Author: Fruit Growers Association of Adams County Title: Proceedings of the. . .annual convention Place of Publication: Bendersville, Pa. Copyright Date: 1908 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg016.3 f/ THE Fruit Growers Association of Adams County Pennsylvania ORGANIZED DECEMBER 18, 1903 PROCEEDINGS of the FOURTH ANNUAL CONVENTION held in FRUIT GROWERS HALL, BENDERSVILLE, PA, f WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY AND FRIDAY DEC. 16, 17, 18, 1908 ■ ~M NIAGARA BRAND Insecticides, Fungicides and Sprayers CL We aim to meet the needs of all those who must spray - by fur- nishing reliable tested goods that will do what is claimed for them. Niagara Brand Lime and Sulphur A highly concentrated solution of the very best Sublined Sulphur and spe- cial processed Lime obtainable. Our process enables us to get the greatest possible amount of soluble sulphur in a gallon of water. We manufacture two brands— one a clear amber liquid, the other a dark olive green. These brands stand unsurpassed by any similar products on the market, and are absolutely effective against San Jose Scale and all sucking insects— and for Apple Scab and other Fungous diseases. They are the acme of perfection for efficiency, convenience and economy in spraying — and are the solution of the worst spraying problems. Dr. John B. Smith, the noted Entomolo- gist of New Jersey, says, '*fiom what he has seen of the work of our mater- ial, it leaves little to be desired." Prof. Surface, of Pennsylvania, gives the material his unqualified endorsement. Entomologists, experts and orchardists. who have used it, endorse it fully. Full description, samples and prices furnished upon application. Niagara Brand Arsenate of Lead Contains 16 percent. Arsenic Oxide, is free from injurious acids, and goes into suspension quickly. This is a superior grade of Arsenate of Lead — lower in price than many other brands offered for sale, which analyze ch lower in Arsenic Oxide. Get our prices before placing your orders. mu Niagara Tree Borer Paint A late scientific discovery that is wonderful in its effects. It will positively destroy peach, apple and bark tree Borers, Collar Rot Fungus, and pre- vents Crown and Root Gal. It is invaluable to all who own trees. Niagara Brand Bordeaux For uniformity in strength, convenience and effectiveness, it is unsurpassed. Try it. Niagara Gas Sprayers The leading orchard and park sprayer of the world. The simplest to oper- ate-the most powerful and the most durable of all power sprayers. They stand in a class by themselves, and are built to meet the needs of all who must spray, the Orchardist, Park Superintendent, Vegetable, Grape and Cranberry growers. Nurserymen and for killing weeds in grain, grass and vegetable fields. Ufiexcelh'd 7vhere7'er spraying viiist be done. Aluminum Fittings, Bamboo Rods, Chicago Electric Hose, Improved Nozzles and a perfectly working nozzle protector. Send for our illustrated catalogue, and see the sprayers, also what others say. Information about spraying cheerfully given. Spray Calendar, Booklets, etc., telling you ho7v and when to spray, mailed for the asking. Address NIAGARA SPRAYER CO., Middleport, N. Y. Officers President, Rouekt M. Hkdun, Aspers J^ice President, A. I. Weidnkr, Arendtsvillc Reeording Seeretary, Josi.xH W. Prickktt, Biglcrville Corresponding Secretary, .... Edwin C. Tyson Flora Dale Treasurer, Wm. S. Adams, Aspers Executive Committee Robert M. Eldon, Aspers JosiAH W. PkickETT Biglcrville Chester J. Tyson, Flora Dale Robert Garrettson Aspers John H. Peters, Bendersville •* v-*te«<^»ftM«*.'*:«^., Bendcrsville, Pa. Haskell, II. P., Uriah, Pa. Hoffman; W. C liiglerville, Pa. Hoffman, E. X Biglerville, Pa. Hiester, Gal)riel Harrishurg, Pa. Heyser, Wm Jack's Mountain, Pa. Harrison, Orlando BerHn, Md. House, O. P Aspers, Pa. Harris, Edwin Aspers, Pa. Hoffman, Clarence, Biglerville, Pa. Keller, H. M., Gettyshurg, R. F. D. No. 5- Pa. Khnefelter, U. S Biglerville, Pa. Kane, J. A Biglerville, Pa. Koons, Dr. P. R Mechanicshurg, Pa. Longsdorf, C. L Flora Dale, Pa. Lawver, Rufus W Biglerville, Pa. Longsdorf, Dr. H. 11 Dickinson, Pa. Longsdorf, Paul W Flora Dale, Pa. Michener, Chas., Guernsey, Pa. Myers, George Biglerville, Pa. Mclllhcnny, Wm. B Gettysburg, Pa. McDermad, John A., Aspers, Pa. McKay, Geo. H Philadelphia, Pa. McClean, Wm. Arch GettNsburg, Pa. Mayer, Dr. 1. H Willow Street, Pa. McKay, :\liss Harriett Philadelphia, Pa. Michener, Mrs. Chas Aspers, Pa. Morrison, Mrs. W. S Aspers, Pa. McBeth, Jas. A., ' Aspers, Pa. Miller, John H., Aspers, Pa. Minnich, D. N Chamhersburg, Pa. Osborne, C. L ^^P^^^' ^''^ Ovler, Geo Gettysburg, Pa. Ogden, David, Aspers, Pa. Prickett, J. W., Biglerville, Pa. Peters, J. H., Bendcrsville, Pa. Petrey, Thos. W Bendersvdle, Pa. Peters, F.arl ^^t. Holly Springs, Pa. Peters, W. R., Aspers, Pa. Pitzer, Harry C Aspers, Pa. Patterson, Jas. A Stewartstown, Pa. Pratt, B. G. ^^^ York City. Peters, Curtis,' Biglerville, Pa. Prickett, Mrs. E. M. G., Biglerville, Pa. 9 8 STICKS LIKE PAINT IT WON'T WASH OFF cc Pyrox 99 The One Universally Valuable Double-Purpose Spray Kills Insects Prevents Disease Combines non-burning Arsenate of Lead with non-burning Bordeaux Mixture in a non-burning mixture that does the work thoroughly and brings handsome results at harvest. Pyrox Doubled the Value of Apples Mr. N. Bassett. Pawlcl, Rulland Co., Vt., writes: 'I have useil Pyrox for two years with great success. 1 sent too barrels ot my apples to New York commission meichaiits and they netted me $4 per barrel. One of my neighbors sent 10 barrels from his orchard in the same car. He received only $2 per barrel for his. This shows the difference Ijetween apples sprayed with Pyrox and those that were not taken care of, as he did not spray his trees." Valuable on all Crops Mr. Joshua F. Crowell, West Yarmouth, Barnstable Co., Mass., writes: "I used Pyrox very successfully last season on apple and pear trees for fungous diseases and had a fine yield of good solid fruit, especially apples, which are in fine hard condition at the present time (February 12th) and keeping better than ever before. I also used Pyrox judiciously on straw- berries, raspberries, grapes, plum trees, melons, squashes, cucumbers, beans and tomatoes, and also found it verv effective on asters and nicotiana In seasons before I have used it on elm and other shade trees with excellent results. I find it a safe, convenient and thorough insecticide and fungicide for fruit and for the family garden." It will PAY YOU to s^t in touch with ''Pyrox'* BOWKER INSECTICIDE COMPANY 43 CHATHAM ST.. BOSTON. MASS. * ^m* * ^B ^ « «nr* r « 9 Raffensperger, Chas. E., Arendtsville, Pa. Raffensperger, Mrs. Uzzie J., Arendtsville, Pa. Rice, E. E., Aspers, Pa. Routzahn, George R., Bendersville, Pa. Routzahn, Harry, Bendersville, Pa. Rice,. C. E., Biglerville, Pa. Rice, C. S., Arendtsville, Pa. Rice, Oscar C, Arendtsville, Pa. Rinehart, E. S., Mercersburg, Pa. Sandoe, H. P., Biglerville, Pa. Satterthwaite, A. F., Harrisburg, Pa. Snyder, W. L., Bendersville, Pa. Stover, Dr. J. G., Bendersville, Pa. Stover, Mrs. Dr. J. G., Bendersville, Pa. Slaybaugh, E. B., Aspers, Pa. Slaybaugh, Elmer, Aspers, Pa. Smith, G. Frank, Aspers, Pa. Shank, C. G., Biglerville, Pa. Smith, J. H., Biglerville, Pa. Sheely, Mrs. Angelina, Aspers, Pa. Schlosser, Ira, Aspers, Pa. Shnll, Jno. A., 'Tillie, Pa. Shull, Robt. H., Tilhe, Pa. Stoner, C. A., Gettysburg, Pa. Tyson, Edwin C ^'^'^'^^ Dale, Pa. Tvson, Chester J., ^^^^^ Dale, Pa. Tyson, Wm. C, Guernsey, Pa. Taylor I P Biglerville, Pa. Thilow, J. Otto Philadelphia, Pa. Turner, Chas. L Philadelphia, Pa. Tyson, Mrs. B. H., Aspers, Pa. Tyson, Mrs. M. W ^'^^"^^ Dale Pa. Tyson, Mrs. M. E Guernsey, Pa. Weidner, A. I., Arendtsville, Pa. Wolfe, C. A., Aspers, Pa. Weaver, Mrs. C. M New Ox orcl Pa. Wilson, B. F., Biglerville Pa^ Weaner, Chas. C, Bendersville Pa. Wert, R. S., Biglerville, Pa. Wertz, D. M., Quincy, Pa. Weidner, Geo., Aspers, Pa. Wolfe, Harrv, Aspers, Pa. 10 THERE IS BUT ONE "SCALECIDE" PRATT'S SOLUBLE PETROLEUM T'T^ IS the most convenient, economical and effective remedy for San Jose -■- -■- Scale and all soft-bodied si'cking insects. It is not an experiment. Has proven its work, time and again, in the largest commerial plantations, in many public and private parks and in thousands of home orchards. We have * 'Shown the Man from Missouri ;" let us show you that it absolutely T^ TT T O EVERY SCALE it hits. Mr. J. H. Barclay, Cranberry, -■'^-'■-■— '-'-'^ N. J., writes : '* *Scalecide' is all right, if the man back of the nozzle does his work. I don't ask for anything better. When 1 used lime- sulphur, my trees were covered with O A "^f T/^d? SCALE; nowthey are practically free from it.*' *^*-^-*-^ v V-r kJX-/ Write for free sample and endorsement of many leading fruit growers and entomologists who have used it for years. At one time San Jose O/^ A T T^ WAS the dread of the orchardist. Since the advent of ^^^ *- ^-i— '-L-/ **Scalecide" it has lost much of its terror. Don't allow scale to draw sustenance from your trees a day longer than necessary. Kill them at once with *'Scalecide." The increased yearly sales of *'SCALECIDE" in Pennsylvania is one of the strongest evidences in favor of its eflHciency. If you have not tried "Scalecide" you simply don't know. To know is to appre- ciate, and to use it always. PRICES : 50 gal bbl. $25, 30 gal. can $15, 10 gal. can $6, 5 gal. can $3.25, I gal. can $r. F. (). H. New York, or Guernsey, Pa., cash with order. Frt. paid on cash orders for 50 gals, and over to one address. Three gallons added to water makes a barrel of spray. Pocket Diary for 1909 Sent Free MADE ONLY BY B. G. PRATT COMPANY Mfg. Chemists NEW YORK CITY PENNSYLVANIA SALES AGENT EDWIN C. TYSON, Flora Dale, Pa. Wholesale Orchard Tools and Supplies II CONSTITUTION Preamble:. .... Being interested in fruit growing and believing that, by organization, we may materially advance our common interests, we hereby adopt the following Constitution and By-Laws : Articlk T. — Name. This Association shall be known as The Fruit Growers' Association of Adams County. > '^ AkTici.K IL — Object. The object of this Association shall be to encourage the co-operation of the fruit growers of Adams County for the protection and advancement of their common interests. 1st. By securing and disseminating such scientific and practical informa- tion as shall promote the general advancement of the fruit growing interests in this county, and shall tend to the improvement of the quality and quantity of our products. 2i\. By securing such legislation as may be advantageous, and prevent- ing that which may be detrimental. 3d. By securing such improved facilities in transportation as shall tend to give us more expeditious and economical distribution. 4th. By endeavoring to secure a better and more uniform system of packing and package. ,.,.,, Sth. By devising some system of marketmg our products which will open up and develop the markets and give to the grower a fair and remunera- tive return. . , r 6th. And by endeavoring to obtain such improved systems of crop report- ing as shall furnish, through co-operation with other similar Associations, ac- curate information concerning production ; thereby enabling the fruit grower to know the exact situation. Article U\. — Membership. Tst. Candidates for membership may be elected by a majority vote of the members present, and upon the payment of $1.00 into riie treasury shall be entitled to membership until the next Annual Meeting. 2d. Any member mav renew his meml)ership by the payment of annual dues, but upon failure to pay dues within three months after Annual Meeting, shall require re-election. . . 3d. No member shall receive the l)cnefit of commissions or of co-oper- ative buying by the Association, to an amount greater than $1.00 for the term of one year after election to membership. ^ Article W.—Dues. The annual dues of this Association shall be One Dollar ($1.00) payable to the treasurer at the meeting innnediately preceding the annual meeting, for which the treasurer shall issue a receipt, this receipt to constitute a ccrtih- cate of membership for the succeeding year. ., , - Article V.— Officers. Its officers shall con^^ist of a President, one Vice President, a Recording Secretarv, a Corresponding vSecretary, a Treasurer. ;ind an Executive Com- mittee of five (5) members, consisting of the President, Recording Secretary and three others, all of whom shall be elected by ballot at each annual meet- ing for the term of one year or until their successors shall be chosen. Article Vl.— Quorum. Five (5) members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Article Mil.— Amendments. The Constitution and Bv-Laws of this Association may be amended at any regular meeting l)v a two-thirds- vote of the members present, a flotice ot the proposed amendment having been presented in writing at a previous regular meeting. 12 SPRAYING PRODUCTS FOR THE CONTROL OF AND .U5:>??c^ KTrfT^-*^ The Codling Moth The Potato Beetle USE GRASSELLrS ARSENATE OF LEAD- PASTE AND POWDERED FOR FUNGOUS DISEASES USE GRASSELLI'S BORDEAUX MIXTURE -PASTE AND POWDERED FOR THE CONTROL OF BOTH IN 1 OPERATION USE GRASSELLI'S BORDEAUX-LEAD ARSENATE MIXTURE-PASTE AND POWDERED To Kill The an Jose •Seal- /' -^^ The San Jose Scale Grasselli's Concentrated Lime- Sulphur Solution WRITE FOR QUOTATIONS TO THE GRASSELLl CHEMICAL CO. OF PENNA. PHILADELPHIA OFFICE PITTSBURGH OFFICE 2143 North An^erican St 811 Bessemer Building Or F C. TYSON, Flora Dale, Pa. 13 BY-LAWS Article L — Duties of President. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Association and have a general supervision of its affairs. Article: U.— Duties of Vice President. The Vice President shall preside at any meeting in the absence of the President, and may act on the Executive Committee m case of the Presi- dent's absence. Article III.— Dm^^^ of Recording Secretary. The Recording Secretary shall write the minutes of the meetings of the Association and have charge of its Records and Reports. Article IV.— Duties of Corresponding Secretary. The Corresponding Secretary shall conduct the correspondence of the Association and shall receive for so doing his necessary expenses for sta- donery postage, etc. He shall also act as Recordmg Secretary m the ab- sence of that oflEicer. Article V.— Duties of Treasurer. The Treasurer shall receive and keep an accurate ^-^^ount of all moneys belonsing to the Association, paying out same on an order of the Associa- tion signed by the President. He shall make a report of all rece pts and khursfments at the annual meeting or at any time at the request of the Assoc?atk.n He si all mail a notice of dues to all members one week prior foCe November meeting, at which time all dues are payable, and shal issue certificates of membership in exchange for al dues received. He shall a so keep a roll of members who have complied with Article IV, of the Constitu tion and embody same in his annual report. ArticlU Y\.— Duties of the Exeeutive Committee. The Executive Committee shall have general supervision of the affairs r.( *lr A«orHt?on auditing all bills and accounts and carrying out the pur^oses^rS? A"ssod.= They shall also prepare a program for each meeting, same to be announced at the preceding meeting. Article N\\.—Meetinf:,s. There shall be a regular meeting of the Association on the second SatuX of each month aj 7:30 v t' ,"\t"AluTMeeUng" Sped m t"- i"„|s'^:ilA?r;'c^4d\^rEt'Ju^^^Co^m^^^ ti^ne as they may appoint. Article WW.— I nititation of Officers. All new officers shall assume the duties of office at the ^pemng of t^^^^^ at the January meeting the program for the February meetmg. Article \X.— Order of Business. 1st. Reading of minutes of previous meeting. 2nd. Nominations and elections. 3rd. Reports of committees. 4th. Deferred business. 5th. Communications. 6th. New business. 7th. Discussion of questions. -■'i I 14 The School of Agriculture of The Pennsylvania State College Is one of several schools comprising the College. It offers the following courses of instruction : — (1) Four Years' Courses, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science, with opportunity to specialize in Agricultural Chem- istry, Agronomy, Animal Husbandry, Dairying, Forestry and Horticulture. (2) Two Years' Courses, for which no entrance examinations are required. These courses are designed to serve persons who wish to pursue technical subjects in Agriculture for one year or two years only. (3) Winter Courses in Agriculture, which continue twelve weeks each winter, and whose work is designed to meet the needs of practical men engaged in Agriculture, Horticulture, Dairy Husbandry, Dairy Manufacture and Poultry Husbandry. (4) Farmers' Week. (5) Correspondence Courses. The total attendance at State College in all courses has been thus far during 1908-9, 1275. The enrollment in the School of Agriculture for three years has been as follows : 1906-7 1907-8 1908-9 Four Years' Courses, 45 90 204 Special Students, 14 24 38 Winter Courses, 52 88 93 111 202 335 For further information, address Dean THOS. F. HUNT, Stale College, Pa. PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION OF ADAMS COUNTY, PA. The Fourth Annual Convention of the Fruit Growers' Asso- ciation of Adams County was called to order by the President, Rob- ert M. Eldon, at 2:00 p. m., Wednesday, December 16, 1908, in Fruit Growers' Hall, Bendersville, Pa. After prayer by the Rev. J. H. Peters, President Eldon ad- dressed the convention briefly. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. ROBKRT M. KLDON. We are unable to tell, as we did a year ago, of fat crops in the orchards of Adams County. Several things are to blame for this. First : The off year ; it seems that the even numbered years on the calendar are the years of light fruit crops in our county. Perhaps I should say that they are the years of light apple crops. Our friends and kindly critics from a distance will say that the grower is at fault and^ not the calendar. That if we thinned the fruit thoroughly there would be no ''off year." It would certainly improve the fruit and almost as certainly improve the gross re- turns if we thinned the fruit on our heavy-bearing main crop va- riety. The red a])])le of the unmentionable name, w^hich is not built on the bearing ])lan of the York Imperial, is almost a regular crop- per. Let us hope that the ''Utilization of Cull Apples," discussion will clearly point to us the way to avoid producing that large vol- ume of fruit now directed towards the dry-house and vinegar-still. Second. The poor spraving season. Too much storm and rain at spraying time. This was' true at the time of spraying for scale as well as at the time of spraying for fungi and codling moth. We need variable breezes to do a good job of spraying, and during last season the winds had the directional consistency of the trades. The 15 i6 continuous rains and fogs rendered abortive the application of even the best-sticking arsenites. Owing to the Hght setting of apples many of our growers did not think it worth while to spray a second time for the codling moth, which omission resulted in many otherwise fine apples being nibbled on the outside by the apple worm. The late dry summer and autumn allowed the scale to take an extra turn in its geomet- rical progress. Most of our growers report the apparent inettect- iveness of their operations against this enemy. Much interest has been shown by our members at the monthly meetings in the handling of orchards, especially the young orchard, the discussion centering about tillage and cover crops But as a special resume of the minutes of these meetings is to be given by one of our members as a part of the convention program, I need not dwell on this item. Your chairman is especially pleased with the fruit exhibit. With its quality, which in his judgment is the best that has been seen at these conventions, and with the increasing number of ex- hibitors. There are a number of new names on plates of very creditable fruit. We begin to feel that there is a possibilitv of get- ting the award for the best displav by a county at the State bociety s meeting There are indications that other counties are awakening to the advantage of having the best fruit in the best order at these meetings and it is certain that the others are not going to allow us to win by default. We must have the best fruit and T want to urge upon our members as individuals to help along with our display at Harrisburg. You can get no better advertising: at any price. In intending to enter a competition of this kind it seems to me that there is a definite course to follow. Do the work yourself. Don t tru^t to the help in this particular, and do not imagine that the fruit taken from your barrel or bin at exhibition hmc is going to be tagged with a best label. Go to the trees at picking time and get the apples that you have had vour eye on all summer before the pick- ing gang has had an opportunitv to maltreat them. Put them in your own private basket. Tote them personallv from the orchard to a convenient place and see that they are carefully packed and forthwith sent to a responsible storage place. Tf vou are goin^ to exhibit fruit on PT.ATKS don't use the modern flimsy apple box or the still more flimsv basket, but get a good and strong old hay- seed variety of a box, one that the expressman can do his worst on, vou are not going to sell them bv the box anvwav, and vour turn to laugh will be last and best. Tf vou carefullv follow these simple directions, and had in the beginning the best fruit, the chair sees no reason for disappointment. Attend the vState Societv's meeting and have your name placed on its roll. It is in no sense our rival, and it does not matter in the least whether our own convention may chance to be as good or even better you can get some things there that you cannot get here. Enough to make it well worth your trouble and the slight expense. To those present who are not members of the Fruit Growers Asso- ciation of Adams County, I would say, become members at once. Tt is worth while. , . ^ , a i /-» Yon are all cordially welcomed to this Fourth Annual Lon- . ■..