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iy 1p

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Biological Society of Washington

VOLUME 38
1925
392339
ia é
WASHINGTON

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY

(ry

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS

CHAS. W. RICHMOND, Chairman
T. E. SNYDER F. C. LINCOLN
G. S. MILLER, JR. J. H. RILEY

Press OF
H. L. & J. B. McQuesgn, Inc.
WaAsHINGTON, D.C.

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL
OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
FOR 1925

(ELECTED DECEMBER 6, 1924)

OFFICERS

President
Ss. A. ROHWER

Vice-Presidents

C. E. CHAMBLISS H. C. OBERHOLSER
E. A. GOLDMAN A. WETMORE
Recording Secretary
Ss. F. BLAKE

Corresponding Secretary
T. E. SNYDER

Treasurer
F. C. LINCOLN
COUNCIL
V. BAILEY* FRANK H. KNOWLTON*
PAUL BARTSCH* H. H. T. JACKSON
FREDERICK V. COVILLE* F. A. LUCAS*
WILLIAM H. DALL* WILLIAM R. MAXON
A. A. DOOLITTLE C. HART MERRIAM*
B. W. EVERMANN* E. W. NELSON*
H. C. FULLER T. S. PALMER*
W. P. HAY* J. N. ROSE*
A. S. HITCHCOCK* H. M. SMITH*
A. D. HOPKINS* L. STEJNEGER*
L. 0. HOWARD* C. W. STILES
DAVID WHITE*

STANDING COMMITTEES—1925

Committee on Communications
W. R. Maxon, Chairman
C. E. CHAMBLISS H. C. OBERHOLSER

Committee on Zoological Nomenclature
G. 8. Miter, Jr., Chairman
A. C. BakER PauL BartTscH E. A. CHaApin
H. C. OBERHOLSER

Committee on Publications
Cuas. W. Ricumonp, Chairman
J. H. Ritey G. S. Mitimr, JR.
T. E. SNYDER F. C. Lincotn

*Ex-Presidents of the Society.

(iii)

EX-PRESIDENTS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

*THEOoDORE N. Gru, 1881, 1882
*CHARLES A. WHITE, 1883, 1884
*G. Brown Goons, 1885, 1886
Wituram H. Dat, 1887, 1888
*Lester F. Warp, 1889, 1890
C. Hart Merriam, 1891, 1892
*C. V. Rivey, 1893, 1894

*Gro. M. STERNBERG, 1895, 1896
L. O. Howarp, 1897, 1898
FREDERICK V. CoviLLE, 1899, 1900
F. A. Lucas, 1901, 1902

B. W. Evermann, 1903, 1904
F. H. Knowtton, 1905, 1906
L. STEINEGER, 1907, 1908

T. S. Patmer, 1909, 1910
Davin Waite, 1911

EK. W. Netson, 1912, 1913
Pau Bartscu, 1914, 1915

W. P. Hay, 1916, 1917

J. N. Ross, 1918

Hueu M. Situ, 1919

A. D. Hopkins, 1920

*N. Hoxuister, 1921

VERNON BatLEy, 1922

A. 8. Hrrcucock, 1923

S. A. Ronwer, 1924

* Deceased.

(iv)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Officers;and|\ Committees for 1925.0) we ee ae
PRO CCE CIN GS TOTO 2 Hwee eee ONE RUN SU LES AUN apeaeatl RO AE OM
Notes on the Ratios of Insect Food Habits, by Harry B. Weiss...
Description of a new Oriolus, by Harry C. Oberholser...
A New Clubionid Spider of the Genus Phruronellus from Cali-

ioreane, [on JaveMboln Wy Cloevon| ere bran ee ss gh ee
Three New Birds from Western China, by J. H. Riley...
Description of a New Species of Luminous Lizard Fish, Scope-

losaurus smithi, from off the coast of Brazil, by Barton A. Bean
New Plants from Nevada, by Ivar Tidestrom........-...--

The Wings of the Meloid Beetles, by T. D. A. Cockerell and R. C.
JERI Sa Se Ph AU ei Ma A gL
A New Kangaroo Rat of the Genus Dipodomys from Oregon,
Rnsysge eve Nie Gy ol cliraan edt tue CO tL LT SR NINE NO NEU A PINAR DU
Notes on Chilopods and Diplopods from Barro Colorado Id.,
- and other parts of the Canal Zone, with diagnoses of new
Syorertesh, Lonyy Laval valay, Ve) (Cloveyoa ovey livia Scat
Two New Species of Sciaphila, by S. F. Blake.
A Revision of the Osmerid Fishes of the North Pacific, by Carl L.

Five New Species and a New Variety of Water-striders from
North America (Hemiptera-Gerridae), by Carl J. Drake and
ERO MSE GCOS es ee eat eI UND es AN SOND NSP NF ONS nei 2

The American Species of the Genus Griphoneura Schiner (Dip-
feraSaproniyzidae),) bys kw Wlalloche wens sie Waa aes

Descriptions of New Furnariidae and Dendrocolaptidae, by W. H.
CO Lge e etl col hha Sh eed NN UL SI A Va ie a ll

Two New Kangaroo Rats of the Genus Dipodomys from Lower
Californias by, Waurence Me Huey = ee eee

GereralyINO LES aes UL TAS USEEURAOR SALe sean ETeS Ih
New Names for Five South American Asteraceae, by S. F.

Blake, 85-86; Termite Synonymy—Ulmeriella bauckhorni
Meunier and Macrohodotermes Fuller, by T. D. A. Cock-

35-44
45-48

49-56
57-68
69-74
15-718
79-82

83-84
85-90

(v)

vi Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

erell and T. E. Snyder, 86; An Older Name for Pipra opali-
zans Pelzeln, by John T. Zimmer, 87; A New Chinese Peach,
by H. C. Skeels, 87; Loons and Horned Grebes in Pound
Nets, by Frederick C. Lincoln, 88; A Chinese Potatobean,
by H. C. Skeels, 88; Biformis a Preoccupied Name, by
Thomas E. Snyder, 89; Note on Arremonops superciliosus
chiapensis Nelson, by W. E. Clyde Todd, 89; The “‘ Pseudo-
flight”’ of Termites, by Thomas E. Snyder, 89; A New Name
for the Genus Actophilus Oberholser, by Harry C. Oberholser,
90; Note on the Atlantic Coast Species of Plicatula, by W. H.
Dall, 90; Note on the Species of Petricolaria of the Eastern
Coast of the United States, by W. H. Dall, 90.

Sixteen New Birds from Brazil and Guiana, by W. E. Clyde Todd 91-100

New Neotropical Lizards, by Thomas Barbour... 101-102
Three New Genera and Three New Species of Cimicidae from

INorbh America, by (Geo: Mis iiists. se eee ee eee 103-110
Four New Birds from Brazil, by W. E. Clyde Todd... 111-114
A New Thrush from the Province of Kweichou, China, by J. H.

Reiley. tei ko aa Ali a A 115-116
A New Violet from China, by Wilhelm Becker__............._........- 117-118
Notes on North American Spiders heretofore referred to Coelotes,

byaRalphVaiChamaber|linie esse eee se eee ee eee cea 119-124
Two New Pigmy Shrews of the Genus Microsorex, by Hartley

SR Seeks ra ee Pt 125-126
Preliminary Descriptions of Seven Shrews of the Genus Sorex,

by Hartley ie ©. Jackson: 3) onil Sy see Fee eee 127-130
A New Red-winged Blackbird from Western Mexico, by Don-

ald Re Dickey: and Aj) Jpuvan ROSsemias selcims seen 131-132
Four New Birds from Salvador, by Donald R. Dickey and A. J.

Want “Rossen: 2/000. Wah ial 2s BL aepenenee Nas on aaa eee 133-136
New Mites of the Parasitic Genus Haemogamasus Berlese, by

TBE eB yn gs ae A UR cr 137-144
Another Annectant Genus (Hemiptera; Cimicoidea), by W. L.

McAtee:and J; Mallochaets eo Ria yl See eee 145-148
Notes on Fossil Termites with particular reference to Florissant,

Colorado; by) LhomastE snyder eee eee 149-166

The Committee on Publications declares that each paper of this volume
was distributed on the date indicated on its initial page. The Index, title
page, and minutes of meetings for 1925 (pp. i-xi; 167-170) were issued
on February 23, 1926.

PLATES

I. Facing p. 22. Wing of fossil Termite, Ulmeriella bauckhorni.
II. Facing p. 32. Wings of Meloid Beetles.
III. Facing p. 66. Development of Termites.
IV. Facing p. 146. McAtee and Malloch on Coccivora californica.

Vol. 38, pp. vii-xi
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

PROCEEDINGS.

The Society meets from October to May, on alternate Satur-
days, at 8 p.m. All meetings during 1925 were held in the new
lecture hall of the Cosmos Club, except the special meeting of
January 24 and the joint meeting of January 31, both of which
were held in the National Museum.

January 17, 1925—673d Meeting.!

President Rohwer in the chair; 121 persons present.

The membership of the following committees was announced:
Committee on Communications: W. R. Maxon, Chairman,
H. C. Oberholser, C. E. Chambliss; Committee on Publica-
tions: C. W. Richmond, Chairman, J. H. Riley, T. E. Snyder,
F. C. Lincoln, G. 8. Miller, Jr.; Committee on Zoological No-
menclature: G. 8. Miller, Jr., Chairman, P. Bartsch, A. C.
Baker, E. A. Chapin, H. C. Oberholser; Trustees of Permanent
Fund of Society: T. 8. Palmer (2 years), H. C. Oberholser
(1 year), A. S. Hitchcock (8 years).

New members: W. M. Mann (life member), C. P. Roberts.

Informal communications: T. S. Palmer, Winter feeding of
quail in the District of Columbia; H. C. Oberholser, Occurrence
of a Baltimore oriole in the District of Columbia in January;
F. C. Lincoln, Recovery in Newfoundland of a kittiwake banded
in England.

Formal communications: A. B. Howell, Mice that live in trees;
R. F. Griggs, Scientific results of the Katmai Expeditions.

January 24, 1925—Special Meeting.”

Vice-President Oberholser in the chair; 85 persons present.

1Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 15, p. 220-221, May 19, 1925.
2Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 15, p. 221, May 19, 1925.

(vii)

2 ae

viii Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Formal communications: Frits Johansen, A trip to the eastern
shore of Hudson Bay.

January 31, 1925—674th Meeting.

Joint meeting with the Audubon Society of the District of
Columbia.

President T. 8. Palmer (Audubon Society) in the chair.

Formal communication: A. A. Allen, Our disappearing birds.

February 14, 1925—675th Meeting.’

Vice-President Oberholser in the chair; 63 persons present.

New member: Mrs. T. E. Snyder.

Informal communications: V. Bailey, Observation of a duck
hawk on Pennsylvania Avenue; A. Wetmore, Early occurrence
of the purple grackle; E. A. Goldman, Observation of a Chinese
pheasant; A. Wetmore, Local history of the Chinese pheasant;
S. F. Blake, Observation of a bat in Poli’s Theatre in February.

Formal communications: Edgar Brown, The longevity of
buried seeds; E. P. Walker, Commercial development of blue
fox farming in Alaska; H. L. Shantz, Collecting experiences in
East Africa.

February 28, 1925—676th Meeting.

President Rohwer in the chair; 129 persons present.

New members: C. J. Drake, A. B. Horsfall, M. A. Stewart.

Formal communications: O. J. Murie, The white sheep of the
Alaska range; H. V. Harlan, Plant exploration in Abyssinia.

March 14, 1925—677th Meeting.’

President Rohwer in the chair; 75 persons present.

New members: P. 8. Ridsdale, R. W. Westwood.

Informal communications: C. W. Stiles, Experiments on the
pollution of ground water; L. O. Howard, Note on newspaper
reports of the loss of biting power by mosquitoes.

Formal communications: R. C. Shannon, Parasitic flies in man
and animals; James Silver, The European hare in North Amer-

1Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 15, p. 221, May 19, 1925.
2Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 15, p. 221-223, May 19, 1925.
3Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 15, p. 223, May 19, 1925.
4Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 15, p. 223-224, May 19, 1925.

Proceedings. ix

ica: is it a menace; W. M. Mann, A collecting trip in Sinai,
Palestine.

March 28, 1925—678th Meeting.!

President Rohwer in the chair; 89 persons present.

New members: Anne Benton, E. A. Back, J. EH. Graf, C. H.
Popenoe.

Informal communications: P. B. Johnson, Observations of
certain animals in zoological gardens; A. 8. Hitchcock, Correc-
tion of the locality of a grass ascribed to Alaska.

Formal communications: H. C. Oberholser, The future of the
Potomac Valley below Great Falls; W. B. Greeley, The national
forests of the United States.

April 11, 1925—679th Meeting.”

President Rohwer in the chair; 73 persons present.

Informal communications: Katherine Stuart, Injury done to
lawns by solitary bees at Oxford, North Carolina; M. K. Brady,
A nest of Cryptotis parva with 20 young; A. E. Imms, History
of the Rothamsted Experiment Station; W. F. Thompson, The
treaty between the United States and Canada for the protec-
tion of the halibut.

Formal communications: LL. O. Howard, Something about esti-
mates of loss through insect damage; V. Bailey, Making pets of
insect-eating bats.

April 25, 1925—680th Meeting.’

President Rohwer in the chair; 42 persons present.

New members: W. P. Harris, Jr., Dorothy Popenoe, Wilson
Popenoe (life member).

Informal communications: A. A. Doolittle, Exhibition of a
cross-sectioned ostrich egg, and Note on a method of water-
proofing labels for fluid specimens; I. N. Hoffman, Capture of
a young Clemmys muhlenbergit near Stubblefield Falls, Vir-
ginia; S. A. Rohwer, Further note on damage to lawns by soli-
tary bees (Andrena sp.).

Formal communications: Smith Riley, Forest fires and wild

1Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 15, p. 351-352, August 19, 1925.
2Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 15, p. 374-375, September 19, 1925.
3Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 15, p. 375-376, September 19, 1925.

x Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

life; Wilson Popenoe, Peruvian agriculture of Pre-Columbian
days.
October 24, 1925—681st Meeting.

President Rohwer in the chair; 51 persons present.

New member: W. F. Rubey.

Informal communications: V. Bailey, Destruction of musk-
rats by fire; J. N. Rose, Note on the proposed arboretum near
Los Angeles; A. A. Doolittle, Infestation of a cat by a tapeworm
usually found in man; 8. A. Rohwer, Note on the death of Dr.
W. D. Hunter; P. B. Johnson, Observations on viscachas in the
National Zoological Park.

Formal communications: V. Bailey, Two years’ progress in
beaver farming; Agnes Chase, Hunting grasses in Brazil.

November 7, 1925—682d Meeting.?

President Rohwer in the chair; 59 persons present.

New members: Frank Thone, J. K. Strecker, G. M. Lind.

Informal communications: H. C. Oberholser, Establishment
of the Upper Mississippi River Wild Life and Fish Refuge;
V. Bailey, Recent observation of a woodchuck near Wash-
ington; F. C. Lincoln, Unusual actions of a woodchuck.

Formal communications: L. O. Howard, Something about the.
salt marsh mosquito problem; E. A. Goldman, Over-browsing
by Kaibab deer.

November 21, 1925—683d Meeting.’

President Rohwer in the chair; 120 persons present.

New members: F. H. Chittenden, Mabel Colcord.

Formal communications: T. S. Palmer, Report on the recent
meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union, New York;
W. C. Henderson, When the elk come down; H. C. Oberholser,
The bird reservations of Louisiana.

December 5, 1925—684th Meeting.‘

President Rohwer in the chair; 48 persons present.
New member: D. N. Shoemaker.

1Abstract to appear in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci.
2Abstract to appear in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci.
Abstract to appear in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci.
4Abstract to appear in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci.

Proceedings. XI

Informal communications: L. D. Miner, Late observation of
the black-billed cuckoo near Washington; A. 8. Hitchcock, Oc-
currence of Brachyelytrum erectum in China.

Formal communications: W. B. Greeley, The proposed changes
in the boundaries of Yellowstone National Park in relation to
wild life; T. H. Kearney, Pollination in cotton.

December 19, 1925—685th Meeting.
Forty-stxtH ANNUAL MEETING.

President Rohwer in the chair; 24 persons present.

Reports were received from the Corresponding and Recording
Secretaries, the Treasurer, and the Committee on Publications.

New members: C. Denley, G. B. Grant, O. J. Murie.

The following officers and members of the council were
elected:

President, H. C. Oberholser.

Vice-Presidents, E. A. Goldman, A. Wetmore, C. E. Cham-
bliss, H. H. T. Jackson.

Recording Secretary, S. F. Blake.

Corresponding Secretary, T. E. Snyder.

Treasurer, F. C. Lincoln.

Members of the Council, H. C. Fuller, W. R. Maxon, C. W.
Stiles, A. A. Doolittle, B. H. Swales.

President-elect H. C. Oberholser was nominated as a Vice-
President of the Washington Academy of Sciences.

1Abstract to appear in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci.

hat A
ait

AN

it)

Vol. 38, pp. 1-4 January 27, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

NOTES ON THE RATIOS OF INSECT FOOD. HABITS

BY HARRY B. WEISS.:-,

In the Ohio Journal of Science for March, 1924 (vol. xxiv,
no. 2, pp. 100-106), the suggestion was made that in a large
area embracing different types of vegetation, the ratios between
the types of insect food habits vary but little if the numerical
ratios between the species and the factors tending to reduce
their numbers are considered as constant. Sinee this was
written, the insects recorded from Connecticut (Bull. 31,
State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Survey Conn.), were tabulated in
accordance with their food habits and the results published in
Entomological News (vol. xxxv, pp. 362-364, Dec., 1924) under
the title “Ratios Between the Food Habits of Insects.”” The
present paper is written for the purpose of presenting the re-
sults of the various tabulations in a more comparable form
and should be considered as supplementary to the two papers
mentioned above.

Table I shows the distribution ratios of the types of food habits present
in three large areas, each area embracing different types of vegetation.
These ratios are expressed as percentages of the total numbers of species
listed in the left hand column, regardless of numerical abundance and
are based on the predominating larval habits of the families. It will
be noted that these percentages do not differ widely and that they suggest
a fixed relation or at least a relation fluctuating within comparatively
narrow limits. While assuming that the numbers of species listed from
New Jersey and Connecticut are ‘‘compiete counts,” it is realized that
numerous future additions in the parasitic Hymenoptera or more complete
information about the food habits of many species would change the ratios
but this would not affect what appears to be a fixed relation or natural
order of things. Another factor which would change the ratios is the
numerical abundance of the various species. As various species maintain

i—Proc. Brox. Soc. Wasu., VOL. 38, 1925. (1)

2 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

themselves in certain numerical ratios with respect to factors or combina-
tions of factors tending to reduce their numbers and as these relationships
are usually normal, such numerical ratios have been considered as con-
stant in all of the tables.

Taste I.

Pollen
Harpacto-| Para- | feeders,
phagous | sitic | misc.

spp.
% % %
Western Arctic
Coast of N. A..... 14 10 2
State of New
Jerseys es 16 12 4
State of
Connecticut..._...- 16 10 3
Above areas
combined.............. 16 11 4.
TABLE IT:
Pollen

No. Phyto- | Sapro- | Harpacto-| Para-| feeders,
species | phagous | phagous | phagous | sitic Mase.

Spp.
% % % % %

Moist woods on

Piedmont Plain

OLAIN tees nee 415 Bi 35 20 5 3
A thicket on

Piedmont Plain

GLAD HRI ee ae 273 63 9 19 76 2
Dry woods in

“pine barrens’’__.

Ob NA hee 381 45 Pa 18 14 2
Open area in

“pine barrens”’

OLIN See ees 246 41 10 24 18 7
Salt marsh on

coast of N. J....... 210 39 21 26 13 1

Above areas
combined... 1,525 45 21 21 10 3

Weiss—Notes on the Ratios of Insect Food Habits. 3

In table II the distribution ratios are shown for various areas in New
Jersey, the vegetation in each area being more or less uniform and each
area being relatively small in comparison with the areas listed in table I.
The figures in table II show more variation or dispersion than those in table
I and appear to indicate that the ratios between the various types of food
habits vary in accordance with the vegetation when small areas, each with
a uniform type of vegetation, are considered.

In table III will be found comparisons, using the parasitic food habit
as a base. For example, if the parasitic food habit in the state of New
Jersey is represented by 1, the relative importance of the other types will
be, harpactophagous, 1.3; saprophagous, 1.6; phytophagous, 4.1, etc.

Tasie III.

i Pollen
No. Phyto- | Sapro- | Harpacto-| Para- | feeders,
species | phagous | phagous | phagous | sitic misc.

spp.

Western Arctic

Coast of N. A....... 400 4.7 Pll 1.4 1.0 0.20
State of N. J... 10,500 4.1 1.6 1.3 1.0 0.33
State of Conn.........| 6,781 5.2 1.9 1.6 1.0 0.30
Above areas

combined.............. 17,681 4.5 W527 1.4 1.0 0.36
Moist woods on

Piedmont Plain

OLIN Ei ises cna A415 74 7.0 4.0 1.0 0.6
A thicket on

Piedmont Plain

ERIN ayes oie ie 273 9.0 1.3 Mell 1.0 0.3
Dry woods in

“pine barrens”

OUI Seas ie, 381 Bh 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.1
Open area in

‘pine barrens”’

OLIN ee Ae 246 DBs 0.5 1.3 1.0 0.4
Salt marsh on

coast of N. J....... 210 3.0 1.6 2.0 1.0 0.07
All New Jersey

areas combined... 1,525 4.5 2.1 2.1 1.0 0.3

Table IV shows the variation of the percentages in tables I and II by
means of coefficients of variation. For example, the dispersion or varia-
tion among the items 47, 49 and 52, the phytophagous series in table I
is much less than in the pollen series 2, 4, 3 and the coefficient of varia-

4 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

tion for each food habit group affords a simple means of comparison. If
the variations in a series are large then the coefficient is large and vice
versa. The coefficient of variation was arrived at by dividing the standard
deviation by the arithmetic means of the series and the standard deviation
was secured by squaring each item in a series; adding the squared items
and dividing by the number of items; subtracting from the quotient the
square of the arithmetic average of the series and extracting the square
root of the difference. Although a more refined method designed to take
into consideration the ‘‘true averages” shown at the bottoms of tables
I and II could have been used, the ‘‘true averages” are close to the arithme-
tic averages. The coefficient of variation is used not to give a fictitious
accuracy to the subject but solely to reduce the different series to a com-
parable basis.

Tass IV
COEFFICIENTS OF VARIATION.

Pollen
Phyto- Sapro- | Harpacto-| Parasitic | feeders,
phagous | phagous | phagous MISC. SPP.

New Jersey areas_.| 0.208 0.491 0.143 0.417 0.699
Otherareas! een 0.055 0.191 0.090 0.095 0.270

According to the above table, the variation in each series of food habits
is much greater for the different areas in New Jersey than for the other
areas, 1. e., the entire state of New Jersey, the entire state of Connecticut
and the western Arctic coast of North America. This taken into considera-
tion with the figures shown in table I appears to indicate that the ratios
between the various types of food habits based on the species present
vary but little when large areas each embodying different types of vege-
tation are considered in toto and when the numerical ratios between the
species present and the factors tending to reduce their numbers are con-
sidered as constant; also that in relatively small areas each with a uniform
type of vegetation, the ratios between the types of food habits, based
on the species present, vary in accordance with the type of vegetation
if the numerical ratios between the species and the factors tending to re-
duce their numbers are considered as constant. It should be understood
that these conclusions do not apply to areas under cultivation but to
such as are relatively unchanged by man.

Vol. 38, pp. 5-6 January 27, 1925

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW ORIOLUS. ,

BY HARRY C. OBERHOLSER.

Three specimens of Orzolus indicus from Corea seem to prove
its breeding in that country, and to represent an undescribed
race. As there seems to be no name available, the Corean
bird may be known as

Oriolus indicus ochroxanthus.

Chars. subsp.—Similar to Oriolus indicus indicus from China and the
Malay Peninsula, but male with the yellow less golden, and the black
occipital patch decidedly wider, 21 to 25 (instead of 12 to 23) mm.; female
with lower parts much paler.

Description.—Type, adult male, No. 114413, U. S. Nat. Mus.; near
Seoul, Corea, June 17, 1883; P. L. Jouy; original number, 1104. Forehead
and middle of crown, gamboge yellow; lores, orbital ring, and wide super-
ciliary stripe, continuous with a broad occipital band, black; cervix and
sides of neck between gamboge yellow and light cadmium; back, rump,
and scapulars, gamboge yellow, overlaid with sulphine yellow; upper
tail-coverts dull gamboge yellow; tail black, the four outer rectrices broadly,
three of the four remaining feathers narrowly, tipped with rather dull
lemon chrome, this occupying on the outermost feather a space of 37 mm.;
wings black, but the inner margins of the quills brownish, the tips of the
outer webs of the secondaries and broad terminal portion of the primary
coverts, straw yellow, broad outer margins of secondaries, excepting the
extreme unexposed basal portion, wax yellow, the greater wing-coverts of
the same color, but somewhat brighter, the median and lesser coverts,
gamboge yellow slightly washed with sulphine yellow; cheeks, chin, throat,
and breast, between lemon chrome and gamboge yellow; abdomen, crissum,
and lining of wing, lemon chrome; “‘iris, dark reddish brown.”

Measurements.—Male: wing, 151 mm.; tail, 94; exposed culmen, 28.5;
height of bill at base, 12.5; tarsus, 25; middle toe without claw, 20.5.

Female: wing, 147 mm.; tail, 97; exposed culmen, 29.5; height of bill
at base, 12; tarsus, 23.5; middle toe without claw, 20.

Remarks.—The male in juvenal plumage shows the same differential
characters as do the adult male and adult female, and compared with the
juvenal plumage of Oriolus indicus indicus is much darker, more greenish

2—Proc. Brox. Soc. Wasx., Vou. 38, 1925. (5)

6 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

(less golden) above, and paler below. Birds from southeastern Manchuria,
180 miles up the Yalu River, seem to verge slightly toward the Corean
race, but are certainly to be referred to Oriolus indicus indicus. The
specimens examined besides the type come from near Chemulpo, Septem-
ber 8, 1883, and from 30 miles east of Seoul, August 12, 1883.

The use of the name Oriolus indicus Jerdon instead of Oriolus diffusus
Sharpe has already been explained by Dr. E. Hartert.1 We quite agree
with him that there is no reason for the rejection of Jerdon’s name as
Sharpe proposed when instituting the name Oriolus diffusus for this species.?
This species is apparently distinct from Oriolus maculatus, since the differ-
ence in the yellow areas on the tertials and inner secondaries is not bridged
over in any of the specimens of the.subspecies of Oriolus maculatus or of
Oriolus indicus examined. Furthermore, there is a gap in the range
of the two species.

1V6gel palaarkt. Fauna, I, Heft I, November, 1903, p. 53.
2Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., III, 1877, p. 197.

Vol. 38, pp. 7-8 January 27, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A NEW CLUBIONID SPIDER OF THE GENUS
PHRURONELLUS FROM CALIFORNIA... ,

BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN. 8) MUS

From Mr. Carl D. Duncan of Stanford University I have
received for identification a number of spiders taken from a
nest of Vespa occidentalis Cresson which was dug up in the
vicinity of Stanford University, Calif., in July. ‘‘The nest,”
Mr. Duncan writes, ‘‘was a very interesting one in that it had
persisted throughout the winter just past instead of dying
out in the fall as is customary. There was but a mere handful
of wasps left but there were many other forms present, includ-
ing the spiders I am sending.”

Among the spiders were about thirty specimens of the new
clubionid described below. The other spiders were all gnapho-
sids, and all were immature excepting one female of Nodocion
barbaranus Chamberlin. Some of the immature specimens
apparently pertain to the latter species, but most of them
belong to Zelotes, sp.

Genus Phruronellus Chamberlin.
Canadian entomologist, 1921, Mar., p. 69.

The members of this genus have typically shining chestnut or blackish
bodies and lack the markings usual in the related genus Phrurolithus from
which they differ structurally, particularly in the features of the male
palpus. They are ground forms often found associated with ants.

The males of the known species may be separated by means of the follow-
ing key.

Key To Mates or Specius oF PHRURONELLUS.

a. Femoral apophysis of palpus proximad of middle.
Ventral (mesal) prong of tibial apophysis long, distally acute.
P. pugnatus (Emerton).

3—Proc. Brion. Soc. WasH., Vou. 38, 1925. (7)

8 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

aa. Femoral apophysis of palpus at or distad of middle.
b. Ventral prong of tibial apophysis of palpus broad, laminate, with
two equal distal angles) = a ee P. formica (Banks).
bb. Ventral prong of tibia apophysis not of this form.
c. This prong rather long, slightly bent at middle, distally trun-

1 F : nee SRYON Ds none Pe) te SE fake P. similis (Banks).
ec. This prong very short, distally acute, with a smaller supple-
mentary tooth.) ee P. duncani, sp. nov.

Phruronellus duncani, sp. nov.

Male.—Specimens in full color have the carapace dusky over a light
brown background. Sternum light brown. Legs yellowish. Abdomen
black above its venter yellowish. Cephalothorax low, broad, laterally
rounded, the pars cephalica wide as usual. Abdomen broadly subovate
in outline.

Tibia I with five pairs of long spines beneath, the most distal pair of
these well proximad of outer end of joint. Metatarsus I with four pairs
of ventral spines.

Femur of male palpus angularly extended ventrad at middle, the apophy-
sis projecting from apex of angle; apophysis bearing a’ pencil of setae at
its free end extending toward distal end of joint. Tibial apophysis furcate
as usual; the upper prong geniculate or strongly curved proximally slender
and distally acute; lower (mesal) prong very short, slightly curved, a sup-
plementary tooth below apex between it and the upper prong towards
which it points.

Length of male, 2 mm.

Locality.—California: Stanford University. 19 July, 1924.

Vol. 38, pp. 9-12 January 27, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

THREE NEW BIRDS FROM WESTERN CHINA:

ca

BY. He RL nye EET HA

During the year 1923 and early part of 1924, Doctor Joseph
F. Rock made a botanical exploration of the high mountains
of northwest Yunnan, under the auspices of the National
Geographic Society. On this occasion he employed a Chinese
taxidermist and made a large collection of birds which have
been presented to the U. 8. National Museum by the National
Geographic Society.

The three new forms described herewith have been discov-
ered in working up this material and are published in advance
of a more detailed report.

Ithaginis rocki, sp. nov.

Type, adult male, U.S. National Museum, No. 296085, Hofuping Moun-
tains, Mekong Valley, Yunnan, November, 1923. Collected by J. F.
Rock (original No. 1351).

Similar to Ithaginis kusert Beebe, but ear-coverts broadly streaked
with grayish-white and the lores black not red.

Description.—Forehead nopal red, bordered posteriorly by a few cinna-
mon-buff shaft-streaks of the gray feathers of the pileum; pileum neutral
gray with grayish-white shaft-streaks; rest of the upper-parts, lesser and
median wing-coverts neutral gray with white shaft-streaks, bordered
upon each side by blackish; chin and throat nopal red; lores and feathers
surrounding the naked eye space black; ear-coverts black with broad
grayish-white shaft-streaks, these streaks buffy anteriorly; a black gorget,
extending from behind the ear-coverts across the fore-neck, with a few
very fine shaft-streaks on the side of the neck; the fore-neck with a few
red and buffy streaks; chest nopal red, the feathers anteriorly with cinna-
mon shaft-streaks and posteriorly with chrysolite green bordered by a
shade of the same color; breast light cress green with chrysolite green
shaft-streaks, the lower breast feathers with the shaft-streaks bordered

1Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
4—Proc. Biou. Soc. Wasx., Vou. 38, 1925. (9)

10 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

on each side by blackish, all the feathers neutral gray basally; belly light
neutral gray; flanks neutral gray with white shaft-streaks, bordered on
each side with black posteriorly, a few tinged and centered with greenish;
under tail-coverts nopal red with the shaft and tip white; exposed portion
of the greater wing-coverts and longer scapulars cress green with chrysolite
green shaft-streaks, bordered on each side with blackish posteriorly; pri-
maries and their coverts deep mouse gray, the shaft white; secondaries
deep mouse gray, the outer web cartridge buff, the shaft white; longer
upper tail-coverts neutral gray with white shaft-streaks bordered on each
side by blackish, the outer web broadly bordered by nopal red; tail pale
smoke gray, mottled with dark mouse gray and becoming wholly of this
color basally, the shaft white, the outer web fringed with nopal red, except
the outer pair; thighs neutral gray with white shaft streaks; bill black,
the cere ochraceous salmon; feet coral red (in the skin); ‘‘iris peach red.”’
Wing, 204; tail, 141; culmen from cere, 14.5; tarsus, 68; middle-toe, 43 mm.

Remarks.—Dr. Rock obtained three males and three females of this
interesting bird. One male resembles the type, except that the red on the
chest has more green-centered feathers while the other male does not have
the black extend across the fore-neck, but the red of the throat continues
right down onto the chest without interruption and the exposed part of
the tail is smoke gray without any mottling, becoming whitish at the
tips. The type and second male have two spurs on the tarsus, the third
male without the black across fore-neck none; otherwise they are essentiaily
alike.

The females resemble the females of Jthaginis clarke Rothschild taken
more to the eastward in the Likiang Mountains, but the hind-neck is not
so extensively neutral gray; the forehead, cheeks, and throat are cinnamon-
rufous, not tawny-olive; and the bills are smaller and red, only black
basally, not wholly so.

Named in honor of the collector.

Strix aluco nivipetens, subsp. nov.

Type, adult male, U. S. National Museum, No. 296208, Likiang Moun-
tains, 11,000 feet, Yunnan, May 8, 1923. Collected by J. F. Rock (original
No. 380).

Similar to Strix aluco nivicola (Blyth), but much darker, the back and
chest with the white spots replaced by ochraceous-buff, except those on
the scapulars and greater wing-coverts; flanks and feet ochraceous-buff;
the face darker; under wing-coverts ochraceous-buff instead of buffy-
white; bars on the tail darker and broader. Wing, 310; tail, 188; culmen
from cere, 22 mm.

Remarks.—In addition to the type, Rock collected another specimen in
the same general region, which while like the type above is lighter below.
Both the above specimens are so different from Strix aluco nivicola, or
any of the related forms that they hardly need comparison and it is very
doubtful if they belong to the same species. The principal difference
is the replacement of the white in Strix aluco nivicola by ochraceous-buff,

Riley—Three New Birds from Western China. 11

above and below, except for the white jugular patch, the white spots on
‘the belly, the white spots on the scapulars, and greater wing-coverts.

I have not seen Syrnium aluco harterti La Touche (Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,
40, 1919, 50) described from’ Hupeh, but also recorded from Formosa and
Yunnan. The description certainly does not fit the present race, as no
mention is made of the ochraceous-buff of the upper or lower parts that
so strongly characterizes it.

Aethopyga dabryii bangsi, subsp. nov.

Type, adult male, U. S. National Museum, No. 213223, Hongsurkou,
Hupeh, May 15, 1907. Collected by Walter R. Zappey.

