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PROCEEDINGS :

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a deem

TH NATURAL BISTORY
OTTAI ‘FIELD CLUB, |

Dp OMFICH, NORTH GATE,

Moa Tiny

C i re ‘
st Le ok
Shs y Bere a

Early MSS. of Ireland. By G. Norman, M.R.C.S, F.R.S.A.1.
(Read December 5th, 1905.)

Mr. Norman read a short paper on the ornament of Celtic
MSS., as especially seen in the books of Durrow and Kells. He
pointed out the principal forms, viz., the spiral pattern, in-
cluding the divergent spiral, the interlacing in plait work,
the step pattern, the foliage, and especially the very curious
animal designs. He mentioned various theories as to the intro-
duction and development of these designs, and how, after
reaching their full development during the 8th century, these
designs were applied to stone work, the result being seen in
memorial slabs, as a commencement, and the grand High
Crosses of Ireland as a final result. In conclusion, he referred
to the numerous Celtic memorials of this kind in the West
country, showing how the influence continued on into Anglo-
Saxon times, and mentioned numerous places where such
relics could be seen.

Facsimiles and photographs of the MSS. were exhibited at
the meeting.

A Vigne ak. SNon im

The British Association in South Africa ; lecture by
Rev. C. W. SHICKLE, M.A., F.S.A.,

January 16, 1906.

This lecture was delivered in the large room of the Royal
Literary and Scientific Institution, and was thrown open to all,
whether members of the Field Club or not. We regret that
we cannot obtain from Mr. Shickle himself a synopsis of the
address. He gave a comprehensive account of the tour, and
described the principal towns visited by the Association.
Many views were shown of interesting buildings, Government
and Municipal, important thoroughfares, and historica! locali-
ties, the party having among other places visited the battle-
fields about Colenso, and the graphic description of these
scenes, aided as it was by excellent photographs, proved most
acceptable to the audience. The views of the Victoria Falls
were especially fascinating, also the railway bridge over the
Zambesi, opened by the President of the Association, was
shown. A lighter touch was given to the lecture by the
description of a Kaffir wedding, and the attendant festivities.
For about an hour the lecturer entertained the audience with
a most valuable and instructive account of what had evidently
proved to him to be something more than an enjoyable picnic,
and the narrative of his travels was thoroughly appreciated.

SECTION A.

EXPLORATION IN MEAD FIELD, WESTON FARM,
CENTRE

—17 0 — >a

DATUM f
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oo ong 932072 |
5 =,9°>2? REMOVED. I
=— ) ocoanv ’ J
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Coaoom =>
Lias oN CLaAy —> — — 70m —™*— Si 48s 2 6x — - — GF KO CO BLUE CLay
T. S, BUSH,
SECTION B.
ROAD ACROSS BRITISH CAMP, LANSDOWN.
Trench No. 1. 66 feet W. of gate on Down.
N S
TOS 1616 4 S210) 9 Si Oe a ee See 1 0 DATUM
T/T Vd ia
xs 'O OS as (=) co
SECTION C.
Ww No. 1 TUMULUS, LANSDOWN. _
Feet 30 29 98 9 5 :
ee ee ee ee ee On en Be a
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919 80° OS Taleo vo B32 F080 So
0-0 959,99 09,00 X90 00 9% Ground |
S re] a 2 OHO0D0g02% a i

Se TAT TERT ATR NT RE AT

/
ScaLE—} inch to 1 foot.

Excavations on the so-called Via Julia, and on Lansdown.
By A. Tric—E Martin, M.A., F.S.A.
(Read February 6th, 1906.)

The course of the fourteenth Iter of the Itinerary has never
been precisely determined. The stations are as follows:
Isca Silurum, Venta Silurum, and then apparently the Severn
is crossed, for the next station is Abone (g miles), then
Tvajectus (9 miles), then Aque Solis (6 miles).

I shall not detain you with a discussion as to the identifica-
tion of these stations.* I shall only state that on the whole
there is strong evidence for assuming that the route was
across the Severn from Caldicot Pill, near Caerwent, to the
junction of the Trym and the Avon at Sea Mills. This would
have been A bone or (as Mr. Haverfield ingeniously conjectures)
Abone Trajectus, and, the name of the next station having
disappeared, the gap has been filled by splitting Abone
Trajectus in two. This station by the mileage might be
Bitton, where there is a rectangular camp and other Roman
remains, and the mileage of the next stage agrees also with
the distance of Bitton from Bath.

Assuming then that this was the course of the Iter, we
have to determine how it came to Bath. Mr. Scarth was, I
believe, the first to identify it with the grass lane between
North Stoke and Weston, which is now used only as a bridle
path.

In the maps of the Ordnance Survey this lane is called the
Via Julia, and it is, perhaps, worth while to repeat that. what-
ever be the character of this lane, there is no authority for
the name, except that of the notorious Bertram, who produced
the forged Itinerary of Richard of Cirencester. Bertram no
doubt had borrowed the name from the rhyming couplet of a.
monk named Richard of Necham, who wrote in the thirteenth
century. The lines are as follows :—

Intrat et auget aquas Sabrinz fluminis Osca
Preceps ; testis erit Julia strata mihi.
They may possibly preserve some genuine tradition, but

the name would in any case only certainly apply to some
road at the junction of the Usk and the Severn.

*See Proceedings of the Clifton Antiquarian Club, i. 58.

4

By local antiquaries the identification of this lane with the
fourteenth Iter has been generally accepted, but no attempt
has been made to examine it with a spade. At my suggestion
therefore the members of the Bath Field Club provided the
necessary funds, and some trenches were cut across the lane
last year.

The first was cut a little to the west of its junction with
the lane leading from Kelston in the direction of Prospect
Stile.

OO ooeeeeeee..L eee

(Photo by My. G. Grey.)
Suppcsed Roman Road, near Prospect Stile.

5

At this point the lane is about 18 feet wide, and its surface
almost level. It is bounded on its north side by a slight
mound about 5 feet wide and 1 foot high, which is probably
only the remains of an old hedgerow. On the south there is
a shallow depression, some 8 inches deep and 2 feet wide,
between the road and the bank of the hedge. On removing
the turf a layer of small stones, averaging perhaps 2 inches
across, was found carefully rammed in and set close together.
The stones were all oolite, such as might have come from the
neighbouring fields, and the depth of the layer was not more
than 8 inches. It did not extend across the whole width of
the road, but appeared to cover on the average a width of
12 feet. There were no distinct traces of any other layer on
which the stones were bedded ; on the whole it seemed most
probable that they were lying on the natural surface of the
ground, into which they had been rammed.

The turf was taken up in four other places. In all of them
the same layer of stones was found, and it is at any rate clear
that the grass lane has been treated in this fashion from the
corner of the lane leading to Kelston for a distance of some 200
yards to the west.

This layer differs from ordinary pitching, for the stones
are not, as a rule, set up on edge. It is not quite modern
work, inasmuch as in one place the stones were found under
the roots of a wych elm, which is probably from 80 to Io0o
years old. Moreover these stones cannot have been laid
down by private hands, or for the convenience of some farmer,
as the lane does not lead to a farm, and appears to have always
been under public control.

On the other hand the surface is quite different from that
of other great Roman roads, e.g. the Fosse Road, which was
lately re-opened by Mr. McMurtrie,* or the road which ran
between the east and west gates of Caerwent. It differs
moreover from the road which was opened on Clifton Down
in the year 1900.+ In this road the layer was composed: of
much larger stones which had clearly been brought from a
distance, and they rested on a bed of reddish earth, which in
its turn rested on a layer 1 foot thick of sandy earth; this
was not found in the ditch or in the holes off the line of the
road, and was in all probability the result of the preparation

* Proceedings of the Somerset Archeological and Natural History
Society, 1884, p. 76.

+ Proceedings of the Clifton Antiquarian Club, 1900, p. 75.

6

by crushing and levelling of the surface of the rock in order
to secure a level bed for the roadway. This difference is
important, as the evidence in favour of the road on Clifton
Down being Roman is strong, and on the theory mentioned
above it would have formed part of this same fourteenth
ten

While therefore it is difficult to account for the presence
of these stones on any other theory, they are clearly not in
themselves sufficient proof that this lane was ever a Roman
road. If this was the case we must, I think, conclude that
they represent not the surface but the bottom layer of the
road, the upper layers having been denuded away. In the
Fosse Road, however, which has been re-opened this summer
with results entirely similar to those recorded before, the
bottom layer was formed of much larger stones. The
character of the pitching can be inferred from the photograph,
which shows what appears to be the bottom of a wheel rut.
There are indications of another rut running parallel with
this at a distance of 4 feet, but they are not very definite.
Under the stones were found two horseshoe nails, which are
probably Roman.

So far then the evidence is not conclusive, but our examina-
tion of the steep scarp where the lane ends and descends the
hill abruptly by a narrow sunken path towards the Weston
lane afforded evidence that was more definite.

Assuming that this lane represents the line of the Roman
road, it has been difficult to see how it negotiated the
descent, and it has been thought that it possibly avoided
the hill by turning abruptly to the south and following the
ridge in the direction of Pen Hill. Trenches were therefore
cut where the grass lane ends and the sunken path begins
to descend the steep face of the hill, and the pitching was
found to continue in the direction of the path, making
the theory of a turn to the south impossible. Moreover,
at the point where the path begins the descent it is
bounded on the south side by a narrow bank on which
bushes are now growing. This bank is in continuation of
the line of the grass lane, and it was found to be pitched
in the same manner as the lane. Under the stones of the
pitching was found another horseshoe nail. It is, perhaps,
impossible to say positively that this nail was Roman, but it
is quite certain that no rider could have possibly ridden over
this bank within the last few hundred years.

7

It seems certain therefore that the pitched road descended
the steep face of the hill by a zigzag with at least one turn.
The ditch has, however, become the path, and the bank of
which the road was formed has been gradually narrowed by
the action of the water, which in wet weather runs down
the slope with considerable force.

If, then, we review the evidence as a whole, it points with
some certainty to this being a Roman road, and if this is the
case it would almost certainly be the fourteenth Iter of the
Itinerary.

Our next task was to find evidence of its course between
the hill and Bath itself.

In the second field (called Home field), immediately to the
north of Weston parish church, a good deal of pottery and
other remains that are clearly Romano-British were found last
year when a drain was made.*

A bank that ran through this field in the right direction
for the road was accordingly trenched, as was also another

Mead Field, Weston, 1905. Cutting in Mound N. side.

* These have been recorded by Mr. G. L. Bulleid in the Proceedings of
the Bath Branch of the Somersetshive Archeological and Natural History
Society, 1904, p. 13.

8

bank in the Mead Field (1) further to the west that seems to be
a prolongation of the same line. The dimensions of both
these banks were suggestive of a road with a surface for
traffic of about 9g feet. In both of them was found a layer of
large stones that might conceivably have been the bottom
layer of a Roman road, but the evidence on the whole pointed
to the stones having been part of an ancient dyke or bank.
If this is the case, these banks may quite well have been part
of some defence of an early settlement at Weston. This part
of our investigations has therefore added no fresh evidence to
the line of the road. But there are other indications which
we hope to test and to report on at a later date.

EXPLORATIONS ON LANSDOWN.
A PossIBLE ROMAN ROAD AND THE SO-CALLED ROMAN CAMP.

Due west of the Grand Stand on the North Stoke Down
there is a well-defined camp, generally called the British Camp
of the type common in the Cotswolds, a V-shaped promontory
or tongue of land, defended on two sides by a natural scarp, and
on the side of the level down by a strong ditch and bank.
Inside this camp there are two tumuli, and a bank runs
through it from west to east. This bank was examined by a
series of trenches.

The first trench, of which the results were fairly typical, (2)
was dug 66 feet west of the gate leading on to the open down,
the second 300 feet further to the west, and the third 400
feet still further to the west. Under the turf were found a
layer of flat stones averaging about 6 inches across. Beneath
this was a layer of rough stones packed closely together, and
under this was a third layer of large flat stones, of which a
fairly typical example measured 14 by 18 by 3 inches.

The width of the top layer was g feet, the second layer was
spread out to about 12 feet, and the lower layer was on the
whole rather wider, reaching in the third trench to about 20
feet. The total depth of the bed was about 1g inches.

Trenches 2 and 3 showed the same results except that in
No. 2 the stones on the S. edge of road are packed nearly
vertically.

1 See Section A. 2 See Section B.

(Photo by Mr. G. Grey.)
Road in British Camp. Trench 3. Surface.

(Photo by Mr. G. Grey.)
Road in British Camp. Trench 2.
Section showing Stones of bottom layer.

10

There seems very little doubt that this was a Roman road,
and it led apparently westward in the direction of the camp
at Bitton. We were entirely unable to trace its course east-
ward outside the camp field. It leads directly towards an
earthwork that is marked in the Ordnance Survey map as a
Roman camp. This work is about 300 yards west of the
Grand Stand. It is roughly rectangular, measuring 430 feet
by 170. All the corners, except the north-west one, are
roughly rounded. The north-west wall is rather irregular,
the others are regular, and consist of a mound about 2 feet
high and 4 feet across. There is a shallow ditch on all the
sides except the north-western one. The only gate is on the
south-west side.

A diagonal trench was cut across the interior of this work,
and the wall was also cut. A trench was also cut in the
ditch parallel with the wall to the south-west of the gate.
The naturally shattered surface of the rock was in all places
met with from 6 inches to 1 foot under the turf, and nothing
that could throw any light on the date of construction was
found except one small flint flake.

A bank leads up to the gate in a way that is very sugges-
tive of a road. We cut this also, but the result showed
clearly that it was a dyke or wall, and certainly not a road.
There is therefore no evidence at present to lead us to con-
clude that this work was Roman in its origin. One thing,
however, is clear, that if it was a Roman camp it represents
only half of the original work. There are some traces of banks
outside the work that suggest the possibility of the north-
western half having been obliterated, but they are too in-
determinate to justify the definite adoption of this theory.
If this was the case the present north-west wall would have
been a possible roadway, and might have been a continuation
of the road already described in the North Stoke Camp. The
total width of the work would have been about 340 feet, a
measurement that would have been in suitable proportion to
the length. It is proposed to further test this theory at a
later date.

Some other curiously irregular mounds to the north of
this work were examined, but we were unable to determine
their nature. On the whole they seem to be the remains of a
small group of barrows that had been disturbed and ploughed
down.

Tx

TUMULI.

About 200 yards to the north-west of the so-called Roman
camp there are two well-marked round barrows of about 28 to

30 feet in diameter. These were examined with the following
results.

Both had been previously disturbed, and in the second the
covering stone had been thrown back anyhow, and was lying
obliquely close under the surface. On the stone was lying
the horseshoe exhibited, which presumably did not belong to
the interment, and we collected out of the earth some small
fragments of pottery and bones.

The first barrow (see Section C) had been opened, but had
certainly not been properly examined. The covering stone was
found slightly tilted, but apparently almost in its original posi-
tion, nearly in the centre of the mound. Underneath was a cir-
cular cist about 2 feet in diameter. This was filled with black
greasy earth, resting for the most part on a 3-inch layer of
stones. The bottom of the cist was reached 10 inches lower
down. From this black earth we collected the fragments
which are exhibited. Some of the pieces of pottery are
unusually thick, and it is clear that we have portions of at
least two urns. The fragments of bones had all been burnt,
and we found some small lumps of copper, which had all been
apparently fused. Some portions of these have been analysed,
but not perhaps with sufficient accuracy. The traces of tin are
said at any rate to be slight.

But the find of the greatest interest is the fragmentary
gold-plated bronze plaque which is now exhibited. We collected
with the greatest care every piece, however small, that could
be found. Much of the gold plating, notwithstanding all the
precautions that we took, was blown away or lost, but enough
at any rate remains even now to establish the fact that it was
so plated.

Mr. Read and Mr. Reginald Smith, of the British Museum,
are of opinion that this is an example of a sun-disc of the type
that has already been figured and described in Proceedings
of the Society of Antiquaries.* My friend, Mr. Grey, who with
Mr. Bush has helped in the superintendence of all these
excavations, had attempted a restoration of the fragments-on |
the theory that they represented the remains of the back of.a
hand-mirror, but a further examination shows that they

* ond Series, xx. 6-13.

12

may with much greater probability be restored as a disc of
which the centre consists of a circle surrounded by chevrons or
rays pointing outwards. These are enclosed in a large raised
circle, outside which comes a border of small raised circles,
and the rim may have been fixed by “ copper wire hammered
over the gold into a channel near the margin,”’ as described in
Mr. Reginald Smith’s paper.

(Photo hy Mr. G. Grey.)
Gold-plated bronze disc. Scale—# linear.

The ornament on our disc somewhat closely resembles that
on a bronze disc and on: a disc of gold-foil that were found in
Ireland, and are now in the British Museum, but the meaning
and use of these discs were quite uncertain till a chance dis-

13

covery was made in Denmark in the year 1902. This discovery
was communicated to the Society of Antiquaries by Mr.
Smith, in December, 1903, in a paper in which he established
the identity of the Irish discs with that found in Denmark,
and the identification is such an interesting example of the
light that is thrown on the more difficult questions of the early
history of our civilisation by the comparative method of study,
that I shall quote at some length from Mr. Smith’s paper :—

‘““ A recent discovery in Denmark has not only added a most
important item to the magnificent collection at Copenhagen,
but has thrown a flood of light on a small series of Irish anti-
quities in the British Museum, and on the connection between
the two countries in ancient times. In September last year
(1902) Trundholm Moss in the north of Zealand, was being
brought under cultivation for the first time, and the plough
struck the bronze horse of a sun-chariot, which was ultimately
recovered almost entirely. There can be no doubt as to the
nature of the find: the fact that intentional damage had been
done before deposit shows that this was a votive offering.”
Mr. Smith goes on to describe it as follows :—“ A disc,
Io inches in diameter, of moulded bronze is fixed vertically
in the centre of an axle, to which are attached two bronze
wheels of four spokes, while in front is a bronze horse on
four wheels, attached to the rear axle by a rigid bronze
bar. The horse is cast hollow, and inside are the remains
of the clay core and marks of the stays that kept the
inner and outer parts of the mould asunder in casting. The
eyes are filled with the resinous substance often used in
Scandinavia for inlaying bronze during the early Bronze Age ;
and the tail is provided with a socket which was, no doubt,
originally filled with a horsehair continuation. The body of
the car is well constructed, and the wheels which were made
to revolve on the axles, are of the primitive form actually ~
recovered from the Swiss lake-dwellings. The Trundholm
car has, however, two more wheels than the oldest examples of
the kind known eleswhere.”’ Mr. Smith goes on to point out
that the model of a fully manned boat, made of gold and silver
which was found near Thebes, in the tomb of Queen Aahetep
(the mother of Aahmes or Amasis) is also borne on a car with
four bronze wheels each with four spokes, and a diameter
about two-thirds of that of the Danish example. This is a
remarkable parallel, and “‘ takes the idea of votive or cere-
monial model cars back to about 1650 B.c.”’

14

The disc itself is made of two slightly convex plates, fas-
tened back to back. The ornament on the back plate is slight-
ly different from that on the front plate, which is covered with
gold foil, which has been applied by pressure ; while the edge
was fixed by means of a copper wire hammered over the gold
into a channel near the margin. On the side of the ’disc
nearer to the horse was a small loop which held the rein which
was attached at the other end to the neck of the horse.

Now the bronze disc in the British Museum to which I
have already referred not only resembles the Danish disc in
ornament in important points, but it also has on its rim
two loops, which are exactly in the right relative position,
one to hold the rein, and the other for the attachment to the
car. The identification of this disc as part of one of these
car-drawn votive offerings may therefore be regarded as
certain, and the identification of the gold-foil discs, which
no doubt originally covered discs of bronze, naturally follows.

To return now to our own bronze plaque ; the ornament and
plating associate it closely with the British Museum discs, and
we may, therefore, confidently accept the identification of
this also as a part of a votive offering which was originally
drawn by a model horse. It may be added that though we
have not recovered any fragments of the horse or car we have
collected various fragments of fused metal which may not
improbably be the remains of the one or the other.

We must now pass on to consider the mutual relations of our
Lansdown disc, the Irish discs in the British Museum, and the
Trundholm disc, and for this purpose I must now describe the
ornament in some detail.

We will begin with the Trundholm disc, and it will be suffi-

cient for our purpose if I describe only the front disc, for the °

back plate is different only as has been stated above, in the
omission of certain features.

The Trundholm disc is Io inches in diameter. The design
has been produced by the punch, and it may be summarized
as consisting of three bands, each formed of several ‘circles,
whose common centre is the centre of the disc. The space
between the outer and second of these bands is filled by about
28 roundlets each composed of concentric circles. The space
between the second and third of the bands is filled by a
series of spirals, and the central space within the third and
smallest band is filled by eight roundlets surrounding another,
which occupies the centre of the disc. These are again orna-
mented with small concentric circles.

Attempted Restoration of the Lansdown Disc.

Scale—3 linear.

5

The back plate differs slightly from the one just described,
chiefly in that it was not plated with gold, and that the spirals
are of the kind called C spirals.

The Irish bronze disc in the British Museum, 2? inches
in diameter, is not plated, and the ornament consists of
two bands again enclosing spaces. The outer band is
composed of several circles, whose common centre is
again the centre of the disc, but is further ornamented
by a series of chevrons or triangles whose apices point inwards
towards the centre. The inner band is composed of only
two circles united by a kind of hatching, of which the
lines are roughly drawn in the direction of rays from the centre.
The space between the outer and inner band is filled as in the
Trundholm example, by roundlets each composed of concentric
circles, and the space within the inner band is filled by concen-
tric circles drawn round the centre of the disc. The scheme
of ornament on the Irish gold foil disc, 2.7 inches in diameter,
closely resembles that on the bronze disc, except that the inner
band is of.cable pattern, and the outer band is merged in the
rim. The interior spaces are filled as in the bronze example.

Our Lansdown example appears, as far as we have been able
to restore it, to be about 6 inches in diameter, and the scheme
of decoration appears to be composed of two circular bands
Both these bands are crossed by straight lines drawn in the
direction of rays from the centre of the disc. The space be-
tween the outer and inner bands is filled by roundlets, as in the
other examples, but these roundlets are contained by a raised
circumference, and the central space is flat, and not orna-
mented as in the other cases by concentric circles. The
spaces between the roundlets are filled with small pellets.
The inner band encloses a star, possibly of eight points,
coming from the centre of the disc, which is formed
of a roundlet surrounded by a ring of pellets. The tri-
angular spaces between the points of the star are further —
ornamented by rows of peilets arranged 5, 4,3, 2and1. The
fragments of the original gold plating may still be seen

adhering to the bronze.
(See Plate.)

If we now compare these discs with each other it will be
seen that they all agree in the possession of the concentric
circles, and these in conjunction with the gold plating may be
taken as evidence of their connection with the cult of the sun.
The Trundholm disc, however, differs from all the others in

16

the presence of the spiral ornament. This is indicative of the
influence of the art of the later Aegean period, or as it is
generally called of the Mycenean period.

Perhaps I may be allowed to explain what is probably very
well known to you all, that the early period of Aegean civilisa-
tion is characterised by the use of the stone implements, and
copper, and of hand-made pottery. It may roughly be assigned
to the second half of the third millennium B.C., z.e., from 2,500
to 2,000 B.C. The succeeding period is the age of bronze and
of pottery made on the wheel, and as the remains found at
Mycenae are typical of this period and important, the whole
period is often known as ‘“‘ Mycenean.”’ It roughly corres-
ponds in time with the second millennium B.C., 7.e., 2,000 to
OOO mint C:

The question may now be well asked how it comes that
this far distant influence has extended to so remote a shore as
that of Denmark. But the connection may be clearly traced.
The presence of amber in the eastern Mediterranean is evidence
of a considerable trade with the shores of the Baltic, and further
research has gone far to establish the existence of two very
ancient trade routes, both leading from the head of the
Adriatic to the Baltic, the one following the valleys of the
Adige, Inn, Moldau and Elbe, and the other, or easterly route,
reaching the Baltic at Dantzic.* It should further be stated
that traces of this Mycenean influence may also be found in
our own islands, which they reached by one or the other
of the two trade routes for tin, probably by the earliest,
which led from Narbo by the Loire and Garonne and the
Channel Islands to the Isle of Wight.

There is another important deduction that may be made
from the ornament on the Trundholm disc. On it may be
seen both the concentric circles and also the spiral. It had
formerly been held that the concentric circle, which is so com-.
mon in Irish art, was a debased form of the spiral, and there-
fore, later in time.

But the Trundholm disc makes it clear that the same artist
who drew the concentric circles could also trace good spirals.
The inference from this is that the art represented by the discs
found in Ireland need not be later, and indeed may well be
earlier than that represented on the Danish disc.

Moreover, we have good reason. for concluding that as

*See British Museum Guide to the Antiquities of the Bronze Age,
Pp. 95.

‘17

copper and tin were found in great quantities in our islands the
bronze age began here earlier than in Denmark. Mr. Smith
therefore concludes with great probability that “this form
of symbol may have been imported with other bronze orna-
ments through Ireland and Britain into Denmark, and there
adopted by the native craftsmen and embellished with the
spiral ornament which found its way along the amber route
from the Adriatic.’’ Possibly someone may suggest that inas-
much as there is evidence of Mycenean influence in our own
islands, the spirals also came by the way of our islands into
Denmark. So far, however, the spiral has apparently never
been found on metal objects so far west as Britain during
Mycenean times.

The next point of interest is that the finds of bronze objects
in Scandinavia have been so numerous that we are enabled
to fix the relative and sometimes the absolute date of objects,
such as this sun-disc ; and the dates that have been assigned
to it by Dr. Mueller and Professor Montelius are respectively
about 1,000 B.C. and 1,300 B.C. Further, the connection of
Irish and Scandinavian art has also been established by Dr.
Montelius, and this Trundholm find therefore gives us a fixed
point for the chronology of the Irish bronze age.

We have now to consider the connection of our own Lans-
down disc with-the Irish discs, and it will at once be noted
that there are strong points of resemblance in all three.

All three are characterised by the concentric circles, and
also by the existence of straight lines drawn in prolongation
of radii from the centre of the disc. Moreover, the bronze
disc agrees wth the Lansdown disc in the existence of the
cheyrons, or triangles. But there are the following differences
that may be noted. First, the roundlets in the Lansdown have
the area within the circle plain and not ornamented with con-
centric circles as in the others. Secondly, that both the
straight lines drawn across the bands and also the chevrons
or triangles are more marked and of greater importance in the
Lansdown disc than in the others. Further,in the Lansdown
disc the chevrons are more closely associated with the centre
than in the bronze Irish discs. If these, as I venture to
suggest, are symbolic of the rays of the sun, as are possibly
also the straight lines drawn across the bands, I am inclined
to think that the Irish examples show a certain decadence as
compared with ours,and that they are, therefore, later in date.
But on this point I hesitate to speak with any confidence.

B

18

In conclusion, if I may be permitted to detain you a
little longer, I should like to add a few words about the folk
who lived on these downs of ours, whose art shows such a
close connection with that of Ireland. It would appear that
the earliest inhabitants of our island of whom we know any-
thing definite, were the Picts, a non-Aryan race, who used
stone implements, buried their dead in long barrows, and
were mainly long-headed, with a cephalic index between 70
and 75. At some period which cannot be precisely fixed
there began a series of invasions or waves of Keltic invasion
from the Continent.

And here it must be noted that in speaking of these Kelts we
do not generally mean the Kelts of Gaul, who are described to
us by Cesar, but those races who are associated with each
other on philological grounds. The first of these waves may
have reached Britain not later than 1,000 B.C., possibly much
earlier. They were Aryan in origin, buried in round barrows,
and practised cremation. Philologically they are known as
the QO Kelts, to distinguish them from their successors, the
P Kelts, who came later, and are called by Professor Rhys,
Brythons. The Q Kelts drove the Picts gradually further and
further back till they occupied a small tract in the east of Scot-
land. Meanwhile, the Q Kelts or Goidels, or Gaels, spread
over England and into Ireland. Their successors, the P Kelts
as they are called because the letter Q in Gaelic is represented in
their tongue by P (e.g.,"‘ Mac’’ in Gaelic is ‘* Map’ in Welsh), drove
the Goidels back into Ireland and Scotland, and in their turn
were driven out of the south or south-east of England by the
invasion of the Belgae, who were partly of Teutonic descent,
and were the tribe who gave so much trouble to Cesar. It was
probably after their immigration that owing to their position
on both sides of the Channel we have the development of
a new trade route by the Rhone and the Seine, though it must
not be forgotten that the tin trade (the cause of the earlier
trade route), had begun to decline by the time of the second
century before Christ.

To go back once more to our Lansdown tumulus, I think
that there can be no reasonable doubt that it is the last resting
place of some Goidelic chief, who, possibly, living in the age
of the round barrows, of bronze implements, and of hand-
made pottery, dwelt in this neighbourhood, possibly
nearly a thousand years before the beginning of our
era. His folk may have possibly occupied in time of stress

19

the well-defended camp on the scarp of the downs, which
is within a few yards of the tumulus, though it is right
to state here that as yet I know of no evidence which would
justify us in associating this camp with Goidels rather than
with their successors, the Brythons.

Before we part I wish to draw your attention to the care and
ingenuity that have been displayed by Mr. Grey in the restora-
tion of the disc that has been brought to light by the work that
this club has initiated and paid for ; and I venture to express
the hope that the members may feel that, apart from the work
on the road and in the camp, the discovery of this object,
unique in England, has sufficiently justified the expenditure of
the funds of the Club. To Mr. Grey I am also indebted for
the photographs accompanying this paper, and this work
could not have been carried out except by his co-operation
and that of Mr. T. S. Bush.

In conclusion, I am glad to have this opportunity of ex-
pressing our thanks to the owners of the property, Colonel
Inigo Jones, Sir Charles Cave, and Mr. Lawrence, as well to
the tenants, Mr. Minett, Mr. Veale, and Mr. Taylor, for their
kindness in giving us every facility for digging.

18

In conclusion, if I may be permitted to detain you a
little longer, I should like to add a few words about the folk
who lived on these downs of ours, whose art shows such a
close connection with that of Ireland. It would appear that
the earliest inhabitants of our island of whom we know any-
thing definite, were the Picts, a non-Aryan race, who used
stone implements, buried their dead in long barrows, and
were mainly long-headed, with a cephalic index between 70
and 75. At some period which cannot be precisely fixed
there began a series of invasions or waves of Keltic invasion
from the Continent.

And here it must be noted that in speaking of these Kelts we
do not generally mean the Kelts of Gaul, who are described to
us by Cesar, but those races who are associated with each
other on philological grounds. The first of these waves may
have reached Britain not later than 1,000 B.C., possibly much
earlier. They were Aryan in origin, buried in round barrows,
and practised cremation. Philologically they are known as
the O Kelts, to distinguish them from their successors, the
P Kelts, who came later, and are called by Professor Rhys,
Brythons. The Q Kelts drove the Picts gradually further and
further back till they occupied a small tract in the east of Scot-
land. Meanwhile, the Q Kelts or Goidels, or Gaels, spread
over England and into Ireland. Their successors, the P Kelts
as they are called because the letter Q in Gaelic is represented in
their tongue by P (e.g.,‘‘ Mac’”’ in Gaelic is ‘‘ Map’ in Welsh), drove
the Goidels back into Ireland and Scotland, and in their turn
were driven out of the south or south-east of England by the
invasion of the Belgae, who were partly of Teutonic descent,
and were the tribe who gave so much trouble to Cesar. It was
probably after their immigration that owing to their position
on both sides of the Channel we have the development of
a new trade route by the Rhone and the Seine, though it must
not be forgotten that the tin trade (the cause of the earlier
trade route), had begun to decline by the time of the second
century before Christ.

To go back once more to our Lansdown tumulus, I think
that there can be no reasonable doubt that it is the last resting
place of some Goidelic chief, who, possibly, living in the age
of the round barrows, of bronze implements, and of hand-
made pottery, dwelt in this neighbourhood, possibly
nearly a thousand years before the beginning of our
era. His folk may have possibly occupied in time of stress

19

the well-defended camp on the scarp of the downs, which
is within a few yards of the tumulus, though it is right
to state here that as yet I know of no evidence which would
justify us in associating this camp with Goidels rather than
with their successors, the Brythons.

Before we part I wish to draw your attention to the care and
ingenuity that have been displayed by Mr. Grey in the restora-
tion of the disc that has been brought to light by the work that
this club has initiated and paid for ; and I venture to express
the hope that the members may feel that, apart from the work
on the road and in the camp, the discovery of this object,
unique in England, has sufficiently justified the expenditure of
the funds of the Club. To Mr. Grey I am also indebted for
the photographs accompanying this paper, and this work
could not have been carried out except by his co-operation
and that of Mr. T. S. Bush.

In conclusion, I am glad to have this opportunity of ex-
pressing our thanks to the owners of the property, Colonel
Inigo Jones, Sir Charles Cave, and Mr. Lawrence, as well to
the tenants, Mr. Minett, Mr. Veale, and Mr. Taylor, for their
kindness in giving us every facility for digging.

20

Some Mythical Plants of Greek and Latin Literature.

By F. SoweE ts, M.A.
(Read March 6th, 1906.)

The lecturer introduced his subject by explaining that he
intended to treat of some other plants besides mythical ones,
and pointed out how plants and flowers, while appealing
zsthetically to Greek and Roman poets, and also constantly
symbolizing to them life out of death, were often considered
to have magical and uncanny properties.

The plant that first suggests itself to our thoughts in con-
nection with Homer is the magic herb ‘‘ Moly ’’—the root that
Hermes gave to Odysseus to secure him against the witch-
craft of Circe.

“So spake the slayer of Argus, and gave me the herb, which he
pulled from the earth, and showed me all its power. Black was
it at the root, but the blossom was like unto milk in whiteness.
Moly the gods call it; but it is hard for mortal men to dig; but
with the gods all things are possible.”’

Moly is a strange word, and scarcely Greek. Perhaps, as
Dr. Merry suggests, the fact that the Gods called it by one
name, and mortals by another implies that the word Moly
was foreign. In any case to Homer it was a magic herb.

Theophrastus, our next authority, perhaps five centuries
later, says that Moly is to be found near Pheneus, and on Mount
Cyllene, in Arcadia. They tell us, he says, that it is like the
Moly that Homer describes, with a round root like an onion,
and a leaf like a squill, and that they use it as an antidote
and for magic, but that it is zof at all hard to dig up, as Homer
says.

Dioscorides says: ‘‘ Moly has grass-like leaves, spreading
on the ground: the flower is white, like a pale pansy, but
smaller, corresponding in size to a purple pansy, but of milky
whiteness ; the stalk is white, fowr cubits long, and at the top
of the stalk something like a garlic head. The root is small
and bulbous.”

Pliny translates Theophrastus, but adds: “I know a herb
doctor, who said that it grew in Italy too, and that I should
have in a few days one brought from Campania, which had
been dug up in some difficult and stony ground, with rocts
30 feet long, and even so, not entire, but broken off short.”

In another place he adds: ‘‘ Against such poisons, and
indeed all magic arts, Moly is the sovereign remedy.”

21

That is, I think, all the direct evidence for Moly, except
other imitative passages in Greek and Latin poets, and a late
relief, representing Odysseus with the Moly, tantalizing be-
cause the work is too rough to help us even to the latter-day
conception of Moly.

The inference we draw is that, to Homer, the true believer
in magic, Moly was just some strange and potent herb. For
the later botanists there was a plant called by the same
name, of the garlic tribe, perhaps, Alliwm Scorodoprasum,
perhaps, Golden Garlic, as Alphonse Karr suggests, for the
Roman writers say it is yellow, not white, according to
Homer, while the old associations, which still hung about it,
made Pliny invest it with a root at least thirty feet long. It will
be observed he does zo record having received the promised
specimen.

For us Moly still lives at least in the lines of Milton and
Tennyson, and has not yet lost the narcotic charm ascribed
to it of old :—

But propt on beds of amaranth and moly,

How sweet (while warm airs lull us, blowing lowly),
With half-dropped eyelid still

Beneath a Heaven dark and holy,

To watch the long bright river drawing slowly

His waters from the purple hill.

The next Homeric plant is the Lotus.

Odysseus and his crew arrive at the land of the Lotus
Eaters, who eat of that flowery food :

‘And whoso ate of the Lotus, honey-sweet, straightway was
he minded to return no more, but there were ther fain to abide
with the Lotus Eaters, culling the Lotus evermore, heedless of all
return.”

This Lotus is in all probability the modern Jujube, the
Zizyphus Jujuba, with a small date-like fruit, which sweetens
with preservation—still growing freely on the ancient site, on
the coast of the Syrtis, and the island Meninx or Lotophagitis.

Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Pliny describe it in very
much the same terms, and speak of the sweetness of the wine
made from the fruit.

It is, of course, quite different from the Egyptian Lotus—
the Nile lily, which is almost certainly the Nymphaea Stellata,
or perhaps the Neluwmbium Speciosum, with the large um-
brella-like leaf and flowers, somewhat like those of our common
water lily, the seeds of which were also prepared and used
as food, as was poppy seed by the ancients. It is the Nymphaea

22
22

both flower and leaf, which appears so commonly in Egyptian
ornament, and was borrowed from them by the Island Greeks.

The Acanthus, as figuring in architectural ornament, may
be taken next in order: this, with the conventionalised
honeysuckle, borrowed from Assyria, plays the most im-
portant part of all in Greek decoration.

The two species most common in the eastern Mediterranean
area are the Acanthus Mollis and Acanthus Spinosissimus ;
and it is from the leaves, stalks, bracts, and flowers of these
plants that the commonest and most graceful ornamental
patterns were evolved.*

The next plant I have chosen is of quite a different character,
and has quite another interest. It is the Silphiwm of Cyrene
in North Africa, the laserpictum of the Romans.

In Greek times this was one of the most valuable spices
on the market. It was a Smyrnium of sorts, perhaps our own
“ Alexanders,” of the Umbellate family.

Theophrastus and Pliny have much to say about it, the
different parts of the plant, the uses to which it was put, and
how its properties were first discovered by the herdsmen,
who noticed its effect upon the beasts which browsed upon it.

Pliny says in his time it had not been seen in Africa for
many years, as the publicani had ruthlessly exterminated it.
He records that one stalk was sent as a present to the Emperor
Nero ; though Julius Cesar once had produced more than 100
lbs. of it, on a certain occasion, from the public treasury.
Pliny quaintly adds that when a flock came across the young
plants, a goat always sneezed, while a sheep fell asleep at once,
and so its whereabouts could be discovered.

Coins of Cyrene are stamped with the Silphium plant. It
was a common practice among Greek cities to employ for
their coin-types some well-known product of the country, as
for example the Rose on the Rhodian coins, and the Tunny
on those of Olbia.

The next plant I take is Partheniuwm, of which Plutarch
says that when Athens was besieged by Sulla, the defenders
of the Acropolis were in such dire straits that among other
things they were compelled to subsist on ‘‘ the Parthenium,
which grows about the Acropolis.”’

* Several slides were here shown exhibiting the gradual evolution
of the conventional Acunthus from the natural plant.

23

‘It derived its name, ‘“‘ Our Lady’s Flower,” from the story
which connected it with Pericles and one of his architects on the
building of the Parthenon. The man was seriously injured
by a fall from the building, and was saved by the intervention
of Athena with her healing herb. There is still in situ the base
of a statue, with Parthenium growing about it, which is pro-
bably the base of the famous statue dedicated by Pericles on the
occasion.

Dr. Sandys in his ‘‘ Easter Vacation in Greece ’’ says that
‘perhaps the Asp/odel is the most disenchanting plant in the
classic Flora.”

Certainly one has an affection for the very name of Asphodel,
if only from its associations with the Odyssey story.

“So I spake, and the shade of the swift-footed son of Aeacus
moved away, striding mightily through the Asphodel meadow,
rejoicing for that I had told him of his son’s great renown.”

And so the Asphodel carpeted the fields of Elysium, and the
Asphodelus Ramosus still carpets the field of Marathon, and
the meadows of Paestwm and Girgentt.

Virgil in his 3rd Eclogue makes one shepherd propose a
riddle to another :—

«Tell me where flowers grow inscribed with the name ot
princes.”

The riddle is not answered, but he is following the old
tradition of the ‘“‘ Lettered Hyacinth.”

