Author: Fruit Growers Association of Adams County Title: Proceedings of the. . .annual convention Place of Publication: Bendersville, Pa. Copyright Date: 1915 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg016.10 191 THE Fruit Growers Association of Adams Countv ^> Pennsylvania ORGANIZED DECEMBER 18, 1903 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ELEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION HELD IN Fruit Growers Hall, Bendersville, Penna. Wednesday, Thursday and Friday December 15, 16, 17, 1915 r\ Both Telephones Bell and Independent Plants at Gardners and Biglerville, Pa. Every apple grower should figure with us when disposing of cull, dropped or picked apples We can all apples suitable for that pose and make cider of the inferior grades pur- We thank our many kind friends for their patronage during the season of 1915 and respectfully solicit a continuation of the same for 1916 MUSSELMAN CANNING COMPANY BIGLERVILLE. PENNSYLVANIA OFFICERS President, C. A. Griest Guernsey Jst Vice-President, W. E. Grove York Springs 2d Vice-President, H. M. Keller Gettysburg— s 3d Vice-President, Frederick E. Griest, Flora Dale „,Af.MKAL\si a. SCAIECID^ WITH FUNC.ICID^ >;n rOR ALL SOFT hODirn M'CKINGJ,,NSW_r6 A Trial? It is more than a scale-killer ; it is A TREE INVIGORATOR Fruit growers all over the country are calling for something better than Lime-Sulfur, and finding it in "SCALECIDE. Old customers are coming back by the hundred, acknowledging their mistake in giving up "SCALECIDE. TYSON BROTHERS INCORPORATED Pennsylvania State Agent FLORA DALE, PA. PRATT S NICOTINE 40 Per Cent. in the form of Nicotine-Sulphate, has no superior Prices delivered, express paid : , „ ^^ 10 lbs. $10.75 2 lbs. $2.50 >4 1b. 75c, B. G- PRATT CO., Mfg. Chemists, 50 Church St., New York,N.Y. 9 Lupp, Reuben, Biglerville, Pa. Large, Mrs. E. S., Orrtanna, Pa. Large, Miss Katharine, Orrtanna, Pa. Lower, Dr. S. E., Pittsburgh, Pa. Lippy, J. D., Gettysburg, Pa. Lewis, Harvey D., .Orrtanna, Pa. Michener, C. Raymond, Bendersville. Pa. Myers, George P. Biglerville, Pa. Mayer, Dr. L H., Willow Street, Pa. Morrison, Mrs. W. S., Aspers, Pa. Minick, D. N., Chambersburg, Pa. Minter, Thomas L., Biglerville, Pa. Musselman, C. H., Biglerville, Pa. Minter, Mrs. D. G., Arendtsville, Pa. Myers, Levi M., Siddonsburg, Pa. Miller, E. M., Hanover, Pa. Moyer, Dr. H. B., Gettysburg, Pa. Oakwood Corporation, York Springs, Pa. Oyler, Geo., Gettysburg, Pa. Oyler, George C, Gettysburg, Pa. Orner, P. S., Arendtsville, Pa. Orrtanna Canning Co., Orrtanna, Pa. Orner, Harry, Aspers, Pa. Prickett, Josiah W., Biglerville, Pa. Peters, Z. J., Guernsey, Pa. Peters, W. V., Guernsey, Pa. Peters, Curtis W., Biglerville, Pa. Pitzer, Harry C, Aspers, Pa. Peters, Geo. M., Aspers, Pa. Pratt, B. G New York City. Pitzer, Willis, Arendtsville, Pa. Peters, Mrs. Earl, York Springs, Pa. Raffensperger, Chas. E Arendtsville, Pa. Rafifensperger, Roy, Arendtsville, Pa. Rice, E. E Aspers, Pa. Rice, Waybright, Biglerville, Pa. Rice, C. S., Arendtsville, Pa. Rhoads, T. F., Aspers, Pa. Rinehart, E. S., Mercersburg, Pa. Roberts, Arthur, Gettysburg, Pa., Reist, Henry G., Schenectady, N. Y. Riddlemoser, H. E., McKnightstown, Pa. Reist, J. G., Mt. Joy, Pa. wm ''•■^jfiM r k^ 10 I Kellxs Ti-ue to IName Backed by Our Absolute Guarantee Direct from the Grower to Your Orchard at Growers' Prices We have grown thousands of splendid quality Fruit Trees, Small Fruits and Ornamental Stock here in our Nurseries at Dansville, right in the heart of the nursery growing district, and offer them to fruit growers at very low prices. All our splendid fruit trees are Guaranteed Sturdy and True to Name and free from disease of any kind. Kelly Fruit Trees are the result of 36 years of careful nursery experience. Each one of the five Kelly Brothers has a department, so from seedling to freight car we know the history of every tree ; know that our varieties are true to name; know that we send you the varieties you order; know that the trees you get will be satisfactory in every way. It means something to a fruit grower to know that KELLY TREES are Grown, Dug, Packed and Shipped under the personal supervision of the Kelly Bros. You can order from our catalog just as if you came to Dansville in person. We would be gjad to have you vi it us and look over our stock — but if you can't come order from our catalog and you will have just as good treatment, for Every Order Receives Personal Attention We have put our nursery business on a scientific basis. We have every up-to-date tool and modern office and shipping equipment. We have lowered the cost of producing nursery stock, and as our catalog is our only salesman, we give our customers the advantage of low prices on quality stock delivered promptly from our Nursery. WRITE FOR OUR CATALOG TO-DAY Look it over carefully and note the great saving to you by buying direct from us. Remember, Kelly Trees have been Quality Trees for 36 years. Kelly Bros. Wholesale Nurseries Box 71, Dansville, N. Y. You'll Never Regret Planting Kelly Trees II Stover, Dr. J. G., Bendersville, Pa. Strong, Geo. C, [ Orrtanna, Pa. Slaybaugh, Elmer, Aspers, Pa. Smith, G. Frank, Aspers, Pa. Stephens, Henry M., Carlisle, Pa. Stouffer, F. W., Gettysburg, Pa. Shull, Robt. H., McKnightstown, Pa. Spangler, George E., Gettysburg, Pa. Snyder, E. B., jack's Mountain, Pa. . Snyder, W. t., Bendersville, Pa. Sachs, Edw. S., Biglerville, Pa. Schmidt, Jno. C, York, Pa. Stock, E. C, 3610 Clifton Ave., Balto., Md. Strasbaugh, E. F., Orrtanna, Pa. Sheely, A. D., Arendtsville, Pa. Stover, Mrs. Dr. J. G., Bendersville, Pa. Tyson, Edwin C, Flora Dale, Pa. Tyson, Mrs. M. W., Flora Dale, Pa. Tyson, Chester J., Flora Dale, Pa. Tyson, Mrs. B. H., Aspers, Pa. Tyson, Wm. C, Guernsey, Pa. Tyson, Mrs. M. E., Guernsey, Pa. Taylor, Jacob F., Arendtsville, Pa. Taylor, Daniel R., Biglerville, Pa. Taylor, Henry, Biglerville, Pa. Trostle, Francis, York Springs, R. F. D., Pa. Thomas, Mrs. Annie M., Gettysburg, Pa. Thompson, G. R., Gettysburg, Pa. Vance, Chas. T., Orrtanna, Pa. Weidner, A. I, Arendtsville, Pa. Wolfe, C. A., .Aspers, Pa. Wolfe, Harry E., Aspers, Pa. Wolff, Dr. W. E., Arendtsville, Pa. Wolf, Charles M., York Springs, Pa. Wilson, B. F., Biglerville, Pa. ^Weaner, Chas. C, Bendersville, Pa. 'Weaner, W. C, Aspers, Pa. Wertz, D. M., Quincy, Pa. ^ible, R. E Gettysburg, Pa. Wickersham, Ruth A., Bendersville, Pa. Wickersham, Robt. A., Mechanicsburg, Pa. Wright, Ryland, Aspers, Pa. Wright, T. F., Aspers, Pa. Williams, J. L., Gettysburg, Pa. (:::^CtiC^^'- •.10 12 13 Williams, M. I., Gettysburg, Pa. Wright, F. Walter, Bendersville, Pa. Wernig, Chas. M., York, R. F. D. No. i [, P a. Standard 32'qt. Crates filled with Standard Quart Cups I ./^^4^ Try our Standard 16-qt. Peach Baskets with covers, also our Standard Bushel Hampers for Apples and Pears Marvil Package Co Laurel, Delaware I I 12 Standard 32 -qt. Crates filled with Standard Quart Cups jS^j^.^^ Try our Standard 16-qt. Peach Baskets with covers, also our Standard Bushel Hampers for Apples and Pears ^ ^ ■^ Marvil Package Co Laurel, Delaware 13 Williams, M. I., Gettysburg, Pa. Wright, F. Walter, Bendersville, Pa. Wernig, Chas. M., York, R. F. D. No. 11, Pa. •t INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE ''iiii!:!;::;:::!:::!:::::!:!!" Dodge Brothers Motor Cars, 35 H. P. Price, $785.00 F. O. B. Dodge Brothers, of Detroit, are old Forge and Machine People, who have made in previous years all the vital parts of over two-fifths (2-5) of all the cars in the world. They were among the pioneers who discovered the secrets of Vana- dium Steel, and thus eliminating heavy weight in Automobiles. Weight is a thing of the past. Every pound of unnecessary weight you carry costs you dear for Tires and Fuel. ^ , „ . . „ It is strength you want, not weight. Dodge Brothers have accom nlished this in their wonderful car, in producing this most flexible, easy- riding, strong, light freight, up-to-date Car. The highest grade in evenj detail. You can conipare it with the best m the world; it will stand ^^^ ^^^- ^* SPECIFICATIONS MOTOR-30-35 H. P., 3-point suspension, unit power P'^"'- J-jy''"^«" OILING-Eccentric pump, driven by spiral K^" °",:^7"''n'''e Lm^mPo 4 hiS Water. Tubular Radiator, capacity 2 K gallons. IGNITION-Ei.emam^^ 4 high tension water-proof maeneto. Smplified breaker box. STAKl tK— 1^-voit wonn C Sinde unirmotor-generator. Willard 12-Volt Storage Battery. GASOLINE TANK -Round: hung at rear of chassis. CONTROL-Levers ,n centre of car, mounted onurnsmission case. INSTRUMENT BOARD-60-m. e speedomoter, ^rnressure^uK, Magneto switch. Current indicator. Lighting switch. Carburetor Susrem. gI- loclferand dash lamp. TRANSMISSION--Sele^.jv^sl.^^^^^ tvDC eivine three speeds forward and one reverse. CLUTCH— Aluminum cone, eathcf fLcId, specially treated. REAR AXLE-Full-floating type. Four beve Lear different al. GEARS-Chrome Vanadium Steel throughout heat-treated. Eight ^fmk n Snp u^^ SPRINGS-Chrome Vanadium steel. Self- lubricating. TIRES-32x3 5?all around, plain tread in front. Non-skid tread rear BODIES- ™ pLsengerturing and 'two-passenger roadster. Pressed steel with specia^^ finish^ COLOR— Ebony black, with dark blue wheels. UPHOLSTERY— Real grain ^ati;" stuffed with natural curled hair. FENDERS-Pressed sted attractive crowned design WHEELBASE-UO inches. WINDSHIELD-Clear vision, rain vTsion ventilating. TOP-One-man type with Jiffy side curtains and dust hood. EOU PMENT^^^ horn, robe rail, license brackets, foot rail, tool kit tire caTrier with demountable rim. SHIPPING WEIGHT- Approximately 2200 lbs. FOR SALE BY PENN AUTO COMPANY 31 W. PhUadclphia St.. YORK, PENN A. Buick Light Six"Cylinder 45 H. P. Five Passenger Price, $985.00 F. O. B. When the Buick Motor Company announced their 1916 line of Cars, the entire Automobile world was surprised, and competitors the world over were shocked to their roots. Since their arrival in June so great has been the demand that the Buick Motor Co. could have sold five times their output. At this writ- mg they are more than 25,000 orders behind. Some buyers had to wait more than four months for their car. What does this show? Don't be fooled, our competitors are saying, and doing everything to stop this rush. But of no avail. Remember, Buick still uses the powerful ^'Overhead Valve Motor," Steel Cylinders, and Delco Lighting and Starting System. Specifications of a Few of the Most Important Features of the Light Six UNIT POWER PLANT Six Cylinder Motor, 3-Point suspen- sion, 45 H. P. Will run from 20 to 24 miles on a gallon of gasoline. Most beautifully designed Streamlined body in the world. Genuine one- man Silk Mohair top. Upholstered with very best leather, stuffed with genuine hair. 115-inch Wheelbase. Suspended on the latest improved Cantilever Springs, which makes riding on the rear seat as easy as on the front. Full-floating Rear Axle of the Westonmot type. This car has no equal in the world for power and smooth easy running. There is no other automobile value on the earth to compare with it. One of these cars will last any person a lifetime if properly cared for. Model D-44, Light Six Roadster, - $950.00 F. 0. B. Flint, Michigan Model p-45, Light Six Touring Car, $985.00 F. 0. B. Flint, Michigan Model D-46, Light Six Coupe, Model 0-47, Light Six Sedan, • .Model D-54, Large Six Roadster, Model D-55, Large Six Touring, FOR SALE BY $1350.00 F. 0. B. Flint, Michigan $1875.00 F. 0. B. Flint, Michigan $1450.00 F. 0. B. Flint, Michigan $1485.00 F. 0. B. Flint, Michigan J. W. RICHLEY AUTOMOBILE CO. York's Oldest and Largest Auto Dealers 237 East PhUadelphia Street, YORK, PA. i6 Get FIRS T Prize For Your Fruit Spray with Bowker*s"Pyrox*' and secure fruit that is free from insect damage and fungus disfigurement. "PYROX" fills the Barrel with the kind they used to put on top. Fifteen more perfect apples on the tree pay the bill. Rowker's Lime Sulphur for all scale insects is made heavy and rich, and for that reason is more effective than lighter mixtures; and as a rule it costs no more. When you clean up your trees with Lime Sulphur, be sure to use Bowker's for it is the kind you can rely on to do effective work. WE SHIP FROM BALTIMORE WRITE FOR AGENCIES TO D rWXm' V P INSECTICIDE CO. D \J VV ^^ I-^ A^ 101 1 Fidelity Bldg., Baltimore, Md. TYSON BROTHERS INCORPORATED GENERAL AGENT, Hora Dale, Pa. 17 CONSTITUTION Preamble. Being interested in fruit growing and believing that, by organization, we may materially advance our common interests, we hereby adopt the following Constitution and By-Laws. Article I. — Name. This Association shall be known as The Fruit Growers' Association of Adams County. Article II.— Object. The object of this Association shall be to encourage the cooperation of the fruit growers of Adams County for the protection and advancement of their common interests. 1. By securing and disseminating such scientific and practical information as shall promote the general advancement of the fruit growing interests in this county, and shall tend to the improvement of the quality and quantity of our products. 2. By securing such legislation as may be advantageous, and preventing that which may be detrimental. 3- By securing such improved facilities in transportation as shall tend to give us more expeditious and economical distribution. 4. By endeavoring to secure a better and more uniform system of packing and package. 5. By devising a plan of advertisini? and marketing which will develop and increase the demand for Adams County fruit and promote closer rela- tions between growers and markets. 6. And by endeavoring to obtain such improved systems of crop reporting as shall furnish, through cooperation with other similar associations, ac- curate information concerning production, thereby enabling the fruit grower to know the exact situation. Article III. — Membership. 1. Membership in this Association may be secured by application to the Executive Board and shall consist of two classes, regular members and spe- cial members as hereinafter described. 2. The regular membership shall include all persons acceptable to the Executive Board, who are interested in fruit growing and who have paid annual dues of $1.00. Members of this class shall, until the next annual meeting, be entitled to attend and participate in the educational features of all regular and special meetings and to receive all published reports thereof. 3. The special membership shall include all regular members, acceptable to the Executive Board, whose orchards are located within the limits of the Adams County fruit belt, and who, in addition to paying the annual dues specified for regular members, have paid special annual dues at the rate of twenty cents for each acre of orchard they own and who have also paid such additional assessments as the Executive Board may deem necessary from time to time, .subject to the approval of the Association, had at a meeting following a ten-day written notice which shall state object of meeting and amount of proposed assessment. Also any regular member not owning or- chards and acceptable to the Executive Board, may become a special member by contributing annually, for the use of the Association, the sum of $5.00 or over. Members of this special class, in good standing, and whose dues are not in arrears shall, until next annual meeting, in addition to enjoying all rights and privileges accorded regular members, have the exclusive right to vote on all matters of business, to receive all crop and market reports, and to have free access to all information which the Association is able to collect. i8 V / 19 Where Desirable Insurance is Wanted DOUGHERTY & HARTLEY Representing the following Fire Insurance Companies THE OLDEST, STRONGEST AND BEST COMPANIES, viz : Continentah Home, Hartford, Phoenix, Fire As* soctation. North America, Aetna, London Assur« ance. Farmers of York, and others. Solicita your buaineas. Also repreaentt a line of GOOD MUTUAL COMPANIES when desired The Christmas Store Ready— Everything ready. The Gift things have all been here ready for the Early Buyers Handkerchiefs— Tht C^ieat Christmas Article. Never so many as now. Ladies*, Gentlemen's and Children's. A beautiful line of them— Ic. to $1.00 each. Linens of all kinds and Xmas. novelties. Qlo\>es, Furs, Blankets, Rugs, Hosiery A beautiful line of Ladies' Neckwear for Christmas. Gents' Neckwear. Special prices given on Ladies* Coats for Holidayfs. See our line of Christmas Fancy Novelties before purchasing elsewhere DOUGHERTY & HARTLEY Gettysburg, Pa. Each partnership, corporation or estate holding special membership rights shall be entitled to one vote, and shall be represented by some individual desig- nated by them. 4. Services for personal benefit only, when approved by the Executive Board, may be undertaken by the Association at the expense of the special member desiring such service.- 5. The communicating of any information concerning the business of the special membership, to any person, persons or corporation other than special members in good standing, shall, upon proof satisfactory to the Executive Board, immediately terminate the membership of the offender without re- fund of dues, unless such communication has been authorized by the Execu^ tive Board. 6. All members, subject to the approval of the Executive Board, may re- new their membership annually by the payment of the annual dues specified for their class. Article IV. — Dues and Assessments. The annual dues of both regular and special members, as specified by Article III, are payable to the Secretary at the meeting immediately pre- ceding the annual meeting, as a receipt for which the Secretary shall issue a certificate of membership for the succeeding year. All assessments shall be paid within thirty days from date of authorization. Article V.— Officer. The officers shall consist of a President and four Vice-Presidents, a Secre- tary and a Treasurer, all of whom shall be elected by ballot at each annual meeting, to serve for the term of one year, or until their successors shall be chosen. These seven (7) elective officers shall constitute an Executive Board. Article VI. — Quorum. Five (5) members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Article VII. — Amendments. The Constitution and By-Laws of this Association may be amended at any regular meeting by a two-thirds vote of the members present, a notice of the proposed amendment having been presented in writing at a previous regular meeting. Article VIII.