Similar to Aethopyga dabryi dabryit (Verreaux), but chest and back
a lighter, duller red, rump and belly lighter yellow, the middle tail-feathers
violet not steely blue, bill and tail shorter. Wing, 56; tail, 71; culmen,
14.5 mm. :

Remarks.—Ten adult males of Aethopyga dabryii from the high moun-
tains of northern Yunnan are uniformly more of a scarlet-red while two
from Hupeh have these parts scarlet. The Hupeh birds also differ as de-
scribed above and the differences are quite striking upon comparison.
They evidently represent two races, but which one to bestow a name upon
needs consideration. Nectarinia dabryit Verreaux (Rey. et Mag. Zool.,
1867, 173, pl. 15) came from the province of Szechuan. The U.S. National
Museum contains a male from Tatsienlu, Szechuan, and it agrees with the
Yunnan series. Verreaux’s plate is poor. The red is more like the Hupeh
bird, while the color of the tail, pileum, rump, and belly more closely re-
semble the Yunnan form. As certain water-colors, especially red (the
plate is hand-colored), are known to change with age, and as the color of
the tail, pileum, rump, and belly more closely resembles the Yunnan bird,
it would seem Verreaux’s type originally came from the mountains of
western Szechuan.

Named in honor of Mr. Outram Bangs.

NA
J wy a
7. Ob A

Vol., 38, pp. 13-14 January 27, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF LUMINOUS
LIZARD FISH, SCOPELOSAURUS SMITHII, FROM
OFF THE COAST OF BRAZIL.

BY BARTON A. BEAN.

On returning from Argentina, in December, 1922, Dr. Hugh
M. Smith, of Washington, was handed a ‘Rare Fish’? which
had been brought aboard the steamer by a large suction hose,
and upon examination I find it to belong to Dr. Bleeker’s
genus, Scopelosaurus described in 1860 from a specimen taken
off the coast of Amboina, the type (S. hoedtz) being preserved
in the Leiden Museum. This type has been redescribed and
figured in the Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, II,
by Dr. Max Weber, and Dr. L. F. de Beaufort, Leiden, 1913,
pages 175 and 176. The genus has an elongate, well-rounded
body with the snout long and pointed; a prominent lower jaw,
the wide mouth being superiorly bordered by the intermaxillary
and having the intermaxillary situated above it. The dorsal
fin slightly behind middle of body; ventrals forward, anal in
the beginning of the posterior one-fourth of the length. The
narrow adipose fin above last anal rays; pectorals situated in
the middle of the height of the body. Three rows of scales
intervening between the opercle and its origin. The caudal
forked; teeth small, a single series on intermaxillary, palatines
and vomer; several series on the mandible, none on tongue.
Lateral line straight; scales cycloid, head scaleless. Bleeker
described this genus as having three ventral series of luminous
organs between isthmus and anal. Drs. Weber and de Beau-
fort state that they could not make out on the type specimen,
which is in a bad state of preservation if these three rows as
mentioned by Bleeker really are luminous organs. It_is un-

5—Proc. Brox. Soc. WasH., Vou. 38, 1925. ‘w ;

JUN 12 ise

Nv
TONAL MU

NI i

14 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

fortunate that our specimen is in pretty much the same condi-
tion. The organs are very difficult of detection, even with the
aid of a glass. Some few, however, are present.

Scopelosaurus smithii, new species.

The head is contained 32 times in the standard body length; eye four
in head, its long diameter slightly exceeding the width of the interorbital
space. Depth of body 214 in head; pectoral long, almost one-fifth length
of body.

Dorsal 11; anal 18; scales in the lateral series about 60; caudal fin deeply
incised, its lobes filamentous. Owing to the manner of capture the scales
are mostly wanting. The color must have been a deep purplish black.
The species here briefly described is well differentiated from its Indo-
Pacific relative, by the longer head, larger eye, longer pectorals and caudal
rays.

The total length of the type, 190 mm., is divided as follows: Length of
head, 45 mm; body from end of head to middle caudal rays, 120 mm.;
caudal, 25 mm. The type is No. 86676, U. S. National Museum. Cap-
tured off the coast of Brazil.

I take pleasure in naming this remarkable fish for my friend Dr. Hugh M.
Smith, who preserved the same for us.

Vol. 38, pp. 15-16 February 10, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

NEW PLANTS FROM NEVADA.

BY IVAR TIDESTROM.

In the preparation of a flora of Utah and Nevada forms have
come to light which appear to be new to botany. They are
deseribed herewith:

1. Gilia nevadensis, sp. nov.

Perennial with a branched caudex; stems 10 cm. high or less; leaves
ovate in outline, deeply pinnatifid, arachnoid-villous, the lobes oblong,
apiculate; flowers in a densely capitate cluster, densely arachnoid-villous;
corolla purple, little exceeding the calyx, its lobes elliptic, about 2 mm.
long, the filaments not exserted.

Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, No. 766176, flowering specimens
collected by Albert E. Hitchcock (No. 865) on Bunker Hill Mountain,
Toyabe National Forest, Nevada, July 29, 1913.

Closely related to Gilia congesta, from which it differs in its nearly
uniformly pinnatifid leaves, smaller corolla, and included stamens.

2. Verbena gooddingii nepetifolia, var. nov.

Hirsute perennial, 20 cm. high or more; stems numerous from a deep
root; leaves broadly ovate, coarsely and unevenly toothed, the blades
about 2 cm. long, abruptly narrowed into a cuneate, decurrent base;
flowers in a short, long-pedunculate spike; calyx about 8 mm. long, villous-
hirsute, the teeth subulate; corolla 10 mm. long or more, pinkish, the
rotate limb about 8 mm. broad.

Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, No. 1221478, flowering specimens
collected by Ivar Tidestrom (No. 8835) in El Dorado Cafion, Nevada,
near the Colorado River, at an elevation of 600 meters, May 2, 1919.

This form differs from the species chiefly in its much less indented and
broader leaves.

6—Proc. Bio. Soc. WasuH., Vou. 38, 1925. (15)

: , J i “ a ce ok

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Vol. 38, pp. 17-20 March 12, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

THE ADULT OF OUR COMMON NORTH AMERICAN
CHIGGER.

BY H. E. EWING.

The adult instar of our common North American chigger
(Trombicula wrritans (Riley)=Trombicula tlalzahuatl (Murray))
was first demonstrated by the writer in 1923.1: During the
summer of 1923 several adults of Trombicula connabaris Ewing
were obtained in Stone Valley, Pennsylvania, and brought to the
National Museum. These were kept in small breeding cells
and a single larva was obtained which proved to be no other
than Trombicula irritans (Riley).

This summer (1924) as many as five larvae were obtained
from a single isolated female kept in a small breeding cell on my
table in the United States National Museum. This adult
female was collected at North Beach, Maryland, July 23. She
was placed in a cell made out of a large neckless vial. The
bottom of the vial was filled with sand and on top of the sand
was placed a disk of cork. Water was added to the cork and
sand until the atmosphere of the cell was brought to about
saturation. As food for the adult a single fecal pellet from a
springtail was added. On July 25 the adult Trombicula was
placed in a new and similar cell but with many fecal pellets
from springtails as food and also one dead springtail. In this
cell the adult was observed to be very active and to feed from the
fecal pellets and also from the cork that had now begun to under-
go decay.

On August 13 two very active larvae were observed in the
cell. They ran with great rapidity about the same and were
ceaselessly restless. The next day five larvae were observed.

1See Science (1924), Vol. LIX, No. 1515, Sup., p. XIV.
7—Proc. Biou. Soc. WasH., VoL. 38, 1925. (17)

18 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

These were all killed and mounted on microscope slides. They
agreed perfectly with the larva obtained in 1923, and were no

an
Sy

agains

iF

Ra IRS rpnapy |

: ey ae ; ake
pt at re SN
< x _ a
ai ee Se ae SE
eri Meer el EP GE wee EM
> ww, my ‘* ‘ ave]
Xr SP hr ao Z ) She fe atk TF Ly “
es: : 3 te 8 ge tee tT A
sh ATE Sen ss
n> “4
rs ERA

SiR ESE Sef
of
too
See
f

i WE eea!
as
Strate 2
RK
ee les
atte es
Oo
ix

=

Fig. 1. Adult instar of our common North American chigger, Trombicula

irritans (Riley). This drawing is of a female from which five larvae
were obtained.

other than our common North American chigger, Trombicula
irritans (Riley). Thus the prediction of the writer that, “The

Ewing—Adult of Our Common North American Chigger. 19

adult form of our common chigger is very probably Trombicula
cinnabaris Ewing,—”’ (Jour. Agr. Res., Vol. XX VI, No. 9, p.
402) is shown to have been a good one.

Already much has been learned in regard to the distribution,
habits, etc., of the adult of Trombicula irritans (Riley). It is
desired to state here only that it is a scavenger which lives in
nature largely on fecal matter and decaying woody substances.
Upon these materials I have kept many adults indefinitely in
captivity and in the best of condition.

PS ai viii
DMCC CRE we bo

Peay Yat i ote
es ay nant Lit te

A Vibha

Vol. 38, pp. 21-22 March 12, 1925
FIN ONG a), DION (Eas)

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A FOSSIL TERMITE FROM GERMANY.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL AND T. E. SNYDER.

Some time ago, Mr. Heinrich Bauckhorn of Siegburg, Ger-
many, forwarded to the senior author a very interesting fossil
wing, labeled ‘“‘Flugel von Phryganidae, gen. n. sp. (Meunier)
Miocan, Rott.” The well-known beds at Rott are ascribed
by Handlirsch and others to the Upper Oligocene (Aquitanian),
approximately equivalent in time to the upper part of the John
Day Beds in Oregon. The wing referred to is evidently not
that of a caddis fly, but isa termite. It is exquisitely preserved,
but unfortunately the base is lacking. It is dilute reddish with
brown veins; evidently it was more or less dusky or reddish in
life.

The characters are as follows: Length as preserved 11 mm.,
probable length 12 mm.; width 4.2 mm.; radius heavy and con-
spicuous, media and cubitus weak as in living forms; membrane
delicately wrinkled; costo-apical region with evident but incom-
plete reticulation; subcosta running extremely close to and
parallel with costa, terminating beyond middle of wing or
further, no branches between costa and subcosta; radius with
three very oblique branches above, the first ending in subcosta,
the second and third running parallel (their origins nearly
2 mm. apart) and ending in subapical region of costa; below, the
radius has two oblique branches, leaving it at a larger angle, the
first just beyond the last superior branch, the second 2.7 mm.
beyond the first; end of radius curved downward, directed
toward apex of wing; media with two very oblique long branches
below, the first about 6.5 mm. long, the second a little over 6
mm.; cubitus with two divisions, each forked near its end;
below the cubitus are two or three widely spaced parallel veins

8—Proc. Biou. Soc. WasH., VOL. 38, 1925. (21)

22 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

visible, but the rest of the anal field has been obliterated. (Plate
I, figs. 1-2.)

This termite can only be allied to Mastotermitinae, Termop-
sinae or Kalotermitinae. There is certainly a strong resemblance
to Mastotermes, as shown by the inferior branches of the radius,
but the media is less complex. Termopsis is much less similar
and Kalotermes will not do at all. The really striking feature is
that of the radius emitting superior and inferior branches from
the same stem (and such a condition is feebly indicated in
Termopsis), there being no separate radial sector.

The wing therefore appears to form a very distinct new genus,
but apparently no new name is required. Meunier’s Ulmeriella
bauckhorni (Versl. Afd. Natuurk, XXII, 1919-20, pl. 1, f. 1)
appears to be the very same species, though it was supposed to be
Trichopterous. Ulmeriella Meunier is then a genus of Isoptera.
Hagen long ago (Palaeontographica 10, p. 250, pl. 44, f. 1, 2)
described Calotermes rhenanus from one winged and one
dealated adult, from the Rott deposit. Kurt von Rosen (Trans.
Second Entom. Congress, 1912, p. 323) found Hagen’s insect in
the British Museum, and gives notes on its characters, as well
as a third larger winged adult from the Upper Oligocene, which
he placed in Hodotermes. Handlirsch thought that Hagen’s
two figures might represent different species; the heads of these
two adults appear differently shaped.

The termite Ulmeriella bauckhorni Meunier is larger than
Calotermes rhenanus Hagen, the wings are darker colored and
shorter in relation to their width. In rhenanus there are five
oblique branches from the subcosta to the costa and the latter
is close to and parallel to the costa; the median is near and
parallel to the subcosta and apparently has no branches (doubt-
ful because of indistinctness). In the remainder of the wing
there are only some indistinct branches running to the lower
margin of the wing. Even with a different (from Hagen’s)
interpretation of the venation, the radial sector is not branched
as in Ulmeriella.

In the specimen found by Von Rosen and which he ascribed to
Hodotermes, the radial sector has several branches to the inner
margin. Ulmeriella certainly is not a Hodotermes!

Specimen deposited in the collection of Isoptera in the
Division of Insects of the U. S. National Museum as a plesio-
type.

Proc. Broun. Soc. WasH., Vou. 38, 1925. Puate I.

Plate I, fig. 1. Wing of the fossil termite Ulmeriella bauck-
horni Meunier, from the Rott, Miocene, Germany.
Photo. slightly over 5 X.

Plate I, fig. 2. Wing of the fossil termite Ulmeriella bauck-
horni Meunier. (Camera lucida-Bausch & Lomb (Carl
Zeiss) binocular, low power, no. 4 oculars, Leitz projector.)

Vol. 38, pp. 23-24 March 12, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A NEW BAT OF THE GENUS TRACHOPS FROM
GUATEMALA.

BY E. A. GOLDMAN.

The Howard E. Coffin Expedition to Guatemala financed by
Mr. Coffin and directed by the Biological Survey, began its
work in 1923. The primary object of the enterprise is to secure
breeding stock of certain valuable game birds, especially
ocellated turkeys, with a view to their introduction, and
acclimatization in the southern United States. Incidentally
the field work has resulted in the accumulation of a valuable
collection of museum specimens of birds and mammals from a
little known region. One of the more interesting of the species
represented is a new bat of the genus T'rachops, described below,
and named in honor of Mr. Howard E. Coffin whose generous
support of the work led to its discovery.

Trachops coflini, sp. nov.
COFFIN’S FRINGE-LIPPED BAT.

Type (skin, skull, and nearly complete skeleton) from Guyo, Peten,
Guatemala, No. 244266, @ adult, U. 8. National Museum (Biological
Survey collection), collected by Harry Malleis, June 30, 1923. Original
number 388.

General characters.—Similar in general to Trachops cirrhosus but distinctly
smaller throughout; forearm less than 60 mm. (in cirrhosus about 62);
dentition differing in detail, especially the relatively broader upper and
lower premolars; lips and chin studded with wart-like protuberances and
ears large and clothed with hairs projecting conspicuously beyond anterior
margins as in cirrhosus.

Color—Type: Upperparts near cinnamon-brown, varying to a darker
tone in some examples; underparts dull brownish, tinged with gray owing
to light colored tips of hairs. Young (about half-grown): Brownish black
above and below.

Skull—Much like that of T. cirrhosus, but considerably smaller; molari-

9—Proc. Brox. Soc. WasH., Vou. 38, 1925. (23)

24 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

form toothrows shorter, but individual teeth relatively broad and heavy,
this character most noticeable in premolars above and below; vestigial
lower premolar relatively large; face of upper incisors with a broad, open
groove leading to a distinct notch in the cutting edge (rather faintly indi-
cated in cirrhosus); lower canines with cingulum on inner side rising less
prominently above level of incisors as viewed from the front.

Measurements.—Type (dry skin): Forearm, 58.2 mm.; tibia, 25.3; foot,
caleaneum to end of claw, 19 (without claw, 15.2). Skull (type): Greatest
length, 28.2; breadth behind audital bullae, 13.2; zygomatic breadth, 13.5;
interorbital breadth, 5.2; maxillary toothrow (front of canine to back of
posterior molar), 10.3; mandibular toothrow (front of canine to back of
posterior molar), 11.1; distance between outer sides of upper canines at
cingulum, 5.5.

Remarks.—Comparison with specimens from Venezuela, Colombia, and
Panama, which agree closely among themselves and are assumed to repre-
sent typical Trachops cirrhosus, indicates that the Guatemalan species is
quite distinct. It is easily recognized by smaller size.

Under the name T'ylostoma mexicana, Saussure described! a species from
the ‘‘regiones chaudes du Mexique.’’ This name was placed by Dobson?
in synonymy under T'rachops cirrhosus, but there seems to be no evidence
that he examined the type specimen. Following Dobson recent authors
have assumed that the range of 7’. cirrhosus extends north to Mexico.
Reference, however, to the original description of T'ylostoma mexicana,
especially the measurements given, indicates that the species is probably
not assignable to the genus Trachops. The definite status of the name,
therefore, remains to be determined.

Specimens examined.—Eighteen, all from the type locality.

1Rev. et Mag. Zool., 2d Ser., Vol. 12, p. 484, Nov., 1860.
2Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus., p. 481, 1878.

Vol., 38, pp. 25-32 March 12, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

THE WINGS OF THE MELOID BEETLES.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL AND R. C. HARRIS.

Among the Meloidae are winged and wingless genera, and
occasionally (as Gynaecomeloe Wellman) the male is winged and
the female apterous. Moreover certain genera differ from others
to which they are closely related by the absence of wings, so
that we must believe the apterous condition to have arisen
independently in various divisions or groups of the family.
When examining the wings of a number of Rocky Mountain
species we became. convinced that these structures were of con-
siderable taxonomic significance. Thanks to the authorities
of the U. 8S. National Museum, and especially to Mr. E. A.
Schwarz, we have been able to study the venation of numerous
additional genera, sufficient to permit a fairly comprehensive
survey of the subject.

RELATION TO OTHER FAMILIES.

Meloid wings are remarkable for an undulation or plication of the mem-
brane, which is even observable in fossils, as for instance in a specimen of
Lytta aesculapii Heer, preserved in the Geological Museum of the University
of Cambridge. This fossil comes from the Miocene of Giningen in Baden.
This peculiarity of the membrane also occurs in the Rhipiphoridae, but
we do not find it in other families supposed to be more or less related. Thus
it is absent in Lecontia discicollis (Leconte) of the Pythidae, Oxacis collaris
Sharp and Ananca aldabrana Champion of the Cdemeridae, species of
Mordellidae and Lampyridae, etc. This condition of the membrane must
be regarded as the common possession of the Meloidae and Rhipiphoridae,
dating back to a time before the separation of these families. Nevertheless,
it may be secondarily almost lost without the Meloidae. Alosimus
collaris (Fabricius) shows little of it though it is plainly visible on close
inspection at the tip of the wing. Tricraniodes stansburyi (Haldeman) also
shows it plainly only at the apex of the wing. In these forms the membrane
character is still unmistakable, if one knows where to look for it, and

10—Proc. Brox. Soc. WasH., Vou. 38, 1925. (25)

26 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

probably no Meloid has lost it entirely. The question may be raised,
whether the feature is not actually a primitive one in the Coleoptera, as it is
well developed in the other orders of insects, such as Diptera (e. g. Asilidae
and Stratiomyidae) and Hymenoptera (e. g. Halictus). It also exists in
quite unrelated Coleoptera, being very distinct in the Scarabaeidae.
Whether or not the Gidemeridae, Pythidae, etc., are derived from ancestors
which had undulated wing-membranes, they are less specialized than the
Meloidae in respect to their venation. In Meloidae the cubitus is simple
and degenerate, often failing basally; in Gidemeridae and Pythidae it is
branched, as in Lampyridae. In Lecontia the cross-vein from Cu, to the
first analisimperfect. It is also imperfect on Ananca; in Ozacis it is entirely
lacking, though there is a slight bend or angle to show where it should be.
In Meloidae the second is always imperfect, and occasionally (Tricraniodes)
absent; but in Lecontia and Oxacis it is better developed, uniting at length
with the first, forming a long cell. In Lecontia the second anal is as robust
as the first; in Oxacis it is very weak, and the cell it bounds is very long,
narrow and pointed. This kind of cell, but greatly diminished in size,
appears in the Meloid Horia auriculata Champion. The Mordellid wing
has a widely branched cubitus but the whole vein is very pale and weak.
Only the first anal is distinctly developed. Thus the Mordellidae have the
anals more reduced than the Meloidae, but the cubitus less so. Mordellid
and (idemerid wings, so far as examined, have a very well developed fringe;
in Lecontia (Pythidae) this is extremely short and sparse, though clearly
present. Meloidae have no fringe at all, and it is also totally absent in the
Rhipiphoridae, in which the venation is much more reduced than in the
Meloids. The Rhipiphoridae are thus an end-product of the series.

COLORATION OF WINGS.

Meloid wings show varying degrees of melanism, evidently independently
acquired in different series. In Alosimus collaris, Tetraonyx fulva and
quadrimaculata, Ewpompha fissiceps, Zonitis flavida and atripennis, the
wings are deep fuliginous, nearly black, but with a flavescent base in T.
quadrimaculata and Z. flavida. Epicauta pennsylvanica has more dilute
blackish wings, not flavescent basally. Zonabris cichorii has the wings
deep fuliginous, but strongly and broadly suffused with red about the
middle; in Z. dicincta this red suffusion has extended, leaving only the
apical field and below dark fuliginous. In Coryna kerstent the apical half
of the wing is deep fuliginous, the basal half pale dilute reddish; Ceroctis
interna has the same coloration except that the fuliginous is more extensive,
covering about three-fifths of the wing. Actenodia chrysonelina has the
wings dilute blackish, pallid in the anal region. Thus it may be said that
the Zonabrini (Mylabrini of Wellman) are very dark-winged, though dark
wings appear in quite other groups.

Another type of wing is essentially hyaline, with very dark costa, sub-
apical region, and inner anal. This is seen in Macrobasis longicollis and
Lytta vidua. Phodaga alticeps is similar, but has all the anals and even the
cubitus dark.

Cockerell and Harris—Wings of the Meloid Beetles. 27

Tricraniodes stansburyt and Horia auriculata have the wings colored in
the same manner; warm red, with a large subapical blackened patch below
the costa. Lytta vesicatoria, the type of the genus, has the wings dilute
brown; in L. nuttalli they are hyaline, with the apical field dusky, the
cubitus and anals practically colorless. The wings of Pyrota are dark; in
P. invita fuliginous throughout, in P. mylabrina not so dark, in P. terminata
still paler, yellowish basally.

VENATION.

On the characters of the venation, the two subfamilies recognized by
Wellman appear to be justified. In the Nemognathinae! the outer branch
connecting the end of the radius with the media is directed downwards and
inwards, making with the dark subapical costal shade an extremely wide
angle or none. Also, the apical medial cell (apparently bounded by the
ends of M; and M:;) has its base only touching the lower apical corner of
the large cell between the branches of the media (here called medial cell),
instead of being widely based on it or obsolete. In the Meloinae (Lyttinae
of Wellman) the conditions just described do not obtain, except that in the
peculiar Alosimus collaris (Fabricius), from Adana, Asia Minor, the sub-
apical downward branch is directed inward as in the Nemognathinae, while
the apical medial cell is wholly absent. This may be said to approach
Horia auriculata Champion, among the Nemognathinae, as that has the
apical median cell incomplete, represented only by the lower side and a
parallel streak. However, there are striking differences in other respects.
In the Horia the second anal forms a small cell appended to the first; in
Alosimus there is the V-like arrangement common to the majority of
Meloine genera, but so far as observed never clearly developed in the
Nemognathinae.

In describing the venation, we have followed the nomenclature of
Fowler;? but Gahan* recognizes our branched cubitus as Cui, and Ay,
of Fowler’s figure is marked Cuz, making the vein from the V the first anal.
Handlirsch? makes the lower side of our medial cell Cui, and our branched
cubitus Cus. In Necrophorus, the Cu of Handlirsch is the M» of Fowler,
and Fowler’s branched Cu is Handlirsch’s first anal. These inconsistencies
illustrate the disadvantages of the Comstock-Needham system, where the
homologies are sufficiently obscure to permit distinguished doctors to
disagree. According to Tillyard,® the vein separating the anal area from
the rest of the wing in Blattidae is Cue, and on the same basis the first anal
of Comstock in the Homoptera is also Cun. The vein occupying apparently
the same position in Necrophorus is called Ai by Gahan and is the second
anal of Handlirsch. The persistence of the V in numerous Meloid genera
suggests an analogy with the meeting anals in Homoptera and Trichoptera.

1Zonitinae of Wellman; see Entomological News, 21 (1910), p. 307, for change of name.

2Fauna of British India, Coleoptera, General Introduction (1912), p. 41, fig. 20 (Lygis-
topterus).

3Entomologist, XLIV (1911), p. 125 (Lampyris).

4Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesellschaft Wien, 1907, p. 190, f. 3 (Lygistopterus).

5Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, XLIV (1919), p. 859.

28 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Tillyard! gives a figure of the hind wing of a Trichopterous insect (Poly-
centropidae), in which the branching Cu; appears to correspond exactly
with the branched cubitus in Gidemeridae, and the V is present between
two simple veins, exactly as in such Meloid genera as Macrobasis, except
that its end is prolonged to form a complete vein running to the margin.
If this resemblance indicates true homology, then our first anal is Tillyard’s
Cu,, and the vein from the V is his first anal. This supports Gahan’s
interpretation in his figure of Lampyris noctiluca. Gahan’s figures of
Necrophorus and Lampyris appear to be inconsistent in their labelling.

The apically closed cell within the branches of the media, so characteris-
tic of the “‘Cantharid”’ type of wing, appears to be homologous with the
similar cell in other orders, as Homoptera (Cicada), Lepidoptera (Synemon)
and Diptera. Thus our medial cell in the Meloidae corresponds to the
discal cell of Diptera, and the branched cubitus to that of Diptera (e. g.
Rhyphus). It is worthy of note that even the M-Cu cross-vein found in
Diptera (cf. Rhyphus, Protoplasa) is to be seen in the Phytid beetle Lecontia
(where it is oblique, the lower end basad), and more doubtfully in other
beetles.

NEMOGNATHINAE.

The species studied may be separated on the venation as follows:
Second anal (Fowler) represented by an elongate cell appended to first_..1.
No‘sueh elongated ‘cell t=: 2 2 oe
1. The elongated cell complete, with a short apical process (continua-

tion of second anal) from its outer side; apical medial cell narrow,
incomplete by the reduction of its upper side to a streak (Cuerna-
vaca, Mexico: Re Muller)’ =e Horia auriculata Champion.
The elongated cell weak or incomplete apically, with no appendicula-
tion; apical medial cell almost or quite complete except in Nemo-
QTUGERG: Los hee so ns ae eM, BM egos ae So) JM 2.
Ze Were Garic DIO Wi een n seers Seek Ok Mme Oe Zonitis atripennis Say.

Vems- “pale: yellowish: 9 eases eee eee ee Zonitis sp.2

3. Second anal represented by a distinct rudiment (process) attached to
the first, and a slight deflection of the third anal opposite... 4.

Second anal represented only by a thickening of the first... 5.

4. Apical medial cell hardly contracted apically, and slightly incomplete
next to “apex “of ‘medial celle Zonitis flavida Leconte.

Apical medial cell narrow, contracted apically, evanescent basally
Nemognatha bicolor Leconte.

5. Upper side of medial cell distinct for fully or over half its length
Tricraniodes stansburyi (Haldeman).

Upper side of medial cell absent. -..._...-..-----_--... Gnathium minimum Say.
Thus Gnathium has the most specialized (reduced) venation of the
series.

1Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, XLIV (1919), p. 629.

9This species, from Las Cruces, New Mexico, had been identified as Nemognatha immacu-
lata by a distinguished authority, and it was only when the venation was examined that
the error was suspected. The wide-spread genus Zonitis (abounding even in Australia)
has a less specialized venation than Nemegnatha, at least in some of its members.

Cockerell and Harris—Wings of the Meloid Beetles. 29

Tricraniodes stansburyi was taken at Boulder, Colorado, May 6, 1922,
by Miss Maxy Pope. »

MELOINAE.
TRIBE SYBARINI (SYBARIDES, WELLMAN).

Of this group we have examined only Alosimus collaris (Fabricius), which
stands apart from all the Meloinae seen by the oblique vein from the end
of the radius, pointing directly to the upper apical corner of the medial
cell. In addition, the apical medial cell is absent, as also is the upper side
of the medial. The first anal is strongly arched, and the V is very well
developed. The beetle looks much more like a Lytta than a Zonabrine, and
has two black spots on the thorax just as in Lytta biguttata Leconte.

TRIBE ZONABRINI..

If we follow Reitter in excluding the Cerocomini as another tribe, the
species studied are separable thus:

Vertical vein from radius to end of medial cell (called simply vertical
vein below) conspicuously bent or curved in its upper part; upper-
outer side of apical medial cell represented only by basal portion... ie

Vertical vein not or not conspicuously curved or bent. DR

1. First anal with a nearly even curve; angle formed by downwardly

directed subapical vein with costal thickening beyond clearly less
than a right angle (Wusih, Kiangsu Province, China; H. F. Loomis)
Zonabris cichorii (Linnaeus).
First anal distinctly bent; angle (etc.) greater. (Mt. Kenia to
Ft. Hall, British East Africa; E. A. Mearns) _Zonabris dicincta Bertol.
2. Upper-outer side of apical medial cell represented only by the basal
part, which arises opposite to and in a line with upper side of medial
cell; first anal very far from third (Kilimanjaro, Africa; W. L.
FEY GVOOU AP) oie ten) ance ea ae OU No Oo MR Coryna kerstent Gerstaecker.
Upper-outer side of apical medial cell also represented only by the
basal part, but this arises distinctly below the level of upper side
Cit’ “aay MENT fel DARN Ny LEU TN a ces Naty OAR GSS Ral ice Fe 3:
3. Medial cell rounded at end (Benguella; F. C. Wellman).
Actenodia chrysomelina Erichson.
Medial cell broadly obliquely truncate at end, the upper corner more
apicad. (Luebo, Congo; D. W. Snyder). Ceroctis interna Harold.

All these beetles are marked with black and fulvous in a similar fashion
and have a characteristic appearance. Alosimus, like Ceroctis, has the
medial cell obliquely truncate at end, but in Alosimus it is the lower corner
which is more apicad.

TRIBE CEROCOMINI.

Cerocoma kunzei Frivaldsky is a green beetle with extraordinary antennae,
and not at all like the Zonabrini. It differs from the Zonabrini by having
the subapical downwardly directed vein at right angles to costa, whereas in
all the above Zonabrini it is distinctly oblique, with its lower end apicad.

30 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

The upper side of the medial cell is more completely obsolete than in the
Zonabrines; the end of the cell is formed about as in Actenodia. The upper
side of the apical medial cell is virtually absent, but there is a small faint
streak. The vertical vein is distinctly bent near its upper end, after the
manner of Zanobris. The V is distinct.

TRIBE LYTTINI.
First anal strongly and abruptly bent downward near end (all belonging
to! ‘Calospastidés))..:.22 e002 hu AA a ee il.

First anal not strongly and abruptly bent (Lyttides, except Calospasta)__.3.

1. Apical part of Mi(upper side of apical medial cell) present, arising at
level of upper side of medial cell; cubitus curving at base to meet
M>. (Los Angeles County, California; Coquillett)

Phodaga alticeps Leconte.
Apical part of M; absent or represented by a little patch of color. 2.

2. Cubitus straight; lower apical corner of medial cell less than a right
angle (on Lycium berlandieri, plains east of San Andreas Mts.,
New Mexico; E. O. Wooton)... Eupompha fissiceps Leconte.
Cubitus curved; lower apical corner of medial cell at least a right
angle (Los Angeles, California; Coquillett) Tegrodera erosa Leconte.

(This arrangement of the Calospastides omits Calospasta, because
that has the first anal less strongly bent; but it could be run next to
Eupompha, separating thus:

Basal section of M, represented by a distinct rudiment (dusky line)_..

Eupompha.

Basal section of Mi wholly absent...0 2 Calospasta.

Among these Calospastides, only Hupompha has a distinct bend in
the vertical vein.)

3.! Cell between first and third anals distinctly contracted apically, the
first anal being evidently curved (in Zonitis this cell is narrowed
apically; in the following genera it is broad apically, though narrower
than in/or beyond anid des) see ee ay ie Ui ee ee 4,

Cell between first and third anals not distinctly contracted apically ___.7.

4. Terminal portion of M, present; lower apical angle of medial cell a right
angle; vertical vein strongly bent very near its upper end (Mesilla
Park, New: Mexico} at light7(Cockerell)i. "2 ee

Pleuropompha costata Leconte.

Terminal portion of Mi absent (or represented by a rudiment in
Pomp hopoeg) ss: iscsi ee Se atl EAE A ae ae

5. Lower apical angle of mediai cell an acute angle (Southern Cali-
{0 111121) PUR eRe Ne pines PU Te ED Calospasta perpulchra Horn.

Lower apical angle of medial cell a right angle... enna 6.

6. Vertical vein strongly curved to its upper end...
Lytta nuttalli Say.
1From all these Lyttides Horia auriculata is separated thus:
A complete elongated cell attached to lower side of first anal, emitting a stump

of a vein near its apex; first anal much more remote from third apically than
basally coc seo ioe ee ke scape eta ns at Oe Ee CeCe Horia.

Cockerell and Harris—Wings of the Meloid Beetles. 31

Vertical vein straight to upper end (New York State) —-..
Pomphopoea sayi Leconte.
7. Terminal portion of Mi represented by a rudiment; a pale V in
apical field; lower apical angle of medial cell much less than a
right angle... Tetraonyx fulva Leconte and T. quadrimaculata
(Fabricius) .4
(Pomphopoea sayi might be looked for here; it has no pale V in
apical field, and lower apical angle of medial cell a right angle.)
Terminal portion of M; well developed... 8.
8. Apical medial cell narrowed, much longer than broad... cf.
Zonitis in Nemognathinae, but although the cell is broader,
Epicauta cinerea might be looked for here.
Apical medial cell broad; lower apical angle of medial cell always a

right angle or nearly. SUISUN SDN SIEBER 9.
9. Mi after leaving medial cell directed apicad, forming about a right
anglenwathmapex, Of Cell Iain wrew Nic Me WAN UN INE MIEN Wie ON Ai 10.
M; after leaving medial cell directed upward... ike
10. Apical medial cell distinctly broadening apically (Albuquerque,
New Mexico; Cockerell)_.................. Pyrota mylabrina Chevrolat.
Apical medial cell hardly or not broadening apically (Austin,
AIR Xcei's)) meet ene ten eet OL NL HIT AE NET UNG ale UAL TR Pyrota invita Horn.

(As the name of one of these indicates, there isa strong superficial
resemblance to the Zonabrines, though the thorax has two spots as
in Alosimus. The vertical vein in Pyrota is sharply bent. at its
extreme upper end, much nearer the end than the curve in Zona-
bris; the first anal is much straighter than in Zonabris. The apical
continuation of M; is distinctly below the level of upper side of
medial cell,in the manner of Actenodia and Ceroctis; the medial cell is
squarely truncate atend. The V formed by second anal is distinct.
There is then no difficulty in separating Pyrota from the Zonabrines
on venation.)