•j;;i»r.;J>J.' 17 vention of Adams County fruit growers. I feel confident that you will be pleased with the work of our very excellent Convention Committee. I will appoint the following committees : In Charge of Evening Sessions: Dill Bream, Bendersville, Pa. Robert Garretson, Aspers, Pa. M. E. Snyder, Bendersville, Pa. To Report on Fruit: Horace Roberts, Moorestown, N. J., New Jersey State Horti- cultural Association. D. Gold Miller, Inwood, W. Va., West Virginia State Horticul- tural Association. U. T. Cox, Proctorville, O., Ohio State Horticultural Associa- tion. On Resolutions: Chester J. Tyson, Flora Dale, Pa. Dr. I. H. Mayer, Willow Street, Pa. A. I. Weidner, Arendtsville, Pa. SYNOPSIS OF 1908 MINUTES FRUIT GROWERS ASSO- CIATION OF ADAMS COUNTY. W. H. BLACK. With the thought that a short review of the work of the Asso- ciation during the past year may prove of interest to visitors and to those of our members who by reason of distance have been un- able to regularly attend the monthly meetings, I have been requested to prepare a synopsis of the 1908 minutes. I shall refer briefly to various matters concerning our business of growing and marketing fruit which have claimed our attention. January Meeting. Under "Points Gathered in Handling Apple Crop of 1907," J. W. Prickett said that he proposes hereafter to have enough crates to take all culls from the sorting tables direct to bins or piles, pre- ferably under cover, to save one handling, and so as to have all together for the inspection of prospective buyers. Other members have also found this plan very satisfactory. A number of members emphasized the importance of purchasing barrels early and hauling them home so as to avoid the vexatious and expensive delay at pack- ing time which we have frequently experienced. If fruit is sold in the orchard, buyers are always glad to take the barrels. The experience of members in regard to several pickings from the same trees, varies in results. The general opinion is that small and low colored fruit gained in size and color when left on the trees a week or ten days longer. Messrs. Eldon and Chester Tyson, who were sent to the annual meeting of the New Jersey State Horticultural Association as dele- gates from our State Horticultural Association, made a lengthy and ^1 if if • * ill i8 interesting report of their trip. They mentioned specially the royal entertainment they received at the hands of the New Jersey people and that they were impressed by the great freedom and w;de scoT^e of the discussion. They also gave an nistructive account of the r Sojourn among the fruit dealers and cold storage men of Philadel- phia giving their side of the barreling, packing, facmg and barrel ""'"'in VS^Z' W. W. Rover's question "What apple trees to nlant " it was suggested that "for the home orchard a succession of = ' varieties would inchule Yellow Transparent, Early R.,.e Lchelor ISlush. Summer Ramho, Wealthy, Smokelimise, l>alclwin Grimes Golden, Rome Beauty, Stayman and York Imperial. For a commercial orchard plant a good number of York Imf "^1 If you already have a liberal supply of that variety, then plant btay- man Winesap, Jonathan, Grimes, and Rome I'.eauty, but always cnoiKih of a kind to make a carload when in fair bearing in reply to question '"Is it safe at this time of year to cut back to a definite bud ?" one member said he had often disregarded com- mon counsel by pruning when the wood is frozen and has seen no ill results. February Meeting. T W Prickett reviewed the first and last days' sessions of our receiit convention, which led to a discussion of the relative merits of bags and baskets in apple picking. Mr. Prickett would hesitate in following Geo. Powell's suggestion to plant orts issued quarterly by the New \ork .Association, and the general advantage of co-operative work. Mr A I Weidner gave an interesting report of the Lancaster Meeting of the Pennsylvania Horticultural .\ssociation Our County Association again carried off tlie Sweepstakes Certificate of Merit 'for the largest and finest display of apples, and our Presulent, R. M. Ehlon, won the certificate for the best individual exhibit. March Meeting. R M Eldon expressed the belief that it will pay well to plant locust on vacant hiUsi.les. it being a most v about Salway? Mr. Barton. We cannot do anything with it. Mr. Roberts has had experience with that. Did it do any good? Mr. Roberts. The fungus is bad on it. Mr. Prickett. Did you ever try painting the peach trees to keep out borers? Mr. Barton. No, we did use a coat of whitewash containing some wood ashes, but we have stopped and see no difference since we stopped. Member. To what extent do you thin your peaches? Mr. Barton. We do most of our thinning with shears in the winter. We have less wood. Mr. W. H. Black. What tools do you use for cultivating? Mr. Barton. Clark disc orchard harrow. One that we can get right up to them when we want to go in close. Mr. R. M. Eldon. Your land is sandy you say. You don't need anvthing to break up your soil. Can you destroy your cover crop in the spring? Mr. Barton. Yes. We run this disc over two or three ways, two or three times. FORESTRY AND ITS RELATION TO HORTICULTURE. Hugh P. Bakkr, U. S. Forest Service, in Charge Department of Forestry of the Penna. State College. Mr, President, Members of the Adams Co. Fruit Growers Associa- tion: Only a few years ago forestry was practically a new word in this country. People knew that it had to do with trees, but even yet its actual meaning is not clear to all, although the interest taken by people of all classes in the protection of our forests and their per- petuation is surprising. One can hardly pick up a newspaper or a 26 magazine to-day without finding numerous news and notes and often splendidly illustrated articles on the development of forestry in the different states and throughout the country. Forestry of Ancient Origin. Because the present forestry movement is of recent origin in this country does not argue that' it is a new practice or profession. Japan has practiced forestry for the past twelve hundred years, and Gemiany and other countries of Europe have had well developed systems of forestry for the past one hundred years or more. Even in this country during our Colonial period those who made our laws and considered the future of our country kept the protection of our forests constantly in mind and many regulations were passed in the behalf of the forest. Exeter, which is now the State of New Hampshire, as early as 1640 made regulations as to the protection of forests and the planting of oak. William Penn, in 1682, ordained that "the grantee must keep one-sixth of his land in forest." As early as 1780 all of the thirteen colonies had forest fire laws. Be- fore 1820 our government had ai)propriated considerable sums for the purchase of forest lands to provide for future supplies of ship- building timber, and even went so far as to begin the ])lanting of live oak forests. It is somewhat surprising in view of the early efforts of our thirteen colonies and later of the United States, that our Congress during the past year could find no precedent for the jnuxhase of lands in the Applachian and White Mountains to be reserved for the protection of the head waters of navigable streams. r>ut all the early laws regarding the protection and perpetuation of forests soon became obsolete, because of the vastness of the forests and the tremendous struggle which our forefathers had in subduing the forests for agricultural purposes. The forests harbored the marauding Indian, and as the early settlers pushed west, they cleared the forests not only for the development of agriculture, but to protect their homes against wild animals and wilder Indians. In one sense the forest was an enemv to be overcome and the past two or three generations have actually thought in terms of forest destruction, with no ideas as to forest conservation. The tremend- ous commercial development of this country during the past 30 years has produced a type of business men with an unnatural and feverish desire for the accumulation of money, and to satisfy this desire our forests — the grandest and most extensive the world has ever seen — have disappeared like snow before a warm spring sun. What Forestry Means. By forestry we mean the business-like management of forests. The meaning of forestry varies somewhat in this country according to the section in which it is considered. Throughout the prairie sec- tion the people understand forestry as tree planting; in other sec- tions it is understood to be the protection of forests from fire ; and in still others we are glad to say that it is getting to be considered as the careful lumbering of our forests with the idea of insuring future forests on the same ground. During the earlv davs of interest in forestry in this country the whole matter was looked at largely from ^7 a sentimental standpoint, which might be illustrated by the first line of the poem ''Woodman spare that tree." In some instances the sentiment was carried a little too far, and there are states which have laws preventing the cutting of timber on state lands. We are now, while not doing away with the sentiment, learning that if forestry cannot be considered as a business-like proposition it has no place in this country, and the forester of to-day may be described as a man with an axe on his shoulder who knows how and when to use it. Why Forestry is Needed in this Country. • There is no one here who, if he has considered the matter ot forestry at all, has not asked himself : why do we need forestry in this country? If each one of you could see the million upon million of acres of bare hillsides and ridges in this state and other states of the east and west which were formerly covered with splendid forests you would need few arguments to convince you of the wis- dom of practical forestry. The fact that we are tremendous con- sumers of all kinds of forest products should make us consider the future su])ply of these products and what future generations are to do when the virgin supi)ly is gone. We use annually in this coun- try soo board feet of timber for every man, woman and chi d ; m Europe less than fe board feet are used. One or two examples of the consumption of timber may be of interest in emphasizing our need for forestry. In the something over 300.000 miles of railroad in this country there are used about 2,800 ties to the mile. Ihis means that 800,000,000 ties are constantly in use. to be replaced everv S to 10 years. The amount of wood used in ties each year is eciuivaient to 600.000 acres of forest, which xyould be about one- fourth of Pennsylvania, and we would be a rich state if one-fourth of Pennsylvania was forested heavily enough to produce all of the ties used in this country even for a period of five years. Another example which mav be of interest is the way in which we are using fence posts in l^ennsvlvania. According to the last Census. Penn- svlvan a has 8.204,000 acres actually in agricultura crops, but there are about i8,ooo.5oo acres out of the t.ital area of the state, which is 28.790,400 acres, as improved or unimprove.l lan Fnrcstrv Commission should be able as ''Z\:T:o rT of^^J the b:;mi and non-agricultural lands that ISyS not only pay for their protection and care, but become a """irvie^rS'tJTsratenrentiS; which all of yo« know to be more "ban Ulries, there are people who ^f 1 say t -t siil^^^ will be found for our timber and that all of this talk about loresi nrotection a 1 re-forestation is foolishness. We know that the u e SteeUnd cement and other materials has ^-reased tremenck^us y in tliis rountrv and will cont nue to increase, yet the niere tact tnai he use of ?se materials is increasing argues a great increase in the se of thXr With all the trials that have been made of substi- utes i not clearly proven that cement or any meta wd eve renlace timber for railroad ties, pavements, fence posts, etc In faS a n Ser of our railroads have made careful test of cement and teei ties and afer these tests are erecting treating plants with the idea of uSng ties from rapi.l growing soft woods properly treated Si creosote even though they rey treating and packing them at once the worms don't seem to develop and that simple little remedy that cost me less than two cents a bushel brought definite results. Instead of having to find a new customer each time as we did before, cus- tomers would come back and want more chestnuts, even at an ad- vanced price. We are very much encouraged over the business. This year the revenue from my chestnuts would make a good rent for the farm and they grow at a minimum expense on land where I can't raise anything else. My neighbors who have gone into the business as a specialty have not succeeded so well. In entering the business of raising nuts, I would advise you to feel your way a little as I have done. 33 This last summer, I had a chance to see the new chestnut dis- ease. Within ten miles of my home, one of my friends in the business lost 2,000 trees. How expensive it will be to combat this trouble I cannot say, but we will not let that discourage us. You may not have it down here. It is a fungous disease and it attacks the top of the trees and works downward. I understand, however, that it is not entirely new, but has been noticed in former years to some extent. It is the same disease they have had in Bronx Park, New York, which you have doubtless seen mentioned in the news- papers during the past summer. Member. W^hat variety of chestnuts do you use? The Japan? Mr. Roberts. At first the new Japanese chestnuts were a novelty and the bigger they were the better they sold. Bitter nuts sold just as well as the other kind on account of the size, but people have learned better, and it is hard to sell the very large nuts. We now grow Cooper, Paragon, Numbo and Scott mostly. Most of my grafting has been with suckers, but if you want to start nuts, I would recommend that you do it yourself rather than to buy the nursery trees that generally die. A nice way is to take the native sweet chestnut and start it in flower pots, and the Eng- lish walnut in nail kegs. Nut trees have tap roots which make them dif^cult to transplant, but by putting them in pots or kegs you can control that root. Besides you can set your pots or kegs in the gar- den in some convenient place to watch and protect them the first year. Then set them in their permanent home. If you want to raise nuts, better take the American rather than the Japanese nuts. One troublesome disease is the red spider. For years we called it rust, but the rust is only the appearance caused by the red spider. The new fungus disease is not so severe on the Japanese nut, nor is the red spider. Mr. Eldon. Are English walnuts hardy here ? Mr. Roberts. Yes, on northern slopes and north side of buildings. When we planted them in our fields, they generally died, but when planted the other way, shielded a little from the sun, they live and do well. There is no reason why a farmyard shouldn't have a reasonable supply of nuts, shellbarks, chestnuts, and wal- nuts. It makes a great dift'erence to the attractiveness of the farm. My father was very much interested in these things and after he left the farm he never came out to see me without going to see how the grafts were getting along. It is worth a whole lot more than the mere dollars and cents vou get out of it. Why not plant nut trees along your roadsides.' They do better than fruit trees will in places like that. If some of your neighbors do get a few, it won't hurt them. I never heard of anyone dying from eating of my nuts. Mr. Eldon. Do you graft the English walnuts on native black walnuts? Mr. Roberts. That could be done. I have never done it, but have often seen trees so treated. After a person gets to grafting they get interested in doing a lot of such things. I have grafted chestnuts on chestnut oaks. Chester Tyson. Did I understand you to prefer the Japanese chestnut seedlings upon which to graft? f I ii i 34 Mr. Roberts, No, I prefer the American stock. We are not masters of the business. We don't know how to keen our nuts. We must sell them at once, or they dry out too much The Italians seem to know how to do it, and send them to this country by the ship loads, always in perfect condition. Mr. Cox. Can't you get any information from them? Mr Roberts. We will, but somehow we seem to learn slowly. There seems to be no one in this country yet who can cure their nuts like the Italians. Chestnut culture is^/ery important indus- try in Italy, and the nuts form a staple article of food for the peo- ple as well as their domestic animals. As yet they are much beyond us in the business. Mr. Cushman. How would a bath of silicate of soda answer, to close the pores and prevent evaporation ? Chester Tyson. Do they have varieties in Italy that it might be well for us to have ? Mr. Roberts. Possibly. I was talking to my Italian foreman the other day. There seems to be no reason why we shouldn t raise just as good nuts as they do because we can easily graft their kinds. Mr. Gold Miller. Are the bitter kinds good to eat when grown in Japan ? , , , Mr Roberts. I don't know. The Japanese chestnuts are good when boiled, but I have one kind so bitter that the hogs pass them by. It has hurt the business very much that that kind of nuts should be raised. We are not pushing them, for anyone who bites into a chestnut of that kind will be satisfied if he doesn t eat another one for a year. We prefer the peach baskets to get them to market. Mr. Eldon. Do you mean the half-bushel round baskets? Mr Roberts. Yes, a tight one will hold them all right and the buyers seem to prefer them that way. I am glad you are m- terested in the chestnut business. Anybody who takes that up has an interesting time. , • , , Member. What do you do for the red spider f Mr Roberts. This is another trouble we have not yet mas- tered, and some years it is serious enough to curtail our crop more Member. In planting roadsides, do you transplant seedlings from the nail kegs where they are to retriain permanently and allow them to become well established before grafting? Mr Roberts. By transplanting several times you could get a lareer tree to live by the roadside. It is difficult to protect a little tree in certain exposed places. It does not matter when they are crafted. . r n • ^ :c Member. Are seeds placed in pots in fall or sprmg, and if the latter how are they kept over winter in moist condition so as to ^'^^^Mr. Roberts. Nature's way is to plant in the fall and she seems to know her business. , ^ /. , , ^ .... Member. Where do you procure the English walnuts suitable for seed and how are they treated ? 35 Mr. Roberts. The only ones that ever gave me much satis- faction we planted in the fall in nail kegs. There are many pro- ductive trees in our town that would furnish suitable seed for plant- ing. UTILIZATION OF CULL APPLES. Mr. E. W. CatchpoIvE, North Rose, N. Y. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am very glad to be with you. I see lots of trees here, a great many more in fact than I had any idea of finding. You evidently have faith in your business for you are planting land which is much more valuable for grain and stock raising than ours in Western New York. You have the courage to plant orchards on this high priced land simply because there is a great future for them here, and I am very glad that such is the case. I hope that before leaving, I may be able to help you a little and give you some idea as to how to handle the crop to best advantage. In considering the waste products of our orchards and the best way to transform them into a bank asset, our view point should always be at long range. A slight variation in market values of one or more of these manufactured products may change the results to the loss side of the ledger. The season just closed is an example of extreme market fluctuation. Owing to the short crops of early varieties, and their good quality, consumption apparently increased and the demand became active for apples at strong prices which ab- sorbed a large per cent of the large crop of Greenings of Western New York, and then sought the bulk or barreled later varieties, prices for "bulk" apples finally reaching a point too high for either evaporators' or canners use. This season has proven that green fruit values do not affect the market prices of evaporated, and have only a slight influence on canned goods, prices of both of these commodities being largely controlled by ruling prices of small fruits and the sun-dried pro- ducts of the Pacific Coast. Ignoring present conditions entirely, the building and equip- I)ing of an evai)orator is a ])rofitable investment, as a protection or form of insurance against the much dreaded wind storms and torna- does. This plan is followed by many speculators, when buying the entire crops of large orchards on foreign territory, especially in regions subject to that much dreaded disease — bitter-rot. Evaporators. Whether in your case, it is best to build and ec[uip a plant only large enough for your own individual orchards, or to co-operate with others and build a large capacity, is for you to consider, taking into consideration all local conditions, present and future. For a modest plant, a two-kiln plan with work room attached would suf- fice, but the question of power for this, should only be decided after 1 ■(it^ •'*»! 