Author: Fruit Growers Association of Adams County Title: Proceedings of the. . .annual convention Place of Publication: Bendersville, Pa. Copyright Date: 1916 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg016.11 THE Fruit Growers Association of Adams County Pennsylvania ORGANIZED DECEMBER IS, 1903 PROCEEDINGS OF THE . TWELFTH ANNUAL CONVENTION HELD IN Fruit Growers Hall, Bendersville, Penna. Wednesday, Thursday and Friday December 13, 14, 15, 1916 Jfirgt ^tional IBanfe GETTYSBURG, PA. Capital, $150,000.00 Surplus, $140,000.00 S. M. BUSHMAN, President J. ELMER MUSSELMAN, Cashier Pays Interest on Certificates for six months or more at 3>^% per annum INVESTIGATE OUR Savings Department ACCOUNTS CAN BE OPENED ANY TIME PAYS Syz PER CENT. Samuel Bushman J. L. Butt C. H. Musselman DIRECTORS G. H. Trostel W. S. Adams John D. Brown P. A. Miller D. M. Sheely Accounts Solicited However Small OFFICERS President, C. A. Griest, '. Guernsey 1st Vice-President, W. E. Grove York Springs 2d Vice-President, H. M. Keller, Gettysburg— 5 Sd Vice-President Frederick E. Griest, Flora Dale 4ih Vice-President, C. A. Woefe. Gardners Secretary Edwjn C. Tyson, Flora Dale Treasurer, Wm. S. Adams, Aspers EXECUTIVE BOARD C A. Griest, Guernsey W. E. Grove, York Springs H. M. Keller, Gettysburg, No. 5 Frederick E. Griest, Flora Dale C. A. WoUe, Gardners Edwin C. Tyson, Flora Dale Wm. S. Adams, Aspers Legislative Committee. F. E. Griest, Chn., Flora Dale R. M. Eldon, Aspers e. J. Tyson, Flora Dale Exhibit Committee. C. A. Wolfe. Chn Gardners C. E. Raffensperger, .. .Arendtsville S. C. Keller, Gettysburg, No. 5 B. F. Wilson, Aspers Program Committee. W. E. Grove, Chn., York Springs W. W. Boyer, Biglerville E. F. Strasbaugh, Orrtanna Membership Committee. H. M. Keller, Chn., Gettysburg, No. 5 E. C. Kiefer, York Springs G. C. Strong, Orrtanna C. W. Peters, Biglerville J. A. Kane Biglerville E. N. Hoffman, Biglerville H. E. Riddletnoser,. .McKnightstown ^ Get FIRST Prize For Your Fruit Spray with Bowker's "Pyrox" and secure fruit that is free from insect dam- age and fungus disfigurement. ''PYROX" ^/Is the barrel with the kind they used to put on top. Fifteen more perfect apples on the tree pay the bill. Bowker^s Lime Sulphur for all scale insects is made heavy and rich, and for that reason is more effective than lighter mixtures ; and as a rule it costs no more. When you clean up your trees with Lime Sulphur, be sure to use BOWKER'S for // zs the kind you can rely on to do effective work. WE SHIP FROM BALTIMORE BOWKER WRITE FOR AGENCIES TO INSECTICIDE CO. 1011 Fidelity Bldg., Baltimore, Md. TYSON BROTHERS INCORPORATED GENERAL AGENTS, Flora Dale, Pa. l> Membership Roll Adams, Wm. S Gardners, Pa. Adams, Mrs. W. S Gardners, Pa. Adams, Frank S., Charlottesville, Va. Anderson, H. W., Stewartstown, Pa. Anderson, H. M., Ne^ Park, Pa. Anderson, Joseph W., Stewartstown, Pa. Allen, H. G New Park, Pa. Asper, D. C, Aspers, Pa. Ikeam, Samuel Biglerville, Pa. Bream, Dill, Bendersville, Pa. Boyer, W. W Areiidtsville, Pa. Baugher, H. (\, Aspers, Pa. Bangher, ]ra Aspers, Pa. Bucher, John Bendersville, Pa. Brame, D. M Harrishurg, Pa. Benner, B. K \ irginia Mills, Pa. Barnitz, E. K Carlisle, Pa. Boyer, (^eoree K., Arendtsville, Pa. Bushman, S. 1' Gettyshurg, Pa. Bream, H. J Aspers, Pa. Blessing, David H Harrishurg, Pa. Blackhurn, Klmer C West Chester, Pa. l^l«iir, C. I Aspers. Pa. Bream. W. A., Gettyshurg, Pa. Pirinton, H. C Hanover, Pa. Baltzley, C. S Orrtanna, Pa. Baltzley, S. Luther Orrtanna, Pa. Balthaser. James Wernersville, Pa. I'utt, J. L Gettyshurg, Pa. Carey, J. Calvin (Gettyshurg, Pa. Grouse, E. A Gettysl)urg, Pa. Cation, W. R Orrtanna, Pa. Deardorf, Anthony, Gettyshurg, Pa. Dock, Miss Margaret Fayetteville, Pa. Dock, Miss Mira L., Fayetteville, Pa. Deardorff, W. B Bendersville, Pa. Davis, Wm York Springs, Pa. Dougherty, Dorsey Gettyshurg, Pa. Deatrick, H. C Hunterstown, Pa. Diller, O York Springs, Pa. Dill, Dr. M. T., Biglerville. Pa. Deardorff, Chas., Orrtanna, Pa. Eldon, Rohert M Aspers, Pa. Eldon, Mrs. R. M ; Aspers, Pa. Everhart, G. W., York, Pa. Eiholtz, S. Mc, Biglerville, Pa. s Susquehanna Fertilizers BEST FOR ALL CROPS WELL ADAPTED For Orchard Use Drill Well Are Uniform in Quality Prompt in Action Careful attention to orders in any quantity from one sack ^o a thousand tons. Send for Booklet and name of nearest Agent i General Sales Agents TYSON BROTHERS INCORPORATED FLORA DALE, PA. AGENTS WANTED IN UNOCCUPIED TERRITORY 7 Eppleman, H. G., Aspers, Pa. Estabrook, F. L., Athens, Pa. Eshelman, Clarence, Gettysburg, Pa. Fraim, Merritt L., Aspers, Pa. Fohl, George E., Biglerville, Pa. Fiddler, W. B., Aspers, Pa. Fletcher, S. W., State College, Pa. ( jriest, C. Arthur (lUernsey, Pa. Griest, Mrs. C. A., Guernsey, Pa. Griest, C. S., Guernsey, Pa. Griest, A. W Flora Dale, Pa. Griest, Frederic E., Flora Dale, Pa. Griest, Maurice, 105 W. 163d St., N. Y. City. Garretson, Frank, Aspers, Pa. Garretson, Eli P., Biglerville, Pa. Garretson, Robert, Flora Dale, Pa. Garretson, Eli, Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 5, Pa. Garretson, J. B., Aspers, Pa. Garretson, John, Aspers, Pa. ('ardner, L. M., Jr., York Springs, Pa. Grove, W. E., York Springs, Pa. Gove, Mary E., Bendersville, Pa. Groupe, Foster C, Gardners, Pa. Howard, Jno. M Aspers, Pa. Harris, R. E Bendersville, Pa. Hoffman. Jas. O., Arendtsville, Pa. Hoffman. W. H Biglerville, Pa. Hoffman, E. N., Biglerville, Pa. Hoffman, D. M., Biglerville, Pa. Hoffman, George, Arendtsville, Pa. Huber. Charles H., Gettysburg, Pa. Hartman, (^ico R., Biglerville, Pa. Heilman. J. R., Palmyra, No. 2, Pa. Hummel, P. T., Harrisburg, Pa. Hershey, C. A., McKnightstoM^n, Pa. Hartzel, B. L., Flora Dale, Pa. Huber, H. S Gardners, Pa. Hadley, C. H., Jr., State College, Pa. Hykes, S. W t 141 George St., York, Pa. Hykes, F:. S York, No. 8, Pa. Jacobs, Daniel C, Gettysburg, No. 5, Pa. Jackson, M. R., Media, Pa. Keller, H. M Gettysburg, No. 5, Pa. Klinefelter, U. S., Biglerville, Pa. Kane, J. A., Biglerville, Pa. Kane, J. Lewis, Gettysburg, No. 5, Pa. Knouse, J. A., Arendtsville, Pa. Knouse, David, Arendtsville, Pa. 8 iVe will improve ijour orchard or give you the money back CANNOT BE IMPROVED? JUST LISTEN! ! Divide your orchard half in two, no matter how large or small. Spray one-half with -SCALECIDE" and the other with Lime-Sulfur for three years, everything else being equal. If at the end of that time, three disinterested fruit growers say that the part sprayed with ''SCALECIDE" is not in every way better than that sprayed with Lime-Sulfur, we will return you the money you paid us for the ' 'SCALECIDE." B. G. PRATT COMPANY Mfg, Chemists 50 CHURCH STREET, NEW YORK "Sulfocide" is taking the place of Bordeaux mixture in many instances. It controls fungus diseases on fiuits and vegetables. It will check leaf curl after it starts. Tyson Brothers Incorporated Pennsylvania State Agents Flora Dale, Pennsylvania '> i >7 9 Koser, Rev. D. T., Arendtsville, Pa. Koser, (;. W Biglerville, Pa. Keller, S. C Gettysburg, No. 5, Pa. Knab, Mrs. Ceo. N., New Oxford, Pa. Longsdorf, C. L., Biglerville, Pa. Lawver, Rufus W., Biglerville, Pa. Longsdorf , Dr. H. IL, Dickinson, Pa. Lupp, Reu1)en, Biglerville, Pa. Large, Mrs. E. S., Orrtanna, Pa. Lower, Dr. S. E., Pittsburgh, Pa. Lippy, J. D., Gettysburg, Pa. Lewis, Harvey D., Orrtanna, Pa. Myers, (George P., Biglerville, Pa. Minick, D. N., - Chambersluirg, Pa. Minter, Thomas L Biglerville, Pa. Musselman, C. H., Biglerville, Pa. Minter, Mrs. D. (■ Arendtsville, Pa. Myers, Levi M., Siddonsburg, Pa. Mclllheny, Wm. B., Hunterstown, Pa. Miller, E. M., Hanover, Pa. Moyer, Dr. H. B., Gettysburg, Pa. Mason, A. Freeman, State College, Pa. Myers, R. E York Springs, Pa. McKay, (^eo. H Philadelphia, Pa. Oakwood Corporation York Springs, Pa. Oyler, (^eo., (^ettysiiurg, Pa. Oyler, Oorge C, Gettysburg, Pa. Orner, P. S., Arendtsville, Pa. Orrtanna Canning Co., Orrtanna, Pa. Orner, Harry, Aspers, Pa. Prickett, Josiah W Biglerville, Pa. Peters, Z. J., (Uiernsey, Pa. Peters, W. V., (Uiernsey, Pa. Peters, Curtis W .Biglerville, Pa. Pitzer, Harry C Aspers, Pa. Peters. Geo. M., Aspers, Pa. Pratt, B. (; New York City. Pitzer, Willis, Arendtsville, Pa. Peters, Mrs. Earl, York Springs, Pa. Peters, Mrs. J. H. Bendersville, Pa. Raffensperger, Chas. E Arendtsville, Pa. Raffensperger, Roy Arendtsville, Pa. Raffensperger, Harvey E., Arendtsville, Pa. Rice, E. E., Aspers, Pa. Rice, Waybright, Biglerville. Pa. Rice, O. C, Biglerville, Pa. Rice, C. S Arendtsville, Pa. 10 / A Dreadnaught in Sprayers —such is our ** Dreadnaught'' Duplex Power Sprayer. It delivers a hurricane of death to orchard pests of all kinda for years and years, without a hitch. In a recent test a "Dreadnaught"— made just as we'd sell it to you — worked agrainst 225 lb8. pressure for 800 hours, pumping a quarter of a million gal- lons, with no care except for lubrication and repacking. If wear had been taken up, the pump would undoubtedly have operated 2,000 to 3,000 hours. This test proves that with ordinary care the "Dreadnaught" should last ten seasons or more. Requires less than 1^ H. P. to deliver rated capacity - 5.3 gal. per minute. Has heavy brass plungers, outside packed; non- corroding; uses either rotary or reciprocating agitator; all parts accessible; width 18H ia.. length 22 in., height 18 in,— powerful, compact, durable. Ask your dealer to show you RELIABLE TJ^'. K;^ u\ ^•.♦'^•' — 50 kinds— hand, barrel, knapsack, pow- er — one for every purpose. All severely tested and fully guaranteed. Backed by 65 years' pump-making experience. Consultation on your requirements, free. Every machine fully describ- ed in our valuable free book, "How To Spray"— which covers the subject thoroughly. Your copy awaits you. Plan for a clean, healthy, profitable orchard now. Write us. THE GOULDS MFG. CO. Largest Mfre. of pumps for all purposes. Main Office and Work*: Seneca Falls, N. Y. Branch Houses: Boston New York Chicago Atlanta Houston \J-' m M—l mm i^ aOULDSi ^i Jiu., j1 We also manufacture a complete line of Hand and Power operated pumps for every service on the farm. If you are interested in pumps for Farm Water Supply, Irrigation, Dairy uses, handling cider, vinegar, etc., write for a copy of our book, ^' Gould* s Pumps for Every Service.'' ^ »-, u II Rice, A. E., Biglerville, Pa. Rhodes, T. F Aspers, Pa. Rineliart, E. S Mercersluirg, Pa. Roberts, Arthur, ('.ettysburg. Pa. Reist, Henry G Schenectady, N. Y. Riddlemoser, H. E McKnightstown, Pa. Reist, J. G., Mt. Joy, Pa. Rex, Raymond Gardners, Pa. Reddick, Donald Ithaca, N. Y. Reichard, Chas. W. Waynesboro, Pa. Shorb, Albert, Hanover, Pa. Stover, Dr. J. ( ■., Bendersville, Pa. Strong, Geo. C Orrtanna, Pa. SIayl>aiigh, Elmer Aspers, Pa. Smith, G. Frank, Aspers, Pa. Stephens, Henry M Carlisle, Pa. Shnll, Robt. H McKnightstown, Pa. Spangler, George E Gettysburg, Pa. Snyder, E. Bane, Jack's Mountain, Pa. Snyder, W. L Bendersville, Pa. Sachs, Edw. S., Biglersville, Pa. Schmidt, Jno. C York, Pa. Stock, E. C, 3610 Clifton Ave., Balto , Md Strasbaugh, E. F., Orrtanna, Pa. Sheely, A. D Arendtsville, Pa. Stover, Mrs. Dr. J. G., Bendersville, Pa. Stable, C. E., Gettysburg, Pa. Tyson, Edwin C, Flora Dale, Pa. Tyson, Mrs. M. W., Flora Dale, Pa. Tyson, Chester J., Flora Dale, Pa. Tyson, Mrs. B. H., Aspers, Pa. Tyson, W m. C, Guernsey, Pa. Tyson, Mrs. M. E., Guernsey, Pa. Taylor, Jacob F Arendtsville, Pa. Taylor, Daniel R., Biglerville, Pa. Taylor, Henry Biglerville, Pa. Trostle, Francis, York Springs, R. F. D , Pa Thomas, Mrs. Annie M., Gettysburg, Pa. Thompson, Ci. R., Gettysburg, Pa. Taylor, A. M., Biglerville, Pa. Vance, Chas. T., Orrtanna, Pa. Weidner, A. I., Arendtsville, Pa. Wolfe, C. A., Aspers, Pa. Wolfe, Harry E Aspers, Pa. Wolff, Dr. W. E., Arendtsville, Pa. Wolf, Charles M York Springs, Pa. Wilson, B. F., Biglerville, Pa. 12 V _ M ALONEY Guaranteed TREES 32 Years 400 Acres An Advertisement to Live Fruit Men M ALONEY TREES are guaranteed true to name and free from disease by the largest nursery growers in New York State. For 32 years we have been in business here in Dans- ville and to-day we are able to ship you direct better trees than ever before because we are constantly studying to improve our methods. We recognize our responsibility to the fruit grower and we have this year issued a novel wholesale catalogue that tells the things you ought to know about our business. Write for y^.ur free copy. No order is too big or too small for us to handle personally. We're responsible; look up our ratings. Dansville's Pioneer Wholesale Nurseries. MALONEY BROS. & WELLS CO. 607 Main Street Dansville, N. Y. EVERYTHING with the / "Ospraymo Sprayers" ' ^ Ask a grower who uses one what he thinks of them. Don't take our **say-so/* Ask what success . . . how the rig works . . . whether dependable . . . and economical. We will gladly rest our case with him. The mass of testimonial letters and the hun- dreds of interviews we have had makes us confident that this is safe. Again we tay . . . ASK A GROWER WHO USES ONE Send for our handsome "Schedule of SPRAYING." It's a text-book on the tubject. Fret Sot the mking. ■ FIELD FORCEgPUMP CO. Dept. 14 ELMIRA. N. Y Leader WI^S^MO LINK OF .SPRAYERS. yinK ^ >^> M 13 Weaner, Chas. C, Bendcrsville, Pa. Weaner, W. C, Aspers, Pa. Wertz, D. M., Quincy, Pa. Wible, R. E., (^.ettyshurg, Pa. VVickersham, Ruth A Bendersville, Pa. Wickersham, Robt. A Mechanicsburg, Pa. Wright, Ryland, Aspers, Pa. Walton, Robt. J., Hummelstown. Pa. Weaver, D. I., Gettysburg, Pa. Wright, T. F., Aspers, Pa. Williams, J. L .Gettysburg, Pa. Williams, M. I (lettysl)urg; Pa. Wright, F. Walter, Bendersville, Pa. Wernig, Chas. M., York, R. F. D. No. i \ , Pa. It, I. GvMNosioRAxr.iLTM Macropus ( Cpcdar Arri.K). Cedar-apple with gelatinous horns. 2. .A spore from a belatinour horn germinating and producing four infection spores, one of which is de- tached. (Very highly magnilied.) 3. and 4. Apple leaf and fruit with the cluster-cup stage of the fungus. >m>^ u Box No. 1. Represents a full size standard green Apple Box. No. 2. A half size standard green apple box. No. 3. A full size special green apple box. No. 4. A half size special green apple box. No. 5. A 20 lb. pear box. No. 6. A 20 lb. peach box. No. 7. A picking tray for grapes. No. 8. A crate for shipping grapes. No8. 9 and 10. A bushel crate for apples, etc. We manufacture all kinds of shipping boxes or crates and will be glad to furnish samples and prices upon application Montgomery Bros. & Co. Court and Wilkeson Sts. Buffalo, N. Y. CONSTITUTION Preamble. Being interested in fruit growing and believing that, by organization, we may materially advance our common interests, we hereby adopt the followimr Constitution and By-Laws. -^ *- s Article I. — Name. This Association shall be known as The Fruit Growers' Association of Adams County. Article II.— Object. The object of this Association shall be to encourage the co-operation of the fruit growers of Adams County for the protection and advancement of their common interests. 1. By securing and disseminating such scientific and practical informa- tion as shall promote the general advancement of the fruit growing interests in this county, and shall tend to the improvement of the quality and quantity of our products. 2. By securing such legislation as may be advantageous, and preventing that which may be detrimental. 3- By securing such improved facilities in transportation as shall tend to give us more expeditious and economical distribution. 4. By endeavoring to secure a better and more uniform system of packing and package. 5- By devising a plan of advertising and marketing which will develop and increase the demand for Adams County fruit and promote closer relations between growers and markets. 6. And by endeavoring to obtain such improved systems of crop reporting as shall furnish, through cooperation with other similar associations, accurate information concerning production, thereby enabling the fruit grower to know the exact situation. Article III. — Membership. 1. Membership in this Association may be secured by application to the Executive Board and shall consist of two classes, regular members and spe- cial members as hereinafter described. 2. The regular members shall include all persons acceptable to the Execu- tive Board, who are interested in fruit growing and who have paid annual dues of $r.oo. Members of this class shall, until the next annual meeting, be entitled to attend and participate in the educational features of all regular and special meetings and to receive all published reports thereof. 3. The special membership shall include all regular meml)ers, acceptable to the Executive Board, whose orchards are located within the limits of the Adams County fruit belt," and who, in addition to paying the annual dues specified for regular mem])ers, have paid special annual dues at the rate of twenty cents for each acre of orchard they own and who have also paid such additional assessrnents as the Executive Board may deem necessary from time to time, subject to the approval of the Association, had at a meeting following a ten-day written notice which shall state object of meeting and amount of proposed assessment. Also any regular mem])er not owning or- chards and acceptable to the Executive Board, may become a special member by contributing annually, for the use of the Association, the sum of $5.00 or over. Members of this special class, in good standing, and whose dues are not in arrears shall, until next annual meeting, in addition to enjoying all rights and privileges accorded regular members, have the exclusive right to vote on all matters of business, to receive all crop and market reports, and Jo have free access to all information which the Association is able to collect. 15 i6 Bale Lock Extension Quick and Positive o Always keep I rope hand close to lad- der when ope- rating top sec- tion. Pull rope to raise the traveling sec- (1^ tion. To lower traveling sec- tion carry the hand slightly to the right while Bale is in vertical po- sition. To lock it, carry hand to the left, always keep- ing rope hand close to the ladder and the Bale will drop in position and lock it secure. s Omega Tripod Step Ladder **First-class in every respect. Stiff, rigid, Jight and durable. All flat steps to stand on. The two lower steps are supported by, and rest on rounds which tie, support and thor- oughly brace the main ladder. Fully cov- ered by patents dated December 26, 1910. " Beware of false statements from unscru- pulous competitors who are trying to force the sale of their inferior goods by intimida- tion. The Patentee and Manufacturer is responsible, reliable, able and will- ing to protect his patrons and himself against bluffers. JOHN S. TILLEY LADDERS CO., Inc. Manufacturer of Ladders and Step Ladders of every description Factory, WATERVLIET, N. Y. REPRESENTED IN PENNSYLVANIA BY TYSON BROTHERS INCORPORATED, Rora Dale, Pa. M 17 .h^lf L^^'r.f '.^'?' corporation or estate holding special membership rights SnateHJ^them' '"' ^^^^' ^"' ^'^-^^ '^ ^^^^^^^"^^^ ^^^ --^ '^^^-^ ntS^'''''''^\^'''' personal benefit only, when approved by the Executive Board, may be undertaken by the Association at the expense of the special member desirmg such service. spcLiai 5. The communication of any information concerning the business of the memtrT\^ Z'lT .^"^ A^^ ^Tn"' P^''°"' or corporation other than special members m good standing, sha 1, upon proof satisfactory to the Executive f^,nH 'Z!?""'"^'^^?^^ termmate the membership of the offender without re- tire Board ^^' "" communication has been authorized by the Execu- 6. All members, subject to the approval of the Executive Board, may re- new their membership annually by the payment of the annual dues specified lor tneir class. Article IV.— Dues and Assessments. The annual dues of both regular and special members, as specified by Ar- ticle III, are payable to the Secretary at the meeting immediately preceding he annual meeting, as a receipt for which the Secretary shall issue a cer- tificate of membership for the succeeding year. All assessments shall be paid within thirty days from date of authorization. Article V.— Officers. The officers shall consist of a President and four Vice-Presidents a Secre- tary and Treasurer, all of whom shall be elected by ballot at each annual meeting, to serve for the term of one year, or until their successors shall Bo-mf'^"' ^^^^^ ^^■^ elective officers shall constitute an Executive Article VI. — Quorum. Five (5) members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Article VII. — Amendments. The Constitution and By-Laws of this Association may bp .-mcndod ?t any regular meeting by a two-thirds vote of the members present, a notice ot the proposed amendment having been presented in writing at a previous regular meeting. ^ ^ Article VIII.— Fruit Districts. , For the purpose of distributing the work of the Association and extend- ing Its scope, the County of Adams shall be divided into the following- seven (7) districts: District One, or North District, to consist of Men alien Townsliip; District Two, or West District, to consist of Franklin lownship; District Three, or Southwestern District, to consist of Highland Liberty and Hami tonban Townships ; District Four, or South District, to consist of Cumberland Freedom and Mt. Joy Townships, and that portion ot btraban Township lying south of the Western Maryland Railroad- Dis- trict Five, or Eastern District, to consist of Germany, Union, Cono'waga, Mt. Pleasant Oxford, Reading, Berwick and Hamilton Townships: Dis- trict Six or Northeastern District, to consist of Latimore, Huntingdon and Tyrone Townships; District Seven, or Central District, to consist of Butler lownship and that portion of Straban Township lying north of the West- ern Maryland Railroad. Article IX.— Standing Committees. The following four (4) committees shall be appointed annually bv the newly elected Executive Board and announced at the January meeting as follows: a Committee on Programs, a Committee vn Meml)ership a Com- mittee on Exhibits, and a Committee on Legislation i8 BOTH 'PHONES C • m c c % c C H. G. BAUGHER PROPRIETOR OF The Adams County Nursery ASPERS, PENNSYLVANIA 5, 1 Telegraph Shipping Address Express Office Bendersville Station, P. & R. R. R. ^ Special Attention to Growing of J' FRUIT TREES (LEADING VARIETIES) For Large and Small Planters Rh ALSO MANUFACTURER OF Standard Apple Barrels YOUR ORDERS SOLICITED ' BY-LAWS Article I. — Duties of President. The President shall be the executive officer of the Association and of the Executive Board, and shall preside at all meetings of either body. He shall pass upon all bills and accounts of the Association before they are ordered paid by the Secretary. Article II.— Duties of the Vice-Presidents. The highest designated Vice-President present at any meeting shall pre- side in the absence of the President; all of the four Vice-Presidents shall serve on the Executive Board in conjunction with the other elective officers, and, in addition, each Vice-President shall have special duties, as follows: The First Vice-President shall be chairman of the Program Committee and be responsible for the preparation of a program for each Educational meeting. The Second Vice-President shall be chairman of the Membership Com- mittee and shall use every effort, personally and through members of his committee, to extend the membership and secure renewals. The Third Vice-President shall be chairman of the Committee on Legisla- tion and it shall be his duty, in connection with the members of his committee, to urge beneficial legislation and oppose that which may be detrimental, and keep the Association advised on legislative matters. The Fourth Vice-President shall l)e chairman of the Committee on Ex- hibits and have entire charge of securing fruit for exhibits and displaying same as directed by the Association. Article III. — Duties of the Secretary. The Secretary shall be the recording, corresponding and accounting officer of the Association and of the Executive Board; he shall make no expenditure of a large or doubtful character without the sanction of the board; he shall secure the vyritten approval of the President on all bills or claims against the Association before drawing his order on the Treasurer for the payment thereof; he shall attend all meetings of the Association and of the Executive Board, and shall keep a faithful record of their proceedings; he shall sign all certificates of membership and all diplomas and certificates of merit awarded by the Association. All money received by him shall be promptly paid to the Treasurer. He shall have full charge of the Association's books and papers and shall be responsible to the board for all property placed in his charge. He shall be the custodian of the seal of the Association and shall have authority to affix same to documents when needful. It shall be his duty to prepare and issue from time to time such reports as may be authorized by the Executive Board, and to present to each annual meeting a report of the work of the Executive Board. He shall mail a notice of dues to all members one week prior to the November meeting, at which time all dues are payable. As recompense, the Secretary shall receive all necessary expenses and such salary as may be determined by the Executive Board. Article IV. — Duties of the Treasurer. All the funds of the Association shall be paid into the hands of the Treas- urer; he shall disburse the moneys of the Association that come into his hands only upon order of the Secretary countersigned by the president. Immediately preceding the annual meeting he shall submit to the Executive Board a written report showing the amount of money that shall have come into his hands during the year, the sources from which it has been derived and disposition made of the same. 19 20 CLEAR SPRUCE LADDERS FOR ALL PURPOSES SPECIAL POINTED TOP FRUIT LADDERS CLOSED TOPS IF PREFERRED Manufactured from clear white spruce, with white ash and hickory rungs. EXTENSIONS Equipped with gravity hook, rope and pulley. Bottom spread. 24, 28, 30. 32. 34. 36. 40. 44-ft. lengths. SINGLES 10 to 22 feet. FULL LINE General Purpose Extension and Single Ladders, Step Ladders and Trestles. Send for Illustrated Catalog W . W. BABCOCK CO. BATH, N. Y. DISTRIBUTORS TYSON BROTHERS INCORPORATED, Hora Dale, Pa. 21 Article v.— Duties of the Executive Board. niem'of The"affai['sTAhe''lr"-\- " "'^^ '"'"^ regulations for .he manage- a„d assume the contro ani 4™^^ the salaries of its officers Article VI.— Duties of the Standing Committees 4. The Committee on Exhil)itions shall suggest from time tn tit^. c, t Article VII.— Meetings. Article VIII.— Initiation of Officers W tl^ F ; ^"'^ ^^'' chairman of Program Committee shall pre^areTn^^^^^^^ for the Fehruary meetmg and announce same at the January meetinr Article IX.— Order of Business. 1. Reading of minutes of previous meeting 2. Nominations and elections. 3. Reports of committees. 4- Deferred business. 5. Communications. 6. New business. 7. Discussion of questions. 22 Where Desirable Insurance is Wanted DOUGHERTY & HARTLEY Representing the following Fire Insurance Companies THE OLDEST, STRONGEST AND BEST COMPANIES, viz: ContinentaU Home, Hartford, Phoenix Fire As* sociafion. North America, Aetna, London Assur* ance. Farmers of York, and others Solicits your buaineas. Also represents a line of GOOD MUTUAL COMPANIES when desired DOUGHERTY & HARTLEY Gift Suggestions With market conditions worst ever to get goods, we advise early buying this year especially. Our line of useful Gifts now here is worth your inspection : Handkerchiefs, Hosiery "Silk, Cotton and Wool, '"Gloves, Collars, Umbrellas, Silks, Dress Goods, Furs, Scarf and Cap Sets, Rugs, Skirts, Sweaters, Neckwear for Ladies and Gents DOUGHERTY & HARTLEY, GETTYSBURG, PA. 23 vik. •■ BISSELL DISK HARROWS The tillage implement that has revolutionized farming and because of its great efficiency, has made the farm tractor possible for conservative farmers, who have not bought tractors because of the ineffi- ciency of the tillage implements. Several thousand sold in New York State in the last three years. All sizes from one-horse to the largest tractor units. We are arranging to carry stock of these Harrows in Harrisburg, Pa., so as to give prompt service For catalog and full information write or telephone Tyson Brothers Incorporated FLORA DALE, PA. GENERAL DISTRIBUTORS 24 TP£S' f^.ir*^ /<}, /J -7 X t i V 1 « 1 '**! TRESCOTT FRUIT GRADERS Especially designed to meet the varied requirements of Orchardists. Packers and Cold Storage Houses I here is one to suit your work exactly. State your requirements and we will promptly specify style and size and quote net price. The Illustration above shows a model 7 (2 g-rades) which IS a medium size machine. Send for complete catalog showing smaller and larger models, with full description, prices, etc. Thousands in satisfactory use. Manufactured at Fairport, New York DISTRIBUTED BY TYSON BROTHERS INCORPORATED FLORA DALE, PA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWELFTH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION OF ADAMS COUNTY. PA. The Twelfth Annual Convention was called to order and addressed by the President, C. Arthur Griest, at 2:00 p. ni., Wednesday, De- cember 13, 1916, in Fruit Growers' Hall, Bendersville, Pa President's Address. C. A. Griest, Guernsey, Pa. We are glad to welcome all of you at the opening of this Conven- tion to-day, and hope you may find it pleasant as well as profitable to be here. The program this afternoon discusses the various phases of apple growing. The first topic, "Spraying for the Control of Apple Aphis and Apple Red Bug," will be illustrated, followed by *'Some Problems of the Apple Grower." The first address to-morrow morning, ''Importance of Spraying for Insect Control at the Proper Time," is a very important one'and worthy of our attention. "Harvesting, Packing and Marketing Fruit," which follows, is also important. Adams County can pro- duce as fine apples as can be grown anywhere, but I feel that we have something to learn about the harvesting, packing and marketing of our fruit. We will get some suggestions to-morrow. To-morrow afternoon will be devoted to a matter of legislation. We will have with us a gentleman from New York and one from Maryland, to tell us how their state grading and packing laws are working out. They will doubtless direct our attention to the good points as well as the defects in their laws. Our legislative commit- tee has been active throughout the year, collecting data from the various state laws, favorable and otherwise, with the idea of being prepared to talk and act intelligently during the coming session of cur own Legislature, at which there will probably be an attempt made to pass some such law. Friday morning is devoted to discussing "Some Essential Facts About Apple Scab," and "Growing, Harvesting and Marketing Peaches." In the afternoon, "Dust Spraying" will be illustrated and discussed, followed by tv/o addresses of special interest to the ladies, "Equipment of the Kitchen," and "Organizing of Girls' Clubs." 25 I J 1 26 It seems to me that we have an especially strong program this year, and I hope it will be of benefit to every member present, and that you can all attend every session. To those who are not mem- bers I want to extend a hearty welcome to come as often as you can and a most cordial invitation to join the Association and be one of us.' In lookmg back briefly over the past year we find several achieve- rnents of the Association that might be worth mentioning. During the summer we entertained railroad representatives and newspaper men m an automobile trip through as much of the fruit section as it was possible to cover in one day. About sixty people, in sixteen automobiles, participated in the run, traveling sixty-four miles and passing sixty-seven orchards containing 175,000 apple trees, 75,000 of which were bearing, and 100,000 peach trees, 40,000 of which were bearing. The object of this trip was to show the railroad ofificials what they would be expected to move this year, and incidentally what they should prepare to handle in the near future. I believe we succeeded in impressing these facts, because when the time came to move the fruit we had better railroad facilities than we ever had before. I think they also realize what the fruit industry of Adams County IS coming to mean and are taking steps to prepare for it. In a few cases this fall when scarcity of cars seemed inevitable the Association sent a request to the railroad, stating conditions and'ask- ing that immediate relief be aflforded, and very soon cars were sent in abundance. An interesting work of the Association the past year has been the crop reports. The local reports were collected from the members in much the same way the United States reports are secured. In addition to these we have a cooperative system of exchanging re- ports with other counties and other states that are interested in growing fruit, thus getting fairly accurate reports of what the fruit crop IS likely to be. While not responsible for it in any way, the Association was back of the I^arm Bureau movement that was organized in Gettysburg last spring, with the idea of having a county agent in the county as soon as funds are available. In looking ahead at the possibilities that present themselves for activities of the Association the coming year, I might suggest one or two. The legislation that has already been spoken of opens up a great field for activity, and it does not necessarily need to be confined to the Association. Each individual member should familiarize him- self with the conditions and laws that exist in other states, and when there is a bill presented to the Legislature this winter they should know whether they want it or whether they do not want it and be in position to say so. The fruit growing business is a fight from beginning to end We have the enemies of the trees to fight and destroy to keep them from killing the trees. We have the enemies of the fruit to fight and to destroy in order to grow sound fruit. We also have another enemy ^ '' 27 the greatest of all to the best interests of the fruit grower — the saloon. Employees come to work in an intoxicated condition, not able to properly perform their duties, with the result that trees are damaged and fruit destroyed by rough handling; other men are prevented from working and a general disorder created. That is a condition that one man can scarcely eliminate alone, but if the Association should officially get behind any plans that might be presented to eliminate the saloon, much good might come of it. Another possibility that we have been following up to a certain extent is the good roads movement. It seems to me that there is still work to be done in that direction, and if we could be instru- mental in getting more state roads built through Adams County the coming year it would be well worth while. Education along horticultural lines has been the object of this Association from the beginning and should not cease now. I believe we still have a lot. to learn. The members of the Association are many of them vitally interested in the schools of the county, which is well and proper, because the school is the training-house for the citizen of to-morrow. I would urge individually that you stand op- posed to compulsory military training in the public school, a step that some people are advocating and trying to push forward. It seems to me lots of other things mean much more than that, and I believe the Association, if it becomes necessary, should stand op- poserl to military training and stand for peace. ■■p ^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^K^^^X^-^ 4 W^r ' * S 1 1 t^^^^l ^R^^ M^l ^HH 1 1 ■i ■ %m m ' wtm Adams County Grows Fine Fruit. ■'■.Oy^tofl (\ Apples Dwarfed and Deformed by Rosy Aphis. (From California Commission of Horticulture). riff. 1 Apple Leaves Curled by Rosy Aphla. (From First Oregon Crop Pest Report). Spraying for the Control of Apple Aphis and Apple Red Bug. AFk. O. F. LF<:()NARn, Hntomoloo-ist, Loiiis7'il!r, Ky. Till; Ai'i»i,K Ai'iiis. This is merely a talk on one phase of orcharding, nanielv the control of aphis and at the very he.