Author: Fruit Growers Association of Adams County
Title: Proceedings of the. . .annual convention
Place of Publication: Bendersville, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1907

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg016.2

m

THE

Fruit Growers Association

of Adams County

Pennsylvania

ORGANIZED DECEMBER 18, 1903

PROCEEDINGS

of the

THIRD ANNUAL CONVENTION

held in

FRUIT GROWERS HALL, BENDERSVILLE, PA.

WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY AND FRIDAY

DEC. 18, 19, 20, 1907

2

THE AMERICAN
AGRICULTURAL
CHEMICAL CO.

OF BALTIMORE, MD.

High-Grade, Reliable
Fertilizers for All Crops and for Permanent

Improvement of the Soil

W

E JUSTLY CLAIM that there are
NO BETTER FERTILIZERS than
ours, for they are as good as experience,
materials of the highest agricultural value,
unsurpassed facilities, and close and care-
ful attention to manufacturing can make
them. OUR FERTILIZERS ARE IN
FINE DRILLING CONDITION, and
are put up in GOOD, STRONG SACKS

Officers

President, Robert M. Eldon, ' Aspers

Vice President, Jas. G. Stovkr, M. D., Bendersville

Recording Secretary, C. Arthur GriEst, , Guernsey

Corresponding Secretary, Edwin C. Tyson, Flora Dale

Treasurer, Wm. S. Adams, Aspers

Executive Committee

Robert M. Eldon, Aspers

C. Arthur Griest, Guernsey

Chester J. Tyson, Flora Dale, Pa.

JosiAH W. Prickett^ Biglerville

Chas. Michener, Guernsey, Pa.

List of Members

Adams, Wm. S., Aspers, Pa.

Asper, D. C, Aspers, Pa.

Anderson, H. W., Stewartstown, Pa.

Adams, Mrs. W. S., Aspers, Pa.

Asper, Chas., Aspers, Pa.

Bream, Samuel, Biglerville, Pa.

Bream, Dill, Bendersville, Pa.

Bream, Wm. E., Biglerville, Pa.

Boycr, W. W., Arendtsville, Pa.

Black, Wm. H. Flora Dale, Pa.

Bream, H. S., Aspers, Pa.

Bream, John, Biglerville, Pa.

Baugher, H. G., Aspers, Pa.

Bucher, John, Bendersville, Pa.

Bender, Lee M., Martinsburg, W. Va.

Baugher, Martin, Aspers, Pa.

Baugher, Tra, Aspers, Pa.

Cockhn, Miss Alice, Bowmansdale, Pa.

Cook, Arthur E., Aspers, Pa.

Cook, Harris, Aspers, Pa.

Dcardorf, Anthony, Mummasburg, Pa.

Eldon, Robert M., Aspers, Pa.,

Englc, E. B ITarrisburg, Pa.

Eldon, Miss Margaret, Aspers, Pa.

Epplcman, John, Aspers, Pa.

Finnef rock, Thos., Bendersville, Pa.

Fohl, Geo., Biglerville, Pa.

Fiddler, F. B ^^pers, Pa.

BAUGH & SONS COMPANY

OF BALTIMORE CITY

MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS ==

Pure Animal Bone

Fertilizers

^^^

Agricultural Chemicals

1^^^

Special Fertilizers for
Fruit Trees

^^^

BAUGH-s RAW BONE ^^^^;^\^:^:^;^:^^::T^

.vay more than fifty yea:s ago ^U along .he n.er e^^^/jV ^^.,.^^^^ ,,, „,,er

after year until they now amount .'"!?^,^^,,Vdge<l wherever they are employed.

-"tvPU-A-S^^^

3ively derived from •---'• "^^^'^'''^Nrv'^runSerll^.'ilar fa'voral.le concUti^ns
often been attended «;^h aUu^e. ,^^;/' ,,„.^, ^^^n disappointing. Wh.le
have the results from ^'^''SJ %^,^"' '.'"', ^^ „{ any fertilizer cannot he guaran-

satisfactory immediate '««" '^ *''"" '^ " .^1° on sooner or later getting paymg
teed, yet consumers can wuhcon^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^.^^^ ,^ UNAS-

returns from Animal Kone Manuic^.

SIGNED TERRirORY. ,^,p «y

FOR SALE BY

G. W. KOSER, BiglerviUe, Pa.
H. D. & C. C. BREAM, Gettysburg, Pa.

• • *«» Ask vour dealer for it or write uf.
Baugh's 1908 Almanac juft ool. A»k your ae«

5

Griest, C. Arthur, Guernsey, Pa.

Griest, C. S., Guernsey, Pa.

Garrettson, J. V., Aspers, Pa.

Garrettson, Frank, Aspers, Pa.

Garrettson, Eli P., BiglerviUe, Pa.

Grove, W.. E., York Springs, Pa.

Garrettson, J. B., '....Aspers, Pa.

Garrettson, Robert, Aspers, Pa.

Garrettson, John, Aspers, Pa.

Griest, A. W., Baltimore, Md.

Gardner, L. M., Jr., York Springs, Pa.

Griest, Frederic E., Philadelphia, Pa.

Griest, Mrs. C. A., Guernsey, Pa.

Gochnauer, S. B., Bendersville, Pa.

Haskall, H. F., Uriah, Pa.

Hoflfman, W. C, BiglerviUe, Pa.

Hofifman, E. N., BiglerviUe, Pa.

Hiester, Gabriel, Harrisburg, Pa.

Heyser, Wm., Jack;s Mountain, Pa.

Harrison, Orlando, Berlin, Md.

House, O. P., Aspers, Pa.

Harris, Edwin, Aspers, Pa.

Keller, H. M., Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 5, Pa.

Klinefelter, U. S., BiglerviUe, Pa.

Kane J A BiglerviUe, Pa.

Knouse, J. A., Arendtsville, Pa.

Longsdorf, C. U ^^.^ ^if ' P "'

Lawver, Rufus W., BiglerviUe, Pa.

Michener, Chas., oT''%' ^P

Myers, George, BiglerviUe, Pa.

McTllhenny, Wm. B., Gettysburg, Pa.

McDermad, John A., tf m''.''i r?' P.

McKay, Geo. H., Philadelphia, Pa.

McClean, Wm. Arch, ^^ ct %.

Mayer, Dr. 1. H., ^^"7,^^ pf

McKay, Miss Harriett, Philadelphia, Pa.

Michener, Mrs. Chas., Aspers, Pa.

Morrison, W. S., Aspers, Pa.

McBeth, Jas. A., Aspers, Pa.

^ , p T Aspers, Pa.

Osborne, C iy., ^ ' u «. -Po

^ , p^^ Gettysburg, Pa.

Oyler, Geo., ^

r^ , T^ -1 Aspers, Pa.

Ogden, David, ^

PHckett T W BiglerviUe, Pa^

Prickett j. \M., Bendersville, Pa.

Peters, J^H., .^ ' Bendersville, Pa.

Petrey, Thos. W., ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^.^^^^ p^,

^^f^^'^^'^^ :::::: Aspers, Pa.

Peters, W.R Aspers, Pa.

Pitzer, Harry C,

u

SCALECIDE

ff

WITH FUNGICIDE

is the standard soluble or miscible oil spray for San Jose Scale,
peach curly etc.

It has no equal as an

hisecticide and Fungicide

The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in the inspec-
tion of nurseries gives the option of treating their trees by fumigation
or dipping in "SCALECIDE".

The New York Experiment Station in their report before The
Fruit Growers Association at a recent meeting in Syracuse, stated
that in some of their experiments, they found that 9 gallons of
SCALECIDE'' covered as much surface as 17 gallons of Lime-
Sulphur.

When you buy "SCALECIDE", you know what you are getting.
Drop us a postal for free sample and most convincing evidence
of its effectiveness by those who have used it.

B. G. PRATT COMPANY.

11 Broadway, New York City

E. C. TYSON, Pennsylvania State Agent

Flora Dale, Pa.

Patterson, Jas. A., Stewartstown, Pa.

Pratt, B. G., New York City.

Peters, Curtis, Biglerville, Pa.

Prickett, E. M. G., Biglerville, Pa.

Raflfensperger, Mrs. Lizzie J., Arendtsville, Pa.

Rice, E. E., Aspers, Pa.

Rice, Layton H., Biglerville, Pa.

Routzahn, George R., Bendersville, Pa.

Routzahn, Harry, .Bendersville, Pa.

Snyder, W. L., Bendersville, Pa.

Stover, Dr. J. G., Bendersville, Pa.

Stover, Mrs. Dr. J. G., Bendersville, Pa.

Slaybaugh, E. B., Aspers, Pa.

Slaybaugh, Elmer, Aspers, Pa.

Smith, G. Frank, Aspers, Pa.

Shenk, C. G., Biglerville, Pa.

Smith, J. H., Biglerville, Pa.

Sheely, Mrs. Angelina, Aspers, Pa.

Schlosser, Ira, Aspers, Pa.

Shull, Jno. R., Tillie, Pa.

ShuU, Robt. H., Tillie, Pa.

Tyson, Edwin C, Flora Dale, Pa.

Tyson, Chester J., Flo^^ Dale, Pa.

Tyson, Wm. C, Guernsey, Pa.

Taylor I P , Biglerville, Pa.

Thilow, J. Otto, Philadelphia, Pa.

Turner, Chas. U Philadelphia, Pa.

Tyson, B.H., tT^'^J^t' v

Tyson, M.W., Flora Dale, Pa.

Tyson, M. E., Guernsey, Pa.

Weidner, A. I., \rendtsville, Pa.

Wolf, C. A., ^^/P''n /• ^ v.

Weaver, Mrs. C. M., ^'"^ ^^""'^ ^''-

,,.., -D T? Biglerville, ra.

Wilson, B. t.f ^ , .„ T3

Weaner. Chas. C. ^''f "ill Pa

Wert. R. S., B.glerv.lle. Pa.

Wertz, D. M Qu.ncy.Pa.

Weidner, Geo.. Aspers, Pa.

The South Side MTg. Co.

PETERSBURG, VA.

_____ MANUFACTURERS OF - ' ~"

Peach, Apple, Grape, Mushroom and Straw-
berry Carriers

Send for Catalogue and Prices

¥#?^^fP^^^

CONSTITUTION

Preamble.
Being interested in fruit «-wi^ and be,ie^^,g that by organ zaU^n, we
may materially advance our common mterests, we nereoy au y
Constitution and By-Laws:

Article I.— Name. , .

This Association slrall be known as The Fruit Growers' Assocafon of
Adams County.

Article U.— Object. .

,e St1i^:;^;;^f A^^Sn^^^^^^^^^^ °^

"^^*^,srB; seStd disseminating such scientific a^ practical it^rn^a-

iin,fs%^^'t>r^rsh^iMronhf ^^^^^^^^^ -^ --^^^

°' °Z '' By"securing such legislation as may be advantageous, and prevent-
•"^ ?f t'1ec"?^g'-ct improved facilities in transportation as shall tend
^° ^ ^i^-:dS^-'^:^r^'^^^^ ".»-•" -tern of

3Sir=-^-^^^

"'"^6th. And by endeavoring to obtain stjch ^o.^^^V^ ^.^
S^Tc^ctrrlt:' ilrZSn rce^li.ng-pSdonT'lhcreby enabling the fruit
grower to know the exact situation.

Article III.— Membership.

shall require re-election. Kpnefit of commissions or of co-oper-

ativettyS Tt^ASaHZ'^ I^^Tal^^ounl gtater than $..oo for the term
of one year after election to membership.

The annual dues of this tso^tj^Jl^^^^^^^^^
;^,^^1^ l[.?t=^/"shXis':uf -T^IStir r<^elrto constitute a cert.licate
of membership for the succeeding year.

Its officers shall consist^'pl*^?^^^^^^
Secretary, a Correspondmg Secret ry ;^, |,;^"J,";/J;,e''^i; Recording Secretary
mittee of five (s) >^«";''"f' n!fl 'be dec cd bv ballot' at each annual meet-
r„t Jo^'"he1;^t'o1^1Vro^\n!t!l^hdr .successors shall be chosen.

Article VI.— Quorum.
Five (5) memhers shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of

business. , . .

Aftricht YU.— Amendments.

The Constitution and By-Laws of thb Asso^i=iUo. n..y b a -}^^^^^
regular meeting.

BY-LAWS

Article I. — Duties of President.

The President shall preside at all meetings of the Association and have
a general supervision of its affairs.

Article II. — Duties of Vice President.

The Vice President shall preside at any meeting in the absence of the
President, and may act on the Executive Committee in case of the Presi-
dent's absence.

Article III.— Duties of Recording Secretary.

The Recording Secretary shall write the minutes of the meetings of the
Association and have charge of its Records and Reports.

m

Article IV.— Duties of Corresponding Secretary.

The Corresponding Secretary shall conduct the correspondence of the
Association, and shall receive for so doing his necessary expenses for sta-
tionery, postage, etc. He shall also act as Recording Secretary in the ab-
sence of that officer.

Article Y.— Duties of Treasurer.

The Treasurer shall receive and keep an accurate account of all moneys
belonging to the Association, paying out same on an order of the Association,
signed by the President. He shall make a report of all receipts and dis-
bursements at the annual meeting or at any time at the request of the Associa-
tion He shall mail a notice of dues to all members one week prior to the
November meeting, at which time all dues are payable and shal issue cer-
tificates of membership in exchange for all dues received. He shall also keep
a roll of members who have complied with Article IV. of the Constitution
and embody same in his annual report.

Article \l.— Duties of the Executive Committee.
The Executive Committee shall have general supervision of the affairs
of the Association, auditing all bills and accounts and carrying out the pur-
poses of the Association. They shall also prepare a program for each meet-
ing, same to be announced at the preceding meeting.

ArticlB Wl.— Meetings.

There shall be a regular meeting of the Association on the ^e^on^ Sa;!""_
Hnv of each month at 7 : ^o P. M., unless otherwise ordered. The meetmg
hefd in December to be regarded as the Annual Meeting. Special meetings
may be convened by the Executive Committee at such time as they may
appoint.

Article Will.— Initiation of Officers.

All new officers shall assume the duties of office at ^l^^^Pf "j"^ ^^^^^^^^^^
meotin^ immediately following the one at which they were elected. Except
Tat t"fe Twly appoimed Executive Committee shall prepare and announce
at the January meeting the program for the February meeting.

Article IX.— Order of Business.

1st. Reading of minutes of previous meeting.

2d. Nominations and elections.

3d. Reports of committees.

4th. Deferred business.

5th. Communications.

6th. New business.

7th. Discussion of questions.

lO

ORCHARD TOOLS

AND SUPPLIES

SPRAYERS. Sole agents for the Niagara Gas Sprayer. The
best Power Sprayer in the market. Simple, Powerful,
Economical. Hand and power apparatus for the com-
mercial grower. Smaller sizes for the home orchard,
garden and lawn.
SPRAY HOSE. Best quality half-inch hose, special grade

for oil spraying. A complete line of hose fittings.
SPRAY EXTRAS. Brass and aluminum lined bamboo

rods, nozzles, valves and other fittings.
''SCALECIDE". We are Pennsylvania agents for this ex-
cellent scale killer. Agents wanted in unoccupied terri-
tory. Correspondence solicited.
INSECTICIDES. Bowker's Insecticides and Fungicides are
the standard for orchard, garden and lawn. We repre-
sent their full line in Pennsylvania. ''Pyrox" a specialty.
PRUNERS. We carry hand pruners with adjustable ratchet
to prevent loosening or binding of blades. Long handled
pruners with compound action. Pruning knives, saws,
shears and tree scrapers. We handle no cheap tools.
LADDERS. Three legged step ladders (best for picking and
pruning) pointed ladders, extension ladders, step ladders.
All made from best quality seasoned stock.

Agents Wanted in Unoccupied Territory

EDWIN C. TYSON

Ask for Catalogs

FLORA DALE, PENNA.

15

as is not fomid in any other class of men. They are glad to tell
all they know and to have their friends benefit by it.

Suppose a man who is going to start a store right next door to
the store of another man who had spent years and years in building
up a good business and in learning how to get trade ; and suppose
the green man just going there would say, 'Tlease tell me how you
get the trade," what kind of an answer would he get? But with
fruit growers, it is a very rare exception to find a man who is un-
willing to give his time to explain to another man the methods
which he has employed in reaching his present success, and how
this result has been accomplished. They consult together for their
mutual benefit. And I want to assure you at the outset that we who
have come from New York State expect to carry away more than
we leave — not coming here as instructors by any means — we are
fellow farmers and fruit growers.

"We share our mutual woes,

Our mutual burdens bear;
And often for each other flows
The sympathizing tear."

I notice that your President says that you too are engaged in
warfare against the evil presence. I don't mean the Devil, although
it is the Devil of fruit growing. I have been at fruit growing for
a number of years, and have a great deal to learn about it, and
w^ant to get from you your methods of work. I am greatly disap-
pointed in not seeing more young men at this Convention. If you
have any boys or young men bring them here to this meeting and let
them get some of the inspiration and encouragement to stay on the
farm instead of going to the city to slavery and drudgery, and start
in this thriving business and live a free life. I thoroughly believe
in the future of our business and I congratulate you most heartily
and thank you very kindly for your invitation for ]\Ir. Wilson and
myself to come here and take part in your Convention.

COMMERCIAL APPLE GROWING FROM THE STAND-
POINT OF A NEW YORK GROWER.

By Mr. T. B. Wilson.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen.— I can say with Mr
Scoon that I thank you for the invitation extended to us to be with
you We, I think, are about as you are, we are looking for in-
formation and it is certain that there is no one man that is capabk
of Riving it all to anybodv. I believe, Mr. Chairman, that the fruit
growing business is in its' in fancy. What I have to say to you here
I am afraid don't bear all together on your conditions. It seems to
me that your conditions arc different from ours in many ways^
What I have to say is from the standpoint of a Wes ern New York
fruit grower, and where it differs from your methods and your ex-
periences, I hope you will jot it down, or if you prefer to ask ques-

10

ORCHARD TOOLS

AND SUPPLIES

SPRAYERS. Sole agents for the Niagara Gas Sprayer. The
best Power Sprayer in the market. Simple, Powerful,
Economical. Hand and power apparatus for the com-
mercial grower. Smaller sizes for the home orchard,
garden and lawn.
SPRAY HOSE. Best quality half-inch hose, special grade

for oil spraying. A complete line of hose fittings.
SPRAY EXTRAS. Brass and aluminum lined bamboo

rods, nozzles, valves and other fittings.
"SCALECIDE". We are Pennsylvania agents for this ex-
cellent scale killer. Agents wanted in unoccupied terri-
tory. Correspondence solicited.
INSECTICIDES. Bowker's Insecticides and Fungicides are
the standard for orchard, garden and lawn. We repre-
sent their full line in Pennsylvania. "Pyrox" a specialty.
PRUNERS. We carry hand pruners with adjustable ratchet
to prevent loosening or binding of blades. Long handled
pruners with compound action. Pruning knives, saws,
shears and tree scrapers. We handle no cheap tools.
LADDERS. Three legged step ladders (best for picking and
pruning) pointed ladders, extension ladders, step ladders.
All made from best quality seasoned stock.

Agents Wanted in Unoccupied Territory

EDWIN C. TYSON

Ask for Catalogs

FLORA DALE, PENNA.

15

as is not found in any other class of men. They are glad to tell
all they know and to have their friends benefit by it.

Suppose a man who is going to start a store right next door to
the store of another man who had spent years and years in building
up a good business and in learning how to get trade ; and suppose
the green man just going there would say, "Please tell me how you
get the trade/' what kind of an answer would he get? But with
fruit growers, it is a very rare exception to find a man who is un-
willing to give his time to explain to another man the methods
which he has employed in reaching his present success, and how
this result has been accomplished. They consult together for their
mutual benefit. And I want to assure you at the outset that we who
have come from New York State expect to carry away more than
we leave — not coming here as instructors by any means — we are
fellow farmers and fruit growers.

"We share our mutual woes,

Our mutual burdens bear;
And often for each other flows
The sympathizing tear."

I notice that your President says that you too are engaged in
warfare against the evil presence. I don't mean the Devil, although
it is the Devil of fruit growing. I have been at fruit growing for
a number of years, and have a great deal to learn about it, and
want to get from you your methods of work. I am greatly disap-
pointed in not seeing more young men at this Convention. If you
have any boys or young men bring them here to this meeting and let
them get some of the inspiration and encouragement to stay on the
farm instead of going to the city to slavery and drudgery, and start
in this thriving business and live a free life. I thoroughly believe
in the future of our business and I congratulate you most heartdy
and thank you very kindly for your invitation for Mr. Wilson and
myself to come here and take part in your Convention.

COMMERCIAL APPLE GROWING FROM THE STAND-
POINT OF A NEW YORK GROWER.

By Mr. T. P.. Wilson.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen.— I can say with Mr.
Scoon that I thank you for the invitation extended to us to be with
you. We, I think, are about as you are, we are looking for in-
formation and it is certain that there is no one man that is capable
of giving it all to anybody. I believe, Mr. Chairman, that the fruit
arrowing business is in its infancy. What T have to say to you here,
I am afraid don't bear all together on your conditions. It seems to
me that your conditions are different fn^u ours m many ways^
What I have to say is from the standpoint of a Western New York
fruit i^rower, and where it differs from your methods and your ex-
periences, T hope you will jot it down, or if you prefer to ask ques-

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

TXT A 'T'T/^XT

t Ar. ;f Mr Scoon said that he is sorry to see that tnere are bo
S te aie"™! ^„".o .hXl The/, a,, probably a great

We all •1^7^,'^^^" ;.,V; botanist or a pant student would.

Z t rttr^Jetlfth: thhSrthey wol see. We should
study observe ami profit th^^^^^^^ the standpoint of the Western
^jY^Xlr^^rSAn. at the beginning and go to the end

?.^1 us mless they have investigated that particular soil These
Se condut's wW h come up against the practical '"an and are fo

Rta^We ^recf :^ gil'a^ Twe h^^e "^^^'^^l^
?^br-lo:ir%;t;nd prepare it t^^^^^^^^^^^^^

it as thoroughly as % ^ (j;jP j^J^^^^^Jf ^'ees about 'fort^ feet apart.

SliiiifliElSig

the next row, set trees 3»st '^^IV'^^if, 'ou" Tre thirty-seven feet
"'''Vmrfa ™w S%aTes'e£/« rience. aU ar„„n„ .be field

Se I"ia'ar.f ;;re,If ,1&S r'b^i::^ .or ,e„l„. «,.
"■""Be caretnl after you haye planted six or eight IrM^'"' ;•>'""';

"S^^'^if.-

17

be one inch out of the way. If you go back and move it straight
with the row and set another tree with the stake, you will find this
one out of line with the row also. If you will leave them as they
set and go according to the stakes, and stakes only, the row will be
about straight when finished. Even if one tree is one or two inches
out of the way, it don't make much difference, but if you pay atten-
tion to your stakes and not the trees, your trees will line in every
angle in the orchard. Now in planting, we set the trees only about
as deep as they were in the nursery rows. I prefer to plant them
in the fall, even in our climate if we can. If we do not get them
planted in the fall, we plant them in the spring as early as we can
work the ground nicely.

In selecting trees, a great many men make the mistake of buy-
ing from agents who buy second grade trees from nurseries. They
try to save all they can in buying and if they can get a pretty decent
tree they will buy a number two tree for six cents rather than pay
twelve for a number one. Six cents is a very small amount for a
fruit tree that we expect to be worth a hundred dollars in future
years. When I am selecting trees to plant, I go through a nursery
and select the trees that I want, and if the nurseryman don't charge
more than double, I will be glad to pay it. I select good, thrifty
growing trees — all Spy if I can get them. •

If possible have them planted the same day they are dug, or
as soon after as is possible, and cut all broken roots smooth be-
fore planting. In the fall of the year following I top work all of
my trees by setting buds of the kinds I want. I top work them for
this reason : you can go into almost any orchard in Western New
York and find a great difference in the apples of the same variety.
You may find six or eight distinct types. Take the Greening, you
will find a flat Greening, you will find a round Greening, you will
find a red cheeked Greening, etc. You can select just the kind you
have a fancy for from the trees in your own orchard that you
know to be a good variety. We have a Rhode Island Greening that
when mature is large in size and a good winter apple, solid and firm
with a red blush, and those are the Greenings which I prefer. I
should have stated when recommending budding, that it might pos-
sibly be safer to wait two or three years and then graft. It is very
hard to get the buds started in our country. We have the bud
moth, which destroy the buds. You will find where you slit the
bark for the bud, it makes a place where the egg can be laid, and
the first bud, the moth comes to when it hatches in the spring, is
almost certain to be the one that you don't want him to get.

I select trees from the nurseries that have a central stem and
set three buds in each tree. I find that the best plan is to have the
trees all gone over two or three times early in the spring, when the
buds start, and the moth pinched off and I have learned that if you
take a pin while you are going over the tree and push under the
bark where it was slit for the insertion of the bud, you will fetch
them out, or destroy the egg. After the buds are started about three
inches, you cut off the top of the limb just above the best bud and
remove the other buds.

Set all three buds in the centre limb of the tree, on the last
year's wood, so the bud that is left to make the tree will be straight.

tree back just where you see orchards that were not top

'"' ''N«^nTKSi'4"'e 'rchard I have adopted ,h. plan of not

^ .r Rv too woJking I should have said, that we ge apples
we will get a large growui ui ^^^ ^^^^^^

bearing. Ours is situateci on a , g surface n some

rock and the slate -ck is wit^nn t J f ^ °f ^ ^^^ ^ver three
places, and is full of uater ^^S.^^""°;,f".o,,i ^^ that if I ever
feet when diggmg for water. Dr^ {°'f,"„°t cultivate, he woukl

„.ade the statement '" P"^-/ ^l^,,f, t S W^H n<;w, I don't
shake me up oj f. He aul do cul^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^

ss ml xihevnyrep^^^^^ f rkaerit-f

?rt cliUi^Lf a/ul^^^^^ ^^^-- --

that we cannot mature fruit buds.