— Fruit Districts. For the purpose of distributing the work of the Association and extending its scope, the County of Adams shall be divided into the following seven (7) districts: District One, or North District, to consist of Menallen Township; District Two, or West District, to consist of Franklin Township: District Three, or Southwestern District, to consist of Highland, Liberty JMLHamil- tonban Townships ; District Four, or South District, to consist olRumber- land. Freedom and Mt. Joy Townships, and that portion of Straban Town- ship lying south of the Western Maryland Railroad ; District Five, or East- ern District, to consist of Germany, Union, Conowago, Mt. Pleasant, Oxford, Reading, Berwick and Hamilton Townships; District Six, or Northeastern District, to consist of Latimore, Huntingdon and Tyrone Townships ; District Seven, or Central District, to consist of Butler Township and that portion of . Straban Township lying north of the Western Maryland Railroad. Article IX. The following four (4) committees shall be appointed annually by the newly elected Executive Board and announced at the January meeting, as follows : a Committee on Programs, a Committee on Membership, a Com- mittee on Exhibits, and a Commitee on Legislation. vWTfTfcRJ ■i^l^:;'. ■'^m luB^ 20 ESTABLISHED 47 YEARS Largest Stock ciTid GRAPE VINES b^s:' C For garden and vineyard planting; also Currants, Gooseberries and other small (ruit plants. Parties in- tending to plant are requested to correspond wilh us. C Our vines are the strong- est and best rooted that can be grown and come into bear- ing in the shortest time pos- sible after planting. OUR CATALOGUE IS FREE T. S. HUBBARD CO. FREDONIA, N. Y. Trees : Trees : Trees We are located at the foot of the South Mountain, in the heart of the famous Adams County Fruit Belt. If you want good trees we have them. List of varieties and prices on application. Mountain Valley Nurseries W. W. BOYER & BRO., Proprietors Gettysburg, R. D. Ball Pbon. 65-1 1 Adams Co., Pa. Unit«l Phone lS-0 21 BY-LAWS Article I. — Duties of President. The President shall be the executive officer of the Association and of the Executive Board, and shall preside at all meetings of either body. He shall pass upon all bills and accounts of the Association before they are ordered paid by the Secretary. Article II.— Duties of the Vice-Presidents. The highest designated Vice-President present at any meeting shall pre- side in the absence of the President; all of the four Vice-Presidents shall serve on the Executive Board in conjunction with the other elective officers, and, in addition, each Vice-President shall have special duties, as follow: The First Vice-President shall be chairman of the Program Committee and be responsible for the preparation of a program for each Educational meeting. The Second Vice-President shall be chairman of the Membership Com- mittee and shall use every effort, personally and through members of his committee, to extend the membership and secure renewals. The Third Vice-President shall be chairman of the Committee on Legisla- tion and it shall be his duty, in connection with the members of his committee, to urge beneficial legislation and oppose that which may be detrimental, and keep the Association advised on legislative matters. The Fourth Vice-President shall be chairman of the Committee on Ex- hibits and have entire charge of securing fruit for exhibits and displaying same as directed by the Association. Article III. — Duties of the Secretary. The Secretary shall be the recording, corresponding and accounting officer of the Association and of the Executive Board ; he shall make no expenditure of a large or doubtful character without the sanction of the board ; he shall secure the vvritten approval of the President on all bills or claims against the Association before drawing his order on the Treasurer for the payment thereof ; he shall attend all meetings of the Association and of the Executive Board, and shall keep a faithful record of their proceedings; he shall sign all certificates of membership and all diplomas and certificates of merit awarded by the Association. All money received by him shall be promptly paid to the Treasurer. He shall have full charge of the Association's books and papers and shall be responsible to the board for all property placed in his charge. He shall be the custodian of the seal of the Association and shall have authority to affix same to documents when needful. It shall be his duty to prepare and issue from time to time such reports as may be authorized by the Executive Board, and to present to each annual meeting a report of the work of the Executive Board. He shall mail a notice of dues to all members one week prior to the November meeting, at which time all dues are payable. As recompense, the Secretary shall receive all necessary expenses and such salary as may be determined by the Executive Board. Article IV. — Duties of the Treasurer. All the funds of the Association shall be paid into the hands of the Treas- urer; he shall disburse the moneys of the Association that come into his hands only upon order of the Secretary countersigned by the President. Immediately preceding the annual meeting he shall submit to the Executive Board a written report showing the amount of money that shall have come into his hands during the year, the sources from which it has been derived and disposition made of the same. 22 IN Jf irjst i^ational Pank GETTYSBURG, PA. Capital, $100,000.00 Surplus, $140,000.00 S. M. BUSHMAN, President J. ELMER MUSSELMAN, Cashier Pays Interest on Certificates for six months or more at 3^% per annum INVESTIGATE OUR Savings Department ACCOUNTS CAN BE OPENED AT ANY TIME PAYS 3>^ PER CENT Samuel Bushman J. L. Butt C. H. Musselman DIRECTORS G. H. Trostel W. S. Adams John D. Brown P. A. Miller D. M. Sheely Accounts Solicited However Small 23 Article V. — Duties of the Executive Board. The Executive Board shall enact all rules and regulations for the manage- ment of the affairs of the Association, determine the salaries of its officers and assume the control and management of its exhibitions; it shall have power to displace any officer of the Association for neglect of duty or abuse of position, and shall pass upon all candidates for membership and renewaU thereof with power to annul membership for cause; shall fill all vacancies by appointment to continue until the next annual election; it shall carefully guard the interests of the Association, watch over its finances and provide for its necessities as they shall arise ; and it shall submit to the annual meet- ing, through the Secretary, such report upon the condition, general interests and prospects of the Association as it shall judge necessary or expedient. All important measures shall be submitted to this board, but may, by the board, be re-submitted to the Association for recommendation. Article VI. — ^Duties of the Standing Committees. 1. The Committee on Programs shall be responsible for the preparation of a program for each educational meeting. 2. The Committee on Membership shall bring the work of the Association to the attention of fruit growers throughout the county, and by such means as they deem best, strive to increase the membership. 3. The Committee on Legislation shall inform itself in regard to such ex- isting laws as relate to the horticultural interests of Adams County and bring the same to the attention of the Association, at the same time reporting any additional legislation which in their judgment is desirable. When so directed by the Association, it shall cause to be introduced into the state legislature such bills as may be deemed necessary, and shall aid or oppose any bills introduced by others which directly or indirectly affect the interests of the fruit grower. 4. The Committee on Exhibitions shall suggest from time to time such methods and improvements as may seem to them desirable in conducting the exhibitions of the Association, and with the assistance of the Executive Board, shall arrange the premium lists and have charge of all the exhibitions of the Association. Such other standing committees may be created by the Executive Board from time to time as in its discretion may be desirable or necessary. Article VII. — Meetings. There shall be a regular meeting of the Association on the second Satur- day of each month at 7 : 30 p. m., unless otherwise ordered. The meeting held in December to be regarded as the annual meeting. Special meetings may be convened by the Executive Board at such times as they may appoint. Article VIII. — Initiation of Officers. All new officers shall assume the duties of office at the opening of the meeting immediately following the one at which they were elected, except that the newly elected Executive Board shall prepare and announce, at the January meeting, the membership roll of the four committees specified in Article IX, and the chairman of Program Committee shall prepare a program for the February meeting and announce same at the January meeting. Article IX. — Order of Business. 1. Reading of minutes of previous meeting. 2. Nominations and elections. 3. Reports of committees. 4. Deferred business. 5. Communications. 6. New business. 7. Discussion of questions. 24 25 1'! dL It is not only the growing of the fruit that demands your atten- tion, but the manner in which it is packed as well. Corrugated Caps White Paper Caps Cushions G.P.READ 199DUANE5t.,NEWY0RK BRANCH ALBION. N.Y. MANUFACTURER AND DEALER IN SUPPLIES USED BY THE FRUIT ' GROWER AND SHIPPER FOR THE PICKING, PACKING AND PROTtCTING OF HIS FRUIT. Lace Circles dL The use of my goods at the time of packing increases the value of your fruit 10%. Send for Booklet on Fruit Packing Supplies IT IS FREE K&K V. C. H. £i C. W KIMBALL Com mission Merchants and Wholesale Dealers in APPLES, POTATOES and ONIONS 202 and 204 Franklin Si New York .'* 26 »«pjr^J^«;';,ii" ^-'^'j*^"5t J ') PROCEEDINGS OF THE ELEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION OF ADAMS COUNTY, PA. The Eleventh Annual Convention was called to order by the Pres- ident, C. Arthur Griest, at 2 : oo p. m., Wednesday, December 15, 191 5, in Fruit Growers' Hall, Bendersville, Pa., and was opened with prayer by the Rev. D. T. Koser. Discussion of the State Game Laws and the Workman's Compen- sation and Employers' Liability Act. John D. Keith, Esq., Gettysburg, Pa. One of the topics assigned to me for discussion this afternoon is : The right of a farmer or fruit grower to defend his property against protected game animals and the liability of the State to pay damages for injuries caused by protected game animals. Under the Game Law of 191 5 (Section 10, P. L. 146) a farmer cr his employee is permitted to kill rabbits at any time upon his own premises, provided that rabbits have been or are destroying or injuring his growing crops, vegetables or fruit trees and provided further that such killing is necessary to protect such plants and trees. Under the same law (Section 5, P. L. 146) if the Board of Game Commissioners shall be satisfied by proof that either deer, elk or rabbits are excessively destroying property and thereby becoming a nuisance in any section of the State, such board is authorized to re- move such animals from that neighborhood, or to have them killed. Explanation and Apology. — We feel that an apology for the unprece- . dented delay in publishing "Report" is due and that some explanation be made of the entire omission of two papers by Dr. M. B. Waite, of the National Bureau of Plant Industry. Dr. Waite's two papers, "Fire Blight and Re- lated Troubles," and "Sooty Blotch and Frog Eye," were mailed to him for correction January 19th. Our letter was acknowledged with promise to return copy promptly. However, despite numerous letters and telegrams, we are obliged, after keeping you waiting almost six months, to go to press without them. 27 li'.'Vr'u,' mmmm \ ^ i iHB^P' ' ''f^ .AtfKHBHK... .^g lii£ 26 - ' PROCEEDINGS OF THE ELEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION OF ADAMS COUNTY, PA. The Eleventh Annual Convention was called to order by the Pres- ident, C. Arthur Griest, at 2:00 p. m., Wednesday, December 15, 1915, in Fruit Growers' Hall, Jjendersville, Pa., and was opened with prayer by the Rev. D. T. Koser. Discussion of the State Game Laws and the Workman's Compen- sation and Employers' Liability Act. John D. Kkith, Esq., Gettysburg, Pa. One of the topics assigned to me for discussion this afternoon is : The rii^ht of a farmer or fruit j^^rower to defend his property against protected game animals and the liability of the State to pay damages for injuries caused by protected game animals. Under the Game Law of 1915 (Section 10, P. L. 146) a farmer cr his em])loyee is ])ermitte(l to kill rabbits at any time upon his own premises, provided that rabbits have been or are destroying or injuring his growing crops, vegetables or fruit trees and provided further that such killing is necessary to protect such plants and trees. Under the same law (Section 5, P. L. 146) if the Board of Game Commissioners shall be satisfied by proof that either deer, elk or rabbits are excessively destroying property and thereby becoming a raiisance in any section of the State, such board is authorized to re- move such animals from that neighborhood, or to have them killed. Explanation and Apology. — We feel that an apology for the unprece- • dented delay in pubHshing "Report" is due and that some explanation be made of the entire omission of two papers by Dr. M. B. Waite, of the National Bureau of Plant Industry. Dr. Waite's two papers, "Fire BliiJ^ht and Re- lated Troubles," and "Sooty Blotch and Frog Eye," were mailed to him for correction January 19th. Our letter was acknowledged with promise to return copy promptly. However, despite numerous letters and telegrams, we are obliged, after keeping you waiting almost six months, to go to press without them. 27 ,ii,-,/' m INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE -:3i 28 The remedy afforded under the provision last mentioned would be totally inadequate in case a farmer found deer or other ^ame animals in the act of destroying trees or in the act of injurying domestic animals. The right of a landowner to kill protected game animals which are in the act of destroying his property or have lately caused injury and are likely to do so again in the near future, has not been ad- judicated by any court in this State so far as I know. A cursory examination has disclosed but two reported cases in the United States in which the subject has been considered. It is well settled, however, that the State, as the representative of the people, is the owner of wild game animals in trust for the public. It is equally well settled that the State may regulate or prohibit the killing of game within its boundaries. This right to prohibit kill- ing arises from the general police power with which the State is in- vested. It must be admitted that game, if it is to live at all, must neces- sarily live on and obtain its food from lands owned by some one or more individuals. For State ownership of lands is limited and is not essential to the validity of game laws. It must also be admitted that large game animals subsisting upon vegetation on lands held by one not the owner of such animal, in so subsisting commit at least a technical trespass and to some extent slight damage dependent upon the uses to which the land is put by the owner. And every large game animal in passing over cultivated fields or orchards does some injury however trivial. But as game must live somewhere, and as the State has the right to prohibit its killing, it would seem to follow, as a general propo- sition, that every landowner must submit to a reasonable loss inci- dental to the maintenance of game. On the other hand our constitution secures to each citizen the in- defeasible right of protecting property, and also prohibits the ap- plication of private property to public use without compensation being made. So that it would seem that we are met with two distinct and oppos- ing rules of law. There must, of necessity, be some compromise or middle ground. In the absence of a judicial decision by the courts of this State upon this question I believe that such middle ground will be found in a rule to the effect, that : The owner of property may defend such property against excessive or unreasonable injury caused by protected game animals. And for that purpose only may kill such protected game animals upon his owii premises, provided killing be reasonably necessary for the accomplishment of such pur- pose. You will understand, of course, that upon the trial of the charge that would be instituted against you for such killing, the burden 29 would be upon you to establish to the satisfaction of the jury that such killing was the reasonable, and possiblv the onVpractica ZTttr^:^^' further injury to^our property. ' A^ndlfso cessive ^ ^""^ '"""^ ^"^ ^'^^^""^ "^^^ unreasonable or ex- It will always be a serious task for any person to convince a jury hat antlers of a deer killed by him in the dose season were taken In manl ke individuals in every community who would be willing to risk the payment of a fine in order to obtain trophies of the chase especially if they believed that juries would without question accept cnZ^^n^rlu Y V^'^y' trespass or minor injury was about to be committed by the offending deer, elk or bird and the killing was the easiest, if not the most reasonable method of avoiding and preventing It will always be safer to make complaint to the State Board of Came Commissioners, by which board relief in proper cases will no doubt be granted. But under principles of law applicable to trespassing domestic animals that are well recognized in this State, there woidd seem to be no doubt that one may be justified in killing game, even in a close season, in the defense of his property, if he reasonably believes that such course is necessary to protect his property. This principle was recognized by the Supreme Court of a sister state in 1873. The then game laws of that state prohibited the killing of minks between certain dates. During the close season a farmer shot a mink upon his own premises, alleging that it was pursuing his geese. He was arrested but the court held that it was for the jury to sav "whether his shot was reasonably necessary for the protection of his property, considering what adequate and economical means of permanent protection were available; the legal valuation of (game) hfe, and the disturbance and mischief likely to be wrought upon his real and personal estate if any other than a' sanguinary defense were ?dopted.'' The Supreme Court of another state has lately held that one charged with killing deer out of season, may show in justification ^hat the deer when killed was on his premises, destroyed his property, r.nd the killing was reasonably necessary. As to the liability or the obligation on the part of the State of Pennsylvania to pay for loss caused by protected game, I would sug- gest that even if the State were liable, such liability could not be realized upon unless the legislature should grant permission to the injured party to sue the State. And the legislature is not bound to grant such consent to sue. On the other hand game laws are enacted under the general police power of the State, and it seems doubtful to me, whether a state could be held liable, even if suit were permitted, for incidental loss ,-M 30 « occasioned by the proper exercise of such police poxyer It must be re- membered that persons and property may be subjec ed to any rea- sonable burden by the State in the exercise of its police POwer and private property affected in such cases is not taken or applied to such nnblic use as requires compensation to be made therefor. If the loss octaslned by p?Sected gLe is unreasonable or unduly burdensome. Se aggrieved landowner may resort to his summary remedy o abat- ing ?he cause of the injury in the manner indicated m the definition of the rule that we believe is the proper one. , . ^ r I have also been requested to speak to you on the subject of our new Compensation Law. The ouroose of The Workmen's Compensation Act of 1915 's a correct one hi that the act is designed to establish a system whereby industriarefficiency is to be promoted. But the methods by which cuch oXose is to be accomplished are so opposed to those theories obuKs relations which have long been accepted by the people of his ConJmonwealth that most of us have lost sight of the purpose in consideration of the means. We do not yet fully appreciate the merit of the enactment or the effect that it will have upon us bV some the act is assailed as "revolutionary and "as opposed to fund'amental principles of freedom and justice." Others 00k u^^^^^^ it as "a wise, just and economically sound piece of legislation that is bound to pr^ve beneficial not only to employer and employee ald V r.wn nep-litrence contributed in the sligntest cover from y^H,'^ ^.s own ej^ligence c ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ f defec ve Siance and such defect is known to the employee^ he f/%- tl:;r i^ r^^^^^ii^^^^^f^ri ^pJ^" nd sJlch faddeTir:Sarently'unsLfe, if the fruit picker uses it and is in- jured tl--by- y°" -7^:VS;::tn-ury bv reason of the negligent act^^S^a .rZ;To?er>- are\J ^^^^^\^t:^ '-r SJa ^^: i::];. ft re^rofts lacSrbefng Lr Kfo^^ntyte'iSfrgenract of'another fruit picker, you are not ^ . 