MeR@ubitusywathy basal partiabsemts. oe a2 Wyo ae 12.

Cubitus practically complete, at least as far back as a slight angle
which appears to represent the lost fork... 13.

12. Apical medial cell about as broad apically as long (Lava, New
Mexico; H. G. Toussaint). Macrobasis longicollis Leconte.
Apical medial cell broader apically than long. (Anahuac, Texas;
IG CM Elan soni) ieee ey Ns Mian Epicauta vittata (Fabricius).

13. Rudiment of second anal (end of V) very short; medial cell very

narrow at end; vertical vein bent near upper end as in Pyrota.
(Gees) Me gualel ae oN sinieth/ Eee Ae TEI Gnathospasta mimetica Horn.
Rudiment of second anal (at end of V) well developed... 14.

14. Rudiment of second anal distinctly curved toward first anal api-
Galllyaria et aca ESOS een ON: Epicauta pennsylvanica (DeGeer).
1It is a remarkable thing that the streak which represents the hardly noticeable rudiment
of end of M1 arises from, or rather points toward, the lower apical angle of medial cell, as

in the Nemognathinae. This is fairly well developed in 7. fulva, almost wholly obsolete
in T. quadrimaculata. .

32 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Rudiment of second anal straight... Epicauta corvina Leconte.

(In Epicauta the vertical vein is sharply bent near upper end; so also
in Macrobasis. This feature at once distinguishes these genera
from Lytta, as represented by L. vesicatoria (Linnaeus) and L.
nuttalli (Say). But Lytta (Causima) vidua Klug, from Sapucay,
Paraguay, has the vertical vein bent at the upper end in the manner
of Macrobasis and Epicauta. The whole appearance of the wing
is like that of M. longicollis, except that it is not so long, and is
broader in proportion to its length. In L. vidua the apical medial
cell is much narrower than in M. longicollis, and its upper side is
more humped or curved. In L. vidua the cubitus clearly shows the
rudiment of the fork, but this part of the cubitus is wholly absent
in M. longicollis. We infer that L. vidua is not congeneric with the
type of Lytta.)

Lytta vesicatoria of Europe would run in the above table better to Pom-
phopoea than to L. nuttalli, because the vertical vein has only a very gentle
double curve. It is however distinctly more curved than in Pomphopoea.
However, Pomphopoea has a strong dark streak representing the rudiment
of apical part of My, and this is absent in L. vesicatoria and L. nuttalli. So
far as the venation goes, we should hardly suppose Pomphopoea to be a
genus distinct from Lytta.

From the Tertiary of the Kudia River, Siberia, we have a wing showing
the characteristic undulated membrane of the Meloidae, but the medial
cell ends about the middle of the wing, and its end is acute; the cubitus is
strongly curved. This can not go in Meloidae, but appears to belong to
Scarabaeidae.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Fig. 1.—Wing of Horia auriculata,

Fig. 2— “ Zonitis flavida,

Fig. 3— “ ‘Tricraniodes stansburyi,
Fig. 4.— ‘‘ Calospasta perpulchra,
Fig. 5— © “ Phodaga alticeps,

Fig. 6— ‘ Eupompha fissiceps,
Fig. 7.— ““ Tegrodera erosa,

Fig. 8.— ‘““ Pleuropompha costata,
Fig. 9.— “ Lytta nuttalhi,
Fig.10.— ‘“ Pomphopoea sayi,
Fig.11— ‘ Tetraonyx quadrimaculata,
Fig. 12.— “ Pyrota invita,
Fig.13— ‘“ Macrobasis longicollis,
Fig. 14.— “ Epicauta vittata,

Fig.15— ‘“ Gnathospasta mimetica.

Proc. Birou. Soc. WasH., Vou. 38, 1925. Puate IT

Wings of Meloid Beetles.

Vol. 38, pp. 33-34 - March 12, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A NEW KANGAROO RAT OF THE GENUS DIPODOMYS
FROM OREGON.

BY EH. A. GOLDMAN.

In northern California and southern Oregon Dzpodomys
heermanni has hitherto been known to occur only on the eastern
side of the Cascade Mountains. The collection of specimens
in the Rogue River Valley on the western side of these moun-
tains is, therefore, of considerable interest. These represent an
undescribed subspecies which is characterized as follows:

Dipodomys heermanni gabrielsoni, subsp. nov.
GABRIELSON’S KANGAROO RAT.

Type from Brownsboro, Jackson County, Oregon, No. 244514, # adult,
U.S. National Museum (Biological Survey collection), collected by Ira N.
Gabrielson, June 21, 1924.

General characters. —One of the darkest colored of the known forms of the
genus. Most closely allied to Dipodomys heermanni californicus, but
color darker; maxillary arches broader; mastoid bullae smaller. Hind
foot with four toes. Tail white at tip asin D.h. californicus.

Color.—Upperparts in general near cinnamon-buff (Ridgway, 1912),
purest on cheeks and sides, heavily mixed or overlaid with black over top
of head and back; underparts, forelimbs, upper surface of hind feet, sides
of tail to subterminal dark zone, usual hip stripes, supraorbital and post-
auricular spots pure white; face heavily masked with black as in californicus;
planter surface of hind feet, and outer sides of legs near ankles, black; tail
blackish above and below to near tip where it becomes dark all around, the
tip white (in the type the terminal color is indicated, but most of the tip
has been broken off).

Skull—Similar in general to that of D. h. californicus but relatively
narrower posteriorly, maxillary arches decidedly broader, more expanded,
the posterior angle more prominent and projecting laterally; mastoid
bullae smaller.

Measurements.—Type: Total length, 294; tail vertebrae, 188; hind foot,
46. Average and extremes of 4 adults, including type: 286 (281-294);

11—Proc. Biot. Soc. WasuH., Vou. 38, 1925. . (33)

34 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

129 (175-188); 45.7 (45-46). Skull (type): Greatest length on median
line, 38.5; greatest breadth (between outer sides of audital bullae), 23.9;
breadth across maxillary arches, 23.5; interorbital breadth, 12.8; least width
of supraoccipital (near interparietal), 2.6; maxillary toothrow, 5.1.

Remarks.—In dark coloration, as well as in cranial details, this kangaroo
rat contrasts strongly with D. h. californicus. In color it is similar to D.
morroensis, but the two forms require no close comparison.

Specimens ecamined.—Fourteen, all from the type locality.

Vol. 38, pp. 35-44 March 12, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

NOTES ON CHILOPODS AND DIPLOPODS FROM
BARRO COLORADO ID., AND OTHER PARTS OF THE
CANAL ZONE, WITH DIAGNOSES OF NEW SPECIES.

BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN.

In recent months there have come into the author’s hands
several small collections of chilopods and diplopods from Barro
Colorado Id. In 1923 Mr. James Zetek, specialist in tropical
insects of the United States Bureau of Entomology and the man
primarily responsible for the move which resulted in the setting
aside of Barro Colorado as a Natural Park, sent in several forms
from the island with material taken from termite nests from
various other points in the Canal Zone. In the spring of 1924
Prof. W. C. Allee made a collection on the island in conjunction
with his ecological studies. During the following summer
Nathan Banks also collected a considerable number of these
organisms incidentally to collecting in his own special lines.
Although these collections obviously represent but imperfectly
the myriopod fauna of the island, they are sufficient to indicate
clearly that the fauna is largely peculiar in comparison with
those previously made known from the Central American region
and that it is essentially South American in its character. While
most of the species are new, it seems desirable because of the
importance this region is likely to assume in biological work to
list the known forms in these collections along with the diagnoses
of the new ones. ‘The types of the new forms are in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology. :

CHILOPODA.
CRYPTOPIDAE.
Cryptops zeteki, sp. nov.

Cephalic plate with paired longitudinal sulci which extend forward only
a short distance from caudal margin. Cervical groove of first dorsal plate
12—Proc. Biou. Soc. WasuH., Vou. 38, 1925. (35)

36 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

pronounced, angled at the middle; the paired longitudinal sulci furcate at
anterior ends behind the cervical groove which they do not cross. Pro-
sternal margin straight or a little convex at middle, not at all doubly con-
vex or mesally notched; marginal setae very small, 2+2. Last ventral
plate with sides convex converging caudad, the caudal corners strongly
rounded and the caudal margin convex. _Coxopleurae convex caudally,
not at all produced. The femur of anal legs wholly lacks teeth, bearing
merely short epinescent setae which leave no naked ventral area. Tibia
with a single ventral tooth, this near the beginning of the distal fourth of
length. Metatarsus with five or six seriate teeth ventrally. First tarsal
joint with three teeth. None of the joints of anal legs with dorsal tooth.
Anterior tarsi not biarticulate.

Length, 19 mm.

Locality —Panama: Largo Remo Id. Two specimens, of which one is
not fully grown and lacks the anal legs, taken 31 Aug., 1923, in nest of
Microtermes panamensis Snyder. Zetek and Molino.

Cryptops, sp.

Too immature for specific determination.
Locality —Barro Colorado Id. One specimen taken in nest of Obtusi-
termes biforma Snyder, 22 Aug., 1923, by Zetek.

Cryptops floridanus, sp. nov.

Cephalic plate not sulcate. First dorsal plate with cervical groove
strongly angled at middle, the angle in a depression; paired longitudinal
sulci furcate anteriorly, their inner branches uniting before reaching the
cervical groove. Sulci of succeeding tergites complete. Prosternal margin
slightly notched at the middle; marginal setae weak, 3+3 or 4+4. Last
ventral plate with sides converging caudad, corners rounded, the caudal
margin nearly straight. Anal legs much as in C. zeteki, but with only two
teeth on first tarsal joint; tibia with spiniform setae on the mesal surface
and mesoventral ridge, but with only ordinary hairs on the ventral surface
proper where some spinescent setae are present in zefeki. Anterior tarsi
not biarticulate.

Length, 16 mm.

Locality.—F lorida: Sebastian, one specimen, 2 Nov., 1919; Paradise,
one younger specimen, 21 Feb., 1919.

Distinguishable from preceding species in lacking paired sulci across
caudal border of head and in characters of anal legs.

OTOSTIGMIDAE.
Rhysida nuda (Newport).

Locality —Panama: Ancon. One individual taken 1 June, 1923, by
Zetek and Molino in the termitarium of Leucotermes tenuis.

This species is widely distributed, occurring in America from Mexico to
Paraguay, and also in Australia, Ceylon, and various parts of the Hast
Indian region.

Chamberlin—N otes on Chilopods and Diplopods. 37

SCOLOPENDRIDAE.
Cupipes ungulatus Meinert.

Localities.—Barro Colorado Id. Several specimens taken by Zetek in
termitarium of Hutermes sp., 23 Aug., 1923, and by Banks in June and
July, 1924; also one specimen in rotten wood near headwaters of Rio
Chinilla taken by Molino, 27 Aug., 1923.

This species is known also from the West Indies and Brazil. It seems
to be common throughout Panama.

Scolopendra sumichrasti Saussure.

Locality.—Panama: Balboa, Florence Id. One specimen taken by

Zetek.
A species previously known from Mexico, Guatemala, and British Hon-

duras.
SCUTIGERIDAE.

Pselliodes, sp.

Too young for specific determination.
Locality.—Barro Colorado Id. One specimen taken by Banks, 15 July

1924.
ORYIDAE.

Orphnaeus brevilabiatus (Newport).

Localities.—Barro Colorado Id., one specimen taken by Allee, and one
by Banks, 2 Aug., 1924; Frijoles, one specimen taken by Wheeler and
Zetek, 14 Mar., 19238, and three by Wheeler and Molino, 28 Mar., 1923, in
termitarium of Nasutitermes colombicus Holmgren; Rio Aojeta, one speci-
men taken by Zetek 19 Aug., 1923, in termitarium of Anoplotermes parvus
Snyder; Punta Paitilla, near Panama City, two specimens taken from
Tillandsia sp., by Zetek, 2 Mar., 1923. i

CHILENOPHILIDAE.

Suturodes tardus Chamberlin.

Locality.—Barro Colorado Id. Five specimens taken by Allee, 1924, and
one by Banks, 2 Aug., 1924.

The species was previously known only from Honduras. The specimens
from Barro Colorado Id. present slight differences from the types, but these
are apparently due in part to differences in age and in part to local variation
of less than subspecifie importance.

DIPLOPODA.
PLATYDESMIDAE.

Platydesmus nicaraguanus, sp. nov.

The color at present is brown, without a median longitudinal stripe, but
the color may have been modified by long preservation. Body moderate

38 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

in width, being nearly four times longer than wide. The first tergite does
not completely cover the head from above; its anterior border is widely
emarginate and is deeply notched at middle, the notch rounded at the bot-
tom. Of the two rows of tubercles present on the tergites the anterior row
extends laterad nearly to ends of keels, the posterior row much shorter.
Length, 15 mm.; width, 4 mm.
Locality. Nicaragua: One specimen.

STEMMIULIDAE.

Stemmiulus bioculatus Gervais.

Locality—Barro Colorado Id. Five females taken by Allee and one by
Banks, 1924.

Without reexamination of the type it is impossible to be wholly certain
that these specimens represent the same species as Gervais had; but the
fact that the type was from Panama makes the identity very probable.

SPIROSTREPTIDAE.

Orthoporus canalis, sp. nov.

General color fuscous, lighter below, the caudal portion of each segment
ferruginous, more yellow adjacent to margin. Last segment lighter brown.
Legs yellowish. Collum on each side with five complete striae and a
shorter curved one between the two uppermost of these; not prominent
ridge below the uppermost stria. Segments wholly smooth above in front
of sulcus, but behind the sulcus strongly longitudinally ridged. Last ter-
gite not covering the anal valves above; surface densely punctate, the
caudal angle set off by a curved sulcus. Anal valves also punctate, other-
wise not roughened. In the anterior gonopods the posterior lamina is
expanded and rounded at its distal end is extended into a process on ectal
side which is short and slender, much as in O. cordovanus but with the pro-
cess more slender.

Number of segments, 60.

Length, about 56 mm.; width, 3.5 mm.

Locality.—Barro Colorado Id. One male taken 12 July, 1924, N. Banks.

Orthoporus nicaraguanus, sp. nov.

Fuscous or black, with posterior portion of segments ringed with fer-
ruginous. Legs light brown. Collum strongly inflexed below; with six or
seven longitudinal striae, a ridge-like elevation below the uppermost of
these, this stria at its anterior end bending up dorsad parallel with anterior
margin of plate. Segments above wholly without rugae either behind or in
front of the sulcus, minutely and not densely punctate, otherwise smooth
and shining. Last tergite much exceeded by the strongly compressed
valves, not transversely furrowed. Readily recognizable by the form of
the gonopods of male. In these, e. g., the posterior lamina of the anterior
pair is truncate at distal end and is extended ectad, with a large spinous
process extending a little ectad of proximad from this lateral end.

Chamberlin—Notes on Chilopods and Diplopods. 39

Number of segments, 52.
Width, 5.2 mm.
Locality —Nicaragua. One male broken into sections.

Diaporus barroensis, sp. nov.

Light brown in general color, the segments somewhat ferruginous brown
back of the sutures; repugnatorial glands showing as a series of small dark
dots along the sides, the body below the level of the series lighter than
above; last segment paler than the preceding ones. Legs light ferruginous.
Collum strongly inflexed below, the inflexed wing almost at right angles to
side of plate; crossed on each side by five sulci, a prominent smooth ridge
separating the upper two. Dorsally the segments are densely punctate
behind the segmental suture, punctae being weaker immediately in front
of the suture and absent further forward; surface above otherwise not at
all roughened, smooth and shining. Last dorsal plate a little exceeded by

the anal valves, very obtusely angled behind, the caudal portion set off by a
pronounced and rather long transverse furrow behind which it is depressed;
surface finely punctate similarly to metazonites of preceding segments.
Anal valves also similarly punctate.

Number of segments, 50-53.

Length, about 47 mm.; width, 4 mm.

Locality Barro Colorado Id. One female taken 22 Aug., 1923, by
Zetek and Molino; one immature specimen taken by Allee; and three adult
females taken by Banks in July, 1924.

RHINOCRICIDAE.
Rhinocricus insulatus, sp. nov.

Head dilute ferruginous brown. Collum dark anteriorly, lighter, dilute
ferruginous, posteriorly. Exposed portion of prozonites black above,
areolated below and becoming thus much lighter ventrally. Metazonites
ferruginous, more yellowish brown adjacent to suture. Last tergite dark,
almost black except caudal margin. Anal valves of similar color. Legs
brown of ferruginous cast. Head smooth and shining; sulcus obscure or
interrupted at level of lower portion of eyes. Sensory cones of antennae
four in number. Collum smooth and shining, widely rounded below.
Second tergite extended below level of collum, lower margin nearly straight,
neither excavated nor angulate. Segmental sulcus complete on second and
following segments. Segments smooth and shining, striate only below.
Anterior impression of scobina deep, transversely elliptic, the impressions
widely separated from each other; the posterior, striate area pointed behind.
Scobina extending to near the thirty-sixth segment, becoming gradually
indistinct. Anal tergite a little surpassing the valves. Anal scale triangu-
lar. Posterior gonopods in male with telopodite of the typical biramous
form; the broader branch blade-like, not triangular but of nearly uniform
width, exceeding the stulus.

Number of segments, 45-46.

Length, 40 mm.; width, 3.5 mm.

40 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Locality —Barro Colorado Id. Two males and nine females taken by
W.C. Allee, three females taken by Banks in July, 1924, and six females
taken by Zetek and Molino in August, 1923.

Oxypyge benedictus, sp. nov.

Dark brown, nearly black, a narrow caudal border on each segment
paler. Legs ferruginous yellow. Head smooth and shining; sulcus widely
interrupted in frontal region. Sensory cones of antennae numerous. Seg-
mental sulcus distinct throughout, sharply angled at level of pore which
it embraces; in front of sulcus a supplemental sulcus across dorsum.
Scobina with anterior impression deep, marginal in position and commonly
appearing like excavations in border; striate area short, pointed behind;
scobina about twice their greatest width apart. Last tergite acutely
pointed behind, exceeding the valves exclusive of their processes, but the
latter passing beyond it and curving up behind it.

Number of segments, 45.

Length, about 32 mm.; width, 3.2 mm.

In the telopidite of posterior gonopods the major branch is bent almost
at right angles to the principal axis, of nearly uniform width over much
of length, with a spinous process from lower angle, the stylus parallel with
major branch which exceeds it.

Locality —Barro Colorado Id. One male and one female collected by
Allee, 1924.

Oxypyge isolatus, sp. nov.

Prozonites pale brown, the metazonites black except the pale caudal
border, the black encroaching on prozonites dorsally, especially on the
more caudal segments. Antennae and legs ferruginous. Head smooth
and shining; sulcus interrupted as usual. Sensory cones of antennae
numerous. Segmental sulcus sharply impressed throughout. Prozonite
covered with transverse striolae which are wavy and branch to a limited
extent. Scobina relatively much smaller than in the preceding species;
anterior impressions lunate, the straite area strongly narrowed behind and
its sides incurved; scobina four or five times their width apart. Last
tergite acutely pointed behind, equalling the valves exclusive of their
processes, the latter extending caudad much beyond it. Telopodite of
male gonopods with branches of same general type as in benedictus.

Number of segments, 49.

Length, 42 mm.; width, 4.2 mm.

Locality —Barro Colorado Id. One male and one female taken by
Allee.

Zipyge, gen. nov.

The Panamic species of Oxypyge sens. str., so far as known, have short
thick antennae bearing numerous s nsory cones at the end. It is thought
proper to separate the Guatemalan species described by the author (Proc.
U.S. National Museum, 1922, 60, art. 8, p. 27 et seq.) as a distinct genus

Chamberlin—N otes on Chilopods and Diplopods. 4l

characterized by having more slender antennae bearing only four sensory
cones.
Genotype.—Zipyge ferruginipes (Chamberlin).

SPIROBOLELLIDAE.

Barrobolus, gen. nov.

Differing from Microspirobolus in having the telopodite of the posterior
gonopods distally biramous, with one of the branches again typically
partite. Also differing in the anterior gonopods in having the sternite
smaller, much exceeded by the coxoids which are distally pointed and are
notched below free end on ectal side.

Genotype.—Barrobolus grammicus sp. nov.

Barrobolus grammicus, sp. nov.

Body in general blackish brown, with two broad yellow stripes along the
dorsum, the lower part of sides and the venter also yellowish. Legs dusky
yellow. Collum narrowly rounded on each side below. Segments of body
conspicuously constricted at level of segmental suture, the furrow crossed
by longitudinal raised lines. Last tergite caudally rounded, exceeded by
the vaives. Valves smooth, not compressed. Anterior gonopods of male
with sternite acutely narrowed distad; telopodite slender, exceeded by the
coxoid. In the telopodite of the posterior gonopods the superior distal
branch is constricted at base and strongly expanded distad, its inner or
mesal angle prolonged into a slender process that curves proximad distally
and sends off at the curve a short process; the inferior (mesal) branch is
tripartite, with the inner finger longest, the middle one shortest, the ectal
one bent towards its end.

Number of segments, 33.

Length, about 12 mm.

Locality.—Barro Colorado Id. One male taken 20-24 June, by Banks.

EURYURIDAE.

Aphelidesmus panamicus, sp. nov.

Deep chocolate brown to black along sides of dorsum and across prozon-
ites, the dark color in the latter extending down sides below level of keels,
the mid-dorsal region otherwise and the keels yellow. Sides dilute choco-
late brown on upper part of prozonites and on metazonites just below keels,
otherwise yellow like the venter. Legs yellow. Collum yellow in middle
in an area widest caudad and not fully reaching the anterior margin. Head
blackish. Antennae with two first joints yellow, the others brown. Last
tergite yellow excepting on sides of basal part.

Length, 46 mm.; width, 7 mm.

Locality—Panama: Canal Zone near headwaters of Rio Chinilla. One
female with eggs taken in log by Zetek, 19 Aug., 1923.

42 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

LEPTODESMIDAE.
Chondrodesmus panamenus, sp. nov.

Dorsum and sides dark chocolate brown to black, the keels light brown to
yellow. A yellow spot on each prozonite and one just behind it on anterior
part of metazonite in middorsal line. Legs light brown to yellow. Head
dark chocolate brown. Antennae yellow. Keels all well developed,
moderately wide. In the anterior and middle regions of the body the
anterior corner of keels rounded and the posterior corner in the first ones
subrectangular and farther back becoming a little produced caudad; lateral
margin wholly untoothed, notched in front of pore-swelling on porigerous
segments; posterior margin with a single tooth. On the seventeenth,
eighteenth, and nineteenth keels the posterior corners are more strongly
produced caudad, but the nineteenth keels are reduced in size, the tooth
of posterior margin in these segments situated on mesal side of process.

Length, 68 mm.; width, 11.5 mm.

Locality—Barro Colorado Id. One female taken by Allee, and two
females by Banks, July, 1924.

Chondrodesmus atrophus, sp. nov.

The metazonites yellow throughout; the prozonites red across dorsum
and upper part of sides but the red band interrupted on the middorsal
line and at the level of the keels on each side. Cauda yellow, the proximal
portion of segment red. Legs yellow. Contrasting strongly with the pre-
ceding form in the great reduction of the posterior keels. Anterior keels
normally developed, their anterior corner prominent and with a slight tooth
on ectal side. Ectal margin deeply notched in front of the proigerous
swelling. In the posterior region the keels are very narrow, anteriorly
rounded and but little raised from level of segment; one tooth on posterior
margin.

Width, 5.8 mm.

Locality —Canal Zone: Ft. Sherman. One not quite adult female taken
3 July, 1924, by Banks.

Chondrodesmus panamenus Chamberlin.

Locality—Barro Colorado Id. Three females collected by Allee and
two by Banks.

These specimens conform to the types of the species, but are larger and
the body is darker, with the legs in part of reddish cast.

Trichomorpha nidicola, sp. nov.

Dorsum in general brown, with the metazonites behind the sulcus and
the keels excepting anterior corners yellow; a pale middorsal line and a pale
line in constriction between prozonite and metazonite. Sides of body
brown below level of keels. Venter yellow. Dorsum but little convex,
the keels nearly horizontal. Dorsum of segments smooth, or with a few
longitudinal impressed lines or rugae behind the suture but no definite
tubercles or areas; sulcus deeply impressed. Posterior angles of collum a

Chamberlin—N otes on Chilopods and Diplopods. 43

little produced, those of all other tergites strongly so, acute. Caudomesal
margins of processes of keels toothed, the teeth prominent and from four to
six in number.

Length, near 18 mm.; width, 2.9 mm.

Locality.—Barro Golorade Id. One female taken in its mud “est by
Allee.

Trichomorpha panamica, sp. nov.

Keels yellowish or light brown, the rest of the dorsum as well as the sides
of the body solid black. Legs pale brown or in part yellow. Metazonites
depressed along sulcus smooth, without raised areas or tubercles. Keels
elevated, prominent, the processes large, the outer margin running ecto-
caudad at a prominent angle with the axis of the body, usually with three
small teeth with a seta behind each one. Mesocaudal edge of processes
toothed, but the teeth less uniform than in nidicola. Three to five teeth on
this margin, the anterior ones commonly reduced; on caudal margin of keel
mesad of process often several small additional teeth, the total number of
teeth being sometimes as many as nine. The tarsal pads on anterior legs
of male unusually small.

Length, about 30 mm.; width, 3.8 mm.

Locality.—Barro Colorado Id. One male and one female taken 1 Aug.
and 24 June, 1924, by N. Banks and several females taken by Allee earlier
in the year.

Trichomorpha recta, sp. nov.

Dark chocolate brown, uniform, the keels no lighter excepting the tips
of their processes. Keels horizontal, rather narrow, with outer margin
nearly parallel with the axis of body. Second and third keels with two
lateral teeth of which the anterior one is at the anterior corner. Posterior
processes of keels comparatively short. Caudal margin of keel toothed
only in angle at base of process and mesad of this, the teeth small. Dorsal
surface of metazonites wholly smooth, the sulcus deep.

Length, 24 mm.; width, 3.1 mm.

Locality — Barro Colorado Id. One female taken 1 Aug., 1924, by Banks.

Trichomorpha extrema, sp. nov.

Light brown, the lateral margin of keels and the posterior processes
yellowish. Keels horizontal or somewhat raised above level of dorsum.
They much resemble those of recta but are obviously broader and in par-
ticular the outer margin is more strictly parallel with axis of body and it is
straighter, this margin in recta being obviously convex between the anterior
tooth and the caudal angle. The second, third and fourth keels with two
lateral teeth, the others with only the one at anterior corner. Caudal
margin of anterior keels not toothed, but in the posterior keels this margin is
irregularly denticulate mesad of the process the margin of which is always
smooth. The processes of keels are proportionately clearly longer than in
recta.

Length, 18 mm.; width, 2.8 mm.

44 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Locality—Barro Colorado Id. One specimen taken 2 Aug., 1924, by

Banks.
XYSTODESMIDAE.

Rhysodesmus mayanus, sp. nov.

Original color probably altered. At present light brown, the meta-
zonites paler than prozonites and the keels yellow. Collum narrowed on
each side, with anterior margin of angle convex and the posterior margin
straight. Dorsum but little convex, much as in an ordinary Polydesmus.
Second and third keels bent forward. Keels in general of moderate width;
lateral margin thickened and raised, the pore-swelling elongate; smooth,
without teeth or indentations; anterior corner rounded; posterior angles in
middle and posterior regions produced caudad. Ventral branch of gono-
pods cylindrical over the first two-thirds of length and then abruptly
narrowed to a slender blade which curves cephalomesad and at tip a little
dorsad, meeting the other gonopod at the middle line; at apex a little
expanded, with an angle directed cephalad; basal division setose. Dorsal
branch of gonopod straight, distally acute, extending forward a little
distance beyond base of terminal blade of ventral branch.

Width, 6.2 mm.

Locality —Yucatan. One male taken from the stomach of a toad.

SPHAERIODESMIDAE.
Sphaeriodesmus conformans, sp. nov.

General color of dorsum yellowish, darkened on the sides. Second and
third keels slender, the third decidedly longer than the second. The fourth
keels much longer as usual, somewhat broader at base than distally, the
anterior margin at distal end convex, the corresponding posterior margin
concave, the keel moderately curving backward toward end. The fifth
keel no narrower than the fourth, the free end almost even rounded. In
the male the first legs are enlarged and the femur has a prominent setifer-
ous tubercle toward proximal end. In the gonopods the coxa is stout,
narrowing distad to base of telopodite; telopodite long and slender, curving
ventrad distally, with a narrower, short distal division which has a retrorse
barb at end; the telopodite setose to base of this distal division; telopodite
without branch or process

Length, 13 mm.; width, 4.5 mm.
Locality —Barro Colorado Id. One male taken 15 July, by Banks.

Vol. 38, pp. 45-48 March 12, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

TWO NEW SPECIES OF SCIAPHILA.

BY S. F. BLAKE.

The small family of saprophytic Monocotyledons known as
the Triuridaceae is represented in America by about 13 species,
divided among two genera (Sciaphila and Triuris) by Bentham
& Hooker and by Engler. Dr. Karl Schumann, in his mono-
graphic treatment of the American representatives of the
family in the Flora Brasiliensis (3°:645-668. pl. 116-117. 1894),
recognized also two other genera (Soridiwm Miers and Pelto-
phyllum Gardn.). The principal American genus is Sczaphila,
of which 7 species (8 if Sortdiwm be included) are described by
Schumann. The only new species described since Schumann’s
work is S. richardi Baill. (Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 2:1189. 1895),
a remarkable plant from tropical America (French Guiana?).
In the present paper two new species are described, both col-
lected by Mr. Henry Pittier. One, from Venezuela, is of interest
from its close relationship to Sciaphila spruceana (Miers) Engl.,
which has hitherto constituted a monotypic group (the genus
Soridium of Miers); the other, from Panama, is the first species
of the genus found in the New World outside of South America.
A note is added regarding Sciaphila picta Miers, to which are
apparently to be referred specimens collected in Panama by Mr.
Pittier.

Sciaphila brevipes Blake, sp. nov.

Roots pilose; pedicels 1.3 mm. long or less, much shorter than the bracts,
these about equaling the flowers; perianth in both sexes 4-parted, 2.8-4
mm. wide, the segments ovate, acute, papillose on margin; stamens 2,
sessile; fruit indehiscent, 1 mm. long, papillose especially above, yellow-
ish; seed fuscous-brown.

Rhizome not seen; roots slender, about 1 cm. long, densely pilose with
whitish hairs; plant 5.5-10.5 cm. high, the stem simple or sometimes with a

13—Proc. Biou. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 38, 1925. (45)

46 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

sub-basal branch, whitish, slender, 0.5-0.8 mm. thick, glabrous, usually
flexuous at base; leaves chiefly below middle of stem, few, scattered,
triangular to triangular-ovate, acute to acuminate, 1.5-2.2 mm. long,
fleshy, glabrous; raceme 12-15 mm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide, 9—11-flowered,
the lowest flowers remote, the others crowded, the lower 5-7 flowers 2,
the others; bracts narrowly triangular, acuminate, decurved, glabrous,
with purplish-brown spots toward apex, the lower 2.5-2.8 mm. long, the
upper 1.5 mm. long; pedicels of the 2 flowers stout, erect or spreading even
in fruit, 0.5-0.8 mm. long (in fruit 1-1.3 mm.); 9 perianth 3.6-4 mm. wide,
spreading in anthesis, reflexed in fruit, greenish (when dry), the segments
suborbicular-ovate or ovate, 1.8-2 mm. long, 0.8-1.8 mm. wide, acute or
acutish, sometimes apiculate, united at base for about 0.3 mm.; carpels
about 35, densely papillose, about 0.4 mm. long, the styles sub-basilar,
subeapitate and tufted at apex, from slightly shorter to slightly longer than
the ovaries; pedicels of the o& flowers 0.5-1 mm. long, erectish or spreading;
¢@ perianth similar to the 2 but smaller, 2.8-3.2 mm. wide, the segments
papillose on margin, sometimes with 2 or 3 short hairs at apex; stamens
oblong, 0.6 mm. long, 0.3 mm. high; fruit oval-obovoid, 0.7 mm. wide,
papillose except on the sides below, apparently indehiscent, about twice
as long as the more or less persistent style.

VENEZUELA: A saprophyte, along Lora River, on high hill above Camp
2, Perijé Exploration Company, State of Zulia, 14 Dec. 1922, Pittier
10953 (type no. 1,187,489, U. S. Nat. Herb.).

This curious little plant is a close relative of Sciaphila spruceana (Miers)
Engl., differing primarily in its very short pedicels, considerably surpassed
by the bracts. S. spruceana, which has hitherto been unique, at least
among American species, in its indehiscent fruits, constantly 4-parted
perianth, and diandrous & flowers, was originally described by Miers as
the type of his genus Soridium. Although reduced to Sciaphila by Bentham
& Hooker, who were followed by Engler, Soridiwm was reinstated as a
genus by Schumann in his treatment of the family in the Flora Brasiliensis.
Examination of the features mentioned as diagnostic by Schumann shows
that the two groups are unequivocally distinct only in the character of the
fruit (indehiscent in Soridiwm, dehiscent in Sciaphila). In all other
respects they are so closely allied that their continued separation on the
basis of this difference alone is scarcely warranted.

Sciaphila panamensis Blake, sp. nov.

Roots pilose; pedicels of the 9 flowers 2.5-4 mm. long, about twice as
long as the bracts, of the o& flowers 1.5-3 mm. long, surpassing the bracts;
Q perianth 6-parted, the segments ovate, acute, papillose on margin,
1.8-2 mm. long, reflexed in fruit; o perianth 6-parted, the segments ovate
or lance-ovate, acutish, 1.5 mm. long; stamens 3, subsessile; fruit obovoid,
1.5 mm. long, 0.7 mm. wide, whitish, slightly papillose above, dehiscent.

Rhizome (imperfect) slender, whitish; roots slender, scattered, about
1.2 em. long; plant 8-11 em. high, the stem simple or rarely with a branch
near middle, slender, flexuous, whitish, glabrous, obscurely striate; leaves
about 3-6, seale-like, triangular, acutish to acuminate, brownish, glabrous,

Blake—Two New Species of Sciaphila. A7

1-2 mm. long; raceme 1.2-3.5 em. long, 7-8 mm. wide, about 12-27-
flowered, the lowest flowers subremote, the lower 6-10 flowers @, the
others co’; bracts narrowly triangular, acuminate, with purplish glandular
thickenings on margin, the lower 2—2.5 mm. long, the upper 1.5-2 mm., all
spreading or applied to the pedicels, essentially free; pedicels of the 9°
flowers spreading or ascending, recurving at apex in fruit, stoutish, always
surpassing the bracts and usually about twice as long; 2 perianth 3.5-4
mm. wide, greenish white (when dry), the segments 0.6-0.8 mm. wide,
united at base for about 0.4 mm., spreading in anthesis, not tufted at apex;
carpels about 25, in anthesis about half as long as the basilar style, this
papillose-fringed nearly throughout; pedicels of the = flowers slender,
sometimes twice as long as the bracts, spreading or erectish, essentially
straight; o’ perianth 2.5 mm. wide, the segments 0.5 mm. wide, united at
base for about 0.3 mm., spreading, greenish white, papillose on margin, not
pilose-tufted; stamens 0.7 mm. long, 0.3 mm. high; fruit apparently de-
hiscent dorsally; seed pale brown, 1.2 mm. long.