Pickiii CI

arrangements I have yet seen lo' i t, .. corners

like a common grain bag with ^^^^^l"*^* "J,^;;, or ^ p'^osphate sack
with a strap fastened to go "^er he ho d^ or a p P ^^ ^^^^

L;S'b;^thisrerhod.^Tr;; ^m^ ^^ l-r Sn I have made

19

arrangements to speak to you about co-operative work, but I will
tell you what we can do at present. The dealers have changed their
mode of buying and the bulk of the apples are now sold on a basis
of tree run. We put them right into barrels without facing, and
take theni immediately to the storehouse. Many of the apples this
year were bought in that way, otherwise we picked them into bar-
rels and took them into the barns and set them there with the
head out. On a rainy day we sort them. We have been in the
habit of putting into the No. i barrel all apples which measure two
and one-fourth inches or more, with a fair color and some green
fruit, if good size. All other sound fruit down to two inches are
packed as No. 2's. Those below two inches go to the cider mill.
All the apples were packed and if they were not sold as soon as they
were packed they were put into the storehouse. One of our store-
houses holds about 1,000 barrels, another storehouse at the station
will store about 7,000 barrels. Those storehouses are kept under my
control until the apples are disposed of, and I will not sell my apples
unless I rent the storehouse. Buyers often buy the fruit so they can
control the storage. If we don't get a sufficient price for the apples,
we will put them into the storehouse and sort them ourselves.
Four or five men will work the entire winter in sorting them, and
we sort them well. Make a strictly first class grade of apples, re-
gardless of what it costs you. We have exported a great many of
our apples to the old country. We were among the first exporters
in Western New York, and had a very profitable business for sev-
eral years, but there is now a great deal of competition. But there
is still a good trade for thoroughly sorted apples and it pays to
sort well. The Tompkins County King is a first rate apple, but it
never produces as many barrels to the tree as the Baldwin; but
they are very saleable, and bring a good price. One year it hap-
pened that there was a shortage in Tompkins County King apples,
and the English market was good. Aly father posted a notice that
he would pay twenty or forty cents a barrel more than other dealers
were paying, and he got all there were of that variety within a
radius of four or five miles, in all 875 barrels. We bought them for
No. I apples. They were all put into the storehouse and resorted.
Every apple repacked was perfect and over two and one-half inches
in size. We took out of those 875 barrels, 275 barrels of No. 2
fruit, put the 600 barrels of No. I's on the cars and shipped them to
Liverpool. The Liverpool quotations were $4.00 a barrel for Tomp-
kins County Kings. We had to compete with the Canadian apples,
which have always outsold the New York State apples, and yet
because of fancy pack, we were paid $6.00 per barrel for the 600
barrels, or $2.00 above the market. We packed the balance and
shipped to Baltimore unbranded. There was some rot to come
out of the No. 2, but we came out even on the 275 barrels and made
a nice profit on the No. i. This shows what thorough sorting

will do.

(Mr. Eldon). How do you spray them?

That depends somewhat on the season. I spray three times,
once just before the blossoms come out, and once just after the
blossoms go off, and then just about two weeks later, and we some-
times have to make a spray between the two last sprays. After

20

the blossoms fall all the apples are on th^ tr^^f 1^,^^°^;!, ^^^Z
ire four little leaves at the blow end of the apple, that are openeu
right out w en tSI blossoms fall, and we try to get our poison in at
thfltin e and it is foolish to spray after these leaves close The
a S^a; h more particularly for the leaf blight and the fungus
nn the aoDle The time differs in neighboring orchards. Some-
times the?e will be a few days between the fall of the blossoms in
oTeord'ard and that of another right across the fence Don t go
tothe almanac, but watch when the leaves -':f.°Pf"'. .^J -/^^ j^*e
leaves close up you can wait two weeks, possibly '^ f %^7' *^'^J^
wf-eks after the bloom goes off will answer for th re spray, in
Toravhig we 1 ave been using five pounds of blue vitriol and one-
fSh pouTd of Paris green to fifty gallons of water We use now
a nowe? sprayer. I am not advertising any part.cidar sprayer. I
^nr^hi^ the Devo Sprayer, made in Binghamton, New York, but
Jh^re a f other spraye^rs jusi as good. It is run by a two and one-
airhorLpower^gaJoline engine mounted on a wide-wheeled wagon
The ^asoHne^ngine is on the back part of the wagon. We have a
two humlred gaflon tank, and onr proportions are made in accord-
ance wtlle^aoo gallon;. Of late we have been using less copper
M Inhate There have been conditions where I used 5 pounds of
sS a 5' to fifty gallons of water, and injured the foliage. If there

"am a siower'of rain and we went out to ^P-y .'^f/-; ^1^^^;;^ ^
was dried off the leaves, some damage would result. It seems to
have some chemical action in such a way that w^en we spray us
IftPr p rain the damage is done to the foliage at that time. 1 Here
ts dan Jr 1.1 using copper sulphate too strong. Three pounds to
fiftv S. o" wfter is about the right proportion. We use Pam
En^f, the snrav used before the blossoms open to kill bud moth.
f^eLve a ho^ne made tower on the wagon from which sp raying is
^ne Some companies are now making these towers of steel en
tnwelve feet high Now, in all our spraying from one year to the

of the t^^e'whTn the wind changes. By using a fi"e nozzle it will
taVe leL spray material. We don't care to P"* enough of ^sma^

terial on a tree so that f wdl run oft. J^^ /^^^^Valf 'as much
enough on a tree so tha it will '^y^ott there ^^^^

piles": oS;i: Sg"',*;,; <U,.k *. co,or a„„ ...ey mus. go

°"'l':V!°SS»r wtTag. tree. .,o you p....?

Mr, Wilson. Two years old.

21

Question. How high do you head them?

Mr. Wilson. About shoulder high. I think it would be a ser-
ious mistake to head trees too low if it were not for the San Jose

scale.

Dr. Mayer. How would it do to wrap raffia above the buds to

exclude bud moth ?

Mr. Wilson. We do use raffia, but it must be cut off about
three weeks after budding, to prevent binding buds and preventing

growth.

Dr. Mayer. We place a broad band of raffia above the bud and
find it keeps moth from depositing eggs in the crevice made in

slipping buds. i .. ^

President El don. What stock do you select for plantmg.'^
Mr. Wilson. We prefer Northern Spies. They have good

roots, are good growers and make good unions. Stark is our second

choice.

President Bldon. Is your stock root-grafted or budded?

Mr. Wilson. They are usually grafted.

C J. Tyson. Do you not think it would be an advantage m
picking to have rows in pairs rather than single rows of a variety?

Mr Wilson. Yes, when picking directly to sortmg table. When
picking into barrels as we do it, it is best to have a row or two be-
tween of a different kind, as men do not talk so much, and there is
more comoetition to see which row will be finished first.

/ W' Priekett. Do you select varieties for this inter-planting
with a view to their time of bloom, so as to provide for cross fer-

' ^""^Mr.'wilsoti. No, not especially, but I plant Baldwin, Greening
and Hnbbardston Nonesuch, which work good together.

Question. Is there any advantage in planting trees deep so as

to with<^tand the wind? . . .

Mr. IVilson. We are not troubled at all with trees tipping out

' PiSc'iit Eldon. What kind of tools do you use for cultiva-

Mr. Wilson. Common cultivators, gang plow, cut away harrow

and Baker harness. , , ^i i _,^<, n

Mr. Wcrtc. Does not the Baker harness hurt the horses?
Mr. Wilsou. No. not when properly adjusted. One of our

men prefers to use it for ordinary plowing. I ^^^^f '"^ if ^^^Vl
one of my men bark a tree they must attend to it before they eat a
meal; cover it with wax or something, to keep the an out^ orchard?

Question. When do you remove the hogs from the orchard.
Are thev in there when you are picking the apples?

Mr' Wilson. We take them out ]ust as soon as the fruit is ma
tured enough to make good evaporatmg stock. ^^rhards?

Question. How many hogs do yon keep in y^'^'^^'f^^!^^^^^

Mr. Wilson. Not too many. Not over three or four to each

^^''^' Question. Do the hogs work all over Jjie orchard?

Mr Wilson They work over the orchard about as we do wun
the mtur"^ A tree 'that has apples on ths year hey will not
touch. They work under one which bore fruit last season.

22

Question. Do you use any commercial fertilizer on your

orcliarci ?

Mr Wilson. No, we could never see any beneficial results.

C S Griest. How close together do you plant your trees ?

Mr Wilson. Forty feet. I have one orchard that was planted
in 1869, thirty-three feet apart, and three years ago we cut out half

of those trees.

Question. How old do you expect your trees to get.''

Mr. Wilson. About 100 years.

Question. Do you ever head them back?

Mr Wilson. Most of these old trees are dead at the heart,
and it \vould likely be impossible to head them successfully.

Question Where do you aim to start the first limbs?

Mr Wilson. About shoulder high. The limbs will come down
to the ground when loaded. In my sixteen or eighteen year orchard
we have picked as many apples by standing on the ground as there

were left on »he tree. .

W. H. Black. Have you tried alcoholic vapor as a preservative

of fruit? , , ,

Mr. Wilson. No, I think it has not proved of any value.

/ H. Peters. Do you use any artificial heat? , „ f

Mr Wilson. No, we have no need for heat. A large bulk ot
apples together developes plenty of heat. Our sole concern is to
keep temperature down and we do that by a system of ventilation.

/ W Prick ett. What is the cost of building storage?

Mr. Wilson. Our house, 40x60, two stories, cost $2,200.00.

Question. How is your storage constructed? ...

Mr Wilson. It is built of concrete, two stories of twelve feet
each The walls of lower story are two feet thick. Those of upper
storv are twenty inches, thus forming an internal jog of four inches
to receive ends of joist, which bear second floor These joist are
further supported by two lines of girders, each carried by four
heavv posts, thus dividing the basement into five sections of welve
feet each The basement is under ground for about half its height
and each' section is ventilated by external concrete flues which ex-
tend from floor level, where they penetrate to inside of walls, to
surface of groun<l outside. The basement is further provided for
ingress of air by means of five lines of fifteen inch sewer pipes
which are laid in the earth forming basement floor. These run
longitudinally from one end of building and curve upward to level
of floor at their inner ends, terminating, one in the center of each
quarter of the floor and one in the exact center of the basement
The second story walls are lined on four inch studding which
stand on the jog mentioned above, and this four-mch space back
of lining all around the room furnishes egress for air from base-
ment to loft of building and thence to outer air through vents in
roof covers being provided for these vents so as to control venti la-
[k,n The barrels are piled up seven high, and the building holds
7,000 barrels. We used 5 parts sand and gravel, and i If^t cement
in making concrete for this building, and also used a lot of field
stones These stones were placed in form, being careful that hey
did not lie within an inch of form, and then covered with a slush
of the concrete mixture. Enough two-inch plank were provided to

23

make a course one foot high around entire building, both outside
and inside, and we always aimed to lay a foot each day and raised
the planks next morning, ready for another course.

EVENING SESSION, DECEMBER 18TH.

Wednesday evening the Convention was entertained by Mrs.
Chas. Schafer, of West Chester, Pa., and the Pennsylvania College
Orchestra under the able direction of Mr. Fred. Harmon.

Mrs. Schaffer told the audience most graphically of an ex-
ploring expedition which she, with a single companion (also a lady)
undertook during the past summer. With eleven horses, to trans-
port themselves and their outfit of tents, accessories and provisions
for four months, and with two efficient guides they penetrated far
into the trackless wilderness of the Canadian Rockies, hundreds of
miles beyond the limits of civilization. It was altogether a unique
and venturesome trip, and one which few men would care to at-
tempt. Mrs. Schaffer had many thrilling experiences and her de-
scriptions were extremely interesting. No small part of the inter-
est was due to an excellent set of slides which ^Irs. Schaffer made
herself from negatives secured during the trip. Their exquisite
coloring is worthy of special mention as evidence of exceptional
artistic ability. We are again indebted to the college boys for a de-
lightful feast of music.

CHERRIES AND PEARS.

By ]\1r. C. K. Scoon, Geneva, N. Y.

Mr Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen.— I realized yesterday
right away that Mr. Wilson had a great advantage over me in his
subject and I began to think that I had rather an uphill task, i
just want to tell vou rather in an offhand way of my experience, and
if any of you ever want to grow cherries or pears you will have a
little of one man's experience, at least my experience 111 cherries.
There are two main varieties of sour cherries, the white juice cherry
and the dark juice cherry. The Early Richmond cherry is not a
desirable variety at all. It is a small cherry, mostly pit and juice
and not much meat. With us it used to be considered a very dis-
puted topic as to what is the proper stock to use and there are var-
ious opinions. I was brought up to bel eve that Mazzard stock vvas
bv far the best for sour cherries. It is almost 'mpos^'We for the
nurservmen to secure good trees from Mazzard stock. Ihey usu-
ally P^er to graft on Mahaleb stock as they take better upon it

and the stocks are cheaper. ^ ,

About ten years ago, I planted one block of trees by them-
selves part on Mazzard stock and part on Mahaleb, and on my soil
the re'sSlt was very marked. The Mahaleb bore earlier bu oyer
bore The fniit wis small and inferior. The tree did not make the
growth and lacked the hardiness of the Mazzard block. The dif
ference in these two blocks was very precept.ble. Anybody going

':;<;v:'.. ;■■■-■

24

alonsr the road could see where one variety began and the other left
S Mr Willard tells me that will not hold true on all kmds of

soil. My soil is gravelly loam.

I am eoing to give you some reasons why i like to grow
.our cherrils and one reason is the beauty of the snowy blossoms^
Snike tie apple, it blossoms before the leaves start I go out into
mforchard and look up at the wealth of bloom. It is one of the
;;Lt° Sful sights /ou can imagine. Looking down along^
rows it seems like a mountain of snow and I go right into ttie mmsi
of It andlook UP at the bees at their work and enjoy the delightful
nerfur^e A b nd man could get to them if he had any nose. And
? say'Thifis living." I pity the man who has to work msKle o
hrirk walls This is something that makes a man glad that he is
alive and has the faculty to appreciate what nature has done for

'''"" Another reason for liking sour cherries is becatise we rarely "
miss a cron This is not the case with peaches and plums. Very
Semientlv we 1 ave hopes of a big plum crop. The trees bloom pro-
Susdy ami everything looks favorable and then there comes a spell
of cold weather and the bees do not work in the blossoms. The
lalf pi m'fstart t^ grow a little bit and we begin to run our bug
carts an then thev all come down and the crop is gone, simply be-
caui o iperfect fertilisation, but it takes very severe and tm-
favorable weather to hurt cherries after they once bloom This
veir we had a great disappointment in the buds being injured by the
lost Thev hfd lots of Wossoms, but we are going to learn to look
oltliin A T ookin'' inside the blossoms, we found the petals and
5 e eafe; tl Se but the little man with the red coat and the stone
•n\ f thrnJt was missing In good blossoms we usually find the
n"s guarded a'ul pro S by'the stamen in their yellow, hoods
S stSt jackets'. He was misssing this year and we said it is

all off with those blossoms. ^ • t ,. \r^„ ^rc

I irke the cherrv tree because it stands up straight. You are

Z »r^ aboS Uventy ,c„» „ki. .ha, have horn, goo.l crop., that

I never had lo spray aii<l that's one mark ni .ts favor.

I ""^ '""'■"./' „,j„ o ,„ pla„,i„s sour chernes when 1 tel

f* f^*- Qon ToQP Scale is sour cherries and Kieter pears.

- T^:^ f n"i fa£ ^y ^;;^,-;,--e rJ S.rS.Je'reS

25

ladder reach and the lower limbs are again bearing fruit. Ever
since that I have cut back the entire new growth. With my later
planting I allow them to reach a height of 12 or 14 feet and I say
"stop," and I hold them right there. The lower limbs begin to
bear fruit, * although on the fifteen-foot planting the limbs reach
together so that it is difficult to get through without knocking off
some of the cherries. I now plant my cherries eighteen feet apart
each way.

Now as to picking and marketing. Of course, the picking of
cherries is a bug bear. When we talked about planting so many
cherries the question was raised where are you going to get the
help in picking time.

When our first orchard began to bear an old friend came into
the orchard and looked up through the rows and said, "boys you
will never pick half of these cherries." W^ell, of course, it does
take a good deal of help, but it comes in vacation time, and we only
live two and one-half miles from Geneva, and can get women and
children. I think it is all right to stop child labor in factories. I
think this country has been cursed with a curse in that matter and
I think it ought to be stopped. I think it is wrong to pen them up in-
doors when they ought to be moving about and stretching their
muscles, but I do think it is an advantage to their health, and be-
sides gives them spending money if they come out and pick cherries
during vacation time. We have usually about 100 pickers. It is
light work and the boys enjoy it. At first I paid by the day, but I
have changed to paying by the basket, and I find that it is a great
advantage. When I paid by the day about every five minutes some
one would want to know what time it was. "How long is it going
to be before we quit?" But since we pay by the basket and use the
card system, they are liable to ask different questions. I wijj l^^^r
them saying, "I am going to try to get so many before noon, Have
I time to pick another basket before we quit?" And it sort of cheers
them and it keeps them good natured. Some children will pick
twice as many as others, and this will cause trouble when we pay
by the day. One boy will say, "I am as old as he is. I am as big
as he is if I am not as old." We get the same thing accomplished
and it relieves us a great deal. You know the result is what we are
after. It doesn't make so much difference how it is done.

Our market for the cherries has been a good one to preserving
companies. Probably nine-tenths of the cherries that are grown
about our place are sold to the different canning factories. It makes
a verv quick and easv way to dispose of them. They estimate
how many we have. 'They used to try to buy as many as they
wanted. We farmers are not qitite as quick to get on to things
as business men are, and found that when there was a large crop
there was difficulty in disposing of what was left, so that now we
sell the crop outright, estimating as nearly as possible and the
buyer agrees to take the entire crop, be it more or less.

Now a few words about pears. If you have enterprising busi-
ness men in vour locality, one of the improvements m the near fu-
ture will be the erection of a cold storage plant. The growing ot a
large quantity of pears will help bring this about, because the stor-

I

i

26

age can be first filled with them and they will begin to move ofif to
market as apples begin to come to take their place.

In planting pears, I shonld limit myself to a few choice varie-
ties And first of all comes the Seckel, because it is the standard
of excellence the world over. There is nothing that excels it m
aualitv If I had soil that would grow Seckels a little larger than
the average size, there would be no danger of planting too many.
Besides being rather a slow, hardy grower, it is not so subject to

bliglit as most other varieties. • ^ 1

The next choice would be Bartlett, a standard variety always

in demand and always will be. .

The third would be Bosc, a large, late pear, very nice and
juicy, equally as good for canning and desert purposes and a good

seller on fruit stands. • -i „ ^1-,;^

And I am planting apples. In my slow-growing soil, we claim
it takes twenty years to bring an apple tree to perfection. What is
the use of yoiir planting apples? Well a man has the satisfaction of
doing something that is going to live longer than he does I have
in mv possession a farm on which my father spent his life, upon
which I was born and reared and I have a boy in Cornell University
who is taking the Agricultural Course, and who is ambitious to
take it when I get through with it. It gives me a good g"P on h e to
see voung apple trees growing and it makes me able to think there
will^be bftter apples and better methods for caring for apples than
I found in the world when I came into it. and it makes life worth
living. Here is an opportunity that makes anv farmer boy s life
worth living and worthv of the best that there is m him and he b
worthy of the best education that you can give him to prepare him
for his business. The best crop that a farmer can raise is boys that
will 'tart on the farm and take care of the fruit he has planted,
making it their life studv and their life business. .

Question No. i. What varieties, if any, of sweet cherries do

y°" 5?r Scfo,frhe Windsor without a doubt, is the best shipper,
not being so liable to rot as the soft meat cherries.

Question No. 2. How do profits on cherries, sour or sweet,
comnare with apples, acre with acre? ,

Mr Scoou The sour cherries are more regular croppers and
will compare favorably with the best apples for profit per acre

Question No. 3. Do you keep your cherry orchards cultivated

^" °Mr. Wi. Thoroughly cultivate until the crop is picked, then

'^'^QuZZ NT4. What fertilizer, if any, do you use in orchard
(I mean this in the broad sense, not as to brand) .'

Mr Seoon Have used muriate of potash and phos. acid, but
have about coiKluded my soil required nothing but enough bam
vard manure to make cover crop grow. ,

^Question. What elevation and character of soil do you find

^'"' Mr wT' Rolling land, gravelly loam soil: though some sand
with a little more fertilizers is excelle.^. Avoid low and wet land.
Question. How about Question No. 2 for pears?

27

Mr. Scoon. Pears usually sell for more per barrel than apples,
l)ut the yield is so much less per acre that the profits are not so
large. There are striking exceptions however, to this statement.

Question. How about Question No. 3 for pears?

Mr. Scoon. Pears must be cultivated through the growing
season ; but if blight appears, stop cultivation to check growth.

Question. What are your best commercial pears?

Mr. Scoon. Seckel, Bartlett, Bosc and Kieffer.

Question. How do you handle pears in picking? How do you
pack and when and how do you market them?

Mr. Scoon. Pick in baskets, sort on table and ship in bushel
kegs. Bartlett and Seckel are freciuently held in local cold storage
till the rush of season is over. Canneries here buy most of the
Bartletts.

PRACTICAL ORCHARD MANAGEMENT FOR PROFIT-
ABLE RESULTS.

By Dr. I. II. Mayer, Willow Street, Pa.

Ladies and Gentlemen and Fellozv Fruit Grozvers. — It is with
a little diffidence that I come before you with a subject that has
heen discussed at this meeting a number of times. We in Lancaster
County have not as many fruit growers as you have here, in fact,
there are only a few commercial growers there. Now Lancaster
County produces more agricultural products than any other county
in the United States, and while no other county produces a larger
quantity of agricultural products, Lancaster County, up to a few
years ago, has been producing very few apples to send out of the
county. Lancaster city has a po])ulation of about fifty thousand.
They claim now 60,000. We find that we can sell there quite a
quantity of fruit of all kinds, apples, peaches, pears, plums and quite
a lot of cherries. We ought to grow more cherries. A cherry or-
chard I believe to be profitable and very easily managed, but be-
fore speaking al)out the orchard management, I would say that the
man behind th.e orchard is perhaps more important than anything
else. If a man don't look after his trees and don't take an interest
in tiieir growth or do anything of that kind, why he had better leave
orcharding alone, even though he thinks he could obtain figures
like we have here on the wall. I was reminded while looking at
your statistics of something that happened last summer. We have
a well in our orchard so that the men can get a drink of water
without losing time and in the pump house over the well some bum-
ble-bees had their nests. They, too, are very good things to have
around. They are like the honey-bee, Avork for nothing and board
themselves. I came to the pump house one day and found one ot
the boys making a fuss and I said, 'Xloyd, what is the matter?
He said, "The bumble-bees got after me." I asked him. What
did you stir them up for?" He said, "I thought they needed 1 .
I feel that I might be like the boy. I might go away a little the
worse for the wear if I should stir you up for that is hardly what
you need.

28

There are a good many things that we don't believe that we
did beUeve once. I think it was Josh BilHngs who said, I would
rather not know so much than to know so much that is not so

Years ago we looked up to those who edited papers^ We be-
lieved everything they told us. We were a little like the Dutchman
who las S the'wit/ess stand. When the judge. began to question

him he would always start out by saymg M^.^l/^f ^^..-3^:3'"!!
mind what your wife says, what did you see?_ My ^^^ f^f
"No! NEVER MIND what your mfe says, ju tell us what you
know." "When I was at George's my wife says -The n^lge said^
"Never mind what your wife says, but just tell us what you saw
and know Some fine morning if your wife «houM come in and
sav the heavens have fallen, what would you think? Well, i
sfiou tlS they wus down." The fruit growers don't believe all
le e itors say nmv, nor what some people tell them, even if they
are scienlmc men Every fruit grower ought to be a careful ob-
tervJr He oSt to be interested in his work and work out every
nrnblem as if it had never been worked out before
^Cherrv orcharding and pear orcharding have been covered by
previous peakers and' I suppose you people want me to talk more
particularly about apples. I believe that you will parfon me for
KiSt another lit'tle story here to emphasize my b^l'^f m P^J^f.
Zs thin-s I think this question was propounded by a Greek phil
ZX^' "If yo" take a basin of water a-l weigh it a^.d put a fish
in it whv don't that fish increase the weight of the water :" some

^"' "C'rllTrd to selecting a site for an orchard. I would select
a locaiowh re there is good air drainage and to be --whether

?here .-. goo.l air drainage. I w-'^^^^^ ? J^ifre w' r 'Ly pSets
^r^ar pc;neriallv on foggv mornings, to see it tnere were au> \j

'"^^Vhen""Cr.u!rth: '^^il V w5l select. T believe, not the
grou,u thaTJnfproduce .00 bushels shelled cor.i to he -e^^^-

Iround that will produce that much ^'•'^""^^^"bii^a^Kf other
of wood with large cells that fall an easy prey to hh ^t^

are farms that have raiseci :t>^w.uu p-rown twenty years

I know of one case where tobacco has been f ;o\' ^^ ^^^^^dly
successively .-ith-t any chan^^^ a first

29

is surer than the heavy ground that will produce the large tobacco
crops.

In selecting trees, get those with a good, healthy independent
root system..

On one occasion we made root grafts, using roots cut up by the
plow in plowing an old orchard. These pieces of roots were cut
to, perhaps, three inches and a scion six or eight inches long was
inserted into the piece of root, and the whole planted so that only
one or two buds were out of the ground. That bit of root kept the
scion growing until it formed roots of its own and the resulting
tree was practically growing on its own roots. Those trees were a
success. I believe Mr. Kerr, of Eastern Shore, Md., uses peach
roots upon which he grafts some varieties of plum, planting deep,
so the peach roots will die and the plum will be on its own roots.
The graft in either case producing practically a rooted cutting, a
variety on its own roots. I do believe from our experience that
the stock upon which the graft has been set influences the fruit. I
would dig big holes for the roots and when the trees are dug out I
want them dug with all the roots I can get, no matter if the root
is five feet long. Then I want those roots laid in their natural
position, but not a way down. Put then about a good furrow depth
so that they will have good soil. One of our trees had nine foot
roots and made a growth of over five feet the first season. Now I
would like to say, the aim is to get as much growth as possible in
as short a time as possible and I almost forgot to mention that when
we are planting the trees we pack the ground around the tree and
then tramp the soil firmly so that it will hold the root, so that after
the tree is planted if the roots are sufficiently large one man cannot
begin to pull the tree out. Then we ought to get a growth the first
year of about three feet and in that way can gain a few years time.
However, from some cause or other, trees get into our orchard that
we don't want. No matter how careful you or your nurseryman
may be, mistakes will occur and as soon as you find you have a tree
you don't want, top work it either by budding or grafting. Take all
the small branches and make a thorough job of it if possible in one
year. Select varieties known to succeed in your latitude and soil.
Plant a number of varieties as pollenizers and get a crop of apples
sometime when the other orchards do not have much fruit. By
planting a few varieties new to your neighborhood you may find
something profitable for yourself or posterity. There is an apple
over there that we call Fink. It is quite a good apple and an annual
bearer I think it originated in York County. Do not plant trees
that have been grafted on whole roots. I wouldn't plant such trees
if I could get them for nothing, because of the quality of fruit i
would expect to get. Each tree would have a different root and be

influenced by it. , ^ ^ir • i. 4.