The Greeks themselves preserved two traditions of this flower
—one, connecting it with the Spartan youth Hyacinthus,
killed inadvertently by Apollo, from whose blood sprung up
the blossom, bearing inscribed upon it the letters A I, that is,
AIAT alas! and another, which still read the letters AI
into the marks upon the flower, but-interpreted them as the
first two letters of the name AI AS, the suicide. Probably our
Hyacinths are derived from the pale Oriental Hyacinth, which
bears no trace of any marks which could be so interpreted. —
The Greeks must have meant some definite flower by
Hyacinthus, but not our Hyacinth. One may guess that it
was some species of Orchid, many of which bear marks upon
leaf and flower, which may be interpreted in as many ways as
there are interpreters.

But tradition has preserved it for us as the Hyacinth—
and so it must remain—‘‘ that sanguine flower inscribed with’
woe,”’ with all the associations of the Hyacinthine legend,
not easily to be supplanted by the Gladiolus, or Martagon
Lily of the commentators, or even the more suggestive
Delphinium Ajacts

,’

24

Pausanias travelled thtough Greece about the end of the
second century of our era, and in his description of Greece
has often occasion to refer to strange plants and trees, and
the local legends connected with them.

He tells us of the unknown flower, called Cosmosandalon,
which white-robed boys wore in garlands on their heads, at
the curious festival of Demeter, at Hermione in Argolis—
like a hyacinth, he says, and with the same letters of woe
inscribed thereon—perhaps again an orchid.

Then he tells us of the myrtle-tree he saw at Troezen, with
perforated leaves. ‘‘ Which was not once so,” he says, “ but
Pheedra, sick of love for Hippolytus, with her brooch wreaked
her fury on the leaves of the myrtle,” which everafter grew thus.

And the grave of the suicide Menoeceus, too, he saw at
Thebes, whereon grew the pomegranate, the inside of whose
fruit was blood-red. This last fact was quite enough to con-
nect the pomegranate in the superstitious mind with murder
or suicide; and we may compare it with the bleeding tree
of Virgil, on the grave of Polydorus, and the shrieking man-
drake of German legend.

In Virgil’s ‘‘ Georgics ”’ there are some more or less mythical
plants mentioned. He recommends the Amellis, which is,
perhaps the Attic Aster, as a specific for bees, when the swarm
is not thriving. His description of the plant may be in part
genuine, but the framework is obviously borrowed from
Homer’s description of the Herb Moly.

He also refers to Hippomazes, which occurs in Theocritus
as a plant which drove mares and foals to madness, and was
used as an ingredient in witches’ cauldrons.

One more plant I must mention, which so constantly crops
up in Greek and Latin literature—the Hellebore, which in the
ancient world was regarded as the specific for madness. The
most famous grew on the slopes of Mounts Helicon, Pat
nassus and Oeta, and above all at the town Anticyra, in
Phocis, where, probably, it was cultivated by the local phy-
sicians. The plant is poisonous, and, I believe, still used as a
drug. But there was a great deal of jugglery and super-
stition connected with it in the old days.

Pliny describes the method of gathering it :—“ First a
circle is drawn round it with a sword. Then before cutting
it you must face the east ; then pray for the favour of the gods
on your undertaking ; then look out for an eagle flying; if
one flies too near, you will die within the year. Then cut
quickly, because a severe headache always accompanies the
process.”’

45

But it must have been worth doing. Roman nobles, we
are told, used to go and stay at Anticyra for the Hellebore
cure, and truly its reputation was marvellous. It was a
panacea for paralysis, madness, dropsy, fever, inveterate gout,
bile, cold in the head, cataract, wens, and warts. But again
you must be careful how you take it. Never on a cloudy day,
for instance, in summer rather than winter. Seven days’
preparation is necessary with acid food, and no wine ; emetics
must be taken on the 3rd and 4th days, and no supper on the
last but one. The action lasts seven hours (note the mystic
number again), and there is no disease under the sun, even
melancholy, which will not yield to its potency.

Culpepper says: “It is an herb of Saturn, and therefore
no marvel, if it has some sullen conditions with it: it is very
effectual against all melancholy diseases, as quartan agues and
madness : if a beast be troubled with a cough, they bore a hole
through his ear, and put a piece of the root in it, and this will
help him in 24 hours time.”

With the Hellebore we must end, although one might touch
upon many other plants regarded as mystical or magical by
the old Greeks and Romans, such as the Nepenthes, which
Helen poured in the cup of Menelaus and Telemachus, to make
them forget their sorrows—given her by the Queen of Egypt,
the land of enchantment, or the Anemone and Narcissus, and
the Telephilum, much in request amongst anxious lovers.

No doubt it is true, as Dr. Cooke says, that it is in Oriental
countries, where imagination may run riot, that flowers have
acquired a deeper meaning, and take a more real part in the
mysticism of their religions; but, perhaps, that is in part
because we know the Greeks and Romans through their
literature only, the production of the upper, enlightened
classes. But in such writers as Pausanias, and Aelian, there
are enough hints and incidental remarks to show that beside
their esthetic appreciation of form and colour, the Greeks of
classical times had not quite forgotten the plant-lore of their
ancestors, and, in fact, though sceptical, were not quite
certain that the Hyacinth was not somehow or other con-
nected with the blood of Ajax, and that the mandrake did not
shriek when torn from the earth, at any rate ‘‘ loud enough to
kill a dog,” if not a human being.

The lecture, which was interspersed with anecdotes about
flowers, was illustrated by about 20 views of plants, as depicted
on vases, coins, and capitals.

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‘UOJMON ‘SMOT[RMS MES

SUIZILUL PUL SMOTTRAS MS

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yys

36

oe

Reminiscences of the Bath Natural History and
Antiquarian Field Club.

By F. Suu, F.S.A.

These reminiscences naturally relate to the work accom-
plished, and to the workers who joined the enterprise.

Fifty years have elapsed since the first President (the Rev.
Leonard Jenyns) suggested the work and initiated the Club.

On a comparison of the earliest roll of members with the
last, the melancholy fact faces us, that of the large number
who then gathered around the amiable and distinguished
founder only two or three remain; the great majority have
passed away !

The main objects of study and research to which attention
was invited by our chief were comprehended under the two
headings of natural history and archeology, and these, as
far as possible local, for the reason that in Bath and the
neighbourhood a few of the most eminent botanists, geologists,
and archeologists had been pioneers in these departments
of Science. There was, moreover, a secondary motive arising
from the fact that in this city have been discovered and care-
fully preserved the most interesting relics and remains of
ancient Roman buildings, coins, and art.

The original members of the Club were successors of
Falconer, Sibthorp, Stackhouse, Sir Richard Colt Hoare,
Smith Townsend, and Babington, who flourished long before
the era of field clubs. Foremost among the successors was the
first President of this society, the Rev. L. Blomefield (formerly
known as the Rev. L. Jenyns), who delivered the first address
on its formation, and for many successive years the annual
résumé of its Proceedings. It will be’ in the recollection of
some members of our Club, the memorable occasion, the 19th
November, 1891, when he read his last scientific paper, in the
lecture room of the Institution, on ‘‘ The Distribution and
Movements of British Animals and Plants.’’ Mr. Blomefield
has shown to me his own reference to the event, copied from
his private papers, ‘‘ Perhaps I am the only scientific man in
England who ever gave lectures in his ninety-second year.”
Other distinguished workers, and the earliest members, were
Broome, Earle, Moore, Scarth, and Pumphrey. In reference
to the work accomplished lack of space will not permit me to
add much. I think it may be admitted that of late years
the value of papers and the scientific interest in walks and

a7

excursions have somewhat diminished. Reasons may be
adduced for this. Many of the first members, as is well-known,
were gentlemen in the military and civil services, returned
from India, who, although advanced in years, possessed wonder-
ful physique and mental activity, and having toiled in foreign
service thoroughly enjoyed the active outdoor researches of
this Society. Then fortnightly walks were undertaken ;
starting every alternate Tuesday mornings from the Institu-
tion, they visited the various villages in the surrounding
district in search of objects of natural history, archeology,
and geology. This tosome extent prepared them for the more
important excursions undertaken by road and rail, and gave
them a zest for inquiries and researches in more distant
places and more celebrated centres of antiquarian interest.
Probably another reason for decadent activity may be traced
to the circumstance that several kindred societies have
recently been formed for the purpose of acquiring scientific
acquaintance with neighbouring localities—the Somerset
branch of the Archeological Society, and the Selborne Society,
CEG.

These have done good work, and under the guidance and
stimulating influence of Mr. T. S. Bush and Mr. Trice Martin
have undertaken explorations on Lansdown, the results of
which have been deposited with other antiquarian treasures
in the Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution.

38

Summary of Proceedings and Excursions for the year 1905-1906.
By the Honorary Secretaries.

Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN,

The Anniversary Meeting was held on Saturday, February
18, 1905, when 15 members were present. The Treasurer’s
account showed a balance of {24 13s. od. in favour of the club.
The officials appointed for the ensuing year were Mr. Trice
Martin, President ; the Revs. C. W. Shickle and T. W. Whale,
Vice-Presidents ; Colonel Nash, Treasurer ; Messrs. Ward and
Scott, Secretaries; and Mr. Appleby, Librarian; the list
being in fact a series of re-elections, save for the exchange of
positions between Mr. Trice Martin and the Rev. C. W. Shickle.
Colonel Fanshawe, and Messrs. Henderson and Kemble were
also re-appointed members of the Committee. Votes of thanks
were passed to the officers for their services, and a second
gathering of the Club was held in the evening, at the Empire
Hotel. This meeting was to celebrate, by a dinner, the end
of the 50th year of the existence of the Club, the date of its
institution being, according to the records, February 18, 1855.
Thirteen members were present, and three friends, two of whom
have since been elected members. The Revs. C. W. Shickle and
T. W. Whale occupied the chair and the vice-chair respec-
tively, and after the loyal toast had been duly honoured Canon
Percy Rogers proposed “ Prosperity to the Club,” and the
health of the Chairman, who, in response, gave interesting
details of the working of the Club in olden times, reminiscences
which were supplemented in subsequent speeches by Messrs.
Norman and Shum. Mr. Emanuel Green proposed “ The
Officials of the Club,”’ which was replied to by the Rev. T. W.
Whale and other members. <A very pleasant evening was
spent, and to the newer members it was especially gratifying
to have such records of past doings detailed to them by those
who had so long an acquaintance with the work and diffi-
culties and delights of the Club, and to hear the names and
actions of the old leaders mentioned with such sympathetic
enthusiasm.

During the year Mr. Appleby felt obliged by the calls of
other public work to resign the Librarianship in January.
There have been several resignations of membership during
the year, and even the election of seven new members has not
sufficed to fill up the void thus occasioned. One death must be
noted, that of Colonel Fanshawe, who died on the 4th of

9

is>)

May. At the succeeding meeting of the Club both the Presi-
dent and Mr. Shickle spoke in sympathetic terms of the work
he had done for the Club, laying stress on the deep interest
he had shown in its welfare, and his regularity in attendance
at its gatherings. At their suggestion a message of condolence
was sent to Mrs. Fanshawe.

The principal work of the Club has been the continuation
of the excavations in the Lansdown direction, of which a full
report is given in this number. The alteration of the rules
engaged the attention of the members during the close of the
year ; the chief idea was to make them more definite on certain
debateable points. There were four lectures delivered during
the winter, but only one of them really concerned with this
neighbourhood. At Mr. Sowels’ lecture the Club was honoured
by the presence of Sir Joseph and Lady Hooker.

The financial position is beginning to cause some concern.
The balance in favour of the Club shows a tendency to decrease
rather rapidly. This is partly due to the diminution in the
number of members, and partly to the continuing increase in
the cost of the annual publication. Last year, it being the
concluding portion of Vol. X., it was thought advisable to in-
clude in it the whole of Mr. Sydenham’s paper, thus putting all
his work on Bath tokens into one volume. The final number
was, therefore, unusually large, and, indeed, the whole volume
contains about 550 pages, as against about 350 in Vol. IX.,
and it has to be borne in mind that in Vol. X. there is no
catalogue of the library. We must either enlarge the member-
ship of the Club, or reduce in future the size of our publication :
perhaps the true remedy lies in combining the two plans.

To Mr. Castellain the Club is again indebted for continuing
his valuable records of first appearances of birds and flowers.

EXCURSIONS.

Wellow, April 1st, 1g06.—A few members of the Club visited
Wellow, going by train to W ellow, and walking to the church
of St. Julian, where the Hungerford Chapel with its tombs was
examined, but admittance to the house in which the Hunger-
fords formerly lived, and where some fine carving is to be seen,
was not to be procured. The party walked to Stoney Little-
ton, where, by the kindness of Mr. G. H. Lane, the chambered
tumulus was inspected. This curious place of interment was
brought to notice in 1815, by the Rev. J. Skinner, rector of
Camerton, whose MSS. are now in the possession of the Royal

40

Literary and Scientific Institution, Bath. He describes the
barrow as of oval form, 107 feet in length, 50 in extreme width,
and 13 in height. The walls are formed of thin stones. The
length of the passage is about 47 feet, and there are six cross
chambers, besides the two at the end. Mr. Skinner found
some skulls and bones and evidences of cremation, but the
contents of the tomb had been greatly disturbed since it was
opened in 1739. For a full description of the tumulus by Sir
R. C. Hoare, see ‘‘ Archeologia,’’ the proceedings of the
Somerset Archeological Society, in 1858, and for the Roman
pavements found in the vicinity, Mr. Skinner’s carefully
illustrated book in the library of the Institution. The pave-
ments are now covered up.

Faringdon and Coxwell, April 18th, 1g06.—It was doubtless
the uncertainty of the weather which caused such a small
muster for the trip to Faringdon and Coxwell. It had been
intended that a visit should be paid to Uffington Castle, White
Horse Hill, and Wayland Smith’s Cave, but the party being so
small it was resolved that the ground to be covered should be
restricted in area, and, starting from the Great Western station
at 9.54, Faringdon was reached at 11.25, and the party drove
to Great Coxwell, where the fine tithe barn, by permission of
the owner (Mr. Gerring) was visited. This barn, though not
so long as those at Glastonbury, Bradford, or Place, is of
unusual height, with a very sharply pitched roof. The support-
ing posts rest on masonry bases, and an extraordinary amount
of timber is employed in the superstructure. A curious
feature is a sort of transept, the door in which, leading
by steps into the barn, has been bricked up. This annexe
is now used as a stable. The Church consists of nave and
chancel only, with a tower, the arch into the tower being small.
The rood stairs have only recently been re-opened. The
pulpit, somewhat dilapidated, is of the usual Jacobean char-
acter. The only feature of interest about the church, except
a somewhat doubtful Norman doorway, is a brass in the floor
of the nave, to one ‘‘ William Morys, sometime fermer of Cokes-
hall,” and his wife. There are the figures of two children
under the husband, but the space under the wife is blank. There
isno date. This brass has been considered to be 16th century,
but looks earlier. The word “‘ fermer’”’ would seem to in-
dicate a “‘ farmer of taxes.”

A short walk led to Ballard’s pit, a gravel quarry which is
literally teeming with fossils, mostly of Neocomian sponges,

ee

41

which Mr. E. C. Davey described, with the assistance of some
photographs taken more than 30 years ago. Mr. Davey has
written a paper on these sponge-gravel beds, which he kindly
placed at the disposal of the Club. Several fine specimens of
sponges, of Rhynconella shells, and a fine Goniopygus, a species
of sea-urchin, were found, besides other interesting objects, and
the church at Little Coxwell was then visited. It was not
open, and there was not time to procure the key, but it did not
appear to contain anything of interest. There is no tower.
The two bells are in a gable cot, and are worked by ropes run-
ning through the roof, which are attached to levers on the bells.

Mr. Luker, proprietor of the local newspaper, had intended to
show the visitors over Faringdon church, but so much time had
been spent at the quarry that the party had to be content
with a cursory look at the outside of the church, which is
peculiar owing to the very short square tower. Mr. Luker
was thanked for his kind intentions, and a hope was expressed
that he would place his services at the disposal of the club on a
future occasion. The White Horse at Uffington is hardly
visible from Faringdon, being badly in want of “‘ scouring,” a
good office which it is to be hoped may be undertaken at no
distant date. Faringdon was left at 3.23, and after a stay at
Swindon long enough for a cup of tea, Bath was reached at
5.19, the day having been fine, though cold. The excursionists
escaped the storms which were visible all round, and enjoyed a
very pleasant and instructive day.

Wilton and Salisbury, June 21st, 1906.—A somewhat larger
party than usual joined in the trip to Wilton and Salisbury.
Leaving Bath at 10.30, Wilton was reached at a little after 12,
and the party proceeded at once to Wilton House, which is
shown to visitors on Wednesdays, from ro till 4. A well-
informed housekeeper pointed out the most noticeable of the
many objects of interest, the collection of sculpture being
especially attractive. The great feature of Wilton house is the
splendid collection of Vandykes, mostly family portraits,
though there are many fine pictures by other well-known
artists. The view from the “single cube’”’ room, with the
fine cedar and the little river Nadder in the foreground, and the ©
stretch of lawn with the Cathedral spire in the distance, is
charming. The library, with its collection of old books,
aroused a longing in several hearts ; the old copy of Sir Philip
Sidney’s “Arcadia,” with the lock of Queen Elizabeth’s hair,
was among the treasures shown to the public.

42

After luncheon at the Pembroke Arms, the church, built in
the Lombardic style by the Right Hon. Sidney Herbert, was
visited. It is interesting as containing many valuable im-
portations from Italy and elsewhere, glass mosaic work from
Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, twisted columns of marble from
Palermo, glass windows from the Sainte Chapelle, Paris, carved
wooden Flemish door panels, etc. Some of the painted glass
dates from the 13th century. There is an ancient alms chest.
adorned with wrought iron work, in the southern aisle. The
old stone cross of Wilton is worth a glance in passing ; it occu-
pies a picturesque position, with the ivy-covered ruins of the
old church behind it.

At 3.6 Wilton was left for Salisbury, where some of the
members visited the Cathedral, while others to whom the
great church was familiar enjoyed the privilege of a visit
to the Archdeacon’s garden, a charming spot, now in full
beauty, with good, old-fashioned grass lawns, and at the end
a path by the river side. Some of the members paid a visit to
the museum, where the Giant and the Hobby horse, last used
on the occasion of the Coronation, are kept. There isa good,
miscellaneous collection here, but the Blackmore museum,
close by, is more interesting from an antiquarian point of view.
Here are numerous exhibits of stone implements from many
countries, some of them mounted for use. Not the least
interesting case is that of the forgeries of flint implements with
which “‘ Flint Jack’ for years contrived to deceive even the
elect. He was found out at last by his making his wares too
elaborate. They exhibit an amount of industry worthy of
a better cause. There is a portrait of ‘‘ Flint Jack”’ himself
in the case. There was time for a cup of tea at the station
before the train left at 5, Bath being reached at 7 after a lovely
day.

Langport, July 11th, 1906.—A small party travelled to
Langport by the 9.55 train from Bath, the weather, which
seemed a little doubtful at first, improving as the day wore on.
There being a somewhat long wait at Bridgwater oppor-
tunity was taken to visit the church of St. Mary Magdalene,
where the beautiful carved screens, both old and new, were
much admired, and the ‘‘ Descent from the Cross ”’ examined
with interest, the Vicar believing it, for various reasons, to be
a genuine Murillo. On arrival at Langport, luncheon was
the first consideration. This was satisfactorily provided at
the Langport Arms, and at 2 o’clock a start was made by

43

brake for Muchelney. The ruins of the Benedictine Abbey,
so far as they are included in a private house, are not shown,
but some part of the buildings may be traced in the church-
yard, and a carefully drawn plan, hung up in the church,
enables the chief features of the abbey to be traced. In the
chancel is a very fine 12th century encaustic tile pavement,
found on the site of the abbey, which adjoined the present
church, in 1873. The pulpit came from the Mayor’s Chapel,
Bristol. The village cross was restored in 1847. Muchelney
Abbey was founded by Athelstan in 939. It was suppressed
in 1538. The Abbot was mitred, but had no seat in Parlia-
ment. Muchelney provided a contingent at the time of the
Armada. This was commanded by Lieut. Robert Smythe,
who was a descendant of Martyn, of Hinton St. George. Adam
Martyn, who died in 1597, and his wife, are buried at Crew-
kerne, where their monument still stands in the vestry. Their
crest, ‘‘ Martin’s Ape ”’ is said to be the original model for the
advertisement of ‘‘ Brookes’s Soap.’’ According to a local
saying, ‘“ If you look at Martin’s ape, Martin’s ape will look
at you,” that is, ‘‘ You shall get as good as you give.”” There
was not time to visit Athelney, but there is little to be seen
there, only the pillar erected in 1801, by Mr. Slade, the then
owner, to commemorate Alfred’s residence on the “ Isle of
Nobles,”’ and the episode of the burning of the cakes. The
Benedictine monastery has totally disappeared. The drive
from Muchelney to Long Sutton is by pretty country lanes.
The church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, is well worth a
visit. The tower is lofty, of the Perpendicular style, as is
mostly the case in Somerset. The screen and the pulpit are
finely carved, and are both very old. The rood loft has been
restored and painted, the pulpit also is painted and gilt ; the
font has an old high wooden cover, with the remains of
painting. The date, 1622, on the tower, is apparently that of
its being heightened. Huish Episcopi, the next church
visited, has a very fine tower, remarkable for its great beauty
and elegance of design. The doorway is the oldest portion of |
the church, and dates from the middle of the r2th century ; the

stone is from Ham Hill, part of it reddened by fire, and part
coloured stone, inserted in 1873. The walls and arches are 14th
century, as are, generally, the windows, but in some the
tracery has been cut out, and 15th century tracery putin. The
Norman door at the south-west corner of the north transept is
somewhat puzzling ; 1t seems probable that it led to the rood

44

loft of a cruciform church, or to a central tower. As further
evidence of this, one of the ribs in the roof of the nave was
moulded on one side only, showing that it had been fixed
against an arch. The cruciform church was probably burnt
down, a quantity of calcined metal having been unearthed
during the restorations. The church was most likely rebuilt
in the 14th or 15th century. The ceiling of the nave is
original, the colouring was restored from the remains found
when the whitewash was removed. The screen under the
tower arch was brought from Enmore Church, in 1873. As
the question ‘‘ What does Huish mean ?” was asked, it may be
observed that antiquaries do not agree, some deriving the
word from the Celtic Wych (pronounced oo-1sh)=water, many
places named Huish being in spots through which a stream
trickles between two rising grounds, while others take the
derivation from the Anglo-Saxon Hi-wisc=homestead farm,
every Huish being near a larger town. The former derivation
seems the more probable, seeing how many of the old names
refer in some way to water, and with regard to the character
of the district. The date on the pulpit at Huish Episcopi,
it may be noted, is 1625, the initials C.B. are those of
Cannanuel Burnard, Rector of Pitney, who had charge of
Huish in 1624. Not much time was left for visiting the
church of AJ] Saints, at Langport. This is old, and in the
Tudor style ; there is some old glass in the east window. _ It is
said that the church possessed some very fine windows, which
were destroyed by the Parliamentary troops. The vestry is
at the east end of the church, an unusual position. When
chambers behind altars are used as vestries, it generally means
that the rooms were formerly depositories of the bones of
saints, and other sacred relics belonging to the church. Lang-
port was a very large town, probably moated, but few vestiges
of the fortifications are now visible. There is an ancient
gateway at the entrance to the town from the east, over
which is the Hanging Chapel, so named from its being over the
gate. This little Perpendicular building was once used as a
grammar school. Here Quekett, the microscopist, whose
father was master of the school, was educated. Time not
permitting further exploration, Langport was left at 4.49
and Bath duly reached about a quarter to 8, the day having
proved very fine, except for a slight shower in the afternoon.

Sufficient names not having been sent in, the other excur-
sions did not take place.

45

THE LIBRARY.

During the year the usual additions, comprising the
numerous publications from America and the transactions
of other Scientific Clubs, have been made. It may be noted
that accounts of the Glastonbury lake village are given in
the latest volume of the Somersetshire Archeological Society
and in the British Association Reports for 1905 ; both of
these are now in the Library.

BATH NATURAL HISTORY & ANTIQUARIAN

1903

FIELD CLUB,

INSTITUTED FEBRUARY 18th, 1855.

LIST OF MEMBERS FOR THE YEAR 1906.

PRESIDENT.
*A. TRICE MARTIN, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Bath College.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.
*Rev. C. W. SHICKLE, M.A., F.S.A., 9, Cavendish Crescent.
*Rev. T. W. WHALE, M.A., Mountnessing, Weston, Bath.

SHCRETARIES.
*J. LANGFIELD WARD, Esq., M.A., Weston Lawn, Weston, Bath.
*M,. H. SCOTT, Esq., 5, Lansdown Place, W.

LIBRARIAN.
*J, LANGFIELD WARD, Esq., with Mr. BREWER, at the Institution.

TREASURER.
*J. LANGFIELD WARD, Esq.

GREEN Emanuel, Esq., F.S.A., Devonshire Club, St. James, London.
*INMAN T. F., Esq., Kilkenny House, Sion Hill.
HARPER C., Esq., L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., Manor House, Batheaston.
SHUM Fred., Esq., F.S.A., 17, Norfolk Crescent.
*MARTIN Rev. W. W., M.A., 49, Pulteney Street.
EVANS Major J. Ll., J.P., 12, Cavendish Place.
*HENDERSON W. H., Esq., 9, Royal Crescent.
MACKILLOP C. W., Esq., J.P., 14, Royal Crescent.
SKRINE Col. H. Mills, J.P., Warleigh.
FOXCROFT E. T. D., Esq., J-P., D.L., Hinton Charterhouse.
SHUM F. Ernest, Esq., 3, Union Street
*BARLOW W. H., Esq., Cleveland Villa, Bathwick.
*NORMAN G., Esq., M.R.C.S., 12, Brock Street.
MANTELL Surgeon-Major, A. A., M.D., The Elms, Bathampton.
TUCKER J. Allon, Esq., J.P., 9, Green Park.
POWELL G. F., Esq., 25, Green Park.
KITT Benjamin, Esq., C.E., Sydney Lodge, Bathwick.
BLATHWAYT Lieut.-Col. L., F.L.S., F. Ent. §., Eagle House
Batheaston.

1864
1873

47

GEORGE Rev. P. E., M.A., Winifred House, Sion Hill.
LEWIS Egbert, Esq., J.P., 12, Bathwick Street.
SCOTT R. J. H., Esq., F.R.C.5., 28, Circus.
PALMER-HALLETE T. G., Hsq., M.A., J.P., Claverton Lodge,
Bathwick Hill.
HOLST Johan, Esq., 35, Pulteney Street.
ALEXANDER P. Y., Esq., Rothesay, Spencer Road, Southsea,
THOMSON Col. H., The Elms, Weston. Park.
WEST Rev. W. H., M.A., 25, Pulteney Street.
ROSE H. F., Esq., 18, Grosvenor.
DAVIS Gol. 'f. Arnoll, R.A., J.P., Weston Park House.
RICKETTS Col. Montague, Shelbourne Villa, Lansdown.
BRAIKENRIDGE W. J., Esq., J.P., 16, Royal Crescent.
BUSH Robert C., Hsq., 1, Winifred’s Dale.
*BUSH Thomas §., Esq., 20, Camden Crescent.
PRYCE Ernest, Esq., 10, Cavendish Crescent.
CASTELLAIN Alfred, Esq., 59, Pulteney Street.
*KEMBLE W., Bsq., J.P., Beechfield, Bathampton.
DAVIS C. Price, Esq., J.P., Manor House, Bathampton.
SCOTT Surgeon-Major R. R., 54, Pulteney Street.
*NASH Lieut.-Col. G. S., 7, Laura Place.
SPENCER Sydney, Esq., Mount Beacon House.
MARTYN Gilbert King, Esq., B.A., M.D., 12, Gay Street.
NEAL Alfred E., Esq., 11. Cavendish Place.
COTTERELL T. Sturge, Esq., J-P., Welton Lodge, Lyncombe
RICHARDSON Rev. A., The Vicarage, Combe Down.
ROGERS Rey. Canon Percy, R.N., M.A., 17, Pulteney Street.
SISSMORE Rev. T. L., M.A., 31, Green Park.
*B—. J. APPLEBY, Esq., 8, Argyle Street.
BENSON J. R., Esq., F-R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 1, Oxford Row.
BAYLISS R. A., Esq., M.R.C.S.., L.R.C.P., 5, Gay Street.
GREY G., Esq., Collina, Bathwick Hill.
*BARNWELL Rev. C. E. B., 1, Lansdown Place, W.
SOWELS F., Bsq., M.A., Bath College.
WARDLE F. D., Esq., 15, Bathwick Hill.
TODD S., Esq., Beaumont, Lansdown.
SYDENHAM S., Esq., 10, Belvedere.

* Members of Committee of Management.

HON. MEMBERS.

DAWKINS Professor W. Boyd, F.B.S., F.G.S., &c., Owens College.
Manchester.
HERIOT Major-Gen. Mackay.

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49

SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS TO WHICH THE
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB ARE
ANNUALLY FORWARDED.

Augustana College, Rock Island, Ill., U.S.A.
Barrow Naturalists’ Field Club.
Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution.
Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.
Berwickshire Naturalists’ Society.
Bradford Historical & Antiquarian Society.
Bristol Naturalists’ Society.
British Association for the Advancement of Scienc:.
British Museum Copyright Office, Bloomsbury.

9 Natural History Department, South Kensington .
Cambridge University Library.
Cardiff Naturalists’ Society.
Cincinnati, Ohio, Lloyd Library.
Clifton Antiquarian Club.
Cornwall Royal Institution.

53 Royal Polytechnic Society.
Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club.
Dublin Trinity College Library.

ip Royal Irish Academy.
Edinburgh Advocates’ Library.
Geological Society.
Geologists’ Association.
Glasgow Natural History Society.

as Philosophical Society.
Hertford Natural History Society.
Holmesdale Natural History Club.
Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union.
Linnean Society.
Liverpocl Literary and Philosophical Society.
Manchester Microscopical Society.
Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society.
Nottingham Naturalists’ Society.
Nova Scotia Institute of Science, Halifax.
Oxford Bodleian Library.
Peterborough Natural History Society.
Rennes University Library.
Smithsonian Institute, Washington, U.S.A.
Somersetshire Archelogical and Natural History Society.
Upsala Royal University Geological Institution.
Washington U.S. Geological Survey of the Territories.
Wiltshire Archeological and Natural History Society.
Yorkshire Philosophical Society.

lo}

hh WO

ada

WwHwHawtArAACd

ty

HNyw hd

CATALOGUE -OF THE BOOKS
OF THE
BATH NATURAL HISTORY AND ANTIQUARIAN
FIELD “CLUB:

1g06.

R at entrance ; L at entrance ; O over door; F facing entrance ; U L upstairs left ;

U R upstairs right ; C cupboard.

Abury and Downs of North Wilts. Map showing British and Roman
Stone and Earthworks. 1884. Rev. A. C. Smith
Albums for Photographs. 2.
Alert Cruise of, Coppinger. 1 Vol. 1883.
Allen Alfred. The Scientific Enquirer. 1887. See Pamphlets. Vol. III.
Alnwick, Geology of. See Pamphlets. Vol. I.
American Publications. See Appendix.
——— Journal of Science and Arts. Vol. XXIX., No. 87. See
Pamphlets. Vol. II.
Anales dei Museo National Republico de Costa Rica. See South
American Pamphlets.
Angling, The Secrets of. 1613. John Dennys
Anglo-Saxon Literature. 1884. Rev. John Earle
Anstie J. Coal Fields of Gloucester and Somerset.
Anthropological Institute, Journal of. 1901.
Archivos do Museo N. do Rio de Janeiro.
1 Vol. See South American Pamphlets.
Arctic and Antarctic Seas. Voyages of Discovery. 2 Vols.
R. McCormick, R.N.
Associated Architectural Society, 1867—75.
Vols. X, XI, XII, XII, Part s.
Astronomical Society's Meeting, 1826. See Pamphlets. Vol. I.
Augustana Library. See Appendix.
Australia, Royal Anthropological Society of. No.1. Vol. III.
Austrian, Excursion to §.E. Caucasus. Dr. Sjogren, Vienna, 1890.
Babington €.C. Flora Bathoniensis.
—— Memorials of.
Ballarat School of Mines. See Various Societies. Vol. I.
Ballast Flora Durham. See Pamphlets. Vol. I.
Ballycastle, Guide to. Rev. A. Richardson
Barrow History of
——— Pamphlets.
——— Naturalists’ Field Club. 4 Books, Vols. I to III. 1876-9.
Vol. III. No. 2, and Furness Lore. Vols. IV-X. 1883-95
(except Vol. VII. out of print). Vol. XI-XIV. 1896-1900.
Barber 2 Catalogue Collection of Tobacco Pipes. See Pamphlets.
Tol. II.

on
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an

yrWaiwwadaawarRyandcans

ffl set | a
Ll Co

oA
iS)

"Aw R
An oa

Poe ps}

Sl

Barrett C.R. B. Somersetshire Highways, Byways and Waterways
Bartrum. Personal Reminiscences of an old Bath Boy. (J.S.B.)
Bates Rev. E. H. See Somerset Record Society. Vols. XIV., XV.
Bates, Naturalist on the Amazons.

Bath, Ancient and Modern. Rev. John Earle
Bath, Gilmores’ Map of. 1694. Reproduced (and Description).
Bath Herald. Record of Floods, published 1894.

Bath, Historic Map of. 1900. T. S. Cotterell
Bath, History of. With Plates. 1801. Rev. Richard Warner
Bath in Relation to Arts, &e. See Pamphlets, Vol. III. Jerom Murch
Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. Vol. I to Vol. IX.
Bath Pictorial. 1899—1904.

Bath, Rambles About. Dr. Tunstall
Bath, Rambles Round. 1899. 2 Vols. Mrs. Wheatcroft
Bath, Record of Great Floods in Bath. 1894.

Bath and Wells, The first Bishop of John A. C. Vincent
Bathoniensis Flora. 1834. C. C. Babington

Baxter Sylvester. Old New World. See Pamphlets. Vol. II.

Belfast Guide. By Members of the Belfast Field Club. 1874.

Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society. Session 1885-86.
See Various Societies. Vol. IV.

Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club. Vol. I (1863-73), Vol. I. New Series,
1873-80, Vol. II, 1880-7, Vol. III, 1887-93, Vol. IV, 1894-1900,
and Vol. V., Parts 1-5.

Bell A. M. The Science of Speech.

— —— Mystic Oral School. Pamphlets, Vol. IV.

Bennett F. J., F.G.S. The Influence of Geology on forming the Settle-
ment round Marlborough. Sketch History of Marlborough in
Neolithic Times. See Pamphlets. Vol. IIT.

Berington Rev. J. History of Henry II. 1790.

Berwickshire Natural History Society. 14 Vols. 1863 to 1902.
Session Booke of Bonckle, 1684-90. See 1896 Vol.

zs *€ 5 1665-90. A

Blackmore Museum, Salisbury. Account of Opening. 1 Vol.

Blackmore W. Colorado, its Resources, Parks and Prospects.

Bogen Mrs. E. Myths, Scenes and Worthies of Somerset.

Borings at Culford, Winkfield, Ware and Cheshunt. W. Whittaker
F.R.S. See Pamphlets. Vol. III.

Botanical Correspondence. Chas. Cardale Babington

Bradford eateries and Antiquarian Society. Vols. I., II., old ; Vols.

=3 LES MEW.

Brady H. B. Address to Tyneside Naturalists’ Club. See Pamphlets.
Vol. III.

Bristol Naturalists. 10 Vols. (Vol. X., Part 3, and New Series, Vol. I.,
Parts 1, 2, in R 4). .

——— Laws of the Society, 1895.

British New Guinea. See Foreign and Colonial Pamphlets.

British Association Reports.

&R2 1864. Bath.

1886. Birmingham.
1887. Manchester.
1888. Bath.

1889. Newcastle.
1890, Leeds.

fea)
54

British Association Reports—continued.

LQycceRe 3 1891. Cardiff.

L

Gq

9

1892. Edinburgh.
1893. Nottingham.
1894. Oxford.
1895. Ipswich.
1896. Liverpool.
1897. Toronto.
1898. Bristol.
1899. Dover.

1900. Bradford.
1901. Glasgow.
1902. Belfast.
1903. Southport
1904. Cambridge.
1905. South Africa.

British Association. Address to Anthropological Section.

Sir W. H. Fowler

British Museum. General Guide.

—-—— Guides. Minerals, 3 Vols., Fossil Mammals, Corals, Meteorites,
Rocks, Mammalia, Reptiles and Fishes, Shell and Starfish,
Fungi, Mycetozoa.

——— How to Collect. Arachnid, Soft-bodied Invertebrates, Plants,
Birds, Mammals’ Skins, Insects, Fossils, Mosquitoes, Reptiles,
Diptera, Bloodsucking Flies.

Brodie Rev. C. P. B. On 2 Rheetic Sections in Warwickshire. See
Pamphlets. Vol. I.

Brown Sir T. Hydriotaphia.

Canada, Economic Minerals of. See Foreign and Colonial Pamphlets.

Cardiff and District Handbook. British Association. 1891. Ivor James

Cardiff Flora. See Pamphlets. Vol. II. S. J. Storrie

Cardiff Naturalists. 10 Vols. 1867-1904; also Vol. on excavations.

Catalog der Bibliothek in Cassel, Germany.

See Pamphlets. Vol. II.

Catalogue of Canadian Birds. Part II. Macoun

Cetacea. Lilljeborg

Chadwyck-Healey C. E. H., Q.C. See Somerset Record Society.

Vols. XII. and XVIII.

Chedworth Roman Villa. See Pamphlets. Vol. I. Scarth

Chicago. See Appendix.

Christiania University. (Norwegian Pamphlets 3 Vols., and 1897. Vol.
Sp 3))

Anden Beretning om Ladigaardsoens Hovedgaard.
See Norwegian Pamphlets, Vol. II.

Beskrivelse af En Roekke Norske Bergartes. Dr. Th. Kjerulf,

Bredo Morgenstierne. Om et Fund af 19 Mynter fra Harald
Haardraade paa Gaarden Thjore i Haarlands Preesteg jold paa
Joederem. See Norwegian Pamphlets. Vol. III.

Bugge Sophus. Rune- Inskriften paa RingenI. Forsae. Kirk
Christiania. 1877. See Norwegian Pamphlets. Volk a:
Festprogram. Kronprins Oscar og Kronprinsesse Marie.

Christiania, September, 1881. See Norwegian Pamphlets.
Vol. II.

Forhaudlinger ved De Skandinaviske. Naturfosskeres Trettenele
Mode. Brel

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Christiania University—continued.
Hiordahl Th. Krystallographish Chemiske underogelser. 1881.
Christiania. See Norwegian Pamphlets. Vol. II.
—Beskrivelse af En Roekke Norske Bergartes. 4to.
Holst Elling. Om Poncelets Betydning for Geometrien. 187%.
See Norwegian Pamphlets. Vol. III.
Justus Barth. Norronskaller Crania Antiqua in parte orientali
Norvegia meridionalis inventa.
Kjerulf, Dr. Theodor. Om Stratifikationens Spor. 1877. See
Norwegian Pamphlets. Vol. II.
Lieblein. Die A?gyptischen Denkmaler.
See Norwegian Pamphlets. Vol. III.
Norges Officelle Statistik.
Christiania, 1872-3. See Norwegian Pamphlets. Vol. II.
Norske Frederiks Universites. Program for 1st and 2det
Semester. 1897.
Norway. Official Publication for the Paris Exhibition. 1900.
Postola Sogur. Christiania. 1874.
Reusch Hans H. Silurfossiler og Pressede Konglomerater.
Christiania, 1882. See Norwegian Pamphlets. Vol. II.
Sars, Dr. George Ossian. Some Remarkable forms of Animal
Life from the Great Deeps off the Norwegian Coast, II, 1875.
See Norwegian Pamphlets. Vol, I.
Sars, Dr. George Ossian, Carcinologiske Bidrag til Norges
Fauna ; 1st Monograph over Mysider. 1st and 2nd part, 1870,
1872, also 1879. See Norwegian Pamphlets. Vol. I.
Sars, Dr. George Ossian. Fauna Norvegia. 1896.
Sexe S. A. Jcettigryder og Gamie Strandlinier i fast Klippe.
1874. See Norwegian Pamphlets. Vol. Te
Schive C. J. Om Forboldet i Middelalderen millem den norske
Mark. See Norwegian Pamphlets. Vol. III.
Schneider J. Sparre. Indberetning om en i Sommeren. 1876.
Foretagen lepidopterologisk Reise. See Norwegian Pamphlets.
Vol. III.
Schiibeler Dr. F. C. Die Pflanzenwelt Norwegens. 1873. See
Norwegian Pamphlets. Vol. I.
Siebke H. Enumeratio Insectorum Norvegicorum. 1874-80.
Stenerson Dr. L. B. Myntfundet fra Greeslid ] Thydalen. 188r.
See Norwegian Pamphlets. Vol. II.
Church Rambler. 2 Vols. 1878.
Clarke J.E. Geology of Somerset’s Submerged Tenth. See Pamphlets.
Vol. III.
Clarke Hyde. Khita and Khita Peruvian Epoch. See Pamphlets. Vol. I.
Clifton Antiquarian Club. Vol. I, 1884-5, to Vol. IV, 1899, and 4
Nos. unbound, 1900-1905.
Coal in S.-East of England, possibility of finding.

