own collections, the other on the Schweinitz Herbarium. These two great naturalists lived in the most perfect harmony, both being enthusiastic lovers of natural science. They were met occasionally, walking together, on a fine day, visiting the different gardens and conservatories of the neighborhood. In these walks, Nuttall would freely relate the particulars of his life ; he spoke of having expectations in England ; that an uncle who had suc- ceeded in his business, had assured him he would be his heir. He mentioned having set up with his own hands, the types of an edition of one of Priestley's works, and gave also an account of his first visit to Professor Barton, and of the beginning of his botanical studies, &c. Conchology was then a new object of study to Mr. Nuttall. He took much interest in it, usually spending the daylight in the Academy building, without troubling himself about his meals. Dr. Pickering, after an hour's absence in the middle of the day, would sometimes find him stooping over one of the cases of shells, as unmoved as a statue, in the same place and position as when he left him. In 1840, Mr. Nuttall published in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, a long and interesting memoir, entitled: ^'Descriptions of neiv species and genera of plants in the natural order CoMPOSiTiE, collected in a tour across the continent to the Pacific, a residence in Oregon, and a visit to the Sandivieh Islands and California, in the years 1834 and 1835." And soon after another paper, headed : '' Descrip- tion and notices of new and rare playits of the natural orders LoBELiACEyE, Campanulace^, Vaccinie^ and Ericace^, collected in a journey across the Continent of North America, and during a visit to the Sandwich Islands and Upper Cali- fornia.'' Having then been induced to write an appendix to Michaux's Sylva, he entered upon this undertaking with his usual energy, and completed it in a very short time, but hav- ing been obliged abruptly to leave this country, the work could not be published under his auspices. The manuscript was placed in the hands of Mr. Dobson, who had been engaged to superintend its publication. At the death of this gentleman. 313 some of the letter-press having been found defective and re- jected, the entire publication of that work was retarded for several years ; it was at last completed in 1846 by the late Dr. Lambert, a protege and pupil of Nuttall. The preface appended to that work is a beautiful piece of elocution. In reading it, you feel carried along with him through all his adventurous journeys; you partake of his fatigues and dangers, of his feelings of awe in the midst of the wilderness, and of admiration at the sight of the luxuriant vegetation of the tropics ; you enjoy his delight, amounting to ecstasy, whenever he discovers objects that have not met his eye before, and you shudder with him amidst the mountains of ice, which in an unusual array oppose his passage around Cape Horn, the dreary extremity of South America. At last, you see him landing again on the shores of the Atlantic, and in his transports of joy, he exclaims : " Once more I hail those delightful scenes of nature, with which I have been so long associated," Then, he closes his elegant peroration with this warm farewell to this country, " But the oft told tale ap- proaches to its close, and I must bid adieu to the New World, its sylvan scenes, its mountains, wilds, and plains, — and henceforth, in the evening of my career, I return, almost an exile, to the land of my nativity !" Poor Nuttall ! Yes, indeed, he may well say " almost an exile, to the land of his nativity." He had left it thirty-four years past, and was returning almost a stranger to its people and customs. He was strongly attached to the United States. Here were almost all his associations ; he had friends who were dear to him ; and, wherever he went, whether in the valley or on the mountain, by the shores of the sea or the margin of the quiet stream, he felt surrounded by old ac- quaintances, his dearest flowers ; or met, by chance, a new object for his admiration. But an uncle, without family of his own, had bequeathed to him an estate, called Nutgrove, in the neighborhood of Liverpool, and he must go and take possession of it. The will was incumbered with a clause most distasteful to him, requiring him to reside at least nine months of the year in England for the remainder of his life. He hesitated, for a VOL. VII. — 2 P 314 considerable time, whether to accept the inheritance, with its restrictions ; but consideration for his sisters and their families, induced him at last to go to England, and take the rural estate left to him. He returned only once to this country after this ; and, as he could not be more than three months absent in the year, he took the three last months of 1847 and the three first of 1848, thus passing with us about five months of the inclement season, when the nature he loved so much was dead to him. only to revive when he was forced to turn his back upon her. In this short visit, his usefulness at once revived. Finding himself at the Academy, among his old associations, with ma- terials at hand, he at once set to work, and studied the plants brought by the late Dr. William Gamble, from the Rocky Mountains and Upper California ; the descriptions of which were published in August, 1848, in the Journal of the Acade- my of Natural Sciences. It does not appear that the bequest of the Nutgrove estate had placed Mr. Nuttall in a position of affluence. The estate was, it is said, incumbered with annuities, and burdened with a heavy income tax. He had, moreover, a numerous family of relatives to support. By his old American friends, who visited him at his English abode, he was found living in the fashion of a plain farmer, w^orking on his grounds and nur- series among his men, like one of them, and eating at the same table with them. He used to say that it was difficult, in England, to enjoy the benefits of a moderate fortune, for the government took good care to exact the superfluous. When, in April, 1854, Dr. Pickering visited Mr. Nuttall at Nutgrove, he perceived him, on entering his grounds, stooping on one knee, examining a growing plant. Nuttall, turning his head and recognizing his old friend, arose and came for- ward, saying — " How strange it seems to me to see you in this country ! " He invited him in, and they spent several hours together, conversing about old acquaintances, walking through his conservatories, and looking over his collection of living Rhododendrons. Dr. Pickering saw him again some months after, and perceived a change that he could scarcely account for, namely, — that he who had been accustomed to 815 roam thousands of miles all over North America, in times when it was really dangerous to do so, should now attach im- portance to and speak emphatically of having derived great satisfaction of a single visit to Ireland, and further, should have never visited the continent of Europe, close at hand. Mr. Nuttall spent the last seventeen years of his life on his estate of Nutgrove, employing his time in the culture of rare plants, and especially Rhododendrons, which his nephew, Mr. Thomas J. Booth, had brought with him from the mountainous districts of