We aim to get the heads of the trees low down. We aim to get
lower than any of the gentlemen here. Sometimes the nurserymen
have trimmed the trees up and we have to leave the branches as
they come out, and cannot cut them back as we would like. Uur
object in cutting back and heading very low is to make spraying
easier, make it more convenient to pick the fruit and to thin it ami
more than all, to hold the trees in case of storm. A tree that is

30

heavily laden with fruit will stand firm like a POst when there is a
storm as the wind cannot get up under the tree If *e wmd can
not get up under the tree there is very little drop. One of our

eibors had his trees headed higher than ours and the ground
wafcovered with apples after a storm He came oj- and said I
want to see how your trees are and there they stand like posts
They don't sway even." That is the greatest advantage of low
heads. In regard to pruning. We don't P^ne as hea Y as je^
mark the limbs that are to come ofif myself. I faFten a smau paim
brush on a pole, I then take a bucket of Venetian red and touch up
the branches that I think ought to come off. The men are instructed

o saw tJie^. off clean and 'smooth. I had a "J- --^••JJ^^ ^J
who thought he knew how to trim. He said, I can trim your
orchard I know /,o«- to trim." When I got out he was at the
second tree He was taking off all the lower tier of limbs. I

topped him right there and those two trees have not got over it
yet^^They don't bear half as much as others of the same age _

We aim to trim every other year and we have barefoot boys
run t^oiS every year and take oiit water sprouts, they grasp them

firm vTnd eive them a little twist, which brings them out, root and

all Luuliiiradventitious buds and by October they are pretty

'""Ve 'ainfal Xan cultivation. We do not always get it. If
weeds get too large for our harrows we use the Oliver chilled plow
r second time and turn them under-better Ifte than never We
are not afraid of late cultivation in berries or tree fruits. By slack
cultivation you induce a weak little growth, ripened too early which
the froTmay kill. We never had a branch of apple or cherry or

'''V^:i^lZ:::::rJ:^tSn^^rs .., we thmk we get resmt.
We fertilize and trim each tree individually. Some trees don t get
more thai a pint of potash, while others get three or our quarts
You can know pretty near by the bud development. It is a little
Hke a phys dan prescribing for a patient, we can attend to it pretty
mikklv but do not stop to explain why. It would occupy too much
ffe 'we grow peacll between the apple trees -n part of our or-
rhard and Dears, rasnberr es, strawberries, etc., in the balance.

mh cover" crop, we have had some experience and crimson
clover^we have found to be the best thing that we can use but I
don't thTnk that we will try it again except.for -ery a ter„a to yean
Our orchards bear on alternato years ^^^l^^^l^J^l'l ^^^jJ^J^
over it six or eight times to spray and again to haul the apples on

there wasn't iiiuch clover left. . . j „ „o

TmSi e we try to do systematically, but it is never done as
we wo 1 1 £ to have it done. We take off ALL the imperfec
7rui Sle pickers have been working for us seventeen ye^^^',^;;
ev^n then they leave too many apples. We want all the imperfect
We taken off and if the tree is heavily laden we want some of
Tp rfect fruTt taken off also. Get the apples thinned so the ree
win^tand the load of fruit, and then take a few more off. There
Ts no u^e in growing knotty apples. We turn theni ^"to cider. We
find that we |et better results by using women and boys from^^^^^^^^
in thinning the apples, than from men, for they will take them off as

31

instructed. We do not aim to have the apples only four or six inches
apart. A small pendant branch may have apples touching and ma-
ture them. We believe in cleaning out all the defective apples. We
have pickers to pick the apples after the fruit is matured. We kept
account of cost of thinning and after harvesting the crop we found
it only added five cents a bushel to the cost of picked apples. When
we came to pick the apples this year we were disappointed. We
like to have quite a lot of bushel crates. We had ordered goods from
New York State, but did not get them until after the picking was
over. This year w^e tried picking by the bushel. One man picked
115 bushels a day, and I think we get just as careful work then as
when we paid by the hour. Three cents a bushel made pretty good
wages. There is a mistake a good many of us are inclined to make.
When we see a man making pretty good wages we think we ought
to cut down the rate. If we have crates enough we put the apples
right into the crates and don't let them stand in the sun. We put
some of our apples in Pierce-Williams apple boxes. It was work
that was new to all our men, and I suppose that in opening the
boxes we will find them in not quite the order we wanted them to be.
Lancaster County is as near the home of the York Imperial as
Adams. York County is their home, but we have adopted them,
and our pack is York Imperial.

In regard to sorting and selling. I depend on what the men
who buy want. If they want to buy them as they run, we sell them
that way. If they want them graded, we sort them to suit, but we
won't condemn a York Imperial like these on this plate, or one half
that big. It don't pay to send fine small apples to the cider press.
There is a certain trade that uses small apples. A great many peo-
ple want to put little apples in the dinner basket. In our retail
trade a great many will buy something pretty for the table or side
board. One woman wanted to buy some nice little apples of a bright
color to put on her table. She said she used them every week in-
stead of flowers, as they didn't make so much dirt, and it was a
change for the table. When they were done she could give them
to some of the neighbor's children.

We grow a whole lot of things in the orchard. Perhaps we
have been cropping our orchards too heavily, perhaps we have been
fertilizing too strons^ly, but we have always put on more than we
thoueht we were taking off. I was compelled to do something after
planting my first orchard which gave me the name of being a mean
man. Gunners destroyed our trees by shooting into them, and I
put up trespass notices. I believe we oueht to keep the trespassers
off altogether. I don't want anything in the orchard not necessary.
I don't want a loose horse, cow or anything else in the orchard.
They will ruin our trees. The trees are down to the ground and
the cows will take off two-thirds of our crop. We don't want hogs
in our orchard, they too will ruin the low branches. We have no
use for chickens in our orchard. We gather up all our early wind-
falls for cider, and we don't want a lot of chickens to muss things
up There is another point in caring for the orchard. We remove
all rubbish about three feet from each tree before the ground freezes
in November, and we don't want chickens to scratch it back. We
want every tree to grow and every tree to continue growing and

Mi

W^

I

^

32

fruiting. Ten, twenty or tliirty per cent, of the trees missing re-
rlncls tl e crop and may cause a loss instead of a profit Then n
^idSon'toTlling the Apples in bulk boxes ..d b-ds we so^d
««^r>i^c fr» flip rannerv that were of a clitterent graue. men wv.
r LTup Afi^ a;^^^^^^^^ These ^^^^ -o^^
ed to a grLt deal. 3^^ J^^" We"c" ge h Ip I' thif workTo^
'hit^'encli a^^fo^r m tried evaporated apples one year, but
hK strike a eood market. Now evaporated apples are m demand
didn t strike a g<^« "^^c alwavs some money in cider, vinegar, evap-

«T2\m to $Xoo an acre, and as high as $200.00, where land can
he s^e?^red c S^ to the railroad. I don't think we are warranted in
be secureci c lose 10 orchard land. Now in regard

tention.

THE HANDLING OF FRUIT FOR COLD STORAGE.

By Mr. Gf.o. T. Powell.
President of the Agricultural Experts Assoeiation, New York City.

Mr Chairman, Members of the Fruit Growers Association.--
The questio." of handling fruit for cold storage .s perhaps on of

The ^^'^y^]]!^^^^^ lu^ts in the markets and then very soon

aCdml oTge^ without the faciHties for hochng

:^ ch we have at the present time. Our --^^ --J,f ^^^;^4",t
^le fruit all had to be forwarded and disposed of ni the shortest
noss We space of time. That resulted in exceedmgly low prices for
?he i^roduS am high prices for the consumer, but with the

hlifges S^^^^^^^^^ with^h^ increase in trajP^^J^^^^^^^^^^

Sm^t^e irkfrplng prices'more uniform to the consumers of our

33

fruits. There are many things to be considered in the handling of
fruit for cold storage. There have been in the past heavy losses,
and it is not to be considered that we as fruit growers can depend
on cold storage as an absolute means of avoiding loss. Cold storage
only furnishes a medium for retarding or holding. The success
of the holding will depend entirely on the condition of the fruit.
Fruit that goes into cold storage over mature or over ripe cannot be
held as long as fruit that goes into storage in prime condition.
Fruit that goes into storage in a poor condition is by no means im-
proved in cold storage, but it may be held for a little longer period.
For a number of years there have been most serious disputes be-
tween the warehouse men and the people who store the fruit. The
fruit has not always gone out well and the warehouse man has been
held or attempted to be held responsible for the results. You will
note that our department in Washington has been making extensive
investigations on this line. My son has been very much interested
in this work, and it has been a pleasure for me to co-operate with
him in the experiments and my farm with others, has been used in
experimental work.

We very soon learned, not only from experience, but from the
careful investigations that have been made, that the warehouse man
is not altogether responsible for the condition of the fruit that goes
in and comes out. He must be held responsible only for the con-
trol of temperature and the proper handling of fruit in the storage.
A number of years ago I constructed a storage building and under-
took to hold my fruit through the agency of ice. The first holding
was with several hundred boxes of Bartlett pears. They went in in
very good condition. They kept for several weeks very well, but
when the time came for the marketing of fruit there was a very un-
expected change in the coming up and ripening of this fruit. Some
of it was coming up ripe before the time to ship. We did not under-
stand the importance of getting the fruit in storage as quickly as pos-
sible after it was gathered. We had not the facilities for keeping
our temperature even, as it should be. In looking back over the
experiment, we found records of wide variation of temperature,
which was undoubtedly responsible for this unexpected ripening of
the fruit. Then again, we must have knowledge of the varieties
best suited for holding. All varieties do not hold alike. Further-
more, we must understand about the age of our trees. We have
learned by experience and a careful investigation of the matter that
there is a diflference in the holding of apples grown from young or-
chards when stored side by side with those of old trees. This is a
very important matter for all growers, who attempt to hold fruit,
to understand. Then again, there is another very important phase
of the subject and that is the growing of the fruit, the question of
tillage and of sod influence. Apples grown in sod or grass keep bet-
ter than those grown under tillage. The question of pruning the
trees and thinning the fruit was brought out in the discussion of
this morning. They are both factors in the variation of maturity of
apples. We cannot go over an orchard and pick all of the fruit at
one time, and expect the best results from it, because of its varying
maturity. Hence, we need to prune our trees that we can secure the
largest quantity of fruit maturing at one time, that we may have a

34
strong even development of the fruitage which will help to pro-
duce ^a greater uniformity in quality In the beginning we had
never thought of these questions m the handhng of our fruit for
Joraee purposes. In the experiments which were tried on my own
farm^among some of the most interesting and valuable lessons I
hav? learned was the importance of careful handhng of the fruit.
Fruit thiun Iny way becomes injured in handling wil have poor
hold ng qu^ities' In'testing this by the inoculation of fruit with
"he eerms of moulds, we had a very striking experience. My son
took somJ of the finest fruit I had and by simply touchmg it with a
needle which lad been previously inoculated and then laying it away
SSiough with no visible injury whatever, it very soon developed
decav Simply with the touch of a needle point the apples may be-
come inoculated with the fungus germ. Now the lesson of that
wo^k r?h s thatTn handling oiir fruit, we should avoid every pos-
S occa'on in any way of injuring the ^^^i"-/- -^ej -^j.^^^fr
the skin we at once expose the fruit to some germ that is ever
oresen in our packing house, later to spring nto activity. So long
as we can keep the skin intact, there is little danger of decay. The
packfngThould be done with great care. The emptying of fruit into
nackages from the picking basket should be carefully done. We
afwav! use b^ kets with swing handles for picking and never a bag,
:S been recommended. So many find it as tW say, more en
^TPnient to sHiie the bag over their shoulder, by the consequent
movement of fhe fruit^in the bag, the pickers will Puncture he
rple" with the stems, and this is equally true m pickmg with a
basket if they are careless in emptying. We, as f ruit growers, have
Wdlv understood the first points of success in the holding of fruit
and f we are gdng to run the risk of placing it in storage it is very
fmnortrt to uf and to the consumers who are to buy the fruit, that
rb^SuJed carefully and the more carefully and promptly the
frnit can be packed and stored after it has been picked, the greater
wm be the st ccess in holding. Wrapping the fruit is a great protec-
l^^^ a^^i^t germ infection^ The fruit keeps better m every vvay
f k is wrapped. All fruit that is used for fancy, hotel or club
ra e is best wrapped and packed in boxes rather than barrels The
auiti?n is properly asked whether fruit growers should not have
the 4oraee of fruit on their own farms. The cost in the city stor-
age 1 ousfs IS from forty to fifty cents a barrel for the season, aiul
?fom fifteen to twenty events a box which 0^/°-- -tj-J.jT;.
«;1ipt hitrh cost on a large quantity of fruit, and the subject ire
rulnt y Smef up wSy do^vt the fruit grower have his own storage?
? doubt if it is'prac^icable for him to store iipon - farrn^ He
cannot use a mechanical system of coohng. There is a system 01
r„„ with nines that I tliink will work out. This is known as the
TavitrBr^^'e s;:t-! and some in<lividuals have put up very suc-

"^^'i'S\t wUl'be'^SS-for large growers to use the Gravity

S h^ ;r o-;!irfor T:^zt^f^^

^ruit. We have found some excellent fruit on your tables ana rne

35

committee has only gone partly through with it. The evidence is
right here that you can grow apples of the very finest quality. Now
the thing for you to do right here in this section would be for you
to co-operate and establish modern, first-class storage facilities.
By your co-operation you can have the advantage here of a storage,
instead of paying the higher price that you will if you send your
fruit to Philadelphia, Baltimore or Washington. You have a bet-
ter advantage in the disposition of fruit. One of the most important
troubles in attempting to store fruit in our distant cities is the un-
certainty of getting it there in time. Many of our large buyers
make great mistakes and have met with heavy losses because of
having fruit picked too early. They have been mistaken in sup-
posing that fruit would keep better picked early. The tendency
of the York Imperial has been to scald, much of the fruit having
been picked too soon, while those that have been left longer on the
trees until fully mature have kept perfectly. When we left the
fruit, till it came up to this higher degree of maturity, we learned
that it will keep better on the tree than off, that is, after we pick
the fruit it begins the ripening process. We can keep our fruit on
the tree better than off, and after it is picked it is better to get it
into cold storage at once. We are finding great difficulty and per-
plexity in getting cars promptly to load when we want them. We
have ordered cars two or three weeks in advance and yet in spite
of the early filing of the order, have had to wait eight or ten days,
and after we got the fruit into the car, it was two weeks before we
could get it into the storage in New York. Because of delay in get-
ting cars and further delay in the railroad the fruit is exposed to
very great risk before being put in cold storage. I have had fruit so
delayed by railroads in attempting to get it into storage that it had
to be sold immediately on delivery because it would not hold. So
that the grower runs more or less risk when he attempts to store
in our large cities. There would be a large advantage in having the
local storage. There is a considerable and growing interest in this
plan. It would insure not only success in storing fruit, but it gives
an advantage on the other hand in the labor problem. It is about
all we can do to get our fruit gathered promptly and get it into
storage. If vou had the local storage you could put all your effort
in getting the fruit gathered and put away, then after the crops are
harvested and you are more at liberty, you can take it out, sort and
pack it. In the winter when it becomes cold, we can deliver the
fruit in refrigerator cars in good condition. Now those are some
of the favorable conditions that are attached to handling fruit for
cold storage, and I think in a co-operative way it will be practicable
for fruit growers in general to store their fruit. The home demand
is growing greater each year, and the foreign markets are also
growing in their demand for our fruit. Improvements are being
made upon our ocean steamers, the capacity has become so extensive
and the facilities for refrigeration so admirable that it is going to
be possible to put our fruit in any part of the world where it is de-
sired. But when we attempt these shipments from different parts
of the United States, we must have our fruits cooled in some way
that they can be delivered to the most distant markets and here
comes in to advantage the local storage and the refrigerator car.

w

36

We have got to study so much about our business and one of
the most interesting features of it is we are always learnmg. While
we have had a large experience in the handhng of fruit, I feel that
there is much more to know than I have yet learned. There are
many new and interesting questions that are constantly coming uj5.
We don't realize the possibilities in the development of our work.
I feel we haven't yet learned the alphabet. There are certain
markets for which we should grow very attractive and beautiful
fruit There is a demand in Germany for hne fruit, and France
now supplies that market. The French know how to put up then-
fruit Their apples are large and beautiful, put up in the very best
manner, every apple wrapped and put into single layers and in sm-
ele packages. They use a small box and put into it possibly two
dozen apples, but they will put only one layer in the box. They are
not only wrapped but packed in excelsior in add.t^n. Now what
does that fruit return to the French producer. He gets usually,
from five to seven cents a piece, yet the French apples do not coni-
„are in fine flavor with American fruit. Our apples often arrive in
poor condition, and unattractive, yet Germans prefer them because
they are better flavored, and they choose them for that reason. 1
am shipping apples to Germany. I use a single box and select the
Try choicest apples, every specimen perfect, wrap each app e, and
in addition three boxes are packed in a case. Now the trouble with
our fordgn shipments is that the fruit gets very rough handling,
when unloaded on the other side, the barrels roll on long runways
Tnd it is the same with boxes. They jam and crash into each other
?n unloading and much of the fruit is damaged. American shippers
in sending fruit to foreign countries, packmg their apples ma
box weighing about forty pounds, and in barrels, have met with
frenu^nd Appointment from injury from handling of their fruit.
Sead of shipping in the -"g'^ ''-^/h;ee £ages have been
out in a case and the case securely nailed so that when one case
stdkes against another the fruit in the boxes will not be bruised
w" mus! not only keep our fruit from becoming over ripe, but
when vve sWp we must put it i" a package that when it arrives it
will be marketable. . . r .

I have eiven you the main points and the most essentia features
in storage handling of fruit and shall be very glad to reply to any
questions that may occur to you to ask.

Mr Eldon. How do you wrap your fruit?
Mr Powell. This is the difficulty the individual grower will
have to meet to get skillful wrappers to put up his fruit. It tne
fruit couklco to one central point like this there would be no dif-
Stv ^ getti, g skilled packers to handle the fru^. I have been
ah e to secure very good help in packing my fruit. Farmers daugh-
ters Ind those of thi people who live in small villages near my farm
are inJereSin tW^ s^kilful kind of work, and they come every year

to do it. r .^ ' \ -:>

Question. What must you pay for this work.
Mr Powell We pay fifteen cents an hour. We can employ

wrappers^oTten cents TnLur, but prefer the better for fifteen.
Question. What do you use to wrap the fruit?

37

Mr. Pozvcll. We use ordinary newspaper, the white unprinted
paper. Sometimes we use tissue paper.

Mr. Collingwood. Is there any difference in the keeping qual-
ities between sod grown apples and clean culture fruit?

Mr.'' Pozvell. Our experience has been that there is no differ-
ence when trees are of the same age, and all other conditions are the
same, but on young trees they will not keep so well from cultivated
land.

DISEASES OF ORCHARD TREES AND FRUITS.

By M. B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge of Investigations of Dis-
eases of Fruits, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Introduction.

The subject assigned to me by the Secretary is so broad that I
am obliged to select from it for discussion some particular branches
in order to keep my paper within reasonable limits. For this reason
I have selected certain orchard diseases more or less serious in this
part of Pennsylvania and in connection with which there is likely
to be more or less interest on the part of the members of this So-
ciety. I will, therefore, take up for rather brief discussion pear
blight, on both the apple and pear, apple scab, apple leaf blight and
spraying for the same, together with a discussion of russetting due
to Bordeaux Mixture ; also peach yellows, little peach and the brown
rot of peaches, plums and stone fruits, three of the leading peach
diseases. Each of these subjects for full discussion requires an
hour's lecture and I can. therefore, only give you a few important
points on each of these diseases.

Pear Blight.

Description.— The well-known bacterial pear blight caused by
a tinv bacillus is one of the prominent orchard diseases in this part
of the country. It attacks particularly the pear and the apple, but
also aflfects the quince, the Siberian crab apple, the wild crab apple,
the Hawthorne, and practically all the fruits of the Pome family
The eerms producing this disease enter the tree in three different
ways : First and most commonly, through the blossoms, being fhs-
tributed from flower to flower and tree to tree very widely through
bees and other flower visiting insects : second, through the tender
tips of growing shoots, including the water sprouts at the bases of
the tree?; an<l fhird. directly into the fleshy bark. Infections of th,
after type are few in number but result in a very serious form of
he bl g It The amount of damage resulting from an infection
rnay vfry enormously. Thousands of infections simply Wl the
blossom duster or a few inches of the tip of a growing twi^.O-
the other hand the blight may run down on to large branches or
run clear to the ground, killing the whole tree^or it may spread
from a lateral infection, doing more or less damage. The spread
^( tliP r1i«pa<;p the number of infections and the amount 01 ex
tensti of the'bhght on a tree after infection are .lependent upon

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a number of different conditions. The factors controlling an out-
break of pear-blight may be summed up as follows :

First. The presence of the germ and the amount of holdover
blight available for reinfection.

Second. The amount of bloom on the trees. It is difficult for
young orchards to catch the pear blight until they blossom.

Third. The number of insect visitors available. This is largely,
however, constant if the next is favorable.

Fourth. The weather during blossoming time. If the weather
is favorable for insect activity and nectar secretion, the blight germs
are generally carried about. On the other hand rainy weather or
cold, dry, sunny weather discourage the spread of blossom blight.

Vifth. The variety and species of the tree. Each different
horticultural variety and each species of pomaceous fruit has a
different relative resistance to the disease.

Sixth. The age of the tree. Young trees are more susceptible
than older ones. The most susceptible age comes at the time the
trees are first in bearing, say the first four or five years they are

in bearing. i , r iv

Seventh. The vigor of growth. This is influenced by fertility
of the soil soil moisture conditions, favorable weather, artificial
manuring, fertilizing and cultivation. In general, those conditions
most favorable to vigor of growth of the tree are most favorable
to the blight, and conversely those influences which dwarf or check
the growth of the tree tend to hinder the progress of the blight.

Most of the blight dries out in the trees during the summer.
On the other hand, occasionally at the bases of the blighted twigs or
more commonly on the thick fleshy bark on the large limbs and on
the bodies of the trees, the blight keeps slowly progressing until the
close of the season. The germs die out in the dead bark, but keep
alive on this advancing margin and the cool, moist weather of win-
ter though it checks their growth, tends to keep them alive until
spring. This type of blight we call "holdover blight" and is the
source of the new infections each season when the trees spring into

growth. . 11 11- 1 4.

Collar BUqht.—l wish to call particular attention to collar blight

at the bases of apple trees of this State. I saw some very remark-
able examples of this in the orchard of Mr. D. Maurice Wertz, at
Quincy, Pennsylvania. Pear blight is able to attack the thick bark
of vigorous young apple trees at the soil line and produce a sort
of collar girdle. The germs enter also through water sprouts, or
by means of the punctures of insects, or through growth cracks
directly into the fleshy bark. Once in the fleshy bark, the germs
spread out on to the roots and up the trunk of the tree. Frequently
a larire irregular area occupied by the blight germs entirely girdles
the tree at the soil line, thus absolutely killing it. Trees so affected
usually take a year or two to die and sometimes the blight has all
dried up before the tree actually dies. The seedling stocks are often
more susceptible to the blight than the grafted top of the tree. At
any rate some lots of French stocks are probably much more so than
others The seedling stocks are, of course, an absolutely unknown
thin^ as to their susceptibility to blight. With our horticultura va-
rieties which constitute only the upper half of the tree, we have

39

learned by years of experience how they behave when attacked by

blight.

It should be noted that trees injured or dying with blight at
the collars and on the roots behave not unlike those affected by
other troubles. In fact such trees die in very much the same man-
ner as a tree dying from root rot. This fungous root rot is rather
abundant in apple orchards of Pennsylvania as well as other Eastern
States. At least two types of frost injury also very closely resemble
pear blight at the collar. In one of these the tree is injured from
the soil line upward, usually on the sunny side but not always so.
Blight is easily distinguished from this winter sun scald when the
latter occurs as an elliptical area on the main trunk of the trees
from the soil or snow line nearly to the branches. On the other
hand another type of frost collar girdle reaches but a little above the
soil line or only occasionally extends upward in a V-shaped area but
spreads well under the ground, partially or wholly girdling the tree.
Still another type is that of root winter killing. In this case the
roots near the surface of the ground are frozen and killed, while
the top of the tree may or may not be injured by frost. It is neces-
sary to know these other collar injuries in order to distinguish them

from true collar blight. . n •

Treatment.— R^itvvmg again to the factors influencing pear
blight it will be noted that the presence of the germ is of primary
importance. If the pear blight germ is not present in the orchard
or in the immediate vicinity there can be no blight. When spring
opens up and new growth begins, if the germs are present or con-
veniently nearby, and the conditions favorable, blight has a great
opportunity to spread and accomplish its work of destruction, it,
on the other hand, the germs do not occur, no matter how favorable
conditions may be, there can be no blight. The main method of
controlling pear blight is to cut out the holdover blight, ihis is
usuallv best done in the autumn but it may be done at any time
through the winter or early spring before the blossoms appear
When blight occurs on the main limbs or on the collars of the trees
one of the principal things in combating the disease is to find all
the cases, especially where the blight occurs under the rough bark^
It requires c ose examination to find and remove all the blight in the
tops o the trees, but this can best be done in the summer or early
Ke au umn while the foliage is still on, the blackened dead leaves
Enabling one to easily locate the blighted branches. Summer cutt ng
ou? of pear blight must be regarded however as osecondan^im^^
portance in the treatment, though still a good thing to do. On rap
(lly growing twigs and branches it is usually necessary to cut a foot
or m^ore below the lowest discoloration of the bark. In winter
pea^blfeht cutting, it is usually possible to cut pretty close to the
St ay fo r to six inches, c^, where it ^as thoroughly^
on nrh ma^do On the othcr hand when the blight blends off
fmpe c p^^^^ rem 2e dead bark into the live bark, as it often does
il^SmTfrom one to two feet below the lowest pomt may be con-

""t aTS^of c„..i„g 0„. p.ar bIW.t a <li;i»<"tan, *o;.,l |>e

rarriefl to sterilize the tools and cut surfaces. For this purpose, one
of ;;i most convenient germicides is a T-to-i.ooo solution of corro-

40

sive sublimate. A bottle of this can be carried in the pocket and
a sponge, tied to a string, kept saturated with this solution. After
trimming out the blight or removing the blighted bark from a dis-
eased area, the cut surface as well as the instruments should be
sterilized before turning to another infection. It is possible with
proper tools such as a gouge, draw shave, or box scraper, or better
a specially made scraper, to remove the bark from a blighted area,
disinfect the surface and thus save a large limb or the trunk of
the tree instead of removing the same. All small limbs which can
be easily spared should be cut out in removing the blight. The ob-
ject of the treatment of pear blight is to cut all blight from the trees
and save all the healthy parts that can be saved. Blight completely
kills the bark of that portion of the tree which it reaches but leaves
the rest of the tree wholly uninjured. The only exception to this
is where the girdling effect is produced by the blight at the collar
or on the branches. Very few orchardists in the east thoroughly
know and understand pear blight. It has been with them so long
that thev regard it as one of the inevitable troubles of the pear and
in fact the apple as well. Still less generally known are the modern
methods of controlling this disease by eradication.

Apple Scab.

