Author: Fruit Growers Association of Adams County Title: Proceedings of the. . .annual convention Place of Publication: Bendersville, Pa. Copyright Date: 1917 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg016.12 THE Fruit Growers Association of Adams County Pennsylvania ORGANIZED DECEMBER 18. 1903 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTEENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION HELD IN Fruit Growers Hall, Bendersville, Penna. Wednesday, Thursday and Friday December 12, 13, 14, 1917 Prepare for War by buying your Fruit Packages Early and save money, Climax Baskets Oak Stave Baskets Quart Berry Baskets Bushel Baskets Eureka Baskets Peach Baskets Tills of All Kinds Diamond Market Bamboo Baskets Baskets Lunch Baskets The Factory of Quality YATES LUMBER COMPANY MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF BASKETS PENN YAN. NEW YORK Bell Phone 130 Federal Phone 310 When in the market telephone or wire us at our expense , >^ 1 ;t,'jryi':'4-»t»;:.:| OFFICERS ...Guernsey C. A. GrIEST, ■ , c^rinal .i>resident, h." ^ (, ^ York Springs ,., Vice-President, W. C. GrovE Gettysburg-5 ^^ Ki.-/W^;«; ^«,!^.STGKn.:s. F'- „^S ^J Vice-PresidenI U. T> i f "rrr" ::::::;::::h"-. c%v»» ■^s** Secretary, Wm. S. Adams, ^ Treasurer, EXECUTIVE BOARD *-'"" Guernsey C A. GriesT, .';.■;.■.'.' York Springs w E. Grove, Gettysburg, No. 5 H.M.KEUI.ER ■;; Flora ^'^'^ Frederick E. Grikst ....Gardners • • • • • " Dale C. A. Wolfe, • ;;;;;;.. Flora Dak .Edw.n C. Tyson ;••• Gardners Air,, C AnAMS Wm. S. Adams, Legislative Committee. ^ r^ ' 4r ruu Flora Dale F. E. Gncst, C/t« R-^^-P'^""' Flora Dale C. J. Tyson '^'° Exhibit Committee. CE.RAEEENSPERCER. ...ArendtsvUe c r Ki^tLFR . . • .Gettysburg, No. 5 S. C. KELLER, .Aspers ■Q F. Wilson, Program Committee. W. E G,..e. C,.« Vo,US»,i«,. Membership Committee. H M. Keller. Chu., Gettysburg, No. 5 "■ c Kiefer ^°'^ Springs E. C. Kieter. ..Orrtanna ^■•C-^™ .BiglerviUe C-W.P^*f ;". .BiglerviUe Tn Ho^ffnian.-.:: BiglerviUe H.E.Riadlemoser.-.McKniBbtstown li SUSQUEHANNA FERTILIZERS BEST FOR ALL CROPS WELL ADAPTED For Orchard Use Drill Well Are Uniform in Quality Prompt in Action Careful attention to orders in any quantity from one sack to a thousand tons. Send for Booklet and name of nearest Agent General Sales Agents TYSON BROTHERS INCORPORATED FLORA DALE, PA. AGENTS WANTED IN UNOCCUPIED TERRITORY i Membership Roll Adams, Wm. S Gardners, Pa. Adams, Mrs. W. S., Gardners, Pa. Adams, Frank S., Charlottesville, Va. Anderson, H. W. Stewartstown, Pa. Anderson, H. M., New Park, Pa. Anderson, Joseph W., wStewartstown, Pa. Allen, H. G., New Park, Pa. Asper, D. C, Aspers, Pa. Bream, Samuel Biglerville, Pa. . Bream, Dill, Bendersville, Pa. Boyer, W. W., Arendtsville, Pa. Baugher, H. (;., .* Aspers, Pa. Baugher, Ira Aspers, Pa. Brame, D. M., Harrishurg, Pa. Benner, B. E., Virginia Mills, Pa.. Boyer, George E., Arendtsville, Pa. Bushman, S. P., Gettysburg, Pa. Bream, H. J Aspers, Pa. Blessing, David H Harrishurg, Pa. Blackburn, Elmer C West Chester, Pa. Blair, C. L, Aspers, Pa. Bream, W. A., Gettysburg, Pa. Brinton, H. C, Hanover, Pa. Baltzley, C. S Orrtanna, Pa. Baltzley, S. Luther, Orrtanna, Pa. Balthaser, James Wernersville, Pa. ^"tt, J. L Gettysburg, Pa. Bosler, Frank, Carlisle, Pa. Carey, J. Calvin, (^.ettysburg. Pa. Crouse, E. A Gettysburg, Pa. Cation, W. R Orrtanna, Pa. Deardorf, Anthony, .'.... Gettysburg, Pa. Dock, Miss Margaret Fayetteville, Pa. Dock, Miss Mira L., Fayetteville, Pa. Deardorff, W. B Bendersville, Pa. Davis, Wm York Springs, Pa. Dougherty, Dorsey, Gettysburg, Pa. Deatrick, H. G., Hunterstown, Pa. Diller. O York Springs, Pa. Dill, Dr. M. T., Biglerville, Pa. Deardorff, Chas., Orrtanna, Pa. Dull, Thos. D., Aspers, Pa. Eldon, Robert M^ Aspers, Pa. Eiholtz, S. Mc, Biglerville, Pa. 5 Feed the Tree with DEMPWOLF'S FERTILIZERS WRITE FOR BOOKLET York Chemical Works YORK, PA. / H . 7 Eppleman, II. C, Aspers, Pa. Estabrook, F. L Athens, Pa. Eshelman, S. C, Gettysburg, Pa. Fraim, Merritt L ..Aspers, Pa. Fohl, George E., Biglerville, Pa. Fiddler, W. R Aspers, Pa. Fletcher, S. W., State College, Pa. Griest, C. Arthur, Guernsey, Pa. (driest, A. W Flora Dale, Pa. Griest, Frederic E., Flora Dale, Pa. Griest, Maurice, 105 W. 163d St., N. Y. City. Garretson, Frank, Aspers, Pa. Garretson, Eli P., Biglerville, Pa. Garretson, Robert Flora Dale, Pa. Garretson, Eli, Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 5, Pj«. Garretson, John Aspers, Pa. (Gardner, L. M., Jr York Springs, Pa. Grove, W. E., "^'ork Springs, Pa. Gove, Mary E., Bendersville, Pa. Groupe, Foster C, Gardners, Pa. ^ Howard, Jno. M., . . . '. Aspers, Pa. Harris, B. E Bendersville, Pa. Hoffman, Jas. O., . . . . : Arendtsville, Pa. Hoffman, W. H Biglerville, Pa. Hoffman, E. N., Biglerville, Pa. Hoffman, D. M., Biglerville, Pa. Hoffman, George, Arendtsville, Pa. Huber, Charles H., Gettysburg, Pa. Hartman, Geo R., Biglerville, Pa. Heilman, J. R., Palmyra, No. 2, Pa. Hummel, P. T. Harrisburg, Pa. Hershey, C. A McKnightstown. Pa. Hartzel, B. L ^^ors. Dale, Pa. Hershey, H. F., Gettysburg, Pa. PTadley, C. H., Jr., State College, Pa. Hykes, S. W T141 George St., York, Pa. Hykes, E. S "^ork. No. 8, Pa. Harshman, D. E., Waynesboro, Pa. Henry, A. T Wallingford, Conn. Jacobs, Daniel C, Gettysburg, No. 5, Pa. Keller, H. M Gettysburg, No. 5, Pa. Klinefelter, U. S., Biglerville, Pa. Kane, J. A., Biglerville, Pa. Kane, J. Lewis Gettysburg, No. 5. Pa. Knouse, J. A., Arendtsville, Pa. Knouse, David Arendtsville, Pa. 8 Box No 1. Represents a full size standard green Apple Box, No. 2. A half size standard green apple box. No, 3. A full size special green apple box. No. 4. A half size special green apple box. No. 5. A 20 lb, pear box. No. 6. A 20 lb. peach box. No. 7. A picking tray for grapes. No. 8. A crate for shipping grapes. No8. 9 and 10. A bushel crate for apples, etc. We manufacture all kinds of shipping boxes or crates and will be glad to furnish samples and prices upon application. Montgomery Bros. & Co. {^ Court and Wilkeson Sts. Buffalo, N. Y. 9 Kunkle, Jno. R., Gettysburg, Pa. Koser, Rev. D. T., ^ . . . . Arendtsville, Pa. Koser, (;. W., Biglerville, Pa. Keller, S. C, , • .. Gettysburg, No. 5. Pa. Keller, Paul, Gettysburg, No. 5, Pa. Knab, Mrs. Geo. N., New Oxford, Pa. Kennedy, Bailey M. Dauphin, Pa. Kclley, Jas. A., Dansville, N. Y. Longsdorf, C. L., ; • • • .Biglerville, Pa. Lawver, Rufus W. '• Biglerville, Pa. Longsdorf, Dr. H. H., Dickinson, Pa. Lupp, Reuben, Biglerville, Pa. Large, Mrs. E. S Orrtanna, Pa. Lippy, J. D (^.ettysburg. Pa. Lewis, Harvey D., Orrtanna, Pa. Myers, George P., Biglerville, Pa. Minick, D. N., Chambersburg, Pa. Minter, Thomas L.. Biglerville, Pa. Musselman, C. H., Biglerville, Pa. Minter, Mrs. D. C. Arendtsville, Pa. Myers, Levi M Siddonsburg, Pa. Miller, E. M., Hanover, Pa. Moyer, Dr. H. B., Gettysburg, Pa. Mason, A. Freeman, State College, Pa. Myers, R. E York Springs, Pa. McKay, Geo. H., Philadelphia, Pa. Minick, W. L., Waynesboro, Pa. Newcomer, Aaron, Smithsburg, Md. Nixon, E. L., State College, Pa. Oakwood Corporation York Springs, Pa. Oyler, (;eo., Gettysburg, Pa. Oyler, (George C, Gettysburg, Pa. Orner, P. S., Arendtsville, Pa. Orrtanna Canning Co., Orrtanna, Pa. Orner, Harry, Aspers, Pa. Orner, L S., Arendtsville, Pa. Prickett, Josiah W., Biglerville, Pa. Peters, Z. J Guernsey, Pa. Peters, W. V., Guernsey, Pa. Peters, Curtis W., Biglerville, Pa. Pitzer, Harry C, Aspers, Pa. Peters. Geo. M., Aspers, Pa. Pratt, B. G., New York City. Pitzer, Willis, Arendtsville, Pa. Peters, Mrs. Earl York Springs, Pa. Peters, Mrs. J. H. Bendersville. Pa. ifin;:.:,.v v.:../...jn - ■ , ..■~:f«-HiH '" ;.; ^":{if5»M« lO CLEAR SPRUCE LADDERS FOR ALL PURPOSES SPECIAL POINTED TOP FRUIT LADDERS CLOSED TOPS IF PREFERRED Manufactured from clear white spruce, with white ash and hickory rungs. EXTENSIONS Equipped with gravity hook, rope and pulley. Bottom spread. 24, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 40, 44-ft. lengths. SINGLES 1 0 to 22 feet. FULL LINE - 0 S General Purpose Extension and Single Ladders, Step Ladders and Trestles. Send for Illustratfd Cafalog W. W. B ABCOCK CO. BATH, N. Y. DISTRIBUTORS nSON BROTHERS INCORPORATED, Hora Dale, Pa. II Pepple, Samantha, Orrtanna, Pa. Poole, X., Martinsburg, W. Va. Raffensperger, Chas. E., Arendtsville, Pa. Raffensperger, Roy Arendtsville, Pa. Raffensperger, Harvey E., Arendtsville, Pa. Rice, E. E Aspers, Pa. Rice, Waybriglit, Biglerville, Pa. Rice, O. C, Biglerville, Pa. Rice, C. S Arendtsville, Pa. • Rice, A. E. Biglerville, Pa. Rhodes, T. F.. Aspers, Pa. Rolierts, Arthur, Gettysburg, Pa. Reist, Henry G Schenectady, N. Y. Riddlcmoser, H. E McKnightstown. Pa. Rex, Raymond Gardners, Pa. Reddick, Donald Ithaca, N. Y. Reichard, Chas. W., Waynesboro, Pa. Shorb, Albert, Hanover, Pa. Stover, Dr. J. ( • Bendersville, Pa. Strong, Geo. C Orrtanna, Pa. Slaybaugh, Elmer, Aspers, Pa. Smith, G. Frank Aspers, Pa. Stephens, Henry M Carlisle, Pa. Shull, Robt. H., McKnightstown, Pa. Spangler, George E Gettysburg. Pa. Snyder, E. Bane, Jack's Mountain, Pa. Snyder, W. L Bendersville, Pa. Sachs, Edw. S Biglersville, Pa. Schmidt, Jno. C York, Pa. Stock, E. C, 3610 Clifton Ave.. Balto , Md Strasbaugh, E. F., ? Orrtanna, Pa. Sheely, A. D Arendtsville, Pa. Stover, Mrs. Dr. J. i) Bendersville, Pa. Stahle, C. E Gettysburg, Pa. Stanger, C. Fleming Glassboro, N. J. Sanders, J. G ' Harrisburg, Pa. Tyson, Edv^'in C Flora Dale, Pa. Tyson, Mrs. M. W., Flora Dale, Pa. Tyson, Chester J., Flora Dale, Pa. Tyson, Mrs. B. H., Aspers, Pa. Tyson, Wm. C Guernsey, Pa. Tyson, Mrs. M. E "• Guernsey, Pa. Taylor, Jacob F Arendtsville, Pa. Taylor, Daniel R., Biglerville, Pa. Taylor, Henry Biglerville, Pa. Trostle, Francis, York Springs, R. F. D . Pa Thomas. Mrs. Annie M Gettysburg, Pa. I HI in PI T^^i iglcr\ illc, Pa. Weaner, Chas. C IkMuk rs\ illc, Pa. Weaner, W. C, \si)crs, Pa. Wertz, D. M., (jiiincN , Pa. Wible, R. E., ( .cttyshin-R, Pa. Wickersham, Ruth A IkMidcrsvillc. Pa. Wickersham, Rol)t. A., Mcchanicsbiirg, Pa. Wright, Ryland, \spcrs. Pa. Walton, Robt. J., I Imnmclstown, Pa. Weaver, D. I., (U^ttysl)iirg, Pa. Wright, T. P., \spcrs. Pa. Williams, J. L (^cttysluirg. Pa. Williams, M. 1 ('.cttys1)nrg. Pa. Wright. P. Walter P»cndcrs\ illc. Pa. Wcrnig, Chas. M V^irk, R. l\ D. Xo. 11. Wilson, C. S Mcchanicsbiirg, Pa. 'a. "Xi:at b'ACiNC. XoT DisnoNKST Packinc.. Poth alike to the bottom. tKTTPNrTTONFAT SlFrONn FXPOSIJRE 14 SHIP Your Apples, Cherries, Peaches and other Fruit ALSO Butter, Eggs and Poultry TO FRANK HELLERICK & CO. Commission Merchants 120 Callowhill Street 349 New Market Street PHILADELPHIA, PA. They are^ absolutely reliable, give prompt returns, and you can find no better house than they are in Philadelphia THE STRONGEST IS BEST THE BEST IS CHEAPEST The "REITER" Bolster Spring SEE THAT HANGER SEE THAT HANGER With the "REITER" Bolster Spring on the Amtrican Farm Wagon You can haul or carry any and everything equal to any spring wagon and at one-half the cost W. C. REITER le Maker the "Reiter" Bolster Spring Tha Bast in th« World--Unlika Others WAYNESBORO, PENNA. CONSTITUTION Preamble. Being interested in fruit growing and believing that, by organization, we may materially advance our common interests, we hereby adopt the following Constitution and By-Laws. Article I. — Name. This Association shall be known as The Fruit Growers' Association of Adams County. Article II. — Object. The object of this Association shall be to encourage the co-operation of the fruit growers of Adams County for the protection and advancement of their common interests. 1. By securing and disseminating such scientific and practical informa- tion as shall promote the general advancement of the fruit growing interests in this county, and shall tend to the improvement of the quality and quantity of our products. 2. By securing such legislation as may be advantageous, and preventing that which may be detrimental. 3. By securing such improved facilities in transportation as shall tend to give us more expeditious and economical distribution. 4. By endeavoring to secure a better and more uniform system of packing and package. 5. By devising a plan of advertising and marketing which will develop and increase the demand for Adams County fruit and promote closer relations between growers and markets. 6. And by endeavoring to obtain such improved systems of crop reporting as shall furnish, through cooperation with other similar associations, accurate information concerning production, thereby enabling the fruit grower to know the exact situation. Article III. — Membership. 1. Membership in this Association may be secured by application to the Executive Board and shall consist of two classes, regular members and spe- cial members as hereinafter described. 2. The regular members shall include all persons acceptable to the Execu- tive Board, who are interested in fruit growing and who have paid annual dues of $1.00. Members of this class shall, until the next annual meeting, be entitled to attend and participate in the educational features of all regular and special meetings and to receive all published reports thereof. 3. The special membership shall include all regular members, acceptable to the Executive Board, whose orchards are located within the limits of the Adams County fruit belt, and who, in addition to paying the annual dues specified for regular members, have paid special annual dues at the rate of twenty cents for each acre of orchard they own and who have also paid such additional assessments as the Executive Board may de.em necessary from time to time, subject to the approval of the Association, had at a meeting following a ten-day written notice which shall state object of meeting and amount of proposed assessment. Also any regular member not owning or- chards and acceptable to the Executive Board, may become a special member by contributing annually, for the use of the Association, the sum of $5.00 or over. Members of this special class, in good standins:, and whose dues are not in arrears shall, until next annual meeting, in addition to enjoying all rights and privileges accorded regular members, have the exclusive right to vote on all matters of business, to receive all crop and market reports, and to have free access to all information which the Association is able to collect. 15 i6 Where Desirable Insurance is Wanted DOUGHERTY & HARTLEY Representing the following Fire Insurance Companies THE OLDEST. STRONGEST AND BEST COMPANIES, viz: Continental, Home. Hartford, Phoenix Fire As- sociation. North America, Aetna, London Assur ance. Farmers of Yorlc, and others Solicits your business. Also represents a line of GOOD MUTUAL COMPANIES when desired DOUGHERTY & HARTLEY Holiday Gift Suggestions With Christmas just a short time ahead, and market conditions worst ever to get goods, we advise early buying this year especially. Our line of useful gifts now here is worth your inspection : Handkerchiefs, Hosiery— Silk, Cotton and Wool, Gloves, Collars, Umbrellas, Silks, Dress Goods, Furs, Scarfs, Rugs, Skirts, Sweaters, Neckwear for Ladies and Gents DOUGHERTY & HARTLEY GETTYSBURG, PA. 17 Each partnership, corporation or estate holding special membership rights shall be entitled to one vote, and shall be represented by some individual designated by them. 4. Services for personal benefit only, when approved by the Executive Board, may be undertaken by the Association at the expense of the special member desiring such service. 5. The communication of any information concerning the business of the special meraborship, to any person, persons or corporation other than special members in good standing, shall, upon proof satisfactory to the Executive Board, immediately terminate the membership of the offender without re- fund of dues, unless such communication has been authorized by the Execu- tive Board. 6. All members, subject to the approval of the Executive Board, may re- new their membership annually by the payment of the annual dues specified for their class. Article IV. — Dues and Assessments. The annual dues of both regular and special members, as specified by Ar- ticle III, are payable to the Secretary at the meeting immediately preceding the annual meeting, as a receipt for which the Secretary shall issue a cer- tificate of membership for the succeeding year. All assessments shall be paid within thirty days from date of authorization. Article V. — Officers. The officers shall consist of a President ^nd four Vice-Presidents, a Secre- tary and Treasurer, all of whom shall be elected by ballot at each annual meeting, to serve for the term of one year, or until their successors shall be chosen. These seven (7) elective officers shall constitute an Executive Board. Article VI. — Quorum. Five (5) members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Article VII. — Amendments. The Constitution and By-Laws of this Association may be amended at any regular meeting by a two-thirds vote of the members present, a notice of the proposed amendment having been presented in writing at a previous regular meeting. Article VIII.— Fruit Districts. For the purpose of distributing the work of the Association and extend- ing its scope, the County of Adams shall be divided into the following seven (7) districts : District One, or North District, to consist of Men- alien Township; District Two, or West District, to consist of Franklin Township ; District Three, or Southwestern District, to consist of Highland, Liberty and Hamiltonban Townships ; District Four, or South District, to consist of Cumberland. Freedom and Mt. Joy Townships, and that portion of Straban Township lying south of the Western Maryland Railroad ; Dis- trict Five, or Eastern District, to consist of Germany, Union, Conowaga, Mt. Pleasant, Oxford, Reading, Berwick and Hamilton Townships; Dis- trict Six, or Northeastern District, to consist of Latimore, Huntingdon and Tyrone Townships; District Seven, or Central District, to consist of Butler Township and that portion of Straban Township lying north of the West- ern Maryland Railroad. • Article IX. — Standing Committees. The following four (4) committees shall be appointed annually by the newly elected Executive Board and announced at the January meeting, as follows : a Committee on Programs, a Committee on Membership, a Com- mittee on Exhibits, and a Committee on Legislation. 2 ',*!■■, !•::■■" •■■ ifunrii a 18 "Black Leaf 40" (40 per cent. Nicotine) KILLS Green Apple Aphis Rosy Apple Aphis Woolly Aphis Apple Red Bug lo-pound tin $10 75 Makes 800 gallons of spraying solution for Woolly Aphis and Apple Red Bug; 1,000 gallons for Green Apliis and Rosy Aphis. 2-pound tin 2 50 j/^-pound tin 75 "Black Leaf 40" Is Recommended by Experiment Stations It is the "standard'' spray for Aphis, Red Bug, Thrips, and similar insects. May be used in combination with Lime-Sul- phur, Arsenate of Lead, Bordeaux Mixture, Pyrox, etc. It is Sold By: S. G. Bigham, Biglerville ; J. P. Bixler & Sons, Carlisle ; H. W. Skinner and A. L. Solenberger, Chambersburg ; Ty- son Bros., Inc., Flora Dale ; R. S. Reindollar & Bro., Fair- field; Gettysburg Department Store, Gettysburg; Emlet & Emlet and J. C. Tanger Co., Hanover ; Holmes Seed Co., and Walter S. Schell, Harrisburg; Adams & Baker, Ida- ville ; D. M. Wertz & Co., Quincy ; C. Alvin Fogelsanger, Shippensburg ; R. J. Gillan, St. Thomas; D. L. Miller Co., Waynesboro, and Everhart's Drug Store, Serff & Ja- cobs, and N. H. Shearer & Co., York. Also, Emmert Hard- ware Co., Hagerstown, Md. ; Rothwell & Co., Martinsburg, W. Va., and other dealers at fruit centers. PLACE YOUR ORDER WITH YOUR DEALER. Manufactured by The Kentucky Tobacco Product Company Incorporated LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY BY LAWS Article I. — Duties of President. The President shall be the executive officer of the Association and of the Executive Hoard, and shall i;reside at all meetings of either body. He shall pass upon all bills and accounts of the Association before they are ordered paid by the Secretary. Article H. — Duties of the Vice-Presidents. The highest designated Vice-President present at any meeting shall pre- side in the absence of the President; all of the four Vice-Presidents shall serve on the Executive Board in conjunction with the other elective officers, and, in addition, each Vice-President shall have special duties, as follows : The First Vice-President shall be chairman of the Program Committee and be responsible for the preparation of a program for each Educational meeting. The Second \'ice-President shall l)e chairman of the Membership Com- mittee and shall use every effort, personally and through members of his committee, to extend the memberslup and secure renewals. The Third Vice-President shall be chairman of the Committee on Legisla- tion and it shall ])e his duty, in connection with the members of his committee, to urge beneficial legislation and oppose that which may be detrimental, and keep the Association advised on legislative matters. The Fourth Vice-President shall be chairman of the Committee on Ex- hibits and have entire charge of securing fruit for exhibits and displaying same as directed by the Association. Article III. — Duties of the Secretary. The Secretary shall be the recording, corresponding and accounting officer of the Association and of the Executive Board; he shall make no expenditure of a large or doul)tful character without the sanction of the board; he shall secure the written approval of the .President on all bills or claims against the Association before drawing his order on the Treasurer for the payment thereof; he shall attend all meetings of the Association and of the Executive F>oard, and shall keep a faithful record of their proceedings; he shall sign all certificates of membership and all diplomas and certificates of merit awarded by the Association. All money received by him shall be promptly paid to the Treasurer. He shall have full charge of the Association's books and papers and shall be responsible to the board for all property placed in his charge. He shall be the custodian of the seal of the Association and shall have authority to affix same to documents when needful, it shall be his duty to prepare and issue from time to time such reports as may be authorized l)y the Executive Board, and to present to each annual meeting a report of the work of the Executive Board. He shall mail a notice of dues to all members cme week prior to the November meeting, at which time all dues are payable. As recompense, the Secretary shall receive all necessary expenses and such salary as may l)e determined by the Executive Board. Article IV. — Duties of the Treasurer. All the funds of the Association shall be paid into the hands of the Treas- urer; he shall disburse the moneys of the Association that come into his hands only upon order of the vSecretary countersigned l)y the President. Immediately i)receding the annual meeting he shall submit to the Executive Board a written report showing the amount of money that shall have come into his hands during the year, the sources from which it has been derived and disposition made of the same. 19 20 Bale Lock Extension Quick and Positive Always keep rope hand close to lad- der when ope- rating top sec- tion. Pull rope to raise the traveling sec- tion. To lower traveling sec- tion carry the hand slightly to the right while Bale is in vertical po- lock it, carry hand to the left, always keep- ing rope hand close to the ladder and the Bale will drop in position and lock it secure. Tripod Omega 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 steps Tilley *s Omega Tripod Step Ladder * *First-class in every respect, stiff, rigid, light and durable. All flat steps to stand on. The two lower steps are supported by, and rest on rounds which tie, support and thoroughly brace the main ladder. Fully covered by patents dated December 26, 1910." JOHN S. TILLEY LADDERS CO., Inc. Manufacturer of Ladders and Step Ladders of every description Factory, WATERVLIET, N. Y. -'•■^'b 21 Article V. — Duties of the Executive Board. The Executive Board shall enact all rules and regulations for the manage- ment of the affairs of the Association, determine the salaries of its officers and assume the control and management of its exhibitions; it shall have power to displace any officer of the y\ssociation for neglect of duty or abuse of position, and shall pass upon all candidates for membership and renewals thereof with power to annul membership for cause; shall fill all vacancies by appointment to continue until the next annual election; it shall carefully guard the interests of the Association, watch over its finances and provide for its necessities as they shall arise; and it shall submit to the annual meet- ing, through the Secretary, such report upon the condition, general interests and prospects of the Association as it shall judge necessary or expedient. All important measures shall be submitted to this board, but may, by the board, be re-submitted to the Association for recommendation. Article VI. — Duties of the Standing Committees. 