^innino- I de.ire to impress vou with t ns fact: That the whole aphis proposition is simple and there IS nothm^r there at all to puzzle a person. The averai^e -rower af er he once learns a few basic facts, can understand the sTtuation fully as well as the professional. There is competition in fruit j-rowin- as well as in all other lines of human endeavor, and we are all trying to conduct our business so that we can obtain the -reatest return, and unless we follow up-to- n the science of fruit ^rowin,^, our returns are likelv not to be lip to standard, certainly not up to the limit that can be reached bv following- procrressive methods. ' You will hear growers complainin^r of havinc^ to spray for this that, and the other thin^^s, but bear this point in mind, fruii ^rowinc: endeavor and if it did not and all that was necessary was to put up a 28 29 stock in the ground and watch it grow, then anybody would be able to grow fruit and there would be so many people in if, that fruit growing would not be a profitable line of endeavor at all. I have heard progressive growers remark that, not only did they not object to spraying for half a dozen different kinds of pests, but if there were only another dozen or more to spray for, many other growers would go out of business and that would leave sufficient opportunity for the growers who were willing to spray. The aphis problem is just one of the small problems that has to do with the production of perfect fruit and the management of commercial orchards. I am going to start in during the winter time and follow through the year in the orchard with the aphis telling you where the insects are at different times and what they are doing, then I will finish up \vith methods of control, the obstacles one might encounter, and any similar subjects that may be suggested. Of the thousands of different kinds of aphis, perhaps nine out of ten of them are green. As a general rule, though there are some exceptions, a certain kind of ai)his feeds only on a certain definite group of plants. Aphis attacking melons will not attack fruit trees; those attacking fruit trees will not attack ornamentals; those at- tacking ornamentals will not attack grasses, etc. Three of the more common species of aphis in our apple orchard are known as the green a])his, because its color is some shade of green all during its life; the rosy aphis which begins life green but changes in color — yellow, orange, pink and red; and the woolly aphis, which gets its name from a little tuft of white wool that gives it its protection. At this time of the year (winter or earlv spring), if vou were to go out into your orchard and look along the tips of the twigs here and there, especially those twigs that have had rapid growth last year, you will find a great many small black shinv eggs. These are the eggs of the green and rosy aphis— and remember this point, these insects lay eggs only in the fall at the approach of cold weather. The eggs hatch in the s])ring when the buds begin to open and dur- ing the rest of the year there are no eggs. From the time the eggs hatch in the s])ring until the next eggs are laid that fall, these In- sects multiply very rai)idly, but are born alive. In other words, here IS an animal that lays eggs at one time and at another time gives birth to living young. l>y going out into your orchard, then, at this time, you can some- times tell quite accurately where the aphis is going to show up first in the spring. The eggs are very difficult to kill ; they are small, smooth, shiny and tough. It is hard to make a sprav hit the ^^^n 'late tttcthocls. take a.lv.-m';f- It ' " '^^ "'l '"""^^ "I-"'- "• the science nf fn,i, .;rnui„o. o,„- , ■ r, „ HI ' '"'','' ..I' to s.a.Klard. ccTtainlv not „,r„. tl e , i , Vi ,, " , "l "' follounitr pn.m-essive nietlxKls. '"' '^''clie.l hv I on will Iicar iTowers cDniDl-Mni'ii,.- ( i ■«"- ^ ' ^' "- »'■' ' 'i a-:r;;t^K:;"L;;;i'";.;;r;:;:,';;:;;"; 28 ' ' 1 ' 29 stock in the p-onnd and watch it .i^row, then anvhodv wonid he ahlc to ^i^row frnit and there wonld he so niany i)eoi)le 'in it, that frnit powm^ wonld not he a prohtahle h'ne of endeavor at all 1 have heard progressive .^rowers remark that, not onlv did tliev not ohject to sprayino- for half a (hv.en different kinds o'f pest<, i)nt if there were only another dozen or more to spray for, manv other -rowers wonld ^o ont of hnsniess and that would leave sufficient opportunitv for the i^Towers who were willino- to sprav. The ai)his prohlen'i IS just one of the small prohlems that has to do with the production ot perfect fruit and the manai^ement of commercial orchards. 1 am .^oini^- to start in durino- the winter time and follow throii- those attackino- fruit trees will not attack ornamentals; those at- tacking- ornamentals will not attack grasses, etc. 'I1n-ee of the more common species of ai)his in our apple orchard are known as the oreen ai)nis, hecause its color is some shade of .^reen all dnrnio- its life: the rosv ai)liis which he^ins life oreen hut chanoes in color— yellow, orani^e, pink and red*; and the woollv aphis, which ^rets its name from a little tuft of white wool that ns are very difhcuU to kill; thev are small, smoc.th, shmy and touoh. It is hard to make a sprav "hit the ei^os and if it does hit the e.i.;-,<^s. to slick to them, and, linallv, it is very difficult to kill them; so that the methods of control are aimed no't .It the ei^L^s hut at the youui;. recently hatched insects. I have told you how the lireen and rosy aphis spends the winter, namely, as eL'Lis. The woolly aphis hardly ever lavs eo;^s. It almost INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 30 always spends the winter on the roots or on the tree above ^roinid and if you ^o out into your orchard at the present time, if the woolly aphis is present at all, you will find it in cracks of the bark or branches and twigs, especially in the little hollows made by twigs' that have been pruned away, in scars and similar places. You will ^ recognize them by the little tuft of cotton-like material. When vou scrape this cotton aside you will find, underneath, the pink bodies of the aphis. vSometimes the woolly aphis is so thick on the trees as to give the impression of snow being on the tree. In such cases the grower does not see the insect, but merely wool blanket and under this blanket the insect is protected from the rain, and the wind and, to some extent, from sprays. During the winter a considerable number of the woollv aphis are feeding on the roots of the trees and there is only one way of finding out whether woolly aphis are really on the roots of any particular tree and that is to dig down and look for it. Tf the woollv aphis is on the roots, you will find it. You will find either the little' insects or the little swellings the insects cause on the roots. Dig down at the base of the tree and you will have no trouble discovering the evidence of these insects if they are present. As soon as the warm weather sets in and the buds open, the eggs of the green and rosy aphis hatch and the young come to the tips of the buds to feed on the greeen le-ives that are beginnine to show. These individuals appearing on the buds are all females called "stem mothers," and when fully developed give birth to living voun-z. The woolly aphis on the roots become restless and some of them— not all — begin to wander up the trunk to the twigs and there begin their yearly histories. As the buds open the green and rosv aphis attack the young leaves, later the blossoms and then the fruit. The woolly aphis prefers the twigs and branches to the leaves and fruit. All of these insects multiply verv rapidlv and where, early in the season, there are only a few, a little later there may be millions, all having descended from the few early ancestors. At the approach of cold weather in the fall, the green and rosy aphis lay eggs. These are the ego-s that hatch the next s))ring when the buds begin to open. The Vvoolly aphis begins to look for "a place to spend the winter and most of the individuals go down the trunk and spend the winter on the roots. Sometimes they find protected I)laces on the trees, such as in cracks, and spend the\yinter there. A few words of the injury these insects do. Every little apin'^ has a beak all of its own. This little beak punctures the twigs and the leaves and the blossoms and the fruit. Imagine this beak to be inserted m a twig that has fire blight. Fire blight, vou know is a disease caused by germs. Tt may spread from one twio- to another from one orchard to another. Tf this twig has fire bliglit, you knovv that there are nn'llions of these germs inoculatinir the bark of the twig. The beak of the aphis is among them. Many of the aphis have wings, but even those without wings are blown abont by the ■■>. .V Fig. 2. Aphis highly magnified — (original.) Sucking plant juices. Showing why a "contact" spray must be used. wind, in fact, they are blown about by the wind to a greater extent than those with wings can fly. Now then, if the aphis with its beak among the fire blight germs flies or is blown to another twig or an- other tree or another orchard and lights on another twig, it inserts its beak into that twig and at the same time inoculates* it with the fire blight germs. This is one explanation why one can trace the course of fire blight frequently with the direction of the prevailing winds. Tt is a common thing to walk through an orchard and see aphis being blown about. Tf there is any fire blight in the neighbor- hood, some of these insects have some of the germs on their beaks. Hence one neglected orchard may be the center of infestation for a whole community. Very frequently you will notice a great many small knotted apples in the orchard. These specimens have been injured by the aphis. Sometimes the apple itself is not deformed but merely never obtains normal growth; in other words, it has been weakened. The at- tacks of these insects on the twig may cause the twigs to become twisted. Tn such cases these twigs must be pruned oflf as they can- not be permitted to grow in such a deformed wav. But, after all, most of the injury is not seen. You remember that there are millions of these insects and each one with its little beak is taking out a certain amount of nourish- ment from the plant. This causes a lower yield of fruit and weaker plants. Tn other words, the greatest form of injury is the injury you do not see. Tt consists ofi the fruit that is not there. And remember this, at the time the young fruit is forming this year there are also fonning the fruit buds that will form fruit next year, so that any injury permitted this season is bound to show its efl'ects >i:s^:*i 30 always sjkmuIs the winter on the roots or on the tree al)ove ^rotind and if you o-o out into yonr orehard at the present time, if the'xvoollv a])his is present at all, you will find it in eraeks of the hark or hranches and twios, especially in the little hollows made hv twins' that have heen pruned away, in scars and similar places. You wTll recognize them hy the little tuft of cotton-like material. When vou scrape this cotton aside you will find, underneath, the pink hodies of the ai)his. v^ometimes the woolly aphis is so thick on the trees as to give the impression of snow hein^r on the tree. Tn such cases the grower does not see the insect, hut merelv wool hlanket and under this hlanket the insect is i)rotected from the rain, and the wind and, to some extent, from spravs. Durino- the winter a considerahle numher of the woollv aphis are feedmo- on the roots of the trees and there is onlv one wav of finding out whether woolly aphis are reallv on the roo'ts of anv particular tree and that is to dio- down and look for it. If the woollv aphis IS on the roots, you will find it. V(ui will find cither the little' insects or the hltle swellings the insects cause on the roots. Dig down at the hase of the tree and you will have no trouhle discovering the evidence of these insects if they are i)resent. As soon as the warm weather sets in and the huds oi)c'n, the eggs nf the green and rosy ciphis hatch and the vouno- come to tlie tip.s'of the hiids to feed on the -reeen leaves that are heginnino- to show I hese mdividuals appearing on the huds are all females called "stem mothers, and when fully (leveloi)e(l give hirth to livin- voun- Ihe woolly aphis on the roots hecome restless and *^ INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 32 vear'votf Zi nf7 "''■""?/' \'^' wcakeni,,.,. of the fruit buds this droo hn^ h. 11 •"•''^"•^''^ '^^^^' *^"'"""&- then turn brown and drop, but the main injury is not so much the injury to tiie leaver leaves! ' "''"'''' "' *'" '''' '"^ *° ^^e curHng and d'ropp^i^ of Ihe The woolly aphis causes swellings on the twiss and on the rnot« and these swel ings, though not always fatal In'er ere vfth tt general circulation of the tree and cause a starvation effect esue cially when the swellings are on the roots. ' ^ Fig. 3. Aphids on green tip of opening leaf bud; best time to Spray. Fig. 4. Leaf lUids too far advanced for Bud i'pray. Fig. 5. Aphis on cluster of un- opened blossoms; the next best time for Sprayirg. Fig. 6. • ^J^^^ blossoms have fallen- Aphis hard to reach because protected by foliage, but if present, spray should be ai)plied sec^s°^ wheVJhVrr'' '°'V™'- ^^'' ^'''' ^""^ '^ ^P--^^- f"-- these i„- tTp Ts^e Fig .; '"wh" '"^'""'"''^ *° °'"" ^"^ ^'^-^ ^•■-" ^'t the ^^^Because at this time all the eggs have hatched that are going to ha" hatcE""'^ "" '°"''"''*^^ ^°° ^°"" ^«'"^ °f the eggs may not Pretty nearly all the insects are on the tii)s of the buds easv tn reach and without ,,rotectioii. Later, when the "eaves a d blosson s to're ra":i t '""^f 'T --'"-^hle protecd^ aTu i '^ d «^ "t them with the spray There are fewer insects to kill at' this time than at any other time IVSh tt^Sater!''^ " ^ ^°"^^" ^ '"-'^ -^--> at^hls th nTas nnl''';! '? ^'J^ 'r^ ^""'' ^" ■'•"■^y ^^''th •'■>"e sulphur for San lose scale "ct tKv'm' b'od?;"^^ two different tinui for two clitT'eTen ! in^ he '•Piact- T .. ''^'^""ihined usmg the lime sulphur for dilut- ing tne l>Iack Leaf 40 just as if it was so much water. 33 At this time the insects themselves are easier to kill because thev are young and more tender. If you wait until the young leaves have already come out in^o cluster (See Fig. 4), then the young insects will climb down and ■"r^^"'? ^i^sohite protection at the base of the leaves where it is very difficult far the spray to penetrate to them. So that if the first ap- plication has been omitted or has been done in a hurry— which almost every time results in unsatisfactory work— then the next best time to spray is after these young clusters have opened and the voung leaves have sejjarated. (See Fig. 5). About this time the' pink of the blossonis IS showing This is also a good time for spraving with hme sulphur or I'.ordeaux for apple scab and in such cases the scab ami ai)his spray may be mixed. A little later the blossoms oi)en and while the blossoms are open sprays should not be applied, though manv growers have done so and obtained good results After the petals have fallen (see Fig. 6), the first codling moth sprav IS applied and if ai>his are present at that time the arsenate of lead and the P.lack Leaf 40" may be used together. After the codling moth spray the one route to follow is to '^pray when the insects are there, when it must be remembered that the later the ai)plication is made the harder to control the in.sects and when growers wait, as. too many growers do, until the leaves are curled. It IS almost impossible to force the spray into the curl of the leaves and wet all the insects. The Formul.a. Circular Xo. 23 of the New York (Geneva) Exp. Sta.. states: the most satisfactory preparation from the standpoint of safety to the buds and effectiveness against the insects is three-fourths pint ot l.lack Leaf 40' to one hundred gallons of water, to which are added three to five pounds of dissolved soap. This gives a dilution of one part of "L.lack Leaf 40" to i 066 parts water. The soaj) added acts as a "spreader" for the material • do not add soaj) when using the nicotine sulphate in combination with l)or(ieaux mixture and lime sulphur or arsenate of lead If you spray thoroughly at the right time and your neighbor does not. he may raise enough in.sects to force vou to sprav again In the treatment of the woolly aphis, it is absolute'ly essential that a strong pressure be used, 200 to 250 pounds, and a coarse spray. l p/j;.'^ •'"> Hnl. .^^ C.a. Statr TM. EuUnu.An^y.) .i::»i".«. ,,H. (r,,ir,,;-,i„rr'v:*j:':,;;;r;;;.:';;;^^^^^ *r M . I 35 llie latUT is charactcrizcl l,y a coiist.ictc.l and knolibv ai)|)caraiK-c at calyx, or hlossom end of the a))ple. As the red hnjjs ;,htain their food hv suckins.- the nlant iniee throu^di their heal<. it is inii.ossihie to kill them l.v «sin>r a poison spray: and they can only he exterminated hv empjovint: a contact spray. ' ■ . .-^ From exiKTimental .lata an.! practical work, it is verv ai)i)arent that mcotnie snlphate gives i)y far the best results :is a contact sprav if)r tiiese ))ests. ' Ihilletin 291. Cornell Ivxperiment Station, stales: "The results nf our experiments show that the younjj nvmphs mav he kille.l I,v an ai.Dhcation of 'inack Leaf 40- diluted 1 'to 800." This is at the rate of one pint •Milack Lc;:if 40" to la) oaljons of water, and should he applied as follows: I-irst application when the blossoms show pink: It nec-es^ary, niake a second application when the blossoms all. It combine, with re-ular st u) and odiino- „,oth spravs, omit the soap: if used al.>ne, add f.mr to five ixninds .,f diss.)lved soai) to i.x) .rail. ms of water. ' In spraying.- f„r re.l bu-s. it is important to remember that the material kills by contact only, an.l that each insect must be hit with he .spray in order to kill. A .t;-.„„l pressure an.l thon.uqh applica- tion are e.s.sential factors in secnrin- satisfactorv results \ ji..ht settin- .,1 apj.les an.l a fairly seri<.us infestati.M, ..f re.l bn'tis will usually cause a total l.iss of the crop unless sprayed INTENTIONAL SECOND FYPhqi TDC Tvvo-^'kar-Oi.i) C.rimks. Showing the Leader, which is cut out after the third year. 36 iSkV- -^ '-< .- y! ,***>- ^^i'- iy^--k, Problems of a Virginia Apple Grower. c V Dr. S. W. Fletcher, Professor of Horticulture, Pcnusyhania State College, State College, Pa. I have not come here to advise any of you how to handle your orchards, but merely to tell you some of the problems in handlino^ my own orchard. It is in the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, at an altitude of 1,500 feet, and on a limestone soil full of chert, known as the Hagerstcwn stony loam. The old orchard comprises forty acres, chiefly York Imperial, lien Davis and Winesap, to w^hich have been added 100 acres of new planting. This orchard is one-half mile from the depot, which I consider a distinct advantage. Many Virginia orchards are located fifteen or twenty miles from the shipping point and it costs the growers from fifteen to forty cents to haul a barrel of apples from the orchard to the depot. It costs me three cents, so that 1 could afford to sell my apples for thirty-seven cents a barrel less than some of my com- petitors and still make the same profit. 1 would not locate a new orchard more than four or five miles frotn the shipi)ing point, at the most, and the closer the better. In X'iroinia, we have many skv- scraper orchards — those on very stee]) land. This is an advantage as regards frost protection but a great disadvantage in all other respects Orchards on stec]) land are difficult to prune, si)ray and harvest. A gentle slope is preferable. I grow the York Imperial, Winesap and I)en Davis, chiefly. The Ben Davis has been my most ])rofitable variety because it outbears other sorts and usually sells for nearly as much per barrel in South- ern markets, since it stands abuse and hot weather better than most sorts. I would not, however, ])lant over ten per cent, of a new orchard to Ben Davis in Virginia, and 1 presume it is not to be recommended at all for Pennsylvania. I have not found dynamiting an advantage, in fact, I have seen orchards that were injured by having the holes dynamited in the spring, just before planting. If the method is used at all, the holes should be blown in the fall and the trees planted the following spring. Soils that are so tight or have a hard pan so close to the surface that they need to be dynamited seldom make good orchara sites. One of my biggest problems is to get some income from the land while the trees are young. Undoubtedly it is best in most cases to grow some tilled crop, such as potatoes, corn, or other vegetables, but in large operations the growing of truck between the trees may not be practicable. I have found that the standard farm rotation of 37 » w 'i^\(»-^ i: \K-( )i.i) ( ',iinia, at an altitude of 1 ,5c:)0 feet, and on a limestone soil full of chert, known as the I lai^erstown stony loam. The old orchard com])rises forty acres, chiefly \'ork Imperial, lien Davis and W'inesa]), to wl'iich have heen added 100 acres of new ])lantini;. This orchard is one-half mile from the dei)ot, which 1 consider a distinct advantaj^e. Many Virginia orchards arc located fifteen or twenty miles from the shi|)])ino- point and it costs the i^rowcrs from fifteen to forty cents to haul a barrel of ai)]des from tb.e orchard to the de])ot. It costs me three cents, so that I Ci/tdd afford to sell my aj)])les for thirty-seven cents a barrel less than some of my com- petitors and still make the same j^rofit. 1 would not locate a new orchard more than four or five nn'les from the shi])i)in!L;" ])oint, at the most, and the closer the better. In X'ir^inia, we have many sky- scra|)er orchards — those on verv steep land. This is an advantajL^e as rei^ards frost ])r()tection i)Ut a i^reat disadvantai^e in all other res])ects. ( )rchar(ls on steep huu] are difficult to i)rune, si)ray and harvest. A <;entle sIo])e is ])referable. ] ^row the \'ork Imperial, W'inesa]) and lien Davis, cbiellx. The IkMi Davis has been my most i)rofitable variety because it outbears other sorts and usually selLs for nearly as much per barrel in ^^outb- ern markets, since it stands abuse and hot weather better than most sorts. I would not, however, i)lant over ten i)er cent, of a new orchard to lien Davis in XirsL^inia, and 1 presup.ie it is not to be recommended at all for Tennsylvania. I have not found dynamiting;" an Jidvantaiiie, in fact. 1 have seen orchards that were injured by having;' the holes dynamited in the S])rini4', just before planting-. If the method is used at all, the holes should be blown in the fall and the trees planted the following- sprint;". Soils that are so ti.^bt or have a hard ])an so close to tlu* surface that they need to be dynamited seldom make i^ood orchard sites. ( )ne of mv l)ii;i;est ])roblems is to i^et some income from the land while the trees are younj;-. I'ndoubtedly it is best in most cases to j^row some tilled cro]), such as potatoes, corn, or other vei^etables, but in larj^e o])erati()ns the orowinj^ of truck between the trees may not be practicable. I have found that the standard farm rotation of 37 INTENTION AT 5;prnMr« CVD/^CTTr* ■«• 38 corn, wheat and grass, can be used to advantage, provided a tilled strip is left around each row of trees and the crops are grown only in the middle. I run this rotation twice. By the time the trees are seven or eight years old they need the entire area. The tilled strip on each side of each row of trees should be not less than five feet wide and should be widened each year. Recently I have used alfalfa between the rows of young trees with very satisfactory results. 4 "*••.;;;■ ^^?«W. ■..-- " • " ■■ ".. ' V ■■- ': <'>'i':.''; -y^ v-'-v^v^^ . !l!> 'v/^*^'.?! '^^Hj^'iiiBKBQfj^S^'^^^S^^T' T^'^^^^Bfti Strips of Ckovkr nr/rwEKx Rows of Young Appkk Tkkks, Fishkksviij.k, Va. The bearing orchards are tilled one year in three. Some years ago I cultivated every year but soon found that this lowered the color of the fruit, especially the York Imperial. One-diird of the orchard now is cut with a double action cut-away harrow, both ways, in March and early April, and tilled until July, when it is seeded to cow peas or soy beans. Soy beans are preferable to peas in the orchard as they stand the shade better. The next March or April this land is disced and is seeded to red clover. The clover sod stands for two full seasons and is then plowed or disced for another season of tillage. I do not think that a sod mulch is practicable except when the land is so steep or rocky that it cannot be tilled to advantage ; or on land that is rich and moist, and is natural grass land. The injuries from mice in a sod mulch orchard are often very serious indeed, even when every precaution is taken. Furthermore, in most cases a mulch may be made with soil considerably cheaper than a mulch with straw and grass. I cut back the trees heavily the first year, after planting, and lightly the second year. Thereafter the pruning is all thinning out, 39 not cutting back. Our trees are so subject to splitting that it seems desirable to preserve the central leader for two years so as to secure eight or ten scaffold limbs to bear the weight of the fruit. After that the leader is cut out. I have used summer pruning to bring into bearing certain young trees that were growing over vigorously and not fruiting, but it is a special practice for special trees. Practically all pruning should be done when the trees are dormant. My best results in fertilizing have been secured from manure. I pay $i.oo for a two-horse load and haul it five miles. The results of man- uring may be observed for three or four years, but commercial fertil- izers are not lasting. If not enough manure is available, I have used with good results a fertilizer consisting of one part nitrate of sode, one part muriate of potash and three parts acid phosphate. This is ap- plied at the rate of ten to fifteen pounds per bearing tree, just before the blossoms open. Nitrate of soda alone gives excellent results but is likely to lower the color of the fruit unless balanced with the mineral plant foods. The chief apple pest that I have to fight is the codling moth, of which there are two broods in that section. I have found the paste arsenate of lead distinctly superior to the powdered lead because it sticks better. This is especially true for the last spraying in July or August. Rosy aphis is serious some years ; Black Leaf 40 has not always been successful, and is quite expensive. Many of our grow- ers now depend upon the dormant spray with lime sulphur to con- trol this pest, deferring the application until the buds are bursting. San Jose scale was serious some years ago but is now disappearing, even in the unsprayed orchards, and is no longer a serious pest. Cedar rust has destroyed over a million dollars worth of apples in the Shenandoah Valley some years ; spraying is not of much value. One year I lost over* $500 because of the presence of three large cedar trees near one of my orchards. Since these trees were cut down there has been no trouble. I make my own lime sulphur solu- tion at a cost of about $3.00 per barrel, testing 28° or 29°, which is considerably cheaper than the commercial product. The outfit con- sists of a steam feed cooker and several barrels and cost $50.00. During the past season I have tested dusting in comparison with spraying. The machine put the material on in good shape, since most of my trees are low headed, but there were 15 per cent, more wormy apples in the dusted plot than in the sprayed. Further- more, dusting was more expensive. The advantage of dusting is that a much larger area can be covered during the short time that the calvx lobes are open, after the petals fall. It seems to me that dusting will be of service chiefly to the large grower who finds difili- culty in covering his entire orchard with the first codling moth spray. At all other times I believe the liquid spray will be found more effective. I see no reason for abandoning the spray outfit in favor of the dusting machines, but the method may be perfected so that it will be useful to supplement spraying in large orchards. ^. 38 corn, \vlieat and ^rass. can be nscd to advantas^e, provided a tilled stri]) is left around each row of trees and the cr()])s are ^rown only in the middle. 1 run this rotation twice, liy the time the trees are seven or ei^ht vears old thev need the entire area. The tilled strip on each side of each row of trees should he not less than five feet wide and should he widened each year. Recently I have used alfalfa between the rows of voun<2- tree^ with verv satisfactorv results. SiKii's or Ci,()\i:k I'.KTWKKN Rows or ^'ol■^•(. Aim'i.k Tui.ks. 1mshi:nsvii.i.i:. \'.\. The bcarinir orchards are tilled one \ear in ihree. v^ome \ears ai^c* 1 cultivated every year but soon found that this lowered the color of the fruit, especially the N'ork lm])erial. ( )ne-thir(l of the orchard ncnv is cut with a double action cut-away harrow, both wa\s, in March and earlv A])ril. and tilled until July, when it is seeded to cow ])eas or sov beans. Soy beans are ])referable to i)eas in the orchard as thev stand the shade better. The next March or .\])ril this land is disced and is seeded to red clover. The clover sod stands for two full seasons and is then ])lov\ed or disced for another season of tilla,i;e. I do not think that a sod nudch is practicable excei)t when the land is so stee]) or rocky that it cannot be tilled to advantai^e : or on land that is rich and moist, and is natural jjrass land. The iniuries from mice in a sod nndch orchard are often very serious indeed, even wlien every ])recauti()n is taken. I'urthermore. in most cases a nnilch mav ])e made with soil considerabK- cheaper than a nudch with straw and i^rass. I cut back the trees heavily the first year, after i)lantinj;-. and lii^htly the second year, '{'hereafter the jjrunint; is all thinnini^ out, 39 not cuttino- back. Our trees are so subject to splittino- that it seems desirable to preserve the central leader for tw^o years so as to secure eii^ht or ten scaffold liml)s to l)ear the wei^^ht of the fruit. After that the leader is cut out. 1 have used summer ])runino- to l)rino; into bearing- certain youno- trees that were <;rowin<>- over vi.i>orously and not fruitino-, but it is a s])ecial practice for special trees, l^ractically all ])runin^- should l)e done when the trees are dormant. ^Fv best results in fertilizino- have been secured from manure. T pay $i.oo for a two-horse load and haul it five miles. The results of man- urino- may be observed for three or four years, but commercial fertil- izers are not lastin*;-. If not enoujL^h manure is available, 1 have used with o-ood results a fertilizer consisting; of one ])art nitrate of sode, one part muriate of potash and three i)arts acid ])h()sphate. This is ap- ])lied at the rate of ten to fifteen ])oun(ls per bearino- tree, just before the blossoms open. Xitrate of soda alone j^ives excellent results but is likely to lower the color of the fruit unless balanced with the mineral |)lant foods. The chief api)le ])est that I have to fi^ht is the codlin^- moth, of which there are two broods in that section. 1 have found the paste arsenate of lead distinctly sui)erior to the powdered lead because it sticks better. This is especially true for the last sprayinust. Rosy aphis is serious some years; lilack Leaf 40 has not alwavs been successful, and is (piite ex])ensive. Many of our grow- ers now de])en(l upon the dormant si)ray with lime sul])hur to con- trol this ])est, deferring- the apj/lication until the buds are burstin.i^-. San lose scale was serious some years a.i::o but is now' disappearint;-, even in the unsprayed orchards, and is no lont^er a serious ])est. Cedar rust has destroyed over a million dollars worth of a])ples in the Shenandoah X'alley some years: sprayini^: is not of much value. ( )ne vear I lost over $500 because of the ])resence of three lar«;e cedar trees near one of my orchards. Since these trees were cut down there has been no trouble. T make my own lime sul])hur solu- tion at a cost of about $3.00 per barrel, testing- 28° or 2(;°, which is considerably chea])er than the commercial ])roduct. The outfit con- sists of a steam feed cooker and several barrels and cost $50.00. Durino- the i)ast season T have tested dusting- in com])arison \yitli sprayini;-. The machine i)ut the material on in .i^ood shai)e, since most of mv trees are low headed, but there were 15 per cent, more wormy a])ples in the dusted ])lot than in the sprayed. Further- more, du>itin|L;- was more expensive. The advantai^e of dustino; is that a nuich larger area can be covered during- the short time that the calvx lobes are o])en. after the ])etals fall. It seems to me that du.stinii will be of service chiefly to the larj^e o rower who finds difii- culty in coveriujir his entire orchard with the first codlino- moth spray. At all other times 1 believe the li(|ni(l spray will be found more effective. I see no reason for abandoning- the spray outfit in favor of the dustini,^ machines, but the method may be perfected so that it will be useful to su])])lement sprayini^ in laroe orchards. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE ffigi^ttf^. 40 The thinning of apples has been advocated as a means of securing larger fruit, promoting annual bearing and preventing limbs from breaking. I have thinned my apples for the past four years, and 1 have seen practically no benefit as regards annual bearing. 1 be- lieve this is more a question of fertilizing instead of thinning. The thinning does give larger fruits but this is not always an advantage. In the case of the York Imperial, which is my main variety, very large fruits are a decided disadvantage since they may develop punk and do not keep well in storage. I now thin Yorks very little, or only enough to secure apples of average size, about 2^4 inches. Winesaps can be thinned more heavily with good results. York Impkrial Treks. Orchard of S. W. Fletcher, Fishersville, Va. Note low heads. It is a marked advantage to make two or three pickings of winter apples instead of one, especially with the York Imperial. The larger number of barrels and the enhanced color that is secured by letting the inside fruit hang a week or two after the outside fruit has been picked off, more than offset the increased cost of harvesting. The apples are hauled to a central packing house in the half bushel baskets used for picking on a wide platform wagon. It is a decided advantage to pack in the shed instead of in the orchard. It used to cost me around thirty cents to pick and pack a barrel of apples in the orchard, over the ordinary sorting table. Last year it cost twenty- one cents in the packing shed, and I am satisfied that the grade was better. A packing shed is necessary when a sizing machine is used, and these are becoming indispensable to the apple grower. I have 41 had a Schellinger sizing machine foi four years. The machine makes it possible to put up a much better grade than if the apples are run over a table. The fruit is packed more cheaply and sells bet- ter, and there is a slight gain in bulk as the result of sizing. 