Assam and Bootan, in Eastern Asia, and the new species of which he has published, at different times, in British scientific periodicals. At last, after a long and la- borious life, entirely devoted to science, the great explorer of American botany met with an accident which ultimately resulted in his death. In his eagerness to open a case of plants which he had just received from Mr. Booth, he unfor- tunately overstrained himself, and from the time of his injury he gradually sunk and died, on the 10th of September last (1859), at the age of seventy-three, leaving, I am told, his estate and collections to his nephew and pupil, Thomas J. Booth, like himself an ardent naturalist and daring explorer. Through his love of study, firmness of mind and devotion to the natural sciences, Mr. Nuttall raised himself, from the condition of a mere artisan, to the exalted position of a highly scientific man. No other explorer of the botany of North America has, personally, made more discoveries ; no writer on American plants, except perhaps Professor Asa Gray, has described more new genera and species. His name will live as long as our Flora remains an object of study, and will be perpetuated, among the cherished objects of his particular attention, in a beautiful genus of the order Rosacese, Nuttallia cerasiformisj which his friends and colleagues. Professors Tor- rey and Gray, have dedicated to him. Let this great naturalist be set up as an example to young men similarly disposed, and an evidence that steadiness in the pursuit of knowledge will have its reward, and may lead to eminence. Honor to the memory of him to whom science is so much indebted, who so long lived in our midst, respected and loved for his usefulness, his unaffected manners, and amiability in the social circle ! 316 (Continued from page 296.) as practicable. The first lever should be very strong and light, and for this purpose may be made of skeleton form, of considerable lateral dimensions, or rather vertical, the lever being in a horizontal position and acting vertically. The second lever and pulley are very delicate and slender. The position of the pulley, as above arranged, enables me to place a dial over it, with an index attached to the projecting shaft of the pulley. One solid plate of metal (brass) forms the support and union of all the parts sustaining the rods, levers, and pulley. The lower extremity of the parallel rods being held by springs, may not necessarily have a continuous metallic sup- port from the other parts. The second part of the apparatus does not require the nice mechanical precision of the first part ; its purpose being merely to record the indications of the Thermometer. The recording portion of the apparatus consists of a train of cylinders carrying a fillet of paper, the axes of the cylinders being parallel with the parallel wires which guide the registering point of the Thermometer. One of these cylinders presents the surface of the paper to the registering point, which passes very near, but not in con- tact with it, the movements of the registering point being across the paper. A series of levers and springs, which can- not be well described without diagrams, gives the proper "feed" to the cylinders and paper. But as this part of the apparatus is susceptible of an endless variety of modifications, it is unnecessary to speak of it further. Connected with the cylinders is a hammer, made with re- ference to the ividtTi of the fillet of paper. This hammer im- parts the necessary force to the registering point to make a small hole in the paper fillet, and is, when not in action, held from contact with the registering point by means of a recoil spring, which spring is adjustable by means of a screw. The levers connected with the feed of the cylinders are operated by the back movement of the hammer. The third part of the apparatus consists of a common ma- 317 rine clock, with jewelled movement, to secure its action in cold weather. In practice, it will be necessary to have clock movements constructed with special reference to the number of records it is desired to obtain. A common thirty-hour clock, in order to have the necessary power to move the hammer^ requires to have each alternate pin removed from the wheel that actuates the hammer lever ; the lever requires, also, to be modified so as to accommodate the change. This change, if quarter-hourly records be required, will make it necessary to re-wind the clock too often. My apparatus has the striking part of a clock constructed to move both the time and striking trains, as the equivalent of the striking 'part of one clock ; the whole service of the spring being turned upon the striking train — the time train being removed, its space being occupied by the necessary levers. A marine clock, with time movement only, imparts the time to the striking part, very much as in any ordinary clock, except that the shaft of the minute wheel has/owr pro- jections instead of one, so that I can obtain records four times each hour. A peculiar arrangement, difficult of description, enables me to change the rates from quarter-hour to half- hour, or hour movements of the hammer. In describing the Thermometer, I omitted to mention that the lower end of the central brass wire in the bundle of com- pensated rods, was furnished with an adjusting screw, by means of which the index and registering point may be ad- justed to any desirable point. My fillet of paper is 2 j inches wide. This enables me to obtain a range of nearly 50° without shifting the position of the registering point. In a trial of one week I have not found any occasion to readjust the index and registering point. I have much difficulty, however, in the scale of my apparatus, and this arises from using a mercurial thermometer as a standard of comparison, the tube of which is probably unequal in its dimensions in various parts, and the scale not corrected to correspond. At first, I constructed my scale from tem- peratures —10° to -1-80°, about 164° on my dial. Subse- quent comparisons show that between 30° and 40° of the 318 Mercurial Thermometer, 10 of the Mercurial Thermometer correspond to 9 of my dial. I have, therefore, no depend- ence on the mercurial instrument I have, especially as no ten degrees of the two instruments will agree, except the 10 on which a correction is made, although they agree over a long range at extremities. In presenting this account of my apparatus, I desire that a knowledge of it may be made widely public, for the benefit of those scientific men who may appreciate it, and desire to use a similar apparatus constructed under their own supervision. The details of all the parts are susceptible of numerous modi- fications. I have not so much devoted my attention to the test arrangement of all the parts, but have confined my efforts more particularly to perfecting the Thermometer in that form which will make it most reliable and least susceptible of im- provement. The rods are on the outside of the case which incloses the dial, registering apparatus, and clock. The ap- paratus is very sensitive. The rods move the index freely to \ degree, and the ticking of the clock attached imparts just enough vibration to overcome resistance to a very minute fraction of a degree. Indeed, on watching the index while a slight change of temperature occurs, the index may be seen to advance or recede with the tickings of the clock, almost creating the impression that they are only parts of one move- ment. Yours, JAMES LEWIS. Pending nomination, No. 397 was read. Dr. Wm. Harris, from the committee appointed to procure a portrait of Judge Kane, reported it finished and in the hall of the Society, and presented the bill for painting, framing, &c., which was ordered to be paid. And the Society adjourned. 