See Pamphlets, Vol. III. W. Taylor
Coal Fields of Gloucester and Somerset. J. Anstie
Coal Report of Commissioners. 1871.
Colorado and its Resources. In the San Luis Park. W. Blackmore

Compton Theodore. A Mendip Valley.

Coppinger Cruise of Alert.

Cornwall Journal Royal Institution. 15 Vols. 1886 to 1905 (1906 in R 4).

——— Royal Polytechnic Society. 3 Vols. Annual Reports, 1893-5,
1896-9, 1900-04.

cs]
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6

On

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Costa Rica. See South American Pamphlets.

——— See Appendix.

Cotterell T. S. Historic Map of Bath. ;
Cotteswold Field Club Proceedings. 12 Vols. Vol. III (1865) to

Vol. XIV.
—— — Field Club Origin of. See Vol. 1886-9. W. C. Lucy
——— Hills. 1857. John Lycett

——— Field Club. Vol. III. Plates I-VI on Gryphcea Incurva, by
John” Jones. Plates) I, Wl; Part 1,-and- Ill, LVjsPant- 2;
Ammonites of the Lias Formation.

Crisp F. A. Parish Registers and other Genealogical Works.

Crutwell A. Table of the Animal Kingdom. ack Pamphlets: Vol. III.

Derbyshire Naturalists’ Society. Vol. I, No.

Dennys John. The Secrets of Angling. Vs)

Divining Rod, The Young and Robertson

Dolmens in Japan. 1880. See Pamphlets on Japan. Ed. Morse

Domesday Book of Somerset. 1896.

Drybrook Section Forest of Dean. See Pamphlets. Vol. I.

J. Jones and W. C. Lucy

Dulwich College Science Society. See Various Societies. Vol. I.

Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History Society. 1863-4. See
Scotch Societies.

——— No. 8. 1891-2.

Ealing Microscopical Society. 1880, 1881, 1882

——— 5th. Conve*sazione. 1882. See Various Societies. Vol. IV

Earle Rev. John. Ancient and Modern Bath.

Earth, History of Remote Past. See Pamphlets. Vol. I. J. E. Marr

East India Association. See Foreign and Colonial Pamphlets.

Eastern Counties Coal Boring Syndicate. See Pamphlets. Vol. III.

Edinburgh Botanical Society.

President’s Address. See Various Societies. Vol. II.

Elephant Pipes. See Pamphlets. Vol. II. C. Putman
Elton ©. J., Q.C., M.P. See Somerset Record Society. Vol. V.
Enumeratio Insectorum Norvegicorum. H. Siebke

Etheridge Robert. Physical Structure of W. Somerset and N. Devon.
See Moore’s Pamphlets.

Fauna of the Deep Sea. S. J. Hickson
Field Club and The Garner. Vol. IV., No. 1
Fisher. Withered Leaves. See Pamphlets. Vol. I.

Flint Chips. Edward J. Stephens
Flora Bathoniensis. Babington
Footpath Manual. 1895. H. Allnutt
Fossil Skull of an Ox. With Geological pamphlet sketch of River Avon.

H. Woods
French Pemenlets. Société Zoologique de France. Charles Janet

Les Fourmis.
2. Etudes sur les Fourmis, les Guépes, et les Abeilles. Note 1,
PDS WO), 17
Sur les rapports des Lépismides myrmécophiles avec les
Fourmis. 8.
4. Sur les rapports du Discopoma comata Berlese avec le
Lasius mixtus Nylander. 9.
Sur une cavité du tegument, chez les Myrmicine. 12.

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French Pamphlets—continued.
6. Reaction alcaline des chambres et galeries des nids de
Fourmis. 13.
7. Sur des Travaux Scientifiques.
8. Extrait des Mémoires de la Société Academique.
9. Les Habitations a bon marche.
10. 2me Catalogue des livres d’histoire naturelle de la
bibliothéque du feu A. Milne-Edwards.
Furness Lore. (See Vol. III, No. 2, Barrow N. F. Club).
Garner The. 1885. See Scientific Pamphlets.
Geographical Journal. Vol. XV, No. 6. Vol. XVI, Nos. 3 to 6.
(unbound).
Geologists’ Association. 1870-1902. 16 Vols., and parts of later Vols.
——— Report. 1871. See Various Societies. Vol. II.
Geology. See Various Societies.
Vol. V. The Geological Magazine. Part of Vol. I. 1864-5.
Vol. VI, VII. Part of Proceedings, 1844 and 1845, of the
Geological Society of London.
Vol. VIII, IX. Part of Parts 1 and 2, Vol. XX VII, 1871, of
the Geological Society of London.
——— Applied. Parts I, 1898, II, 1899. J. V. Elsden
——— Journal of. Vol. IV, No. 5. 18096.
Geological Society of London. Address by Joseph Prestwick. 1872.
Address by John Evans. 1876. See Pamphlets. Vol. IV.
Gesta Romanorum. Rev. C. Swan
Gilmore’s Map of Bath. 1694. (Reproduction).
Glasgow Natural History Proceedings. Vol. 1 (1858) to Vol. V (N.S.)
1896-9. Vol. VI, 1899-1902.
Glasgow Philosophical Proceedings. 27 Vols. and Index I-XX. 1865,
Vol. VI. 1877-9, Vol. XI to XXXVI.
——— Geological Society. 1886-88.
Gloucestershire Notes and Queries. Vols. I to VII. Vol. VIII, Part 1.
Great Sea Dragons, Book of the.
Green Emanuel, F.S.A. See Somerset Record Society. Vols. II, VI,
XII, XVII, XX.
Grevillea. G. Massee. See Pamphlets. Vol. IV.
——— Quarterly Record of Cryptogamic Botany. Vol. XXI. 1892.
Guiana Forest. J. Rodway
Hampshire Field Club 3 Vols. 1885 to 1897. (Vol. IV. Part 1 in box).
—— No. 2. 1888. See Various Societies. Vol. IIT.
Handbook of Victoria, Australia.
Hein Prof. On formation of Mountains. See Pamphlets. Vol. I.
Henry II., History of. Rev. J. Berington
Hertford Natural History Society. (See Watford.) Vols. I to IN.
Vol. X, Parts 1 to 6, Vol. XI.
Highland Agricultural Society. See Scotch Societies. ?
ene mer Rev. Bishop. See Somerset Record Society. Vols.
Hogg John. Ballast Flora. See Pamphlets. Vol. I.
Holmes Canon T.S. See Somerset Record Society. Vols. IX, X, XIII.
Holmesdale. List of Coleoptera in vicinity of Reigate. Parts 1 and 3
(in box). ‘ J. Linnell, jun.
——— Natural History Club. Proceedings. 1888 to 1902.
Hughes Thomas McKenny. Perched Blocks and Associated Phenomena.
Geology of Anglesea. Vale of Clwyd. See Pamphlets. Vol. I.

AwADA

Hw Ww

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I

tn
lon

Hulke J. W., F.R.S.
1. Note of the Anatomy of Hypsilophodon Foxii.
2. Note ona very large Saurian limb-bone from Kimmeridge
Clay, Weymouth.
3. Astragalus of Iguanodon Mantelli. See Moore’s
Pamphlets.
Humboldt’s Cosmos. 2 Vols. 1849.
——— Aspects of Nature.
——— Lives of the Brothers.
Hunt W., M.A. See Somerset Record Society, Vol. VII.
Hydriotaphia and Garden of Cyrus. Sir T. Browne
Tlustrated Archeologist. Romilly Allen. Vol. I, Parts 1 to 4. Vol.
II, Parts 5 and 6. Then merged into The Reliquary, which
see. ((Vol- No. 270 2.)
Indian and Colonial Exhibition.
Minerals of Canada. See Foreign and Colonial Pamphlets.
International Congress of Prehistoric Archeology. 1868.
Janet. 2 Pamphlets (Physiology).
Japan. Pamphlets on. 1879. E. Morse
——— Traces ofan Early Race. See Pamphlets on Japan.
Jones J. & W. C. Lucy. Drybrook Section. See Pamphlets. Vol. I.
Jones Prof. Rupert. Rhztic and Liassic Ostracoda of Britain.
See Pamphlets. Vol. III.
——— and Woodward. On Some Fossil Phyllopoda.
See Pamphlets. Vol. III.
Journal Statistical Society.
——— of Travel and Natural History 1888, 1889 See Various
Societies. Vol. III.
Kent’s Cavern Exploration. See Pamphlets. Vol. I.
Khita and Khita Peruvian Epoch. See Pamphlets. Vol. II.
Knowledge. Vol. XXI, No. 157.
Lake Philip. Hippopotamus from Barrington. Pamphlets. Vol. I.
Lead Bearing Strata of North of England. Pamphlets. Vol. I.
Leeds Geological Association. 1878. |

——— Naturalists’ Club. 1875, 1876. 1877 | See VS ee
——— Constitution. } 8
Lichen Flora of Great Britain. 1873. Rev. W. H. Leighton

5 &c Linnean Society, 1888-1902, and 1903, 1904.

if

ies)

6

6

Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society. Vol. XXVII, 1872 to
Vol. LIV. Vols. XXXIX and XL missing.

Local Geology from a _ Sanitary Standpoint. Whitaker. See
Pamphlets. Vol. III.

Lucy W.C. Origin of Cotteswold Club. See their Proceedings. Vol.
IX.

——— Volcanic District of Central France. See Pamphlets. Vol. ITI.

——— Submerged Forest, Holly Hazle, Sharpness. See Pamphlets.
Vol. IIT.

Lucy & Jones. Drybrook Section. Pamphlets. Vol. I.

Lycett John. Cotteswold Hills.

Lydekker Richard. The Royal Natural History. Vol. I, Part 1.

Malvern Natural History Club. 1870. See Various Societies. Vol. IIT.

Manchester Scientific Students. 1 Vol. 1878 to 1889.

tn

7

R 6 Manchester Microscopical Society. 1886-1887, 1888-1891, 1894-1897
(1905 in Cc).
w ——— Field Naturalists. 1904. (Visit to Bath).
——— Museum Handbooks. See Pamphlets. Vol. IV.
1. Outline Classification Vegetable Kingdom.
2. Catalogue Type Fossils.
3. Outline Classification Animal Kingdom.
Map. Showing Chalk Area near London.
F 1 Marlborough College Natural History Report, 1889. See Various
Societies. Vol. I.
Marlborough in Neolithic Times. Pamphlets, Vol. III. F. Bennett,
IG Se
——— influence of Geology in forming settlement round.
See Pamphlets, Vol. III.
Marr J. E. Earth History of Remote Past. See Pamphlets. Vol. I.
Massee G. Grevillea. (q.v.)

Rk 2 McCormick. Voyage of Discovery. 2 Vols. Arctic and Antarctic Seas.
Megalithic Remains of Stanton Drew. See Pamphlets. Vol. I. Scarth

R 2 Mendip Valley. Theodore Compton
Mexico. See Appendix.

R 2 Microscope The. Detroit. See American Pamphlets.

R Microscopical Journal. See American Pamphlets.

Microscopical Society Journal. See Various Societies. Vol. IV.

u RK Milton’s Last Thoughts on the Trinity.

Milwaukee. See Appendix.
Missouri. See Appendix.
——— Monthly Report of Dep. Com. of Revenue.

R 6 Moore’s Pamphiets. 1 Vol.

also 1. Abnormal conditions of Secondary deposits in connection

ele. with Somerset and South Wales Coal Basin.

(unbound) 2. Geology of the Mendips.

3. Mammalia, and other remains of Drift deposits in Bath
Basin.
4. Palaeontology of the Middle and Upper Lias.
5. Zones of the Lower Lias,and the Avicula Contorta Bed.
6. On the Palaontology and Physical Condition of the Meux
Well.
7. Australian Mesozoic Geology.
Morris John. Lead Bearing Strata. North of England.
See Pamphlets. Vol. I.
Morse Prof. E. Traces of an Early Race in Japan. See Pamphlets on
Japan. f
Murch Jerom. Bath in its relation to Arts, Science, &c. See
Pamphlets, Vol. III.
F 1 Murchison R. J. Address, Royal Geographical Society. 1844, 1861.
See Various Societies. Vol. II.

R 6 Museum. May, June, July, August, 1885. See Scientific Pamphlets.
Mystic Oral School. 1897. See Pamphlets. Vol. IV. A. G. Bell
Natural History. The Royal. Vol. I, Part 1. By Richard Lydekker

u tL ——— Science. April, 1892. 5

Naturalists. British. 1894. Part 1. See Pamphlets. Vol. IV.
Irish. Vol. I. No. 3. See Pamphlets, Vol. IV.
——— Journal. Vol. III, No. 30. See Pamphlets. Vol. IV.

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58

Naturalists’ Practical. July, 1883. See Scientific Pamphlets.

——— Note Book. Marchand April, 1888. See Scientific Pamphlets.

——— Circular. September and July, 1867. See Scientific Pamphlets.

Natur und Hans. Berlin. 1808.

New Rocky Mountain Tourist. See Foreign and Colonial Pamphlets.

New York, Museum of. See Appendix.

Nichols W. L. The Quantocks and their Associations.

Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society. Vol. III (1879-1884).
Vols. IV-VII and VIII, Parts 1, 2.

Norwich Geological Society.
Proceedings. Parts 1 and 2, 1877, 1878. See various
Societies, Vol. IV.

North America. See Appendix.

Norway and Norwegian. See Christiania.

Norway Fauna. 1896.

Norwegian. Pamphlets. 4 Vols.

Nottingham Naturalists’ Society. 1898-1903, (1904 in c).

Nova Scotian Institute of Science. See Appendix.

Old New World. See Pamphlets. Vol. II. S. Baxter

Old Stone Crosses of Somerset. C. Pooley

Omori Shell Mounds. See Pamphlets on Japan. E. Morse

Ornithosauria, &c. H. G. Seeley

Osborn H. F. Rise of the Mammalia in North America. See American
Pamphlets.

Osborn and Wortman. New Genus of Ancytopoda. See American
Pamphlets.

——— Genus Proteceras. See American Pamphlets.

Osborn H. F. Review of Cernaysian Mammalia. See Pamphlets.
Vol. IIL.

——— Teeth of Mammals. See American Pamphlets.

Owen. On the Megatherium. 4to.

Palzontolographical Society. 9 Vols. XL to XLVIII.

Pamphlets. Vols. I, II, III, IV.

——— South American.

——-— French.

——— Foreign and Colonial.

——— Norwegian.

——— Japan.

——— American.

——— Swedish.

Parish Registers and Genealogical Works. By F. A. Crisp

Patterson W. H. Relig and Holy Well, St. Conall, co. Donegai. See
Pamphlets. Vol. III.

Peabody Museum. See Appendix.

Peach R. E. Annals of Swainswick.

Peterborough. N.H.Sc., and Archeological Society. 1904.

=== Notes on. By A. Percival.

Phillips John, F.R.S. Memoir of Wm. Smith.

Pitman Sir Eizak. Early Life of.

——— On Wesley and Swedenborg.

Pooley C. Old Stone Crosses of Somerset.

Postal Microscopical Society. No. 3, 1882. See Various Societies,
Vol. IV.

——— Vol. VI, Part 21, 1887. See Pamphlets. Vol. IV.

tn."

9

1.8 PostolaSogur. C. R. Unger. Christiania.
rR 2 Prehistoric Archeology. Transactions of, at Norwich. London, 1868.

R2 Priston Rev. T. A. Flowering Plants of Wilts.
Putnam C. Elephant Pipes. Pamphlets, Vol. II.

R 2 Quantocks, The. W. L. Nichols
R 2 Queensland, Guide to. C. S. Rutlidge
Rk 2. Races of Britain. Beddoe
Ramsey A. C., F.R.S. Physical Geology and Geography of Great
Britain.
Reading Literary Society. Proceedings. 1892. See Pamphlets,
Viole. Vic

Reigate. See Holmesdale.
rn 2 Reliquary and Illustrated Archeologist. See Ilustrated Archeologist.
Vols. I to VIII.
R 3 Reminiscences of Sir Hizak Pitman. (In one Vol.)
re i Rennes. Travaux scientifiques de |’ Université. 1905.
Rheetic Sections in Warwickshire. See Pamphlets. Vol. I.
Rocky Mountain Tourist. See Foreign and Colonial Pamphlets.

° Roman Antiquities of North Wiltshire Downs. Rev. A. C. Smith
Roman Villa at Chedworth. Rev. H. M. Scarth. See Pamphlets.
Vol. I.

Rome, British Archzological Society of. See Pamphlets. Vol. I.
Royal Geographical Society. 1861, 1844. See Various Societies. Vol.
II

c Royal Irish Academy. Vol. XXV.
Scandinavia. =~Two Pamphlets.
Scarth Rev. H. M. Roman Villa at Chedworth. pe
——— Sculptures, West Front, Wells Cathedral. - See Atal hese
Fol. 1.

R 6 (1 vol.)

Megalithic Remains, Stanton Drew.

On the Roman Miliaries found in Britain.
Roman Maritime Towns in Kent.
On an Inscribed Votive Tablet found at Binchester (the
Ancient Vinovium) Co. Durham, in 1879.
4. On the Roman Occupation of the West of England,
particularly the County of Somerset.
5. Recent Discoveries made in Bath on the site of the Ancient
Roman Baths.
6. Notices of the latest Discoveries made in Uncovering the
Roman Baths, at Bath, and those at Herbord, near
Poictiers.
7. Recent Discoveries made at Aquincum, in Hungary.
8. Roman Inscribed Stones at Rookwood, near Llandaff.
g. A few remarks on Roman Cookery.
10. Font at Hinton Parva, Wiltshire. :
11. Roman Villa at Wemberham, in Yatton, and Discovery of
Roman Coins near Kingston Seymour.
12. Onan Ancient Botontinus or Landmark on Banwell Hill.
13. Visit of Royal Archzological Institute to Castle Neroche.
(See Scarth’s Pamphlets.)
Science of Man. Australasian Anthropological Journal. Vol. II.
Nos. 3, 4.
u tL ——— of Speech. A. M. Bell

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60

Scientific Enquirer. Vol. II., No. 1. See Pamphlets, Vol. IV.
——— Pamphlets. (Naturalist’s Note Book).
——— Roll. 1880-1883.
Scotch Societies. 1864.
Sea Dragons, Great Book of the. Ichthyosauri and Plesiosauri, with
30 Plates. By Thos. Hawkins, F.G.S.
Seeley H.G. Ornithosauria. Aves and Reptilia.
Sheffield Archzological Society.
Reports, &c. See Various Societies, Vol. I.
——— Naturalists’ Society. 1895. See Various Societies, Vol. I.
=== Naturalists’ Club. 25th Report. 1895. See Pamphlets,
Volt Eve
——— Philosophical Society. See Various Societies. Vols. I, IV.
Sjogren Dr. H. 5 Pamphlets. 1887-89.
Smith William, Memoir of. J. Phillips
Smith Rev. A.C. Roman Antiquities of North Wiltshire Downs.
——— Antiquities of North Wilts.
Somersetshire Highways, Byways, and Waterways. C. R. B. Barrett
Somerset. Worlebury Camp. By C. W. Dymond and Rev. H. G.

Tomkins.
——— Domesday Book of.
——- Myths, Scenes, and Worthies of. Mrs. E. Bogen
——w— Old Stone Crosses of. C. Pooley
——— and Dorset Notes and Queries. 9 Vols.
——— and the Armada. Emanuel Green
——— Record Society.
1. Bp. Drokensford Register. Rt. Rev. Bp. Hobhouse
2. Somerset Chantries. Emanuel Green, F.S.A.
3. Kirby’s Quest for Somerset. F. H. Dickinson, F.S.A.
4. Churchwardens’ Accounts, 1349-1560.

Rt. Rev. Bp. Hobhouse
5. Rentala and Custumaria. Michaelis de Ambusberry,
1235-1252. Rogeri de Ford, 1252-1261.
Gy J.- Elton; 'OiG7 vee:
6. Pedes Finium for Co. Somerset, 1196-1307.
Emanuel Green, F.S.A.
7. Two Cartularies of Bath Priory. William Hunt, M.A.
8. Bruton and Montacute Cartularies. Members of the Council
g and 10. Registrum Radulphi de Salopia.
Thomas Scott Holmes, M.A.
11. Somerset Pleas. Rich. I.—41 Hen. III.
C. E. H. Chadwyck-Healey, Q.C.
12. Pedes Finium. Edward II., Edward III.
Emanuel Green, F.S.A.
13. Registers of Bps. Gifford and Bowett. Canon T. S. Holmes
14. Cartularies of Muchelney and Athelney Abbeys.
Rev. E. H. Bates
15. Particular Description of Somerset. 1633. Rev. E. H. Bates
16. Somerset Medizval Wills. Rev. F. W. Weaver
17. Pedes Finium. Edward III and Richard II.
Emanuel Green
18. Bellum Civile. C. E. H. Chadwyck-Healey
19. Somerset Medieval Wills. Rev. F. W. Weaver
20. Certificate of Musters, 1569. Emanuel Green
21. Somerset Medieval Wills, 1531-1558. Rev. F. W. Weaver

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op

Somerset Archeological and Natural History Society. Vol. I. (1850)
to Vol. LI, and 1 Vol. Index to Vols. I to XX, and,Index to
Wells Chapter Records, and in Vol. XLIV Index to Vols. XXI
to XL.
Sparrow English in North America. See Appendix. (Agriculture.)
Stevens E. T. Flint Chips.
Stockport Society of Naturalists.
1887, 1888. See Various Societies. Vol. II.
Storrie Jon. Flora of Cardiff. See Pamphlets. Vol. II.
Surrey Archeological Society Rules, &c. See Various Societies. Vol. I.
Swainswick Annals of. R. E. Peach
Swedish Pamphlets.
Tate George. Geology, Botany and Zoology round Alnwick. See
Pamphlets, Vol. I.
Tate Ralph and Blake F. E. Yorkshire Lias.
Taylor W. Probability of finding Coal in South East of England.
See Pamphlets, Vol. III.
Tobacco Pipes, Collection of Elephant. See Pamphlets, Vol. II.
E. Barber
Tolstoi Leon. ‘‘ What I believe.”’
Topley W., F.G.S. Gold and Silver, their Geological Distribution, «&c.,
1887. See Pamphlets. Vol. III.
——— National Geological Surveys of Europe. See Pamphlets.
Vol. ILI.
Trenton Natural History Society. Part of Vols. land II. See Appendix.
Tunstall Dr. Rambles about Bath.
Uniied States Publications. See Appendix.
Upsala. 3 4to Pamphlets, 1889-91, 8 8vo Pamphlets, 1889-93, and
IQOI, 1902.
Upsala University. Bulletins of Geological Institution. Edited by
H. J. Sjogren. Vol. I, No. I. Vols. II, IUI, IV.
Various Societies.
Victoria, Handbook of. 1 Vol.
Vincent John A.C. The first Bishop of Bath.
Warner Rev. Richard. NHistory of Bath. 18or.
Warwickshire Naturalists’ and Archzologists’ Field Club.
2 Vols. 1869-1874, 1885-1891, 1892, 1893, 1896.
Warwickshire. Natural History and Archzological Society. Reports of
1869 and 1870. See Various Societies. Vol. IV.
Washington. See Appendix.
Watford Natural History Society. (See Hertford.) Vols. I, II. 1875,

1877.
Weaver Rev. F. W. See Somerset Record Society, Vols. XVI, XIX,
XXI.
Wesley and Swedenborg. : Sir Eizak Pitman
What I Believe. Leon Tolstoi

Wheatcroft Mrs. Rambles Round Bath.
Whitaker W., F.R.S. Borings at Culford Farm. See Pamphlets,
Vol. III.
a Tocal isalney from a Sanitary Standpoint. See Pamphlets,
ol. :
——— 4 Pamphlets.

Wilts Archeological and Natural History Society Magazine. Vols.
Ito XXXIV.

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62

Wilts Inquisitiones Post Mortem. Parts 1-7. (1 Vol.)

——— Collection of Trade Tokens, Devizes.

——— Catalogues of the Stourhead Collection.

——— Catalogue of Books in the Library of. 1894 and

——— Additions 1895. See Vol. OI Xe

——— Additions to the Library. Appendix 3, 1899.

——— Drawings, Prints and Maps in the Library, 1898.

Wiltshire Downs, North. Roman Antiquities of. Rev. A. C. Smith
Wilts, North. Antiquities of. Rev. A. C. Smith
——— Flowering Plants of. Rev. T. A. Priston
Wiltshire Notes and Queries. Vols. I to IV, and Parts 49-53.

Wisconsin Academy of Science, &c. See Appendix.
——— Geological and Natural History Survey. See Appendix.
Withered Leaves. See Pamphlets, Vol. I. Fisher
Woods Henry. Fossil Skull of an Ox.
Woodward Horace, F.G.8. Lead and Zinc Mines of the Mendips. See
Pamphlets, Vol. III.
Worlebury. An Ancient Stronghold. By C. W. Dymond and Rey. H.
Tomkins
Yorkshire Lias. Tate and Blake
——— Philosophical Society.
Annual Reports. 2 Vols., 1886-92, 1893-99 (1900-1903 In R 4)
Zoologist, The. Vol. I, No. 1. 4th Series. See Pamphlets, Vol. IV.

APPENDIX.

Agriculture, United States, Department of. Year Book. 3 Vols.
1896, 1897, 1898.

Agriculture, Biological Survey, Division of.
Bulletin 9. Cuckoos and Shrikes.

ie 10. Life Zones and Crop Zones.
e 11. Geographic Distribution of Cereals in North
America.

cs 12. Legislation for the Protection of Birds.
7 13. Food of the Bobolink, Blackbirds and Grackles.
14. Transportation and Sale of Game.
Agriculture, Biological Survey, North American Fauna.
No. 13. Bats of the Family Vespertilionidce.
, 14. Natural History of the Tres Marias Islands, Mexico.
» 15. Jumping Mice of the Genus Zapus.
,» 16. Survey of Mount Shasta, California.
,, 17. Voles of the Genus Murotus.
,, 18. Pocket Mice of the Genus Perognathus.
,, 19. Reconnaissance of the Yukon River Region.
,, 20. Skunks of the Genus Chincha.
», 21. Queen Charlotte Islands, &c.
22. Hudson Bay Regions.
Agriculture, Chemistry Division of.
Bulletin 50. Composition of Maize.
Agriculture. Farmers’ Bulletin.
No. 54. Some Common Birds in Relation to Agriculture.

63

Agriculture, Ornithology and Mammalogy, Division of North American
F 2 Fauna.
1888-91. No. 1. North American Pocket Mice.
2. 14 New Species and one New Genus of
North American Mammals.
» 3. Biological Survey of San Francisco Moun-
tain Region.
4. 26 New Species of North . American
Mammals.
» 5. Reconnaissance of South Central Idaho.
1893. , 7. Part 2. The Death Valley Expedition.
1895-6. ,, 10. North American Shrews.
, 11. Synopsis of the Weasels of North America.
, 12. Genera and Subgenera of Voles and

Lemmings.
1889. Bulletin 1. The English Sparrow in North
America. :
1893-0. i 3. Hawks and Owls in the Relation to

Agriculture.
54 8. The Jack Rabbits of the United

States.
1895. 7 6. The Common Crow of the United
States.
F 4. Prairie Ground Squirrels.
No. 8. Monographic Revision of the Pocket
Gophers.

2 American Pamphlets.
Geological Survey, United States, Department of the Interior.
J. W. Powell, Director.
Mineral Resources of the United States. By David T. Day.
1889-90, 1891, 1892, 1893, also 1900 to 1904.
R 7 Geological Survey, United Siates, Department of the Interior.

qn

&LS8 Bulletins 82 to 188. J. W. Powell, Director. 24 Vols.
U 189-274, 276. Chas. D. Walcott, Director.
Li Geological Survey, United States, Department of the Interior.

and J. W. Powell, Director.
RI Annual Reports.

2nd Report, 1880; 3rd, 1881-2; 4th, 1882-3; 5th, 1883-4;
6th, 1884-5; 7th, 1885-6; 8th, Vols. I, II, 1886-7; 9th,
1887-8 ; 10th, 1888-9; 11th, Vols. I, II, 1889-90; 12th,
Vols. I, II, 1890-1 ; 13th, Vols. I, II, III, 1891-2; 14th,
Vols. I, II, 1892-3; 15th, 1893-4

Charles D. Walcott, Director.

16th Report, Vols. I, II, III, IV, 1894-5.

T7ithe es ie I, II, III, in 2 parts, 1895-6.
18th a a I, II, III, IV, V, in 2 parts, 1896-7.
19th nf be I, II, III, IV, V, 5 Atlas, VI in 2 parts,
1897-8.
U 20th ee ah I to VII, (V has maps.)
U 21st, 7 Vols.; 22nd, 4 Vols.; 23rd, 1 Vol.; 24th, 2 Vols. ;
25th, 2 Vols. ; 26th, 1 Vol.
U Geological Survey, United States, Department of the Interior.

| J. W. Powell,

\ pi f
C. D. Walcott, J Directors.

XVII.
SVT

XIX.

XXII.
XXITI.

XXIV.

XXV.
XXXVI.

XXVITI.
XXVIII.

XXIX.
XXX.
XXXII.

XXXII.

XXXITI.

XXXIV.
XXXV.

XXXVI

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.
XXXIX.

64

Monographs.

8 Vols. 1891-1894.

Lesquereux. Flora of the Dacota Group.

Whitfield. Gasteropoda and Cephalopoda.
New Jersey.

Irvine and Van Hise. Penokie Iron bearing
series of Michigan and Wisconsin.

Hague. Geology of the Eureka District,
Nevada.

Scudder. Tertiary Rhynchophorus and
Coleoptera. Atlas to accompany Vol. XX.
A. Hague.

H. Gannett. Manual of Topographic Methods

Pumpelly, Wolfe and Dale. Geology of the
Green Mountains.

R. P. Whitfield. Mollusca and Crustacea of
the Miocene of New Jersey.

W. Upham. The Glacial Lake Agassiz.

J. S. Newberry. The Flora of the Amboy
Clays.

Emmons, Cross and Eldridge. Geology of
the Denver Basin in Colorado.

Van Hise, Bayley and Smyth. The Marquette
Iron Bearing District of Michigan.

Atlas to accompany Vol. XXVIII. Van
Hise, Bayley and Smyth.

B. K. Emerson. Geology of Old Hampshire,
County Massachusetts.

Chas. D. Walcott. Fossil Medusa.

J. E. Spurr. Geology of the Aspen Mining
District, Colorado.

Atlas toaccompany Vol. XXXII. J. E. Spurr.

Part 2. Hague, Iddings, Weed, Walcott,
Girty, Stanton, and Know,ton Geology
of the Yellowstone National Park.

Atlas to accompany Vol. XXXII.

Shaler, Woodworth and Foerste. Geology of
the Narragansett Basin.

G. H. Stone. The Glacial Gravels of Maine.

J.S. Newberry. The Later Extinct Floras of
North America.

Clements, Smyth, Bayley and Van Hise. The
Crystal Falls Iron Bearing District of
Michigan.

D. White. Fossil Flora of the Lower Coal
Measures of Missouri.

F. Leverett. The Illinois Glacial Lobe.

Vaughan. Eocene and Lower Oligocene,
Coral Fauna.

Scudder. Coleoptera from Tertiary Deposits,
Colorado.

Leverett. Glacial Formations of Erie and
Ohio Basins.

Smith. Carboniferous Ammonoids.

aq

ie)

long
OL

Vol. XLIII. Smith. Mesabi Ironbearing District of
Minnesota.

Pe SAIN Hyett. Pseudoceratites of the Cretaceous.

he eo We Clements. Vermillion Iron-bearing District
of Minnesota. ‘

Pp ee AA Bayley. Menominee Iron-bearing District of
Michigan.

» &LVII, Van Hise. Metamorphism.

eh apn 4 LA Oy Ward. Mesozoic Flora, Text and Plates.
2 parts. ~

Cold’ Spring Harbour Monographs, III, IV,

V, VI.

Geological Survey. Papers 65 to 154, 157, 165-169, 171.
——— Professional papers, 1 to 39, 41-45, 47, 48 (2 parts), 49, and 2
papers on Alaska.
Geological Survey of the Territories, United States.
F. V. Hayden, Geologist, in charge.
Vola as Leidy J. Extinct Vertebrate Fauna.
» Il. Cope E. D. 1875. Cretaceous Vertebrata.
, V. Cyrus Thomas. Acrididze of North America.
» WI. Lesquereux Cretaceous Flora.
, WII. ——— Tertiary Flora.
, IX. Meek F. B. Invertebrate Paleontology.
,» M&. Packard A.S. Monograph of the Geometrid Moths.
» SI. Coues and Allen. Monographs of North American
Rodentia.
» SII. Leidy. Fresh Water Rhizopods.
Hayden Cretaceous Plants.
Geological Survey of the Territories, United States.
Hayden, Director.
1869. Various.
1870. Wyoming.
1871. Montana.
1872. Montana, Idaho and Wyoming.
Geological Survey, Department of the Interior. Miscellaneous.
No. 3. 1874. Birds of the North West. Dr. E. Coues.
No. 7. 1877. Ethnology and Philology of the Hidatsa Indians.
W. Matthews.
No. 8. 1877. Fur Bearing Animals. Dr. E. Coues.
Geological Survey, Department of the Interior, United States.
F. V. Hayden, Geologist in charge.
Ist Annual Report, 1877. Rocky Mountain Locust.
Geological Survey, Miscellaneous.

1875-8.

1. Gannett H. List of Elevations West of Mississippi River. ~

2. ——W— Meteorological Observations. Utah, Idaho, and

Montana. 1872.

3. J. Porter and J. Coulter. Flora of Colorado.

4. Catalogue of Photographs U.S. Geological Survey.

5. Chittenden G. Meteorological Observations. Colorado and
Montana Territories.

6. White and Nicholson. Bibliography of North American

Moertetrate Paleontology.
1880, J. A, Allen. North American Pinnipeds,

PARA AD
WOOO00OO

R 8

U

66

Geological and Geographical Survey, United States.

F. V. Hayden, U.S. Geologist.

1873. Colorado.
1874. Colorado and Adjacent Territories.
1875. Ditto. ditto.
1876. Ditto. ditto.
1877. Idaho and Wyoming.
1877. Appendix B. Monographs of North American Rodentia.
By E. Coues and J. A. Allen.
Geological and Geographical Survey, United States.
Various Publications.
Vol. I. J. A. Allen. Fossil Passerine Bird.
1. Insect bearing Shells of Colorado.
2. Synonymatic List of American Sciuri (Arborial Squirrels).
3. Geographical Distribution of Mammalia.
4. Jordan D. S., M.D. Notes on Collection of Fishes from
the Rio Grande.
5. Report on Collection of Fish of Dacota and Montana, made
by Dr. E. Coues.
6. Schumacher Paul. Researches in the Kjokkenmoddings
Coast of Oregon.
7. Endlich S. N. D. Products of Erosion in Colorado.
8. White C. H., M.D. Remarks on the Lamarie Group.
g. St. John O. Notes on the Geology of N.E. Mexico.
10. Lesquereux. Review of Fossil Flora of North America.
11. Chickering Prof. J. Catalogue of Phzenogamous and
Vascular Cryptogamous Plants collected by Dr. E. Coues.
12. Chambers F. V. Index to the Described Tineina of the
United States and Canada.
13. Eells Rev. M. The Twana Indians.
14. Lesquereux Leo.
a. Onsome Fossil Plants of the Lignite Formation.
b. New Species of Fossil Plants. Cretaceous Formation
of the Dacota Group.
Hayden F. V. Notes on the Lignite Formation of Colorado
and Wyoming.
15. Bulletin of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey.
INOLSI:
16. = Entomological Commission. No. 2.
17. Preliminary Report. Field Work of the U.S.
Geological and Geographical Survey of Territories. 1877.
Vol. I. 18. Catalogue of Publications. 1877.
19. - ms 1879.
Vol. I.
1. McChesney and Coues. Mammals of Fort Sisseton.
2. Coues Dr. E. Birds of Dacota.
3. Coues and H. C. Yarrow. Herpetology of Dacota and
Montana.
4. Grote A. R. Noctuide, chiefly from California.
5. » 4, North American Pyralide.
6. Riley C.and Monell J. Alphididz of the United States.
7. Thorell J. Descriptions of Aranee.
8. Chambers V. F. Papers on the Tineina and Entomostraca

of Colorado,

67
Vol. Il.—continued.

R 8 9. Scudder Samuel. Butterflies of Utah and North Arizona.
10. ——— Fossil Insects of the Green River Shales.

tr. Calvin S. Dark Shale below Devonian Limestone at
Independence, Iowa.

12. Cope E. D. Geology of Judith River.

13. Uhler P. R. Insects collected during 1875.

I

4. Ridgway Robert. Studies of American Herodiones.
Vol. II.
R 8 1. Natural Resources of Black Hills of Dacota.
2. Whitfield B. P. Paleontology of Black Hills.
3. Annual Report of Secretary of Interior. 1873.
4. Powell J. W. Method of Surveying Public Domain. 1878.
5. Report of Governors of Territories, Arizona, Dacota, &c.
1878. ;
6. Hayden. Supplement to 5th Annual Report Geological
Survey. 1871.
7. ——— Catalogue Publications U.S. Geological Survey.
8. Coues Dr. E. Account of Zaphus Hudsonius.
g. Bulletin U.S. Entomological Commission, ‘‘ Destruction of
Young Locusts.”’
10. Gannett Henry. Arable and Pasture Lands of Colorado.
It. Hayden F. V. Field Work.
Report Controller of the Currency U.S. 1885. H. M. Cannon.
Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountains, U.S.
Department of the Interior.
J. W. Powell, in charge.
fe} Contributions to North American Ethnology. Vols. V, VI, VII,
IX.
New York State Museum. University of the State of New York.
U Reports 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, Vols. I, II, III (Plates). 49, Vols. I, II, III.
50, Vols. I, IT. 51, Vols. I, II. 52, Vols.I, II. 53, Vols.
I, II. 54, Vols. I, II, III, 1V. 55, Vols. I, 56, Vols. I,
II, III, IV.
New York Museum of Natural History. 31st Annual Report.
New York State Museum. University of the State of New York.
eT Bulletins. Vol. I, Nos. 1-6. Vol. II, Nos. 7-10. Vol. III,
to 36 Nos. 11-14. Vol. IV, No. 15. Vol. V, Nos. 16-19.

Vol. VI, Nos. 20-25. Vol. VII, Nos. 26-31. Vol. VIII., 32-59,
u from 37 onwards 61-64, 67, 70-77, 79, 81, 82.
Plates accompanying Bulletin 25, 1898.
Smithsonian Institution. Ethnology Bureau of.
L 2 J. W. Powell, Director.
12 Vols. Reports 1879-80 to 1890-91.
Ethnology Bureau of. 3 Vols.
R 8 Vol. I. Siouan Language.
Eskimo ;
Iroquoian ,,
Muskhogean ,,
Algonquian ,,
Omaha and Ponka Letters.
Vol. II. Athapascan Language.
Chinookan 33
Saleshan Fe
Wakasham x

68

Smithsonian Institution—continued.

Vol. II. Pamunkey -
Indians of Virginia.
Vol. III. List of Publications.
Ancient Quarry in Indian Territory.
Archeological Investigation in the James and
Potomac Valleys.
Siouan Tribes of the East.
Chinook Texts.

L8 &o Smithsonian Institution. Reports.

& F 2

From 1867 to 1904. (1883 duplicate.)

Smithsonian Institution. United States National Museum. Proceed-
ings. Vol. X (1887) to Vol. XXX.