Panama: A saprophyte, in forests around Puerto Obaldia, San Blas
coast, alt.0-50 m., August, 1911, Pattier 4290 (type no. 679403, U.S. Nat.
Herb.).

This species, the first of the genus found north of Venezuela, is nearest
Sciaphila albescens Benth., of the Province of Alto Amazonas, Brazil. In
that plant, according to Schumann’s description, the pedicels are con-
siderably longer (4-6 mm. in the o flowers, 4-8 mm. in the 9), and the
fruits are 2 mm. long.

ScIAPHILA PIcTA Miers, Trans. Linn. Soc. 21:48. pl. 6, f. 13-18. 1852.

Included with the material on which S. panamensis is based were two
specimens differing decidedly from that species in the purplish color of the
inflorescence, the more numerous flowers, all staminate and on strongly
decurved pedicels, and the smaller, reflexed, purple perianths, their seg-
ments with long apical tufts of hairs. It seems best for the present to refer
these to S. picta Miers, although they may prove distinct when that plant
is better known. Through the kindness of Dr. A. W. Hill, Director of the
Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, I have been able to examine an original
specimen of S. picta collected by Wm. Purdie. Dr. Hill informs me that
the locality given by Miers (“in Venezuela, ad fluv. Opure’’) is erroneous,
and that the correct locality is ‘‘in woods of the Opon River, Santander,
Colombia.”’ The Oponis a tributary of the Magdalena, about 6° or 7° N.,
between the rivers Carare and Sogamoso, and rises near Velez. The speci-
men sent bears so few flowers in good condition that I have not felt at
liberty to dissect any. A small fragment examined of an imperfect flower
seems to agree fairly well with Miers’ figures. Miers’ description is prob-
ably erroneous in some particulars, and there are discrepancies between his
illustrations and text. The species is described as with flowers ‘‘herm-
aphroditis (an semper?),’’ but the figures show ‘“‘a single male flower”
(fig. 14, 15) and ‘‘a female flower” (fig. 16). Figures 15and16look essential-
ly alike and seem to be normal pistillate flowers. The perianth segments

48 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

are shown as ovate or ovate-triangular, acute, subequal in length, and about
half as wide as long. Schumann, although stating that this is the only
South American species of which he was unable to examine a specimen,
nevertheless gives the dimensions of the segments as 1 mm. by 0.2-0.3 mm,,
which does not agree with Miers’ figures. In Pittier’s plants the segments
are narrowly triangular and alternately unequal, those opposite the stamens
1.5 mm. long, 0.4 mm. wide at base, the others 1.2 mm. long. Until more
specimens are available it is best to refer Pittier’s plants tentatively to
Sciaphila picta Miers.

a

ww

{ha

Vol. 38, pp. 49-56 March 12, 1925
PROCEEDINGS
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASH INGTON

A REVISION OF THE OSMERID FISHES OF THE
NORTH PACIFIC.

BY CARL L. HUBBS.

The family of Osmeridae, or true smelts, is confined to
Arctic and North Temperate waters. Like many other families
of the Holarctic Realm, it is represented by more genera and
species in the North Pacific than in the North Atlantic. The
genus Osmerus alone is better developed in the latter region,
where otherwise only one species, Mallotus villosus, occurs. A
species of Osmerus, as well as Mallotus villosus, also occurs, how-
ever, along the Arctic coasts and also in the North Pacific. In
addition, Allosmerus attenuatus, Thaleichthys pacificus, three
species of Spzrinchus and four species of Hypomesus characterize
the North Pacific fauna. They are all compared in the follow-
ing key.

In the preparation of this paper, nearly all the material pre-
served in American museums has been examined. We wish to
thank the authorities of the National Museum, in particular,
for the privilege of examining the specimens deposited in that
institution.

Key To THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF OSMERIDAE.!

a!. Scales of moderate size (fewer than 80 in the lateral line); scales on
sides not forming villous bands in the breeding male.
b!. Teeth on the vomer canine-like, few in number, and not cover-
ing the whole head of the bone.
c!. Vomerine teeth confined to lateral tips of U-shaped vomer,
fang-like, one to three in number on each side; teeth

1With the exclusion of the Atlantic species of Osmerus and of Therobromus callorhini
Lucas, known only from bones taken from the stomachs of fur seals, and perhaps not an
Osmerid.

14—Proc. Bion. Soc. WasH., VOL. 38, 1925. (49)

50 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

very strong, not deciduous at spawning. Pelvic fins
inserted distinctly behind origin of dorsal.
(Genus Osmerus.)
d!. Gill-rakers in moderate number, 8 to 10+19 to 23 on
first arch. Scales 66 to 69 in lateral line. Anal
fin low, its height contained 2.6 to 3.3 times in head.
Upper jaw about reaching vertical from posterior
margin of eye. Spawning in streams.
Osmerus dentec.
c?. Vomerine canine moderate, inserted at front of vomerine
arch (often flanked on one side by a smaller tooth);
other teeth of moderate strength. Pelvic fins inserted
distinctly in advance of origin of dorsal fin.
el. Teeth larger and stronger; never deciduous.
Head sharply pointed as seen from above.
Opercles weakly striate. Gill-rakers longer,
10 or 11 + 22 to 26 in number on the first
arch. Anal fin of moderate length, with 15
to 17 rays. Probably spawning in the ocean.
Allosmerus attenuatus.
e?. Teeth smaller and weaker; deciduous at spawning,
the breeding fish being almost completely
edentulous. Head bluntly rounded anteriorly,
as seen from above. Opercles strongly striate
concentrically. Gill-rakers much reduced in
size and number, only 4 to 6 + 18 to 16 on
first arch. Anal fin elongate, with 20 to 22
rays. Spawning in streams.
Thaleichthys pacificus.
b2. Teeth on the vomer not canine-like, rather numerous and
forming a convex series along the entire head of the bone;
teeth not deciduous, all small, or scarcely canine-like.
f1, Mouth large (asin all preceding genera and
species). Teeth larger, always evenly
uniserial on vomer and palatine bones.
(Genus Spirinchus.)
g!. Fins less elongate, the pectoral not
longer than the head, and not reaching
pelvic insertion.
h!. Pectoral fin, 1.25 to 1.4 in head;
upper jaw, 1.8 to 1.9; eye, 3.6 to
4.4; head in length to caudal,
4.0 to 4.2. Spawning in the
BUT sree crores Sptrinchus starksi.
h?. Pectoral fin longer, 1.1 to 1.25 in
head; upper jaw, 2.0 to 2.15;
eye, 4.4 to 4.8; head in standard
length, 4.35 to 4.6.
Spirinchus lanceolatus.

vs ae,

Hubbs—A Revision of the Osmerid Fishes. 51

g?. Fins much enlarged, the pectoral longer
than the head, and extending beyond
pelvic insertion. Spawning in fresh
Wiaibereswunmarcise Spirinchus thaleichthys.

f?. Mouth much smaller. Teeth minute; in
biserial arrangement, or nearly so, on
vomer and palatine bones.

(Genus Hypomesus.)
i14, Scales larger thaninH. pretiosus,

54 to 62 along lateral line.

Pelvic fins usually inserted a

little before origin of dorsal;

fins all larger than in pretiosus,
the pectoral reaching more
than half-way to pelvic inser-
tion. Color darker. Breed-
ing at a small size in fresh

WiEiC eT aeee anes Hypomesus olidus.

?. Like olidus, but scales about 63
to 65 in number, and pelvic
fins inserted distinctly behind
origin of dorsal. (Breeding
habits unknown.)

Hypomesus verecundus.

3. Like pretiosus, but scales aver-
aging larger, 63 to 68 in
number along lateral line.

(Breeding habits unknown.)

Hypomesus japonicus.
i4. Scales smaller, in 66 to 76 series
along lateral line. Pelvic
fins usually inserted behind
. origin of dorsal; fins all shorter
than in olidus, the pectoral
not reaching half-way to pel-
vic insertion. Color more
silvery. Breeding at a larger
size in the surf.
Hypomesus pretiosus.

a?. Scales of small size (about 150 in the lateral line; scales on sides
forming two villous bands in the breeding male. Mouth large.
ode: et Vays wa ea HD) SU aA peak Be Or Mallotus villosus.

—_
rt

Tn

Genus 1. Osmerus Linnaeus.
1. Osmerus dentex Steindachner.

Tf all the Atlantic smelt be referred to a single species, as Smitt has
proposed!, then the Pacific form can not be satisfactorily distinguished.

1History of Scandinavian Fishes, Pt. 2, 1895, p. 868.

52 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

According to this author, dentex differs constantly from eperlanus only in
having fewer gill-rakers and a lower anal fin. That these distinctions fail
to separate denter from the Atlantic smelt as a whole is quite evident from
our counts and measurements.

Osmerus dentex. Atlantic smelt.
Gill-rakers 8 to 10+19 to 23 7 to 11+15 to 24
Height of anal fin (in head) 2.6 to 3.3 2.3 to 3.4

The point of the matter is, that the Atlantic smelt may be divided into
several local species (or subspecies). Excluding certain land-locked types
from New England (O. spectrum Cope, O. abbotti Cope, and perhaps
others), which are now being critically studied by W. C. Kendall, at least
two forms may be recognized on each side of the Atlantic.

The smelt of the Eastern Atlantic, so far as observed by Smitt and our-
selves, have higher anal fins than denter. The Scandinavian form (which
may be construed as typical eperlanus), however, has more gill-rakers than
shown by English and French specimens examined; those on the lower limb
of the outer arch number 22 to 26 instead of only 17 to 22; the total number
is 32 to 37, rather than 25 to 32. It is not certain what name should be
accredited to the form with the reduced number of gill-rakers.

The common smelt of the New England and Canadian coasts, probably
Mitchill’s mordaz and certainly Le Sueur’s viridescens, agrees with dentex
in the low anal fin and low number of gill-rakers. South of New York it is
(or was) represented by a smaller form with the anal distinctly higher and
the gill-rakers still fewer. This southern species (possibly race) may be
known as Osmerus sargenti Norris!. The two forms may be characterized
as follows:

O. mordax O. sargenti
Giil-rakers (first arch) 10 or 11+19 to 24 9 or 10+15to18
Height of anal in head 2.6 to 3.4 2.4 to 2.6

Of these five or more Atlantic forms, Osmerus mordazx is most like the
Pacific form. In fact the only reliable difference we can discover is in the
backward extension of the upper jaw, and even this difference is not wholly
constant. In the adult of dentex the end of the maxillary lies about on the
vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit, while it falls more or less
short of this vertical in all specimens of mordax examined. Osmerus
dentex is apparently close also to the species of the Arctic Coast of Eurasia
(called dvinensis or spirinchus by Smitt), but according to him that form
has as many gill-rakers as the Scandinavian eperlanus. Smitt’s claim that
the Arctic species occurs in Alaska is not confirmed by our studies, for we
have found only dentex from the northern coast of Alaska to Japan.

The record of Osmerus dentexr from Matsushima Bay, Japan, by Smith
and Pope? was based on a fish of a distinct family, namely Plecoglossus
altivelis.

1Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 95. Types, and series from the Raritan River,

New Jersey, examined.
2Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 31, 1906, p. 463.

Hubbs—A Revision of the Osmerid Fishes. 53

Genus 2. Allosmerus Hubbs (new genus).

Type, Osmerus atienuatus Lockington.
This genus is intermediate in most respects between Osmerus and
Thaleichthys. Its characters are given in the preceding key.

2. Allosmerus attenwatus Lockington.

Allosmerus attenuatus is common in and about San Francisco Bay, and
ranges northward at least as far as Central Oregon (44° 56’ N. 124° 12’
30” E.). It probably spawns in the ocean. The development is much
more protracted than that in Spirinchus thaleichthys, the young remaining
in the translucent postlarval condition until a length of about three inches
has been attained. It is a small species, a mature female only 104 mm.
long to caudal having been examined.

Genus 3. THaLercuruys Girard.
3. Thaleichthys pacificus Richardson.

This species ranges from the Klamath River in northern California to
Bering Sea. During most of its life it is probably pelagic, but it ascends
streams to spawn.

In the pelagic stage, named Osmerus albatrossis by Jordan and Gilbert
(1898), the teeth are well developed. The breeding specimens, especially
the males, are largely or entirely edentulous, but occasionally a few to
many of the teeth may be retained. We have been able to trace a complete
transition between ‘‘Eperlanio”’! albatrossis and Thaleichthys pacificus.

Genus 4. Sprrincuus Jordan and Evermann.

This group of three very closely related species should certainly be recog-
nized as generically distinct from Osmerus. The vomerine dentition, as
outlined in the key, is particularly distinctive.

4. Spirinchus starksi Fisk.

Osmerus starksi Fisk, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 46, 1913, p. 293, fig.

Re-examination of material shows that the records of Osmerus thaleichthys
from Monterey, California, made by Jordan and Gilbert (1881) and by
Fowler (1912) were based on specimens of this species. A good series of
specimens, almost in the breeding condition, was obtained at Eureka,
Humboldt County, northern California, where the species is known as the
“night surf smelt” to distinguish it from Hypomesus pretiosus, which is
known as the “day surf smelt.’’ These specimens were seined on the beach
near the mouth of Mad River.

5. Spirinchus lanceolatus Hikida.

Osmerus dentex Franz, Abh. bayer. Akad. Wiss., Suppl. 4, vol. 1, 1910,
p. 6, pl. 3, fig. 5 (young, from Misaki).

1Eperlanio Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1918 (1919), p. 341. Type Osmerus
albatrossis Jordan and Gilbert.

54 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

‘““Osmerus lanceolatus Hikida, Zool. Mag., 25, 1913, p. 127, pl.”

We have not seen Hikida’s description (which we quote from the Zoologi-
cal Record), but we have seen a specimen so named by Japanese ichthyolo-
gists. Itisa tuberculate male, collected in Iburi, Hokkaido, and presented
to Dr. Jordan by Dr. Kawamura. We have examined series from Kushiro
and from Tomakomai in Japan, in both cases taken with Osmerus dentex. A
redescription of this species is being published by Jordan and Hubbs in the
Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum.

S. lanceolatus is extremely like the Californian species S. starksi, but
differs in details of proportions as indicated in the key.

6. Spirinchus thaleichthys Ayres.

This species has been rather extensively confused with other forms. As
already observed, Monterey records were based on S. starksit. We find no
basis for Jordan and Gilbert’s (1881) records of San Luis Obispo and Puget
Sound. The records of thaleichthys from Nushagak River, Alaska, which
have several times appeared in the literature! refer to Hypomesus olidus,
as Gilbert’s brief description and a reexamination of the material both
show.

This species is very abundant in San Francisco Bay, from which it
ascends the Sacramento River to spawn (as Mr. N. B. Scofield has deter-
mined). From this locality it ranges northward to near Cape Flattery,
Washington.

Genus 5. Hypomesus Gill.

The generic name Hypomesus Gill under the present rules should be
adopted in preference to Mesopus Gill, given to the same group on the pre-
ceding page, but left as a typographical error (failure to correct proof care-

fully).
7. Hypomesus olidus Pallas.

It is not clear that Salmo inghaghitsch Walbaum can be identified with
this species, for which Pallas’ name olidus should apparently be retained.
Osmerus oligodon Kner is a synonym of this species, not of japonicus, as
currently claimed.?

Hypomesus olidus has very generally been confused with H. pretiosus,
H. japonicus and even with Spirinchus thaleichthys (which see). It differs
sharply from pretiosus in the larger size of the scales, there being 54 to 62
rather than 66 to 76 in the course of the lateral line; usually in the more
anterior position of the pelvic fins in reference to the dorsal, the pelvic
insertion being in most cases in advance of, instead of a little behind, the
vertical from the dorsal origin; in the much larger size of all the fins, the
pectoral reaching more, instead of less, than half-way to the pelvic inser-
tion; in the darker color; in the smaller size attained, and in the habit of
spawning in fresh-water rather than in the surf of ocean beaches. It

1Gilbert, Rept. U. S. Fish Comm., 1893 (1895), p. 400; Jordan and Evermann. Bull,
U. 8. Nat. Mus., 47, pt. 1, 1896, p. 522; Jordan and Gilbert, Rept. Fur Seal Invest., 3,
1898, p. 440; Evermann and Goldsborough, Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish., 26, 1906 (1907), p. 40
(not figure).

2Denksch. Akad. Wiss. Wien. 24, 1865, p. 9, pl. 4, fig. 1.

Hubbs—A Revision of the Osmerid Fishes. 55

differs from japonicus in the same respects, with the exception that the
latter has an intermediate number of scales (63 to 68), and the breeding
habits unrecorded. We have examined more and larger series of these
species than have been available to other workers, yet find no good evidence
to support the claim, several times asserted, that these forms intergrade, or
that they are identical in characters.

Hypomesus olidus ranges from the mountain lakes of central Japan and
the shores and coastwise fresh-waters of northern Japan, northward through
Kamchatka to the Arctic shores of North America; thence southward
along the east side of the North Pacific as far as the upper or brackish
portions of San Francisco Bay.

8. Hypomesus verecundus Jordan and Metz.

Spirinchus verecundus Jordan and Metz. Mem. Carn. Mus., 6, 1913,
eo J jolly ae saves

We have re-examined the three types of this Korean species (these being
the only specimens recorded) and have found that the species is in every
respect typical of Hypomesus. It is intermediate in its characters between
olidus and japonicus, as indicated in our key.

9. Hypomesus japonicus Brevoort.

Osmerus oligodon Kner has been quoted as a synonym of this species,
but it was based on a specimen of olidus.

Hypomesus japonicus seems to be most closely related to the Korean
verecundus and the Eastern Pacific pretiosus. It represents those species
in northern Japan and Kamchatka. Material from the latter region
(collected at Petropavlovsk) was erroneously identified by Jordan and
Gilbert! as Mesopus olidus.

10. Hypomesus pretiosus Girard.

This species occurs along ocean beaches from southern Alaska to central
California. It has been rather extensively confused in the literature with
H, olidus.

Genus 6. Mauttorus Cuvier.

11. Mallotus villosus Miller.

We have examined specimens of capelin from many localities extending
from northern Japan eastward to Sweden, but have not critically studied the
material. Such an investigation might yield results of considerable
interest.

1Rept. Fur Seal Inv., 3, 1898, p. 440.

Br Meco yt peeks «al

Vol. 38, pp. 57-68 May 26, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 4415017755

THE ORIGIN OF THE CASTES IN TERMITES.
BY THOMAS E. SNYDER. |

Of great interest to the biologist are the two views of the
origin of termite castes, both based upon observation and experi-
ment. According to the first view, held by the Italian ento-
mologists, Dr. B. Grassi (15), Dr. Carlo Jucci (18) and (19),
and others, the young are all alike and undifferentiated at the
time of hatching, but differentiate into the various adult castes
through the influence of external factors of immediate environ-
ment, such as food, the presence of protozoan parasites, the
care received from the older workers, etc.

According to the second view, held by Thompson and Snyder
(24, 25, 26, 27) and others, the young are not all alike at the
time of hatching, but the castes are hereditary; some, if not all
of the different castes are distinguishable from the beginning,
and the castes are therefore predetermined in the egg or embryo
by intrinsic factors.

The late Dr. C. B. Thompson (25 to 29) has proved that the
ontogenetic origin of the castes of the termite Retzculitermes
flavipes Kol. is due to intrinsic causes or germinal origin, and
not to the extrinsic stimuli, which have long been credited
with formative, indeed, almost creative powers. The fertile
and sterile types as nymphs are internally differentiated at the
time of hatching and very early in their post-embryonic de-
velopment all the adult castes may be distinguished, disproving
the hypothesis of determining or changing the castes by external
means. Dr. Thompson believed (29) that the castes originated
by segregation from a heterozygous parent form!

Dr. Carlo Jucci, in (18) and (19), in papers supporting the
views of Grassi on the creative power of immediate environ-
ment, reopened the discussion of the differentiation of the castes

15—Proc. Biou. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 38, 1925. (57)

‘OL 7.3

58 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

in termites. Jucci not only disagrees with the results of Thomp-
son’s careful work, which proved the embryonic differentiation
of the castes and that the ‘‘complementary” or ‘‘substitute”’
reproductive forms represent distinct hereditary castes, but
also with the support given to this theory by Snyder’s biological
work (22 to 24).

Among termites, aside from the deadlated reproductive adult
which develops from the winged, colonizing, first form adult,
there are both brachypterous and apterous reproductive adults.
(Plate I, figs. 6, 7 and 8.) These adults develop, respectively,
from nymphs of the second form, with short wing pads, and
from apterous nymphs of the third form. In addition there
are several abnormal or “intermediate” reproductive adults.

Jucci claims that the dealated reproductive form is the only
true adult and that these other reproductive forms are merely
‘“‘complementary”’ or ‘‘substitute neoteinic’”’ forms. His proof
is the peculiar, characteristic pigmentation of these forms,
which only can be explained by him as an arrested development,
i. e. this is not a specific character of a caste but the morpho-
logical expression, through the accumulation of catabolic prod-
ucts in the skin, of a physiological state to be attributed to a
special diet.

Jucci states that he has proven that there is a definite cor-
relation between the food and the peculiar pigmentation of
these ‘“‘neoteinic’”’ forms. However, this theory may be dis-
proved by merely following the development of the nymph
of the first form (winged, colonizing adult) through to the
post-adult stage. During this development of a single indi-
vidual there is a wide range in the food, but no abnormal pig-
mentation occurs.

TABLE I.

Development of the first form adult of Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar correlated
with Food, Intestinal Protozoa, and Pigmentation.

Nymph with long |Young winged Young winged Post-adult, jaw

wing pads. adult before adult after sie degen-
flight. flight.

Food wood, pro- |Food little or no |Food wood, pro- Food special diet
tozoa present in | wood, most of tozoa present. from workers, no
intestine. protozoa have wood eaten, no

been lost. protozoa.

Pigment lacking. |Pigment mature, | Pigment mature, | Pigment mature,
dark. dark. a lighter, less
dark.

Snyder—The Origin of the Castes in Termites. 59

While there is a definite correlation between the pigmentation
of all of the reproductive adults and their exposure to sunlight,
there is no correlation between this pigmentation and their
food. The post-adults, although fed by the workers on a spe-
cial diet, do not attain any of the pigmentation characteristic
of the neoteinic forms, although there is a marked post-adult
growth; the new tissue remains colorless, as in the nymphs from
which they develop.

Furthermore, Snyder has shown (22, 23, 24) that the second
form (brachypterous) nymphs develop in large numbers in
certain colonies every spring; they occur in association with
nymphs of the first form (with long wing pads) in the outer
layers of the wood in which the colony is located; here condi-
tions of temperature and humidity are most favorable for rapid
development. Finally, these nymphs of the second form pass
through a quiescent stage, similar to that through which the
nymphs of the first form pass in developing to the winged adult,
and develop to adults of the second form. Nymphs of the
third form (apterous) have a similar development from apter-
ous nymphs, but owing to the strong superficial resemblance
between these nymphs and young adults and the worker caste,
while they occur, they are difficult to detect in colonies.

If these brachypterous and apterous types of reproductive
forms are not true adult castes, why do they normally develop
in large numbers each year in colonies? Also why is there such
variation in the composition of colonies each spring, with regard
to the relative abundance of nymphs of these three forms?
There is no need for them in the parent colony and hence it
must be assumed that they are a colonizing form. These un-
necessary reproductive adults then must either migrate to form
new colonies, die, or be killed by the workers. If taken and
placed with workers in artificial colonies, these forms will repro-
duce and live for years, establishing large colonies and breeding
true to type. Unless workers are present to feed them, however,
they will die, since they contain (as adults) no intestinal pro-
tozoa to digest the cellulose of wood for them.

However, how are new colonies founded in nature by brachyp-
terous (second form) adults? What becomes of the large
numbers present each year in parent colonies at the time of the
swarm? ‘They disappear at this time. While these brachyp-

60 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

terous adults appear to be able to endure full sunlight (as in
the ‘“pseudoflight’”’), it is quite probable that with workers
and soldiers they normally have a subterranean colonizing
migration. The workers and soldiers are attracted to the
reproductive forms by their exudate.

With these facts, showing the normal progeny of colonies of
R. flavipes, why should there be any need for the workers to
‘‘manufacture’’ complementary or substitute reproductive
forms by arresting or checking by means of special feeding the
development of nymphs of the first form to the normal winged
adult. When or how this development is checked, neither
Grassi nor Jucci elucidate.

Again, adults of the first, second and third forms display
marked structural differences in head, eyes, and thorax (and
legs in Termopsis)! It has never yet been proven that quali-
tative feeding can produce marked structural changes; such is
not the case even in the case of the honeybee.

While Dr. W. M. Wheeler states (31) that qualitative feeding
can not produce morphological differences in the worker, he
also states that quantitative feeding may produce diminution of
stature and some of the atypical phases found in ants. This
is also true in the case of the termites. Wheeler (33) also grants
that even if the caste of an ant be determined in the egg, special
feeding of the larva may be necessary to bring it to maturity.

But since the work of Dr. J. Feytaud (13), Thompson, etce.,
shows that the castes of termites are already determined at the
time of hatching, food can not determine the castes.

In the case of the “orphaned” colonies, where the parent
reproductive forms have been lost, young forms, capable of
reproduction, are already present in the colony, as nymphs in
various stages of development to the typical adult, winged,
brachypterous or apterous. These forms are utilized, but not
created. Doubtless, however, their development is hastened
by special care and feeding. If young nymphs are lacking at
this time, older forms in various stages of development may be
utilized—even partially developed winged adults.

Furthermore, if food could determine the castes, and at a
late stage in the development of individuals to materity, why
are not fertile workers and soldiers ‘‘produced’’?

Of course the care of and feeding of the young and repro-

Snyder—The Origin of the Castes in Termites. 61

ductive forms of termites by the workers is explained by ‘‘tro-
phallaxis’”’ (Wheeler (32)), or an exchange of nourishment, a
purely selfish relationship. Snyder (23).

While the sex organs of soldiers of species in certain genera
are well-developed none has been found that actually has laid
eggs. Although soldiers with wing pads occur in species of
several genera of the Kalotermitidae, this is not an indication
of the maturity or functioning of the sexual organs. Heath’s
data (16) on fertile ‘‘soldiers” in Termopsis may admit of
another interpretation when further studies of these forms have
beer conducted. Dr. Heath in a statement to the writer in
December, 1924, stated that he has seen soldier-like forms lay-
ing eggs. These individuals have shorter heads than the normal
soldier and the hairs on the abdomens are as in the reproductive
form. This form is probably an “‘intermediate”’ reproductive
form.

In the case of the non-social insects, various brachypterous
and apterous reproductive forms occur within the species in the
Zoraptera, Orthoptera and Hemiptera; notably among the
aphids, where, according to Dr. A. C. Baker, there are “‘inter-
mediates”? with a loss of eyes and wings or loss in the length of
the wings. The factors influencing the origin of these forms
are apparently different than in termites; these non-social
insects are not comparable to the social insects.

Dr. E. D. Ball (1) states:

“‘Migration is an adaptation that enables species to occupy regions which
would otherwise be uninhabitable. * * *

“There is another type of migration in which only certain specially
modified individuals take part. Many modifications of this kind are
found in the arid regions of the western country. Most of the leafhoppers
that feed on the short grasses have abbreviated wings, an adaptation which
enables them to move about freely in these tangles. The areas they
inhabit are subject to periodic droughts in which animal life, including
even the insects, may be destroyed. These insects have a special migra-
tory form with slender body and long wings that is capable of flying long
distances. These migratory forms always appear very early in the season
from the first nymphs that mature. Within a few days of emergence they
fly away to other regions and thus distribute the species, leaving only
the normal short-winged forms in the original location.

“The Rocky Mountain Locust which was so destructive in the western
regions from 1872 to 1876, was considered to be a distinct migratory species
of grasshopper (Melanoplus spretus). Studies made during the recent

62 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

outbreak have shown that this grasshopper is not a true species but only
a specially modified long-winged migratory form of the common injurious
grasshopper of the northern part of the United States (Melanoplus atlanis).
Production of excessive numbers of the migratory form is probably cor-
related with periodic droughts. It is probable that migratory forms are
present in many species in which they have not as yet been recognized.”

In Italy, Grassi and Jucci find that the sexes swarm at differ-
ent times from the same colony, and that no ‘‘true kings or
queens” (developing from winged, migratory, first form adults)
heading termite colonies (Reticulitermes lucifugus Rossi) occur
in nature; the parent reproductive forms are those with short
wing pads (developing from nymphs of the second form), and
in case of these forms, the males do not live long after mating.
These abnormal conditions in the biology of this termite seem
to be unique and are peculiar to Italy.

It may indeed be, as Silvestri states (2/), that climate deter-
mines which reproductive form can survive—but each type
develops yearly, even in Italy, and even if conditions are
unsuitable for the establishment of new colonies. Jucci ex-
plains that ‘true queens’ are unnecessary in Italy because of
the presence of “‘neoteinic”’ forms. However, the latter forms
are present in the United States and elsewhere, where ‘“‘true
queens” (first form) also occur. It is peculiar that, if the
climate is a factor of such importance, while ‘‘true queens” do
not occur in nature in colonies of Reticulitermes (according to
Grassi and Jucci), they do occur in colonies of Kalotermes in
Italy. Of course there is some difference in the habitat.

The careful work of Dr. L. R. Cleveland (71) and (12) has
proved that the intestinal protozoa have nothing to do with
sterility or caste production in any of the three families (Kalo-
termitidae, Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae) of termites. For
when wood is eaten by an individual of any caste, except nor-
mally in the Termitidae, protozoa are present and in the more
highly specialized family Termitidae, many species of which
do not feed on wood and which do not harbor protozoa in the
intestines, sterility and caste differentiation occur as in the
other termites. Protozoa occur in the intestines in a symbiotic,
not in a commensual or parasitic, relationship and digest the
cellulose which is the principal food of most termites. When
the post-adult reproductive adults of certain species of the

Snyder—The Origin of the Castes in Termites. 63

Kalotermitidae feed on wood, protozoa are present. Grassi,
in his hypothesis, did not correlate. wood diet and the presence
of protozoa!

With regard to the role of nutrition, Prof. E. Bugnion’s (3 to
9) careful studies of certain termites (Termitidae) of Ceylon
prove that there is no evidence of special feeding, since all the
young forms receive the same food and the same care or lack
of care. Dr. H. Heath’s work (16) in California led him to
conclude that food was not a factor in caste determination.

Dr. C. B. Thompson’s work with thirteen species, in nine
genera, of American termites has proven that although newly
hatched young are exactly alike externally, there are marked
internal differences; all the fertile forms can be recognized from
the sterile ones especially by the larger brains, eyes and sex
organs. In a very short time all of the castes can be distin-
guished. (Plate I, figs. 3, 4 and 5.) Thus we may say that the
castes of termites are due to heredity and not to their imme-
diate environment, as is claimed by Grassi and Jucci, working
with two species of termites. Dr. Thompson’s work has since
been confirmed by Claude Fuller (14) working on South African
termites and Dr. A. D. Imms (17) working on a termite from
Thibet.

Another aspect of the question of the castes of termites, of
vital interest to biologists ever since Darwin, is the problem of
how they have arisen in the evolutionary process. ‘To-day it
is most logical to consider the termite castes, not as mutants,
but rather as “‘segregants,’’ which arise generation after genera-
tion by the splitting and recombination of the genes of a hetero-
zygous parent form.

A caste, like sex, may depend upon one factor and since the
second and third reproductive forms apparently breed true to
type (Snyder, 23), lethal factors must be considered. Caste
may also depend upon the quality or quantity of ege material.
In either case, determination of the caste is made before the
hatching of the young, or predetermined in the egg.

The writer believes that the development of castes can best
be explained by genetics and believes that the hereditary ma-
terial (germ plasm) of the whole complex of the first-form termite
queen is very heterogeneous in nature. The eggs are formed
by the division of the complex so that each egg received a

64 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

different set of hereditary units, some eggs developing into
first, second or third-form fertile individuals, others into the
sterile workers and soldiers. The first-form queen produces
five to seven kinds (varying with the species) of offspring, one
to three fertile and two to five sterile types—only one type
being like itself (the parent), the others all different in structure
and behavior. Various less common, abnormal or “inter-
mediate”? reproductive adults are merely other segregants.

There is a parallelism between termites and Mendelian seg-
regants, where there is a splitting up of a complex parental
hereditary material Into many simpler types of offspring or
segregants. :

To summarize, in conclusion, it would seem that, since it
has been proved that the fertile and sterile castes are differ-
entiated at the time of hatching and since there is no positive
proof that special qualitative feeding can determine the castes
—/(and indeed there is much evidence to disprove this)—and
that intestinal protozoa do not cause sterility in the neuters,
the burden of proof of the origin of the castes due to immediate
environment still lies with those advocating this hypothesis!
The castes in termites are undoubtedly blastogenic in origin!
To regard them as segregants appears to be the most inclusive
and plausible explanation!

LITERATURE CITED.

(1) 1924. Batt, E. D. ‘Migratory habits of insects in arid regions.”
Wash. Acad. Scis., Vol. 14, No. 19, pp. 456-7, Nov. 19.

(2) 1921. Borromury, A. M. and Fuuiter, Cuaupr. The Fungus food
of certain termites. So. African Journ. Nat. Hist., Vol.
3, No. 1, pp. 139-144, June.

(3) 1912. Buanton, E. Observations sur les Termites de Ceylon. Dif-
ferenciation des castes. Lausanne Bull. Soc. vaud. Se. nat.
(5) Vol. 48, pp. 41-42.

(4) 1912. Buanion, E. Observations sur les Termites. Differenciation
des castes. C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris I, 72 pp. 1091-1094, 2 fig.

(5) 1912. Buenton, E. Eutermes lacustris n. sp. de Ceylon. Rev. Suisse
Zool. 1912, pp. 487-505, Pls., Vol. 20. Geneva.

(6) 1913. Buanton, E. Observations sur les termites. Bull Soc. En-
tom. France, No. 8.

(7) 1913. Buanton, EK. Le Termes horni Wasm. de Ceylon. Rev. Suisse
Zool., Vol. 21, pp. 299-330, 3 Pls., 1 fig.

(8) 1913. Buanton, E. Les termites de Ceylon, avec quelques indica-
tions sur la distribution geographique de ces insectes. Le
Globe. Genevé, Vol. 52, pp. 24-58, Pls. 1-8.

(9) 1914.

(10) 1923.

(11) 1923.

(12) 1924.

(13) 1912.

(14) 1920.

Snyder—The Origin of the Castes in Termites. 65

Buenton, E. La biologie des termites de Ceylon. Bull.
Museum Paris, 1914, pp. 170-204, 8 Pls.

CLEVELAND, L. R. Correlation between the Food and Morph-
ology of Termites and the Presence of Intestinal Protozoa.
Amer. Jr. Hygiene, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 444-461, July.