1. The Committee on Programs shall be responsible for the preparation of a program for each educational meeting. 2. The Committee on Membership shall bring the work of the Association to the attention of fruit growers throughout the county, and by such means as they deem best, strive to increase the membership. 3. The Committee on Legislation shall inform itself in regard to such ex- isting laws as relate to the horticultural interests of Adams County and bring the same to the attention of the Association, at the same ime reporing any additional legislation which in their judgment is desirable. When so directed by the Association, it shall cause to be introduced into the state legislature such bills as may be deemed necessary, and shall aid or oppose any bills introduced by others which directly or indirectly affect the interests of the fruit grower. 4. The Committee on Exhibitions shall suggest from time to time such methods and improvements as may seem to them desirable in conducting the exhibitions of the Association, and with the assistance of the Executive Board, shall arrange the premium lists and have charge of all the exhibitions of the Association. Such other standing commitees may l)e created by the Executive Board from time to time as in its discretion may be desirable or necessary. Article VII. — Meetings. There shall be a regular meeting of the Association on the second Satur- day of each month at 7-30 p.m., unless otherwise ordered. The meetin*^ held in December to be regarded as the annual meeting. Special meetings may be convened by the Executive Board at such times as they may appoint. Article VIII. — Initiation of Officers. All new officers shall assume the duties of office at the opening of the meeting immediately following the one at which tbey were elected, except that the newly elected Executive Board shall prepare and announce, at the January meeting, the membership roll of the four committees specified in Article IX, and the chairman of Program Committee shall prepare a program for the February meeting and announce same at the January meeting. Article IX. — Order of Business. 1. Reading of minutes of previous meeting. 2. Nominations and elections. 3. Reports of committees. 4. Deferred business. 5. Communications. 6. New business. 7. Discussion of questions. • . ■■>■ •■■■'I 22 23 No. 1, FOLDING CRATE, with or without coyer See catalog for other atyles and sizes OVER 25,000,000 IN USE TO-DAY UMMER line of RATES, for every service, ANNOT be excelled. IGID, collapsible, or folding IGHT in all proportions EASONABLE in price. LL materials used RE carefully selected and construction SSUREDLY honest throughout. AKE our v^ord for it HIS brief statement is worthy O fill your "pip^ of '"^f^ ction.'* ACH crate is as nearly VERLASTING as is humanly possible and NCOMIUM encourages examination. TRONG language is never ERVICEABLE unless backed up by the goods. END for catalog and price list. CUMMER M'FG CO. Cadillac, Mich., or Flora Dale, Pa., Box 45-T World's Largest Makers HIGH CLASS FR UIT AND VEGETABLE PACKAGES ANNUAL OUTPUT Sixty Million Pacl^ages TEN PLANTS IN FOUR STATES Baskets Crates Hampers FARMERS MANUFACTURING COMPANY NORFOLK. VIRGINIA Ask for samples and prices -. ', ii 24 ELECTRO DRY to kill bugs. ARSENATE OF LEAD POWDER is the word to remember when you want 44|^LECTRO" ARSENATE OF LEAD '^ POWDER really kills insects and bugs. It is so fine and mechanically per- fect that it mixes instantly with water. When mixed it stays mixed, insuring an even cov- ering of the leaf surface and won't wash off. Less than a pound of "Electro" Arsenate of Lead Powder is required for 50 gallons of water. Manufactured by Vreeland Chemical Mfg. Co. 50 Church Street ::: New York City Distributed by Tyson Brothers Incorporated Flora Dale, Pa. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTEENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE FRUIT GROWERS ASSOCIATION OF ADAMS COUNTY, PA. The Thirteenth Annual Convention was called to order and ad dressed by the President, C. Arthur Griest, at 2 : oo p. m., Wednes- day, December 12, 191 7, in Fruit Growers' Hall, Bendersville, Pa. President's Address. C. A. Grie:st, Guernsey, Pa, Another milestone has been reached and we have again assembled for exchange of thought, for comparison of conditions and methods, and with the hope of getting some new ideas which may be applied to our personal needs during the coming year. The problems of the fruit grower have not all been solved, in fact, it seems to me, that for every insect pest or fungus trouble we learn to control, there is a new one presents itself for our thought and consideration. But have not these obstacles been a benefit to the business of fruit grow- ing and to the fruit grower himself? The appearance of the scale and codling moth caused us to waken up and study our spraying les- son. We learned what material would kill these insects, when to apply it for best results, and the importance of thorough spraying. Then came the aphis, the red bug, the curculio, the leaf curl, the scab, the blotch, the bitter and brown rots, etc., all to be controlled by spraying. These additional spray problems made us study the harder to learn how we could combine sprays, and spraying opera- tions, so as to control all the pests at the minimum cost of labor and material. The blight brought with it another problem which forced us to go deeper into soil management and study more carefully the cultiva- tion, the cover crops, and the fertilization of our orchards so as to avoid as far as possible having conditions favorable for the devel- opment and spread of blight spores. 25 26 These problems, with many other similar ones, have been solved by the fruit grower to the extent that we are producing fruit that has gained a reputation in the markets of the world, and is being sought by the discriminating buyer and consumer. Now we are facing new problems of a somewhat different character. We are en- gaged in a great war for humanity, the seriousness and necessity for which are just dawning upon the American people. (Read carefully the address of Mr. H. C. Culbertson, of the National Department of Food Administration, farther along in these "Proceedings." It will give you new light on the vital importance of the subject.) What can we as a fruit growers' association and as individuals do to help win the war? How can we produce more food products per acre with less labor and less capital ? How can we increase our produc- tion with important commercial plant foods unavailable? How can we control insects and diseases with sulphur almost unobtainable? How can we harvest our crops and perform other important opera- tions without the usual amount of help? Let us intensify every operation, eliminate every unnecessary move, and speed up a little, for our country needs every effort we can put forth. Let me say that we appreciate what has been done by State College in sending an entomologist to this county, who spent the greater part of the summer hunting and studying the insects found in our orchards and reporting to the respective owners what was in his particular or- chard, the exact time to spray to be most effective, and what material to use. You will find a report of this work in the address of Prof. C. H. Hadley on another page. We have also had the cooperation of the Secretary of Education of the state through the vocational depart- ment, in helping with the labor problem. They granted the high school boys over sixteen years of age who had the required class standing the privilege of going out in camps for two weeks to help the farmers. As many of you know, there were two such camps in Adams County during apple picking season. The experiment, if it may be termed such, was a success, at least to the extent of develop- ing the strong and weak features of the plan. The boys came from school with little or no knowledge of farm work and not hardened to any kind of manual labor. When put to work with home boys of the same age and size, who had been working day after day and week after week, the contrast in amount and character of work done was very noticeable, and yet they demanded the same wage as the boys who were physically fit and knew how. By the end of two weeks, however, they had gained in strength and ability so that it would seem that in the future a four weeks' camp would be pref- erable to one of two weeks' duration. Looking at it from the edu- cational side, it gives the boys a broader field of vision, brings them in closer touch with nature, and gives them a knowledge not to be obtained in the school room. .r-_v m Combating New Pests. By J. G. Sandkrs, Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa. (An abstract prepared by the author.) Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I want to assure you that I prize this opportunity to meet with you in this annual gathering of Adams County horticulturists. Last year I was forced by previous engagements to forego this pleasure ; and even now I am exceed- ingly sorry that other calls prevent my attendance at this meeting more than a couple of hours. With the aid of a few slides for illustrations, I wish to talk with you for a brief period on a subject which I believe implicitly is one of the most important factors affectng the growth and development of agriculture and horticulture in America, and for safeguarding these interests in future years. Each year many millions of dollars are lost to our country and her people through the destruction of certain ])ercentages of each and every crop grown. More than half of these startling losses can be attributed to attacks of insects and diseases which have been care- lessly introduced from foreign countries on nursery stock, in the soil about the roots of imported plants and in other ways. The trade in various types of nursery stock grown in other coun- tries and imported to America is enormous ; unnecessarily enormous. Nine-tenths of the plants now imported could be readily grown here for sale and distribution, without the attendant dangers of intro- ducing some new pest of agriculture to add to the destruction al- ready so severe in our country. As has been said on other occasions, the American citizen, whether producer or consumer, undoubtedly pays the heaviest tax of any person in the entire world for destruc- tion of crops and their products by insects and plant diseases. Too great dependence has been placed on other sources of supply for these and other materials which can be produced here with greater safety, and now the time has come for our people to demand a cessation of these pernicious practices which may bring profit for the time being to a few, but ultimately lead to greater and greater difficulties in crop production. Unless this open door policy of plant introduction is altered, the number and character of pests introduced and the losses which will occur will overwhelm us, and economical production of crops will be impossible. All who have had experience in agriculttire or horti- culture can attest to the constant warfare which must be waged against plant pests in order that a reasonable crop can be secured. Each year under the present system of miscellaneous importations of i)lant'S in immense shipments of many tons each, sometimes 27 28 29 amounting to shiploads, what chance has the trained inspector to detect insects which are hidden away in an earthen cell in soil about the roots of plants so shipped. Fumigation of these large masses of earth bound in burlap has been attempted by several methods and with the best known chemicals for the purpose, but without success in destroying the hidden insects. Spores of plant diseases cannot be detected by the most careful inspections, except when the disease is in an advanced stage. Under the present war conditions, plant shipments have been re- duced to a very low mark, almost to the ix)int of prohibition, yet our florists have been able to report in their trade papers a very success- ful holiday trade by replacing the usual supply of azaleas and other imported plants with plants of their own propagation. Let us con- tinue in this safer method. Some very serious and destructive pests have been introduced within the past few years, and even now some undiscovered pests are multiplying which will be brought to light soon, if we may judge by past experiences. Let us review a few of the more important and destructive pests of plants recently established in our country. The gipsy moth has already cost us in the neighborhood of four- teen million dollars in efforts for suppression, but the pest still con- tinues its gradual spread to new territory. The brown-tail moth has spread more rapidly due to its powers of flight and now is destruc- tive to tree life in all New England states and has penetrated far into northeastern Canada. The destruction wrought to the elm trees of our eastern states by the elm leaf beetle from Europe is well known in the affected area. The leopard moth which attacks several of our best shade trees is doing damage in the vicinity of New York and in states adjoining, near the seashore. More recently there have appeared some pests which promise to be as serious as any yet established. One of these has been pronounced by our best judges as "probably the most serious pest of fruit trees that has ever been introduced in the United States." This reference to the oriental peach moth (Laspeyresia molesta Busck) is not over- drawn in consideration of the past season's observations. Attacking the new twigs, buds and fruits of the peach, plum, quince, apple, apricot and cherry in a destructive manner, this pest introduced from Japan in nursery stock promises to do more damage in a few years than the value of all the nursery stock imported to the United States during the past quarter century. Only last summer (191 7) the establishment in enormous numbers of a destructive beetle (Popillia japonka) from Japan was deter- mined at an important horticultural center in New Jersey. This pest was apparently introduced in the soil about the roots of a shipment of Japanese iris imported about four years ago. An acknowledged pest in its native country attacking grapes, roses and other blossoms, the foliage of plum and cherry, and several other useful and orna- mental trees and shrubs, we cannot as yet judge the great importance Vi lif' /> ' V of this pest here ; but since such pests are usually more severe than in their native homes, we know we are harboring a dangerous enemy. The recent discovery of the European mole cricket and the ear wig in destructive numbers in New Jersey and Long Island forces our attention more definitely to the dangers of importing soil with plants from foreign shores. These pests are well nigh uncontrol- lable without great effort and they promise to be very troublesome after a few years. A large number of destructive weevils, cut- worms, slugs, wireworms, caterpillars, beetles, scale insects, aphids and mites could be named and discussed at length with much inter- esting history of heavy losses occasioned by their attacks, but this abstract will not permit. Finally, it surely appears that our policy and methods of plant m- troduction are wrong and should be altered at the earliest time com- patible with reasonable nursery proceedure. Experience proves to those who have been watching the introduction and progress of these new pests that the business which is responsible for most of these introductions will not take the lead in overcoming the dangers. The nurserymen and florists will not of their own accord make a change in methods, although these dangers have been pointed out to them on many occasions, and striking examples of pest introduction en- tered as evidence. Yet these same business men are to suffer along with others in curtailment of orders. The chestnut blight from China, the white pine blister rust from Germany, the poplar blight and imported poplar weevil have ])rac- tically eliminated a demand for these trees, and the nurseryman suf- fers a loss of business thereby, while the final loss of these valuable trees in their natural areas is incalculable. Eight years ago the citrus canker was unknown, but having been introduced with orange trees from China into Florida, last year there were appro])riated for re- pressive control measures approximately eight hundred and forty thousand dollars. Does it pay to allow anybody and everybody the privilege of bringing in whatever he likes in i)lant forms? A bill has been introduced in Congress j)rohibitiig plant importation except by the United States Dei)artment of Agriculture, and every right mijided citizen should support it fully. ^ t^'.i- - , .*■ -., -yj Fig. I. Applic Scab Diskask. This apple is nearly mature and shows abundant late infections. Note par- ticularly the numerous small black scab specks at the left. Fig. 4. Summer Stagk of thk Applk Scab Fungus. Drawing of a very thin razor section, much magnified, through the margin of a scab spot on a fruit. The cuticle is lifted, the tissue near the fungus is shrinking and the fungus has produced some black spores which break otf readily and are blown to other trees. 30 ■y w r '\ \. What the Farm Bureau is Doing for the Adams County Fruit Grower. H. F. Hershey, County Agent, Gettysbunj, Pa. The Adams County Farm Bureau was organized in February, 1917, and the County Agent started work on May 7, 1917- First of all, I wish to tell vou what the Farm Bureau is and somethuig about its' workings, and' this applies to the fruit grower as well as to any other type of farmer in the county. , , , a The Farm Bureau is an organization composed of farmers ana men who are interested in "better agriculture" for Adams County. \ny one who signifies his intention is a member, as there are no dues Membership carries with it the privilege of votmg for the officers and the executive committee. An annual meetmg is held yearly, in the month of December, and everyone should make it a point to be present, so as to keep in close touch with the work. Due notice of the meeting will be given through the newspapers and by means of a circular letter. . The Adams County Farm Bureau was established for the pur- pose of bringing to the farmers of the county practical suggestions and information concerning every phase of agriculture. Vox many years the Agricultural Experiment Stations have been studying a 'wide variety of practical farm problems, such as soil fertility care of farm animals, control of crop diseases and insects orchard cul- ture crop improvement, drainage, marketing, etc. Much valuable information has been secured, and to make it more useful, prac- tical and more readily available to the farmers of the State the so- called agricultural extension work has been outlined. Although there are many forms of the extension work, the county farm bu- reau represents the best avenue to secure contact with the average The farm Inireaus are supported by public funds. The Smith- Lever Act, passed by Congress in May. 1914- provided for a dehnite aDpropriation to every state, the amount being in proportion to the rural population of the state and the money to be spent through the agricultural colleges. The provision was also made that the individual states must advance as much money, dollar for dollar, as the national government. An act passed by the legislature in iQU nermits the county commissioners to appropriate as much as $1 «X).oo to take care of the local expenses. The Adams County commissioners ai)propriated $250.00 to carry on the work until Jan- uary I I0I« The re.^t of the money must be raised by private sub- scription It is hoped that the commissioners will see fit to appro- l)riate $1,000.00 for the coming year. Having appropriations from 31 ■?^ V]c.. I. AiMM.i". Scab Disi'.ask. This apple is nearly mature and shows abundant late infections, ticularlv the numerous small black scab specks at the left. Xote par- Fic. 4. SiMMKk STAf.K 01 THK AiM'u: Scai; l'\N(.rs. Dravvinj^^ of a verv thin razor section, much ma.unified, throu.i^h the marjjin of a scab si)ot on a 'fruit. The cuticle is lifted, the tissue near the tun^us is shrinking and the fundus has produced some black spores which break oil readily and are blown to other trees. 30 I ' V • What the Farm Bureau is Doing for the Adams County Fruit Grower. 11. l'\ IlKKSIIKV, i'oiiiity Agent, Ccttysbitiui. I'a. The Adams Comitv I<'arm IJureau was ()r<,'anize(l in I'cbniaiy. 1(117 and llic Countv'AK'cnt started work on May 7, 1917. I'lrst of all 1 wisli to tell von what the l-'ann linrean is and something,' aliout its' working's, and' this appHes to the fruit grower as well as to any other tvpe of farmer in the comity. 'riie'l'arm lUireau is an oigaiiization composed of tarmers and men who are interested in "better agriculture" for Adams County. \nv one who signifies his intention is a member, as there are no dues Membership carries with it the privilege of volnig [*»- l\w ..flicers and the executive committee. .\n animal meeting is hel.l vearlv in the month of December, and everyone should make it a ",,„int'to be i)resent. so as to keep in close touch with the work. )ue iioticc of the meeting will be given through the newspapers and l)y means of a circular letter. ,,•,,.