Smithsonian Institution. United States National Museum. Depart-
ment of the Interior.
Bulletins. 1-2-3 and 33. 34-35. 36-37-38. 39, Part 1.
40%and 46) sale. 43. "4d. 45. 47, Parts 172,83, 2
50-55

Smithsonian Institution. United States National Museum.
Special Bulletin. No, 1. Life Histories of North American
Birds. Capt. Bendire

ms a No. 2. Oceanic Ichthyology. Good & Bean
No. 2. Plates, 417 Figures.

is No. 3. Life Histories of North American

Birds. Capt. Bendire

Special Bulletin. Part 1. American Hydroids. The Plumu-

laride, with 34 Plates. Cc. C. Nutting

Smithsonian Pamphlets. Vol. I.
1. Circular, Square and Octagonal Earthworks of Ohio.
2. Catalogue of Prehistoric Works.
3. Use of Gold amongst Ancient Inhabitants of Chiriqui,
Isthmus of Darien.

4. Perforated Stones of California.
5. Problems of Ohio Mounds.
6. Textile Fabrics of Ancient Peru.

Smithsonian Pamphlets. Vol. II.
1. Directions for Preserving and Collecting Insects. Riley
2. Reptiles and Batrachians. L. Slijneger
3. Birds’ Eggs. C. Bendire
4. Recent and Fossil Plants. F. H. Knowlton
5. Collecting Birds. Robert Ridgway
6. = Mollusks. Wm. Dall
7. Notes of Preparation of Rough Skeletons. F. Lucas
and Vol. III.

American Journal. 1860. See Pamphlets. Vol. II.

——— Museum of Natural History. Extracts from Bulletins. Vol. IV,
No. 1. Vol. V, No. 1. Osborn and Wortman. See
American Pamphlets.

——— Naturalists. Teeth in Mammals. H. F. Osborn. See Ameri-
can Pamphlets.

——— North. Rise ofthe Mammaliain. Vol. I, No. 2. H. F. Osborn

—— ee

69

u t American Journal. The Silva of Magnoliacce. Vol. I.

4to Pamphlet.

The Microscope (Detroit). Vol. VIII, Nos. 6,7, 9,10 See
- * = =e American
———_ —— (Trenton, New Jersey). Vol. X, No. ro. Pamphlets.

——— —— (Washington). Vol. XII, No. 5,
Vol. V, R.S., No. 5.

ut Augustana Library. Rock Island, Il. No. 1. Mechanical Compo-
sition of Wind Deposits. Johan August Eldden.
——— No. 2. An Old Village. »
——— No. 3. Idyl! in German Literature.
——— No. 4. Cyclonic Distribution of Rainfall.
F 2 Canadian Birds, Catalogue of.
u Lt Chicago, Academy of Science of. 39th and 4oth Report. 1896-7.
Bulletin. No. I. 1896. The Lichen Flora of Chicago. W. W.
Calkins.
Bulletin II. of the Geological and Natural History Survey.
Pleistocence Features of the Chicago Area. _F.. Leverett.
Vol. II, No. 2. Outline Classification of the Family Muricide.
F. C. Baker.
R 2 Costa Rica. Anales del Museo Nacional. 1894-6, 1896-7, 1898-9,
2 Parts. 1899-1900. (Put with South American Pamphlets)
&uUR Insectos, by J. F. Tristan.
(string) Moluscos, by Biolley.
Catologo de los objectos.
Manifers de Costa Rica.
Arqueologicus. 1893.
Antiquedades de Costa Rica.
Documents. Nos. 1, 6, 8. 1896 and 1897.
Anales del Instituto Fiscio-Geografico. Nos. 3, 4. 1890,
189QI.
Also see South American Pamphlets.
ut Kansas, Academy of Science. Vol. XVII.
ut _ Lloyd’s Library, Bulletin of. Nos. 1 to 6.
UL Mexico, Instituto Geologico De. No. 14, Part 1. Las Rhyolitas De
Mexico. No. 16, 1902, and 1904, 1905. (These in c.)
Milwaukee, Museum of. Annual Reports, 1oth, 12th, 13th 16th.
F 2 Missouri Botanical Garden. Annual Reports, 3rd, 1892. t1oth, 1899.
8 & Nova Scotian Institute of Science. Vol. VIII (Vol. I, 2nd Series),
mT Vol. IX (Vol. II, 2nd Series), Vol. X (Vol. III, 2nd Series).
Parts 1, 2, Vol. XI (Parts 1 and 2).
u Lt Ohio State University. 30th and 31st Reports, 1900, 1901.
F I sian! Museum, 1882-5, and Davenport, Iowa, Academy of Natural
cience.
c Peru Boletin. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, to 39.
utL_ Silva of North America.
R 2 Trenton Natural History Society (per Smithsonian Institution). Part
of Vols. I and II.
F 2 Wisconsin Academy of Science and Arts. Vol. XI (1896-7) with
Plates.
F2

Wisconsin (Northern) Geological and Natural History Survey.
Economic Series. No. 1

Bulletin I. Forest of Wisconsin. F. Wroth.
II. Instincts and Habits of the Solitary Wasps. G.
W. Peckham and Elizabeth Peckham.

70

American Pamphlets.
Teeth in Mammals. H. F. Osborn.
New Genus of Ancytopoda. Osborn and Wortman.
Genus Proteceras. bs
American Microscopical Journal. Various parts.
The Microscops. Detroit. rf
Rise of the Mammalia in North America. H. F. Osborn.

PAMPHLETS Vol. I.

Bailey Francis, F.G.8. Address to Astronomical Society, 1826.
Brodie Rev. C. P. B. On Two Rhetic Sections in Warwickshire, 1866.
Fisher J. W. Withered Leaves. 1882.
Hein Prof. On Formation of Mountains.
Hogg J., F.R.S. Ballast Flora.
Hughes Prof. McKenny.
1. Geology of the Vale of Clwyd. 1880.
2. Perched Blocks and Associated Phenomena. 1886.
3. Geology of Anglesea. 1882.
Jones John and Lucy W.C. Drybrook Section.
Kent’s Cavern, Devonshire. 9th Annual Report.
Lake Philip. Hippopotamus from Barrington.
Marr J. E., F.R.S. The Earth History of Remote Past.
Morris John, Prof. Lead-bearing Districts of the North of England.
Rome Rules of the Archeological Society. 1886.
Scarth Rev. Preb., M.A.
tr. Roman Villa at Chedworth.
2. Sculptures of West Front of Wells Cathedral.
3. Megalithic Remains of Stanton Drew.
Tate George. Geology, Botany and Zoology around Alnwick.

PAMPHLETS Vol. II

American Journal.

Barber Edwin. Catalogue Collection of Tobacco Pipes.

Baxter Sylvester. Old New World.

Catalog der Bibliothek in Kassel.

Clarke Hyde. Khita and Khita Peruvian Epoch.

Osborn H. T. Review of Cernaysian Mammalia.

Storrie John. Flora of Cardiff.

Elephant Pipes in Museum, Davenport, Iowa. Smithsonian Institution

PAMPHLETS Vol. Il.

Allen Alfred. The Scientific Enquirer. January and February, 1887. |

Bennett F. J., F.G.S. The Influence of Geology on |
1. Forming a Settlement Round Marlborough. |
2. Marlborough in Neolithic Times.

Brady H. B., F.L.S. Address to the Members of the Tyneside Naturalists’

@lubs. April, 1873:
Clarke J. E. The Geology of Somerset’s Submerged Tenth.
Crutwell A., F.G.S. A Complete Table of the Animal Kingdom.

71

Jones Prof. Rupert, F.R.S.
1. On the Rhetic and some Liassic Ostracoda of Britain.
2. On some Fossil Phyllopoda.
Lucy W. C., F.G.S. The Vocanic District of
1. Central France.
2. Submerged Forest, Holl Hazle, Sharpness.
Murch Jerom. Bath in its Relation to Art and Science.
Patterson W. H. Relig and Holy Well of St. Conall, Co. Donegal.
Taylor W. On the possibility of finding Coal in the South East of
England.
Topley William, F.G.S. Gold, Silver, their Geological Distribution and
their probable future production.
2. National Geological Surveys of Europe.
Whitaker W., F.R.S. 4 Pamphlets.
Woodward H. B., F.G.S. Lead and Zinc Mines of the Mendips.

PAMPHLETS Vol. IV.

British Naturalists. January, 1894.
Geological Society of London. February, 1872.

PF : : February, 1876.
Grevillea. By G. Masser. September, 1892.
Irish Naturalists. June, 1892.

Manchester Museum. Owens College. 3 Handbooks.
Mystic Oral School. By A. G. Bell.

Naturalists’ Journal. January, 1893.

Reading Literary Society. 18092.

Scientific Enquirer. By A. Allen. January, 1887.
Sheffield Naturalists’ Club. 1895.

Zoologist. By W.L. Disant. January, 1897.

RU LES

OF THE

BATH NATURAL HISTORY AND
ANTIQUARIAN FIELD CLUB.

ISOS.

1.—The Club shall be called ‘‘ THE BATH NATURAL HISTORY
AND ANTIQUARIAN FIELD CLUB,” and shall consist of
not more than One Hundred Members.

2.—The Object of the Club shall be to make Excursions around Bath,
with the view of investigating the Natural History, Geology, and
Antiquities of the neighbourhood.

A President, one or two Vice-Presidents, one or two Secretaries,
Librarian, and Treasurer, shall be chosen each year from among
the members at the Anniversary Meeting on the 18th day of
February, and should a vacancy occur in an office during the
year, the vacant post shall be filled up at the next Quarterly
Meeting.

~
By

4.—The Committee shall consist of the past and present officers, and
three other Members of the Club (the latter to be elected annually)
whose business it shall be to consider and determine all matters
connected with finance, and printing the Proceedings of the
Club, or papers read at any of its meetings; or any business
requiring consideration. Six shall form a quorum.

5.—Quarterly Meetings of the Club, for the election of Members, and
for other business, shall take place on the first Tuesday in April,
July, October, and January. Six shall form a quorum.

6.—There shall be at least four Excursions arranged during the year.
A list of such Excursions, with the respective places of meeting,
shall be suspended in the Vestibule of the Bath Literary and
Scientific Institution.

7.—Rules shall only be altered at the Anniversary Meeting, or a Special
General Meeting called for that purpose, of which notice shall
be given to Members. A Special General Meeting can be called
on the requisition of 12 Members.

8.—Special Meetings shall be appointed for the Reading of Papers
or Exhibition of Specimens, notice being given to the Secretary
by Members having such communications to make to the Club.

73

9.—Gentlemen wishing to join the Club may be proposed and seconded
by any two members, and will be elected by ballot at any of
the Meetings of the Club (three black balls to exclude). The
notice of nomination must be given in writing to the Secretary
not less than fourteen days before any such Meeting, and for-
warded by him to the Members at least seven days before the
Meeting. The Committee may recommend to the Club for
election as Honorary Members, gentlemen distinguished for their
attainments in Natural History, Geology, or Archeology, who
have contributed to the work of the Club.

10.—Any Member of the Club may invite a gentleman to accompany
him on the proposed Excursions, except when an offer of hos-
pitality has been accepted by the Club. No Member shall
bring the same gentleman more than once in the year.

t1.—The Secretary shall take notes of the Excursions; he shall also
see that notices of all Excursions and Meetings are suspended
at the Institution, and posted to every Member at least seven
days previously.

12.—All propositions by Members must be in the hands of the Secretary
three weeks before the Meeting.

13.—The Treasurer’s audited accounts shall be examined and passed
at the Anniversary Meeting. The financial year shall close on
the 31st day of December.

14.—A subscription of Ten Shillings shall be paid yearly by each
Member, with an Entrance Fee of Five Shillings, to defray any
expense the Club may incur otherwise than by journeys and
refreshments. This Subscription to be considered due on the
Anniversary. Newly elected Members to pay the subscrip-
tion for the current year and the Entrance Fee at the time
of their election. Members elected after the 30th day
of September shall pay Entrance Fee and only half the
Subscription.

15.—Members whose Subscriptions are in arrear for three months
after the 18th day of February,’ shall be considered as having
withdrawn from the Club, if, within one month after applica-
tion the same be not paid up.

16.—There shall be a Supernumerary List of Members whose absence
from Bath does not exceed three years. Such Members, on
their return, and on the payment of their Subscription for the
then current year may be admitted to the Club at once, or as
soon as a vacancy occurs.

17.—Members may borrow Books from the Club’s Library, entering
their names and title of the volume ina book kept by the
Librarian for the purpose, but shall not retain them longer than
one fortnight. Members of the Royal Institution can also read
them on the premises, but not take them away. Members
may also purchase back numbers of the Club’s Proceedings at
half-price.

Phi SNTED
28 NOV.206

(Re a> > se

a i) Shy &
ED:

oO a

Rar aoe

CONTENTS OF VOL XI., PART 1.

1.—Ancienr Irish Manuscripts, By G. NorMAN,
MRC Siii ns caterer te espa aseuh: Okan ae

2.—-THE BritisH ASSOCIATION IN SOUTH AFRICA, BY
Rev, C. W. SHicktz, M.A., F.S.A. mania He

3.—EXCAVATION ON THE SO-CALLED VIA JULIA, AND ON .
Lanspown, BY A. Trick Martin, M.A., FS.A.

4,—Some Mytuicat PLants OF GREEK’ AND LATIN ~

LITERATURE, BY F. Sowets, M.A. Ripe gaara

5.—Tue Birps anp FLowers oF Batu, 1905, By A.
CASTELLAIN .... Je «ita reatel es OE hk Os

6.-A Rerrospect, By F. Suu, F.S.A. Gace!

7.—SuMMARY oF EXCURSIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Batu Frerp Cius, FoR THE YEAR 1905-1906, By
J. Lancrietp Warp anp M.-H. Scott, Hon.

8.—List oF MEMBERS, BALANCE SHEET, AND SOCIETIES
IN EXCHANGE OF PROCEEDINGS WITH THE FIELD
CLUB eee 3 ere see : tee coe eee oe

9.— CATALOGUE OF Books IN THE LIBRARY OF THE
CLUB ... Mp ok ees Me as ay:

10.—RUuLEs OF THE CLUB ,.. Oks EN ie 2 Sean

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BATH NATURAL HISTORY

ANTIQUARIAN FIELD CLUB

VOL, XI. No: 2.

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75

Cardinal Adrian, Bishop of Bath and Wells.
By the Rev. C. W. SHICKLE, M.A.

(Read November 13th, 1906.)

Among the memorials of the Bishops of the Diocese in Wells
Cathedral are none to those whose names are most widely
known. For many, Wells was only a halting place on the
road to future greatness, and others are buried elsewhere.
Archbishop Laud, buried first at Barking, now les at Oxford.
The saintly Ken breathed his last within sight of Heaven's
Gate at Longleat, and was buried at Frome, the nearest
parish within his Diocese. The graves of John of V illula and
of the great Fitz Jocelin are now, owing to the curtailed
length of the Bath Abbey, like those of common felons, some-
where beneath the road through the Orange Grove. Nelson
lies in Wolsey’s proper coffin in the middle of St. Paul’s, while
the Cardinal rests at Esher, but no one knows the end or the
burial place of Adrian Castellensis, the prelate whom he
succeeded, whom he maligned and whom he ruined, and the
only memorials of him are his coat of arms on the shields in
the roof of the choir and side aisles of the Bath Abbey, which
were erected during his Episcopate, and to which he largely
contributed. His predecessor in the See was Bishop Oliver
King, to whom we owe the west front, and although Adrian
never visited his diocese, the patron of Bramante and the
friend of Michael Angelo without doubt took a great interest
in the building then being erected on the site of John de
Villula’s Cathedral.

In a lowly cottage belonging to fisher folk, and similar to
that in which the present Pope was born, the future Cardinal
first saw the light (A.D. 1458 or 1459). It was at Corneto, a
small fishing village, a few miles north of Civita Vecchia, and
within sight of the ancient Tarquinii. The name of the
family was Castellesi, and although there is said to have beon
a certain Battista Castellisi at Rome as ambassador between
A.D. 1455 and 1459 who was a friend of Rodrigue Borgia, it is
doubtiul whether he was any relation, or gave the boy an)
assistance in his early years, which are said to have been
passed with distinction in the academies founded by Eugenius
IV. and Sixtus IV. His conspicuous talent alone must have
gained him promotion, for no hint is ever given of his being

G Voi. XI., No. 2.

76

the creature of either party, and the Borgias, Cibos, and
Roveres all found him a useful minister, and treated him as
such.

The first public office which we know that he held is that
he was sent as Ambassador to Scotland by Innocent VIII. to
compose the quarrels between James III. and his nobles. But
before his arrival the pusillanimous King had perished, after
his flight from the field at Stirling. Adrian had, however,
already proceeded as far as London, where he contracted the
friendship of Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury, and also of
the King himself, who on Adrian’s return to Rome wrote
personally to the Pope (12th November, 1488), that ‘‘ he had
been glad to see him on account of his own merits and virtues.”
Henry VII. also appointed him his proctor for the despatch of
all his causes at the Papal Court, where he endeavoured to
obtain for Henry the Papal dispensation for his marriage with
Margaret, the sister of the Archduke Philip. In 1489 he was
made notary of the Apostolic Chamber, and was sent again to
England as Collector of Peter’s Pence—an office requiring
the greatest tact and delicacy. It was necessary that the
sheep should be shorn with the utmost skill, and the shearers
watched as carefully as the wool.

The letter of the collector before Adrian is most amusing,
but when it was found that the powers conferred upon Adrian
were not in Henry’s opinion as great as those possessed by his
predecessor, the King himself wrote to the Pope requesting
that the ambiguous phrases should be corrected, and signed
himself, ‘‘ Your Holinesses most devoted son, Henry.” It
was not as a tax-gatherer he regarded him, but as an ambassa-
dor, who had been endeavouring to effect peace between
France, Burgundy, and England. Adrian had tried to induce
Henry to request France to abolish the Pragmatic Sanction
and to join the Holy League. The duties of collector-
ship required the exercise of caution and discrimination.
Alexander III. had started the sale of indulgences, and the
Pope requested the aid of Henry to publish the brief, which
Henry was loth to do, as he had been obliged to tax his sub-
jects to repel an invasion by the Scots who, being allies of
France, had commenced an attack as soon as they knew
Henry had joined the league.

Between the rapacious Pope and the miserly King, the
Legate had no bed of roses, but heso managed matters that he
was granted letters of naturalisation and a prebendal stall in

ad

St. Paul’s. The Rectory of St. Dunstan’s-in-the-East soon
followed, and after his return to Rome he was created, in 1502,
Bishop of Hereford, and 1504 Bishop of Bath and Wells, in
which See he was represented by Polydore Vergil as well as in
the collectorship. In 1503 he was created Cardinal Presbyter,
under the title of San Chrysogonus.

Adrian was called the rich cardinal, and one Catholic his-
torian denounces his elevation as a simoniacal creation, but
the Bull ‘“‘de Simoniaca Electione’”’ was not issued till 1505
by Julius IT.

In the 15th century the Pope was often regarded as a
temporal sovereign rather than as the head of Christ’s Church
on earth; his manners, his dress, his whole deportment
savoured naught of the priesthood. The Cardinals were the
highest degree of the peerage, and no doubt paid high fees on
their appointment, but high fees are even now unfortunately
charged upon appointment to offices in the Church of England,
and conspicuous charity has been requited with a title even in
modern times.

The Renaissance was productive of its heroes, but while they
shed a new light on learning and the arts, old habits of thought
were thrown into confusion, and the intrigues and the
national, civic, and personal jealousies which then rent the
world asunder can scarcely be traced even by the most diligent
student of the period. Alliances and combinations were
broken up as soon as made, and the hired troops changed
sides even on the eve of battle.

The successors of St. Peter were at this time debasing
themselves with abandoned pleasures and an affectation of
religion. The Pope, Alexander VI., in Spanish boots, and a
velvet cap, and clad in a black doublet edged with gold bro-
cade, with a girdle round his waist of the Spanish fashion,
in which was stuck a sword and dagger, went to meet his
mistress, Donna Giulia (Farnese), upon her being restored
to him by Charles VIII. Alexander was the nephew of the
Borgian Pope Calixtus III., whose ambition it had been to so
enrich the Cardinal that his power to purchase the Papacy.
might be assured.

Sixtus IV., Pope twelve years after the death of Calixtus,
was a De la Rovere, and was noted for his avarice and ambi-
tion. No age has exhibited such flagrant instances of the
depravity of the Roman See as the close of the 15th century,
when the profligacy of Sixtus IV. led the way, at a short

78

interval, to the still more outrageous and unnatural crimes of
Alexander VI.

Sixtus was the uncle of Julius II., who succeeded Alexander
VI., whose predecessor, Innocent VIII., a Cibo, was the uncle
of the Cardinal Cibo, who, under Leo X., a Medici, succeeded
Adrian as Papa! secretary, and to whom his house in the
Nuovo Borgo was given.

Sixtus IV. had also planned the conspiracy of the Pazzi
against the Medici.

Small wonder then that Savonarola and Politiano ful-
minated at Florence against the state of society, and carried
away by his elevation to the position of legislator and judge,
overstepped the bounds of prudence.

The town of Pisa, and Sforza, Duke of Milan, uncle of
Cardinal Ascanius, were fighting against Florence. Venice
was plotting against both, while Maximilian, France, and
Spain regarded them as pawns in the contest between
themselves.

In 1503, the Romagna, Urbino, and Piombino were ruled by
Czsar Borgia, Pisa, Siena and Florence were under his in-
fluence, and Venice called herself his friend.

To all these men and States Adrian was known as the
Papal Minister, but no word of hostility to him is to be found
in their archives, and it is from these we can form our judgment
of Adrian ; from letters which have come ‘neath the public eye,
only in recent times, and whose authors never expected they
would be read save by those to whom they were addressed.

In all these not one word of jealousy or hint of wrong-doing
is to be found against Adrian when he was in power, and
those which were written after his disgrace are marked b. a
tone of sympathy for the misfortune which had _ befallen
one who had continuously held high office under men whom
he had known both as exiles and pontifts.

he tale of the Pope being poisoned in Adrian’s garden,
though current at the time, must be viewed with suspicion.
To endeavour to sweep away four or five Cardinals by such an
act seems incredible even when related of a Borgia, and the
state of Rome at that time would account for much.

A terrible epidemic raged. One man wrote: “ All the
courtiers, especially those who are in the palace, are in the
same state by reason of the unwholesome conditions of the
air which there they breathe.” Penitence, fasting, and flagella-
tions were universal. Butchers closed their shops for eight

79

days, and sorrow for sin was not confined to respectable persons.

After the election of Julius II., Adrian lost some of his
offices at the Papal Court, but still remained Collector for
Peter’s Pence in England, and its representative at Rome.

That he was not dismissed at once is a tribute to his agree-
able personality, and the contrast between the behaviour of
Wolsey and Adrian when each of them loses the favour of his
master is very marked.

Adrian was accused of being a conspirator because he did not
report the chance remark of a brother Cardinal that a change
in the Pontificate lay in the power of the Pope’s surgeon.

The Italian so long experienced in the sudden ending of
courtly favour, when told of the Pope’s anger, merely shrugged
his shoulders and laughed at the travesty of lése Majesté, but
afterwards, remembering the fate of Antonio Ferreri, begged
forgiveness, paid a fine, and then ran away, but it was to his
friends, whe treated him as a king.

Wolsey with craven spirit at once gave up the fight when
Henry frowned—‘ His high blown pride has left him,’’ and
what is there in history more pathetic than the meeting at
Leicester between the spirit-broken prelate and the Abbot, as
the dying man is lifted from his mule ?

How different it was with Adrian. He fled with only four
attendants, but as soon as his arrival was known, the Doge and
the Patriarch, with the Spanish and the Ferrarese ambassadors,
waited on him in State barges, and together they went to the
service at St. George’s, for it was the saint’s féte day, and
Adrian was the English King’s ambassador, from whom he
had received two golden cups, one of which he presents to
Venice, and the other to the Emperor ; while he gave out that
he was undecided whether to stay in the house provided for
him or at Padua, where he was afterwards entertained at the
Arena, or whether he should go to England.

Part of his time was spent at Bologna, where he wrote the
“De Sermone Latino”? by which he was best known to
posterity.

His exile was not of long duration, and after his return to
Rome he was instrumental in procuring the hat for Wolsey,
whose jealousy of Adrian was probably aroused by a sugges-
tion of Maximilian’s upon the sudden illness of Julius, that
Adrian should be the new Pope, but the Pope soon recovered,
and nothing more was said. Adrian procured the consent of
the Pope to the marriage of James of Scotland and Margaret,

80

and also of Henry with Arthur’s widow. His letter to the
King on his marriage is still preserved, damaged though it is
by the fire which destroyed the old Houses of Parliament, and
is a courtly, dignified, and loyal address. Upon the election
of Innocent VIII., who had been in exile during the Ponti-
ficate of Alexander VI., Adrian prophesied that the time
had come for him to depart from Rome. It must have caused
a pang to leave his Palace, now the Palace de Giraud Torlonia,
which had been built for him by Bramante, and doubtless it
was he who had helped to bring the first architect of St. Peter’s
into notice.

Michael Angelo lived within a stone’s throw, and may have
sought his patronage when first he came to Rome, for he must
have met the Cardinal when executing the statue of Julius II.
at Bologna (1507 A.D.), and now he often visited his neigh-
bour in his palace, known by the arms of England sculptured
on its front, for Adrian intended it to be the residence of all
future Ambassadors.

Whitehall was tendered to Henry VIII. as a peace offering,
but Adrian’s palace was built for England—“‘ I am entirely an
Englishman,” he had written.

The blow came not from the Pope, but from Wolsey and his
followers. Bambridge, Cardinal Archbishop of York, and the
Bishop of Worcester were Adrian’s fellow representatives
and rivals at Rome, and accused Adrian and Polydore Vergil,
his representative in the diocese of Bath and Wells, of lack of
earnestness in the King’s cause, and when Bambridge died
suddenly, and the Bishop of Worcester was suspected of
poisoning him, the accusation then was that Adrian showed
no joy when no poison was discovered.

The Pope’s hostility was yet further aroused by a letter
which Adrian had sent to England commenting upon him,
being meanly returned to Leo. Incensed though the Pope
was he did not take away the Collectorship until urged by
Henry, at the prompting of Wolsey, and even then hinted in
his letter to the King that he feared the request was not
expressive of Henry’s own wishes and desires. Adrian left
Rome and went to Venice, whence the Pope, by every means
in his power, endeavoured to persuade him to return, pledging
his own word for his safety and that of the Emperor and the
King of France, but Adrian preferred obscurity in the palace
of his friends, the Pesaro, who have immortalized the ex-
Cardinal by representing him as St. Peter in the picture of

81

“ The Madonna de Casa Pesaro” in the Church of St. Maria
de’ Frari.

Titian has placed the apostle with the keys at his feet in the
centre of the picture, with the Bishop of Paphos kneeling on
one side, the Virgin and Child being little more than accessories
to the picture. It is a striking tribute of the proud family
to the worth of their friend whom they thus honoured by
showing that they considered him worthy of the Popedom,
and the more so as the picture was intended for themselves
alone. It was the altar piece of their private chapel.

Although living in obscurity, Wolsey’s vengeance still pur-
sued the Cardinal, and did not abate until he had been deprived
of all his offices. Soon after Adrian’s flight the Venetian
Ambassador was advised not to go near Wolsey till his anger
passed, and when he tried to excuse the Signory for receiving
Adrian at Venice, Wolsey interrupted him in rabid and in-
solent language, saying the Venetians always favoured rascals
and rebels, always opposed the Pope, and that he cared nothing
for them or him, and complained that his letters had not been
communicated to him before being delivered to the King.
“ Ego et Rex meus,” put into Norfolk’s mouth was evidently
not without authority, and the letter unread for 300 years
only repeats the opinions of the day.

The Pope was timid and interposed delays for a whole
year, till circumstances compelled him to give way.

Campeggio had been joined with Wolsey as Legate, but
Campeggio was not allowed to land in England, but was kept
waiting at Calais all June and July, 1518, until the King learnt
that the deprivation had really been accomplished. It was
Cardinal Cibo who succeeded to Adrian’s house, who wrote in the
Pope’s name to England to announce the Cardinal’s fall, but
the letter contains no note of triumph, but rather the reverse.

Adrian remained in Venice until the death of Leo X. (1521),
when he left for Rome, hoping, perchance, to be reinstated in
some of his offices, but nothing more was heard of him, and he
was probably murdered by the way.

His writings were for a century and a. half reckoned among
the best works of the time, and twenty editions of them were
published at the chief seats of learning on the Continent.
They consist of two prose works, one on “ Speaking Latin
Correctly,’ the other on “ True Philosophy,” and two poems
—‘ The Iter Juli,” and ‘‘ On Hunting,” and a sermon preached
by him when peace was signed between the Pope, the Emperor
Milan and Venice.

82

An Archdeacon of Bath in the 12th Century.
By FREDERICK SHUM, F.S.A.

(Read January 18th, 1907.)

With very few exceptions the Papers submitted to these
Societies have related to events and individuals of recent
times and within the memory of the older members.

The ex-President of the Field Club recently read an inter-
esting Paper concerning a Bishop of this Diocese in the 15th
Century. Since then the eminent historian, the Kt. Rev. Dr.
Gasquet, read a Paper to the Literary Association on ‘‘ Abbot
Feckenham and Bath.” Of the Bath Bishop a biography
has been published, and of the Bath Abbot notices have
appeared in historical records, but of the Bath Archdeacon
no life has ever appeared, either written by himself or by
others, and the only information relating to him is to be
found in his own works, written in the 12th Century, and
never translated from the medieval Latin MS., or from the
early printed editions.

Following their example, I venture to lay before you the
results of some researches, touching the history of an ecclesias-
tical dignitary three centuries earlier, who was connected
with this City.

Fifteen years ago I read a few Notes on the earliest authors
of Bath, and their works. Since then, I have been still on
the search for rare books, and have had the good fortune to
obtain two or three of singular interest, written nearly 800
years ago by a divine of wide and varied learning, who
occupied a prominent position in Bath, London, and Canter-
bury—a visitant at foreign Courts, an associate of Kings, a
friend of the Pope, and withal, a man of deep and genuine
piety. For many years he was Archdeacon of Bath.

Petrus Plesensis, more commonly known as Peter of Blois,
was born in that city, about 1135 A.D.: his death occurred
about 1204. His exact age is unknown. He was one of the
large number of men who emigrated after the Conquest, and
obtained desirable appointments in the English Church. His
parents were of noble lineage, not wealthy, but they gave
him an education befitting their high position.

He was sent to the University of Paris, then celebrated
throughout Europe, and the resort of many students from

83

England, as we learn from Dr. Rashdal’s valuable history,
now in this Institution library.

He there became proficient in the classical literature of
Greece and Rome; he also studied general literature, poetry
and rhetoric, and was himself a poet. Having been intended
for the Bar, he left Paris for Bologna, where he prosecuted
his legal studies with marked success. His preference, how-
ever, was for scholastic divinity, to which he was passionately
devoted, both as scholar and teacher.

With these views, and from religious motives, he shortly
quitted Bologna, and returned to the University of Paris,
where he was appointed Professor. He remained there some
years, pursuing his studies as a learner, while lecturing in
the Professor’s chair. A new light had of late been shining
in the dark cloisters of Bretagne Monasteries, and its influence
had been felt in the University at Paris, so much so that
many students were attracted thither from England. It is
now generally admitted that the learning of the monks at
that period and later has been under-rated and misrepresented,
and their ignorance and degeneracy greatly exaggerated. It

’ has been shown that under the Saxon rule piety and literature
were cultivated to an extent hitherto ignored or denied.

Passing from Saxon times, and through the Norman period
to Early English, we find many monasteries and church
libraries containing treasured volumes of Greek and Latin
classics, Biblical and ecclesiastical learning, costly illuminated
transcripts in vellum folios, religiously vested in charge of
the librarians, who were called Armarians, and the book
collector was known by the designation of Amator Librorum.

These occupied large rooms, called Scriptoria, and were
responsible not only for the preservation of the books, but for
the accuracy of their catalogues, even in the minutest details.

Strange as it may sound to Protestant ears to-day, the
monastic rules strictly enjoined the ‘“‘ unceasing ”’ study of the
Bible. This accounts for the “ Imitatio”’ of 4 Kempis being
simply saturated with Holy Writ. Equally is it a surprise to
many in the present day to know that in the 12th Century it
was the pride and glory of many English monasteries to have
a well-stored Library. There was a proverb among book-
lovers at that early date: Claustrum sine armario, quasi
Castrum sine armamentario—‘‘ A monastery without a
library is like a castle without an armoury.” The state-
ments made by Mr. Gairdner on the one side, and by the

84

Rt. Rev. Dr. Gasquet on the other, hoth able and impartial
historians, bear testimony to the fact of the wholesale and
unscrupulous destruction of vast numbers of rare and valuable
books and manuscripts through the ignorance and fanaticism
of Henry the Eighth’s Inquisitors and Commissioners.

In Oxford—-the city of learning and scholarship in the 16th
Century—-cartioads of valuable books and MSS. were removed
from Merton College, from Balliol, and New College, and
ruthlessly destroyed.

“In many of those old illuminated books, done by pious
devotees in retired abbeys years ago, standing silent among
the corn-seas ; there are wrought into the borders of the
Gospels and other books, the whole life and soul and _ history
of the men who did them, but tenderly veiled. In a remote
corner of a crowded page there may be trivial forms that
ring out to the mental ear like huge golden bells in the
eternal clime.’’

Petrus Blesensis was a type of the class of students who,
in the 11th and 12th Centuries, assisted in those notable
collections of ancient literature, religious and secular, in the
monasteries of St. Albans, Westminster, Canterbury, Croyland,
Abingdon, and Bath; the last named was second only to St.
Albans, and was celebrated not on'y for its relics, but especially
for its library, the nucleus of which was formed by A#lphege
(born at Bath and one of the first Abbots of the monastery
there), with the generous assistance of King Eadgar after his
coronation in Bath Abbey Church, A.D. 973. In the year
1167 Peter left the University of Paris for Sicily, in company
with the Bishop of Palermo. Here he entered on a wider
sphere of usefulness. He was at once appointed tutor to the
young King William II., who, when he had completed his
education, made him Keeper of the Privy Seal, and, subse-
quently, Secretary to Queen Eleanor. He, however, dis-
liked Court life, and sought ecclesiastical employment, either
in the service of the Church, or under the immediate direction
of the Pope.

The King reluctantly gave him permission to retire, and in
1170 Henry II. invited him to England, where he spent the
remainder of his life, frequently visiting the Continent on
diplomatic business of State, or in arranging theological
disputes between dignitaries of the Church and the Pope.

In 1173 he is found engaged in a mission from the King to
Paris, where for a time he entered the service of the Arch-

4

85

bishop of Rouen. On June 24th, 1184, Reginald Fitz Jocelin
(the founder of our noble charity, St. John’s Hospital) was
consecrated Bishop of Bath. He having been on terms of
intimacy with Peter when Canon of Salisbury, when he
himself was Archdeacon of the same diocese, appointed Peter
Archdeacon of Bath in the following year. Notwithstanding
the claims and duties of this office Peter was summoned on
various expeditions to and fro, between London, Canterbury,
Paris and Rome, and consequently brought into frequent
communication with two successive Archbishops of Canter-
bury, the Pope, and the Bishops of Paris and Bath. In com-
pany with the Pope, he travelled on horseback to Ferrara, and
interceded in behalf of Archbishop Baldwin, who was em-
broiled in a severe conflict with the monks of Canterbury.
The Pope became so irate with Peter’s intercessions that he
exclaimed : ““ May I never mount a horse again if I do not
dismount Baldwin from his Archbishopric.”’ That same night
he was taken ill, and died at Ferrara, 20th October, 1187.

Peter reported full particulars of this stormy fracas to the
Archbishop, with the announcement of the accession of the
new Pope, Gregory VIII., and his own intention of returning
forthwith to England. His friend, the Archbishop, rewarded
him with the appointment of Chancellor of his diocese. The
death of Henry II., in the year 1189, with whom he had been
on terms of the closest friendship, now deprived Peter of his
best friend, of whose character, piety and learning he had the
highest opinion.

In one of his letters he said that the King often retired from
the cares and solicitudes of royalty and engaged in secret
reading and study; not infrequently finding relaxation in
the company of his clergy, taking part with them in the
discussion of difficult questions in Divinity.

It must have been about this period that a dispute arose
between Fitz Jocelin, Bishop of Bath, and the Archdeacon, in
consequence of the interference of the Bishop with Peter’s
vice-Archdeacon, whom he had suspended contrary to the
privileges granted by the Pope. Peter either resigned or was
dismissed from the Archdeaconry of Bath. In either case he
was free and able to accept the honourable position in Can-
terbury, and also acted as secretary to the Archbishop.

I have thus briefly summarised the history of our Bath
antiquary’s career to this point, with a view to show the
great opportunities afforded him by these various appoint-

86

ments in the earlier part of his life, while engaged in writing
his first work—the most interesting and the most highly
appreciated of his writings.

This consisted of a series of letters on events of considerable
importance, both public and private, entitled: ‘‘ Epistole ad
Regem Angli.”’

This collection was made by the request of Henry II. The
epistles relate not only to religious questions and to passing
events of the day (presenting a pleasing picture of the habits
of our Norman forefathers), but they contain references and
criticisms of ancient classical literature, with lengthened
quotations from Plato, Terence, Juvenal, Sallust, Cicero,
Seneca, and Horace, showing the wide extent of the author’s
reading and studies.

They are also replete with interest to book collectors,
affording historical and bibliographical information touching
monastic libraries and librarians.

Numerous are the anecdotes recorded of bibliomaniacs in
modern times. Let me relate one, occurring in far distant
days, before the printing-press or booksellers’ shops were
heard of. The Archdeacon of Bath, during one of his visits
to Paris met with a book dealer at his stall, who tempted him
with a rare work on Jurisprudence, and thinking it desirable
for his nephew, a bargain was struck, the coin counted, and
the volume laid aside to be called for. The Provost of Sexel-
burgh, a passer-by, was a silent witness of the transaction, but
repressed his anxiety to purchase; Peter had no sooner left
than the learned Provost re-appeared, offered a much larger
sum for the volume, and took it away by sheer force. The
Archdeacon was sorely vexed, wrote a long letter to lawyer
Arnold, of Blois, maintaining the illegality of the Provost’s
conduct, but in vain; the father of modern bibliophiles, like
many of his successors, was duped by a rival competitor !

In another of his epistles he makes reference to the Norman
Cathedral then being built in Bath—a magnificent church—
erected within a stone's throw of the spot on which we are
now assembled. Incidentally it may be mentioned that De
Villula, Bisiop of Bath, was a fellow countryman of Arch-
deacon Peter—a native and priest of Tours.

Some of the letters were addressed to the Kings of England
and France (no less than 183 were addressed to Henry II.), and
to Parish Priests, also to Bishops, reproving them for pride
and ungodliness, looseness of conduct, and unseemly fondness

&
;
i
-

87

for hunting and other sports of the field. Even to so dis-
tinguished a prelate as the Bishop of Winchester he quotes an
instance in which Pope Nicholas suspended a Bishop for
hunting, and adds ‘‘ how much more disgraceful in your
Lordship’s case, at the advanced age of 80!” He
chides Reginald, Archdeacon of Salisbury, for employing
his time with falconry instead of attending to his clerical
duties.

So full of interest and so vivacious are these epistles that it
has been lately suggested, after the lapse of nearly 800 years,
to translate his works from Latin into English. Having
copies, I believe, of all he has ever written, I have been asked
to select at least a few of these letters for translation and
publication. His other works are, admittedly, of less interest ;
they comprise short treatises, entitled, ‘““ Opuscula, Sermons,
and Poems.”

His abilities as an administrator were considerable; as a
secretary his powers were marvellous; on special occasions
he has been known to dictate to three writers, and at the same
time write important despatches with his own hand.

Lest it may be thought I am over-estimating the attain-
ments of our Bath worthy, I venture to submit a few references
to his works, which I lay before you—an interesting example
of early printing.

The beautiful edition, in Gothic letter, was printed by the
“ Brothers of the Common Life,’’ at a monastery near Brussels,
“Sine anno et loco.’’ It has since been ascertained that the
date is 1478. There is no record of a sale of this edition in
England, and I believe the only other copy extant is in the
Bodleian, at Oxford. The late owner valued this at fifty
guineas, but early printed books have vastly increased in
value since then. In 1519 the epistles were re-published, with
Sermons, Poems, and short Treatises, entitled ‘‘ Opuscula.”’

A third edition was printed in 1609 at Paris, by Joannes
Basaceus. Jn 1667 an accurate and valuable edition of his
works was published by De Grousainville, at Paris, in a folio
volume, containing 188 Letters, 66 Sermons, and 1g Opuscula.