33 responsible. Or if two of your workmen are engaged in conveying fruit by wagon and the one driving the wagon is neghgent, thereby causing injury to the other, the latter cannot recover from you. What I have said will serve as a meager illustration of your pres- ent duties and liabilities and these will not be changed in any manner by the Workmen's Compensation Act if it be finally decided that your exemption from that act is lawful, and in so far as the various branches of your business may be held to constitute agriculture. From what I have said you will understand that at present your liability to injured workmen amounts to nothing unless it is shown that you have been negligent in fulfilling the duties that the law has imposed upon you and that, even if you are negligent in that respect, you are not responsible if the workmen's own negligence contributed in the slightest degree to the injury or if his injury was caused by the negligence of a fellow servant. In this connection I might remind you that under the present state of law if one of your workmen receives an injury and you are un- v.illing or unable to adjust the damages with him, he is entitled to bring an action at law against you. In such action, if the law and the facts permit it, a jury may assess the amount of damages that you must pay. Unfortunately such litigation is costly to both the success- ful and unsuccessful party. Frequently a meritorious claim of a workman is debarred by reason of the common law defenses to which I have referred, or the workman is loathe to undertake a legal action because of the expense. And just as frequently em- ployers are assessed with excessive damages by juries prone to pro- tect a workman. To remedy the first evil, that of injustice to work- men, the legislatures of several states and also congress have enacted laws that impose more stringent duties upon employers. In some instances these laws have taken away from employers their right to rely upon the common law defenses under which they can show that tile injured workman has assumed the risk of employment; has contributed by his own negligence to the injury, or has been injured by a fellow workman. Such legislation has received the sanction and approval of the courts of the various states and also the supreme court of the United States in so far as such legislation does not cre- ate an absolute liability upon the employer when he has fully per- formed the duties imposed* upon him. Such acts are known as "Em- ployers' Liability Acts" because they affect or enlarge the liability of employers. But such acts do not fix specific amounts that are to be paid to injured workmen. Hence, it still remains for juries to assess the amount of damages that employers are to pay. You will readily understand that such condition is manifestly burdensome to em- ployers Consequentlv in a number of the states it has been realized that it is necessary to provide by law that the question of the amount of damao-es to be paid bv em.ployers to injured workmen shall if pos- sible be\emoved from the tender hands of jurymen. The only 34 practical method by which this can be accomplished is to Provide that whenever a workman is injured in the course of his employnien , unless the injury is self-inflicted, that the employer shall pay certain specific sums. And to assure the payment of such sums to the in- iured employee, as well for the protection of the employer, it is es- sential that employers be required to carry insurance in one form or another. And in order that employers be not left to the mercy of insurance companies it is essential that the State P.^^vide insurance in such manner that the ordinary insurance companies shall be given keen competition in that line. Such general plan also requires that industrial boards be crea ed to pass promptly upon all reported injuries and to determine the amount o^f compensation due the injured workman. Acts embracing these featurs are known as ''Workmen's Compensation Acts. When our legislature, not to be outdone by the law givers of our sister states of England, Germany and other continental countries Sru?der%onside^ the adoption of a Compensation A^^^^^^^^^^^ State it was confronted with a clause in our State Constitution which prohibited the passage of any law limiting the amount to be recovered for injuries resulting in death or injuries to persons. Hence, it was clear that any act that attempted to compel an ern- ployer to pay and an employee to accept any given sum for a spe- cific injury would violate such constitutional restriction. But our legislature, undaunted by a mere constitutional prohibition such as this, like the proverbial Irishmen who constantly meet with unanswerabie objections, ''got around it; by providing ^n our Com nensation Act that after January i, 1916, (the time at which the act vTbecome effective), no employer shall be permitted to defend a l.i for damages brought by an injured workman by introducing the common law defenses that I have mentioned unless the injur>Ms due to the workman's intoxication or reckless indifference to danger and even then the employer must bear the burden of proving such fnToxicaSon or reckless indifference. This particular feature of the Spensation Act is embodied in Article II, and will, in the opinion of the leaders of the profession, be sustained by the courts. Now this provision, considered alone, may seem to you to be de- cidedly radical but it may afford certain consolatioii to know that it inot'so radical as the provisions of the present Bntish Act ^^^^^^^^ Avhich a drunken workman in a powder mil may throw a lighted ma ch in a box of powder, and if the mill be flestroyed the ow^^^^^ the mill killed and the drunken workman die from the injuries he recede the widow and children of the late lamented workman may recover damages for the loss of his life from the estate of the de- ceased miU owner. I call this matter to your attention that you ma> realTze that future legislation holds even greater pleasures in store ^"^Burto resume: Our legislature having provided in Article II, of 35 the Compensation Act for the abolition of common law defenses and thereby having effectively disposed of the employer in any action at law, in a seeming spirit of benevolence provided further that all em- f loyers if they did not enjoy the rules laid down for their guidance in actions at law, could avoid those rules by electing to compensate every injured employee or the dependants of those who were killed according to certain fixed schedules of payments for definite periods of time, which amounts are to depend upon the character of injury and upon the amount of wages which the workman was earning at the time of injury. Realizing the fraility of human nature that might be displayed in a certain rehictance in choosing between two such desirable offerings, the legislature then proceeded to relieve the situ- ation for all timid employers by enacting that unless the employer expresses in writing a desire to be held liable in actions at law with- out his right to the common law defenses, he shall be conclusively presumed to have elected to be held liable under the fixed compen- sation plan. From this you will see that our legislature has succeeded in giving to us a Compensation Act which is not compulsory. The adoption of the compensation plan is a matter of election, but practically the em- ployers are compelled to adopt it or suffer a loss of their most sub- stantial defenses in actions at law. I might add that many of those who have given careful study to the constitutional questions involved, unhesitatingly assert that this act elective in form, but coersive in principle, will be held by the courts to be constitutional. Similar acts have been passed upon and approved by the courts of other states. I need not remind you, I know, that all of you, except pos- sibly the ladies present, last month voted either for or against a pro- posed amendment to our constitution which will now permit the next legislature to change the Compensation Act of 1915 in such manner that the fixed payment plan can be made compulsory and not de- pendent upon the election of employer or employee, and under which the cost of insurance may be apportioned between the employer and employee. It would not perhaps interest you if I were to enter upon a dis- cussion of the various reasons advanced in support of and against the constitutionality of the Act of June 3d, exempting those engaged in domestic service and in agriculture from the provisions of the Compensation Act. For the purpose of this discussion we will assume that your ex- emption is a proper one. And if fruit growers employed workmen • who were engaged only in the fruit growing business, our discussion could well end at this point. But practically all fruit growers and farmers, as well as their employees, at some time or times in each year perform some labor that can scarcely be considered as agricul- tural labor. As for instance many of you buy and sell apples upon a commission basis. In such work it is reasonable to assume that you /€* r 36 are engaged in a business pursuit rather than in the cultivation of crops. Many of you engage in other matters that are not incidental to the fruit growing business and consequently, as I will attempt to point out hereafter, you may be responsible, to some extent at least under the Compensation Act. And in such cases compensation will have to be paid by you whether you are negligent or not. As an illustration of this I would say that if one of your employees should be engaged in work that the courts will hold to be other than agricul- tural work, and while so engaged he should receive an injury from anv cause other than self infliction, you will have to pay him com- pensation. If vou are buying apples on a commission basis, and you send one of your employees on the road with an automobile to solicit orders, and a stranger should accidently discharge a gun causing your employee to lose a hand, you will be required to pay to such employee for a period of 175 weeks commencing fourteen days after the accident, sums equivalent to fifty per cent, of the wages that were being received bv him at the time of the injury. You would also be required to furnish him with surgical and medical services at a limited cost : and in case he should die leaving a widow, such widow would be entitled to receive forty per cent, of the wages for a period of three hundred weeks. Or if he left a child and no widow, such child would be entitled to twenty-five per cent, of the wages for sucli period of itoo weeks, and at the expiration of such 300 weeks period, such child would be entitled to receive fifteen per cent, of the wages until he or she arrived at the age of sixteen. These wages so paid to the widow or to the child will constitute the compensation required to be paid by the act. and would be paid to such widovy or child m the same periodical installments as the wages of your deceased em- ployee were payable before the accident. The remaining question of chief interest to you is whether an em- ployee of a fruit glower can be said to be one engaged in agriculture withi^ the meaning of that term as used in the Exemption Act of Tune vl It is disappointing to find that the question of what con- Ses agriculture within the meaning of Workmen's Compensation Acts has not been adjudicated to any extent. ... From the language used in the Act of June 3<1. it seems that it mat- ters htde what the general business in which the employer is engaged, may be The nature of the work upon which tf e worki^an is en- nloved when injured is to govern the question of liability. 1 '!"«• '* n man operates both a farm and a retail store situate upon the farm nrTm?ses and the clerk in the store also does work as a farm hana, H such cierk be injured while serving as a farm hand, he would be enJaSd i.ragricu ture and could not claim the compensation pro- v"decf for in the act. But if he is injured while clerking in the store he liikl noi be then engaged in agriculture and could claim com- nitZ:t:s^'^£\o anticipate that a workman employed by a 37 fruit grower in connection with the planting and care of trees and the gathering of the fruit crops, is engaged in agriculture. It has been held by courts of respectable standing that agriculture consists of cul- tivating the ground and raising crops of commercial value. It has also been held that fruit is an agricultural crop. To what extent one must be interested in fruit growing to be considered an agriculturist is hard to state at this time. Our own Supreme Court has held that one is engaged in agriculture when he derives the support of him- self and family in whole or in part from the cultivation of land; that such land must consist of more than a garden although it may be less than a field, and that the uniting of any other business with this is not inconsistent with the pursuit of agriculture. I will have to leave it to each of you to determine whether or not you come within this definition. It has also been held by the court of a sister state that a steam engine used with a thresher is a farming utensil, but on the other hand it has been held by a court of equal standing that one who is engaged in grinding wheat for the purpose of selling it as flour is not engaged in agriculture. It seems to me, however, that fruit growers will be exempt from the provisions of the Compensation Act in practically all of the branches of their business, and will be liable under that act only as to such workmen who are injured in performing work that is clearly not incidental to fruit growing or farming. For instance, a work- man employed by you if injured while picking your apples would be engaged in agriculture and he could not recover from you unless he would show that you had been negligent. But if the same work- man should be injured while aiding you in selling fruit handled upon a commission basis, or in repairing one of your houses not situate upon your farm, he would not be then engaged in agriculture work and for such injury could demand compensation from you. This construction of the Compensation Act is supported by the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States construing and applying the provisions of the Federal Employers* Liability Act of 1908 under which it is held that the test of liability depends upon the nature of the work in which the workman is engaged at the time of injury. It is also supported by an advance ruling made by the Workmen's Compensation l^oard of Pennsylvania a week or two ago to the effect that a private chauflfeur ''while acting as such" is en- gaged in domestic service and is therefore not covered by the act. For you will note that the board has carefully limited the exemption of a chauffeur to such times as he is "acting as such." . It seems to me that the term "agriculture" must receive strict con- struction, because the very validity of the exemption must depend upon some real distinction between the risk in agricultural work and the risk in other classes of employment. Under the same principles it would seem safe to anticipate that em- 38 ployees who do no manual work, such as time-keepers, book-keepers and clerks and men engaged in the manufacturing of barrels or boxes, some of which you expect to sell to other fruit growers, wou d not be engaged in purely agricultural work and as to them you would be liable under the Compensation Act. From what I have said you will understand that no fruit grower and no farmer can be assured that he will entirely escape liability under the Compensation Act. Consequently you will be constantly confronted wtih liabilities of three distinct forms: (i) As to workmen emploved by you, who are injured while en- gaged in strictly agricultural work, you will be liable in an action at law provided you have been negligent, but even if negligent you will not be liable if the workman has also been negligent or has been in- jured by a fellow workman. This is your present liability and as a risk it amounts to little. _ _ (2) As to workmen injured while engaged