- .1 The \danis C.nmtv I'arm P.ureau was established lor the pui- pose of bringing to the farmers of the county practical suggestions 'md information concerning every phase of agriculture. 1-or many vears the \gricultnral Experiment Stations have been studying a wide varietv of i)ractical farm i)roblems. such as soil fertility, care „f farm animals, control of crop .liseases aii.l insects orchard cu - lure crop improvement, drainage, marketing, etc. .Much valuaDle information has been secured, and to make it more useful, pi ac- tical. an.l more readilv available to the farmers of the State the so- calle.l agricultnnil extension work has been outlined. .MlliougH ibcre are nianv forms of the extension work, the a.untv farm bu- reau represents the best avenue to secure contact with the average '"'rhe'farm bureaus are Mip|.orted by public funds The Sniith- 1 ever \ct passed bv Congress in May. 1914. provided for a dehnite a'lmropriatiou to everv state, the amount being m proportion to the n„-al population of the >tate and the money to be spent through ,1,0 agricultural colleges. The provision was also mae^ 'I'he rest of the money nnist be raised by private suD- scriotion It i- hoped that the cominissioiiers will see ht to appro- priate .^i.ooo.'X) for the coming year. Having appropriations from 31 INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 32 the national and state governments and from the governing body of the county puts the work on a sound basis. The County Agent has a machine v^hich he uses to travel around the county. The first year's work consisted for a large part in get- ting acquainted with the farmers and studying agricultural condi- tions throughout the county. An office is provided in the court house and as there is some one there all the time, telephone calls are cared for. A great deal of time was spent last summer in indi- vidual farm visits, and in helping to work out individual farm prob- lems. A great many calls were received from the fruit growers of the county to help solve many different problems, and to identify dif- ferent diseases and insects. Among these I might enumerate the following: Aphis, red bug, fire blight, collar blight, cedar rust, and frog eye, on apple ; yellows, brown rot, scab, shot hole fungus and leaf curl on peach. These were the principal diseases for which the County Agent gave advice. He can continue to be of service to the fruit men if such calls are made for his service. The Farm Bureau will also plan to conduct several projects on spraying to control frog eye and leaf spot and probably projects along other lines if the need warrants. The major project along horticultural lines will be a detailed orchard survey of Adams County. The Extension Department of the Pennsylvania State College plans to make an orchard survey of the entire South Mountain district, which will include Adams, Franklin, York, and Cumberland Counties, and the farm bureaus in these counties will cooperate in the work. On the opi)osite page is the outline which we plan to use for mak- ing of the survey. It was drawn up largely by A. Freeman Mason, of the Extension Department of State College, in consultation with other interested parties. It is needless to go very much into detail as the outline is self-explanatory. These points, however, have been kept in mind in making the outline. The exact acreage of trees planted to date, their age and what future ])lantings are contem- ])lated by individual growers. Also varieties ])lanted, their age and their yields over a period of years. When we have the survey com- pleted we will have something definite in regard to varieties and acreage, and it will be of value as an advertising feature. Other points are gone into in regard to management, production, ])rofitable and nonprofitable varieties. It is planned to make the survey in such detail that when we come to summarize it we will have data that will be of the greatest importance to the grower, buyer, or to any one who is interested in fruit growing, and in Adams County in particular. It is not expected that this work will be finished within the com- ing year as it requires a great deal of time to see each individual grower. The Extension Department will furnish a man to help in the work and individual growers can greatly assist by giving their '■» ti i ^ t 33 Apples PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE. Orchard Survey. No. Date Owner, .Post Office, VARIETY. Pre. 95 A. Trs. 95-00 i A. Trs. 00-05 A. Trs. 05-10 1911 A. Trs. A. Trs. 1912 I 1913 1914 A. Trs. iA. Trs. A. Trs. 1915 A. Trs. "XT -^ ..I* 1 1 1 York Stayman, 1 1 1 ! i j ■.■.■.■';.'. ' 1 t 1 1 1 .... 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 Location SUe and Elevation, Soil Type Soil Mgmt., Pruning Spray Program, Fertilizers Worst Pests, .. Equipment CROP DATA. 1914 I 1915 Rbl. Bulk' Bbl. Bulk I 1920 1916 I 1917 I 1918 I 1919 Bbl.Bulkl Bbl.BulklBbl.BulklBbl.Bulk Bbl.Bulk Total Yield Amount Received, . Cost of Production, Income Per Acre, . Where and How Packed and Sold Profitable Varieties (Why) Nonprofitable Varieties (Why) Per Cent. Farm in Fruit Per Cent. Income from Fruit. Chief Other Interests. Suggested Combination Remarks .Observer. 34 hearty cooperation to the County Agent or whoever comes to see them. . 1 1 11 In conclusion I wish to say that the Farm Bureau wishes to do all in its power for ** Better AgricuUure" in Adams County. These are strenuous times and production must be pushed to the utmost. Whenever the County Agent can be of service to you do not fail to get in touch with him at once. The purpose of the Farm Bureau, in fact all extension work is not to force it upon the people, but to give help wherever and whenever asked. The usefulness of the County Agent depends largely upon the use which is made of hmi by individual farmers. Discussion. Member. — What questions are you most frequently asked? Mr. Hershey.— The questions are pretty general, but have been so far, more in regard to apple growing than any other line. Member.— Do you have in mind any particular line of fruit ques- tions? Mr. Hershey.— Ced2iV rust is one that has come up quite largely, and also a great many questions in regard to peach diseases and in- sects. Member. — Can you give an outline of the law that has been passed in regard to cedar rust? Mr. Hershey.— '^o, I cannot ; but perhaps Mr. Goodwin may be able to do so. r • i . Mr. Goodivin.—The law does not give any specifications, but covers the various pests and plant diseases and provides for the eradication. If a man refuses, under the present law, to cut down his trees, he can be taken before a justice of the peace, and if con- victed, is fined and has to pay the costs, and is compelled to cut the trees. Or they can be cut and the bill charged to him. This law is in operation now. Member. — How long a time is a man given after he has been notified to take out his cedar trees? Mr. Goodwin. — He is given a reasonable time. I do not remem- ber the exact wording of the law. If the complaint is placed with the State Zoologist he will see that it is taken care of. Member. — Would you mind telling us what other lines of work you have taken up, Mr. Hershey? Will your office attempt to keep a list of the people who have good seed corn? Mr. Hershey. — Yes ; we will keep a list of such people so we can keep other people in touch with them. Also oats and other farm crops. , M^'mfc^r.— Would it be very much work for you to go to a man s farm and make an analysis of the soil of each field? Mr. Hershey. — I cannot do it myself. A chemical analysis of the soil can be made, but you do not get very far, because you may find 35 ' your soil has plenty of potash but it is not available for plant food, as it is not in an available form. There may be plenty of nitrogen and potash in the soil, but your plants may not be getting enough so if the plant is not getting enough of the food elements you must rely mostly on conditions of plant growth to tell you what your soil needs In many cases a chemical analysis will show that potash is not needed in the soil, and yet by applying potash your crops are greatly increased, even though there is plenty in the soil. But there is one thing vou can do. Have samples taken of your soil and have it analyzed for lime requirement. Different parts of a held will vary so much that it is not possible for a chemical analysis to give a fair analysis of your field. You must take such a small sample that i would not be at all fair to the balance of the field. What one part of the field may lack the other part of the field may have plenty of. The Experiment Station will not make a chemical analysis of soils for the reasons I have stated. , , r :) M ember. -^CovM they tell whether the soil needed ime? Mr Hershev.—Yes, they can analyze the soil to tell the lime re- quirements. Of course there are a number of simple tests, but by analysis of your soil you can tell pretty definitely just about how much lime vou need to make your soil sweet. ^^^^^;..L_Will you take up any investigations in regard to smut on corn? ^ . ^ ^ i .u^*. Mr Hershey.— The work of the County Agent is not to do that in a very extensive wav, because his time is taken up with so many different problems all over the county, but the question of corn smut is a very serious one, and the only way you can get rid of it is to remove H from the field. If it is not removed it is carried on the fodder and in the manure and thus carried over another season. Member— Would the same treatment apply to oats smut; Mr Hershev.—ThRt will help, but will not prevent the smut being carried over in the manure if the corn fodder is fed the animals and then carried out again in the fields. One of the best ways is not o use the fodder, then take seed from a field that you know is entirely free from smut. , Memfocr.— Will smut from corn infest the oats next year? Mr Hershey.— No : I think it is altogether a different smut. Member.— Doe^ smut make the stock sick? , Mr. Hershey.— Not unless they get too much of it. Do not be- lieve thev would get enough to injure them. . . . i Member.-Wi\\ your corn reports show the varieties l)est adapted to certain sections or counties? , • , • i i- Mr. Hershey.-Smdy. We will try to get high yielding corn, as "^ M^-mfr^'r.-Why is high yielding corn not given prizes at corn '^"Mr ' Hershey.— Prob-My because certain rules have to be lived up to I am not able to answer that. I heard an incident the other 36 day in which, out of ten ears of corn which had taken the sweep- stake prize, two or three ears utterly failed to germinate. That will sometimes happen. You, of course, can tell if an ear is properly dried, and if it looks good, but cannot always tell if it will germinate, and if you get one ear like that in your seed corn it will be a big loss to you. Member. — Is white corn worth as much as yellow corn? Mr. Hersliey. — In feeding value it is. I think that depends on the section. In our farm bureau work we never push the work on anyone, but go out and give our services when asked for. The idea is not to shove it down the the throat of the farmer, so to speak, but to give him any information when he wants it, and give what service we are able. Many questions which we come up against we are not able to answer ourselves, but are in position to secure information on the subject. C, A. Griest. — The question of seed corn seems to me wonder- fully important. I hope the work the Farm Bureau is going to do wilf help us to get better seed corn in the future. It is a (|uestion in my mind whether it is the right way to select seed corn to go to the crib and pick it out. It seems to me by all means it should be selected in the fall, before the corn is stored away, and then stored in a suitable place so that it can be pro])erly dried and taken care of in the best possible manner to avoid overheating or freezing be- fore getting dry. h I > I' Peach Cankers. Donald Reddick, Professor of Plant Patlwlogy, Cornell Lhiiversity. Peach growers in western New York have relatively little troiil)le with diseaf€s of foliage and fruit. The leaf-curl disease is common enough but it can be suppressed readily by spraymg. Other trou- bles are of so little consequence that almost no growers do any sum- mer spraying. There are, however, some troubles of limb and trunk that require attention. They are commonly referred to as canker. Two distinct kinds of cankers are found and must be con- sidered separately as they are of entirely different origin. Brown Rot C.snker. Some years ago complaints were made from the Niagara district on both sides of the imernational line that black canker was very common on the larger limbs of bearing peach trees, and that the vitality and fruitfulness of the trees was seriously impaired, bor some unknown reason the disease was referred to as European canker. The peach growers of Niagara County, New \ork, finally arranged a financial cooperation with Cornell University for an in- vestigation of the trouble, and Dr. R. A. Jehle was assigned to do the work under the writer's general supervision Dr. Jehle has pul)- lished' the results of his work which are here briefly reviewed. It was soon observed that the cankers were confined to bearing wood and that they varied in appearance from the reddish to brown sunken lesion on shoots of the current season to large, black, rough, onen lesions on old limbs, the latter showing thickened annual in- crements of growth. When it was found that a dead spur, or the scar of one. could be found in the center of practically every canker a very strong suspicion was aroused that this trouble and the famil- iar brown rot disea.se of the fruit were very intimately rela ed and ,,robal)ly caused bv the same organism. I hen it was found that a blighting of blossoms was not uncommon and the blighted blossom usually was glued to the twig by a mucilaginous excretion. Small sunken cankers appeared al)out the blighted blossom and the brown rot fungus was fmmd fruiting on the blossoms. In the autumn blighted shoots began to appear and when it was found that a ru, affected with brown rot could ))e found at the ba^e of the blighted part and that a sunken lesion encircled the shoot the evidence seemed very conclusive. ' Jehle, R. E. The brown rot canker of the peach. Phytopathology 3: 105- " Peach inkers and their treatment. Cornell University Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. 26:53-64. 1914- 37 i 36 (lay in wliicli, out of ten ears of corn which had taken the sweep- stake ])rize, two or three ears utterly failed to germinate. That will sometimes happen, ^'ou, of course, can tell if an ear is properly dried, and if it looks good, but cannot jdways tell if it will germinate, and if vou «:et one ear like that in vour seed corn it will he a big lo^s to you. Member. — Is white corn worth as much as yellow corn? Mr. l/crslicy. — in feeding value it is. I think that depends on the se«'tion. In our farm bureau work we nexer i)ush the work on anyone, but go out and gi\e our services when asked for. The idea is 'lot to siiove it down the the throat of the farmer, so to s])eak, bul to give him any information when he wants it, and gi\e what service we are able. Many (piestions which we come u]) against we are not able to answer ourselves, but are in position to secure information on the su])ject. C. J. Cricsl. — The ({uestion of ^eed corn seems to me wonder- fully imi)ortant. I h()i)e the work the h'arm liureau is going to (!<> will help us to get better seed corn in the future. It is a (|uestion in my mind whether it is the right way to select seed corn to go to the crib and ])ick it out. It seems to me by all means it should be selected in the fall, ])ef()re the corn is stored away, and then stored in a suitable i)lace so that it can be ])ro])erly dried and taken care of in the best ])()ssil)le manner to avoid overheating or freezing be- fore getting ^h'\'. I' , Peach Cankeis. DoN.M.I) Ri;i>l>KK. I'rojcssor of I'lanl I'alliolojjv. Cornell Uiihersitx. Peach growers in western New Nork have relatively little trouble with diseases of fohaije and fruit. The leaf-curl disease is common enouLdi but it- can be suppressed readily by si)raying. Other trou- i)les are of so little conseciutnce that almost no growers do any sum- mer spraving. There are, however, some troubles of hmb and trunk that re(|uire attention. 'Hiev are commonly referred to as canker. Two distinct kinds of cankers are found and must be con- sidered separately as they are of entirelv different origni. iiuowN Rot Ca.nkkk. Some vears ago complaints were made from the Niagara district on' both 'sides of the international line that black canker was very common on the larger limbs of bearing peach trees, and that the vitalitv and fruit fulness of the trees was seriously impaired, hor some 'unknown reas.^n the disease was referred to as European canker. The peach growers of Niagara County. New N ork. Imally arranged a linancial coopcrati(m with Cornell Universitv lor an in- vestigation of the trouble, and Dr. R. .\. Jchle w.is assigne.l to do the work under ih.e writer's general supervision. I r. Jehle has pub- lished' the re-ults of his work which are here brietlv reviewed. It was soon observed that the cankers were conlined to bearing wood and that thev varied in appearance from the reddish to broNvn sunken lesion on s'hoots of the current season to kirge. black, rough, oi,en lesions on olI4- 37 fv^rcxTTTTrklNJ AT Qpr OMn F YPOSURE 38 In the meantime, however, pure cultures of the brown rot fungus had been secured from diseased blossoms from fruits, both mummies and freshly rotted ones, as well as from the affected tissues in can- kers of all ages. These cultures of the fungus were used for making inoculations into healthy branches and fruits. In every case a typ- ical lesion developed, whereas tissue injured but not inoculated, healed over quickly. The proof was conclusive that one and the same organism produced all the different types of lesion described above as well as the brown rot of fruits. The organism, known technically as Sclcrotinia cinerea, is best known to growers by the grayish brown tufts that appear on rotted fruits. These tufts consist largely of fruiting bodies of the fungus. The vegetative part is hidden away in the diseased tissue and is only visible by means of a powerful microscope. A fruiting stage of the fungus not so well known is formed in the early spring on the fallen mummy. One or more pale brown," cup-like bodies issue from the fallen mummy that has been protected from drying completely, and after attainting the height of about one inch expand at the apex into a disc which sometimes measures as much as a half inch in diameter. From this cup or disc, spores are ejected in great quantities and these are carried by the wind to ex- panding blossoms where, if moisture conditions are favorable, an in- fection takes place. In the course of a few days, longer or shorter, depending on temperature conditions, the blossom blights, becomes tufted with the common gray or brownish fruiting bodies, gum exudes, cementing the blossom securely to the twig, and a sunken lesion may develop at the base. The summer spores of this fungus are produced very abundantly and, w^hile no examinations have been made, it is altogether probable that practically every fruit in the average orchard is well dotted with these spores and that many of the spores are viable. In spite of this it is a v-ery rare occurrence to hnd rot in green i)eaches in New York orchards. It has been shown fairly definitely by Taylor- that punctures, such as those made by the curculio, are necessary be- fore the fungus enters the fruit. As the fruits approach maturity the skin is more readily broken and a variety of insects may then puncture it, thus forming infection courts for the fungus. It is an unfortunate but common practice in peach picking to leave the overripe fruits on the tree. Such fruits invariable be- come affected with brown rot and it is from these that many new- cankers are formed since it is an easy matter for the fungus to work back through the pedicel into the tissue of the twig. Control, With this brief survey of the situation some practical measures for preventing the cankers will be apparent. 2 Taylor, Estes P. Fighting curculio in peaches. The Fruitgrower 21 : 84- 86, Feb. 1910. , S I 39 1. First of all, it should be noted that a goodly proportion of the cankers originate from blossom infection. This means that some plan of interfering with the normal development of the winter fruit- ing body or of eliminating it entirely is desirable. If there is no fruit rot there will be no fungus, but it will be seen that the practice of dropping overripe fruits to the ground is just about as repre- hensible as of leaving them on the tree. In general, blossom blight is commonest in orchards that are not plowed before blossoming time, and it is regularly more common in grassy orchards. If the orchard could be plowed before blossoming time and dragged over one or two days before the blossoms actually opened, the amount of blossom blight might be reduced materially. Such treatment would s-eriously disrupt normal development of the winter fruiting bodies and would prevent the development of spores at a critical time. Spraying in the bloom might give results but the work would have to be done in a very short time, and would not be very profitable, ex- cept on comparatively young trees. 2. The second measure in preventing cankers is to prevent the brown rot of the fruit. Methods for doing this are well known, but when the disease is of so little consequence, commercially, as it is in New York orchards, not many growers will bother to employ them. But there seems no good reason why the overripe fruits should be left hanging on the trees. They might be culled out in the packing shed and disposed of in some way, or at least dropped to the ground where hogs would eat them if given an opportunity. 