40 a barrel, and that shows the necessity of growing fruit which has a good carrying quaHty. We have found no fruit which has a car- rying quality equal to the well known Ben Davis. Along this line, I would emphasize the matter of fertilizing, thorough cultivation and spraying in order to grow the very best quality of fruit. It has been found in my own experience advisable to modify our former plan of annual cultivation somewhat. We find that we grow finer fruit by allowing a cover crop to remain one year. We prefer Mammoth clover for this purpose. By this method we are able to grow a firmer fruit, of better color and of better size. Mr. Black. Would it be best to line barrels so as to take up slack caused by shrinkage of fruit. Mr. Catchpole. With certain varieties, yes ; still ordinarily 1 think the trouble is more a matter of transportation than it is of shrinkage. Chester Tyson. Do you find any difficulty with the feeding roots coming too high. Mr. Catchpole. We have had no serious trouble and see no bad results. E. C. Tyson. What do you think of the feasibility of having a local storage house ? Mr. Catchpole. In case of export, I think that it would be advisable. In any case it is all right to have a central packing house. With the very large trees, such as we have, trees running twenty-five to thirty feet high, it isn't necessary to move the pack- ing table very often in the orchard and for the cold storage, possibly we can get them in better shape than by using a packing house. Per- sonally, I am very much in favor of the packing house. You get a more uniform grade because you are mxing up the product of many trees before it goes over the sorting table. Member. What package do. you use in taking apples direct from trees to packing house? Mr. Catchpole. Slat bushel crates. Member. Do not the slat edges bruise the fruit? Mr. Catchpole. We never noticed the cutting of the edges. The only trouble we have is in filling crates too full. Member. How far apart are the slats? Mr. Catchpole. About an inch to an inch an a quarter. Member. Are slat edges sharp or rounded. Mr. Catchpole. Sharp. E. C. Tyson. We have noticed quite a little cutting where fruit comes into contact with edge of slats. It has been a question in my mind whether it would not be well to have a solid box. Mr. Catchpole. It is very objectionable in many ways. Too heavy, to expensive unless it were built of light wood like orange boxes. Possibly your varieties are more tender than ours. It makes material diflference how these crates are filled. We never allow a man to fill a crate on the ground itself. Place one crate on top of another and fill it. We understand you people here are using baskets entirely on high grade fruit. We use the blouse picking garment. It consists of large loose garment, cut long, "gathered" and held at waist of wearer by a strap, and then by having one crate on top of the other 41 the apples are only dropped the height of the crate itself. We use a crate a little larger than the regular bushel so it holds a bushel scant full and then we do not allow our men to fill them more than even so that upper crates do not touch any apples on the lower. Member. Would you recommend plowing orchard in the fall ? Mr. Catchpole. I would not. Member. Suppose there was not time in the spring? Mr. Catchpole. I certainly would plow it now rather than not plow it at all by all means. In regard to orchard cultivation. You who have been reared on your grain farms are inclined to feel that the ordinary farm operations must be done first and if there is any time left the orchard is cared for. That will not do. You should put your farm operations second and attend to the orchard first. It is going to require a great effort on your part. First take from your equip- ment that which the orchard needs and attend to the farm work next. It is a hard proposition but with a little care it can be over- come. The first spray before bloom always comes at the time when the spring crops should be planted, but the orchard should be sprayed. What are you going to do? Attend to the orchard by all means. There is more possibility of profits from it than from many times the acreage in farm crops. Member. You do not allow the orchard to lie in sod more than one year? Mr. Catchpole. Not under most conditions. If you have hill land subject to erosion it is altogether different, but the better plan is, don't plant those high hills. They are too expensive orchards. There is plenty of level land about here. Chester Tyson. We like to go on our hills for the good fruit. Mr. Catchpole. You doubtless have level land on top of the hills. I would avoid the steep slopes. Member. Is vinegar making proving a profitable industry? Mr. Catchpole.- Over in our state we have a law which was supposed to be a grand good thing for the grower of apples, but it has proved to be entirely in the interest of the commercial vinegar makers. They have a way of getting a whole lot of acetic acid out of a small quantity of fruit. They waste nothing. The local gro- ceryman can buy vinegar as cheap from the manufacturer as from the local grower. If he buys from the grower, there is always an inspector along right away and he is almost certain to find sornethmg wrong with the vinegar as the farmer does not have facilities to guarantee the analysis down to fine points as the large manufacturer does, and as this law requires. The result is that the local dealer is fined and will not buy any more vinegar from the local grower. The only way we can get into the game is to erect a vinegar plant and employ one who has had experience. He will come and make the vinegar for you, but he won't tell you how. That is his trade secret. It is the same thing that is true with the canning industry. There is no trouble at all to get a processor who is capable of taking care of a canning plant. If you want a certain product ^^trnish him with the raw material and the help and machinery and he will make it for you. . ^ j :> Member. What is the commercial price of vinegar to-day i ii r^M i I yrai - fa 42 Mr. Catchpole. About fifteen cents a gallon retail and about ten or eleven cents wholesale. Member. What percentage of loss is there in conversion of cider into vinegar? Mr. Catchpole. None. Member. What tools do you find good for general cultiva- tion ? Mr. Catchpole. The spring tooth harrow is used very largely with us. The peach grower will use the double action cut-away. Those having stones and thistles will use the *'Tlanet, Jr." No. 41 orchard cultivator. We use the single action cutaway sometimes, but very largely use the spring tooth harrow. I think some of you will find as your orchards grow older that it is advisable not to plow as deep as you are now plowing. It is advisable to plow shallow near the tree itself and for that purpose the Canadian plows are best. The American manufacturers have produced a variety of styles of plows for this purpose but they are crude in their make-up and too weak in the beam. They have two, three and four horse plows, but the best tool we have found for the orchard work is made over in Canada by a Canadian firm. They are very strong and have extra strength in the beam and do the work properly, so that one can attach to it three, four or five feet of chain or rope and drive your team straight, leaving a straight furrow without the danger of striking the tree. We generally use three horses and plow about five inches deep. The depth is regulated by wheel. Mr. Prickett. What is the price of one of these plows? Mr. Catchpole. They cost about the same as the ordinary sulky plow. Member. Isn't the wheel in the way of the tree. Mr. Catchpole. The furrow wheel is adjustable and can be brought in so that it will not interfere with the tree. Member. Will it work with a long hitch on hillsides? Mr. Catchpole. It is inclined to kick out behind. Member. How do you make the plow run straight when team is hitched to side. Mr. Catchpole. This plow naturally runs straight on soil free from stones. Mr. Cox. I would like to ask Mr. Catchpole where those plows are made. Cockshutt Plow Company, Brandtford, Can- Mr. Catchpole. ada. Member. Does cultivation ? Mr. Catchpole. Chester Tyson. an apple tree need more roots when not in I cannot say. I would like to ask Mr. Catclipole what form of wagon is found most practical in hauling to central packing house? Mr. Catchpole. There is a wagon which was formerly made in New York by the Thomas Wagon Company^, now located at Lititz, Pa., on the principle of the old Champion. They make both the single turn and a double turn in which the hind wheel follows the track of the front wheels. We find it a very desirable wagon for orchard use where one wishes to use the ordinary width platform. 43 This wagon has a steel gear. The wagon bed is only one inch above the center of the axle. We use a naked platform without sides, so that we can haul barrels or crates stacked two or three high. This wagon is made with or without springs. They made it with springs as part of the gear itself or with an adjustable spring. Something like a bolster spring. Member. Do you mean it can be equipped with springs with the platform so close to the axle. Mr. Catchpole. No, that is the ordinary type of wagon. The adjustable spring would raise the platform five inches higher. APPLES. Mr. U. T. Cox, ProctorvtllK, O., President Ohio State Horticul- tural Association. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am very glad to be with you. In the southern part of Ohio where I came from, it is very hilly. We have some very nice bottom land along the Ohio River, but when you get away from the bottoms it is very steep. In some places it is as steep as a house roof. We have good markets and not many farmers in that coun- trv produce fruit, consequentlv, the growers get pretty good money out of them. We people living out on the hills find that we are up against it in some respects. Our land is not worth more than a dol- lar an acre compared with yours. Your land will produce fully twice as much. We find our hills are no good for anythmg but fruit, but we can grow fine fruit. I was born there and consequently stayed, and I believe I prefer to remain, but if I were going to move away, I believe I would come east. To get apples, we must have orchards. The old orchards down there that were planted about thirty or forty years ago are nearly all dead. They don't live long with us. They bear them- selves to death and die while they are in their prime In fact, you can't find an orchard that is over thirty or thirty-five years old. They come into bearing early and we push them hard When an orchard gets to be twentv-five years old out there on those hills it is like an old horse that vou work to death, or a man who has worked himself to death. Whether it is better to grow trees that way is to be seen. We get the apple trees down there to bear when thev are five to six years old. Rome Beauty and Ben Davis begin to bear well from eight to ten, and you can get enough before that to pay for the picking and yet the soil is natural y so poor you can t raise a disturbance unless you plant a saloon there. Some of the large orchardists out in the west have severa hundred, some a thousand, and some five thousand acres, but they can t care ior them properly. I believe that the man who has no more than he can care for properly will grow the best apples. Very few of them have mire thJn forty acres, and I believe very ^^w depend on I. ^^^^^^ labor altogether, but use the labor they have in their own family. They grow better fruit, simply because they can do the work on .i'»^ ^i^ I I i 44 time. We had a fine bloom on the trees last spring, the weather was good and we began to spray. Suddenly the weather changed and we had to quit. Some varieties that bloomed sooner were all right. We had some good apples, but the apples that bloomed late had the apple scab. We cleaned up the crop but most of them were scabby, and all inferior, some of it due to drouth, so that I believe the man who has the small acreage will make the best success. There are lots of places in this country as well as that, that could be profitably put to fruit. There are lots of places that the soil gets washed away and if that was put to fruit under the soil-mulch method, instead of wheat, I believe in a few years they could make a good fortune out of it, if they care for it properly. You cannot do it in growing wheat or grain of any kind. Because we are on those hills, which we cannot cultivate, we had to do something else. We would work the soil and a big rain was very likely to wash the soil away with it. It took all the fertility out of the soil and we could not replace it without great cost. We saw that we had to keep that land in grass. We mow the grass and leave it on the ground and haul out manure and straw and any other coarse ma- terial we can get. Look at the forest. You find the water going from It perfectly clear. It is not taking the fertility and the soil out with It. They stay right there. The leaves form a mulch and that forms fertility when it decays. That is what the forest needs and what we want for fruit trees. I believe that fruit trees as well as forest trees take up great quantities of water. I found some fig- ures the other day, telling how much water a tree will take from the ground. Some one made a test and it was found that a tree took up 250 gallons of water per day. First it has to produce the leaves and then the apples. Of course, water is going out through each one of those leaves every day, so you see it take an enormous amount of water and you must keep that water in the soil in the form of soil moisture, and we find our mulch helps do that for us. I don't believe we need the amount of fertility in the soil that you need for a grain crop and I don't believe apple trees will pay as well for a feeding of plant food in the form of commercial fertili- zer as wheat, grass, corn and other things of that kind. On the other hand, they do not require as much water as the fruit trees do. At one time the entire surface of the earth was barren. After a time, a few forms of plant life began to grow. This in turn de- cayed, and the land became better as years went by, till we had quite a good lot of vegetation on the earth. That land got better year by year simply because there was plenty of humus in the soil. I don't see why the land should not get better year after year, but in many cases it is getting poorer every year, because the peo- ple are taking out everything there is in it. You cannot have a sufficient amount of moisture in the ground and neglect the humus and that humus must come from decaying vegetation of some kind, and unless you have it, you don't get enough moisture and it is too expensive to buy enough, but we are doing what I think is about as good. We are using the sod mulch system. We keep our hill- sides in grass. We mow this grass about the last of May or first of June and leave it on the ground. We generally mow it again through August or September, leaving both of those lots of grass 45 on the ground to form a mulch. We don't plow it up at any time, because I saw the land washing away everytime we would plow. I believe I stated a while ago that all the manure we make is carted into the orchard. We don't put manure around all the trees, because we don't have enough. We try to go to some of the poorest places or over some poor spot where we cannot get grass to grow. I don't believe in having barren soil. You can't make fruit growers out of men who do not love the work. They generally make a failure of the work unless they love the business. If he don't know anything about the business he had better keep to live stock or grain growing for such men are going to make a failure out of it. Then after growing the fruit, they have to learn to make a success of disposing of it. I will talk of that a little later. There are lots of apples eaten and the cores thrown away so that we find seedlings coming up out of the ground; in some re- spects a great deal better than three-fourths of the varieties grown by the nurserymen in the country. The people want some of these new varieties and they can get them very cheaply. I believe that we have several varieties down there, two or three, that are worth the attention of people to make a trial of them. There are lots of apples that do well in one place but don't do well in another. There are lots of apples that look nice but that are not good. There are lots of apples that look poor but are excellent. People must be educated and know what to appreciate in an apple. You may go on the market but be deceived by appearances. When a person learns to appreciate a certain apple he will ask for it every time. For instance, you buy a Grimes Golden once and find how good it tastes, you want to buy more of them. You can sell these apples after they are known at higher prices than Ben Davis, and yet Grimes Golden won't hold its good color under certain conditions as well as Ben Davis. They look bad after they have been carried around for a few days and bruises will show on them. Some peo- ple, not familiar with varieties, seeing a Ben Davis and a Grimes Golden, would ])ick out the Ben Davis every time because it looks better. For that reason, a red a]:)ple takes better on the market than a yellow one. I believe that some of the best apples that have ever been grown in this country are just simply seedlings and the people don't know the parentage of them, and that only a comparatively few apples have been introduced, the parentage of which is known. The time is coming, however, when more attention will be paid to this matter than at present. Luther Burbank is bringing out great things but he is not working 011 the apple as much as other fruits. ^ly father used to set out his trees down there when he com- menced in i8()0, east and west. What I have planted of late years, have been set with the curvature of the hills, so we can drive through an orchard better and they were set out by guess. I believe I showed a picture of two of our young orchards set out that way and the distance apart to set them will depend on the variety. My trees are about twentv-five feet apart. T couldn't advise you to grow trees that close but such as Yellow Transparent and Wagner we plant about twentv feet apart. Such small trees will never grow to- gether. A little further apart will, of course, give you more room r H I I f I 46 to cultivate, but in sod ; if you are going to let the ground stay bare, then by all means have the trees planted so they shade the ground. If you have the trees set close together they will take out extra moisture. The old orchards down there are trimmed too high. 1 have seen some you could drive horses up against the trunks. I don't believe in setting trees that have the first limb started three or four feet from the ground. I want the limbs to start out not more than two or three feet from the ground. I don't care if it is only a foot. Such trees will begin to bear younger than if the limbs are up higher. One reason why I prefer to start limbs down there, you don't get the blossoms and the fruit on young wood on apple trees. The older limbs form fruit buds a year or two sooner than new limbs higher up. I don't prune my trees as much as some people for the simple reason that I don't believe it pays me. If I could do it myself, I would do it, but I don't want a man to prune in my orchard who knows nothing about it. I don't do much prun- ing, especially after the trees get to a good age. I believe you will have a better crop of apples than if your tree is pruned out very thin, the frost won't injure the buds as quickly. I have known my trees to have a good crop of apples while my neighbors would have none because we had plenty of limbs and they did not freeze out. It is true that you may have too many apples on these trees when you have so many limbs, but the next best thing is to thin the apples. As the tree grows older you will get those limbs out, or they separate. Mr. Prickett. Are they not in the way at picking time? Mr. Cox. You don't want to get up in the tree, but get up on a ladder to pick. You don't want them so thin that you can climb anywhere. I know my practice don't suit a whole lot of people, but I find by experience that the other people don't do any better. You don't have to follow my advice. What you want to do is to go up in your own head and think out your own proposition and apply the principles that are best adapted to your conditions. I said the trees begin to bear earlier. It is true. You can also spray your trees lots better than if it is a way up and you can thin your fruit lots better and can pick them lots easier and cheaper and are not nearly so apt to have them blown off in a wind. I don't know how true it is, but will give it for what it is worth. Mr. Vergon of Deleware, Ohio, says that he has no borers in his trees with such low heads, as the eggs do not hatch in the shade. Spraying. If you bring these trees up to bearing age, you cannot grow very good apples without spraying. You luust spray now. If you are going to spray, you want to know what to spray for. If you Jiave San Jose Scale in your orchard you don't want to go in