No other edition appears until 1847, when Giles, of Corpus
Christi College, Oxford, after having examined fifty MS.
copies of this author’s works preserved in public libraries in
France, Belgium, and England, published a complete edition
of his works, in four volumes, entitled, ‘‘ Petri Blesensis:
Bathoniensis Archidiaconi Opera Omnia, nunc primum in

88

Anglia Ope Codicum Manuscriptorum’”’ (word omitted).
apud J. H. Parker, Oxonii.

It has been stated by Harpsfield, that Peter was the author
of the lives of Wilfrid and St. Guthluc, but I believe this to bea
mistake. ‘

One of his works, “‘ Liber Contra Perfidiam Judzorum,”’ is
full of declamation and pious wrath against the poor Jews,
whom he threatens ‘‘ with eternal misery,”’ although, doubtless,
he had been under obligation to some of them. Another
quotation confirms this opinion, when he says, “I am com-
pelled by urgent necessity to go to Canterbury to be crucified
by the perfidious Jews, and the same torture awaits me in
London on my return.”

The gem of this collection, at any rate to the bibliophile, is
the small quarto edition, entitled, ‘‘ Colloquium Peccatoris et
Crucifixi Jesu Christi,’ printed in Gothic letter, at Antwerp,
in 1488, by Nicholas Leu. It is rubricated throughout,
and underlined with red; one of the rarest examples of
early printing; only four books are known as the work of
this printer (brother of Gerard). As none of Peter’s works
have been translated into English I requested Mr. T. W. Dunn,
Headmaster of Bath College, to offer a prize for the best
translation of this interesting piece, but, having been written
in medieval Latin, he pronounced it unsuitable for his pupils
to construe. With his characteristic kindness and self-denying
energy, he insisted on taking it with him to the sea-side, for
his Easter holiday, and on his return presented me with this
unique translation as the result. Here is also the work by
Ingulphus, a monastic historian, who was supposed to have
written the History of Croyland Abbey, with which was
published a continuation, stated to be by Peter Blesensis,
but after a correspondence with the late Professor Earle we
agreed, as a result of the investigation made by Sir Francis
Palgrave, that the entire work was a forgery, not written
either by Ingulphus or Peter Blesensis.

After this brief and therefore necessarily imperfect resumé
of his works, in which bibliographical details and technicalities
have been omitted as out of place here, I think my contention
will not be disputed, namely, that Peter of Blois was a dis-
tinguished scholar and author, and although living in the
12th Century, he was far in advance of his age.

I have mentioned that when Peter’s connection with Bath
ceased the Archbishop of Canterbury appointed him Chancellor

89

and his private secretary. Eventually he settled in London,
where he occupied the positions of Archdeacon or Chancellor
in the metropolitan diocese ; during his later years frequent
references were made to him under both titles. He, there-
fore, successively held the important positions of Archdeacon of
Bath, Canterbury, and London. From this period there is
scant information to be gleaned concerning his life or death.

He had long been desirous of obtaining some permanent
engagement, or a living, in the Church, and had applied in
vain to Pope Innocent III., to whom he had rendered many
personal services.

Through life his brilliant parts had rendered him a desirable
agent on occasions of private and public emergencies, and he
had been selected by high authorities for important offices
and appointments, which he was always willing to undertake,
however arduous and responsible, apparently indifferent to
reward or emolument.

Consequently envy and jealousy rankled in the minds of
certain disappointed individuals in their efforts to supplant
him, and in others, who may possibly have been over-
looked, so that he was not without enemies in his later life.

The several embassies with which he had been intrusted
had supplemented the trifling income received as Archdeacon
of Bath, yet both sources of income barely covered the re-
quirements of his position, and he was unable to make pro-
vision for old age. Towards the evening of his eventful life,
with failing health and vigour, far away from his native
land, he continued without adequate means of support, yet
anxious to be engaged in clerical work. As the dark shadows
of night gathered around him, many of his friends and rela-
tives dead, and the remainder, mostly scattered abroad on
the Continent, he no longer possessed the vivacity of spirit
and the versatile genius that stimulated him when inditing
the fresh and sparkling epistles of his younger days.

Depression, the too frequent accompaniment of old age,
overcame him, and in his extremity he addressed a plaintive
appeal to Odo, Archbishop of Paris, requesting him to grant
at least the means to dive in France, if a living there could not
be given him, for he desired to end his days in his native
country. His desire was not realised. In one of his last
letters, Epistle No. 151, we have a mournful picture of his
closing life ; deprived of nearly all his friends, with only a
few clerical associates left; whilst retaining the office of

90

Archdeacon of London, and without the means of support,.
his only solace was in books.

In tracing the history of this Bath antiquary of bygone
days, I fear I have trespassed on your patience. In some
aspects of his life he resembled the good and great Bishop
Grosseteste. This Prelate was born forty years after Peter,
in the lowest rank of life, but from a poor scholar in the Gram-
mar School of Lincoln became the most celebrated Prelate
that ever ruled this most important, and then the most
extensive, diocese in England.

Far above all his contemporaries in the depth and extent
of his scholarship and general culture, he was superior to the
bulk of the clergy in zeal and piety.

In consequence of the increasing exactions and encroach-
ments of the Papal power in this country at that time, he made
remarkable efforts for the resuscitation of learning and the
revival of public spirit in the English Church of the 13th
Century, the effects of which stimulated and permeated the
Church and nation for a hundred years afterwards. Both
Grosseteste and Peter obtained their early religious habits
and instincts at the Paris University, but the Archdeacon
lacked the varied and profound learning of the Bishop ;
neither had he the resolute and determined will to concen-
trate all his powerful faculties in the service of the One
Great Master. The Archdeacon rather resembled Wolsey,
who served two masters, and consequently failed to realise
Grosseteste’s lofty ideal of holy life and unceasing activity.

Nevertheless, he was a man ‘sui generis.”” Of no other
could it be more truthfully said, that he possessed a marvellous
personality and a winsome address. That h was sanguine and
impulsive in youth, earnest and determined in manhood,
desponding and melancholy in old age, I think has been
admitted in this brief sketch of his life and character.

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Bath Pleasure Gardens of the 18th Century, issuing Metal
Admission Tickets.

By S. SYDENHAM.
(Read March 12th, 1907.)

The social life of Bath during the 18th century, when as a
spa and pleasure resort it attained to the zenith of its fame, has
provided a theme for many writers, yet one phase of that period
—the prominent position then occupied by open air amuse-
ments—has been somewhat overlooked.

The attractions of the Pump Room, the various Assembly
Rooms and the Theatres, have been generally accepted
as the only means of amusement at that time offered the
numerous visitors, who then for health or pleasure sought
the city of the Hot Springs, or was provided for the more
modest requirements of the actual residents.

At the outset of its reputation as a fashionable resort in the
17th century, the resources of the city as to covered space
seem to have been restricted to the Town-Hall, then standing
in the Market Place, open air amusements, limited as to num-
ber, being the only means of recreation apparently available.

The opening years of the 18th century found Bath appealing
to a wider world, and large sums were then expended on im-
proving its environs, to enable visitors to enjoy walking or riding
over a large area.

The provision of the earliest Bath Pleasure Gardens and the
building of the first of the Assembly Rooms practically coincide.
Thomas Harrison, in 1708, formed a large plot of land, long
known as the ‘‘Abby Orchard,” contiguous to his new Rooms,
into ‘‘ Gardens for People of Rank and Fortune to walk in.”
Harrison’s gardens appear very clearly in Buck’s “ prospect of
the City. 1734,” and Wood’s Plan of Bath, 1735, shews
them retaining the name ‘‘ Abby Orchard ” laid out in formal
style, with a wide walk flanking the river, and another by the
side of a stream or ditch (probably an outlet of the water from
the ..ot springs), this apparently forming the southern boundary
of the gardens.

Wood in 1749 mentions these gardens in connection with a
pracuce long abandoned at English spas, but still retained at
the majority of those on the Continent. ‘‘ After a Family is
welcomed to Bath, it is a Custom for the Master of it, to go to

H

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the Publick Places,’’ and subscribe for the Balls, the Pump
Room Music, &c. ‘‘ His next Subscription is a Crown, half-a-
Guinea, or a Guinea, according to his Rank and Quality, for
the Liberty of Walking in the private Walks belonging to
Harrison’s Assembly House.”

These Rooms and Gardens, then in the occupancy of Gyde,
devolved to the Duke of Kingston, on the death at her resi-
de.ice in Queen Square, on May the 2gth, 1773, of Mrs. Mary
Webb, daughter of ‘‘ Mr. Thomas Harrison, the first improver
of this City.”

As the spaces available for recreation within or close to the
city walls were built upon, society necessarily pushed further
afield, and though Harrison’s Gardens (present North Parade
gardens occupy part of the site) retained continuous popularity,
a formidable rival came into vogue immediately across the
Avon—Spring Gardens. Gilmore’s plan, 1694, shows a
house on the site of these, and Wood’s plan, 1735, gives
a small plot laid out as a garden in the “ Bathwick Meadows.”
On Thorpe’s map, 1742 (made when he was residing in Kings-
mead Street, near the present Journal office), appears a
larger plot, and for the first time on a map the name Spring
Gardens is given. At this date Harrison’s Gardens had been
encroached upon by the building of the North Parade, and
are shewn by him as part of “‘ Batts Gardens.’’ Direct evidence
is not available, but Spring-Gardens seem to have been estab-
lished as a pleasure resort on a modest scale at the time of
Thorpe’s survey.

The Journai, May goth, 1748, announced, “ To be Lett. At
Michaelmas next, A Messuage or Tenement with the Gardens
and Fish Ponds thereto belonging called Spring Gardens in
the Parish of Bathwick near Bath, now in the Possession of
Mr. Edmondson. Enquire of Mr. Purlewent, Attorney in Bath.”

In the same year, William Purdie, then keeping a lodging-
house in Orange Court, Orange Grove, advertised that he
“Sells all Sorts of Mineral Waters, viz.: Spaw, Pyrmont,
Cheltenham, Bristol, Road, Holt, &c., &c.,’ later Purdie
became well known as the energetic lessee of the Gardens.

The edition of ‘‘ Nugeze Antiqu:e,” published in 1769, con-
tains an appendix, consisting of letters purporting to have been
sent in 1752-3 by a foreigner residing at Bath, to a friend in
London. In one of these letters, dated April 30th (1753)
“From the Garden of the Spring near Bath” (obviously
Spring Gardens) the writer pictures ‘‘the fair Elysium of

93

this place, where sweet variety tempts every sense to rapture.”
“We tread o’er banks of violets, we hear soft music, and,
where we turn our eyes, some fair innocent is smiling in the
midst of wily dance, or delicious refreshment.” In the same
work verses are given entitled ‘‘ The Hermite’s Addresse to
Youthe.”” These first appeared in Archer’s Bath Chronicle of
July roth, 1768, as ‘‘ Written in the Gardens of the Vauxhall
at Bath.”
Say, gentle youthe, that tread’st untouch’d with care,
Where Nature hathe so guerdon’d Bathe’s gay scene ;
Fedde with the songe that daunceth in the aire ;
Mid’st fairest wealthe of Flora’s magazine ;
‘Hathe eye or eare yet founde, thy steppes to blesse ;
That gem of life, y’clep’d True Happinesse ?

To the presumably gay and light-hearted patrons of a resort
provided to facilitate their pursuit of pleasure, this enquiry
seems hardly appropriate. The concluding lines admonish all:

To brood o’er Follie, and . . . . . confesse
Earth’s flatt’ring dainties prove but sweete distresse ?

They however must have. met with popular approval,
for long afterwards the verses are alluded to “as hanging in a
glazed frame in the Large Room of the Gardens.”

On the 26th of May, 1760; it was advertised that at “ Spring-
Gardens on Thursday the 5th of June, will be a Ball. To be
continued every Thursday during the Summer Season. To
begin at Six-o-Clock and end Half-after Ten. The greatest
Order and Regularity will be observed. Admittance into the
Ball Room one Shilling each Person. N.B.—There is a large
Bowling Green for the Diversion of Company.” On the 2nd
of June ‘‘ the Ball that was Advertised,” ‘is postponed till
further Notice.”’

Probably the introduction of formal Balls at these Gardens
was strenuously opposed by the proprietors of the city Assembly
Rooms, and the M.C.’s ; as although more or less impromptu
dances were always provided for, I cannot find the more
ceremonial Balls again advertised to take place there.

In the absence of evidence it may be assumed that Purdie
acquired and developed Spring-Gardens some years before
1760.

To modern ideas, the early way of access from the city to the
Gardens was extremely difficult ; intending visitors used either
the narrow Fish Cross Lane, passing through the East gate, and

94

then along the river bank; or the more direct, but perilous,
Slippery Lane, outside the north wall ; both ways converging
to the then Ferry over the river, near the site of the present
Pulteney Bridge. The house in Orange Court, occupied by
Purdie, overlooked the Gardens, and possessing a doorway
into Lot Lane, outside the City wall, had a shorter and
easier access to the ferry.

In November, 1764, the firm of “‘ Warren and Purdie.
Humbly beg Leave to acquaint the Nobility and Gentry of
Great Britain and Ireland,” “ that at their Shop, next to Mr.
Wiltshire’s Assembly Room, the upper End of the North
Parade,”’ all varieties of perfumery and fancy goods could. be
obtained, and long after Purdie’s decease admission tickets
to the gardens were to be obtained at this shop.

On the roth of April, 1766, was announced “‘ Spring-Gardens
are now open for the Summer Season with Breakfasting and
Afternoon Tea, as usual.—Hot Rolls and Spring Garden
Cakes every Morning from Half after Nine till Half after Ten,
Sundays excepted.—A large Company is desired to give timely
Notice.-——Musick will attend if required.—Constant Attendance
at the Passage-Boat leading from Orange-Grove to the Gardens.
A Commodious Pleasure Boat to be Lett.”

The company at “the Bath” were then early risers ; the
usual time of assembling for “‘ Drinking at the Pump Room”
was from 7 till 10, the music there being from 8 till 10 o’clock.
“There is generally a great Number of Ladies and Gentle-
men who make a very brilliant appearance,’ and it was
“the ton’ upon leaving the Pump Room to resort to Spring
Gardens, where (1766) “‘ By desire of Many Ladies and Gen-
tlemen the Proprietor proposes to have every Monday and
Thursday during the Summer, Public Breakfasting and
Musick. The Musick will continue playing till Two-o-clock
for such of the Ladies and Gentlemen who chuse to Dance.”
Apparently 1t was found that the difficult access by way of
the old ferry, operated against the success of the Gardens,
and a direct route from the centre of the city was provided.

Richard Jones, some 30 years in Ralph Allen’s service,
wrote that the stone from Allen’s wharf at the Dolemeads
was brought by boat to ‘‘ Monk’s Mill, and landed and so rolled
up in a Road made up into the Grove for that purpose, and then
began the building in the Square called Wood Street.” If this
statement is reliable, the date of the roadway would be about
1727. This steep road was utilised, a flight of stairs being made

95

at the side of it, against the now demolished “ Nassau House.”
From the foot of these stairs a path led along the river bank,
skirting Harrison’s Gardens, to a large boat-house, which for
many years stood at the mouth of the race of the now
vanished Monks’ Mill. South of this house steps gave access
to the ‘‘ Passage-Boat,” which plied across the river to the
inclined plane still existing near the site of the gardens.

The various pleasure resorts inspired some poets, and many
would-be poets. Anstey in his New Bath Guide (1766) depicts
‘my Lord Raggamuffenn”’ inviting “all the people at Bath toa
general breakfast ” at ‘‘ the place cross the river.”

“He said it would greatly our pleasure promote
If we all for Spring-Gardens set out in a boat: ’’
“ We all sallied forth in the wind and the rain ;
Here a cap and a hat, there a cardinal blown,
While his Lordship, embroider’d and powder’d all o’er,
Was bowing, and handing the Ladies ashore.”’
“The Company made a most brilliant appearance,
And ate bread and butter with great perseverance ;
All the chocolate, too, that my Lord set before ’em,
The ladies despatch’d with the utmost decorum.
Soft musical numbers were heard all around,
The horns and the clarions echoing sound :
Sweet were the strains, as od’rous gales that blow
O’er fragrant banks, where pinks and roses grow.”

Spring-Gardens, with its fishponds, etc.; the way Anstey
pictured the company reaching the ferry, and the ” Passage-
boat ”’ itself, are shewn on Basnett’s map, 1771(?). On this
the way from Orange Grove is noted as the ‘ Spring Garden
Stairs,” the stairs appear on Master’s maps of 1795 and 1808 ;
and the last vestiges of them have not long disappeared.

The Chronicle, May 7th, 1767, contains :—

“An Invitation to Spring-Gardens
Humbly dedicated to the Dancers of Cotillons
By a Gentleman.

Improv’d by soft showers, the shrubs and the flowers,
New blown to Spring-Gardens invite us ;

Where freely we range, and partake of each change
Kind Nature can give to delight us.

Then approach ye gay nymphs, and renouncing all care,
Each party in number increase ;

The boat stands all ready, the rope is quite steady,
Your passage a penny a piece.

96

Without wind or tide, on the opposite side,
Safe your landed, and hous’d in a trice,

Coffee, chocolate, tea, spread before you, you'll see,
With provisions, well chosen and nice.

Of these as you eat, a musical treat,
All sorrow shall sweetly remove ;

Till breakfasting done, to the garden you run,
Soft musick invites to the grove.

Then back again haste, no time you must waste,
When dancing becomes the gay theme,

The bold hurdy-gurdy ; play’d by man stout and sturdy,
Of pleasure presents you the cream.

For what can be equal; I pray to the sequel ?
What compar’d to the gay Cotillon ?

Where with step, or without it, quite careful about it,
You're sure to dance in the bon-ton.

Here, quite in her prime, Miss for the first time
Two very odd things puts together,

Our own country-dance, and another from France,
So jump’d you cannot tell whither.

Then approach, sons of mirth, and with hearts light and gay,
From the Pump Room assemble the fair ;

One draught of warm water, then hasten away
And quick to Spring-Gardens repair.

The first use of the word “ Vauxhall”’ in direct connection
with these Gardens occurs in 1768.

In 1769, a notice states that “‘ A Porter is now placed at
the Gate,”’ and that teas are also provided, being placed on the
“Tables at Six, continue till Seven, when the Music will be
ready for Dancing.” ‘“‘ If the Company should chuse to con-
tinue Dancing by Candle-light a further reasonable compensa-
tion will be expected.”

The earliest notice of the gardens in a Bath Guide book
occurs in one dated 1769: ‘‘ During the Summer Season there
are opened on the other Side of the River Avon, some very
pleasant Gardens, called Spring Gardens, where there are
Public Breakfasts with Music, twice a Week, viz.: Mondays
and Thursdays at Is. 6d. each Person, Ladies and Gentle-
men likewise meet there in the Evening to take Tea. The
Proprietor has taken much Pains, and expended a consider-
able Sum, to bring it to its present flourishing State ; however,
as much Company resort there, ’tis not doubted but it will
answer his expectations.—Every Person (except a Subscriber)

97

pays Sixpence for Admittance into the Gardens, for which a
Ticket is given that entitles you to any Thing at the Bar to
that Value. The Subscription for walking in the Gardens is
Half-a-Crown the Season.”’

This reference gives a clear date, 1769; for the use of the
Ticket illustrated ; the earliest of the Bath garden pieces.

The ticket of brass, is with a very slight variation, a double
obverse :—

TICKET (see allustration.)
@ SIXPENCE @

NS
SPRING GARDE
# BATH #&

(Ornament above TICKET and under BATH.)
desde lain.

Its use is again referred to in 1786, when Mrs. Purdie
is mentioned as the Proprietress. ‘‘ Such Ladies and Gentle-
men who do not subscribe (2s. 6d.) pay Sixpence for Admission
and receive a Ticket that entitles them to anything they may
choose of that value.”’

Near the site of the South Parade, a ferry possibly existed
before the Parade was built. From the time of the erection of
this, access to the ferry was gained from the terrace of the
Parade by means of a stairway known as ‘‘ White Hall Stairs.”
The ferry could also be reached through Harrison’s Gardens
by a walk along the river bank. The ‘‘ White Hall Ferry”’
was long a favourite way to Spring-Gardens and other
pleasure resorts, and contemporary references to it are frequent.
The name is a curious one, and as mention is made of it
later, I now quote an advertisement from the Chronicle of
July 27th, 1769 :—

“For Pleasure on the River Avon.
Neatly fitted up, at White Hall Stairs
The Bottom of the South Parade.
Two Commodious Pleasure Boats ; one covered, the other open.
To be Lett for Bristol, or down the River on Parties of
Pleasure, &c., with proper careful Hands.
By S. Tomkins, London Waterman.
Who has been on this River upwards of 40 Years.

98

=" In the little Cabin under White Hall Stairs is continued
to be exhibited the grand Collection of Perspective Views which
for several Years has given universal Satisfaction to Ladies and
Gentlemen that have honoured the said Views with their
Inspection.”

““A Letter from an Invalid at Bath,” in the Chronicle of
May 28th, 1772, lauds Spring-Gardens and its frequenters :—

“When Phoebus thinks proper to send forth his beam,
I sometimes pass o’er fam’d Avon’s fair stream,
And quickly approach a spot many surmise,
To be somewhat like a place call’d Paradise.
For there forms angelic they constantly meet,
Whose eyes shine like stars, and who fly—with their feet.
Here bountiful nature, assisted by art,
Is pleas’d in diversify’d charms to impart
Those beauties she lavishly gives to the Spring,
And here ‘ the sweet choristers warble and sing.’

”

On September 17th, 1772, notice was given that ‘‘ Chairs and
Foot Passengers may pass over the New Bridge during the
Races (on Claverton Down) but no Horses or Carriages as the
Way is not Pitched.” The building of ‘‘ Pulteney’s Bridge”
must have conduced to the popularity of the Gardens by
making them freely accessible, but long after its opening,
the steep descent from the bridge level to the Bathwick
meadows made vehicular access difficult. To the Sedan
chairmen the bridge was a boon. ‘“‘ The distance from the
Pump Room to the Gardens is 472 yards being within a
Sixpenny Chair-fare,” but few of their patrons could have
had the temerity to tender only the legal fare of sixpence to
a pair of sturdy and notoriously pugnacious chair-men.

The Chronicle, October 12th, 1772, records that a few days
previously “a Boat with two women was carried down the
river, then in flood, through an arch of the new bridge, passing
over the weir safely, the boat was carried back by the reflux
of the water under the weir and swamped.—one woman was
rescued by a boat from the Mill, the other by Mr. Purdie, who
put off in his boat to her assistance,’’ Those who know the Avon
in flood at this point will marvel at the escape of the women
and the courage of their rescuers.

The new bridge quickly supplanted Purdie’s ferry, an
advertisement in June, 1773, noting, “the Passage-Boat
on the river leading to Spring-Gardens to be Sold.”

A unique innovation was announced in 1774, ‘‘ The public

2 LRRD

a

99

Tea Room at Spring-Gardens will be lit up every Sunday
evening during the winter, for the accommodation of Company
with good Tea or Coffee and Hot Rolls just out of the oven.”

The Prose Bath Guide, 1778, refers to ‘‘ Spring Gardens
near the new bridge, which considering their contiguity to so
great a City are very delightful and afford to all Conditions
of People a very rational Amusement.” ‘“‘ The Company are
entertained with a good Band of Music. Mr. Purdie, the
Proprietor, is a good Citizen, and.spares no Expense to render
the Gardens worthy of that encouragement they meet. Mr.
Purdie keeps also an excellent Lodging and Boarding House
in Orange Court, the back apartments of which command a
view of the Gardens.’’ At the house in Orange Court (the
Empire Hotel now covers the site) resided in 1748, during one
of her periodical visits to Bath, the vivacious Mrs. Elizabeth
Montagu.

A special room was provided for the elaborate concerts
given at the Gardens, the most talented artistes of the period
appearing at ‘‘ Public Breakfast Concerts of Vocal and Instru-
mental Music.”’ Galas were frequently held, and among the
attractions were a number of cannon, apparently almost a
civic possession, as references to the firing of the guns at
Spring-Gardens on all loyal occasions are remarkably
frequent. After 1780 at the various pleasure gardens the
firework displays were a prominent feature. For most of these
“the ingenious Signor John Invetto, the celebrated Italian
Artist from Milan,” was responsible, and invariably each
successive exhibition was “the most superb display ever
exhibited in this City.”

In the Chronicle, January 30th, 1783, is advertised for Sale
“On Friday, the 21st of February. The remaining UN-
EXPIRED TERM of SIXTEEN YEARS of the LEAsE of that desirable
Spot of Ground known by the name of Spring-Gardens,
Vauxhall. Many years past in the possession of the late
Mr. Purdie.”’

The continued use of the White-Hall ferry is proved by a
notice in June, 1789, that ‘ A New Gate is opened at the South
End of the Gardens for the accommodation of Ladies or
Gentlemen from the South Parade over the Ferry and a
pleasant Walk thro’ the Meadows,” the same notice stating,
“ Every impediment from the Bridge to the Gardens will be
removed, and the way made level over the arches, and free
from interruption by Carriages.” ‘‘ The Bridge and the Road

100

to the Gardens will be watered (if necessary) on every Public
night.”

On the 11th of March, 1790, Mr. Pritchard, wine Merchant,
(who on July 7th, 1774, had married Miss Charlotte Purdie)
‘begs leave to acquaint,” ‘‘ that he has taken Spring-Gardens,
the direct road to which is over Mr. Pulteney’s Bridge.”
Advertising from the Parade Coffee House, the attractions of
a gala, August 12th, 1790, he mentions that “In this feast
for the Eye and Ear the Proprietor has not been unmindful
of the more substantial one of the palate, as the best of Viands
and Liquors will be ready at a reasonable expense.”

During 1791, only one other open air pleasure resort, King
James’s Palace Garden, was carried on, and in June of that year
mention was made that “‘ As Spring-Gardens, Vauxhall, is now
almost the only place of amusement open for the company and
inhabitants of this city to resort to, we are not surprised at
the numerous attendance every publick night, especially as.
it is conducted in so liberal a manner.”’

A typical reference to the Gardens occurs in the Chronicle,
June 3rd, 1792, ‘‘ Bath was early in the morning saluted by
the fine peals of bells in four different churches, announcing
the birthday of our good and gracious King; at noon the
guns were fired at Spring-Gardens, Vauxhall; and in the
evening an amazing concourse assembled there. The Gardens
were illuminated with a profusion of lamps, and the fireworks
went off admirably, they consisted of several grand pieces,
and served even to increase the fame of Invetto.”

After 1792, the popularity of the Gardens rapidly declined,
many causes contributing to this; the extensive building
operations then proceeding in Bathwick had _ entirely
destroyed their privacy and the beauty of their surroundings ;
and in view of the then near termination of the lease of the
gardens permanent improvements could not be profitably
undertaken. A formidable rival, the Sydney Garden, was
also under construction, and early in 1795 appealed for and
attracted the patronage of fashionable residents and visitors.

On June 4th, 1795, Pritchard advertised ‘‘ The Proprietor
begs leave to offer his sincere thanks to his Friends and the
generous Public, for their patronage and support, which he has
so many years been favoured with, and to acquaint them, he
is going to decline these Gardens. This being his last night.”’

A new tenant, John Townsend, on July 16th, 1795, “ solicits
the countenance of the Nobility and Gentry, his own Friends

:
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:

IOI

and those of Mr. Pritchard to this undertaking, which he is
determined to carry on with that spirit and attention that will
secure him a share of their favours’”” He adds, ‘‘ A complete
Bowling Green is provided,’ and ‘‘ A Commodious Coffee-
Room. Is open’d near the entrance to the Gardens, where
every attention will be paid to render it an agreeable resort
to respectable Tradesmen.’ The reference to tradesmen
indicates clearly how far the patronage of the Gardens had by
this date (1795) decayed. Endeavours to revivify them proved
futile, and after a career which most intimately identifies
them with the golden age of Bath ; as far as I can ascertain,
Spring-Gardens finally closed as a public pleasure resort on
September 12th, 1796.

Always restricted as to area, the limit of their extent in a
north-east direction is probably the garden at the rear of
No. 73, Pulteney Street. The site of the Gardens themselves
is now practically covered by the houses and gardens of
Johnson Street.

It is certainly erroneous to locate at Spring-Gardens, as has
so frequently been done, the much discussed grotto, im-
mortalised by Sheridan. Mr. Emanuel Green has cleariy
identified the small building at the end of the North Parade,
with the ‘‘ moss cover’d grotto of stone’”’ ‘“‘ where Delia
reclin’d.” Within sight of Spring Gardens, in a secluded part
of Harrison’s, or as then known, Gyde’s Gardens, the grotto
was conveniently placed for lovers’ meetings ; in Sheridan’s
time being accessible from the Terrace Walks through the
gardens, or from the South Parade by way of White Hall
Stairs.

Contemporary with Spring-Gardens was the resort known
as King James’s Palace, in Lyncombe Vale, about one mile
from Bath. These gardens have peculiar interest from their
name, and their connection with a mineral spring. According
to tradition James II., after his abdication, resided in this
secluded combe for some time previous to leaving England. -
This may be dismissed as untenable, but the attribution to
James may have a not uncertain basis. Mary Beatrice of
Modena, Consort of James IJ., made a long visit to Bath in
1687, and the King then spent a considerable time here.
A numerous Court accompanied the Queen during her stay,
which proved the most enjoyable time she spent in England.

102

Bathing almost daily at the Cross Bath, the Queen found
pleasure in traversing in her coach the few roads available,
and the then unenclosed downs surrounding the City.

Confronted as James and his Consort were at the date of
their visit, with a fast gathering storm of discontent, it may
have been necessary that visitors and couriers should gain
access to the Court in comparative secrecy. The 17th century
city could not have afforded either privacy or proper accommo-
dation for the Queen and her numerous retinue during a
long stay, and she may have resided in this sheltered and
beautiful valley, from which a direct road then passed over the
precipitous Lyncombe Hill to “ the Bath,” not quite a mile
away. It is also not improbable that the mineral spring,
which later brought the spot into prominence was then known.
If the unfortunate Mary of Modena, the best of the Queen
Consorts who have shared the throne of England, resided
at this spot for any time, the origin of the name many years
later, ‘‘ King James’s Palace,” and the use of “‘ White Hall”
in connection with the stairs and ferry on the most fre-
quented route to the gardens is obvious.

A house stood on the site in early times, and Wood states
that a Mr. Charles Milsom, in 1737, rented an old fish-pond
here for 20s. yearly. On attempting to repair the pond, a
mineral spring was disclosed, and under the impression that a
source of fortune was found, Milsom, in conjunction with a Dr.
Hillary, built at a cost of £1,500 a structure to enclose it.
Soon after the completion of this, the spring practically dis-
appeared, presumably from the disturbance of the ground by
piling for foundations, and the much vaunted speculation
collapsed. Wood gives a drawing of a “ Plan and Elevation
of a Duodecastyle Edifice for preserving the Casa Rotella
of Doctor Milsom at Lyncomb Spaw, near Bath. Designed
A.D. 1737.” His drawing shews a circular building; but on
Thorpe’s map, 1742, the spa appears as a rectangle, agreeing
closely in position with the present Lyncombe House.

A few years later, in connection with adjacent gardens, the
spa was revived on a modest scale, and as early as 1751, was
well-known as a pleasure resort.

On the 20th of May, 1751, in the Jowrnal, appeared :—

““ This is to give Notice
That Messrs. Charles, the French-Horn Masters, with a Band
of Musick are to perform a Concert at Breakfast upon a Variety of
Instruments at Lyncomb-Spaw-House, near Bath, on Tuesday,

103

the 21st instant; and all those who are pleas’d to honour the
house with their Company, will meet with no other expence
than what they please to spend, it being entirely for the Benefit
of John Faber, who keeps the said House. To begin at 10 o-clock.

pe If the Weather should not prove fair, it will be put off
‘till next Thursday morning.—If the Ladies’ should be desirous,
after the Concert of dancing Country-Dances, proper Hands.
will be ready to Attend.”

The favourite way of reaching the gardens from the city
was by the White Hall ferry, at the South Parade. From
the ferry a path led across the Dolemeads, (then pleasant
meadows,) passing near the quay on the river bank from which
Ralph Allen’s stone was despatched, then along Allen’s private
road at the side of the tramway, used for conveying the blocks
from the Combe Down quarries.

“The new-made road, and wonderful machine
Self-moving downward from the mountain height,
A rock its burden.”’
was one of the attractions on the way.

Diverging from Allen’s road, near the modern Welton Lodge,
the path crossed the fields beside the brook to the gardens.
Access for vehicles to a much later date was only possible by
the old road over Lyncombe Hill.

The Chronicle, August 14th, 1766, “ gives Notice. That there
will bea Carnation Feast at Richard Lancashire’s at Lyncomb.”’
“He that shews the three best whole blown Carnations of
different Sorts will be entitl’d to a Silver Punch-Ladle; he
that shews the best blown Burster ditto to have a Gold Ring ;
and he that shews the best whole blown ditto, to have his
Ordinary and Extra-Ordinary free. To be adjudged by
Proper Persons chosen out of the said Company. No Person
to shew for the Prizes unless he dines with the Company.”

In 1767, “the House commonly known as the Lyncomb
Spaw House,” was used as an isolation hospital by ‘‘ Messrs.
Skeet and Kinnier, Apothecaries and Chemists at the Phoenix,
in Northgate Street, Bath.” ‘‘ Parties need not remain in
the house above a Fortnight, nor be confined a Day from
amusing themselv.s in the Garden. A Room will be kept
apart for the Company who go to drink the Spaw water, and
as some Ladies on »ccount of the Distance find it fatiguing to
return to Bath to Breakfast, Coffee and Tea will be provided
for those who chuse it.”’

Anstey, in 1766, indicates the then popularity of the Gardens,

104

as he refers to “the charming parties made” to visit
“Tt rNcoMr’s shady groves.’’ The name, King James’s Palace,
was in use before 1770; the attractions offered beyond occa-
sional flower shows were limited, being confined to refresh-
ments and the privilege of walking in the gardens. For the
latter the usual subscription of 2s. 6d. for the season was
expected, and following the practice of Spring-Gardens,
tickets of the value of Sixpence were used.

These tickets, of brass, are very rare, and failing direct
evidence, their issue may be assigned as prior to 1770 :—

Obv: Bust to left (see illustration.)
IACOBVS « II : DEI - GRATIA -

Rev: KING - IAMES’S « PALLACE
ADMITTANCE
SIXPENCE

Be Plain, rounded.

In 1790, the tickets were issued counter-marked R.T., the
initials of the then proprietor.

An interesting advertisement appears in the Chronicle, June
STATO gf ene

‘“‘ By Order of the Right Worshipful the D.P.G.M. for
the County of Somerset.
The Members of the Lodge of free and accepted Masons, No. 49,
that lately was held at the White Hart Tavern, are desired to
meet the 24th of June, at KING JAMES’S PALACE, LYNCOMBE ; to
celebrate the festival of St. John the Baptist. Visiting Brethren
who intend to honour us with their company may have Tickets
by applying to :
Ws TUCKER, Secretary, Westgate Buildings.’’

A rival resort, known as ‘‘ Wicksteed’s Machine,” or “‘ The
Bagatelle,’ was early established on the route to the Palace
gardens and much nearer to the city. No metal tickets are
known to have been used at this garden, but it may be
mentioned that Welton Lodge now occupies the site of
““Wicksteed’s Machine,’ or as the resort was at one time
known, ‘‘ Cupid’s Gardens.”

In November, 1780, ‘‘ Lyncombe House and Gardens, com-
monly called King James’s Palace,” are advertised “ To be
Lett.” ‘‘ The place needs no recommendation to those that

105

have seen it, those that have not may see a description of it in
the Bath Journal of September 18th last; drawn by a dis-
interested Gentleman on the spot.” ‘‘ The House and Garden
in great reputation—a good tenant—need not fear doing well
in it.” The description is entitled, ‘“‘ Verses written on the
day of the late Execution (August 28th, 1780; John Butler
executed on St. James’s Parade for participating in the Gordon
Riot, Bath), at a very beautiful spot, laid out for the enter-
tainment of the Public near Bath.” These are some twenty-
eight lines, pleasingly descriptive of the garden, etc.

On October Ist, 1789, is advertised, ‘‘ KING JAMES’S
PALACE, Of LYNCOMB PLEASURE GARDENS (one mile from Bath).
A Dry walk to it, with a good Carriage Road, and remarkable
for its warmth and healthy situation. ROBERT LANSDOWN,
many years Waiter at the Bear Inn, begs leave to inform the
Nobility, Gentry and Public that he has taken the above
House and Gardens.”’ In May, 1790, ‘“‘ King James’s Palace ”
gardens ‘Are opened for the Season with Breakfasting
and Afternoon Tea as usual. The first Publick Breakfast
will be on Saturday, the 15th of May, and continue every
Saturday during the Season, attended with Horns and
Clarionets.”

During the following November appears, ‘“‘ King James’s
Palace. R. TANNER (from the Churchyard) respectfully informs
the Nobility and Gentry, his Friends and the Publick, that
(having declined the Perfumery Business, and disposed of his
Snuffs and Tobacco to Mrs. Osman, in the Market Place). He
has taken and entered on the above House, and has laid in a
stock of excellent Old Wines, Spirituous and Malt Liquors, etc.,
and humbly Solicits their Patronage and Support.”

In April, 1791, he opened ‘‘ a Subscription Book for Ladies
and Gentlemen walking in the Garden, at 2s. 6d. for the
Season. Non-Subscribers admitted at 6d. each, for which
they are entitled to any refreshment to that amount.” For
this sixpenny admission undoubtedly the earlier brass tickets
were re-used, countermarked r.T. (Robert Tanner).

In September, 1791, ‘‘ the House and Garden occupied by
Mr. Robert Tanner, at Lincombe, commonly called King ~
James’s Palace,” is advertised for sale.

R. Tanner in April, 1792, ‘‘ begs leave to return thanks to his
Friends and the Public for past favours, and informs them that
the Gardens are opened for the Reception of Company. Orders
for large Parties left at Mr. Cadman’s, Perfumer, facing the

106

Pump Room will be duly attended to.—A Good Foot-Way
from the Ferry-Boat, South Parade.”

By concerts, illuminations, firework displays and other
attractions, Tanner endeavoured to carry on the Gardens
successfully ; but his efforts failing he became a bankrupt,
and the announcement made on October 12th, 1793 :—

“ King James’s Palace, Lyncombe,
For Sale by Auction

On Thursday the 24th day of October, and following day.”

marks the disappearance of these Gardens as a public pleasure
resort.

A pleasure garden in connection with which a metai ticket
was issued, was aitached to the building, which eventually
gave name to the Villa Fields, Bathwick.

Thorpe’s map indicates clearly that on its site, at the date
of his survey, 1742, only open meadows existed. The land
was acquired in 1777 by a Mr. James Ferry, who erected the
house and occupied it in 1779.

In 1745, P. and J. Ferry carried on business as Weavers
and Silk Mercers in Pierrepont Street, removing later to
“the corner of Galloways Buildings and the First House on
the North Parade,’ where on retiring from business in 1770,
their stock was sold by auction.

Bathwick Villa and Spring-Gardens are mentioned in the
“Diary and Letters of Madame D’Arblay, 1892.” As Frances
Burney, she for some time resided at No. 14, South Parade
with Mr. and Mrs. Thrale; in June, 1780, she wrote “the Bishop
(of Peterborough) proposed a frolic that we should ail go to
Spring Gardens, where he should give us tea, and thence pro-
ceed to Mr. Ferry’s to see a very curious house and garden.”
‘The three Thrales, the Bishop and I crossed the Avon” by
White Hall ferry, and “ had a sweet walk through the meadows
and drank tea at Spring Gardens. We then walked on to Mr.
Ferry’s habitation. Mr. Ferry is a Bath alderman.” She
comments on the bad taste displayed at the Villa, the crowded
buildings and the paltry ornamentation of the house and garden,
and the ‘‘ unsuccessful attempts at making something of
nothing.” ‘‘ They kept us half an hour in the garden, while
they were preparing for our reception in the house, where
after parading through four or five vulgarly showy closets,.

‘uosqoy, “9 Aq Surmerq B WoIF ‘uOTTOWEp sz a10;oq ATJIOYS
VTIIIA MOIMHLVaE

108

not rooms, we were conducted into a very gaudy little apart-
ment, where the master of the house sat,” “as if in con-
templation, though everything conspired to show that the
house and its inhabitants were carefully arranged for our
reception. Mr. Ferry started from his pensive attitude and
begged us to be seated,”’ and for the entertainment of his guests
displayed the perhaps puerile wonders (chiefly mechanical), he
evicently delighted in, providing also ‘‘ a repast of cakes, sweet-
meats, oranges and jellies.”” ‘‘ The sights occasioned us a good
merry walk hcme”’ through the Bathwick meadows, “ indeed
we laughed all the way, and thought but little how time went,
till we were again crossing the Avon.’”’ Some days later she
attended a Public Breakfast at Spring-Gardens.