1 have not found that it pays, with my varieties, to make more than two sizes for barrels; the first, 2^ inches to 3 inches; the second, 3 inches up. 1 have not packed in boxes ; fewer apples are packed in boxes in Virginia to-day than there were five years ago. The half barrel or baby barrel is finding some favor among those of our growers who have a retail trade. I make my own barrels on the place, buying the cooperage in car lots and employing coopers to make the barrels at fivit cents each. Some years this effects a saving of ten cents a barrel but ordinarily from six to eight cents may be saved. This would not be practicable with less than 1,500 barrels. I have sold my crops on the trees, consigned to commission mer- chants and sold out of storage, but none of these methods are a.s satisfactorv as f. o. b. sales in the fall. I would rather take a fair price in the fall than to take chances of securing a large price by holding the crop. Cooperative selling of apples has made little progress in X'irginia. Cooperation never is successful until the grow- ers are forced to it by several consecutive years of ruinous prices. This time has not come in Virginia. The last few years I have been able to dispose of all my second grade fruit to advantage, by shipping it in bulk to the Southern States where it is sold out of the car by the hundred pounds or filled barrel. At a number of i)laces in \'ir- ginia community packing houses are being established. These take care of the output of orchardists who are not so situated that they can pick and pack their own fruit to advantage. It is essential that the hauling distance is short, not over four or five miles, 1 should say — and that the roads are good. Apples can be hauled loose in barrels better than in boxes. We must meet competition by a lower cost of production. That apple grower or that api^le district which can ])roduce a good grade of fruit at the lowest cost has the best chance of securing profitable returns. Hundreds of acres of apple orchards have been pulled out in some parts of the country within the last year or two for no other reason than that it cost more to produce the fruit and put it on the market than the average return. During the past eight years the average cost of producing and putting at the depot a barrel of apples from my orchard has been $1.15, while the average selling price has been near $2.50. In some parts of the West it costs $1.15 to produce one bushel of apples instead of one barrel. The apple grower who is in a position to diversify somewhat, so that he can at least grow all the hay and corn needed for his teams, has a distinct advantage over the man who grows apples and nothing else. The outlook for apple growing, as I see it, is bright for the man who is so situated that he can produce good apples cheaply. The boom days of 1908-1913 are gone; we cannot expect, in our genera- w^^-. ' ■ •:^^^^^ ■>.■'■■■■ -. }>^-:y'::-^ m-^^^v-^v^^ 40 '\hv lhinniii<;- of a])i)lrs has \)cvn a^Knratcd as a means of sriMirinjn lari^er fruit, ])r()ni()linj4' annual l)t'arini; and prt'viMUiuiL; linihs from l)rcakini;-. I have thinned niv apjile^ for the past four vears, .nul I have seen ])racticall\ no henetit as rejiiards annual hearing. I he- lieve this is more a ((uestion of ferlili/in,n instead ol* thinning;. Tlie thinnino- does j;ive larj^er fruits hitt this is not always an advanta.vio. In the case of the York lmi)erial, which is my ntaitt vai'iet\, vers lari^e fruits are a decided disadvantaj^t' since they ma\ dcM-lop punk and do not kee]) well in stora.^e. 1 now thin S'orks \ery httK'. or onlv enoui^h to secure ai)ples of averajne si/e, alumt J-^ i inches. \\'inesai)s can he thiiuied more heaxily with j^ood results. •W. * ^'(»lelN bct- ti'r, at'd there is a slight j^aiti in bulk as the ii'sull {\i si/iu;.;. 1 hasc not foittid that it pass, with my varieties, to make uiore than two sizes for barrels; the tirst, j'j inches to ,^ itiches; the secotid, ,^ inches uj). 1 have not ])acked in bo\e> ; fewer apples ate packed in boxes in \ ir^inia to-da\ than there were live yeais aiL^o. The hall barrel or babx' barrel is lindiii^ some fasiM* anioii|Li those of onr j^rowers who baxe a retail Iradi*. 1 make ms own barrels on the place, bityitij;- the coopera.m* in car lots and emnloyiiijL; coopers to make the barrels at live cents each. Some veal's tliis el'lecls a sas iii'' of ten cents a barrel but orditiaril\' from sis to einbt cents mas be saved. This would not be practicable with less than 1.501) b.irreis. 1 have sold my crops on the trees, consi|,»ned to counnissjou mer- chants and sold out of sloraj^e, but iK.ne of these methods ate as satisfactory as f. o. b. sales in the f.dl. I wouM rather take a fair l)rice in the fall than to take chances of securing a latj^e juice b\ boldini;' the cro]). C'ooperative sfHin^ ,,| anples has niadi' littU' pro«.;fess in \ iii;inia. C'ooj)eration never is successful until the grow- ers are forced to it b\ several consecntis'e years of ruinous prii'es. This titue has not come in \ ir^inia. The last few years 1 h.isc beui able to dispose of all my second jL;rade fruit to ad\'anta^.'e. bs shippiu),; it in bulk to the Southern States where it is sold out of tin car bs the lumdrecl pounds (^r tille(l barriT At a miniber o|' places in \ ir jL^inia comnmnit\ packing houses are beiii^; establishe distance is short, not over four or lisc miles, | should sav--and that the roads are ^(xnl. Apples c;in be h.'iuled Nm^sc in barrels better than in boxes. We nmsl meet competition by a l(»wei mst (»f proilnctioii. Tli.it apple i^rowcr or that apple district which laii piodu«'e a |;ood tiiade of fruit at the lowest cost has the best chance of secijiiii;; prolitabh returns. lIundrecN of acres of apple orchards h;ive been pnlleil out in some parts of the country within the last yi-ar or two for no other reason than that it cost more to prodin'e tlu' fruit and put it on the market than the average return. Dnriii;^ the p;isi eii^lit vears the avera.L;e cost of proclucini; and puttinu; at the d.epot ;i b.iiicl of apples from m\ orchard has been $1.13, while the average selling price has been near $2.30. In some parts of the W Csj it C(»sts$i,i3 to produce one bushel of apj)les instead of om* bai't'el. TIm* ;ipl»le grower who is in a i)osition to di\irsif\ somewhat, so that he c;m at least jurow all the liav and corn needed for his teams, has ;i distinct advantaKi' over the man who j^rows apnles and nothing else, The outlook for apple .^rowin^, as I see it, is brimbt for the man who is so situated that he can produce i^ood ,'ipples cbeapls, TIm* boom days of hjoK i()i,^ are )^one ; we cannot ixpect. in our j.',enera- INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE .A 38 corn, wheat and i^rass, can be used to advantage, provided a tilled strip is left around each row of trees and the crops are orown only in the middle. I run this rotation twice. By the time the trees are seven or eight years old they need the entire area. The tilled strip on each side of each row of trees should be not less than five feet wide and should be widened each year. Recently I have used alfalfa between the rows of young trees with very satisfactory results. Strips of Cu)vkk hrtwekx Rows of Young Appi.f Trfes, Fishi-rsviij.k, Va. The bearing orchards are tilled one year in three. Some years ago I cultivated every year but soon found that this lowered the color of the fruit, especially the York Imperial. One-third of the orchard now is cut with a double action cut-aw^ay harrow, both ways, in March and early April, and tilled until July, when it is seeded to cow peas or soy beans. Soy beans are preferable to peas in the orchard as they stand the shade better. The next March or April this land is disced and is seeded to red clover. The clover sod stands for two full seasons and is then plowed or disced for another season of tillage. I do not think that a sod mulch is practicable excei)t when the land is so steep or rocky that it cannot be tilled to advantage ; or on land that is rich and moist, and is natural grass land. The injuries from mice in a sod nnilch orchard are often very serious indeed, even when every ])recaution is taken. Furthermore, in most cases a mulch may be made with soil considerably cheaper than a mulch with straw and grass. I cut back the trees heavily the first year, after planting, and lightly the second year. Thereafter the pruning is all thinning out, !) I 39 not cutting back. Our trees are so subject to splitting that it seems desirable to preserve the central leader for two years so as to secure eight or ten scaflfold limbs to bear the weight of the fruit. After that the leader is cut out. I have used summer pruning to bring into bearing certain young trees that were growing over vigorously and not fruiting, but it is a special practice for special trees. Practically all pruning should be done when the trees are dormant. My best results in fertilizing have been secured from manure. I pay $1.00 for a two-horse load and haul it five miles. The results of man- uring may be observed for three or four years, but commercial fertil- izers are not lasting. If not enough manure is available, I have used with good results a fertilizer consisting of one part nitrate of sode, one part muriate of potash and three parts acid phosphate. This is ap- plied at the rate of ten to fifteen pounds per bearing tree, just before the blossoms open. Nitrate of soda alone gives excellent results but is likely to lower the color of the fruit unless balanced with the mineral plant foods. The chief apple pest that T have to fight is the codling moth, of which there are two broods in that section. I have found the paste arsenate of lead distinctly superior to the powdered lead because it sticks better. This is especially true for the last spraying in July or August. Rosy aphis is serious some years ; Black Leaf 40 has not always been successful, and is quite expensive. Many of our grow- ers now depend upon the dormant spray with lime sulphur to con- trol this pest, deferring the application until the buds are bursting. San Jose scale was serious some years ago but is now disappearing, even in the unsprayed orchards,' and is no longer a serious pest. Cedar rust has destroyed over a million dollars worth of apples in the Shenandoah \^alley some years ; spraying is not of much value. One year I lost over*$5cx) because of the presence of three large cedar trees near one of my orchards. Since these trees were cut down there has been no trouble. I make my own lime sulphur solu- tion at a cost of about $3.00 per barrel, testing 28° or 29°, which is considerably cheaper than the commercial product. The outfit con- sists of a steam feed cooker and several barrels and cost $50.00. During the past season I have tested dusting in comparison with spraying. The machine put the material on in good shape, since most of mv trees are low headed, but there were 15 per cent, more • wormy apples in the dusted plot than in the sprayed. Further- more, dui^ting was more expensive. The advantage of dusting is that a much larger area can be covered during the short time that the calvx lobes are open, after the ])etals fall. It seems to me that dusting will be of service chiefly to the large grower who finds diffi- culty in covering his entire orchard with the first codling moth spray. At all other times I believe the liquid spray will be found more eflfective. 1 see no reason for abandoning the spray outfit in favor of the dusting machines, but the method may be perfected so that it will be useful to supplement spraying in large orchards. # 40 The thinning of apples has been advocated as a means of securing larger fruit, promoting annual bearing and preventing limbs from breaking. I have thinned my apples for the past four years, and 1 have seen practically no benefit as regards annual bearing. 1 be- lieve this is more a question of fertilizing instead of thinning. The thinning does give larger fruits but this is not always an advantage. In the case of the York Imperial, which is my main variety, very large fruits are a decided disadvantage since they may develop punk and do not keep well in storage. I now thin Yorks very little, or only enough to secure apples of average size, about 2^4 inches. Winesaps can be thinned more heavily with good results. York Imperial Trkks. Orchard of S. W. Fletcher, Fishersville, Va. Note low heads. It is a marked advantage to make two or three pickings of winter apples instead of one, especially with the York Imperial. The larger number of barrels and the enhanced color that is secured by letting the inside fruit hang a week or two after the outside fruit has been picked off, more than offset the increased cost of harvesting. The apples are hauled to a central packing house in the half bushel baskets used for picking on a wide platform wagon. It is a decided advantage to pack in the shed instead of in the orchard. It used to cost me around thirty cents to pick and pack a barrel of apples in the orchard, over the ordinary sorting table. Last year it cost twenty- one cents in the packing shed, and I am satisfied that the grade was better. A packing shed is necessary when a sizing machine is used, and these are becoming indispensable to the apple grower. I have 41 had a Schellinger sizing machine for four years. The machine makes it possible to put up a much better grade than if the a])ples are run over a table. The fruit is packed more cheaply and sells bet- ter, and there is a slight gain in bulk as the result of sizing. I have not found that it pays, with my varieties, to make more than two sizes for barrels; the first, 2>1> inches to 3 inches; the second, 3 inches up. 1 have not packed in boxes ; fewer apples are packed in boxes in Virginia to-day than there were five years ago. The half barrel or baby barrel is finding some favor among those of our growers who have a retail trade. I make my own barrels on the place, buying the cooperage in car lots and employing coopers to make the barrels at fivt^ cents each. Some years this effects a saving of ten cents a barrel but ordinarily from six to eight cents may be saved. This would not be practicable with less than 1,500 barrels. I have sold my crops on the trees, consigned to commission mer- chants and sold out of storage, but none of these methods are as satisfactory as f. o. b. sales in the fall. I would rather take a fair price in the fall than to take chances of securing a large Drice by holding the crop. Cooperative selling of apples has made little progress in Mrginia. Cooperation never is successful until the grow- ers are forced to it by several consecutive years of ruinous prices. This time has not come in Virginia. The last few years I have been able to dispose of all my second grade fruit to advantage, by shipping it in bulk to the Southern States where it is sold out of the car by the hundred ])ounds or filled barrel. At a number of ])laces in \'ir- ginia community packing houses are being established. These take care of the output of orchardists who are not so situated that they can pick and pack their own fruit to advantage. It is essential that the hauling distance is short, not over four or five miles, 1 should say — and that the roads are good. Api)les can be hauled loose in barrels better than in boxes. We must meet competition by a lower cost of production. That aj)ple grower or that ai)i)le district which can produce a good grade of fruit at the lowest cost has the best chance of securing profitable returns. Hundreds of acres of apple orchards have been pulled out in some parts of the coimtry within the last year or two for no other reason than that it cost more to produce the fruit and put it on the market than the average return. During the past eight years the average cost of producing and putting at the depot a barrel of apples from my orchard has been $1.15, while the average selling price has been near $2.50. In some parts of the West it costs $1.15 to produce one bushel of apples instead of one barrel. The apple grower who is in a position to diversify somewhat, so that he can at least grow all the hay and corn needed for his teams, has a distinct advantage over the man who grows apples and nothing else. The outlook for apple growing, as I see it, is bright for the man who is so situated that he can produce good apples cheaply. The boom days of 1908-1913 are gone; we cannot expect, in our genera- 40 ( »■ 1 be thinnini;- of ai)i)U's lias ])oen advocated as a means of securing larj^er fruit, ])rom()tini;" annual bearing- and ])reventino- limbs from breaking*. I bave tbinned my ai)i)les for tbe ])ast foin- \ears, and I bave seen ])racticall\- no benefit as rej^ards annual bearing. I be- lieve tbis is more a (juestion of fertilizing' instead of tliinniu!:;-. Tbe tbinninj;- does i;ive larger fruits but tbis is not al\va\ s an advanta.i^e. in tbe case of tbe York lm])erial, wbicb is my main variety, very larjje fruits are a decided disadvantage since tbe\' ma\ develoi) punk and do not kee]) well in storai^e. 1 now tbin NOrks very little, or onlv enoui^b to secure a])])les of averaj^e size, about J-V^ incbes. \\ inesa])s can be tbinned more beavily witb ^ood results. mw^'^^^jm-'--^ ^^)KK I M I'KKIAI. TkI-KS. Orchard of S. \\ . l-k'tclicr. l"ishei>\ ilk-, Va. Xolc luw licacN. it is a marked advantaiie to make two or ibiee ])ickin^s of winter a])i)les instead of one, es])ecially witb tbe ^'ork Imi)erial. 'i'be larjL;er number of barrels and tbe enbanced color tbat is secured by letting' tbe inside fruit bauj*' a week or two after tbe outside fruit bas been ])icke(l olT, more tban offset tbe increased cost of barveslin^. 1'be a|)])les are bauled to a central packing- bouse in tbe balf busbel baskets used for picking on i\ wide i)latform wai^on. It is a decided advantajLje to pack in tbe sbed instead of in tbe orcbard. it used to cost me around tbirty cents to i)ick and pack a barrel of api)les in tbe orcbard, over tbe ordinary sorlinj^ table. Last year it cost twenty- one cents in tbe packinij^ sbed, and I am satisfied tbat tbe j4;ra(le was better. A ])ackin^ sbed is necessary wben a sizini^ macbine is used, and tbese are l)ecominjL:' indisjuMisaljle to tbe a])ple ;^rower. I bave 41 bad a v^cbellinuer sizini* macbine foi four vears. 'i'be macbine makes it ])ossil)le to ])ut up a nuicb better <;rade tban if tbe ai)i)les are run over a table. Tbe fruit is packed more cbea])l\ and >ells bet- ter, and tbere is a slii;bt liain in bulk as tbe result of sizini^^. I bave not found tbat it pays, witb my varieties, to make more tban two sizes for barrels; tbe first, 2'j incbes to 3 incbes; tbe second, 3 incbes uj). 1 bave not packed in boxes ; fewer apples are packed in boxes in Xir^inia to-day tban tbeie were five years a^o. Tbe bait barrel or babv barrel is findiu!^- some favor amonj;- tbose of our j;Towers wbo bave a retail trade. 1 make my own barrels on die place, buviiiL;- tbe cooi)erai;e in car lots and employing- coopers to make tbe barrels at five cents eacli. Some years tbis effects a saving of ten cents a barrel but ordinarily fn.ni six to eiiibt cents may be saved. Tbis would not be ])racticai)le witn less tban i.3(K) barrels. I bave sold my cro])s on tbe trees, consiiiined to commission iiier- cliants and sold out of storage, but n(,ne of tbese iiietbo(l> are a> satisfactorv as f. o. b. sales in tbe fall. 1 would ratber take a fair ])rice in tbe fall tban to take cbances of securing- a lar^e price by iioldiiii;- tbe crop. Cooi)erative selling- of api)les lias made little proiL^ress in \ ii j^inia. C()()peratioii never is successful until tbe i^row- ers are forced to it bv several consecuti\e years of ruinous ])rices. Tbis lime lias not come in \ iri;inia. Tb.e last few years j bave been able to (lis])()se of all my second ^rade fruit to advaiitaL»e. by sbippiii!^- it in bulk to tbe Soutbern v^tate> wbere it is sold out of tbe car by tbe bundred i)ounds (,r tilled barrel. At a number of i)laces in \ir- L»inia communitv packing bouses are beiii^ establisbed. Tbese lake care of tbe output of orcbardists wbo are not so situated that tliey can pick and i)ack tiieir own fruit to advantaj^e. It is essential tbat tbe b.'Uiliii!^- distance is sbort, not over four or five niile^, 1 >liould say — and tbat tbe roads are i;()od. Apples can be bauled loose in barrels better tban in boxes. We must meet coni])etition by a lower cost of i)roduction. Tbat ap])le i^rower or tbat apple district wTiicli can produce a i^^nni i;rade of fruit at tbe lowest cost bas tbe best cliance of securini;- profitable return>. I!undred> of acres of apple orcbards bave been ])ulled out in some parts of tbe country witbin tbe last year or two for no otlier reason tban tbat it cost more to prodr.ce tbe fruit aiul j)Ul it on tbe market tban tbe averai^e return. During;- tbe piist eii;bt years tbe averaj^e co^l of produciiii;- and putting- at tbe depot a barrel of api)les from my orcbard bas been Si. 13, wliile tbe averai;e selliiio- price bas been near Sj.3(). in some parts of tbe West it costs Si. 13 to produce one bu>liel of ai)l)les instead of one barrel. Tbe apple grower wbo i< ill a position to diversify soiiiewbat, so tb.at be can at least i^row all tbe bav and corn needed for bis teams, bas a distinct advantaj^e over tbe man wbo i;rows apnles aiul notbiiio- else. Tbe outlook for ap])le |L;rowinj^, as 1 see it, is bri^lit for tbe man wbo is so situated llial be can produce i^ood ajiples cbeai)ly. Tbe boom days of kjoS-K)!^ are i^one; we cannot ex])ect, in our oenera- INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 42 tioii, to have a recurrence of a series of years with such avera^e:e high prices. The industry is now on a stable business basis, and not on a boom basis. It is profitable for the man who will stay in it year after year, whether those years are fat or lean, and both are bound to come. Discussion. Member. — In some cases individual trees seem to be very slow cominj;? into bearing although very vigorous ; would summer prun- ing check the growth? Dr. Fletcher. — Yes. It checks the growth but throws the trees back a couple of vears. It is better to secure early bearing by not pruning so heavy 'in winter after the first year. Summer prunmg is a very dangerous practice except on those trees which are rank growing. Dr. Fletcher. — San Jose scale is now seldom serious. Member.— Csin you say that of the smaller unsprayed orchards? Dr. Fletcher. — It seems to be true of unsprayed orchards as well. It does not do the damage on the unsprayed orchards now that it did ten vears ago. ^ . i Member.— \Wh\ did you have to thin your Winesaps to 6 inches. Dr. Fletcher.— The Winesaps are now 28 years old. The soil is not especially strong and the Winesaj) tends to overload. Dr. Fletcher.— ]s there a demand for large apples? Member. — The market demands large Yorks, especially when there is a great crop and the apples are small. Two and three-quar- ter inches and up is a very good seller. Dr. Fletcher. — Do vou prefer apples as large as 2)4 inches and up? Member. — Xo, I would not say so personally, but we grow them according to the demand of the market. Member.— Do we understand that in selling early in the fall you have been able to realize more out of Ben Davis than any other apples ? Dr. Fletcher. — Yes. Two years ago I sold my entire crop for $2.90 at the depot, and that 'included about 1,000 barrels of Ren Davis. They were sold to a buyer who put them in storage. Member.— \ do not understand how you make so much out of P>en Davis. Dr. Fletcher.— Down with us the Ben Davis outbears the Yorks almost two to one. If we don't have over 10 per cent, or 15 per cent, of Gano or Ben Davis we can work them in with the other sorts. If we have a reasonable proportion the other varieties sell them. I usuallv get York prices for Bens, provided there are not too many Bens. ^Tactors Which Determine the Proper Time For Spraying For Insect Control." C. H. Hadlky, Jr. Uxteusion Horticulturist, Dept. of Agricultural Extension, State College, Pa. There are comparatively few progressive orchardists at the present day who doubt the value of spraying apples for the control of the codling moth and other insect pests. On the other hand there are many who are in reality, not protecting their fruit from these insects as efficiently as is desirable, or indeed possible. In the course of a rather hurried survey of many fruit growing localities of the state this fall, the writer was impressed with the fact that there seemed to be much more injury from insects in orchards which were apparently well sprayed, than might have been expected. This seemed to be especially true in the case of the codling moth. Success in spraying is only to be obtained by careful attention to details in three principal directions : Knowledge of the proper mater.al to use, thoroughness of operation, and timeliness in appli- cation. While each of these three are of prime importance, it is the latter point which the writer wishes to emphasize at this time, with especial reference to the codling moth, red bug and aphis. Codling Moth. With the possible exception of the San Jose scale, the codling moth has done more to raise the standard of apple culture than almost any other factor. And yet, in spite of the extensive studies of the life history of this pest, it still remains one of the most serious problems of the orchardist. Although much has been written about the relation of the calyx cup of the apple to codling moth spraying, many fruit growers do not seem to thoroughly understand the principles underlying this relationship. It is generally conceded that spraying applied just after the blossoms fall is the most important operation in fighting the codling moth. At this time, the calyx cup of the young apple is open, so that the poison, if applied at just this period, will become lodged in the calyx cavity. Careful and extensive life history stucHes have shown beyond doubt that approximately 75 per cent of the codling moth larvae enter the apple through the calyx end, and take their first meal in the calyx cavity. Therefore, having the poison within the calyx cavity when they enter will effectually dispose of the worms. That is the theory involved, but a number of factors enter into the successful, practical application of this theory, and the indi- vidual grower must make a study of these factors as they apply to his own problem, in order to obtain the best results from his labor. 43 h 44 ■ ^n mk wmm -, 1 - " . 1 P^' .: ■ ■ .--■'. t' ■V"\; m^^ Fig. 198. Just right to spray. Two apples from which the petals have just fallen. The calyx lobes are widely spread. (Courtesy of Cornell University.) The exact time when the lirst spray should be applied varies from year to vear, depending mainly upon the blossoming period m the orchard.' The blossoming period varies according to the season and the variety of the apple. While there have been no consistent studies on this first point in this state as a whole, extensive studies carried on by the U. S. Bureau of Entomology at North East, Pa.,^ during the years 1907, 1908 and 1909, showed that the blossoming periods for those years were approximately May 23d to June 6th, May ist to May 14th, and May 6th to May 22d, respectively, with that of 1909 apparently the normal condition. Studies at Douglas, Michigair during the years 1909, 1910, and 191 1, showed the blossoming periods of those years to be approximately May 15th to May 25th, May ist to June 7th, and May 14th to May 24th, respectively, with those of 1909 and 191 1 apparently the normal conditions. Studies at Winthrop, Maine,-^ during the years 1913 and 1914, showed the blossoming periods to be approximately May 19th to June 3d, and May 24th to June 3d for those years respectively. While, of course, those actual dates will not represent the blossoming periods in soiith- ern Pennsylvania, they indicate that there is, in general, a marked variation in the blossoming periods from year to year. (i) U S D. A., Bureau of Entomology Bulletin 80, Part VI. (2) U. S. D. A., Bureau of Entomology Bulletm 115, Part I. (3) U. S. D. A., Bulletin 252, 1915. I 45 If an orchard contains varieties of apples which are relatively different in their blooming seasons, this will also affect the time of spraying in the individual orchard. Table I shows the relative blooming season of different varieties of apples, most of which are grown in Pennsylvania. TABLE 14. Relative Blooming Season of Apples. • G 0 (/) a> c« • 1 • "v^ -a .3 ^ ►-4 • r* 0 (A cd (U >i tn u -0 C3 <^* h4 o o o o o o I • o o o o o o o » • o o o o o o o o o o Oldenburg Oliver, Paragon Pewaukee o Red Astrachan, . . o Red Canada Red Seek-Xo- Further, Rome, . - Roxbury, Smitb Cider Smokehouse o . • c^tarK, .. Stayman Winesap, Sutton Tolman Sweet, . . Tompkins King, . . Twenty Ounce, ... Wagner Wealthy o Winesap Winter Banana, . . . . Wolf River Yellow Transpar- ent o York Imperial. ... York St'-ipe, O 0 o o o o o Arkansas, Baldwin Ben Davis Black Ben Davis, . Black (^illiflower, . .. Chenango, Collins." Delicious, Early Harvest, . . . Esopus ( Spitzen- burg), Fall Pippin Fanny, Gano, Gravenstein Grimes Holland Pippin, . . Hubbardston JefFeris Jonathan, Lawver Mcintosh Maiden Blush, . . . Mann Mother Norihern Spy. . , . Nor thwe stern Greening ^ O In the case of an orchard containing a relatively large number of early blooming varieties, as well as later blooming varieties, it is obvious that if this orchard was only sprayed once, after the petals had fallen, a comparatively large proportion of the apple clusters would have developed too far to be effectively protected by this single application, and the chances of infestation from codling moth later on would be correspondingly greater. In order to obtain the best results, it would be necessary to go over such an orchard more than once at the time when the calyx cups of the earlier blossoming o o o • o o o o o o o o • • o o (4) New York Agri. Exp. Sta. (Geneva) Bulletin 407. 44 Imo. iy8. Just riiiht to spray. Two ai)i)les from wl.icli llic petals luive just fallen. The ealyx lol)es are w idely si)rea(l. (Courtesy of Cornell University.) The exact tiiiH' wIumi the first s])ray should he apphcd varies from year to vear, (le|)eii(lin.i( mainly U])on the hlossomiiii,^ ])eriod in the orchard.' The hlossoming i)eriod varies according to the season and the varietv of the a])i)le. While there have heen no consistent studies on this tii'st i)oint in this state as a whole, extensive studies earned on hy the L'. S. Bureau of luuomolo^v at North Ivist, i'a.,' durm<^- the vears 1907, i(;o8 and 1909, .showed that the hlossominj,^ ])eno(ls for those years were a|)])roximatelv May J3d to June 6th, May ist to May 14th', and Mav 6th to Mav JJd, resi)ectively, with that of njOi) ai)i)arentlv the normal condition. Studies at Doti^las, .Michi^^an-' (lurin<,^ the vears KjO^, kjio, and i()i i, showed the hlossonnni^: ])eriods of those vears to he a])])roximatelv May 15th to May J3th, May 1st to lune 7th, and May 14th to May 24^11. res])ectively, with those of *i(p(j and Kjii ai')])arentlv the normal conditions. Studies at Winthrop, Maine,'- durin^^ the years I(;i3 and 1(^14. showed the hlossomin^^ ])eri()ds to he a])])r()ximately May Kjth to Jime 3d, and Mav 24th to lune 3d for those years resi)ectively. While, of course, those actual dates will not rei)re'sent the hlossominj,^ ])erio(ls in south- ern rennsvlvania, they indicate that there is, in ^a'ueral, a marked variation in the hlossomiiiK periods from year to year. (1) C S. 1). A., I'.ureau of l\ntomoloRy P.ulletin 80, Part VI. (2) l\ S. I). A.. Bnreau of l\ntonu)lo};y lUilletin 115, Pari I. (1) r. S. I). A., P.ullelin 2^2, 1915. 45 If an orchard contains varieties of apples which are relatively different in their hloomin^ seasons, this will also affect the time of s])rayin^ in the individual orchard. Tahle 1 shows the relative hloomin^ season of different varieties of a])])les, most of which are «^rown in IVnnsvlvania. TAIU.h: 14. Rki.ativk P> loom inc. Skason ok Ai'I'ij'.s. Early. • c 0 (A 1 -a • 0 0 ( )l(lenhurj4 0 Oliver 0 F^araj^on 0 Pewaukee , , 0 Red Astraclian, . . 0 Red Canada 0 , . Red S e e k - .\ 0 - , , 0 I^'urtlier 0 • • Rome. . Roxhurv 0 Smith Ci\v Transpar- 0 0 ent N'ork hnnerial. . . . ^■ork St'Mi)e 'A ■r. I rt O o 0 o o o .Arkansas Baldwin Ben Davis P>laek Pen Davis. . Black Cillitlower, . . Chenango Collins 1 )elieious I'.arly 1 larvest. . . . h'sopus ( Spit/en- hur.u ) Kail Pippin Fanny (lano ( iravenstein Crimes I lolkmd Pippin. . . I luhhardston JetVeris Jonathan Law\er Mcintosh .Maiden Blush. . . . .Maim Mother Xoriliern v"^])) . . . . N'or t h w e s t e r n ( ireenincf In the case of an orchard containing;- a relatively lar.ij^e numher of earlv hloomin.i,^ varieties, as well as later h'oomin.ij: varieties, it is ohvious that if this orchard was only s])rayed once, after the petals had fallen, a comparatively lari^e ])roportion of the api)le clusters would have (levelo])ed too far to he effectively ])rotecte(l hy this sinj^de api)licati()n, and the chances of infestation from codling nioth later on would he correspon(lin<;ly greater, in order to ohtain the hest results, it would he necessary to go over such an orchard more than once at the time when the calyx cups of the earlier Blossoming o o o o o o > • o o 0 0 0 o o o o 0 o n o o (4) Xew Nork A-ri. h'xp. Sta. ( C.eneva ) I'ulUtin -jo;. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 46 varieties had reached the proper stage for spraying, and again for the later blooming varieties. The number of days after the petals have fallen, during which the calyx cup of the apple remains open sufficiently to allow forcing the poison down into the calyx cavity, also varies with the variety of apple. Comparatively little attention has been paid to this point, and it is, in the writer's opinion, a point well worth further study. In general, it is usually considered that from one week to ten days elapses between the time of dropping of the blossom petals and the closing of the entrance to the calyx cavity. In reality, however, the period during which spraying for any one variety may be done, varies according to climatic conditions. Taylor' says that this period may vary from five days to ten days in the same varieties. He says, "The Jonathan retains its petals longer than some varieties, but closes the calyces rather quickly, while Yellow Transparent and Ingram retain an open calyx over a relatively long period.'' On the other hand, Dr. S. W. Fletcher informs the writer that during the past season (1916) in his own and many other orchards in Virginia, the calyx opening had closed three days after the petals had dropped, so that the time in which successful spraying could be done was very short. These observations indicate that there is need of further accurate studies along this line, to determine more exactly what is the usual length of the ''safe spraying" period at this time, and to what extent that period may be extended or shortened by seasonal variations. In determining the proper time to apply the second spray for codling moth, a different set of factors enters into the question. The usual recommendation as given in spray calenders is to apply this spray from ten days to four weeks after the first codling moth spray. The question is, how is the individual grower to know whether he should spray ten days or four weeks later? The time of application of this spray depends upon certain very definite factors, the most important of which is the time of hatch- ing of the codling moth eggs. We have already provided for the approximately 75 per cent, of the worms which will enter the calyx, and the purpose of this second spray is to take care of the remain- ing 25 per. cent, which will probably enter the apple through the side. The exact time when the eggs will hatch varies with the season, as has been proven in a number of investigations carried on in differ- ent fruit-growing sections of the country. Taking into consideration this fact, and recognizing the importance of having the poison already covering the surface of the leaves and fruit at the time ivhen the codling moth eggs hatch, the fallacy of depending upon any gen- eral recommendation covering all conditions and localities, is ap- parent. It is the writer's firm belief that much of the injury from codling moth in sprayed orchards is due to ill-timed application of this second spray. (5) Missouri State Fruit Exp. Sta.. Bulletin 21, 1909. 