3. Another consideration in canker control, which is not so obvi- ous, is worthy of attention. It has been noticed repeatedly that canker is more abundant in orchards given high nitrogen fertiliza- tion, particularly of stable manure, than in others not so treated. Growers whose orchards are on sandy land know how well their trees respond to heavy applications of stable manure, and the indica- tions certainly are strong that the matter has been overdone in some instance. Contrary to common opinion, there is some evidence to show that the plants we commonly regard as in vigorous condition really do not have the vitality to resist disease as well as those ap- parently in less flourishing condition. Frost Cankkr. Another type of canker is common in many New York orchards. It is a sunken lesion in the crotches of the main limbs, or at the base of the trunk. Usually there is a copious flow of gum, particu- larly in wet weather. The canker varies in extent from a small sunken area to one so large that the principle limbs or trunk are girdled. In the latter event, the tree usually puts forth leaves which remain small, later turn yellow and finally die. In the smaller can- kers the bark gradually dries down and in the course of a few months white pustules appear over the dead area. These white pus- tules are the fruiting bodies of a fungus. Valsa leucostoma, which i I 1 1 i"^ "^x t 40 in some localities is said to act as a parasite, and to be responsible for the trouble. Various workers at Cornell University have made inoculations of this fungus into healthy tissue, and have never suc- ceeded in producing a lesion. . . The trouble undoubtedly is a type of winter injury. It is known that the tissues in these regions are most susceptible to injury by cold and the prevalence of the trouble can be correlated with late growth and immaturity whether this is brought on by late nitro- genous fertilization or by midsummer droughth followed by favor- able growing weather. If winter temperatures reach a certain point, peach trees freeze to death, but if this temperature is not reached, there may still be regions where the tissues are susceptible and are either killed or very severely injured. The last tissue to show injury from low temperature is the cam- bium The young wood within and the bark without, may be frozen to death and still the cambium mav retain life and give rise to new tissues in the spring.. This is not an infrequent occurrence, as may be determined by sawing off a peach tree and examining for the presence of black rings in the wood. The recuperative power of peach trees injured by freezing is as great or greater than for most other kinds of fruit trees. Tissues that appear to the eye to be dead, or nearly so, if left undisturbed, often survive. Growers are beginning to recognize this fact, and the practice of "dehorning" trees after a severe freeze is not in- dulged in as freely as it was a few years ago. When the tissues in crotch and trunk cankers are completely dead and sunken and there is no possibility of recovery, the presence of the dead and injured tissue is a menace to the tree. The peach is particularlv sensitive to injury, and almost any injury is followed by gum flow. Pockets of gum are formed regularly under frost cankers and it has been found that the removal of the dead tissue facilitates healing of the wound. Apparently the presence of this dead matter, which is soon infested with fungi and insects, stimu- lates gum flow to the detriment of callus formation. Trkatmknt of Cankkrs. Whatever the origin of cankers, their treatment is essentially the same except that in the case of an infectious disease, such as the brown rot canker, the work must be done with care, in order to in- sure that all trace of the fungus is eliminated. Whenever the cankers occur on limbs that can be removed with- out detriment to the tree, it is best to remove them while pruning, care being taken to cut several inches below any visible injury, as the living fungus in|fhe brown rot canker extends back beyond any ex- ternal evidence of the disease, and if allowed to remain will continue to infect healthy wood. If the cankers occur on limbs that it is de- sirable to save, they should be cleaned out by removing all the dis- eased wood a short distance back of any visible evidence of the 41 disease. The diseased wood and bark can be readily detected by its brown color. In the brown rot cankers it is very important to re- move all this discolored tissue, as it is in this tissue that the fungus ives and if it is not removed the disease will spread. The amount of bark that it is necessary to remove depends on the extent of the diseased part. It is not necessary to remove any of the solid wood except to smooth the treated part. The wound should be pointed at the upper and lower extremities, and the bark at the edge of the wound should be cut at right angles to the wood. As soon as the wound has dried out it should be coated with coal tar. The tar acts as a disinfectant and preservative, and no other treatment is neces- sary. Trials have been made in order to determine this point, and it is now evident that the use of corrosive sublimate or lime-sulphur solutions in addition to the coal tar, is unnecessary. The tools needed for such work are in the possession of every fruit grower. A good, stout pruning knife, a pruning saw, a gouge, and a mallet comprise the list. • , 1 • The time required to treat cankers varies greatly with their size and condition. Small cankers readily accessible, can be treated quickly with the pruning knife, while crotch cankers, involving sev- eral limbs, may require an hour. Discussion. Member.— At what time in the year can brown rot spores be seen on the trees? , -r Dr Reddick.— You do not see the individual spores, but if you will examine a blighted blossom, say a week after they have begun to show blight, you will see it covered with a brown powder, and if you hold it up and blow a puff of air across it, you will see a cloud of something flying away, which is the spores of the fungus. Member.— \Wou\d cultivation just l)efore ])lossoming time and Inirying it destroy the spores? Dr Reddiek.— It is not a question of burying them, but of turn- ing the mummy over so that in the process this little cup-hke fungus will be broken and will not have the opportunity of casting those spores while trees are in blossom. It is very diflicult to make an experiment and determine how much good you have done that way. In orchards where the owners have plowed ])efore blossoming the amount of blossom blight is considerably less than in orchards where the plowing is done later. There seems to be that general condition. Member— In the case of a young orchard bearing the first crop, if all over-ripened, decayed fruit is taken out of the orchard, where will the spores winter? Dr Reddiek.— The brown rot fungus occurs on plums, cherries, apples and perhaps on some other kinds of fruit, as well as on peaches, and it will cross from one kind of fruit to another, so that even a wild cherry tree in the neighborhood might be a source of in- i 42 fertion The weight of one of the si^ores is very much less than a SrtSe of ^is you can see in the sunshine. When the spores are Birown into the air, their chances of being earned by currents of ^Z\viZ^l^^^^^ away the diseased portion of the tree, what do vou think of the advisability of using coal tar as a disinfectant? Dr Rcddick.—On wounds where the bark has been cleaned out I have used coal tar. I refer to the tar that comes from gas works that make artificial gas from coal. I have put that material on peach trees and on all sorts of trees, and have never seen any injury to the bark from it. It sticks to the wood better than any material i know of and its preservative effect will last for more than a year. I think there is no question but that it is a safe thing to use. Mcmhcr—¥di\t you allowed it to overlap the cambium.^ Dr Reddick.—Yts, and have allowed it to run down the tree. Member.— Is there a difference in the process of making gas in the different works ? . i r -i Dr. Reddick.—Yes, there is. Some places gas is made from oil, and tar that comes from that process is injurious to the tissue. iMember.— Would it be any advantage in dressing the \vound to go over the cambium with shellac before putting on coal tar t Dr Reddiek.—l should not do that. It has been done, but do not know of anv advantage in doing it. We secured from as many gas works in New York as we could, samples of their product and tested them on apples. We did not have a single case of injury to apples from the use of tar that came from the various New York works where the tar came from coal. Member.— D\d you try any from the oil gas works? Dr. Reddiek.— Yes, and we had injury from that. It killed the tissue of the bark where it lapped over and around the edge of the wound. . Mcmber.—Then it is not an absolutely safe remedy to use in the ordinary growers' hands? , , , • , u ^ Dr. Reddiek.— Under these conditions I should think not, but under New York conditions, we have tested so many samples that it is pretty safe. We do not get the sort of coal tar that has oil in it, apparently. M^m^^r.— When a crop has been lost from brown rot, what can be done to insure a crop the next year under favorable conditions for brown rot ? . xt xr i Dr. Reddiek.—We do not have enough brown rot in New York to make it worth while to spray in summer, but where brown rot is prevalent it is regularly held in check by spraying or by dusting. The particular treatment, of course, depends on the locality. Fig. 198. Just right to spray for codling moth. Two apples from which the petals have just fallen. The calyx lobes are widely spread. (Courtesy of Cornell University.) Results of a Survey of Insects Affecting Orchards in Adams County. C. H. Hadlky, Extension Entomologist Pennsylvania State College. Introduction. ^ In March, 191 7, the writer attended a meeting of this associa- tion, and at that time outlined the plans for making a survey of the insect conditions in several representative localities of the State. The Floradale (Adams County) fruit district seemed to represent average conditions, and when the plan was presented at the meet- ing referred to ahove, those present agreed that the experiment was worth trying, and offered to help out in any way possible. The report presented herewith will show briefly the results ob- tained this season, and is based ui)on the observations and studies of Mr. T. R. Eyer, Mr. W. C. Cook, and the writer. It is obvious that one season's observations will give but a gen- eral idea of conditions. In order that the results of work of this nature shall have a practical application, observations must be car- ried on for several consecutive seasons in the same general locality before average conditions can be ascertained. With this end in view, we hope to continue the work next season, taking up in greater de- tail those problems which this, the first season's observations, has pointed out as being the most important. 43 42 fection Tlic \vcis?ln of one of the spores is very niueh less tlian a n-irtiele of (hi;',_ls tlicrc a difference in the i)rocess of makiui^- gas in the different works? . . /)r. Recldiek.—W^^, there is. Some places gas is made trom oil, and tar that ccnnes from that process is injurious to the tissue. 3/r;//^rr.— Would ii be any advantage in dressing the wound to go over the cambium with shellac before i)iUting on coal tar.' Dr. Reddiek.—l should not do that, it has been done, but do not know of anv advantage in doing it. We secured from as many gas works in New York as we could, samples of their product and tested them on apples. We did not have a single case of injurv to apples from the use of tar that came from the various Xew N'ork works where the tar came from coal. Member,— '[Yul vou trv anv from the oil gas works." Dr. Reddiek.— \v^, aiid we had injury from that. It killed the tissue of the bark where it la])])ed over and around the edge of the wound. ;i/(';;//)t'r.— Then it is not an absolutely safe remedy to use in the ordinary growers' hands ." Dr. Reddiek. Under these conditions 1 should think not, but under Xew ^'ork conditions, we have tested so many samples that it is i)retty safe. We do not get the sort of coal tar that has oil in it, api)arently. Member. When a croj) has been lost from brown rot. what can be done to insure a cro]) the next year under favorable conditions for l:rown rot ? /);-. Reddiek.— W'v do not have enough brown rot in Xew ^ ork to make it worth while to spray in summer, but where brown rot is l)revalent it is regularly held in check by si)raying or by dusting. The particular treatment, of course, depends on the locality. ImK. iuS. Just ri^ht to spray for codling moth. Two apples from wlucli the petals have just fallen. The calyx lobes are widely spread. (Courtesy of Cornell University.) Results of a Survey of Insects Affecting Orchards in Adams County. C. 1 1. I Iai)I,kn , Ilvfension Fjitomolofjist J'eujisylrati'hi SUUe CnUeye. iN'ruoDrerioN. In March, 1917. the writer attended a meeting of this associa- tion, and at that time outlined the plans for making a survey of the insect conditions in several rei)re.sentative localities of the State. 'IMie iHoradale (Adams County) fruit district seemed to represent average conditions, and when the plan was presented at the meet- ing referred to above, those i)resent agreed that the experiment was worth trying, and offered to helj) out in any way possible. The report presented herewith will show briefly the results ob- tained this season, and is based ui)on the observations and studies of Mr. I. R. I\ver, Mr. W. C. Cook, and the writer. it is obvious that one season's observations will give but a gen- eral idea of conditions. In order that the results of work of this nature shall have a practical applieation, observations must be car- ried on for several consecutive seasons in the same general locality before average conditions can be ascertained. With this end in view, we hope to continue the work next season, taking up in greater de- tail those pro])leins which this, the first season's observations, has j)()inted out as being the most important. 43 o TVTT^cKTTTniM AT SJFrOND EXPOSURE 44 ^ Fig. I. Apple Aphids clustering on opening buds. The most eflf active time for spraying. ,, ,t • • x (Courtesy of Cornell University.) Fig. 3. Condition of blossom buds when Red Bug Nymphs first appear. Spraying should be done as soon after this stage as possible. (Courtesy of Cornell University.) . 45 Aphis. There are three species of aphids present on apple trees, the grain aphis {Siphocoryne avencc)^ the rosy aphis {Aphis malifolicc), and the green apple aphis {Aphis pomi). Of these, the rosy aphis is the most destructive. The grain aphis hatched rtrst, having hatched about the middle of April. This species feeds on the outer leaves or buds of the opening clusters. They do not cause a great deal of damage, since they leave the apple by the middle of May for various grasses. The rosy aphis was very destructive in many orchards, especially where prompt control measures were not adopted. The stem- mothers of this species commenced hatching about the last of Apnl. This species is the worst offender, as it feeds on the foliage and young fruit, causing the foliage to curl badly and the fruit to be- come dwarfed and pitted. The familiar *'aphis apples" show a com- mon type of injury resulting from their work. At least three coni- |)lete broods of this species developed on apples by early July, when the winged forms left the a])ple for their other food plant, the plantain. This species was observed returning to apple foliage late in the fall, in early November. The green apple aphis stem-mothers hatched early in May ni rather small, scattered colonies. Their occurance was rather local, and the damage restricted to new foliage. This species remains on apple throughout the season, without causing very marked injury. The winged sexed forms appeared in large numbers during early October, and commenced laying the over-wintering eggs. The eggs of all three species are laid on apple twigs, but the dif- ferent species cannot be separated in this stage. The newly hatched lice in the spring may be separated by carefully observing the char- acters as given in the following key : Fody, Grit in Aphis. !)ark blackish green. Rosy Aphis. ireen. with several rnws of dark spots along body. Hody covered with white powder, giving Mu- i s h appearance. Smaller than other species. Green Af^ple Aphis. Lighter green with sometimes 1 e m o n- colored tinge. Antennnn, Very dark color ')ark blackish color in longer than in oth- er species. shorter than other species. Dusky color, esi>ecial- ly toward the tips. Cornicles ("honey ^ , , j tubes") Hlnek. hardly notice- Hark, long and prom- I able. inent j^egs, Park color. l^ark color. Dark colored, shorter than rosy aphis. Dark color, lighter to- wards tips. i 44 ^ 4.%^ *^-^>' "^^l^' W l-ii-. i. Ai»pl'^' Aphids chislerinii «>n opcnin.i' h\u\s. The most ctYectivc time lor spraviiiLi. ( Courtesy nf r<»nu'll riiiversity. ) »^ Im^. 3. Condition of hlossoni 1)U(1> wlien K'ed l>n'4 \\niplis tn>t appear. Sl'rayini; slionld he soon after this sia.ne as po>>ihK'. (Courtesy <>f Cornell I'niversity. ) 45 AlMlIS. There arc tlircc s])ecics of ai)lii(ls ])rescnl 011 apple trees, the grain a])his (SipliocorxJic avemc), the rosy aphis {Aphis mal'ifolicc) , atul the greet! apple aphis {Aphis pomi). < )f these, the rosy aphis is the most (lestntctive. 'riie graiti aphis hatched first, having hatched a])()tit the middle of Ai)ril. This species feeds on the ottter leaves or hnds of the opening clusters. They do n<»t cause a great deal of damage, sitice they leave the apple hy the middle of May for various grasses. 'hie rosy ai)his was xcry destrtictive in many orchard^, es])ecially where pr(')mi)t control measures were not adopted. The^ stem- mothers of this s])ecies commenced hatching ahont the last of .\])r:\. This si)ecies is the worst offender, as it feeds oti the foliage and voting frtiit, causing the foliage to curl badly and the fruit to he- come'^dwarfed and pitted. The familiar "ai)his apples" show a com- mon tvpe of injury resulting from their work. At least three com- plete broods of this species develoi)e(l mi ai)])les by early jtily, when the winged forms left th.e a])i)le for their other food idant, the l)lantain'^ This si)ecies was observed retnrning to apple foliage late in the fall, in early Xovember. The green a])ple aphis stem-mothers hatched early in May in rather sniall, scattered colonies. Their occnrance was rather local, and the damage restricted to new foliage. This species remains on apide thronghont the season, withont cansing very marked injury. The winged sexed forms ai)peared in large nttm])ers during early ( )ctober, and commenced laying the over-wintering v^^^^^. 1'he eggs of all three ^])ecies are laid on a])ple twigs, but the dit- fereiit species cannot be separated in this stage, flie newly hatched lice in the si)ring may be sei)arated by careftilly observing the cli:n-- acters as gi\en in the following key: (I III in Ai)his, Ix'o.sn A I ill is. (Ifi'iu Af'iilr A till is. I'ndy '»;nk l)l;.(kisli ^wru Irccii. witli srvrrjil Li^Mitcr ^n-cn with rnvs of (1m ik spot siloii?^ luxly. Pody (••)V( !-<'(l with whiK' powder. y^iviii« Mu- i s h jipl"'' riUK'c. Sm:".Ii<'r tluui othrr SpC!-i"S. soiurt iiiK's 1 »■ m o II- colored tiiiK*' A nt«iin;i', Very dark «'oh)f ■>!irk hlackish color. slu)rt»i- thiui in Ionian- than in otli- |)nsky c')lor. especial Iv toward the tii)s. othei species. cf species. Cornicles ('honey tvibes') Itlack. hard'y notice ' »j|fk. jon^- and prom- J, hie. ilHIlt. LcRi^. |»ark coliif. Hark colef. Oafk colired. sliorter than rosy a|)his. Dark eol(>r. lighter to- wards tips. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 6 46, This season's experience has shown that in general neither lime- sulphur nor miscible oil sprays alone will satisfactorily control aphids. Tobacco solution alone or in combination, if applied thor- oughly and at the proper season, will control these insects. The best time to apply this spray is just when the buds are bursting open in the spring. At this time all species of lice will have hatched, and the insects will be clustered on the ends of the buds. (Fig. i.) We may speak of this spray as the "delayed dormant" spray, smce it may replace the dormant spray, by using a combination of hme-sul- phur (dormant strength) and tobacco (containing forty per cent, nicotine sulphate, diluted three-fourths pint to lOO gallons spray solution). Fio. 2. Knotty apple resuUing from red bug injury. Apple: Rkd Bugs. Both si)ecies of apple red bugs were present, but the true red bug (Heterocordylus maliiius) s-eemed to be less numerous than the false red bug (Lygidea mendax). The former commenced hatching early in May, 'the latter a few days later. The young bugs puncture the tender leaves, causing a spotting and slight curling. This injury is, however, slight compared with their attacks on the young fruit, resulting in the characteristic gnarly, pitted apples. (Fig. 2.) /! .1 47 This season's experience showed that the most effective control was by means of a tobacco spray, applied when the blossom clusters have separated, just before the blossoms open. (Fig. 3.) This is the application commonly known as the ''pink" or scab spray. The proper strength of tobacco to use is that recommended above for aphis; summer strength lime-sulphur may be used in combination if needed for scab, and arsenate of lead may be added if needed for bud moth or leaf-eating caterpillars. BUDMOTII. Early in the season, the tube-like hibernaculi or winter cocoons of the budmoth larvae were very common on the terminal twigs of both apple and quince. Late in April the larvse emerged from their win- ter quarters and commenced webbing and devouring the bud clus- ters. The damage effected at this time, however, was slight in com- parison with that done by the fall brood of larvae on the fruit itself. The larvae attack the fruit, causing the injury shown in fig. 4. Fjg. 4. Injury to mature apple caused by bud-moth larva. Usually this pest is kept under control by the ordinary coddling moth sprays, applied just after the petals have fallen, and again about two weeks or so later. A late summer spray would undoubt- edly help to prevent the injury from the fall brood. Palmkr Worm (?) A green caterpillar, superficially resembling closely the palmer worm {Ypsolophus ligulcllus) was observed feeding in the fall on the mature fruit. The injury (Fig. 5) was more noticeable in some orchards than in others. In grading the apples at the sortmg and crrading tables, many apples, otherwise perfectly sound, were sorted mto seconds. It is hoped that opportunity will be found next season to make a more detailed study of the insect responsible for this type of injury. I f 46 This season's experience has shown that in oreneral neither Hme- sulphur nor niiscible oil sprays alone will satisfactorily control aphids. Tobacco solntion alone or in combination, if applied thor- oughly and at the proper season, will control these insects. The best time to apply this spray is just when the buds are bursting open in the spring. At this time all species of lice will have hatched, and the insects will be clustered on the ends of the buds. (Fig. i.) We may speak of this spray as the "delayed dormant'' spray, smce it may replace the dormant spray, by using a combination of hme-sul- l)lnir (dormant strength) and tobacco (containing forty per cent, nicotine suli)hate, diluted three-fourths pint to loo gallons spray solution). // Imc. j. Knotty apple resiiltiiiL' troni red l)ii,i^ injury. Appij-: Rkd Bl'c.s. Both s])ecies of ai)ple red bugs were present. biU the true red bug (Hcterocordyliis inalinus) seemed to be less numerous than the false red bug (Lxqidca mcudax). The former commenced hatching early in MavVthe latter a few days later. The young bugs puncture the tender leaves, causing a spotting and slight ciu-ling. This injury is, however, slight compared with their attacks on the young fruit, resulting in the characteristic gnarly, pitted apples. (Fig. 2.) I I I Y 1 ' V 47 This season's experience showed that the most effective control was by means of a tobacco spray, applied when the blossom clusters have separated, just before the blossoms o])en. (Fig. 3.) This is the application commonly known as the "])ink" or scab spray. The proper strength of tobacco to use is that recommended above for aphis; summer strength lime-sulphtir may be used in combination if needed for scab, and arsenate of lead may be added if needed for bud moth or leaf-eating caterpillars. BUDMOTH. Early in the season, the tube-like hibernaculi ov winter cocoons of the budmoth larvc'e were very common on the terminal twigs of both apple and quince. Late in April the larv.'e emerged from their win- ter quarters and commenced webbing and devouring the bud clus- ters. The damage effected at this time, however, was slight in com- ])arison with that done by the fall brood of larvae on the fruit itself. The larvcT attack the fruit, cruising the injury shown in fig. 4. V\c.. 4. hijury to mature apple caused by hud-niotli larva. Usually this i)est is kept under control by the ordinary coddling moth sprays, ai)plied just after the petaN have fallen, and again about two weeks or so later. A late Mimmer spray would undoubt- edly hell) ^<> prevent the injury from the fall brood. Pai.mkk Worm ( ?) A green caterpillar, sui)erlicially resembling closely the ])almer worm {YtsolopliKS li(/iilclliis) was observed feeding in the fall on the mature fruit. The injury ( Fig. 5 ) was more noticeable in some orchards than in others. In grading the a])])les at the sorting and grading tables, many ai)i)les, otherwise- perfectly sound, were sorted mto seconds. It is ho])ed that o])])ortunity will be found next season to make a more detailed study of the insect responsible for this type of injury. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 4S Other Pests of Less Importance. ■ Among the other apple pests of less importance may be mentioned the following. The codling moth {Carpocapsa pomonclla), causes very little m- jury, except in unsprayed or poorly kept orchards. The round-headed apple-tree borer (Saperda Candida) is rather common, especially in hillside orchards. The damage done is rather local, but often infested trees become so devitalized as to l)ecome worthless as fruit producers. The twig pruner (Blapliidion villosiim) was quite abundant in young orchards, working in the terminal twigs. Many infested twigs were so weakened that they would break off in a heavy wind, or when brushed by the spray rig. Fjg. 5. Typical injury to mature apple caused by caterpillar, possibly palmer worm. The yellow-necked apple worm (Dafaua ministra) often entirely defoliated young apple trees during the latter part of August. This pest seems to be quite abundant, and where necessary, could be con- trolled by a late summer spray of arsenate of lead. The plum curculio (Conotracheliis nenuphar) is quite a common pest of plums, cherries and peaches. In some apple orchards, much of the mature fruit was disfigured l)y the late feeding plunctures of the beetles. The bagworm {Thyridoptcvyx cphcmcr(cfonnis) is a general pest, defoliating apple and quince trees in some orchards, as well as being commonly found on arbor vitae, locust and other trees. I 1 J^> 4 > 49 Peach Pests. The peach tree borer (Sanninoidea exitiosa) is the worst pest of peach trees ; few peach orchards are free from the ravages of this insect. Consistent worming in spring and fall is the most practical method of fighting the pest, while painting the trunks with strong lime-sulphur and mounding just after the spring worming, seems to help somewhat in reducing further infestation. The fruit tree bark beetle (Eccoptogaster rugulosus) has been found doing considerable damage in trees which have been weak- ened by borers or yellows. This insect causes "shot-holing" of the larger limbs and branches. Infested limbs should be cut out and destroyed. C0NCI.US10N. Notes were obtained on a great many other insects of lesser im- portance. The insects mentioned above, however, are responsible for the great bulk of the insect injury, and are therefore of chief interest to the grower. Discussion. Member. — What time would you spray to control curculio? Prof. Hadley. — The usual codling moth sprays, if applied thor- oughly and under high pressure, will help considerably. Where in- festation is severe, late summer sprays should also be made, using arsenate of lead. Summer cultivation will also aid materially, by destroying many of the pests in the pupal stage. Member. — Do grasshoppers do any injury? Prof. Hadley. — Grasshoppers seldom do much damage to orchards under Pennsylvania conditions, but they do often cause serious in- jury to various field crops. Member. — Do you think it is really practical to spray for aphis? Prof. Hadley. — I think so. There are several gentlemen here who have sprayed. Perhaps Mr. Tyson will say what he thinks of it. C. J. Tyson.- -1 do not think there is any question at all about its being worth while to spray for aphis. It is very seldom it can ac- tually l)e 100 per cent, controlled, but I think it is a practical propo- sition to spray. Member. — I have been wondering why more satisfactory results have not been obtained. Prof. Hadley. — Men used to spraying with dormant sprays for scale are trying to cover the larger branches and trunks. When you are dealing with the aphis proposition you are not dealing only with the trunks and larger limbs, but also with the smaller tips of the branches. Therefore more material must be used per tree and a very thorough job must be done. Then too, many growers have tried to control aphids without the use of tobacco. Tobacco, as a general proposition, is necessary in order to get satisfactory results. 4 4S 49 Otiikr Pksts ob^ Lkss Importance. Anions the other apple pests of less importance may he mentioned the following. The codling moth {Carpocapsa pomonclla), causes very little in- jury, except in unsprayed or poorly kept orchards. The round-headed apple-tree i)orer {Sapcnhi cancUiia) is rather common, especially in hillside orchards. The damage done is rather local, hut often infested trees l)Ccome so devitalized as to hecome worthless as fruit producers. The twig pruner {lHaphidwu vlUosum) was quite ahuiidant in young orclKU-ds, working in the terminal twigs. Many infested twigs were so weakened that they would break olY in a heavy wind, or when brushed by the spray rig. Vn\. 5. Tyi)ical injury to mature apple caused by cateri)illar. possibly palmer worm. Hie yellow-necked ai)ple worm { Piifana miiiisfra) often entirely defoliated young ai)i)le trees during the latter part of Augu>t. This ])est seems to be (piite abiiiKkant, and ^^•here necessary, could be con- trolled by a late summer s])ra\' of arsenate of lead. The plum curculio {Conotraclicliis ncJUtpJiar) is (juite a common ])est of ])lnms, cherries and peaches. In some a])i)le orchards, much of the mature fruit was disligtired by the late feeding ])lunctiires of the beetles. The bagworm ( lliyridoptcryx rplicuicrafoniils ) \> a general ])est, defoliating apple and (|uince tree^ in soir.e orchards, as well as being commonly found on arbor \ ita\ !(jcust and other trees. k <7 r^ \ > -s * Pkacii Pksts. The peach tree borer (Sauuiuoidea e.vitiosa) is the worst pest of peach trees ; few peach orchards are free from the ravages of this insect. Consistent worming in spring and fall is the most ])ractical method of Fighting the ])est, while painting the trunks with strong lime-sulphur and mounding just after the spring worming, seems to hel]) somewhat in redticing further infestation. The fruit tree bark beetle ( Hcroptofjaster rii(jiilosiis) has been found doing considerable damage in trees which have been weak- ened by borers or yellows. This insect causes "shot-holing" of the larger limbs and branches. Infested limbs should be cut out and destroyed. Conclusion. Notes were obtained on a great many other insects of lesser im- portance. The insects mentioned above, however, are responsible for the great bulk of the insect injury, and are therefore of chief interest to the grower. Discussion. Member. — What time would you spray to contn^l curculio? Prof. I /ad Icy. — 1'he usual codling moth sprays, if applied thor- oughly and under high ])ressure, will hel]) considerably. Where in- festation is severe, late sumiuer sprays shotild also be made, using arsenate of lead, v^timmer cultivation will also aid materially, by destroying many of the i)ests in the i)iipal stage. Mcnihcr.- \)() grassho])pers do any injury? Prof. Iladlcy. — (irassho])pers seldom do much damage to orchards under I'ennsyUania conditions, but they do often catise serious in- jury to various field cr()j)s. Mouhcr. — Do you think it is really ])ractical to spray for aphis? Proj. JJadlcy. — I think so. There are several gentlemen herj who have si)rayed. Perhai)s Mr. Tyson will say what he thinks of it. C. J. Pysoii.--\ do not think there is any (|iiestion at all about its being worth while to s])ray for ai)his. It is \ery seldom it can ac- tually be i(K) ])er cent, controlled, but I think it is a practical ])ropo- sition to spray. Member. — I have been wondering why more satisfactory results have not been ()])tained. Prof. Iladley. — Men used to spraying with dormant sprays for scale are trying to cover the larger branches and trunks. When you are dealing with the aphis ])r()])()sition you are not dealing only with the trunks and larger limbs, btit also with the smaller ti])s of the branches. Therefore more material must be used per tree and a very thorough job nnist be done. Then too, many growers have tried to control aphids without tlie use of tobacco. Tobacco, as a general pr()i)osition, is necessary in order to get satisfactory results. ^':;fm ? 50 Mr Cohill.—Wt spent $800.00 last year for "Black Leaf 4o;" and will never do it again. The reason is this. Two years ago we had a great deal of aphis in our orchard. We called up our State Ento- mologist and he said it was too late to spray for aphis. Last year we got "Black Leaf 40" all ready for aphis. Our entomologist came up and looked over the trees and said that we wanted to get busy. We got everything fixed under directions of the state man to spray for aphis We sprayed about one-half and the other half we did not spray, and there was not a particle of difference between the ones sprayed and the ones not sprayed. We could not understand that. Apparently there was no damage whatever from aphis that year Our state entomologist tells us that it is weather conditions. Is that true? „ . , ^5 Prof. Hadley.— What state are you talking about i Mr. CoW//.— Maryland. Prof Hadley.— I am not familiar with weather conditions down there Weather favorable for you is not favorable for aphis, and it you can bank on getting that kind of weather you are all right. Conditions will vary in different states. Then, too, the species pres- ent in your case may not have been the rosy aphis, but one of the less injurious species. Perhaps Mr. Goodwin can say something about Ohio conditions as to the species present. Mr Goodwm.— Over in Ohio the rosy aphis is the one that gives practically all the trouble. They increase in numbers rapidly enough to do serious injury to the crop. . Member.— I do not think from what I saw m this section that a man would be safe in taking a gamble in not spraying. Member. We have sprayed with nicotine for aphis for two years. and will not take any gamble but will spray with nicotine stronger this year than last. , . , .1 Prof. Hadley.— Is there anyone in Adams County who took tlie ch3.ricc ? Mr Brinton.—l did. I am in the lower end of Adams County, and had always sprayed. Last year I looked over the trees for aphis and found only a few on the fruit buds, so I did not spray. 1 his year I had a beautiful crop of aphis. Next year I will spray. Prof, Hadley.— In Lawrence County this year j^everal men took the same gamble, not as a gamble, but because at the time the spray- ing should have l)een done, they could not get help, with the result that in one orchard in particular there was a loss of from one-fourth to one-third of the crop because spraying could not be done at the proper time. IV. C. Tyson.— SNouXd you consider it necessary to spray if there were no rosy aphis present, apparently ? I heard of a case down at the Virginia meeting last week of a man who had sprayed every year with nicotine and found he had practically no rosy aphis, and as th-e injury of the green aphis was so little, wondered whether he would be safe in omitting the nicotine spray. 9 i> 51 Prof. Hadley. — I will answer that by giving you two experiences. I was in New Hampshire a few years ago and there they had an abundance of lice. They expected to find them every year, but could not see that they affected the apples, unless it might have been a slight reduction in size. I do not know that there was any rosy aphis there. It was not until I left New Hampshire and went to New York State that I learned to appreciate the difference between the species. The other experience is that of Dr. Fletcher, who has an orchard in Virginia. He says green lice are quite common there, and he has never experienced any serious injury from them. My own impression is from the common experience of other orchardists, that it would be a safe gamble under the conditions you mention. Low Hkajjed York Imperial. ^■%}iZJ- so Mr Coliill.—\\c spent $800.00 last year lor "I'.lack Leaf 40," an.l will never do it again. The rea.son is this. Two years ago we had a great deal of aphis in our orchard. We called up our State Ento- mologist and he said it was too late to spray for aphis. Last year we got "Black Leaf 40" all veadv for aphis. ( )ur entomologist came ui) and looked over the trees and said that we wanted to get busy. We orot everything fi.xed under directions of the state man to spray for aljhis \\'e spVayed about one-half and the other half we did not sprav. and there was not a particle of difference between the (jnes spra'vcd and the ones not sprayed. We could not understand that. Apparcntlv there was no damage whatever from aphis that yeai Our state entomologist tells us that it is weather conditions, is that true .'' pi'of. //(i(//rv.— W'lial state are you talking alK)Ut? Mr. 0>///7/.— Maryland. ,• • i Prof IIadlc\.—l''dm not familiar with weather conditions down there Weather favorable for vou is not favorable for aphis, and it you can bank on -etting that kind of weather you are all w^UU Conditions will varV in dil^Vrent states. Then, too, the species pres- ent in your case mav not have been the rosy aphis, but one ot the less injurious speciJs. Perhaps Mr. (Goodwin can say something about ( )hio conditions as to the species present. Mr Good7ciu.—Oy(^r in Ohio the rosv aphis is the one that gives practically all the trouble. They increase in numbers rapidly enough to do serious injury to the crop. ^ Member.— [ do not think from what I saw in this section that a man would be safe in taking a gamble in not si)raying. Member.— Wv have s])rave(l with nicotine for aphis for two years, and will not take any gamble l)Ut will si)ray with nicotine stronger this year than last. ,11 Prof. Hadlew—U there anyone in Adams County who took the chance? Mr Brititon.—l did. 1 am in the lower end ot Adams Lounty, anil had alwavs spraved. Last year 1 looked over the trees for aphis and found only a few on the fruit buds, .so I did not si)ray. 1 his vear I had a beautiful cro]) of aphis. Next year 1 will s])ray. ' Prof. Uadlew- \u Lawrence County this year several men took the same gamble, not as a gaml)le, but because at the lime the si)rav- ing should have been done, they could not get hel]), with the result that in one orchard in ])articular there was a loss of from one-fourth to oiu-third of the crop because spraying could not be done at the pro])er time. JF. C. Tyson.— \\'(n\\(\ you consider it necessary to s])ray if there were no rosy aj/nis ])reseiit, a])parently r 1 heard of a case down at the Virginia meeting last week of a man who liad sprayed every year with nicotine and found he had i)ractically no rosy ai)his, and as the injurv of the green aphis was -o little, wondered whether he would be safe in omitting the nicotine spray. / '^h h .% SI Prof. Iladley. — I will answer that by giving you two experiences. I was in New^ Hampshire a few years ago and there they had an abundance of lice. They ex])ected to luid them every year, i)Ut could not see that they affected the api)les, unless it might have been a slight reduction in size. 1 do not know^ that there w^as any rosy ai)his there. It w^as not until 1 left New Hampshire and went to New York vState that I learned to appreciate the difference between the species. The other ex])erience is that of Dr. Metcher, who has an orchard in X'irginia. He says green lice are ((uite common there, and he has never ex])erience(l any serious injury from them. My own imi)ressi()n is from the common experience of other orchardists, that it would be a safe gami)le under the conditions vou mention. I.OW 111". A I) I'D ^'()KK 1 .M!M:KIAI,. TAT oT-i-ir^xTn P VPOS;! IRE Fig. 2. Dusting— A Rapid Process. The photograph shows how very large old trees are treated The outlet pipe is moved slowly up and down and the team walks at a brisk pace. Ihis particular Baldwin tree is unusually large and has borne twenty barrels ot apples. (Courtesy of Cornell University.) A Progress Report on Dusting. Donald Reddick, Professor of Plant Pathology, Cornell University. It has come to be very well known that in any well-regulated ex- perimental tests of disease or insect control the results of a single season can not be accepted with certainty as conclusive. It hap- pens often that results are due not to a special treatment or to the use of special materials, but to some unknown factor which had not been considered. It is for this reason that the speaker is not yet willing to come before the growers of this association with an unqualiiied endorse- ment of dusting as a substitute for summer spraying. A year ago. in an address, which has been published in your proceedings, some of the marked advantages of dusting were presented, the history of the Cornell experiments outlined, and a resume given of the experi- mental evidence on which several New \^ork orchardists were con- vinced of the usefulness of the dusting machine in their orchards. With that general information about dusting already before you it is onlv necessary now to state, as well as I may be able, what accu- mulated information there is l)earing on the general i)roposition. This I am able to do through the courtesy of Dr. F. M. Blodgett, of Cornell University, and of various pathologists and horticulturists in other states. Dr. Blodgett has kindly furnished the facts for the 52 53 compilation of table i, but I am not in position to present for pub- lication many of the facts about results in other states. ApplK Dusting in New York in 1917. All of the work in 191 7 was done by the growers themselves, but in many instances they had the advice or assistance of extension workers in plant pathology. Several hundred dusting machines were purchased for use in vv'estern New York in 1917, and most of them were used to some extent. The very unfavorable conditions existing throughout the apple section, however, make it impossible to present a satisfactory report. If possible the weather conditions were more unfavorable for all orchard work than in 1916, and in addition the set of fruit was so poor that in the majority of cases no records could be ob- tained. How unfavorable the conditions were may be seen from the table which shows percentages of clean, scabbed and wormy fruit. It should be stated in this connection that the nine records shown in the table were taken from orchards owned by some of the best fruit growers in the state. It will be seen that apple scab was exceedingly abundant, and that neither dusting nor spraying gave very satisfactory results. In five of the nine orchards, scab control is favorable to the dust method al- though in some cases the difference is negligible. ]n the case of codling moth it is to be noted that practically all the damage done by this insect was from side entrance by the larvse. There is considerable question whether any of the treatments given reduced the injury from this source. In some instances the number of fruits damaged in this way is greater in the treated plats than in APPLE dusting and SPRAYING RESULTS IN NEW YORK IN 1917. VARIETY. UNSPRAYED. Codling Moth. SPRAYED. Codling Moth. DUSTED. Codling Moth • c o • O m Side. Calyx. Sound. Scab. Side. Calyx. Sound. Scab. Side. Baldwin Baldwin Baldwin, Baldwin Greening, Greening, Greening Blush Greening, Twenty-ounce, Alexander, Yellow Transparent, % 34 23 27 44 5 39 % 64 69 15 53 88 58 33 % 4 16 63 % 2 4 12 3 20 26 31 2 9 i2 8 % % % % % % i ' 72 27 .6 .1 73 24 1 59 38 5.0 .5 61 36 58 12 32.0 3.0 28 34 53 36 14.0 .5 65 10 65 34 1.0 .3 57- 41 25 67 17.0 2.6 24 58 51 ?3 31.0 1.6 39 21 ! 51 40 10.0 2.3 57 36 49 30 24.0 2.0 36 44! 57 31 14.0 .2 37 30 1 67 9 24.0 .... 76 7 % 2.8 2.0 45.0 26.0 2.0 23.0 47.0 8.0 24.0 31.0 15.0 % .1 .1 9.0 3.0 .4 8.0 5.0 .6 5.0 5.0 n < *, J Fk;. 2. Dusting— A Rai'id Pkockss. Tlie photograph shows how very larRC ^jl^^ t'-ees^ are Ircatcd. Tlu' omlcl pipe ])arl ^ is moved slowlv up and down'and the team walks at a hrisk pace. Ihis licular lialdwin 'tree is unusually large and has home twenty harrels ot apples. (Courtesy of Cornell University.) A Progress Report on Dusting. Professor of Plant Patholoiiy, Cornell i'nkcrsity. it has come to be very well known that in any well-re^nilate(l ex- ])eriinental tests of disease or insect control the rotilts of a sni<,de season can not he accepted with certainly as conclusive. It liap- nens often that resnlts are due not to a s])ecial treatment or to the use of si)ecial materials, but to some unknown factor which had not been considered. Il is tor this reason that the speaker is not yet wiHm.L;- to come before ihe j^n'owers of this association with an unqualilied en(lor>e- meiit of dustin^^ as a substitute for summer si)rayin outlined, and :•. resume jj:iven of the experi- mental evidence on which several Xew N'ork ()rchar(li>ts were con- vinced of the usefulness of ibe dustini,^ machine in their orchards. With that <(eneral information about dustinir already before you it is only necessary now to state, as well as 1 may be able, what accu- mulated information there is bearing- on the oenrral i)roposition. This 1 am able to do throu,<,di the courtesy of Dr. \\ M. r»lo(l."• 53 compilation of table i, but I am not in position to f)resent for pub- lication many of the facts about results in other states. AppIvK Dusting in Nkw \ui. ^m 3 0 C5 rs "cs =3 0 r. rjl rr. 0 T. SIMiAYKI). Codling Moth. Dl'STKI). Codling Moth. X 3 O Haldwin Haldwin Hiildwiii Haldwin (InM'iiinK Gn'OjiiiK (Irct'iilMK Hliish (Ji-coniiiK Twenty-ounce Alexander Yellow Transparent, ^'^ :!4 it :i!> % 04 »!!♦ 1:. r.s % 4 It; 20 I'ti % 4 11' 9 ii' s 7; 27 '7, .-.!» ::s .'.u .■>s 12 :;2.n .-.:; :',«; 14. n II /I 2:. r>i .->! 49 67 :!4 ♦)7 ::i 411 :{(► :n 9 .(I .0 .(I 24.0 14.(1 24. <► 17 :!1 1(1 .1 .(I .«; .♦; • » ,1) •> (il 2S • > I 24 :!9 .'»7 :;t; •>— ••* 7ti 7. 