319 Stated Meeting, April 6th, 1860. Present, twenty-four members. Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair. Letters were read from the Smithsonian Institution, dated January 10, 1860, from the Geographical Society of Paris, Feb. 20, 1860, from the Boston Public Library, Feb. 21, 1860, from the Massachusetts Historical Society, March 13, 1860, acknowledging the receipt of publications of the Society. The following donations for the Library were announced : — Bulletin de la Soc. (ieog. I, xviii, July — Dec. '^9.— From the Society. Monthly Notices R. Astron. Soc. Vol. xx, No. 4. — From the Society. Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist, vii, signatures 13, 14. — From the Society. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, sig. 4. — From the Academy. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, Vol. vii, Nos. 1-3. — From the Lyceum. Amer. Jour, of Science, New Haven, March, 1860. — From the Editors. Amer. Jour, of Med. Sci. April, 1860. — From Blanchard & Lea. Med. News& Libr., Mar. & Apr., I860.— i^z-owi Blanchard c& Lea. Jour, of Franklin Inst. No. 411, March, 1860. — From the Listitute. History of the Religious Society of Friends, by S. M. Janney, in four Vols. Vol. 1, second edition, 480 pp. 8vo. Phila. I860.— From the Author. What may be Learned from a Tree, by Harland Coultas. Second edition, 200 pp. 8vo. Phila. I860.— iVowi the Author. Ann. Address on the Events of the Year, before the Phil. Co. Me- dical Soc., Feb. 22, 1860, by Benjamin Horner Coates, M.D., 30 pp. 8vo. Phila. 1860. — From the Author. Communication from the Director of the Mint to the Secretary of the Treasury, relative to a proposed Branch 3Iint at New York, 12 pp. Svo. Phila. I860.— /Vom the Board of Trade. Total Eclipse of July, 1860, 6 pp. 8vo. Washington, I860.— From the Nautical Almanac Office. Reflections upon the Temporary Star of 1572, by Alex. Wilcocks, M.D., 12 pp. 4to. Phila. 1840.— i^rom the Author. Obs. on the Genus Unio, by Isaac Lea, Vol. vii. — From the Author. Extracts from Proc. A. N. S. Phil, by Isaac Lea, 24 pp. Svo. — From the Author. Polar Exploring Expedition. A Special Meeting of the Am. Geog. 320 and Stat. Soc, March 22, 30 pp. 8vo., with Map, New York? UQO.—From W. P. Fonlke. Paulding (J. K.) — Prof. Trego announced the death of a member of the Society, the Honorable James K. Paulding, April 4th, 1860, aged 81. Dr. Emerson called the attention of the Society to a fact in optics, which seems to have been but little noticed. A very simple experiment illustrating the combined action of the mental and optical faculties concerned in vision. A person standing before a mirror, holding a picture before him, with its face also towards the mirror, will find the reflection of the hands or right and left sides of a picture reversed, the right hand appearing the left and the left the right. But this reversion does not extend to the person holding the picture, or others by his side, whose right and left sides are recognized only as right and left. This illustrates the effects of education of the eye, which having recognized through repeated obser- vations the true relations of the two sides and hands, admits without hesitation the mental evidence, but refuses to accept any but optical evidence from the flat surface of the picture. Dr. Leyburn, pursuant to appointment, read the following obituary notice of the Rev. J. Addison Alexander, a deceased member of the Society. OBITUARY NOTICE OF JOSEPH ADDISON ALEXANDER, D.D. BY JOHN LEYBURN, D.D. Joseph Addison Alexander, was the third son of the late Archibald Alexander, D.D., of Princeton, N. J., and was born in the city of Philadelphia, April 24th, 1809. On his maternal side he was the grandson of James Waddell, the celebrated blind preacher of Virginia, immortalized by Wirt in the British Spy, His father having removed from Phila- delphia to Princeton, young Alexander became a student of the College of New Jersey, where he graduated in 1826, with valedictorian honors, a great achievement for a youth of seven- 321 teen. He then became an associate of the principal of the Eclgehill School at Princeton, where he remained until 1830, when, at the early age of twenty-one, he was chosen adjunct professor of languages in the College. Here he remained till 1833, when he resigned his post, which he had filled with signal success, and sailed for Europe, where he spent a year in prosecuting his studies, chiefly at Halle and Berlin. On his return home he completed his theological course, as he had begun it, with his eminent father. In the year 1838 he was licensed to preach the Gospel, and in 1839 was ordained to the full work of the ministry. But several years before his licensure, he began to assist in the instructions of the Theolo- gical Seminary at Princeton, and in 1839 was elected Profes- sor of Oriental and Biblical Literature in that institution, by the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church. In 1851 he was transferred by the Assembly to the department of Bibli- cal and Ecclesiastical History ; and by the Assembly of 1859, his professorship was entitled that of Hellenistic and New Testament Literature. It was while occupying this post that death found him, and closed his mortal career. This cursory enumeration of the official positions which he filled with eminent, and without exaggeration it may be said, unparalleled ability, though indicative of the high estimation in which he was held, gives, however, a Avholly inadequate idea of a man who, beyond all question, was one of the most extraordinary this country has ever produced. From his childhood he exhibited a remarkable precocity. He scarcely needed schools or teachers, such was his passion for knowledge. His facility in the acquisition of languages seemed almost to approach intuition. When but a boy of twelve years, finding an Arabic grammar in his father's library, he commenced studying it, and at fourteen had so mastered the language that he read the Koran through in the original,— a linguistic feat in all probability which has no parallel. From Arabic he turned his attention to Persiac, after which he acquired He- brew, Syriac, and Chaldee, and this before he had fairly reached the age of manhood. Later he familiarized himself with Sanscrit. As for Greek and Latin, they were almost VOL. VII. — 2 Q vernacular to him. Of the modern languages he had mas- tered French, German, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, Danish, and Coptic, and how many others, is not certainly known ; but after having got so many, a new acquisition of a cognate tongue was to him a matter of a few^ weeks or days. One who knew him as well perhaps as any living person, informs the writer of this that, as a matter of literary