47 Ihe necessity of a third spray for codling moth depends upon the thoroughness of the first two sprays, and upon the presence of more than one brood in a given locality. In Pennsylvania, the investi- gations previously cited have shown that in the vicinity of North East, normally there is produced one full brood and a partial second brood in a season. In states adjacent to the upper part of Pennsyl- vania, there seems to be normally only one full brood and a partial second, while in states adjacent to the lower part of our state, there IS normally two full broods. So it seems probable that in' many parts of Pennsylvania, there are two full broods. Therefore, it is evident that a third spray may have to be applied for this insect. Of course, this third application would be effective against other insects as well. Re:d Bugs. The apple red bugs, of which there are usually two species, are comparatively recent enemies of the orchardist, but they bid fair to become one of his most troublesome pests. In the following dis- cussion both species will be included under the term ''red bugs," since their habits are similar. ^ Fig. 101. Condition of l)lossom buds when Red Bug Nymphs first appear. Spraying should he done as soon after this stage as possible. (Courtesy of Cornell University.) The majority of the eggs of the red bug hatch after the leaves of the fruit buds have opened, but before the blossoms have opened. Therefore, the first application of tobacco extract should be made just before the blossoms open, while the red bug nym])hs are small and tender. Of course, if spraying is deferred until after blossom- ing, not only will the insects have become more resistant to the effects of the spray material, but also the foliage will have developed so 46 varieties had reached the j)n)|)er stage for spraying, and again for the later hlooniing varieties. The nunil)er of days after the ])etals have fallen, dnring which the calvx cup of the ap])le remains open sufficiently to allow forcing the poison clown into the calyx cavity, also varies with the variety of a])])le. Comparatively little attention has heen ])ai(l to this ])()int, and it is, in the writer's opinion, a ])()int well worth further study. In general, it is usually considered that from one week to ten (lavs elapses hetween the time of dropping of the hlossom ])etals and the closing of the entrance to the calyx cavity. In reality, however, the ])erio(l during which s])raying for any one variety may he done, varies according to climatic conditions. 'Paylor' says that this period mav vary from hve days to ten days in the same varieties. lie savs, "The Jonathan retains its ])etals longer than some varieties, hut closes the calyces rather cjuickly, while Yellow Trans])arent and Ingram retain an open calyx over a relatively long ])eri()d." ( )n the (^her hand. Dr. S. W. Fletcher informs the writer that during the ])ast season ( \()\6) in his own and many other orchards in X'irginia, the calvx opening had closed three days after the petals had dro])])ed, so that the time in which successful s])raying could he done was very short. These ohservations indicate that there is need of further accurate studies along this line, to determine more exactly what is the usual length of the "safe s])raying" ])eri()(l at this time, and to what extent that ])eriod mav he extended or shortened hy seasonal variations. In determining the ])roper time to a])])ly the second s])ray tor codling moth, a different set of factors enters into the (juestion. The usual recommendation as given in s])ray calenders is to a])j)lv this s])ray from ten days to four weeks after the first codling moth s])rav. The (|uestion is, how is the individual grower to know whether he should s])ray ten days or four weeks later? The time of ap])licati()n of this s])ray depends u]){)n certain very definite factors, the most important of which is the time of hatch- ing of the codling moth eggs. We have already i)r()vi(le(l for the a])])roximately J^ ])er cent, of the worms which will enter the calyx, and the ])ur])ose of this second spray is to take care of the remain- ing J5 ])er. cent, which will ])rol)al)ly enter the api)le through the side. Tlie exact time when the eggs will hatch varies with the season, as has heen ])r()ven in a numher of investigations carried on in ditter- ent fruit-growing sections of the country. Taking into consideration this fact, and recognizing the im])()rtance of having the i)ois()n alreadv covering the surface of the leaves and fruit at the time wiicw the eodlifu/ moth e(/(/s hateh, the fallacy of de])ending u])()n any gen- eral recommendation covering all conditions and localities, is ap- ])arent. It is the writer's firm helief that nuich of the injury from codling moth in s])raye(l orchards is due to ill-timed ai)])lication of this second s])ray. 47 /l^t I he necessity ot a third spray for codling moth depends upon the thoroughness of the first two sprays, and ujxjn the presence of more than one hrood in a given locality. In Pennsvlvania, the investi- gations ])reviously cited have shown that in tlie vicinity of Xorth h.ast, normally there is ])ro(luced one full hrood and a partial second hrood in a season. In states adjacent to the ui)per j)art of Pennsyl- vania, there seems to he normally only one full hrood and a part'ial second, while in states adjacent to the lower ])art of our state, there IS normally two full hroods. So it seems ])rol)al)le that in' many parts of Pennsylvania, there are two full hroods. 'Hierefore, it i's evident that a third si)ray may have to he ai)plie(l for this insect'. Of course, this third ai)plication would he eff'ective against other insects as well. I^Ki) Bugs. The ai)i)le red hugs, of which there are usuallv two sj)ecies, are comparatively recent enemies of the orchardist, Imt thev hid fair to hecome one of his most trouhlesome pests. In the fcillowing dis- cussion hoth species will he incUided under the term "red hugs," since their hahits are similar. (5) Missouri State Fruit I'.xp. v^ta., lUilk-liii Ji. i9"*>. Im.l:. I(;i. Condition of Mossom l)n(ls when Rtd P.nti Xynii)lis lirsl a!)i)car. Si>ra\in.!4 should he done as soon after thi> stai»e as possihlj. (Courtesy of Cornell L'ni\ crsity. ) Tlie majority of the eggs of the red hug hatch after the leaves of the truit huds have oj)ene(l, hut hefore the hlossoms have ()])ene(l. Therefore, the first application of tohacco extract should he made just hefore the hlossoms open, while the red hug iivmphs are small and tender. ( )f course, if spraying is deferred until after hlossom- ing, not only will the insects have hecome more resistant to the effects of the spray material, hut also the foliage will have developed so INTENTIONAL SFCOND F.XPOSTIRF. 48 far as to give the insects a considerable amount of protection, this stage in the development of the tree mdicates also the time for the first scab treatment, the red bug spray does not sarily constitute an extra operation. '1 he writer has found Leaf 40," at the rate of one pint to 100 gallons of water, to most sa isfactory material to use for red bugs lobacco combined with the later scab and codhng moth sprays, w help to control the red bugs, but not nearly as effectively first spray. Since proper neces- " Black be the extract ill also as this l.-ig. ,.J4. .Apple -Aphids clustering on opening buds. The most effect.ve lime for spraying. (Courtesy of Cornell University.) Aphis. \,)his has also been unusually abundant this i)ast season, and togeSr with red bugs have practically ruined the crops of many smaller orchards of the state, while in the larger orchards, they have caused a very appreciable loss in the crop. Sensive'^applications by experimentors and P^-'tica grower have shown that the most effective tniie to spray for aphis is just rtL Ss are opening. At this tiiue the aphids ^-^f^^^^^ the tips of the buds, and may easily be reached. 1 he New York /ceneva^ Experiment Station*^ has found that a combination of h^'r f^^^^^^^^^^ of nicotine solution (Black Leaf 40) m lOO gallons of lime-sulphur solution (winter or summer strength) is ~i6)Nev; York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta., Bulletin 415. I9i6. ^ » i 49 very effective in controlling aphids. Of course, the use of winter strength lime-sulphur at this time may injure the tips of the un- folding leaves, but the damage is usually inconsequential and should cause no apprehension. The foregoing discussion has attempted to show that a good efficient control of these important orchard pests is dependent to a large extent upon a study of conditions in the individual orchard, season by season. In the writer's opinion, the grower who carefully watches his orchard with reference to the points mentioned above, will find his trouble well rewarded in the increased efficiency of his treatments, if they are applied with an intelligent understand- ing of the conditions in his own orchard. The Extent and Possibilities of Cooperation. By C. E. Bassett, Specialist in Cooperative Or^^anization, Office of Markets and Rural Organization^ U. S. Department of Agriculture. Practically every j^reat achievement of man has been the result of cooperation, inasmuch as the word ^'cooperation" simply means the act of working toi^^ether for a common purpose. No doubt much of this cooperation is involuntary in its ratrre, bcinor brought about by the will of a majority expressed through the power of govern- ment, but, as civilization has advanced, men have discovered that, if it pays to force men to work together for their own good and the good of the communitv, they should cooperate voluntarily because of the savings and profits to he derived thereby. During the last few years a vast amount of very helpful history in business cooperation has been recorded in this country. While the •record includes hundreds of failures, due largely to loosely organ- ized associations, poor management, and the failure to recognize the simplest business principles, there are also many encouraging ex- amples of success. For many decades in this country cheap virgin soils made cheap production j^ossible. so that the farmers felt only the need of con- cerning themselves with matters of large crop production : but higher land values, higher paid labor, the call for expensive fertil- izers, and the increased expense of fighting insect and fungus pests, together with decreased yields in some cases, have emphasized the need of less expensive and more businesslike marketing plans. As a result of certain striking ex])eriences, a new faith has developed on the part of the American farmer that the cooperative plan of doing farm business is the most satisfactory method. In fact, the Ameri- can farmer is being driven to cooperation by necessity While we hear a great deal of the extent to which cooperation in the market- 4 ^'0. 48 f-ir as to give the insects a consi(leral)1e anioimt of protection, this stage in the developnuMit of the tree nxlicates also the time for the first scab treatment, the red hug spray does not sarilv constitute an extra operation. The wrUer has found 1 eaf 40" at the rate of one pint to 100 gallons ot water, to most satisfactory material to use for red hugs 1 ohacco comhine.l with the later seal, an.l cxllmg moth sj'rays. w help to control the rel cllcctno tinu- I'nr spraying. (Cnurtesv of (."ormll L'nivcr-^il) . I .\l'llis \,,his has also heen unusuallv ahun.laut this past season, an.i l„,r,lh,r with re lux. caused a verv ainireciahle loss ni the crop. Fxtensive'applicati..ns hv cxperimeutors and practica gn.wets have shown that the nu,st Htective time to sj-ray tor aphis ,s jUs ,he buds are opening. .\. this tin.e the aphuls arc ^'"/H;-' " ,lu. tips of the hii.ls. and may easily he re.iche.l. 1 he Neu \ o,k C.cniva, Ivxperintent Station'^ has fottud \\^'» /', ^""'f '"f;;" ;; iree-f.mrths of a i.int of nic.tme solution ( Clack l.eal 40) > '<-) ;dloiis of lime-suli.hur sohili.ni (winter or simimer strength) is ( tl tr (6) New York ((KMUva) A^r. l-.xp. Sta.. IWilU'tin 4«3. ''Hf.. ^ 49 very effective in controlling aphids. Of course, the use of winter strenjj^tli linie-suli)hur at this time may injure the tips of the un- folding leaves, hut the damage is usually inconsequential and should cause no ap])rehension. The foreg()in<( discussion has attem])te(l to show that a good efficient control of these imj)ortant orchard ])ests is de])endent to a large extent ui)on a study of conditions in the individual orchard, season hy season. In the writer's o])inion, the grower who carefully watches his orchard with reference to the points mentioned ahove, will find his trouhle well rewarded in the increased efficiency of his treatments, if they are a])])lie(l with an intelligent understand- ing of the conditions in his own orchard. The Extent and Possibilities of Cooperation. \\\ C. E. I'.ASSKTT, Spicialist in i'oohcnUkr Ov^^^aulziUiou, ()jficc of Uarkrfs mid Rural Onjauhaiiou, I \ S. Pcpaytnicnl of .hjriciiltitrc. Practically ever\- i^reat achiexement of man has heen the result of c()<'>perati(»n. inasmuch as the word "C(M*>peration" simply means the .'let of working- to.i^ether for a common i)ur])(?se. Xo (loni)t nnich of this co<'»peration i.-^- involuntary in its ratrve, hciniL;- hrouL^ht ahout hv the will of a mai(»rity e\i)ressed through the power of govern- ment, hut. as civili/.atinn has advanced, men have discovered that, if it pavs to force men to work together for their own good and the ensive fertil- izers, and the increasecl exnense of fighting insect and fungus ])ests, togc'lhrr with decrca-ed vields in ^ome cases, have emi)hasize(l the need of less e.\] tensive and more husinesslike marketing ])lans. As a result of certain striking ex])eriences, a new faith has developed on ilie p.'irt of the Nmericau farmer that the co()perative plan of doing- farm husiness is tlie most satisfactory method. In fact, the Ameri- can farmer is heing driven to co<">i)eration hy necessity While we hear a great deal of the extent to which co(")peration in the market- 4 INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 50 ing of agricultural products has been carried on in foreign countries, such as Denmark, Ireland, Germany, and others, from investigations which have been carried on by the Office of Markets and Rural Or- ganization it has been found that there are fully ten thousand or- ganizations in the United States which are cooperative or owned by producers engaged in the marketing of agricultural products and in the purchasing' of farm supplies. Included in this number there were fully three thousand farmers' grain elevators, three thousand creameries, fifteen hundred fruit- and produce-shipping associations, and a miscellaneous list of about three thousand whose operations include the storing and warehousing of farm products, and the pur- chase and manufacture of farm supplies. Over a billion dollars' worth of products were marketed by these organizations the past season. From this it will be seen that American farmers are begin- ning to realize that by selling cooperatively they not only are able to offer a standardized product and reduce the cost of marketing, but they arc able to furnish this better article to the consumer at the same or even at a lower price, thus stimulating consumption. In fact, anv system of marketing that does not give better service or better prices to the consumer, and at the same time secure for the producer a greater net return is founded on improper principles. The work of these American cooperative institutions includes the establishment of grades and standards, and where possible, the adoption of brands and trade-marks: the securing of capital and credit: proper advertising: the encouraging of consumption of the meritorious but little known product : the discovering of new and the extending of old markets: the securing of information as to crop and marketing conditions : the equitable division of profits : adapting production to meet market requirements: the utilization of by-products : the securing of cold and common storage facilities ; the cooperative buying and manufacturing of supplies ; the securing of lower freight rates, more equitable refrigeration charges, and more efficient transportation service : the securing of more and bet- ter labor : and the general cultivation of a spirit of cooperation and uplift in all communitv affairs. It would be a matter of great pride to be able to report that this cooperative method of doing business has been adopted by our people because of the business soundness of the principle, but a care- ful study of cooperation in this country brings us to the condusion that cooperation, as applied to the distribution and marketing of farm products, is seldom attempted, and more seldom successful, except where such effort is the resiilt of dire necessity. So long as farmers do fairly well in their own individual way, they are not in- clined to cooperate. The producers of perishables grown at a great distance from con- suming markets were early driven to cooperation by this necessity. The perishable nature of their products and the heavy transporta- tion expenses compelled them to organize and stay organized in order III 1 II II' 51 to distribute and market their products in competition with points near the consuming centers. Such a condition as this accounts for the highly efficient organizations found in the Pacific Northwest and California. That section which makes a specialty of some one phase of agriculture offers the most promising field for cooperation, since it gives the association the advantage of a large amount of one prod- uct, as in the case of cooperative elevators for handling grain, live stock shipping associations, meat packing houses, cooperative cream- eries and cheese factories, egg circles, cotton gins and warehouses, fruit and produce associations and various others. Limitations. Loyalty or Mem^kks. — Having a highly specialized crop, grown in a narrowly restricted area, the successful marketing of the same under a cooperative plan is limited largely by the willingness of the ])roducers to give up their individuality and to stand together under all temptations and discouragements, trusting at all times in the honesty and judc^ment of their officers, and especially in the skill and business ability of their manager. It may be that a part of the success of cooperation in foreign lands is due somewhat to the training of the people, who, under a strong form of government, are more accustomed to take and follow orders than to give them, while in this country every citizen is taught that he is a ruler and is very slow to place himself in an organization where he is bound by certain fixed rules. Lkc.islation. — lender the existing statutes in most states the ap- plication of the cooperative principles to stock companies is difficult for the reason that the cor])oration laws are for the benefit of man as a capitalist and not as a producer. Leaders of the cooperative movement throusrhout the countrv are endeavorino- to secure the passage of laws by the states that will fix the simple standards of cooperation and provide for the control and protection of such or- ganizations. Several states have adopted such laws, the principal requirements of which are : ( i ) Ownership and control by the pro- ducers : (2) one vote for each man or upon the basis of patronage, with no proxies: (7,) the privilege for members absent from meet- ings to vote bv mail upon specific measures : (4) the distribution of profits by paying not to exceed the local rate of interest on the capi- tal invested, laying aside a small percentage for the creation of a surplus and to ])rovide for depreciation of property, and paying the balance of the dividends upon the basis of patronage to members, employees and non-members, the latter to receive one-half the uni- form patronage dividend paid to members: (5) the regulation and control of the transfer of stock or membership so as to prevent any person from acquiring control. Another reason for the success of cooj^eration in foreign lands many be found in the fact that the business of cooperative associa- tions in those countries is encouraged and protected by strong foster- 52 iiig laws which so control the use of association brands and labels that the effect is practically to force the producers into some one of the associations in order to secure the best markets. On the other hand, in this country cooperative associations have been placed on a level' with all forms of capitalistic enterprises and have been sub- jected to the same restrictions, although their objects and methods are exceedinglv different. Later legislation has sought to correct this mistake and it may be that still further legislation will be neces- sary before cooperative organizations will be given the protection and encouragement which thev deserve. A Capabi.k Manager.— The success of a codperative organization is also limited to the ability of the manager in charge. He must be intelligent, diligent, experienced and of good judgment, with tact and ability for keeping alive the enthusiasm, interest and cooperation of the members. Excepting the disloyalty of members, inefficient management has been more responsible than any other factor for failures of cooperative organizations. This inefficiency is due to the lack of sound judgment in selecting a manager, to the poor salaries usually paid, and to the disrepute in which the position is held. Ihe l)osition of a manager in a cooperative marketing organization is difficult to fill i)roperly because it is undesirable. It requires the soul of patience and self-sacrifice to stand by the job in the face of the nagging to which the man who occupies such a position is usually subjected by the membership. Financing— One of the most important features of cooperative organization management is the method of financing the enterprise. The cooperative distribution of farm products is a serious business undertaking and cannot live merely by reason of the beautiful prin- cii)le of mutual help involved. Sums of money, more or less pro- portionate to the amount of business handled, are required for suc- cessfully operating the scheme, and it is therefore necessary that all the members contribute towards a sum sufficient for the needs of the business. In order to avail itself of the Clayton exemption clause to the Sherman anti-trust law, a strictly cooperative association should be limited in membershi]) to bona fide farmers and should have no capital stock. The necessary funds for conducting the business may be provided bv membershi])' fees and temporary loans. MKMiiKKsm'p Ar.RKKMKNT.— It should never be forgotten that a cooperative association is no less a l)usiness institution, and must be conducted strictly upon business lines. Its stability must (lei)end upon the constant support of its members, and this loyalty should not be a matter of sentiment, but should be secured under as strong a membershi]:) agreement as can be legally drawn. This agreement should set forth the terms of the relationshi]) between the members and the association, and should be secured by a written contract signed by each member. While a ])enalty clause for a breach of this contract ma V be illegal, the member may be held accountable for any f W I 53 loss sustained by the association through a failure on his part to live up to his contract. Grades and Standards. — One of the greatest advantages of a cooperative organization is its ability to improve the grades and standards of the prochicts of its members. Better ]3rices and more regular business can be secured by an association because of the uniformity in quality and the enforcement of standards which furnish a common language between the growers and the consumers, and thus tends to ])lace these i)roducts upon a stable basis in the markets. This applies i)articularly to perishable products. 1>()ND AND AuDiTiNc.. — Not Only to ])rotect itself against loss through dishonesty or carelessness, but also for the i)urpose of pre- serving the confidence of the members, every association should adopt most stringent rules, ])roviding that all officers who handle any of the funds or property of the association shall give a surety bond in excess of the value of the property which they are likely to handle at any one time. The association can well afford to pay for such bonds. The books and business of the association must be audited frequently by competent persons, and an annual audit should be made by a qualified accountant i)revious to the day of the annual meeting. These frequent audits will tend to discover any mistakes in management before they have become serious, and frequent re- i:)orts to the members will ])revent unjust suspicion and criticism, which is so easily aroused amcong those who are not ke])t informed of the true state of affairs. Cooperation as an economic princi])le is receiving the serious con- sideration of practically all industrial classes. Its a])])lication to spe- cial lines of agricultural distribution and marketing is entirely feasible and offers a fair solution of problems and difficulties that are practically hopeless in so far as the individual is concerned. Hx- ])erience in this country has demonstrated that cooj^eration in agri- culture is a corrective measure that will do much to ])lace the indus- try ui)on a solid basis and ensure the future hai)])iness and ])rosperity of the nation. ^^How the Apple Grading and Packing Law is Working Out in New York State/' Dr. Gkorc.k G. Atwood, Chief Bureau of Plant Itidustry, Xe7V York State Department of Agrieulture, Albany, \ew York. The New York Standard Ai)])le Grading Law was first enacted in 1914, but the present amended law became effective July i, 1915, since which time it has not been changed. The demand for this measure originated with extensive orchard- ists who were members of our large horticultural societies, with the n ir I 54 assistance of extensive dealers and shippers of apples. At the meet- ings of our horticultural societies throughout the state in the winter of 1916, resolutions were passed commending the Department of Ao-riculture for the enforcement of the law and standnig hrm on the ground that the law should not be repealed or amended. As a result of several conferencess with committees of various organiza-^ tions in the state, the Commissioner of Agriculture issued a large number of our Circular No. 118, which contained a copy of the law and the Department's interpretation of certain words or phrases in the statute which need explanation. A copy of this Circular No. 118 was sent to every correspondent of the Department on the subject of apples, and supplies were fur- nished to the Farm Bureau agents, the Western New York Horti- cultural Societv, and the New York State Fruit Growers Associa- tion commission merchants and dealers, several periodicals in the state devoted to the fruit interests, to granges, and others. It became evident that it would be necessary to carry on as far as possible an educational campaign. Speakers were sent to attend meetings of several organizations. Acting demonstrations were oiven in many localities, at the State Fair and several of the county fairs In cooperation with the New York Central Railroad a dem- onstration train was equipped with speakers who were supplied with copies of the law. Thev made an excursion through the Hudson Vallev central New York and the western parts of the state. Forty stops were made by the train and the attendance averaged one hundred men each. We have in New York State about 215,000 farms, 165,000 of which report production of apples. The Federal census reports the product of 1915 at 8,528,000 barrels; 1916, 12,600,000 It could not be expected that within two years all packers of apples could be made aware of the law or its provisions, but after three years of education and prosecutions, most growers and packers are improving their methods, and are doing their best to comply witli the law. ^Most of the violations that we have discovered arise from neglect to brand the packages fully as the law requires. Advantages or the Law\ The object of the law was to improve methods of packing and the fir^t essential is the definition of a standard of all apples that are packed in closed packages. Our law, after defining the three New York standard grades. Fancy, A and P>, also provides a way by which ungraded fruit can be sold. • .1 ^ ^ (A) Every closed package containing apples grown in the state of New York which is sold, offered or exposed for sale, or packed for sale, or transported for sale by any person shall bear upon the outside of one end in plain letters and figures the name and address of the packer or the person bv whose authority the apples were packed and the package marked, the true name of the variety, the I ii II 55 grade or class of the apples therein contained and the minimum size of the fruit in the packages. If the true name of the variety shall not be known to the packer or the person by whose authority the package is packed or branded, then such variety shall be designated as ''unknown. " Every package of apples which is repacked shall bear the name and address of the repacker or the name of the person by whose authority it is repacked in place of that of the original packer. The second advantage of a law of this character is that pur- chasers of New York State apples can buy such grades as they re- quire. The old method of marking the apples with several "X's," which in themselves mean nothing, is becoming obsolete. When all of the orchardists, the packers, the dealers and con- sumers learn what the standardizing provisions of the law mean, the business of buying and selling will be very much simplified. Packers, whether orchardists or dealers, who believe in making a reputation for their fruit by good packing are heartily in favor of the grading law. Buyers of New York State apples should not, however, expect to get high grades of fruit if they simply buy New York apples. Buyers should learn the requirements of the law and purchase such grades as are indicated by the marking. In this way there should be no dispute. When buyer and seller learn the mean- ing of our standards and place their orders accordingly, disputes common in the trade in the past can scarcely arise. Another advantage of the law is in the provision that the mark- ings on the ouside of closed packages shall indicate their contents as to varieties, grades, minimum size. This requirement is only in line with statutes that are enacted in most of our states providing that packages shall be so marked as to indicate their contents. P'armers demand this in reference to such things as they buy, fer- tilizers, groceries, etc. The Federai. Bill. The Federal Bill, commonly called the Sulzer Bill, applies to apples packed for shipment in interstate and foreign trade but a provision in the New York State Law is to the eflfect that if apples are packed and branded in compliance with the Federal law, they shall be ex- empt from the recpiirements of the New York lav/. It will be seen, however, that if they are not marked and packed in accordance with the Federal law, they come under the requirements of the New York law. It is optional as to packing apples according to the Federal standard and it would seem the Federal law might be difficult of enforcement because of the wording of Section 6, which says that any person who shall knotinnfj^ly pack or cause to be packed or who shall knoivingly offer for sale such apples, is liable to a penalty, etc. Anyone who has had experience in providing evidence for the prosecution of a statute is aware of the fact that it is very difficult 1^1 I 56 to obtain proof of a knowing violation. It might be necessary to prove what was in a man's mind at tlie time that he packed his apples and this of course is difficult. Obje:ctions to the Statute. As before stated, the important fruit growers, dealers and others, are in favor of the New York State Law and its enforcement. It is fair to say, however, that there are those in the state who are favor- ing a repeal of the law or amendment in some respects. The most serious objection comes from a section in a single county where it is said shippers of most kinds of produce have a reputation asso- ciated with such terms as ''short weights," ''poor sorting," ''too early picking," and not one hundred miles from this section is where the old "stovepipe" barrel was said to have been used in packing apples. Some of the cases made against orchardists for improper i:»acking show that they have been generous enough to loan their stencils to dealers who buy their apples tree run. The stencils carrying their name and address naturally leads them into trouble even where they were not the packers. Their names appeared on the barrels and it has led to considerable explanation. One man loaned his stencil to a neighbor and the neighbor was not a good packer. A suggestion is that the New York Standard B Grade should be repealecCfor the pack of B Grade, if good, is nearly good enough to go into A Grade. About the only real reason for retaining ]\ Grade is to i^ermit packing of apples ordinarily red of color when owing to season conditions they mature well except for color. B Grade has no color requirement. Defects. The fungus and other defects mostly found in aj^ples are the apple scab, Baldwin spot, fruit spot, stippen, ily-si)eck and sooty blotch, etc. . 1- c T Insect defects are caused by coddling moth, curculio. ban Jose scale, apple maggot, aphis, red'bugs, green fruit worm, etc. Weather conditions this year were very favorable for the devel- opment of apple scab and Brook's fruit-spot fungus. As to apple scab: As is well known, scab will spread upon the fruit after picking and packing if the barrels are not kept at low temperatures. If an inspection of apples is made within weeks or months after packing and apple scab is found in excess of tolerance allowed, the packer whose name and address was on the barrel can only be held responsible for the scab that was on the fruit at the time of packing. Many of our large fruit growers in the western part of the state are asking to have pears standardized somewhat according to the apple grading law. In another portion of the state where pears ripen a little earlier than in the western part, growers are hoping til' 57 to have a standard pear barrel used to conform to a i654-inch head and holding about one hundred quarts struck dry measure. New York Agricultural Law in Relation to Apples. § 262. That the standard grades or classes for apples grown in this state when packed in closed packages shall be as follows : First: "New York standard fancy grade" shall consist of apj/ies of one variety, which are well grown specimens, hand-picked, prop- erly packed, of good color for the variety, normal sha])e, free from dirt, diseases, insect and fungus injury, bruises and other defects except such as are necessarily caused in the operation of ])acking ; or apples of one variety which are not more than five per centum below the foregoing specifications on a conibination of all defects or two per centum on any single defect. A tolerance or variation of five per centum on size shall be allowed in all classes, but such five per centum shall not be in addition to the variations or tolerances for defects provided in grades "Fancy," "A" and "B." Interpretation of Terms. Nezif York Standard Fancy Grade. "Well grown specimens." — They must be mature, but not over- ripe. "Properly packed." — The package itself must be standard in size, and neat in appearance. The fruit should be properly stemmed and tailed. The specimens should be ])acke(l firmly but not bruised. That the quality may be maintained, it is desirable that a flexible cushion be placed between the fruit and the cover. "Normal shape." — Characteristic shape of the variety. "Good color." — Color as interpreted by this department refers to the amount and not the shade. For a few common varieties the inininuim allowance of amount constituting "good color" is given. The red varieties, such as Baldwin, Tompkins King, Northern Spy, Esopus ( Spitzenburg), Jonathan, Mcintosh, Ben Davis, Sutton, Alexander, Wealthy, Fameuse, and the like, must have 75 per cent, of the surface covered. Varieties having slightly less color than the above, such as Hub- bardston, Gravenstein, Rome, Oldenburg, Wagener, and the like, must have at least 60 per cent, of the surface colored with some shade of red. Varieties of still less color, such as Maiden Blush, Winter Banana and the like, must have at least 10 per cent, of the surface colored with some shade of red. Yellow or green varieties, such as Rhode Island, Grimes, Yellow Newtown, and the like, must have the characteristic color of the variety. Note. — For representative specimens of the varieties and descriptions there- of, the packer is referred to "The Apples of New York," which is standard. 