21 :;♦; ::4 1*1 41 r.s 21 .-Ml 44 :•,(» 71 r/ /( 2.S 2.0 4".. II 2(1. n 2.11 2:;.»i 47.(1 S.(l 24.(1 :!l.(i i:..(i X "re 7, .1 .1 9.(1 ::.(» .4 S.(l ,"..(1 .(] r,,o .'..0 .'"^■'', A T oT-?i^i^XTT^ cvor^QT TPP i 54 ^ I- the untreated ones, and the wide variations noted perhaps may be best accounted for by fluctuations in the prevalence of the hiber- nating insects. , . . i ^.u The fluctuations in the amount of codhng moth mjury make the figures under the heading of sound fruit open to question. In gen- eral it must be concluded that dusting and spraying shoAved equally poor results. Experiments With Apples in Other States. Experiments in dusting apples are in progress in at least eight states. In most cases there are no published data so that what is said here orally is based largely on personal information and can not be set down for record. ^ ^ . . ^ Work in Illinois in 191 S, by Watkins,' shows that dusting of two varieties (Willow twig and Ben Davis) gave better control of scab than did spraying with bordeaux mixture. Blotch (caused by Phyllosticta solitaria) was present in the check blocks of the two varieties to the extent of 77 and 57 per cent, respectively. Bor- deaux-spraved plats showed 10 and 4 P^r cent, respectively, and dusted plats 20 per cent. each. The marked reduction in the amount of blotch in the dusted plats is of special interest, because, ordi- narily the disease is not thought to be amenable to sulphur treat- ment. Reports made at the Illinois Horticultural Society a few weeks ago, however, show that lime-sulphur solution is effective for the disease. The dusting results, therefore, are to be regarded as reliable Experiments in Illinois- in 1916, showed dusting to be consider- ably less effective in control of diseases than was spraying. Insects, including curculio, were controlled as well by dusting as by spraying. It is suggested that dusting will i)rove of value only in orchards of such extent that they can not be protected satisfactorily by spraying. In Ontario Ci^sar'* has secured very satisfactory results from dusting. His recorded figures show better control of apple scab than was secured in most of the Cornell experiments. Professor Ccxsar has stated in a letter, however, that he is not willing to en- dorse the dusting method without qualification. This is due to the fact that some of his colleagues in the Dominion have been unsuc- cessful in their experiments. In Ohio, Gossard* has reported on some preliminary dusting experiments and has secured such favor- able results that he ^'believes there is enough promise in the method to rnake further experimentation obligatory." iWatkins, O. S. Results of spraying experiments for 1015. Neoga Sta- tion, Cumberland County. Trans. Illinois Hort. Soc. 1015:202-20(9. igi6. 2 (Uinderson, A. J. and Brock. W. S. Field experiments in spraying apple orchards in IQ16. Univ. Illinois Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. 104: i-i5. lO^/- 3 Caesar, L. Dusting fruit trees and grapes for the control of diseases and biting insects. Ent. Soc. Ontario, 47 Ann. Kept. 1016:31-43- hjI/- *Gossard, H. A. The dust spray for apple orchards. Ohio State Hort. Soc. Kept. 15:37-40. 1 91 7. 55 Following is an extract from a letter received from a former co- operator in the dusting work. It shows very well the feeling of one successful grower in the Hudson River Valley. Stuyvesant Falls, N. Y., October 12, 191 7. My Dear Professor Reddick: This makes the third season that I have used dust extensively. This year I used more than ever before, and dusted on ten farms ; something in the neighborhood of 1,000 acres of bearing fruit, and I suppose 200 or 300 acres of young trees. One must understand the difficulties that a grower contends with in the way of inexperienced help, or none at all ; soft ground, bad weather, and heavy land ; cranky engines, leaky pumps, and the many other things you know about, — to appreciate the great advantage that dusting has over the liquid method. It would have been impossible for me, and several of my neighbors, to have protected out fruit by any other method, and now that we are pick- ing and packing, our satisfaction with the results is even greater than our ap- preciation of the ease of operation that we experienced in the springtime. The fruit on dusted orchards, with hardly an exception, is free from cod- ling moth and fungus (scab), to an extent that we estimate at at least twenty- five per cent, over the orchards that were sprayed I used this year, principally, a dust of 50 sulphur, 10 lead, and 40 tobacco. The results on red bug and psylla were hard to determine ; on aphis they were good; but none of the ingredients were of a sufficient fineness to give the best results. Very truly yours, Extension of Dusting to Other Horticultural Crops. Peaches. The reports from all sources with respect to peach dusting show that the method is entirely applicable in the control of curculio (Contraehelus nenuphar), of brown rot (caused by Sclero- tinia cinerea), and of scab (caused by Cladosporium carpophilum). The time of treatment and the materials are the same as for spray- mg with Scott's mixture. There is no danger of discoloring the fruit if the dust is applied properly and a treatment can be made nearer the picking time than with the spray. Various combinations have been tested but more work is to be done before the best com- bination can be recommended with certainty. Obviously the per- centage combination of the essential ingredients will fluctuate, de- pending upon the amount of material applied per tree. The follow- ing formula will give results if a half pound of the material is ap- plied per tree each time : 80 parts sulphur, 10 parts arsenate of lead, 10 parts hydrated lime ; when arsenate of lead is not needed sub- stitute an equal quantity, by weight, of hydrated lime. The hydrated lime may be regarded as inert material or filler, but it is useful in preventing burn from arsenate of lead and when the poison is not included the lime is desirable to improve the flowing qualities of the mixture. Grapes. Caesar, in the article referred to above, has also reported favorable results in the control of grape mildew (caused by Un- cinula necator) by dusting. It appears, however, that he worked with hybrid varieties. In the Chautauqua district of this State and w 56 of New York, according to the experience of Gladwin and Red- dick,^ sulphur can not be used safely on varieties of American origin. Small Tree and Bush Fruits. During the past season Dr. V. B. Stewart has continued his work in dusting nursery stock. The disease mentioned in the report of last year has again been held in check by a sulphur dust treatment, and there is no reason to be- lieve that similar results could not be obtained in the orchard. In fact some New York cherry growers used the method in 191 7 with very satisfactory results. The black spot disease of roses (caused by Diplocarpon rosa) has been added, by Dr. Massey,*^ to the list of diseases controllable by dusting. This is a matter of considerable interest to rose growers, since it has been difficult in many cases to spray rose bushes on ac- count of their proximity to buildings and so forth. Futurh: of Dusting. It is impossible to predict what may be the future of dusting. Due to the unprecedented shortage of labor it would not be at all sur- prising to see apple growers take up the method very extensively in the next few months. If dusting of apple trees becomes a common practice it may be assumed without much question that the practice will be extended to a variety of other horticultural crops. Experi- ments with dry insecticides and fungicides will become common, and it is not too much to expect that in such an event dusting will be the rule rather than the exception. If dusting becomes at all popular there are sure to be many developments in the way of new materials and improved methods. Perhaps one of the first changes to come will be the production of sulphur in a much finer state of division than is at present obtainable. Theoretically this is desirable and experiments to prove that it is, doubtless will necessitate the de- velopment of a method of producing it. Another development that may be expected is in the production of a machine having a positive pressure blower. This would allow for the use of a nozzle with which the flow of dust could be directed more accurately and perhaps with some economy of material. The one thing that would contribute most to the popularity of dusting would be the discovery of a dry contact insecticide. Work is in progress on this phase of the problem but it is too soon to ex- pect anything more than a mere indication. The number of mate- rials that might be tested is large, but progress is slow because re- liable experiments are very expensive, each material must be tested in a preliminary way and usually only one test per year can be made. From the standpoint of disease control there is the problem of finding a material that is effective against such diseases as bitter ^ Gladwin, F. E., and Reddick, Donald. Sulphuring Concord grapes to pre- vent powdery mildew. Phytopathology 7:66. 191 7. « Massey, L. M. Experiments for the control of blackspot and powdery mildew of roses. Phytopathology 8: — . Jan., 191 8. ih 57 rot. A copper compound, already available on the market in pow- dered form, should be tested, and aside from this there is a variety of materials that might prove effective. Discussion. Member. — What time do you dust for peach leaf curl? Dr. Reddick. — The time of treatment would l>e the same as for spraying, but I think any dusting that is done ought to be in an ex- perimental way. I would not rely on it. With us we tried to get as much spraying done this last month as we could, and what was not done then will be done as early in the spring as we can get at it. Member, — What was the dust you were experimenting on for control of leaf curl? Dr. Reddick. — I have only used two materials, the sulphur and lead mixture and powdered soluble sulphur. They are the two materials I have tested. Member. — Would you recommend using lime-sulphur as a dor- mant spray on grapes ? Dr. Reddick. — There would be no object in using lime-sulphur as a dormant spray on grapes. Member. — Miscible oil will take care of scale on grapes. Member. — Referring to peach leaf curl, has it not been deter- mined by experiment stations that fall is the best time to spray? Dr. Reddick. — It has been the determination in New York that fall is the time, and that is not because you can control curl any bet- ter, but because you can get into the orchard so much better. You get a higher percentage of control by fall spraying than by spring spraying, but that is because conditions are so much more favorable for the job. Member. — In your apple spraying do you use 85 — 15? Dr. Reddick. — No : in our dusting we are using a mixture con- taining only ten per cent, arsenate of lead, and in the treatments where it is not necessary to use the lead we either put on pure sul- phur, or use an inert filler, either tobacco dust or finely powdered gypsum. Member. — Do you think it necessary to have the fifteen per cent arsenate of lead? Dr. Reddick. — I do not think it necessary to have fifteen per cent arsenate of lead, particularly when you have so very little codling moth. 1 Fig. 7.— -Average size specimens, from an unthinned peach tree (on the left) and from a tree thinned 4 inches apart (on the right). ^ Growing; Peaches in Connecticut. Mr. a. T. Henrv, Orchardist, Wallingford, Conn. -Mr. President and Members of the Fruit Growers Association • J expect many of you feel the same as I do wlien you attend these nieetings and a speaker gets up before you ; you like to know, per- haps, how familiar he is with his subject, and whether he read it out of books or has had practical experience. As I am not personally ac(|uainted with most of vou here would say that I live on a farm, and have lived on a farm'all my life and hope to continue to live there. J worked in a peach orchard in Michigan one year, and after that I had the pleasure of working for Mr. J. H Hale for three summers. After that we picked out our farm and for the i.ast twelve years have been attempting to erow ])eaches, apples and cherries. '^ ^ Whatever J say here to-day is the result of practical experience and not to give any advice as to what shoul.l be done, and as condi- tions affect fruit growing in all sections of the countrv I will tell you what our conditions are. VVe are on large, sloping hillsi.les about eleven miles from Long Island bound, at an elevation of from 200 to 300 feet A vallev runs up quite near to us. so that the hills drop off practically to sea level. 1 he soil is quite stony— round cobble stones in our particular 58 n 59 section, is rather a sandy loam, and washes very easily. That has a great deal to do with the way we handle our orchards. The hill- sides generally are naturally covered with a growth of brush, cedar and some chestnut, although quite a little has been killed by chestnut blight disease. We took a farm about twelve years ago, as stated, and perhaps the best way to give you an idea of the operations there will be to take a piece of this rough land and follow it all the way through from the time it was in woods until it has produced a crop of peaches. The operations of clearing the land would be the same in any section of the country — cutting off brush and burning it. After that the land was marked off in rows for the peaches from eighteen to twenty feet apart each way. In our own case we planted peaches among the apples about thirty-six to forty feet apart, and three peach trees to the apple tree. We tried to take pains in getting the rows of peaches straight. Many people think no more peaches will grow on straight rows than on crooked rows. Perhaps that is true, but the man who takes pride in his work is the man who generally succeeds. On these hillsides we only cultivate one way. Have the rows straight up and down then across the hill, so as to bring the rows as level as we can. We try to dig large holes for the trees, perhaps two feet in diameter if we can, and dig it as deep as we have the nerve to, from six inches to one and one-half feet. We then fill in the holes with good loam. Member, — How about using dynamite? Mr. Henry. — We have never tried dynamite except in one case in a roadway where the soil was packed down by several years of travel on the road, but the trees did very well. It is necessary to be care- ful not to put in too heavy a charge. Just a medium charge to shake and loosen up the ground is better than a charge which blows a great hole or pocket in the bottom of the hole. If I could I would like to have the young peach trees propagated from bearing trees. Wherever possible when we have had time we have gone to healthy trees and cut buds and sent to a nursery and had trees propagated from these trees, which we absolutely knew were all right. I am positive that a great deal of yellows comes with nursery stock. To prove that, in one of our own orchards about two years old, quite a few trees died, and in these missing places we bought nursery trees and planted them, and by the time the orchard was four years old all of the replaced trees, which were two years old, had yellows and had to be taken out, and the older trees showed no svmptoms of yellows at all. When we have to buy trees we like to get trees of about meduun size and strong growing trees. One thing we try to do is to hunt for borers before the trees are planted. If you get the borers out of the trees then you have the borers out of your orchard. We dip the tops of the trees right into a barrel of lime-sulphur then we have the trees sprayed for the first year. * Fjc. /.—Average size specimens, from an nntliinned i)each tree (on the left) and from a tree tliinned 4 inches apart (on the right). ^ Growing* Peaches in Connecticut. Mk. a. T. I li:xKv, Orchardist, IWtU'nr^ford, Conn Mr. I'rcsidcnt and Alcnibcrs of the iM-iiit (Growers Vssociation • I expect many of yon feel the same as 1 do when von attend these meetmo-s and a si)eaker -ets nj) hefore von : von h'ke to know per- haps, how tannhar he is with Ids snhject. and whether lie read it ont ot books or has had ])ractical experience. As I am not personally ac(|nainte(l with most of von here, wonld say that I live on a farm, and have lived on a farm'all mv life and hope to continne to live there. I worked in a peach orchard in A ichio-an one year, and after that I had the pleasure of workin- for Air. j. II Hale tor three snmniers. After that we i)icked ont onr tarm, and tor the past twelve years have heen attemptino to -row j)eaches, ap])les and cherries. Whatever 1 say here to-day i. the result of practical experience and not to -ive any advice as to what should Ik- done, and as condi- tions affect frnit orowin- in all sections of the conntrv I will tell yoti what onr conditions are. W'e are on lai-e, slopin- hillsides ahont eleven nn'les from Lon- Island vSonnd, at an elevation of from joo to ^00 feet \ villev rnns np qmte near to ns, so that the hills drop off practicallv to sea level. I he soil is (jnite stony-ronnd cohhie stones in onr particniar 58 59 section, is rather a sandy loam, and washes very easily. That has a 5>reat deal to do with the wav we handle otir orchards. The hill- sides generally are natnrally covered with a ^rowth of brnsh, cedar and some chestnnt, althoniL^h ([nite a little has l)een killed by chestnut blij^ht disease. We took a farm al:)ont twelve years aj^o, as stated, and perha])s the best way to <;ive yon an idea of the operations there will be to take a ])iece of this roui^h land and follow it all the way through from the time it was in woods until it has ])r()duced a crop of peaches. 'J'he operations of clearing the land wouhl be the same in any section of the country — cutting off brush and burning it. After that the land was marked off* in rows for the peaches from eighteen to twenty feet a])art each way. In om- own case we planted i)eaches among the a])i)les about thirty-six to forty feet ai)art, and three peach trees to the apple tree. \Ve tried to take ])ains in getting the rows of ])eaches straight. Many pe()i)le think no more i)eaches will grow on straight rows than on crooked rows. Perhaps that is true, but the man who takes ])ri(le in his work is the man who generally succeeds. On these hillsides we only cultivate one way. Have the rows straight u]) and down then across the hill, so as to bring the rows as level as we can. We try to dig large holes for the trees, ])erhaps two feet in diameter if we can, and dig it as dee]) as we have the nerve to, from six inches to one and one-half feet. \\'e then fill in the holes with good loam. Mcmhcr. — Mow about using dynamite? Mr. Jlcnry. — We have never tried dynamite except in one case in a roadway where the soil was packed down by several years of travel on the road, but the trees did very well. It is necessary to be care- ful not to i)Ut in too heavy a cliarge. Just a medium charge to shake and loosen up the ground is better than a charge winch blows a great hole or jKJcket in the bottom of the hole. If 1 could 1 would like to have the young ])each trees i)ropagated from bearing trees. Wherever ])()ssible when we have had time we have gone to healthy trees and ctit buds and sent to a nursery and had trees i)r()])agated from these trees, which we absoititely knew were all right. 1 am jHJsitive that a great deal of yellows comes with nurserv st()ck. To ])rove that, in one of our own orchards about two years old, (|uite a few trees died, and in these missing i)laces we i)()Ught nurserv trees and i)lanted them, and by the time the orchard was'^four years old all of the replaced trees, which were two years old, had yellows and had to be taken out, and the older trees showed no svm])loms of vellows at all. When we have to buy trees we like to get trees of abotit medium size and strong growing trees. ( )ne thing we try to do is to hunt for borers before the trees are planted. If you get the borers out of the trees then von have the borers out of your orchard. We di]) the tops of the trees right into a barrel of lime-sulphur then we have the trees sprayed for the first year. ^~)>:-'':,-':r7- TMTFNTTONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 6o M ember, SMhy not spray the roots? Mr. Henry. — I would not spray them. There is nothincr to spray them for that I know of. 1 would be afraid thev would not grow. There is nothing on the roots. Then we plant the tree in the hole about as deep as it stands in the nursery and try to work the ground around the fine roots and stamp It very hard with the heels of our shoes, but leave the crround loose on the top. We do not put fertilizer of any kind m the hole with the tree. After the tree is planted we spread nitrate or a good conimercial fertdizer on top, but under no conditions allow fertilizer in the hole with the tree. It can be done and has been done success- tuUy but there have been a great many more trees killed by putting fertilizer in the hole than have been benefited. We get a great deal better results by spreading fertilizer on top of the ground. 1 like to have the ground good and loose in the hole then take the tree and put It right down in it. We take our hands and work it in tight then use a shovel or our heels and stamp the ground just as tignt as we can. 1 he object is to get the ground up tight all around the roots ot the tree so they do not dry out. We try to keep the ground well cultivated the first year. In some cases we plant crops in among the trees and our trees have generally done very well where we have had corn. With us there seems to be something about corn that is very beneficial to trees. Personallv I think corn keeps the wind from whipping the young trees around and some do very well where we grow sweet corn or fiint corn around the trees. Member.— Uov^ many years do you continue crops? Mr. Henry.— Vp to two or three years; not over three vears. 