One of the commonest apple diseases in America and an in-
jurious one in this section is the apple scab caused by the fungus
Vcnturia incqualis. This little fungus is reproduced by spores which
germinate on the flower bud, young fruit and foliage of the apple,
doing more or less serious damage according to the season, variety
and localitv. The apple scab fungus requires moist, rainy weather
for its propogation. The spores are probably blown very generally
about bv the wind. Infection periods or times when the spores can
germinate and enter the little fruit occur only at certain intervals ;
that is, it is necessary to have periods of moist, rainy weather for the
infections to take place. The degree of humidity in the air and
the length of time that such a humid period, with its drops of rain
or dew on the fruit, lasts, determines the severity of the attack.
On the other hand, dry sunny weather discourages or entirely pre-
vents the entrance of the scab fungus into the -little fruit. Apple
scab therefore, is an extremely variable disease. It also vanes
ereatly in different sections of the country. It is most severe itl
the regions of the Great Lakes. It is also very destructive in New
England, New York, down to Virginia, and as far westward as
Kansas and Missouri. Its destructive effects, however, diminish
toward the southward and westward, entirely disappearing in the
arid regions. Again on the Pacific Coast in the more humid parts
of California, Oregon and Washington they are subject to the
scab fungus and the related disease on the pear during the rainy
spring months. Where the apple scab is severe as it is in the Great
Lake Region the full treatment consists of about five sprayings, it
is useless to spray the trees before the cluster buds open exposing
the individual flower buds. The first treatment should be made
after this occurs and when the individual flower buds are exposed
so as to catch the spray. The second treatment should be made
as soon as the petals have fallen, or while the last petals are drop-

41

ping. The third should be made seven or ten days later. The
fourth two weeks after the third, and the fifth two weeks after
the fourth. This treatment is so expensive and requires so many
sprayings that it is only practicable in orchards that are otherwise
successful and where good crops of fruit are at stake. I saw an
orchard in Western New York this season of 600 trees that was
given practically this treatment and the fruit from these 600 trees
was sold for $7,480, delivered on the packing benches. There is
little likelihood that any variety of apple may be so severely at-
tacked in this county as to require full treatment. The question then
comes up in each locality and with each particular variety as to
what treatments should be left out. Naturally the grower wishes
to spray as little as possible and secure commercially successful re-
sults br(Hnarily the first and second treatments are the most im-
portant Probably in this county most of the infection is the early
form of scab, preventable by these early treatments. The second
treatment just as the petals have fallen, comes at exactly ^he right
time for the first spraying for codling moth. This spraying is in
fact necessary against this insect so that with the addition of arsen-
ate of lead or Paris green to the Bordeaux Mixture it accomplishes
both purposes. In fact this spraying is so important for the codling
moth that it may be considered that the Bordeaux Mixture is being
added to the arsenate rather than vice versa. (I mention this in-
secticide incidentally as a part of the orchard scheme of spraying
but wish to say that my own investigation work in the Bureau ot
Plant Industry does not include insects and their treatment. I his
is the work of the Bureau of Entomology.) In the same way a
later treatment for codling moth is desirable about three or four
weeks after the petals fall. This brings it up to the time of treat-
ment No. 4. It is, therefore, particularly desirable to make a spray-
ing at about the time of number 4 with the combined Bordeaux Mix-
lufe and arsenate of lead. The standard formula for this mixture
can be considered as 5 lbs. blue stone, S lbs. hme and 50 gals, of
water, to which should be added about 2 lbs. arsenate of lead

Where apple bitter rot occurs, later treatments are required,
beginning about the time of number ^, and three or four treatments
aSdin^ to the severity, at intervals of from two ^^^^^^^^
during the summer are necessary for the preven ion of this disease.
I believe, however, this is not common in Pennsylvania.

Apple Leaf Blight,

The apple leaf blight caused by various fungi, P^rtkularlv that
caused hw Sphacropsit maloruvu is very common in this vicinity^
This is very easilv prevented. Where this ^--se occxvrs a one^^^^^^
to be trented individuallv. one or two sprayings with standard Hor
deai^ Mixture will sufi^ce. Where a sin. e treatment is made^ 1
should be Pbont .^o days after the petals fall ^"/ ^^J^"/^f \J^^^^^^
;n full Ippf Where two treatments are made, the hrst should ne
apSuwo to'^t';: weeks after the petals fall -d ^Je -ond a
mnntli later The advantaees of two treatments consist ot a more
SI overin, of ?he early folia.e and the later f f ^^ -h.ch the
second is made gives an opportunity to cover the later formed leaves.

Mi

42

Leaf blight is so easy to prevent that usually the treatment for scab,
especially when numbers i and 2 are supported by 4 and 5, is amply
sufficient to prevent it. In the same way the treatment for apple bit-
ter rot when begun early enough suffices for the treatment of leaf
blight. I wish to emphasize the importance of a study on the part
of the orchardist of his varieties and their relative susceptibility to
disease. For instance the Winesap and its seedlings, Stayman
Winesap, Mammouth, Black Twig, and Paragon, are very suscepti-
ble to scab. Where scab occurs at all they are likely to be attack-
ed. Probably in this county it will pay, in fact it will be necessary,
to succeed commercially with these varieties, to spray the Winesaps
with at least Nos. i and 2, and probably with i, 2 and 4 for apple
scab. On the other hand Winesaps have so little bitter rot, even in
the worst districts, that it scarcely ever pays to treat them for this
disease. Again York Imperials have so little scab that it probably
would not pay to give them even the abbreviated scab treatment.
It is doubtful whether it would pay to spray York Imperials for
scab at all unless you add an arsenical to treatment No. 2 when the
petals fall, giving the combined codling moth and scab treatment.
Three or four weeks later, at the time of No. 4 or 5, it can be given
the combined codling moth and apple leaf blight treatment in the
shape of a single spraying. With the P)en Davis variety I am in
doubt. Some years it scabs early and badly enough to be worth
while to spray. At other times, it scabs scarcely any. It is, how-
ever, very susceptible to the leaf blight fungus and is nearly always
benefitted by a Bordeaux Mixture treatment after the leaves are
fully out. This, of course, can be worked in at a time when arsen-
ical spraying is necessary for codling moth. It is necessary, there-
fore, to know the full set of diseases of each variety and in fact each
variety in each locality of our great country and to establish the
most economical treatment for that variety in a particular locality.
In past years there has been a great deal of effort put forth on the
part of pathologists and investigators to persuade the orchardists
to spray with fungicides and insecticides in combating these pests,
but no greater mistake can be made than to recommend wholesale
and promiscuous spraying for the whole line of fungous and in-
sect pests on all varieties in all localities.

What the orchardist wants is to get the maximum results in
preventing these troubles with the minimum expenditure of time
and money. He should make a special study, therefore, of each
commercial variety of fruit which he grows and its diseases and
insect pests. If help is needed in determining the nature of these
troubles, specimens can be sent by mail to the Department of Agri-
culture, at Washington, D. C, or' to the nearest Experiment Station
and thus identified. Very frequently a state official or a local in-
spector can be called in who knows the disease and its cause and the
exact treatment in the given locality. The particular diseases, there-
fore, attacking each variety, the time of their appearance and their
relative severity or abundance should be known by the orchardist.
He should then determine by his own experience and by the ad-
vice of experts the least amount of spraying that will be sufficient
to protect his trees under his conditions. It is particularlv desirable
to correlate and combine the spraying for the insect pests and the

43

fungous diseases since the same spraying may distribute both ma-
terials.

As a rule where a fungous disease or an insect pest stands in
the way.of successful crops, it will pay handsomely to do the neces-
sary spraying to prevent the same. This is especially the case where
the pest or combination of pests preventable by spraying constitute
the only unfavorable factor present. Where the orchardist has
done everything else in planting out the orchard, and caring for the
trees by cutivation, fertilizing, manuring, pruning, etc., and then
loses his crop through apple scab, or has his trees weakened in pro-
ductiveness by the leaf blight fungus, or has his crop ruined by in-
sects, it will pay many times over to remove this last unfavorable
condition. On the other hand there have been some troubles connect-
ed with spraying, particularly the russetting of the fruit which unfor-
tunately occurs in certain wet seasons even though the best of ma-
terials have been used.

Russetting.

A great deal of the trouble in the russetting of apples through
spraying has been caused by copper sprays or by arsenical prepara-
tions containing free arsenic. Even the best of the arsenicals, name-
ly, the arsenate of lead, from this point of view, has not always
proven safe, as some preparations, in certain localities and in certain
seasons have proven poisonous. Bordeaux Mixture on the whole is
one of the least injurious of fungicides. When badly made with an
excess of copper or with air slaked lime, it is quite likely to prove
somewhat injurious. When properly made it is usually perfectly
harmless but some seasons, especially when there are unusually pro-
longed periods of moist weather with dews and fogs, it has russet-
ted the fruit. Strange to say, the thick skinned Ben Davis is the
most susceptible apple to this russetting and it responds by making
abnormal puffey growths to the injury on its skin. Copper and
arsenical poisoning also frequently affect the foliage under the same
conditions, namely with prolonged moist and foggy weather, ihis
past season a great deal of trouble in the way of leaf f al occurred
on the apples all over Pennsylvania. A large part of this how-
ever, was physiological and leaves dropped not only on sprayed trees
but on unsprayed apple trees and on other fruit and shade trees
This, it seems to me, came from the abnorma spring The f o lage
developed in our very cool May was apparently unable to ^tand tl^

hot spell which came late in June and early in J^^l^' ^^/^y^^lfv^.^
hot rainy weather to hot dry weather. The possibility of having
more trouble from russetting of the fruit is a still further argument,
aside from the injury to the pocketbook, against over spray mg.

Peach Yellozvs.
Tliere has been a great deal of trouble over peach yellows this
year In fact a large area, including the State of Connecticut
Shern New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and a porti^^^^^^^^
the State of Virginia has had an unusual a ack of Y^ ^J^/^;^^^^^^^
last two years, ^his recent outbreak of yellows is one of the mo t

severe that I have ever witnessed. If ^t^^^"^^"^^^^^£'are1 men
likely to put an effectual damper on peach growing in the area men

44

tioned. In Western New York, and in the State of Michigan the
yellows is being fairly well controlled and has not behaved unrea-
sonably for the last "'few years. However, in some parts of the
Michigan peach belt, where the growers became somewhat care-
iess large blocks of trees were lost from this disease. Peach yel-
lows has been considered by us the easiest of all orchard diseases to
control. However, it is the most exacting in its requirements.
Thorough eradication, namely the rooting out of all diseased trees
as soon as they have developed visible symptoms, is the treatment
of this disease. A tree to tree inspection at least three times a
year is necessary for successfully finding the diseased trees. One
should be made in July, one in August and one late in September
or during the first part of October, shortly before the trees shed
their leaves. This procedure is well known to peach growers oyer
the eastern part of the United States, yet the curious and unexplain-
able fact remains that only a very few of them put it into P^;actice
Go into almost any district where yellows occurs and you will tind
everywhere about affected trees, usually in all stages from recent
attacks to those two, three or four years old. Yellows behaved un-
usually during the last two years. Certain symptoms or certain
forms of the disease which have been comparatively rare have be-
come the prevailing forms in some orchards. For example, the
flesh of the fruit is usually red spotted, especially when it is all
over the tree, the foliage begins to show signs of yellowing and
drooping. However, occasionally it has been observed in the past
years that trees with typical red spotted yellows fruit still carried
dark green normal foliage, or perhaps abnormally dark to some ex-
tent This disease occurred in New York and Pennsylvama in many
orchards where a majority of the trees were affected "^ this pe-
culiar and heretofore considered exceptional way. Another form
of vellows that is somewhat exceptional is that which, instead ot
having fruit red spotted, has it prematurely, rather watery in tex-
ture and scarcely spotted at all, with only a few spots or red flecks
in the flesh. This occurred in southern Pennsylvania ^"^ ^f rfj^^.
all erades of trees, making it almost impossible to draw the line be-
?we?^f diseased and healthy specimens^ A third unusual sympt^^^^
consists of the drooping and curling of the leaves, even of those on
the ends of the branches, slightly or not at all ye lowed. Near y
all the yellows trees, especially on the younger and more vigorous
?ree inl^Iaryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Connecticut tl^s
vear "ad a peculiar droop and curl of the leaves heretofore com-
Lniy reUrded as a symplom of the little peach. In fact this droop-
^eand rolling upward of the margins is so common on peach trees
as thev app of ch^^^ leaf fall at the end of the season tha here

again it became very hard to draw the line bet..en t-ej Prj^^^^^^^
curling and ripening and those doing so normally. Cimo^t^^^^
these twigs with the drooping leaves have very httle tendency to

throw the^haracteristic bushy or wiry ^P^^^^^^.^^^l^^^ ^^^srvT-
nfent a feature of the yellows. Last year in Maryland West Vir
Sa and Virginia, the yellows' trees everywhere sprouted abundant-
Tatri tff ea;^^ ^This year exactly the opposite occurred in
Let orchards Whatever sprouting I saw was mainly in mid-
rmmer amf the drooping foliage rather than the sprouts became the

45

conspicuous symptom in late September or early October. Never-
theless in spite of these slight peculiarities the standard symptoms
of the yellows may be given as follows : Premature, red spotted
fruit, bushy or wiry growth on the twigs, accompanied usually in
the early stages and always in the later stages, by the yellowing and
slight drooping of the foliage. When trees are in fruit the prema-
ture red flecked fruit is usually the most definite and recognizable
symptom. An expert, inspecting for yellows, can easily learn, how-
ever, to recognize the foliage symptoms either of non-bearing trees
or of those after the fruit is off so as to insure their removal with-
out waiting for another year. Exceptional or mild cases only need
cause him to be in doubt.

Little Peach Disease.

The little peach disease is in many respects similar to the yel-
lows. As a result of considerable investigation work the writer con-
cluded it belonged to the yellow group. Its symptoms, however,
are- mostly different from yellows or even the reverse of yellows.
On the little peach disease, as its name indicates, the fruit is re-
duced in size. It varies from two-thirds to one-half to even one-
quarter the normal size, according to the stage reached by the
malady. The fruit is also belated instead of premature. The belat-
ing may occur from three days to nearly a month. Usually on trees
recently affected they are about a week later. Trees affected with
little peach rarely throw bushy sprouts and only when they are
cut or frozen back so that new growth is stimulated. Even then the
new growth is not wiry and slender to the extent it is on a tree af-
fected with yellows. Trees affected with peach yellows often fail
to throw the wirv sprouts. Trees affected with little peach have the
drooping and inrolled leaves similar to peach yellows ; in fact have
the foliage symptoms that have been so common to the yellows dur-
ing the past year. As a rule trees affected with the little peach die
more quickly than those affected with yellows. Ordinarily a little
peach tree dies in about three years, while the yellows tree dies in
four or five years. Little peach is controllable by exactly the same
methods as yellows, namely by a tree to tree inspection and prompt
eradication on the appearance of the first visible symptom. Occa-
sionally it is hard to determine whether an individual tree has the
little peach or the yellows, especially when not in fruit. Sometimes
apparently both diseases occur on the same tree. In ordinary or-
chard treatment, it is not necessary to distinguish these two diseases
as the tree should be rooted out in either case. Every tree at-
fected with peach yellows or little peach allowed to remain in the
orchard becomes an infection center, distributing or likely to dis-
tribute the disease to all the trees around it.

EVENING SESSION, DECEMBER 19TH. .

Mr H W. Collingwood, of New York, Editor of the Rural
New Yorker, addressed the Convention Thursday evening on the
subject 'The Old and the New," and a quartet of male voices from
Pennsylvania College furnished most excellent music

Mr. Collingwood contrasted the opportunities of boys and girls

¥'-

li.

k *

46

in the long ago with those of to-day, and placed much
emphasis on the benefits which the former derived from
the necessity of severe application and rigid economy. He
considers it as nothing short of a calamity, that so many
vounTmen whose legacies of exalted birth and breeding give
[hem a bng start in thi race toward the high places in our 20th cen-
Jury civilization, should have to suffer the handicap of an accom-
Zlinl legacy of dollars which acting as a break on their ambi-
S c^ompTtely unfits them for the battle and only too often ends
Hgnomilus failure. Another strong point and one whi J coun^^^^^^
boys should specially remember, is the possibility indeed the almost
absoUite certainty, of success to be obtained by taking up some
farSar line of' agricultural or horticultural w-k and ^^^
snecialtv of it He cited case after case where abundant reward
?SllowS in the footsteps of such honest effort After the address
Mr Collingwood, bv special request, imitated the effort of a schoo
boy to a S his delivery of ^^The Btu-ial of Sir John Moore
with appropr ate gestures. It was irresistibly funny, and Mr Col-
Hngwood was recalled again and again. For nearly an hour the
aud ence was either convulsed with laughter or trying to swallow
soS^^ threatened to stick in their throats-a mixture of

wholesonfe humor and pathos which will long be remembered

We must not pass on without emphasizmg the quality of the
music furnished by the college men, both in solo and quartette, it
Ts Simply delightful and thi committee has been specially compli-
mented on securing the services of these gentlemen.

DWARF vs. STANDARD TREES.
By Mr. Gko. T. Powell.

As our country grows and developes in its industrial interests
and partSarly in wealth there comes a constantly increasing de-
Sid for products of higher quality, better clothes are required to-
Tay than u'sed to be, a hi|her quality of -» V"d btjer finer poul-
trv is in demand and when we come to fruits, finer fruits are
wanJJd And this high quality demanded brings m.t the nec^^^^^^^^
of the introduction of better methods m the production of all these
things In a^^^^^ to this, we fruit growers all find ourse ves pe -
pS with the ever increasing problems and expense of fig^^tn^^J;
S hence we are forced to consider the most approved methods
Tnd vS^oi s in the type and form of the trees with which we
are ^I^kil g We realize that there is an increasing difficulty in
atteiZtin^ U. control insects upon the old type of large, high trees
tE Sn ^w^^^ produce upon these large trees the quality

w S isTmlnded at th^ present time. That !^;- ^he^^^^^^
trees there is such a large proportion of inferior fruit which we are
obSed t^hi^^^^^^^^ and dispose of, but which is not wanted for the
mo f^^^^^^^ This'has produced a new interest ^^X:n

tion of trees of a smaller type, and for several years I have been
working along the line of cultivating ^^^\-\/^^^^^^^^
new type of tree to our country, especially from the commercial

47

standpoint. Dwarf trees have been cultivated for a number of years
in private grounds and gardens, by city men having the means with
which to adorn and beautify their homes. But nowhere in our
country has the dwarf been planted for commercial purposes. The
question arises with you, what is a dwarf tree? The dwarf tree
of which I am to speak this morning is grown more largely in
Europe. They are found in different types and sizes of trees. There
is what is known as the Paradise tree, grown both in France and
England, which represents a strictly dwarf tree. Then there is the
half dwarf, the Doucin, which grows larger than the Paradise.
We have the same distinction in apple trees in our own country.
We will find in the pastures and woodlands native small trees that
are dwarfed in character. They are native wild seedlings, and are
trees of diminished size. It is a dwarf for the reason that its roots
are small and do not extend in growth. The tree is not supplied
with the same amount of nourishment, hence getting a less supply
of food the tree is checked in its growth. The quality of the fruit
upon the dwarf tree is rather finer than that upon the standard. As
there is a growing interest on the subject I shall be glad to give some
points of information such as I am able to give. The subject is
new and we know comparatively little about it. We have much to
learn about the dwarf trees the same as we have about the standards.
We must learn the methods of handling and culture, and I can only
give you this morning points from a very limited experience. The
general opinion is that there is no profit in them. We talk with
nurserymen who say, ''There is no profit in this class of trees, they
are merely playthings. The man who makes money don't want to
have anything to do with the dwarf trees.*' There has been no one
to go ahead and demonstrate their value commercially. As I look
forward to the future with the San Jose Scale sweeping over the
whole country, I see that the future of the apple culture of this
country will have to be placed on a different basis from that which
it has occupied in the past. The old orchards are steadily passing
out. I can mention instances in New York State where whole terri-
tories are practically ruined by the scale. In portions of West
Chester County I think I am safe in saying that 75 per cent of the
old orchards aVe useless and practically dead at the present time.
On Long Island the same conditions exist, and the old orchards have
largely passed away. We shall see the old trees going out steadily
before whole communities wake up to the fact that they are losing
them. We are by no means at the end of insect troubles. We have
the Gypsy and Brown Tail moths threatening all of New England.
Our international trade interests have become so great that we are
constantly in danger of importing new pests to our shores. I have
been over thousands of acres annually for the past three or four
years around the surrounding districts of Boston, to see the work
of these destructive moths. They are extending into the State of
New Hampshire. They are being held at bay, but they may sweep
over the country in time just as the potato bugs came to us from the
west. It is a law with these insects that they extend and spread rap-
idlv in a new environment and we have a right to look for this.
Tliis has given me special interest in this low type of trees because
when we can bring them down to a height of about twelve or sixteen

iiii'i'

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feet we have something that we can absoUitely control. My judg-
ment is to-day that if I were to start again the planting of 100 acres
S and I should consider seriously throwing out the standard trees.
Dwarfing the standard trees is done by a system of summer prumng
producing in effect standard dwarf trees. I have one block of
rndard^trees that has been Planted with reference to this system
of dwarfing. These trees were planted at a distance of forty feet
aparr'ach^ay. We then interplanted with trees at twenty feet^
The entire block is being pruned so as to repress the growth. Some
very Important question! arise here as to how far the system should
he carried m must have sufficient room for bearing capacity.
Thiris an entirely new and different kuul of work and the on y
th ne we can do is to be our own expenmentors and arrive at the
corrfc methods as soon as we can. Hence, I can only give you
suggestions along this line. Now let me give you a few points o
Sration on the black board in regard to these dwar tree. I
the first place the question arises, where can we get them ? W e can
gS SLsLks through nurserymen. They wil '-PO'"* t^em or you
fan get them through importers of trees and plants My first trees,
I started from the imported stocks sent from England and France,
and they came to me as what is known as the root stocks. They are
fron cuttings that are rooted. They grow from spring until August,
nlilv or August we insert a bud just above the ground We take
the^buJls roSe varieties we want and put the bud in here at this
pit The next spring the top of the tree ,s cut off and we have
the tree started with any variety we wish to grow. This will grow
and throw o"t a few branches the first year. We must keep in mmd
tlS't we°:re dealing with a dwarf tree. . We want to keep in mind
that there are different forms of training these trees. 1 ney are
traLd in al sorts of directions. The trees may be grown m this
form on trellises This is called the espalier system of growing
trees In gar le^ we can see these trees traine.l with the.r branches
rum mg oJt ten feet. They are very attractive and interesting, and
it wo fd be well for every family to have in the garden one or two
of These treeTand let the sons and daughters on the farm have these
"rees to work with. This type of tree would be of special '"terest to
the vo°mg people. There is another form that you can train up
I want to^peak along the line of orchard planting. The form wh ch
have adopted is what we call the bush form, which reduces the
aior My £ has been to get a tree that will g ve the largest pos-
stle bearhig surface. Here we start out w.th the branche n h^
fnrm trvine to keep the tree in an open or vase form. 1 Ins system
can be eTsfly controlled in its pruning. Remember that we have
here a iS roSed tree, and we must not let the tree get too large
n the top We made one mistake right in the start. We did no
ph the' trees deep enough. The point where they were budckd
Should be under the ground. Tn the summer when thej^ees are
inaHed with fruit wind storms will blow them over, l am taKing
hese tr^e up ami having them set down deeper The bud or point
of mion should go down at least five inches under the surface and
?henhink they will stand all right. H it occurs I shall not ob-
ect to the natural apple throwing out some of f «XTrees ^"y
shall still have the influence of the dwarf roots on the trees. 1 -y

49

summer pruning we may keep them dwarfed even though roots
may start above the bud. There is danger of the trees breaking off
if budded part is set too high. I think if trees are set four inches
there would be very Httle danger with rooting from the apple stock.
In my case when I found that we had planted too shallow, we
plowed around the trees and banked them up. This is the general
line of treatment. I am growing the two types, the Paradise and the
Doucin, and the more I learn about these trees the more I become
interested. We don't know what we can do in this direction, but
my opinion is that we can plant so many more trees to the acre
that they will be equal in value to standards. If we can produce
a reasonable quantity of high grade apples that will bring higher
prices, we shall make just as much money as from standard trees of
larger size.

In regard to the distance of planting: my first plan was to
plant standard trees forty feet apart each way, then to interplant
with the Doucin or half dwarf twenty feet and interplanting again
with Paradise dwarf at ten feet apart. We can get 430 trees to
an acre. In England they plant acres of these trees from six to eight
feet apart. My idea is for us not to try the very intensive European
methods. We want to reduce our system to the least possible ex^
penditure of labor and if we attempt too much, none of it would be
done well. I want to hold the standard trees as an absolute cer-
tainty and then interplant with the dwarfs. I would abandon inter-
planting peach, cherry or plum trees, but plant apples with apples
only, as then the spraying and culture would be adapted to all of
the trees. The danger of interplanting with other trees is when we
have to contend with diseases. If we spray apple trees with bordeaux
mixture, we will run the risk of injuring the foliage of peach, plum
and cherry trees, and I have thrown out entirely this system of
interplanting other kinds of trees with apples and use the dwarf

trees instead.

Now the question of pruning comes in as a very important part
of this work. So far as we are able, we will do our main pruning
in March. We cut out the leading branches that are inclined to
grow up in the center. We take out the tops of these trees to keep
them in low form. We cut back and in and follow annual pruning
in March and July to keep the trees in compact form. We want
the branches to' come out as low as possible, fifteen inches from the
ground. We don't want the fruit up where the wind can blow it
off. We want our bearing branches strongly developed from above
the middle down to about fifteen inches from the ground. It was
most interesting to go out and watch these dwarf trees ma storm.
While the standards in the same orchard dropped their fruit heavily
the dwarf trees scarcely lost an apple. The wind was blowing over
the top of them. The thinning on this class of trees is practicable.
I have been able to get the trees about fifteen feet high, thinned at a
cost of from twelve to fifteen cents a tree. The thmning of the
standard tree costs anywhere from thirty-five to forty-seven cents
a tree There is also a great difference in the cost of pruning high
and dwarf trees. So that the matter of thinning the fruit and prun-
ing the trees is easily solved on trees of this character. You can
readily see every imperfect apple and with clippers you can rapidly

18'

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cut off the imperfe ct fruit. The fruit is thus uniform in size and qual-
ity and of a suitable grade to go into boxes. In the markets at this
time of year at Philadelphia, New York, Boston or Chicago we will
meet the most attractive fruit from the west put up nicely. The east-
ern fruit grower is hard pressed with western competition. I find it
exceedingly difficult to get the fancy trade for eastern grown fruit.
I go to the dealers and say to them, "I have Hudson River, North-
ern Spies and Thompkins County King that I would be very glad
to have you try.'' These men say, "We don't want them. We
never know what we are going to get." It is very difficult for any
New York grower to attempt to get his fruit taken by the best
trade One of the most difficult things an eastern fruit grower has
to do is to get his fruit introduced and yet we know that our
fruit is better in flavor than anything that comes from the Pacific
coast. We have the same competition to meet in Europe as in our
own markets, so that we will be more and more forced to consider
the type of trees, that will produce fancy fruit. Trees about ten
years old that have been thinned, one-third of the fruit having been
taken off, yielded three barrels. On the larger trees we would get
about five barrels of fruit, but they would not be of the same grade.
When we get five barrels from the larger trees, we do not get as
much hi^h grade fruit as we do from the smaller trees. There is
great difficulty in getting workers to thin the fruit properly. They
twist off the apples with the finger and thumb. On the dwarf trees
they can stand on the ground and reach the fruit readily.
Question. When is the thinning done?