58 Second: ^*New York standard A grade" shall consist of apples of one variety which are well grown specimens, hand-picked, properly packed, normal shape, practically free from dirt, diseases, msect and funo-us injury, bruises and other defects except such as are neces- sariTy caused in the operation of packing ; or apples of one variety which are not more than ten per centum below the foregoing specihca- tions on a combination of all defects or five per centum on any single defect. No apples in this grade shall show less than thirty-three and one-third per centum of good color for the variety. A tolerance or variation of five per centum on size shall be allowed in all classes, but such five per centum shall not be in addition to the variations or tolerances for defects provided in grades Fancy, A and "B." New York Standard A Grade. "Well grown specimens."— They must be mature, but not over- "^'^Troperly packed."— The package itself must be standard in size and neat in appearance. The fruit should be properly stemmed and tailed The specimens should be packed firmly but not bnused. That the quality may be maintained, it is desirable that a flexible cushion be placed between the fruit and the cover. "Normal shape."— Characteristic shape of the variety. "Practically free."— Means that apples having small defects, so few in number as not to injure the appearance or keeping qualities of the fruit, are allowed in this grade. These defects are allowed in addition to the tolerance percentage. j i ,' at "Thirty-three and one-third per centum of good color. — Means that all apples within the package must show at least one-third the amount of color required in New York Standard Fancy Grade. For example, the red varieties mentioned above must have one-third of 7^ per cent., or 25 per cent, of the surface covered, and so on. Third- "New York standard B grade" shall consist of apples of one variety which are well matured, hand-picked, properly packed, practically normal shape, practically free from dirt, diseases, insect and fungus injurv; or apples of one variety which are not more than fifteen per centum below the foregoing specifications on a com- bination of all defects or five per centum on any single defect. A tolerance or variation of five per centum on size shall be allowed in all classes, but such five per centum shall not be in addition to the variations or tolerances for defects provided in grades 'Fancy, A and "B." New York Standard B Grade, "Properly packed."— The package itself must be standard in size and neat in appearance. The fruit should be properly stemmed and tailed. The specimens should be packed firmly but not bruised. ! 1 I 59 That the quality may be maintained, it is desirable that a flexible cushion be placed between the fruit and the cover. "Practically normal shape." — Apples slightly irregular in shape may be included. "Practically free." — Means that apples having small defects, so few in number as not to injure the appearance or keeping quality of the fruit, are allowed in this grade. These defects are allowed in addition to the tolerance percentage. Fourth: "Ungraded." Apples not conforming to the foregoing specifications of grade, or, if conforming, are not branded in ac- cordance therewith, shall be classed as ungraded and so branded. The minimum size of the fruit in the package shall also be branded upon it as hereinafter specified and in addition to the other marks hereinafter required. Ungraded, Apples marked ungraded are not a New York Standard Grade, and closed packages marked "ungraded" can be packed in any man- ner that the owners or persons responsible for the packing desire. They must also be marked in addition to the word "ungraded" with the name and address of the packer, the name of the variety and the minimum size of the apples contained therein. The marks indicating grade as above prescribed may be accom- panied by any other designation of grade or brand if that designa- tion or brand is not inconsistent with or marked more conspicuously than the one of the said four marks which is used on the said pack- age. Apples packed and branded in accordance with the United States law approved August 3, 1912, shall be exempt from the pro- visions of this act. (A) Every closed package containing apples grown in the state of New York which is sold, offered or exposed for sale, or packed for sale, or transported for sale by any person shall bear upon the outside of one end in plain letters and figures the name and address of the packer or the person by whose authority the apples were packed and the package marked, the true name of the variety, the grade or class of the apples therein contained and the minimum size of the fruit in the packages. If the true name of the variety shall not be known to the packer or the person by whose authority the j)ackage is packed or branded, then such variety shall be designated as "unknown." Every package of apples which is repacked shall bear the name and address of the repacker or the name of the person by whose authority it is repacked in place of that of the original packer. (B) The marks or brands as prescribed by this act shall be in block letters and figures of size of not less than thirty-six point Gothic. (C) It shall be unlawful for any person within the state to sell, offer or expose for sale, or pack for sale, or transport for sale, apples 60 which are aduUerated or misbranded within the meaning of this act. (D) For the purposes of this act apples packed in a closed pack- age shall be deemed to be misbranded. First. If the package shall fail to bear the statements required by this act. , 1, , Second. If the package shall be falsely branded or shall bear any statement, design or device regarding such apples which is false or misleading, or if the package bears any statement, design, or device, indicating that the apples contained therein are a given New York ^'standard grade" and said apples when packed or repacked do not conform to the requirements of such grade. (E) For the purposes of this act apples packed in closed i^ack- ages shall be deemed to be adulterated if their quality or grade when . packed or repacked does not conform to the marks upon the package. (F) Any person who misbrands or adulterates apples within the meaning of this act, or who violates any of the provisions of this act shall, upon conviction thereof, forfeit and pay to the people of the State of New York a sum of not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than fifty dollars for the first violation and not less than fifty dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each subsequent violation. • • r i • (G) No person shall be prosecuted under the provisions of tins act when he can establish satisfactory evidence to the effect that he was not a party to the packing and grading of such articles and had no knowledge that the same were misbranded or illegally packed, or when he can establish a guaranty, signed by the person from whom he receives such articles, to the effect that the same are not adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this act. Said guaranty, or said satisfactory evidence, to afford protection, shall contain "^the true name and address of the party or parties from whom said articles were received, or who made the sale or shipment of such articles to such person. (H) Definitions. The word ''person" as used herein shall be con- strued to include both the singular and plural, individuals, corpora- tions, copartnerships, companies, societies and associations. The act, omission or failure of any officer, agent, servant or employee acting within the scope of his employment or office shall be deemed the act, omission or failure of the principal. The words "closed package" shall mean a box, barrel or other package, the contents of which cannot be seen or inspected when such package is closed. (I) No person shall on behalf of any other person pack any apples for sale or transportation contrary to the provisions of this act. Branding of Closed Packacks. The following statements must appear upon closed packages of New York Standard Grade apples, packed under the provisions of this law : I. The name and address of the packer. 6i 2. The word or letter indicating the grade of apples packed within the package and associated with the words "New York Standard Grade." 3. The name of the variety. If variety is not known, the package should be marked "Unknown." 4. The minimum size of the apples packed within the pack- ages. The word "minimum" must be used or the abbreviation "min.," together with the figures indicating the diameter of the smallest fruit in the package, and not more than five per cent, of the total quantity of fruit within the closed package can be below the size marked upon the package. The above required statements must appear upon the outside of one end of the package. They may be branded or stenciled thereon, or pasters bearing such may be used. These statements must be in block letters and figures in type the size of thirty-six point Gothic or larger. • i PT. GOTHIC The following are samples of markings, one of which should ap- pear on all closed barrels or closed packages of apples grown and packed for sale in the State of New York: NEW YORK STANDARD FANCY GRADE MIN. 2-lNCH BALDWIN JOHN JONES, ALBANY, N. Y. NEW YORK STANDARD A GRADE MIN. 2-1 NCH P,ALDWIN JOHN JONES, ALBANY, N. Y. NEW YORK STANDARD W GRADE MIX. 2-1 XCH BALDWIN JOHN JONES, AL15ANY, N. Y. UNGRADED MIX. 2-INCH liALDWIN lonx lOXES, ALB>AXY, N. Y. 62 Percentage o^ Tolerance. Percentage of tolerance refers to total quantity and may be ex- pressed or computed in terms of quarts or weights. r Storing of Apples. Closed packages of apples can be transported to storages within the state for storage without marking them, but such closed pack- ages of apples must be graded, packed and marked in a way to com- ply with the law before they are removed in closed packages from the storage for sale or transportation for sale. Closed Packages. ^'Closed packages'' means all double-headed or burlap-covered bar- rels, boxes, baskets or other packages, the contents of which cannot be seen when closed. Repacking ok Closed Packages. Any person responsible for the repacking in New York State of closed packages of apples for sale, that were grown, packed and branded in New York State, must erase the name and address of the original packer and substitute his own. Apples not raised in New York State cannot be branded as New York State apples. The New York Standard apple barrel is of the following measure- ments and capacity: Head, I7J^ inches, stave 28 ^/^ inches long, capacity, 7,056 cubic inches ; bilge, 64 inches outside measurements ; distance between heads, 26 inches. SuLZER Bill. [H. R. 21480.] An Act to establish a standard barrel and standard grades for apples when packed in barrels, and for other ])urposes. Re it enacted bv the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That the standard barrel for apples shall be of the following dimensions when meas- ured without distention of its parts : Length of stave, twenty-eight and one-half inches; diameter of head, seventeen and one-eighth inches; distance between heads, twenty-six inches; circumference of bulge, sixty-four inches outside measurement, representing as nearly as possible seven thousand and fifty-six cubic inches: Pro- vided, That steel barrels containing the interior dimensions provided for in this section shall be construed as a compliance therewith. Sec. 2. That the standard grades for ap])les when packed in bar- rels which shall be shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, or which shall be sold or offered for sale within the District of Columbia or the Territories of the United States shall 63 be as follows : Apples of one variety, which are well grown speci- mens, hand-picked, of good color for the variety, normal shape, prac- tically free from insect and fungus injury, bruises, and other de- fects, except such as are necessarily caused in the operation of pack- ing, or apples of one variety which are not more than ten per centum below the foregoing specifications shall be "Standard grade mini- mum size two and one-half inches," if the minimum size of the apples is two and one-half inches in transverse diameter; ''Standard grade minimum size two and one-fourth inches," if the minimum size of the apples is two and one-fourth inches in transverse diam- eter ; or ''Standard grade minimum size two inches," if the minimum size of the apples is two inches in transverse diameter. Sec. 3. That the barrels in which apples are packed in accordance with the provisions of this Act may be branded in accordance with section two of this Act. Sec. 4. That all barrels packed with apples shall be deemed to be below standard if the barrel bears any statement, design, or device indicating that the barrel is a standard barrel of apples, as herein defined, and the capacity of the barrel is less than the capacity pre- scribed by section one of this Act, unless the barrel shall be plainly rnarked on end and side with words or figures showing the frac- tional relation which the actual capacity of the barrel bears to the capacity prescribed by section one of this Act. The marking re- quired by this paragraph shall be in block letters of size not less than seventy-two point (one-inch) Gothic. Sec. 5. That barrels packed with apples shall be deemed to be misbranded within the meaning of this Act — First. If the barrel bears any statement, design, or device indicat- ing that the apples contained therein are "Standard" grade and the apples when packed do not conform to the requirements prescribed by section two of this Act. Second. If the barrel bears any statement, design, or device in- dicating that the apples contained therein are "Standard" grade and the barrel fails to bear also a statement of the name of the variety, the name of the locality where grown, and the name of the packer or the person by whose authority the apples were packed and the barrel marked. Sec. 6. That any i)erson, firm or corporation, or association who shall knowingly pack or cause to be packed apples in barrels or who shall knowingly sell or offer for sale such barrels in violation of the provisions of this Act shall be liable to a penalty of one dollar and costs for each such barrel so sold or offered for sale, to be recovered at the suit of the United States in any court of the United States having jurisdiction. Sec. 7. That this act shall be in force and effect from and after the first day of July, nineteen hundred and thirteen. Approved, August 3, 191 2. Ul 64 Apple Grading — Inspector's Report. Season of 1916-1917. Hon. Charles S. Wilson, Commissioner of Agriculture, Albany, N. Y.: I respectfully report that on 191 . . . , I examined closed packages of apples at Said packages were said to have been packed by of ' , N. Y., and were marked as follows : Total number of packages in shipment ; Car number The contents of ^closed packa.e:es of the above shipment ap- parently not tampered with since originally packed, were examined by me and found to be as follows : Evidence available : First, As to New York apples : Second, As to closed packages : . Third, Sold, exposed, or transported for sale Fourth, Marking Remarks : Witness Signed Agent. Discussion. Mr. Bassett. — What per cent, are packed under the Xew York law at present ? Dr. Ahcood. — The ])ack this year will go into the market to the extent of two-thirds ungraded. Mr. Bassett. — About how many cases of violation did you have during the past vear— during the fall 191 5 and si)ring i()i6?^ Dr. AtZi'oo(l.--\y€ must have referred to the Council, with suffi- cient proof for ])rosecution. between 500 and 600 cases. A great manv violations are not reported. In one instance a man and wife, both over eighty years of age, had a few barrels of apples, and one read the law while the other packed the apples. It would take a 65 hard heart to prosecute those old people for that and yet it was a real case of violation. The question of marking is very clearly de- fined. Growers must use markings on all closed packages. This law only applies to apples grown in New York State and to three grades, specifications of which are stated in the law : New York Standard Fancy, New York Standard A Grade, and New York Standard B Grade. The grower's name and address must be on each package. Member. — How many fines did you impose, and how much fine money did you collect? Dr. Atzvood. — We referred about 550 cases to the Council, which he in turn referred to the Attorney General. Out of some four hun- dred liable for penalty of $25.00 for first oflfence, I think we col- lected about $6,200 to date. Member. — Do you know what the appropriations are and what the expense of enforcing the law has been this year? Dr. Atzi'ood. — I do not have any figures on that but can give a fair estimate. The bureau with which I am connected has a regular expenditure of about $50,000 a year. We had to take our horti- cultural inspectors and work them in on that. It was the only fund we had available for the purpose. The cost has been about $10,000 to date. Member. — How would you arrange inspection if you had suf^- cient ap])ropriation to carry it out? Dr. Atii'ood. — I would like to have about ten men in New York City. The time to inspect in New York City is when apples come in, and they come in at the rate of 200 carloads a day. We do not pretend to inspect all the apples. Then we would place some more men at the shipping ])oints throughout the western part of the state. We have over 150,000 orchards in the State of New York. We believe that the principle of the law is right, and if we had the money, could do more toward enforcing it, but are doing what we can with the money we have. Another thing is the use of closed packages. What is a ^'closed package"? Our conclusion is that a closed package is one where contents cannot be seen when the package is closed. Our Com- missioner decided that even a basket with a tight cover would come under the law as a closed package, and further decided that a barrel covered with burlap was a closed package and must be marked ac- cording to the law. vSome took exception to that for the reason that when a barrel comes to market covered with burlap, the presumption is that it is a barrel for immediate use and not for storage. With the burlap covered barrel and basket, the cover is easily removed, so that they can be examined, and ought not to be called a closed ])ackage. We have along the Hudson Valley men who grow fall apples and put them in burlap covered barrels, take them to market and they go to people who use the fruit up im- mediately, and it does not seem to some that it is necessary to en- li r 66 force the requirements for the grading law on fruit that is used for immediate consumption. Member. After you put on all marking required, do you put on anv other mark ? br, Atzvood. — There is a provision that permits a person to use any other mark if not more conspicuous than the legal required marking. Member, — A buyer and seller could put on marks understood by them ? ..... Dr. Atzvood. — Yes, put on anything else provided it is not more conspicuous and is true. Prof. Mason. — Is this grading law coming anywhere toward in- tegrating the condition of the poor fruit on the local market? Dr. Atzvood. — I do not think it has had any effect. It has helped our large shipping business very greatly. The old custom was when a man wanted to buv for storage 50,000 or 100,000 barrels, he would go out into the country and find such apples as he desired to use, and would have to send his own packers there to pack them. Now the buyers are throwing the burden of packing on the growers themselves. The department has to be very accurate in teaching the growers how to pack apples. One of the first essentials is to see that they do not get the wrong stencil on the wrong barrel, and get an A grade stencil on an ungraded barrel of apples. Mr. Bassett. — There is just one weakness in all these rules for standard fruit, and that lays in the fact, as stated, that the strength of the law is in the sting of the law, and that is the penalty. We had a man at the meeting in Alichigan the other day bring out the fact that while there were hundreds of violations of the law, there were only a very few hundred prosecutions. Any law that does not have the prosecution applied is a dead letter. There are two ways to get things, one bv behavior and the other by penalty. When you were a little child and your mother would say, "If you will sing a song I will give vou a piece of pie, and I will spank you if you don't do it," the pie would bring the song. If you can offer pie you can catch a pot of people, because men are just boys grown old and the same old pie trick will catch the man that will catch the boy. I believe in the New York law and I believe in Pennsylvania having a law. Too many people will take a chance, believing they can put it across. If you can offer a man the pie treatment he might go on and pack a barrel of apples under this law. Now some men will say that it does not pay to pack an honest pack, because thev have tried it. They will say, "I have packed a poor pack and a good pack, and I get the same for one as the other.'' Their reputation might have been that they did not pack an honest pack. It takes time to ^et over a bad reputation. When a man has an honest pack in an honest package, we are going to see that the state shall appoint someone who has no interest in the property to examine that car of fruit and say that it is all 67 right. Your commissioner has the authority to appoint the investi- gator. I want to read you what the certificate says : "This certifies that this carload of fancy grapes have been inspected by a representa- tive of the Commissioner of Agriculture," or whoever appointed him I hese are fancy table grapes, the bunches are well formed and the packages regular size. The certificate is signed by the inspector A certificate is given to every man who ships a car that has been in- spected. The man who has the car inspected pays for the inspec- tion, so It does not put any burden on the state. When you get this certificate what do you do with it? You sell the car and pin The cer- tificate to the bill of lading. Any man who is at a distance and wants to buy a car of anything will naturally ])ay more for it if you can have a man who has no interest in the' deal say it is all ri'^ht before he bought it. That law they have in New York is all right, but I do say that any law is weak because of difficulty of enforcing the law, and if you simply depend upon enforcing and do not give money enough to enforce it, it is going to be a dead letter. We would* like very much that when any law is passed in any state, that you arrange for an inspection, which will be no burdeii upon the state and wiU see that a man who packs honestly shall be paid and the people who buy the apples will be protected. I believe we will never get very far until we get good insj^ection. People will pay for soniething that is guaranteed to be all right. That is what I mean by o-ood inspection. '^ Member.— Js any inspection in Michigan done in the orchard? Mr. Bassett.— :lue Ridge section offers unusual opportunities for the production of this fruit, have, to a great extent, brought abou this development. When these additional plantings come 'nto full bearing the state's i)roduction of apples will be practically doubled. From present indications, it is reasonable to expect a similar devel- opment in adjoining states. It would seem necessary, therefore, in anticipation of such an increased production, to urge more intensive culture in the growing of better fruit and provide adeciuate means for distribution and marketing. , . , j- .u^ Notwithstanding all that has been written and said regarding the importance and advisabilitv of properly grading and packing apples, there are com])arativelv few of our growers who have attained no- table success in establishing on the markets a reputation for their crrades and packs. Owing to the nearness to markets, they have not been compelled to combine into selling organizations as in more remote sections of the country, for the purpose of estabhshing such a reputation. Each individual has been selling his fruit in a hit or miss" fashion re-ardless of the practices of other growers m his section There has been no uniform standard and for the most part, little attention has been paid to this end of the business. he time is not far distant, however, when keener competition, resulting froin increased production, will force our growers to adopt some standard 69 in the grading and packing of their apples in order that buyers may recognize at a glance the grade of fruit offered for sale and be as- sured that it will be as labeled. With the end in view of establishing uniform grades and packs for Maryland, the last Legislature passed an Apple Grading and Packing Law. The aim of this law is to bring about an improve- ment in the methods of grading and packing; to insure uniformity in the grades and in the marking of the packages, and to facilitate the marketing of the fruit. This law applies to all apples grown in the State of Maryland and packed in closed packages for sale. Closed packages include all boxes, barrels, hampers, baskets or other packages covered with burlap, canvas, slat or other covering, the contents of which cannot be seen easily or inspected when such packages are closed. No person shall pack, or sell, or offer for sale any apples packed in any package in which the face gives a false representation of the contents of such package. The face should represent the average of the fruit in the package, as to size, color and quality. To allow for the inevitable errors in packing fruit, the law specifies that it shall be considered a false representation when more than fifteen per cent, of the fruit in the enclosed package is substantially smaller in size than, or inferior in grade to, that shown on the face of such package. The law makes no restriction as to the size of the fruit which may be packed under any grade or class, but in all cases the minimum size of the fruit in the package must be marked on the package. According to the law, grade (quality), and size are two distinct characteristics. Lender its provisions the grower or owner has the option of five different marks indicating the grade of apples in packages as follows : ''Maryland Standard Fancy Grade*' shall consist of apples of one variety, which are well grown specimens, hand picked, properly packed, of good color for the variety, normal shape, free from dirt, diseases, insect and fungus injury, bruises and other defects except such as are necessarily caused in the operation of packing ; or apples of one variety which are not more than five per centum below the foregoing specifications on a combination of all defects or two per centum on any single defect. ''Maryland Standard A Grade'' shall consist of apples of one variety which are well grown specimens, hand picked, properly packed, normal shape, practically free from dirt, diseases, insect and fungus injury, bruises and other defects except such as are neces- sarily caused in the operation of packing ; or apples of one variety which are not more than ten per centum below the foregoing specifi- cations on a combination of all defects or five per centum on any single defect. No apples in this grade shall show less than thirty- three and one-third per centum of good color for the variety. *^ Maryland Standard B Grade" shall consist of apples of one variety which are well matured, hand picked, properly packed, prac- f c.^,v-._l,y|. i't ■■■■.■. »;.''.-v'hs 70 m lically normal shape, practically free from dirt, disease, insect and fungus injury; or apples of one variety which are not more than fifteen per centum below the foregoing specifications on a combina- tion of all defects or five per centum of any single defect. ''Cull Grade" shall consist of apples not conforming to the fore- going specifications of grade, and shall be classed as culls and shall be so branded. This grade shall be used to include those apples re- jected as not meeting the specifications of the foregoing *'Fancy," "A" and "B" grades. Fruit which is barred from sale by the United States Pure Food Law or any State Horticultural Laws should not be included in this grade. Since the minimum size of the fruit must be marked on the package, growers must be careful not to include anything smaller than the size designated. ''Orchard Run Class" shall consist of all apples grown in the orchard irrespective of grade or quality. It shall be^ unlawful for any person to cull or sort from a lot of apples anv of the larger sizes or better grades or qualities thereof, and then pack, brand, sell or ship the remaining fruit as "Orchard Run." Fruit barred by the United States Pure Food Law, State Horticultural Laws, or smaller than the minimum size marked on the packages, must not be in- cluded. This class is provided to take care of the fruit of those growers who are not prepared to grade their fruit under the other four standard grades, or who believe the qualitv of their fruit does not warrant grading, or who for other reasons do not care to grade. The law further ])rovides that everv closed package containino^ apples grown in the State of Maryland which is soki, offered, ex"- posed or transported for sale by any person shall bear upon the out- side of one end in plain letters and figures, of a size not less than thirty-six point Gothic, the name and address of the packer or the person by whose authority the apj^les were packed, the true name of the variety, the grade or class of the apples therein contained and the minimum size of the fruit in the package. If the true name of the variety is not known, then it shall be designated as "X'ariety L^nknown." Every package of apples which is repacked shall bear the name and address of the repacker, or the name of the person by whose authority it is repacked, in place of that of the original packer. It is unlawful for any person, unless he regrades ancfrepacks the apples, to erase the original size, grade or varietv of the apples branded upon the i)ackage and in its phce substitute a size, grade or variety name different from the one marked u|)()n the package bv the packer of the apples. The packer or distributer niav i)iit mark- ings on the package other than those rec|uired bv law, provided surh marks are not inconsistent with, or more conspicuous than, the re- quired marks. This gives an opportunity for the grower or packer to put on his own brand and name of farm, and facts concerning the quality or other characteristics of the apples in addition to the inarks required by law. -^:y/<^ 71 Apples packed and branded in accordance with the United States Law approved August 3, 191 2, shall be exempt from the provisions of this law. The enforcement of the Maryland Law is vested in the State Board of Agriculture, and its officerss, employees, agents and serv- ants are authorized to enter upon the land and premises of any per- son within the state for the purpose of inspecting packages of apples and securing evidence of violation of the law. Any person who violates any of the provisions of the law shall, upon conviction thereof, forfeit and pay to the people of the State of Maryland a sum of not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than fifty dollars for the first violation, and not less than fifty dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each subsequent violation. While the law legally became effective July i, 1916, the State Board of Agriculture was not able to issue the required regulations until about October 1st, at which time it was too late to take steps for its enforcement with this year's apple crop. It is felt that a greater op- portunity has thus been given for the growers to become familiar with the provisions of the law and that by another season they will have less difiiculty in complying with the same. With this end in view, a publication has been issued by the Extension Service De- partment of the State College, giving a detailed explanation of the requirements of the law and offering suggestions which it is hoped will be of assistance to those who desire to avail themselves of the opportunities presented by the law. In addition, packing schools, public demonstrations and field meetings have been held in an en- deavor to give personal instruction to individual growers wherever possible. It is not to be expected that our growerss will find it easy, at first, to comply with the requirements of the law. The experience of other states having similar laws shows clearly that there will be numerous difficulties and objections to be overcome. New York, Massachusetts, Maine, Vermont, Connecticut and Delaware have laws pertaining to apple grading and packing. Virginia expects to pass one at the next meeting of the General Assembly. West Vir- ginia and Pennsylvania also are considering the enactment of similar legislation. The New York law, in force for two years, seems to have had the effect of producing gratifying results, yet it is pre- sumed that such results have not been accomplished without con- siderable objection on the part of at least some of the growers. One of the chief objections that has been raised by some of our largest growers is — in regard to the change in the designation of their brand showing the different grades as specified by the law. There are comparatively few of our growers putting up a pack con- forming to the requirements of the "Maryland Standard Fancy Grade." The bulk of our crop is packed in conformity to the *'Mary- land Standard A Grade" or "B Grade." Heretofore this "A Grade" fruit has, in most instances, been placed on the markets labeled <^ o f>. 72 ^^Fancy." The "H Grade" has been designated ''Choice/' Thus on certain of the larger markets, where our fruit has been exposed to keen competition, our two packs have become recognized under the markings ''Fancy" and "Choice." The change in these markings, necessitated by complying with the new law, will undoubtedly cause dissatisfaction and possibly some confusion. It is to be hoped, how- ever, that by the end of at least one season, the trade will have be- come familiar with the new designations and our growers recon- ciled to the change. At the present time there seems to be a tendency on the part of most of the Eastern States to enact laws designating the grade for, and regulating the packing of apples. The passage and enforcement of such laws would undoubtedly aid very materially in a better distribu- tion and more satisfactory marketing of the apple croj). In the forma- tion of such laws it would be well to consider the requirements of similar laws of other states, to the end that while each state had its own regulations, theue would be a unity of the regulatory statutes governing the grading, packing and marking of apples marketed from every state. Legislatiqn of this character would soon lead to the enactment of Federal laws governing the marketing of this crop. It would seem that such action might be a means for securing a more equal distribution of our fruit and assuring our growers of a more uniform price for their product. Discussion. Prof. Shaiv. — In regrad to the question of color for the varieties you will not that according to the specifications of the Maryland law the ''Fancy'' grade must be of good color for the variety : the "A" grade of not less than 33 1-3 per centum of good color, and the "B" grade to have as much color as possible. The law applies to apples as grown in the State of Maryland. Most of our growers know and are familiar with good color of the leading varieties that are grown in the state, but it was thought best to make a distinction in regard to color. Member. — About how near should they be to full color? Prof. Shaw. — According to the interpretation of the law, it should be of normal color of our well grown fruit. Of course, you will find some specimens more highly colored than others, but there ought to be an average. Member. — In York Imperial the color nearly always shades off; would you count the lighter shade of the apple as being included in the 33 1-3 per cent, of good color? Prof. SJiaii'. — The color of this variety varies somewhat in some years. Our observation in all parts of the state in which we ex- amined Yorks this year has shown them to be of better color than usual. There has not been any great amount of variation in those orchards that have had proper treatment. 