in work that is not inci- dental to or necessarily connected with agriculture, you will be liable under the Compensation Act. If you carry insurance your liability will be limited to the fixed amounts provided for in the act. If you reject the fixed compensation plan or neglect to msure after notice to do so, vou may be held liable in an action at law in which YOU cannot rely' upon your common law defenses, or you may be held liable for payment of the fixed compensation. Hence, insurance ae-ainst such class of accidents is essential to your safety. (i) As to laborers or assistants hired by an independent con- tractor, who may be upon your premises for the performance of any of vour regular business, you will be liable under the Compensation Act in the same manner as if such laborer were your own employee. But in this connection I must say that the provisions of the Com- pensation Act relative to such liability are so indefinite that I would time as the various questions that we have mentioned have received judicial construction. ... This leaves the fruit grower, as you no doubt by this time, under- stand, in a somewhat uncertain situation. The only practicable and safe plan for him to follow is to carry liability insurance until such time as the various questions that we have mentioned have received iudicial constructon. . ^ t t? j _ Such insurance may be obtained from the State Insurance Fund or from any of the well-known stock couipanies or from mutual com- ^''^Afthe State Fund Insurance will not cover any liability except such as is imposed under Article III, of the act, insurance by that method may not meet the requirements of the f P-iit growers. Mutual S)mpanv i/surance against such liability as is imposed under Article III of the Compensation Act, since it may not mature for sixteen years after the accident has occurred, seems to me to be undesirable. And for these reasons insurance in some one of the many responsible 39 stock insurance companies would seem to be the proper method, at least until the State plan of insurance has been thoroughly deter- mined upon and broadened to meet the requirements of the fruit grower and farmer. The rates charged by the State and the Standard Stock Companies are not exhorbitant upon this class of business and under both meth- ods provision is made for adjustment of premium charges at the ex- piration of each year. That is to say, that if your pay roll for the year is less than estimated when the policy was issued, a portion of the premium will be refunded to you. Or if such pay roll exceeds the original estimate you will be required to pay an additional premium. I regret that I have not been able to give you more definite infor- mation relative to this important subject but such information I have rot been able to obtain from those entrusted with the administration of the compensation law in time for this meeting, and the particular phase of the act exempting agriculturists seems to have received ' little or no judicial consideration in the other states. I look upon the Compensation Act as a wise and just one. I be- lieve that experience under it will be satisfactory to all. And until it has been tested in practical application any critical condernnation should remain suspended. In order that a fair test may be given it, all of us should cooperate in so far as we are able, with those by whom its provisions are to be administered. J- ^I^^H^ ■m ■ '..V.:.,d^^^li ' .:r.T''-'.:^^^^^^^^^^^H 40 li •il Co-operation for Fruit-Growers. A. Freeman Mason, Horticulturist, Dept. of Agricultural Extension, State College, Pa. Mr. Chairman, and Members of the Fruit Growers Associa- tion : • It is indeed gratifying to know, when put down for a subject such as cooperation, that there is an active interest in the topic taken by the growers in the section. In most places where the matter is dis- cussed, with other than a passing interest, the growers care nothing for it. They have no idea of putting any plan into operation. But here you have been advertising cooperatively, and have combined to prevent the passage of statutes detrimental to your interests, and there seems to be a distinct field for cooperative organization in this community. It is scarcely a year past since the world was thrilled by a terriffic drive made by one country, clear across an adjacent kingdom, and well into the broders of one of the strongest of modern nations. The drive took the Germans almost to the gates of Paris. Had anyone prognosticated such an invasion, they would have been hooted, be- cause France had more than the usual military equipment. But Germany had been preparing for years, for just such a war. Years and years ago she organized all of her forces in such a way as to give her the greatest efficiency, and was all ready to strike the blow long before war was declared. Consequently, as soon as the op- portunity presented itself, she was halfway into the enemy's country before the enemy wakened. Down in West Virginia and Kentucky, a short time ago the papers blared forth about the activities of the "night-riders.*' Great red h.ead-lines advertised death and destruction wrought by these vandals. There was not much publicity given to one side of it. The tobacco trust had forced the price of tobacco down to f\\t cents per pound. The tobacco growers organized, and discussed the price of tobacco, and the ways and means of persuading the trust to give them a higher price for their product. The first year they were unsuccess- ful in raising the price to even cost. The next year they decided not to plant any tobacco. Of course there were then the few men who thought that that would be just the year for them to plant, carmg little for the effect on the organization which was working for their * ultimate good. But these men were visited in the night, and their tobacco-beds were cultivated so thoroughly that they needed no fur- ther attention the rest of the year, and the recalcitrants were horse- whipped. The tobacco-growers cooperated so successfully that they 41 :n?:m dataMWa&aMiMtaiiHI 40 Co-operation for Fruit-Growers. A. Frkkman Mason, Horticulturist, Dept. of Agricultural Extension, State College, Pa. Mr. Chairman, and Mkmuers of thk Frtit Growkrs Associa- tion : It is indeed gratifying to know, when put down for a subject such as cooperation, that there is an active interest in the topic taken by the growers in the section. In most i)laces where the matter is dis- cussed, with other than a passing interest, the growers care nothing for it. They have no idea of putting any ])lan into operation. I hit here you have been advertising cooperatively, and have combined to ])revent the ])assage of statutes detrimental to your interests, and there seems to be a distinct field for cooperative organization in this community. It is scarcely a year ])ast since the world was thrilled by a terriffic drive made bv one country, clear across an adjacent kingdom, and well into the Ijroders of one of the strongest of modern nations. The drive took the Germans almost to the gates of Paris. Had anyone j^rognosticated such an invasion, they would have been hooted, be- cause France had more than the usual military e(|uipment. lUit Germany had been preparing for years, for just such a war. Years and years ago she organized all of her forces in such a way as to give her the greatest efficiency, and was all ready to strike the blow long before war was declared. Consequently, as soon as the oj)- l)ortunity ])resented itself, she was halfway into the enemy's country before the enemy wakened. Down in West \'irginia and Kentucky, a short time ago the papers blared forth about the activities of the "night-riders." Great red bead-lines advertised death and destruction wrought by these vandals. There was not nuich ])ul)licity given to one side of it. The tobacco trust had forced the ])rice of tobacco down to five cents per jKnuid. The tobacco growers organized, and discussed the price of tobacco, and the ways and means of ])ersua(ling the trust to give them a higher ])rice for their product. The first year they were unsuccess- ftil in raising the price to even cost. The next year they decided not to ])lant any tobacco. Of course there were then the few men who thought that that would be just the year for them to plant, carmg little for the efi'ect on the organization which was working for their f.ltimate good. T.ut these men were visited in the night, and their tobacco-beds were cultivated so thoroughly that they needed no fur- ther attention the rest of the year, and the recalcitrants were horse- v.hipped. The tobacco-growers cooperated so successfully that they 41 "iw^^ INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE \r 42 forced the trust to come to their terms and pay them fifteen cents per pound for their product, a very good price for tobacco. When you consider that there are thousands of acres of fruit set out in the West, and tens of thousands of acres planted in the East, is it not possible, that when the great strain of competition strikes Adams County, that they may not be able to get their organization completed quickly enough to meet the demands, if they do not look about them for the most advanced methods of marketing. Cooperation is defined simply by calling it organization for com- munity interest. In a great many places the term is much misun- derstood. It reminds me of the answer an evangelist received from a man in a small town. The evangelist asked one of the town loafers if they had a branch of the W. C. T. U. in the community. "No," replied the fellow, **but we have the B. & O., and the P. R. R. runs two miles west.'' This afternoon I will endeavor to bring out some of the essential features in cooperation for fruit growers. The movement is of comparatively recent development. Fifty years ago we did not have a railway network over the country ; we had no large commercial plantings which demanded quick movement of crops. There was very little business organization in farming. Fruit was grown merely as a side-line by the majority of farmers, and they put it all on the local market for any price they might get. The season for fruit such as strawberries lasted but three or four weeks. The apple season was a fall and early winter proposition, instead of lasting all year 'round. There was little demand for the fancy brands now put on the market. There was practically no competition, and a man's market consisted in the small community in which he lived. Wages were low, and hours were long. You cannot compare the old methods and practices with those we use now. On the other hand, the last fifty years has marked a tremendous upbuilding in every branch of industry. The railroads opened up new country, and offered immense advantages in shipping to growers in outlying districts. The West was settled up, and immediately the big plantings there sprang into importance. That forced the de- velopment of the refrigerator car, because all of that western fruit had to arrive East for a market. Parker Earl, formerly strawberry king of southern Illinois, came out with the first such cars forty years ago. It was not at all like the finished product we have to-day, but it opened the way for improvements. With it came the up- building of the fresh-fruit trade from the West. Seasons have been immeasurably lengthened, making a demand for such cars all the year around. Some organizations own their own cars. In addition to these mentioned, the commission business has been developed ; — the great amounts of capital in the trade enabling them to take advantage of the smaller businesses. I am not at all an- tagonistic to the commission man. He is just one more obstacle to overcome. If it were not for the commission man, the insects, 43 and diseases, God bless them, fruit growing would be so easy that everybody would go into it, and none of us would get anything out of it. Finally, the farm has been put on a business basis, with expert bookkeepers, or at least a set of books. Almost all of them can tell the cost of production on most of their lands. Commercial plantings have increased, and great areas have gone into one line of produc- tion. Georgia takes care of its tremendous peach plantings by means of the Georgia Fruit Exchange, controlling eighty per cent, of the crop, from 18,000,000 trees. Production and marketing costs have been increased in this period, the market demanding finer fruit, in better packages. Insects and diseases have increased, making a bit- ter and continuous fight essential, and the fact that the farmers have begun to charge up interest on the investment, and to investigate pro- duction costs has caused more or less of a reorganization in farming methods. Dr. Carver tells us that the farm is distinctly a home, and therefore should not be charged up with interest such as a factory w^ould be charged with in figuring costs, — but the American farmer is in the business for the money, and only the highest type of busi- ness methods will enable him to produce profitably. There are a number of advantages in cooperative organization which possibly cannot be disputed by any one. Standardization is perhaps the most important to the fruit marketer. Until we stand- ardize our product, we cannot hope to command the best markets for it. If you buy a box of western fruit, and look on the end of it, you will see "Blue Diamond Brand," "Y Brand," "Feather River Brand," or any number of such trade names, and you accept the fruit be- cause of the name on the end of the box, simply because the West has standardized its products so that it has the absolute confidence of every buyer in the East. There is no reason why the East can- not do the same thing. There is a tendency to aim too low. I was talking with a grower of peaches and apples the other day,--one with a national reputation,— and he remarked that he was entirely opposed to the box as a package for apples,— "because there is no use growing any better fruit than the common barrel stock." J. H. Hale told us in California this summer of the first carload of peaches that came from the West. It was laughed at, said Mr. Hale, loudly at first,— a great Ha-Ha, but it dwindled into a mighty weak one before many cars arrived, because the easterners realized immedi- ately that they would have to improve their methods. Reduction of cost of production is a second point to consider. When all of the supplies used in the business can be purchased in carload lots, it makes a considerable difference in the prices. The California Fruit Growers Association buys fertilizers, sprays and fumigants, tools, and other supplies for its members, at a greatly reduced cost. The barrels and boxes alone, make a great difference, because right here in the East at the present time you have to pay from sixteen to twenty-two cents per box for an apple box, while if 44 they were shipped in in carload lots from the West they can be ob- tained for fourteen cents. Barrels could be purchased in the same way. If a cooperative packing house is used, it lowers the grading and barreling costs several cents per unit. Marketing expense is lowered; first by enabling the shipment of fruit in carload lots ; second, by increasing the F. O. B. sales. The size and power of an organization enables it to keep a man in the markets all of the time, and as that end of the game is a science in itself, great things can be accomplished by such an agent. The California Fruit Growers Association marketed 50,000 carloads of oranges and lemons, with approximately 400 boxes in each car, at a total cost of $.06.59 per box. Six and one-half cents is a very low marketing cost, but it included all of their organization and market- ing expenses. If fruit is sold F. O. B., it is not subject to market tiuctuations, and when a single day may mean a difference of a dollar a barrel this item cannot be overlooked. Frequently fruit is allowed to stand on the tracks so long that it perishes before reaching the buyer. After the fruit is shipped, it has to be sold at any price it will bring, while if sales are F. O. B., the shipper knows his price before it leaves his hands, and the buyer will handle it with a great deal more care than if it still belonged to the grower. Not the smallest item was the one mentioned by the president of the association here, about the expenditure of funds that were col- lected in organizing a special membership in this association, in ad- vertisement of Adams County fruit. Co5perative advertisement al- ways advertises a community', instead of an individual, and therefore is much more effective. A single grower has no capital to spend in the great dailies and weeklies, while an association of several hun- dred members can afford to spend thousands of dollars for space in the leading magazines. Witness the effective advertising cam- paigns of the California association. *'Sunkist" means California citrus fruit in every market in the world, — yet there is probably not a single widely known eastern brand of fruit in the market. Protection against railroad discrimination, and the collection of damages is another important feature of combination. An individual has not the capital to press claims in the courts so has to be satisfied with what the railroad will give him in settlement of his differences. Although the time of railroad control seems to be rapidly passing, ^till they own considerable interests which the individual cannot com- bat. 1111 Centralization of the selling and distribution is accomplished by cooperative organization. This is emphasized most by the annual depression of the market in the fall, when the buyers come through a section to take up the fruit. Perhaps they go to one orchard, and purchase the fruit for $2.75 per barrel. The neighbor has taken better care of his fruit than the first man, but after a precedent has been established, it is hard to force the price up where it belongs, I A AS and the one man has done a great damage, and the rest have to sell at $2.75 or a figure very near that. Many do not realize that by holding off a little, and turning the north ear to the buyer until the tone of the market is established, they could do a great deal better in marketing. If there are five hundred growers and twenty buyers, time is taken for ten thousand conversations, while if the cooperative organization marketed the fruit, it could be sold in twenty. Central marketing also prevents glutting of the market by indiscriminate dumping. If the supply is steady and small, the market will hold an even tone, and will maintain it throughout the year, and when a cer- tain market has been developed, the supply of fruit will be large enough to supply it clear through the season, not only holding the market for the fruit from vour community, but keeping the prices stable. In 1890, J. H. Hale, then head of an agricultural commis- sion, issued a report forecasting the production of 10,000 carloads of citrus fruits in 1900. The whole legislative delegates from Cali- fornia visited him the day the report came out, violently protesting, stating that he had ruined immigration into the state, because no one v/ould dare to plant any more fruit for fear of over-production,— vet the intricately organized cooperative selling agency in California not only sold the 10,000 carloads in 1900, but they beat J. H. Hale two to one, and sold 20,000 carloads in 1900, and now they are selling 50,000 carload?, and in the next five years that will increase another 1 0,000,— simply because they know how to distribute evenly and vv idely. The development of new markets should be considered. It is difficult to do it on a small scale, because frequently it meets with reverses in the first year or so. But Oregon is developing South American markets for her surplus fruit, and it is beginning to ap- pear barely possible that the surplus will soon go there instead ot into the European markets. Lastly, the use of by-products turns small leaks into profitable ctreams. In all of the great factory enterprises they have efficiency engineers, who go about seeking uses for the waste products, and the same can be used in fruit-growing. Now we have a great many canneries in some sections, but they take the profit, rather than re- turning it to the grower. Where an organization is large^enough it can put in a complete plant, and take care of all of the culls which would otherwise go to the dumps, then, in years of oyersupply, it can take care of much of the poorer fruit which would otherwise P-lut the market, letting only the best fruit go into the trade. All ot tiie fruit, and a great many vegetable products are taken care of in this way in most of the western associations, and the evaporator and canner is going a large part of the year. . 