1 hen they should be mounded up in the fall. We mound them up to protect them from mice and rabbits. The soil is fairly loose ancl If we do not do that the strong winds will whip them around and let the water in around the trees where it may freeze. r,anking them up with ground will keep the mice awav and keep the wind from whipping the httle trees about. In the spring the bank is taken down and the trees are cultivated and whether fertilizer or not depends on how much they grew the first year. We do not want the young trees to grow too fast. I have noticed a good many orchards and where they have made a growth of f\ve or six feet when they are young they generally have not been verv long lived orchards 1 he second and third year a lot of small branches will come on the mside and we are very careful not to cut these branches out. The IhntT T ^'n' ]• ^^'^ r^' >'^" ^'^ ^^"^^ ^^ ^^t your fruit, then those branches will die and can be cut out. Peach trees should be sprayed either in the fall or in the sprin- wi h hme-sulphur. For three years it has been our practice to pra? in the fall, during November and December, with lime-sulphur We had our orchards about three-fourths sprayed when that cold snai) came on about three weeks ago. ^ 6i Member. — Does it not hurt the fruit buds to spray in the fall? Mr. Henry, — I do not see how it would. We have done it for three years and have had a crop every year just the same as when sprayed in the spring, and it is much nicer to get around in the orchard in the fall than in the spring. On certain varieties we get quite a crop when three years old — Greensboro, Carmen and some others. Elberta, not until four or five years old. If they have a crop on it has been our practice to summer spray them once when about half grown, after the June drop and when the size of a small hen's egf^, or about the size of a walnut, spraying with self-boiled, Scott's Lime-Sulphur, being care- ful not to cook the mixture too long. Great care has to be taken in cooking this mixture not to boil it too long. Put eight pounds of lime and eight pounds of sulphur in the bottom of the barrel. Mix them up together in a stiff paste and let stand for perhaps five min- utes. When it starts to turn orange color throw in several pails of cold water and stop cooking. This mixture is to control brown rot, and if you have curculio put in arsenate of lead and it will control that too if applied early when the shucks are falling. Soon after the peaches are sprayed we try to thin them, and the amount of thinning done depends altogether on how much help we have and how thick the fruit is on the trees. In thinning, I have never had anyone take too many peaches off the trees. Very often myself I have left too many on. I do not think peach trees should be allowed to bear over fifteen of our baskets, seven and one-half bushels. It is better for the tree if they are not allowed to bear over that, and it is surprising what a small tree will bear that amount of peaches. We find that thinning pays fully as much as any orchard operation we do. It saves the vitality of the tree and we get just as many bushels of peaches as if we allowed them to hang on too thick. We have tried a great many kinds of peach graders but have never found any that we liked. I think where the fruit is carefully thinned on the trees it saves practically all of the work of grading, as the fruit is really graded on the trees. In regard to packing the fruit, we try to pack it according to the market to which we are going to send it. If sold on nearby markets of course it has to hang longer than if shipped a considerable dis- tance We use the regular half bushel peach basket for picking in the orchard, which has a strap across the shoulders and hangs in front of the picker, allowing both hands free to pick off the tree. We pick several times, according to variety. We pick Champion as many as eight times and sometimes two or three pickings for the Elberta We like to pick them off two or three times, but if the land is pretty even and they are fairly ripe, they can all be picked off at one picking. _ • • i j Member.— Js that a shipping proposition you have in mina or ae- livered by truck? , r • i • t^ Mr. Henry,— Most of our fruit is sold the day after picking. It H I 62 depends on where we are going to sell thcni how hard they are picked. We generally try to sell some fruit to go quite a distance then hold the last for nearby markets. The fruit that is shipped away we pick quite hard then let the others hang until ripe, and in that way extend the season. Our markets are niostlv close by. We are eleven miles from Xew Haven, thirty miles from Bridgeport, fifty miles from S])ringfield, so that there is a great consuming popu- lation nearby, and we perhaps let the fruit hang longer than if far- ther from market. It ought to hang just as long as possible. After picking the peaches are hauled to the packing house in spring wagons and there the white varieties are generally sorted. The Champion vary a great deal in size. The Elberta we have generally not found it profitable to sort. They run very even in size and are just poured from one basket to another. The soft ones and leaves are taken out and they are fixed up a little, the color turned up, and are put on a truck and taken down to cars and shipped by train or trolley. We have shipped a great many by trollev, which has been very satisfactory. Member.— What is your system of pruning after trees come into bearing ? Mr. Henry.— -Aher trees come into bearing we trv not to let them get too high. We aim to cultivate the orchards about the width of a springtooth harrow. We are using at the present time six-foot pruning shears. We do not let the trees get any higher than we can reach with the six-foot pruning shears. If anv limbs are starting to grow up strongly we cut those back with these shears and then we take large .shears or saws and go through and cut out some of the larger imbs. The idea is to keep the trees low down so they can be reached from the ground or a short steiJ-ladder. I do not think we prune our peach trees enough, and 1 think other orchardists have made the same mistake. We forget that to get peaches we have to get wood, and to get wood the trees must be stimulated and forced to grow and one method to force them to grow is to prune them. Member. — When do you prune? Mr. Henry.— We are pruning now. Member. — Do you prune in summer time^ Mr. Henry.— We did but 1 do not like it.' The only advantage I know IS that they bear heavier, and thev will bear enoudi anywav If the trees were very thick and the fruit did not color up I think it would be all right to go in and thin them out, but we aim to keep them thinned so the sunshine and air can go all through them We have no particular .system and we go in and. you might say, slash the trees. We are not afraid to cut them. The more you cut them the more they will grow. Cut them hard and it will make them grow and you will get much finer fruit. Cutting large branches will force the smaller branches out and that is where von have the nice peaches We are pruning now. We generally Twig Blight of Appi.e. Some Orchard Trouble. %-i Mr. E. L. Nixon, Pathologist, Department of Agricultural Extension, Pcnna. State College, Under this title Mr. Nixon discussed fire-blif^ht. He called atten- tion to the fact that this disease is caused by a bacterium so small that it takes a very high magnification to reveal it to the eye. That the droplets of exudate, from cankered or infected areas, which are sometimes seen during the growing season, are masses of bacteria from which future infections of blossoms, twigs, and even the collar and roots of the trees occur. All of these forms of blight were il- lustrated by lantern slides and some by specimens. 66 Fig. 3. OvUK-WiNTKRiNC Stagic ov thk Appi.k Scab Fungus. Drawine of a very thin razor section, much magnified through a fruiting hodvTf he fungus. This structure is just large enough to be seen with the naked eye One^of the contained sacs is in the act of expelhng spores. I 6; TwJG Bmcht ok Ai'iM.i:. Some Orchard Trouble. Mr. K. L. Xixox, Pathol()i:^ist, Pcparliuciit of .h/riciilhira! Jixlriisioii, rciiiia. Slalc CoUcj^c. Under tliis title Mr. Xixon (Hscusscd firc-hli.^lU. lie called atten- tion to the fact that this disease is caused hy a bacterium so small that it takes a verv hinh magnification to reveal it to the eve. 1'hat the dro])]ets of exudate, from cankered or infected areas, which are sometimes seen durini^ the jL^rowin^- season, are masses of bacteria from which futm*e infections of blossoms, twi^s, and even the collar and roots oi the trees occur. All of these forms of bliiL^ht were il- lustrated bv lantern slides and some bv si)ecimens. 66 I ! 0 iM,;. .V Ovi-K-WiNTi-Kisr, Stack oi- tiik Aimm.k Scaii Imnci s. DrHwiim- ..f a vorv t1iin raz,,." section, much ma«nilie()U advise kee])in<^ out of the orchard when it is hli.u'hted and not do an\ summer pruniuL^? Prof. Xixon. — \\ hen orchards are hlii^hterl I strongly recommend ])runin_L;- when trees are dormant. ^f ember. — If \'ou cut out water s])r()uts those wounds would he comparativelv fresh in the he^innini;- of the hearini^ season; would the\' he liahle to infection? Prof. Xi.voii.- Xo tlu'\ would not. if cut in the fall or carK w inter. 69 1 FlC. J. b. No Scab on These. INTENTIGNAL SECOND EXPOSURE I 71 « t «lill "The Need of Increased Food Production and Conserva- tion." JBU C. CULBEBTSQ2L U, S. food Administration, irasliini^tou, D. C. There has never heeii any i^reat achievement in the world except bv sacrifice, blood and tears. The Pilj^rini fathers who tied from Entrland to Holland, from Holland to the bleak savage shores of the new world, sacrificed for the ideals of liberty and truth. Of our three million Americans dwelling in this country at the time of the Revolutionarv War, only three thousand heroes stayed with Wash- ington at X'alley Forge during that dark winter of discouragement, sutTering with cold and hunger, and wounds in order that you and I might have a country and a flag. To-day we are called upon to make sacrifices for the winning of a war in which the whole world is engaged. We are fighting not only because American ships have been sunk and American citizens drowned by the ruthless warfare of the submarine, but we are fight- ing because the conscience of our people had been stirred by the brutal attack of Austria upon Serbia, the unscrupulous assault of Germany upon Belgium, and the horrible massacre of eight hundred thousand liberty-loving Armenians by the Turks, and their German officers. Almost the whole Armenian nation has been blotted out because they stood in the way of the Kaiser's dream of an Empire stretching from P>erlin to Bagdad. 70 SAVE THE GRAINS AND SHARE THE BUSHELS Use Grains That Wont Ship Save Wheat That Will I Barley Buckwheat Beans Corn Meal Oatmeal Substitute Hominy Rice Rye Potatoes Bananas Bean Flour Ve^^etables ari3 Save one pound of flour weekly per person and ^ive United States 130.000.000 bushels of wheat for Europe THE ALUES NEED MEATS SUGAR FATS AND OILS DAIRY PRODUCTS 11. 8. Food Aduiiuiutratlon." *'The Need of Increased Food Production and Conserva- tion." ;H. C, CVLBERTSOJ5L r. S. I'ood . Uliiiiiiisfratioii, //\/.s7n';/^'/(^//. P. C. 'i'licrc lias never been any i^rcal acliicvcnicnt in the world exce])! l)v sacrifice, blood and tears. The I'ilLirini fathers who lied from I%ni;lan(l to 1 lolland, from I lolland to the bleak sava|L^e shores of the new world, sacrificed for the ideals of liberty and trnth. Of onr three million Americans dwelliniL; in this conntry at the time of the l^evohitionarv War, only three thonsand heroes stayed with Wash- in.iiton at \'allev h'or^^e dnrini;- that dark winter of disconra.^ement, snfferinu- with cold and lumber, and wonnds in order that vou and 1 mi.^ht have a conntry and a lla^. 'i\)-dav we are called n])()n to make sacrifices for the winnini;- of a war in which the whole world is en^aL;ed. We are tii^htin^ not only becanse American shii)s have been snnk and American citizens drowned by the rnthless warfare of the snbmarine, bnt we are tii^bt- inj>- becanse the conscience of onr people had been stirred l)v the brntal attack of Anstria ni)()n Serbia, the nnscrni)nlons assanlt ot (lermanx' n])()n liel^inm, and the horrible massacre of eii;ht hnndred thonsand liberty-loving- Armenians by the Tnrks, and their (icrman officers. Almost the whole Armenian naticjn has been blotted ont because they stood in the way of the Kaiser's dream of an hjn])ire stretcliino- from iicrlin to I'ai^^dad. 70 71 / SAVE THE GRAINS AND SHARE THE BUSHELS III' I Buckwheat ' U.S. ]t.m.m Bushels \.,, ... -c Use Grains That WonH Ship Save Wheat That Will Barley Buckwheat Beans Corn Meal Oatmeal Substitute Bean Flour Vegetables and Hominy Rice Rye Potatoes Bananas Save one pound of flour weekly per person and give United States 130.000.000 bushels of wheat for Europe THE ALLIES NEED MEATS SUGAR FATS AND OILS DAIRY PRODUCTS U. b TooU Adiaiuistratluu.' 1^^^:"^ INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE w 72 In Belgium and Poland Germany has deliberately stripped the country of all means whereby the inhabitants could earn a living. She tried to force those peoples, by the threat of starvation, to come to Germany and work in her munition plants. When they preferred starvation rather than to help Germany against their own nation, Germany deported scores of thousands of them by military force and hopes to replace them with German colonists in order that those countries may become provinces of the German Empire. The full tale of German barbarities in the lands which she has conquered can- not be told until after the war is over, but it makes us boil with anger to know that she has dei)orted thousands of captured women into slavery, and that in the cellars of the houses of Eastern France, m the villages occupied by German troops, there are hundreds of helpless French vv^omen tethered and chained in the darkness, in order that they may be used to gratify the lust of German officers and men. German troops have burned French girls at the stake in order to lure the soldiers of France into death traps. The contrast between German and American ideals of warfare could not be made clearer than by an illustration from our American Civil War. During that war Captain Symmes of the Confederate Cruiser Alabama, was seeking to sweep the commerce of the north- ern states from the seas. Almost all ports were closed to him by the blockade so that he could not take prizes, and he sank as many ves- sels as he could, but he never sank a ship without providing for the safety of every person on board. At one time he captured a vessel which he very much wanted to retain and to fit out as another cruiser like the Alabama. He put a prize crew on board and sent it to a port in one of the West Indies. When they drew near land they found that the island was suffering from an epidemic of cholera. The passengers on the captured ship were terrified lest they be put ashore on that island. When Captain Symmes learned of the cholera he immediately gave up all his hopes and purposes for the captured ship and set it free, with every person on board. Contrast this if you will with the method of the German captain of the sub- marine who sank the "Lusitania/' drowning hundreds of men and women and children. Contrast it if you will with the conduct of the German submarine that sank the steamer ''Belgian- Prince." The captain of this submarine not only sank the lielgian-Prince but de- stroyed the lifeboats of the sinking vessel with axes. When sur- vivors climbed upon the hull of his submarine, he and his sailor;, took away their life-belts and even their clothes from them and then he and his sailors went into the submarine and closed their hatches and submerged, leaving the helpless victims to drown in the cold waters of mid-ocean. Contrast it if you will with the conduct of the Ger- man Government, which issued officially iron medals to celebrate the sinking of the Lusitania ! An officer of the Red Cross who has just returned from France, showed me one of these medals the other day and I had never so vividly realized the horror of the business until I 73 I saw that medal, bearing: the official stamp and approval of the German Government upon that hellish act. Can you imagnie Cap- tain Symmes sailing into a confederate port with the news that he had sunk a vessel, as the Germans sank the Lusitania and the Bel- gian-Prince ? Can you imagine Jeflferson Davis and Robert E. Lee and the whole South would have repudiated him with indignation? I imagine how thev would have exclaimed, "We can go down to an honorable defeat, but we will not win a victory by means like this ! When Admiral Dewey returned from the Philippine Islands can you imagine him meeting a Spanish passenger vessel and sinking it with all on board, "spurlos versenkt," without leaving a trace? If he had done such a thing there would have been no triumphal arches to greet him nor the thanks of congress, and we would have court- martialed him as a disgrace to the American flag, a disgrace to civil- ization, a disgrace to humanity. We are fighting because no nation has a right to trample upon weaker peoples nor wantonly to attack its neighbor states. We are fitrhting to make the world not only safe for democracy but safe tor humanitv. We are fighting in order that all nations may have the right to 'freedom. We are fighting to put down international aw- lessness and to win intematioinal disarmament, arbitration and last- '" The war situation at present is a serious one. Germany has con- quered nearly the whole of Belgium, some of the best lands in France, has conquered Serbia, Roumania and Montenegro has put Russia out of the war by her spies and gold and unscrupulous intrigue ana is now making a drive upon Italy. , , -.• .■ „ ;„ One of the biggest factors, and perhaps the deciding question in this war, is the question of food. In times of peace Germany produces four-fifths of her own food sunplies. while England produces only one-fifth, France one-half, Belgium one-tenth and Italy two-thirds of the amount necessary for their people. The seas are sown with German submarines and it 1. easier for Germany to starve our Allies and our own soldiers at the front, than it is for us to starve Germany. Germany may be hungry but she will not starve. Under normal conditions, before the war, our Allies were compelled to import an average of forty per cent, of the r food supply Since the war commenced their production o food has very greatly decreased. The farms of France are pro- dudng on thravefage barely half as much to-day as they were pro- '"f;nf"eatX Ih'e 'decreased production since the beginning of the war has been the conditions of climate, for the year 1916 was one of the poorest vears so far as weather was concerned m the aericidt iral historv of the world. Another reason is the withdrawal of experienced men from the farms in order that they might go into tl elfenXs, leaving the cultivation of the soil to -exP-ience^^ women and children and feeble aged men. Another reason is the I III ii i, 8 74 lack of proper farm machinery. Before the war a great deal of farm machinery was imported from America. This machinery deterio- rates, and since the war commenced we have not been able to afford space on our ships to send new machinery to replace it. Those who have come from France recently, tell of the heroic efforts of the French women to cultivate the fields, and describe them hitching themselves to the plows, working and toiling over the fields with old fashioned hoes, or even creeping on their knees painfully along, tending the newly planted crops. Previous to the war Europe im- ported a great deal of fertilizer, but since the war we have not been able to afford space on our ships to bring fertilizer across the seas. The scarcity of ships has made it impossible for Europe to secure food from the more distant markets, such as Australia and India, because we cannot afford boats for that long haul, three times as far as the distance from North America. There is an enormous supply of wheat in Australia and India, but because of the long haul, plus the terrible menace of the submarines, it is practically impossible to get those supplies to Europe. Even in the case of food shipped from the United States and Canada, from five to ten per cent, is sunk by submarines. In her first attack upon France, Germany captured and carried off 2,500,000 French cattle, at the very time when the burden was thrown upon the unconquered portions of France of feeding millions of refugees from Beligium and the conquered portions of her own land. Not only is there a shortage of food in Europe, but there is an increased demand for it. Clerks, lawyers and physicians, who are taken from their offices and put into the strenuous toil of the trenches, need more food than before. Women who are taken from lace mak- ing and home keeping, and put into the heavy labor of numition fac- tories, require more food. In the effort to meet this demand for food, all of the nations of Europe, as well as our own country, have been killing off their herds, that is, destroying their capital stock in cattle. This means a serious condition not only to-day but for several years after the war is over. It is imperative that we send food to our Allies on the other side of the sea. The soldiers will not fight if their families at home are staiving. The Russian Revolution was caused primarily by hunger rather than by political ideas. We must send food to Europe if our boys and our Allies are to win this war and because of the shortage of ships it is necessary to send that food in the most concentrated form possible. That means, wheat and meat and fats and sugar. By meat we refer to beef, mutton and pork, the kinds of meat which are most easily exported, and we do not refer to eggs, chickens, fish and game, which are not suitable for export. This food must be sent by the shortest possible route, and that means from the United States and Canada. These two countries of North America must 75 Official nnifoTm of the Food Conservation section of Food Ad- ministration. Pattern may be obtained by mailing ten cents to Food Administration, Washing* ton, D C 74 lack of ])n)])(*r farm niacliincrv. licforc the war a i;rcat deal of farm machinerv was imjKjrlcd from Anu'rica. This machinery deterio- rates, and since the war commenced we have not been able to afford si)ace on our shi])s to send new machinery to replace it. Those who have come from France recently, tell of the heroic efforts of the I'^rench women to cultivate the helds, and describe them hitchini^- themselves to the ])l()ws, workiniL^* and toilino- over the tields with old fashioned hoes, or even creeping- on their knees painfully alon<^. tending the newl\- ])lante(l cr(jps. Previous to the war iuu-ope ini- ])orte(l a <^reat deal of fertilizer, but since the war we have not been able to afford s])ace on our ships to brini:;- fertilizer across the seas. The scarcit\- of ships has made it imi)()ssible for iuu'ope to secure food from the more distant markets, such as Australia and India, because we cannot afford Ixjats for that lonj;- haul, three times as far as the distance from Xorth America. There is an enormous supply of wheat in Australia and India, but because of the loni;" haul, plus the terrible menace of the submarines, it is practically impossible to jL^et those sup])lies to lun*()])e. i^ven in the case of food shipped from the L'nited States and Canada, from five to ten i)er cent, is sunk by submarines. Jn her first attack ui)on France, Germany cai)ture(l and carried off 2,500,000 F^-ench cattle, at the very time when the burden was thrown upon the unc()n(iuere(l ])()rti(jns of France of feeding- millions (^f refui;ees from llelii^ium and the con([uered portions of her own land. Xot only is there a shortai^e of food in ]uu-o])e, but there is an increased demand for it. Clerks, lawyers and ])hysicians, who are taken from their offices and put into the strenuous toil of the trenches, need more food than before. Women who are taken from lace mak- iuiL^- and home keepini;', and ])ut into the heavy labor of munition fac- tories, re(|uire more food. In the effort to meet this demand for food, all of the nations of luu'ope, as well as our own country, have been killini;- off their herds, that is. destroying- their ca])ital stock in cattle. This means a serious condition not only to-day but for several years after the war is over. It is imperative that we send food to our .