Volatile Miss Burney, laughing at the hospitality shewn the
party at Bathwick Villa in 1780, as Mme. D’Arblay nearly
sixty years later, was laid to rest in Walcot cemetery, within
sight of the villa standing then not a quarter of a mile away
“across the Avon.”

As for Alderman James Ferry, he may well have sat in
“pensive attitude,” at the time of the visit described. He was
of advanced age, and the house and grounds were then heavily
mortgaged. For some years he had occupied the position of
City Chamberlain; being removed from office in September,
1780, early in 1782 he was declared to be unable to pay
the balance due to the city of his accounts as Chamberlain.
He forthwith resigned his position as Alderman, etc., and was
then granted by the Corporation ‘‘ an Annuity of One Hundred
Pounds tax free.”

On April 8th, 1782, was offered at auction,

“ All that new-built House and Garden, situated at Bath-
wick, now in the possession of Mr. Ferry—commanding
many beautiful views of Bath and the country circumjacent.—
The Gardens consist of about an acre and a quarter, laid out in
modern taste, with serpentine gravel walks, valuable
shrubbery, evergreens, fishponds, bridges, fruit trees in the
highest perfection.—The distance is only 1151 measured
yards from Bath Market to the Garden gate, and further
distance to the Public Rooms is very inconsiderable.”’

In July, 1783, an advertisement states :—

“ Bathwick Villa. The Nobility and Gentry are respectfully
informed that the delightful Villa and pleasant Gardens, late the
seat of James Ferry, Esq: Will on Thursday the toth Instant be
opened for Tea, Coffee, &c. A Subscription is taken at the Bar

=

109

for Ladies and Gentlemen walking in the Gardens at 2s. 6d. each
for the Season. Newspapers in the Coffee Room for the use of
Subscribers. Dinners and Suppers at the shortest Notice. The
choicest Wines may be depended upon. As this undertaking
has been attended with very great expense, the Proprietor humbly
requests the favor and encouragement of the public in general
and his friends in particular.

t# A Coach Road up to the front of the House, and a Ferry
over the River from Walcot.”

A copper ticket, now excessively rare, was issued soon after
the opening in 1783, (see illustration) :

Ob: BATH WICK VILLA
on the field within a circle. NEAT WINES
TEA : COFFEE

&c.
Re: NEWiie. ee TEA GARDENS......
on the field within a circle. ADMITTANCE
SIXPENCE.

Ed: Plain, rounded.

A Bath Guide Book, 1786, notes, ‘‘ Pleasantly situated at
the extremity of the Village of Bathwick is a public tea Garden,
neatly fitted up and pleasantly laid out for the reception of
Company, on the same plan and terms as Spring Gardens.
Mr. Marrett, Wine Merchant, is the proprietor, who has spared
neither pains or expense to render it deserving the public
encouragement.”

The Gardens are later advertised as being ‘‘ A Short and
Rural walk from the Pump Room, and about the same dis-
tance from the Circus.’’ ‘‘ For the convenience of the Upper
Town, a large and Commodious Ferry (lately launched) is kept
opposite Walcot Parade.’ This ferry near the site of the
present Cleveland Bridge, remained in use until the bridge
was erected 1826-7.

The firework displays and the illuminations at the Villa
were usually on a far more extensive scale than those provided
at the rival resorts. The advertisement last referred to
mentions ‘‘ The ingenious Signor Invetto, who gave such
universal satisfaction last summer, has been employed during
the course of the winter, in preparing some of the most curious
and capital Fire-Works ever seen in these parts.—Marrett
returns his sincere thanks,—for past favours, entreats a con-
tinuance of the same ; and begs Leave to inform the Nobility

I1IO

and Gentry and the public in general; that he has lately
imported a Stock of choice French Wines; viz.—Claret,
rich Frontignac, Prinia’c, &c.” Patrons of the various
gardens were not altogether content with charming surround-
ings, “‘ full Concerts of Vocal and Instrumental Music,” or
firework displays. They must have been connoisseurs of wines,
for the quality of those supplied to visitors are always extolled,
at the Villa especially so; “‘ Neat Wines” appears on the
ticket, and the front of the building until its. demolition,
displayed the words: BATH-WICK VILLA . NEAT WINES.

Concerts, both vocal and instrumental, were frequently given
at the Villa, but apparently these were not equal to the con-
temporary concerts given at Spring-Gardens.

If enterprise and good management could have compelled
success, then the Villa Gardens would certainly have pros-
pered, but a noteworthy “ Grand Fete”’ held on August 2ist,
178g, in honour of the Duke of Clarence ; when, in addition to
the concerts, etc., some of the attractions were exceptionally
novel, marks the zenith of their career. After this date, their
decline as a fashionable pleasure resort was extremely rapid.
As instancing this, in November, 1789, a circus performance
was for some considerable time given in the gardens “ by a
Capital Groupe of Performers from Asiley’s Riding Schools,
London.”

Many causes militated against the financial success of these
Gardens. They were of small area, and, situated some distance
from the city, would-be patrons at the time of their opening
using the direct road to them, had necessarily to pass close by
the rival Spring-Gardens, old established, and then at the
height of their popularity ; by 1789 the building operations
then proceeding on so extensive a scale in the Bathwick
meadows, materially hampered the approach of vehicles or
even pedestrians coming from the direction of Pulteney bridge
to the Villa. As illustrating this, the proprietor early in 1790,
advertised that ‘“‘ The best Coach Road at present is over
the Old Bridge round Claverton Street,’ a tedious journey
of more than twice the distance from the Guildhall via Pulteney
Bridge, much of the way through a narrow « J winding road,
and with two turnpike gates on the route.

The ferry near Walcot Parade was a bold venture to attract
patrons from the most fashionable parts of the city, but it
apparently entirely failed of its purpose.

On the roth of August, 1790, was announced a “ Grand

War snes

III

Entertainment of Vocal and Instrumental Musicks.—This
being the only Publick night at the Gardens this season, and
as the Moon will be nearly full, the Proprietor solicits the
company and interest of his friends and the public in general.”

As far as I can trace, this entertainment marks the closing
of the Bathwick Villa Gardens as a public resort, after a brief
existence of seven years (1783-90).

The proprietor (Marrett, Milsom Street) became interested
in the Sydney Garden scheme, being one of the original share-
holders in this, and soon after 1790 the greater part of the
Villa garden was planned out for building purposes ; Sydney
Place and Alva Street being projected, but never carried into
effect, to cover the site.

After passing through every vicissitude of fortune that a
building can undergo, the Villa was entirely demolished during
October and November, 1897.

The house when a pleasure resort had in front of it very
extensive outbuildings, forming with the Villa itself three
sides of a square at the extreme end of the gardens. The latter
were very narrow and extended back from the house to the
site of the present road on the north-west side of the Sydney
Garden. The modern Forester Road very closely follows
the original approach to the entrance gate of the for a short
time fashionable, but now almost forgotten, Bathwick Villa
Gardens.

On the north side of Bathwick Street stands an ornate
archway, often mentioned as having been the entrance to the
Villa Gardens. This attribution must be erroneous: the road at
this point was not constructed until 1826-7. A local name
for the structure is “ Pinch’s Folly.” J. Pinch, a Bath
architect, in practice early in the last century, had a stone
yard close by where it stands, and probably the arch or
gateway was built by him.

As the Villa Gardens neared the close of their existence as
a pleasure resort, not far from them, but on the other side of
the Avon, pleasure gardens on a more ambitious scale were
projected. These were later known as the Grosvenor Gardens,
Vauxhall, and formed part of an elaborate building scheme
put forward by John Eveleigh, a Bath architect (at one
time in T. Baldwin’s office) whose numerous works have not

112

received the attention they undoubtedly merit. The first
public intimation of the project was early in June, 1791,
when “‘ All those healthy and desirable meadows, situate on the
East side of the London Road, between the Turnpike and
Lambridge.—are (advertised) to Lett for Ever on Building
Leases.—the centre of the Meadows to be laid out as Pleasure
Gardens.”

On the 24th of June, 1791, the foundation stone of an Hotel
to be known as Grosvenor House, Vauxhall, was laid, and the
scheme pushed forward with such energy that on May 12th,
1792, the Herald notes “ The annals of horticulture cannot
produce an instance of so rapid a change from a common
grass field to a luxuriant, highly cultivated spot, as is now
displayed in Grosvenor Gardens. It is scarcely one year
since the plan was first proposed, and in that time a row of
elegant buildings has been erected ; a complete garden has
been made.—spacious walks well gravelled have been formed,
and the whole of a plan; so admirably projected, brought
to such a state of forwardness, as to claim the admiration and
wonder of the numerous companies who daily frequent it.
Nothing but the greatest success can attend exertions so
deserving the public patronage.” The friendly writer of the
last sentence was unfortunately wrong. The general scheme
was financed by the Bath City Bank, whose failure early in
1793 completely wrecked the plans and the fortune of Eveleigh,
and in November, 1793, the Gardens were sold by auction.
Revived a little later as a pleasure resort on a more modest
scale, they for a few years enjoyed considerable popularity.

In connection with these Gardens, Proprietors Tickets were
intended to be issued, but I cannot ascertain that this intention
was ever carried out, and, consequently, beyond a_ passing
notice, the Grosvenor Garde1s do not come within my present
scope.

Of the open-air pleasure resorts of this period the last to
be established was the Sydney Garden, which founded on
far more ambitious lines than any of its predecessors is still in
existence. In connection with this Garden, two metal tickets
were issued, one of copper, the other of silver.

The first intimation of the intention to create this pleasure
resort is given in the Chronicle of June 16th, 1791: ‘‘ We hear
that a plan is drawn for a New Vauxhall upon a very extensive
plan; it is to be in the centre of Sidney-place (the area of

113

which measures to acres) adjoining the East end of Great
Pulteney-street.”” The following week appears “ We are
authorized to say that the Plan for a new Vauxhall in the
Centre of Sidney-Place is approved of by Miss Pulteney, and
will be carried into immediate execution.”

I can find no further reference till the 13th of October, 1792,
when the Herald and Register mentions that ‘‘ On Tuesday the
subscribers to Sidney-gardens met at the White Lion Inn, and
resolved to proceed on this magnificent plan immediately ;
every share was filled, the first deposit made, and Messrs.
Cross, Bayley & Co. (Bath City Bank) were unanimously
appointed treasurers.’ The appointment of Cross, Bayley
and Co., as treasurers, was disastrous ; their failure in April,
1793, involved the scheme in financial difficulties, and ham-
pered somewhat the carrying out of the project. Despite
this however, the construction of the garden was proceeded
with, and a contemporary manuscript notes: “Sep. 19,
1793: the first tree planted in the Sydney-Garden.”

After the collapse of the Bath City Bank, the undertaking
was financed by the Bladud Bank, then carrying on business
in Old Bond Street.

The architect of the scheme was Charles Harcourt Masters,
a native of Bath. His survey of the City, published January
Ist, 1795, shews very clearly the Garden as planned and
carried out. The hotel, bowling greens, labyrinth, etc., then
occupied the whole of the area, an irregular hexagon as to
shape (much of which has since been converted to private
use) bounded by the present main roads.

The Chronicle, on July 23rd, 1794, advertised a general
meeting of Subscribers to the ‘‘ New Intended Vauxhall and
Ranelagh Gardens, New Town, Bath,” to be held on the 4th
of August following, at Spring-Gardens.

After this meeting, the project was rapidly carried through,
for on April gth, 1795, it was announced that ‘‘ Sydney Garden,
Vauxhall, Will be ready for the entertainment of the Publick
on Monday the 4th May. Persons desirous of taking the said
Garden until Christmas next are requested to send in their
proposals sealed, to Mr. C. Masters, architect, or to Mr. J.
Clark, Bathwick.—The Proposals will be opened on Monday
the 13th of April, and the person who makes the highest offer,
if thought eligible by the Committee shall be put in immediate
possession of the Garden for the said time.

N.B.—The above Garden was opened for Walking only on

114

Monday the 6th of April.” The use of Ranelagh in the title
was abandoned after this date.

James Gale, originally an haberdasher, in Wade’s Passage,
disposed of this business in April, 1795, and became the first
tenant. He advertised on the 7th of the following May, that the
“ Sydney-Garden, Vauxhall, opposite Great Pulteney Street.
Will be opened on Monday, May 11th. For Breakfasting
and Afternoon Tea, Wines, &c., &c. J. Gale (late of Wade’s
Passage) having taken the Pleasure Garden, respectfully
acquaints the Publick, that he is determined to conduct it
with the utmost Spirit and Liberality——and hopes from
the high encomiums already passed on the superior style in which
this Garden is designed, that its visitants will be so numerous
as to enable him to render Refreshments not only in quality,
but also in quantity, equal, if not superior, to all other places
of publick entertainment.—Horns and Clarionets every
Wednesday evening.—There are two Bowling Greens and two
Swings. No Swinging can be permitted on Sundays.—A
capital Swing on Merlin’s construction will be erected in the
Labyrinth, and be opened the first week in June.” (This
swing, long advertised as an attraction, took its name from
the inventor, Merlin; mentioned in 1775 by Fanny Burney
“as a foreigner and a very ingenious mechanic.”’)

An advertisement of June 4th, 1795, gives notice that “ Any
Person or Persons desirous of becoming a _ Proprietor or
Proprietor’s in the eligible undertaking of the Sydney-Garden,
Vauxhall, may now be accommodated, a resolution having
been made for admitting the number of Five Additional
Proprietors.”

In September, 1795, appears “‘ This Garden having become
the pleasurable resort of the most Fashionable Company
residing in, or resorting to Bath,—J. Gale returns his most
grateful thanks for the liberal encouragement given him.”
““Merlin’s Swing is now open, and as it is thought most
conducive to health, a Subscription has been requested
at 5s. for three months. Non-Subscribers’ Tickets to be
had at the Bar at 6d. each, through a curious grotto ;
and 3d. each through the Gate of the Labyrinth, which
being so perplexing, correct plans of it are sold at the Bar,
price 6d.’

Probably the copper pieces, now rarely met with, used in
connection with the Garden. were issued about this date, as
“Non Subscribers Tickets ’’—

2 aera, eee eee

II5
Ob: SYDNEY GARDEN (see illustration)
VAUXHALL
(within a circle of dots, raised rim).

Re: Plain field within a circle of dots; (apparently left
clear for engraving number).

On the 2nd of January, 1796, it was advertised that “ Any
Person or Persons willing to Contract,—for Building, Sydney-
House, Vauxhall, may see the plans, elevations, sections and
descriptions of the several works at Mr. Master’s, Architect,
No. 21, Orchard Street.” ‘‘ Proposals to—a Committee of
the Proprietors to be held at Sydney Garden on Monday the
25th of January next.”’ The building was commenced in the
following November.

The Sydney Garden is referred to in June, 1796, ‘“‘ as the
fashionable resort of all the polite visitors and inhabitants of
the City, (and) as crowded beyond any example at the first
grand Gala on Friday evening last. There were more than
4,000 persons present.—The Concert, the fireworks, the
illuminations, and above all the excellent manner in which
the fete was conducted are universally spoken of in high terms
of approbation.”

The preprietors of the Garden pushed forward various im-
provements with great energy, announcing, in 1796, that
“The Ride round Sydney-Garden on a gentle ascent free
froin dust, and commanding some of the most delightful and
romantic views about Bath, will be opened for Gentlemen
and Ladies airing on Horseback only on Monday, June 27th.”
“Non Subscribers 6d. each time.” Masters’ plan of the
Garden shews a “‘ Moveable Orchestra” at the rear of Sydney
House ‘‘adjoining” the “space for Fire-Works,’’ but it
probably was not placed in this position till after the erection
of the Hotel. This orchestra, which afforded accommoda-
tion for 100 pertormers, is said to have been removed from
the Apollo Gardens, near Westminster Bridge, London ; these
gardens, opened in 1788, were closed by order of the Magis-
trates in 1793.

Failing conclusive evidence I assign the Proprietor’s Tickets,
(illustrated) to a date prior to 1800.

These tickets are of silver, unusually handsome pieces, and
were numbered consecutively ; they are now exceedingly rare

116

and realise high prices, the number issued cannot now be
ascertained, but presumably each {£100 share carried a
Proprietor’s Ticket; in this case their original number
would have been 77.

Ob: View of principal front of Sydney House.
SYDNEY GARDENS (above) BATH (under)

Rees Sane within a floral wreath.
PROPRIETOR’S (above) TICKET (under)
Ed: Plain.

Gale’s first occupancy of the garden was not a longone. In
April, 1799, he was succeeded by T. Holloway, whose tenancy
proved of still less duration.

The Chronicle, January 30, 1800, advertised for sale ‘“‘ Two
Shares of 100f each in those pleasant gardens, called Sydney
Garden, Bathwick.”’

On the 22nd of January, 1801, “ J. Gale respectfully informs
the Nobility, Gentry and the Public, that he has again taken
Sydney-House—Garden and Ride for a Term of Years from
Lady Day next, 1801.” “‘ Sydney House. Contains an elegant
Ball Room, with suitable Rooms for Tea or Cards. And is
well adapted for Balls and Suppers, Routs, Public Breakfasts
or Dinner Parties. There is also a Commodious Coffee Room
where the London and Bath Papers are taken in daily. The
novelty of the Kennet and Avon Canal, which is carried
through the Garden and Ride, and compleated in the most
handsome manner, with Ornamental Iron Bridges, &c., with
various Improvements in the Plantations, add considerably
to the picturesque Beauties for which the Spot has been so
universally admired.” With this announcement my notes
must end, for the further history of the Sydney Garden is that
of the 19th century, during the first half of which the Garden
formed the centre of Bath gaiety, attaining its highest repu-
tation as a pleasure resort about 1840; then slowly declining,
till now, in the opening years of the 2oth century, with Sydney
House virtually in ruins amid neglected surroundings, Ichabod,
may well be written above the entrance to the once
prosperous, animated, and extremely fashionable, Sydney
Garden.

Amongst other matter relating to the Garden I have an early

Try,

Treasurer’s book, giving the names of all Subscribers holding
shares in the ‘‘ Vauxhall or Sidney Gardens in 1803” ; from this

- list it appears that 34 “‘ double shares ” of £200 were then held

and g “single shares”’ of £100 (of these latter Sir William
Pulteney, Bart, and Lady Bath held one each), or 77 shares
in all, to a total value of £7,700., the Ground Rent then being
£142. 12s. od.

At the S.E. angle of Sydney House, or as it was afterwards
known, Sydney Hotel, in the basement was carried on for many
years a public-house, presumably for the accommodation of
coach and chair-men, and other attendants of fashionable fre-
quenters of the gardens; as in common with all the other Bath
pleasure resorts announcements continually recur ‘“‘ Servants
in Livery will not be admitted ” to the gardens.

The title of this public-house was frequently changed ; in
1805 it was known as the Sidney Tap, in 1809 as the Royal

_ Tap, then as the Sydney Garden Tavern, later as the Pulteney

Tap. The small brass check, illustrated, is of much later
date than the other pieces, and is of interest as showing the
attic story on the front, an addition to the Hotel probably in
1840.

The quaint old-fashioned fittings of this, certainly not an
open-air resort, the writer saw some years ago, slowly decaying
relics of a bygone age.

I have to acknowledge the kindness of Montagu Guest,
Esq. (London), in loaning the rare Bathwick Villa piece, from
which the illustration is taken ; and also of Mr. Meehan (Bath)
for the loan of the block illustrating the Villa itself.

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128

Henrietta Louisa Jeffreys, Countess of Pomfret.
By Rev. W. W. Martin, M.A.

There has been presented, on March 21, 1907, by a member
of the Field Club, to the Reference Library at the Guildhall,
Bath, a large folio volume of engravings of one hundred
Illustrious Men and Women, dated 1730. This collection of
portraits, English and foreign, was made by the Countess of
Pomfret, who was the only daughter of John, 2nd Baron
Jeffreys of Wem, by Lady Charlotte Herbert, daughter of
Philip, 7th Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, and thus was
granddaughter and sole descendant of Lord Chief Justice
Jeffreys, whose name will ever be held in execration by Somer-
set men for the Bloody Assize, after the close of the Duke of
Monmouth’s rebellion. Each print is inlaid in the volume with
a biographical sketch of the character of the historical subject
represented, in the beautiful caligraphy of the time, by the
Countess’s own hand, and most of these are illuminated by
coloured borders, painted in gold and colours by the writer.
All the characters represented in the engravings belong to the
17th Century, and some are scarce and engraved by renowned
French artists. Thus by Nanteuil there are nine :—

Pomponius de Bellievre (died 1657).

Lewis Baileul, Marquis de Chateau Contier.

Lewis Phelipeaux, Marquis de la Veilliere (died 1681).
Michael Letellier (born 1603).

Charles de Ja Port, Duc de Meillevaye.

Frederick Maurice, Duke of Bouillon (died 1652).
James, Marquis de Castelnau (born 1620).

Henry de la Tour d’Auvergne, Viscount de Turenne.
John Baptist Colbert, Marquis de Seignelay.

By Hollar there are four :—

Charles I., King of England.
Inigo Jones.

Sir Peter Paul Rubens.
Peter Aretin.

By Morin there are ten, all French nobles ; and by Mellan
there are seven, French clergy, including Cardinal de
Richelieu, and Louise Marie Gonzaga, Queen of Poland.

Unfortunately the Countess of Pomfret in all the portraits of
English celebrities has cut off the names of the engravers in

129

inlaying the pictures in the volume, but some of the illuminated
borderings in gold and colours are very beautiful. The fifty
pictures belonging to England comprise Anne of Cleves,
Queen of England; Henry VII. and VIII.; Edward VL. ;
Catherine of Aragon; Anne Boleyn ; Mary I.; Elizabeth ;
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots ; and James I. ; besides numerous
historical characters who lost their heads under the axe.

The Countess did not live long enough to complete all the
biographies and borders. She died in 1761, at Marlborough,
on her way to Bath, from dropsy. The “ Dictionary of
National Biography ” gives a very favourable account of her
character; she was a voluminous writer of letters all her
life. On the bankruptcy of Fermor, 1st Lord Pomfret, she
bought in the Arundel Marbles, and presented them to the
University of Oxford, where they still remain in the Taylor
Buildings, and a mural tablet to her memory and her gift is in
the Chancel of S. Mary’s Church.

The history of this handsome folio volume can be briefly
stated. Inside the cover will be seen the book-plate of the
and Earl of Shelburne. He was Prime Minister in 1782, and
was created 1st Marquess of Lansdowne in 1784, dying in
1805. At the sale of his effects this volume appeared in the
catalogue of his library, the extracted portion is still pasted
inside the cover. It runs thus :—

“ Heads of Illustrious Men (100) English and Foreign, by
Nanteuil, Hollar (all very fine and some rare), Morin, from
the Herodlogia, by Mellan, etc., etc. The whole collected by
Henrietta Louisa Jeffreys, Countess of Pomfret, 1730 (each
print inlaid and bordered) with Biographical sketches of the
Lives and characters, very elegantly written in compartments,
enclosed by neatly pencilled borders in gold and colours by
Herself.”

At the sale this book was purchased by Henry Blayney
Martin, of Ashfield Lodge, Bury St. Edmunds, who died at
Sidmouth in 1824, leaving it to his eldest daughter, Harriet,
wife of Major Robert Fryer Phillips, R.A. She died in 1871,
at 6, Russell Street, Bath, and it passed with her property to
her nephew, the Rev. W. W. Martin, Rector of Shepperton,
Middlesex, 1876-1900, and now of 49, Pulteney Street, Bath-
wick, by whose gift it has now become the property for ever
of the City of Bath, and its Guildhall Library. :

130

Summary of Proceedings and Excursions for the Y ear 1906-1907.

By the Honorary Secretartes.

Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN,

The Club held its Anniversary Meeting on Monday,
February 19, 1906. There were seventeen members present.
The accounts, presented by the Treasurer, showed a balance
of £5 17s. 11d. in favour of the Club. After the consideration
of the financial report the members proceeded to the election of
officials for the ensuing year. In most cases these were re-
elections, Mr. Trice Martin being re-appointed President, the
Revs. C. W. Shickle and T. W. Whale, Vice-Presidents, and
Messrs. Ward and Scott, Secretaries. Colonel Nash resigned
the office of Treasurer, which he had held since April, 1903, and
Mr. Ward was appointed in his place. The question of the
Librarianship presented difficulties, but ultimately it was
decided to appoint Mr. Ward as Librarian and to have Mr.
Brewer as assistant, the latter being always in attendance.
Messrs. Kemble and Henderson resumed their places on the
Committee, and the Rev. C. E. B. Barnwell was chosen to
fill the vacancy caused by Colonel Fanshawe’s death. Those
who had filled the various offices during the previous year were
cordially thanked for their services.

The year has not been very eventful, but a few matters may
be considered worthy of notice. One of the lectures was given to
our Club, in conjunction with the Literary and Philosophical
Association, on a Friday evening ; this was Mr. Shum’s lecture
on Peter de Blois. The Club was represented at the dedication
of a Celtic Cross at Bromham, to Thomas Moore, by some
officials and other members ; an account of this is given under
the Excursions. A set of photographs of interesting places
in Bath was presented to the Club by the Rev. C. S. Sargisson
on his departure. Thanks were accorded to Mr. Sargisson
for his kind gift. At the meeting in October Mr. Sydenham
showed a silver gilt badge of a Master of the Ceremonies at
Bath.

The Club has sustained some serious losses through death in
the year. Mr. Appleby, who had in 1902 given a paper on
the “ Crosses of Somerset,’ and who had for some time served
in the office of Librarian, died in October. The Rev. T. W.

131

Whale, a Vice-President, and the contributor of an interesting
account of the Somerset Domesday to our Proceedings, was
taken from us in August. Mr. Whale had a very thorough
acquaintance with Domesday, and in addition to the publi-
cations on the Somerset and Devon portions, had written
many valuable notes, explanatory and critical, on some of the
intricate questions connected with that book ; he was quite an
authority on the subject, and gave much time and patient
research to its elucidation. His genial presence will be
much missed at the meetings. Copies of his publications
were sent to the Secretary by Mrs. Whale, and are obtain-
able on application. Another death, occurring in 1907, was
that of Mr. Kemble who had been a member for 12 years, up
to the end of 1906; he had rendered useful service on the
Committee.
Nothing has been done in the way of excavation during the
year ; over £8 out of the £10 allotted to that work has now been
spent. The chief find of previous explorations, the Lansdown
disc, is now in the British Museum. As regards the future
there is no doubt more to be done in work of this kind, but
there are other departments of the contemplated purposes
of the Club which deserve attention. Our Natural History
results are at present meagre, but there must be much of
interest in Bath and neighbourhood which deserves recording.
In the early years of the Club this was the main object of its
energies, but of late it seems to have dropped out of notice,
most of the old enthusiasts having now passed away ; it is very
desirable that this branch of our work should be revived, or
we shall not be able to claim to continue the first part of our
title—Natural History. One suggestion is that we classify
the trees about Bath, but there are so many departments of
natural history that it is hardly necessary to specify one.
There must be many of the residents here who take an interest
in some portion of this study, and the real purpose of such a
club as ours is to bring these together, and enable them to com-
bine their knowledge, and by publishing their results dedicate
them to the service of others who follow.

EXCURSIONS.

The Club went for their first outing on July 11th. Leaving
Bath at 10.30, the party were met at Yatton Station by a
wagonette from Mr. Young, of Langford, and Yatton Church

132

was visited. A card of description has been placed on the
tomb of the Newtons, but the other monuments are undescribed
and the old sexton could tell nothing about them except that
he “ thought one was a Wraxall.’”’ The remains of the cross—
steps and socket only—show what a splendid cross it must
have been when complete.

At Congresbury, after the Church had been examined, the
Vicar kindly pointed out the beauties of his old house, built in
1465 by the Trustees of Bishop Beckington; there is an interest-
ing porch, and the carved heads at the ends of the drip-
moulding over the windows are wonderfully perfect. The
church contains some interesting features, notably the nave
roof, and the way it is brought down to the clerestory. The
font is said to be 12th Century, and the basin may be so, but
the pillar base looks much more modern. The monument in
the Merle Chapel, which records only the marriage of a lady
is curious. There is a very fine peal of bells, the tenor being
of especially good tone. The village cross is good, but some
enthusiastic yokel has painted the ball on the top a brilliant
blue.

After a frugal luncheon at the “ Ship and Castle,’” Wrington
was visited, and the Church tower, so greatly praised by Mr.
Freeman, duly appreciated. Wrington has been so often
described that no further mention is necessary. Thence,
the party drove back to Yatton, where there was plenty of
time for a comfortable tea at the Station Hotel before the
return journey, by the 6 o'clock train, Bath being reached at
6.51.

An announcement having appeared in a Wiltshire paper
that a Memorial Cross, over the grave of Thomas Moore, the
Irish poet, in Bromham Churchyard, would be unveiled on
November 24th, a few members of the Club proceeded thither,,
leaving Bath at noon. After luncheon at the “ Bear,”
Devizes, the party drove to Bromham, where the Cross was.
duly unveiled, with numerous speeches from Irish members.
of Parliament, and others. The Cross is in general design and
proportions adapted from the High Cross of Muiredach,,.
at Monasterboice, County Louth, one of the finest of the
Irish crosses, and the best preserved. On the Moore Cross,
however, an interlacing ornament takes the place of the
figure subjects on the original, the ornament being taken
from ancient examples. The inscription on the cross.
reads :—

133
THOMAS MOORE,

Born 1780. Diep 1852.

“Dear harp of my country, in darkness I found thee,
The cold chain of silence had hung o’er thee long ;
When proudly, my own island harp, I unbound thee,
And gave all thy chords to light, freedom and song.”

On the back of the Cross is Byron’s testimony to Moore :—
“The poet of all circles, and idol of his own.”

The Cross is of Ballinasloe limestone. It is 18ft. high, and
weighs seven and a half tons. The names of Moore, his wife,
and three of their children were on the original flat tomb-
stone, which it is to be hoped has been carefully preserved.

Time did not allow of inspection of the interesting church,
where there are memorial windows to both Moore and his wife,
or of a visit to Sloperton Cottage, where Moore lived for many
years, and where he died, the speeches having lasted so long
that it was growing dusk before the assembly dispersed.

There was time for tea at Devizes before the return train
left at six o’clock, Bath was reached at seven.

Excursions were arranged to Devizes, Melksham, and Chal-
field, Longleat, and Westbury, and Edington, but had to be:
abandoned, as so few names were sent in.

THE LIBRARY.

The Library continues to be enlarged; a sum of money
was spent in binding the issues of our corresponding societies,
so that these are now more available, and it is hoped that the:
catalogue, published in the last volume, indicating the
position of the different books, may be found more serviceable:
to members.

BATH NATURAL HISTORY & ANTIQUARIAN
FIELD CLUB,

INSTITUTED FEBRUARY 18th, 1855.

LIST OF MEMBERS FOR THE YEAR 1907.

PRESIDENT.
1903 *A. TRICE MARTIN, Hsgq., M.A., F.S.A., Bath College.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

1889 *Rev. C. W. SHICKLE, M.A., F.S.A., 9, Cavendish Crescent.
1872 *SHUM Fred., Esq., F.S.A., 17, Norfolk Crescent.

SHCRETARIES.

1902 *J. LANGFIELD WARD, Esq., M.A., Weston Lawn, Weston, Bath.
1893 *M. H. SCOT'L, Esq., 5, Lansdown Place, W.

LIBRARIAN AND TREASURER.
1902 *J. LANGFIELD WARD, Esq.

1865 GREEN Emanuel, Esq., F.S.A., Devonshire Club, St. James, London.
1867 *INMAN T.F., Esq., Kilkenny House, Sion Hill.
1870 HARPER C., Esq., L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., Manor House, Batheaston.
1872 *MARTIN Rev. W. W., M.A., 49, Pulteney Street.
1875 EVANS Major J. Ll., J.P., 12, Cavendish Place.
1876 *HENDERSON W. H., Esq., 9, Royal Crescent.
1878 MACKILLOP C. W., Esq., J.P., 14, Royal Crescent.
» SKRINE Col. H. Mills, J.P., Warleigh.
» FOXCROFT E. T.D., Esq., J-P., D.L., Hinton Charterhouse.
1880 SHUM F. Ernest, Esq., 3, Union Street.
1882 *BARLOW W. H., Esq., Cleveland Villa, Bathwick.
» *NORMAN G., Esq., M.R.C.S., 12, Brock Street.
» MANTELL Surgeon-Major, A. A., M.D., The Elms, Bathampton.
» “UCKER J. Allon, Esq., J.P., 9, Green Park.
» POWELL G. F., Esq., 25, Green Park.
1883 BLATHWAYT Lieut.-Col. L., F.L.S., F. Ent. S., Eagle House,
Batheaston.

1864
1873

135

GEORGE Rev. P. E., M.A., Winifred House, Sion Hill.
LEWIS Egbert, Esq., J.P., 12, Bathwick Street.
PALMER-HALLETT T. G., Esq., M.A., J.P., Claverton Lodge;
Bathwick Hill.
HOLST Johan, Esq., 35, Pulteney Street.
ALEXANDER P. Y., Esq., Rothesay, Spencer Road, Southsea,
THOMSON Col. H., The Elms, Weston Park.
RICKETTS Col. Montague, Shelbourne Villa, Lansdown.
BRAIKENRIDGEH W. J., Esq., J.P., 16, Royal Crescent.
BUSH Thomas S., Esq., 20, Camden Crescent.
CASTELLAIN Alfred, Esq., 59, Pulteney Street.
DAVIS C. Price, Esq., J.P., Manor House, Bathampton.
SCOTT Surgeon-Major R. R., 54; Pulteney Street.
*NASH Lieut.-Col. G. S., 7, Laura Place.
SPENCER Sydney, Esq., Mount Beacon House.
MARTYN Gilbert King, Esq., B.A., M.D., 12, Gay Street.
COTTERELL T. Sturge, Esq., J.P., Welton Lodge, Lyncombe.
ROGERS Rev. Canon Percy, R.N., M.A., 17, Pulteney Street.
SISSMORE Rev. T. L., M.A., 31, Green Park.
BENSON J. R., Esq., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 11, Circus.
BAYLISS R. A., Esq., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 5, Gay Street.
*BARNWELL Rey. C. E. B., 1, Lansdown Place, W.
SOWELS F., Esq., M.A., Bath College.
WARDLE F. D., Esq., 15, Bathwick Hill.
*TODD S., Esq., Beaumont, Lansdown.
SYDENHAM §., Esq., 10, Belvedere.
DUNN Rey. J., D.C.L., Road Hill Vicarage.
BOCKETT-PUGH H. G., Esq., M.A., Monckton House, Perrymead.

* Members of Committee of Management.

HON. MEMBERS.

DAWKINS Professor W. Boyd, F.R.S., F.G.S., &c., Owens College,.
Manchester.
HERIOT Major-Gen, Mackay.

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137

BOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS TO WHICH THE
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB ARE
ANNUALLY FORWARDED.

Augustana College, Rock Island, Ill., U.S.A.
Barrow Naturalists’ Field Club.
Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution.
Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.
Berwickshire Naturalists’ Society.-
Bradford Historical and Antiquarian Society.
Bristol Naturalists’ Society.
British Association for the Advancement of Science.
British Museum Copyright Office, Bloomsbury.

a I Natural History Department, South Kensington.
Cambridge University Library.
Cardiff Naturalists’ Society.
Cincinnati, Ohio, Lloyd Library.
Clifton Antiquarian Club.
Cornwall Royal Institution.

eS Royal Polytechnic Society.
Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club
Dublin Trinity College Library.

» Royal Irish Academy.
Edinburgh Advocates’ Library.
Geological Society.
Geologists’ Association.
Glasgow Natural History Society.

A Philosophical Society.
Hampshire Field Club.
Hertford Natural History Society.
Holmesdale Natural History Club.

, Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union.

Linnean Society.
Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society.
Manchester Microscopical Society.
Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society.
Nottingham Naturalists’ Society.
Nova Scotia Institute of Science, Halifax.
Oxford Bodleian Library.
Peterborough Natural History Society.
Rennes University Library.
Smithsonian Institute, Washington, U.S.A.
Somersetshire Archeological and Natural History Society.
Upsala Royal University Geological Institution.
Washington U.S. Geological Survey of the Territories.
Wiltshire Archeological and Natural History Society.
Yorkshire Philosophical Society. ,

PRESENTED
4 NOV. 1907

1.—- CARDINAL ADRIAN, BISHOP OF BaTH AND WELLS, |
py Rey. C. W. SHICKLE, Mi BS.A. . bh.

-2.—AN ARCHDEACON OF ‘am IN THE, 12TH CeNTURY, ih

py F. Suum, FS.A. i Te sh UA
Zh —Batu PLEASURE Givens OF THE” ‘1srH care a
IssUING METAL ADMISSION ‘Troxers, © Sey tea
SYDENHAM Suis): Seco Ee eh Re) Cae

4.—THE Brrps AND’ Frowers of Bats, 1906, sy A.
2 CASBELLAIN 3304 00 | Yee PEL RE co4 the eee

igo —Nors on Henrietta Louisa JEFFREYS, Cotes: <

OF PoMFRET, BY Rev. W. W. Martin, M. Aves,
ta oe , ;

6.—SuMMARY OF Begcunienae AND Excursions OF THE ty cae
BatH Fiztp CLus FOR THE YEAR 1906- 1907, .

BY J. LANGFIELD Wap anp M. eR Scort,: i Mie Eh
Hon. SECS. ... SP Raat AE Ne EA Gace ha) 180

cvs _Lisr OF “MEMBERS, BALANCE SHEET, AND Soctertes
IN EXCHANGE OF ‘PROCEEDINGS WITH THE Neue
CLUB ee ato a ata Wish ee i

ae PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

~ BATH NATURAL HISTORY

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_ ANTIQUARIAN FIELD CLUB.

VOL. XI. No.3,

1908-9.

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Rev. George Webbe, Rector of Bath and Bishop of Limerick.
By the Rev. C. W. SHIckLe, M.A., F.S.A.
(Read February 25th, 1908.)

Tn the wilds of Wiltshire, amid a broad stretch of well-tilled
fields, lies a cluster of houses which date from Tudor times, and
these have succeeded far older residences, for in the days of
the Romans, when wood was plentiful, it was Verlucio, the
Roman station, where the iron was smelted. Now it is
Bromham, known to the world as the last resting place of that
charming Irish bard, Thomas Moore, who for thirty-four years
lived at Sloperton, a pretty rustic cottage at the extremity
of the parish—-and here, too, it was that Collinson, the
‘historian of Somerset, was born in 1757, his father being
then curate of the parish although Collinson makes no mention
of Webbe in his history of Bath. Of the origin of the name
Bromham, I am ignorant, but so it was called in the reign of
Edward the Confessor, when Harold held it, and it then
naturally passed into the hands of the Monks of Battle Abbey,
after the defeat at Hastings; and thence arose the name of
Battle House, where Napier wrote his history of the Peninsular
War. Here in the end of Queen Elizabeth’s reign, in 1597,
died Hugh Webbe, who had been for many years Rector of the
Parish. In his day the Baynton Chapel was in all its beauty,
and I trust was an object of delight to him, though it soon
after suffered from neglect, as the names of the school children
cut upon the monuments date from the reign of James I.

At Bromham, George Webbe was born in 1581 ; the name
of his mother is unknown, and so, too, is anything about his
father’s family, but the name of Webbe was not uncommon
in the neighbourhood, and their merchants’ marks show they
were connected with the wool trade. George Webbe entered
first at University College, Oxford, in 1598, that is the year
after his father’s death, at the very time when the careers of
many young men are wrecked by such sudden loss. We may
therefore suppose that the Webbes were possessed of some
means. At University College he only remained a short time,
removing, upon obtaining a scholarship, to Corpus Christi
College. Of his University career we know nothing. He
must have made friends in high places, as his writings are
marked by a spirit of unostentation, which would not be likely
to attract the notice of a man of James’s habit of mind.