1 , 1^,, In forminp a cooperative organization, it ,s pretty hard to lay -Jown rules which will fit every case, but under the P':ef "^ ^^"^"ly svstems in the United States, the fundamental principle of farmers l1- >r>iniiianii>ii»iwH 46 organizations is that they must be based on small specialized units. Thus in Adams County here you have a community whose interests are wholly allied, fruit growing being the important industry, and you are ideally adapted to the formation of a cooperative fruit growers association. But before any steps are taken there must be felt a distinct need for such an organization. Time after time a community has felt altruistic ideals, and high motives, upon which they tried to base a cooperative association, and just that many times has the proposition failed. There must be a need which binds the members together, such as the tobacco-growers felt, when they es- . tciblished their brotherhood, and such as the South felt when it or- ganized the Ku Klux Klan. If such a necessity is not felt, then the financial troubles of the association mount up, and the members have not the courage to back it up. So here in Adams County, if you feel that you could benefit yourselves greatly, and that you would be able to get a better return for your produce, and that you could work together amicably, then it is time to start in. Membership in such an organization must be voluntary. On the other hand, it must be of a nature permanent enough to assure the strong support of the community. When such a proposition is floated, it meets unexpected competition in many lines. The com- mission men frequently try to disrupt it by offering higher prices to the men on the inside, to get them out, and it only takes a few back- sliders to weaken the association. Therefore it is necessary to in- sert some sort of a clause which will bind the members to the or- ganization for at least one year. There are some legal difficulties in the latter connection. It is impossible to prevent a man from dis- posing to anyone through whom he sees fit, even though he be a member, as such an action would be combination in restraint of trade. This has been established in the courts in many states. However, the point can be approached from a different angle, and you may hold a man by a heavy damage clause, in which he is held liable to twenty-five cents per bushel damages, if he sells any of his produce outside of the association. The California Fruit Growers Associa- t^'on has such a clause, and it has been upheld. It fines any member Vv'ho does not conform to the rules and wishes of the association twenty-five cents per box for every box of fruit involved, the fine representing the damages supposed to be done to the association through selling outside, after the organization had prepared to handle the fruit. At a certain time of the year there should be given to the members an opportunity to drop out for the ensuing year if they so desire, and to admit new members. The fees should be low. A high membership fee will keep out a great many of the lukewarm men, who would take a chance on it if they could get in at a reasonable figure. In financing, the money can either be borrowed from banks or individuals, a note from the corporation being given, for which the members of the association 47 are liable to the extent of their share, on the basis of their crops; or It may be financed by assessments on the individual members! The runnmg expenses are taken from the returns, on the basis of the amount of fruit handled for each grower. The management should be simple,— a board of directors, selected by the members, who in turn elect a manger. The latter is the most important individual, and the one on whom the success or failure of the venture will often rest. It is not an uncommon thing to see the directors choose a man who is a good fellow out of a job, and put him in the important position, when he is absolutely unqualified for the position. Only the most astute mgn should get into the directorate, and they should use the greatest wisdom in choosing their manager. After selecting the latter, they should give him wide rein, to look up markets, and to carry on the business with an eye to the future as well as present needs. Frequently an excellent manager is hampered by a carping directorate. Only the united support of the directors should be given a manager, and he should submit the question of policies to the directors at their meetings. Cooperation is not confined to the sale of products. Some of the greatest are the buying cooperators. Fertilizers, groceries, imple- ments, supplies, seed, bulls, stallions, and other things are often the property and units of a cooperative organization. I mentioned a saving of at least two cents in buying boxes by the carload. If a grower had 15,000 bushels of fruit it would mean an annual saving of $300 in that item alone. Shippers often combine merely to insure proper handling of their cars,— in order to see that they are properly iced at the right points, and they are moved promptly. In many places they have organized crop improvement societies, — one of the most important and beneficial forms of cooperative effort. Cow-test- ing associations are frequent, and the great grain elevator societies are familiar to all here. Now let me tell you of a couple of examples of successful coopera- tion. ^ The first is the California Fruit Growers Exchange. This as- sociation is made up of seventeen district associations, which are made up, in turn, of a number of local associations. The central as- sociation is a non-profit corporation, with a capital of $1,700, each of the seventeen members sharing to the extent of $100. Its func- tion is to furnish marketing facilities for the members are a pro-rata cost. It has agents in all of the principal markets of the United States and Canada, and it gathers market information, and distributes thiis daily to the local associations. It does business on the cash basis, handles all litigation, does all of the advertising, declares no divi- dends, nor does it buy or sell any commodity, and has absolutely no control over either the buying or selling of the fruit. It merely pro- vides facilities for the sale, which may be taken advantage of by the members. The district exchange is made up of local exchanges, all corpora- w»Tiif»iiiii^ acres of alfalfa, 15 acres of potatoes and 6>4 acres of vegetables. These extensive areas of field, orchard and garden crops are always available for the use of students in the pursuance of their courses. Among the buildings of the School of Agriculture are the agricul- tural building, the dairy building, the horticultural building, the calorimeter, the stock-judging pavilion, the new dairy barn, and the greenhouses. All of these buildings are comparatively new and of modern construction. The livestock equipment of the college consists of 38 horses and mules, 150 beef cattle, 81 milch cows, 172 sheep, 140 hogs and 1,000 'chickens. This equipment of livestock is highly essential to mstruc- tion in animal husbandry subjects. There are 160 experimental projects relating to almost every phase of soil improvement, crop production and livestock management. One hundred acres of land at the college are wholly devoted to ex- perimental purposes, and there are 75 acres in various counties and SI wm^^' .,-;^';Vk."' 50 Horticultural Building. Pennsylvania State College. Courses in Agriculture at the Pennsylvania State College. R. L. Watts. Dean and Director, School of Agriculture and Experiment Station, State College, Pa. Probably no agricultural college in the country has made as rapid growth as the School of Agriculture of the Pennsylvania State Col- lege. Ten years ago the total enrollment of students in agriculture was only 94; to-day it is 1,097. '^'^^^ growth was fairly uniform from year to year, but recently lack of classrooms and laboratory facilities has limited the enrollment. The work of the college is divided into five schools, viz, School of* Engineering, School of Liberal Arts, School of Mines, School of Natural Science, School of Agriculture, and a Department of Home Economics. At the present time the enrollment in the four-year course in the School of Agriculture is about the same as in the School of P^n- gineering. Facilities for instructional work have been increased from year to vear until the college is quite well equipped for ^efficient instruction. The college owns five farms, containing an aggregate of 926 acres, and rents two farms, containing 320 acres ; thus operat- ing an area of 1,246 acres. This territory is exclusive of 186 acres of campus and woods. All of these farm ])roperties are connected. The length of the total area is three and one-half miles and its greatest width is one and one-half miles. During the past summer there were under cultivation 125 acres of oats, 173 acres of corn, 242 acres of wheat, 243 acres of grass, 26>1. acres of alfalfa, 15 acres of potatoes and 6/. acres of vegetables. These extensive areas oi field, orchard and garden crops are always available for the use of students in the pursuance of their courses. Among the buildings of the School of Agriculture are the agricul- tural building, the dairy building, the horticultural ])uilding, the calorimeter, the stock-judging pavilion, the new dairy barn, and the greenhouses. All of these buildings are comparatively new and of modern construction. The livestock equipment of the college consists of 38 horses and mules, 150 beef cattle, 81 milch cows, 172 sheep, 140 hogs and 1,000 'chickens. This equijiment of livestock is highly essential to instruc- tion in animal husbandry subjects. There are 160 experimental projects relating to almost every ])hase of soil im])rovement, crop ])roduction and livestock management. One hundred acres of land at the college are wholly devoted to ex- perimental i)urposes, and there are 75 acres in various counties and 51 TNTFNTTONAT, SRCOND EXPOSURE 52 53 ;5 D PQ < P Agricultural Building, Wintf,r Course. Greenhouse. m 52 53 O W AcKicLi/rrkA T, Bni.DlNr., WiNTKK Coi'RSK. Greenhouse. '}m >vi"«t? im i-W?'y;T?;-v.' yS;^ m INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE ifna.iiBnt-lb'r c>«»cjKi -ai • » 54 55 Extension to Poultry Building. on various soil types devoted to experiments with apples There is also an experimental orchard of thirty-four acres on one of the farms Facilities.— The classrooms, laboratories and barns are well eauipped for experimental and instructional purposes. 1 here are ninety-two teachers and specialists on the faculty and experimental staff, and thirty stenographers and clerks, who are largely employed in the extension service of the school. New D.mrv B.\rn. In addition to the facilities and equipment of the School of Agri- culture, the other schools of the college are well equipped for much of the Work given to students enrolled in the School of Agriculture. For example? every student taking one of the four-year courses in agriculture must have a semester's work in Geology and this is taught by the School of Mines. Every student in the School of Agriculture must also have a six-credit course in General Chemistry aifd this is taught by the School of Natural Science. For work in knguages, history and rhetoric, the student must go to the School i General Fertilizer Plots. of Liberal Arts for instruction. For their surveying, they must go to the School of Engineering. •„ u • „„ ,u. A better idea of the equipment of the college will be given the reader by the statement that there are twenty-one large buildings on the campus which are devoted to instructional purposes. Four- Year Courses.-The School of Agriculture offers nine four- year courses, as follows: Agricuhural Chemistry, AgncuUural Edu- cation Agronomy, Animal Husbandry, Botany, Dairy Husbandry, Forestry Horticulture and Landscape Gardening. _ . . ^ There are now 754 students enrolled in these courses. Beginning with next fall, students will be admitted to these courses, with the TxceptTon of Landscape Gardening and Forestry, upon the presenta- ZZih. following 'units or credits: En|hsh 3, Algebra iGe^^^ try I, History i. Foreign Language 2, Science 2 and Electives 4. l/Forestry and Landscape Gardening i/, umts of Algebra and i>4 units of Geometry will be required instead of one unit of each. Stu- dents whJ graduate from acceptable preparatory or high school courses are able to satisfy the entrance requirements of the college The work of the students in the college is kept m credits a credit reoreTentine one hour of recitation or lecture work per week for one semester o? two and one-half hours of practicum work per week f^ one Semester. About 160 credits is the usual number required W^radSon The four-year courses are broad and liberal and not 5nb^ include technical or agricultural work but also liberal arts 5/i.v.O 54 55 ^^9«*«*««e*1!sr«»»■ ^^mc:.:, v _»^^-SflfiSS?' Extension to Pouury Building. on various soil types devoted to experiments with apples There is also an experimental orchard of thirty-four acres on one of the farms " Facilities.— The classrooms, laboratories and barns are well eciuipped for experimental and instructional purposes. T here are ,rne y-two teachers and specialists on the faculty and expenmental staff; and thirty stenographers and clerks, who are largely employed in the extension service of the school. New Dairy Barn. In addition to the facilities and equii)ment of the School of Agri- culture the other schools of the college are well e<|uipped for much of tile work given to students enrolled in the School of Agriculture. For example, everv stu.lent taking one of the four-year courses in agriculture must have a semester's work m Geology ami Uiis , taught bv the School of Mines. Every studen tin the Scl oo of Agriculture must also have a six-credit course m General Chemistry and this is taught bv the School of Natural Science. For work .n bng lages. history and rhetoric, the student must go to the School ^ * I General Fertilizer Plots. of Liberal Arts for instruction. For their surveying, they must go to the School of Engineering. . A better i^"''^^T^ Vegetable Gkeen house. . ^^^^?' Spraying Orchard. ^■':->'-f'^ 59 INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE N DHX Selecting Seed Corn. Feeding Draet Horses. 6o Dairy Cattle Judging 2 credits, Farm Forestry 3 credits; Plant Propagation 7, credits, and an elective subject of 3 or 4 credits, i he second year of this course is wholly elective and the student is privi- leged to specialize along any line which may appeal to him Most of the students who complete the two-year course in agriculture re- turn to the farms of the State and engage in practical work. Winter Courses.— The college oflfers six winter courses m agricul- ture. These are intended for young men who are unable to take the two-year course. They are practical in character ami relate to such subjects as orcharding, market gardening, ^X'^'^^.^^'^^^'lZl manufacture, care and management of live stock, soil improvement, 61 Winter Course Students in Creamery. „se of fertilizers etc. This winter there are 131 studems enrolled f the wimer course work ; this number includes seventeen women who are pursuing courses in home economics as l^^.f^^^f'^f^'^l Farmers' Week.— Eleven years ago the college he <1 its first iondence Courses.-The college offers thirty-three Corre- spondence Courses covering the following: Plant Life, Tile Dram- Farme:rs' Week Lecture. age, Farm Bookkeeping, The Silo and Ensilage Crops, Grain Crops, Clovers and Grasses, Tubers and Roots, Commercial Fertilizers, Farm Manures, Principles of Breeding, Swine Husbandry, The Breeds of Horses, Sheep Husbandry, Stock Feeding, Beef Produc- tion, Poultry Husbandry, Propagation of Plants, Principles of Fruit Growing, Insects and Insecticides, Vegetable Gardening, Milk and Its Products, Dairy Bacteriology, Butter Making, Dairy Breeds of Cattle, Dual Purpose Breeds, Cheese Making, Principles of Cooking, House Furnishing, The Art of Canning and Preserving, Heating and Ventilating, Bee Keeping, Dressing and Curing Meats, and Pedagogy of Agriculture. It is gratifying to note that at present 4,000 students are pursuing these courses. They are a most effective means of taking the college to the people who are unable to come to it for training. Expenses.