recreation, Mr. Alexander was every year exploring some new field in this department of learning, and that it would he "easier to enu- merate the languages he had not studied, than those with which he was familiar."' But, as his eminent colleague the Rev. Dr. Hodge says of him, notwithstanding these wonderful attainments, "his power of acquiring languages was the very smallest of his gifts." His intellectual pov*^er was as general as it was great. He was great in everything he understood, and great in all his faculties. "The greatest man," says Dr. Hodge, "whom I have ever known : all whose powers and attainments were consecrated to the cause of truth and of Christ." A high compliment, truly, coming as it does from one who himself occupies the front rank amongst the scholars of the age. As an author he is best known by his elaborate commenta- ries on various portions of the Scriptures, which readily gained for him a high reputation among the learned of the Old World, as well as of the New. He was a profound biblical critic. The vast stores of Germany in this department were perfectly at his command, as well as every other repository of the labors of his predecessors or contemporaries. Indeed, the only exception we have ever heard mentioned to his commen- taries, is that they are too learned, — that there is an exube- rance which amounts to prodigality. His store of antiquarian, historic, and biblical knowledge, was wonderful. What was a most valuable accompaniment of his passion for acquisition in the fields of learning, was his remarkable memory. The tenacity of this faculty with him, too, extended to everything, — not merely to leading ideas or historical facts, but to words and names, — and that even where there seemed to be no special call for its exercise. As an instance 323 in point, one of his colleagues mentions that, at the beginning of the seminary term, when forty or fifty new students have usually matriculated, and without regard to the order of their names, it has not unfrequently happened that the next day, when the names of these students would be needed, he would take his pen and write down the entire list in the order of their matriculation, giving even the middle letter in each name, and the classes they were to enter, purely from memory. His investigations were always thorough and exhausting. Every topic was examined wdth minuteness, even to such remote circumstances as would escape ordinary minds. In communicating his knowledge, too, he was in like manner remarkable. His command of language has seldom been surpassed. He always seemed to have at his tongue's end the most appropriate words to express his ideas, and it was a pleasure to sit and listen even to the cadence and flow of his copious vocabulary. As a writer of '"facetirc," he possessed a wonderful power. The Philadelphia iNIonthly Magazine, edited in 1827-8, by Dr. J. C. Snowden, and published by Dobson, contains many of his earlier pieces, and the Princeton Magazine is full of them. His perception of the ludicrous was acutely instinctive, and his wit and humor choice and exhaustless. As a reviewer he was well known as occupying the very front rank. The Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review, was indebted to him for a large portion of its most attractive and telling articles. These he produced apparently without effort. With the greatest ease he could " steer from grave to gay," now writing a playful slashing criticism upon some unfortunate author, and now dealing with some ponderous question of phi- lology. Some of these articles are among the most brilliant and scathing in the whole range of periodical literature. Of his poetical talent the public knew less than of any other. What he published was anonymous, and when a piece Avould occasionally be traced to him, as in the case of '' The Doomed Man," it seemed to annoy him. To Dr. xA.lexander's powers as a preacher, thousands can 324 bear witness. When occupying one of the Philadelphia pul- pits for a year or more, he drew crowds, which filled not only the church but the vestibule. In his manner there was nothing of what are considered the graces of oratory. He usually read his sermons closely, without action, and in a rapid monotonous tone ; but the copiousness of thought, the affluence of language, and the richness and vividness of his imac^ination, charmed every one. It was as if one were listening to a Macaulay, discoursing from the pulpit on the sublimest of themes. Almost the entire life of Dr. Alexander was occupied in study. He was a recluse in his habits, and characterized by remarkable diffidence. This latter quality made him shrink from society, and left the impression very generally that he was deficient in the social element. But those who had access to him in private, well know that there was no more genial companion. He was full of the most entertaining con- versation, and much as he kept himself aloof from the world, seemed always thoroughly familiar with current events, and with the actors in them. In his method of writing he was at times almost whimsical, or at any rate altogether unique. He seemed to weary with following any one form in preparing his manuscripts, and would Avrite on sheets of paper of various shapes and dimen- sions, and with the lines taking every conceivable direction. I remember once to have seen specimens of his manuscripts, which had the lines running around the large sheet, so as to form a complete circle. In these cursory statements we are aware that but a most inadequate view has been given of this extraordinary man. Volumes rather than a short obituary paper, would be required to portray, in anything like their amplitude and proper pro- portions, his gifts and attainments. His death at the age of little over fifty, when only yet in the midst of his prime, is a loss to American learning, and especially to biblical literature, which can with difficulty, if ever, be supplied. His sedentary habits undoubtedly undermined his constitution and shortened his life. For the last two or three years he had lost his former 325 full and almost plethoric appearance, and had begun to wear the aspect of premature old age. Some months before his death, he was attacked with bleeding at his lungs; this, how- ever, was but one of the effects of another disease, which had been for some time prostrating and wearing down his health. The real destroyer of his life was that exhausting and terrible complaint, diabetes. From this he had suffered, unknown even to his friends. His end at last came, with but little indication that it was just at hand, and in a few hours after an attack which rendered him insensible he breathed his last. But to him the event was evidently not unanticipated. His mind had been more than usually engaged in devotion, and it is worthy of remark, as illustrative of the simplicity of his piety, that he occupied himself during much of his time after he was disabled from severe study, in committing hymns to memory. But instead of chanting in Greek the ancient hymn of Clemens Alexandrinus, or some other such time- honored lyric, which a scholar like himself might have been supposed to prefer, his favorite hymn was that so often sung in the prayer-meetings of the humblest Christians : " Just as I anij without one plea, But that thy blood was shed for nie," &c. His splendid intellect and his vast resources were all brought into subjection to his Christian faith. He had no fellowship with that pride of learning which exalts itself even above the revelations of Divine wisdom. He was as lowly in his esti- mation of himself, as he was exalted in the opinions of his fellow-men, and especially did he regard himself as incompe- tent to sit in judgment upon his Maker, and decide, as too many attempt to do, what he should and what he should not have revealed. On the 28th of January, 1860, Joseph Addison Alexander died, and was laid beside his eminent father and brother, and a galaxy of the illustrious dead, in the graveyard at Princeton. Pending nomination, No. 397 w^as read. Mr. Foulke, on behalf of the Committee on the Library, 326 read a report from the Committee on the Condition of the Library, its rearrangement, and the preparation of a new Catalogue, offering the following resolutions, which, on mo- tion, were adopted : — Resolved : That the Treasurer is hereby directed to refund to the Librarian of the Society, the sum of four hundred and sixty-six dollars and fifteen cents, paid by the Librarian for assistance in rearranging and cataloguing its library. Re- solved : That the Librarian is hereby authorized to make in conjunction with the Committee on the Library, the arrange- ments necessary for printing a catalogue of the books in the Library of the Society. Dr. Leidy presented a list of plaster casts of natural his- tory belonging to the Society, and moved that the casts therein mentioned be deposited with the Academy of Natural Sciences, upon the same conditions as a deposit formerly made by the Society with the Academy, a complete list of said casts to be presented at a future meeting, which was agreed to. A communication was read from Prof. A. D. Bache, re- questing the signatures of the officers of the Society to a me- morial to Congress, in relation to observations proposed to be made of the eclipse of the sun on the 18th of July next, recommending the sanction of Congress to the making of observations by the officers of the United States Coast Sur- vey. On motion of Prof. Cresson, the officers of the Society were authorized to affix their signatures to the said memorial. On motion of Prof. Kendall, the St. Louis Academy of Science and the American Oriental Society of New Haven were authorized to receive the Transactions of the Society. And the Society adjourned. ^Stated Meeting, April 20, 1860. Present, nineteen members. Dk. Fkanklin Bache in the Chair. Dr. F. W. Lewis, a newly-elected member, was presented to the President by Dr. Le Conte. 327 Letters were received from the Committee of the Miners and MetaUurgists, assembled at Vienna, per Charles F. Loo- sey, New York, Nov. 15, 1859, and from the Prince Jablo- nowski Society, dated Leipzip:, Nov. 20, 1859, transmitting donations for the library. The following donations for the library were announced : — Bericht liber die Erste allg. Versammlung von Berg-und-hiit- tenmiinnern zn Wien, 10 zn 15 May, 1858. — From the Associa- tion . Mittheilungen der K. K. Geographische Gesellschaft, 1859, heft 2. — From the Society. Jahrbuch der K. K. Greologische Reichsanstalt. 1859. No. 2. — From the Institute. Ansprache, . . . 1st decen. K. K. Geol. B. von W. Heidinger. — From the Institute. Die fossilen Mollusken des Tertillr-beckens von Wien, von Dr. Moritz Homes, 2 B. Bivalves, 4°. (Extract.) — Fro^n the Author. Ueber des Marsilius Ficinus Work : de Vita Studiosonmi, von Dr. "W. B. Weitenweber. (Extract.) — From the Author. Denkschrift iiber die Gebriider J. Swatopluk und C Boriwoj Presl. von D. "W. B. Weitenweber. (Extract.) — From the Author. Die Grundzlige der Aristotelischen Psychologie, von W. F. Volk- man. — From the Author. Leibnitz nnd Comenius, von Dr. F. B. Kvet. (Extract from the Abhand. der K. Bohm. Gesell. derWiss. 4°.) — From the Author. Correspondenzblatt des Naturforseherschenden Vereins zu Biga, 10th J. — From tlie Union. Preisschriften. Fiirstl. Jablonowski'schen Gesell. vii, H. Wiske- man, Die Antiche Landwirthschaft und das Thiinensche Gesetz, &c., Leipzig, 1859. — From tlie Socicf//. Abhand. Math. Phys. C. der K. Bay, A. W. >^th vol. 2d pt.— Frojn tlie Academ?/. Almanach der K. Bayerischen, Acadeniie der Wissensehaften, fur 1859. — Frojn the Academ?/. Gelehrte Anzeigen, Nos. 47 and 48. — From the Academy. Untersuchungen iiber die Lichtstarke der Plancten, &c. Aus den "Monumenta Saecularia" der K. B. A. W. 2 C. von Ludwig Sei- del. Miinchen, 1859. — From the Academy. Erinneruna; an Mito-lieder der Academic von Dr. Von Martius. — From the Academy. 328 Journal of the Franklin Institute, No. 412. April, ISQO,— From the Institute. Buffalo Young Men's Association, 24tli An. Rep. 1860. — From the Association. Geological distribution of Gold, by P. Nisser. Melbourne. 1859. 12°. — From tJie Author. History of Ink, by J. Davids & Co. New York, I860.— i^/-o?>i the Author. Lithographic illustrations of a new method of laying an Atlantic Cable. By Wm. II. Horstman. — From the Author. Astronomical Journal. Cambridge. No. 132. — From the Ed. African Repository. April, 1860. No. 4. Wash.— i^rom A. C. S. Catalogue of the Pennsylvania State Library. 425 pp. 8vo. By W. De Witt.— i^/-om B. A. Schaffer. Professor Henry addressed the Society upon the theory of storms and atmospherical electricity, which elicited remarks from Judge Carleton and Dr. Emerson (to be printed in the next number). Pending nomination, No. 397 was read. Mr. Fraley took the chair, and on motion of Dr. Franklin Bache the following resolutions were adopted : Resolved, That the President be requested, as representa- tive of this Society, to communicate, so far as opportunity may permit, with the scientific and literary institutions abroad, with our foreign members, and with those persons that have been enrolled on our list of correspondents. Resolved, That the Secretary be instructed to furnish to the President the necessary documents, duly authenticated, to carry into effect the foregoing resolution. And the Society adjourned. PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Vol. VIL MAY— DECEMBER, 1860. No. 64. Stated Meeting, May 4, 1860. Present, fifteen members. Judge Sharswood, Vice-President, in the Chair. A letter was read from the Scientific Association at Riga, dated October 26, 1857, transmitting a copy of its proceed- ings. The following donations for the Library were announced : — Monthly Notices of the Royal iVstronomical Soc, Vol. XX, March 9. Quarterly Journal Chemical Soc, No. XLVIII. London. Journal Geol. Soc. Dublin, Vol. I — VIII. Vol. II wanting. Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sciences. Philadelphia. \lishers. Medical News and Library, No. 209, May, 1860. — From the puh- Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. of Sci., 13th meeting at Springfield, Aug., 1859. Proceedings Mass. Hist. Soc, 1859, '60. Boston, 8vo., 460 pages. Cat. of Lib. Mass. H. S., Vol. II, M— Z. Boston, 1860, 650 pages. x\stronomical Journal, No. 113 (VI, No. 13). Cambridge, Mass. Evangelical Repository, May, 1860, XVIII, No. 12.