VoL cel: signs:

142

Whence then did Webbe derive his influence ? and who were
his patrons ? Laud’s mother was Lucy Webbe, the widow of
Robinson, and the fathers of both were clothiers at Reading.
Is it possible that Hugh Webbe was any connection ? Webbe
was, as I said, a very common name. There were Webbes of
Swainswick, who for many years managed the College property,
being called the Farmers, and who were succeeded by Sherston,
_ the father-in-law of Prynne. There was Robert Webb at
Beckington in 1580; and John Webb and William, his son,
rich men, at Salisbury in 1570 and 1585, but I can find no
trace of any connection between the families. There is,
however, a report that Laud, upon the accession of Charles I.,
furnished the Duke of Buckingham with a list of clerics worthy
of promotion which was intended to be given to the King,
and it is noticeable that George Webbe’s nomination as Chap-
lain-in-Ordinary took place at this time and his elevation to
the episcopal bench soon after Laud became Archbishop.
They were men of opposite character, but if Webbe’s life at all
coincided with his writings he could have had few enemies
and would be specially trusted in a post near the King by one
whose ruling passion was ambition.

Another patron may have been Mary Herbert, sister of
Sir Philip Sidney, wife of Henry, the second Earl of Pembroke.
Mary was the ‘‘ Urania”’ of Spenser’s Colin Clout, and her
brother’s Arcadia was written at her suggestion, and it was
her eldest son, William, the third Earl, to whom Shakespeare
dedicated his Sonnets, and who presented George Webbe to
the living of Steeple Ashton. Mary Herbert’s uncle was
Dudley, Earl of Leicester, the favourite of Queen Elizabeth,
and this may partly account for the entry in the register
of Steeple Ashton, 1612: ‘‘ Hugh Webbe sonne of George
Webbe, pastor of this Church, was borne, November ye 16th
ye day before the commemoration of the happy beginning
of ye blessed Queen Elizabeth’s reign, and ye restauration of
ye Gospel.”

Both the Countess and the Earl were friends of Sir John
Harrington, and together they entertained James I. at Wilton,
in 1603.

: All this is only conjecture, but it is certain that being then
a Master of Arts at 24 he was inducted on the 14th May, 1605
(James, 3rd year), into the Vicarage of Steeple Ashton, and on
the 17th June, 1606, married in the little Norman Church of
Semington, a district of Steeple Ashton, Annie Seager, ~

143

daughter of Robert Seager, of Bromham. She was born at
Stortly in Calne, in 1589, and therefore was only seventeen.
We can picture the youthful pair commencing their new life
with the unbounded energy belonging to their years. Their
friends were only a few miles distant and through them
they obtained the pupils, whose tuition filled up the time of
the young husband, who compiled text books suitable for his
charges. These were lessons and exercises out of Cicero, and
a translation of two comedies of Terence. Webbe also at this
time wrote his brief exposition of the principles of the
Christian Religion.

In the Dictionary of National Biography it is said that he
kept a Grammar School, but as another account is that he
taught boys Grammar, the mistake is obvious, for at Steeple
Ashton there is no Grammar School, and Webbe never was
Master of that at Bath.

These works, with his sermons, must have occupied his
time ; while he wrote he was cheered by the presence of his
girl wife, diligent in her care of the pupils or of the babies
which followed quickly one after the other. Theophilus was
born on March 31st, 1607 ; Dorcas on February 12th, 1608 ;
Abraham on December 8th, 1610 ; Hugh on November 16th,
1612; George in February, 1614-5; and Debora baptised
on May 6th, 1616.

One of his sermons was entitled ‘‘ God’s controversie.”
This sermon makes a decided epoch in Webbe’s life, for it
was preached at St. Paul’s Cross on Trinity Sunday, June
11th, 1609, a very great honour for a man under thirty, and
we can appreciate the Dedication: “It was far from any
thought or expectation of mine that ever I, the unworthiest
of many thousands, should have been called from my
little Anatoth at home to bewray my weakness at the
Chiefest Watch Tower in the Land, much Jess than this
silly mite of mine should have presumed to come into
print.” The argument of the sermon was ‘ The Lord hath
a controversie.’ ‘There is no truth in the land. Truth is
wanting when the heart looketh East and the tongue runneth
West.’

The sermon must have excited favourable attention, for
it was published within a month of its being preached, and
was followed the next year, 1610, by the Posie of Scriptural
Flowers, a collection of six sermons taken out of the Garden of
the Holy Scriptures, consisting of these six sorts :—

144

Heart’s ease. The soul’s solace.
True Delight. Times complaint.
The World’s wonders. The doom of sinners.

gathered for the
Encouragement of beginners.
Direction of Proceeders.
Meditation of good hearers.
Consolation of true believers.
Expectation of Sion’s mourners.
Confusion of irrepentant sinners.

One more sermon was published in 1611, one in 1612, and one
INTOX7.

Perhaps the one in 1612 further directed attention to the
country schoolmaster. It was called ‘“‘The Bride Royal,
Delivered on way of congratulation on the marriage between
the Paulgrave and Lady Elizabeth on February 14, on
solemnization, 1612.”

The Lady Elizabeth’s players had been in Bath the year
before, and the court we know, from the life of the Great
Earl of Cork, was in Bath in August, 1613, when the Earl sent
to his Majesty a present of falcons which he came down to
see when only half-dressed, and the city presented to my
Lord Bishop and the Lady Darby ‘“ three heronshawes and
two gandons,’”’ which from the price, thirty-two shillings,
must have been alive and intended for hawking, as also the
three dozen and a half of quayles, which cost thirty-five
shillings.

A flutter may have been caused in the breasts of the
struggling pair at some small Royal recognition, but the joy
was all too soon extinguished, for the young mother of twenty-
eight was called away November 17th, 1617, and interred
by the side of her father-in-law, to whom, conjointly, her
husband erected the quaint monument now over the fireplace
of the vestry in Bromham Church. It consists of two busts
in the costume of the period with the inscription :—

HuGo WEBB ANNA WEBBE
hujus ecclesiz quon- uxor Georgii Webbe
dam Rector qui obiit filii Hugonis Webbe
Novemb 12 Anno Dom. QOuce obiit Novemb 17
1507 1617

Ille parens conjux fuit hoec monumenta maritus
Heec posuit sponse filius illa patri.
Georgius Webbe S. Theol : Bach :
Pastor ecclesia
de Steeple Ashton.

14

on

George Webbe did not long remain a widower, for on
October 27th, 1618, he married Elizabeth Browne, the
daughter of Clement Browne, Gentleman of Avington, Berks,
but whether the ceremony took place at Steeple Ashton is
doubtful, as entries connected with persons of importance are
often recorded in the Registers of the parish in which they
lived.

Avington is a small village about two miles from Hunger-
ford. :

By his second wife he had six children, born at Steeple
Ashton. Elizabeth, born November 23rd, 1619 ; Philadelphia,
March 7th, 1623 ; Elizabeth, May, 1625 ; William, June 12th,
1627 ; Ezekiel, March 29th, 1629 ; Edward, April 7th, 1631.

From this it would appear that he continued to be resident
in Steeple Ashton, although he was presented to the living
of the Abbey Church, Bath, in 1621.

From 1605 to 1619 the Steeple Ashton registers are in what
we may fairly consider to be Webbe’s handwriting. After
this date they are in different hands, but we learn from the
Churchwarden’s accounts that he was present at the Easter
Vestry in 1631, 1632, 1633 and 1634. He may have attended
other meetings, but the minutes do not record the names of
those present, neither are they attested. The Bath Corporation
presented him to the Rectory of the Abbey Church, but no
notice of the fact exists in the City records. Webbe, how-
ever, must have made himself popular, as in the Chamberlain’s
Accounts for 1622, 22nd year of James I., we find that £3 6s. 8d.
was given to Mr. Webbe at his going to Oxford to take his
Doctor’s degree, a title of which he was proud, as in every
entry in the register, concerning the birth of his children after
this date, he is styled Doctor of Divinitie.

The Court appear to have been in Bath in 1622, as there are
notices of gifts to the King’s Trumpeters and other persons,
and the new Rector therefore probably had another oppor-
tunity of attracting the Royal notice, as he was considered
to be the best preacher of his time, and his pure and elegant
style was as great a contrast to the dogmatic and uncharitable
expressions then so common both in the pulpit and the world,
as his strict life and conversation were to the clownish and lax
habits of the end of James's reign.

“The arrangement of an unruly tongue, its danger dis-
covered and remedies prescribed, 1619.”

146

“ Agur’s prayer on the Christian Choice, 1621,” must have
sounded strange to the ears of those who saw every one
striving by flattery or boon companionship to gain emolu-
ments or titles.

_ “Catalogus protestantium’’—-a survey of Protestant

religion long before Luther’s day, published in 1624, was not
written in a hurry. The idea had been present to his mind
long before. On the accession of Charles I., Webbe was
appointed Chaplain-in-Ordinary to the King, and must have
beer. in constant attendance, as he baptised, in 1629, Charles
James, the first child of Charles and Henrietta Maria, who
only lived a few hours.

Of his work in Bath, we have no record, but know he
preached the Lady Huntley three sermons in 1630, 1632, 1633,
1634, for each of which series he received {1, according to
custom.

Perhaps he and his son Theophilus, together with a Mr.
Ayers, who is mentioned in 1630, shared the work of the two
parishes between them.

In the calendar of State papers, on September 22nd, 1634,
the Archbishop of Canterbury writes to the Clerk of the
Signet attending, ordering him to prepare a bill for the King’s
signature, containing a grant of the Bishopric of Limerick to
George Webb, D.D., signed—W. Cant.

And on October 6th (Hampton Court) the King to the Lord
Deputy, ordering him to appoint Dr. Webb, Bishop of
Limerick.

Webbe was consecrated in St. Patrick’s Cathedral in Dublin,
18th December, 1634, the Corporation of Bath having
presented him with his robes; £8 2s. 8d. being paid for the
“Satten and lawne,”’ and his son Theophilus was appointed
to the living, which he held until 1638. For his crest as
Bishop he assumed a cross between four falcons.

He held the See of Limerick until 1641, but I can find no
entries relating to him in the Irish State papers.

He died of gaol fever in 1641, having been thrown into
Limerick Castle by the Papist rebels, who allowed his body
to be buried in St. Munchin’s Churchyard, in Limerick, but
within a few hours of the burial the grave was desecrated by
robbers searching for any rings which might have been buried
with the deceased Prelate.

147

Nothing exists in the Abbey to recail the Bishop to the
minds of the present generation, nor is any book by him to
be found in the Abbey Library, although it was founded soon
after his time and when fresh editions of his works were being
issued. The only connection between him and Bath that I
have been able to discover is a grant (Dom. series, James I.,
1622, Page 415) to George Webbe in reversion after Robert
Rustat of the office of Keeper of St. Mary Magdalene’s
Hospital, near Bath, which reversion is surrendered by John
Palmer Groom of the Chambers, which is followed (Dom.
Series 1638, September 14th, Page 12) by Petition of Edmund
Proby, D.D., to Archbishop Laud :—

The King referred to you the petition of Theophilus
Webb, who had a patent for the Hospital of St. Mary
Magdalene, Bath, who petitioned the King to grant the
mastership of the said Hospital to petitioner. Petitioner
presenting himself, you inquired how the poor should
have better relief than formerly ? Petitioner assures
you ‘“‘in verbo sacerdotis”’ that he will, as estates fall
in, double their yearly revenues and give [them] part of
the profits arising to the present master and until estates
fall in petitioner will give them a yearly contribution out
of his own means, and will labour to do them all the good
he can. If you think petitioner worthy of the place, he
will acknowledge your favour therein.

This is all that remains to us of the history of one of the
most persuasive preachers of the day, another George Herbert,
not a poet, although in some of his sentences we can see a
trace of the quaint diction of Spenser and Sidney.

Contrast him with those two turbulent spirits with whom he
must so often have been in contact—Laud and Prynne.

The fiery diatribes of the one, the despotic manner of the
other, are the very opposite of the “‘ Practise of Quietness,”
and yet the first two are as household words, while of
the other all has been forgotten. Suffer me then to
disentomb one of the works, in the hope it may receive better
notice.

George Webbe’s most remarkable work was his sermon on the
“Practise of Quietness,’’ which passed through at least ten
editions. The title page of the seventh edition is worthy of
being copied. It is as follows :—

148

Dedication to his Majesty’s Justices of the Peace.
To whom
THE PRACTISE OF QUIETNESS.
7th Edition.

Print in title page, recut smaller. Printed by M. F.
and sold by George Edwards at the signe of the
Angell in Green Arbor. 1638.

signed GEORGE WEBBE.

Dedicated to His Majesty’s Lords, etc., and the rest
of his Majesty’s Justices of the Peace.

“To whom should I more fully dedicate a Treatise
of Quietness, than unto those who are the preservers
of the publique peace and quietness ? And among
these to whom more especially than unto those who are
in the commission for the peace and quietness of mine
own Country, and that many worthy things are done
in this Country for the preservation of piety and
peace.”

“Our plains sometime infamous for robberies are
now safe and secure for travellers. Our Assizes
sometimes so fraught with Nisi prius, is now less
troubled with troublesome suits. A Recusant is
a rare thing amoung us and there is less complaining
in our streets. Due, first to the mercy of God,
secondly, preaching of the word, now so plentifully
establised amoung us, and by the zeal of the Earl
of Hertford in founding and confirming and counten-
ancing the worthy lecture at Amesbury. The careful
patronage of the Earl of Pembroke and the estab-
lishing of the Justices ? Lectures at Devizes, Marle-
borough, Warminster, Calne, Cosham, Bradford,
Highworth, and almost in all quarters of our county.
And their attending them.

Steeple Ashton, June 2ist.

The dedication of the 9th Edition is very quaint :—

‘Wherefore as Hannah... . Did make him a
little coat, and brought it to him from year to year, so
I have put this my little Pamphlet to a new Coat,
being now the ninth time.”

149

THE PRACTISE OF QUIETNESS. 1705.
Print, larger and better.
“Upon the picture of the Author in the Front
piece ”’ missing in the British Museum copy.
The best edition is dated 1705, and contains a picture of the
Author with this inscription :—

There may’st thou see the Portrait of his face.
(Drawn first by strange hand, himself unaware).
As he in Pulpit did discharge his place.

Whose inward Graces and Endowments rare,
No Workman’s skill, according to their worth,
Painter or Carver, could at all set forth.

For Christian Life, all Virtues Pastoral,

Great Austin—like, by few exemplify’d
Mirrour he was, true Pattern unto all,

And like him as he lived, he like him dy’d,
Besieged both, the one by Vandals stil’d.
This other here by Jr7sh all as wild.

A.H.
A PRAYER FOR QUIETNESS.

O Gop, who art the Author of Peace and the Giver of all
Comfort, look down upon me, thy servant, and grant unto me
that Peace which this World cannot give. A Peace of dispo-
sition in the Command of all unruly Passions and a Peace of
Conscience in keeping it void of offence, that so I may have the
Peace of Thee, My God, which passes all understanding, and by thy
Grace may pass my time in Rest and Quietness, through the
merits of Jesus, my Saviour. Amen.

A PRAYER AGAINST BEING DISTURBED BY ANY THREATS OR
DANGERS.

O Mercirut Gop, the preserver and Protector of all that
trust in Thee, defend me, thy servant, from all the assaults of
mine Enemies and from the Prospect of those Dangers which seem
now to hang over my head. O let not my heart be troubled
neither let it be afraid. Let me believe in Thee and Thy Son ;
O Lord increase my Faith, and strengthen my Hope, and my
Trust in Thy good Providence, that so I may not fear the Power
of any Adversary, nor any Mischief that may threaten to me;
there be indeed many evils that I have righteously deserved, but
with Thee O God, there is Mercy and Forgiveness, Spare thy
servant, O Lord spare me, deliver me not into the Will of them
that hate me, Let my whole trust and confidence be in thy Good-
ness, that so being safe under the Shadow of thy Wings I may be
able to say unto my soul Why art thou so disquieted within me.
O put thy trust in God; for I will yet thank Him who is the
health of my countenance and my God. Amen. -Amen.

150

A PRAYER FOR QUIETNESS UNDER ANY CALAMITY OR AFFLICTION.

O Gop, who in thy wisdom has ordained that Man should
be born to Trouble, as the sparks fly upwards, make me sensible
that Changes and Chances in this Mortal Life are but my humane
Portion and the Lot of my Inheritance. Give me Grace to bear
them with an even spirit and a contented mind, make me truly
mindful that Affliction cometh not forth of the Dust, nor doth any
trouble arise out of the Ground, but it proceedeth from thy
Providence and is governed by thy Pleasure. Oh! sanctify
this Affliction to me O let it wean me the more from this
deceitful World O let it fix my Heart the more upon things
above, where true joys are to be found. So comfort me and
relieve me in all my necessities, Give me Patience under my
sufferings, and a happy issue out of all my Afflictions. This I
beg for Jesus Christ, his sake. Amen.

A PRAYER FOR QUIETNESS UNDER ANY PAIN OR SICKNESS.

O Mercirut FATHER, thy Power and Wisdom united my
Soul and Body in such a wonderful manner that my bodily pain
and anguish do naturally give Anguish and Vexation to my mind
and Spirit. O Forgive this infirmity and those Passions that are
common unto men. Thy Grace alone can subdue my sense of
Pain and my forwardness to complain and grieve for it. Thy .
Pity faileth not. O Look upon me with the Eye of Compassion.
Make thou all my bed in my sickness. Support my body,
Strengthen my Soul, and if it be thy gracious Will, let me recover
my Health and Ease, that I may serve Thee with greater Zeal
and do more Good in my Generation. Or else prepare me for
any hour of Death and save me in the Day of Judgment for the
Merits, and through the Mediation of Jesus, my blessed Lord and
Saviour. Amen.

A PRAYER FOR QUIETNESS AGAINST THE FEAR OF DEATH.

O ArmicHty Lorp Gop, who for the Punishment of sin hast
inflicted Death upon all Mankind, make me to consider my latter
end and always to remember that it is appointed unto me once to
die and after that the Judgment. Yet I find, O my God, that
my natural Death is dreadful to me, it is as Thy Holy Prophet
represents it the King of Terrors. But my love of Thee, my
faith in Thee can take away the sting of Death and give me a
victory over the Grave, through my Lord, Jesus Christ.

O teach me the wisdom of numbering my short Days that I
may apply my heart unto the Wisdom of Eternal Salvation.

I wait with Patience, till my appointed changes shall come. In
thy good time, O Lord, let thy servant depart in Peace, and
receive me into thy everlasting Kingdom, through the Merits and
Mediation of my blessed Redeemer. Amen.

At the meeting Mr. Shum showed a good collection of
Bishop Webbe’s works.

Recent Excavations at Caerwent.
By A. TricE Martin, M.A., F.S.A.

(Read February 2nd, 1909.)

Before giving you an account of our most recent work on
this most interesting site, it may be as well to give you a brief
summary of the results that have been achieved since we
began our work in 1899.

The site which is roughly rectangular, measuring about
500 yards from east to west, and 400 from north to south,
comprises about forty-three acres and is enclosed by a massive
wall, a great portion of which still remains. On the south
side of the city the wall is still standing to a height of nearly
twenty feet. Inside this wall the spade has brought to light
an earth-mound which seems to have been the original
defence and on the outer slope of which the wall was built at
a later date.

Of the east and west gateways only scanty traces have been
found, as they have been obliterated by the modern high road
which runs through the city from Chepstow on the east to
Newport on the west. The north and south gateways have,
however, been fully excavated and are still open for inspection.
They are among the best examples of Roman gateways known
to us in Britain. The city itself was divided by streets inter-
secting at right angles into imsulae, or blocks as is generally
the case with cities of this type. These blocks contain
dwelling-houses, some of which were of very large dimensions,
one of them having a frontage of nearly 200 feet on the street.
At the present time over thirty of these houses have been
excavated and carefully planned. Generally speaking they
belong to one or other of two distinct types—-the corridor
type, where the rooms are arranged with reference to a
corridor, and the courtyard type, where the rooms are
arranged round a central corridor. Both these types are
found at Silchester, but at Caerwent in the case of the
courtyard type the rooms are generally arranged round all
four sides of the courtyard, whereas at Silchester they are
only arranged round three sides.

The houses at Caerwent have afforded excellent instances
of hypocausts, and some excellent pavements have been
uncovered and drawn. Two of them have been removed to the

152

Museum at Newport. Another interesting detail in connection
with these houses is the preservation of the wall plaster in
some of the rooms. We have in fact been able to recover not
only the colour scheme, but also in some cases the pattern of
the decoration, which represents architectural features such
as pilasters painted in perspective. In connection with these
houses a large number of wells have been dug out, showing that
they were amply supplied with water. In addition to these
wells, there were found the remains of lines of wooden pipes,
which were connected by iron collars. These seem to indicate
that in addition to the water from the wells, water may have
been brought in to the city from the hills on the north.

Among the public buildings which have come to light one
of the most interesting is the amphitheatre which is situated,
contrary to the usual custom, inside the city walls. The arena,
which is elliptical in shape, was bounded by a stone wall.
The entrance at the east end still remains, but there are no
traces of the seating structure, which in all probability was
of wood.

In the centre of the city we discovered two years ago the
Forum with the Basilica on the north side. The latter con-
sisted of a central nave with two aisles separated from it no
doubt by rows of columns. The south aisle was remarkable
in that it was open to the Forum. Underneath the Forum and
Basilica there was found a drain or sewer built of remarkably
massive masonry. Part of this as well as of the walls of the
Basilica is still open for inspection. The Basilica itself showed
signs of having been rebuilt at possibly two different dates.
In this respect it does not differ from the gates or the houses.
The gates show undoubted traces of re-building, and have
also been blocked up in much the same way as the gates of
some of the stations on Hadrian’s wall. The re-building of
the houses has presented one of the most difficult problems
that we have had to solve, for nearly every house shows signs
of reconstruction at two or three different periods. This is
not remarkable when we remember that the period of occupa-
tion certainly lasted as long as 300 years.

During the summer of 1908 we were occupied in exploring
the buildings lying just to the east of the Forum on the north
side of the high road. Here. we found 4 or possibly 5 separate
houses, some of which had apparently been used as shops. In
front of one of these houses or shops were three stone bases
which had apparently carried pillars to support a roof which

153

encroached upon the old Roman street. In front of another
house was a well which was situated in the street itself, and
had been protected by a massive stone curb which was still
am situ.

The most interesting discovery, however, was made to the
west of these houses; for here between them and the Forum
we found the foundations of a temple, of which the plan was
completely recovered. This building consisted of a square
cella with a small apse on the north side. On all four sides
of this cella we found the walls which retained the podium or
platform on which the cella had stood. This platform was
separated from the street by a considerable space, and was
approached probably by a series of shallow steps, but the walls
of this approach have not yet been fully excavated. The
whole temple area, including the approach, was bounded by
well-built walls. The entrance from the street passes through
the centre of a long chamber lying parallel with the street,
and at right angles to the access to the temple. This chamber
has an apse at its east end, and was paved with a tesselated
pavement. Its use however, remains somewhat uncertain.
Nothing was found in the temple area to throw any light upon
the deity to whose worship it was dedicated. But in any case
it is a monument of great interest, and owing to the kindness
of Lord Tredegar, it will not be covered up, but will be pre-
served for the benefit of future students and visitors.

Among the various objects of domestic life that were found
was an unusual quantity of Samian ware, and in a rubbish
pit there was found a small sandstone figure of a seated
goddess. The workmanship was extraordinarily rude, and
in its style re-calls the rude stone head that was found
some years ago in the south-west quarter of the city. The
figure holds a globe, possibly a pomegranate in the left
hand, and a palm in the right. Somewhat similar figures
have lately been found in Gaul, and it is possible that they
are the rude representation of native Celtic divinities.

154

Bits about Combe Down.

Lecture by the Rey. A. RICHARDSON,
(Read March 16, 1909.)

The Rev. A. Richardson first described the various means of
access to Combe Down from the City.

THE TRAM ROUTE

was the most convenient of these, and it was an interesting
fact that, with the exception of Holloway, this route followed
the old Roman Fosseway as far as Bloomfield Road, where the
Roman road pursued its course to Odd Down, Camerton,
Dunkerton, and so on to Seaton in Devonshire.

The lecturer alluded to Devonshire Cottage, the residence
of Mr. T. Ashman, as possibly having been built on the founda-
tion of the ancient abode of the De Berewykes, a family living
there in medizval times, who rented the Berewyke estate
from the Prior of Bath Abbey.

Berewyke once possessed a hamlet extending probably on
both sides of the road, and there was a chapel, a farm, now
called ‘‘ Barrack’’ Farm, and a tithe barn, and the great
tithes were paid to the Rector of St. Mary de Stalle Church,
whose rector was always Prior of Bath.

“The Somerset Feet of Fines” reveals many quarrels
between the De Berewykes and the Priors about grazing
rights ‘‘at Horscumb, Beechencliffe, and Dollesmedes ”—
lands in Berewyke and Lincumb.

Berewyke Hill is said to have been both a British and a
Roman encampment.

Mr. Richardson mentioned that the Lyn stream rose in a
ditch on the left-hand side of the road ascending Wellsway,
and flowing gently down the hill entered the beautiful Vale of
Lyncombe under the bridge at the bottom of Entry Hill.

Referring to the Lyncombe Valley, he said that in former
days there were two celebrated places of amusement, one the
Bagatelle Gardens, where Wilton Lodge now stands, the other
St. James’s Palace, on the site of Lyncombe House, most
likely named so because King James II. visited it when in Bath
with his queen, Mary of Modena, just as Napoleon III., when
staying at the Sydney Hotel, used to put in his time strolling

15

nr

often down to Monkton Combe to rest at the old “ King
William Inn,” now part of the Monkton Combe School
buildings.

The site of the old Lyncombe parish church lay near the
foot of Lyncombe Hill, and was taken down by Prior Birde
in the 15th Century to rebuild the old Widcombe Parish
Church.

Near the site of the Tram Company’s shelter at Glass House
Farm there was formerly a gibbet, and the body of John
Bigges hung on it on Christmas Day, 1767, for the murder
of his wife in a fit of uncalled-for jealousy. The body
was taken on New Year’s Eve by his friends and thrown
into the river and found subsequently at Twerton and buried
there.

The Glass House Farm derives its name from the fact that
a glass manufactory was erected upon its site by the Bennets,
of Widcombe, in the early part of the 18th Century. It was
afterwards disused, and the tall chimney fell in 1779, crushing
some waggons sheltered under it.

Subsequently the premises were used for farm purposes,
and at the beginning of the 1gth Century a large room per-
taining to the glass manufactory was made use of for political
meetings. The farm, with a considerable amount of land
adjoining it, and the great tithes were sold to Mr, Hill, of
Paulton, in 1841, and the property still remains in-that family.

ENTRY HILL.

This was a Roman road to Warminster, v7a Midford, Hinton
Charterhouse and Frome, made in the reign of Antoninus Pius,
and like all the roads of that period, it had doubtless a “ road
mark ’’ inscribed ‘‘ Anton Iter.’’ In time this “ road mark”
doubtless became dilapidated and broken up, but the Anton
was rcmembered and converted into ‘‘ Anthony ”’ and of later
years it has been abbreviated into ‘‘ Entry” Hill.

A quarry near the top of Entry Hill was used by the Rev.
C. Kemble to provide the stone necessary for the renovation
of Bath Abbey during his Rectorship.

Entry Hill was re-made and enlarged in 1803 (a time of
much road-making about Bath), and at the same time the
Combe Down road was made as another way to Warminster,
via Claverton Down. Until that time it was little more than
a rough cart road.

L

156
FOXHILL LANE.

This approach to Combe Down was probably in olden days
a farm road of the Bennet family, who were possessors of the
land adjoining it.

Here was situated Widcombe Cottage, the residence of the
Rev. Richard Warner, the Bath historian, who presented
Queen Charlotte with a copy of his work on the Bath waters,
on her visit to Bath.

Warner was born in London in 1764, of humble parentage,
and died in 1854, at 90 years of age, at ““Widcombe Cottage.”
He had held several livings in the County of Somerset, and
died Rector of Chelwood, in which church there is a tablet
to his memory.

His daughter (also an authoress) continued to live for some
years in her father’s house, which she called ‘‘ Beech Cottage.”

The property was subsequently purchased by a member
of the Moger family, who called it “‘ Warners,” and enlarged
the house in Swiss fashion and rebuilt the road, making it,
though steep, accessible for small vehicles. The present
owner has changed the name from “‘ Warners ”’ to “‘ Hersfeld.”

Poprr’s LANE.

This is a steep ascent from Perrymead, running almost
parallel with Prior Park Avenue, and emerging near the
upper Prior Park gates.

It was evidently an ancient British or Roman bridle path
and originally ran on a higher paved causeway, as may be
noticed in the hedges here and there. It is traceable by
Mount Pleasant to Monkton Combe, and again in the Limpley
Stoke woods, and may have been a pathway to Salisbury.

Mr. Russell Duckworth’s residence, ‘‘ The Cloisters,” is
situated at the foot of Pope’s Lane. It was built by one of
the Crutwells, of Frome, in 1806, who originally called it
‘“Perrymead Hall,” but changed the name to “ The Cloisters”
to avoid postal mistakes when Perrymead Court and Perry-
mead House (now Moregrove) were built. The name
‘Cloisters’ was suggested by a cloistered verandah which
Mr. Crutwell had added to the mansion.

The pretty Roman Catholic Cemetery chapel was built in
1857. The picturesque old shepherd’s arch was built about
1745, by Ralph Allen, to connect Prior Park Farm with
Combe Down.

157

Here it is said Pope spent many an hour amidst the sylvan
surroundings of this secluded spot, but ‘“ Pope’s Lane” ougth
not to be confounded with ‘‘ Pope’s Walk ” which was within
the park’s precincts, and from the middle gate to the mansion,
where his grotto still remains and where his dog’s grave used
to be shown.

Prior PARK AVENUE.

This is a very charming ascent to Combe Down, probably
the shortest, and though steep it is well capable for vehicular
traffic.

The shade of the large forest trees and the hedges with
their rich undergrowth, the pretty peeps into Prior Park, and
access to Widcombe Hill, and the fine views of the City, all
conduce to make Prior Park Avenue a beautiful walk or drive
to or from Combe Down.

Probably some path existed here in Norman times. John de
Villula, Abbot and Bishop of Bath, is said to have purchased
the Manor of Widcombe from King Rufus, and to have laid
out two parks, one of which he bestowed on the Priors of the
Abbey and the other on the Bishopric. He appears to have
built a Priory and Chapel on the Abbey portion near the ponds,
and it is supposed by some that he built a Grange for the
Bishopric, where the Prior Park Farm now stands, on the
side of the road opposite the chief entrance gate to Prior
Park.

Ralph Allen took away the ancient architecture from the
Norman Priory, already alluded to, and placed it in anew
dwelling-house which he erected for his steward, about 1750,
now called “ The Priory,” which, having been enlarged by
former tenants, is now sublet to Major Hopwood. Allen also
built Prior Park Farm on the opposite side of the avenue,
facing the chief entrance to Prior Park, probably, as has been
said, on the site of the Bishop’s grange. A portion of the
ancient Priory may still be seen in a dilapidated state, and
some of the ruined stones of the ancient chapel are to be
found under the wooded surroundings of the Palladian Bridge.

The Abbey Cemetery was laid out in 1843, being a gift
to the Abbey by the Hon. Rev. W. J. Brodrick, Rector of
Bath, and afterwards Lord Midleton. Here the remains of
the famous Beckford rested for a time till they were removed
by his daughter, the Duchess of Hamilton, to Lansdown
Cemetery. Roman coffins and coins were found some 30 years

158

ago in the Abbey Cemetery, a stone tablet marking the place.
The coins are shown by the Curator.

THE WANSDYKE.

Right across Combe Down Parish runs the Wansdyke, a
wide ditch with a high earthwork mound. The origin of this
singular line of demarcation has never been satisfactorily
arrived at, but it is supposed by many that it divided the
territories of the Britons and the Belge (a later immigration).
The city of Bath is said by Ptolemy to have been in the
borders of the Belge.

When it was built is uncertain, Collinson places it
before the Roman period, because it is intersected in
the neighbourhood of Marlborough by the Via Julia, and
he concludes, therefore, that the Wansdyke must be con-
siderably earlier than the Roman road. The same thing
occurs at the Burnt House, Odd Down, where the Wansdyke
is intersected by the old Roman road to Devonshire.

Taking its commencement from Andover, it passes through
Savernake Forest and across the Salisbury Plains and Wilt-
shire Downs, visiting Tan Hill, Sheppard’s Shord, and Hed-
dington, and passing through Spye Park, it appears on a
lawn at Lacock Abbey and may be seen at Whitely Common.
It appears in a field in Warleigh Manor (the residence of
Colonel Skrine) in the parish of Bathford, and is to be seen
again in several places in Bathampton Parish.

It can be traced in Smallcombe Wood and crosses the
Claverton Road at Wansdyke, the residence of Mr. A. Moger,
and taking its way by the Kennels of the Bath and County
Harriers it appears in the monument field on the Prior Park
estate, and passing by the back of Prior Park mansion it
emerges at the Prior Park upper gates. It then appears to
have crossed the present tram route from Bath into the Firs
Field, and passing through Richardson’s Avenue (above
Davidge’s Bottom) it forms the high land studded with
ancient trees at the back of the King William Arms and Rock-
hall Gardens, and thence it pursues its way along the bridle
path at the top of Horsecombe Valley to Cross Keys, whence
it forms the base of a stone wall in the direction of Burnt
House, at Odd Down, and here it was crossed by the old
Roman Fosse road, It then takes the brow of a hill which
crosses through the middle of an arable field, and may be seen
again in a hedge and meadow as it descends to Englishcombe

159

Wood, which it enters, and is again visible a little to the
south of Englishcombe Church. Keeping westward through
an orchard, it appears in a meadow in its original grandeur,
exhibiting a lofty mound 12ft. high, and a deep ditch to the
south side.

A quarter of a mile from Englishcombe Church it still takes
westward, but is lost till it presents itself at Stanton Prior,
Publow, Norton Malreward, being conspicuous at Maesknoll
and again at Wansdyke in the Long Ashton Road, five miles
N.W. of Maesknoll.

Descending Dundry Hill it crosses Highbridge Common,
where its track is still visible, and thwarting the Great Western
Road from Bristol (through Bedminster Down) to Bridgwater,
it forms by its vallum a deep narrow lane overhung with
woods and briars, leading to Yanley Street in the parish of Long
Ashton. From Yanley it traverses some meadows to a lane
anciently denominated from it, ‘“‘ Wondesdick Lane,” as
appears from a deed wherein William Goldulph grants to
Alan de Clopstons “a cottage with a piece of land adjoining
it in Aystone juxta Bristol, situated in the Eastern side
benelle de Wondesdicke.’’ Here it crosses the Ashton Road
at “‘ Reyenes Cross’’ (a mile and a half westward of the
church), and ascending the hill enters the hundred of Port-
bury, in the parish of Wraxall, and terminates at Portishead
in the Severn Sea.

By some antiquarians the word ‘‘ Wansdyke”’ is traced
to a Celtic word meaning separation, i.e., Gwahan. Others
are of opinion that the name is derived from the name
“Woden,” the heathen god to whom the dyke was said to be
dedicated.

The name Odd Down is said to be derived from Wodens
Down, and thus associated with the Wansdyke. The names
of the Scandinavian god, Woden and (Odin are, of course,
identical.

PrIoR PARK AND ITS ASSOCIATIONS.

Ralph Allen, being desirous of demonstrating the quality
of the Combe Down stone, purchased Prior Park about 1739,
from the executors of the first Duke of Kingston, and requested
the elder Wood to build a mansion which ‘‘ would prove to
succeeding generations the good quality of the famous oolite
stone of Combe Down, and show to the world and all posterity
its elegance and durability.” A better position could not be

160

found. It looked down the vista of its shady grounds, through
the Glen of Widcombe, where a sheet of water is crossed by a
Palladian bridge, and it provides beautiful views of Lansdown,
Beckford’s Tower, and Solsbury Hill.

The building of the mansion was begun in 1743, and finished
in 1745. Its lofty situation, its magnificent portico, and the
grandeur of its elevation render it a conspicuous and interesting
feature from almost every open portion of the City. In Ralph
Allen’s time Prior Park was a kind of Holland House, where
many of the celebrities of the day were wont to meet. Pope
laughingly called the terrace slope at the back and above the
mansion Mars Hill, owing to the many wits who discussed
current topics and disputed public questions on its heights.
To Prior Park came the illustrious visitors staying in Bath,
such visitors including King George IJ. and his daughter,
the Princess Amelia. Allen’s constant guests were such men
as Pitt, afterwards Lord Chatham, Dr. Johnson, Gainsborough,
Smollett, Fielding, Bishops Warburton and Hurd, Richardson,
Sterne, Garrick, and the Rev. Richard Graves, the Rector
of Claverton, a well-known figure in the City. Ralph Allen,
the owner of Prior Park, was Mayor of Bath in the year 1752.

By intercepting some letters he rendered signal service
to the military forces and gained the favour of Marshal Wade,
the military commander of the Western District. Wade,
who lived in Bath at the house now used by the British and
Foreign Bible Society, gave him his daughter, Miss Earle,
as wife, with a considerable fortune, and soon afterwards
Allen was appointed Postmaster of Bath. It is also said that
Marshal Wade had built at his own expense Ralph Allen’s
first house, which was in Lilliput Lane, said to be a triumph
of the elder Wood’s architecture, and sold in 1874 for £150 for
tenant lodgings. The Post Office in Ralph Allen’s time was
situated in Lilliput Lane.

Ralph Allen married Elizabeth Holder as his second wife,
by whom he came possessed of Bathampton Manor. The
Manor House is still in possession of the Allen family. Having
no direct issue Ralph Allen’s estates were divided at his death
in 1764 amongst collaterals.

Bishop Warburton, by reason of his marriage with Allen’s
wife’s niece, first took up his abode at Prior Park, but he grew
tired of the place and finally retired to his palace at Gloucester.

Warburton, during his stay at Prior Park, erected the
monument to Ralph Allen in the Monument Field. The

161

triangular base was believed to symbolise the Holy Trinity.
The round tower, the staircase and inscription have now
been bricked up. In 1779, on Bishop Warburton’s death,
Prior Park passed to the first Viscount Harwarden, after-
wards created the Earl de Montalt, who married Mary,
daughter of Philip Allen, Ralph Allen’s brother. This
nobleman, who was of a philanthropic nature, was much
interested in the hospitals of Bath, and also rebuilt and
enlarged in 1779 eleven cottages (which Ralph Allen had
erected for his quarry foremen) in order that they might
be let as lodgings for invalids. Lord de Montalt also founded
the De Montalt Paper Mills, where formerly Bank of England
notes were made. The premises are now used as Cabinet
Works.

The Earl de Montalt died in 1803, and was succeeded by
Thomas, the second Earl de Montalt, who died in 1807 without
issue. The estate was then put into Chancery, and bought in
1809 by Mr. George Thomas, a rich Quaker of Bristol, who cut
down the trees, but notwithstanding this sacrilege, which
was deplored at the time, he proved a most excellent and
worthy man. He resided at Prior Park for 20 years, and was
a valued member of the Committee of Management of the
Kennett and Avon Canal, which he saved from ruin in 1793,
by financial advances and extraordinary business capacity.

From that time forward, at the request of his colleagues,
he undertook the supervision of the whole work, and his
practical sagacity and unwearying attention and unimpeach-
able integrity brought about the completion of what was then
considered one of the best canals in Europe. He died at
Prior Park in 1829, at the age of 74.* The canal was opened
in 1813, the same year that the Somerset Coal Canal was
completed. Mr. Thomas left the Combe Down Quarries rights
to his great niece, the first Mrs. Cruikshank, who disposed of
them to various quarry-owners in the neighbourhood.

The estate having been put up for sale in 1829 it was pur-
chased by Bishop Baines for a seminary for priests of the
north-west district (now the Bishopric of Clifton), and for a
college for Catholic lads of good families. The price Bishop
Baines paid was £22,000, and 186 acres, 2 roods, 37 perches
were comprised in the estate. Soon after the purchase

* Mr. Shum, who was in the chair, stated that he enjoyed
Mr. Thomas’ hospitality in 1828.

162

Bishop Baines added collegiate buildings and heightened
the wings, and called the whole “ The College of St. Peter
and St. Paul.” After referring to the disastrous fire which
broke out in the mansion on.May aogth, 1836, Mr.
Richardson said that the property was insured for £5,000,
but this did not nearly cover the loss. Bishop Baines
befcre his death in 1843, succeeded in repairing the damage
and in re-furnishing the mansion, but the many debts
contracted made it a very difficult task to keep the estab-
lishment going, and in 1855 the mortgagee took possession
and the park was then let to a Mr. Thompson, of Bath, who
took a great interest in the social side of Nonconformity in
Bath, and entertained large pleasure parties at Prior Park,
which he addressed himself from the steps of the portico.
In 1865 the liabilities of the property were paid off by Bishop
Clifford, and Monsignor Williams (whose portrait with that
of Canon Williams now adorns the hall of the mansion) was
made head of the new collegiate establishment, with Canon
Williams as Vice-President.