73 It would be a good thing, particularly for Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware and New Jer- sey if there would be the enactment of laws that would designate the requirements and specifications for the grades that would come into competition with each other. In other words, if our apples go out marked as Maryland standard A or B grade, showing name and ad- dress of grower, etc., it might work out to mutual advantage to have the apples coming from neighboring states marked the same way, thereby eliminating some of the difficulty that exists on the market in regard to markings from different states. We well might strive to reach the point where we will pack our fruit as uniformly as most of the citrus growers. If you want to buy a box or oranges or a box of grape fruit, you telephone to the storage com])any or dealer and give your order to send up a box of a certain size. If you want to buy a barrel of apples the chances are you will want to examine the fruit personally unless you know it has come from a grower with whom you have had previous ex- perience or mark with which you are familiar, and which you feel can be relied upon. You have to have some knowledge of the grower or pack before you are willing to ])lace your order over the tele- phone. C. J. Tyson. — I have had some rather definite views on this mat- ter of apple package legislation, and I suppose it is founded on the principle that we are all more or less selfish, and if I were to get right down to my own personal feelings, as it might affect my own ])ersonal business, 1 believe I would not care very much whether any legislation were ])assed or not. I believe with Mr. iiassett, how- ever, that this is not an attitude that it would be safe for anv of us to take, and that we have to look at the matter in a larger and broader way, and maybe after all if anything can be done to improve the general ])acking of fruit, it will increase the consumi)tion of fruit by giving the consuming ])ublic more confidence in what they are buy- ing, and after all it may help us in a selfish way. My feeling is this, however, in the case of any law that may be j^assed in Pennsylvania. In the first ])lace, I do not think there is any question at all but that some legislation will be ])assed covering this ])oint, because there is agitation all over the state, and I think there is no questicjn at all but some law affecting the packing and marking of apples will be passed, probably at the coming session of Legislature. Now New York is decidedly a commercial apple growing state. I suppose 90 per cent, of the apples produced in New York are grown in commercial orchards. Whereas, possibly as much as 25 per cent, of the a])ples grown in Pennsylvania are grown in commercial orchards, the balance are grown all over the state in orchards that run from one-half acre to five or ten acres, so that any law we pass would have to take into consideration that condition. Again, we have a state that is much more variable in its conditions with respect to the southern and northern parts of the state, than either New 74 York or Maryland. It probably would be very easy to put throuja:li our coming Legislature a law following closely along the line of either of these state laws, and yet it seems to me that the variation in conditions in different parts of the state would make it almost impossible for our inspectors to establish a uniform color standard that would be safe for us to try to live up to, so that my feeling has come to be this : that a reasonable law that might be ])assed, in a state situated as Pennsylvania is, with conditions such as Pennsylvania conditions are, would be a law based on four chief reciuirements. In the first place, establish a standard package, the size of that pack- age to be fixed by the law; in the second place, require that the package be marked with the correct name of the variety, and that the package be marked with the minimum size of the fruit in that package ; fourth, and in my mind, the most important one of all, every package of ap])les be marked with the name and address of the packer. The "pie" illustration Mr. Bassett gave appealed to me. It seemed to come right along the line I had been thinking of, name- ly, that a reward beats a penalty nearly every time and yet 1 had in mind that the "pie" would come in another way. That is, that the grower who i)acks his fruit so that he can put his name and address on the package and stand back of that name and address, would in itself bring a reward. It seems to me that those four principles are about what a law in Pennsylvania ought to require. I would be perfectly willing to see standards fixed, but it seems to me that they might be fixed in such a way as to make them optional rather than required. If standards are fixed, then the law would have to go still further and require that if standard brands are used the fruit must come up to those standards, and even that introduces some serious complications. Mr. Minich. — Then the only thing to designate is, as to whether the pack is number one. C. J. Txson. — The grower's brand would be whatever designation he chose to use, and in all probability he would follow in the estab- lished category of the nearby states. He probably would mark his fruit A and B, or any designation he chose to use or establish as a brand, but if he used the established standard grades he would have to live up to them. Prof. Mason. — You would have just as many brands as growers. Another thing in making laws, it is important to conform more or less to the laws of the states around us, so as to be a sectional uni- formity. We accept the opinion of the man who has charge of the New York law as to how far the growers have conformed as to A and B injury allowed. Maryland establishes one free from insect injury and reasonably free from blemishes and other injury, and the other grade ungraded or orchard run, but it is certain when you leave it to the individual grower to establish his grade you would have as many grades as growers. It might work out very well here in Adams County, but when you get away from Adams County you •fc' 75 get into a Uiighty serious proposition when you let every man establish his own A and W grade. I think it is important that we should have some si)ecification as to how much injury and fungus would be allowed in a barrel. Dr. Atwood. — Two or three people in the State of New York who were most enthusiastic are men who have for many years been shipping their ai)ples to a single commission house. They have established a brand so that that commission house knows any apples coming from that ])ariy are entirely reliable, and these men have been packing along the line of these standards that have been estab- lished. It seems to me that a law would be very weak unless a full standard was provided for. There is not the objection to color that you suggest. The color qualification has been accei)ted by all sec- tions of the state as entirelv satisfactory. If vou leave the color qualification out I certainly would not leave out the ([ualification of the per cent, of defect that wouhl go in. Member. — Has the New York law been as much benefit to the grower as to the dealer ? Dr. Atu'ood. — I think so. We have some growers who complain about having to put their apples up according to the law, but the law is very liberal. Member. — Does this law help tlie price of apples in New York State ? Dr. At7i'Ood. — The prices in the ^^'ew York market this year have been quite satisfactory, fancy apples selling as high as $7.00 to $8.00 ])er barrel, of the New York standard A grade. Another thing 1 would like to call your attention to is, when you say A grade, instead of saying "A'' grade, say what you mean — Pennsylvania Fancy, minimum size, etc. There will be a tendency to drop the fact that they are Pennsylvania apples unless positively stated. C. J. Tyson. — The thing that I really question is whether any of these laws accom])lish in that one ])articular res])ect what they start out to accomplish. Not long ago I was in Philadelj^hia and had a discussion with a commission man. At that time he had two car;, of New York Baldwins, branded under the law, "New York Standard A B>al(lwin.'' They were selling that day with a variation of about 75 cents a barrel, and on looking at the apples, there was that dif- ference in their commercial value. Both lots were sound and up to the size. I would not attempt to i)ass on them from a legal point of view, yet the one lot came pretty close to approaching what is called "Gray Baldwin," although it ])robabiy had the legal requirement of red. The other lot were good, bright, red l)aldwin. The difference was there, yet both had been branded "New York Standard A Bald- win." and this variation would probably be more in our own state than in New York. Those two carloads come from about forty miles apart. Anyone receiving quotations and giving an order with the expectation of getting either one or the other of these cars, would have been surprised or disappointed, depending upon which one he 76 received. And this is just the reason why I feel as 1 do, and why I expressed myself as I did a short time ago. It really seems to me that the only brand that can come to mean very much is the indi- vidual brand, your l^rand and my brand. If the law requires that I mark each barrel with my name and address, then it is up to me to see that Tyson P'ancy Yorks or A Grade Yorks are as nearly uniform in quality from time to time as varying conditions will allow. If I fail in this, the penalty will be loss of trade. Now do not misunderstand me. I am heartily in favor of any- thing that will build up and improve the business m which we are all engaged, and if I could feel that a duplication of the New York law would do this for Pennsylvania, then 1 would say let us follow it to the letter, lint I have seen just enough of legislation in the past few years to have a horror of passing more laws just for the sake of passing them. If a measure becomes law it should be en- forced absolutely, and a law passed with mental reservations to be enforced "so far as practicable," at the same time carrying heavy penalties, seems to me to be unsafe legislation. It is the indefinite feature of these laws : namely, the attempt to fix percentages of color and freedom from defect, that I feel will do more to discourage and hold back the small growers, as well as the large ones scattered over this great state, with its widely varying conditions, than the mere fixing of standards could ever hope to encourage and help. "Nkat Facing Not Dishonkst Packing." Both alike to the bottom. I 77 Fir,. 2. Hkkkcts of Apple Scap. The apple is half-grown and is enlarged to show how the entitle of the fruit is Hfted. The hlack area heneath is the seal) fungus. P'igurc 4 repre- sents a thin razor section througli the margin of one of these spots. Some Essential Facts About Apple Scab. Donald Rkhdick, Professor of Plant Patlwloo^y, Cornell University In order to combat intelligently and successfully the various diseases and insect pests of cultivated crops one must know some- thing of the life habits of the organism causing the trouble. This is possibly more important for many of the diseases of plants than for the insect depredators because the organism causing the disease is often microscopic in size and can not be detected until the results of its work become apparent at which time is is too late to apply an effective treatment. Of the numerous diseases of the apple in northeastern United States none causes more worry and perpetual trouble to the grower than apple scab. It seems, therefore, that a clear understanding of the nature of the disease and of the life habits of the fungus causing it should prove valuable in outlining a campaign for the control of the trouble. r 76 received. And this is just the reason why 1 feel as I do, and \vh\ 1 ex])resse(l my. self as 1 did a shcjrt time a.^o. It really seems to me that the only hrand that can come to mean \'er\- much is the indi- vidual l)rand, vour hrand and m\ hrand. If the law re(|uires that I mar]>: each harrel with my name and address, th.en it is up to me to see that Tyson h'ancv "S'orks or A (trade N'orks are as nearly uniform in (|ualit\- from time to time as varyinj;- conditions will allow. If i fail in this, the penalty will he loss of trade. \()w do not misunderstand me\ 1 am heartily in favor of any- thing;- that will huild ti]) and improve the husiness m which we are all ens.;aiied, and if 1 could feel that a dui)licati()n of the Xew \'ork law wor.ld do this for 1 Pennsylvania, then 1 would say let its follow it to the lett(M\ Ihn 1 have seen jitst enough of lei^islation in the ])ast few years to have a horror of ])assino- uiore laws just for the sake of passiui^' them. If a measure hecomes law it shotild he en- forced ahsolutelx . and c\ law passed with mental reservations to he enforced "so far as i)ractical)le," at the same ti^ne carrying heavy ])enalties, seen.is to me to he ttnsafe lei^islation. It is the indefinite feattu'e of these laws: nJ /^ Fir.. I. Appke Scah DiskasE. This apple is nearly mature and shows abundant late infections, ticularlv the numerous small ])lack scab specks at the left. Note par- Fic. 4. Sl'mmkr Stack ok the Apple Scah Finci s. Drawing of a very thin razor section, much magnified, through the margin of a scab spot on a fruit. The cuticle is lifted, the tissue near the |«"g"s is shrinking and the fungus has produced some black spores winch break on readily and are blown to other trees. 80 81 released in the orchard and that only a few thousand ever succeed in starting a scab spot. The occasional spore that is carried to the green leaf or fruit (or even green shoots of such varieties as Mc- intosh) requires moisture in which to sprout and begin the active stage. On cold days (temperature of 40°) the spore must have 18 to 24 hours in which to sprout but on warmer days (55° to 60°) some spores may be sprouted in eight or ten hours. The sprout from the spore passes through the cuticle of the leaf or fruit and coming in contact with the living tissues begins to absorb food material and grow. In ten days the growth will be sufificient to be seen with the naked eye and constitutes the well-known scab spot. To carry this story to the orchard, it will be seen that the spring rains aid in the maturation of the apple scab fungus as well as in bringing forth the leaves on the tree. The moisture from rain causes an ejection of spores from mature perithecia and furnishes a medium on the green leaf or fruit in which the spore can germinate. A light shower would be sufificient to cause ejection of spores but such a shower followed by sunshine or high wind would soon dry the drops of water on the foliage and prevent the spores from germi- nating. Obviously the ideal condition would be rain followed by rain and fog for about a day, longer if the rain comes as a cold drizzle, shorter if the temperature is high. Every spore germinates that gets favorable conditions but only those perpetuate the fungus that lodge on the green parts of the apple tree. The others sprout but are not able to secure suitable food and perish. When the scab spot is large enough to be seen with the naked eye and as long as a spot has an olive green appearance another type of spores known as conidia is being produced. These conidia are borne on the ends of short stalks that stand side by side in a solid mass. They are also microscopic in size and on a scab spot the size of one's fingernail perhaps a million spores would be produced. These spores simply break off of their stalk and are blown by the wind to neighboring fruit and foliage. The same conditions are required for germination and penetration as for the spores produced on the fallen leaves. In about ten days new spots appear and new conidia are produced. Thus the process is repeated over and over every time there is favorable weather for infection until the day the apples are picked. Infection occurring on harvest day does not show until the apples are in the barrel and is very greatly retarded by proper cold storage. With the advent of frost the fungus works deeper into the leaf tissue and begins the formation of new perithecia to carry it through another winter. From the above recital of facts it will be seen that if all the fallen leaves could be destroyed there would be no scab but that if a single affected leaf j)ersists or is blown in from a neighbor there is the possibilities of severe infection, the only condition necessary being that a single spore lodge in a favorable place for germination and £' ^ 6 Im*.. I. AiMM.K ScAi- I )i SKA si:. This api'K' is nearly nialrrc and shows al)UiHlant hitc inlcclmns. ticnlarlv the nunicr..iis small l)1ack seal) si)ccks at the left. Note par 1 )ra\viii of a seal) shrinkinj^- readilv ai V\c. 4. SiMMKk Sta< K or THK AiMM.K SeAi: 1mn( r>. o ,,t a verv thin ra/or seetimi. iiiiieh nia.Linilied, throniih the mariini %l,(.t ..n a" fruit. The eiitiele is lifted, the tissue near the tun.uus ^> and the fundus has produeed some hlaek sjx.res whieii l)reak nn 1(1 are hlown to other trees. 80 81 released in the orchard and that only a few thousand ever succeed in starting a scab sj)ot. The occasional spore that is carried to the j^reen leaf or fruit (or even green shoots of such varieties as Mc- intosh) requires moisture in which to sprout and begin the active stage. On cold days (temperature of 40°) the spore must have 18 to 24 hours in which to sprout but on warmer days (55° to 60°) some spores may be sprouted in eight or ten hours. The s|)rout from the spore passes through the cuticle of the leaf or fruit and coming in contact with the living tissues begins to absorb food material and grow. In ten days the growth will be sufficient to be seen with the naked eye and constitutes the well-known scab spot. To carry this story to the orchard, it will be seen that the spring rains aid in the maturation of the ai)ple scab fungus as well as in bringing forth the leaves on the tree. The moisture from rain causes an ejection of s])ores from mature perithecia and furnishes a medium on the green leaf or fruit in which the spore can germinate. A light shower would be sufficient to cause ejection of s])()res but such a shower followed by sunshine or high wind would soon dry the drops of water on the foliage and prevent the spores from germi- nating. Obviously the ideal condition would be rain followed by rain and fog for about a day, longer if the rain comes as a cold drizzle, shorter if the temperature is high, h'very spore germinates that gets favorable conditions but only those perpetuate the fungus that lodge on the green parts of the aj)i)le tree. 11ie others sprout but are not able to secure suitable food and perish. When the scab sj)ot is large enough to be seen with the naked eye and as long as a spot has an olive green a])])earance another tvj)e of s])ores known as conidia is being produced. These conidia are borne 011 the ends of short stalks that stand side by side in a solid mass. They are also microsc()])ic in size and on a scab spot the size of one's fingernail i)erhaps a million si)ores would be ])r()(luced. These spores simj)ly break off of their stalk and are blown bv the wind to neighboring fruit and foliage. The same conditions are re(|uired for germination and ])enetration as for the spores ])r()duce(l on the fallen leaves. In about ten days new s])ots a])])ear and new conidia are ])roduce(l. Thus the process is re])eate(l over and over every time there is favorable weather for infection until the day the apples are picked. Infection occurring on harvest day does not show until the ap|)les are in the barrel and is very greatlv retarded by proper cold storage. With the advent of frost the fungus works deeper into the leaf tissue and begins the formation of new perithecia to carry it through another winter. iM-om the above recital of facts it will be seen that if all the fallen leaves could be destroyed there would be no scab but that if a single affected leaf persists or is blown in from a neighbor there is the possibilities of severe infection, the only condition necessary being that a single spore lodge in a favorable place for germination and TNTRNTTONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 82 produce an infection and that rains and fog come at frequent inter- vals during May and Tune. i i „ Plowing under fallen leaves before the trees are m blossom helps to control scab but in most seasons it is necessary to spray the trees as well. Since the scab fungus lives under the cuticle of the leaf t is obvious that an application of spray made after the f""g"^;^ f^jj^- lished will not be effective. Anything that would kill the fungus would have to burn through the cuticle of the leaf and would then kill the leaf tissue as well as the fungus. In other words, the spray commonly employed in the orchard acts as a preventive and it is eSve only when it is on the fruit and foliage before conditions arrive which allow infection, namely a period of rainy foggy "^ TllTfacts about the fungus are clear and the next thing needed is the same decree of certainty about forecasts of rainy weather, it h for'Lsts'we^e perfectly'reliable the orchardist -ightg<> through, some seasons without making a single application of a fungicide while in other years he would apply a treatment every week Of course the present forecasts are all right for some purposes but they do not come far enough in advance to allow the orchardist to cover his trees before the storm breaks.. , , ^, -i.r „ti,».. A study of the daily weather maps as issued by the Weather Bureau will assist in forecasting in a genera way when the nex ftorm period is due but one can not judge by this whether the result vvill be "showers and clearing" or "rain and cloudy." Consequently the wise orchardist makes as many applications of spray as he can trying as far as possible to distribute the treatments so that he gets he maximum protection possible. However, it will be seen from what has been said above, that while freciuent treatments made early in the season should give the greatest protection, a treatment delayed on account of rainy weather may occasionally mean the loss of a crop and assuredly it means repeated treatments later in the season. Discussion. Member.— Whsit is the effect of early cultivation? . hr Reddick,—rhevt is no question but that early cultivation is valuable Experimental evidence is not easily secured but 1 am convinced that if the leaves are turned under early a Rreat niass ot the spores are eliminated ; but all of them never can be turned undei . It is not a complete method of control but certainly does help Member— Do spores live over anywhere except on dead leaves. Dr Reddick.— With us thev so seldom live over anywhere else that the general answer to that would be no, but on such vanetv as Mcintosh, and particularly in New Kn.^land '^^^^^^^^'^^^^^^^^^ over on the twi^s. That happens so rarely with us that it is scarcely to be considered. Member.— Is the same thin^ true of the grape rot ? Dr. Reddick.-With the grape black rot the fungus passes the 83 winter on the mummied berries, but it also persists on the canes Member.— Will lime sulphur help this? Dr. Reddiek.— No, you can't get inside. This fungus has a thick wal around it and in the grape fungus the spores are inside of the thick wall of the calyx, so that anything that will kill them will have to be strong enough to burn through that wall, and that would injure the plants. ^ Member.— Why are some varieties more susceptible to scab than others ? Dr. Reddiek.—ThtvQ is no answer to that question so far as I know. The Mcintosh and Winesaps are tender kinds, but I do not know any variety except Mcintosh that scabs worse than Ben Davis, but cannot say, and who would sav, the tenderness of Ben Davis has anything to do with its susceptibility. Member.— To what extent will apple scab spread after apples are barreled ? Dr. Reddiek. — Suppose about picking time rains would set in, with heavy fog and dew on the foliage until noon— this would allow spores to germinate on the nearly-ripe fruit and produce infection The apples are then picked and put in the barrel. The infestation that occurred would not have shown up at picking time. It requires about ten days before you can see the specks. We had that happen in 191 5 with Maiden Blush. By the time some of them got to mar- wet the spots were already out, and some apples that were left in the barrels that were not moved to market or put in storage, showed a good deal more of it. The speck does not increase apprecfably. When apples go into storage and come out along in the winter all scabby, it means one of two things : the storage man did not take care of the storage as he should have done, or, the apples were not packed and stored promptly in a cold place. It must be remembered that a room in the process of being filled is not a cold room, it is only cool and furthermore, the ap])les in the center of the barrel, even if set in a cold room and left there, will not be down to storage temperature for three or four days. All the time the room is being filled the chances are the spores are producing new infections, and it is not surprising under those conditions that apples come out scabby. Member.— Suppose the condition you speak of exists and the scab develops to some serious extent, would you undertake to say, after the apples had been barreled three or four months, whether or not scab had developed after they went into the barrel ? Dr. Reddiek. — If I had record of the conditions for ten days previous to packing time I would be reasonably certain of a deter- mination and in very many instances could say certainlv because of the difference in appearance of the scab spot when developed under the two different conditions. Member. — Do you suppose an inspector who would be put on work of that kind under conditions likely to exist, could be reason- ably certain ? H 84 Dr Reddick.—l think that some of our inspectors have gotten so that they could prettv well determine that point. It is not an easy proposition and do not know that one could always be sure. Member Do you use sticker with Bordeaux on grapes ? Dr. Reddick.—No, I do not. I have never found the sticker an improvement over ordinary Bordeaux. . Member.— Is there anything but Bordeaux that will protect against apple scab? ^ . . t^ i Dr Reddick.— Oh ves, I do not know of a dozen Bordeaux- sprayed orchards in the whole State of New York. Lime sulphur solution is used almost exclusively ; but it cannot be used on grapes. Member Will 3 to 100 lime sulphur control scab? Dr Reddick.—Yts. it will. Three to 100 is a little stronger than we use it. Perhaps vou refer to home prepared preparation, in which case you would have to figure on test. The ordinary commer- cial lime sulphur solution always tests 32° or better, and the strength we commonly use is 2l/> gallons of that. C.KORGIA PKACH CaKKIKR. Growing, Harvesting and Marketing Peaches. A. Freeman Mason, Department Agricultural Extension, State College, Pa. Mr. President and members of the Adams County Fruit Growers* Association : It certainly gives me pleasure to come before you again at one of your regular meetings. Having been here several times in the past, 1 would have felt slighted had not the absence of Mr. Henry given me a chance to address you officially. When Mr. Griest asked me to speak extemporaneously, with two others, on peach culture, a few moments ago, I at once chose to speak first, because I knew the man first on the floor would have the greatest range, be hampered least by the facts, and would get the lion's share of the time, and in Mr. Bassett's words, ''my termi^ nal facilities are poor." In the first place, it does not seem as if there are proper grounds for the great gloom which seems to prevade in peach circles. It has been the history of every industry that the business moves ii\ cycles. First there is a slow growth, then a boom, a climax, a col- lapse, and then a growth again through the same cycle. The live- stock breeders tell us that when horses are cheap it is time to raise colts, because the bulk of the farmers will not raise colts then, and there will be a corresponding shortage in horses at a later date. The apple industry has gone through the same cycle, with the exception that instead of a four or ^\^ year cycle it is a twenty-five year cycle. Due to the prices of potatoes this year, everyone will plant potatoes next year, if history is any indication, and the year after high prices is certainly the year to stay away from the game. So in taking up the peach game, we have just undergone a great period of development, in which the peach area expended tremen- dously. The prices in 1915 were ruinous, and many cried "over pro- duction!" You can see the result on all sides. Peach orchards are standing in sod, unsprayed and unpruned. Many trees are being taken out. It is possible that we have reached the crest of a cycle. There is one pleasing aspect, however, to the whole business, and it is that the men who are the first to give up are the ones who produce the low-quality, price-depressing fruit, while those who have always taken care of their fruit are the ones who are sticking to the game. We do not care about losing the quitters. We are unanimous that they should go. Old Peter, the terror of the chil- dren, and grouch of the town, was about to die. No one attended his deathbed. Finally a well-meaning but tactless old elder went around to cheer him. ''Are ye ready to die, Peter?" he asked the sick man. "Yes, I guess I am," answered the miser. "That's good," said the comforter, "that makes it unanimous." So it is with us and the careless peach-grower. But, for the man 85 ■u #1 ¥^ I ^HPi ^;;^^S^-;>'"^1-Mi?fF 84 Pr I^cdiUck\—\ think that some of our inspectors have ootten so that they could prettv well determine that point. It is not an easy proposition and do not know that one could always he sure._ Meniher Do vou use sticker with P,ordeaux on crapes .-^ Dr. Rcddiclc.-^\o, 1 do not. 1 have never found the sticker an improvement (n-er ordinarv r»or(leaux. . Member.-]^ there anythino- hut r,ordeaux that will protect a.oainst api)le seal)? , ^ . t> i I)r Reddick—Oh ves. 1 do not know of a dozen l.or-leaux- .prayed orchards in the whole State of Xew York. Lime sulphur ^olution is used almost exclusively; hut it cannot he used on -rapes. ]/<,;;;/,,^;- _\Vill ^ to TOO Huie suli)hur control scah .-' /);- Rcddick.—\^s, it will. Three to lOO is a little stron-er than we use it Perhaps vou refer to home pre])ared preparation, in which case vou would 'have to fi.i^nire on test. The ordinary commer- cial lime sulphur solution always tests 32' or hetter. and the stren-th we commonly use is 2I'.' i^^'dlons of that. Cl.OKi.lA Pl.ACII C'aKKIKK. Growing, Harvesting and Marketing Peaches. A. Fkkkman Mason, Department Agricultural Extension, State College, Pa. Mr. President and memhers of the Adams County Fruit (/rowers' Association : It certainly gives me pleasure to come hefore you again at one of your regular meetings. Having heen here several times in the i)ast, I would have felt slighted had not the ahsence of Mr. 1 lenry given me a chance to address you officially. When .Mr. driest asked me to speak extemporaneously, with two others, on peach culture, a few moments ago, I at once chose to speak first, hecause I knew the man tirst on the floor would have the greatest range, he hampered least hy the facts, and would get the lion's share of the time, and in Mr. Bassett's words, "my termi- nal facilities are ])oor." in the first ])lace, it does not seem as if there are projjer grounds for the great gloom which seems to prevade in peach circles. It has heen the history of every industry that the husiness moves ii\ cycles. First there is a slow growth, then a hoom, a climax, a col- lapse, and then a growth again through the same cycle. The live- stock hreeders tell us that when horses are cheaj) it is time to raise colts, hecause the hulk of the farmers will not raise colts then, and there will he a c()rres])on(liiig shortage in horses at a later date. 'i'he ai)i)le industry has gone through the same cycle, with the exce])ti()n that instead of a four or five year cycle it is a twentv-tive year cycle. Due to the ])rices of ])(jtatoes this year, evervone will plant j)otatoes next year, if history is any indication, and the year after high prices is certainly the year to stay away from the game. So in taking uj) the peach game, we have just undergone a great ])erio(l of development, in which the ])each area ex])en(led tremen- dously. The ])rices in igi; were ruijious. and many cried "over ])ro- duction !" Vou can see the result on all sides. iVach orchards are standing in sod, unsj)rayed and unpruned. Many trees are heing taken out. it is possihle that we have reached the crest of a cycle. 