— From Mr. Young. Mr. Lesley invited the attention of the members to the occurrence on both sides of the Atlantic, in Ireland and in Pennsylvania, and at the same geological horizon, of certain VOL. VII. — 2 R 330 beds of copper slates. In volume VIII of the Journal of the Dublin Geological Society, page 86, the gray copper ores, which characterize the red slates at the base of the so- called Carboniferous formation in the North and South of Ireland, are said to lie two thousand six hundred and forty feet below the base of the carboniferous limestone. Whether these rocks be Devonian or Carboniferous has been discussed by Mr. Jukes and Dr. Griffith, and decided by the latter, with the concurrence of Prof. Haughton and other British geolo- gists, in favor of their classification as Carboniferous, on the ground of their containing fossils of that type. It is remarkable that, along the base of the Alleghany Mountains, where our Pennsylvanian sub-carboniferous forma- tions X and XI, so immensely thick at Pottsville, have thinned away to a few hundred feet, — and also in northeastern Penn- sylvania, Avhere the three formations IX, X, XI, are all together reduced to a thickness of not much more than two thousand feet, bringing the undeniably Devonian formation VIII, up to within that distance of the coal, there occurs a copper-ore slate horizon a few feet thick, which will exactly correspond in position to the copper-slates of Ireland. The Society was then adjourned. Stated Meeting, May 18, 1860. Present, fifteen members. Dr. Wood, President, in the Chair. The following donations for the Library were announced : — Annalcs dcs 3Iines, Vol. XV, 3d part, and Vol. XVI, 4th pt. of 1859. Intorno alia influenza dell 'Elettrico nolle formazione della Granuola, &c. An Svo. pamphlet memoir of Prof. Zantcdcschi. American Journal of Science for May, 18G0. Journal of the Franklin Institute for May, 1860. Centennial Anniversary of the Foundation of the Germantown Aca- demy, 1860. 8vo. pamphlet, 58 pages. Philadelphia. 331 The Motion of Fluids and Solids relative to the Earth's Surface ; comprising Applications to the Winds and the Currents of the Ocean. By W. Ferrel. 8vo. pamphlet, 72 pages. New York. Taken from the 1st and 2d vol. of the Mathematical Monthly. Dr. Franklin Bache announced the decease of Judge Thomas Sergeant, a member of the Society, who died on the 5th of May, in the 79th year of his age ; and, on motion, E. Spencer Miller, Esq., w^as appointed to prepare an obituary notice of the deceased. Mr. Dubois offered, for the inspection of the Society, a specimen of the Washoe ore, which is now attracting so much attention ; with a report of its content in silver and gold, as just ascertained by Mr. Eckfeldt. The ore is a galena, interspersed with pyrites and siliceous matter, and, in general appearance, altogether different from the forms of galena which we are accustomed to see. Nor would its physical characters lead any one to suspect that it could be so rich in the precious metals. The specimen is from the Comstock vein ; and it may be stated (although probably known to the members present) that the centre of these mining operations is about three hundred and thirty miles in a north- easterly direction from San Francisco, within the line of the territory of Utah, in a country destitute of vegetation, and very scantily supplied with water. From a careful assay, the specimen yields to the pound avoirdupois, silver to the amount of $2 35, and gold to the amount of 26 cents ; altogether $2 61 per pound, or, in the usual language of valuation, five thousand two hundred and twenty dollars to the ton. A considerable quantity of this silver has already been sent to the Mint for coinage. Dr. Wood, the President of the Society, delivered, in con- formity with the laws of the Society, the following discourse : — Among the regulations of the Society is one directing that " the President shall, at some time within the year, deliver to the Society a discourse on some literary or scientific subject, accompanied by such suggestions with regard to the affairs of the Society as he shall judge proper.'' 332 In the novelty of niy position last year, I overlooked the exact purport of this law; and I must now offer an apology for the appa- rent neglect. My object in addressing you, on this occasion, is to fulfil the duty for the present year. Two things are required by the regulation ; one, a discourse on some literary or scientific subject; the other, suggestions on the affairs of the Society. I shall follow the order here laid down. As the length of the communication is left to the discretion of the President, I shall study to make it brief; so that, if it have no other merit, it may at least lay claim to that of wasting but little of your time and attention. 1. There is a point in philosophy which, I think, deserves more consideration than it ordinarily receives : I allude to the evil of too hasty generalization ; of leaping to general conclusions inconside- rately from one or a few ex'periments or observations. This habit has, in my opinion, more than any other one cause, since the general acceptance of the inductive system of philosophy, contributed to the disturbance of admitted truth, and to the introduction of crude and unsound hypotheses, incapable of standing the test of time, yet pro- ductive, while they lasted, of no little practical mischief. I will cite a few examples. A fact in geology is observed which, at first sight, seems to be in conflict with the Mosaic account of creation ; and the inference is hastily drawn that we must surrender our faith in Scripture. Further observation reconciles the seeming discrepancies ; but, in the mean- time, much evil has been done by unnecessarily disturbing settled modes of thought, and, to some extent, even the existing relations of society. Under certain experimental arrangements, living organized beings have been apparently produced out of inorganic matter, through the influence of electricity ; and the conclusion is inconsiderately arrived at, that the general opinion of science as to the necessary propagation of vegetables and animals from pre-existing germs is unsound. Men are thrown into confusion as to their own origin and responsibilities, which interferes materially with their mental health, if it produce no more serious consequences. Subsequent observation shows that all this disturbance is baseless, by proving the experiment not to have been conducted with due care. Under what have been called Mesmeric influences, which I believe to be nothing more nor less than means of producing a certain degree of irregular mental action, a curious morbid condition of the system 333 sometimes takes place, accompanied with unusual and seemingly wonderful phenomena ; and many minds, not content with the simple facts observed, have pushed them into absurdities of an exciting character, which, in their practical operation, have led to great evil, the corruption of morals, the peopling of Insane Asylums, and some- times even to suicide. A closer scrutiny limits the observed wonders within the ordinary recognized course of nature ; and a better philo- sophical habit of thought would have obviated all the mischief. It was found, upon feeding dogs exclusively on gelatin, that life could not be supported by this principle ; and the inference