CLEVELAND, L. R. Symbiosis between termites and their intes-
tinal protozoa. Proc. Nat’l. Acad. Scis., Vol. 9, No. 12, pp.
424-6, December.

CLEVELAND, L. R. The Physiological and Symbiotic Relation-
ships between the Intestinal Protozoa of Termites and their
Host with special reference to Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar.
Biol. Bull., Vol. 46, Nos. 4-5, April, May.

Feytaud, J. Contribution a l’etude de Termite lucifuge. Arch.
Anat. micr., T. 18, fase. 4, 481-607, 3 pls., 34 figs. (Struce de
gesier) 30 juin.

Fuuuer, C. Studies on the post-embryonic development of
the antennae of termites. Annals Natal Museum, VI, pp.
235-295, Pl. 15, Nov.

(15) 1893-4. Grassi, B. and Sanpias, A. Costituzione e sviluppo della

(16) 1902

(17) 1919.

(18) 1920.

(19) 1924.

(20) 1919.
(21) 1903.

(22) 1915.

(23) 1920

Societa dei Termitidae. Atti. Acad. Gioenia dei Sci. Nat.
Catania.

. Heatu, Haroutp. The habits of California Termites. Biol.
Bull. Marine Biol. Lab. Woods Hole, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 44
(47?)-63, 3 figs., January.

Imus, A. D. On the structure and biology of Archotermopsis
together with descriptions of new species of intestinal pro-
tozoa and general observations on the Isoptera. Philos.
Trans. Royal Soc., Lond., Ser. B., Vol. 209, pp. 75-180, Dec.
1916 (September, 1919).

Jucct, C. Sulla differenziazione della caste nello societa dei
termitidi i neotenici. Atti R. Ac. Naz. Lincei, ecexvii, 95-8.

Jucct, C. Su la differenziazione de le caste ne la Societa dei
termitidi. Reale Accad. Nazionale dei Lincei (Anno CCCXX
1923), Serie quinta, Vol. XIV, Fase. [X, Roma.

Morgan, T. H. The physical basis of heredity.

Sitvestri, F. Contribuzione alla conoscenza dei Termite e
Termitofili dell. America meridionale, Redia, Vol, 1.
Portici, pp. 1-234, 6 Pl.

SnypEr, T. E. Insects Injurious to Forest Products. Biology
of the Termites of the Eastern U. S. with Preventive and
Remedial Measures. U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Bull. No.
94, Pt. 2, pp. 13-85, 12 Pls., 10 figs. Feb.

. SnypER, T. E. The Colonizing Reproductive Adults of Ter-

mites. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., D. C. XXII, No. 6, June, pp.
109-150.

(24) 1924. Snyper, T. E. ‘‘Adaptations” to Social Life: The Termites.

(Isoptera). Smithson. Miscel. Col., Vol. 76, No. 12, Public.
2786, Sept. 2-24.

66 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

(25) 1917. THompson, C. B. Origin of the Castes of the common Termite,
Leucotermes flavipes Kol. Journ. Morph., Vol. 30, No. 1,
Dec., 1917.

(26) 1919. THompson, C. B. The development of the Castes of Nine
Genera and Thirteen Species of Termites: Biol. Bull., Vol.
36, No. 6, pp. 379-398, June.

(27) 1919. THompson, C. B. and Snyper, T. E. The question of the
phylogenetic origin of the termite caste. Biol. Bull. Woods
Hole, Mass., Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 115-132, Feb.

(28) 1920. THompson, C. B. and Snyper, T. E. The “Third Form,” the
Wingless Reproductive Type of Termites: Reticulitermes
and Prorhinotermes. Jour. Morphology, Vol. 34, No. 3,
pp. 591-633, Dec.

(29) 1922. THomrson, C. B. The Castes of Termopsis. Jour. Morph-
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(32) 1918. WuEELER, W.M. Astudy of some ant larvae with a considera-
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(33) 1928. WHEELER, W. M. Social Life among the Insects. New York.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

The Development of Termites (Reticulitermes spp.) from Parent Adults
to Post Adults.
Fig. 1.—Reticulitermes tibialis Banks.
Sexual, winged, colonizing adult.
Fig. 2.—Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar.
(a) The egg. After Marlatt;
(b) Newly hatched young (nymphs).
Fig. 3.—Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar.
Newly hatched nymphs.
a, reproductive type, male;
b, worker-soldier type, female;
ts, testis; ov, ovary; mc, nerve cord.
After Thompson.
Fig. 4.—Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar.
Female nymphs, with ten antennary segments, body length
1.3 mm.
a, reproductive type of the first form, with large brain and large
ovaries;

——<_

Puate III

Proc. Bron. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 38, 1925.

Development of Termites.

Snyder—The Origin of the Castes in Termites. 67

b, reproductive type of the second form, with slightly smaller
brain and smaller ovaries;

c, worker-soldier type, with very small ovaries;

ov, ovary. After Thompson.

Fig. 5.—Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar.

Superimposed outlines of the brains of the two types, the repro-
ductive type in heavy’ outline, the worker-soldier type in
broken line.

a, brains of the newly hatched nymphs, body length 1.1 mm.;

b, brains of nymphs of eleven antennary segments, body length

1.4 mm.;

c, brains of nymphs with twelve antennary segments, body
length 2 mm.;

mb, mushroom bodies; ol, optic lobes; al, antennary lobes. After
Thompson. ;

Fig. 6.—Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar.

a, deilated, post adult queen of the first form.

b, dedilated male or king of the first form.
Fig. 7.—Reticulitermes tibialis Banks.

a, brachypterous queen of the second form;

b, brachypterous male or king of the second form.
Fig. 8.—Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar.

Apterous or third form queen.

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Vol. 38, pp. 69-74 May 26, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE CoN

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON « -._ :

FIVE NEW SPECIES AND A NEW VARIETY OF WATER-
STRIDERS FROM NORTH AMERICA (HEMIPTERA- -
GERRIDAE).

BY CARL J. DRAKE AND F. C. HOTTES.

Since the publication of ‘“‘Four Undescribed Species of Water-
striders (Hemip.-Gerridae)”’ in the On10 JOURNAL OF SCIENCE,
Volume 25, 1925, pages 46-50, the writers have received numer-
ous specimens of Gerridae for determination from the United
States and Canada. Among this material are five undescribed
species and a new variety which are described herein.

Gerris (Aquarius) uhleri, n. sp.

Allied to G. conformis Uhler, but easily distinguished from it by (male)
narrower, shorter and differently formed genital segments, much longer
terminal spines of the connexiva, shorter antennae; (female) by shorter
genital segments and longer and more slender spines of the connexiva. In
G. nebularis the last segment of the male is distinctly sulcate. Length,
14.5 mm.; width, 2.26 mm.

Moderately robust, elongate, brownish black. Head, pronotum and
nervures of hemelytra rather densely clothed with very short, somewhat
flattened, recurved, grayish pubescence. Head on each side with silvery
gray pubescence, the basal stripe varying in color from yellowish brown to
russet brown. Antennae brownish black; first segment slightly curved,
longest, subequal to second and fourth conjoined; second segment very
slightly shorter than the fourth and distinctly longer than the third. Body
beneath densely clothed with moderately long, silvery pubescence, the
prosternum golden yellow. Rostrum brownish black, clothed with silvery
hairs, reaching to the middle of anterior coxae. The apical segment
smooth, shining and black. Hemelytra covering or only extending to the
last genital segment. Pronotum with median carina distinct, the lateral
margins beneath (humerus to anterior lobe) golden yellow, posterior
margin rounded and distinctly depressed in the middle; anterior lobe,
except front, broadly depressed in the middle and with a yellowish brown,
median stripe, the pubescence on the sides of the anterior lobe inter-

16—Proc. Biou. Soc. WasH., Vou. 38, 1925. (69)

O6 75

Gy COSA A ape,
‘ i MEY Ss Lb Bes

70 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

spersed with grayish hairs. Apterous or brachypterous forms unknown.
Connexiva bordered with yellowish brown, the spines dark brown and
extending a little beyond the tip of last genital segment. Legs a little
shorter than in conformis or nebularis.

Male.—Venter broad and somewhat raised along the median line; last
segment deeply, broadly and somewhat roundly excavated behind, dis-
tinctly depressed on each side in front of the posterior margin; posterior
margin yellowish brown, beset with numerous silvery hairs, and truncate
in the middle; first genital segment with keel much shorter and triangular
in shape, also nearer the base and much more raised than in nebularis;
sides of keel and depressed area on each side clothed with silvery pubes-
cence; posterior margin of first and last segments clothed with numerous
silvery hairs.

Female: Genital segments smaller and more plump than in nebularis,
only faintly depressed on each side. Terminal spines of connexiva long,
slightly curved and extending distinctly beyond the apex of last genital
segment.

Holotype, male, and allotype, female, from Arizona in the Uhler collec-
tion, United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. Two male
paratypes, also from Arizona, in the authors’ collections. This insect is
named in honor of the late P. Z. Uhler. It is very distinct from conformis
Uhl. and nebularis D. & H.

Gerris nebularis, n. sp.

Akin to G. conformis Ubler and G. whleri, n. sp., but readily separated
from them by its larger size, longer legs, and the deeply sulcated last seg-
ment (male) of the venter. General color, markings, and proportional
lengths of the antennal segments very similar to G. conformis. In the
Jong winged form the first pair of wings reach almost to or a little beyond
the base of the first genital segment. In the short winged form the heme-
lytra extend from the middle of the second to the middle of the third
segments. Length, 15.4-16 mm.; width, 2.35 mm.

Male: Terminal spines of connexiva reaching a little beyond the first
genital segment. Venter, except terminal segment, with a narrow median
ridge; last segment deeply, broadly and 1oundly excavated on the posterior
margin, the median furrow broad and deep. Genital segments distinctly
broader than in conformis; median ridge long and prominent, with a large,
strongly depressed area on each side. :

Female: Venter with a narrow, median ridge. Apical spines of con-
nexiva almost reaching to the tip of Jast genital segment. In both male
and female the median ridge of venter varies from yellowish to russet
brown in color.

Holotype, macropterous male, and allotype, macropterous female, Gaines-
ville, Florida, July 14, 1918, collected by C. J. Drake, in Drake collection.
Morphotypes, short winged male, Florida (Uhler collection) in U. S. Na-
tional Museum, and short winged female, taken with holotype, in Drake
collection.

Paratypes, taken with holotype and morphotypes, and also from Sugar

Drake and Hottes—W ater-striders from North America. 71

Grove, Ohio, C. J. Drake; Cuyahoga County, Ohio, July 6, 1914, C. J.
Drake; Madison, New Jersey, 1898, H. G. Barber; Waltenville, Illinois,
July 20, 1913; in the collections of lowa State College, University of Illinois,
U.S. National Museum, H. G. Barber and writers.

In the long winged form the hemelytra show considerable variation in
length. This species has been confused in collections with G. conformis.
The specimens from Gainsville, Florida, were taken on a small stream
about two miles west of the university. A damaged specimen from A. & M.
College, Mississippi, seems to belong to this species. The wings of the
holotype and allotype are broken off.

Gerris (Gerris) insperatus, n. sp.

Color markings, form and size very similar to G. marginatus Say. Heme-
lytra reaching almost to or a little beyond the base of the first genital
segment. Antennae slightly variable in color, proportional length of
segments about the same as in G. marginatus. Wingless and short winged
forms unknown.

Male: The median carina of venter more prominent on the last two
segments than in G. marginatus. Omphalium not prominent. Posterior
margin of last segment of venter deeply and roundly notched. First
genital segment very plump, without a distinct median keel, roundly
projecting: in the middle. Connexiva, except outer margins, also the
median portion and the posterior margin of the last segment of the venter,
golden yellow. The median stripe of venter varies from golden yellow
to brown.

Female: Spines of the connexiva a little shorter, broader and thicker than
in marginatus. Coloration of connexiva as in male. Genital segments
beneath and outer margin of first genital segments above golden yellow.
Length, 7.4-8.6 mm.; width, 2.3-2.5 mm.

Holotype, male, and allotype, female, Mexico (2308) collected by F. C.

Baker, in the U. S. National Museum. Paratypes collected with holotype
and also from the following localities: Delaware, Ohio, July 12, 1916, C. J.
Drake; Cranberry Lake, New York, July 22, 1919, A. E. Fivaz; Ottawa,
Ontario, June 11, 1912, Miss G. Beaulieu; Hog’s Back, Ontario, June 9,
1923, R. Ozburn and June 25, 1922, C. H. Curran; Abitibi region North
Quebec, June, 1915, Doctor Cook; Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, May 5, 1889;
Cheticamp, C. B. I., August 7, 1917, F. Johansen; Homer, Illinois, April
27, 1907; Cold Spring Harbor, L. I., August 10, 1900, H. G. Barber; Bear
Swamp, Ramapo Mts., New Jersey, July 25, 1911, H. G. Barber; Vienna,
Va., July 7, 1913, H. G. Barber; in collections of lowa State College, U. 8.
National Museum, National Museum of Canada, University of Illinois,
H. G. Barber, and authors.

The notch of the last segment of the venter and the plump genital seg-
ments without a keel readily distinguish the males of this species from the
males of marginatus. The females of the two species are rather hard to
separate. G. insperatus, n. sp., ranges from Ottawa (Canada), and New
York to Ohio and Illinois, and then south into Mexico.

72 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Gerris incurvatus, n. sp.

Form, size and color similar to G. marginatus Say, but differing from it in
having the terminal spines of the connexiva (female) very strongly curved
inwardly. The notch on the posterior margin of the last ventral segment
of the male is deeper, narrower at the base, and more rounded than in
marginatus. The apex of the connexivum is also shorter and slightly more
inwardly curved. Markings on the head and thorax, and proportional
lengths of the antennal segments as in marginatus. Hemelytra reaching
almost to or a little beyond the base of the first genital segment. Omphal-
jum not strongly developed. Venter with the median line and posterior
margin of last segment yellowish brown. Length, 7.6-8.7 mm.; width,
2.3-2.5 mm.

Holotype, male, Bozeman, Montana, Aug. 26, 1913, and allotype, female,
Bozeman, Montana, June 8, 1914, in Drake collection. Twenty-four
paratypes: Gallatin Canon, Montana, elevation 6000 ft., June 11, 1902,
elevation 4800 ft., and June 4, 1902, R. A. Cooley; Gallatin County, Mon-
tana, May 14, 1922; Bozeman, Montana, June 4 and 9, 1906, Aug. 26, 1913,
and May 17 and 19, 1924; Stanford, Oct., 1897, Johanson; Paha, Washing-
ton, June 7, 1920, M. C. Lane; Saanich District, Sept. 5, 1924, W. Downes;
Kaslo, 1903, B. C., Currie; Ewan, Washington, June 13, 1920, M. C. Lane;
Spanish District, B. C., Sept. 15, 1924, W. Downes; Yellow Bay, Montana,
July 22, 1912; in collections of lowa State College, U. S. National Museum,
National Museum of Canada, W. Downes; University of Illinois, Montana
Agricultural College, and authors. Although very closely related to
marginatus, the genitalia and spines of the connexiva readily separate the
two forms. The wingless and short winged forms are unknown.

Gerris comatus var. mickeli, n. var.

This variety is represented by five specimens, short winged females. It
may be distinguished from typical G. comatus D. & H. by the russet-brown
marginal stripe on each side of the anterior lobe of the pronotum. Other
characteristics are almost identical with females of comatus. However,
male specimens may prove this variety to be a distinct species. The hairs
on spines of the connexiva are very long as in the short winged forms of
comatus. In two of the paratypes, the marginal stripes of the pronotum are
not very distinct.

Holotype, female, Rochester, Minn., June 15, 1922, collected by C. E.
Mickel (from Montana collection) in Drake collection. Paratypes: North
Branch, Minnesota, June 17, 1922, C. E. Mickel; Alexandria, Minnesota
(on pond east of town), W. E. Hoffmann; St. Peter, Minnesota, German
Lake, July 28, 1922, W. E. Hoffmann; in collections of Montana Agricultu-
ral College, University of Minnesota and authors.

In addition to the type localities the writers have examined specimens of
G. comatus D. & H. from Canada, Montana, New York (Cranberry Lake
and Syracuse), New Jersey, Illinois, Montreal, Wyoming (Big Horn
Mountains) and Minnesota.

Drake and Hottes—Water-striders from North America. 73

Gerris incognitus, n. sp.

Size and form somewhat similar to G. pingreensis D. & H., but with the
color pattern and antennae more like G. gillettei. Pronotum with a distinct
longitudinal carina, the anterior lobe with a short, median and the marginal
stripes yellowish or russet-brown. Antennae reddish brown, the basal seg-
ment, except the tips, brownish black; first segment slightly curved, a little
longer than the fourth and shorter than the second and third conjoined;
second and third segments almost equal in length. Wings varying con-
siderably in length, reaching to the middle of the last abdominal segment or
a little beyond the first genital segment. Wingless female with a large,
tumid area near the base of the abdomen. In G. pingreensis the first
abdominal segment of the female has only a moderately large tubercle.
Short winged forms unknown.

Male: Venter strongly depressed posteriorly, especially the last segment,
last three segments with a median, yellowish brown or russet line and with a
faint median carina. Posterior margin of the last segment yellowish
brown, deeply, widely and roundly notched; connexiva margined with
yellowish brown, and terminating in short spines. First genital segment
long, becoming smaller posteriorly, beneath strongly depressed on each
side, with a raised median ridge, basal half (on each side) margined with
long hairs.

Female: In the wingless form the connexiva terminates in moderately
stout, obliquely and upward projecting spines, the tips of which are blunt.
The first genital segment becoming narrower posteriorly, truncate at the
apex. Genital segments yellowish brown to brownish. In the winged
form the terminal spines of the connexiva do not project quite so strongly
upward. Length, 8.6-9.5 mm.; width, 2.6-2.82 mm.

Holotype, winged female, Kaslo, B. C., June 29, 1903, R. P. Currie, col-
lector, and allotype, female, Kaslo, B. C., 1903, R. P. Currie collector, in the
Uhler collection, U. 8. National Museum. Morphotypes, paramorphotypes
and paratypes collected with holotype and allotype. These were collected
from the following localities: Arcata, California, July, 1923, R. B. Falken-
stein; Kaslo Creek, B. C., June 18, A. N. Caudell; Langgan, B. C., R. P.
Currie, Goldstream, B. C., May 17, 1922, Audren; Kalispell, Montana, June
13, 1920, Wickham; in the collections of lowa State College, U. 8. National
Museum, Nationa: Museum of Canada, University of Minnesota and
authors.

Gerris notabilis D. & H.

The specific name of this insect (typographical error) was wrongly
printed in the original description. (Ohio Jrnl. Sci., Vol. XXV, 1925,
p. 46) and should be written “‘notabilis.’’ This species ranges from Brit-
ish Columbia to California and west to Iowa.

Vol. 38, pp. 75-78 May 26, 1925
PROCEEDINGS oe

ATG Ws
OF THE on Tater!

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON.

THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS GRIPHO-
NEURA SCHINER (DIPTERA, SAPROMYZIDAE).

BY J. R. MALLOCH.

This genus is distinguished from its allies by the very pro-
nounced forward rounded -curvature of the fourth vein at its
apex which approaches rather closely to fourth vein at tip,
causing the first posterior cell of wing to be only narrowly open
or almost closed at apex. The head is similar to that of Mi-
nettia, and the posterior intra-alar bristle is present as in that
genus.

Hendel gives a very full description of the genus and a good

figure of the genotype, zmbuta Wiedemann, in Genera Insec-
torum (Fase. 58, page 51, and Plate 2, fig. 22).
_ A careful examination of a large series of specimens of this
genus from South America discloses the fact that the males of
the species available have a few fine hairs at apex of fore tibia
on posterior side which project forward over the surface of a
shining flattened area on the same side of basal segment of tar-
sus that is more or less marked off by a slight edging and
occupies from one-third to four-fifths of the length of the seg-
ment. This area is not shown in the figure by Hendel, nor is
it present in the females nor in the male of the only Oriental
species I have before me. There are two described species
occurring in South and Central America.

I have not seen ferruginea Schiner from South America but
imbuta is present in my material and with it specimens closely
related to it but evidently belonging to undescribed species.
Like imbuta these species are black, with the wings marked
with fuscous apically. I append a diagnosis to facilitate
identification.

17—Proc. Brox. Soc. Wasu., VOL. 38, 1925. (75)

wero 1?

76

Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Key To SPECIEs.

. Extreme apex of wing whitish hyaline from apex of second vein round

margin posteriorly; frons ochreous; femora yellowish basally to a
greater or lesser extent, sometimes fuscous only at apices; fore
tarsi of male slender, distinctly longer than tibia, flattened area
not half the length of segment; the entire length of latter equal
to fully two-thirds that of tibia; first posterior cell of wing almost
closed at tip, the third and fourth veins almost touching at
SPICES. 253g ss oe ee ee SN ee alboapicata, sp. n.
Extreme apex of wing fuscous, sometimes hyaline on margin from
behind apex of first posterior cell; frons largely black; femora
black; fore tarsi of male stout, not longer than tibiae, the flattened
area at least two-thirds the length of segment, the entire length of
latter about half that of tibia; first posterior cell of wing distinctly
though narrowly open‘iat apex:.2..2.). 2 eee 2.

. Dark apical cloud on wing commencing at or before apex of first

vein, more than apical half of wing blackened on costa... De
Dark apical cloud on wing commencing considerably beyond apex
of first vein, a little less than half of the wing blackened on costa__..4.

. Wing dark brown except basad of a line drawn from apex of basal

cell to apex of first vein, the basal outline of dark part irregular,
apical posterior margin not so dark as anterior section; third an-
tennal) segment blacks 2... 2 Ly ea eeeeese tee atricornis, sp. n.
Wing dark brown from below apex of first vein to tip, the dark color
forming a costal band anteriorly, but spreading over disc of wing
from a little before vertical line of outer cross-vein, the suffusion
covering apex of wing from a little beyond outer cross-vein, less
intense posteriorly; third antennal segment reddish brown............
suffusa, sp. n.

. Flattened area of fore metatarsus occupying not over two-thirds of

lenwGh Or Sener) sees een er yee sn eek eee eee imbuta Weid.
Flattened area of fore metatarsus occupying four-fifths of length of
BERTI a FA Ll Rens cee eae al eet ede Ee affinis, sp. n.

From all of the species in the above key ferruginea Schiner may be dis-
tinguished by the ferruginous color of thorax and abdomen, all the others
being entirely or almost entirely black.

Griphoneura alboapicata, sp. n.

The frons and antennae are generally ochreous and there is sometimes
a hyaline streak in center of each cell of wing connecting with the clear
apical margin. The flattened area on fore metatarsus is more widened
than in the other species.

Length, 5 mm.

Type, male, allotype, 4 male and 1 ° paratypes, Higuito, San Mateo,
Costa Rica (P. Schild).

Type in U. 8. National Museum.

Malloch—The Genus Griphoneura Schiner. 77

Griphoneura atricornis, sp. n.

Female.—The head is black, with the face becoming paler, yellowish,
below. The palpi are yellow. First posterior cell of wing narrowly open
at apex.

Length, 5 mm.

Type, Para, Brazil (Baker).

Type in author’s collection.

Griphoneura suffusa, sp. n.

Female.—Frons rufous in front; face black; third antennal segment
and apices of palpi reddish yellow. First posterior cell open.

Length, 5 mm.

Type, Para, Brazil (Baker).

Type in author’s collection.

Griphoneura imbuta Wiedemann.

The commonest American species of the genus, represented by many
specimens in U. 8. National Museum collection, mostly from Costa Rica.

Griphoneura affinis, sp. n.

Male and female.—In addition to the structural difference between
this species and imbuta mentioned in the key the wings are more yellowish
basally, owing to the clear yellow veins, than they are in imbuta.

Length, 5 mm.

Type, male, allotype, 2 male and 1 Q paratypes, Juan Vinas, Costa
Rica (P. Schild).

Type in U. 8S. National Museum.

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Vol. 38, pp. 79-82 May 26, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHIK

ZA QWSUNIAN INSTIF Ss
\ 1U PSX

Ex 7930

4
fo

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW FURNARIIDA AND
DENDROCOLAPTID.

BY W. E. CLYDE TODD.

The impending appearance of that part of Messrs. Cory and
Hellmayr’s “Birds of the Americas” covering the Families
Furnariide and Dendrocolaptide makes it desirable to bring
out descriptions of certain new forms of these groups which
have turned up in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. In
the case of several of these I am greatly indebted to Dr. C. E.°
Hellmayr for pointing out their distinctness, and for giving
me the use of his MS. notes on their comparative characters,
also for the loan of pertinent material. The present paper
is the eleventh of the series to appear in these Proceedings,

_and follows previous usage in so far as measurements and the
names of colors are concerned (cf. Volume 36, 1923, p. 36).

Xenops rutilus purusianus, subsp. nov.

Similar to X. rutilus rutilus Lichtenstein of eastern Brazil, but the streaks
on the pileum more buffy, less rufescent, and the tail with more black, this
color occupying the inner web of the third aswell as the fourth pair of rectrices
(from the outside). Similar to X. rutilus heterurus Cabanis and Heine of
Colombia, Venezuela, etc., so far as tail-pattern is concerned, but under
paris darker (Saccardo’s olive), less buffy, and streaking on upper and under
parts rather heavier.

As might be expected from its intermediate geographical position, the
characters of this form are a partial combination of those of rutilus and of
heterurus, but it is sufficiently distinct from either to be worthy of a name.
Its range, when finally worked out, will probably be found to cover a vast
extent of territory in the middle and upper parts of the Amazonian region.
To the southward it probably intergrades with the Bolivian race, X.
rutilus connectens Chapman, from which it differs in the greater extent of
black on the tail, connectens resembling rutilus in this respect. Hight
specimens have been examined in this connection.

18—Proc. Bion. Soc. WasH., VOL. 38, 1925. (79)

80 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Type, No. 88,019, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Hyutanahan,
Rio Purts, Brazil, February 18, 1922; Samuel M. Klages.

Xenops tenuirostris hellmayri, subsp. nov.

Similar to Xenops tenuirostris tenuirostris von Pelzeln of central Brazil,
but more decidedly suffused with buffy below, with the streaking rather less
distinct; superciliaries also buffy instead of whitish.

The late Count von Berlepsch (Novitates Zoologicae, XV, 1908, 147)
referred Cayenne specimens of Xenops to X. rutilus heterurus without hesi-
tation, remarking that ‘‘they have much more black on the tails than
Brazilian birds.’”’ As a matter of fact, they have much more even than
Colombian birds, heteruwrus, from which they also differ in the much less
conspicuous streaking below, the weaker bill, etc. They agree, in short,
with a series of X. tenwirostris in the Carnegie Museum from the Rio Tapajoz
and Rio Purts, except in the respects noted above, and evidently constitute
an excellent subspecies of the latter, as shown by a series of nine specimens
examined. Messrs. Hartert and Goodson (Novitates Zoologicae, XXIV,
1917, 418) were the first to suspect such an affinity, but were unable to com-
pare specimens at the time. Both Dr. Hellmayr and the present writer
had also independently reached the same conclusion, and I am pleased to
name the new form in honor of one who has done so much to clear up the
confusion in this group.

Type, No. 63,408, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Mana,
French Guiana, September 14, 1917; Samuel M. Klages.

’ Thripophaga fusciceps obidensis, subsp. nov.

Similar to Thripophaga fusciceps fusciceps Sclater of Bolivia and Peru, but
general coloration decidedly deeper and more rufescent, the upper parts
rick Brussels brown, with the head but little paler, the under surface dull
clay-color, deepest posteriorly, the inner secondaries more rufescent, less
shaded with brown.

T. fusciceps fusciceps, of which I have been privileged to examine one
specimen from Peru in the collection of the American Museum of Natural
History, is altogether a duller and browner bird, with the pileum appreci-
ably different from the back, buffy or grayish brown. ‘“‘The genus Thripo-
phaga is quite new to the lower Amazonian section, though a species (7’.
cherriei) occurs on the Orinoco” (C. E. Hellmayr, in letter). The new
form is represented by a series of six specimens, one of which is a young
bird.

Type, No. 84,489, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult female; Islands,
Obidos, Brazil, April 30, 1921; Samuel M. Klages. (Wing, 71; tail, 68;
bill, 15; tarsus, 20.)

Hylexetastes undulatus, sp. nov.

Above Brussels brown, more rufescent on the rump, more olivaceous on
the head; tail auburn; wings also auburn, the primaries dusky toward their
tips, and shaded externally with sepia towards their bases; lesser wing-

-Todd—New Furnartide and Dendrocolaptide. 81

coverts like the back; under aspect of wings ochraceous tawny, and under
wing-coverts and axillaries buffy, with prominent black bars; sides of head
dull sepia brown like the pileum, and lores dull white, continuous with an
indicated line of the same color extending under the eye; throat marked with
dull buffy white shaft-streaks, coalescing on the chin, and spreading out
and narrowing on the lower throat and breast, which is otherwise light
brownish olive; rest of under parts (including tibiae and under tail-coverts)
buffy, regularly but narrowly barred with blackish; bill dull reddish brown
(in skin); feet dusky. Wing (type), 122; tail, 109; bill, 39; tarsus, 29.

This form is a very distinct one, differing at a glance from H. perrotii by
its streaked throat and strongly barred under surface, from the breast down.
In perrotit the throat is uniform and only the lower abdomen is with faint
indications of bars. With the still more plainly colored H. uniformis it
requires no comparison, although its range probably approximates the range
of that form. From the recently described H. stresemanni Snethlage
(Journal fiir Ornithologie, LX XIII, 1925, 269) it differs in its more oliva-
ceous, less rufescent color below, and in lacking any pale shaft-stripes on
the forehead. It may, however, be conspecific.

Type, No. 96,366, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Sao Paulo
de Olivenca, Brazil, April 10, 1923; Samuel M. Klages.

Dendrocolaptes transfasciatus, sp. nov.

Pileum brownish black, each feather with a conspicuous buffy shaft-
streak, these streaks continued over the upper back, where they become
broader, and margined with blackish; upper back Prout’s brown, streaked
as aforesaid, passing into rich auburn on the lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts; tail deep bay, with darker shafts; wings bay, with a slight
brownish wash on the upper coverts, and on the inner webs of the primaries
toward their tips; under wing-coverts rich buff, spotted with black; a super-
ciliary line of buffy-tipped feathers; lores and sides of head and neck blackish,
streaked with buffy; throat and breast with broad buffy shaft-streaks,
coalescing anteriorly, and posteriorly having narrow borders of blackish
and brownish; rest of under parts rich buffy, more brownish (Saccardo’s
umber) anteriorly, more rufescent posteriorly, irregularly barred with
brownish black, each feather with three broken bars or opposite spots of
darker color, separated by a pale shaft-streak; bill dusky black above, paler
below (in skin); feet horn-color. Wing (type), 143; tail, 120; bill, 43;
tarsus, 29.

Two younger individuals from Colonia do Mojuy, near Santarem, are
essentially similar to the type, but the sha/t-streaks above and below are
broader, and the cross-barring of the under parts is more prominent. The
type is in fresh plumage, the outermost primaries not yet fully grown.
One of the young birds shows traces of dark cross-bars on the lower back.

This new species approaches the forms commonly known as D. plagosus
plagosus of the north bank of the Amazon, and D. plagosus tardus von Ihering
of the Rio Purts, but is perfectly distinct, differing in having the head,
upper back, and breast much more heavily streaked, the pileum much

82 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

darker, nearly black, and the barring on the posterior under parts more
irregular and broken, as well as narrower. The streaking on the throat
and breast is more as in fardus, while the color of the bill is dark, as in
plagosus.

Type, No. 77,547, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Miritituba,
Tapajoz River, Brazil, March 20, 1920; Samuel M. Klages.

Dendrocincla merula remota, subsp. nov.

Similar to Dendrocincla merula castanoptera Ridgway of the lower Ama-
zon (south bank), but general coloration paler and duller.

The pair of birds to which this description is applied, coming from a
region beyond the ordinarily accepted range of this specific type, appear
to be recognizably distinct. They differ from castanoptera in their paler,
duller coloration, noticeable on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces. They
are of course still more different from true merula of French Guinaa, which
is the darkest form of the three. Dr. Hellmayr writes me that ‘‘a speci-
men of Dendrocincla bartletti Chubb from the type-locality [eastern Peru]
(in the Museum of Comparative Zoology) is inseparable from D. merula
castanoptera of lower Amazonia, hence your Bolivian race is undescribed.”

Type, No. 50,712, Collection Carnegie Museum (not sexed, but almost
certainly an adult male); Rio Yapacani (near Buenavista), Bolivia, Septem-
ber 5, 1914; José Steinbach.

Vol., 38, pp. 83-84 May 26, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

“ns

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

TWO NEW KANGAROO RATS OF THE GENUS
DIPODOMYS FROM LOWER CALIFORNIA.

BY LAURENCE M. HUEY.

In diagnosing a collection of Dipodomys obtained by collectors
for the San Diego Society of Natural History during the past
two years in the Northern District of Lower California, several
interesting specimens have been discovered. These represent
one species and one subspecies as yet undescribed, which are
characterized as follows:

Dipodomys gravipes, sp. nov.
SAN QUINTIN KANGAROO RAT.

Type.—From 2 miles west of Santo Domingo Mission, Lower California,
Mexico, lat. 30° 45’ north, long. 115° 58’ west—or, precisely, on the cactus-
covered slopes south of the huge red cliff that marks the entrance of the
Santo Domingo River canyon from the coastal plain. No. 4703, @ adult,
San Diego Society of Natural History collection, collected by Laurence
M. Huey, February 28, 1925.

General characters—A large-sized, heavy-bodied, small-eared animal,
with thick tail of medium length, belonging to the heermanni group. Tip
of tail dark and five toes on hind foot, which is extremely large-boned.
Pelage medium coarse dorsally but seems by the ‘“‘feel’’ and springiness
of the hair to the touch to be much coarser on the underparts.

Color.—Lower surface of body, entire forelegs and feet, upper surface
of hind feet, hip stripe pure white. Upperparts, including hip spot, pink-
ish buff (Ridgway, 1912), more or less interspersed with black hairs or black
tips on the hairs. The purest pinkish buff is on the cheeks and sides and
the darkest area is over the rump. Arietiform black and well defined.
Spot over eye small and pure white. Area about ear white, which extends
below: rather than back or between the ears. White tail stripe very nar-
row, running almost to the tip, where it disappears in the long dark hairs
which form the tuft. The black is purer on top of the tail than under-
neath. Soles of hind feet, from base of toes to ankle, nearly pure black.

Measurements.—T ype: Total length, 310; tail, 180; hind foot, 44; ear,

19—Proc. Broun. Soc. WasH., Vou. 38, 1925. (83)

84 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

10. Averages and extremes of 6 adults, including type: 300.1 (286-310);
171.6 (157-180) ; 43.3 (43-44); 10.5 (10-12). Skull (type): Greatest length,
41.8; breadth across bullae, 26.5; spread of maxillary arches, 24.0; greatest
length of nasals, 14.7; greatest width of rostrum near end, 4.1; width of
maxillary arch near middle, 5.9.

Specimens examined.—Seven, all from the type locality.