1'here is one i)leasing aspect, however, to the whole husiness, and it is that the men who are the first to give U|) are the ones who ])ro(luce the low-cjuality, price-(lei)ressing fruit, while th(^se who have always taken care of their fruit are the ones who are sticking to the game. We do not care ahout losing the (juitters. We are unanimous that they should go. Old Peter, the terror of the chil- dren, and groucli of the town, was ahout to die. No one attended his deathhed. iMually a well-meaning hut tactless old elder went around to cheer him. "Are ye ready to die, Peter?" he asked the sick man. "Ves, I guess I am," answered the miser. "I'hat's good," said the comforter, "that makes it unanimous." vSo it is with us and the careless ])each-grovver. P>ut, for the man 85 J INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 86 with the courage and stick -to-it-iveness there seems to be a ray of Hght, and taking it by and large, there will be money in the game. Glancing over the area of the peach-producing sections of the country one cannot but be impressed with the fact that in order to compete on the markets, one must use the very best cultural methods. The Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana and Texas region leads all others, with over 30,000,000 trees. The South Atlantic states follow, with over 26,000,000; with Ohio, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois third, with nearly 20,000,000 trees; Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, etc., next, with over 15,000,000; the Pacific, with almost 15,000,000; then our own section with less than 12,000,000 trees ; and New Eng- land, with but 1,000,000 trees. Although the fruit from these dif- ferent sections does not come into the same market at the same time, there is a sufficient overlapping to make it essential that we put our best efforts in growing the best finished peach, and one maturing so that it will fit into the market just exactly when there is the least competition from other sections. The Pacific Coast, the southern central states and South Atlantic states all come on about the same time, but they serve such widely scattered territory that they do not compete very heavily. The government reports show that while fifteen or twenty carloads came into New York daily from the lat- ter section, only one or two came from the West, while Chicago, St. Louis, Omaha, etc., are all supplied from the South Central. Mis- souri and her neighbors next usurp the Middle Western markets, while the Middle Atlantic states gradually take up the northern mar- kets. By the time the Missouri section is through, Ohio, Michigan, etc., are in, which diverts a lot of fruit westward, which \youl(l otherwise compete with our section. We last on through until the latter part of September, meeting some competition, however, about September ist, from Ohio. New England takes up the burden about September ist, also. Just what our best peach is, I cannot say, but there is one thmg certain, and that is that we must confine ourselves to the ones meet- ing least competition, whether this means lengthening our season a little, or using earlier varieties. You men know that best. Cultivation and pruning are two most essential of the cultural methods. Clean cultivation, with cover-crops, has proven most satisfactory. Moisture conservation is necessary to get size, and, by ^'thorough cultivation" is meant that the harrow goes into the orchard after every rain, and a good mulch maintained. Leguminous cover-crops are best, because our peach orchards need nitrogen just as badly as apple orchards, and experiments here and in Missouri and New Jersey have shown that it is very beneficial in promoting bud vigor, even though it does cause later growth in the summer. At the present time we are working in Erie County on such a proposition. The normal resting period of the peach is about three months. The later, therefore, that growth can be continued in the fall wtihout danger of the twigs going into the winter too soft, the better it is for the tree. So in Erie County, next to the lake, where we 87 have a late fall, we kept growth up until September, and the wood slowly hardened off, although the leaves were still on and green on October ist. The buds were strong and vigorous. They do not usually have freezes there until in November. It is our be- lief that even though we should have a warm spell in January, which is usual, that it will not force the buds out as much as if the peach had completed its resting stage and was ready for the advent of warm weather. Of course, we are watching with great interest the progress of the work because we do not know how our ideas will work out. Of course, here in this part of Pennsylvania where we have earlier freezing weather, it would not be possible to let the trees grow as late. At any rate the old prejudice against nitrogen in an orchard, and its supposed weakening of the tree is a thing of the past. Neglected pruning shows more on a peach than on any other tree. The growth of the fruit on the wood of the previous year, causes a leggy, top-heavy condition unless quite severe topping back each year stimulates the new growth on the lower branches. This sum- mer I was in Mr. Raffensberger's orchard, and to my mind he had pruned excellently. His trees were even, vigorous, low, and had a heavy crop. Topping back and thinning out the bearing wood are the points to keep in mind. Spraying, thinning, harvesting and marketing are topics in them- selves and there are entomologists and orchardists in the room who can go much farther than I in discussing them. I am glad of the opportunity to be with you again and to enjoy your excellent pro- gram. Thank you. Discussion. D. N. Minick. — Since the subject of "Growing, Harvesting and Marketing Peaches" has been opened for a general discussion, I am perfectly wilHng to give you the advantage of my experience. I have found that the growing of peaches is somewhat of a prob- lem. It is similar to the growing of apples with some exceptions. A crop of peaches is realized much earlier than a crop of apples, and for this reason I would not advise inter-cropping, especially after the peaches come into bearing, as peaches are very susceptible to fungus diseases, such as mildew and brown rot, and require con- siderable spraying, which is often neglected on account of damage that would be done to the intercrop by driving over it with a spray- ing outfit. I have also found that proper pruning is very essential to the growing of a good grade of fruit. In the harvesting of the fruit I have experienced more or less trouble in securing enough efficient labor to get the fruit picked at the right time and in proper condition to carry well in order to com- mand the best prices. This is one of the essential features and counts considerable in the successful marketing of the crop. In the past two or three years I have had some experience market- ing peaches grown in Adams County and have had good results '1 1] ^1 I :■■:-. .if . 88 with fruit from orchards that were well cared for properly picked ^rld packed, but bad results with fruit from orchards that have been ne^-lected and poorly packed. , The crop of peaches in the season of 1915 was quite large ad hard to market at satisfactory prices. We shipped from Biglerville stattn forty to fifty cars. The fruit loaded in these cars vyas sup- pliecrbv fitien to twenty growers, each grower packmg h.s ovvn fruTt -rhe difference of opinion as to grading ,s what caused the Xipa t?ouWe and made it hard to dispose of the f rmt at sat.sf ac- torv prices to all interested. From orchards large enough to load cars Kith one or two grades and with the fru,t graded properly, we experienced no trouble in securing satisfactory results. hi IQ16 we decided to try to overcome irregular grading by hav- ine- all the fruit hauled and packed at a central packmg house, lu 1 fs way we were able to establish standard grades ancl to secure m" St satisfactory prices, especially for those who S-'e the prop 1 attention to -rowing and harvesting. Therefore, I wo ild recommend tie centra" packin| house, especially in sections where there are numerous small orchards. hi crclusion will state that proper attention given to growing, harve-sting and packing assists to a great extent in marketing. O Did you ever hold peaches in cold storage .'' Ans This vear was our first experience. We had two cars arrive in Philadelphia on a glutted market and had them placed m storage. Thev were held for two weeks and when taken out sold for fitty cents a bushel more than we were oiifered for them on arrival. Q. What was the co.st of storage? /\ns I do not remember. . ... i-^ •»! Q What variety would you suggest plantiug m this locahty with ^rfwiS'„rS:r/„gS"'t,^r However, i, ■ wete ,„au.ijg onV hundred acres, I would plant ninety acres to Elberta and the Remaining ten acres to some very early variety. Other sections (.0 not conflict with Elbertas grown in this section to any great extent O In one of our peach orchards this year we ran across a good many cases of bunched roots which hacf very much the appearance of woolly aphis on apple roots. I understand that woolly aphis oes not attack peaches, and I would be glad if any of the scientific gentle- men here can tell us what is the trouble. rrr^wn Dr Rcddick —It sounds as though you have crown gall. Crown ffall is a subject that I do not like to talk about. Everybody says it is ?erv injurious and all that sort of thing, but I have never seen in NeW York an orchard that I thought was hurt by crown gall. * I just happen to think of something else. I assume that you have leaf curl We have been trying the last two or three years in New York ocoitrol curl by fall treatment, and the two years diat we had experiments in the orchard, we treated half a block in the fall and the^otliTr half in the spring, and the fall treated trees have come through with less curl. 89 Fig. 2. Dusting — A Rapid Process. The photograph shows how very large old trees are treated. The outlet pipe is moved slowly up and down and the team walks at a hrisk pace. This particular Baldwin tree is unusually large and has home twenty l)arreis' of apples. (Courtesy of Cornell University.) Dusting, a Rapid Method of Protecting the Apple Orchard. Donald R?:nDTCK, Professor of Plant Pathology, Cornell University. Long- before the spraying machine was invented, old X'esuvius served as a natural protector of plants by distilling suli)hur which, on cooling in the air, condensed and settled on the vegetation for miles around. Certain observers noted the very general freedom from mildew of grape vines in the vicinity of this volcano and in the course of time demonstrated that sulphur was the effective agent. Crude dusting machines were constructed and were in limited use in European vineyards when liordeaiix mixture was discovered. Bordeaux proved so effective for a wide range of diseases, most of which had never been controlled before, that it si)rang into great popularity and most of the energy expended in the study of disease control was devoted to perfecting a l^)or(leaux formula anrl to flevis- ing means of making satisfactory applications. The dry method never lost poi)ularity as a means of controlling the vine mildew^ but for such diseases as black rot and downy mildew of the grape, Bor- deaux mixture is almost universally used, thus indicating in a way that sulphur dusting has not proved effective in combating these diseases. The difficulties of making a thorough application of spray led certain Americans to try reducing Bordeaux to a fine powder so that it might be applied dry to plants by means of a dust gun. The t t . is^— 1.. l^.V wx . m. PI o '■■ 88 with fruit from orchards that were well cared for properly picked and packed, but bad results with fruit froui orchards that have been neiilected and poorly packed. . . The crop of peaJhis in the season of u>.3 was .|U..c ars^c a .1 l,anl to nutrket at satisfactory prices We sh.p,>ecl from ^'^^^^l^ station fortv to rtftv cars. The fnnt loa.le.l ni these cars xyas snp- plied 1.V fifteen to'tv.enty growers, each j;roNver packm- h,s own fruit 'The diflerence of opinion as to yrachnji is what cansc.l the urincinal trouhle and made it hariO we decided to trv to overcome n-regtdar gradn g In ha - im all the fruit haule.l and packed at a central packmg house. !.. lis wav we were able to establish standard grades and to secme ost siisfactorv prices, especially for those who gave the propel L entio to g mi. g and bar'vesting. Therefore. 1 wottl.l reco.uunettd Z cZ4l ^.acking house, especially in sections where there ate numerous small orchards. rcciiclusion will state that proper attent.on given to growmg. harvesting and juicking assists to a great extent in marketing. (). Did vou ever hold peaches in coi.l storage.' Ans Ti^is vear was our first experience. \\ e ha. tw< cai> cent's a bushel more than we were offered for them m, arrival. y. What was the cost of storage .- \n-;. 1 do not remember. . . , (.). What variety woidd yon suggest i)lantmg in this locahty with tlnTthouirht of iiet'tiiiL'- awav from iClbertas.-' VnTj will not make a suggestion. However, it were plauting^ „ne hun.lred acres. I w.nil.l plant ninety acres to lUberta anc in N « York to control curl by fall treatment, and the two >eais that we 1 a 1 ext,eriments in the orchard, we treated half a block in the fall ami the olher half in the spring, and the fall treated trees have come through with less curl. '^f^ I i 89 Fr... _'. l)r.-Ti.\(. — A R.\i'ii» Tkcckss. The plioto.urapli shows how very larjie old trees are treated. The outlet pipe is moved sh)wly up aud d(.wn and the team walks at a l)risk jiace. This particular luihlwin tree is unusuallx hiri^e and lias l)()rne twent\ harrefs of ai)ples. (Courtesx of Cornell Uni\ersity. ) Dusting, a Rapid Method of Protecting the Apple Orchard. DoxAi.i) l\i;i)i)iCK, I^rofcssor of riuiit I\U}i()loi:;\\ Cornell rnirrrsity. r.ono- before the si)ra\inL;- machine was invented, old X'esuvius served as a natiu'al protector of ])lants 1)\ distilliu!^- sid])hiu* winch, on cooling* in the air, condensed imd settled on the vegetation for miles around. Certain observers noted the vers ,L;eneral freedom from mildew of »4Ta])e vines in the vicinit\- of this volcano and in the course of time demonstrated that std])liur was the effective ai^ent. Crude dustiniL;" machines were constrticted and were in limited use in luu*oi)ean vineyards when liordeaux mi.xttu'e was discovered, liordeanx ])rove(l so effective for a wide ran^e of diseases, mc^st of which had never been controlled before, that it s])rano iuto jL^reat ])0])idarity and most of the eneroy expended in the stu(l\- of disease control was devoted to perfecting" a liordeaux fornn-la aufl to devis- ini>- means of making- satisfactory ai)])licati()ns. The (lr\- method never lost ])()pidarity as a means of controllino- the vine mildew btit for such diseases as black rot and downy mildew of the ora|>e. lior- deaux mixtiu'e is almost universally used, thus indicatino- in a wa\ that stdnhiu* dustintatoes. , ,, , In recent years, however, it has seemed well to take up again a consideration of dusting, particularly with reference to apple diseases^ and insects. In the first place, and most imiiprtant, very many truit erowers have specialized in api)les to such an extent that they now find it exceedingly difficult to take care of their orchards i)roperly, largely because the operation of spraying requires so much time, ^nd manv growers have found to their sorrow that the mere ap- plication of a certain sprav material does not insure perfect fruit by any means, but that the date of application is exceedingly important. Indeed it has been found repeatedly in New York that, on the 91 Fig 3. Dusting a Baldwin Tree. This is the same tree as is shown in Fig. 1. and t'"\l'''"to8raph was taken just as soon after that in Fig. i as the camera operator could turn up an other film. Note that the cloud of dust apparent in Hg. ^^^ ? "^^f^^. spread through the tree so that it makes no apprecial le effect in this pno ograph Note also that the highest part of. this tree >asl'een covered and that t^lie operator is now direcUng his attention to the "^'l ''^IV (Cour- dust is driven nearly through the tree, which spreads al.out forty feet. (>-our tesy of Cornell University ) average, there are only about four days each time when the treat- ments can be applied effectively, an.l at times the interval is even less It was the pur])ose of the address this morning to develop the explanation of this condition and the remarks made at that time should be borne in mind in this connection. The second important reason for trying the dust again, lay in the fact that since the time when dusting had been condemned as in- efficient both the fungicide and insecticide commonly used m the orchard' had changed, the effective fungicide changing from copper to sulphur and the stomach poison from pans green to arsenate of lead In the meantime also, sulphur had been produced in a very mucii finer condition than had previously existed commercially. In all of the experiments performed in New York a very finely ground flour sulphur has been used. It is so fine that more than 90 Ki(,. 1. DrsTiM. A Imi TV-N'i;\u-( »i.i> li.M.i'W IN 'PkkK Tlu' ijliotn-ira])!! sliows liow tlic (lust si)rc'a carncc 1 (111 tlic \va uon. ( C (»iirtcs> () f Cornell rnivcrsity. ) nic lliod sc'cMiied to have va lit hic and uaiiH'd sonic i)oi)iilai it\ , l)i:l when tested inihed [IS a sprax Tl Its a> did the same materials in hcpiid torm tests were ])er formed with u' most extensive [i])])les and ])()tatoes In recent vears however, it has seemed well to take up aL;ain a consK leratioii of diistin--, particularly with reference to a])] led iseases ;in( 1 insects, in the hrst i)lace, and most inii)ortant, very man\ fruit o rowers have s])ecia hnd it excee( lized in ai>i)les to such an extent that they now lin'dv difticiilt to take care of their orchards i)roperly lar^'elv hecanse the operation ot sprayin-- re(|nires o much time. And manv «;rower have t'onnd to dieir sorrow that the mere a])- anv means, laterial doe- not insure i)erfect tritit by hilt that the date of ai)plicalion is exceedin-ly important. \'(»rk that, on tlu ])lication of a certam spray n indeed it has ])een found rei)eate(lly in Aew X fiillv executed exi)eriments dem- -n 91 Fig 3. DrsTixr. a P.ai.i>win TrE^ This is the saiiu- tree as is shown ni iMii. I. and this photo.Liraph was taken just as soo other lilni. n after that in Ims^. i as the came ra operator conUl turn uj) an Xote that the cloud «)f dust api)are n I in \'\ix. I has already spread throu.Li to.^rap h the tree so that it makes no ai)preci h X.iu- also thai the hiiihest part of this tree has heen coyerec lirectiim hi> attention to the lowyr l)ranches that the operator is now ( ahle etYect in this pho- 1 and The dust is driven near Iv through the tree, which spreac Is ahont forty feet. (Cour- tcsv of Cornell I'liiverMty ) [iverau'c there are oiilv about four days eac ;h time when the treat- ments can 1)e a])]) 1 n lied elTectivelv. and at times the interval is eve "ss this niorniniL; to develo]) the rks made at that time ess. It was the i)uri)ose ot the add'-e. . 'xolanation of this condition and the rema I . • 1 • .1' . A ' diould be borne in i niiid in this connection The second important reason f(u- trNiiii:- the dust a.^ain, lay in ilie .V fact that since the time w hen dusting- had been condemned as in :1 )nly used in the 1 Vhe etTective fun.^icide chaiii^ini;- from copper riicient, both the fungicide and insecticide C()mm rchard luid chanL;e( orcnaro niio ciumj^'^o, m^ v..vv..,v .v.....^..- -- to sulphur and the stomach i)()isnu trom pans -feen to arsenate of lead. In the mean time also, sulphur had been ])roduce(l in a verv much tiner coi idition than had i)reviously exi ted, commercianv 111 all {»f the ex])eriments ])ertor •me( 1 in New York a very <»roun( 1 Hour siili)hur has been uset 1. it i s so fine that more finely than INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE kJ c\ /-% 92 ninetv-five ner cent, will pass a screen having two hundred meshes o the inch 'The arsenatl of lead used has been the so-called fluify voe and was exceedin<^lv fine. It has seemed that ,f the mdivulual S-Hcles o the dust mixture were fine enough they Nvonld adhere o tie sui face of fruit and foHage in exactly the same way that the snrav materials adhere there, the dew at night furmshmg sufficient Su"e to s!n,?,iate the condition of applying the matenals as a '^'in^'the experimental work, which has covered a period of five vearsairlv large blocks of trees in some of the best orchards of westeVn New Y^ork have been used. One block of trees has been kft untreated, another block has been sprayed by the owners, and a third block (listed by the experimenters. Large gasolme-dr.ven sprayers have been used and in practically all cases the .dusters have been driven with gasoline engine also. In such experiments it has bee necel^ary tof.ake the applications at all hours in the day and without regard to direction or amount of wind. 1 his is not good pracdce commerciallv because the trees must be treated rom bo h Ss and the preferable method of applying dust is to drive with the whul and into it. There are men who can spray against the wJi/b f it s imposs ble to blow dust against the wind. It may seem Scid to reach the tops of high trees with a dust mixture, bu m S e exoeriments it developed that the tops of the trees were better protect«l tS the low-hanging limbs, whereas just the opposite con- (Htion iisuallv exists with spraying , . • -.^^ A mass of^ data has been accumulated on dusting in conipanson wi(l. snravin- The experimental data are published in bu letins : the Cor "n University Agricultural Experiment Station and need not be .luplicated here.' The grower is not so much -nterested m "he experiments as in the practical results and these may be sifted out and stated in a few words and summarization tables. TABI F . Comparative Tests to Show the Relative Vai-uEoe Spraying 'and Dusting for the Control of the Apple 6cab Disease^ 93 ■ AINU iv«^w»i»*'" » .... , Variety Year Percentage of apples infected with scab H Untreated trees Sprayed trees Dusted trees ^^1 piir^rl*! Tclanrl Oreeninsf igi2 1913 1914 9. 80. 34. • 7 .1 ^^^^^^^H jviiocie loidin-i ^" * \.iiii»f. 21. 7. 33' ^^I^^^H T^Ur^Ao Tctaiifl rireeninfif ^^^^^^^H j\no(ie isidim VII t*_iiin*s . . . • M ^I^^H Baldwin 4. ^^^^1 AToi^on Rliicll 1915 1915 1915 22. 78. 17. T. I. 2. T. ^^^^I^H iviaiuen rjiujsii • TDU^/^1^ Toloiirl r^rpptiinc" • • 7- ^^^^^H Knocie isianu oiccinng I. ^^^^1 jjaiciwin ■ ^^ TABLE 2 C0MPAR..T1VE Tests Which Show the Relative Value of Spray- TABLt- 2. N^OMPA^R^ D„s,„j,G KOR THE CONTROL OF CoDLING MoTH Variety Year Rhode Island Greening Percentage of apples infested by codling moth Rhode Island Greening Tompkins King 1912 1913 1913 Untreated trees 37 Sprayed trees Dusted trees Baldwin Baldwin Rhode Island Greening Twentv-Ounce 1915 191.S 191S 1915 12. 20. 29. 16. 16. 16. 6. 1.4 7. I. .4 II. 8. 3. 8. 5. 3- 2. 3- In Tables i and 2 will be founrl a record of the percentages of scabbv and wormv apples in those experiments where conditions r^ade a te possible. \n Table 3 is shown the percentage o apples ^ree from pVeventable blemishes and from the commercial stand- point this table is of .greatest interest. It should be noted howeve, that the percentages indicated do not necessarily represent market- abk apples, since a small .^reen apple might be entirely free from blemish and thus fall in this lot. TiMK Factor. Dusting is usuallv regarded as a rapid process and the peat sav- ing in time is the' feature making the strongest appeal to arge growers. The experiments show a wide variation in the re ative Le required to spray and to dust a block of trees, depending chiefly upon the degree of perfection of the spraying equipment. In some orchards trees were dusted four times as fast as they could be sp ay d an 1 n others ten times as fast. It should be noted that tliis sfatement refers only to the actual appl cation and makes no allow- ance for time required in driving to filling station and in filling le tank This often requires as long or longer than to empty the taiiL With the dust method enough material for a half-day s use may be taken to the orchard at once. DlSE.XSE CONTROI,. c^cvn (Caused bv Ventima imcqualis). The disease of greatest imnortance in all the apple work has been scab. It will be noted fZTTable " that the disease may be very abundant on untreated 94 'iooJrBimxi?'"(Caused by F/n.//uc.ra pcni.cua). (),.e season .ootv Wo ch wa ■ verv abi,ner 100 arison r he basis of what it was possible to accomplish from a commercial stan.lpoint by the rapid dust method as fPl'^^ed the sC sorav metho V. CO Untreated, Sprayed, Dusted, 63 iO 64 51 71 30 27 *Particular attention is directed to the poor ^^^^^l^^^^" Sv''Sai'll!(^e tion before treatments were made. 96 1915. o G 8 o /'-^ 0 (/i X . s ^-» o^ ^ c i^S ^ a; a; in 1 PS^w 1 ^^ -a «> »— ^ u c^ '• CQ bc C c Untreated, Sprayed, Dusted A, 50 80 82 61 83 8; 49 53 64 8 7^^ 68 Dusted B, 85 8; 58 65 so 37 29 87 1 77 7(^ 74 73 , 74 ^,2 84 67 In creneral it mav be said that if the early Rrowin- season is very arlfled for the early treatments unless needed. Tmt as a? as possible treatments were ma.le just before penods nf^rahw weather The reason for this is evident from the state- emrmad:t:where in this report ^he dj,st n.xture must^^ Q^t nn the trees throui^h such penods else it fails in the criiuai le. l Sosed on e'erv substance used as a preventive of fundus disease . ^^me cases of very poor control were directly attributable to a fail- f^Ho^^aL^ti^telV applications iust as ^ ^^ ^:^ ttl western New York were seriously marred with scab because treai ments could not be made at the critical time. Amounts 01^ Material. The amount of material to use per tree varies w^t^^ jlie >r^ ^ ranges from iVa to 2y2 pounds per tree. In order to distribute this S^^ZniCcr tree and take advantage of the full possibilities of iTedusiTci process the team must walk at a brisk pace. t will be noted thartle condition of the day and the presence or absence of Lsem^^^^^ make a ^reat difference in the flowing qualities ofX m xtme^ These are thin.^s that are cpiickly learned from ex- ner ence It will be seen that at times pure sulphur very hnelv eroiind C ^used a o hers it mav be sli.^htly diluted with hydrated lime Sthat when insects suscepiible to treatment with a stomach poison 97 are involved, powdered arsenate of lead should be added to make ten per cent.' by weight or for the calyx treatment perhaps enough to make 15 per cent. iDy weight. Mixing of Materials. Dusting mixtures are prepared and offered for sale by a number of manufacturers. There is no reason why the grower should not compound his own materials and thus make up just the mixture he needs. The good orchardist knows whether it is necessary to in- clude lead arsenate in the mixture. If the poison is unnecessary it need not be added and thus the cost of the expensive ingredient is saved. The compounding of materials is very simple and is easily and quicklv done. In order to secure satisfactory results a com- bined siftiiW and mixing machine should be used. The first cost of such a machine may seem large but it is quickly balanced by the saving in expensive materials. In purchasing sulphur for dusting it is to be noted that neither the ordinary flour sulphur nor flowers of sulphur is fine enough for the purpose. Special dusting sulphur guaranteed to be so fine that at least 95 per cent, will j^iass a screen having 200 meshes to the inch is required. Likewise in selecting arsenate of lead for dusting a kind should be secured that is exceedingly fine and free from grit. Cost or Dustino. There seems to be a very general opinion that dusting is much less exi^ensive than spraving. ' Perhaps this is due to the dift'erence in bulk but it should be 'remembered that w^ater is usually inexpen- sive, and furthermore, when bulk is considered the enormous volume of air em])love(l needs to be taken into account. The experiments show that in' outlay of money, dusting is as expensive as spraying. The materials are more expensive because dusting is a wasteful process, but the saving in time just about balances the account. There must be credited to the account of dusting two items not easily reckoned. In the first ])lace dusting makes possible effective treatment on a large area and the increase in marketable fruit ac- ,6ruing from timely at:)plication is to be credited. Also the value of using teams and men at a busy time of year for other important work is a credit account. Diseases oe Other Crops. Sulphur-dust mixtures have been tested by Dr. V. 11. Stewart and others for a varietv of diseases on a variety of horticultural crops, including yellow^ leaf or shot hole of plum and cherry, foliage diseases of currants and gooseberries, peach scab, brown rot and mildew, and so forth, and have proved effective. Dry Contact Insecticides. The possibilitv of killing scale insects and aphides naturally arises. Apparentlv no announcements have been made by entomologists on the subject but work is in progress in wdiich a number of materials including deliquescing substances and snuff are being tested. 7 ^m. 98 Discussion. ;if^jH/7^r— Were any tests made by using copper? n^!Lvr Yes that is a matter of history. This dust prop- suf^ur solution can be .controlled with the su^hur ch.st. .a^enflffofdusing is ^-ter than for spra>.n^^^^^^^^ from five to ten times as many trees with dust as the be^t iNev\ growers can with their spray, so when you figure the item of labor ''^f:::^::^^ul^Zclto:^^ can be covered on any average in a %^'RMkk--Our blocks rarely have more than lOO trees in then. I s^ouYd think we could cover thirty acres. The team works right 'If^Xr-^DoTou'lJaTs dust both sides of the t,.es ? D. k.5rftvi -We dust both sides of the trees. I do not beheve thev could be covered from one side. ;,u ,i„ct nn , reaches? ilember.—U2ive you tried any experiments with lust on I eaches Dr Reddick.-Vjl tried a good many times bu have so httle ro nrdinarilv and so little black spot that we did not get yerv far. 1 saw ^' expe iment tried, simply two rows across an orchard, where a^iSe treatment had made a difference of 40 per cent, to 50 per cent on black spot (Cladosporinm carpoplnlum) on the fruit. Af^uihpr Have vou tried tobacco dust? nrReddick -Yes Prof. Crosby, of the experiment station, has beai dusting for a^his and pear psylla with tobacco dust the past ^^^Tr^pmhcr —Do vou always drive against the wind? I); 7?SrftV^-Ag^ and with the wind. Tf the wmd is from the north drfve nofth and south in the row, then the dust does not ^^"^L'll.J^-Would vou attempt to cover one of those large Bald- "'^;TJS "n^ t do not believe it can be done but we can cofer iSre than half the tree from one side, then wait for the wind to change and cover more than half the other side^ Member— You are referring to the large New York State trees ^ Dr Reddick -T never had small trees to work with and am not sure how it might work. I question whether you can cover any- thing but low trees with treatment from one side. A well arranged and well equipped kitchen, New Rochelle. N. Y. Arrangement and Equipment of the Kitchen. Miss M. J. Nkwcomb, Home Economics Extension, Pennsylvania State Collci^c, State College, Pa. Taylor in his book entitled ''Scientific Management," makes this statement : ''Every single action of every workman can be reduced to a science." Ihisiness men everywhere are working on this basis. If a businesses being planned, first there is a consideration of the plant The building or room is made or selected to best suit the needs of that particular business. Then the best equipment in furni- ture and tools is selected— the particular kind necessary to carry on the work to be done. Next the equipment is arranged for time and energy saving, and last but by no means least workmen are selected who' have studied their problem and know how to conserve time and energy, thus insuring an efficient and profitable performance of their duties. .If While this study of ecfuipment and operation has gone on tor years in the business world, our attempts to apply the same principles to the business of the home are but recent. In the matter of the equipment and arrangement of our kitchens we are far behind. Many are equipped much as they were in our grandmother's time, when the kitchen was a workshop for the doing of many kinds of work that have long since been taken from the home. . t . r • We have not looked upon our homekeeping as a profession re- quiring the finest quality of thought and scientific study. 99 98 Discussion. ir.,,./,.,,-_\Verc anv tests made by usino- copper? ? ./-./a-l'lN-es; that is a n.atter oV"^*"-"to t'lV Konlc=: u^ ,.iUon was up fifteen vears a,. , . ;-;^f-V'to te t.e ^^^^1 :;;;s;'^,s^tS:^^Ste^;i.^Ss^t;.-:^jS in th^^na.^ v^;^ it .li)r- /i!'S/'?-Our blocks rarelv have more than .oo trees in them I Sould tlunk we could cover thirty acres. The teant works rtght ^''1S.:;}:;; -n::"ou'aiwav; .h,st both sides of the trees ^ nrtluicL-^ dust- both sides of the trees. 1 do not bebeve thev could be covered from one side. i„ < ,>„ ,w-icbes' U<-;///'.T- 1 lave vou tried anv expernnents wUh du>t on 1>^. hc^. ■ ,; li/rA-.-We trie,l a good many tintes but have so htt e ,o „,.,i„arilv an.l so little black spot that we ' '^V''' nwmlr rd w lure saw an experiment trie.l. s.m,.ly two rows ac.o» an "' -^ • ^ '^^'J '. lin-de treatment ba P^'-" cent, to ,o per Je.U on black spot , C 7„ beJ^clns;!;!;; fc>r apbls and pear psylla witb t<>l>aca, S-Wc>nld vou attempt to cover one of tbose hn-^e l^ald- cover more tlian balf tbe tree from one aviiiL'-. and last but by no means least workmen are selected wboliave studied ibeir i)rol)lem and know bow to conserve liuK- and energy, tbus iiisuriuo- an efficient and profitable performance of ibeir duties. Wbile tbis ^tu.dv of e(|uipnient and openilion lias L':one on tor year^' in tbe business world, our attemiUs to ai)])ly tbe same principles to tbe business of tbe boiiie are but recent. In tbe matter of tbe e(|uii)meiit and arraii^enieul of our kil'dieiis we are far beliind. Manv are e(|uii)i)e(l iiiucli as tbey were in our <.raiidniotber*s time, wbeii tbe kitcben was a worksbop tor tbe doin.n of many kinds of work tbat bave Ion-- since been taken Ironi tbe liome. , . ^ . We bave not looked upon our boiiiekeei)in.*r-'.««c4| lOI tiMiN6' Room TABIE ' / V ' J1 f v\* S>WK IT. Showing rearrangement of furniture indicated in Fig. I '^'^™.jf^'"^% by concentrating working space. Unoccupied .space is along outside walls where it may be used for other purposes. it out for ourselves. There are some fundamental things, however, and many suggestions which we may be able to adajit. The size must be governed of course by the amount of work to be done. For an average family, 9x12 feet is considered a good size, and a kitchen which is oblong rather than square is best for ^"tiT Kon ofthe kitchen should be carefully studied in relation to all parts of the house, but to the dining room and store closets in narticltlar. A pantry or cupboard can often be bu.lt between kitchen and dining room, thus bringing these three in very close relation Lighting and ventilation go hand in hand and are mos nnportan in oitr kitchens. A large amount of time must necessarily be spen in the kitchen and just as we must give our plants plenty of light and air if they are to be sturdy and efficient in their hue, so we f we are to do good work, must have a light and atry workroon . The placing of windows must be carefully worked out, as it is quite pos- Se to so arrange them that there is no wal space for placing f irniture With one good sized window the ordinary distance from leTor it is possible^o place the others high, put a transom m-er the door and thus give extra light from above and provide for sttffi- "The'Tadgtay paint which we often see on kitchens.is most de- nressing to a worker, just as the ugly bright b ue, sometimes seen ,s frriSg Walls and ceiling should be light in color and restful m tone a' soft tan in the flat finish paint meets these requirements. 102 Table Too Low, Requiring Worker to Stand in Bent. Uncomfortable Position. Fig. 2, I . . , The flat finish paint withont rIoss is much more restful than the ^' 'n^Uudi^en floor'is a much .lehated question. Some of us have a nine lk.or to be treated. This can be painted with deck pan t of a m X m brown color and be very ^^^isfactory The hanhvood floor w nf ronrse durable, most sanitary and easy to care tor, mt many peoplerd it hard to'work upon. Strips of rubber mattmg are found 103 sjU*' Fio. 1 -Work Table of Correct Height. Allowing Worker TO Stand in Easy, Natural Position. very helpful on these hard floors .f put down where the moft walking Ind standing are done. The most satisfactory all round floor for ?he kitchen is one covered with linoleum-easy to keep clean and much easier to work upon because of its slight springiness. Lm- o"eum can be bought in various widths and unless the kitchen .8 of very unusual size and shape the floor can be covered with one piece, I02 I03 F,r, 2 -Table Too Low, REQO.mNC Worker to Stand in Bent, Uncomfortable Position^ '11,0 Hat f.nish paint with-mt -loss is much nturc n.>tf.,l than the "' t£ kS:;': 'Sf is a .nuch .U.hatc.1 ..t.stion. S.,nu- .f us h=.e , , to he treatcl. This catt he ,.aiute,l wUh .leek pa.nt .... ; , ,„ ,,,„,,t c-.lor au.! he very sat,s.act..ry. 1 he •^•''•;'-; ' > ' 1,1 e...use .iurahle. ui..st sauitarv an.l easy t.. care f -i . hut nans pe,.;!). hn.l it har.l to vv..rk up.-.,. Strips ..f ruhhcr u.attu,. are f.-uu.l FlQ. 1 .— L Work Table of Correct Height, Allowing Worker to Stand in Easy, Natural Position. J verv helpful .m these har.l ll..ors if put .U.wu where the nu.st wa,k,u<,r \m sta lulinu- are .U.ue. The uiost sat.sfactory all round Hoor f..r Se kitchen is ..ue covered with liuoleum-easy to keep clean and m.ch easier to work upo.t because of its shght sp,r.n<,n„ess. Lin- ct, n can he hot.ght in variotts widths an.l unless the kuchen .R of ver um.sual size and shape the ll.K.r can be covered w.th one p.ece. I04 Retfrinfcd from I iu- HcahMul Purmhouse.' fey Hrten Pad Whilcomih & Harrou-s d. through ihn courtety uf the publishers. Well planned farm kitchenette. Sink close to stove Slide connecting with dining-room above dram hoard thus funiishincr no cracks for the collection of dust. Then -t c;in be brought up on the side wall and finished with a wood strip, thus doiue away with the crack at the foot of the baseboard. The furniture and tools in the kitchen should be selected with jus as much careful thought as is used in equippuienient of tin c(|Ui])nient a s tudv should he made of the i)r()ce>sc to 1 K' carrie 1 on tl le or( Icr in which they c [\u most efhcien llv he carried on. and the hcst and most convenient -roupnii; o f furniture and tools \r,v ine avini>- of tune an( 1 cner<'v in the liousekeeumL'- p.rocessc 1 n everv kitchen there are certam i)r()cesses re(|un-mo- c (|uii)ment. There must he a i)lace for i)rei)an n t» food. [\ i)lace h»r cookini;-, a ])lace for serynii;- storini; sni)i)lies Ihc food, a i)lace for cleanino- up, ;iud a ])lace tor The e(|ui|)ment for each of these i)rocesses sliouhi be <)ToUi)e(l toi^ether tor energy savmi think of havm ( ) his work bench on oi \ cari)enter would never le side of the room, a drawer holdinu' his hammer across tlie roon II and his nads m a cui)boar( 1 ni another room. she often ^oes to a cup ^'et when a housekeei)er i^oes to make a cti]) nt tea board in the dininj^- room for her tea])ot, a trv for her tea. to the sink tor water anc \\ ■u])hoard in the pan •here else for a s])oon and cu]). I his i 1 som;*- ear for the sim])le i)rocess of makini:- tea when a s lueans w li alkin«j- miles in a ;helf over the sniK 1> nil (> ht h.old all the e(|Uii)ment necessary Tools and utens ils should not be shut away i n drawers and cu])- boards to be hunted tor when ne 'eded. but arrani^ed in plain si lidit Hiiih-in kiiclun calmui. miliziim wall space to ar stora;^*.