— An incidental fee of $35-00 a year is required of all students in the four-year and in the two-year course in agriculture. In addition to this there are certain other fees : Such as a gymnasium- medical fee of $10.00 ; library fee of $3.00 ; damage deposit of $1.00 ; oraduation fee of $6.50; and laboratory fees in connection with cer- tain courses. Board may be obtained in the village at $3.00 to $4.00 a week and when students have room-mates the expense for room rent does not usually exceed $1.50 a week. Students who are economical are able to meet all of their expenses during the year with $350.00. College Activities.— There are numerous activities in connection with the college life which serve to make the career of a student in- teresting and helpful. For example, the Y. M. C. A. has a mem- bership of about T,200 students. A splendid moral and religious jilmosphere pervades the entire institution. Free lectures are given from time to time and the very best speakers are obtained for the Sunday chapel services. The life of the college and village is whole- ■■■. T-vV/- ■ ^tfJM 6o Dairy Cattle Judging 2 credits, Farm Forestry 3 credits, Plant Propagation 3 credits, and an elective subject of 3 or 4 credits, i he .econd year of this course is wholly elective and the stu.lent is pnvi- ieced to specialize along any line which may appeal to hnn Most of the students who complete the two-year course m agriculture re- turn to the farms of the State and engage in i)ractical work. Winter Courses—The college offers six winter courses m a,gncnl- ture. These are intended for young men who are unable to take he wo-year course. Thev are practical in character an.l relate to such subjects as orcharding, market gardening, vegetable forcing, la > manufacture, care and management of live stock, soil improvement. WlNTI-K COIRSF. Sni'ENTS l.N CkKAMKKY. use of fertilizers etc. This winter there are 131 stu.lcnts enrolled "the wInSr course work; this number i--'-'-.--"\-:i~e who are pursuing courses in Imme economics as ^;^' ' ' .'f "^"^ 1[,^: Farmers' Week.— Eleven years ago the college he <1 its hist 1 am ers^ \\^ek At first the atten.lance was small, but duimg he meet- ing recentiv held the attendance was almost . .(X>o. ;^ '""\' 5° f ^'^ tuVes were'schcluled on a great .hversity of topics. These series ot lectures make it possible for young men, who -.^;;,;;\f .^, J" .^ge home to pursue courses requiring more time, to eoine to the college ipar after vear for a week of schooling. /-« _„ ' Cor espondence Courses.-The college offers th.rtv-three Corre- spondence Courses covering the foUowmg: Plant Life, Lie Dra.n- 61 I* Farmers' Wekk Lecture. age, Farm Bookkeeping, The Silo and Ensilage Crops, Grain Crops, Clovers and Grasses, Tn])ers and Roots, Commercial Fertilizers, Farm Alannres, rrincii)les of lireeding. Swine Hnsbandry, The l^reeds of Horses, Sheej) Husbandry, Stock Feeding, P.eef Produc- tion, Poultry Hu.sbandry, Propagation of Plants, Principles of Fruit Growing, Insects and Insecticides, X'egetable Gardening, Milk and Its Products, Dairy P>acteriology, lUitter Making, Dairy P)reeds of Cattle, Dual Pur])ose P>rceds, Cheese Making, Principles of Cooking, House Furni.shing, The Art of Canning and Preserving, Heating and \'entilating,'P>ee Keeping, Dressing and Curing Meats, and Pedagogy of Agriculture. It is gratifying to note that at present 4,000 students are i)ursuing these courses. They are a most effective means of taking the college to the i)eople who are unable to come to it for training. Expenses.— An incidental fee of $35-00 ^ Y^^^ ^^ recjuired of all students in the four-vear and in the two-year course m agriculture. In addition to this there are certain other fees : Such as a gymnasium- medical fee of $10.00; library fee of $3.00; damage deposit of $1.00 ; oraduation fee of $6.50: and laboratory fees in connection with cer- Uiin courses. I^)Oard may be obtained in the village at $3.00 to $4.00 'I week and when students have room-mates the expense for room rent does not usually exceed $1.50 a week. Students who are economical are able to meet all of their expenses during the year with $350.00. College Activities.— IMiere are numerous activities in connection with the college life which serve to make the career of a student in- teresting- aiKnielpful. For example, the Y. M. C. A. has a mem- bershinof about 1,200 students. A splendid moral and religious jitmos phere i)ervades the entire institution. Free lectures are given from time to time and the very best speakers are obtained for the Sunday chapel services. The life of the college and village is whole- INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 62 some, and the beautiful surroundings of the college make the location '"^Tf adequate facilities were provided, there would be no reason why the college should not have 2,000 or 3,000 men and women pursumg Its various courses in agriculture. c^Vinnl Attention is also called to the research department of the School of Agriculture which includes the work of the Expenmnet Station. In recent years there has also been rapid development m the Ex- tension Service which now reaches to every nook and corner of the Commonwealth. Present Status of the New York Apple Grading and Branding Law. L. L. MORRELL. Orchardist and President New York Fruit Growers' Association, Kinderhook, N. Y. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen o? the Fruit Growers Association : It gives me a great deal of pleasure to be with you this afternoon and I feel very much at home. I never feel more at home than I do before a body of fruit growers, even in my own house. One reason is that it has done a great deal for me. I can't tell what knowl- edge and information I have acquired by attending the Fruit Growers Association of New York, and in approaching the subject this after- noon I would like to say something about this organization. The Western New York Society was established over sixty years ago and has had only two presidents— father and son. It is one of the oldest associations in this country; has a membership of about 1,200 and New York State Association has a membership of about 1,200. The meetings are held within two or three weeks of each other. Both are doing good work. We, the N. Y. State, now have a president only two years. I am not president now ; I went out last year and we have elected another man. We are doing cooperative work in buy- ing We issue crop reports. There was a time when they were of a good deal of value to the Association. To a certain extent that seems to be past, because there are so many reports and by the time we are ready to sell our fruit we know pretty well what is the condi- tion of the market. , , .^ 1 i- I want to go back to the Hudson Valley where the Dutchman lives. We started an association there about fifteen years ago. The Dutch- man is a good man but is an awfully slow man to start and is just ?^ slow to stop! Thev are about the best class of people we have. They are good people 'but are not enterprising, and in starting our organization in the Hudson Valley we had a hard struggle. We joined N. Y. State Association and now we have a meeting in the cast in February and one in Rochester in January. Our exhibits last year brought in $1,000.00 and it was estimated that there were j,ooo people there. . 1, 1 .1, r^ _ The New York Association first prepared what is called the Com- mission Man's Rill. This is a bill to regulate the sale of farm pro- duce by commission. Well we fought that bill for six years but finally carried it through. The commission man has to take out a bond and a license and they are well satisfied with it themselves now. We passed a Nurserymans' Bill that is a very serious problem in 63 ^^^W'^'r''.1> * r-'tj^'t \M ^^^K:; ^■fo:^'"-; . n : ^■Pfiift'):-. >. ' '^ '! h-'-j ^^K^f^/^^. 62 some, and the beautiful surroundings of the college make the location '"^T/ adequate facilities were provided, there would be no reason why the college should not have 2,000 or 3,000 men and women pursumg Its various courses in agriculture. c^hnnl Attention is also called to the research deparUiient of the Sc ool of Agriculture which includes the work of the Experimnet Station. In recent years there has also been rapid development in the Ex- tension Service which now reaches to every nook and corner of the Commonwealth. > Present Status of the New York Apple Grading and Branding Law. L. L. MoRRELL. Orchardist and President New York Fruit Growers' Association, Kinderhook, N. Y. Mr. Pricsident, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Fruit Growers Association : It gives me a great deal of pleasure to be with you this afternoon and 1 feel very much at home. 1 never feel more at home than I do before a body of fruit growers, even in my own house. One reason is that it has done a great deal for me. I can't tell what knowl- edge and information 1 have acquired ])y attending the Fruit Growers Association of New York, and in approaching the subject this after- noon I would Hke to say something about this organization. The Western Xew York Society was established over sixty years ago and has had only two presidents— father and son. It is one of the oldest associations in this country; has a membership of about 1,200 and New York State Association has a membership of about 1,200. The meetings are held within two or three weeks of each other. l»oth are doing good work. We, the N. Y. State, now have a president only two years. 1 am not president now ; I went out last year and we have elected another man. We are doing cooperative work in buy- ing. We issue cro]) reports. There was a time when they were of a good deal of value to the Association. To a certain extent that seems to be i)ast, because there are so many reports and by the time we are ready to sell our fruit we know i)retty well what is the condi- tion of the market. T want to go back to the Hudson Willey where the Dutchman lives. We started an association there about fifteen years ago. The Dutch- man is a good man but is an awfully slow man to start and is just as slow to stop ! Thev are about the best class of people we have. Thev are good i)eoi)le'but are not enterprising, and in starting our organization in the Hudson \'alley we had a hard struggle. We jomed N. Y. State Association and now we have a meeting in the cast in Februarv and one in Rochester in January. Our exhibits last year brough't in $r, 000.00 and it was estimated that there were j,ooo i)Cople there. , n wu r* The New York Association first i)repared what is called the L.om- inission Plan's VM. This is a bill to regidate the sale of farm pro- duce by commission. Well we fought that bill for six years but finally carried it through. The commission man has to take out a bond'and a license and they are well satisfied with it themselves now. We passed a Nurserymans' Bill that is a very serious problem in 63 TNTXPMTTONF AT SFr.OND EXPOSURE 64 New York state. We had a fight there. We passed a bill that is not satisfactory but is better than nothing. In 1914 we decided to try to pass a bill controlling the packing and gradmg of apples. We passed the bill and it was fairly satisfactory. It went into effect the 1st of July, 1914. This year the bill was amended. Now I would like to bring to your attention the need of that bill. 1 will go back just a little in the history of the fruit growing. A few miles back from the river the farmer had some orchards grow- ing on hillsides and many of the trees were native fruit. Most ot it was taken to the whiskey still. They got the cider and brandy and the farmer and his neighbors drank it. That was thin market. Some fruit was sold and put in freight cars with cabbage and po- tatoes and taken away and sold. There was no system in the apple business. Down along the river the apples were mostly all sold m open head barrels off the boats. Now the industry is growing by leaps and bounds. Maybe it has gone too far I am not sure Along about 1892 we got the scale. When the scale commenced to put m its work people were frightened. They said the apple industry was doomed Some cut their trees out. People stopped setting out fruit Thousands of apple trees died. There was a great check on the industry right away and the western fruit began to come in. l.ut row within a few miles of my place within the past three years 125,- 000 to I so.ooo trees have been set out. It is a common thing to see orchards of 10.000 to 15.000 apple trees in some parts of the State. The good fruit grower is the man who stays right on his ]oD. I want to say a personal word if you will allow me to. I vvas born ir the city but thirty vears ago shook the dust of the city from my feet and have never had it on since for any length of time. I do not have the ruts mv father made for me but have had my own ruts. A commission man in New York told me that of Uvo hundred men sliinping to him he had only two honest packers That was the con- di ion we had to contend with. As long as the fruit vvas scarce they had to buy our fruit. Now we are coming to a condition when we a?e going to have a large crop and if we are going to .^'cceed we musf hafe a straight, honest pack. You must agree with me that is what we must have, and the object is to have a uniform pack. We had a law a few years ago which was optional. If you ever estal - ish a ndt prowers packhg law in the state do not "f^'t optional We have four grades-fancy. A. B and ungraded. This ,s the fancy grade (reads) : . 1 1 „,i In the first place you must put on your name and address ami minimum size of the 'apple in the barrel. Can put '"two-njch apple uo iust as high as you please. The minimum apple in the barrel must be marked on the barrel. There cannot be over five per cent, defects in the whole barrel-defects in size, fungous, worms or any defects and not more than two per cent, in any one defect in the ba rel ' In the fancy packing three-fourths of the apple must show 65 color. Last year we packed I think 500 barrels under the fancy pack, this year packed all under the A grade. A grade is the standard grade of New York State. Most of our apples are packed under that grade. This is the A grade (reads) : In the A grade we have ten per cent, allowance for defects ; five per cent, for any one defect; thirty-three and one-third per cent, for color ; that is, based on the color of fancy apples. This is work- ing out splendidly B grade (reads) : Here is where we split last year. In the B grade we have no color, and that is right. We did not have that last year; the B grade required a color. We grow a great many apples in New York State that have no color. They wanted a place to put the B apples that had no color and not put them in unclassified apples. Another thing, we have fifteen per cent, allowance for defects. In packing the fruit we made the A grade and when the color was not there went over to the B grade. We make lowest B. For all prac- tical purposes for a standard apple, I think three grades are enough. Some people prefer more, and if you have the facilities and the time perhaps it is just as well to have more. We find it works out well. The difference is not very great when we have those three grades. We used to condemn the small apple, but let me tell you a small apple that is a perfect apple sells pretty well. There is a demand for them if they are perfect, especially if they are apples of good color. The ungraded requires that your name and address be on the bar- rel. Minimum size is put on the barrel and then any old thing can go in it, but a poor apple does not belong in any barrel, but should go loose in a car. The putting of your name and address on the barrel is a great safeguard to the buyer in the matter of dishonest pack. Member.— What provision is made for the enforcement of the law for the inspection ? , . . , . Mr. Morrell.— This is done by the Department of Agriculture and is a very serious question, we all recognize that. It was not hard on me as I have been packing this way for practically ten years. It is a matter of education. I might be called up with all my carefulness. I never mean to have a wormy apple go in our pack except in the ungraded, yet they do slip in. I do know that fungous comes on after it goes into the barrel if the apples are allowed to he around a few days, and it will develop very rapidly. They asked me in our Association about starting a packing asso- ciation. I told them I would go into it under one condition, that as lone as I live the fruit that goes from my place shall be honest from one end to the other; the plate shall show iust what is in the barrel. T won't join any association that packs differently because I believe ''t is wrong I have never had any reason to believe that I am wrong. I do not know how you pack here ; it differs in states, but runs pretty much the same way over the country. The western apples are 1 ^:i&^ 66 coming in and we may as well get in line and pack an honest pack What I want more than anything else in the fruit me is to see New York head the list with the most honest pack in the country, and 1 want to see the Keystone State next. . Member.— How has the New York law worked out this year in its effectiveness? ... , ^ i tu„(. Mr Morrell— The Commission of Agriculture has taken that matter un It is going to develop a market for apples that never Tght to'go i^to fhe barrel. Hundreds of carloads in New York stai were sold at pretty good prices that were dumP«lnght into the car loose and sent to the West, or some other market where they want cheap apples. , , , ,. Member.— Are there any very important features of the law as it worked out this last year that it seemed to you might be improved, Tn case we were to pass a measure somewhat along the same line? Mr Morrell.-We find almost all of our people want to pack hones ly but do not know how. When a packmg law is established you have a place for every apple. It was easy fo'" -\becaxise we did not change ours at all except the marking on the barrel. 1 he state that has standard pack is going to outsell the other states very '°Member.-Do the growers in New York do much with the box ^"^Mr Morrell -No we do not. I think it has been proved in recent ve^s tha° he barre would compete pretty thoroughly except for fnncv var e ies with the box. We do not have the men to box. If we are going to compete with the West we will have to put up as good a box as they do. We feel so at any rate. Member.— Do you mean that we can get as much for a barrel as thev do for three boxes? r u t» ^^ctc a Uttle Mr Morrell.-I think so; except for fancy fruit. It costs a little more to pack them, as vou have to have an expert to do it. Memben-Are ihere many boxed apples being sold m New York ' Mr Morrell.