Dipodomys agilis latimaxillaris, subsp. noy.
COASTAL KANGAROO RAT.

Type.—From 2 miles west of Santo Domingo Mission, Lower California,
Mexico, lat. 30° 45’ north, long. 115° 58’ west—or, precisely, alluvial river
bottom near the huge red cliff that marks the entrance of the Santo Do-
mingo River canyon from the coastal plain. No. 4696, @ adult, San
Diego Society of Natural History collection, collected by Laurence M.
Huey, February 27, 1925.

General characters—Similar to Dipodomys agilis simulans, but face is
grayer, ears appear rounder and tail averages shorter. Skull averages
larger, especially the spread of maxillary arches. Hind foot is medium
size, with five toes. Pelage more silky dorsally than D. a. simulans.

Color —Upperparts of a general dark appearance, the ground color being
pale pinkish cinnamon (Ridgway, 1912). As compared with D. a. simu-
lans the light area on face gives this form a grayer appearance—a feature
that is especially noticeable in series. The darker parts dorsally are more
evenly spread, extending well down over the sides. This feature is due
to the bluish underfur reaching to the limits of the pale pinkish cinnamon
area of the sides; and in a few specimens of the series examined a bluish
cast was found to extend even into the white of the underparts. The
white spots above the eye are almost lacking in some of the specimens and
the auricular patches are extremely small and exposed mainly beneath
the ear. Arietiform very heavily marked, with heavy black center above
nose. Tail sharply marked by contrasting black and white stripes, the
dorsal and ventral black stripes being about the same width, and the ven-
tral stripe extending to the end of the tail. The white side stripes run
well out on the tail until lost near the end in the dark tuft. On the upper
side of the tail the tuft covers about two-fifths of its length.

Measurements.—Type: Total length, 283; tail, 164; hind foot, 40; ear, 13.
Averages and extremes of 12 adults, including type: 280.3 (271-286); 166.4
(157-172) ; 40.4 (40-42) ; 12.8 (12-13). Skull (type): Greatest length, 40.0;
breadth across bullae, 25.1; spread of maxillary arches, 21.6; greatest
length of nasals, 14.0; greatest width of rostrum near end, 3.4; width of
maxillary arch near middle, 5.0.

Specimens examined.—Seventeen—12 from the type locality, 1 from
Las Cabras and 4 from San Jose. Both of the latter places are in Lower
California about 20 miles inland from the type locality. The specimens
from them show intergradation toward D. a. cabezonae, whose range turns
obliquely coastwise from the international border near Jacumba, San Diego
County, California.

Vol. 38, pp. 85-90 Mee 26, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE ‘

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

4 4
yf,
an

GENERAL NOTES."==_.

NEW NAMES FOR FIVE SOUTH AMERICAN ASTERACEAE.

The following new combinations for five South American Asteraceae
have been found necessary in the course of recent work.

Chevreulia sarmentosa (Pers.) Blake.

Tussilago ? sarmentosa Pers. Syn. 2:456. 1807.
Chevreulia stolonifera Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 8:516. 1817; Baker in Mart.
Fl. Bras. 63:120. 1882 (synonymy).

A rather common South American species, extending from Paraguay to
Bolivia; found also, according to authors, on Tristan d’Acunha.

Blainvillea brasiliensis (Nees & Mart.) Blake.

Galophthalmum brasiliense Nees & Mart. in Wied, Nov. Act. Acad. Leop.-
Carol. Nat. Cur. 12:8. pl. 2. 1824.

Oligogyne bahiensis DC. Prodr. 5:629. 1836.

Calyptocarpus bahiensis Schultz Bip. Bot. Zeit. 24:165. 1866.

Blainvillea bahiensis Baker in Mart. Fl. Bras. 63:177. pl. 57, f. 2. 1884.

A specimen labelled Blainvillea bahiensis Baker, collected in Brazil by
Sello (no. 563) and received by the National Herbarium among duplicates
from the Klatt Herbarium, agrees well enough with the description and
figure of Nees and Martius and also with those of Baker. Baker cites
specimens collected by Maximilian, Prince of Wied-Neuwied, from which
the species was described by Nees and Martius, but not the collection
(Blanchet 1706) on which De Candolle’s name was based. The disk
corollas in the specimen examined are 4-toothed (and with 4 stamens), not
5-toothed as described by Nees and Martius. Baker figures the stamens as
4, but does not indicate the number of corolla teeth.

Onoseris purpurea (L. f.) Blake.

Atractylis purpurea L. f. Suppl. 349. 1781.

Onoseris purpurata Willd. Sp. Pl. 3°: 1702. 1804; DC. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat.
19:65. pl. 3, f. 4. 1812.

Isotypus rosiflorus Triana, L’ Hort. Frang. III. 6:138. pl. 10. 1864.

Although the name Onoseris purpurea has appeared in print at least
twice, it has apparently never been properly proposed. De Candolle
20—Proc. Biou. Soc. WasH., VoL. 38, 1925. (85)

86 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

(Prodr. 7:34. 1838) uses the name O. purpurata Willd., but cites ‘‘Onoseris
purpurea Less. syn. 119”? insynonymy. He also wrongly cites the original
name of Linnaeus filius as Atractylis purpurata. Lessing at the page cited ©
used the name “‘O. purpurata Willd.,’’ as he had done earlier in his review
of the genus in Linnaea (5:339. 1830). In the Index Kewensis (21:350.
1894), ““Onoseris purpurea DC. Prod. vi. 34” is cited as a synonym and
referred to O. purpurata. As pointed out above, this occurs in De Candolle
only as a synonymous name, wrongly attributed to Lessing.

Barnadesia caryophylla (Vell.) Blake.

Xenophontia caryophyla Vell. Fl. Flum. 346. 1825; Icon. 8: pl. 85. 1827, as
X. caryophylla.

Barnadesia rosea Lindl. Bot. Reg. 39: pl. 29. 1843; Baker in Mart. Fl. Bras.
6°:364. pl. 98. 1884 (synonymy).

The application of .Vellozo’s name to this species is clear. The earlier
spelling of the specific name (X. caryophyla) is to be taken as a typographi-
cal error; it is corrected to X. caryophylla on the plate in the Icones.

Trichocline radiata (Vell.) Blake.

Ingenhusia radiata Vell. Fl. Flum. 351. 1825.

Ingew houzia radiata Vell. Fl. Flum. Icon. 8: pl. 93. 1827.

Seris polymorpha Less. Linnaea 5:254. 1830.

Onoseris brevifolia D. Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. 16:246. 1830.

Trichocline polymorpha Baker in Mart. Fl. Bras. 6°:373. 1884 (synonymy).
—S. F. Blake.

TERMITE SYNONYMY—ULMERIELLA BAUCKHORNI
MEUNIER AND MACROHODOTERMES FULLER.

Since publishing our paper on “A Fossil Termite from Germany,” Proc
Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 38, pp. 21-22, Mar. 12, 1925, we have seen winged
adults of Macrohodotermes mossambicus subspecies transvaalensis Fuller
from South Africa and find that the wings of this species of Macrohodo-
termes differ in no generic character from that of Ulmeriella. The fossil
genus has priority but, as many characters of termite genera are derived
from other characters than the wings, we are not prepared to definitely
state that Macrohodotermes is a synonym of Ulmeriella. Until more is
known of the fossil form it will be advisable to retain the name Macrohodo-
termes, although it is probably the same genus as Ulmeriella, and no generic
characters can be mentioned in which they are known to differ. The
relatively small size of Ulmeriella compared to species of Macrohodotermes
is not significant.

—T. D. A. Cockerell,
T. E. Snyder.

os rae

General Notes. 87

AN OLDER NAME FOR PIPRA OPALIZANS PELZELN.

On page 91 of H. R. Schinz’s “‘Naturgeschichte der Végel,’’ 1854 (1846-
53), appears an unquestionable description of the bird described by Pelzeln
in 18681 as Pipra opalizans. Schinz’s description is headed, ‘‘Taf. 39.
Der Manakin mit glinzendem Federbusch. Pipra Iris. Schinz.” Plate
39 contains, among other figures, a recognizable portrait agreeing with
the description of P. iris but labeled ‘‘Pipra strigilata,”’ a totally distinct
species not mentioned in the text. The new form is said, erroneously, to be
from ‘“‘Guyana.”’ The exact date of publication of page 91 is in doubt,
but I have ascertained, from an original wrapper, that 42 plates, presum-
ably pll. A-F and 1-36 with accompanying text, were issued by April,
1851, while Lieferung 8 with six more plates was promised for the end of
April. Pipra iris, therefore, may be taken as of May, 1851, with little
doubt.

The discovery of this reference may throw some light on the disap-
pearance of the type of P. opalizans, secured by Natterer near Pard in
December, 1834. Natterer’s collection lay in Vienna from 1836, and
earlier, to 1855 before Pelzeln began work upon it. In the meantime
Schinz’s description and figure of P. iris appeared and Natterer’s specimen
disappeared. Pelzeln found an account of the bird in Natterer’s field-book
and, in the absence of the specimen, drew up his description from Natterer’s
notes. Both types (of iris and opalizans) were males. No other specimens
are known to have reached Europe or elsewhere until the late ’70s when
Steere brought, from near Para, a female which lay unidentified until 1903
when it was recognized and described by Hellmayr.? In 1894, Albert
Schulz secured a male near Parad which Berlepsch described and figured.*
The species has since become more common in collections, but up to the
dates given, these are all the known specimens. Schinz gives no indication
as to the source of his specimen and no other new species are described in his
book from which evidence might be secured. It seems probable that
Natterer’s specimen came into Schinz’s hands, but it is curious that the
description should have lain so long, undetected, in a work so common as

the ‘‘Naturgeschichte der Végel.”’
—John T. Zimmer.

A NEW CHINESE PEACH.

Amygdalus kansuensis (Rehder) Skeels.
Prunus kansuensis Rehder, Journ Arn. Arb. 3: 21. 1921.

Seeds of this wild peach were first introduced from China by Mr. Frank
N. Meyer in 1914, and the peculiar markings led me to list them as Amyg-
dalus sp. It was not until 1921 that identifiable material was grown from
these seeds and was described by Mr. Rehder, who also quotes Mr. Meyer’s
notes. —H. C. Skeels.

1 Zur Ornithologie Brasiliens, pt. II, pp. 128, 186-187, Sept. 1868.

2Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1903, p. 201.
3Ibis, ser. 7, 4, pp. 60-62, pl. II, 1898.

88 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

LOONS AND HORNED GREBES IN POUND NETS.

While spending a few days in July, 1924, at the Charity Islands in
Saginaw Bay, Michigan, I was interested to discover on a short stretch of
beach the remains of three loons (Gavia immer). Judging from appear-
ances they had been dead for three or four months, and while it was impos-
sible to determine the cause of death, my suspicions were naturally directed
toward the nets of the commercial fishermen operating in the vicinity. I
accordingly availed myself on every opportunity to converse with these
men and obtained the following reports:

The nets most extensively used are “‘pound”’ nets, consisting of a series
of leads and funnels that terminate in the chamber, or pound, that gives
to the trap its name. I was told that during the seasons of migration, and
particularly in fall, both loons and grebes (Colymbus auritus) are frequently
captured in these nets. The effect of the entrance of these two species in
the traps is very different. The loon is regarded by the fisherman as a
great nuisance, as they state that fish will not enter a pound in which there
is a loon. These birds accordingly are killed at every opportunity. On
¢he other hand the presence of the much smaller grebes does not appear to
affect the catch of fish, and these birds are generally liberated. One
fisherman informed me that in addition to removing a large quantity of
whitefish and trout from a: certain net, he once filled two fish boxes with
grebes.

—Frederick C. Lincoln.

A CHINESE POTATOBEAN.
Glycine fortunei (Maxim.) J. B. Norton.
Apios fortunei Maxim., Bull. Acad. Petersb. 18: 396. 1873.

This potatobean was introduced from China by Mr. J. B. Norton with
the following note,—‘‘This relative of Glycine apios and G. priceana is very
important as a possible means of producing hybrids. It differs from both
our American species but may cross with one or both. It has a large
fleshy root suggesting A. priceana in type. If, through it, the type of
either one of our native plants can be broken up and a range of variation
started to use in selection work, a new crop will be assured.”

—H. C. Skeels.

A NEW INTRODUCTION OF A CHINESE TORREYA.
Tumion fargesii (Franch.) Skeels.
(Torreya fargesii Franch., Journ. de Bot. 13: 264. 1899.)

Mr. J. F. Rock has recently sent from the forests on the Mekong-Salwin
Divide in Yunnan, China, some seeds of a torreya which are globose and
with the albumen ruminated nearly to the center of the seed. This is
characteristic of the species usually known as Torreya fargesii Franch.,
which has hitherto been confused by some botanists with T’umion grande
(Fortune) Greene. The seeds of the latter species are ellipsoidal or oblong
and the albumen is only slightly ruminated.

—H. C. Skeels.

General Notes. 89

BIFORMIS A PREOCCUPIED NAME.

Nasutitermes (Obtusitermes) biforma Snyder was described in 1924 (Proc.
Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 26, no. 1) from Panama. The species name was later
corrected to biformis (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 26, no. 7). However,
there already is a Nasutitermes (Trinervitermes) biformis Wasmann from
Ceylon, described in 1902 (Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Bd. 17, Heft 1). Hence
I shall change Nasutitermes (Obtusitermes) biformis Snyder to Nasutitermes
(Obtusitermes) panamae Snyder. —Thomas E. Snyder.

NOTE ON ARREMONOPS SUPERCILIOSUS CHIAPENSIS NELSON.

Through an inexcusable oversight this form was omitted from considera-
tion in preparing my paper on Arremonops (in these Proceedings, Volume
36, 1923, pp. 35-44), and has apparently been relegated to synonymy even
by the original describer himself, since I find the type-series all labeled
superciliosus. It is a good race, however, readily separable from super-
ciliosus by the grayish suffusion of the upper parts, the median crown-
stripe and sides of the head in particular being decidedly grayish by com-
parison, insiead of buffy, while the lateral crown-stripes are paler brown.
The under parts have much more buffy suffusion on the breast and sides.
It is still more different from swmichrastt. Its known range is confined to
the valley of the Chiapas River in the Mexican State of the same name.

For the privilege of examining the specimens on which the above remarks
are based I am indebted to the authorities of the Bureau of Biological
Survey. —W. E. Clyde Todd.

THE “PSEUDO-FLIGHT” OF TERMITES.

In 1919, the writer observed maturely pigmented, brachypterous, coloniz-
ing adults of the termite Reticulitermes virginicus Banks emerging from
astump during the “‘swarm”’ of the winged sexual adults. These brachyp-
terous adults, it was believed, had inherited the instinct to fly or swarm
from the period when all termites were winged; having no wings they can
only run about, and it was thought possible that this was the manner in
which they emerged from the parent colony to establish new colonies!

It is now regarded more probable that brachypterous adults normally
leave, with workers and soldiers by subterranean passages, since these
forms must be fed by the workers, in order to survive.

On April 25, 1925, this ‘“‘pseudo-flight”’ of a few, mature, brachypterous
adults of the same species of termite, was again observed. These forms
came from an infested building in Washington, D. C., during the swarm
of winged adults at 3 Pp. mM. This was the third swarm of winged adults
from this building during the spring of 1925; previous swarms had occurred
on April 11 and 14.

This ‘“‘pseudo-flight”” then occasionally occurs in colonies and probably
is a reversion manifested only by a few adults.

—Thomas E. Snyder.

90 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

A NEW NAME FOR THE GENUS ACTOPHILUS OBERHOLSER.

Dr. Charles W. Richmond has kindly called my attention to the fact that
the generic name Actophilus is untenable. This generic term was proposed
(Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1899, p. 202) to replace
Phyllopezus Sharpe, preoccupied, for a genus of African Jacanidae. It is,
however, invalidated by Actophilus Agassiz (Index Universalis, 1846, p. 7),
an emendation of Actephelus Stephens (Coleoptera). It may be replaced
by Actophilornis (4x77, beach; ¢:Aéw, I love; épvis, bird); and Parra africana
Gmelin is designated as the type.

The species are.

Actophilornis africanus (Gmelin).

Actophilornis albinuchus (Is. Geoffroy).
—Harry C. Oberholser.

NOTE ON THE ATLANTIC COAST SPECIES OF PLICATULA.

Since the institution of the genus by Lamarck in 1801, the earlier writers
have confused different species under one name, and seventy-two years
later Reeve added to the confusion by giving names to mere mutations
of a single species. The examination of a large series of Atlantic Coast
specimens leads to the following conclusions:

1. Plicatula spondyloidea Meuschen (as Ostrea) 1781.

Synonyms are P. reniformis Lamarck, 1819, and, in part, P. barbadensis
Orbigny, 1846, and P. imbricata Reeve, 1873.

The shell is grayish white, sometimes with a touch of brown on the hinge-
teeth. The ribs are high, carinate-imbricate, and few in number. Range,
Florida to Texas.

2. Plicatula gibbosa Lamarck, 1801.

synonyms: P. ramosa and depressa Lamarck, 1819.

Shell white with ramose brown or reddish lines. Valves more com-
pressed, ribs low, feebly imbricate, more or less rounded and more numer-
ous. Range, North Carolina to Florida and the Antilles.

3. Plicatula mesembrina, n. sp.

Synonym: P. barbadensis Orbigny, ex parte, 1846.

Shell whitish or with suffused reddish brown; valves compressed with
low rounded ribs (6-10) and shallow interspaces, and narrow, usually
pointed umbones. Width of shell, 27; length, 30; diameter about 12 mm.
U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 348260, Uruguay. Range, Coasts of Brazil,
Uruguay and Argentina. —W Halt:

NOTE ON THE SPECIES OF PETRICOLARIA OF THE EASTERN
COAST OF THE UNITED STATES.

A study of a large collection of this genus shows that the form long
known as P. dactylus Sowerby is only a variety of the P. pholadiformis
Lamarck, which may be called variety lata. Type in U.S. N. Mus. No.
95645, Quahog Bay, Maine. The true dactylus is a native of the West
coast of South America. —W. H. Dail.

Vol., 38, pp. 91-100 July 15, 1925
WO C aa ID ONES ‘

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 1

\ %,
ah

SIXTEEN NEW BIRDS FROM BRAZIL AND GUIANA.

BY W. HE. CLYDE TODD.

Preliminary studies of the rich material received by the Car-
negie Museum from French Guiana and the Amazon Valley in
Brazil continue to disclose the existence of new species and
races of birds in these parts. In the present paper, which is
the twelfth of the series to appear in these Proceedings, sixteen
new forms, belonging to the Families Troglodytide, Turdide,
Tyrannide, and Pipridz, are named and described, all from the
collections made by Mr. Samuel M. Klages. Measurements
are in millimeters, as heretofore, and the names of colors are
adapted from Mr. Robert Ridgway’s ‘Color Standards and
Color Nomenclature.” Acknowledgments are due to Dr.
Frank M. Chapman, Mr. Ludlow Griscom, and Dr. C. E. Hell-
mayr for aid in placing certain of these new forms.

Thryophilus griseus, sp. nov.

Adult (sexes alike): above, including pileum, uniform light Chetura
drab, the wings externally the same color, with faint traces of dusky bars
or spots; tail neutral gray, irregularly barred with black, the lateral rec-
trice with the inner webs mostly black; slight superciliaries dull whitish;
under parts smoke gray, slightly paler on the throat, slightly darker (light
grayish olive) on the flanks; longer under tail-coverts with faint dusky bars;
‘iris grayish white; feet slate-color; bill blackish above, grayish below.”’
Wing (type), 56; tail, 36; bill, 15.5; tarsus, 20.5.

This remarkable new species, while agreeing in structural characters with
Thryophilus (save for its rather shorter tail), apparently has no close rela-
tives in that genus. In its plain grayish coloration it bears a strong super-
ficial resemblance to Odontorhynchus cinereus, but in size and proportions
is very different. The description is based on a series of fourteen specimens,
all from the same locality, Hyutanahan, on the upper Rio Purtis, where
Mr. Klages says it occurs sparingly, and spends much of its time on the
ground.

Type, No. 88,339, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Hyutanahan,
Rio Purts, Brazil, March 25, 1922; Samuel M. Klages.

21—Proc. Bion. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 38, 1925. (91)

92 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Turdus altiloquus, sp. nov.

Adult male: above dark brownish olive, slightly more brownish on the
pileum and more olive on the upper tail-coverts; wings and tail dusky,
externally like the back; under wing-coverts and axillaries ochraceous
tawny; sides of head like the pileum; under parts pale buffy brown, paler
on the throat, which is streaked with dusky, and passing into white on the
under tail-coverts; ‘‘iris dark vinaceous red; bill uniform light ochraceous
yellow; feet pale olivaceous brown.’”’ Adult female and immature male:
similar to the adult male, but bill wholly black. Wing (type), 112; tail,
91; bill 20; tarsus, 29.

This fine new thrush is quite distinct from any other species from tropi-
cal America in its combination of characters. In the coloration of its
under parts and under wing-coverts it suggests 7. obsoletus and T. hauz-
welli, but is not quite so brownish as those species, while the streaks on the
throat are much more distinct. The bill, too, is yellow, not black, at least
in the adult male. The upper parts are perhaps more like those of 7’. oli-
vater olivater than of any other species, but the general color is less oliva-
ceous, more brownish, with the head uniform with the back. In worn
plumage all the colors are of course duller.

Mr. Klages has sent nine specimens of this form from the Rio Purtis
(Arim4&) and Rio Solimoés (Sao Paulo de Oliven¢a, Tonantins, and Cavi-
ana). He writes that it is ‘‘an inhabitant of the virgin forest, where it
lives in the taller trees, usually perching in thick branches, so as to be very
difficult to descry from the ground. It is a splendid songster and also a
mimic of certain other species, whose notes are reproduced with such
accuracy as readily to mislead one in quest of it. It is decidedly uncommon
in the localities where we did manage to find it.” :

Type, No. 92,908, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Agia Rio
Purtis, Brazil, September 14, 1922; Samuel M. Klages.

Lophotriccus congener, sp. nov.

Adult (sexes alike): above light olive green; tail dusky with yellowish
citrine edgings; wings dusky, the remiges with narrow outer edgings of olive
citrine, becoming wider, paler, and more yellowish on the inner secondaries;
lesser wing-coverts like the back, middle and greater series black, edged
and tipped with chalcedony yellow, forming two bands across the wing;
elongated crest-feathers centrally black, margined with strontian yellow,
passing into yellowish citrine on the forehead; sides of head dull yellowish
citrine; under surface whitish, more or less washed with pale yellowish green,
especially on the flanks and crissum, and streaked with dusky, especially
on the throat and breast, leaving the middle of the abdomen and.-crissum
unmarked; under wing-coverts and edge of wing picric yellow; bill dark
above, paler at base below; feet pale (in skin). Wing (type), 54; tail, 39;
bill, 9.5; tarsus, 15.

Compared with Lophotriccus squamecrista, the present species has less
greenish yellow suffusion below, while the crest feathers, which are broadly
margined and tipped with ochraceous tawny in that form, are similarly

Sixteen New Birds from Brazil and Guiana. 93

marked with a shade of yellow instead. This character serves to separate
it as well from “Cometornis”’ vitiosus Bangs and Penard (Bulletin Museum
Comparative Zoology, LXIV, 1921, 373), described from a single specimen
supposed to have come from Peru. The new species is based on a series
of fifteen specimens, all from Sao Paulo de Olivenga on the upper Amazon.
Females are markedly smaller than males, as in L. squamecrista.

Type, No. 95,226, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Sao Paulo
de Olivenga, Rio Solimoés, Brazil, February 5, 1923; Samuel M. Klages.

Lophotriccus eulophotes, sp. nov.

Adult (sexes alike): above light olive green; wings and tail dusky, with
narrow outer margins of light olive green, becoming paler and more yellow-
ish on the inner secondaries; elongated crest-feathers black centrally, mar-
gined with neutral gray, passing into buffy olive on the forehead; sides of
head likewise buffy olive; under parts white, streaked with dusky grayish,
especially on the throat, breast, and sides, the abdomen unstreaked medi-
ally, the sides, flanks, and crissum washed with reed yellow; under wing-
coverts reed yellow; bill horn brown above, paler below; feet pale (in skin).
Wing (type), 50; tail, 40; bill, 11; tarsus, 15.

This species differs from Lophotriccus ‘‘spicifer”’ in its larger size, whitish
under parts, unbanded wings, and in particular by the decidedly larger crest,
the longer feathers of which measure nearly 20 mm. from base to tip, being
thus much more linear than in any other known species of this generic
group—a circumstance which may eventually render its separation de-
sirable. It does not require comparison with any other species of Lopho-
triccus, but bears a remarkable resemblance to Colopteryx galeatus. Five
specimens, only one of which is a female, have been available for examina-
tion, all from the type-locality.

Type, No. 86,653, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Hyutanahan,
Rio Purts, Brazil; December 23, 1921; Samuel M. Klages.

Euscarthmus striaticollis griseiceps, subsp. nov.

Similar to Huscarthmus striaticollis striaticollis (Lafresnaye), but upper
parts duller green, and pileum more grayish, less brownish.

Comparison of a series of twenty-four specimens of Huscarthmus striati-
collis from the Tapajos River with five from Bahia, the type-locality, kindly
loaned by the American Museum of Natural History, shows that the former
belong to a well marked race, characterized by the duller coloration of the
upper parts. In true striaticollis the back is dull warbler green, while in
the new form it is between serpentine green and yellowish olive; the pileum
and sides of the head are dark olive gray instead of light brownish olive;
and the under parts are a trifle paler yellow.

I am indebted to Mr. Ludlow Griscom for calling my attention to the
distinctness of this new form.

Type, No. 73,369, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Santarem,
Rio Tapajos, Brazil, June 30, 1919; Samuel M. Klages,

94 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Snethlagea minima, sp. nov.

Adult (sexes alike): above olive green; tail dusky, the rectrices margined
externally with olive green; wings dusky black, with narrow outer margins
of olive green, becoming paler, yellower, and more prominent on the inner
secondaries; greater and middle wing-coverts tipped with sulphur yellow,
forming two conspicuous bands across the wing; sides of head Roman green,
the loral region paler; under parts dull sulphur yellow, pure on the abdomen
and erissum, but elsewhere indistinctly streaked or flammulated with yel-
lowish olive, the chin whitish; under wing-coverts sulphur yellow; bill
dark brown above, paler at base below; feet brownish (in skin). Wing
(type), 44; tail, 32; bill, 11; tarsus, 13. i

This new species agrees with Snethlagea minor (Snethlage) in respect to
form, proportion, shape of bill, open nostrils, etc., but differs conspicuously
in size and color. It is decidedly less in all dimensions, while the under
parts are more yellowish, less olivaceous; the upper parts, too, are brighter
olive green, and the wing-bands much more distinct. Since it occurs in
the same localities as S. minor, it is obviously a distinct species. No less
than twelve specimens, from various localities on the Rio Tapajos, were
sent in by Mr. Klages, together with eleven examples of S. minor from
the same region.

Type, No. 77,080, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Itaituba,
Rio Tapajos, Brazil, February 26, 1920; Samuel M. Klages.

Snethlagea minima pallens, subsp. nov.

Similar to Snethlagea minima minima as just described, but under parts
paler, more whitish, with less yellowish suffusion.

Five specimens from localities on the Rio Purtis and Manacapurt on the
Rio Solimoés indicate the existence of a well marked race of the species
just described in the region in question, easily told by its paler, nearly
whitish under parts, showing a yellowish wash mainly on the sides and
crissum.

Type, No. 92,045, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Nova Olinda,
Rio Purts, Brazil, July 19, 1922; Samuel M. Klages.

Tzniotriccus klagesi, sp. nov.

Adult female: above dark medal bronze (between medal bronze and
brownish olive), this color also extending to the exposed parts of the lesser
wing-coverts; tail brownish dusky with paler, snuff brown edges; wings
black, with a band at the base of the outer webs of the remiges cream-color,
and the outer webs of the innermost secondaries also cream-color; the
remaining remiges with slight brownish edgings, paler (seashell pink) ter-
minally on the inner pair; under wing-coverts naphthalene yellow, and
inner margins of the primaries below more or less buffy; pileum Kaiser
brown, with median crest black; sides of head tawny, and throat paler,
ochraceous buff; breast grayish (nearest olive gray), passing into whitish
on the abdomen, the crissum with a faint yellowish tinge; ‘‘iris seal brown;
feet dark purplish gray; bill black.”’ Wing, 57; tail, 43; bill, 11.5; tarsus, 15.

Siateen New Birds from Brazil and Guiana. 95

Dr. C. E. Hellmayr, to whom the sole example of the present bird was
shown at one time, pronounced it a Teniotriccus, heretofore known only
from the type-specimen of 7’. andrei von Berlepsch and Hartert, described
from the Caura River in Venezuela. Their type-example was admittedly
immature, while the specimen on which the present description is based
is an adult female. Allowing for the difference in age, it would appear
that while the color of the head, upper parts, and wings is virtually the
same in both species, 7’. andre? is colored differently below, whether or not
it turns out, as von Berlepsch and Hartert suggest, that in the adult dress
this part is black. It is of course possible that the adult male might be
black, although such a color-difference between the sexes would be unique
in the Platyrhynchine. I feel fairly safe, therefore, in giving a name to
the present bird, and propose to christen it in honor of its discoverer.

Type, No. 77,435, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult female; Itaituba,
Rio Tapajos, Brazil, March 13, 1920; Samuel M. Klages.

Phylloscartes virescens, sp. nov.

Adult (sexes alike): above dull green (nearest hellebore green), the pileum
duller; tail dusky, with margins of mignonette green; wings dusky black,
margined externally with mignonette green, these margins widening and
passing into sea-foam green on the inner secondaries; lesser wing-coverts '
like the back; middle and greater coverts dusky, broadly tipped with light
chalcedony yellow, forming two bands across the wing; eye-ring pale yel-
lowish white; under parts light chalcedony yellow, anteriorly shaded with
serpentine green; under wing-coverts naphthalene yellow; ‘‘iris dull ochra-
ceous yellow; feet plumbeous; bill black above, white below, with dark
tip.”’ Wing (type), 58; tail, 53; bill, 11.5; tarsus, 15.5.

“This interesting new species differs from P. ventralis (Temminck) of
southeast Brazil by decidedly longer wings, much darker (less yellowish)
green upper parts, broader as well as paler yellow wing-bands, more exten-
sive yellow wash on the inner secondaries, more whitish lores and ocular
region, and much paler yellow under parts. In structure, the two species
agree very well together, the tarsus of the new bird being slightly shorter,
if anything” (C. E. Hellmayr, in letter). I have confirmed these obser-
vations by actual comparison of specimens kindly forwarded by Dr. Hell-
mayr. ‘The species is based upon four specimens in the Klages collection,
all from the same locality.

Type, No. 65,327, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Pied Saut,
Oyapock River, French Guiana, December 12, 1917; Samuel M. Klages.

Myiozetetes granadensis obscurior, subsp. nov.

Similar to Myiozetetes granadensis granadensis Lawrence of Panama,
Costa Rica, etc., but somewhat larger, and upper parts darker, the white
area on the forehead almost obsolete.

Myjiozetetes granadensis, described from Panama, has long been known
to range southward to Peru, but scarcity of material from this part has
thus far prevented the making of critical comparisons. Dr. Hellmayr

96 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

(Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, LXXXV, 1919, 56), however, remarked
on the large size of an example from Yurimaguas, Peru, and suggested
the desirability of examining a larger series from the upper Amazon.
With three specimens in fresh plumage from this region before me, I find
no difficulty in telling them from a series of Costa Rican birds in similar
condition by the characters above given. The upper parts are nearer
olive green, instead of yellowish olive, as in the northern birds, and the
gray of the crown is a shade darker, while the pale forehead, so conspicu-
ous in true granadensis, is barely indicated. The type measures: wing,
92; tail, 74; bill, 14.5; tarsus, 17. The other two specimens come from
Tonantins, on the Rio Solimoés.

Type, No. 96,489, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Sao Paulo
de Olivenga, Rio Solimoés, Brazil, April 17, 1923; Samuel M. Klages.

Myiobius barbatus amazonicus, subsp. nov.

Similar to Myiobius barbatus barbatus (Gmelin) of Guiana, ete., but
under parts purer and more uniform yellow, with less dark shading on the
throat and breast; the crissum also paler.

With seven specimens in good condition from the Rio Purtis and Rio
Solimoés now before me, I am prepared to recognize the birds of this region
as a geographical race of barbatus, from which they differ as above indi-
cated, the characters standing out well when series are compared. The
records for Bom Lugar, Rio Purtis, and for Manacapurt, Rio Solimoés,
and Avojutuba, Rio Negro, referred to in my revision of this genus (cf.
these Proceedings, Volume 35, 1922, 17-38), belong to the new form. Meas-
urements of type: wing, 65; tail, 55; bill, 10.5; tarsus, 16.

Type, No. 87,946, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Hyutana-
han, Rio Purts, Brazil, February 13, 1922; Samuel M. Klages.

Pipra aureola aurantiicollis, subsp. nov.

Adult male similar to the same sex of Pipra aureola aureola Linnzus,
but red of under parts less ‘‘solid’’ and more restricted, not invading the
throat, which is cadmium yellow, almost uniform. Female apparently
not different from that of aureola.

Although Dr. Hellmayr (Ibis, 1906, 6-8) claims that specimens from the
Amazon are not to be distinguished from Guiana birds, our series of males
from Santarem (nineteen specimens) are clearly subspecifically distinct
from another series (twenty-nine specimens) from French Guiana, as-
sumed to represent true awreola, for which Surinam is the accepted type-
locality. The paler, more orange throat and less amount of red on the
under parts are conspicuous as the two series lie side by side, although
certain individual specimens might be hard to distinguish, considered alone.
From P. aureola flavicollis the new race differs in having the throat de-
cidedly more orange, instead of yellow, not abruptly defined from the red.
It is interesting to note that its range is separated from that of aureola by
the interposition of flavicollis, which is the form that occurs at Obidos, on
the north bank of the Amazon, nearly opposite Santarem. Apparently,

Sixteen New Birds from Brazil and Guiana. 97

there is no name available for the new race, since Pipra aureola flaviceps
of Riker and Chapman (Auk, VIII, 1891, 24) was merely a lapsus for
flavicollis.

Type, No. 72,767, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Santarem,
Amazon River, Brazil, May 13, 1919; Samuel M. Klages.

Pipra anomala, sp. nov.

Adult male: above olive green, shaded with glossy black, most decided
anteriorly; wing-coverts centrally black, externally like the back; wings
dull black, the secondaries with olive green outer edgings, becoming broader
on the inner ones; tail black, with outer edgings olive green; pileum and
nape deep orange chrome; auricular and circumorbital region black, which
is carried forward in a narrow line above the lores to the extreme forehead;
throat light orange yellow medially, cadmium yellow laterally, continuous
with a narrow band of the same color which connects with the orange of
the nape, behind the ear-coverts; breast washed with cadmium orange,
forming a brightly colored band, which fades posteriorly into maize yellow,
becoming nearly white on the middle of the abdomen; flanks washed with
olive gray; under tail-coverts olivaceous black; edge of wing raw sienna;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white; ‘‘iris yellowish ivory, faintly tinged
with pinkish; feet dark plum purple; bill black above, dark pearl gray with
black edges below.” Wing (type), 74; tail, 38; bill, 12; tarsus, 15.