- "f iU]»l)lK'S. I»rca. estions, we stud\- our indixidual kilcher )r()l)iems, we ca.n eac h work out our own model kilchcn This little service wasioii will carry an entire tnea 1 from kitchen to dinin:^ room a Can he pnrc t one trip, and another trip later cleans the tahle. >avinii many step; liased with a third tray helow. if desired •^Hfflb* Fig. I. (Courtesy of Pennsylvania State College.) Girls' Clubs— What They Signify and How Organized. ^riss ^\. J. Xkwcomp., Home Economics Extension, Pennsylvania State CoIlei!:e, State Colle^^e, Pa. Not many years since, home and home work were looked upon with something- of contempt, and our women and girls were seeking for something elsewhere hecause of this wrong thought. We are now realizing that there is no profession so fine — none calling for such iiueness of character and hreadth of training. The scienc'e of home-keeping has been carefully studied and nuich scien- tific knowledge accumulated. In many ])laces the schools and col- leges are establishing courses for giving this accumulation of knowl- edge to our girls. . . There are manv j^laces, however, wdiere no such i)rovision has been made for the girls, and there are many women busy in their homes who cannot go into institutions of learning to get this knowl- edge. The Home Economics Extension Department at State Col- lege is organized to help such women and girls to get the informa- tion which they need and are seeking. Now this work is not just cooking and sewing. Most women who have kept a home know how to cook, but many have had no oppor- tunitv for learning the needs of the body and what foods meet those needs ; how to best combine foods which make for the greatest efifi- ciency of the body ; or how to select foods and make substitutions. io6 107 Fig. 2. (Courtesy of Pennsylvania State College.) ^tost women know how to sew so far as making stitches is con- cerned but they need more knowledge along the broader clothing lines. The hygienic requirements of clothes; how to select mate- rials; how to select garments suited to different figures; how to judge of the quality of readv-made garments, as well as how to make the money available for clothing the family, serve the needs most efficiently. , 1 • • Our girls need to be taught all these things from the beginning. Our work in clubs, or in groups of women and girls, is planned to teach these things. . We have, for the girls, l'>read Making, Canning and Sewing Clubs. We liave groups of women studying Food X'alues and Food Prep- aration, Canning and Preserving, the^Making of Children's Clothing, and the Use of the Commercial Pattern in the making of House Dresses and I'nderwear. . The purposes of these clubs are threefold, although we consider the first two of the greatest importance at the present time. First — Educational. To teach the value of cooperation, business methods, organization, to create a right attitude toward the home and home work ; to teach the value of fruits and vegetables in the diet ; to teach the value of other foods and their uses in the body ; to teach selection of foods and proper substitutions; to teach values in clothing materials and proper materials for different uses ; to give the right thought of gar- ments from the hygienic, ethical and economic standpoint ; to teach garment construction. 107 I'ii:. 1. ( L'(mrto<\ of IVnnsxlvania State Cnlk-.uc. ) Girls' Clubs— What They Signify and How Organized. Miss M. j. Xkwcomi'.. Home liconoiuics li.vtciisiou, rcmisylrania Stale Lollci^c, Stale L'ollej^e, l\i. Xol many vcars since, lionic and li< .nu- work wctc looked tii)on with somclhiii!^- of conlcnipl. and ottr women and -ir1> were -eekin.i:- for si.melliinL: elsewhere keean-e of lliis wroni: llioiiulu. We ai-e now feali/in^" thai there is no profession >o tine- ncjiie eallini;- for such tiuene-s of character and hreadth of trainini^-. Tiie science of home-kee])ino- has heen careftilly ])een made for the .Liirls. and there are many women htisv m then- homes who cannot lio into instittitions of learnin- to -ct this kiK^w - ed.^e. 'Hie Home I'.conomic- l\xtension I)ei)aitmenl at Slate Col- leiie is or.ii-anized to hel]) such women and -irl- to -et the informa- tion whicii thev need and are seekinii-. Xow this work is not just cookin-- and >ewin--. Most women who have ke])t a home knowhow to cook, hut many have had no oi)l)or- tunity for learninj;- the needs of the i)ody and what fcxKls meet those needs; how to best combine foods which make for the greatest etii- ciencv'of the bodv ; or how to select foods and make suhstUutions. I'iii. 1. (Courtesy of i't'iinsyhaiiia Stati' C()lk'i4e. ) Most women know how to sew so far as makino- stitches is con- cerned hut thev need more knowled.^e aloni; the broader clotliin.i;- lines. The hviiieiiic re(|uirements of clothes; how to select mate- rials; how to select oarmeiits suited to ditYerent tii^aires ; how to judi;e of the (juaiitv of ready-made ^iarments, as well as how to make the^'money available for clotliin<; the family, serve the neeck most c-rVicientlv. , , • • ( )ur ^irls wk^^A to l;e taui^ht all these things from the be.^inniik^\ ( )ur ui^rk in clubs, or in ^roups of women and j^irls, is planned to teach these things. We have, for the -irl<, Ih'ead MakiiiiL;-, Caiimii-- and Sewm-- C Itibs. We h.ave i;roui)S of women stud}ini;- 1m)0(1 \ alues and h'ood Tre])- aration. Canning and I'leservino", the Makino- of Children's Clolhin--. and the Tse of the Commerci.d i\attern in the makin])eration. business methods, ori^anizatioii, to create a ri^ht attitude tovvard the home and home work; to teach the value of "fruits and ve-etables in the diet; to teach the value of olher foods and their uses in the bodv; to teach selection of foods •111(1 proper substitutions; to teach vaUies in cl()tliin:ht of ^-ar- lueiits from the hv-ienic, ethical and economic slaiulpotnt ; to leach Liarmeiit construction. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE io8 Fir- 3- (Courtesy of Pennsylvania State College.) Skconi) — Economic. To teach the utihzation of farm procUicts, cannins the siirphis for winter use : to .*ow how hetter food can l)e provided for lower cost • to teach economv of hd)or in canning, in kitchen work, in gar- ment construction: to' emphasize the consideration of true values in buying foods, clothing materials and clothing. TjllKi) COMMKRCIAI,. This is the least important at the ])resem time as we have not yet worked out our economic problem in the home—earning by saving. We need to concentrate upon this point and realize that conserving time and energy, learning to kn^nv values and spend wisely is in- creasing the income. _ i i i „ The organization of clubs should be simple. 1 he club should have a name ; it should have a i)resi(lent and secretary-treasurer ; it should meet retrularly at least once each month. The members in the distinctlv girls' clubs should be between the aces of lo and i8 vears and the number should not be too large. Some clubs mav be organized, however, including both the mothers and the gir!s-a 'Mother-Daughter Club. Every club should have a local leader who will supervise the club and be responsible for the work in a general way. Hie members must feel a responsibility for their own Individual work for making the quality good and fimshing it UD in eood shape. . . The college will help in organization ; furnish outhnes of work to be done with detailed directions for doing ; give series of demon- strations, inspect work, judge of its value and give suggestions as to improvement. 109 A record of niemliers is kept at the extension office, consisting of cards filled out by the club members. This makes it possible for us to get in touch with members if necessary. In the women's work we often go to clubs already organized, meeting groups of women and giving series of demonstrations, sug- gesting lines of work, sending books, bulletins, and i)rinted lectures for use in food study and selection of clothing. In these ways mentioned we are working to helj) those who are seeking information in Home Economics. Students at State College, Pa., Doixo Practical Greenhouse Work. ■li^.t-^'.; .- '■■'. : . ■'" ■■:... ' io8 1(X) l''i«. ,?. (Courtesy of rcniis> h.uiia Stati- C'olU-iic. ) SlAtiNI) — luoNoMIC. To teach tlio utiHzalion of fann i)n.(lm-ts. canninj;- the surpliis tor winter u^^e : to sliow how better food can he provule.l tor lower o.sf lo teach econonn of labor in cannin-. in kuchen work, m -ar- nuMU constrnction: to" enij.hasize the consideration (,f irne vabies ni Imyins^- f Is. clothinj^' materials and clothnii;. 'pniKD — CnM.\n;uci.\i.. This is the least ini|)()rtant at the presera time as we have not yet worked ont nuv economic uroblem in the borne— earnni- by savniR. We need to concentrate npon this ))oint an.l realize that conservin.t,' time and ener-y. learnin- to kn-w values and spend wisely is ni- creasiny the income. , , , Tlu- organization of ch-l.s should be siini,le. I he club should have a name: it should have a president and secretary-treasurer; it si'.ould meet reyularlv at least once each monlh. , ,,, , ,, The members in the distiiictlv .girls' clubs should be between the •ins. su,£^- ^•estino- lines of work, sending;- lujoks. bulletins, and i)rinte(l lectures for use in food study ajid selection of clothing-. In these wavs meiitioned we are workini;- U) help those who are seekino- information in Home l\con()mics. SiiDKNTs AT vStatk C(H.m;«.i:, Pa., 1)'-)in(. Puacticai. ('.kkkxhousi: Wouk. o INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE no THE STRONGEST IS BEST THE BEST IS CHEAPEST The "REITER" Bolster Spring ADAMS COUNTY FRUIT RECORDS Shipments Over Gettysburg & Harrisburg R. R. 4 SEE THAT HANGER Withlhe "REITER" Bolster Spring on the American Farm Wagon You can haul or carry any and everything equal to any spring wagon and at one-half the cost W. C. REITER Sole Maker The "Reiter" Bolster Spring The Best in the World WAYNESBORO, PENNA. »4 o < . . 1-1 to ■ o 03 O rn u 03 u d' CO o o u CO c4 . ^^ 0-' ^' co« 3966 11174 1448 44370 74714 86454 79804 13 41 82 3 46 35 58 12 35 48 3 49 11 5 12 3 12 31 18 17 16 21 27 32 4 2 4 13 11 12 29 27 14 20 23 10 146 170 65 360 80 223 377 514 296 497 576 532 • ••• •••• •••• 4 1 6 1 6 • • • • • ' 12 3 2 1 2 2 5 '2 3 3Vi IV2 28 62 100 57 82 • • ' o •••• •••• • 4 .. 3 .. 3 .. 4 .. 3 2 18 6 5 7 »^ • • ^ • • • • % H .... % % .... 8 1 .... 32 H . . . . 44 % .... 22 % .... • •• •••• •• 8 5 12 1 1 1 > • • 1 47 35 56 39 ?6 57 9 76 34 19 16% 50 40 45 1 i 1 1 • • • • • • 2 1 4 17 2 5 20 130 1.38 3 9 4 9 7 3% 43 100 70 157 164 112 • •••••••< !••••••• >••••••• 3 5 • • • • •••• •••• •••• • ••• »••• •••• • »•• •••• • • • • • ' • •• ,■•••••••••••••••••• • •• •••• • ••••• • •• •••• ••••••••••• • •• ..•••••••••••••••••• • •• •••• • ••••• ,•» ♦#«••••••••••••••••• • ••• •••• • • • • < • • I • • • I • • < • • • • » • • • • • ■••••• ■•••••• •••••• • ••••• • • • I • • • • • • • • • • 24 bus. pears. • • • • • • • • •••••' >•*••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 8 5 5 3 9 1916 120312 3994 124.3.36 8:8 22V2 118% 2V2 199 I5V2 4 1 car cherries. 3 240 bks. plums, 650 bks. cherries. 4 9 14 5 cars cabbage. 10 7827 bks. plums, 2924 bks.cher'es, 6 cars cabbage. 16 14')45 lbs. cherries, 2 cars cabbage, 24 bus. pears. 8 114 115 Adams County Fruit Record — Continued Shipments Over Western Maryland R. R. OP p. a (0 JQ '^ Q. P. id CO . d .a pq d o CO cS CO CO rt 53^ 'S o; to <— ^ O CO CO CO 0 ^•^ CO g Is CO c6 ai ^^ ;5 p. a CO o eU O 0) -^ Oh . CO CO d to d© U P. a CO Other Shipments Virginia Mills, . Jack's Mountain, CROWN BRAND Signifies Superior Quality Goods Insure the safe arrival of your Fruit and Vegetables on the market, and add to their attractiveness, by using Crown Brand Goods Sole Distributor a p. READ, Inc 199 Duane St., N. Y. Orrtanna, McKnightstown, .1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 .1913 1914 1915 1916 .1903 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 .1903 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 Fairfield 1914 1915 1916 Other W. M. R. Stations west of Gettysburg, 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 320 8800 1620 326 1519 30 **'366 60 333 ""352 893 1653 1040 1418 164 3300 1062 3659 3177 2686 741 8216 7043 8412 12897 7784 8857 18722 3438 7895 2296 3393 1785 7724 14275 26297 4122 13000 11200 12583 12153 1317 615 2600 2342 1020 840 4045 3846 2798 154 4256 1273 "178 254 1155 251 2030 180O 2231 520 800 1404 "iiis "375 9120 1620 1845 30 • • • • • 300 60 333 352 2546 1040 1582 3300 1062 3659 5519 3706 1581 12261 10889 11710 13051 12040 8857 19995 3438 8073 2550 4548 2036 9754 16075 28528 4642 13000 12000 13987 12153 2435 615 2975 61 11 12 • • •••• •»•••••••••••• • • • • • • • • I • • • ' • ••••••••••• • »•••• •••• ••• 2 '2 4 .... 2 17 . 7 . 10 75 22 .. 7 .. 24 . 37 25 . 10 . 82 73 . 78 87 80 . 59 . 131 . 23 . 54 17 30 13 . 65 107 190 31 87 . • • • • • • • « • • ' • • • • ' bus. 13 bus. pears. 27 bus. pears. X • • • • "i 1 3 > • 1 5 2 % 32 33 56 86 2 2 o 50 bus. pears. % 2 80 93 81 16 4 20 1, X • • • • • • I 40 bus. pears 30 bus. peaches, 20 bus. pears. 1820 bus. pears. '/6 3 bus. pears. 15 bus. pears. r n\ 7^ I 328 . 328 745 618 1365 42 . 42 50 . 50 26 564 590 223 400 623 48 . • • • • • 48 56 . ■ • • • • 56 133 133 159 159 428 428 2 9 2 2 4 4 1^ 50 bus. pears. • • 1 1 .... 1 .... 3 94 bus. 1/^ t • • m •••• ••••••••< Also ALBION. N. Y. ii6 J. G. STOVER 117 Adams County Fruit Kecot A— Continued Shipments Over Western Maryland R. K,— Continued Both Phones ORCHARDS "MOUNTAIN VIEW •VLEARBROOK" "CRESTMONT" "PROSPECT" "EDGEWOOD" "FAIRDALE" "ARDEN" BENDERSVILLE, PA. a I APPLES PEACHES POTATOES 800 Acres in Orchard New Oxford, East Berlin, Llttlestown, Dillsburg, 1914 1915 1916 .1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 .1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 a> p. p. CO I— I w SI a xi CO CO M . c Ot-H d o CO cd CO CO 3 O CO ^^ CO CO g ^ CO (0 ^ .^ CO u CU o •••«••< • * • • • , •••• ••••••••••••••••• ii8 HiU Top Orchards Warehouse Company 119 Adams County Fruit Record— Continue^/ Total Fruit Marketed in County u •8 p. CO SI c "- Z P. P. .a CO CO 3 n d o CO rt Oi O < . CO C ^ CO /— ^ o a CO to s U5 CO eS a> . CO (ti cr to co« ed© •^ CO Co C(SS U 0. P. 6< Z Sj ca ^£ &o >^ CO CO ug 6< o CO other Shipments Manufacturers of LUMBER, LATH, SHINGLES STAVES AND HEADING APPLE BARRELS Total shipped, 1903 24206 4385 1905 25997 11228 1906 13742 4897 1907 42517 33165 1908 16553 2891 1909 35910 11296 1910 67219 20138 1911 104659 13686 1912 55599 6412 1913 97567 4120 1914 98267 19334 1915 102591 2852 28591 191 37225 248 18639 124 75682 504 19444 129 47206 314 87557 583 61^ 17 118345 789 10 3 62011 413 84 8 101687 677 351/^ 20 117601 783 19 132 105443 702 17^ 146 • ••> •••• 52 .... 38 .... 2 63 ... 1 40 ... 4 27 ... 3 10 4 7 3y4 43 100 70 189 197 168 5 8 5 5 3 9 1916 158639 6001 164640 1097 24 121 2»^ 285 151/2 4 3 4 11 16 12 16 Dealers in Orchard Tools and Supplies Spray Materials SUSQUEHANNA FERTILIZERS FLOUR, FEED, AND GENERAL MERCHANDISE Evaporated, 1903 Equal to 1905 1907 1908 " 1909 " 1910 1911 " 1912 " 1913 " 1914 1915 1916 Canned 1905 1907 " 1908 1909 1910 " 1911 " 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 Cider 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 " 1912 1913 1914 " 1915 " 1916 Total fruit, ..1903 24206 1905 25997 1906 13742 6647 6547 44 10670 10670 71 8333 8333 56 Car cherries. 5 cars cabbage. 7827 bks. plums. 2924 bks. cher'es. 28 bus. pears. 6 cars cabbage. 14545 lbs. cher- ries, 2 cars cabbage, 104 bus. pears. W- S. ADAMS, Propr. GARDNERS, PA. 1907 1908 1909 1910 42517 16553 35910 67219 1911 104659 1912 55599 1913 97567 1914 98267 1915 102591 1916 158639 46^6 8600 21750 5000 8933 9000 18405 15000 2400 10000 1673 12398 16700 25000 27108 42855 64300 53088 79000 9524 G670 5714 11120 12500 800O 9150 5958 17619 13903 10932 24298 4897 61022 11234 34074 56558 7293« 46520 65058 98592 91964 113904 4666 31 < • • • • • • • ••••• •••• ••• 8600 21750 5000 8933 9000 18405 15000 2400 10000 1673 12398 16700 25000 27108 42855 64300 53088 79000 9524 6670 5714 11120 12500 8000 9150 5958 17619 13903 35138 50295 18639 103539 27787 69984 123777 57 145 33 60 60 122 100 16 67 11 82 111 167 181 286 429 354 526 63 44 38 74 83 53 61 40 117 93 234 .335 124 690 185 465 825 61 V^ 177595 1184 10 102119 680 84 162625 1084 35^^ 196859 1309 19 194555 1297 17% 272543 1817 24 52 38 63 40 27 2 1 4 17 3 43 5 4 3 10 100 8 3 8 4 70 5 4 20 9% 189 5 11 132 7 197 3 16 5 cars cabbage. 146 ZM 168 9 12 6 cars cabbage. 121 2% 285 15% 16 I20 IT PA YS a TO BUY Electric Handy Wagons They Save UND, TEAM and MAN Wagons complete for spraying outfits, spe- cial trucks for orchard work, all kinds of trailer trucks, any capacity, and twenty other styles with any size of wheels. Electric Steel Wheels are also furnished to fit any wagon skein or axle, and you can re- place the wheels on your old gears and use them for sprayer trucks, hauling to the pack- ing house and for countless other purposes. Wagons with low wheels pass under the trees and do no damage. Wide tires do not rut the soil or hurt surface roots. Write for our catalog and it will solve your hauling problems. ELECTRIC WHEEL COMPANY Box 104. QUINCY, ILLINOIS 121 Comparison of Percentages Year a Xi a U u Oh o t p. > a; Oj o c a o c 9l 1903 70 1905, 52 1907 41 1909 ^] 1910 &4 1911 f. 1912. II 1913 60 1914 50 1915 53 1916 58 12 22 32 16 16 8 6 2V2 10 1»^ 2 18 . 26 . 8 7 7 12 5 51/^ 41/^ 6 • • • • 10 18 14 14 27 26V2 32V2 27 29 9 8 9 7 8 5^ 3 9 5 100 143 295 200 356 500 344 466 563 553 776 Arendtsville Planing Milb°J Barrel Factory p. S. ORNER, Prop.. Arendtsville, Pa. Manufacturing of Apple Barrels .nd Staves a Specialty Millwork of all Description and Lumber of all kinds PRICES LOW Call, 'Phone or Write - - Both 'Phones 122 Dodge Brothers Motor Cars,35H.P. Price, $785.00 F. O. B. DODGE BROTHERS, of Detroit, are old Forge and Ma- chine People, who have made in previous years all the vital parts of over two-fifths (2-5) of all the cars in the world. They were among the pioneers who discovered the secrets of Vanadium Steel, and thus eliminating heavy weight in Automobiles Weight is a thing of the past. Every pound of unnecessary weight you carry costs you dear for Tires and ^««; rroTHERS It is strength you want, not weight, DODGE BRO IH^K^ have accomplished this in their wonderful car, in producing the most flexible, easy riding, strong, light weight, "P-t«-da ^ Ca^ The highest grade in every detail. You can compare it with the best in the world ; it will stand the test. ... . , , . , The New 1917 DODGE Car has four (4) inches longer wheel base. Multiple Disc Clutch, more body room, front and rear, more engine power, more flexible, quieter and easy nding than before. It hasTimken Bearings throughout, Timken full floating Rear Axle. Finest silk mohair top. Very best leather "Pho^termg, stuffed with the best curled hair ; in fact every thing on a DODGE is of the finest and best that money and mechanical skill can put there. We challenge comparison wi_th any other make of car under $1,000 for fine finish and high grade quality. You be the judge It will run from 20 to 24 miles on every gallon of gasoline put in the tank on decent roads. The DODGE owner is a pleased AutomobiUst. For Sale by York's Oldest and Largest Automobile Dealers J. W. RICHLEY AUTO CO. YORK, PA. 237 E. Philadelphia Street ••• ••• The Staunch, Rugged, Refiable Buick With the long wearing qualities, powerful Overhead Valve Motor, the most economical fuel consumption records in motor- dom. With the strongest, most rigid under-frame combined with the best and most reliable full floating rear Axle, coupled with the finest tempered Canti-lever Springs, puts the BUICK in a class of its own, for easy riding, long wear and reliability. There is no car in the world at any where near the price of a BUICK that is as well built and finished near as fine. We invite the most critical to make the closest comparison. When you are through looking you will give the BUICK the preference. There are thousands of BUICK cars in the United States and Europe that have gone from 100,000 to 250,000 miles and still in use. Every BUICK ever built is good for over 100,000 miles. Why take a chance on something inferior. We challenge any- body to produce a worn-out BUICK motor. Prices range as follows : D-44 Light Six Roadster, D-45 Light Six Touring Car, D-46 Light Six Cabriolet, D-47 Light Six Sedan, - D-34 4-Cyl. Roadster, - D-35 4-Cyl. Touring Car, For Sale by York's Oldest and Largest Automolnle Dealers J. W. RICHLEY AUTO CO. $985.00 F. O. B. 1020.00 F. O. B. 1425.00 F. O. B. 1800 00 F. O. B. 650.00 F. O. B. 665.00 F. O. B. 237 E. Philadelphia Street ••• ••• YORK, PA. 124 HUDSON SUPER-SIX The car supreme. The car that has lowered all world records for stock Cars of every description and type, at any and all prices. For ENDURANCE, HILL CLIMBING, SPEED and RELIABILITY. The SUPER-SIX invention is but a few months old. It entered a field dis- puted and doubted. To-day it stands as the unquestioned monarch of motordom. The SUPER-SIX invention gave more than was claimed or sought for in other types of motors. Withcut adding cylinders, size or complications, greater power, more flexibility and— as proved in tests— an endurance such as was unknown to motor cars before was obtained. That is why it won every stock car record up to 100 miles. That is why it recorded a speed, with a stock chassis, as high as 102>^ miles per hour. It ran 1819 miles in 24 hours, exceeding the former stock car record by 52 per cent. It holds the record in the Pike's Peak hill-climb— the greatest hill-climbing event in all history — against 20 famous rivals. It won the occan-to-ocean record— San Francisco to New York— the most coveted American record. Then it did what no other car ever did— it turned around and went back across the continent in less time than any other car ever made the one-way run. The SUPER-SIX is the first car ever to make the round trip against time. No other car ever established such proof of endurance. It has never failed in any test. Now all concede the SUPER-SIX supremacy. Men bought HUDSON cars more than twice as fast as we built them. And now, in its first year, the SUPER-SIX has become the largest selling car in the world with a price above $1100. More than 21,000 are now in service. Phaeton, 7-paMenger, -$1650.00 Limousine, Roadster, 2-passenger, - 1650.00 Limousine Landaulet, Cabriolet, 3-passenger, - 1950.00 Town Car, Touring Sedan, - - 2175.00 Town Car Landaulet, . $2925.00 . 3025.00 - 2925.00 . 3025.00 For Sale by York's Oldest and Largest Automobile Dealers J. W. RICHLEY AUTO CO. 237 E. Philadelphia Street ••• ••• YORK, PA. L^li^c'' iM^mi^m,' 125 Trees Trees Trees We are located at the foot of the South Mountain, in the heart of the famous Adams County Fruit Belt. If you want good trees we have them. Hope to meet you at the Convention De- cember 13, 14, 15, 1916. List of varieties and prices on application. Mountain Valley Nurseries W. W. BOYER & BRO., Proprietors Gettysburg, R. D. Bell Phone 65.11 Adams Co., Pa. United Phone 18-0 The Pease Perfect Fruit Grader Grades Apples, Peaches, Pears, Etc., Accurately without bruising Instantly adjustable (rom 1 }i inches up, giving from 2 to 5 sizes AUTOMATIC FEED HAND POWER CAPACITY : Model 3—350 barrels per day Model 5—700 barrels per day F. B. PEASE CO., Rochester, N. Y. 126 127 Devote your time to the study of PRODUCTION and use the SELBY SERVICE to solve your Marketing Problem The Selby Produce Company Philadelphia SELBY SER VICE SA TISFIES "ELECTRO DRY" Arsenate of Lead Powder is the word to remember when you want to kill bugs. Obtain 98% perfect fruit and better by using "Electro" Spray Products Dust with "Micro" Kills insects and prevents fungus troubles Most economical and surest in results Ask for our ''Electro" folder Manufactured by The Vreeland Chemical Co. 50 CHURCH STREET NEW YORK CITY Distributed by Tyson Brothers Incorporated FLORA DALE, PA. I 128 sniiaaiaBiSisis WORK RIGHT UP TO YOUR TREES ^ /- u- of« ««fiV^ Qiirface between rows without disturbing boughs or fruit. Does ■=^ . growers and pronounced mdispensabU, ~ One grower says: "The Forkner reduces labor 40%". Another says: 2* "We have all kinds of tools, but we i ^"V^W^l^Si^^'^B^X J^^St/^ TT "^^^3: ^^ can do our work quicker and be t- « mr5^K3B^4i^ -»WK.> t^-^m^ \2 . l^^am. c ^^^ ^.^^ ^ Forkner". Still an- other says: * I wouldrTt take $150. for my Forkner Tiller if I couldn't get another". . ^^ .^ Write today for catalog and ^^ 1^^ Iree book— •'Modern Soil «J ..V^"^** Tillage"— invaluable to "^ any farmer or fruit • grower. Mailed free. ^ -* Write today. /a .w^^^^^gSgAyrMHAUtJII-i ■-=r^M^^^^^!^P^^'^l^^^^^ , UGHT DRAFT / f - *4''^r|^f i^^^^^^^n HARROW CO. \M^ y\|^^U^|0^^^ Nevada St ^fl^mW^^m^^ MarshaUtowo. It. The Forkner Light Draft Harrow Broad Gauge-SrK",^*" S;7^.ir,«^^^^^^ .vonly and thorou.^ly without breakin^^ bou^^hs or knocking otf fruit. Neither team nor dnver ha. to do jge the boughs. Light Running- Two horsos will cover the ground duicker. easier and better than with any other. v^ri 1 r^ 117 • Ui. not vour horses' necks. Whether you ride or walk, machine Wheels Carry Weight "as perfect balance. Broad rimmed wheels run on greased axles, carrying weight of machine and drivt>r. Frame is well up above ground. Teeth lift soil 'and turn it way over. Will not Clog or Drag Dirt- Each Section Hinged in Front with Adjustable Couplings— Lever regulation in convenient reach affords easy control. « ., r ¥ U -J C^^«,:^A Frame of strong, angle steel-teeth best oil Built for Long, Mara OerVlCe tempered spring ste< l. WRITE TO-DAY FOR FREE BOOKLET "Modern Soil rdtage" and complete catalog. Invaluable to any farmer or fruit grower AGENTS WANTED Eastern Distributors TYSON BROTHERS INCORPORATED FLORA DALE, PA. INDEX A. Addresses — President's, ,- •• ^PT^"^ "Spraying for the Control of Apple Aphis and Red P>ug. '. . ^Z~^^ "Prol)lems of a Virginia Apple i .rower," ^ ... 37-42 "Factors which Determine the Proper Time for Spraying for Insect Control," 43-49 "The Extent and Possil)ilities of Cofiperation," 49-53 "How the Apple (trading & Packing Law is Working Out in New York State," 53-o» "The Maryland Apple (trading & Packing Law," o»-7o "Some Essential I^'acts aliout Apple Scab," ^'^"Slt "(irowing, Harvesting & Marketing Peaches," 85-08 "Dusting, A Rapid Method of Protecting the Apple Or- chard," ;, 8^^^ "Arrangement and Equipment of the Kitchen," 99-^05 "C.irls' Clubs— What They Signify and How Organized,".. 106-109 Advertisements — iMrst National P>ank, Gettysburg, 2 Bowker Insecticide Co. ( vSpray Materials) 4 Susquehanna Fertilizier Co ^ B. (;. Pratt Co. ( Spray Materials ) 8 C.oulds Manufacturing Co. ( Sprayers ) 10 Maloney Bros. & W^ells Co., ( Fruit Trees), i-^^ iMeld Force Pump Co. ( Sprayers ) ^-^ Montgomery Bros. & Co. ( Fruit Packages ) M John S. Tilley Ladders Co., Inc i^ H. (;. Baugher ( Fruit Trees & P.arrels) ^^ W. W. Bal)cock Co. ( Ladders ), 20 Dougherty & Hartley, ( Dry Coods & Insurance) -22 Bissell Disk Harrows, ^3 W. C. Reiter, (Bolster Spring), ^o ( lettysburg National P>ank ^ '" Niagara Sprayer Co. (Dustirg) ^^- 0. P. Read, Inc., ( Fruit Pai)ers) » '4 J. (;. Stover (Orchards), I'o Hill Top Orchards Warehou.se Co. (Cen'l Whse. Busmess), 118 Electric Wheel Co. ( Orchard W^agons) T20 P. S. Orner ( Planing Mill liirrels) i^i J. W. Richley Automobile Co. ( Automoliiles) 122, 123, 124 Mountain Valley Nurseries ^^5 F. B. Pease Co. ( Fruit C.rader) 125 Seli)y Produce Co ^^^ Vreeland Chemical Co. (Spray Materials) 127 Light Draft I larrow Co ^^8 1 1. L. Hurst Manufacturing Co. ( Sprayers) 130 Dust Sprayer Manufacturing Co ^3^ Tyson Bros.. Inc., (Orchard Re(|uisites), 134 Trescott Fruit (traders 44 Amendment.s ^7 Adams Countv Fruit Records, 1 11. 113. ii5. ii7. 110,121 Automobiles '(adv.) 122, 123, 124 129 9 I30 Have Stood the Test of 29 Years That Proves the Quafity A good sprayer is a profit-making investment, and if it is a HURST, you know that the quahty is the very best. Used by the United States Government, State Experi- ment Stations, and thousands of the most progressive and successful growers. You can make big money out of your orchard and field crops if you spray thoroughly. Protect your trees and crops from scale, blight, scab, rot, and insects of all kinds and double your profits. You will find in our big line comprising 32 Different Styles Just the sprayer you need — Knapsacks — Barrel Outfits— Man, Horse and Engine Power for every purpose. Twenty-nine years of experience and our large factory enable us to build the very best sprayers at the lowest possible prices. Our FREE BOOK ''Why\ How, and When to Spray,'' contains 74 illus- trations of insects and plant diseases, and will be of great value to you. Ask your dealer for it or send us his name and We Will Eorward It at Once. Distributed by TYSON BROS. INC. FLORA DALE. PA. Eastern Representative H. A. FITZGERALD Orchard Engineer CONSHOHOCKEN, PA. The H. L. Hurst Mfg. Co, CANTON, O. 131 Arrangement and Equipment of the Kitchen, 99-105 Atwood, Dr. Ceo. ('.., Address of 53-^^ Advantages of New York Packing Law 54 Apple, Standard ('.rades of, 5° Scab, Some Essential I'acts A1)out 77 Aphis 28-33, 48 Red Bug 34-47 Cirading 41 Orchards, Methods of Handling 38 B. By-Laws, 19-21 Bolster Springs (adv.), IIO Bowker Insecticide Co. (adv. ) 4 Banks (adv.) , 2, 1 10 Jiaugher, H. (;. (adv.) 18 Barrels (adv.), 18, 118, 121 Baljcock Co., W. W. (adv.), 20 Bissell Disk Harrow ( adv. ) , 23 Bassett, C. E., Address of, ' . .41KS3, 64, 66, 67 lUack Leaf -|0 33 I^)looming Season for Apples 45 I'randing of Closed Packages 60 c. Constitution 15-1/ Committees, List of, 17 Duties of, 21 Personnel of 3 Cooperation, The Extent and Possibilities of 41, 49-53 Commission Merchants (adv.), 126 Cedar Apple, Illustration 13 Codling Moth, Time to Spray for, 43 Closed Packages, Branding of 61 Cost of Dusting 97 Cultivating Tools 134-23, 120, 128 D. Dnes and Assessments, 17 f^uties, of Officers, I9 of Executive Board, 21 of Standing Committees, ^ 21 Discussion, following Addresses, of Dr. S. W. Metchcr, 42 of Dr. Atwood 64-68 of Prof. Shaw, 72-76 of Dr. Reddick ( Apple Scab) 82-8| of Dr. Reddick ( Dusting) , 98 of A. Freeman Mason 87, 88 Dougherty & Hartley (adv.) 22 Dusters (adv.), 112,132, 134 Dust Sprayer Manufacturing Co. (adv.) 132 UisK iiarr(^ws ^^aciv. /, "o Dynamiting Xot Recommended 37 Dusting, Discussion of 39, 89-98 Compared with Spraying, Table 92-03-95-96 E. Executive Board, Personnel of, 3 Duties of, 21 132 Dusting with K. C. Duster FIVE YEARS Comparative tests by Cornell University show better results from Dusting than Spraying. Bulletin 369 »ay» : "It now «eem« settled that a mixture of an insecticide and fungicide can be ap5i^ iXwdered form, using air a, a carrier wi.h better result, m '^«J-»;°\/f fj,^^^^^^^^^^ apple diseases and of apple insects than can be obtamed by .oraymg ^t the same tune^ the dust meth^^^ makes it possible for the owner of a large acreage to protect hu orchard at critical lime, a thmg that he has not been able to do with the slow liquid process. K C D(/57£/?5 have been perfected for 15 years. K. C. DUST- ERS were u.ed in all tucce.«ful tett.. K. C. DUSTERS are the •tandard and original machine, for DUSTING purposes. K, C. DUST- ERS are sold at reasonable prices. Send for catalog, prices and latest bulletina on Dusting. TYSON BROTHERS INCORPORATED, FLORA DALE, PA. DISTRIBUTORS DUST SPRAYER MANUFACTURING COMPANY KANSAS CITY, MO. 133 Exhibit Committee, Personnel of, 3 Duties of, 21 Electric Wheel Co. (adv.), 120 "Extent and Possibilities of Cociperation," 49-53 F. Field Force Pump Co. (adv.), 12 First National Bank (adv. ) , ^ Fruit, (traders (adv.), 24, 125 Ladders (adv.), 16,20 Papers (adv.), ii4 Districts I7 Packages ( ad v. ) , 14 Trees (adv.), 12, 18, 125 Records 1 1 1, 1 13, 1 15, 1 17, 1 19, 121 Harvesting Equipment ^34 Fertilizers (adv.), 6 Fruit (^.rowing in Virginia 37-42 "Factors v^hich Determine the i roper Time for Spraving for In- sect Control," 43-49 Fletcher, Dr. S. W., Address of 37-42 Fertilizing Apple Orchards, 39 Financing Corporations, 52 G. C.oulds Manufacturing Co. (adv.) 10 (traders (adv.) 24, 125, 134 (lettysburg National Bank (adv.), no (i. & U. Railway, Apple Shipments over, . 11 1, 1 13 "Cirowing, Harvesting & Marketing Peaches," 85-88 "Curls' Clubs— What They Signify and How Organized," 106-105 Griest, C. A., Address of, 25-27 (irimes Golden Tree, • 36 "How the Apple Grading & Packing Law Is Working Out in New York," 53-68 Hill Top Orchards Warehouse Co. (adv.), 118 Hurst Mfg. Co. (adv.) I30 1 ladley, Prof. C. 11., Address of 43-49 I. Insurance ( adv. ) , ^^ Implements (adv.), 23, 120, 128, 134 Insecticides (adv.), 48, 1 12, 127, 134 Illustrations, Cedar Apple, I3 Plate of Apples, 27 Apples and Leaves Damaged by Aphis, 28 Aphis Magnified 3i Showing Time for Aphis Spray, 32, 48 Galls Produced by Woolly Aphis 34 Dish of Strawberries, 35 Grimes (^lolden Tree 36 Dr. Fletcher's Young Orchard 38 Dr. Fletcher's York Imperial Orchard, 40 Time to Spray for Codling Moth, 44 Time to Spray for Red Bug, 47 36 Point (;othic, 61 New York Inspector's Report ^4 Neat Facing, Not Dishonest Packing. 76 Effects of Apple Scab 77 134 "Everything for the Orchard" We have selected our lines with care and are prepared to serve you no matter how large nor how small your order. PRUNING f^"'' ^'"^ °^ ^^^^' ^^^^^^' Ladders, etc. cpDAVINr Power and Hand Sprayers, Scalecide, or RA 1 lllU Li„e.Sulphur, Pyrox, Electro Dry Arse- nate of Lead, Nicotine. niKTINr ^^^ °l^ reliable Kansas City Machine. 1/UOllllU Latest improvements, durable, efficient, rea- sonable in price. Also best dusting material. riTI TIVATIWn Forkner Light Draft Harrows, Bis- t U L 1 1 Y A I inU sel Disc, Clark's Cutaway, Tractors and Gang Plows. UADVPQTINf^ Picking Bags, Baskets, Shoulder HAKVtMlNU—Sj^^p^« Ladders, Gripits, Orchard Crates and Fruit Wagons. rPAHlNr ^The Famous Trescott Apple Graders, UIVAUinu p^^^j^ Graders. Packing House Equipment. PATlflNr ^Georgia Carriers, Bushel Baskets, 16-quart FAV^IVinu Bajkets, Barrel Caps and Cushions. Get our carload prices. Our Motto : QUALITY A T RIGHT PRICES Wire, Telephone or Write Us nSON BROTHERS INCORPORATED FLORA DALE, PA. 135 Illustrations — (continued). Over-Wintering Stage of Ai)i)le Scab Fungus, 7° Apple Scab Disease ^ Summer Stage of Apple Scab Fungus, 8o Tieorgia Peach Carrier, ^4 Dusting 89, 90, 91 Kitchens 99, 100, loi, 102, 103, 104, 105 (Girls' Clubs 106, 107, 108 Students at State College (Oeenhouse Work), 109 Initiation of Officers, -^ K. Kitchens, Arrangement and Equipment of, <>) i ?7 i^-i Sprav Materials (adv.) 4, «, 1 1-^ i-/, I34 Selby Produce Co. (adv.) ^'^^ Stover, Dr. J. G. (adv.) ^ Susquehanna Fertilizer Co. (adv.). .... ;'''' -,q_,-. Spraving for the Control of Apple Aphis and Red l>ug -^3-> Spraying Compared with Dustmg ^ ^ ^- Sulzer Bill, \" c^' ' \ 77-^A Some Essential Facts about Apple Scab // -^ T. Treasurer, Duties of • z- Tilley Ladders Co.. John S. (adv.) ^6"^'\^".y\\'^\''yM .in ii> \^a Tyson Brothers, Incorporated 4, 6, 8, 16, 20, 23. 24, i2/, 12S, 130. i3f. '34 Tyson, L. J , ^_. Tractors (adv.) Trescott Fruit C.raders (adv.) *"+ V. Vreeland Chemical Co. (adv.) ^"^^ Vice-Presidents, Duties of, - Value of (^.irls' Clubs. '"^ W. Western Maryland R. R., Shipments over II5»II7 Next Convention, Dec. 12, 13, 14, 1917.