Mr Powell About the middle of July for winter apples and
then go over again in August and take off all that is not perfect.
Mr. Wilson. Do you have much June drop?
Mr. Powell. June dropping is not experienced in Eastern New
York as it is in many places.

Question. How do vou thin peaches?

Mr Powell. In thinning peaches, we leave none nearer than
six or eight inches apart. The only way that I can get peaches thin-
ned properly is to get women and children to do it. Men won t do
it properly, for they think it is a waste.

Question. When do vou begin to prune young trees?
Mr Pozi^ell In regard to the standard trees about three years
old We do the pruning in the summer rather than in the spring.
I believe it is going to be possible for us to hold our standard trees
down to a very much smaller size by summer pruning. Understand
that when the tree is fully grown or mature if we prune it in the
summer we can give it a decided check. I think it is best to begin
with young trees. If we start young trees by takmg out the upright
limbs we can dwarf them to a certain extent.

Question. What height do you head trees? , , . . ^ . ^
I like^tandard trees started about two and one-half feet from
the ground The Rhode Island Greening and King about four feet
Then keep the tops cut out. I believe that by cutting out, we shall
not prodL so many apples but all will be better quahty and ^^
^rea er number of barrels or boxes of perfect fruit. We aim to
prune the center out and let the sun shine down through the trees.

51

I have given you in outline as much as possible and suggestions
along this line of different management of apple trees of both the
dwarfs and standard.

WORKING PLANS OF THE NEW YORK STATE FRUIT
GROWERS ASSOCIATION FOR CO-OPERATION.

By Mr. T. B. Wilson, Hai.i,s' Corne:rs, N. Y.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen. — I have been asked to
tell you something of the working plans of the New York State
Fruit Growers Association for co-operation. I am sorry to say that
some of them seem to have been failures, but perhaps you can learn
as much from the failures as from the successes. The benefits of
co-operation, or association, as both are one and the same thing, as
we will use the term (the New York State Fruit Growers adopted
the latter), have been recognized by mankind at all times and in all
places. It has been offered as a cure for all social evils and as a
means of producing general prosperity. All associations have had
their troubles and ours is no exception.

The co-operative work in our association has accomplished
much and our principle success has been with the crop reports. In
July of each year we send out an inquiry to every member as to
the prospect of the future crop of apples, pears, peaches, plums,
quinces, grapes, potatoes, beans and cabbage, asking for their judg-
ment of the crop as compared with last year's crop, also compared
with a normal crop represented by 100 per cent. These blanks sent
out ask us to give our estimate in percentage. It is a very per-
plexing matter to adjust. The majority of the members remember
better what they had last year and can compare the coming crop
with last year's crop better than they can compare it with a normal
crop. Then in one county of the State they say the crop will be
200 per cent, of last year's crop and that county probably does not
furnish i per cent, of the crop of the State. Another county like
Orleans or Niagara will report 50 per cent of last year's crop, and
to strike an average from those figures will give you a misleading
report. Again if you get our figures from last year's crop, it is
of no use to other states which make their reports from a normal
crop. You can see by these examples how difficult it is to get a cor-
rect report. Some men will always report their crop below what
they know it is going to be, thinking thereby that if the crop is re-
ported low they will get more for it, while we always ask for an
honest estimate. Some reports we have to discount. By working
out these reports and striking a balance we have been able to give to
the members the best information obtainable and these reports are
made up about four times each year, July, August, September and
October. In the September and October report, we ask for the
prices (if any have been offered), from the different sections. And
by these reports the members can form a fair estimate as to what
price they ought to obtain for their fruit. Take as an illustration
the price of apples. For several years the Apple Shippers Conven-
tion have met, and made an agreement to pay about such a price

52

for apples and would cause to be published a statement as to the
probable amount of apples and it is said that in at least two of
these conventions they have made up two reports, one for publica-
tion and one for private use. Whether this is true or not I cannot
say. The dealers congregate and make their headquarters in some
city or village centrally located where they can talk and agree on
something definite as to price and almost every year (if not every
year), since our association was well established, we have forced
the dealers to raise their price from twenty-five to fifty cents per
barrel above what would have been obtained had we not been or-
ganized. _ , , ., , . , ^.

While at the Buffalo Exposition I met Edward Van Alstme.
He had just sold his apples, he told me all the particulars of the sale.
Two days later I was at work at home when the buyer drove in
and wanted to buy my apples. He told me how cheap they were
buving down along the Hudson. I said to him, you paid Van Alstme
a good price. He looked surprised. I said, "if you had not put on
that six cents per barrel extra you would not have bought them.
He said, "How do you know all this?" I said, "by being a member

of the N. Y. S. F. G. A." ^ . . , .u

The Association also has made money for its members by the
purchase of chemicals. Rut purchasing in carload lots, we were
able to get reduced prices, which saved many dollars m the aggre-
gate In the fertilizer trade, we have had some years of success
and some of failure. When we were able to get an early contract
with some reliable company, we saved the members $2 oo per ton
and sold as high as fifteen hundred tons, but we found it difficult
to always get a contract. The Executive Committee would arrange
to meet some agent who would give us figures, but there was always
something that had to be submitted to the company which would
cause delay, and one excuse would follow another, until by the
time a contract was completed and signed it was so late in the
season that the different agents working for the companies that were
in the combine had covered their territory and sold to many mem-
bers and where a member was known as such they would make a
special rate to him as cheap as we could sell ; in that way would try
and discredit the organization. Even some members of the Execu-
tive Committee were caught in this way. While I was President I
was approached by an agent and offered a car of fertilizer at a
price much below the price put out by the association for the same
class of goods. Had I made the purchase they would have used it
to their advantage. Finally we made a contract with a firm that
was outside of the combine, which worked much more satisfactory
for two years than any theretofore. The third year the state analy-
ses showed the goods slightly deficient in some of the ingredients
The combine then securl.l all the station bulletins they could get.
and sent a few to each agent who took particular pains to show the
members o the Association wherem they had been cheated by the
rgTufzation. The year that followed our sales dropped down to
T CO tons and that is where we stand to-day.
^ In the matter of co-operative packing and ^ales. we have not
vet been able to agree on any definite plan One of the difficulties
in forming a stock company, is for a body of men assembled together

53

to agree on a man to manage the business, and have that man a safe,
conservative man. Any large body of men cannot, as a rule, agree
on a safe, conservative leader, and before I put money into a stock
company, I want to know who the manager is to be. We all know
in almost any organization, that to take away the right of election
of officers from the whole body of the organization and place it in
the hands of a nominating committee, there is often trouble, and yet
the only safe way to place officers in nomination is through a com-
mittee. I have come to believe the only way to start at least in co-
operative packing and marketing is through a local packing house.
Take for instance, ten men who each grow, say from five to eight
hundred or a thousand barrels of apples, let them form themselves
into a company, rent a storage of sufficient capacity, elect their
manager, pass some regulations that their apples shall be packed in
two or three grades, but that No. i are to be of uniform size for
the kind, and free from blemish, make them better than the ordinary
pack. Then probably the manager cannot be at the packing house
very much of his time as he has his own crop to see to, so hire
some good man as a foreman, put him at the packing house with,
say five or six men to do the work. Then when picking begins in
the 'orchard put the apples in crates. As soon as a load is picked,
have a team deliver them at the packing house. The manager there
can sort and pack them and store them away. This would be for all
fall fruit and Greenings. Then when you get to picking Baldwins
(which is the principle crop in Western New York), they can be
put into barrels in the orchard and drawn to the packing house and
stored away just as they come from the tree, and sorted and packed
during the winter. By this course the farmer is through with his
work when the picking is done. The apples all being packed under
the direction of one man will be of an even grade, and at less ex-
pense to the grower than if put up by five different gangs of men.
T'he manager then has control of from three to five thousand bar-
rels If put up as they should be, the buyer would always look
after that lot first and would be willing to pay * [o'" t;^^"*^^ f^ *''
fiftv cents per barrel more than for ordinary pack When we real-
ize'that all this work must be done anyway, would not the packing
house pay ? ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^-^^ ^n long

enoudi to establish a brand that is known wherever seen the profits
win be 4m erea er When the results of one of these local packing
ho ses iefn by others, they, too, will organize and work it up m
thai wav until it'is general, 'so few o^ the genera farmmg pubh
are familiar with business matters and business men, is one ot tne
fIctoJs o coiTtend with, and the jealousies that exist among farm-
Sf" another serious t;ouble. All of which will be partially rem-
edied when our boys are better educated fertilizer busi-

Ouestion What is your plan for handling the tertiiizer dusi
ness,^as to terms and settlements, and does your Executive Commit-
tee secure the orders and make collections?

Mr Wilson We demand cash with the order, whictt goes 10
the sfcretTry The Secretary puts up a bond and ^oes all «.e wo k
through the direction and under the supervision of the Executive
Committee.

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Question. Does your Executive Committee handle the orders
for chemicals and how are settlements made ?
The Secretary does this work also.

CO-OPERATION IN FRUIT GROWING.

By Mr. M. C. Burritt, Ithaca, N. Y.

In a certain well known fruit growing region where large
quantities of fruit are grown, a co-operative effort to improve the
quality of the fruit by spraying, and the quality of the pack by bet-
ter packing, resulted in a rise in price from eighty-five cents per
box in 1903, to two dollars and thirty-five cents per box in 1906. ,

A Chicago horse dealer was complaining of the difficulty in
securing two hundred draft horses in a certain section. *'Sup-
pose," said a gentleman in the hotel where they were talking, ''that
you knew of a locality where all the farmers bred good draft
horses, so that you could secure such as you wanted in two days ?
How much more per horse would you think it worth to you?''
"Thirty dollars," instantly replied the dealer. ''Do you know of

such a locality?" '■

In certain sheep-raising sections of Scotland, the sheep are
driven to a central market, and there sold at auction. At a recent
sale sheep thus sold brought from fifteen to twenty shillings a
head. Their quality was up to the average and they were to be had
in sufficiently large numbers. But one lot of about thirty attracted
special attention. They were first class, but not unsual except that
it was difficult to distinguish one sheep from another so uniform
were they. Breeders wanted these to breed from ; dealers \yanted
them for the trade, and such was the demand that the entire lot
finally brought thirty-one shillings per head — more than one-third
more than the average.

In none of these cases were there vital defects in the products
themselves. Quality sold the fruit, quantity the horses and uni-
formity the sheep — each at a considerable advance over products
similar in other respects. The question arises, how can these de-
sirable qualities be secured most certainly? The answer is by co-
operative effort.

"Farmers must learn the vital need of co-operation with one
another," declared President Roosevelt in his great speech to farm-
ers at Lansing, last June. "The people of our farming regions must
be able to combine among themselves as the most efficient means of
protecting their industry from the highly organized interests which
now surround them on every side. A vast field is open for work
by co-operative associations of farmers, in dealing with relation of
the farm to transportation and to the distribution and manufacture
of raw materials. It is only through such combination that Amer-
ican farmers can develop to the full their economic and social

power."

The principle of co-operation is not new. It has been m oper-
ation since Jacob tended Laban's flock in Padan-Aram and re-
ceived a share for so doing. It is a well known fact that agncul-

55

tural communities existed in Europe in the Middle Ages, and that
at that time there was a co-operative use of land which would be
deemed almost revolutionary if proposed now. The success of the
Rochdale co-operators in England, has been known for upwards of
twa hundred years. Co-operative creameries in Canada have raised
the price of butter from ten to thirty-five cents per pound. Fruit
growers' associations in the west have nearly doubled the prices
of their fruit. In fact instances of this kind multiply themselves.

Naturally at this point we ask, What is co-operation? It rnay
be defined as the concert of many for the compassing advantages im-
possible to be reached by the one, in order that the gain may be
more fairly shared by all concerned in its attainment. "A co-oper-
ative society" declares one writer, "begins in persuasion,proceeds by
consent, accomplishes its end by a common effort, incurs mutual
risks, intending that all members shall receive that just award of
gains proportionate to work executed, to capital subscribed, or

custom given." ^,

"We must work out a means of working together, says Frot.
Bailey. "This is to be a great constructive work, lifting the indi-
vidual by developing the associative spirit in such a way that he may
obtain his own self-help at the same time that he secures the help
of his fellows and the incentive of community action. Any group-
association that crystalizes about a real economic problem, has the
spur of necessity and therefore has vitality."

This is an age of organization and co-operation. All modern
successful business operations are based on organization and only
those lines of business which are well organized are markedly suc-
cessful Keen competition and an insatiate desire for greater
profits has driven nearly all classes of industry not only to organiza-
tion, but to co-operation. Our great industrial companies are nearly
all co-operating in their respective lines. The so-called trusts are
of course, the direct result of this extensive co-operation How-
ever in many lines of business, competition had destroyed prohts
and 'a combination was necessary to cheapen the cost of production
or increase the selling price, or both. The old adage, Competition
is the life of trade," has in many cases become, Co-operation is tlie

life of trade." , .r 1 1 « f^^xr

An individual would be strong enough if there were only a few
individuals, but when an individual is one of a large class he is
weak and the larger the class, the weaker the individual. Smce the
firming class is the most numerous, it follows that the farmer is the
weTkest of individuals when he stands alone. The acts bear otj
Siis theory. Practically every farmer, as Director Bailey points out
'Ss aL in his farming, and attempts single-handed to a^.tend
with all the co-operative interests of the business world ^
suit is that for the most part he is a negligible factor "\ tra^^^^
For vears farmers have been compelled to accept buyers P^ces be
cause they lacked the organized power to enforce more equitable
nr ces Nor is this all. Farmers have in many cases when there
S^as no necessiV for it so competed with one another as to destroy

^^^ ^T?s clear that farmers have within them undoubted great
power, but they can only exert it through organization and co-

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56

operation. Unorganized, farmers are weak, and are the prey of all
other strong individuals and organized classes. Organized, they may
exert a power second to none. Farmers represent the greatest in-
vested capital in the world. They own the essentially productive
part of the earth, controling the world's supply of food and clothing.
The power of labor and capital would sink into insignificance be-
side that which organized farmers could exert. Although the third
to assert itself, the farmer power would be the first in strength and
importance, wielding a power such as the world never before
knew.

But let us not misunderstand the true purpose of co-operation.
It is not to tyranize over the rights of their fellowmen, that farm-
ers should organize. Unless he can secure his just rights without
infringing on the rights of others, better that he remain as he is.
Co-operation aims not to increase the selling price of farm pro-
ducts, but to cheapen the cost of their production, save the middle-
man's profit, and secure to the consumer a better article. Co-opera-
tion should result in the betterment of all.

The History of Co-Operative Fruit Grozving.

If we examine the horticultural situation we shall have no
difficulty in observing great opportunities for improvement. Our
own observation leads us to think that the greatest need is that
of the application of modern and systematic business methods to the
fruit industry. In order to fully realize this need, and to impress
upon ourselves the importance of the matter, let us inquire into the
conditions and methods of other fruit growing sections, where
modern business methods have already been applied. Perhaps the
most striking of these, and those in which we are most interested
are California, Hood River, Oregon, Fennville, Mich., and the
Province of Ontaria, Canada. Of the history of co-operation in
these places we shall speak briefly, to dwell more at length on their
business organization and methods.

The great difficulties which the individual fruit grower meets
may be briefly summarized under four heads :

1st. The grading and packing of the fruit is not at all uniform
or satisfactory in quality. As a rule, fruit is poorly packed and low
in grade. It is ununiform both as to fruit and to package.

2d. Transportation of fruit and its disposal in market is also
highly unsatisfactory. Most fruit is moved in less than car lots,
which makes the cost high and the service poor.

3d. There is not the proper relation between producer and con-
sumer, between supply and demand. Too much of our fruit is
handled on consignment, and by too many middlemen, many of
whom are dishonest.

4th. The individual fruit grower, working alone, has no power
to remedy this state of afl'airs. He is unable to trace shortages,
remedy losses in transit, or influence materially better service.

But the aim of this paper is not so much to enumerate the
losses and difficulties incurred in handling fruit, with which the
fruit grower is only too familiar already, as it is to suggest a rem-
edy by which these difficulties may be partially or altogether over-
come ; and by familiarizing ourselves with the methods and results

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57

of the most successful co-operative associations, to show how they
are now being met by the most progressive fruit growers in this
country.

California has perhaps as much experience as any horticultural
community. Two methods have been tried out there. The first of
these may be termed a pure democracy, i. e., an organization com-
posed of many members throughout the State, who gather in one
great assembly to direct its affairs. It is only necessary to say that
this failed because of the difficulty in getting the widely separated
groups of members together and the consequent lack of responsi-
bility on the part of any one, which led to an absence of confidence
in the organization. This, together with various local difficulties,
caused the abandonment of this attempt at co-operation.

The second method, that of a representative democracy which
meets our political needs so well, was also found to meet the needs
of industrial life. Such an organization, by uniting with any other
permanent factor in its field of operation, has again and again
proved its practical efficiency. ''The Southern California Fruit Ex-
change," was the first to demonstrate the value of this method of
co-operation among citrous fruit growers. From a small begin-
ning they grew to a business of seven million dollars a year. Equal
success has attended the same method as worked out by the Cali-
fornia Fruit Exchange, in deciduous fruits at the north.

But probably the greatest success in co-operation in California
has been made by the California Fruit Distributors, organized in
1901. This organization at present handles from 80 per cent, to
85 per cent, of the output of fresh deciduous fruits in the state. It
is in reality a clearing house, being composed of shipping companies
and individuals not growers, as well as of the growers themselves.
The plan is that : first the formation of local associations exclusively
of fruit growers, the function of these being to get fruit ready for
shipment in car lots, and to unite in a central packing agency for .
marketing the same. In the second place a centr^alized growers co-
operation association is formed, based upon these local organiza-
tions, which attends to shipping and marketing the fruit. |pe Cali-
fornia Fruit Distributors as yet comes far short of the high etti-
ciency desired, partially because of the unwillingness of its mem-
bers to make such concessions as will enable it to efficiently organize
its marketing agencies. Undoubtedly, however, it will develope
along these lines as the need becomes more imperative.

In Michigan we have an especially noteworthy example of the
value of co-operation. At Fennville, under the very able leadership
of Chas. E. Bassett, the problem has very nearly been solved. Not
only has a better market and better prices, with cheaper Packages
and cheaper and better transportation facilities been secured but
thev have gone further and established the central packing house
system The Fennville Fruit Shippers Association was organized
in 1801. Their growth and successes have been steady and con-
sistent. A local agent loads the fruit, which goes to Chicago by a
special fast freight, and another agent receives the ^^^^^^^"^^^^^^
distributes the fruit. A standard package has been ^^j^^ed w^
saves at least half the cost of the package. The freight rate to
Chicago has been reduced from 6V2 to 2}^ cents per basket. In one

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season 6,000,000 baskets were shipped, and the saving to the growers
by the Association was not less than $200,000. The Association has
laid by a cash profit which has been used to build and improve roads.
Before it began this work 250 baskets were considered a load.
Now 500 to 600 baskets are easily drawn. The combined influence
of growers led the railroads to donate 300 carloads of gravel.
Whereas a single individual has much trouble in getting the ear
of the railroad officials, the representatives of an organization of 400
shippers, receive a most respectful and gracious hearing. Buyers
have come to Fennville to buy, and competition for Association fruit
has been such that prices have generally been kept higher than the
Chicago markets.

Probably no co-operative organization has made such phe-
nominal growth or achieved so great a success as has the Hood
River Apple Growers Union. Previous to 1903, Hood River Spitz-
enbergs, of practically the same grade as now, were selling for
about 85 cents per box. The first year the union operated, the
same grade of fruit sold for $2.00 per box f. o. b., and last year
the entire output went at $2.60 per box. The union, now having a
membership of 115, controls about 85 per cent, of the output of the
region.

The plan of organization is the common one and simple. Shares
are sold at so much per share and each member must hold one. A
charge of five cents per box pays the entire cost of handling. The
union guarantees every box and allows no seconds or poor varieties
to go out under the union label ; the grower must dispose of these
himself. The result is that such a reputation has been established
that its products are sold in the exacting English markets without in-
spection. Many economies are made by buying supplies in large
quantities, and the union can afford to use the telegraph in keeping
in connection with the markets such as no individual could afford to
do. Sufficient power is possessed by the union to largely protect
itself from underselling and to keep prices up. The union is also
able to sell its products by "tender.'' Each year just previous to
harvesting careful estimates are made of the crop. Then sealed
bids are asked for on the crop or on parts of it. Practically all
Hood River Fruit is now sold in this manner, which is one of their
greatest achievements.

It is somewhat surprising at first thought that our horticultural
neighbors across the lake, whose interests in fruit growing do not
compare with ours, should so far out-do us in the handling of their
fruit. In the west where orchards are new, we are not so sur-
prised at new marketing methods, but we fail to see why Canadians
who are as old in fruit growing as New Yorkers, should be ahead
of us in adopting modern business methods. But such is the fact,
however. The Fruit Marks' Act of 1903 and the thorough co-
operative organization in the Province of Ontario are unmistakable

evidences of it.

The basis of co-operation is substantially that which has proven
so successful elsewhere. At present there are more than 40 local
associations, each complete in itself, but all working with and aided
by the Central Ontario Co-operative Association. These local as-
sociations are of two types, which, however, merge into each other.

59

The first is the mutual association in which a number of growers
simply sign an agreement to ship all their fruit together from a
certain point, under the direction of a business committee, and
through them a manager who superintends the packing and markets
the- fruit. Each agrees to bear his proper share of expenses and to
dispose of his fruit in no other way. There are many variations of
this agreement, and as we have already said, it merges into and is
often combined with the second type — the incorporated.

In this type the association is fully organized and is incorpor-
ated under the Cold Storage Act of Canada. They are thus able
to buy and sell all kinds of fruits and fruit growers' supplies.
They usually own property, especially packing houses, and are in
every way more permanently organized. Of this organization we

shall speak more fully.

Each type has its advantages and its disadvantages. The mu-
tual is simpler, more easily dissolved and perhaps naturally precedes
the first. But it has not the scope of possibilities of the other and
there is no individual responsibility. The incorporated association
has a much better organization, and a wider field of work. It is
adapted to regions where large quantities of fruit are grown by
many small growers, and under poor conditions for marketing. But
it is harder to get started in a community and leads to problems
which it requires some skill to solve. Forrest is an example of the
first type, Catham of the latter.

Organization and Business Methods.

The objects of co-operation as stated in the by-laws and con-
stitutions of associations are simply to prevent unnecessary com-
petition in marketing among local growers and associations; to
promote harmony among them ; to provide for a uniform system ot
packing and shipping; to secure all possible advantages in the mar-
keting of fruit; as well as to build up a high standard of excellence,
and to create a demand for the same ; the diffusion of knowledge
in all lines of horticulture; to provide ways and means for the
growers of fruit and other products to secure by co-operation among
themselves and with railroads and express companies, and by all
other lawful and legitimate means the cheapest and best transporta-
tion services for their fruits and other farm products and the proper
distribution, marketing and sale of the same.

In some cases besides these usual objects of co-operation, pro-
vision is made for buying and selling products for profit ; pla^iting
orchards, manufacturing, buying and selling all kinds of fruit-
growers supplies ; shipping and transporting fruits for profit^^^^
on commission ; in short to carry on a wholesale and retail shipping
business as any firm or corporation would This kmd of org^mza-
tion, while it is still co-operative and still results in direct benefi
to the grower, is not the true type of the co-operative movem^^^^^^^^ but
borders more nearly on the mutual stock company. Of course the
stockholders are the chief benefittors. Nevertheless somewhat of
this plan must often be followed to secure the g^-^atest benefit to
the members of the organization. To purchase ^^'^ ^'^^^^^^^^^
growers supplies, as spraying material, barrels, etc., is certainly
fegSate co^emtion."^ Then too, it often becomes necessary in

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order to give men steady employment, or to make larger and hence
cheaper shipments to any given point, to buy some outside fruit.
Besides this little speculation often pays the expense of handling
the whole shipment. Still the primary and simplest form of co-
operation is among growers only and for the selling, packing and
shipping of their own fruit. The foregoing simply shows the many
modification which arise and which sometimes so change the orig-
inal plan that we hardly recognize it.

The general plan of organization seems to be to elect from
five to fifteen trustees, who elect or appoint all officers of the asso-
ciation, and who have power to carry on all business of the asso-
ciation. When the association is general and composed of
other associations, these trustees or directors are elected by del-
egates from the sub-associations. When the association is com-
posed directly of growers they are elected directly by a majority
vote. Officers, usually elected or appointed by the trustees, are as
a rule simply president, vice president, secretary, treasurer and man-
ager.

All property is held by stockholders who receive dividends on
stock held, if any accrue from charges for selling and profit on
handling in addition to the advantages received by every member
of the association in marketing his fruit. This plan simply insures
the men who put up the money for the business, an ordinary rate of
interest on their money. Each member is charged a rate of so much
per package, or a percentage of gross sales, and this charge is made
just enough to cover expenses.

The capital stock of these associations, outside of property
held by the stockholders, varies from $1,000 to $15,000, and is di-
vided up into shares of from $2.00 to $10.00 each. Usually each
member is required to hold at least one. of these shares, and is pro-
hibited from holding more than a certain number. As a rule not
more than one-half of the capital stock is paid up, the other half
being held in reserve.

The central packing house system seems to have come into
very general use among co-operative associations themselves, but
in some cases, especially at first, the packing house is rented. When
owned it is paid for by subscription among the members of stocks,
and dividends are drawn upon this stock. This method of packing
fruit has been demonstrated to be one of the most practicable and
satisfactory of any yet tried.

Air. C. E. Bassett of Fennville, Mich., is the pioneer of the
central packing house system and he has this to say about it. "We
have five of these packing houses at Fennville, and although the
system is not yet fully perfected, it has already demonstrated its
eflficiency in handling the products of large orchards. Usually six
or eight growers combine and erect a packing house beside the rail-
road. Their fruit is brought direct from the orchards to this cen-
tral packing house, where it is carefully graded and packed, each
grower receiving credit for the number of baskets (peaches) of each
grade. The foreman and packers having no interest in the fruit,
pack top and bottom alike and every basket can thus be guaranteed.
Solid cars of one straight grade can thus be purchased any day
during the season, and we find that buyers will pay more for this

61

fruit than where they have to drive around the country and pick
up a load of as many grades as there were packers."

It does not seem practicable to pack deciduous or perishable
fruit in a central packing house because of the greater number of
packages required for a carload and because the fruit is injured by
handling the extra time. Many of our western associations prefer
to pack their fruit in the orchards of the growers, with experienced
gangs of their own packers, e. g.. Hood River. This is probably
the best method there because of the more favorable climate, and
because of the larger orchards and better packing facilities. In
Western New York where weather conditions are uncertain during
the packing season, and where immense quantities of fruit must be
packed in a short time, and by one association, the central packing
house would be a great advantage. In Ontario, Canada, where the
conditions are most similar to ours the central packing house sys-
tem is in almost universal use.