there and spray 'with a fungicide — arsenate of lead, or something of that kind. We used to have a little San Jose Scale in our orchard. Got it about 1889 on peach trees from New Jersey. The peach trees were set in amongst the apple orchard, and we found San Jose Scale on the apples several years later. Those trees came from Ivovett and we suppose that is where we got the scale. Weil, we began spraying those trees with crude petroleum and have been 47 doing it continuously ever since, using lime-sulphur of late years, and for two years I haven't seen a mark of scale on the fruit in my orchard. Now, I am not certain that there is anything better than lime-sulphur. I have boiled my own lime-sulphur by fire. There are brands of prepared lime-sulphur. I haven't used any of them. We must not only spray a little, but understand the business and spray thoroughly. I am satisfied that there is not one grower in ten who sprays thoroughly. I don't know whether you do any better spraying in Pennsylvania than we do over in Ohio, but over there I can find localities where they don't spray at all. In the spring, we spray before the bloom, with bordeaux, for apple scab, because we believe that we cannot keep those fruit stems clean any other way. If we don't spray just before the bloom, the chances are that the apples will be covered with scab. There has been many a good apple crop saved by spraying just before the bloom. If oiie has the scale and sprays with lime-sulphur before the bloorn, that will be sufficient fungicide to take the place of bordeaux mixture. In fact lime-sulphur is coming to be a good fungicide when applied on the foliage if you know how to make it. I might as well tell a few things. Mr. Scott, of the Department of Agriculture, made an experiment a few years ago with self-boiled lime-sulphur (you can- not spray with lime-sulphur boiled with fire without injuring the foliage), and I think he has used arsenate of lead with it, with good results, also. Some say they can't be used together. I don't know. I believe in the west they had no burning of foliage and no russet- ing of the fruit from lime-sulphur self-boiled. Now as soon as the bloom drops off, there is a little miller called the codling moth, and the time has come when every grower must spray for this little rascal. When we have June drop, the wormy apples fall off. For the codling moth we use about one and a half to two and a half pounds of arsenate of lead to fifty gallons of water. Don't wait until all the bloom drops. I begin to spray as soon as the bloom begins to drop off and then go back again and spray in about a week or ten days. At the last of June we make a late spraving and the last one the last of July or the first of August. That makes five sprayings in all and then we get very good results. We usually have very few wormy apples. Two years ago we never looked over the fruit when we were packing, because wormv apples were so scarce they didn't show. Now, what kind of spraver to use? I would not like to ad- vise any particular kind of spraver. There is more in the man than there is in the sprayer. You will get about fortv pounds pressure with the ordinary hand pump. You cannot do a good job of spray- ing with that pressure. I would want not less than too pounds pressure, that will give vou pressure to go clear through the trees and make a fine mist and that is what vou want. I am usmg the Friend nozzle the last year or two and I like that better than any I have ever used. There are several on the market that are said to be as good as that one. Mr. Roberts. Do vou use the same nozzle for winter work .'' Mr. Cox. I have 'always done my winter work with lime- sulphur. If vou use oil, you might require a finer nozzle. Did you ever use a Friend nozzle? •V II i I II I '^*-. ''■ 48 Mr. Roberts. I use it in summer time for bordeaux, but want a finer nozzle in winter time. Mr. Cox. If you are putting on oil, you might possibly re- quire a finer nozzle than that. I know that to spray with oil, you want a finer spray than for bordeaux mixture and with high pres- sure it will be finer. When spraying you should have a good supply of water on hand. I have a reservoir right on the top of a hill which gives us a good supply of water and it is then piped down to our mixing shed and we have the water run down the hill by its own gravity. Now, if a person has to dip the water up from a spring or stream it makes very hard work. You ought to have the water so it will run just as soon as you turn it on. A person who has a large orchard should by all means have the water provided. I be- lieve that if you would lay some tile out through a field on a little higher ground, when it rains you would get a good supply and could drain it into a reservoir or cistern. Anyway a person that has a large orchard needs a large water supply and must have it provided. I have known times that you couldn't get water out of a spring when you needed it. The most of this work must be done at the right time if you want to do it at all. All of you know that as the trees grow up in the spring and you make one application and the new foliage comes out you require more sprayings on those trees to keep the new leaves covered with this fungicide, so that is one reason that you need to spray to keep these all covered up, and you can't have apples growing on trees as they should grow unless you have good foliage. Some varieties are very susceptible to this leaf disease, and there are other varieties that will have better foliage but the trees that are susceptible must be sprayed often. It is not only that way during the summer but it is that way during the fall. Did you ever think why those apples all fall oflF. We used to have them do that way in Ohio and I expect they did over here. Those apples hang until late in the season since we have sprayed the trees and get a good color. A person who has a large acreage of orchard need not expect to dabble in politics or set on the fence, and grow good fruit. You need the boss right there and he might just as w^ell carry a rod. Your men don't know what you are spraying for. They don't know what you are spraving with. You ought to tell them what you are doing and explain to them the reason. They ought to be more than mere machines. I know as a general thing we have a poor class of help along that line, but there is hope for improvement. Thinning out is probably the best way to get rid of the culls. You will probably grow more apples the next year if you get these culls cleaned out. I think that apples should be thinned down to one in a place, although it depends on the variety to some extent. Member. Do you take those apples out of the orchard? Mr. Cox. Some people advocate gathering them up, but we never do. Mr. Tyson. Do you have any varieties that grow in pairs ? Mr. Cox. Yes, there are a good many varieties of that kind, and they should be thinned to one in a place. Those kinds that grow in clusters sometimes are entirely too thick. If you leave them that way the trees will break down. The best way is not to pull 49 on the apple straight down, and then you will not pull off the whole bunch. The only way to do it effectively is to take both hands. Lots of people take hold of it and give it a jerk, and pull the next year's fruit bud off with it. An apple to be picked to keep good should have the stem left on. Now it doesn't cost very much to thin a fair sized tree, and I am satisfied the apples will be a great deal better for it, and it will leave the tree in a much better condition to bear the next year. That may seem a little strange, but there are lots of people who don't do this. They let their trees over-bear one year and the next year they have to recuperate because they worked too hard the year before. You want to thin your apples a good dis- tance apart. Chester Tyson. How far? Mr. Cox. It depends on the variety. I don't know how far, but I believe they ought to be thinned down to one at a place, and if that isn't enough have them so that they will not touch one another. Chester Tyson. Do you have any varieties that grow to- gether ? Mr. Cox. Yes, a great many varieties of that kind, Rome Beauty grow two or three in a bunch. You can throw them down cheaper than you can carry them down. If you pick them you have all those culls to pick out. I believe you will save in labor right there, and will have a good deal more pride in your work. We make our own barrels on the farm and have them on hand when the crop is ripe. I believe every grower, if he don't make his own barrels on the farm, should have the barrels made early in the season, so that he has them ready when the time comes, and won't have to pay out extra money for those packages when he must have them. I be- lieve a person ought to have all the packages that he thinks he is liable to use at all, so that if you should have a hundred or two barrels of fruit more than expected you won't have to lose time getting more barrels. We have been making two pickings in our orchard fc^r manv years. That may seem strange to some people, but I think it is the correct way, especially with summer apples. I wouldn't think of gathering a crop without picking two or three times. Those apples don't ripen at the same time. An apple will grow as long as it hangs on the tree as a general thing, and while it is growing it will take on a better color. People pay for color when they go to buy an apple. The leaves generally fall after we have a frost. I don't think the apples quit growing until the wood ripens or the stems loosen in the apples. Some people used to thmk that it was the hot sun that made the color on the fruit. You cannot have good color on your fruit if you have hot days and hot nights. About the middle of August we happened to have an awfully hot dry spell, and consequently we did not get the color on the apples that we usually have just because it was so dry. I don't know whether it was the same over here. It was so dry that I can say there is not a single green field of wheat in Southern Ohio. That may seem strange to vou, but it is a fact. I never saw wheat show- ing green at all untill crossed the Potomac River. We had a few little showers every month but it did hardly any good at all. I be- lieve it was two years ago we had fifty-seven inches of rain. While I i li « 50 the usual rainfall is about three and a half inches per month, we have had only about five inches of rain since the middle of August, so that we have had very little rainfall the past season. We are trying to grow a good many apples down there that will ripen through the summer and fall clear up to the winter time. We have a wagon on the market nearly all summer and all fall. It pays to sell apples in baskets and grade them up nicely. We try to grade these early apples. We found that if we would put all of them to- gether that they want to pay just about what one of these cull baskets is worth. Consequently, the best way is to put in nice apples and have them just as nice as you can get them. For the past two or three years, we have sold a great many of these apples at $2.00 a bushel. Of course, they sold cheaper than that sometimes. Some years they don't sell near that high. We cannot blame a per- son then for setting out a few early varieties on his farm. I am setting out more Jonathan and Grimes Golden of late years than anything else as we have plenty of Rome Beauty. I don't believe I would like to plant an orchard of mixed up varieties very much. For instance, set out blocks one row of one kind, one row of another kind, and so on. I believe in setting out a full block of a kind, or not less than four rows of a kind. It is said by some people that you get much better fertilization by having these varieties mixed in that way and still I believe it is better to have more than one row of a variety if you care to do that. I would make it four rows anyway of one variety. The highest point on my farm is 350 feet higher than the lowest point and not over one-fourth mile apart. There will be a slope and then there will be a place nearly level again. That's the way the hills are situated. On those banks a good many of those apples will roll down to a level place and it doesn't hurt the apples very seriously on the grass. If there were a good manv rocks, it would be different. I never saw a rockier place in my life than I did coming over here. We picked the rocks up out of our orchard very readily. In going to those local markets a person must learn to be a salesman. It takes a man to learn the business and get acquainted and let people know that you would like to do business with them, etc. Now, it takes a man to be trained up. One man can go in there and he will get twice as much out of his fruit as another man, and I believe in training up the boys as they grow. Let them go in there and learn it. T took up the business somewhat myself for a good many years and I believe that if it is not too egotistical to say it, I can do better than any man on mv wagon. The man that is honest has no trouble in getting plenty of trade and the man who is hon- est in buying is honest with the man who is selling. They are will- ing to pay you whatever you get for the rest of your fruit. We have quite a good manv grocers and fruit stands and have a good trade among them all. We have a telephone running out to the farm and they can call me up any time and give orders. When you have got enough stuff you can go nearly every day. An occurrence hap- pened down there last summer. A man took some potatoes to town. He had them in a bushel crate and sold them to a Jew. The Jew looked at them and found some small ones among them. He said, "I want good potatoes. Take those small ones out." The farmer 51 picked the little potatoes out and still there was a bushel of large potatoes. The Jew said, "pour the little potatoes back and I will take them," but the farmer said, "These are mine. There is your bushel," and kept the small potatoes. The buyer is willing to pay you for good potatoes and if you have any culls, sell them as culls and get that much extra. We generally pack about three grades of them and then have some culls besides. This winter we have a good many cull apples. We pick out nice uniform apples first in a basket to face the barrel with. In fact we would rather not have the extra large ones along with some not so large. If you have some big ones there and pack a few little ones with them, they will be noticed at once. The first grade is two and a half inches in diameter and up, and fairly good color. So have that barrel marked "Fancy." You want to have on it the name of the variety and the name and address of the grower. I use three colors of ink for niy stamps The best is marked "Fancy Rome Beauty, grown by U. T. Cox Proctorville, Ohio." Fancy, will indicate that that's my best grade, and it is stamped on there in blue. The next grade is stamped in red We call them "Choice Rome Beauty apples, grown by U. i. Cox Proctorville, Ohio." If you can't read the writing you can tell by the color what grade of apples you have in the barrel, they are perfectly free from scab. They are nice. We have another grade smaller than that, sometimes. Some drop that are not wormy. We pick them up and take them into our local market and sell them right there. Sell them as drop apples and some of you would be surprised to know what we get out of them. Last year we got $2.25 for drop apples without the barrel. In addition to that there are some scabby ones and we put them out in a different grade and just call them Rome Beauty. They are marked in black Ihere will be some one coming along presently who will want to buy some of these apples for home use, or a little cider, or I don t know what. I believe it is a detriment to ship them to a city market I believe it is a detriment to the trade to have any of them in there ihe Rural New Yorker had a picture of something like that. We are ruining the trade of this country by doing so. If it says good apples on the head of the barrel, there should be good apples m the barrel. It is said by some foresters that we ought to have a consider- able part of this country in forests. Why shouldnt the apple tree or some kind of fruit tree take the place of the forest trees to a great extent? We can do a great deal to extend ^ur apple markets to foreign countries. The western growers are getting big prices but they cannot grow any better apples in ^^^^'^y ,^' ^'^I'^l^^^^^ can If we had those same men transported over here m this coun- try with practically the method they are using out there, I believe we would have as' good apples as they have. I believe there^^^^ something else needed. Not every man can pack apples, i believe we need !n association to pack the fruit and have the name o the association and their guarantee on the barrel or b^^^ Jben t^^^ buyers would not need to spend days and weeks in buying those apples. They would just simply come to the manager of the asso- dation and s'ay how much will you take for your app ^s this y a^ the wav vou are putting them up ? It would be cheaper for the buyer tJ have 5'enf packed in this way than if he had to go and hunt I! * i i I « i 52 them up, so I am looking for the time that the people get educated to grow, grade and pack these apples. I don't know if you people have done anything in that way. We are making preparations down in Southern Ohio at present. They sometimes return as high as $75.00 an acre clear profit on that worthless land. I think you are making a success under your conditions so you certainly should study your conditions and apply the best methods. Prof. Stewart. Do you raise orchard grass? Mr. Cox. We generally sow clover and orchard grass to- gether. I believe a little mulch applied oftener would be more ef- fective than a whole lot. ORCHARD FERTILIZATION. Prof. Jno. P. Stewart, Assf. Professor of Experimental Horticul- ture, Pennsylvania State College. In fruit production, there are at least four factors that are essential in securing maximum profits. Assuming that location and varieties are proper, they are soil management, fertilization, pruning and spraying. Each must be right. No one of them can be singled out and made to carry the load of others left undone. Any one or part of one neglected may become the crop-limiter of that orchard and the extra care devoted to the others is lost. The truth of this principle is emphatically shown in figures which we have recently collected in a study of costs and profits in fruit growing. These figures show that in the case of the apple net profits have actually increased with expenditures up to more than $300 per acre for pro- ducing and marketing the crop. Thus in fruit growing as elsewhere one gets returns exactly in proportion to what he intelligently puts into it. To increase this intelligence, we look into one of the most complex of these production-factors, orchard fertilization. In the country as a whole, orchard fertilization is not being neglected. The last census shows that the size of the orchard- fertilization bill is about $2,000,000 per year. Fruit farms ex- pended 30 cents per acre for fertilizers as compared with 4 cent on hay and grain farms, and 2 cents ])er acre on stock farms. Whether this expenditure is being wisely made or whether it is sufficient is the question. At the present time, we have no exact system of orchard fertilization and little accurate data upon which one may be based. The systems of fertilization now in operation or recommended are based on four things : ( i ) analyses of trees and their crops ; (2) general experience and observation; (3) orchard surveys; and (4) experimental studies. Each has its strong and its weak points. For example, analyses show that an acre of bearing apple trees takes up about 55 lbs. of potash (K2 O) per year. But the fact that they have this potash does not prove either that they must have it or that its addition to the soil would secure any material response. In- deed, the same analyses show the annual possession by the trees of 57 lbs. of lime per acre, and yet lime is not generally considered im- portant in orchard fertilization. 53 There are similar weaknesses, with the other sources of evi- dence. General experience and observation fail because of their lack of checks and their local application. Orchard surveys fur- nish the wide application and are very valuable on this account, but they can not completely isolate any one factor, and they are confined to current practice. Experimental studies are confined to com- paratively few trees and soils, hence, must be more or less local. They also require long periods of time. But in spite of defects, each of these sources of evidence furnishes something and the final solu- tion of the problem will depend upon them all. In this discussion, we are concerned with the experimental evi- dence. The apple is not an easy crop to deal with experimentally. The difficulty of getting uniformity in soil and varieties over the large areas required, the perennial nature of the plant with its re- sulting food-storage for early spring growth, the continuous crop- ping without chance for rotation, and the sensitive and fickle bearing habit are a few of the difficulties that face the investigator. They make it necessary to forget some of the methods found applicable to other crops, and they require that the whole problem be studied from its foundation. In view of these difficulties, there is a very fair amount of experimental evidence already at hand. Three valuable, long-time experiments have been made. The first of these has been in opera- tion at the Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm in England, since 1894. Up to the close of the 14th season, there had been almost total absence of effect of manure of any kind. In a more recent test on poorer, sandy soil, they report that manures and especially stable manure, are having a very beneficial action.