was drawn that gelatin is not nutritious, and that all our notions relative to the nutritive properties of calf's-foot jelly, and the usefulness of soup societies, were based upon a great error of fact. Further ex- periments have shown that there is scarcely a single proximate organic principle which is capable of maintaining life, when used exclusively as food ; and that it is by the combination of such prin- ciples that nutrition is eifected. The same remark applies to all those hasty conclusions, which, from the result of one or a few ex- periments, would exclude from the category of nutritive food, many other substances which have always formed a part of the habitual diet of man. It is well known that many chemists, founding their opinions upon similar partial observations, maintain that starch and other analogous substances do not nourish the system, but are useful simply by gene- rating heat, through their oxidation or combustion in the body. The necessary conclusion is, that all physicians have labored under an egregious error, when they have used starch in the form of barley- water, rice-water, arrow-root, tapioca, sago, &c., for the support of the sick and feeble, and must surrender the experience of their profes- sional lives and that of ages before them, to these presumed results of scientific induction. But they who reason thus do not sufficiently consider that, in certain hot climates, where the habitual temperature is often above that of the human body, and where the great struggle is to keep cool enough, millions upon millions of people live mainly on rice or sago, the former of which consists chiefly of starch, and the latter is pure starch. It is inconceivable that the prominent article of diet of such numbers, persons too in good health, and often of great powers of enduring fatigue, should consist of a substance having no nutritive power, and fitted only for generating animal heat, which, under the circumstances, is not needed, and is, indeed, often in excess. 334 These are a few of the ahnost numberless instances that might be adduced, illustrative of an habitual departure from sound principles of induction in the search after truth ; but they are sufficient to show the great evil of this error, not only in relation to opinion, but in its effects upon the well-being of mankind. We are peculiarly prone to it in this country, perhaps in conse- quence of the habit we have acquired, mentally as well as physi- cally, of hastening onward impatiently to our ends, and, consequently, of recklessly overleaping or pushing aside considerations, which are nevertheless, in general, essential to a safe and satisftictory issue. It is, therefore, desirable to raise a conservative voice against this over- eagerness, and strive as much as may be to restrain it within safe limits. There are three prominent modes in which partial or insufficient experiment or observation may lead into error. In the first place, the fact, though in itself true, may not have been sufficiently studied in its various relations, or sufficiently com- pared with other known facts, which might invalidate the conclusions, hastily drawn from it when viewed isolatedly. Of this we have an example in the inference already referred to, as to the non-nutritive and heat-generating qualities of starch, employed as an article of diet; the attention of the observer having been confined to the results of a few partial experiments, and quite turned away from that grand experiment in the course of constant performance by millions of our race. Secondly, the seeming fact may prove, on close investigation, not to be a fact at all, but a misunderstood result of inaccurate experi- ment; as in the production of organized beings through electric influence, out of inorganic matter; the truth being that sufficient care had not been taken to exclude living germs from the field of experiment. Thirdly, the observed fact may lead to erroneous conclusions from want of attention to that general principle in nature, through which all objects of human thought or notice, of whatever kind, which may be associated together by any relation whatever, have a tendency to an irregular instead of equable distribution, clustering more or less at one time or place, and deficient in another; so that, when objects are diffused with perfect equability, they are known at once, as a general rule, to owe this condition to art. An ignorance or forget- fulness of this great principle has been the source of innumerable fal- lacies, often highly injurious in their influence. Such fallacies are 335 especially abundant in the practice of medicine, and are among the strongest supports of all kinds of quackery. I will adduce a single example. Scarlet fever may be a very mild and harmless, or a ter- ribly malignant disease. It often happens, without any discoverable direct cause, that the milder cases cluster ; great numbers occurring successively or simultaneously under the notice of a particular prac- titioner, perhaps without the presence of a single dangerous case among them. No matter what may be the remedy employed, whether good or good for nothing, they all terminate favorably. They would do so, if left entirely to themselves. Suppose, under these circumstances, the practitioner be an ignorant quack ; he will obviously get the credit with the community, ignorant of the princi- ple to which we are now referring, of possessing remarkable skill in the treatment of scarlet fever ; and he himself, if equally ignorant, will acquire great confidence in the remedy he may have employed. The evil is that, in consequence of this confidence, born of an error in practical philosophy, the quack and his remedy are subsequently relied on in cases of a dangerous character, and requiring great skill; and it is easy to understand how much mischief may ensue. A glance at the subject I have thus introduced to the notice of the Society, is sufficient to show its great extent and importance. A volume might easily be filled with illustration and commentary. But I content myself with the slight sketch given, fearing that even this may have been tedious to those, quite as conversant as myself with the matters referred to. 2. It remains, in order to fulfil my whole duty on this occasion, that I should make such suggestions as occur to me, with regard to the affairs of the Society. Under this head I have little to say. In looking over the Trans- actions of the past year, and comparing them with those of preced- ing years, I find good reason for encouragement. Should an equal advance be maintained in the future, it will not be long before the Society will be able to boast, that it is doing all that can be reason- ably expected of it. In the Proceedings, too, it has by no means been idle. The laws have been revised, modified, and newly printed ; some effete regulations having been abolished, and new ones introduced, which it is hoped may work advantageously for the interests of science. Complete catalogues of members, with informa- tion as to the period of election and decease, residence, &c., have been prepared, and printed in a style conformable with that of the laws and regulations. 