\llies on the other side of the sea. The soldiers will not fii;ht if their families at home are stalvini^^ 'J1ie Russian Revolution was caused ])rimarily by hunj^er rather than by i)()litical ideas. We must send food to l\uroi)e if our boys and our Allies are to win this war and because of the shorta^^e of shi])s it is necessary to send that food in the most concentrated form i)()ssil)le. That means, wheat and meat and fats and sui;ar. \W meat we refer to beef, mutton and ])ork, the kinds of meat which are most easily exported, and we do not refer to e«^i;s, chickens, fi^h and .i^ame, which are not suitable for exi)()rl. 'J'his food must hv sent by the shortest ])()ssible route, and that means from the I'nited vStates and Canada. These two coimtries of Xorth America must 75 i \ ] \ \ Official uniform of the Food Conservation section of Food Ad- ministration. Pattern may be obtained by mailing ten cents to Food AdmmistratioB, Washing, ton. D C -."ij-.-,"' rJ'-T Wll T 1 ! I \: 76 send the wheat, meat, fats and sugar that are needed by our Allies on the other side of the sea. We have an enormous corn crop in this country, the largest that we have ever had. Often the question is asked why we do not sup- ply our Allies with corn, of which we have an abundant supply, in- stead of wheat, since we have only wheat enough for the average consumption of our own people in normal times. The answer to this question is that corn meal is not a stable meal ; it will not stay good more than a few days and will not stand shipping across the sea. If we were to ship corn we should have to ship it in the grain and there are no mills on the other side suitable for grinding corn. Even if mills should be built for this purpose, there is the further diffi- culty that the women of Europe have neither the knowledge to make corn bread nor the equipment in their kitchens with which to cook it. The women of America, in colonial days, made all of their soap and wove the cloth for the garments of the men, but we have found in this country that it is more economical to have soaj) and cloth made in factories and sold over the counter in our stores. Even so the women of Europe long ago gave over the baking of bread to the bakers for economical reasons, and they have not the equipment in their kitchens to bake bread. Corn bread is delicious when served hot, but can you imagine any one wishing to go to the baker's and buy corn bread that is several hours old, or would you send to the French men who are fiehting in the trenches, corn bread that is sev- eral days old? There is another reason which is psychological. It is impossible to make a radical change in the diet of people who are in great mental distress. You know that when there is a funeral in your home there are some members of your family who in their sor- row find themselves unable to eat even the food to which they are accustomed. Now consider this. Every home in France has one or more men from that home either at the front in the trenches, or else wounded or else dead. There is no exception to this. Some member of every family in France is either fighting at the front, or wounded or dead. There is even a more sad feature of the situa- tion. During the f\\e years before the war began twenty-three per cent, of all the men who came up for enrollment for military service in France, were rejected as unfit because of tuberculosis. Nine hun- dred thousand of these men were rejected in the five years before the war commenced. When the war came and the iron heel of the invader was upon French soil, these men were called to the colors, and without any exception they responded to the call. Do you know what trench warfare means to a man suflFering from tuberculosis? It is murder. Many of these men were captured by the Germans. The food of a German prison camp is not sufficient to sustain life in a healthy man, let alone to support a man suflFering from tuberculosis and needing the most nourishing food. In the early days of the w^ar the French women put up packages of food to send through neutral agencies to their husbands or sons or sweethearts, who were in Ger- 77 man prison camps. In the first year of the war these were good sized packages. As the war went on, when the terrible grip ot hunger took hold upon the land, these packages grew smaller and smaller. The women of France never complained ; they never wUi complain ; they send what they are able to send, that is all. Another question that is sometimes asked is why when the price of flour may be the same in New York as in London or Paris the cost of the loaf may be higher in America than in Europe. Partl> this is due to price-fixing by the European Governments, bu there is a business reason due to the diflferent customs of our country. Jn Europe the people buv their bread at the baker's door and carry t home The only cosl is the cost of baking. In our country the baker'sells the loaf to the grocer, who must charge agains the price of tSe loaf the cost of handling it and also the cost of deivmng it S i^'^f = ;;^ •== ir- - --hfs ts: ''ti:^:TS;X:o^i:^t.o great that no je is aUo-^^ sinmt on o sugar is between eighty-five and ninety pounds per yea per person, while in France the utmost that the people are allowed to buv is twelve pounds per year per person. So'you know tLt in Italy not a single private family^rich or poor will have a single pound of coal tl^'^^^'"^^\; .JneeTs It prerent emersrencv in the manufacture of munitions, Italy needs at presem one ami onedialf times her normal coal f PP'>'' b"^ '" ^f * ting eettine only two-thirds of her normal coal supply and sHe is using ft ail for public enterprises, so that private families cannot have a single pound of coal this winter. ^ ^^^ Over in Europe the people are hungry, it tne> uveii stieet'from you' instead of across the oceai. X- 7-^^J, f , ^,t situation very much more than you do to-^ a> and wo necessary to make so "'"Sent an appeal, msepeope are ^y^ mg m the Holland Keci ^^ro^j*. n^ ^ ^^ \. T ^'" '" ' l;S'J ;^°"nlg n" -I 'L"" He'^sai;, tha. h. of your own little gin siamnnj^ ni c u^„,.^ waitinp- her turn, „afci.«i this lioi^f ■!''";; I™ »;;; ^'I'SfLTS S'-igi..ed to the hungry ijeople across the sea and to the soldiers who are fighting for our flag. CHICKEN FAT is often wasted. TntRtnclilloiisfVfilcUiinksil islhcfmcslshwlfnin^rorcaks. To the Miner^^^ .^ To the Producer clea n if - distribute if equitatJly To the Railroadi? speed it To f-^e Consumer Save it ^H^ - ^-^^^^v '■m»^r^') -nr-iil-ililc We can cat somethiiisr else, but for other purposes It IS not avaii.inn. \><^ >.«■■■ ^<" & » the people of France can't t;et anytliin,s; else to eat. It is not a case in which anyone is tryui- to lay down some iron- clad rules, and von nu.st renieniher that this is a voluntary appeal to the American p'eoi)le individually to think out the pn.l.lem of .solviuf,^ the question in the most effective way possible so as to sen.l food to the other si.le. Do not believe anyone who says that the ,i;-overn- ment is comini,^ into v<.m- house to take the «^.o CROCXK l^E Win /VRRE.&TEI3 HOUSE'WIVBS! ATTENTION! Any person who tells you the government is ffoing to seize your normal winter supply of canned goods ot other foods is a crook or a thief. Have him arrested. You will have the Pood Admmis- tration's hearty approval if you will do so. Home canning is not hoarding. No person can be convicted of hoarding without a public hearing. Anti- Americans are abroad in the land to convince you otherwise. Jail is thdr place. Put .them there. Food Administrator, Herbert Hoover, thought the putting down of these "crooks, thieves and confidence operators" important enough td issue a statement recently branding them' "petty frauds who should be held for the police.'* ''I 90 Discussion. Member,— C^LU you tell us about the peanut oil advertised in Good Housekeepingf Miss Bear.— I do not know about that particular brand. I know that peanut oil is very much used as a salad oil and is a very good substitute for other fats. Member.— \N\\\ you please tell us how to deodorize Crisco as it is gotten from the store? Miss Bear. — I have used it all through my work and have not no- ticed any odor to it. It is supposed that these vegetable oils are al- ready deodorized. That is their special advantage. There is not sup- posed to ])e any flavor to a vegetable oil. I would not use it for cook- ing in the sense of flavoring dishes with it, but have used it for frying and in cake baking. There is nothing quite as good as butter, but there is no objectionable flavor to Crisco when you add salt so as to cover up the flat taste. There is not enough butter to go around and you need not use as much of these substituting fats as butter; not more than three-fourths as much. There is not much likelihood of being able to detect it. I have always thought that lard was more likely to be detected than anything else. Member. — Will you tell us about the healthfulness of rye bread? Miss Bear. — There is no objection to the use of rye bread as a healthful food, provided you have enough flour in it to make a light, Dorus, palatable loaf. If you make the heavy rye bread I think there is objection to it. Rye does not have the quality of protein that wheat has. There is not enough elasticity to make anything but a heavy loaf of bread, and whenever you substitute too large a quantity of rye you have a heavy loaf of bread. In Germany they mill it highly, which leaves a large percentage of the bran, and bran in rye flour is very irritating to the digestive tract. What I mean by milling rye ninety-five per cent, is that they leave ninety-five per cent, of the grain in the flour. Here we mill our flour about seventy-five to eighty per cent, which is a more refined product than if we left some of the bran in. Member. — How do you substitute rolled oats in bread? Miss Bear. — We substitute for only one-fourth of the ordinary flour. For a loaf of bread containing four cups of flour we would use one cup of rolled oats and three cups of flour, which makes the right proportion. Oats measure for measure would be lighter than wheat flour. Member. — Do you use the rolled oats as it comes from the store? Miss Bear. — The recipe calls for scalding the oats with one cup of liquid. Milk is preferred for two reasons ; it gives a good flavor to the bread and a hi^rher nutritive value than water. They may be used for the same reasons. 91 BOTH 'PHONES H. G. BAUGHER PROPRIETOR OF The Adams County Nursery ASPERS, PENNSYLVANIA ihipplnfAddresslBendersville Station, P. & R. R. R- Express Office J Special Attention to Growing of FRUrrTREES (LEADING VARIETIES) For Large and Small Planters ALSO MANUFACTURER OF Standard Apple Barrels YOUR ORDERS SOLICITED If ;l ADAMS COUNTY FRUIT RECORDS Shipments Over Gettysburg & Harrisburg R. R. 93 l!>ii I a •o a to f-M CO SI 6.2 a .d CO CO n d o o< o CO O ed CO CO :3 CO es 0? u -So ^^ CO CO a (4 CO u CO 09 9 c» o a a 6< iS CO 0.0 CO CO ^ a 6< Z CO other Shipments •1': I Gettysburg, .190E 318 1906 28 1907 127 1909 12 1910 50 1911 41 1912 123 1913 23 1914 25 1915 18 1916 17 1917 53 Biglerville, .1903 8813 1905 7932 1906 2785 1907 17164 1908 4956 1909 10785 1910 20017 1911 37897 1912 26521 1913 32555 1914 42172 1915 38716 1916 66520 1917 37876 Guernsey, ...1903 2870 1905 1771 1906 1414 1907 4798 1908 2173 1909 7320 1910 11659 1911 13600 1912 4713 1913 16213 1914 12512 1915 17837 1916 22571 Bendersville, 1903 4163 1905 4000 1906 1109 1907 2824 1908 2264 1909 3531 1910 5628 1911 8894 1912 4251 1913 12390 1914 9095 1915 15786 1916 16444 1917 13269 333 58 987 165 4216 137 1500 552 779 450 3352 687 236S 400 2413 1166 1329 2760 1267 368 574 194 3371 761 651 28 127 12 50 41 123 23 25 18 17 111 9800 7932 2950 21380 4956 10922 21517 38449 27300 33005 45524 39403 68888 35276 5283 2937 2743 7858 2173 7320 12926 13963 5287 16407 15883 18598 4 i I • • • • • • 65 .... 53 2 20 .... 142 33 73 144 256 13 • • • • ' • • • • < 182 220 303 263 459 255 35 20 18 52 15 49 86 93 35 109 106 124 12 6 1 10 'i9 4 • ••• •••• • • • • ' • • • • ' 1 2 8 2 2 31 20 >8 30 43 100 42 95 64 .... 55 2 117 31/2 90 4 4 3 4 6 9 10 8 6 1 car cherries. THE Gettysburg National Bank Capital, $145,150 Deposits, Over $1,100,000 Pays 3 % per cent on Special Deposits We offer the public the use of our large fire-proof and burglar-proof safe deposit vaults FREE Christmas Savings Club Sta. ts December 20, 1917 WM. McSHERRY, Prendcnl E. M. BENDER. Caihier 11 2 15 7 5 12 3 3 2 V4 »^ 5 22 1 240 bks. plums, 650 bks. cherries. 194 22765 152 ^4 13 1/5 1917 17584 1160 18744 125 X^k 12 2351 1561 6268 1266 2132 366 946 2175 2105 '390 5165 4163 6351 2670 9092 2264 4731 7760 9260 5197 14565 11200 15786 16764 18434 28 42 18 61 15 32 52 62 35 97 75 105 112 123 R cars cabbage. 7827 bits, plums, 2924 bks. cher'es, 6 cars cabbage. 14545 lbs. cher- ries, 2 cars cab- bage. 891 crates cab'ge, 214 bks. plums, 311 crates cher- ries. The National Bank OF ARENDTSVILLE Pays 3>^% on Time Deposits in six months or more 16 20 22 21 15 30 7 30 20 12 8 14 38 4 1% 4 » • • • 9 12 7 26 1 3 1 2 2 1% • • • • 3 .... 0 • • • • «S • « • • 7 .... r> .... 7 .... 92 ACCOUNTS SOLICITED Cashier S. A. SKINNER Directors \\r V WoLF^F G. F. Smith S. G. BUCIIER W. b. WOLFF David T. Koskr Jam^s C. ColE ,, ^ Arthur Robi^rts Robert H. Shull * 94 Adams County Fruit Kecords— Continued Shipments Over Gettysburg & Harrisburg R. K.— Continued u CO 0) p. OQ • ^ 09 SI a p. Ot-H OQ 6 o *-° ©^ I O es ^ . CO CO ^ 55 »4 •So s 09 CO eS »4 SQ 'OS SI d 5 Oo ^^ 09 09 (i O) ctf-r d< o 09 . K OC/3 Other Shipments Gardners , in- eluding Ida- ville after 1916, .. 19a3 1906 1906 997 912 985 5215 1982 6127 • ••••• 13 41 • • • • • • • • 4 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1907 6905 5440 12345 82 4 • • • • 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • 1908 433 433 3 1 • • • • 2 • • • • • • • « • • • • 1909 2275 4571 6846 46 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1910 1566 3722 5288 35 1 4 2 • • • • • • • • • • ■ • 1911 3900 4800 8700 58 • • • • • • • • 5 • • • • • • • ■ • • • • 1912 1860 1860 12 6 • • • • • • • • 28 « • • • • • • • 1913 1914 1915 4295 6036 450 997 1200 5292 7236 450 35 48 3 1 12 3 2 3 • * • • 62 100 57 • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 5 • • • • • 1916 1917 7075 2447 300 7375 2447 49 16 6 5 3ii 1»^ 82 106 • • • • • • • • 8 8 1750 lbs. cabbage, 137 bu. berries, • ' 335 bu. cher'ies, 54 bu. plums. Starners, in- eluding Peach Glen after 1914, .1905 682 1016 1698 11 5 • • • • • • • • • • • • 1906 664 133 797 5 4 • • • • • • • • • • • • 1907 1572 219 1791 12 3 • • • • • • • • • • • • 1908 487 487 3 3 • • • • • • • • • • • • 1909 1825 8 1833 12 4 • • • • • • • • • • • • 1910 2500 2192 4692 31 3 2 • • • • 1911 2018 668 2686 18 2 % Vi • • • • • • • • 1912 2000 563 2563 17 18 Vt Vi • « • • • • • • 1913 2290 150 2440 16 6 8 1 • • • • 1914 3090 3090 21 5 32 H • • • • 1915 4000 4000 27 7 44 % • • • • 1916 4096 812 4908 32 ^k 22 % • • • • • • • • • • • • 1917 Run 5872 400 6272 42 5 66 1 47 • • • • 2 Hunters and Good- year, . . 1903 1905 1906 1907 625 160 295 1417 "ieo 262 514 625 320 557 1931 4 2 4 13 • « • • 8 5 12 • • • • • • • • • • • ■ • • • • t • • • • • • • • • • • « • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1908 1704 1704 11 1 • • • • 1 1909 1289 510 1799 12 1 • • • • 1910 2103 2190 4293 29 1 1 1 1911 3750 300 4050 27 1912 2040 2040 14 1913 3045 3045 20 ^h • • • • 1 1914 2350 ii4« 3496 23 50 1 1915 1549 1549 10 1 40 1916 3619 3619 ?4 % 45 • • • • • • • ■ • • • • • • • • 24 bus. i)ears. 1917 2744 2744 18 6 :]6 0. A H. R . R., total, . 1903 1905 17468 15617 4385 9908 21853 25525 146 170 47 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1906 6?95 3450 9745 65 35 2 1907 34797 19217 54014 360 56 1 1908 12017 12017 80 39 4 1909 27037 6426 334^3 223 26 1910 43523 13003 56526 377 57 17 3 43 5 4 1 car cherries. 1911 70100 7049 77149 514 9 2 9 100 8 3 240 bks. plums. 659 • 1912 1913 1914 41508 70748 75280 2862 3966 11174 44370 74714 86454 296 497 576 76 34 19 5 20 130 4 9 7 70 157 164 5 5 3 4 9 14 bks. cherries. 5 cars cabbage. 7827 bks. plums. 1915 78356 1448 79804 532 16% 138 3% 112 9 10 2924 bks.cher'es. 1916 120342 3994 124336 828 22'/^ 118^ 2V2 199 15V^ 16 6 cars cabbage. 14545 lbs. cherries, 2 cars cabbage, 1917 79845 7183 87028 579 55V6 190V2 Vk 243 11 16 24 bus. pears. 99760 lbs. cab'age, 268 bu. plums, 646 bu. cher'ies. 137 bu. berries. 95 APPLES GtoxjO More \ POTATOES BEANS Your Country Needs Them Whether the war ends quickly or drags on hidefi- nitely the Government will continue to demand more and better food and will conduct an even more vigor- ous campaign for war gardens, for more economical and better truck, farm, and orchard methods. Spray with Pjnrox and get more and better fruits and vegetables from • every acre. Your family and the boys at the front need this food. Don't waste it on worms, bugs, and Labor will be scarce and high next year, ^owker's Pyrox is easily and quickly applied. It kills leat- eating insects and fungous diseases in the same opera- tion. Bowker's Lime Sulphur for all scale insects is made heavy and rich, and for that reason is more effective than solutions carrying less sulphur. We have the sulphur on hand now at the factory. That means prompt shipment. The BOWKER Sprays can be relied on to do effective work We ship from Baltimore. BOWKER INSECTICIDE COMPANY 1011 Fidelity Bldg., Baltimore, Md. TYSON BROTHERS INCORPORATED General Agents Flora Dale, Pa. II 96 Adams County Fruit Kecord— Continued Shipments Over Western Maryland R. R. 97 U CO II Orrtanna, Virginia Mills, ....1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 .Jack's Mountain, . .1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1903 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 McKnightstown 1903 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Fairfield 1914 1915 1916 1917 Other W. M. R. Stations west of Gettysburg, 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 •8 .d CO t— CO SI 320 326 300 60 1000 352 893 1040 1418 444 3300 1062 3659 3177 2686 741 8216 7043 8412 12897 7784 8857 18722 13646 3438 7895 2296 3393 1785 7724 14275 26297 4122 13000 11200 12583 12153 13500 1317 615 ?600 2550 328 745 42 50 26 223 48 56 133 159 428 a xi CO CO .a n d o .■rH o es en .us QQ d .to ti CO V a o Pu . en CO P AS % 09 U ft ft 6< Z Other Shipments 8800 1620 1519 30 9120 1620 1845 30 61 11 12 • • •• •••• 333 300 60 333 2 2 1653 "164 2342 1020 840 4045 3846 2798 154 4256 1273 215 "iis 254 1155 251 2030 180O 2231 520 800 1404 "'eoo 1118 ' 375 618 564 400 1000 352 2546 1040 1582 444 3300 1062 3659 5519 3706 1581 12261 10889 11710 13051 12040 8857 19995 13861 3438 8073 2550 4548 2036 9754 16075 28528 4642 13000 12000 13987 12153 14100 2435 615 297.T 2550 328 1365 42 50 590 623 48 56 133 159 428 • • • 1 6 .... 2 1 17 .... 7 .... 10 75 bus. 3100 bus. 22 .... 7 .... 24 .... 37 1 25 .... 10 .... 82 73 78 87 80 59 133 92 23 54 17 30 13 65 107 190 31 87 80 93 81 94 16 4 20 17 13 bus. pears. 27 bus. pears. 15 bus. pears. 1 3 5 2 4 32 33 56 86 100 2 2 o 50 bus. pears. 1 3 2 ^^ 40 bus. pears 30 bus. peaches, 20 bus. pears. 1820 bus. pears. 3 bus. pears. 15 bus. pears. 2 9 2 2 4 4 .... 4 % % 1 1 .... 1 3 94 bus. 1/^ 50 bus. pears. "SCALECIDE'' The Guaranteed Spray Material Has Proven Itself to be The Greatest Dormant Spray H After fourteen years we are not only doing more business than ever before, but we are urginjj comparison with the best Lime-Sulfur or oils on the market to-day and will give you your money back if "SCALECIDE" does not prove better. HU sprayed with "SCALECIDE" your orchard will be healthier with less expenditure of time and money. C Ask Tyson Brothers, Inc., Flora Dale, our Pennsylvania State Distribu- tors, for further information on the mer- its and new developments of ' 'SCALE- CIDE." B. G. PRATT CO 50 Church Street New York, N. Y. 98 Adams County Fruit Record— Continued Shipments Over Western Maryland R. K.—Contitiued 99 U 73 en 1—1 m £1 ^3 -. 1 1 ' : l1 Gettysburg, includ- ing Granite New Oxford, East Berlin, W. M. R. R., total, Littlestown, Dlllsburg, . .1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 .1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 .1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1903 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 .1910 1911 1912 .1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 L?. 18 23 22 428 36 442 154 1160 3?,1 1816 406 390 275 300 "200 668 250 50 1140 49 ""16 1 18 ' 6738 10380 7447 7720 4536 8873 22946 33959 14091 26819 22487 23785 37805 31796 450 300 * 300 300 150 500 450 492 580 • • • • 195 132 1033 in I—* m 6 y. o 13 18 23 22 428 36 442 154 1160 3:^.1 L011 406 1033 "El < u u O cc - O u 2 C ' 13 -^ y en ^ e4 ^^ o ^ y m u rt O a; *■> en CO ;3 .<* (0 CO ert -a USE M - tn Car pies u2 0. . >» 6< ow A >^ other Shipments Bushel Baskets I • • •••••• •• •••• ••• v^ 1 8 2 13 3 7 • • • ' • • •••• ••• • • •••• •••! • • • • • • • • • • t • •»••• • ••••• • • • • • • < • • • • •• •••• •• •••••••< 276 695 152 1200 1193 205 1 160 80 1320 1447 13948 2891 4870 7135 6637 3550 154 8160 1404 2007 i;oi5 276 695 390 427 300 ■ • • • • 200 668 1450 50 2333 49 "215 2 178 80 6738 11700 8894 21668 7-427 13743 30081 40596 17641 26973 30647 25189 39812 33811 450 300 '300 2 4% 21/2 3 2 4 10 • • • • I • • • • • * • • «•••• • •• •••••• • •••••••• • •• •••■•• 15 I • • • • Ms 45 78 59 144 49 91 201 270 117 180 204 167 265 225 3 5 3 7 1 1V4 3 ly* V2 ^^e g/oe our attention exclusively to the manufacture of this type of package 1 3 2 8 169 bus. 2% V/r, 4 o % 32 > « • ^ t5i5 . . . 56 86 . . . 100 2 2 90 bus. pears. 30 bus. peaches, 20 bus. pears. 1820 bus. pears. 28 bus. pears. 80 bus. pears. 15 bus, pears. 150 500 450 492 580 o It Barden & Robeson PENN YAN, N. Y. Distributors for Pennsylvania, Maryland and ti^e Virginias Tyson Brothers Incorporated FLORA DALE, PA. rif r lOO Adams County Fruit Kecord— Continue/i Total Fruit Marketed in County a id en SI O a p. •P-4 (0 CO n d ■«-> o 0) a u u 2i 09 q o_ c^ c o?» ?^ 0^ a> a> g; 0. 0 ^ 0 0 Sq u ^- Pi u ^* ?> 5 0 0) 0

\'^.-^% 1903. 190.-). 1907. 1909. 1910, 1911. 1912. 1913, 1914. 1915, 1916. 1917. 102 Comparison of Percentages Y»nir % u Xi a u r.2 41 '•1 .'4 r.9 r.4 60 r.o r.3 O o IL' 16 16 S 6 10 " o I a > I- 26 8 7 7 12 0V2 4V2 9V.. 6 •s 0 e CO o c 0/ o Cl- io 18 14 14 27 26V2 32V2 27 29 • ^•^ •I I o 9 8 9 7 8 0V2 3 9 6»/^ Oh IOC 143 295 200 356 500 344 466 563 552 776 6SS < !Unlt-in kitd.ci) cal.Hut. ntili/in- wall >i.ac. m :uhanta^. i^r st,.ra.. .ui.piit-. i'.rcad 1)"X wiili iH.anl an•«■ laaa Stanford :- Flora Dale Pa. ^un« H»th^ 1929 lOT/B other raa.«n., tharJl: *«'/*« V •^^m that baoauM of -^ »«y truly year,, «i m„ «»o«M ABsoouno, or am«s conn / Saorataiy 7^/ 3 3 O'^ .A ^VVir .U-'i' l^K'-^^^ j',» V--f>? f. ¥*''■? 5,:f 'rK V..-^> Ji-Ol, ■V ?«