* The absence of ef- fect in the longer experiment was explained by ''the fact that trees draw their nourishment from a very large area, and from a very considerable depth, * * * >ic * * * * and, hence, are very little af- fected by surface dressings."* This experiment is of value in show- ing that some orchards are limited by something other than manures and fertilizers. It is also interesting in the fact that while the ex- periment as a whole shows no results from manures, yet it is re- ported that certain July applications of nitrate of soda produced distinct effects. The applications of nitrogen in the regular experi- ment were made in February. While this experiment undoubtedly has the values indicated, yet its full application to our conditions is somewhat inadvisable because of the marked difference in English conditions, and the fact that the experiment is being conducted on dwarf trees. . , . . ,, ^ The second, long-time experiment is the one made at the Geneva Station, New York, and reported in 1907 by Professor Hed- rick This gives the results of twelve years of annual applications of potash and phosphate, at the rates of 169 lbs. K2 O and 129 lbs P2 OS per acre. The trees were 43 to 55 years old and the soil is a medium heavy clay. The results as a whole were consider- ed negative, since the annual increase in yield of all vane les on the treated plots barely paid the cost of the fertilizers and their appli- cation. ♦ Letter of Spencer U. Pickering, September, 1907. i^: I II i t 54 The results in detail are shown in Table No. i. The first three lines of the table are taken from Professor Hedrick's report, page 225. The last three lines we have calculated from them, since the trees were set 48 to the acre. Table i. Nezv York Results. Potash and Phosphate Applications. 12 yrs. Baldwin Fall Pippin Roxbury R. I. Greening Northern Spy Annual Av- erages(Bu.) Treated ,,, ^"^ , Ireatedi Treated Not Treated •'--"di/ealcd ^— "Trl-Jed Treated Not Treated Yieldper | III! tree, ... I 8 78 8.50 1 7.23 \ 6.18 11.16 , 8.51 838 8.72 1 7-90 5 35 Yieldper acre, . . 421.4 408. 347- 296.6 535 7 408.5 402.2 i 418.6 , 379.2 256 8 Benefit 13.4 50.4 127.2 -16.32 122 4 Percent. Benefit, . . | 3.1 per cent. 17 per cent. 31.5 per cent. -3.9 per cent. 42 per cent. In our judgment, one of the most striking things shown in this table is the difference in response to fertilizer made by the different varieties. The Baldwin and R. I. Greening were practically unre- sponsive, while the Spy and Roxbury show an annual average bene- fit of nearly 125 bushels per acre. It did not pay to add fertilizer to the Baldwin and Greening trees, while even at the low price of $1 a barrel the Spy and Roxbury returned a net profit of nearly 180 per cent, on the cost of the fertilizer. This apparently indicates that the value of a fertilizer may sometimes depend upon the va- riety fertilized. But it should also be remembered that only phos- phates and potash were applied in this experiment, and it is stated elsew^here in the report * that "leguminous cover crops plowed under in the orchard have usually produced beneficial effects the same on the next season,'' and that ''it needs nitrogen, or humus, or the physical condition to be obtained by plowing under organic matter." In other words, nitrogen or humus is apparently the crop-limiter in this orchard and until this need is met, little or no advantage can be gained by applications of other forms of plant food. Hence, we conclude that instead of being negative, the least that can be said of this experiment is that it shows partial results from the applica- tion of certain fertilizers. The third experiment is in Massachusetts, a preliminary report of which has been kindly furnished us by Director Brooks. f This experiment has been running at the Massachusetts Station during the last 30 years. The trees were planted one year after the ex- periment was started and the plots contain three trees each of Bald- win, R. I. Greening, Roxbury and Gravenstein. The soil is a "mod- erately heavy, gravelly loam, with a moderately compact (clay) sub- soil," and is reported to have been "highly exhausted, chiefly by the production of hay, before the experiment started." The treatments and results we have arranged as shown in Table 2. * Page 231, Bulletin No 289, N. Y., Geneva Station, t Letter from Director Brooks, November 30, 1908. 55 Table 2. Massachusetts Experiment on Apples, 1889-1909. (Treatments and Yields per A., to date.) Plot a Annual Treat- ment, . . • • Present Average Girth, . . . ■ Manure, | Wood ^ 10 Tons- Acre ;Ashes,i Ton Check Bone and K C I 1 Bone and Low Grade 600 and 209 lbs. I K 2SO4 600 and 400 lbs. 37-75 31-94 37 30-554 35 42 Ratios of Girth,.. 140- 118.4 100 "3 131-5 Total yields lbs.. 17288 5 Ratios of yields 515 10150 301 3354 10958 5 15971-75 100 327 476 Quality, 3 Here we have some very positive results from the application of fertilizers. In growth, the trees of the treated plots show an in- crease of n to 40 per cent, over the checks, and in yields, they show benefits of 201 to 415 per cent. The quality of the fruit is also im- proved in all plots except that receiving the stable manure, in which it is poorest. Manure, although most efficient in securing growth and yield, fails so completely on quality that it takes relatively low rank in final value. The most valuable returns clearly have come fro mplot five, where ground bone and low-grade ^^ulphate were used This plot also shows a surprising gain over plot four, which differs only i^n the use of the muriate instead of low-grade sulphate of pot- ash. Whether this superiority is due to the magnesia in the su4)hate or to a harmful effect of the chlorine accunuilating from he mu- riate, or to a soil difference can not now be stated. It is being further studied by the Massachusetts Station. ^ Thus we have before us the results from three experiments in orchard fertilization, running for 14, 12, and 20 yf^[//^?^P^^^^^^^^^^ One shows no results, another partial results, and tj^^ J^^/^^^^^^ very beneficial results. Altogether, they show for a certainty that olant food is a crop limiter, but not in all orchards. , ^ , • ^' To obtain adclitional evidence, the series of experiments now m operation in this state were started, as you know, by the Pennsyl van a Experiment Station in April, 1907. The series ^^ wf J^^^^^^^ merit of age as yet, but we trust that it has ^^^"^^. «/^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ An idea of the extent can be obtained from the fact that the recoras o the pasV eaton required the handling of 82 tons of fruit rom 2 268 trees These trees covered nearly 50 acres, and involved ten Si Vpes^ a^ varieties. Young orchards to the amount of 42 acres in addition were set during the season ^5 sLpLnr airp '- farwiS.xsr.aM pliWetZnLntal Siting factors for ^H plants are mo-^^^^^^^^ food heat light, carbon dioxid and oxygen. Some of these faco^^ Srbeyond the control of man and, hence, it was decided to stu^^^ Srst the influence of those that are more or less withm his control. 1 u •i I II II li 5« We, therefore, are now studying (i) the influence of plant food as affected by f ertiHzers ; (2) the influence of moisture as affected by soil management; (3) the influence of cover crops; and (4) the in- fluence of heredity as shown by propagation from best individuals, and by variety. Figure i. PLAT I n III lY YI vn vni IX xn xui XIV XV XYl H • • • • # • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • « • • • • • • • • t • • f • • • • ft- E D C ROW B A • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • > • • • • • « * • i • » • 4 • « • 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • f • • • f • N^ ■>» CHECK w NITROGEN &PHOS. NITROGEN & POTASH CHECK PHOS.a, POTASH (KCI) Ph05.«r KaSO^ CHECK N.P.K NITROGEN CHECK P (ACID ROCK) p (raw rock) CHECK STABLE MANURE LIME CHECK YORK IMPERIAL JONATHAN Influence of Fertilizers. This experiment is located with D. AT. Wertz, Franklin Co. Others with Tyson Bros., Adams Co., S. M. Brown, Bedford Co., and at State College. The plan of our fertilizer experiment is shown in Figure i. The fertilizers are applied annually at the rates per acre of 50 lbs. nitro- gen (N), 100 lbs. phosphoric acid (r2 O5), 150 lbs. potash (K2 O), 1,000 lbs. of lime, and 12 tons of stable manure. The results from three orchards ranging from 9 to 19 years of age are shown in table No. 3. 57 Table 3. Fertilizer Results, Three Experiments Combined, 1908. INFLUENCE ON YIELDS. TOTAL YIELDS, LBS. A\ 4I 5 6 7 8 9 i 10 ! II 12 X3 H 15 16 X 1 1 NPiNK X PK PK 2 SO4 X N PK N X Acid Phos. Raw 1 Phos. X Manure Lime X • 3337 5117 4244 1416 2135 1109 931 2286 2034 1 1467 707 475 882 1370 643 80 Percent Benefit. 90 58 70 15 987 55-5 -45-2 -558 59 7 -22 9 INFLUENCE ON COLOR. PER CENT. COLORED. 69.2 50.856.258.566.4 55.2 47.9 35 37.660 589 693 53,7] 492 _63 6 75,9 -46 Percent Benefit -14.8 -5-9 ti.4 38 16.9 -18.4 13-5 ■ 11.7 INFLUENCE ON SIZE. AV. W T. IN OZS. 4.42 5.0315. 29'5.oi 5.22I 5.45 5.22 4.97 5.5'J 5.05 5.65 1 4.87 5. »8 5.18 S.»8 5.49 Too variable to determine benefit on size. Influence of Fertilizer Elements. Per Cent. Benefit. 2d Year. By comparison of the results from the different combinations shown in table No. 3, it is possible to obtain figures showing the in- fluence during the past season of the individual fertilizer elements. Their effect upon yield and color is shown in table No. 4. Table 4. Element. Yield. Nitrogen, 47-25 P^r cent. Phosphate (P2 O5), 5-^ P^r cent. Potash (K2O), 19-00 per cent. Manure, 59-7 P^i* cent. Lime, —22.9 per cent. Color. — 17.87 per cent. 1.56 per cent. 10.15 per cent. — 1 1.7 per cent. — 4.6 per cent. This table shows that both nitrogen and stable manure have ma- terially increased the yield and decreased the color of the fruit. It also shows phosphates to have had but little influence on either yield or color. This seems to be largely because this element failed so completely on the plot where it was ap])lied alone. Where it was used in combination, phosphoric acid showed some distinctly bene- ficial results. Potash has shown moderately beneficial results on both yield and color, and lime has apparently decreased both. It is hardly believable that lime actually has the harmful effect indicated here, and it will be interesting to see whether or not the indication is maintained in later developments. It is probably one of the tran- sient conditions, which make necessary the long periods required in orchard experiments. . , r i- The strong influence of nitrogen both on fruit and foliage is one of the striking features in these experiments to date. This is particularly true in the Ikdford County experiment, on a thin, ex- hausted stonv clay. Its effect in relation to the time of applica- •Wl^ti I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 (4 15 16 17 18 19 20 58 tion here we believe also to be significant. The first application was made in the form of nitrate of soda as a top-dressing on July 8, 1907. Not only was the effect of the nitrogen plainly evident before the close of August and during the remainder of the season, but the trees of these nitrogen plots came out again into leaf much greener the following spring and showed as marked differences in late May of 1908, before the second application as they had shown in the preceding autumn. This undoubtedly has a bearing on the time for applying soluble, transient fertilisers to such perennial plants a? apple trees. Coupled with the Woburn experience, it indicates (though it has not proved) the advisability of delaying such applications until the season's growth is well advanced, but not completed; in other words, until the plant's supply of stored food is about exhausted and available food becomes a limiting factor. Figure 2. ABCOEFGH ABCDEFGH I YII TILLAGE SOD MULCH , II . .YIII .... TILLAGEa MANURE SOD MULCH & nMINUHfc. in lY TILLAGE a COM FERTILIZER SOD MULCH a COM FERTIL IV X TILLAGE a COVERCROP SOD . V . .XI . TILLAGE, COVERCROP SOD a MANURE . . .VI . 0( riMiNunc « • • • • • • • YII • • • • TILLAGE All COVERCROP a COM FERTIL SOD a COM FERTIL 1 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 59 Influence of Soil Management and Manures. The experiment figured here is located in Bedford County, with J R Sleek. Others with J. H. Ledy, and with John A. Nicodemus, Franklin County, and with F. H. Fassett, Wyoming County. . Figure No. 2 shows the plan of our soil management experi- ment Soil management is so closely related to the use of fertilizers that it has seemed inadvisable to completely separate them. This experiment, in addition to comparing the different systems of man- agement tests the value of commercial and stable manures in con- nection with each. The stable manure is applied annually at the rate of 12 T per acre and the commercial fertilizers at the rate of 30 lbs. of nitrogen (N), 60 lbs. of phosphoric acid (P205),,and 100 lbs of potash (K2O). On the sod-mulch plot, all grass is left m the orchard and an additional mulch of straw at the rate of three tons per acre is applied annually. Table 5. Influence of Soil Management on Yield, 1907, 1908. Young Orchards Clean Tillage Tillage and Cover Crop Yields 1007, . . Yields IQ08, . . Totals 2 years. Ratios, ... Ratios, . . . 4037 lbs 13651 17688 100 Mature Orchard Yields 2 years. Ratios Table No ; shows the yields obtained from the different systems of "^.oil m'lnalenS durin'g the last two year. Resu ts for both vears are given here because the current year s crop can be more °"'- A, shown in the table, the yo.mg orchards Jf" I'j^*^^,^*^; n„.ler the soel-ntnlch a,ul sod '■•«'"'«"'Jj «I^*,''J^ ^^0, h.Ss l':t s^'trS l"<^t.'°"e,dXn'^lea';'Sl'a; Ll tV. he..^ ttr hfeo,.r erop nte.ho/. while in the ^"".f *"<" j^'.J^JS; crop is 40 P- -',>;^f;*- tytoS ndica'tfStlfe' m°, ch ?;:atre;fs of 'va„e"ir i 64 It is our opinion that 2,440 cu. in. most nearly represents what is Hkely to prove satisfactory as the cubical content for a legal bushel, our conclusions being based on the average of many re- plies to inquiries as to what would be a proper amount of heaping for a bushel of apples, namely a three-inch cone on a Winchester bushel. It is likewise our opinion that 2,440 cu. in., which is practically the same as the Colorado box, also represents the proper size for a legal box with the additional advantage, as experiment proves, that three boxes of apples of that size just nicely fill a standard New York barrel. The Porter Bill in its present form establishes three grades of apples on a basis of cross-section diameter, which shall be applicable to all varieties of apples, irrespective of their characteristic size. It seems to us that the Canadian method of grading combined with that practiced in the far west would be a better basis of packing. That this method is satisfactory in Canada is borne out by a recent letter from Air. Alexander McNiel, Chief of the Fruit Division of the Canadian Department of Agriculture in which he says : "The various Provincial Fruit Growers' Associations of the Dominion have all placed their satisfaction on record by resolutions heartily endorsing the Inspection and Sale Act." It seems to us, however, that the Porter P)ill fails to consider the most important point of all, that of requiring that the packer ])lace his name and address upon every package. A regulation of that kind would certainly of itj^elf prevent a vast amount of fraudu- lent packing. As Mr. Cox said, it is time for us to be getting busy. The fraudulent ])acking of ap])les has already resulted in immeasurable loss both at home and on the foreign markets. Canadian fruit, backed u]) by the government guarantee, is beating us right along on the Continental markets. We have already suffered severe loss on this account so that prompt and vigorous action is essential. New York growers are alive to the almost suicidal folly perpetrated there last year and are actively back of any legislation which will correct the abuse. It seems to me very im])ortant that the National Legis- lature enacts suitable laws governing the interstate, territorial and foreign shipment of apples making it unlawful to use short pack- ages, or to ship closed packages of ap])les without marking each one with name and address of the packer and a correct statement of the contents. It is our belief that such a law should contain the following features : 1st. Establishment of capacity of a legal bushel for apples expressed in terms of cubic inches. 2(1. Establishment of capacity of a legal "box" as being identical with that of a legal bushel with privilege to use a smaller box by marking it with the fractional ])art of a legal box which it contains, or with the number of fruits which it contains. 3d. Establishment of capacity of a legal barrel in terms of cubic inches, adopting that of the Standard New York apple barrel as nearly as practicable. . ^5 4th. Establishing a suitable number of grades of fruit one of which must be used on every closed packages packed tor inter-state, territorial or foreign shipment. 5th. Requiring that every closed package containing apples for interstate, territorial or foreign shipment bear the name and address of packer and the name of variety contained therein in addition to grade marks. And that all fancy and ist grade fruit also bear the name "x\merican" when intended for ex- port. 6th. Providing suitable penalties for violation. I would like to hear from Mr. Catchpole. Mr. Catchpole. I would like to have Prof. Wilson's views. Prof. Wilson. I shall have to plead ignorance. I know there is such a thing as the Porter Bill but I don't know enough about the details of the subject to discuss it intelligently. Mr. Catchpole. Your secretary has covered this matter in a very intelligent way and has gone into it in detail. A little history of this : We, in the Empire State, have been feeling our way in this question of regulation since the society was first organized. Last winter during some of these meetings, we realized the great neces- sity of doing something along this line, and we intend to take this matter up at the next meeting. The trade is lost to us. It means as much to you people here as it does to us. What are we going to do about it ? Some of us who have had experience in these things favored the Canadian Law. International jealousies interfered. Just that one word, "Canadian" was like a red flag to many of our people. It was impossible to do anything in our meetings as there was too much opposition and it seemed best to do something m a quiet way and finally they agreed to compromise and I think it drifted along until about the first of June. The present bill is weak. It is awfully weak. I am very glad that your society has taken this matter up and believe you have an outline of something here which is very much better. Some of our people objected to inspection That is, they thought that a careful grower with an* established trade under an established brand should be permitted to market his fruit in that way. A majority of our growers, however found it would be a benefit to the trade to have a suitable law. But the proposed law does not put it strong enough. As the matter now stands, the one who would purchase a carload of apples in the east has to take his chances. Our English friends are able to deal in Canadian fruits as our people here deal in cereals. There is a very large fruit firm in England. For two years the head of the con- cern was with us. Now he is able to buy carloads of Canadian apples, to buy ten carloads if he wishes. He knows what he is buying. He has the guarantee of the Canadian Government back ot him. The method of packing which prevails here is getting worse and worse every year. As friend Cox said, the dealers are the worst sinners. They certainly are. They throw the blame on the grow- ers. The local dealers buy a few of the good crops along with the bad and it is all sold. They take enough of the good to fix up both ends. If there is trouble at the other end, they compromise. ^ ihere seems to be no limit to the low grades of fruit that is being put in the apple barrels. Another disadvantage to this old method ot il i i fi II 66 ■ • packing fruits is that the grades are growing lower and lower. I regret that to-day in Western New York they are packing a cider apple and sending out carloads of this low grade fruit which goes on the market. You people of this territory are growing fine fruits. You should pack them well and be protected in a good market. Without taking more of your valuable time, I would suggest that before you people adjourn here in this annual session that you appoint a committe to attend our New York meeting and look into this matter of legislation and give us encouragement and we hope before the winter is over to pass a bill. We would be very glad to have a representative from this association meet with us in some of our big meetings up there. I hope that you can see your way clear to make such a trip. Chester Tyson. I would like to ask Mr. Catchpole whether it is the general feeling of the people that the Porter Bill can pass? Mr. Catchpole. I think there are great doubts in regard to the Porter Bill for some reason which it would not be proper to state here. E. C. Tyson. I have the same information. I am in- formed from several sources that on