There are of course very many styles of packages used and
their cost is consequently very variable. Packages must naturally
be adapted to the market and trade, and where these demand a fancy
pack they should have it as the most profitable package which can
be used. Western Associations use the box very largely, most of
their packed fruit being first class or fancy. There can be little
doubt that the box is the package for the better grades of fruit.
The barrel is still the most common package used in Canada.

One of the greatest advantages of the central packing of fruit
is that it secures uniformity in the pack and a much better quality
in the grade. The cost of packing varies considerably with the pack-
age used and the kind of fruit packed, as well as the grade of the
fruit, but it is very generally lower in the central packing house
than out of it.

Many western associations issue minute instructions, regarding
the pack of each grade, carefully defining the apples to be packed in
it The packers are held to these regulations by a system of fines.
In Canada the different grades are very closely defined by the Fruit
Marks' Act, of which most Canadians are very proud.

When the grower delivers his fruit to the warehouse he is
given a receipt for the number of packages of fruit delivered. After
this fruit is repacked, he is given another receipt, showing the grades
and the amount of each into which his fruit has goiie This receipt
is made in duplicate, the association retaining one. The grower gets
the average price received for each grade during the season, ihe
best plan of payment seems to be that of turning over to the grower
at the end of each week, three-fourths of the gross sales of ^^^^ J^iit
during the week, and the balance after deducting expenses, at the
close of the shipping season.

The charge for handling is made up on an average of the whole
cost for a given number of packages. In some cases a fixed charge
is made on a percentage basis of the value of the fruit handled
Shkh amounts^o the same thing. In ^11 cases the me^^^^^^^^
given the lowest possible or cost rate, while when outsickr ship
through the association they are charged a higher rate I ^^ jm
possible to give any figures on the cost of packing which will be of

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any value, but growers packing in this way invariably testify that
the cost is much less than by any other method.

All other expenses of the association, such as book-keeping
correspondence, equipment of the packing house, manager's salary
and other incidental expenses, are met in the same manner as those
of packing, viz., by a charge per package, or by a percentage of
the value of the products handled. As has already been stated the
packing house is owned by stockholders, and a charge has to be
made in some way on fruit shipped by the association, to cover a
reasonable rate of interest on this. When enough outside fruit is
handled to secure a considerable profit, this profit is divided between
dividends to the stockholders and lowering pro rata expenses, or a
bonus on fruit shipped. This often amounts to considerable.

It is found to be quite generally the case that a good manager
was very essential to success. Capable, efficient and honest men,
with the ability and push to make a business go, are indeed rare,
but they may be found. Such a manager practically secures the
success of any undertaking. As a rule co-operative associations
are largely managed by some grower much interested in the work.
There is a place, however, for the trained employee, who will have
no other interest save to act as business manager, overseeing the
whole plant. At present the salary is small, ranging from $2.00
to $5.00 per day during the season, although in one case the man-
ager gets 5 per cent, of gross sales and in another $800.00. But
here as elsewhere the quality of the man determines largely the
amount of his salary. The work is pleasant and for the man thor-
oughly conversant with co-operative methods a great field lies open.
It will readily be seen, however, that the duties of a manager who
does not only oversee the packing and shipping, but to keep an ac-
curate account of all receipts of fruit, and in small lots, and of
their sales and prices, as well as keeping in touch with the markets,
are not by any means light. Several associations have, in fact, re-
lieved the manager of overseeing the packing by appointing a head
packer, and making him responsible for that part of the work.

In California the receipts of growers, members of the associa-
tion, were always a little higher than that of outsiders, except where
such outsiders were large growers, and for this reason had special
markets and advantages. The Newcastle Fruit Growers two years
ago received the highest price paid for apples in Canada, and packed
the highest quality of fruit— according to the government inspectors.

As near as can be determined, the Ontario Associations general-
ly received from 75 cents to $1.50 per barrel more than individual
growers for their fruit. They put up a very high quality of fruit,
but they handled it at a much less cost than the average grower.

But there are important items of saving expenses, as well as of
increasing the selling price and lessening the cost of handling fruit.
All supplies as barrels and boxes, spraying material, etc., are quite
generally purchased by the associations in sufficient quantities to
make possible a considerable saving. These are of course sold to
growers at cost. Usually at least three to five cents per barrel can
be saved in this way, and this year the Forrest Association saved
fourteen cents. Fifteen to thirty per cent, saved in spraying sup-
plies is not at all uncommon. IMoney saved in the delivery of the

63

finished product, is just as good as an additional price for the fruit,
and becomes a very important item on a large amount of fruit.

Summary,

" We may conclude then that the following benefits have actually
been secured by co-operative associations :

1. Co-operative packing has produced a higher class of fruit in
its respective grade than would be done by the average individual
packing his own fruit.

2. The style and uniformity of the package and grade has been
greatly improved, securing the confidence of the buyer; the buyer
may also secure a larger quantity of a uniform brand.

3. Since shipping is done in larger quantities, at least in car
lots, better transportation facilities and rates are obtained. Asso-
ciations of growers can demand a fair deal from the railroads where
individuals would be able to secure nothing.

4. Co-operation has insured a better system of marketing, with
a much more complete knowledge of markets, has done this market-
ing with less losses, and is better able to make good its losses.

5. Co-operative packing and marketing, enables the grower not
only to secure better prices for his products, but to produce a better
product, because he can give his whole attention to the m.arketing

of the fruit.

6. Co-operative associations are able to secure packages, spray-
ing material and other supplies in large lots and at greatly reduced

costs.

Finally, in brief, I think we have seen that co-operation m the
marketing of fruit, secures the consumer a better product, and real-
ises the grozi'cr a better profit.

It is urged against co-operation that it is essentially a trust
among fruit growers to force the consumer to pay a higher price
for his fruit. Such is not the case. The sole objects are to grow
and pack fruit, at less cost, to market it in better condition, and in
larger quantities of uniform fruit. If a higher price results, it is
due to a higher quality in the product.

The claim is also made tliat farmers will not stand together
well enough to make co-operation successful. True, co-operation
has many times failed on this account, but true also that farmers
have stood together, and what has been done can be done again

Again it has been urged against this system by some, that it is
of no benefit to the large and already successful grower, who sells
in carload lots, buys his supplies in the same manner, has his own
with perhaps fancy packs, and a reputation already made and a
trade of his own establishment. Co-operation does not aim to help
such men so much as to place the smaller grower on an equal foot-
ing with them. We must bear in mind that the great bulk of our
fruit is not grown and marketed by such men as these, but by
hundreds of small growers. It is these men who need to l]^ve
their standards raised and their cost of production ^J^^P^"^^ . J^^^
larger grower is not injured by having his neighbors standards

raised, but benefitted. r ^1 r 4. ^ " M^f fV.^

"Association is assuredly the keynote of the future^ .^* nal

socialistic or labor union kind, but the simple combination of mutual

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interests for mutual benefits. True co-operation aims to bring the
producer and the consumer in the closest possible relationship. Jus-
tice between man and man is the foundation of society. "Co-oper-
ation returns to the people the profits they create and makes them
owners of the business they build."

All this may seem Utopian to some. It may be that the time
is not yet ripe for co-operative organizations in this state, but there
can be no doubt that it will come — must come — sooner or later, if
the fruit grower is to keep apace with progress in other lines. The
sooner we realize this, and bend our energies to our common inter-
ests in the matter, the sooner will fruit growing be placed upon its
proper firm business basis, and its present discomforts avoided.

SUGGESTED RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR CO-OPER-
ATIVE FRUIT ASSOCIATIONS.

1. The Association shall be known as the

Co-operative Fruit Growers, Limited.

2. The purposes of the Association shall be to carry on the
business of Storage of Fruits, Dairy Products, Canned Goods,
Evaporated or Dried \'egetables, and all similar products, and for
the purchase, sale or disposal of same.

3. The capital of the association shall be in shares of the sum
of ten dollars. No member shall hold more than twenty shares.

4. The annual meeting of the association shall be held at the
office of the association on the first Monday of May in each year,
at two o'clock in the afternoon, to receive the financial report for
the past year, to elect officers for the ensuing year, and for all other
general purposes relating to the management of the association's
aflfairs. The first annual meeting of the association will be held on
the first Monday of May, 1907.

5. That notice of the time and place for holding the annual
meeting of the association shall l:e given to each member, at least
ten days previous thereto, by mailing the same as a registered let-
ter duly addressed to each member, at least ten days' previous to
each such meeting.

6. The directorate shall consist of six members of the asso-
ciation elected at the annual meeting for the term of one year, and
they shall elect the president, vice president and secretary-treasurer
from among themselves.

7. A two-thirds representation of the directorate shall consti-
tute a quorum for the transaction of business.

8. All elections of the association shall be by vote ; each share,
in respect of which he is not in default for any calls made thereon,
entitling the holder to one vote. At any meeting of the association
a two-thirds representation of the stock in person shall corustitute a
quorum for the transaction of business.

9. The president shall preside at all meetings of the associa-
tion. He shall call meetings when necessary and shall advise with
and render such assistance to the managers as may be in his power.
In his absence, the vice-president shall have and exercise all rights
of the president. If the vice-president be also absent from any

65

meeting, the members may elect one of their number present to per-
form his duties.

10. The secretary-treasurer shall keep a record of the proceed-
ings of all meetings and of all receipts and disbursements, and re-
port the condition of the finances annually, or as often as the asso-
ciation shall desire.

11. The manager shall have charge of the business of the as-
sociation in detail under the supervision of the president.

12. When a vacancy shall occur through any cause in any of
the offices established by the by-laws of the association it shall be
filled at the next regular or special meeting.

13. The president may call a special meeting at any time
should he deem it in the interests of the association to do so. The ,
president shall also call a special meeting of the association when
requested to do so by two members of the association in writing,
setting forth the business to be transacted at such meeting, at least
five full days previous to such meeting.

14. Any member may withdraw from membership at any time
between January ist, in each year and the end of the current finan-
cial year. Notice of the intention to withdraw must be given in
writing by the withdrawing member to the secretary, at least one
week before the annual meeting. Provided that such withdrawal
shall not take eff^ect until the withdrawing member shall have dis-
charged his portion of the liability of the association up to the date
when such withdrawal is to take effect.

15 Should any member withdraw, the association shall have
the option of purchasing the share or shares of the withdrawing
member at par, or at such an amount as withdrawing member shall
have paid on such shares. Such option shall be exercised within one
month from the withdrawal of such member. ,. , , . ,,

16 The books of the association shall be audited before the
date of the annual meeting each year. At this meeting a statement
of the receipts and expenditures as audited shall be presented to
each shareholder not less than ten days before the annual meeting.
An auditor shall be appointed annually by the members at the an-
nual ^^^^'^^_ ^^^ between members, or between members and
the association established under this act, or any person claiming
though or under a member, or under the rules of the association,
and the directors, treasurer or other officer thereof, shall be de-
cided by arbitration in manner following: The association or any
membe7 thereof or other person desiring to -^1!-;--^^^^^
virtue of the preceding paragraph, shall apply to the judge ot the

c"u ty co^ of the County of Lincoln, T\^'"'.lf "biSiJ^^^^^^
in writing to all persons to be made parties to such arbitration o^^
an order appointing an arbitrator to decide by arbitration
?he q.SL. rmatte^^ in dispute. Such arbitrato^^^^^^^ and s^^^^^^^^^
if renuired in writing by any party to such arbitration, hear evi

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pealed, altered or amended by a vote of two-thirds of the members
present at the annual meeting, or at any special meeting duly called
for the purpose.

19. All fruit grown for sale by members of the association
shall be delivered at the association's packing house or temporary
quarters, in prime condition for grading, packing or shipping. The
manager to be the authority as to the condition of the fruit, with
right of appeal to the president or vice president, whose decision
shall be final.

20. Each grower on delivering fruit, shall receive a receipt
signed by the manager, and will be credited in the association's
books with the same. He shall be entitled to the average price re-
ceived for the grade of fruit delivered that day (less the expenses,
interest on stock at 10 per cent., manager's salary, packing and
handling expenses). The manager or secretary-treasurer shall re-
tain one-third of the amount due on each class of fruit, the total
kept back not to exceed $ , until the shipping of that class
is finished, from which to pay the current expenses, and one-tenth
till the end of the season. All fruit bearing the association's brand-
must be packed in the association's packing house in the case of
peaches, pears, plums, etc., and lidded in the case of berries, cherries,
grapes, etc. The association may sell fruit (in the time of rush, or
other trouble, at the discretion of the manager) without brand, in
order to fill orders. All dealings of the association to be worked
on the average, that is each member, after receiving credit in the
company's books for his fruit as graded, only participates in the
average result for the day, and looses all identity with his own
fruit.

21. The expenses, other than the actual expense of packing
the fruit, which will be debited each day from the amount due for
the fruit, to be charged against each member pro rata, according to
the actual value of his product handled by the association. That a
bank account shall be kept in the name of the association at the
Bank of Hamilton of .

22. That all cheques, notes, bills, drafts or orders for the pay-
ment of money shall be signed by the president, secretary-treasurer,
and manager.

23. That all cheques, notes, drafts, or orders payable to the
association or order, requiring the association's endorsement, shall
be endorsed by the secretary-treasurer or manager.

24. That the president or secretary shall have ])ower at all
times to make all banking arrangements which they may consider
necessary, and to transact all kinds of banking business, including
the discounting of customer's paper.

25. The association is incorporated under the provision of
"An Act to provide for the incorporation of co-operative cold stor-
age associations," 63 Victoria, Ont., Chap. 26, and amendments
thereto, and in all matters outside of the scope of the foregoing
rules and regulations of the association, the provisions of said sta-
tutes shall govern.

Passed by the said association this day of ,

A. D. 1907.

BY-LAWS OF THE

67

FRUIT GROWERS, LIMITED.

I

Incorporated under the Act to Provide for the Incorporation of
Cold Storage Association of the Province of Ontario.

I. This association of fruit growers shall be knowh as the
Fruit Growers, Limited.

2. The purpose of this organization is for the packing and .
selling of the fruit grown by its members, also buying and selling
such other fruit during the season as opportunity presents itself.

3. The capital stock of the company shall be in shares of the
sum of ten dollars. No member shall hold more than twenty shares.

4. The annual meeting of the company shall be held on the
first Thursday of May each year.

5. Special meetings of the stockholders may be held at any
time upon call of the president by written notice mailed to each
stockholder for five days before the meeting. Special meetings shall
also be called by the president whenever required to do so, in writ-
ing, by one-tenth part in value of the shareholders of the company.

6. At a meeting of the company, a one-half representation of
the stock either in person or by written proxy shall constitute a
quorum for the transaction of business.

7. At the annual meeting of the company, five directors shall
be elected of whom three shall constitute a quorum at any board
meeting.

8. The officers of the company shall consist of a president,
vice president, secretary-treasurer, manager and two auditors.

9. The president and vice president shall be chosen by the
directors from among themselves at the first board meeting after
the annual meeting. The other officers shall also be chosen at this
time, but not necessarily from among the directors.

10. All elections of the company shall be by ballot, plurality
electing, conducted by two scrutineers appointed by the chairman.
Each shareholder shall be entitled to as many votes as he owns
shares in the company.

.11. The president shall preside at all meetings of the company.
He shall call meetings of the board of directors and shareholders
when necessary, and shall advise with and render such assistance
to the manager as may be in his power. In his absence the vice-
president shall have and exercise all rights and powers of the presi-
dent.

12. The secretary-treasurer shall keep a record of the proceed-
ings of all meetings and of all the receipts and disbursements, and
report the conditions of the finances annually or as often as the
directors shall desire.

13. The manager shall have charge of the business of the
company in detail under the supervision of the president.

14. The manager and secretary-treasurer shall give bonds in
such sums as shall be acceptable to the company. ' -' ^'

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IS- The directors shall select three of their number to act as
an executive committee (the president to serve as chairman) to
have general charge of the affairs of the corporation during the
fruit season.

1 6. ' When a vacancy shall occur through any cause in any of
the offices established by the by-law^s of the company, it shall be
filled at the next regular or special meeting of the company.

17. Any fruit grower in

County or Township shall

be eligible to become a member by a two-thirds vote of the stock-
holders at the time application is made.

18. Any member of this company may withdraw at any time
between January ist and April ist. Such notice of withdrawal must
be given in writing to the president or directors of the company.

19. All apples grown by the members of the company shall be
delivered to the company for sale on commission.

20. The books of the company shall be audited before the date
of the annual meeting each year. At this meeting a printed state-
ment of the receipts and expenditures as audited shall be presented
to each stockholder.

21. The by-laws may be amended at any regular or special
meeting by a vote of the stockholders or stock present in the affirm-
ative. Notice of such amendment must be given each shareholder
by letter or otherwise, at least 5 days previous to the meeting.

WE, THE UNDERSIGNED, HEREBY AGREE EACH
WITH THE OTHER and with one another to co-operate in the
sale and packing of our winter apples grown by each of us re-
spectively in 1907, and to draw all our fall and winter apples to such
place in at such reasonable times as may be re-

quired by the manager of the Apple Growers' Co-oper-

ative Association, for the purpose of being packed and sold or ship-
ped on consignment as the said Co-operative Association or the
Business Committe thereof may decide is best, and to bear our fair
and proper part of the expenses in connection with the packing, and
storage of said apples, and also such other proper expenditures as
may be incurred in the packing, handling and sales or transportation
of said apples, and that we will from time to time when called
upon by the manager of said association, pay our share of such
proper expenses that may be so incurred when the money is re-
quired therefor, and that we will not dispose of any of our said
fall or winter apples except through said association, and will draw
the whole of same, unless it would be the culls and a few barrels
that each of us may retain for our own use, to such place or places
in that we will be required to draw the same for

such packing or storage purposes.

AND WE FURTHER AGREE AND UNDERTAKE each
with the other and with one another, that we will not allow our
empty or filled barrels to remain from under cover if we can avoid

\

69

it, and that we will procure good eight-hoop barrels to put up our

said apples in.

DATED THIS , 1907.

Form Used at Storage to Receipt for Fruit.

I'HE OAKVILLE FRUIT GROWERS. Um't. THE OAKVILLE KRUIT GROWERS. L'm't.

Oakville, 190 Oakville, 190

Received from

Received from

Hand-

FICKKD.

Wind

FALLS.

Hand-
picked.

WilND
FALLS.

Kings

Spies

Baldwins, .
Greenings,
Russets,. . .

Kings

Spies,

Baldwins, . ,
Greenings, .
Russets, .. . .

Received by,

Delivered by

SOME PHASES OF PENNSYLVANIA FRUIT GROWING.
P,Y Prop. J no. P. Stewart, St.\te College, Pa.

There are two main divisions to fruit growing the business
nhase and production. Nobody wih undertake the latter w.thout
Sme assurance; concerning the vah,e of the former. Hence we

b;nf ^rStirvaS ;rt^^^^^

paying an excellent profit to the holder president of our

-BHS'H S'E?:; tr^- M^

acres for $875. 1 m^ lai iruui lu costing

trees he sold $620 worth "^ apples ^^°^ fat °n%^f .'^enteen-

$8.75. 12 years ^g"-J^""f,^, J Sf/^^^e' Th^^

"'"^ Eight years ago in ^^^^^^^^.^l^^jt:' Ue
Cumberland Valley, a grower bought a arm to'^^^S 1

planted it in ^::^^l f;::^ ^^^\;J:6:^m47^ wo?U. of
from about 100 acres ot bearni^ ir , ^^^^ ^^^^

70

One block of 161/2 acres of Salway peaches in this orchard has re-
turned $30,111 since planting in 1900. Yet land like this in the
same neighborhood, now in general farming, can be bought for $40
to $60 per acre.

Nine years ago near Youngstown, N. Y., an unproductive 20-
acre orchard of Baldwin changed hands. Proper orchard manage-
ment was installed and the net returns from that orchard in the
nine years has been $27,062. This, in spite of the entrance of the
San Jose Scale with its additional requirement of power sprayers
and extra spraying.

These instances are not accidents. They represent returns from
large acreage extending over a term of years, and are not the
chance returns of a few trees for a short period. They call atten-
tion to the business value of good fruit growing. They show that
it is easy to waste energy and capital trying to make a region pro-
duce something for which it is not adapted, and that it pays to seek
out and do the adapted things. They illustrate clearly the profits
that may arise from basing an industry on one of the most striking
natural adaptations of this state — the adaptation to tree growth.
They show that many farms in our state, useless or of indifferent
success in general farming, can be made remarkably profitable in the
production of fruit.

But these are not the only indications of the fact that fruit-
growing in Pennsylvania is a good business proposition. In 1899,
the last year upon which we have definite figures, Pennsylvania was
the third state in the union in the total value of fruit. In apples,
the leading fruit of America, Pennsylvania ranked second, with over
24,000 bushels, nearly all of which came from home orchards.
And although the state was excelled by New York in total yield,
yet in average yield of apples, Pennsylvania excelled the latter bv
nearly one-half bushel per tree. Pennsylvania has been called the
"home of the sweet cherry," so as we should expect, in the produc-
tion of cherries, this state ranked first with nearly 475,000 bushels.
In grapes, pears and raspberries it was fourth ; in currants, seventh ;
in blackberries, eleventh; in plums and prunes, and in strawberries,
thirteenth ; and in peach sixteenth. These positions are all the more
striking when it is realized that by far the major portion of this
fruit was grown in home orchards receiving only "home orchard
care," with the consequent reduction in value which, we know too
well, accompanies such care. If these results can be obtained under
such conditions, what may be expected from properly located com-
mercial orchards handled in a business-like way?

But some one inquires, "is not the occupation too exacting,
does it make good return per unit of labor, and are not the returns
slow in coming in ?" We answer that it is exacting ; that in good
fruit growing certain things must be done, and done at the right
times ; that the only safe motto is the one followed by the pests
and bugs, which is "be ready," and that it requires wider informa-
tion, a greater keenness of observation, and more ability to adapt
action to immediate conditions than almost any other calling. Hence
the occupation should not be chosen by any one "who is afraid he
won't like it." But for the man possessing the above qualities, who
is not afraid of a contest, and is not easily shaken from his pur-

7t

poses, it is an occupation that has few rivals either in financial re-
turns, or what is of greater importance — in promoting the develop-
ment of the individual. There are no keener nor better men than
some I have met among Pennsylvania fruit growers. There are
few better solutions to the problem of keeping the boys on the farm
than to get them interested in the production of fruit. To know a
fruit farm, in all its details of soils, and varieties and inhabitants and
to be able to manipulate them is a liberal education.

As to the returns-per-unit-of-labor, we may say that in Erie
County, the grape business regularly returns from $50 to $150 per
acre with an outlay that we are informed is scarcely greater than
that involved in raising an acre of corn. In the same county last
year goose-berries are reliably reported to have produced no less
than $900 per acre. Near North East ii/s acres of 12-year-old, so
called "York State" prunes — probably a strain of the Italian or
Fellenberg, — the last two years produced the unusual sum of $1,688,
with almost equal returns reported from Bradshaw plums. In
Berks County during the same time, 5 acres of peaches produced
$1,100 per acre. These are only a few of the results that we have
gathered in a very general fruit-survey of the state. They indicate
the wide range of territory and varieties that are profitable here.
While we have no data to show just what the outlay was in produc-
ing them, yet they should effectually set at rest any fears as to the
size of "return per unit of labor." There is no question about it,
with the man and the other factors right, fruit-growing offers as
liberal returns, in proportion to labor and capital involved as any
occupation upon which we have seen figures. Just there is our
problem, to get the factors right and keep them right.

The third question, as to the returns being slow, will be dis-
cussed later. We may say here, in passing, that this difficulty can
be much lightened by a proper system of intercropping and by the
use of fillers adapted to the section. This is a difficulty that mi.t
be reckoned with, however, by men of small means to avoid the
danger of over-reaching, with the consequent danger of neglecting or
sacrificing his orchard. But it is clear that for such returns as those

recorded above it will pay to wait. , , . u i

Most of what has gone before is on the business phase of
fruit-growing. There are a few things more to be noted in this con-
nection before taking up the producing side.

Frst, this state is just starting into commercial orcharding^
In the d;cade covered by tl-^-t census, Pennsylvam^^^^
2,676,000 trees as compared with 626,000 planted by New York.
This planting is still actively going on in certain parts of the state.
T Lse^oTcS are coming into bearing, and there are many prob-
lemfthat the owners are facing. Chief among these, in connection
w U thf apple ^2ra(7r. Apples have two important advantages
Te mLJ'o'lhe;- fruits' If th^ njarket is -^^vora^^^^^^
time, they can be readily held until it ^"^rtLtthe market ee^^^^
so many uses, and can be shipped so ^^^^^H rh.J the ^nt^^^^^
able to handle an almost unlimited supply ^'l'j}\^^^^^^^^
hpnre nrices are practically sure to rise during the storage season
S^^s is es^^^^^^^^ in large crop years when prices are low at

Jicicing tim'e We can illustrate thil by the experience of two men

IM

f 1

It

I

72

ill southern Pennsylvania last year. One of them had 900 barrels
of Gano, which he admits were as fine looking as any apples he
ever saw. For these he obtained 90 cents per barrel in the orchard,
which was considered a good price at that time. Yet from April on,
those same apples were sold regularly on the Philadelphia market
for $4 to $6 per barrel. Another grower in Bedford County, with
the lamented Ren Davis stored his apples in a 300-dollar "cold-air"
storage house holding about 600 barrels, and in March sold them
for $2.25 per barrel for the fruit, for which he was offered only
50 cents in the fall.

The first grower does not feel that he is against the storage
question yet, and we admit that he is not facing it by any means so
strongly as he will be in the near future. But he was against it
last fall. The Illinois Station has shown that a very satisfactory
ice storage house of 2,000 barrels capacity can be built for about
$3'500 ($343040)- This building, in Southern Illinois, is reported
to have kept apples during the seven months' storage season at a
temperature of 33 degrees or slightly lower, at a cost of 19. i cents
per barrel, including 10 cents interest charges per barrel. This
represents an annual saving of $618 on 2,000 barrels over ordinary
city storage charges. It also often saves unnecessary freight and
cartage charges. And this house could have been put up last year
by the grower with the 900 barrels of Gano had he sold them at this
spring's prices instead of last fall's. This is not presented in any
sense as a criticism of the grower, but to illustrate the fact that in
this comparatively new business, growers are often confronting
problems of which they are not aware, and to show that it is poor
economy to delay adding an equipment that is really needed.

Then there is the question of marketing. We often receive
complaints ''that fruit wastes when there is a crop," "no buyers, and
prices so low that it won't pay to handle it." If the fruit has been
properly grown and is really good, there is absolutely no excuse for
such results, especially in such a year and state as this. To sell
apples regularly and profitably, three things are required. First,
the fruit should be really good, of proper size and color, and free
from blemishes by codling moth, scale or fungi. These can be pre-
vented by efficient spraying, and by that only, as T have reason to
know. T have seen an orchard this fall so free from codling moth
that, in spite of a heavy crop of fruit, I was unable, after consider-
able search on trees and among wind-falls, to find a single apple that
had been injured by that insect. We did find some injury by the
lesser apple worm (Enarmonia prunivora), but no codling. Of
course there was codling injury there, but it was so scarce that one
had to hunt for it and hunt long. These apples would sell on any
market. Proper spraying is good business policy.