This remarkable new species is based on a single specimen, which at
first sight looks as if it were a young bird, but upon closer examination
seems to be fully adult. The peculiar combination of characters it exhibits
is paralleled by no other species of Pipra. In the coloration of the under
parts it somewhat resembles Pipra fasciicauda Hellmayr, but the pattern
above is very different, and the pattern of the sides of the head is unique
in the group, I believe. The outer pair of rectrices are 6 mm. shorter than
the central pair. Mr. Klages writes that it is “found on the low mesa
back of Santarem in the dense forest. Apparently of extremely rare oc-
currence.”

Type, No. 72,471, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Santarem,
Amazon River, Brazil, May 1, 1919; Samuel M. Klages.

Pipra chloromelzna, sp. nov.

_ Adult male: above varying from dusky green to greenish slate black,
darkest anteriorly, more greenish posteriorly; wings black, margined ex-
ternally with Danube green; tail dusky, with edgings of Danube green;
crown salvia blue, produced to the nape medially, where it is tinged with
light violet blue; forehead, superciliary region, sides of head, and throat
black, usually with a faint greenish tinge, increasing on the breast into
dull blackish green, passing into primrose yellow on the abdomen, shaded
laterally with dark greenish; under wing-coverts dusky with a greenish
shade; ‘‘iris carmine; feet dark brownish gray; bill black above, grayish
white below, with edges light gray.’’ Adult female: above, including
wings and tail externally, spinach green, almost uniform; throat and breast

98 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

spinach green, with paler streaking; abdomen barium yellow, shaded with
greenish on the sides. Wing (type), 60; tail, 29; bill, 10.5; tarsus, 13.5.

Our series of this species consists of nine specimens, all from the same
locality, Nova Olinda. Compared with P. celesti-pileata, of which we have
a good series from Hyutanahan, farther up the Rio Purts, the present
species differs conspicuously in its much darker coloration. The upper
parts in the male of the new form are dark-colored, almost blackish, with
a greenish blue shade, not uniform spinach green, as in P. celesti-pileata;
the throat and breast are also almost black, not dark cress green to cress
green; and the yellow of the posterior under parts is duller, more restricted,
and more shaded with greenish. The blue cap, too, is appreciably deeper
blue, with the bases of the feathers dark-colored, instead of light methyl
blue, with the bases of the feathers distinctly greenish like the back.
Females of the two species are very much alike, but in P. chloromelena the
yellow of the under parts averages duller and more restricted.

Type, No. 92,314, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Nova Olinda,
Rio Purts, Brazil, August 1, 1922; Samuel M. Klages.

Pipra chloromelzna arimensis, subsp. nov.

Similar to Pipra chloromelena chloromelena nobis, above described, but
general coloration less intense, the adult male with the upper parts not
so dark, more Danube green, darkest anteriorly, becoming deep dull yellow
green (No. 1) on the upper tail-coverts; pileum much paler, light cerulean
blue, with a darker lateral and posterior edge; under parts with more green-
ish suffusion, the throat dull blackish green or dusky dull green, brighten-
ing on the breast into empire green, and passing into barium yellow pos-
teriorly, shaded with dull greenish.

This is most probably the same bird as that from ehneasviley Rio
Madeira, which Dr. Hellmayr (Novitates Zoologice, XIV, 1907, 359)
refers to under the head of Pipra celesti-pileata, since he remarks on its
darker coloration as compared with the type of that species, but thinks
the differences will prove to be not significant. With a good series of both
P. celesti-pileata and the present form before me, it is obvious that they
represent two distinct species, but the latter is clearly only a subspecies
of the form just described as Pipra chloromelena. it is curious, however,
that although farthest removed geographically from P. celesti-pileata, it
should nevertheless approach that form in its characters much more than
typical chloromelena. Females of all three forms are very similar. P.
chloromelena arimensis is represented by forty-six specimens from the type-
locality.

Type, No. 92,997, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Arima, Rio
Purts, Brazil, September 16, 1922; Samuel M. sina

Pipra carbonata, sp. nov.

Adult male: above glossy black, the rump and upper tail-coverts washed
with dusky blue; tail dusky, washed externally with dusky blue (inclining
to dark greenish in some specimens) ; wings deep glossy black like the back,

Sixteen New Birds from Brazil and Guiana. 99

with a slight purplish sheen in some lights; pileum salvia blue, with a darker
(phenyl blue) lateral and posterior edge, extending in a point over the
nape; forehead narrowly black; lores, sides of head, and under parts in
general black, washed posteriorly with dull blue; under tail-coverts grayish
olive; under wing-coverts dusky; bill blackish above, horn-color below;
feet brownish (in skin). Adult female: above spinach green, the wings
externally dull citrine; below barium yellow, throat paler, the breast and
sides clouded and washed withspinach green ;under wing-coverts dull yellow-
- ish. Wing (type), 61; tail, 29; bill, 9; tarsus, 14.

This species differs from Pipra coronata Spix in its deeper, blacker colora-
tion, very obvious upon comparison in series, and it may eventually become
necessary to reduce it to a subspecies of that form. It is close also to
Pipra velutina von Berlepsch, from which it may readily be told by its de-
cidedly bluish rump and upper tail-coverts, and by its much narrower and
not sharply defined black forehead. From Pipra hoffmannsi Hellmayr,
from the south bank of the Amazon, it differs in lacking any greenish on
the wings and in its almost uniform under parts. There is a possibility
that the Pipra cyanocapilla of Hahn (Végel aus Asien, etc., XV, 1826, pl.
3, fig. 2) may belong here, although Dr. Hellmayr cites it as a synonym of
P. coronata (Ibis, 1906, 32). Pipra herbacea Spix, based on a female, is
indeterminable unless the exact locality could be ascertained.

Type, No. 96,723, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Tonantins,
Rio Solimoés, Brazil, June 13, 1923; Samuel M. Klages.

Vol. 38, pp. 101-102 July 25, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE ’

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

NEW NEOTROPICAL LIZARDS.
BY THOMAS BARBOUR.

In 1919 Dr. Glover M. Allen visited Haiti and Gonaive Island
in the interest of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The
latter locality was little known herpetologically and yielded
several novelties already described by Dr. E. R. Dunn. It
remains now to point out that a considerable series of Anoles
differ markedly and constantly from their allies upon the Hai-
tian mainland. Iam naming this lizard for Miss Doris Cochran
of the U. S. National Museum, well known for her work on
Haitian herpetology.

Anolis doris, sp. nov.

Type, M. C. Z., 13739, adult male from Gonave or Gonaive Island, off
the west coast of Haiti; Dr. G. M. Allen, collector, Aug., 1919. There
are eight paratypes.

Diagnosis.—Closely related to Anolis cybotes Cope, with the types of
which it has been compared. The Gonaive form differs in having a longer
and narrower head and in having the scales about the occipital plate, es-
pecially those behind the plate, conspicuously larger and rougher than in
Haitian specimens.

Since his return to Brazil after several years at Harvard University,
Dr. Afranio do Amaral has continued to enrich the University collection
with the results of his extensive investigations of Brazilian herpetology.
It is fitting, therefore, that a peculiar new gecko should bear his name.

Gymnodactylus amarali, sp. nov.

Type, M. C. Z., 20,682, a single somewhat mutilated specimen from
Engenheiro Dodt, Santa Philomena, Upper Rio Parnahyba, Brazil. Col-
lected by Dr. A. Amaral in 1925.

Diagnosis.—A richly colored gecko with rows of dorsal ocelli and many
more or less irregular series of very large tubercles. It differs from G.
geckoides (Spix) in having larger and more irregularly arranged dorsal
tubercles, in having more longitudinal series of ventral scales and con-
spicuously in coloration.

22—Proc. Biot. Soc. WasH., Vou. 38, 1925. (101)

102. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Description.—Head little depressed, oviform; snout between 11% and
14 longer than the orbital diameter; a little longer than the distance be-
tween eye and ear opening; forehead slightly convex; ear opening roughly
oblong and about 14 the diameter of the eye. Body and limbs normal;
digits slightly depressed at the base with transverse plates below. Snout
covered with rather large and more or less round granules, the largest
on the anterior portion of the snout; smaller granules interspersed with
slightly larger ones covering all other portions of the head; rostral slightly
broader than high, with medium cleft above; nostril between the rostral,
a supranasal, two postnasals, and on one side, the anterior upper corner
of the first supralabial; 7 upper labials, the last very small, 6 lower labials,
first by far the largest; mental very large, rounded posteriorly; a pair of
chin shields behind the mental widely separated on the median line. Body
covered with small scales, which incline to be imbricate, and irregular rows
of large tubercles, those along the middorsal line being large, flat and
keeled, while the rows along the sides of the body are composed of keeled
but much more projecting tubercles altogether about 15 longitudinal
series; abdominal scales cycloid imbricate in about 21 longitudinal series.
The tail is missing.

Color.—Head reddish brown; body slaty gray; neck and back with 7
irregular rows of conspicuous ocelli now white centered, probably yellow
in life; one of the large tubercles forms the center for each of the dorsal
spots; no conspicuous markings on nape or axilla; a short white stripe run-
ning back from eye over the temporal region but not reaching the area
over the tympanum; limbs dark, irregularly barred with white; belly pale
brown, the scales finely punctate.

Length.—Snout to vent 37 mm.; head 9.5 mm.; width of head 8.5 mm.;
forelimb 11.5 mm.; hind limb 16 mm.

Vol. 38, pp. 103-110 November 13, 1925
PROCEED Es

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

THREE NEW GENERA AND THREE NEW SPECIES
OF CIMICIDAE FROM NORTH AMERICA.

BY GEO. M. LIST.

In the preparation of this paper the writer has had an oppor-
tunity to carefully study the Cimicidae collection of the United
States National Museum, Washington, D. C., the University of
Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, the Colorado Agricultural Col-
lege, Fort Collins, Colorado, the Montana State College, Boze-
man, Montana, and the Iowa State College. All the new mater-
ial here described is from the National Museum and the
University of Nebraska collections. The descriptigns were
made with only the National Museum material before me, but

just after the manuscript had been sent to press | it became |

known to Professor Myron H. Swenk, University of Nebraska,
Lincoln, Nebraska, that some material in the University of
Nebraska collection which had just been described under the
name of Cimex micropodidorum by Messrs. Everett E. Wehr and
Leonard G. Worley of his department, was probably identical
with one of the species just described by me. Desiring to pre-
vent the creation of a synonym, Professor Swenk wrote me of
their work and sent a copy of the paper by Wehr and Worley and
one of their drawings. It seemed quite certain from these that
the material was the same so the publication of both papers was
temporarily suspended and an exchange and comparison of
material made, with the result that the Nebraska collection was
found to contain excellent specimens of two of the species I had
just described from the National Museum. The paper by
Wehr and Worley was withdrawn from publication and the
Nebraska material made paratypes of the new species, Cimexop-
sis nyctalis, and Synxenoderus comosus herein described. The

*Contributed from the Department of Entomology, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa.
23—Proc. Bion. Soc. WaAsH., VOL. 38, 1925. (103)

104 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

valuable biological notes on the Nebraska specimens are quoted
from the unpublished paper of Wehr and Worley.

The new genera have not been placed in the sub-family
grouping of the Cimicidae as established by Jordan and Roths-
child, ‘‘ Notes on Clinocoridae, a Family of Rhynchota, with the
Description of a New Genus and Species, Novitates Zoologicae.
Vol. XIX, 1912, pp. 352-356." The rostral character, espe-
cially, makes such a placing difficult if not impossible. It
is planned to take up this point in a subsequent paper. As the
writer is preparing a monograph and key to the North American
species, he would be glad to receive, at the Colorado Agricul-
tural College, Fort Collins, Colorado, material for study and
determination.

All holotypes and allotypes are deposited in the United States
National Museum, Washington, D.C.

I wish to express my thanks to Drs. C. J. Drake and H. H.
Knight for many suggestions given during this study and to
those that made the study possible through the loan of material,
especially W. L. McAtee of the United States National Museum,
and F. C. Bishopp of the United States Bureau of Entomology.
I am especially grateful to Myron H. Swenk, Everett E. Wehr
and Leonard G. Worley of the University of Nebraska for the
loan of material that they were describing and for their efforts
in avoiding duplication and synonymy in the literature of the
Cimicidae. it has been a pleasure to meet with their high
scientific ideals and attitude of fairness.

Hesperocimex, new genus.

Coxae subcontiguous. Mesosternum subtriangular, and produced for-
ward as a sharp keel almost to posterior point of the prosterum; metaster-
num compressed between the middle coxae, widening posteriorly into a
short rounded point two-thirds as wide as a hind femur; pronotum broad,
lateral margins almost uniformly reflexed and broadly rounded; scutellum
transverse and broadly rounded posteriorly; rostrum extending to middle
of anterior coxae; bristles variable in length, some as long as two times
the width of an eye; form broadly ovate, male copulatory organ short and
almost straight.

Genotype: Hesperocimex coloradensis, new species.

Hesperocimex coloradensis, new species.

Suggestive of Oeciacus vicarius Horv. but differing from it by the meto-
sternum being sharply compressed between the middle coxae; the meso-

List—New Genera and New Species of Cuomicidaefrom N. A. 105

sternum subtriangular; the hairs of the head, thorax and abdomen being
less dense, more variable in length, and dentate only on the tip; the broadly
rounded scutellum; the much broader and more reflexed pronotum; the
unemarginate fourth abdominal sternite of female; the absence of the
tibal brush from all tibia of female; the differently proportioned antennae,
hemelytra and male copulatory organ.

Color, yellowish brown. Head, thorax, hemelytra, abdomen and legs
covered with medium fine hairs of varying length. Form, broadly ovate.
Length 3.3-3.8 mm.; width 2.1-2.6 mm.

Head broad and deeply set into pronotum; greatest length .74 mm.;
width through eyes 1.02 mm.; width of vertex between dorsal margin
of eyes .81 mm.; irregularly strigate on middle of head and on to the base
of tylus. Eyes smaller and not as prominent as in Haematosiphon inodorus
Duges. Clypeus distinctly broader than in O. vicarius Horv. and slightly
broader than the distance between the bases of the antennae. Antennae
pilose, the pubescence finer than in O. vicarius except on second segment
where the length of the longer pile equals two and one-half times the
thickness of segment. Length of segments: II = .46 mm.; III = .36
mm.; IV = .27 mm. Second segment very slightly but gradually becom-
ing thicker toward the apex, the third and fourth slightly more slender,
and thinner than the thickness of the basal portion of second. Epipharynx
(labrum with some authors) not prominent from dorsal view of head.
Rostrum extends to the middle of the anterior coxae, length from anterior
margin of head to apex 1.08 mm.

Coxae subcontiguous; the intermediate pair being separated only by a
much compressed anterior point of the metasternum; and the posterior
pair by the raised intercoxal process of the abdomen. The metasternum
much longer than wide, but widening back of the intermediate coxae into
a short rounded point two-thirds as wide as a hind femur. Mesosternum
subtriangular and produced anteriorly as a sharp keel almost to the pos-
terior point of the prosternum. Legs stout, hairs on tibiae coarse and
spine-like, tarsal claws simple and slender. Apical tuft of hair wanting
on all tibia of female.

Pronotum broad, uniformly punctulate; apex moderately, uniformly
and concavely arcuate; the anterior angles reaching slightly beyond the
posterior margin of eyes; posterior angles rounded; lateral margins almost
uniformly reflexed and strongly rounded. Width of pronotum 1.6 mm.;
length on median line .57 mm. Scutellum transverse and broadly rounded
behind. Length along median line .2 mm.; width .94 mm.

Hemelytra densely punctulate; their entire surface clothed with hairs
which are more dense and longer on the lateral margins, the length vary-
ing from less than one-half the width of an eye to two times this width;
transverse, shortest at the suture and longest at one-fourth the distance
from lateral margins, practically covering the metathorax, except at
middle; width 1.04 mm.; suture very short, a slight overlapping of the
inner margins is the rule; posterior (apical) margin slightly sinuate, inner
angles broadly rounded, lateral margins not reflexed.

Abdomen broadly ovate, with the dorsum less densely clothed with

106 Proceedings{of the Biological Society of Washington.

shorter hairs than occur on O. vicarius, their length being less than the
width of an eye except on the lateral edges of each segment where from
two to six occur that may be as much as two times as long as the width
of an eye; male genital segments asymmetrical; male copulutory organ
short, almost straight and thickened at base; fourth abdominal sternite
unemarginate on apex.

Holotype: Female, taken February 16, 1916, Colorado Springs, Colo-
rado, by W. D. Edmonston, host not given. Allotype: March 13, 1916,
Colorado Springs, Colorado, W. D. Edmonston, infesting house of W. H.
Manning. Paratypes, five of same collection as allotype and one labeled
‘“Mexico” found in nest of the Purple Martin (Progne purpurea). The
last named paratype was confused by G. Horvath (Revision of the Ameri-
can Cimicidae, Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Vol. 10, 1912, pp.
257-262) with Oeciacus vicarius Horvath.

Cimexopsis, new genus.

Resembles Haematosiphon in general appearance but has a rostrum
reaching only to the middle of anterior coxae; a much more broadly rounded
scutellum; a more compressed and less prominent metasternum and un-
sinuated apical margins to the posterior abdominal segments; form ovate.
Other characters quite similar to Haematosiphon.

Genotype: Cimexopsis nyctalis, new species.

Cimexopsis nyctalis, new species.

This species resembles H. inodorus but is readily distinguished from
jt by the short rostrum; the smaller eyes; the more broadly rounded scu-
tellum; rounded posterior margin of hemelytra; the unsinuated apical
margins of the posterior abdominal segments.

Color yellow-amber. Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs covered with
very fine and short hairs as in Haematosiphon inodorus Duges. Hairs
dentate only on tip. Form less ovate and size somewhat smaller than in
H. inodorus. Length 2.6-3 mm., width 1.5-2 mm.

Head broad, set into pronotum to the eyes, finely punctulate, clothed
with very fine short hairs; greatest length .56 mm.; width through eyes
.68 mm.; width of vertex, between dorsal margins of eyes, .54 mm. Cly-
peus scarcely as broad as the space between the base of antennae and
with a prominent hair on each apical angle; width .17 mm. or just one-half
that of vertex, while in H. inodorus the clypeus is more than one-half the
width of vertex. Eyes smaller and not as prominent as in H. inodorus.
Antennal segments almost filiform, the third and fourth somewhat thinner
than second; pilose, the pile of the second segment being less in length
than the diameter of the segment while the pile of the third and fourth
is equal to or longer than the diameter of these segments. Lengths of
segments: II = .44mm.; III = .40 mm.; IV = 36mm. Rostrum much
shorter than in H. inodorus, extending to the middle of the anterior coxae,
length from anterior margin of head to apex .74 mm. Epipharynx not
prominent from dorsal view of head.

Coxae subcontiguous; the intermediate pair being separated only by a

List—New Genera and New Species of Cimicidae from N.A. 107

much compressed metasternum which is even less prominent than in H.
inodorus and only slightly developed posterior to the coxae; the posterior
pair separated by the raised intercoxal process of the abdomen which is
more compressed between the coxae than in H. inodorus. Mesosternum
rounded posteriorly. Legs medium stout and clothed with comparatively
short hairs, tarsal claws simple and slender; apical tufts of hairs absent
from hind tibia of both sexes and inconspicuous on the other tibia.

Pronotum obsoletely punctulate; apex moderately and concavely arcuate
with anterior angles more produced than in H. inodorus and reaching
somewhat beyond posterior margins of eyes; lateral margins uniformly
reflexed but less acutely and more narrowly so than in H. inodorus and
moderately and almost uniformly rounded; posterior margin almost trun-
cate; covered with short hairs, those on the lateral margins only a very
little longer than the others and directed posteriorly. There are two
hairs on each posterior lateral angle, equal in length to twice the width
of an eye. Length on median line .44 mm., width 1.06 mm.

Scutellum transverse, shorter and distinctly more broadly rounded be-
hind than in H. inodorus; length .18 mm., width .64 mm. Hemelytra
densely punctate, clothed with very short hairs except on the lateral
margins where there are a few as long as the width of an eye; lateral mar-
gins strongly reflexed; posterior margin rounded, being distinctly more
rounded toward the inner angle; commissural margin straight for a distance
of .12 mm.

Abdomen narrowly ovate, with the first dorsal suture straight as in
H. inodorus but the succeeding ones lacking the profound sinuousness that
characterizes them in H. inodorus. Male genital segments asymmetrical,
male copulatory organ of medium length, uniformly curved and fitting
into a groove that extends into the apex of the seventh segment.

Holotype: female, taken in the Zoological Park, Washington, D. C.,
July, 1921. Host and collector not known. Allotype: same data as the
type. Paratypes: ten females ‘and five males, bearing same labels as
type, in the National Museum and the author’s collection; three males,
one taken October 8, 1922, and two November 13, 1922, by Mrs. W.
Wessel, Nebraska City, Otoe County, Nebraska, from floor of a fireplace
leading to a chimney in which chimney swifts had been nesting, in the
University of Nebraska collection. Besides the above, there are in the
United States National Museum one male and four females mounted in
balsam and four immature specimens on points, collected with type.

In regard to the paratypes in the University of Nebraska collection
Messrs. Wehr and Worley wrote as follows:

“On October 8, 1922, a woman residing in Nebraska City, Otoe County,
Nebraska, made a visit to the Department of Entomology of the Uni-
versity of Nebraska, to learn if something could be done to rid her house
of bedbugs. She brought with her in a bottle a specimen of the pest. A
casual examination of the insect was sufficient to satisfy the members of
the Department that it was not the common bedbug (Cimez lectularius).
It was much smaller in size and seemed otherwise different. When we

108 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

were told by the woman that numerous bedbugs, both alive and dead,
had been found in the cracks of the woodwork around the chimney and
on the floor of the fireplace, the possibility of these parasites being one
of the bird-infesting species immediately occurred to us. It has long been
known that a certain species of bedbug (Oeciacus vicarius) inhabits the
nests of swallows. Upon further inquiry we learned that a few months
previously Chimney Swifts (Chaetura pelagica) had been noticed flying in
and out of the chimney and that the chimney had been closed against
them by boarding over the top.

“As a result of this complaint the senior author visited this home a few
days later for the purpose of collecting more specimens of the bedbugs, if
possible, and to see if something could be done to free the house of the
pests. With no certainty as to the exact habits of this particular species
of bedbug, a thorough search was made throughout the house to determine
if there were other places than the fireplace that might be frequented by
these insects. As no additional specimens could be found at the time, it
was believed that these bedbugs were practically restricted to the region
about the fireplace of the house. This belief was greatly strengthened a
few days later when two more specimens of this same species of bedbug
were taken from the floor of the fireplace and sent to the Department of
Entomology by the woman living in the house. Altogether, the circum-
stantial evidence is such as to indicate that the Chimney Swifts were the
normal hosts of the bugs and that some months after the chimney was
closed the insects were forced by hunger to invade the house from the
chimney. There they died, or were picked up by the diligent keeper of
the house.”

Synxenoderus, new genus.

Form narrow; head long, the portion anterior to the anterior margin of
eyes equal to one-half length of head; gula arched with prominent tubercle
on median line of posterior margin; prosternum greatly arched and short;
metasternum compressed but more prominent than in Haematosiphon;
pronotum narrowed posteriorly with lateral sides sharply reflexed; tip of
abdomen clothed with about fifty posteriorly directed, truncate hairs; ros-
trum extending to posterior margin of anterior coxae.

Genotype: Synxenoderus comosus, new species.

Synxenoderus comosus, new species.

This species is darker in color, smaller and much narrower in form, es-
pecially through the head and thorax than Haematosiphon inodorus Duges
or Oeciacus vicarius Hory. Head thick, anterior coxal cavities large.
Length 2.80-3.60 mm., width 1.60-1.90 mm. Head, thorax, abdomen
and legs sparsely clothed with short fine hair. Hairs dentate only at tip.

Head strigate on middle and on to base of tylus, the fine lines forming
more acute angles toward the apex than in Hesperocimex coloradensis n. sp.
Length .68 mm.; width through eyes .70 mm.; width of vertex between
dorsal margins of eyes .52 mm. LEHyes smaller in size and less prominent

List—New Genera and New Species of Cimicidae from N. A. 109

than in Haematosiphon inodorus Duges. Clypeus long and narrow, the
length of the portion of the head anterior to the anterior margin of the
eyes equals one-half of the total length of head, while in H. inodorus, O.
vicarius, and Cimexopsis nyctalis, this distance is considerable less than
one-half the head length; width slightly less than distance between bases
of antennae and sub-equal to one-half the distance between the dorsal
margins of eyes. Epiphrynx prominent from dorsal view of head. An-
tennae filiform and pilose; thickness of the 3d and 4th segments about
one-half that of the 2d. Length of segments: II = .56mm.; III = .42 mm.;
IV = .32 mm. Rostrum extending to posterior margin of front coxae,
length from anterior margin of head to apex 1.04 mm. Gula more convex
than in other American forms and produced into a preminent tubercle on
the middle of the posterior margin; thickness of head at this point .56 mm.,
which is greater than the width of vertex, while in H. :nodorus, O. vicarius
and C. nyctalis the proportions of the head thickness to width of vertex
are as 42 to 56, 40 to 58, and 42 to 54, respectively.

Coxae subcontiguous, intermediate pair separated only by the much
compressed anterior point of metasternum; posterior pair somewhat more
separated by the inter-coxal process of the abdomen than in H. inodorus
and C. nyctalis. The anterior coxal cavities large, deep, and almost trans-
verse. Prosternum with anterior margin greatly arched to receive gula
with its prominent tubercle; much shortened and lacking the horizontal
triangular development common to all other American forms. Metaster-
num more raised and more prominent than in H. inodorus and slightly
broader posterior to the mid coxae.

Legs moderately long, tarsal claws simple and slender. Apical tuft of
hair very prominent and expanded on fore and mid tibia and absent from
hind tibia in both sexes.

Pronotum obsoletely punctulate; sparsely clothed with short hairs
except on lateral margins where there are a few much longer ones, some of
them as long as the 4th segment of antennae; narrowed behind; greatest
width .98 mm., width on posterior margin one-fifth less; length on median
line .44 mm. Apex, strongly concavely arcuate, anterior angles more acute
and more produced than in H. inodorus and Cimexopsis nyctalis; lateral
margins moderately rounded, narrowly and more strongly reflexed than
in H. inodorus and C. nyctalis, the reflexed portion narrowing posteriorly;
base truncate, posterior angles rounded.

Scutellum short, transverse and broadly rounded behind; length .10 mm.,
width .6 mm. MHemelytra small, transverse, punctulate, hairs sparse and
only slightly longer than with H. inodorus, except on lateral margins, where
a few are as long as two times the width of an eye; lateral margins not re-
flexed, posterior margin straight, inner apical angle evenly rounded making
only a very short commissural line.

Abdomen ovate, first segment longer than the pronotum on the median
line; tip clothed with about fifty posteriorly directed, stiff, truncate hairs,
each hair equal in length to the width of an eye. Male genital segments
asymmetrical; male copulatory organ medium in length, moderately curved
and fitting into a groove that extends on to the apex of the seventh sternite.

110 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Holotype: female taken in the nest of the White-throated Swift (Aero-
nautes melanoleucus) Colton, California, May 22, 1918, by W. C. Hanna.
Allotype: same data as type. Paratypes: three males and eight females
collected with type, in the U.S. National Museum and the writer’s collec-
tion: two males and two females taken in nest of White-throated Swift,
Warbonnet Cafion, Sioux County, Nebraska, June 2, 1901, by M. A. Car-
riker, Jr., in University of Nebraska collection. There are eleven immature
specimens in the National Museum which were taken with the type.

Vol. 38, pp. 111-114 November 13, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

FOUR NEW BIRDS FROM BRAZIL.
BY W. E. CLYDE TODD.

In the present paper, which is the thirteenth of the series to
appear in these Proceedings, and which follows the same usage
as the others, four new species of Brazilian birds are described,
belonging to the families Bucconide, Cuculide, and Psittacide.
All are from the collections received by the Carnegie Museum

3 {

from Mr. Samuel M. Klages. ain ety iO ae

Malacoptila semicincta, sp. nov.

Pileum and sides of the head black with white shaft-stripes, separated
from the back by a band of Sanford’s brown; rest of the upper parts mummy
brown with cinnamon buff shaft-stripes, reaching the upper tail-coverts
and lesser wing-coverts; tail dull mummy brown, paler beneath; wings
dusky, inclining to sepia on the secondaries, which have narrow buffy outer
edgings; tufts at the base of the lower mandible on either side whitish;
malar region black, passing into sepia on the throat, conspicuously streaked
with pinkish buff; large pectoral spot white, followed by an area of broad
buffy or whitish streaks on a brownish olive or dusky background; the
light streaks gradually merge into the soiled whitish of the abdomen and
crissum; under wing-coverts white, shaded with buffy towards the outer
edge; ‘‘iris clay brown; bill black above, ochraceous yellow at the base,
below ochraceous yellow with black tip; feet wax yellow, with greenish
shading on the toes.”” Wing (type), 91; tail, 70; bill, 25; tarsus, 16.

This species requires comparison only with M. fusca (Gmelin), of which
it is the Rio Purtis representative. It differs from that species in its blacker
pileum, with white (not buffy) shaft-stripes, in decided contrast to the
rest of the upper parts, and in particular by the rusty half-collar which
separates the two areas. In the coloration of the under parts the two
species are more nearly alike, but in the new form the light stripes are
whiter, less buffy, and the dark areas deeper brown, giving a generally
darker tone to the plumage.

The new species is based on a series of eighteen specimens from the
Rio Purts (Hyutanahan and Nova Olinda). The collector remarks that
it is confined to the upland forest.

Type, No. 87,740, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Hyutanahan,
Rio Purts, Brazil, February 4, 1922; Samuel M. Klages.

24—Proc. Biou. Soc. WasuH., VoL. 38, 1925. (111)

112 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Neomorphus lepidophanes, sp. nov.

Pileum and crest very dark glossy blue, duller and more greenish on the
forehead; nape and upper back dark ivy green, the lower back and upper
tail-coverts similar, but with a slight purplish tinge; primaries dark vio-
laceous blue; secondaries rich Pressian red externally, dusky violaceous
internally; lesser wing-coverts like the back, the greater series washed with
violaceous; tail dark green, the outer rectrices more violaceous, the middle
rectrices strongly shaded with Hay’s maroon in certain lights, the exposed
under surface of all dark violaceous; a broad bare space around the eye,
with a line of black feathers beneath; throat soiled white; breast strongly
shaded with pale clay color, each feather with a black tip and paler sub-
terminal margin, producing a squamate effect; below this a broad black
band; rest of the under parts pale clay color, immaculate, passing posteri-
orly into the brownish and dusky of the flanks, lower abdomen, and under
tail-coverts; ‘iris chocolate; eyelids and temporal are blood red, the bare
area on the sides of the head cerulean blue; bill blood red, the apical third
of both mandibles pea green.” Wing (type), 159; tail, 263; bill, 49; tar-
sus, 70.

The female is like the male, but is not quite so richly colored below, and
the squamation of the breast is not so heavy. This species finds its nearest
ally in N. pucherani (Deville) of the upper Amazon, but is readily distin-
guished by its rich buffy, instead of grayish, under surface, the prominent
squamation of the breast above the black band, and by the forehead being
almost concolor with the rest of the pileum. In the color of the upper
parts in general the two species are virtually alike. The new form is rep-
resented by five specimens, from Hyutanahan and Nova Olinda on the
Rio Purts and Sao Paulo de Olivenga on the Rio Solimoés, while all our
specimens of N. pucherani come from the north bank of the latter stream.
Mr. Klages writes that it is ‘met with in the company of the hunting ants.
The bird is wary and a swift runner, and in not easily brought to bag. A
loud clattering of the mandibles is usually the only audible indication of
its proximity.”

Type, No. 92,465, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Nova Olinda,
Rio Purts, Brazil, August 10, 1922; Samuel M. Klages.

Neomorphus squamiger, sp. nov.

Pileum covered by dark-centered (brownish or dark greenish) feathers
with paler (buffy to whitish) margins and tips, the crest-feathers deep
violaceous blue in abrupt contrast; upper back olive with more or less
bronzy or coppery gloss, this becoming very pronounced on the lower back
and upper tail-coverts; primaries externally very dark bluish black, pass-
ing into deep greenish on the secondaries, which show coppery and pur-
plish reflections in certain lights; tail deep greenish, the middle rectrices
with a strong coppery purplish sheen; feathers enclosing the bare post-
orbital area black; auricular region cinnamon buff; chin and upper throat
soiled white; lower throat, sides of the neck, and breast white with bold
dusky squamations, each feather with a central white area, a broad con-

i

Todd—Four New Birds from Brazil. 113

centric band of dusky, and white margins and tips; on the sides of the
neck the dark bands tend to dull green, and the light centers are reduced
or wanting; an indication of a narrow black band on the lower breast; rest
of under parts whitish or buffy, with obsolete dusky barring, deepening
into clay color on the abdomen and russet on the flanks, the under tail-
coverts Mars brown; axillars and under wing-coverts cinnamon brown;
tibize dull whitish or buffy with obscure dusky barring; ‘‘iris cherry red;
bare space behind the eyes cobalt blue; feet slate color; bill dark greenish
horn color above, with lighter tip, below light bluish gray basally, becom-
ing greenish and paler towards the tip.”” Wing (type), 161; tail, defective;
bill, 45; tarsus, 66.

This remarkable new species is represented by four specimens, all from
the same place, near Santarem. It differs from all other known species
of the genus not only in its style of coloration, but also in the restriction
of the bare area on the sides of the head, which is much less than in the
other forms, involving the lores to only a limited extent. Mr. Klages has
this to say concerning it: “It lives on or near the ground in the dense
forest, where it accompanies the hunting ants, and is rare so far as my
experience goes. It was never met with in the littoral area, nor yet in the
contiguous forested mesa, but only upon penetrating back into the more
elevated Mojuy district. We sought for it in vain along the Tapajos.”

Type, No. 74,615, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Colonia
do Mojuy, Santarem, Brazil, October 30, 1919; Samuel M. Klages.

Pionites xanthurus, sp. nov.

Pileum, sides of the head (down to and including the auriculars), hind-
neck, and sides of the neck dull apricot orange; back, rump, upper tail-
coverts, upper wing-coverts, and secondaries externally bright parrot green;
tail deep chrome to primuline yellow, some of the rectrices with a basal
area of parrot green, concealed except on the middle pair; primaries and
their coverts with the inner webs black, and the outer webs Berlin blue
with a narrow outer margin of green; under wing-coverts parrot green,
the carpal edge mixed with yellow; throat, cheeks, and sides of the neck
below empire yellow; breast and abdomen soiled white, with a wash of
pale yellow in fresh plumage, the sides shaded with light salmon orange;
tibie and under tail-coverts empire yellow; ‘‘iris cadmium yellow; eyelids
white; feet flesh white; bill bone white.’ Wing (type), 141; tail, 79; bill,
25; tarsus, 16.