When the lamented death of Monsignor Williams took place
in 1890 the office of Principal fell to Canon Williams, who
carried on the work of the establishment with great success
until 1905, when, owing to certain educational changes, it was
relinquished. This was during the episcopacy of Bishop
Brownlow. The mansion has since been used as a temporary
residence of the present Bishop of Clifton, and later still as
the temporary abode of the fathers of ‘‘ The Holy Ghost,” a
French Missionary congregation. The buildings are now
unoccupied and placed under the care and supervision of Canon
Williams, who resides at Combe Down. Canon Williams
says Masses at the Chapel on Sundays. Visitor can obtain
tickets to visit the college from Mr. Austin King, 13, Queen
Square, Bath.

The quarries on Combe Down are said to be the largest
in the world, and in order to bring the stone to Bath Ralph
Allen made a double truck rail to his wharf at Claverton
Street, down Prior Park Avenue. In former days the first
gate of Prior Park Avenue was placed at the bottom of Prior
Park Road, opposite Carey’s Post Office, near the White Hart
Inn. Bishop Baines, owing to the falling in of a long lease
from the Bennetts, of Widcombe, to Ralph Allen for the use
of Prior Park Road, took this gate up and made the gate
attached to the Toll Cottage, when a small charge was made for

163

the use of the avenue. Shortly after the eleven cottages were
renovated and enlarged by Lord de Montalt early in 1780, Mr.
Rack, the founder of the Bath and West of England Society,
wrote in 1780: ‘‘ The village of Combe Down consists of eleven
cottages built of stone raised on the spot, each of which has
a small garden in front, originally built for workmen employed
in the quarries. They are now let to invalids from Bath,
who return hither for the sake of the very fine air from which
they have derived a substantial benefit.

The beautiful and extensive prospect, the wild but pleasing
irregularities of the scenery, the extensive plantation of firs
(which throw a solemn glimmering of shade, impervious to the
sun), and a fine turf and underwood, all seem to render it a
delightful summer retreat.”

The firs which Ralph Allen planted at Combe Down and
Bathampton have nearly all disappeared. A few still remain
in the Combe Down Church-grounds, but the very pure air
still remains, and men of 80 and go, if not as plentiful as
blackberries, are by no means few and far between.

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186

REv. JOSEPH GLANVILL, RECTOR OF BATH.

In a lecture delivered last April, a quotation is given from
the ‘‘ Scepsis Scientifica ”’ of the above-named writer, and it is
claimed for him that he first prophesied the working of wireless
telegraphy. The passage runs thus: ‘‘ That men should
confer at very distant removes by an extemporary inter-
course is another reputed impossibility ; but yet there are
some hints in natural operations that give some probability
that it is feasible, and may be compact without unwarrantable
correspondence with the people of the air. That a couple
of needles equally touched by the same magnet, being set in
two dyals, exactly proportioned to each other, and circum-
scribed by the letters of the alphabet may effect this magnet,
hath considerable authorities to avouch it. Let the friends.
that would communicate take each a dyal, and having ap-
pointed a time for their sympathetic conference, let one move
his impregnate needle to any letter in the alphabet, and its
effected fellow will precisely respect the same. So that would
I know what my friend would acquaint me with, ’tis but
observing the letters that are pointed at by my needle, and in
their order transcribing them from their sympathising needle
as its motion directs.”’

““Sceptis Scientifica’”’ was published in 1665, but is a re-
casting of an earlier work, ‘ The Vanity of Dogmatizing,”
issued in 1661; I am afraid the claim of originality, of
being the first to divine the possibility of wireless telegraphy,
cannot be granted to this Rector of Bath. He had several
predecessors in this field. I copied for “‘ Notes and Queries ”
from New Atlantis, begun by the Lord Verulam, Viscount
St. Albans, and continued by R. H. Esquire (1660) a passage
of similar import: ‘‘ Two needles of equal size being touched
together at the same time with this Stone, and severally set on
two tables with the alphabet written circularly about them ;
two friends, thus prepared and agreeing on the time, may
correspond at never so great a distance. For by turning the
needle in one alphabet, the other in the distant table will by
a secret sympathy turn itself after the like manner.”

I quoted this on page 184 of gth series Vol. II., of ““ Notes and
Queries,”’ as from a book in the School Library where I was Head
Master, but on page 276 I was told it was merely a translation
of a piece from ‘ Prolusiones Academice,’’ by Famianus
Strada (1617), and also it was to be found in Hakewill’s

,

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187

* Apology,” (1630). On page 471 of the same volume of
“Notes and Queries,” the original conception was thrust back
to 1583, ‘‘ Les Annotations de Blaise de Vigenére Bourbonnois ;”
he claims simply that it is not only possible but easy to have
a writing read through a three-foot wall. He gives roughly
the same directions, but does not suggest distant communica-
tions.

We cannot, therefore, assert that any credit for suggesting
the idea of wireless telegraphy is attributable to this Rector
of Bath.

Of the above books (besides the ‘‘ New Atlantis,’’) the
“Sceptis Scientifica’”’ (1665), ‘‘ The Vanity of Dogmatizing ”’
(1665), and Hakewill’s “ Apology’ (1630), have been for
nearly 200 years in the Burnley Grammar School Library,
which contains also “ Glanvill’s Lux Orientalis”” (1662), and
““ Remains, Discourses, Sermons, etc,” with sermon at Glan-
vill’s funeral (1681).

J. L. WARD.

188

Summary of Proceedings and Excursions for the year 1907-8.

By the HONORARY SECRETARIES.

Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN,

The Anniversary Meeting was held on Monday, Feb.
18, 1907, and fourteen members were present. The balance
in favour of the Club on December 31, 1906, was £5 14s. 9d.,
and the accounts were passed without much comment. They
are printed in the 1907 volume. In the election of officers
which followed, there were two changes, Mr. Shum taking
the place of the late Rev. T. W. Whale, as one of the Vice-
Presidents, and Mr. Todd being put on the Committee in the
room of the late Mr. Kemble. Exchange of publications was
arranged with the Birmingham Natural History and Philoso-
phical Society, and ‘‘ La Société Historique et Archéologique de
St. Malo.”

At the Quarterly Meeting in October, the Rev. C. W.
Shickle, who represented the Club at the meeting of the
- British Association, at Leicester, gave a short account of the
discussions, and called attention to the attempt now being
made to draw up complete lists of local fungi. It was pointed
out that much had been done here in this department during
the early years of the Club’s existence, and that Mr. Broome
had written several papers on the subject, which appear in our
Proceedings. There seemed to be no member ready to make
further investigations in this branch of field work, and to
supplement the knowledge at present available, and the only
practical suggestion made was that the local Selborne Society
might possibly take the subject up.

There was only one paper read before the Club during the
Winter Session of 1907-8, so it was decided that no volume
should be published.

The annual meeting in 1908 was held on February 18,
when nine members were present, the hour, an unusual one,
proving to be inconvenient to most members. The Treasurer's
balance sheet showed a surplus of £3 11s. 11d. in favour of the
Club. The officials of the preceding year were all re-elected.
On March 10, a meeting was called to consider the position
of the Club, and 14 members were present. No resolution
as to the future was come to, and on May 26 another meeting

189

was held at which the question of admission of ladies, relatives
of members, was considered ; 12 members attended, and it
was decided to test the opinion of the Club on the matter by
postcard; as a result of the decisive majority in favour of
the change, Rule 18 was agreed to at a meeting on June 4,
when 12 members were present; the rule as passed was:
“‘ Ladies, if relatives of members, may be admitted to member-
ship on payment of Five Shillings a year.”

As a sequel to this eight ladies were elected at the meeting
on July 7.

It had long been felt that the non-admission of ladies to our
excursions prevented new members from joining the Club,
and that their absence was one reason of the difficulty of
organizing successful expeditions into the neighbourhood.
Very many of our excursions in recent years have had to be
abandoned because of so few names having been sent in.

The Tracy Park finds, which were dug up in October, 1865,
and which have been in the Museum since then, were handed
over to the Museum authorities to be added to their other
collections of local relics: the description of these Tracy finds
is to be found in the Proceedings of the Field Club for 1868,
a lecture having been given on them by the Rev. H. M. Scarth.

The Congress of Archzological Societies have issued a
Paper on ‘‘ Directions for recording Churchyard and Church
Inscriptions.” Work in this direction has been done by one
of our members.

We have to record the losses by death during the period
under survey of the Rev. P. E. George and Mr. Braikenridge.

EXCURSIONS.

Malmesbury, April 23rd, 1907.—The first excursion of the
season. As Malmesbury has been described more than
once in former Transactions, no detailed description is neces-
sary, but a few historical notes may be acceptable.

An old chronicler states that there was some kind of strong
place where Malmesbury now stands, 596 years B.c. ; that it
was built by a British King, and was called Caer-Bladon, or
the fortress of Bladon. There is no reason why this should
not be true, and the river seems to have been formerly called
Bladon. Under the Saxons the place was called Ingel-bourne.
But the tradition that it was founded by Dunwal Malmutiu
or Malmud in 400 B.c. seems to rest on fairly firm ground.

190

Malmud was King Paramount of Britain, father of Berinus,
who succeeded him, and Brennus, who founded the Celtic
Empire of Italy. Malmud was a great law-giver, and partly
constructed the system of roads which was completed by the
Romans. Ingel-bourne became an important military post,
and in course of time a flourishing town, and in the 7th Century.
Maldulph, an Irish or Scottish missionary, founded a school
there, which soon became a religious house. Leland quotes
an old chronicle which he found in the monastery, about 1540,
to the effect that the monastery was founded in “ A.D. 637,
the year in which the pretended prophet Mahomed died.”’
Aldhelm, one of Maldulph’s pupils developed this monastery
into a regularly constituted religious house, and became its
Abbot in 670. He established smaller monasteries at Brad-
ford-on-Avon and at Frome, and probably a third at Wareham,
the church at which place strongly resembles that at Bradford
When the diocese of Wessex was divided at the death of Hadda,
in 705, into the sees of Winchester and Sherborne, Aldhelm
was made first Bishop of Sherborne, but died four years later,
and was buried in the chapel of St. Michael, at Malmesbury.

It is generally believed that the present church was begun
by Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, about 1135. The nave is
probably twenty or thirty years later. All here is Norman
except the clerestory and some windows. The arches are
pointed, but so obtusely as hardly to detract from the purity
of the Romanesque effect. The triforium is somewhat un-
common, having four small arches within a containing arch.
The Norman clerestory can be traced externally. On the
south side an arcade runs under the windows; there is no
arcade on the north side, and the windows are placed higher
in the wall, the cloister being on that side. The West Front
was ‘‘ simply a sham”’ like that at Wells, the fagade at Salis-
bury was probably copied from Malmesbury.

The magnificent Norman porch is the chief feature of the
church ; it resembles that at Glastonbury. The sculptures
represent scenes from Caedmon’s great epic—the Creation,
the Fall, the Deluge, etc., followed by scenes from the life
of our Lord. As Caedmon was a contemporary of Aldhelm,
it is possible that this doorway may be part of the Church of
St. Mary, built by him, and long used by the monks. The
church was originally cruciform, with a central tower and a
lofty spire. The tower fell in some time before the Dissolution.
The rood screen across the western arch still remains, the

I9I

central door showing that it was not a reredos and that the
nave was not originally parochial.

The tracery of some of the windows is peculiar, and it will
be apparent how the Norman work has in places been altered.
Some of the windows, notably that in the West Front, are
Perpendicular, The circular ornaments, known as “ pater”
are almost peculiar to Malmesbury. The tomb called Athel-
stan’s was evidently erected considerably after his death
in 941, though probably intended to commemorate him.
There is no trace of Aldhelm’s tomb, or of many others formerly
in the church.

Roger of Salisbury fortified the town and built a castle in
the churchyard. This was destroyed in John’s reign, when the
Abbey buildings were extended. Eventually the head of
the house became a mitred abbot, one of 25 named by
Edward III. to sit in Parliament.

At the Dissolution the Abbey was purchased from the King
by one Stumpe, who at first used it as a cloth factory, but
afterwards gave it to the town in place of the parish church
which had become ruinous. Stumpe’s monument is in the
vestry ; his house, now the Manor Court, is at one end of the
town. The picturesque buildings on the east of the Abbey,
as regards their lower parts at least, seem to have formed part
of the monastic premises. The tower in the churchyard is
that of St. Paul, preserved when the ruined church was
removed, as a campanile to the Abbey. The cross, which
was about 100 years old when Leland saw it, replaced one
built by Abbot Colhern about 1296. It is remarkable for its
heavy lantern, and the curious way in which this is made to
give solidity by throwing weight on the pillars.

The origin of the name Malmesbury is doubtful. It is
usually taken to be derived from Maldulph, but more pro-
bably was Malmudsbury. It has been suggested that the
names of Malmud, Maldulph, and Aldhelm are all mixed up
init. The monks naturally preferred Maldulph’s-bury, but the
earliest name after the introduction of Christianity into Wessex
was certainly Mal-dunes-berg, the town of the hill of the Cross.

It had been proposed that Charlton House should be visited,
but owing to the absence from home of the Earl of Suffolk and
Berkshire the necessary permission was not received in time.

Westbury and Edington, May 14th, 1907.—A showery morning
probably caused the meet to be a small one, but at 1.20 a start

192

was made for Westbury, where the church was visited. There
was a church at ‘‘ Westburie’”’ long before the Conquest, and
‘the Church of Westbury ”’ is mentioned in the Charter of
Henry II. (1154-1189) as one of the endowments of Salisbury
Cathedral. The new church was probably built in the reign
of Edward II., and is dedicated to All Saints. Of the monu-
ments, the most noticeable is that of James Ley, Earl of Marl-
borough, who held several high judicial posts, among them
those of Chief Justice of the King’s Bench, and Lord High
Treasurer of England. He died in 1629. The other monu-
ments appear to be of local interest only. Chained to a desk
is a copy of the English translation, in black letter, of Erasmus’
Paraphrase of the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles. The
title page and colophon are wanting, but the translator would
seem to be the quaint old scholar, Nicholas Udall, and the
date 1540-1550.

As there was some time to wait before the train left for
Edington, most of the party decided to walk via Bratton, the
church of which they visited. It is a picturesque building
in a plain Early English style of architecture, curiously
situated away from any road, and approached from the
hollow by a long and laborious flight of steps. The monuments
are only of local interest. One of the bells is dated 1587,
one of the very few in Wiltshire older than the 17th Century.
The registers are believed to be the oldest in Wiltshire, com-
mencing in 1542.

Edington is supposed by many antiquaries to be the
ZEthandune mentioned by the old chroniclers as the site of
King Alfred’s splendid victory over the Danes, in 878, to
commemorate which a white horse (occupying the site of the
present figure) was cut in the hillside near Westbury. There
was a church at Edington at the date of the Conquest ; it is
mentioned in Domesday Book, and the Rectory was a
Prebend of Romsey Abbey. At the request of the Black
Prince, a monastery of “ Bonhommes”’ of the Augustinian
order was established at Edington, and in 1361 the Conventual
Church was dedicated by Robert Wyvil, Bishop of Salisbury,
in honour of St. Mary, St. Catherine, and All Saints. The
seal of the Monastery, however, represents SS. Peter and Paul
with the Virgin and Child. Bishop Ayscough of Salisbury
was, during Jack Cade’s rebellion, brutally murdered at
Edington (1450), and was buried in the church, where Leland
saw a chavel to his memory in 1540. The monastic buildings

ee i | ~a

es te eT

193

were converted into a dwelling-house after the Dissolution,
but the only remains now existing are at the Priory Farm, near
the church.

Some of the monuments in the church are of interest ; that
of Sir Ralph Cheney (about 1400) and his wife has lost its
brasses, and is only identified by its armorial bearings. In
the south aisle is an altar tomb, with effigy of an Augustine
Canon, with rebus of a sprig issuing from a barrel, on which
are the initials I.B., probably one of the Bayntons, (bay-in-
tun). In the chancel is a fine tomb of alabaster and marble,
with effigies of Sir Edward Lewys, of Glamorganshire, and his
wife (1630-1634), and on the opposite side is a monumental
group by Chantrey, representing the deathbed of Sir Simon
R. B. Taylor, 1815. There is some very fine canopied work
on the walls.

The ancient rood screen, with the loft over it, still divides
the nave from the chancel, but the blocking of the view by
a reredos at the west arch of the tower spoils the general
effect. No doubt this division of the nave and chancel into
separate churches, each with its own altar, was made after
due consideration, and is probably due to a wish for a Lady
Chapel, but the length of the church is greatly curtailed, as
seen from the west end. Some of the stained glass is very
good, and the west window, of somewhat curious design, is
pleasing, the subjects well carried out, and the colouring,
though bright, harmonious. There is some old glass, of hardly
distinguishable design, and there is a dedication cross in the
north transept. The brass crosses of similar design to the
dedication cross, set up in several places on the walls as
memorial tablets, seem of questionable taste.

Longleat, June 17th, 1907.—A very small party turned up for
this excursion, probably owing to the recent unfavourable
weather. Starting from Bath at 11.45, luncheon was obtained
at the “‘ Bath Arms” at Warminster, after which the members
of the club drove to Longleat, which, it may be mentioned, is
open to visitors on Mondays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, from
r1 till 1, and from 2 till 5 o'clock. The rhododendrons were just
coming to their full beauty, though some of the azaleas had
been spoilt by the rain, and, the season being apparently Jater
than in Bath, many of the thorns were still in good blossom,
while the laburnums were only beginning to show their flowers,
and wild hyacinths were blooming in profusion.

194

Time did not allow of a walk to ‘‘ Heaven’s Gate,” so the
party went at once to the house, over which they were shown
by a courteous housekeeper, who pointed out the more
celebrated of the portraits, among which are those of Sir John
Thynne, by whom Longleat House was built, (1567-78) ;
Lady Louisa Carteret, mother of the first Marquis of Bath, and
a descendant of Sir Bevil Granville, who was killed at Lansdown
and “ Tom of Ten Thousand,” who was murdered by Konigs-
mark’s agents in Pall Mall in 1682.

One of the chief features of Longleat House is the ceilings,
all of which are handsome, and some are finely painted. The
door jambs, one of which is of inlaid marble similar to the
work in the Taj at Agra, are worthy of notice, and there
are some splendid white marble chimney-pieces, that in
the long gallery, which was brought from Florence, being
especially handsome. The new drawing-room is draped with
old embossed velvet, while the state dining-room is lined
with old Spanish stamped leather. And there are several
pieces of Gobelins tapestry in good condition. At the foot
of the great staircase are two large stuffed bears, and on the
landing two very fine receptacles of cloisonné enamel.

Bishop Ken lived at Longleat after his deprivation for some
20 years, and many of his books are in the library, where are
also the four earliest editions of Shakespeare, an early black-
letter Chaucer (whose first editor was William Thynne, uncle
to Sir John, who built Longleat), and many more old and
interesting books.

Much of the furniture and many of the objects of interest
were covered up, the family being absent ; but the party being
small, and the housekeeper patient and obliging, a peep was
permitted at most of the noteworthy possessions of the house.
It was disappointing to be told that the gardens are not now
shown, the permission to view them having been abused by
some visitors.

The return drive to Warminster was by the beautiful
Shearwater Lake and Horningsham. The church at Horning-
sham, just eyond the demesne of Longleat, where Bishop Ken
used to worship, was re-built, except the tower, in 1844, and
does not appear to contain anything of interest. The family
church of the Thynnes is Longbridge Deverill, where Sir
John Thynne with others of the family were buried.

Wedmore, May ist, 1908.—Leaving Bath at 10.30, Cheddar
was reached via Yatton at 12.27, anda capital wagonette,

seanhdiin aah

pu

195

provided by Mr. Coles of Cheddar, conveyed the members
of the Field Club to Wedmore, where Mrs. Hawkins of
the ‘George’? had provided a very welcome luncheon,
after which the church was visited, the vicar, Mr. May, point-
ing out its many features of interest. The church is cruciform,
though externally its shape is somewhat obscured by the added
chapels ; there is a fine doorway at the south porch, dating
probably from the XII. Century; the fine window at the east
end of the south aisle is XIIJ. Century work, the cusped inner
arch giving it a very bright, elegant appearance. The work
round the tower is perpendicular. On the north of the west
tower arch is a fresco of St. Christopher, which has been
repainted, with the result that there are two figures of the
infant Christ, and the saint’s head is somewhat dislocated.
Not far from this is a curious little monument on which is a
cross, having at its head the face of a girl, with fillet and
flowing hair. There were two rood lofts, the doors of which
are still in position, one on the west, the other on the east side
of the lantern tower. At Axbridge and at Crewkerne were
similar double rood lofts, but this is rarely seen. In the
north-east chapel is a fine panelled oak roof, painted with
figures of angels. In the north chapel is a brass to Thomas
Hodges, who, at the siege of Antwerp, 1583, “‘ receiving his
last wound, gave three legacies: his soul to his Lord Jesus ;
his body to be lodged in Flemish earth ; and his heart to be
sent to his dear wife in England.”’ The heart was buried in
the ancestral tomb at Wedmore, and on the brass it is
written :—
Here lies his wounded heart, for whome
One Kingdome was too small a roome.

Two Kingdoms, therefore, have thought good to part
So stout a body and so brave a heart.

On the same brass is commemorated another Hodges, 1630,
with incised figure in buff coat, breeches, and high boots, with
a little gorget of plate, a short hunting spear, and a long sword
with a modern form of hilt. The porch has two upper storeys,
the floor of the lower being an addition, and as it obscured the
niche over the door, the niche has been placed over the door
inside the church. There are two stone altars in the church,
but one, apparently, was an altar tomb only. The other
still bears consecration crosses. It would take up too much
space to mention all the items of interest in the church, which
was very judiciously restored in 1880. Mention must, however,

196

be made of the brass ‘‘ erected by Robert Edmund Dickinson,
M.P., in the first year of King Edward VII., being the one
thousandth year from the death of King Alfred the Great,”
which was unveiled and dedicated with great ceremony in
December, 1901. The Jubilee east window merits a passing
notice, with its portraits of four Sovereigns, ending with Queen
Victoria, who have celebrated jubilees of their reigns, and
pictures of historical episodes, among them that of the burning
of the cakes. There is a legend, by the way, that the farmer
in whose house the incident is said to have taken place, was
educated by Alfred, and became Bishop of Sherborne. His
name was Denewulf.

There is an interesting church cross, near the yews planted
at the two jubilees, and another very beautiful cross stands in
a garden, and just in front of a house in which it is said that
Judge Jeffreys lodged when on the business of the Bloody
Assize. There is a tradition that Jeffreys hanged a doctor
upon this cross, because he had given surgical help to a
wounded rebel.

Time did not allow of Mudgley being visited, but this was
less regretted since Mr. Emanuel Green has demonstrated
that Alfred had not a residence there, and the ruins discovered
there are of much later date. Alfred, however, did entertain
Guthrum at Wedmore after the defeat of the Danes at
Chippenham, which was followed by the baptism of Guthrum,
by the name of Aithelstan, at Aller, where the font then used
is still to be seen after lying many vears in the vicarage pond,
and the ‘‘ Peace of Wedmore”’ if not actually signed at that
place, was at any rate celebrated there.

The hospitable proprietors kindly allowed the club to visit
the Manor House at Theale, where there is some fine carving
and a very finely balustraded wooden staircase. On the walls
are two curious frescoes, one supposed to represent Nero, a
head crowned with laurel, but not at all like his bust in the
Capitol at Rome; the other depicting the Pharisee and the
Publican, the former in gorgeous apparel, and the latter with
plumed hat and knee breeches.

After inspecting the beautifully clean and airy dairy in
which the Cheddar Cheeses are made, the party drove on a
little further, and enjoyed a very welcome tea with Mrs. and
the Misses Fuller, but had to leave early to catch the 5.19 train
from Cheddar, arriving at Bath at 6.42.

Fe PMPs ory =

OI OGRE | OEE FEM ee

197

Cirencester, July 16th, 1908.—Leaving Bath at 9.54 Ciren-
cester was reached at 11.33, and the Church of St. John and
the Corinium Museum of Roman relics were visited. Luncheon
was taken at the “ King’s Head.”’ But the afternoon proved
so wet that the proposed visit to the Roman Villa at Chedworth
was abandoned.

Bitton, May 4th, 1909.—In ideal weather, the Field Club
visited Bitton, several of the party being ladies. At the
Vicarage Canon Ellacombe courteously received the party,
but regretted that rheumatism prevented his accompanying
them round his garden. He, however, pointed out a few choice
plants near the house, among which were a fine Umbellaria
Californica near the porch, and an early blooming Ceanothus
on the wall. His gardener conducted the party round the
garden, still gay with many varieties of tulip, among which was
a fine clump of T. Viridis, and anemones, French, fulgens and
nemorosa, in variety, as well as many Alpine kinds, a dark
purple Pulsatilla, and a scarlet and white striped specimen.
The daffodils and narcissus had been a good deal knocked
about by the rain, but some plants of the tiny 7vzandrus were
still in good blossom, and a large marsh marigold made a bright
spot of colour, while further up the garden a white Japanese
peony was visible. The Trillium Californicum, three times
as large as the ordinary wood lily, was in good bloom, and
the purple Magnolia, more highly coloured than those in the
Botanical Gardens, showed conspicuously, less injured by the
rain and hail last week than the smaller flowered varieties.
The large-leaved Gunnera and the bronzy Rogersia were still
undeveloped, though promising well, but the bright little
Veronica glauca, easily mistaken for Lobelia was in full
flower, as was the curious black pansy. Only a few irises
were in flower. The black bamboo is a curiosity. But
every plant was worth noting and many have a history. One
is remarkable as being found only in Pitcairn Island and one
other locality.

The Church of St. Mary the Virgin was then visited, the
Canon accompanying the party for a few moments and describ-
ing the handsome pavement of Italian marble which has been
laid down in the chancel within the last few years. The roof
of the nave has been renovated, and gilt in parts, and the whole
of the church is well cared for and in good order. The rough
capitals of the old chancel arch are still visible from within the

198

sanctuary, and on the nave side is an old string course of the
same date as the first arch, and above it a portion of a
carving, believed to be the feet of the Holy Rood. The present
chancel arch, which replaces the late Norman arch, removed
in 1843, was copied from the original Norman door on the
north side of the church.

The other excursions were abandoned, as sufficient names
were not sent in.

THE LIBRARY.

Books continue to arrive in considerable numbers from the
Societies with which we have exchange arrangements, and
from the Smithsonian Institution at Washington especially.
The question of accommodation will soon again be pressing.
The list of publications received being so large, a supplement
to the Catalogue in the 1906 volume is printed in this volume ;
and it is hoped it will prove of assistance to the members. The
gifts include “Glimpses of Ancient Leicester,’ and guide-
books to Leicester and Dublin, publications issued preparatory
to British Association visits; also an account of the Royal
Seals and Charters of the Bath Corporation ; these came from
Mr. Shickle, and the Rev. W. W. Martin forwarded to us the
recent issues of the “‘ Bath Pictorial.’’ One book of value is
missing, Professor Phillips’ ‘‘ Life of William Smith’’; it was
in the Library in August, but was not to be found in October,
1908 ; it being very rare the Committee are anxious to get it
back, if any member has borrowed it, but they wish to remind
members to register their borrowings in the book provided for
that purpose. ‘‘ Notes and Queries for Somerset and Dorset,”
March, 1909, contains a list of publications referring to Somer-
set, issued in 1908.

—— OO

199

ADDITIONS TO 1906 CATALOGUE, TO SEPT., 1909.

PAGE I.

Architectural and Topographical Record. Dec., 1908, Vol. I., No. 4.

PAGE 2.

Bath Corporation, Royal Seals and Charters.

Bath Pictorial. 1905-8.

Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club. Vol. V., Part 6. Vol. VI., Parts 1 and 2
Berwickshire Natural History Society. 1903, 1904.

Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society. 1906.

Bradford History and Antiquarian Society. Parts XI. and XII.

Bristol Naturalists. Vol. I., Part 3, and Vol. II., Part 1.

PAGE 3.

British Association Reports. York, 1906; Leicester, 1907 ; Dublin, 1908;

——— Reports of Corresponding Societies’ Committee. Cambridge, 1904.
York, 1906 ; Leicester, 1907 ; Dublin, 1908.

British Museum Guides. Mammalia, Great Game Animals, Reptilia,
Fossil Reptiles, Fossil Invertebrates, Seed Plants and Ferns,
Plant Classification, Old Natural History Books, Linnzus
Exhibition, Birds, Series of Insects, Study of Rocks, Races of
Mankind, Elephants Recent and Fossil, Horse Family, Domesti-
cated Animals, Whales, Porpoises and Dolphins, Gallery of
Fishes.

Cardiff Naturalists. 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908.

Christiania, Sundry Geological Problems. Henriksen, 1906.

PaGE 4.

Clifton Antiquarian Club. 1906-1908.
Cornwall Journal Royal Institution. 1907.
Royal Polytechnic Society. 1905, 1906, 1909.

PAGE 5.

Cotteswold Field Club Proceedings. Vol. XV., three parts. Vol. XVL.,
three parts.

Dublin District Handbook.

PAGE 6.

Geologists’ Association. Vol. XIX., Vol. XX., parts 1-7, Vol. XXI., 1-3.
Glasgow Natural History Proceedings. Vol. VII., two parts.
Philosophical Proceedings. Vols. XXXVII., XXXVIII., and
XXXIX.
Hampshire Field Club. Vol. VI., Part 2.
Hertford Natural History Society. Vol. XII., Parts 7, 8,9; Vol. XIII.,
Parts 1, 2, 3 and 4.

PAGE 7.

Leicester. 1907.

Linnzan Society Proceedings. 1907, 1908.

——— Darwin-Wallace Celebration. July 1, 1908.

Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society. Vols. LV. to LX.

PAGE 8.

Manchester Microscopical Society. 1905, 1907, 1908.
Museum Gazette. Vol. I., No. 9.

PAGE 9.

Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society. Vol. VIII., Parts 3 and 4.
Nottingham Naturalists’ Society. 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908.
Peterborough Natural History and Archeological Society. 1905.

PaGE I0.

Rennes, Travaux Scientifiques de 1’ Université. 1906, two parts; 1907,
two parts.

Royal Irish Academy. Vol. XXVI., A No. 1; B Nos. 4, 5, 9, 10; C
Nos. 5-9, 13-16. Vol. XXVII., A Nos. 3, 8,9; C No. 4.

St. Malo, Annales de la Société historique et archéologique. 1900, 1902,
1906, 1908. Also Statutes, 1906.

PaGE Il.

Science of Man (Sydney, N.S.W.). 13 numbers.

Somerset and Dorset, Notes and Queries. 1906, four parts; 1907, four
parts ; 1908, four parts ; 1909, two parts.

——— Record Society. Vol. XXII., Pedes Finium, Henry IV. to

Henry VI. Emanuel Green.
Vol. XXIII., Quarter Sessions Records
(James I.). Rev. E. H. Bates.

PAGE 12.

Somerset Archzological and Natural History Society. Vols. LII. and LIII.

Torquay Natural History Society. Vol. I., No. 1.

Upsala University Bulletins. Vols. VI., VII., VIII.

Wilts Archzological and Natural History Society Magazine. Vol. XXXV.
and Vol. XXXVI. to June, 1909.

PAGE 13.

Wilts Inquisitiones Post Mortem (Dec., 1908).]
Wiltshire Notes and Queries. Parts 54 to 66 (June, 1909).
Yorkshire Philosophical Society. 1899-1901, 1903, 1905-8.

PAGE 14.

Geological Survey, United States.

——— Mineral Resources. 1905, 1906, 1907 (two parts).
—-—— Bulletins. 189-359, 361-367, 369, 371, 372, 376, 378.
——— Annual Reports. Vols. XXVII., XXVIII., XXIX.

201

PAGE 16.

Monographs. XLIX., Cretaceous Flora.

——— Cold Spring Harbour. VII. (March, 1909), from Brooklyn
Institute.

Geological Survey. Water Supply Papers 155-158, 160-223, 225-226.

——w— Professional Papers 46, 50-63.

PaGE 18.

New York State Museum (Education Department).

Reports 57, Vol. I. (two parts), II., III., IV. 58, Vols. L.-V.

59, Vols. I.-IV. .60, Vols. I.-V. 61, Vols. I.-III.

State Museum Bulletins. 60, 65, 66, 68, 69, 78, 80, 83-92, 94-100,
102-110, I12-115, 117-128, 130, 131.

PAGE 19.

Smithsonian Institution. Annual Reports, 1905, 1906, 1907.

——— Proceedings. Vols. XXXI.-XXXIV.

——— Bulletins 56-62.

Library of Congress. Four Vols. of Reports.

Classified List of Smithsonian Publications. May, 1908.

Instructions to Collectors. Historical, 1902. Basketry, 1902.

United States National Herbarium. Vol. X., Parts 5, 6, 7. Vol. XII.,
Parts 2-6.

PAGE 20.

Augustana Library. No. 6, Scandinavian: North American Flora.

Lloyd’s Library. Bulletins 9g, 10.

——— Mycological Notes 19-23, and Index to Mycological Writings.
Vol. I. 1898-1905.

Tylostomez. 1906.

Nova Scotia Institute of Science. Vol. XI., Parts 3, 4.

Peru Bulletin. 40-49, 51-54, 56, 57, 60, 66, 68, 69.

Special Report on the Blind and Deaf, 1900. Printed 1906.

Helen Keller, by John Hitz. 1906.

BATH NATURAL HISTORY & ANTIQUARIAN
FIELD CLUB,

INSTITUTED FEBRUARY 18th, 1855.

LIS! OF MEMBERS FOR THE YEAR 1909.

PRESIDENT.
1903 *A. TRICE MARTIN, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Bath College.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.
1889 *Rev. C. W. SHICKLE, M.A., F.S.A., 9, Cavendish Crescent.
1872 *SHUM Fred., Esq., F.S.A., 17, Norfolk Crescent.

SECRETARIES.
1902 *J. LANGFIELD WARD, Esq., M.A., Weston Lawn, Weston, Bath
1893 *M. H. SCOTT, Esq., 5, Lansdown Place, W.
LIBRARIAN AND TREASURER.

1902 *J, LANGFIELD WARD, Esq.

1865 GREEN Emanuel, Esq., F.S.A., Devonshire Club, St. James, London.
1867 *INMAN T.F., Esq., Kilkenny House, Sion Hill.
1870 HARPER C., Esq., L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., Manor House, Batheaston.
1872 *MARTIN Rev. W. W., M.A., 49, Pulteney Street.
1875 EVANS Major J. Ll., J.P., 12, Cavendish Place.
1876 *HENDERSON W. H., Esq., 9, Royal Crescent.
1878 MACKILLOP C. W., Esq., J.P., 14, Royal Crescent.
SKRINE Col. H. Mills, J.P., Warleigh.
, FOXCROFT E. T.D., Esq., J.P., D.L., Hinton Charterhouse.
1880 SHUM F. Ernest, Esq., 3, Union Street.
1882 *BARLOW W. H., Esq., Cleveland Villa, Bathwick.
» *NORMAN G., Esq., M.R.C.S. 12, Brock Street
1882 MANTELL Surgeon-Major, A. A., M.D., The Elms, Bathampton.
5 TUCKER J. Allon, Esq., J.P., 9, Green Park.
POWELL G. F., Esq., 25, Green Park.

”
1883 BLATHWAYT Lieut.-Col. L., F.L.S., F. Ent. S., Eagle House,
Batheaston.

1886 LEWIS Egbert, Esq., J.P., 23, Bathwick Hill.

1887 PALMER-HALLETT T. G., Esq., M.A., J.P., Claverton Lodge
Bathwick Hill.
HOLST Johan, Esq., 35, Pulteney Street.

”

———

203

1889 ALEXANDER P. Y., Esq., Rothesay, Spencer Road, Southsea,
» LHOMSON Col. H., The Elms, Weston Park.
1891 RICKETTS Col. Montague, Shelbourne Villa, Lansdown.
1893 CASTELLAIN Alfred, Esq., 59, Pulteney Street.
1896 DAVIS C. Price, Esq., J.P., Manor House, Bathampton.
1897 SCOTT Surgeon-Major R. R., 54, Pulteney Street:
» *NASH Lieut.-Col. G. S., 7, Laura Place.
» SPENCER Sydney, Esq., 9, Lansdown Place, West.
1898 MARTYN Gilbert King, Esq., B.A., M.D., 8, Gay Street.
1900 ROGERS Rev. Canon Percy, R.N., M.A., 17, Pulteney Street:
1902 SISSMORE Rey. T. L., M.A., 31, Green Park.
1905 *BARNWELL Rey, C. E. B., 1, Lansdown Place, W.
SOWELS F. Esq., M.A., Bath College.
WARDLE F. D., Esq., 15, Bathwick Hill.
» *LODD S. Esq., Beaumont, Lansdown.
1906 SYDENHAM §&., Esq., 10, Belvedere.
1907 BOCKETT-PUGH H. G., Esq., M.A., Monckton House, Perrymead.

* Members of Committee of Management.

”

”

LADY MEMBERS (Rule 18).

1908 BLATHWAYT Mrs. Linley, Eagle House. Batheaston.
» BLATHWAYT Miss, Eagle House, Batheaston.
MARTIN Mrs, Trice, School House, Bath College.

» MARTIN Miss Trice, School House, Bath College,

» NASH Mrs, 7, Laura Place.

» CLHOMSON Mrs., The Elms, Weston Park.

» LHOMSON Miss, The Elms, Weston Park.

WARD Mrs. Langfield, Weston Lawn,

1909 CASTELLAIN Miss B., 59, Pulteney Street.

HON. MEMBERS.

1864 DAWKINS Professor W. Boyd, F.R.S., F.G.S., &c,, Owens College,
Manchester.

1873 HERIOT Major-Gen. Mackay.

‘6061 ‘Areniqeyq pat

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- RE Ba

BOCIEJIES AND INSTITUTIONS TO WHICH THE

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB ARE
ANNUALLY FORWARDED.

Augustana College, Rock Island, Iu., U.S.A.
Barrow Naturalists’ Field Club.
Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution.
Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.
Birmingham Natural History Society.
Bradford Historical & Antiquarian Society.
Bristol Naturalists’ Society.
British Association for the Advancement of Science.
British Museum Copyright Office, Bloomsbury.

fe LA Natural History Department, South Kensington.
Cambridge University Library.
Cardiff Naturalists’ Society.
Cincinnati, Ohio, Lloyd Library.
Clifton Antiquarian Club.
Cornwall Royal Institution.

53 Royal Polytechnic Society.
Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club.
Dublin Trinity College Library.

2. Royal Irish Academy.
Edinburgh Advocates’ Library.
Geological Society.
Geologists’ Association.
Glasgow Natural History Society.

me Philosophical Society.

Hampshire Field Club.
Hertfordshire Natural History Society.
Linnean Society.
Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society.
Manchester Microscopical Society.
Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society.
Nottingham Naturalists’ Society.
Nova Scotia Institute of Science, Halifax,
Oxford Bodleian Library.
Peterborough Natural History Society.
Rennes University Library.
St. Malo Historical and Archzological Society.
Smithsonian Institute, Washington, U.S.A,
Somersetshire Archeological and Natural History Society.
Upsala Royal University Geological Institution.
Washington U.S. Geological Survey of the Territories.
Wiltshire Archeological and Natural History Society.
Yorkshire Philosophical Society.

PRESENTED
6 NOV. 1909

: 4 THE Binns AND -Frowsrs OF Batu, #907" 8, BY re

_ 8.—LisT oF MEMBERS, BALANCE SHEETS, “AND ) SocterEs

1.—Rev. GEORGE Wee, Rector. or BATH AND Bisnor =
or Limerick, By Rev. C. W. SHICKLE, M, Ay: FE S. A. nee 7:

2.—RECENT EXCAVATIONS AT CAERWENT, BY A. Trice By
Martin, ae FS.AW bin eS eee ae

CASTELLAIN : Be retiey S ne a ee

5-—Nore on THE Rev. JosepH GLANVILL, RECTOR OF
Batu, BY J. LANGFIELD WARD .,. - ssc see

6.—SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS AND EXcuRSIONS OF THE
BatH Fretp CLUB FOR THE YEAR 1907-8, BY J.

- OF Bois”

Aa PROCEEDINGS WITH THE | FIELD foray

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