The second requisite for profitable selling is that the fruit be
properly packed. I have seen car loads of apples this fall, selling at
40 cents per hundred, loose and mixed, when similar fruit in other
localities properly barreled, sorted and graded was bringing $3.00
per barrel. After allowing for the extra cost, this was an increase
of over 400 per cent, for the trouble of packing the fruit right.
That is an extreme case, but is shows how little attention is being

73

paid to some of the simplest business principles, and indicates why
some people fail in fruit growing.

The third requisite is to let the location of good fruit be known ;
in other words, when necessary advertise. Ink is cheap, and its
use is understood in most other vocations better than in the fruit
business This advertising need not be done in the papers. An
efficient method of disposing of fruit of all kinds, in moderate quan-
tities which are in excess of the demands of local markets, is in
operation by a grower in Erie County. He gets Dun or Bradstreet s
Business Guide and makes a list of all reliable fruit dealers or
grocers within convenient express distance from his station. He
then takes his hand press and sets up a form in type telhng just
what fruit he will have for sale during the next two or three days,
and sets a price. This is run off on special, souvenir post cards with
colored pictures of the general kinds of fruit offered-cards being
obtained from the Stecher Lithographic Co., Rochester. The result
is that his fruit all moves off promptly direct to the retailers and all
at remunerative prices, inasmuch as he sets them himself. In his
way his apples were sold this fall at $4 per barrel, when ruling
prkes from buyers were only $3. This system has the advantage
of directness. The fruit goes straight from grower to retailer, and
in the absence of fruit marketing associations, is one of the most
efficient methods of marketing yet seen. .

Turning now to the producing side of frmt i?;'^^^'^/;^^^ /^ J'1
problem the prospective orchardist strikes \. the sod. What kind o
Lil should ife choose for apples, and will the -n.^. ^^^^J^^^^ ^l
kinds ^ This is a most important problem, and one that we w sh we
knew more about. It is being especially studied -w by Wj^^^'^^^^
the Federal Bureau of Soils. The soil expert can often te 1 m ad
vance whether a soil will produce apples or not but from the
grower's standpoint, local experience with soils is ^^ S^f^^ .^"j^
^ortance in solving the problem Oak and ^ f f i;^Vli^^ lar^^^^^^^^^^
considered good, but in general it ^V.f'^'\}l'\lZ^^^^^^
a moderately heavy soil, that is one with a ^^^^^^^ff . ^/J^^'^^^^
laid with a deep and somewhat heavier sub-soil is best^ This sub

soil may be a plastic, clay loam ; no of .^^^V^f. ^^^^^^^^^ ,oTl
nln^tic friable and moist, though well drained. Upon sucli a son
a his the York Imperial, Rhode Island Greening and Grimes do
5 e best so far as our present knowledge indicates. Some vari.-

erhoweVer, require a much hghter --J^--^!-X'ext"i of
is true of the Jonathan, Baldwin and probably to a less extent ot t e
KinT The'e varieties will do well on the heavier sois, and he
Ser I!;r:arieties will be less ^-^.<^^^fl^^^^^^

"Jis'rs ?,'ar;raS'= ^x£>s, p„. ...

'^''' A^^^c:^"^ SffJi^soil re,uire.^ts is observable m

r;.^ Sirs ^"'i^^^r^p^f^^^-'^

I

i|

74

three light crops to one crop about half as large from the Yorks.
Eighty of the Jonathan trees this year bore 893I/0 pounds of fruit.
While eighty Yorks bore 494 pounds. The average trunk girth
of the eighty Jonathans this summer was 12.27 inches, while that
of the Yorks was 11.24 inches. Thus in eight years on a distinctly
sandy soil, the Jonathan has exceeded the York Imperial in growth
by more than one inch per tree in trunk girth, besides bearing sev-
eral times as much fruit.

In Bedford County on a heavier, more clayey soil, the difference
is practically as striking in favor of the York Imperial. The trees
are still young in both cases, so that we are unable to give final
conclusions, but the figures indicate clearly that the York Imperial
thrives best on one type of soil, while the Jonathan requires another.
People in planting orchards should not the different soil require-
ments of their varieties, so far as known and distribute them accord-
ingly. It is only in that way that maximum returns can be econom-
ically produced. Much can be done, however, even on imperfectly
adapted soils by good orchard management.

The next thing of importance to the prospective orchardist in
Pennsylvania is the management of the hillside orchard. There are
some advantages in the nillside orchard. It is not usually so costly.
''Foot-hill" land is very abundant in the state. It often produces
good apples, and is with difficulty rendered profitable in other lines.
Drainage of frosty air and excess water is accomplished naturally
and thoroughly. But it is open to the great disadvantage of the
washing away of soil under tillage, and soil is usually not to be
spared on the average Pennsylvania hillside.

In orchards already set, it is probable that the sod-mnlch sys-
tem, so successful in Ohio, is the best solution. This system has
much to commend it for any orchard, if carried out in its complete-
ness. It effectually prevents washing ; the decay of the mulch fur-
nishes a large source of food for tree-growth and bacterial action ;
feeding roots are permitted to develop unmolested in the surface
soil, and even to come up into the mulch in great abundance, which
they do the first season where the mulch is deep and undisturbed.
A three-ton per acre, straw mulch, applied June 19th to trees in
Mr. Ledy's orchard in Franklin County, showed many rootlets in
the mulch by the first of October.'

But the mulch system is open to the objection that for large
orchards sufficient straw for mulching is very difficult, if not im-
possible to get, and, when it can be obtained, is quite costly. This
will keep it out of the majority of our level orchards. But for the
hillside orchardist with his trees already set, it is probably the very
best system of management. It has proved so in Ohio, where it gave
better results in both growth and yield than any other system, on
ground that was gently sloping.

But if the hillside orchard is not already set, there is another
method available which we believe affords the best solution to the
problem of its management. This method is to set out the rows on
contour lines — lines of equal height or practically so — and then cul-
tivate them the level way, using a cover crop from fall through
early spring and leaving a strip of sod along the rows to prevent the
formation of gullies. In addition, in those cases where conditions

75

warrant it, the soil can be plowed with a reversible plow, always in
one way, and thus build up a set of terraces. But wherever terrac-
ing is intended, it should be done before the trees are set, or while
they are in the early stages of growth. The contour system
thus permits regular orchard cultivation and cover crops to
furnish green manure and humus on hillside orchards of any rea-
sonable slope, the same as on our best level orchards. The import-
ance of this may be seen when it is remembered that in Warren's
Survey of Orleans County, N. Y., the total number of tilled or-
chards during five years averaged 86 per cent, greater yield than
those in grass. Essentially this ^'contour tillage" system is now in
successful operation in Mr. Waiters orchard in Maryland. There
is no apparent reason why it should not be of distinct value in ex-
tending the range of tillage and cover crops, to the hillside soils
with their own peculiar advantages. The combination should work
beautifully. We wonder whether there is any good reason for the
present custom of setting orchard trees in squares, triangles or
hexagons, except possibly for looks, and we question whether m the
management of the hillside soils, a well kept contoured orchard is
not to be preferred even for that.

The next matter of importance to the man developing an or-
chard is hozv to make it pa\ its way, up to the bearing years. This
depends largely on the locality. Where soil and climate permit,
probably the surest method is by planting peach, or possibly plum
and prune, fillers. There are some objections, however to having
storte fruits awd apples mixed, one of which is the deve opment of
curculio. Apple fillers with varieties of early bearing habit, such
as the Wagener, or fillers of dwarf apples on French Paradise stock
have also been suggested to meet this need. But their value in this
direction is not entirely demonstrated.

Probably the best general methods of making a young orchard
pav its zvay are to be looked for in proper systems of intercropping.
Where potatoes are successful, a very efficient system can be based
on them Where the acreage is large or labor scarce a system in
use in Adams County in Mr. Tyson's orchard is very good. ^^
consists in cultivating the tree rows in gradually widening b^^^^^^^^ and
between these belts, potatoes followed by clover and timothy are
gro^. with the addition of heavy fertilizing. One year of potatoes
followed by two years of hay rotated over three orchards is the
plan. It has carried the orchards up to eight years of age and re

turned a fair annual profit. cv^tem

There may be some questions as to one phase of this system
viz the us^S hay in the orchard. Timothy especially has been
Sedited w'th exerting a harmful influence on tree-growth. Its
nlac?in the system mfy be justified, however, because o the large
Seage And' the harmful Jffects may be ^^r.ely r^^^^^^ J
cultivated strip about the trees, the liberal use of fertilizers and the
fact that the hay and sod diminish blight and check washing.

For mallei acreages we would modify the Jove p an as fol^
lows- Plant early varieties of potatoes and follow them with a
co^: r crop of Sson clover or rye. In spring as soon as neces
sary to plow for potatoes, turn under the cover crop, add necessary
potato fertilizer and plant another crop of potatoes. Keep up

III

'i_!l.

»

11^

76

method every year, unless trees get such a vigorous growth that
fire bight strikes ,n, in which event it may be necessafvTo check
growth by cropping in hay or grass. necessary to check

Near good truck markets a vegetable intercropping system is
best One in use m Waite's orchard in Maryland, is basfd on swee
potatoes, cantaloupes and tomatoes. Briefly; it is as follows FiS
year, orchard is set in corn, latter being kept far enough alay from

nnZ •T''""' '"^ ""?"•' ''^"^""^- Second year, it fs heavily "^
nured with 1,200 pounds commercial fertilizer, plus 10 tons of stable
manure per acre and set to Big Stem Jersey sweet potatoes. Third
y^ar, orchard ,s intercropped with cantaloupes or tomatoes, or both,
followed with crimson clover. It is worthy of note that the clover
will not grow on his soil until after it has been trucked. Fourth
year, crimson clover is turned down when about six inches high fol-
lowed by sweet potatoes with fertilization, or cor.i is again planted
and followed with crimson clover or cow-peas, after which the
series is repeated This method of intercropping is adapted to
smaller acerages than the one above, and is suitable for localities
where trucking is profitable.

But the most efficient trucking system of intercropphiq that has
come to our attention is one used to some' extent in New Tersey
Jt consists in planting early garden peas in rows five feet apart"
and using later vegetables, such as tomatoes, musk-melons, early
and late cabbage and occasionally sweet corn and sweet potatoes
between these rows. The crop of peas is harvested and the vines
turned under in the cultivation of the other vegetables, to assist in
feeding them. If the vegetables can be harvested in time they
are turned under and followed by crimson clover. If not. they are
followed by rye. The cover crop is turned under in the spring in
time to plant the peas. Before the peas, commercial fertilizer to the
extent of 100 pounds of muriate of potash, soo pounds acid phos-
phate, and 200 pounds of tankage or its equivalent in nitrate of soda
IS apphed and the same procedure is repeated, year after year.
1 his method has been very successful in the trucking districts, en-
abling orchardists to buy farms, set them in trees and pay rapidly
on them from the very start. They frequently obtain $50' per acre
on an average from the peas alone, and where the necessary labor is
obtainable near good truck markets, the system should prove very
valuable here in Pennsylvania. •

There are many other systems, but the main principle in inter-
cropping is to use an early season hoed crop that will more than pay
for Its own and the orchard's tillage without injuring the latter.
Ihis rules out the grasses and the cereals, except possibly corn, and
everything else that cannot be tilled to some extent in the spring.

We also have some evidence that there are mutual likes and
dislikes in the growth together of certain plants. Some plants
seem not to be friends, neither when grown together nor when
one immediately follows the other. This needs to be further studied,
both with reference to cover crojis and intercrops, and we have plans'
under way to accomplish something along this line. There is no
more interesting or fertile field for investigations in horticulture
than these relations between trees and crops, and the general ques-

77

tion of how best to make the young orchard pay without reducing

its final value.

There are several other problems in orcharding that we must

pass over at this time. Among these are management of bearing or-

diards, fertilization, pruning, and the selection of varieties.

In conclusion we wish to consider a phase of orcharding that
is of the most immediate importance to a great many people in
Pennsylvania, viz., the handling of the old or middle-aged improf-
itable home orchard. Of course, it is impossible to say just how
this should be done in any particular case without studying the
causes that have made the orchard unprofitable. In many cases
nothing can be done except plant a new orchard, taking- advantage
of experience gained and that of others in the locality. But there
are also many cases where orchards are only thought to have
passed beyond their period of usefulness and where a system of
orchard renewal can be practiced with great profit Many things
said above bear on this question of making any orchard prohtable,
but some more specific treatment is demanded by the refractory

C21SCS

We may illustrate this by an example. Five years ago in
southern Pennsylvania a five-acre orchard of 37 year old York Im-
perials was considered so unprofitable that three and one-half acres
were pulled out to use the ground for something better It was ccnv
cluded, however, that the last acre and a half shoul be left, and
heroic measures taken to see whether it could be killed or cured
On the acre and a half, however, there were trees missing, so that
actually but one and one-eighth acres of ground were covered by
?he sTtrees of bearing age. ^The owner's own description of meth-
ods and results are as follows :

"Our old orchard of 54 York Imperials about 37 years old was
severely pruned the fall and winter of 1903-. D"nng the winter
^Srground was heavily manured and the following spring was plow-
ed as shallow as possible, followed by an application of 10 to 15
pounds of potash fertilizer analyzing about to per cent, actual and
the same of potash K2O sowed by hand in a circular band extending
from Tci^cli say three feet from tree to another circle wel outside
the^ine of drip^ rom branches. This was followed by thorough

s'-rit Se'S pr^tn,r 'rf^^::

the orchard since 1903 is as follows :

1903, before dehorning trees gross returns for fruit, no ^
expense except pick and pack (^35). 61 40

1904, total expense $69.60, gross returns, ^

1^5, total expense, $i94-56, gross returns 699 SJ^

i^ total expense, $7308, gross returns i^ ^

1007, total expense, $188.70, gross returns V„_: ^

The first grade fruit for the several years was as follows.

I^-^*^™

lii

-"■ ''<l}>^

\i

78

1903. 87 barrels ; 1905, 258 barrels ; 1907, 289 barrels.
Also for purpose of comparison the net returns seem to be:

1903, $205.00; 1904, minus $8.20; 1905, $504.95; 1906, $41.92;
1907, $695.30.

Starting from the first full crop since trees* recovered from
heavy pruning, we find that total net returns are $1,242.17, or an
annual average of $414.06. Counting the full crops only we have
an average for the two years of $594.62 per year. Understand
these are all net returns and are not guesses either, as we charged
all labor at full price we paid for it, including 30 cents per hour
for supervision."

These are actual results and methods on one specific and thor-
ough case of orchard renewal. We have seen them proportionately
successful elsewhere. Additional measures, including top-working,
must be taken where the varieties are unsatisfactory in addition to
being unproductive. It is desirable to start the renewal operations
at the close of the full year in order that trees may accommodate
themselves to the new order of things in the off year and be ready
for increased bearing in the next full year.

A specific plan for doing this work of renewal on two Penn-
sylvania orchards has been prepared but includes too much detail
for rehearsal here.

REPORT OF FRUIT COMMITTEE.

Mr. Geo. T. Powell, President of the Agricultural Experts Asso-
ciation of Nezu York City.

Mr. Gabriel Hiester, President of State Horticultural Association
of Pennsylvania.

Dr. I. H. Mayer, Orchardist of Willow Street, Pa.

The fruit exhibited at this time gives conclusive evidence that
the conditions for the culture of apples in Adams County are ex-
cellent.

The fruit is good in size in all of the varieties shown, which
proves that the soil is well suited for apples while the color is ex-
ceedingly good, which gives evidence that the climatic conditions are
favorable for apple culture and that trees of vigorous habit are
grown. Fruit of the high quality here shown in several varieties is
not produced upon trees of low vitality and weak foliage.

The York Imperial seems particularly well adapted to this sec-
tion as it shows uniformity in growth and form while its color is all
that can be desired.

There is opportunity for this association to encourage the
growth of this variety in a large commercial way and make a repu-
tation for this apple that, while not the highest in point of flavor,
is nevertheless worthy to be put upon the market in large quantities.

There is also found in the exhibit two very high quality varie-
ties, the Jonathan and Grimes, which are highly sought in all mar-
kets and which command prices far above most other fruits.

79

The climatic and soil conditions evidently are well suited to
those two very choice, high flavored apples, and the association
v/ould do well to study their requirements with the view to extend
their planting.

. Where very choice apples of the high quality represented by the
Grimes and Jonathan may be grown as indicated great value may be
received by specializing in their production.

We find 187 plates, an increase of almost 100 per cent, over
display of 1906.

The fruit also shows a very great improvement in condition
and quality over that exhibited a year ago, being much more uni-
form in size and color and free from insect blemishes which so
largely lessens its value.

The following members showed York Imperial: J. W. Prick-
ett, A. I. Weidner, Dr. Mayer, Eli P. Garrettson, Chas. L. Osborn,
W. S. Adams, C. L. Longsdorf, H. M. Keller, D. M. Wertz, Rufus
Lawver, R. M. Eldon, Geo. Routzahn and C. J. Tyson.

We desire to make special mention of the exhibit of C. J.
Tyson — apples from 37 year old trees — which had been dehorned
and new tops grown. The apples were remarkably smooth, high
colored and uniform in size — an excellent illustration of the ef-
fect of intelligent care upon old and apparently worn out trees.

A. W. Griest showed apples from seventy-five trees nine years
old, the net return of which was $400.00 in 1907.

The York Imperial apples of J. W. Prickett were very fine and
showed a very striking variation in the color, it being distinctly

striped.

C. L. Longsdorf showed fine York Imperials from trees grown
for twelve years without cultivation or fertilization, giving conclu-
sive evidence of the adaptation of the soil conditions to this variety.

R. M. Eldon showed very fine Dickinson, Smith's Cider, Dela-
ware Red, Baldwin, Fallawater. This fruit showed especially clear,
smooth skin and fine color.

J. H. Peters showed fine large specimens of Grimes' Golden.

J. A. McDermad, York Stripe.

W. S. Adams showed Krauser, Peck's Pleasant, Stark, Rhode
Island Greenings, Fallawater and Winter Doctor.

Chas. Osborne showed Willow Twig, very fine York Stripe,
Winter Rambx), R. I. Greening and Smokehouse.

C A Wolf, very fine and well colored Northern Spy.

C. L. Longsdorf, York Stripe, Stark, Roxbury Russet, Falla-
water and Baldwin. . , ^ ^1

E P. Garrettson showed Smith's Cider, York County Cheese
Baltzley, R. I. Greenings, Ben Davis, Domine, Winter Rambo and
very fine Baldwin. .

D. M. Wertz, Grimes' Golden, Jonathan and Ben Davis.
William Heyser showed three seedlings, No. i attractive red

apples, good size, bright color, high flavor, worthy of trial. No. 2,
red striped apples, good appearance and fair quality. No. 3, lacks
size and color, not good for market. ^

Mrs. Angeline Sheely, Dickinson and Winter Rambo.

W. E. Bream, fine Wine Sap.

;

M

ii

80

C. J. Tyson, Sweet Red Streak, Winter Rambo, unusually large
and fine and Domine.

Robert Garrettson, Smith's Cider, Fallawater, Ben Davis, Rox-
bury Russet and Oriental Pear (not worthy of cultivation for

market).

A. I. Weidner showed Mumper Pippin, Ben Davis, York
Stripe, Grimes' Golden, Smith's Cider and Jonathan.

Geo. Routzahn very good York Stripe.

J. W. Prickett, English Redstreak.

John Bream, Rome Beauty, very fine.

Gabriel Heister, Baldwin, Smith's Cider from trees eleven years
old, grown on an abandoned mountain farm illustrating the use to
which these apparently worthless lands may be put.

G. W. Peters, McClellan potatoes, large and fine.

Angeline Sheely, long white potatoes, not named.

C. J. Tyson, two plates Irish Cobler, and two Green Mountain
potatoes, very large and smooth.

Mrs. M. E. Tyson showed two "vineless" sweet potatoes, grown
in 1906, kept in an ordinary cellar. The potatoes were in perfect
condition, smooth and crisp and looked fine.

Orchard Photographs.

We highly recommend the idea of accompanying a fruit exhibit
with photographs of the orchard from which the fruit has been
taken, together with yield in bushels and return in dollars, and in
this connection would mention the excellent photographs exhibited
by Rufus Lawver, Mrs. Lizzie Raffensperger, J. W. Prickett, W.
E. Bream, C. J. Tyson, C. L. Longsdorf, A. I. Weidner, Samuel
Bream and Gabriel Heister.

81

FRIDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 20TH.

On Friday evening Mr. Burritt supplemented his excellent
paper of the afternoon on Co-operation in Fruit Growing and Mar-
keting by an interesting set of slides illustrating many orchards
and packing houses throughout the United States and Canada, giv-
ing special attention to methods of handling and packing fruit in
many of the most up-to-date plants. *

The music of the evening was furnished by Miss Ruth Clutz,
accompanied by Mr. Mark Eckert, both of Gettysburg. Miss
Clutz has a wonderfully sweet soprano voice of great power, which
delighted the audience. Her presentation of ''A Life Lesson, by
Riley, was particularlv pleasing. The excellent quality of Mr. Eck-
ert's accompaniments is too well known to be enhanced by anything
we can say.

Adams County Fruit Records

Shipments Over Gettysburg & Harrisburg R. R.

Gettysburg. .
(G. & H. R. R.)

Biglerville

Guernsey

Bendersville

Gardners

Starners

Hunters Run. .
(Goodyear)

G. & H. R. R.

Total

I

e

as

1

1905
1906

1907

1903

1905
1906
1907

1903

19^5
1906

1907

1903

1905
1906

1907

1903

1905
1906

1907

1905
1906

1907

1903

1905
1906

1907

1903
1905

1906

1907

e

1

318

28

127

8813
7932

2785
1 7 164

2870

1771
1414
4798

4163
4000
1 109
2824

997
912

• • •

6905

682

664
1572

625
160

295
1417

17468

15617

6295

34797

333

• • •

987
1*65

651

28

127

9800

7932
2950

4216 I21380

< 5

e "^
35 ^

ft.**

es

MM

2413 5283

1 1 66 2937

1329 2743

2760 7858

. . . 4163

2351 ^351

1 561 2670

6268 9092

985 1982

5215 6127
...

5440 12345

1016 1698

133 797

219 i79«

625

160 320

262 557

514 "93"

4385 21853

9908 25525

3450 9745
19217I54014

65

53
20

142

35
20
18

52

28

42

18
61

13
41

. . .
82

II

5
12

4

2

4
13

146
170

65
360

'8

<

TS 9
idCQ

V e
a«2

<l

i

2a

•*• e

I . .

$2 25

12

II
2

15

16
20
22

4
4

5
4
3

8

S
12

47
35
56

1 00

2 20

$ 70
I 50 $ 50

2 35

2 25

I 50

55

• • •

I 50

50

I 75

• . •

I 50

50

I 50

I 75

75
85

50

50

Gardners — 1906, 3 cars pears; 1907, i car pears.

82

fil

1 •

Hi

83

Adams County Fruit RQCords— {Continued)

Adams County Fruit Records — {Continued)

Shipments Over Western Maryland R. R.

^8

Charmain.

1906
1907

Fairfield 1905

i 1906

I 1907
Virginia Mills ^ 1907

Orrtanna 1 903

1905
1906
1907

McKnightstown.. .

Seven Stars. . . .

Gettysburg .
(W. M. R. R.)

New Oxford

East Berlin.. .

W. M. R. K

Total

1903
1905
1906
1907

1906
1907

1906
1907

1907

Abbottstown 1907

. . • •

1905
1906

1907

1903

1905
1906

1907

}

II

18

1215
300
300

IL

* 0

•I "^

1

e

as

809

320 8800

33o«
1062

3659
3177

3438

7895
2296

3393

28
63

n

18

II

18

2024
300
300

9120

3300
1062

3659
5519

3438
8073
254 I 2550

"55 j 4548

. . . i 28
. . . I 63

18

t

Ik I

• • •

• • •

2342

178

• • •

18

1033 1033

13
2

2
61

22

7
24

37

23
54
17
3^

• • •

382

50
1 140

49

6738
10380

7447

618

1000

50

1 193 2333
49

1320

1447

6738

II 700

8894

7720 1 13948 i2i668

7
7

15

45

78

59
144

es

lA

3
2

2

<

U Mm

< \

so*

$2 00 !$i 50 $ 50

1 00

2 15

I 00

1 85

47
50

1 80

2 25

5
3

7

90
2 25

70
60

• • •

( 9'\)V^ c ,doQi~*n'^nf>n»

Total Fruit Marketed in County.

shipped
bis.

shipped
alk

1. total
Apples

. to car)

Potatoes

. to car)

ce paid
bbl.

ce paid
for bolk

cepaid
Potatoes

•

s

No. bbls.
inbl

No. bbls.
in b

No. bbl

1

! No. cars

(150 bbk

No. bars
(500 bos

Av. pri
per

Av. pri

i per bbl.

i

Total Shipped

1903

1
24206 i

4385 !

28591

191

...

• • •

1905

25997 1

11228

37225

248

• • •

1
• • • 1

1906

13742

4897

18639

124

• . •

too

•

1907

42517

33165

75682

504

...

. . .

Evaporated

1903

• •

6547

6547

44

...

...

1905

• • •

10670

10670

71

. • •

...

1907

. . • ! 8333

8333

56

. .

% 75

Canned

1905

• • •

! 2400

2400I 16

...

{ • • •

1

1907

• • •

1 0000

1 loooo 67

j

. . ...

i

I 00

1

Cider (looooo gals.). .

1907

• • •

9524

9524 63

1

1
...

...

1

Total Fruit

1903

24206

10932

35138' 234

1 • .«,».•

1

1 • •

19^5

25997

24298

50295

; 335

52

1906

13742

4897

18639

1 124

38

1

1907

4^.517

61022

io3S3^

1 690

6.^ s$2 25 I 75 l> 55

Comparison of Percentages

YEAR

«* 3

8 1.

70
52
41

Per cent,
sold bnlk

Per cent,
evaporated

Per cent,
canned

•

I
I

Per cent, total

f mit compared

to 1903

1903
1905

1907

12
22

, 32

18

26

' 8

a • •

100%

t • •

10

• • •

9

143^

295?5

*

■■ 1

FRUITGROWERS,
ATTENTION !

PRACTICAL
FRUIT PICKER

Special Introductory
Prices Below

-nUlMP^

CHURCH BROS.

PRACTICAL

Fruit Picker

Saves the largest fruit
that ^rows out of reach
of hand picking.

Tallest limbs reached-
from the ground. Saves
its cost many times in
one season. Send 75c for
Picker, express prepaid.