account of Mr. Porter's po- litical enemies, it is very doubtful if anything can be done and Mr. Porter was defeated for re-election, and I presume goes home the 4th of March. Mr. Robert M. Eldon. I think the growers ought to become good politicians. I think that we don't take enough interest, no mat- ter what the subject and I think we are especially slack in the fruit interests. The man who represents us, no matter where he goes, should be a man who is fully alive to the fruit interests of this county. I have yet to learn whether they have ever said anything favorable to the industry or whether they have ever been approached by fruit growers or individuals to claim their help. I don't think we take enough interest in it. They are just as able as those fel- lows who get what they want. Now I am not criticising anyone in particular, or anybody who represents Adams County. The good people who want good laws can get them if they go after them. There is cause for the distrust of the American people. It seems to me that the legislature ought to be honest. Those that are not honest ought to have something direct applied to them. President Roosevelt says that you cannot get anything by wishing for it but you have to go after it. If the people who attend to these local elections of ours are not people to associate with, let us go and boost it up. E. C. Tyson. I would like to say in regard to your ques- tion that Congressman Lafean assures me that he is very much in- terested in the fruit industry of this country and in fact, said that he was willing to be responsible for any suitable bill that was pre- sented. Mr. U. T. Cox. How about personal letters? I think a per- sonal letter will have more influence than representatives from any organization. I cannot say what will be done with the vote from our Congressional district, but I know our Congressman, and also I know the Congressman in West Virginia and both of them per- W^ 67 sonal friends. I think that has more to do with it than anything else. Prof. Stewart. I think that both of these suggestions are good, the legislator as well as the postage stamp, and one of them does not interfere with the other. It is an easy matter to do both and 1 think there is probably no one thing any more important to the fruit growers everywhere and particularly here in Adams County, than just this matter of an honest fruit package throughout and if Adams County can grow such fine fruit as we see here they ought to be protected in it. They will be putting out a first class article. They don't want somebody else to buy these apples and use them for facers and destroy the reputation that Adams County may make. Now that is jui^t looking at it from the Adams County standpoint, and we cannot have it said of the fruit business that it is dishonest and that such things are practiced regularly upon the consumer of apples as have been reported in the' Rural New Yorker recently. Readers of that paper asked the editor where they could get a barrel of Baldwin apples, honestly put up and he told them. Now I may say, that apples, if we can really make them honest, the con- simiption of apples is increasing and the price of apples is the only one of our fruits so far as I have been able to make a study of it, whose average price is increasing. I recently got the quotations from the Rural New Yorker, taking the matter monthly since 1880, and examined the average price of fruits to determine whether the price of fruits was going up or down and it is going down in every class of fruit that I studied except the apple which is going up. The average ten year price in the eighties was about $2.53 per bar- rel in the nineties the ten vear price on the New York market was soniething like $2.60. This was the average price for the Baldwin apple and the Baldwin apple was not selling at the highest price. In this last year apples were selling at $3.27. It simply means that the apple consumption is increasing even under present conditions of inferior and faulty pack. The price of apples will increase. If we can protect the consumer, it will increase more rapidly. E C Tyson. Prof. Stewart said that the Rural New Yorker was asked where a certain man could get a barrel of perfect apples. I iust want to sav for your encouragement that in answer to this, the Rural New Yorker replied that if he would send ^is order to any member of the Fruit Growers Association of Adams County, he would get straight goods. This is very encouraging, but it also places upon us a great responsibility. We have it m our hands o make or mar our reputation and if we fall down it is our own fault Mr. McKay. I had the pleasure of attendmg the Bedford Countv Fruit Growers Association a few weeks ago and while there 'l met a Congressman and I was wondering if a Congressman ever attended this Fruit Growers Association. I don t remember of ever seeing one on the program. It may be that you have no Congressman here but they have at Bedford. I was pleased to see there the Congressman, and by the way, I had the pleasure of meet- ing him and went out to his fruit farm, and, just to show you- the last election he was elected by a big majority. I found out that he is interested in everything that the fruit growers are interested in, and he takes a personal pleasure in helping them along, tie II II 68 goes to their meetings and so I think that it is partly your own fault that you don't get acquainted with the Congressman. Presi- dent Roosevelt was the first president that ever recognized tne farmer and in reference to packages I want to say that New York State last year did put up apples in bad shape. The prospect was that apples would be high and they put up all kinds of apples. That is what kept the price down last year. I think that there is a general improvement in ])ackages and the general im])ression now among men is that they must put U]:) a good package, an honest package, if they want to get a good price. I don't handle many apples but I must say that the packages are much better than they have been. There is one thing that has attracted my attention. Of course, the forests have been cut off and in spite of the Govern- ment's efforts to keep them u]), wood is getting higher every day, and I was wondering if you cannot get u]) a package out of straw board and I think the time is coming that you will probably want a little different package. In this connection, I wish to say that the package is growing small, even out in the west. I notice the package here is smaller than it was last year. Now about the prices. Washington apples sold in oi:ien market for as high as $3,000 a box, probably they wholesaled at $2.00 a box. A Pennsylvania gentle- man received $2.50 a box last year for his aples. I don't believe that there was one a])ple that wasn't perfect. His customers were pleased and this year wanted more but he did not have any this year. The apple market is improving. The package is improving, and I think if you get your Congressman and show him what you are doing, when you want anything he can get it for you. GENERAL ORCHARD MANAGEMENT. Prof. Charlks S. Wilson, Ithaca, N. Y., Dcpf. of Horticulture, Cornell Uuiversitx. Mr. President, Members of the Fruit Growers Association of Adams County and Friends: I want to say that it is a great pleasure for me to come down from the State of New York to visit and see the organization which you have here. For the last three years I have been connected more or less with a county association in New York State, The Ontario County Fruit Growers Association. T took an active part in the organization of that association three years ago. Our annual meet- ing was held about two weeks ago, and at that meeting I had the pleasure of looking over the faces of about two hundred of the interested fruit growers of the county. Our labors had been great, but the pleasure and the gratification of looking over the faces of those real growers was something that made us feel duly paid. Now, here you have a similar county organization. You have one, however, which is better than ours. You have more members. Per- haps in the organization of this meeting you have also felt that sometimes the work was strenuous but it certainly must be a great 69 gratification to those who have been actively engaged in the work here to look over the faces of members this mornnig. 1 want to congratulate you on the success of this meeting Moreover, I want to say that the Fruit Growers Association of Adams County is known not only in Adams County, not only in the State of Pennsyl- vania but far beyond Pennsylvania. This reputation is going to bring you greater returns. If any of you are not members join a Fruit Growers Association. Get in the ranks and help the fruit growerk Here you can do a great deal more good than is possible ^° '" pfoT'Craig was to address you this morning. You are disap- oointed that he cannot come. 1 am disappointed too ni one way, and yet, personally, 1 am glad that it is my privilege to be here ni his ^'""'"f have a few apples, nothing of any real value, but something that may interest you, simply a few that 1 could get m the little time 1 had to prepare. We have an annual exhibition up at Cornell a^ at Sat exhibition we get different varieties from our own State and also from all parts of the country 1 have a few of the typicaj fruits from different sections of the United States. As 1 startea om home I put these in my suit case. I. have a Ben Davis app^e here from three different states. Here is one grow " Adams r- <■ H<.rP i« a I'.en Davis grown m the State of Tjtah. It is a HtT diffem t' i fonn not cuL so highly colored and I suppose ere \s some little difference in quality. Here is a Ben Davis from ArTzona away up in the mountains and you would not recognize i fl? Pen Dav s variety Here is a Ben Davis grown in the and ^nd rriea?ec?pa t :? Arizona. You hear a great deal about western .pp, JarraU,Ld wi*>y. „WJ-.„ .. .« a .;«„,» .t.s^a great big si.cc.m|n. ^<>«. 2«f" 5^;', % t|,e „,l,cr hand, we I am trying to make clear. J t is a -^^^ Northern can grow Northern Sp- -" - ^-^ J°^^,X^ Northern Spy. Spy from Oregon. We can "^/at ^^re^ f, f> Newtown Vl/ere is a Newtown l>M>pmfrj^O-^^^^^^ „^^„, ,,,,„,ed I'ippin from New York. Alter an, we i Arkansas ofVJur fruit as some of them try o "lake us^ 1 here is t ^ ^^^^ lUack. I.brought tlf 'Ij^^f^^^^^^i^.^'to preSnt but I thought t"^- iT^^^oi tS^Yo^irSas varieties which are H 70 adapted to its own soil and condition. A great deal of the western apple boom is real estate boom. They are trying to sell us land in the west. Don't go west. Stay right here in Adams County. ^ The subject which I am going to present is a new line of work which was taken up at Cornell a few years ago and which from a practical standpoint has proved one of the most valuable lines of work that the college has ever taken up. It really is a study of the orchards of the state with the results in yields and incomes which they are getting at the present time. We are studying the practical fruit grower and his orchard and what I am going to present is really the results of our study with a view of comparing the results so that you can adopt them to your own conditions. I think this would be a good piece of work for your association to take up. Ontario County, New York, started its orchard surveys a few years ago, and the college helped them and now Ontario County has its own orchard surveys. I think it would be a nice piece of work for the association here to take up and perhaps the college would be willing to go ahead with it. What we do is to have one of our graduate students who is a practical fruit grower go into the orchard and make a study of it. We take the countv as a unit. This student goes right to the fruit grower and studies that orchard himself, the tillage, has it been cultivated ? Then he goes to the fruit grower and gets the yields, the price per bushel, etc. Pie makes a detailed study of every orchard and it takes sometimes two or three sum- mers to finish up a county. For example, let us consider the matter of tilled and sod orchards. Tilled and Sod Orchards. (5-year average per acre.) All Orchards Well Cared for Only Niagara Co" "^f f^^" tht sod 4^ cents, a dif- bushel for the tilled apples is 48 ^5'f • J^',, ^^^ ^he buyers sav that ference of 5 cents. In spite of the fact that t^ y ^^^^^^ S^S;\^e ;: SneTbrriS render tillage'; D n't think from what I said or fro. what the gures^how that I would advise thf.J.-fi.^Ji^^lVbfaVvlaW. Again t^^^ are conditions where tillage woulrt not ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ land might be so steep that you <;a^i"ot till it o sod mi|.t be such ^Jat tillage might not be be^ i^^ ^^^^ ^.^^ however, that fo^'-fi^f of Jf ^--^'^^^^ ;, ^^ble showing results l( il J ^ii 72 Method of Sod Treatment. (3 years average per acre.) Pastured With Hogs, Sheep, battle,., ..... Not Pastured . . Niagara 138 bushels 129 117 141 Orleans 312 bushels 308 153 217 Wayne Ontario 271 bushels 180 bushels 216 177 '19 "5 185 156 Let us see the results of the table. In the first place it shows that cattle are worse than nothing. Don't put cattle in the orchard. The reason for that is evident. They will browse on the lower branches, break the bark. Better let them out on the roadside and have a quarrel with your neighbor than to pasture them in the orchard. Sheep in most cases give better results than not pastured at all and the reasons here are evident. Sheep keep the grass eaten close to the ground and hence prevent the loss of moisture. The manure dropped in the orchard, adds considerably to the fertility. The hog is giving the best results in our state. He is better than machinery and I think the results for that are evident. The same as in the case of sheep, the manure dropped adds fertility. Again the hogs running in the orchard pick up the windfalls and destroy worms. I don't think we realize the real value of hogs in the orchard as destroyers of insects. Take the rings out of their noses and let them root. They will do no harm. What parts of the orchard do they root? They root under the trees that have borne the fruit that year. The part that bears one year probably may not bear the next. Now you may say that the hogs destroy the roots. As a matter of fact they don't. Two or three hogs to an acre makes a good method of tillage. Now, let us look at the previous table. If there is a method of sod treatment which equals tillage the growers have not found it. In other words, the best of the yields of sod do not come up to the best of the yields of tillage. As a matter of fact in the counties which we have studied only one orchard out of fiwe of the sod gave yields equal to the average of the tilled orchard. Now, an orchard, to be successful, must not equal the average. It must be above the average. If there is a method of sod management equal to tillage, the growers have not found it in our state. Now, those figures on tillage, sod management are striking but they are exactly what our growers are getting. They are exactly the results, com- parative results in dollars and cents in yields under these different methods of treatment for the last five years. We have not been tilling well enough. It is all right to have these fine, big, well- flavored apples to pick, but before you pick a beautiful a])ple, you must grow it. Now we must improve our method of growing apples. We must till better in New York. Just take those figures home and look them over. Chester Tyson. How do you explain the fact that the well- cared-for orchard in Orleans County does not show a greater pre- mium over the ordinarily cared for ? Mr. Fox. Why does the orchard in sod five years or more show better results than what has been tilled three years or more in the tilled orchard ? 73 Prof. Wilson. I don't know. I have a few ideas of my own on tillage and cultivation and sod. Both of these methods can be carried to the extreme. If I had an orchard of my own, I shouldn't keep it in sod every year nor till it every year. I should combine tillage and sod. I should till about three years, putting some cover crop on each year. Leave it in sod the remaining two. There is * such a thing as tilling the orchard to death. Mr. Wertz. In pasturing hogs, how late in the season would you allow them in the orchard ? Prof. Wilson. Leave them there until the apples are large enough so that when they drop they can be sold, or are of some value. If you have been plowing and can plow without breaking the roots, plow it up in the spring, cultivate until after the first of July. Don't cultivate after July. The sod orchard matures its wood sooner. Now for the matter of spraying. You will remember it is one of the four important factors. Here are the results we got from spraying : Sprayed and Unsprayed Orchards. All Orchards Well Cared For Unsprayed, .... Sprayed once, . . . Sprayed twice, . . . Sprayed three times. Sprayed four times,. Niagara Bushels Income Orleans Bushels Income Niagara Bushels Income Orleans Bushels Income 261 364 509 577 390 ♦ 45 93 lOI 171 183 245 307 343 322 569 $ 9« 116 127 139 211 266 353 422 440 285 i 95 146 147 201 226 328 346 374 414 569 $103 139 143 184 211 This spraying means, first time just before the buds open, sec ond just after the petals have fallen, third ten days later. That is what we mean by once, twice, three times. We usually don t spray more than three times. . . Don't forget those other two factors, pruning and fertilizing. They are just exactly as important as spraying and cultivation. Prof Stewart told you about fertilizers yesterday. That is just as important as anv of these factors. You must prune also. You can- not expect to get the best results by neglecting any one. After you go home, next spring till perhaps just a little better, spray just a little better, fertilize a little more thoroughly and prune a little better. See if you cannot get better results. , . , Mr. Cox. Are any of the sprayings for second brood of cod- ling moth? ^ , 1 1 1 r 11 -^^ Prof Wilson. The sprayings for the second brood of codling moth have been successful when the spray was applied just at the right time, but if you got a little too early or a little too late woe be unto you. ^ Mr. Cox. Do you use bordeaux mixture or not •' , . Prof. Wilson. The only thing that it will be of value for would be the apple spot. 1 1 r ^-r o^;^,^? Member. What fertilizer do you use for orchard fertilization ? Prof Wilson. We are recommending a combination of barn- yard manure and commercial fertilizer. We recommend the appi- cation of barnyard manure one year and commercial ertilizer the next Prof Stewart is working at the commercial fertilizer. Don t ! ^ii^i 74 apply nitrate in commercial fertilizer when you are nsin^ barnyard, manure. You better do a certain amount of experimenting first. Mr. Prickett. What time of year is the best time to prune? Prof. V/ilson. You struck a pretty serious problem. I was talking to Prof. Hedrick the other day and he says that pruning is one of the important problems of New York. As a general prin- cipal most of the growers are leaving their trees too thick. They ought to prune them a little thinner so that the sun can get down. I don't think it is best to have an open top. Have a round symetri- cal head and leave it a little thinner. Whenever you get a branch, cut it close to the fork. Never leave a stump in a bearing orchard to decay. It is just like filling a tooth. You can prevent those de- cays if you only cut properly. The ideal time to prune is just be- fore the buds start in the spring. Anytime after the leaves fall in the autumn and before they open in the spring. Member. What is your objection to an open top? Prof. Wilson. It is liable to spread. All your w^eight is on the sides. Moreover, there is a whole lot of space there in the center that might be bearing wood. Prof. Stewart. With reference to what Prof. Wilson just stated, that it is desirable not to let the foliage get too thick in trie center, I am inclined to think that you will have to do more pruning than usual. Your center pruning, spraying and picking will be more economicallv done from the step ladder type and of course those things are in favor of the open center tree. You can get more light with less pruning and you can keep the tree lower and consequently pick the fruit and spray the tree better. If you choose the open center tvpe, the thing to do is to not save too many branches. I am inclined to think that three branches properly chosen would make an ideal top for a tree. Those branches should be distributed so as to occupy the space properly. If you start your tree right in the first spring vou set it out, you can get enough branches that \wi\\ come out in all directions and you have a good opportunity to select. Those three branches should by no means come out any closer together than a foot if you can get it thus, varying of course with the erowth of a tree. Mr. D. M. Wertz. Would it be very risky in trimming at this time of year? Prof. Wilson. Any time wdiile they are dormant. There might be a little drying out on the wood surface between now and spring, eter. 7S WHAT CROPS CAN BE PROFITABLY GROWN IN A YOUNG ORCHARD PENDING ITS MATURITY. Always paint a large wound, say of three inches in diam- Mr. Wertz. Would you paint them right away. Prof. Wilson. I should paint them as soon as I could. Pro- bably as good a paint as any is white lead and I would color it with a little lamp black. Mr. Cox. You spoke a while ago about the farther apart the trees are, the better the returns. Prof. Wilson. There is a limit to that. I went as far as forty feet. I don't know where the limit is. Prof. Stewart. Don't you suppose they vary with the variety? There are trees that demand more space than some of the trees we have here. M Horace: Roberts, Moorkstown, N. J. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gcntlcfnen: First, it is my pleasant privilege to extend to you the greetings of the New Jersey Horticultural Society and to invite you again to send delegates to our meeting at Trenton on the sixth and seventh of January. My subject is, "Crops in a Young Orchard." As soon as I was of age, I started to make a fruit farm of my home. Father told me there was a starve-to-death period between the time a tree was planted and the time that I could market fruit and insisted that in- stead of cutting off my revenue by planting our regular fields with fruit that I should clear more forest land and start my orchards on the new land, which I did. The first year after the timber was cut we would plow the land, plant our orchard and then raise a crop of watermelons among the young trees and stumps. That is an ideal condition for a crop of watermelons and they usually did well and brought me about $100.00 per acre for the crop. The next year, we would plant this same piece in sweet potatoes and have a freshly cleared piece for more watermelons. Here again is the ideal condition for a crop of sweet potatoes and they would pay me about as w^ell as the watermelons had done the year before. I kept on clearing land and raising truck crops between the trees and stumps till my peaches and cherries began to bear and I was able to buy land ready cleared. To make a success of a fruit business, pluck, energy and en- thusiasm are essential and any crop raised among the trees must not damage those trees in the least nor interfere with their proper care nor culture. On our soil thorough culture seems necessary es- pecially on young trees, and if we can raise truck crops at a profit and at the same time help the orchard it is a good business proposi- tion We believe that the ripening of grain crops, excepting corn in a very young orchard, is detrimental and we also object to hay and grass crops. Oats and rye do very xyell for winter cover crops but clover is better and we plow them all in green. , , ,. Now I have done a good deal of this kind of work, planting orchards and at the same time make the truck crops pay the way and in some cases the crops planted between the trees have paid for the farm before the trees themselves came into bearing, ihe tirst crop we plant is peas. They grow easily and are a soil improver instead of being an exhaustive crop. These are gone m time to plant another crop on the same ground such as ^^"^^^^^Pf ' ^^T'^", toes, watermelons, beans, cabbage or squashes.^ Then at the last farming of these second crops we aim to sow crimson clover, mak- ing two crops and a cover crop beside on most of our land. Such crops as potatoes or sweet potatoes take so much of the season that we simply get the one crop and the cover crop In some soils this system doubtless would cause too much growth of the tree and we ■■,.■■■■}. :\'.* 76 have to modify this system a Httle for our peaches but for aples we do not hesitate to recommend it. It does not cost much more to care for an orchard with a crop in it than for a bare orchard and we generally do it better. How- ever, the time soon comes when we come to the parting of the ways and the question is, shall it be fruit or truck? Peas and beans can be raised longer than most crops in an orchard without disadvantage for the reason that we do not cease to cultivate them. Crops like cantaloupes, tomatoes and melons have a period when they take all the land and must be let alone to mature their fruit, but peas and beans have no such period and we farm them every time we pick them till we are ready to cut them in. Small fruits too can be raised in young orchards with satisfaction, but special care niust be given to the trees to prevent injury from borers. Strawberries, or in fact any of the berries, if planted directly next a tree afifords an ideal protection for the borers. Currents and gooseberries are more easily managed for they can be planted in check rows and farmed both ways. Raspberries too can be raised that way but I never did it nor saw it done. Our conditions are so different from yours that my remarks must needs be general. Our lands are cheap and we are only a few miles from Philadelphia, over good smooth level stone roads, so that we can get perishable fruits or vegetables in market quickly at a minimm expense. This far from market you might not be able to do just as I do but such crops as potatoes, cabbages, cantaloupes, tomatoes and the berries you could manage easily and your very distance from market would help you get together and stick together. Asparagus too is a crop that would suit your conditions and if you learn to raise it in its highest perfection you can raise other things from choice but it will not be from necessity. I have had good success planting apples and asparagus together, but with me, need- ing lots of feed and lots of culture. Prof. Stewart. What variety of peas do you plant? Mr. Roberts. We raise the shipping varieties. We want a good yielder that will give large green pods that will still look green and attractive after being on the market three or four days. Alaska, Gradus, Soxton, and Long Island Mammoth. With us, quality is entirely secondary to appearance, a hard drv pea that looks fresh will sell but a stale looking pod is not wanted in any market. C. J. Tyson. Do you find it necessary to spray those crops? Mr. Roberts. Most of them, but not the pea crop. Mr. Tyson. How about beans? Mr. Roberts. We generally spray at least once. Often more. We think it pavs. We aim to have a succession of beans all through the season. Thcv help keep our Italian gang busy and contented. This last year I raised 15,000 baskets of them. lieans are almost always ready to pick, the young ones sell best. The Italians want work every dav. They tell us they have all winter to rest up. They work willingly from daylight till dark, Sunday and all if we are pushed. Dr. Mayer. From what part of Italy do your men come? Mr. Roberts. We only engage one man and he gets the rest. He will get the whole gang from his own part of Italy if possible. Mr. Mayer. Where do vou house them? Mr. Roberts. We have' houses built on purpose. They are not at all fastidious. They are stronger morally than most of the foreigners we meet, and can live happily under conditions not pos- sible with weaker races. . i- 1 ^ Mr Tyson. Do your canteloupes ever blight t Mr Roberts. , Yes, this is a serious trouble. We have often held it in check pretty well with bordeaux mixture applied early and Chester Tyson. Do you raise cucumbers, also? Mr. Roberts. No, cucumbers and canteloupes mix in bloom- ing and spoil the quality of each other. ^ Mr. Wertz. Do you turn your canteloupe vines up so as to get the soray on the underside of the leaf? Mr Roberts. No, we use the Shangle power sprayer that sends a mist all through, over and under the vines pretty well. Mr. Wertz. Do you consider corn a good crop to grow among ^'""'''iVir Roberts. Not the best, but it does not hurt young trees much. It takes the moisture in September at a time when the rees ca^^i stand it. The trouble with the other grams is, they ake all tne n^stSe in June or July, and that is a very serious disadvantage to ^^'"^ Mr. Eldon. Would you have any objection to sowing wheat " ' MTRobt^^^^^^ It is all right as a cover crop, but I would not '" "rSon' •'SrrbfaT'a.l.an.age ,o »w some kind o. ^'^'^^f'^^^::^ is our custom to start grass alone. Where we want fo grow grass, we don't sow grain with it any more. If vou want big yields of hay, leave grain out entirely. you ^ai^ ^ > : ^^^ ^^^^^ asparagus? Mr Roberts The rows are about six feet apart and about two t; a^.art Ta L. We try to keep the land busy with some- ''''%°rc:';^'.?'H~« traftcr'';iS/:a:,you ge. ..urns .ron, asparagus ? Mr. Roberts. One year. Mr Griest. What age plants do you put out . SJ;enfb:^ Ho.M:„rdo you plant potatoes in an apple or- '^'^'Mr Roberts. I have one I planted for about five years. Member. Do vou mean five years in succession? Mr Roberts. No, 1 wouldn't put it in the same crop twice m succession. , , ^ Member How much fertilizer do you put on? JI T?^Lrt^ That is something, in our soil, which we have to Mr. Roberts. 1 hat '«^^" ^ , ^; ^ ,^^,f ton and sometimes a be pretty generous w Ik So^et mes a ^ ^.^^^^ ^^ Lrffow price sH cSl afford' ^thro^ on a ton to the acre. I put the ammonia right in with the potatoes in the form of tankage, fish or King Crab. Member. Then you use Phosphoric Acid from South Caro- line Rock? Mr. Roberts. Yes. Member. Do you use sulphate or muriate ? Mr. Roberts. 1 prefer the muriate for potatoes. I cannot go entirely by my own results but I depend on these experiment men for those things. That's what they are for. We don't sell potatoes for quality. We get a larger yield from muriate. I think all the experiments will bear me out. Isn't that right Prof. Stewart? Prof. Stewart. I cannot say from my own experience but I think the yield is about the same, but the muriate is profitable be- cause it costs only one and a quarter cents a pound for the K2O, and the difference in yield will probably not amount to anything. BEES IN RELATION TO HORTICULTURE. By Richard D. Barclay, Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: Perhaps the connection between bee-keeping and fruit-growing may seem a little remote but on a little consideration, I think you will see that there is a very intimate relation between the interests of the bee-keeper and that of the fruit grower. You undoubtedly know that, in order to secure a proper setting of fruit it is neces- sary to secure the fertilization of the blossom by some means. Some varieties of fruit are self-fertile, or are capable of having the stigma of their blossoms fertilized by the pollen from the same blossom. Other varieties are entirely .incapable of fertilization by their owm pollen. This matter has never been fully studied out, but the leading fruit growers to-day recognize that they must make some effort to secure complete pollenation each year with some degree of certainty. In the smaller fruit plantations, perhaps nine years in ten, weather conditions are such as to permit this to be brought about by the wind which is the most usual agent. In damp springs when bad weather prevails the wind cannot blow the pollen from blossom to blossom, and without the aid of some outside agency to distribute pollen little fruit will be set. In large plantations where the wind has less opportunity, these conditions may occur more frequently. Any insect which has need for pollen or nectar from the fruit blossoms and which visits them w^ill serve as their agent. However, at the time fruit is in bloom 3^ou well know insects are rather scarce. Flies, bumble bees and most other insects do not ap- pear in great numbers until later in the season. The honey-bee is the only insect which is present in large enough numbers at the proper time of year to be of much service in pollenizing the blos- soms. A large number of fruit growers are coming to realize that they must have some bees with in reach of their orchards to do their pollenation work. I myself have my bees on the property of a large orchardist outside of Philadelphia and I know of other or- 1 79 chardists who keep bees themselves simply for their value in con- nection with their fruit business. Bees visit fruit blossoms for both insects and for pollen. The nectar is the raw material from which they make honey and the pollen they use in feeding their larvae — and corresponds to the pro- teid or meat portion of our diet. For whichever material the bee visits the blossoms it unavoidably rubs against the anthers contain- ing the pollen and some of this pollen is liable to stick to the hairs which cover the bee's body. When the bee visits the next blossom some of this pollen retained on its body hairs or upon its legs will most likely be rubbed off upon the sticky stigma of that blossom and bring about cross fertilization. The matter of spraying is also important in connection with bees and pollenation experiments seem to show that tlie bees may be injured by spraying in blossoms with copper salts or arsenical poisons. Whether this, in practice proves an important direct dam- age or not, it is certainly true that bees visiting blossoms sprayed with such materials are likely to be killed, and often are in great numbers. Therefore, as the setting of fruit may depend greatly upon the presence of bees, subjecting them to the danger of being killed by sprays, will work injury to the fruit grower directly, irre- spective of the value of bees destroyed. It is thus important for the fruit grower to bear the bees in mind when planning his spraying work. The blossoms should not be sprayed until the petals begin to fall. Fortunately for the fruit grower and thanks to modern appa- ratus and the present knowledge of bee life, the keeping of bees is no longer as complicated or dangerous as was once the case. It is not necessary to be severely stung to keep bees and secure their products. Improved races of bees, of which the Italians are the most generally desirable, are very much more gentle and easily handled than the common black or German bee and its crosses. A veil or face protector of some kind is desirable generally, al- though not always necessary. I have worked all day in large bee yards protected only by light summer clothing and wearing low shoes, sleeves rolled up, and a large straw hat, without receivnig a sting. Any veil used should be black in color, otherwise the light will be so reflected as to make it impossible to see through with ease. A broad brim hat is always an advantage because a bee al- ways hesitates to fly beneath the brim. More important than a veil and what can rarely be done with- out, is smoke. This is made by burning any suitable substance in an apparatus called a smoker, consisting of a fire pot and bellows attached from which smoke can be directed and blown where want- ed I find oily or fresh 'Svaste" most satisfactory for smoker fuel. Smoke scares the bees. Wlien scared, bees immediately fill them- selves with honey, and for some reason, when they are filled with honey they are much less inclined to sting and can be handled more freely. Providing no individual bee is pinched, bees once scared and filled with honey mav be freely handled and even picked up by handfuls. A colonv of bees consists of a queen, a few hundred drones, perhaps and several thousand worker bees. The queen is a fully developed female, lays the eggs which produce all the other ■ SI 8o bees, and while she has a sting, uses it against a rival queen only. The drones are the males, and they do not have any stnig. iUe workers are undeveloped females, which gather honey, secrete wax, build comb and rear the young. They are each provided with a sting. A queen can lay as many as 4,000 eggs in 24 hours which is niore than twice her weight. She can control the sex of her off- spring, and lays two kinds of eggs, drone and worker eggs. Drone eWs are unfertilized— hence the drone has no male parent, ihe abihty of the queen to produce vital unfertilized eggs is called "parthenogenouses." n 1 Bees build two kinds of cells in the comb— drone cells and worker cells. Worker eggs are laid in worker cells and drone eggs in drone cells. As the bee keeper desires to prevent as much as possible the production of drones, he wishes to prevent the produc- tion of drone cells. Combs are built from wax which is secreted in scales from glands on the under side of the abdomen of the worker. The larvse in the comb cells are fed from the mouths of workers with a material called ^'chyle" which is placed in the cells about them Queens are reared in a specially constructed cell troni worker eggs by a special process of feeding. In order to prevent the overproduction of drone cells and hence of drones the bee- keeper uses sheets of wax so marked by machines as to be like the mid-rib of a comb. These wax sheets are called 'foundation. Only pure bees-wax is suitable for their use, hence its use is in no sense an adulteration even when used in market comb honey, i he cell bases marked on this foundation are worker size. Hence drone comb is prevented, and it also causes the combs to be built straight and where the bee-keeper wishes them. I prefer a tin frame dovetailed hive and have a model here. The chief essential for a hive is that it be readily accessible in every part, and can be contracted or enlarged to any desired size, and all parts interchangeable, not only in itself, but with other hives in the ""^"'^nTroducing comb honev an especially constructed "super" is used in order that the little honey boxes or sections may be lett clean and the bees will build straight combs in them. Frames, called "section holders'' and frames called ^^separators are used to hold the section and between each row, respectively. For extract- ed" or liquid honey, another hive body is used, or one of the same patern only not so deep. The honey is produced in large combs from which it is removed by a centrifugal machine called an ^^extractor," and the combs may be used repeatedly. Comb honey is less economical and requires more skill to produce than extracted, and is hence more expensive. r 1 ^ Honey is removed from the hive now by the use of what are known as bee escapes, a devise set in a board which goes between the hive and super which it is desired to remove. The bees pass through the escape but cannot return. Placed on a hive in the afternoon the super will generally be ready to remove and be en- tirely free of bees by the next morning. _ . ^ . . , Swarming is the most objectionable thing in the production of honev Formerly, our success with bees depended upon the num- ber of swarms hived. Now the bee-keeper wishes to prevent 81 swarming as much as possible. To do this the first step is to clip the queen's wings to prevent her going away with a swarm of close issue, and this also serves in a measure in identifying the queen. We know also that bees build queen cells before they swarm and we can prevent the swarming by repeatedly removing these cells. However, when bees once determine to swarm they "sulk" until they have accomplished it. Hence, it is generally better to satisfy them when in that condition. The practice of "shook" or "shaken" swarming does the work. When a colony is found ready to swarm most of the bees and queen are shaken into a new hive containing only frames of foundation on the old stand. They go to work at once like a new swarm. The remaining bees and brood may be disposed of in different ways, depending upon whether increase is desired or not. By this practice swarming can be pretty generally controlled. Honey is a very valuable food, being partially digested by the bee. It is used on the table as a syrup but unfortunately is too often considered a luxury. Honey readily absorbs moisture and for that reason is much used by large bakeries because by retaining moisture it makes stale cakes seem fresh. Only the cheaper grades of honey are used for this purpose. Mr. Black. How about the bees damaging grapes? Mr. Barclay. I don't believe the bees can damage grapes. Where the bee gets into trouble is that hornets or birds make a hole in the grape and the bee will go there to get honey. The bees mouth part is so arranged that there is no cutting to it. The wasp's mouth part on the other hand is like a saw blade. With grapes, you can puncture a few and you can leave some that are not punctured and the bees will starve to death in the presence of those sound grapes. Dr. I. H. Mayer. In using the bee escape, where and how do you insert it? Mr. Barclay. Between the part to be removed and the rest of the hive. Member. What is the age of the working bee? Mr. Barclay. It is ordinarily stated at about six weeks when they are working strenuously, but of course those that go into the winter live until the following spring. ,11, The worst enemies of the bee are the foul brood and black brood. One or the other of these diseases are in some parts of the state and black brood have been very bad in New York State. These diseases of bees have been carefully studied by the Depart- ment in Washington and we have some pretty definite information on the matter. The treatment for both is, that of removing all the combs and starting the bees fresh without any contaminated honey in a new hive, and the use of the old combs for wax. The bee moth is not a direct cause of any trouble for the bee- keeper, it is the result of other troubles or neglect. The colony becomes weak and is entered by these moth and the larvae will begin to feed on the combs. They won't bother as long as the colony is strong. The Italian bee is perhaps the leading race of bees They are much more gentle and more easily handled than the black bee The black bee is hard to handle for the simple rea- 1 82 . son that when you Hft a comb of black bees, they get scared right away, and run about, while with the Italian you can look a comb over, and hunt the queen, and they are not constantly running about and bothering you and getting in the road. They are much more vigorous in preventing the moth's entrance. Prof. John P. Stewart. Is it a settled fact that spraying kills Mr. Barclay. I said that I have had no personal experience. I have seen reports where bees have been found in great agony apparentlv from that cause, and they were analyzed and found that they contained copper and arsenic. I don't know of any case of very serious damage. I have occasionally seen where so and so lost so many bees but I have never actually come personally in contact with a case. It is possible to arrange our work so as to avoid spraying when the bees are working in the orchard and we might as well do it. Distribution of Apple Trees in U. S. The following is the percentage census of apple trees in the different states taking the United States as a whole at lOO per cent. : Maine New Hampshire, Vermont Massachusetts, . Rhode Island, . . Connecticut, New York, . . . : . New Jersey, . . . . Pennsvlvania, . . Delaware Maryland, Virginia West \'irginia, . North Carolina, vSouth Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Ohio, Indiana, 2.1 i.o .8 •9 .1 .6 7-5 •9 5.8 •3 •9 4.T 2.7 3.2 .3 1.2 • • 6.4 4.3 Illinois, 6.7 Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, 5.4 1.3 .4 3.4 9.9 South Dakota, North Dakota, Nebraska, . . . Kansas Kentucky, Tennessee, . . Alabama, . . . ^lississippi, . Louisiana, . . 