336 For the future I have only to suggest, a livelier zeal on the part of individual members in general ; an encouraging voice from the older to the younger and more enterprising; an increase of our working men by the adoption into the Society of as many as show a strong disposition and ability to labor effectually in any one of the great departments of learning and science ; and, lastly, the offering of pecuniary aid, in limited measure, to meritorious investigation, when such aid may be necessary, and can be advantageously applied. Another object worthy of attention, which should, indeed, never be lost from view, is the providing of fire-proof accommodation, whether in this or another building, for our invaluable library. Lastly, I would refer briefly to a matter which concerns myself as your presiding officer. At the stated meeting, on the 16th of December last, upon the motion of the Chairman of the Committee on the sale of the Hall, a resolution was adopted requesting the President to prepare, and cause to be presented to Congress, a memo- rial in relation to the Hall, requesting the passage of a law to carry into effect the agreement for its purchase, made by the government. In compliance with this resolution, and in conjunction with the Chairman of the Committee referred to, I have prepared memorials to the two houses of Congress ; but it has been considered most pru- dent, under present circumstances, to postpone their presentation; as there is reason to hope that steps may ere long be taken, which may render any measure of this kind unnecessary. Most of the Society are aware that I have in contemplation a voy- age to Europe, and that I may not meet them again for a year or more. Indeed, I have to thank you for your kindness in supplying me with a document, which, by recognizing me as your accredited representative abroad, will, I hope, in a considerable degree, facili- tate the attainment of some of the ends for which I visit P^urope. In taking my leave of you, gentlemen, I wish to assure you, that I shall continue to have the interests of the Society at heart, and, should opportunities offer during my absence, shall most gladly avail myself of them for the furtherance of these interests. May IStJi, 1860. Judge Carleton made a communication on the subject of Free Agency, or Liberty and Necessity ; referring to the opinions of Locke, Edwards, Sir William Hamilton, and other metaphysicians, and expressing his conviction of the entire simplicity and intelligibility of this subject of so many con- 337 troversies, seeing that all human science must consist of facts, or assemblages of facts, perceived by means of the senses ; and that, therefore, metaphysics must rest as much on per- ceptible facts as does any of the so-called natural sciences. He promised to pursue the subject at a future meeting. The minutes of the last meeting of the Board of Officers and Council were read, and, in accordance with a recommen- dation therein, the Dublin Geological Society, the London Philological Society, and the Liege Academy of Sciences, were ordered to be entered on the list of Corresponding Societies, and a copy of the New Series of the Transactions to be given to the first-named. Pending nomination No. 397, and new nominations, from 398 to No. 415, were read. A bill was presented for the painting of a portrait of Dr. N. Chapman by Waugh, after Sully, amounting to $125, and was ordered to be paid. And the Society adjourned. Stated Meeting, June 15, 1860. Present, seven members. Judge Sharswood, Vice-President, in the Chair. Letters, announcing donations to the Library, were read from the Academy at Vienna, dated July 7 and December 17; the Academy at Stockholm, dated November 25; and the Academy at Amsterdam, dated November 30, 1859. Letters, acknowledging the receipt of donations from this Society, were read from the London Linnean Society, dated June 1, 1859 ; from the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, dated Philadelphia, May 29; from the Royal Library at Berlin, dated February 29 ; from the Natural History Society at Bonn, dated February 1 ; from the Imperial Academy at Vienna, dated February 24 ; and from Prof. Von Leonhard, of Heidelberg, dated February 26, 1860. VOL. YII. — 2 S 338 The following donations for the Library were announced : Sitzun2:sberichte der K. K. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien. Math. Naturwissensclwftliche Classe: XXXIII Band,Nos. 27, 28, 29. XXXIV, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. XXXV, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. XXXVI, 13, 14, 15, 16. XXXVII, 17, 18, 19, 20. Register zu den Banden XXI bis XXX. — Phil. Eht. Classe: XXIX Band, Nos. 9 and 10 in one. XXX, No. 1. XXXI, 4, 5, 6. XXXII, 7. Register zu den Banden XXI bis XXX. Ahnanach ftir 1859. Verhandlungen des Xaturhistoreschen Vereines des Preussischen Rheinlande und Westphalens zu Bonn, xvi Jahr. 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th heften, 1859. Verhandelingen der K. Akad. van Wettenschappen. Letterkunde. I Deel, 4to. 1858, Amsterdam. VII Deel, 4to. 1859. Verslagen en Mededeelingen, 8vo. IV Deel, Stuk 1, 2, 3. " " Natuurkunde, 8vo. VIII '' one vol. 1858. " '' IX " Stukl, 2, 3. 1859. Jaarebock. 1858. Handlingar Kong. Svenska Vetenskaps Ak. Vol. II, part i. 1857. 4to. Ofversigt Forhandlengar, XV year. 1858. 8vo. Beiiittelse Fysik, for year 1853, by E. Edlund Insekteras, Myriopodernas, Arachnidernas. Naturalhistoria, 1855-1856. C. H. Boheman. Frigate Eugenia, Voyage. Zoologie, III, 4to. Marked 6 on back. Proceedings of the Royal Geograph. Society of London, IV, 1. Transactions of the Linnean Society, XXII. Parts iii, iv. 4to. Journal of the Proceedings of the same. Zoology — II, Nos. 7, 8 ; III, 9, 10, 11, 12 ; IV, 13, 14, 15. Botany— II, 7, 8 ; III, 9, 10, 11, 12; IV, 13, 14, 15. Supplement, Nos. 1 and 2. President Bell's Address, 2 copies. List of members, 2 copies. Memoirs de I'iVcad. Imperiale de Dijon. 2d scries, 7th vol. 1858'9. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronom. Society, No. 6. 1860. Proceedings of the American Anti([uarian Society. 1860. Catalogue of the Library, Massachusetts Hist. Society, vol. I. A — L, Proceedings of the Boston Society Nat. Hist., vol. VII, Nos. 15, 16. Annual Report (42d) of the Trustees, New York State Library. Supplement to U. S. Military Acad. Lib. Catalogue. N. Y., 1860. Proceedings and Debates of the 3d National Quarantine and Sanitary Convention, held in New York, April, 1859, 8vo. bd. 700 pp. Proceedings of the Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., 1860. Sigs. 6, 7, 8. Journal of the Franklin Institute. June, 1860. 339 Medical News and Library. June, 1860. — From the pitblisliers. Ann. Report (27th), Philada. Board of Trade (170 pp. bound), 1860. Rep. Sup. Com. Schools of Pennsylvania (bound, 300 pp.), 1859. Sabrie's Book Circular, Nos. 6, 8. 1860. Blanchard & Lea's Book Circular. 1860. African Repository. May, 1860. On Numerical Relations existing between the Equivalent Numbers of Elementary Bodies, by M. Carey Lea, part 2. From the Am. J. of Sci. and A. XXIX. May, I860.— i^rowi the autlior. Pacific Railroad Reports, Vol. XI, House of Representatives. 1859. Pacific Railroad Reports, Vol. XI, Senate. Washington. 4to. Astronomical Journal. Cambridge, No. 134. — From the editor. R. Isti. Lomb. List of members,