Certer St.. Adriaa. Midi

84

85

THE NIAGARA
ORCHARD SPECIALTIES

NIAGARA GAS SPRAYER

We are the Sole Manufacturers of the now WORLD FAMED
NIAGARA GAS SPRAYER, that stands without a PEER among
the World's list of POWER SPRAYERS. These machines are
especially adapted for commercial work and for the best interests of
the large orchardists ; although when owned in partnership they hll
a long-felt want among small growers. There is a wide distribu-
tion of them among city parks and among farmers for potato and
crop spraying. All the fittings and extras are the best that money
can buy. We are pioneers in using aluminum fittings, combining
tightness with greater size of opening and absolute immunity from
corrosion BE SURE YOU GET THE NIAGARA GAS
SPRAYER ALL OTHER SO-CALLED GAS SPRAYERS
ARE INFRINGEMENTS AND AS SUCH PURCHASERS
OF THEM ARE LIABLE. Send for Catalogues— Photographs
— Description and Prices.

NIAGARA READY BORDEAUX

The Niagara Prepared Bordeaux— equal to any— and superior to
most— is the result of scientific experiments, and is far more valuable
than the Home Made Bordeaux, and just as cheap when time, ^c,
required to prepare the home made product is accounted for. 1 he
beauty in using the Prepared Bordeaux is that every Gallon of the
Spraying Material is of equal strength with every other Gallon, be-
cause of its uniform character, a result that it is not possible to se-
cure in the home made product. One trial will convince the user
of its merits.

NIAGARA ARSENATE OF LEAD

NIAGARA BRAND ARSENATE OF LEAD cannot be ex-
celled in quality. There is no more effective or safe poison for ail
forms of chewing insects. It is absolutely free from injurious acids,
so will not injure foliage of anv kind. It is adhesive— rams will not
wash it off or heavy dews nullify it. It is more extensively used by
Orchardists, Park Superintendents and Vegetable Growers than
other forms of arsenites. Ask your dealer for Niagara Brand Arsen-
ate of Lead and take no other— or send direct to the factory for what
you will need. Estimates given on amount required upon application.

THE NIAGARA

THE NIAGARA SPRAYER CO.

MAIN OFFICE :

MIDDLEPORT, N. Y., U. S. A.

FACTORIES :
Middleport, N. Y. Burt, N. Y. San Jose, Cal. Portland, Ore. Albany, Ore.

Sales Agent for Penna. and Maryland

EDWIN C. TYSON, Flora Dale, Pa.

THE PEER OF THE POWER SPRAYERS

(Send for Catalog)

ft.. .■.i-<.'-.vi»i>.'5

86

87

WHICH WOULD YOU CHOOSE?

Our Brace Hamper

It is an ideal package for storing apples and pears in cold storage, as it has been
demonstrated that fruit will keep better put away in this package than in barrels.

It is also an excellent package in which to shipapples, pears, sweet potatoes, onions,&c.

^

The above cuts represent our standard sixteen quart peach basket and cover.
After the cover has been put on and fastened to the basket with four wires, the con-
tents will carry to market in perfect safety.

Write for our catalogue of other packages

MARVIL PACKAGE COMPANY, Laurel, Delaware

■f- .

THE difference between a silver dollar and a twenty-five cent piece is dis-
cernible to the naked eye ; although the real difference is even greater
than is at first apparent. The difference between these two apples
(which were photographed on the same scale) is fully as great as that between
the two silver pieces.

In fact it is greater. . . . j

The larger apple is n-U only larger ;-it is smoother ; it is handsomer in
color ; it is juicier ; its flavor is better ; its </ua/ity is better ; hence its value,
bulk for bulk, is greater than the smaller apple, which is mis-shapen, wormy,
attacked bv fungous disease, stunted, hard and tough.

To reduce the figures of speech to figures of exchange, the larger apple is
worth a dollar a bushel if the smaller one is worth a quarter.

The money is right there in the apple. . .

Soi^ving (with "Pyrox") did it. The two apples were neighbors-w.th a
fence dvidini he orch^ that was sprayed from the orchard that was not ; but
no dividing line was necessary to show where the sprayed orchard began and

'"' "inThelprfyed orchard the trees had a thriftier appearance; the leaves a
darker green*^ and they stayed on longer in the fall : there were less wind alls
There wire more pickers, ladders and barrels there at harvest and the teams
m:d: :iT:hr tii'ps to .narket instead of to the cider mil ; v^.tors sU^pped to
inquire, and left with new ideas ; apple buyers went to «>'»' °^^?' ' JJ"' ' b"
harvest was marketed and paid for earlier. These were some of the differences De
':;:« he ""hard of the iLge «PPle -dtheorchai-dof thesma 1 one, n^^^^^^
apparent when considering the mere size and quality of the samples betoie
^^ And these differences paid the bill several timesover ,.^. ^^ ^vhether

It is not a question of whether you can afford "Pyrox . but lather
you can afford no/ to afford it.

Address for Catalog and Agency in Unoccupied Territory

EDWIN C. TYSON

FLORA DALE, PA.

Pennsylvania Distributors for BOWKER INSECTICIDE CO.

if Ai'<i-i?*'iUSi''';|!jj

Ki-ti'n,]

,-:-.r^iP'-^-.-'.».M-.f..-i-;-:;«i-,.

88

>>

An "IRON AGE

BUSINESS
QUARTETTE

for

Potato Growers

They

PLANT

Plant — Perfectly
Cultivate — Thoroughly
Spray — Economically
Dig — Successfully

i.--'»^-

w^ . :

^ :r2L^ __

fm

CULTIVATE

*'lRON Age"

is the Business Farmer's sign for

Quality

Action

Results

SPRAY

Send for Complete Catalog

of

poi ato machinery

Bateman Mfg. Co,

Grenloch, N. J.

DIG

-l«il

89

INDCX.

Address of .Welcome, 1 1

Response to, I4

Addresses —

"Commercial Apple Growing from the Standpoint of a New York

Grower," I5

"Four Months in the Wildnerness of the Canadian Rockies," 23

"Cherries and Pears," 23

"Practical Orchard Management for Profitable Results," 27

"The Handling of Fruit for Cold Storage, 32

"Fungous Diseases of Orchard Trees and Fruits" (Illustrated), ... 37

"The Old and the New", 4S

"I3wai r i's. Standard Trees", 40

"Working Plans of the New York Fruit Growers' Association for

Co-operation", 5i

"Co-operation in Fruit Growing", 54

"Some Phases of Apple Production", 69

"Handling and Marketing of Fruit" (Illustrated) , 80

Arsenate of Lead, , ^4

Alternate Rows to Assist PoUenation, lo

Alcoholic Vapor in the Preservation of Fruit, I9

Amendments, °

Adams County as a Fruit Center, H

Fruit Records, I4, 7», |i

Orchard Photographs, Mention of, ^

Advertisers — ^ .,• n

American Agricultural Chemical Co., (Fertilizers), 2

Baugh & Sons' Co., (Fertilizers), 4

B. G. Pratt Co., (Scalecide), «

South Side Manufacturing Co., (Packages), 7

Edwin C. Tyson, (Orchard Tools and Supplies), 10

Church Bros., (Fruit Pickers), 03

Niagara Sprayer Co., (Sprayer and materials), »4, »5

Bateman Mfg. Co., (Potato Machinery), ««

Marvil Package Co., (Fruit Packages), ^

Bowker Insecticide Co., (Insecticides), 0/

Z. J. Peters, (Warehouseman), 90

Advantage of Low Heading, ^9

Dwarf Trees, '+7, 49

Co-Operative Handling of Fruit, 5o» 03

Storage, \

Apple Butter, ^^

Scab, ^_

Leaf Blight, ^^

Russetting, * ' ^

Growing for Profit, lili^o

Statistics for Adams Co., 12,70,02

Yields, Prices and Returns, 3

Picking, in 20

Sorting, Packing and Storing, ^^'^^

B.

By-laws, j-

Budding, * .y ^i

Bud Moth, Remedy for, '^' ^i

Baker Traceless Harness,

Black, W. H., 3j

Bushel Crates, ,0 , .

Bag for Picking, Use of, '''' ^;

Blight of Pears, ,q

Apple (Collar), f^

Apple Leaf, .y

Brown Tail Moth, ^^

90

Burritt, M. C, ^^' 6i

Boxes, 86

Baskets,

C.

. 8

CommlS'Appie Growing' from' Siandpoint of New York Grower, ... 15

Cultivation of Cherry Orchard,

Pear Orchard, ' o ^-

Apple Orchard, 1 ' l ! ! ! i 1 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! t 30

Crops in Orchard, 22 ^^

Common Storage, • • '

Cost and Construction of Concrete Storage, -^

Cherries and Pears, *

Cherry Crop in Pennsylvania, ^

Cover Crop, ^2

Cold Storage, " ^^ \c

Collingwood, H. W., ^^'%

Collar Blight, §

Combined Sprays "^ c\

Co-operation in Fruit Growing, • ; I'^A

Troubles in, ^ A

History of, --5^

Methods of, ^^' "g

Profits in '-^

Packing and Selling, ^, ^^

Forms for, ^-^^ ^7

Crop Reports ^' ' ."A: - ' " ' \'\ • '^ \^

Co-operative Associations, Fennville Fruit Shippers Association, 57

New York Fruit Growers' Association, 5i

California Fruit Distributors 5/

Southern California Fruit Exchange, ^^

Hood River Apple Growers' Union. 5©

New Castle Fruit Growers' Association, ^

Central Packing House System,

Contour Svstem of Planting ^^

Clutz, Miss Ruth,

D.

Dues, Q

Duties of Officers, : •^- A" W/t m A

Discussion following address of T. B. Wilson, i9, 5^

C. K. Scoon, ^

Geo. T. Powell, -^^-^^

Diseases of Orchard Trees and Fruits—

Pear Blight %

Collar Blight, ^^

Apple Scab \

Leaf BHght, ^'

Peach Yellows, ^

Orchardists Should Study, ^

Dwarf Trees vs. Standard ^g

Methods of Propagating, ; • ^

Distance Apart for Planting, Apple, 24

Cherries * ' ' ' o

Depth for Planting Apple, 17, 21, 29, 40

E.

Eldon, Robert M., "' ^^' 10^^

Exporting Apples, ^' ^^

Evening Sessions —

Wednesday, ^^

Thursday, 5?

Friday t^ o i of\

Elevating Influence of Fruit Growing, to, 24. ^^

91

Experimenting, Importance of, 20

Espalier System, • 4o

Eckert, M. K., "^

F.

Fertilizers, % ^'4

For Orchards, 22, 26, 30

Fruit Growing, Profits in, • 69

Elevating Influence of, 16, 24, 20

Locating Soil for J^^

In Adams County, i4-oi

In Lancaster County, 27

In Franklin County, ^

In New York, ^5

Necessity of Personal Interest in, 27

Fruit Handling —

Best Picking Utensil, i«^ 34

Mechanical Picker, °3

Packages, 3i, 61, 86

Wrapping, • • • ^"^

Storing and Marketing 32, 34

Fungous Troubles —

Apple Scab, 40

Leaf Blight, 4i

Russetting ^^

Fruit Committee, Report of, 7o

Fruit Records, ^^

G.

Grafting ^l

Grading Fruit, ^9, 5^

Garrettson, E. P., ^2

Griest, C. S.,

Gypsy Moth 47

G. & H. R. R. Shipments °^

Gas Sprayer, 4

H.

Heading Apple Trees, Proper Height for, 21, 29, 50

Harness, Baker Tracelcss, • ^ J

Hogs in Orchard, '7^

Hillside Orchards, Management of, 74

Heister. Gabriel, '

I.

Insecticides, (Adv.), 6, 10, 20, 84, 87

Influence of Stock on Graft ^

Importance of Planting Pollenizers, ^

Interplanting Discussed, 49

L.

List of Members, •^' 5» 7

List of Officers ^

Little Peach, ^^

M.

Members, List of, • R

Membership, Constitutional Requirement for, o

Methods of Planting,

Sorting, 20

Spraying, ^i

Picking Apples,

Picking Cherries, ^

Picking Pears,

•

92

Constructing Concrete Storage , aa

Handling Fruit, ,,,,,,,« ja

Mayer, Dr. J. H., Address of, ai, ay, 78

Mazzard vs. Mahaleb Stocks, ,.,...,,. aj

Market for Apples in France, 36

Management of Orchards, 15. a^i 75

N.
Nozzles, Importance of Fine, JO

O.

Officers, List of, J

Consist of, 8

Duties of, 0

Object of Association, o

Order of Business, 9

Orchard, Tools and Supplies for, 2, 4. 6, 7, lo, 83. 84, 86, 87, 94, 05

Photographs, 80

Selecting Site for |6, j8

Planting, 16, 18

Cultivation of, ^^^77

Hogs in, 1 H, 3 1

Sod, 18

Crops in, 1 8, 75, 76

Diseases of, 37

On Hillsides, 74

Management of, I5i 37* 75

P.

Peters, Rev. J. H., 9, aj

Prickett, J. W., 21, 3i

Powell, Geo. T., 33, 4^), 7H

Packages, 7> 6'

Planting Orchards, Method of, 16

Distance Apart for Apple, 16, aa, 4g

Distance Apart for Cherries, a4

Depth for, a, 17, a9

Time for, 17

Selecting Trees for, '2' ^^

Pollenation, Planting to Assist, 18, ai

Importange of Providing for, ao

Picking Fruit, Bag for , iH

Methods of, ai, 35, 3^>

Time for, »15

Paris Green, ao

Pear Blight, 37

Peach Yellows, 4.1

Pears, Best Varieties for New York and Method of Handling 27

Profits from Apple Growing, M, ja, 69

Cherry Growing, a6

Pear Growing, ' • . '^^7

Plums, Grapes and Gooseberries, 7'

Practical Orchard Management, 37

Pruning, Methods of, ,10, 49

Influence on Storage Quality of Fruit, 3,1

Time for, 49

R.

Response to Address of Welcome, M

Russetting, ,.,....,,,.. 43

Report on Fruit Exhibit, ,,,,»,. 78

Root Grafts, ^Q

93

Stewart, Prof. Jno. P., Address of, (5p

Scoon, C. K., Address of 14, 23

Schaffer, Mrs. Chas., Lecture of, 23

Some Phases of Pennsylvania Fruit Growing 69

Selling Fruit, 73

Sod, Influence on Keeping in Storage, 33

Mulcfi, 74

Spraying, Time for, 19,42

Importance of, 12

Methods of, 19, 20

Soil, Best for Fruit Growing, 14, 16, 28, 73

Best for Cherries, 2(3

Preparation of, for Orchard, 16

Storage, Common, 19, 22, 33

Cold, 32

Cost and Construction of 22, 34

Brine System of, 34

Alcoholic Vapor in, 22

Co-operative, 35

Sorting, Advantages and Methods of 19, 31

Sprayers, Deyo, 20

Niagara Gas, 10, 84

Hand, 10

Spray Towers 20, 84

T.

Transportation, Uncertainties of .*. . . 35. S6

Treatment for Pear Blight 39

Apple Scab and Leaf Blight, 41

Peach Yellows and Little Peach 44. 45

Time for Thinning and Pruning, 50

Trees, Size, Selection of and Difference in, 17

Top Working I7. 29

Age for Planting, 20

Trimming, 21

Longevity of 22

Root Grafting 29

Dwarf vs. Standard, 26

Thinning, Time for, 50

Women and Children Best for, 30

Influence of, on Keeping Qualities 33

Advantage of Dwarf Trees for 49

V.

Varieties of Cherries ^4

Pears «7

W.

Wilson, T. B., Addresses of ^5. 5»

Whole Root Grafts Not Desirable, 29

Wrapping Fruits, Cost of, and Women Best for 30

Best Material for, ^7

Waite, Prof. M. B., Address of

Western Maryland Railroad Shipments,

88

An "IRON AGE"

BUSINESS
QUARTETTE

for

Potato Growers

PLANT

They Plant— Perfectly

Cultivate — Thoroughly
Spray — Economically
Dig — Successfully

CULTIVATE

*'lRON Age"

is the Business Farmer's sign for

Quality

Action

Results

SPRAY

Send for Complete Catalog

of
POl ATO MACHINERY

Bateman Mfg. Co.

Grenloch, N. J.

DIG

t

L

89

INDEX.

Address of Welcome, 1 1

Response to, 14

Addresses —

"Commercial Apple Growing from the Standpoint of a New York

Grower," 15

"Four Months in the Wildnerness of the Canadian Rockies," 23

"Cherries and Pears," 23

"Practical Orchard Management for Profitable Results," 27

"The Handling of Fruit for Cold Storage, 32

"Fungous Diseases of Orchard Trees and Fruits" (Illustrated), ... 2>7

"The Old and the New", 45

**Dwarf vs. Standard Trees", 46

"Working Plans of the New York Fruit Growers' Association for

Co-operation", 51

"Co-operation in Fruit Growing", 54

"Some Phases of Apple Production", 69

"Handling and Marketing of Fruit" (Illustrated), 80

Arsenate of Lead, ^ 84

Alternate Rows to Assist Pollenation, 18

Alcoholic Vapor in the Preservation of Fruit, 19

Amendments, 8

Adams County as a Fruit Center, 14

PVuit Records, 14, 78, 81

Orchard Photographs, Mention of, 80

Advertisers —

American Agricultural Chemical Co., (Fertilizers), 2

Baugh & Sons' Co., (Fertilizers), 4

B. G. Pratt Co., (Scalecide), 6

South Side Manufacturing Co., ( Packages) , 7

Edwin C. Tyson, (Orchard Tools and Supplies), 10

Church Bros., (Fruit Pickers), 83

Niagara Sprayer Co., (Sprayer and materials), 84, 85

Bateman Mfg. Co., ( Potato Machinery), 88

Marvil Package Co., (Fruit Packages), 86

Bowker Insecticide Co., (Insecticides), 87

Z. J. Peters, (Warehouseman), 96

Advantage of Low Heading, 29

Dwarf Trees, 47» 49

Co-Operative Handling of Fruit, 5^, 63

Storage, 71

Apple Butter, 32

Scab, 40

Leaf Blight, 4i

Russetting 43

Growing for Profit, 13, 27, 69

Statistics for Adams Co., 12, 78, 82

Yields, Prices and Returns, 13

Picking, 18

Sorting, Packing and Storing, 19-32

B.

By-laws, 9

Budding, I7

Bud Moth, Remedy for, i7, 21

Baker Traceless Harness, 2T

Black, W. H., 22

Bushel Crates, 3i

Bag for Picking, Use of, 18, 34

Blight of Pears, Z7

Apple (Collar), 38

Apple Leaf, 4i

Brown Tail Moth, 47

!

go

Burritt, M. C, 54, 80

Boxes, 05

Baskets,

C.

8

Constitution • • • •. 1 • • ^/ ' V A ''''''' ' t c

Commercial Apple Growing' from Standpomt of New York Grower, ... 15

Cultivation of Cherry Orchard, 20

Pear Orchard, ;a ;

Apple Orchard, tS ^n

Crops in Orchard, l^^ f

Common Storage, • "^-i

Cost and Construction of Concrete Storage --f

Cherries and Pears, ^

Cherry Crop in Pennsylvania, 7"

Cover Crop, ^^"

Cold Storage, _ ^j:

Collingwood, H. W., ^^7, 45

Collar Blight, ^^ ^^

Combined Sprays ^2, ez

Co-operation in Fruit Growing ;'' ^1

Troubles in, ^^' c6

History of, 5

Methods of, ^7. 02

Profits in, ^

Packing and Selling, ^ 53

Forms for, ^-*' ^7

Crop Reports j^" : ' v;/ .' ', ' * • * :• 51

Co-operative Associations, Fennville Fruit Shippers Association 57

New York Fruit Growers' Association, 5i

California Fruit Distributors 57

Southern California Fruit Exchange, 57

Hood River Apple Growers' Union 5»

New Castle Fruit Growers' Association, ^

Central Packing House System, 2?

Contour System of Planting 75

Clutz, Miss Ruth, ^^

D.

Dues, I

Duties of Officers, >J

Discussion following address of T. B. Wilson, IQ. 53

C. K. Scoon, .26

Geo. T. Powell, ^6, 50

Diseases of Orchard Trees and Fruits-
Pear Blight ^

Collar Blight, 3»

Apple Scab, 40

Leaf Blight, f

Peach Yellows, 43

Orchardists Should Study, 4^

Dwarf Trees vs. Standard, 40

Methods of Propagating, • 4©

Distance Apart for Planting, Apple, lO, 22, 49

Cherries, ^4

Depth for Planting Apple, 17, 21, 29, 48

E.

Eldon, Robert M., 11,19,21,36

Exporting Apples, I9» 35

Evening Sessions —

Wednesday, ^^

Thursday, 45

Friday, • °^

Elevating Influence of Fruit Growing, 16, 24, 20

4

91

Experimenting, Importance of, 28

Espalier System, • 4«

Eckert, M. K., ^

F.

•

Fertilizers, ^^» 4

For Orchards, ^^' ^^' ^

Fruit Growing, Profits in, • ^

Elevating Influence of, 16, 24, 20

Locating Soil for J^^

In Adams County, i4-8i

In Lancaster County, ^

In Franklin County, ^

In New York ^5

Necessity of Personal Interest in, 27

Fruit Handling — ^

Best Picking Utensil, i«' 34

Mechanical Picker, gj

Packages, 3i, 61, 86

Wrapping, • • * ^7

Storing and Marketing, 32, 34

Fungous Troubles —

Apple Scab, ^^

Leaf Blight, f

Russetting ^^

Fruit Committee, Report of, 70

Fruit Records, ^^

G.

Grafting ^^ ll

Grading Fruit, ^9, 5^

Garrettson, E. P., l^

Griest, C. S., ^Jt

Gypsy Moth ^7

G. & H. R. R. Shipments ^[

Gas Sprayer, ^4

H.

Heading Apple Trees, Proper Height for 21, 29, 50

Harness, Baker Tracelcss, • ^^

Hogs in Orchard, '^^'11

Hillside Orchards, Management of, 74

Heister, Gabriel, 7»

L

Insecticides, (Adv.), 6, 10, 20, 84, 87

Influence of Stock on Graft ^9

Importance of Planting Pollenizers 29

Intcrplanting Discussed, ^9

L.

List of Members, *^' ^' ^

List of Officers, ^

Little Peach, 45

M.

Members, List of, ^ c

Membership, Constitutional Requirement for, o

Methods of Planting ^^

Sorting II

Spraying

Picking Apples, ^'

Picking Cherries, ^

Picking Pears,

92

22

Constructing Concrete Storage

Handling Fruit, 32

Mayer, Dr. J. H., Address of, 21, 27, 78

Mazzard vs. Mahaleb Stocks, 23

Market for Apples in France, 36

Management of Orchards, i5> 27, 75

N.

Nozzles, Importance of Fine,

20

O.

Officers, List of,

Consist of,

Duties of, 9

Object of Association, 8

Order of Business, 9

Orchard, Tools and Supplies for, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 83, 84, 86, 87, 94, 95

Photographs, 80

Selecting Site for 16, 28

Planting, 16, 18

Cultivation of, ^^^77

Hogs in, 18, 31

Sod, 18

Crops in, 18, 75, 76

Diseases of, 37

On Hillsides, 74

Management of, i5» 27, 75

P.

Peters, Rev. J. H., 9, 22

Prickett, J. W., 21,22

Powell, Geo. T., 32, 46, 78

Packages, 7j 61

Planting Orchards, Method of, 16

Distance Apart for Apple, 16, 22, 49

Distance Apart for Cherries, 24

Depth for, 2, 17, 29

Time for, ^7

Selecting Trees for, I7, 20

Pollenation, Planting to Assist, 18, 21

Importange of Providing for, 29

Picking Fruit, Bag for , 18

Methods of, 21, 25, 36

Time for, 35

Paris Green, ^^

Pear Blight, ^7

Peach Yellows, 43

Pears, Best Varieties for New York and Method of Handhng, 27

Profits from Apple Growing, I3» 32, 69

Cherry Growing, 20

Pear Growing, ^7

Plums, Grapes and Gooseberries, 7i

Practical Orchard Management, ^7

Pruning, Methods of, 30, 49

Influence on Storage Quality of Fruit, .' 33

Time for, 49

R.

Response to Address of Welcome, ^4

Russetting, ^3

Report on Fruit Exhibit, 7©

Root Grafts, ^9

»

93
S.

Stewart, Prof. Jno. P., Address of, 69

Scoon, C. K., Address of, 14, 23

Schaffer, Mrs. Chas., Lecture of, 23

Some Phase's of Pennsylvania Fruit Growing, 69

Selling Fruit, ys

Sod, Influence on Keeping in Storage, 33

Mulch, 74

Spraying, Time for, 19,42

Importance of, 12

Methods of, 19, 20

Soil, Best for Fruit Growing, 14, 16, 28, 73

Best for Cherries, 26

Preparation of, for Orchard, 16

Storage, Common, 19, 22, 33

Cold, 32

Cost and Construction of, 22, 34

Brine System of, 34

Alcoholic Vapor in, 22

Co-operative, 35

Sorting, Advantages and Methods of, 19, 31

Sprayers, Deyo, 20

Niagara Gas, 10, 84

Hand, 10

Spray Towers 20, 84

T.

Transportation, Uncertainties of, .*. . . 35» 5^

Treatment for Pear Blight, 39

Apple Scab and Leaf Blight, 41

Peach Yellows and Little Peach, 44, 45

Time for Thinning and Pruning, 50

Trees, Size, Selection of and Difference in, 17

Top Working I7» 29

Age for Planting, 20

Trimming, 21

Longevity of, 22

Root Grafting, 29

Dwarf vs. Standard, 26

Thinning, Time for, 50

Women and Children Best for, 30

Influence of, on Keeping Qualities, 33

Advantage of Dwarf Trees for 49

V.

Varieties of Cherries 24

Pears, 27

W.

Wilson, T. B., Addresses of, 15.51

Whole Root Grafts Not Desirable, 29

Wrapping Fruits, Cost of, and Women Best for, 36

Best Material for, 37

Waite, Prof. M. B., Address of, 37

Western Maryland Railroad Shipments, 82

94

Fig. C-T-W.

A BUNCH OF

GOOD ORCHARD SAWS

ts

Fig. A-T-60.

Fig. D-T- 4.

Fig. T-3.

^.

'/'AA./*.v,^M«»*^*^,V,y^^^„^,,.^,_,^^_,^^ ,_,

"*

Fig. F-T-10.

95

Fig. C. T.-l.

Fig. C-T-15.

OF GOOD

ORCHARD

TOOLS

Fig. C. T.-4771.

Fig. L-G-T-20.

Il

f- W'.

* p*-'

96

Z. J. PETERS

GUERNSEY, PA.

General Warehouseman

^^^

Old Reliable

Susquehanna

•

Fertilizers

Shipper of Apples,

Potatoes and General Produce.

EGGS and POULTRY

a Specialty

•

Orchard and Spraying

Supplies

**SCALECIDE'' for San Jose Scale.
**Disparene'* (Arsenate of Lead.)
Blue Stone, for making Bordeaux.
'*Pyrox*' for Codling Moth.

"Boxar* for potato bug and blight.
Bushel, Half-barrel and Picking Baskets,
Peach Baskets and Carriers.
Orchard Ladders.

Poultry Supplies

We carry a Full Stock of

Pratt's Food, Cypher's and Midland Chick

Food, Midland for Laying Hens, Oyster

Shells and Dried Meat Scrap.

BOTH PHONES.

1

ll