-A great many of them ; I know o( very few people -"teti^l-Can-t yon ™« apple, to '"X'^^J^riL,, Mr Morrell —We erow better apples. The difticiilty is i"^^""^^ - r£l: i:;;:;btSrbL"::i ^: zz;iJ^-J^^ I 67 is a very good grader, and also the Pease. You want to have a large grader, except for the small grower. Our plan of packing has been very satisfactory. We have it ar- ranged so that the fruit is received on a raised platform and then goes to the grader on a raised platform. It is then sorted, plated and the barrel closed. From there it is loaded on a truck and taken to the car, going out on another level in this operation. We have no confusion and find it works out well. I will say that the light in our packing house comes from large windows in the roof. It is very important to have a mark on the barrel so that you can tell what is in that barrel when it is closed. Member.— I would like to hear C. J. Tyson report on the question that is just being answered by Mr. Morrell, as to what his experience is C. J. Tyson.— I do not know that I have had any experience that would change Mr. MorrelKs statements. I do not know why a plan such as he suggests would not be as good as anything I used. Our plan has been to bring the apples from the orchard in bushel crates on spring wagons and unload them on a platform. We had our grader set on a platform high enough to take them into barrels from the discharge of the grader, otherwise the general plan is about the same. Mr. Morrell.-A good many people attempt to pack what they call run fruit. We often pack our pears that way. They run very fast but when you attempt to run a lot of apples that require fine grading and make different grades it does not work so well. In our grader we have five sizes. Every barrel is marked to show what size goes in. . , ^ D. Gold Miller.— I would like to have a comparison between handling apples by grader and packing in orchard and packing house. Packing houses are rather rare in the state of West Virginia. We do all our packing in the orchard. The fruit is picked and put on tables and packed right there. Will Mr. Morrell tell us the cost and advantage of using a grader and how many men it would require to pack, say 200 barrels a day? Mr Morrell.-We have found we do better work in the packing house We have packed in the orchard. You can work faster in the orchard where vou are with the packers and pickers when a poes right, but when it comes to doing the work thoroughly and well we cannot do it as satisfactorily in an orchard as we can in a pack- ing house. Our packing house has lights which throw a flood of li^ht on the tables or grader, whichever you happen to be using. We find that much of the poor packing in a packing house comes from poor light. This is a verv important matter to be considered. You can't get along very well without a grader. One man can run 200 barrels over it in a day. A boy ten years old can run it I would not think of ever going back to the old way of grading. The grader 68 will run them out as fast as six men can sort them. A man careless In Ws pack may get more work done but. we want to do the work ^"M^mbe'r I'mveTou tad any experience with dust sprayers? Mr Morrell -I have not had any experience m spraymg with dust. . . 1 uui Member.— Is it injurious to health.'' Mr. Morrell.— No, I think not. . , Member— It is not injurious to codhng moth either. 1 triea .praying with dust spray but gave it up. It will not stick nor go ''''^r'To?re\T-\^tnf iery glad this matter has been brought up 1 ^ ;ne^ber I have beei7looking into the matter myself and I do f M;^^i;tTca'S?ll's z^ :sj. Mrs tb^tmoSin I received. There were two dusters on exhibition a Rochester th°s year and it seems to be meeting with many growers Lnrovarand inooks now as though it might prove to be a success Ke future but I would rather let the other fellow try it out first. I Some Principles and Problems in Marketing. Mr Howard W. Selby, Sec. and Treas., The Selby Produce Co., Philadelphia. Mr President : 1 have been asked to lead your meeting in a dis- cu^ion this morning on the question of marketing and it is my hope tba vou will interrupt at any time and bring in questions which I wm t'ry to answer satisfactorily. It seems that everyone is anxious To discuss the subject of "wketingpossiby because of the low nrices which have been prevailing in the past year Every conven fion and onf erence of agriculturists throughout the country sem ;,; K^ tQWino- as their kevnote this particular subject, i hey realize SedifficJitfes arising irL the pres'ent situation and many of whom ""^^rnTe'reftirg qTstt'^asltl by"-one of our leading farm papers inthis sectS of a number of men closely associated with agricul- ure work was" What do you consider the greatest need in Eastern Cicukure '' irwas interesting to note the variety of answe s which wele' returned to them and they simply serve to demonstrate That every Articular community has its own particular problem. We 111 know that in every community each individual has his ovvn per- all know that in every cu . / .; ^ gt^dy the conditions m Un asTr cTunty'^o P nnsVvania'S Monmoith County of New IJrsey because a solution was found to their Problem which ,^aced £m^n the foremost ranks of the agr.aU^-^^J-^^f ^^^^^^ ;^-ted States in relation to wealth. In La"^f *";^^,^^"'^hich confronted laree proportion raising tobacco, the prooiem wmc them early in this work was that growing such a crop u ih ed the leading agricultural in ""^ coun^ in wea Uh- ^ ^.^_ poor returns. The ^^ aimers lixciui ^ .^.te^atizine their distri- kccredited by many as a great facto '" Y^J^'^f ^'^^^.t increases bution. which in turn has led in fr^^^^/^J^Villustrations merely of the wealth of that county^ vH^ problem °n one section differs serve to demonstrate ^^^^ the vital proWem ^^^^ .^ ^ ^^^^ ;i^r^l^r;^^ cJ^tersThe'one foremost problem is that of marketing. , rr ^^ t k^i;pvp that vour orsfanization has 69 7° insr well by bringing educational advantages to the grower and furnishing a place to exchange valuable questions and ideas. In some sections a great deal has been accomplished through savings which have been made in buying through such co-operative associa- tions but to this time very few have served as valuable factors m aiding their members to a more profitable way of distributing their products. In our Philadelphia Vegetable Growers' Association we have learned a great many valuable points, a few of which have tended to aid in the marketing problem. . Mr. Tyson tells me you are interested in some degree in raising vegetables and one experience in our association might be of value to 5ou I? is a slight attempt on the line of standardizing our nacSe Celery has been grown in the Bustleton section for he oast fift; yea s during that entire time it has been brought to market Sed h t'hrsmalTflat'bunches of from three to five salks^packed in barrels containing from forty to fifty such bunches. When these barrels are placed on the market the prospective buyer will dig mto the package^ and sometimes well toward the bottom of the barre n ofder to examine the stock. If it does not suit him entirely it woSld be dump^ back into the barrel and another prospective in a II minutes would probably handle it in the same man"er^ Af t^^^^^ this had been done several times you can reahze the depreciat o„ which this celery sufifered. In our local association we adopted a Ttandard package, the contents of which is equal to about one bushel, fhe memSers u^si^g this package for celery now P-k ^ rom w 1 fifteen bunches in the box, on their sides rather than on ends as in fhe barreTand the box is lined with waxed paper. When the buyers wish to examine the celery the lid is taken oflf and the celery shows immediately at its best without the necessity of handling in order to examine the goods. On these boxes we are always careful to Place our label which states that it is packed, grown and guaranteed- Sing the name of the grower, also the name of the commission n eJchant who handles these goods. We have noted with interest Se profit in the fact that in most cases the stock will bring a premium of two to three cents per bunch in advance of the same foocU packed in the barrels. It attracts the eye of the retailer and >" /"rn when placed on the stand of the retailer it attracts the housewife thus in- creasine the consumption and demand of celery packed in this manned The cost of the box is ten cents and the premium secured per box for the celery packed in such manner is twenty-four to fwrtJSx c nts so that we are from fourteen to twenty-six ce^s n pocket for using this neat package. Lettuce spinach rhubarb scullions eto are packed in like manner. We have had retailers come to our store Ld ask for these goods after having seen them on the stands of their competitors. Consumers have sent m them- Llves askrng if we would 'sell single boxes because jhey had been pleased with the quality of the goods purchased from the retader^ I want this experience to serve as one parallel to your problem in I, I 71 the marketing of apples. The growers of Adams County have a e^uSon alngstfhe apple dealers throughout the East of grow- ing fruit which is of superior quality. It is not of the quality whic vou often buy from the Northwest and upon biting into the fruit are sadly disappointed. You realize as I do that great quantities of reir?ruit selfbecause of the color and the attractive package a - though large quantities are tasteless and actually bitter, it is a tact which muft be admitted that the growers of the Northwest are making more rapid strides in the solution of their marketing problem Tan the Eastern states. This work is being accomplished mainly through advert sing. You are facing a stronger competitior each year !s the organizations in that part of our country increase n strength and benefit through the accumulated value o their pubhciy nf nrevious vears In reading an article a few days ago i learned haf eS meSer in one of th'ese organizations had agreed ^ a^low 2% cents per box for every package which was handled througn their oreanization and that money was to be spent entirely for ad vertishift seems strange we have not grasped the idea of giving InS'to our product. Ve are growing 5- f[-tJ^"itl^'^SK on the market without saying a single word in its praise At tne same time in the management of our farms and orchards we are alwavsTook"ngfoT the advertisements of implements, fertilizers, sSne material and practically everything needed upon a farm. In f act ?fT man were to approach you with a newly patented spray- s' materiaWou would hesitate before buying it unless you had seen t ^,revtuslv^ adv^rt"sed. We are demanding advertised goods in eve'rv 1 ne in which we deal but at the same time we seem to shun fhfthou^h of advertising that which we have to oflfer. When goods are Sarly and systematically advertised and that advertising standsTor an honest' package my experience has always been that '''^ZV^Zrtttu'Zi^ToT^^^^^ County in the past three yearTlhafe had an interesting experience along this line of an honest well graded package. The farmers - «een over-expectant a' ^^^ '«^^\° /°^^^^ iJ,7^„. i do not now the apple marke - J^^^^^^^^S the prices during the l,e eve. however, that we are g">"S u„^„use each succceeding winter that we ^nticM^ated two months ago^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ at a sufficiently rapid rate. i \ INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 76 ■.-♦^^... ♦ ".#» ' >> --v , * K N ' .^ ."•.-*' *lv f ■ The Growing oft Vegetable Crops Within and Without the Orchard. By L. Willard Minch, Bridgeton, N. J. The above subject implies that I am to talk on extensive farming in southern New Jersey. While this is a part of our business we also engage in fruit growing. Nearly half of our capital is invested in the growing of peaches and apples. It is very practical to inter- crop a young orchard and this leads in turn to the growing of vege- tables. To men of moderate means it is very essential to engage in the raising of crops that will secure adequate returns for the pay- ment of bills incidental to fruit growing. Between the time of the planting of trees and the gathering of profitable fruit crops there is a period that represents expensive methods of tillage, fertilization and labor. Tjiese latter items constitute expense accounts that must be met in some way. The paramount question is how to keep the wolf away from the door during the lean years of waiting. We have a few things to be considered specifically. First is what crops to grow in a young orchard; how to increase and maintain soil fertility; economic ways of marketing and the best methods of securing and retaining skilled labor. Our first, then, has to do with the kind of crops. In consideration of this we give especial attention to such a list as can be grown with- out injury to the trees. We do not pay very much attention, the first two or three years, to the season of growing vegetable crops. After the lapse of the first few years we then make such a selection as will not only enable us to utilize the ground, but will also act as a check in wood growth. We usually plant during the early stage of the orchard such crops as peas, beans, tomatoes, potatoes, peppers and onions. Then following these, after the orchard has attained a growth of from three to five years, according to varieties of fruit grown. We use the very earliest crops, so as to enable us to harvest same and sow cover crops, such as cow peas, vetch and crimson clover. Great care must be taken as to the growing season of these late crops. If one desires to check the wood growth of his trees and at the same time produce humus for the coming season it will be well to consider the nature of the variety that he is intercropping. At the same time these cover crops make an excellent preparation for the early truck crops of the next season. In making up our crop list i^ is important to make selections with the thoug:ht of distributmg the work so that equipment of horses and men will be regularly em- ployed. We are planning more and more to avoid overstraining our working outfit and yet not to allow any of it to remain idle. Some of our best labor employed in the orchard would be unemployed 77 76 The Growing of i Vegetable Crops Within and Without the Orchard. r By L. Willaro Minch, Bridgcton, N. J. The above subject implies that I am to talk on extensive farming in southern New Jersey. While this is a part of our business we also engage in fruit growing. Nearly half of our capital is invested in the growing of peaches and apples. It is very practical to inter- crop a young orchard and this leads in turn to the growing of vege- tables. To men of moderate means it is very essential to engage in the raising of crops that will secure adequate returns for the pay- ment of bills incidental to fruit growing. I>etween the time of the planting of trees and the gathering of profitable fruit crops there is a period that represents exj^ensive methods of tillage, fertilization and labor. These latter items constitute expense accounts that must be met in some way. The i)aramount question is how to keep the wolf aw^ay from the door during the lean years of waiting. We have a few things to be considered specifically. First is what crops to grow in a young orchard ; how to increase and maintain soil fertility; economic w^ays of marketing and the best methods of securing and retaining skilled labor. Our first, then, has to do with the kind of crops. In consideration of this we give especial attention to such a list as can be grown with- out injury to the trees. We do not pay very much attention, the first two or three years, to the season of growing vegetable croj^s. After the lapse of the first few years w^e then make such a selection as will not only enable us to utilize the ground, but \\\\\ also act as a check in wood growth. We usually plant during the early stage of the orchard such cro])s as i)eas, beans, tomatoes, potatoes, peppers and onions. Then following these, after the orchard has attained a growth of from three to five years, according to varieties of fruit growm. We use the very earliest crops, so as to enable us to harvest same and sow cover crops, such as cow peas, vetch and crimson clover. Great care must be taken as to the growing season of these late crops. If one desires to check the wood growth of his trees and at the same time produce humus for the coming season it will be w^ell to consider the nature of the variety that he is intercropping. At the same time these cover crops make an excellent preparation for the earlv truck crops of the next season. Tn makinsr up our crop list i^ is imj)ortant to make selections with the thought of distributing the work so that equipment of horses and men will be regularly em- ployed. We are planning more and more to avoid overstraining our working outfit and vet not to allow^ any of it to remain idle. Some of our best labor employed in the orchard would be unemployed 77 TNTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 78 without the growing of these truck crops. We endeavor to divide the labor for our skilled workmen and, since most of our intercrop- ping requires the use of machinery, we have the very best workmen obtainable, and so are prepared to render good compensation for services rendered. We need not stop but a few minutes on the consideration of the market proposition, since no experienced vegetable, or fruit grower, would elect crops that could not be marketed in his locality. This is of primary importance and calls for intelligent thought. It is useless to grow vegetables without first considering how they shall be marketed and to whom they shall be sold. Undoubtedly, a repu- tation for growing a specific crop is a valuable asset to any com- munity. The attention of market men is always directed toward the source of supply. Competitive buying is unknown in a locality that is not famous for its products and also for the quantity that it can oflFer to purchasers. More thought in a given farming section by way of cooperative growing would certainly solve a number of difficulties that arise when there are too many varieties and not enough of any one to attract produce dealers. Diversity of crop is an excellent thing, but it needs to be diversity with quantity. It is too expensive to acquire a reputation for any commodity to attempt transferring this from a known product to a novelty. The intercrop- ping of an orchard requires especial thought, since there are a num- ber of issues raised that do not enter into a rotation where the trecs are not to be considered, so that at the same time tliat a list of the best crops to grow is made up, one needs to consider the question of the economic use of his equipment, the best distribution of skilled labor, and ever keeping before him the primary thought that the best profit after all is in producing