1 exas, ( )klahoma, . . Arkansas, . . . Montana, Wyoming, . . Clorado, .... New Mexico, Arizona, . . . . Utah, Nevada, . . . . Idaho Washington, ( )regon California, . . .1 1.9 5-9 4-3 3-4 .1 •3 .1 7 1-4 37 •3 • • 1.0 .2 .5 1.4 1.4 1.4 lOO.O i 83 EVENING SESSIONS. We have departed somewhat this year from our former custom in securing for the evening sessions speakers whose work would be instructive and entertaining to the greatest number of persons, not necessarily interested in the growing of fruit. The evidence of kindly feeling with which this change was received has been very gratifying to those in charge and indicates to them that their ef- forts have been in the right direction. Wednesday Evening, the i6th. Miss Grace E. Gilbert, Reader, Messanutten Academy, Wood- stock, Va., who is a graduate of the National School of Oratory, Philadelphia, entertained the Association most acceptably. Her work covered a list of considerable length and widely differing themes. Miss Gilbert passed readily from the humorous to sub- jects pathetic and dramatic. Altogether a delightful evening. Thursday Evening, the 17th. Aliss Ricke' Jacobsky, Irving College, ^lechanicsburg, Pa., and a graduate of the Emerson College of Oratory, Boston, Mass., gave a very enjoyable recital. Her presenta^tion of ''Scene from L'Aiglon" being worthy of special mention. Friday Evening, the i8th. The Friday evening session was addressed by Dr. Francis 11. Green, Professor of English, State Normal School, West Chester, subject, "Life's ]\Iusical Scale." Regarding the letters representing the musical scale as meaning, Cleanliness, Digestion, Education, Force, Gladness, Aspiration, l^enevolence and Christian Character, he built up in prospective a harmonious Christian life. Numerous anecdotes emphasized the ])oints which he desired to bring out es- pecially strong. The lecture was most entertaining and instructive. Music. The musical part of the program of Wednesday and Thurs- day evenings was furnished by Messrs. Weigle, Clair, Smith and Stouffer, comi)rising the Pennsvlvania College Quartet, and that for Friday evening by the Arendtsville Glee Club, all of which was very delightful. Number of Trees per Acre ''Better Pruif publishes the following table showing number of trees per acre at various distances apart when planted by different methods : Distance Apart Rcctanqular. Hexagonal Quincunx. 12x12, 303 348 523 iSxis, 193 217 347 18x18, 134 142 247 20x20, 108 124 199 25x25, 70 81 126 30x30, 48 55 °3 35x35. 36 41 45 ,! H 84 BAUGH& SONS COMPANY OF BALTIMORE CITY ===== MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS: = "^"T-^TT^tSpSS*-*--* -vv-. »--,?WI«S;«« ure iOMPLETE HMALBONI Animal Bone Fertilizers y!l^ « MAStrPACTTTRBD BT PHIUDELPHU Agricultural Chemicals !KWK Special Fertilizers for Fruit Trees wtau'V ..;:W-«ls;J';'i- yy)c BAUGH'S RAW BONE MANURES were first manufactured in a small way more than fifty years ago. All along the intervening years the control of these Oldest in America of all makes of Animal Bone Fertilizers has never passed out of the hands of the Original Manufacturers. BAUGirS Raw Bone Manures have uninterruptedly held their prestige. The sales throughout the United States have l)een enlarging and extending year after year until they now amount to ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND IONS ANNUALLY. Their excellence is acknowledged wherever they are employed. To-day they head the list. Although the oldest brands, yet they are ever the newest or most advanced products in scientific and mechanical perfection. APPLICATIONS of nuike-do fertilizers, whose chenp ingredients are ex- clusively derived from mineral, vegetable, refuse and other low giade sources, have often been attended with failure. Never under similar favorable condi- ti(ms have the results from Baugh's Raw Bone Manures been .disappointing. While satisfactory immediate results from the use of any fertilizer cannot be guaranteed, yet consumers can with confidence rely on sooner or later getting paving reiurns from Animal Bone Manures. DEALERS WANTED IN UN- ASSIGNED TERRITORY. FOR SALE BY G.W.KOSER H. D. & C. C. BREAM WAYBRIGHT RICE BIGLERVILLE, PA. GETTYSBURG, PA. ASPERS, PA. J. U. RUFF D. B. MYERS NEW OXFORD, PA. IDAVILLE, PA. Bauirh's 1909 Almanac just out. Ask your dealer for It or write us. 85 REPORT OF FRUIT COMMITTEE. Horace: Roberts, Chairman. Your committee, after a careful examination of the fruit, unites in making the following report : We find 144 plates of fruit entered by eighteen exhibitors. This exhibit includes all the more profitable market varieties and also several choice dessert kinds. The whole exhibit is re- markable for its high color, general excellence and freedom from mark of insect and fungous trouble. The yellow dent corn exhibited looks to be a most desirable variety well worth saving for seed. The following growers were represented by the varieties set opposite their names : W. H. Black— 3 plates York Imperial. E. E. Rice— 2 plates York Imperial. 2 plates York Stripe. I plate Fallawater. J. W. Prickett. 5 plates York Imperial. 4 plates Stayman Winesap. C. E. Rice— 1 plate Summer Rambo. 2 plates York Imperial. I plate Ren Davis. I plate Rome Beauty. W. W. Boyer— I plate Grimes Golden. I plate Winter Rambo. 1 plate King. A. I. Weidner — 2 plates Grimes Golden. T plate Jonathan. Robert Garrettson — 2 plates Smith's Cider. R. M. Eldon— 2 plates Summer Rambo. 3 plates Smith's Cider. 4 plates Haldwin. 4 plates Grimes Golden. 3 plates York Imperial. 6 plates Ben Davis. 2 plates Dominee. C. A. Griest — 14 plates York Imperial. 5 plates Grimes Golden. 5 plates Baldwin. 10 plates Winter Rambo. E. N. Hoffman— 2 plates Smokehouse. 3 plates York Stripe. 2 plates Baldwin. Rufus Lawyer — 1 plate Summer Rambo. 2 plates York Stripe. 2 plates York Imperial. 2 plates Paragon. H. E. Wolfe— 2 plates York Imperial. H. M. Keller— 2 plates York Imperial. I plate Winter Bananna. W. S. Adams— I plate Hubbardson Nonesuch. I plate Stayman Winesap. I plate Grimes Golden. I plate Smokehouse. I plate Winter Paradise. I plate P^allawater. 1 plate American Golden Russet. 4 plates Peck's Pleasant. T plate Ben Davis. A. W. Griest— 2 plates Krauser. 2 plates Wagner. C. J. Tyson— . 2 plates Winter Rambo. 6 plates York Imperial. 3 plates Stayman. E.* P. Garrettson— 4 plates York Imperial. 2 plates York County Cheese. 3 plates Rome Beauty. B.* M. Stone— . ^ . , I plate Missing Link. Such good fruit coming from such a large ^/^^^^^^^^^^^/^^f ^^.^^^^^ shows that the growing of the best quality of fruit is general m this community rather than the exception. ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ D. Gold MillKR, U. T. Cox, Committee. ; e i . 86 THE AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL CO. OF BALTIMORE, MD. High-Grade, Reliable Fertilizers for All Crops and for Permanent Improvement off the Soil W E JUSTLY CLAIM that there are NO BETTER FERTILIZERS than ours, for they are as good as experience, materials of the highest agricultural value, unsurpassed facilities, and close and care- ful attention to manufacturing can make them. OUR FERTILIZERS ARE IN FINE DRILLING CONDITION, and are put up in GOOD, STRONG SACKS 87 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. Chester J. Tyson, Chairman. The Committee on Resolutions made the following report, which was unanimously adopted : First— Whereas, The members of this convention have thoroughly enjoyed and greatly profited by the wise counsel and delightful sociability of the gentlemen who have come long distances at con- siderable personal inconvenience for our benefit and nistruction; therefore Be it resolved, That we unanimously tender them our sincere thanks and wish them a safe return to their respective homes. Second — WhERF\s Fruit growers have for years suffered more or less loss because of adulterated insecticides and fungicides, and, WhERKxs There is now before Congress a bill known as H. K. 2ni8 having for its purpose the standardizing of these materials and the prevention of fraud in their manufacture and sale ; there- ^'"'^Bf it resolved, That we heartily endorse this bill and urge its speedy passage. Third— ,,•,.( WiiERi- \s. We realize that the future of the fruit industry of our country demands greater care and more Jo"-^ "j^f ^f J^ erading and packing of fruit and marking of frui packages and fl a a standanl capacity for such package be -^^^P''^j:'^l'pZress Be it resolved. That we fully approve the Pf^f^e by Congress of a bill establishing the capacity of a legal bushel for apples, ex P'^EstabhSg the'cafac'itf Jfa legal box as being idei^tical with inches, adopting that of the stan(!ard ^ew \ork apple barrel 'nsSbfiSSngt suitable number of .rades of fruit oiW wl.ch must be used on every closed package packed for interstate, tern '"■■"k^cVShTJhar:^";;" closed package for interstate territorial pHating sufficient funds for its admmistration. i 88 Arendtsville Planing Mill and Barrel Factory p. S. ORNER, Proprietor J^Tg. of Apple "Barrels and Stabes a Specialty PRICES LOW ARENDTSVILLE, PA. NILLWOKK of all Description, and Lumber of all kinds Call, Phone or Write— Bell Phone » \\ w i Insure Your Property in The Adams County Mutual Fire Insurance Comp'y HOME OFFICE: GETTYSBURG 0. P. Mcpherson. President C. G. BEALES. Vice President G. H. BUEHLER. Secretary J. ELMER MUSSELMAN. Treasurer MANAGERS H. C. Picking, Gettysburg J. W. Tauohinbaugh, Hunlerstown I. S. Miller, East Berlin C. G. Beales York Springs J. D. Neidkrhr, McSherrystown D. R. MusSELMAN, P^airfield Abia Smucker Littlestown C. L. LoNGSDORF, Flora Dale John N. Hersh New Oxford Harvey a. Scott, Gettysburg. R. F, D. No. 4 BATTLEFIELD NURSERIES C. A. STONER, PROPRIETOR QETTYSBURCS, RENIN 'A. GROWER OF Select Nursery Stock specialties: Apple, Pear, Quince. Cherry, Plum, Peach, Berries, Grape Vines, Ornamental and Locust for Timber PRICES LOW Want Land Suited to Growing Orchards and Timber TREES FUMIGATED Be your own Agent, Call, write or phone 42 West High Street LOCAL TELEPHONE Index. A. Addresses — "President's," 15-17 ''Synopsis of 1908 Minutes," 17-22 "Protitablc Peach Growing," 22-25 "Forestry in Relation to Horticulture," 25-31 "Commercial Chestnut Culture," 31-35 "Utilization of Cull Apples," 35-43 "Apples," 43-52 "Orchard Fertilization," 52-62 "Proposed National Legislation," 62-68 "Pruning and General Orchard Management," 68-74 "What Crops Can be Profitably Grown in Your Orchard Pend- ing Its Coming to Maturity," 75-78 "Bee-Keeping in Relation to Horticulture," ., 78-82 Advertisers — Niagara Sprayer Co. (Insecticides and Sprayers), 2 Merrimac Chemical Co. (Insecticides), 4 Gould Manufacturing Co. (Sprayers), 4 Bateman Manufacturing Co. (Cultivators and Sprayers), 6 Bowker Insecticide Companv (Spray Materials), 8 B. G. Pratt Company ("Scalecide"), 10 Grasselli Chemical Co. (Spray Materials), 12 Pennsylvania State College (Educational), I4 Baugh & Sons Co. (Fertilizers), 84 American Agricultural Chemical Co. (Fertilizers), 86 Arendtsville Planing Mill (Barrels), 88 Adams County Mutual Fire Insurance Co. (Insurance) 88 Battlefield Nurseries (Nursery Stock), 88 James Good (Whale Oil Soap), QO Franklin Davis Nursery Co. (Nursery Stock), .90 John S. Tillev (Udders), 90 Susquehanna F'ertilizer Co. (Fertilizers), QO Arsenate of Lead, 2, 4, 12 Amendments, "^^ Appointment of Committees ^7 Advantage of Several Pickings, ^7 April Meeting, ^^ August Meeting, ^° Adams, W. S., ^1 Air Drainage, "+ ^PP^^T • ..20 Pumice, . Canning, K Jelly, % Butter, ^° Graders, ^^ Scab, ^ ^ Barrels, ^ Profits , 5; Adams County Fruit Recommended, ^ Asparagus in Orchards, V Arendtsville Glee Club, • ^ 89 - r *i|i m \i I 90 SAN JOSE SCALE and all kinds of insects and parasites tha infest plants and trees can be killed with a spraying solution of GOOD'S CAUSTIC POTASH WHALE OIL SOAP No. 3 The ctandard insecticide that also fertilizes. Dissolves easily in water. Can be used to protect cab- Lee; berrYes grapes, small fruits and flowers. Makes plants grow and keeps them healthy Contams no l?me rait! mineral oil or any poisonous substance. Endorsed by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. JAMES GOOD, Original Maker 961 N. FRONT STREET PHILADELPHIA. PA. Si^nd/ar Free Pocket Manual 0/ Plant Diseases. ESTABLISHED 1850 1,200 ACRES WE ARE WHOLESALE GROWERS OF First Class Nursery Stock OF ALL KINDS Fruit. Shade. Ornamental Trees, Shrubbery. Hedges, Small Fruits, etc.. Asparagus. Strawberries and California Privet IN LARGE QUANTITIES The BEST is the CHEAPEST. ( )ais is the CHEAPEST because it is the BES r. Hamlling Dealers' orders a specialty. Catalogue free. Franklin Davis Nursery Company BALTIMORE, MARYLAND Ladders «««* Step Ladders OF EVERY DESCRIPTION Special Ladders for Fruit Pickinfi and Tree Trimming JOHN S. TILLEY Send for Illustrated Catalo(7 Cultivation of Orchards- Recommended, Not Recommended Commercial Lime- Sulphur, Commercial Fertilizers, Capacitv of Fruit Packages • Countv Organizations Recommended •••••.•.••• Comparison of Same Varieties Under Different Conditions, Codling :\Ioth, • • • ; Crops Profitable in Young Orcharas, D. 41 44 2, 12, 47 24, 52, 58, 72» 77. 84. 86, 92 64 68 : 69 7?> 75-78 Dues II 18 Dwarf Apple Trees Not Approved December Meeting, Disc Harrow Damage to Fruit by Bees, . . . ... • • Distribution of Apple Trees "i/;^- ^^ Davis Nurserv Co., Franklin (Adv.), Discussion following Address of— Mr. Barton " * 33, 72 Mr. Roberts, * 40 Mr. Catchpole, ' '. . 48, 49, 59 21 81 82 90 25 ffi, Mr. Cox, Prof. Wilson, . . Mr. Barclay, . . . Diseases of Orchard- Peach, Plum, Collar Rot Apple Scab, — 74 77 23 21 19 47 * I i i«w' 92 ^ii *i' II i I i • Susquehanna Fertilizers THE WISE A WORD TO The matter of ordering fertilizers is of vital importance. Unfortunately too many farmers order just as little as they think their soil can get along with. If you are a careful dairyman you would study to make your cow eat every ounce of feed she could turn into milk. There is a limit to profitable feeding, of course, whether it is a cow or your land. The careful consideration of quan- tity and quality is of the utmost importance. It is the last handful of grain which means dollars of profit in the milk pail, and it is just as true that the last one hundred pounds of fertilizer means the largest returns for your investment. If the land is suitable for the crop and you are willing to properly pre- pare it and carefully plant and care for the crop, then you should order as much high grade fertilizer as you can possibly use to advantage. 500 to 1,000 pounds per acre on potatoes, 400 to 800 on corn, and 300 to 500 on oats and grass, other points being carefully provided for, will mean all the difference between slim provision for your family on the one hand, and a bountiful supply on the other. Do you not think it is worth trying ? Don't be a second rate farmer. We want to see all our friends in the highest class. If you have not ordered all the fertilizers you can possibly use to advantage, see our agent promptly and give him your order. It will pay you well to give this matter careful and earnest consideration, whether you buy from us or not. Don't forget that we have spent years in perfect- ing a profitable crop-producing fertilizer. We use it ourselves and do not hesitate to recommend it to our friends. The highest grade is always cheap- est in the end. Agents Wanted in Unoccupied Pennsylvania Territory EDWIN C. TYSON General Sales AiJent FLORA DALE. PENNA, 93 E. Executive Committee — List of, • 3 Duty of, • ^^ ^3 Eldon, R. M., 15, 17, 18. 20, 21, 25, 33, 66, 77 English Walnuts, ^^ Evaporators, 35 Export Trade, *• 39,66 Experiments with Fertilizers— In England, 53 In New York, 54 In Massachusetts, •. • 54, 55 In Pennnsylvania, 55 Experiments with Ctdtural Methods— In Pennsylvania, 59 In New York, ••• 70 Evening Sessions, ; 3 F. ^ . ., . .. . ; 2, 12, 47 Fungicide, • ' ^' §' Fruit Exhibit, ^^'^§ February Meeting, • Forestry — . oc-ii In Relation to Horticulture, -^ ^^ Of Ancient Origin, Why Needed, ^8 Fire Greatest Enemy of, Future of, in Pennsylvania ^ Fungus, Summer Spraying for, g^ Fruit Damage by Bees, "; . . 84, 86, 92 Fertilizers, " ' ' gg Fire Insurance, 21 2; S2 Fruit Growing— Profit in, ' 6^ 74 In New York, ^2' 58 In Pennsylvania, ' Fruit Handling— 40 Picking Blouse ^^g Mechanical Grader " ' * g^ Packages 17, 20 Apple Crop, 21 Plum Crop, 24 Fertiliz^ers for Peach, ;;;■.;■.■.■./. '.52,' 58, 73, 77 For Orchards, G. 4 Gould INIanufacturing Co. (Adv.) ,2 Grasselli Chemical Co. (Adv.), ".*."..!... 21 Garrettson, Frank, 24 Grove, W. E., 31 Grafting Chestnuts, 38, 57 Grading Apples 68-74 General Orchard Management 77 Griest, C. A., • ; 83 Gilbert, Miss Grace E., ' ; 83 Green, Dr. Francis H., 90 Good, James (Adv.), H. 4 Hand Sprayers, 21 Handling Hen Manure, 17, 20 Apple Crop, 21 Plum Crop, 46 Heading Apple Trees, ; ' ' ' " 17, 59 Honest Packing, ^iti Nil 94 I. Insecticides, 2,4,8,10,12,90 Influence, of Fertilizers, ^^' ^^ Of Manure, ^7' ^" Of Soil Management g[ Of Soil Systems ^ Italian Labor, ^ Bees, g^ Insecticide Law, J. 17 January Meeting, - ^^ June Meeting, ^ July Meeting, }t Japan Chestnuts, g*: Jacobosky, Miss Ricke, L. List of Members, ^ 5^^. 9 Lime-Sulphur Solution 18 Locust for Timber, ^g ^^ Borers, 18 77 Labor Question 18 lo Legislative Committee ' ^ Little Peach, 24 Leaf Curl .- Lime-Sulphur, Commercial ^ Self-Boiled, ^^ Law of Averages, ^ Ladders, M. Merrimac Chemical Co. ( Adv. ) , ^"^ Members — -to Roll of, /'/-^ Constitutional Requirement for, ^ ' Method of Sorting ^ 1 Of Fertilizing ^^' ^*^' ^^ Of Sod Treatment '^- March Meeting ^g McDermad, John ^^ ^ McKay, George H * ol Miller, D. Gold V^^X ^o Marketing ii, 38, .0 Marking Packages, • • • • • ; g g^ Manure, Influence of, ^^ Si Mayer, Dr. I. H 77.^i Music, N. Niagara Sprayer Co. (Adv.), ; • -. ^ New Jersey State Horticultural Association */ November Meeting • . • • •; New York Experiments for Fertilizers 3^ National Legislation ^' g Number Trees per Acre gg -^ Nurseries, ' O. Officers, List of, j^ Consist of, . ^ Duties of, -J Object of Association, Order of Business, ^ Osborne, Charles, ^ 95 October Meeting, 20 Orchard Methods- Small Acreage Best, 43 Sod Mulch, 44 Management, 43, 48, 68-74 Fertilization, 52, 58, 73, 77 Surveys, 53, 70 In Sod, 70, 72 Sprayed, vs. Unsprayed 73 Crops in, 75, 78 Small Fruits in, 76 Peas and Beans in, ^ 7^ Potatoes in 77 Asparagus in 77 Orner, P. S. (Adv.), 88 P. Pratt Co., B. G. (Adv.) 10 Potato Machinery, o Pyrox, 8, 21 Power Sprayers, 2,47^77 Peters, Rev. J. H., 15, 19, 21, 23, 24 President's Address, • ^5 Prickett, J. W., 17, 18, 20, 25, 33, 43, 4o, 73 Pennsvlvania State College ^1' ^^' ^i Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association, lO, 17, i« Pruning, Time for ^8 Peach Trees, 21, 22, 23 Apple Trees, 40, 74 Packing Methods ^o, 59 Plum Culture, ^\ Peach Culture ^; Yellows, ^^ Varieties, J* Returns from, ^5 Among Apple .^ Proposed Legislation .' ! ! ! ! ! . ! . ! :62-68, 87 Porter Bfll, ' ^' Prices for Apples Increasing "^ Pasturing Orchards, ^ Painting Wounds ' ^3 Peas in Orchards ^ Potatoes in Orchards ^^ Pollcnation g, Pennsylvania College Quartette ^ Profits from Apple Growing ^ Peach Growing ^i Plum Growing, R. 5-7-9 Roll of Members, " * * " " " ;* ' --_^g g^ Roberts, Horace, ^5, 3I-3d, 47, 75 7«, »5 Report of Fruit Committee g- Of Committee on Resolutions S. . . 4, 6, 47 Spray Apparatus, .. 10, 12, 48 Spray Materials, jq '♦Scalecide," 16 Selecting Fruit for Exhibition ^^,^2 Synopsis of 1908 Minutes • j- Several Pickings of Fruit, Advantage of • • • ^^ September Meeting * " " * '20, 21, 76 Small Fruits, ' 31 Strawberries, 39 Storage, I « 96 Small Orchards Best, • o ^^ Sod Mulch, "^^ ^ ' 46 San Jose Scale, ^7 Summer Spray for, '^V 6^' 7a 76 82 Stewart, Prof. J. P., ^^-^-' 74, 7^ «2 Soil Management, 60 Systems, Influence of , Standard Packages, J Sod Orchards, • ^^ Sprayed Orchards 7'5. Unsprayed, ^^ Sulphate of Potash vs. Muriate, ^ Susquehanna Fertilizer Co. (Adv.), ^ Sprayers — 2 Niagara Gas, Gould, ' g Iron Age, .['//.'//.'.'.'.'.iQ, 4^, 7^ Spraymg, ^ ^ .7 Time for, ^^ Danger to Bees, {jt Results, -^ f T, Time to Prune 20 2=; Thinning Peaches, '2 Apples, gg Tillage, ••••••••••/••: 70 Tilled rs. Sod Orchards ^ Trees per Acre, oq Tilley, John S. (Adv.), ^ U. Utilization of Cull Apples, 20, 35, 43 V. 20, 37 Vinegar, 42 Price of, 24 Varieties of Peach, jg Of Apple, " W. , ^ 18-19 Weidner, A. 1., 10 Wolfe, c. A^, . . ... . • ;;;;:; 42 Wagon for Fruit Hauhng ' ' • ^^^ ^_^^ Wilson, Prof. C. S., 7^' 74. 77 Wertz, D. M., 7^' ^^' ^' Whale Oil Soap, Annual Convention will be held December 15, I6, !?• 1909 Rj AlV ' i '4 W "Wa