a good, strong orchard of either peaches or apples. Another consideration in the selection of the right crops to grow IS that of soil fertility. It is our custom to select crops in the early years of orcharding, the growing of which makes necessary the free use of nitrogen, and so we frequently use a quantity of stable manure and high grade fertilizers, from which we derived most of our phosphoric acid and potassium. Such a list of crops as indicated above will give us the best results when plant food, as stated here, is supplied so that these things are correlated. With the attention given to growing produce we are enabled to feed our ground very liberally and yet not feel the stress of expense. In maintaining our soil fertility we also make frequent use of cover crops and, in this con- nection, are using an abundance of pulverized limestone. The life of the soil is in the sod, especially when it is made up of vigorous roots, and the abundance of vegetable matter furnished on the surface of the soil gives us excellent humus-making material. We are coming more and more to use an abundance of limestone in the promotion of these, especially the clovers, without deleterious effects to our ■ 79 trees. In conjunction with the maintaining of our soil fertility we produce thorough tillage and in this method we render available many of the insoluable substances that are in the soil. We make an abundant use of complex machinery of the most approved type. We spared no effort to keep our ground well tilled and thereby provide the best means for adequate aeration and retention of moisture. While we are watching the tree growth above the ground, we are constantly studying the problems that are out of sight. We are willing to bury our money under the ground if only we can have the assurance of after results. Too much emphasis cannot be given to proper stirring of the ground and the economical effects produced thereby. The second phase of the subject consists of the crops that we grow outside of the orchards. Among these, special mention may be made of asparagus, onions, strawberries and potatoes. While two of these are used as intercrops, yet we also have large fields devoted to the growing of onions and potatoes. Asparagus is especially valuable as an early money crop and, while it requires considerable care and involves manual labor, yet the profits are commensurate with the painstaking bestowed. In setting the bed, we prefer the one- year roots and if they are strong growers they will yield better returns than roots that are older and that have been stunted in growth. We set our rows five feet apart and the roots twenty inches in the row. We allow sufficient space between the rows for the use of a light spraying machine, drawn by horses, with which we con- trol the asparagus beetle during the time that we are not cutting for market. This is very essential in getting vigorous plants and mak- ing a root system for the next spring. After we have set our beds we throw furrows away from the rows and fill these trenches with stable manure. This is done the first season. The second season we broadcast with manure over the rows. During the summer and early fall months we apply annually 800 pounds per acre of good fertilizer. Since asparagus is a strong grower, it requires an abun- dance of plant food. We prefer the clean tillage and even during the summer months are careful about controlling the weeds and the grass. Early in the autumn we sow cow peas and early in the spring we break down the asparagus tops, after which we plow the rows crosswise to the depth of two inches. It is our constant purpose to return all vegetable matter, in the way of tops, to the soil. As far as possible we allow nothing of this nature to be carried from our fields or burned on the fields. In bunching grass we make but the two grades ; primes and seconds. The fancy hotel trade prefer the very finest specimens, but it robs the remaining grades of the best stalks. Often there is a local market that makes this crop especially valuable and we find an increasing trade in all small to^yns and vil- lages. There is generally a good market in the larger cities and we find it one of the most profitable crops we grow. 8o Strawberries occupy a prominent place in our market garden crops. We have long since abandoned the practice of buying and experi- menting with new varieties. There is no more attractive plate for a catalogue than highly colored strawberries and, added to this a nicely Vv^orded description makes selling of these new discoveries very easy. However, we have never been able to secure any variety that has been of more than passing value. We much prefer to grow the varieties that are well known and have been tested out and, with very few exceptions, that are native to our soil. We have a number of most excellent varieties grown in southern New Jersey. We have been growing the Gandy for twenty years and have grown other ber- ries from the time they were brought to our notice. By selecting the hardy varieties we have no serious diflftculty with the strawberry weevil. These berries have a perfect blossom. There are a number of remedies proposed for this insect pest, but we find the best prop- osition is to grow the kinds they do not infest. We use the matted row and are liberal users of fine ground bone. Nitrate of soda is very cautiously applied. If we mulch with stable manure, we use the coarse manure for the middles and the fine for the rows. We con- tinue our tillage during the summer months, even up until late in the autumn, so as to provide a dust mulch. This of course, we discon- tinue during the picking season. We have tried spraying with Bordeaux mixtures, but have not been at all enthusiastic over the results. Our beds which have grown on virgin soil are allowed to remain for three seasons, but for the most part we pick them but twice. The strawberry fields are very profitable when followed by late grown crops, such as potatoes, peppers or spinach. As to our packing, we endeavor to put up good berries, but have not been successful in making but two grades. It seems to us useless to re- sort berries after they have been placed in the boxes. Eternal vlgi- Ijnce is necessary where so many pickers are employed and there is no crop that requires more careful labeling to satisfy an exacting trade. One advantage about growing strawberries, one has a num- ber of markets that are accessible and very often there is a demand at home. For long distance shipments a large acreage is necessary to secure a quantity, unless sufficient cooperation can be secured by inducing others to join in this effort. This crop can be made profit- able where prices are fair, if sufficient quantities can be jrrown per acre. There seems to be no limitation in the amount of berries an acre can be made to produce. Under favorable conditions, without irrigation, we have secured over ten thousand quarts per acre. Onions occupy another prominent place in our field schedule. It is necessary to consider the market that you desire to reach as to w^hether you choose between sets or growing: onions from seed. For boiling purposes, and for securing small size onions, sowing the seed is the best method, but if one wishes to obtain an early onion suitable for the market the sets are the more successful. We grow 8i these from seed that we have previously procured and thus secure purity of strain. In fact, if we were not able to grow our own sets it is doubtful if we would continue in the onion business. We grow the yellow, flat onion, which is closely akin to the Yellow Danver. This has been grown in southern New Jersey for a number of years and has attained a hardiness and distinctiveness in color that we have never been able to surpass. One course of menace to onion growing is the maggot, but liberal use of green manures will rectify the soil and produce an acidity which is unfriendly to the onion maggot. We till our soil to a considerable depth and are very careful to keep it constantly stirred. We use horse tillage entirely, which insures vigorous stirring of the soil. By careful workmanship we are able to top and prepare for market jn a few hours' notice so as to avoid the expense of using trays. This applies especially to our red and yellow onions. In the preparation of the white onions for market we invariably use the trays, so as to secure the clean white onion v/hich is so desirable from the purchaser's point of view. Onions rob the soil of very little plant food and are very advantageous by way of preparing for second crops, so that often we are able to pay the expense of fertilization and labor by the profits of the second crop. The market value of onions is a variable quantity, but the average of the years leads us to consider it as a profitable crop. Time will not permit me to speak on more than only one more crop, and this will be the growing of potatoes. To get the best results, one needs a sufficient acreage to make possible the buying of complete equipment. Potato machinery is absolutely necessary, not only for reducing the cost of labor, but to enable one to get the crop planted in season, and also to work to the best advantage when tillage and spraying are necessary ; and also, to take advantage of market con- ditions the best digging outfit is essential. We use our own late grown seed and this we consider one feature that has saved to us the potato business. We are able in this way to secure the strain that is true to name and free of mongrels, to secure almost perfect stand, and in the third place, a much larger yield. We have been able, by using this late grown seed, to maintain verility and pro- ductiveness. We are now using seed from one source that we have grown successfully for six years. There are a few special pre- cautions one needs to take in using this late grown seed, but these things are sufficiently well known nof to require full explanation here. It is our plan to use liberally a commercial spray material. We are using a gasoline power sprayer and find that the expense per acre amounts to less than eight dollars for the season for material and labor. We consider it has increased our yield twenty-five per cent, and has given us much better stock. One great essential is to use the material without stint and also to have sufficient power to distribute the spray in a proper manner. And it is very essential to leave no part of the foliage untouched. In growing potatoes, since (_ v '. I 82 they are so universally in demand, it is wise to be constantly able to supply the wants of the people. We keep our cellars filled with potatoes, both from the first planting and from the second planting. On our farms we are able to grow two crops per annum on the same land if desired, and by the free use of cover crops, especially rye, we can restore the soil to its normal condition and ward off the tendency to scab which often follows where potatoes are planted too freely. Here, as nowhere else, we feel the necessity of planning for at least one green crop every two years. In this manner we are successful in limiting our area for growing potatoes. As to the fertilizer used, we have had the usual experience and have followed the course which has lead us from low grade fertilizer to high grade fertilizer, increasing the potash up to ten per cent. Under existing conditions, of course, we shall not be able to secure over one per cent, and shall trust to the fact that we have a supply stored up in the soil. If conditions are favorable, with abundant tillage we feel reasonably sure of a good yield, but the possibilities are that our yield per acre will be greatly reduced. All our former experiments with the Cobbler variety have proven that we cannot reduce our potash without materially effecting the yield. The price may be suf- ficiently improved to make potato growing more profitable than in former years because of the material reduction in the potato crop. Spraying for Apple Aphides and Red Bugs in New York. H. E. HoDGKiss, Geneva, N, Y. Assistant Entomologist, New York Agricultural Experiment Station. Plant Hce and red-bugs are annual offenders in many apple or- chards. Gnarly, misshapen or undersized fruits usually result from attacks of these insects, and in years of superabundance of the pests losses in crop yield may be large as a result of their work. To provide against such conditions fruitgrowers in New York have come to adopt special practices to prevent serious attacks by these miscreants. The advantage of such precautions is indicated in the operation of the New York apple packing law which limits the number of "blem- ished" fruits that can be used in the higher grades of packing apples. It is therefore essential for fruit-growers in our State to secure a minimum percentage of inferior apples, and to do this a familiarity with the better orchard practices is quite necessary. An annual re- view of established spraying methods and the discussion of newer ideas in spraying should prove helpful to this end, as by these means fruitgrowers will become more familiar with the better methods of instcet control. In taking up the subject, the discussion will be based on practices which have proven satisfactory under New York conditions. Much of the ground has already been covered, but for the sake of clearness some repetition is unavoidable and it is to be hoped will not prove uninstructive. The Apple Aphides. These insects are notorious offenders, against which the older notions of spraying have largely failed. Newer practices seem to have been used with greater success and these are presented under tlie following captions: 1. Species Injurious to Apples. 2. Mode of Attack and Results on Trees. 3. Stages Susceptible to Insecticides. 4. Experiments at the Geneva Station and Conclusions on Meth- ods of Control. 5. Spraying Mixtures and Recommendations. Species Injurious to Apples. Three species of aphides attack apple trees in New York. These are the rosy apple-aphis (Aphis sorbi Kalt.), the green apple-aphis 83 84 yAphis pomi DeGeer), and the oat aphis (Aphis avena^ Fab.). All of these are injurious forms, but the two first named caused the greatest harm to apple foliage and fruits. The insects may be de- scribed as follows : The rosy aphis. — This is a very common and widespread species in the leading apple-growing sections of the United States. Its eggs are deposited in the autumn in depressions or creases of the bark, especially about the buds, and according to Sanderson the in- sect may place more of its eggs upon the trunk and less numbers on the twigs than other species. In early spring the young, pale-colored nymphs hatch from the eggs and assemble on the tips of the opening- buds. The species varies greatly in color from greenish blue pul- verulent females hatching from the eggs to more or less pinkish forms in subsequent broods. The development of the insects is very rapid, and about three generations of the rosy aphis occur before the middle of June. Usually by the first week in July, in New York, the lice leave the trees and do not appear again until autumn when winged females seek the trees for the purpose of producing sexed individuals. The green apple-aphis. — The eggs of this species are laid prin- cipally during October and November in furrows or crevices of the bark of succulent twigs or at the bases of the buds. As the buds begin to expand during the latter part of April, the lice hatch and make their way in large numbers to the green ends of the opening buds. At birth, the creatiu'es are of a very dark green color, but they become lighter as they attain full size. The aphides are at first wing- less, but about the first week in June in Western New York, or two weeks later, in the more northern apple districts, winged females make their appearance,^ which migrate to other trees and extend the infestation. Winged and wingless females develop on the trees throughout the summer and, in favorable years for the breeding of the insects, brood after brood appears, each in turn producing other broods and giving rise to millions of these destructive pests. In November sexual forms of the lice appear on the trees. The male aphids are very small, pear-shaped, wingless creatures and are brownish or pinkish in color. The egg-laying females are windless and gree in color. Both viviparous females and the sexual individu- als may be found on apple foliage well into late autumn. The oat aphis. — This species is much smaller in size than the green apple-aphis and is lis^hter in color. The eggs are found on both apple and pear treets, and they hatch as the buds are expanding in the spring. Two or three generations of the females may develop on the trees, after which the lice migrate to grains or grasses where they breed until the autumn. At that period v^inged females mi- grate to apple or pear trees where sexual individuals soon appear and deposit eggs, which do not hatch until the spring. The lice usually disappear from bearing fruit trees before noticeable injuries .( 85 occur, but in nursery plantings the foliage is often badly curled by the attacks of the aphids. Mode of Attack and Results on Plant. Injuries from plant lice result chiefly from the extraction of plant juices by the insects which feed upon the foliage and fruits. In spite of their small size they are capable of doing as great damage as much larger species of insects, which may be explained by their peculiar habits. In the first place the potential rate of reproduction with these creatures is high, and when conditions are favorable for their various activities they multiply rapidly and soon reach pro- digious numbers. The apterous or wingless forms are quite seden* tary and live in colonies, the individuals in each colony being packed one against the other. They remain fixed on the same spot, with their rostra or sucking bills thrust in the foliage and fruit, from wdiich they extract the juices of the delicate tissues. This irritation destroys the invaded plant cells and leads to a diseased state, which shows itself by the curling of the leaves and the characteristic de- formation and dwarfing of the apples. During 191 5, stem-mothers of the oat aphis matured and young of the second generation became numerous on April 26th. During the period indicated by the appearance of color in the fruit clusters the young aphids were very numerous on the tender leaves and the young blossom stems. Their feeding in these positions was followed by small globules of sap which exuded from the areas pierced by the lice, and it appeared that the insects were causing the petioles to be- come roughened or pimply. On May 29th when the petals were dropped aven