This species is obviously the Rio Purts representative of P. xanthomeria
(Sclater), which it closely resembles in all respects except for the color of
the tail, which is mostly yellow instead of green, the shafts of the feathers
being white. We have three specimens, a pair in worn plumage from
Hyutanahan, and a single female in fresh feather from Nova Olinda, which
latter has been selected as the type. The single male shows even less green
on the basal part of the tail than either of the females.

Type, No. 92,000, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult female; Nova
Olinda, Rio Purts, Brazil, July 18, 1922; Samuel M. Klages.

Vol. 38, pp. 115-116 November 13, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A NEW THRUSH FROM THE PROVINCE OF
KWEICHOU, CHINA.

BY J. H. RILEY.!

The National Geographic Society during the past year has:
presented the U. 8. National Museum with the material ac-
cumulated by Mr. F. R. Wulsin on his journeys in China and
the Laos States. Among the birds were three specimens of the
genus T'urdus, quite different, so far as known, from any of the
mainland forms. They are from Hwangtsaopo (also given as
Singyi in the China Inland Mission Atlas, 2nd edition), a dis-
trict city, just over the border in Kweichow Province near the
Yunnan-Kwangsi boundary. These specimens were. taken
September 5-10, which would suggest a probability of their being
on migration, as eastern Yunnan has been fairly well worked
ornithologically in recent years and birds of this genus in the
tropics or sub-tropical regions are mountain forms.

It gives me great pleasure to name this fine species after its
discoverer :

Turdus wulsini, sp. nov.

Type, adult male, U. S. National Museum, No. 305,466, Hwangtsaopo,
Kweichow, China, September 10, 1924. Collected by F. R. Wulsin (origi-
nal No. 2142).

Head all around, neck, chin, and throat, fuscous, darker on the pileum
and much lighter on the throat; remainder of upper-parts, sooty black;
lower-parts sooty black, tinged with a slight brownish wash; thighs, drab;
upper mandible, dusky; lower mandible, dusky at the base, yellowish
toward the tip; feet blackish (in the skin). Wing, 142; tail, 107; culmen,
26; tarsus, 36; middle-toe, 23.5 mm.

Female.—Similar to the male, but the head concolor with the back and
the lower-parts with more of a brownish tinge; bill and tarsi, blackish.

Remarks.—A young male has the top of the head and hind-neck drab;
sides of the face, chin, and throat white, with sparse drab spots; ear-

1Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
25—Proc. Brox. Soc. WasH., Vou. 38, 1925. (115)

116 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

coverts drab with white shaft-streaks; remainder of the plumage like the
adult female but more tinged with brownish below.

The present species has a superficial resemblance in color to Turdus
thomassoni of the mountains of Luzon, but the brown of the pileum is
darker, the black more sooty, the thighs drab, the size is considerably
greater, and the bill and feet are dusky, not yellow.

Turdus thomassoni is somewhat aberrant. Two young birds in the
U.S. National Museum barely able to fly, are uniformly black, unspotted,
only a few feathers on the belly being fringed with brownish. Thus it
would appear as if the spotted character of the immature is not even of
generic value, or the species is wrongly placed.

The immature Turdus wulsini described above, superficially somewhat
resembles Microscelis leucocephalus.

Vol., 38, pp. 117-118 November 13, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A NEW VIOLET FROM CHINA.

BY WILHELM BECKER.

Among the plants collected in Kansu Province by R. C. Ching,
upon a recent expedition conducted for the National Geographic
Society by Mr. F. R. Wulsin, there were a few numbers of Viola,
which were submitted to the writer by the U. S. National
Museum for identification. One of them proves to represent
a new species, which may be described as follows:

Viola chingiana, sp. nov.

Ad sect. Dischidium Ging. pertinens, ex affin. V. biflorae L.

Planta glaberrima, in stat. fruct. ad 15 em. usque alta, in habitu V.
biflorae similis. Rhizoma obliquum, breviter articulatum, circ. 2 cm.
longum, dense radicellatum. Folia basilaria longissime petiolata, alti-
tudinem plantae interdum adaequantia, rotundato-reniformia, obtusa,
basi plane cordata, marginibus plane serrato-crenata; petioli ad 10 cm.
usque longi; lamina 2.5 cm. lata, 2cm. longa. Folia caulina minora, longe
petiolata, in summa rotundiuscula, nonnulla rotundato-ovata, obtusa vel
subacutiuscula, marginibus plane crenata, basi plane cordata, 1-2 em.
longa et aequilata. Folia omnia glaberrima, crassiuscula, nervis subtus
non praecipue prominentibus. Stipulae circ. 5 mm. longae, 2 mm. latae,
ovato-lanceolatae, integrae, obtusiusculae, glabrae. Flores + longe pedun-
culati; sepala oblonga, obtusa, enervia, circ. 5 mm. longa, in appendices
abbreviatas tamen distinctas angustata; petala (?); capsula globosa, circ.
6 mm. longa, carpellis incrassatis.

Has.: China occidentalis, prov. Kansu; Dar Pan, prope Sining, alt.
3000-3350 m., in declivitatibus humidis graminosis.

Exs.: R. C. Ching, Plants of Kansu Province, China, no. 648, July 26,
1923 (Nat. Geogr. Soc. Centr. China Exped., under the direction of F. R.
Wulsin).

Planta in stat. fruct. collecta est.

26—Proc. Bron. Soc. WasH., Vou. 38, 1925. (117)

Vol. 38, pp. 119-124 November 13, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

NOTES ON NORTH AMERICAN SPIDERS HERETO-
FORE REFERRED TO COELOTES.

BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN.

A study of the genotype of Coelotes, C. atropos (Walckenaer),
shows that it posesses characters of generic rank separating it
from the American species heretofore placed with it. I find that
no known North American species is a true Coelotes. Simon
rightly made a new genus for the Tegenaria medicinalis of Hentz,
but the genus includes as well several other species that have
commonly been referred to Coelotes. The other species referred
to Coelotes constitute a clearly defined genus for which a name
is proposed below. There has been considerable confusion of
species. The following list indicates the names regarded as
valid and the place assigned to those found tobe synonyms. All
species previously referred to Coelotes and Coras are included,
but only the single species of Cicurina which is known to have
been confused with Coelotes.

Genus Wadotes, gen. nov.

Wadotes dixiensis, sp. nov. A Ag
Wadotes carolinus, sp. nov. &
Wadotes bimucronatus (Simon).
Wadotes calcaratus (Keyserling).

Coelotes longitarsus Emerton (in part).

Coelotes nigriceps Banks.
Wadotes hybridus (Emerton).

Coelotes altilis Banks.

Genus Coras Simon.

Coras medicinalis (Hentz).
Coelotes urbanus Keyserling.
Coelotes lamellosus Keyserling.
27—Proc. Biou. Soc. Wasx., Vou. 38, 1925. j (119)

120 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Coras juvenilis (Keyserling).
Coelotes longitarsus Emerton (in part).
Coelotes fidelis Banks.
Coelotes lineatus Banks.

Coras montanus Emerton.

Coras taugynus, sp. nov.

Genus Cicurina Menge.

Cicurina arcuata Keyserling.
Cicurina complicata Emerton.
Coelotes longitarsus Emerton (in part).
Coelotes gnavus Banks.

Wadotes, gen. nov.

The species of this genus may be readily distinguished from the other
American species heretofore referred to Coelotes and Coras in having the
lower margin of the furrow of the chelicera armed with two teeth instead
of three and in having the anterior median eyes much smaller than the
laterals. Differences perhaps more important than these exist in the copu-
latory organs. In the epigynum there is a median piece attached anteri-
orly but projecting freely as a tongue or scape posteriorly, this being
distinctive of the genus. In the palpus of the male, aside from structural
differences in the bulb which will not be entered into here, the species
may be recognized by the presence on the caudal end of the tarsus of two
caudally projecting horns or processes, both of which may be well developed,
as in W. bimucronatus and W. dixiensis, or one of which may greatly exceed
the other, as in W. calcaratus. The legs are shorter than in Coras and in
consequence the spines, e. g., of the anterior tibiae are closer together.

Genotype.—Wadotes dixiensis, sp. nov.

Wadotes dixiensis, sp. nov.

Related rather closely to W. bimucronatus (Simon). Simon in his origina}
description says of the male palpus: ‘‘tarso magno ovato, supra ad basim
tuberculis validis geminatis binis retro directis (exteriore obtuso, interiore
acuto) insigniter instructo.’’ He gives a figure of the right palpus in ectal
view in agreement with this description in his Hist. Nat. Araign. II, p. 249,
The present species differs in having the tarsal processes shorter and, when
seen in view corresponding to that of Simon’s figure, broader at the base;
the outer process distally bluntly rounded, the inner one more narrowly
rounded; viewed from dorsomesal side the inner process is of nearly the
same breadth throughout and is distally more bluntly rounded, while the
outer process appears strongly narrowed distad, with its apex bent a little
mesad. The patellar apophysis is straight, its distal edge oblique, the
process not curved as it is in bimucronatus.

The length of the holotype, a male, is 9.5 mm. as against 6 mm. for
bimucronatus.

Holotype.—M. C. Z. 1355.

Locality —Alabama: Auburn. One male.

Chamberlin—N otes on North American Spiders. TAL

Wadotes carolinus, sp. nov.

The tarsus of the male palpus in this species has the processes both
strongly developed as in the preceding species and bimucronatus. These
processes are longer and proportionately narrower at base than in diai-
ensis. In éctal view both processes are distally rounded, the mesal one
more narrowly so than the outer; the outer process appearing a little curved
with dorsal edge more convex than the ventral. In mesodorsal view the
outer process is much broader than the inner one, a little curved outward,
its apex rounded; the inner process also a little curved outward but less
evenly, being weakly bisinuous. The patellar process small and straight.

This is also a larger species than bimucronatus, the type being 8 mm.
long.

Holotype.—M. C. Z. 1356.

Locality.—North Carolina: Tryon. One male taken by W. M. Wheeler
in Nov., 1913.

Wadotes bimucronatus (Simon).

Coelotes bimucronatus Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1898, 42, p. 6; Hist.
Nat. Araign., 1898, II, p. 249, f. 246.
Locate neh Carolina.
Known only from the type, which is a male.

Wadotes calcaratus (Keyserling).

Coelotes calcaratus Keyserling, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien. 1887, 37, p. 470,
TO ty so BVA,

Coelotes longitarsus Emerton (male, but not female, figures), Trans. Conn.
Acad. Sci., 1889, 7, p. 192, pl. 7, fig. 2.

Coelotes nigriceps Banks, Journ. New York Ent. Soc., 1895, 3, p. 82.

Examination of the types of C. longitarsus of Emerton shows that they
include specimens of three species. There are a male and female of Cicu-
rina arcuata, the female having been figured as that of longitarsus. The
male figured by Emerton is calcaratus and may be regarded as the holotype,
since Emerton himself places his species as a synonym of Keyserling’s.
Thirdly, there is a female of Coras juvenilis Keyserling.

The types of C. nigriceps Banks are females of the present species.

Coelotes gnavus Banks is not the present species but Cicurina arcuata,
the same as the female figured by Emerton for his longitarsus.

Localities—D. C.: Washington.

Md.: Meyersville.

Me.

N. H.: Intervale; Fitzwilliam; Squam Lake; North Chatham. |

Mass.: Newton; Waltham; Blue Hill.

Conn.: Hamden; New Haven.

New York: Ithaca; Sea Cliff; Poughkeepsie; Valcour Id.;
Pearl Point.

N. C.: Black Mts.; Mt. Graybeard.

Indiana: New Harmony.

122 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Ky.: Mammoth Cave.
Ill.: Cook Co.

Wadotes hybridus Emerton.

Coelotes hybridus Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad. Ac., 1889, 8, p. 193, pl.
7, f. 4.

Coelotes altilis Banks, Proc. Acad. Sci. Phil., 1892, p. 25, pl. 1, f. 74; pl. 4,
f. 74 a.

Localities New York: Chateaugay Lake, Adirondacks; Ithaca; Rens-
selaer; Altamont; Bronx Park; Rochester; Glen Haven;
New Salem; East Onandaga; Lake George; Gloversville.

N. H.: Hanover.

Mass.: Magnolia.

Genus Coras Simon.
Hist. Nat. Araign., 1898, 2, p. 258.

Only the genotype, Tegenaria medicinalis of Hentz, has heretofore been
referred to Coras; but a study of species referred to Coelotes shows that the
forms listed below are plainly congeneric with medicinalis, while not one
of the known American species is truly congeneric with atropos, the type
of the genus Coelotes. Species of Coras in the female sex, aside from the
differences in eyes, such as the large size of the anterior medians, differ
from Wadotes in the form of the epigynum. This presents a variously
developed median septum or plate but never a free tongue as present in
Wadotes; it also uniformly presents at each anterolateral corner a spine
or tooth which ordinarily projects mesocaudad, more rarely caudad or
mesad. A somewhat similar tubercle is present in species of Coelotes of
Europe, but the tubercle occurs laterally rather than anteriorly or at
anterolateral corner. The males of Coras differ from those of Wadotes
in not having the tarsus of palpus with two caudal processes as well as
in the form of patellar and tibial apophyses and particularly in the struc-
ture of the bulb which can not be entered into at this time. In both
sexes the anterior median eyes are as large as or larger than the anterior
laterals rather than much smaller as is the case in Wadotes.

Coras medicinalis (Hentz).

Tegenaria medicinalis Hentz, Jour. Acad. Sci. Phil., 1821, 2, p. 53, pl. 5,
f. 1; Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1847.

Coelotes urbanus Keyserling, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, 1887, 37, p. 467,
pl. 6, f. 31.

Coelotes lamellosus Keyserling, op. cit., 1887, 37, p. 469, pl. 6, f. 30.

Localities.—Mass.: Boston; Newton; Sharon; Swampscott.
Rhode Id.: Providence; Kingston.
New York: Ithaca; Poughkeepsie; Chateaugay Lake; Sea
Cliff; Hemlock Lake.

.
.

Chamberlin—N otes on North American Spiders. 123

Kans.: Manhattan.

Tll.: Cook Co.

Md.: Bay Ridge.

D. C.: Washington.

Va.: Falls Church.

Ala.: Auburn; Mobile Co.

Coras juvenilis (Keyserling).

Coelotes juvenilis Keyserling, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, 1881, 31, p. 288,
pl. 11, f. 13.

Coelotes longitarsus Emerton (in part, one of female types, not illustrated),
Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 1889, 8, p. 192.

Coelotes fidelis Banks, Proc. Acad. Sci. Phil., 1892, p. 24, pl. 41, f. 72, pl. 5,
f. 72; op. cit., 1916, p. 70, pl. 10, f. 8. i

Coelotes lineatus Banks, op. cit., 1892, p. 25. (Immature.)

The holotype of C. juvenilis is in the M. C. Z. collection. It is an imma-
ture female to be placed at once in Coras rather than Wadotes because of
the presence of three teeth on the lower margin of chelicera and the large
size of the anterior median eyes. Close comparison with material of cor-
responding age leaves no doubt that it is the same form as that indicated
by the synonymy above. ;

Localities —New York: Poughkeepsie; Valcour Id.; Ithaca; Binghamp-

ton; Rochester; Bath; Albany; Cayuga; Chateaugay Lake;
New Middlebury; Delmar; Averil Park; Orange Co.;
Crown Point; Meadowdale; Lake Bluff; Lake George;
Greenville; West Berne; Rider’s Mills; Voorheesville; Kast
Onondaga.

N. H.: Intervale; Hanover.

Maine: Long Id.

Ill.: Cook Co.

Indiana.

Ky.: Mammoth Cave.

Coras montanus (Emerton).

Coelotes montanus Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 1889, 8, p. 192, pl.
Upson

Localities—Canada: Ottawa; Newfoundland, Deer Lake, also Humber
River and Old Perlican.
New York: Chateaugay Lake, Adirondacks; Ithaca.
Lake Superior.

Emerton’s original figure of the epigynum of this species does not show
the anterior spines characteristic of species of this genus; but a close exam-
ination of the female cotype from which the figure was made shows distinct
scars where such spines had been broken off, possibly by scraping of the
epigynum to free it of hairs as it is completely denuded of such. They
are present as usual in specimens from Newfoundland and Ottawa.

124 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Coras taugynus, sp. nov.

A species in general structure and appearance similar to C. medicinalis
but conspicuously different in the form of the epigynum. In this there
is a septum which is inversely T-shaped; the median piece is narrow behind
and strongly expanded anteriorly, smooth and even throughout, not de-
pressed anteriorly; the cross-piece extends entirely across caudal border
and curves forward about each lateral end where it is thickest, and on
anterior margin toward each end presents a forwardly directed tooth.
There is a conspicuous spine at each antero-lateral corner which projects
obliquely caudomesad over the fovea and is acutely acuminate from base
to apex, this spine proportionately much larger than the corresponding
one of medicinalis.

Holotype-—M. C. Z. 1257.

Localities —N. C.: Black Mts. (type loc.), four females; Tryon, one

female.

Genus Cicurina Menge.

Preuss. Spinn., 1869, 3, p. 271.

Cicurina arcuata Keyserling.

Cicurina arcuata Keyserling, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, 1887, 37, p. 460,
pl. 6, f. 25.

Cicurina complicata Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 1889, 8, p. 195, pl.
Ugiveiantae do:

Coelotes longitarsus Emerton (in part), Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 1889, 8,
p. 192, pl. 7, f. 2a.

Coelotes gnavus Banks, Proc. Acad. Sci. Phil., 1892, p. 26.

In addition to the female of this species which Emerton figures as that
of his Coelotes longitarsus as indicated above, there is a male of the species
among Emerton’s type specimens.

Vol, 38, pp. 125-126 November 13, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

TWO NEW PIGMY SHREWS OF THE GENUS
MICROSOREX.

BY HARTLEY H. T. JACKSON.

A study of the pigmy shrews of the genus Microsorex in the
collections of the U.S. Biological Survey and the U.S. National
Museum, supplemented by specimens from several other
museums, discloses two new forms which may be recognized
by the following descriptions:

Microsorex hoyi intervectus, subsp. nov.

Type-specimen.—No. 226979, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey
collection; 2 adult, skin and skull; collected August 17, 1917, by Hartley
H. T. Jackson. Original number 820.

Type-locality— Lakewood, Oconto County, Wisconsin.

Diagnostic characters.—Similar externally to Microsorex hoyi hoyi,
averaging slightly more grayish in summer pelage; skull more angular than
that of M. h. hoyi, with distinctly broader and higher braincase. Smaller,
darker and more grayish than Microsorex hoyi eximius, the skull smaller
and with relatively shorter rostrum and palate, and weaker dentition.

Measurements.—Type-specimen: Total length, 92; tail vertebrae, 31;

hind foot, 10, Skull of type-specimen: Condylobasal Teaeen 14.8; pallathid

length, 5.3; breadth of cranium, 7.1; interorbital constriction, 3.1; maxillary
breadth, 4.4; maxillary tooth row, 4.9.

Remarks.—This subspecies is in many respects an intermediate between
Microsorex hoyi hoyi and M.h. eximius. Its geographic range extends from
Quebec to northern Michigan and northern Wisconsin, thence northwest to
northern Alberta, northwest Territories, and northern British Columbia.

Microsorex hoyi washingtoni, subsp. nov.

Type-specimen.—No. 91007, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey
collection; 9 adult, skin and skull (posterior and basal part of cranium
broken); collected September 26, 1897, by Vernon Bailey. Original number
6293.

Type-locality.—Loon Lake, Stevens County, Washington.

28—Proc. Brow. Soc. WasuH., Vou. 38, 1925. (125)

126 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Diagnostic characters.—Size small; about the size of Microsorer hoyt
thompsoni, slightly larger than Microsorexr hoyi winnemana; color more
reddish brown (less grayish) than in any other member of the genus; skull
about the size of that of M. h. thompsoni with slightly broader cranium.

Measurements.—Type-specimen: Total length, 89; tail vertebrae, 27;
hind foot, 9. Skull of type-specimen: Condylobasal length, 13.9; palatal
length, 5.2; breadth of cranium, 6.6; interorbital breadth, 3.0; maxillary
breadth, 4.1; maxillary tooth row, 4.6.

Remarks.—A single specimen, the type, has been examined of this form
of Microsorex which is well differentiated from other subspecies in its red-
dish brown color.

The study of all available material of this genus, consisting of about 135
specimens, has resulted in the recognition of the following forms:

Microsorex hoyi hoy (Baird)
Microsorex hoyi thompsoni (Baird)
Microsorex hoyi winnemana Preble
Microsorex hoyi intervectus Jackson
Microsorex hoyi alnorum (Preble)
Microsorex hoyi eximius (Osgood)
Microsorex hoyi washingtoni Jackson.

Vol. 38, pp. 127-130 November 13, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

CF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVEN SHREWS
OF THE GENUS SOREX.

BY HARTLEY H. T. JACKSON.

In bringing near to completion my taxonomic studies upon
North American shrews of the genus Sorez, it becomes necessary
to describe seven new forms. Six of these are from Mexico and
are represented only in the collection of the U. S. Biological
Survey; the other is from the north central United States and is
represented in several American museums, the type-specimen
being selected from the Merriam collection, U. S. National
Museum. ‘These shrews, more detailed descriptions of which
will appear in the final monograph, may be recognized by the
following, diagnoses.

Sorex arcticus laricorum, subsp. nov.

Type-specimen. “aN 186837, U.S. National Museum, Merriam collec-
tion (old number oe) o adult, skin and skull; collected February 19,
1886, by Vernon Bailey. Original number 75. ye

Type-locality —Elk River, Sherburne County, Minnesota. wea

Diagnostic characters.—Similar to Sorex arcticus arcticus Kerr, possible?
averaging paler on underparts and sides in winter pelage. Skull decidedly
flatter and shallower than that of S. a. arcticus, less constricted interorbi-
tally, palate somewhat longer.

Measurements.—Type-specimen (measured from dry skin by writer):
Total length, 117; tail vertebrae, 42; hind foot, 14. Skull of type-specimen:
Condylobasal length, 19.0; palatal length, 7.6; breadth of cranium, 9.3;
interorbital breadth, 3.8; maxillary breadth, 5.3; maxillary tooth row, 6.8.

Remarks.—The geographic range of Sorex arcticus laricorum includes the
northern parts of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and North Dakota.
The subspecies represents a southern form of the Sorex arcticus Kerr, the
species until recently known under the name Sorex richardsonii Bachman.

Ath ON

Sorex durangae, sp. nov.
Type-specimen.—No. 94540, U. 8. National Museum, Biological Survey
collection; & adult, skin and skull; collected July 19, 1898, by E. W. Nelson

and E. A. Goldman. Original number 12774.
29—Proc. Bion. Soc. WasH., Vou. 38, 1925. (127)

128 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Type-locality.—E] Salto, Durango, Mexico.

Diagnostic characters—A member of the vagrans-obscurus group, but
differs from any other species in the group in its peculiarly high and broad
lachrymal region. Posterior borders of molars relatively narrowly and
deeply emarginate.

Measurements.—Type-specimen: Total length, 112; tail vertebrae, 50;
hind foot, 13 (measured from dry skin by the writer). Skull of type-
specimen: Condylobasal length, 17.1; palatal length, 6.7; breadth of cranium,
8.4; interorbital breadth, 3.7; maxillary breadth, 5.0; maxillary tooth row,
6.3.

Remarks.—Unfortunately there are only two specimens of this new shrew
available for study, both from the type-locality, and these give insufficient
material for an exact determination of the relation of the species to either
Sorex vagrans or Sorex obscurus. The teeth of both specimens are worn,
but indications suggest that the species is probably nearer related to vagrans
than to obscurus.

Sorex saussurei veraecrucis, subsp. nov.

Type-specimen.—No. 55106, U. 8. National Museum, Biological Survey
collection; @ adult, skin and skull; collected July 14, 1898, by E. W. Nelson.
Original number 5235.

Type-locality.—Xico, altitude 6.000 feet, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Diagnostic characters —Kssentially like Sorex saussurei saussurei in color;
tail longer; skull relatively longer and narrower in interorbital region.
Paler than Sorex saussurei oaxacae or than any subspecies of saussuret
ranging to the south or east.

Measurements.—Type-specimen: Total length, 118; tail vertebrae, 52;
hind foot, 15. Skull of type-specimen: Condylobasal length, 18.3; palatal
length, 7.4; breadth of cranium, 8.7; interorbital breadth, 4.1; maxillary
breadth, 5.3; maxillary tooth row, 6.6.

Remarks.—The geographic range of this long-tailed form of sausswrei is
confined principally to the higher parts of the Atlantic drainage from central
Vera Cruz south to northeastern Oaxaca.

Sorex saussurei oaxacae, subsp. nov.

Type-specimen.—Number 71467, U. S. National Museum, Biological
Survey collection; @ adult, skin and skull; collected March 27, 1895, by
E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number 7748.

Type-locality.—Mountains near Ozolotepec, altitude 10,000 feet, State
of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Diagnostic characters.—Skull short, broad and depressed, compared with
other forms of the species. Color distinctly darker than in Sorex saussurei
saussuret or Sorex saussuret veraecrucis.

Measuremenis.—Type-specimen: Total length, 114; tail vertebrae, 48;
hind foot, 15. Skull of type-specimen: Condylobasal length, 18.2; palatal
length, 7.3; breadth of cranium, 9.0; interorbital breadth, 4.2; maxillary
breadth, 5.6; maxillary tooth row, 6.7.

Jackson—Descriptions of Shrews of the Genus Sorex. 129

Remarks.—The description of this representative of saussurei is based
uponasinglespecimen. The characteristic skull of the subspecies separates
it sharply from other forms of the group.

Sorex saussurei cristobalensis, subsp. nov.

Type-specimen.—Number 75883, U. 8. National Museum, Biological
Survey collection; 9 adult, skin and skull; collected September 19, 1895,
by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number 8429.

Type-locality.—San Cristobal, altitude 8,400 feet, State of Chiapas,
Mexico.

Diagnostic characters.—Similar in cranial characters to Sorex saussurei
veraecrucis, but with apparently heavier dentition; color darker than in
veraecrucis and tail shorter. Color much as in Sorex saussurei oaxacae,
but skull distinctly longer and narrower.

Measurements.—Type-specimen: Total length, 116; tail vertebrae, 46.5;
hind foot, 13.5. Skull of type-specimen: Condylobasal length, 18.5; palatal
length, 7.6; breadth of cranium, 8.5; interorbital breadth, 4.0; maxillary
breadth, 5.4; maxillary tooth row, 6.7.

Remarks.—As with Sorex saussurei oaxacae, this form is represented in
collections only by a single specimen, and its variation and distribution
are unknown. ‘The single specimen, however, is so different from either
Sorex saussurei veraecrucis or S. s. oaxacae as to clearly separate it.

Sorex emarginatus, sp. nov.

Type-specimen.—Number 90847, U. 8S. National Museum, Biological
Survey collection; @ young adult, skin and skull; collected September 17,
1897, by E. W. Nelson and BE. A. Goldman. Original number 11765.

Type-locality.—Sierra Madre near Bolanos, altitude 7,600 feet, State of
Jalisco, Mexico.

Diagnostic characters.—Similar externally to Sorex saussurei saussurei
but with shorter hind foot. Differs from Sorex ventralis, Sorex oreopolus,
and from all other forms of the species saussurei in its narrow and deeply
emarginate m', and in having the fourth upper unicuspid distinctly smaller
than the third.

Measurements.—Type-specimen: Total length, 100; tail vertebrae, 42;
hind foot, 12.5. Skull of type-specimen: Condylobasal length, 16.9;
palatal length, 7.0; breadth of cranium, 8.0; interorbital breadth, 4.0;
maxillary breadth, 5.0; maxillary tooth row, 6.2.

Remarks.—This is a small species of the saussuret group of shrews. It
is as small as Sorex ventralis, but in cranial characters is more like saussurei;
and with the advent of more material it may prove to be a subspecies of the
latter.

Sorex veraepacis chiapensis, subsp. nov.

Type-specimen.—No. 75877, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey
Collection; 9 adult, skin and skull; collected October 1, 1895, by E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number 8528.

130 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Type-locality—San Cristobal, altitude 9,500 feet, State of Chiapas,
Mexico.

Diagnostic characters—Intermediate in many respects between Sorex
veraepacis veraepacis and Sorex veraepacis mutabilis. Smaller than S. v.
veraepacis, about the size of mutabilis with longer tail; color in winter about
as in S. v. veraepacis, more grayish than mutabilis. Skull somewhat similar
to that of mutabilis, but broader and with wider mesopterygoid space.

Measurements.—Type-specimen: Total length, 120; tail vertebrae, 48;
hind foot, 14.5. Skull of type-specimen: Condylobasal length, 18.3;
palatal length, 7.3; breadth of cranium, 9.5; interorbital breadth, 4.2;
maxillary breadth, 5.3; maxillary tooth row, 7.0.

Remarks.—Externally Sorex veraepacis chiapensis resembles Sorex
veraepacis veraepacis, but cranially it is nearer to Sorex veraepacis mutabilis.
Skulls of S. v. chiapensis can be separated from those of S. v. veraepacis by
their smaller size, and from those of S. v. mutabilis by their wide mesoptery-
goid space.

——

Vol. 38, pp. 131-132 November 13, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A NEW RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD FROM
WESTERN MEXICO.

BY DONALD R. DICKEY AND A. J. VAN ROSSEM.

A series of Redwings from the State of Nyarit, Mexico, which
we have lately examined, seems clearly to indicate the desir-
ability of recognizing the birds of that region as subspecifically
distinct from their west-coast congeners to the north. The
apparently undescribed form which is here proposed may be
known as follows:

Agelaius phoeniceus nyaritensis, subsp. nov.

NYARIT RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.

Type.—Male adult, No. 157,471, Collection of the Bureau of Biological
Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture; Santiago, Nyarit [= Tepicl,
Mexico; June 14, 1897; collected by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Subspecific characters.—This is one of the series of red-and-buff-shouldered
races of Agelaius. Bill heavy at base, in this respect approximating Age-
laius phoeniceus fortis, but longer than in that form. Compared with
Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis, the outline of the culmen is straighter and
the bill is larger in all measurements. Compared with Agelaius phoeniceus
sonoriensis, the bill is slightly longer and very much heavier.

Measurements of type—Wing, 129.0; tail, 96.5; culmen from base, 25.9;
depth at base, 13.6; tarsus, 30.3; middle toe minus claw, 23.3.

Comparative measurements.—

Agelaius phoeniceus nyaritensis.

Seven adult males from Santiago and Tepic, Nyarit, Mexico.

Culmen Middle
Wing. Tail. from Depth at Tarsus toe minus
base. base. claw.
126.0-129.0 98.0-100.5 24.6-26.4 12.5-13.6 30.1-31.4 20.6-23.5
(127.6) (96.5) (25.5) (13.0) (30.7) (22.7)

30—Proc. Bion. Soc. WasH., VOL. 38, 1925. (131)

pO bys

132 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis.

Forty-five adult males from the Colorado River Valley, California and
Arizona.

Culmen Middle
Wing. Tail. from Depth at Tarsus toe minus
base. base. claw.
120.0-130.5 86.3-97.5 22.5-26.9 10.3-12.4 27.5-30.6 20.5-22.5
(125.4) (92.8) (24.8) (113) (29.5) (21.9)

Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis.

Thirteen adult males from San Diego and Orange Counties, California.

Culmen Middle
Wing. Tail. from Depth at Tarsus toe minus
base. base. claw.
121.0-130.5 86.5-98.5 22.38-24.1 11.4-13.3 28.4-31.2 21.0-23.6
(125.5) (92.0) (23.2) (12.5) (30.1) (21.9)

Range.—The State of Nyarit, Mexico.

Remarks.—No females of this form have been examined. The males
show occasional traces of black on the middle coverts, as do most of the
males of far-western subspecies, but the race is essentially of the ‘‘ phoeni-
ceus”’ or buff-winged type. Mr. Ridgway (Birds of North and Mid. Amer.,
pt. 2, 1902, p. 337) comments at length on birds from Tepic. He remarks
on their similarity to fortis in certain features, but finally assigns them to
sonoriensis with some misgivings. An infinitely larger series of sonoriensis
than was available to Mr. Ridgway at that time now makes it clear that
the Tepic birds are not referrable to that race. Instead, their affinities
lie decidedly with the heavy-billed group, which includes arctolegus, fortis,
neutralis, etc.

For many covrtesies in furnishing comparative material of critical value
in connection with our studies of the Agelaius group, and for the privilege
of naming this form, we are doubly indebted to Dr. E. W. Nelson, Chief,
Bureau of Biological Survey, Washington, D. C.

Vol. 38, pp. 133-136 November 13, 1925
PROC = DuNGs

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

FOUR NEW BIRDS FROM SALVADOR.

BY DONALD R. DICKEY AND A. J. VAN ROSSEM.

A small collection of birds made by the junior author in
Salvador in 1912, has recently become available for study. It
includes specimens of the following four apparently unnamed
forms. They are here described as follows:

Pipromorpha assimilis obscura, subsp. nov.

SALVADOR PIPROMORPHA.

Type.—Female adult, No. 8022, Collection of Donald R. Dickey; San
Salvador, Salvador; April 1, 1912; collected by A. J. van Rossem.

Subspecific characters.—Intermediate in size between Pipromorpha as-
similis assimilis and Pipromorpha assimilis dyscola. Compared with
assimilis, the color of the chin, throat and pectoral region is greener,
decidedly darker, and extends further down the breast and sides. Dorsal
coloration darker than in dyscola, with the green of underparts also darker
than in that form. The buffy ochraceous yellow of the abdominal region
is less suffused with greenish than in dyscola, contrasting more sharply with
the dull green of breast and sides.

Measurements of type.—Length in flesh, 140 mm.; wing, 62.5; tail, 48.0;
culmen from base, 14.1; tarsus, 15.2; middle toe minus claw, 9.0.

Range.—F oothill regions of Salvador.

Remarks.—We have not examined birds from western Nicaragua or
western Guatemala, hence the limits of the range of this form are at present

unknown. However, specimen No. 64,302, Museum of Comparative Zool- .».

ogy, from “‘Guatemala,” without specific locality, displays the characters
assigned to the present form. It is obviously distinct from the type found
in eastern Central America and Mexico, and was probably collected in
western Guatemala.

Myadestes obscurus oberholseri, subsp. nov.

OBERHOLSER SOLITAIRE.

Type.—Male adult, No. 8278, Collection of Donald R. Dickey; Volcan
de San Rafael, Salvador; May 30, 1912; collected by A. J. van Rossem.
Subspecific characters.—Smallest of the races of Myadestes obscurus.
Coloration not appreciably different from that of Myadestes obscurus ob-
31—Proc. Biou. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 38, 1925. (133)

134 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

scurus, except that the underparts of the two specimens examined are
clearer gray, lacking the brownish wash often present in obscurus and
occidentalis.

Measurements of type.—Length in flesh, 218; wing, 97.0; tail, 93.0; cul-
men from base, 16.0; tarsus, 19.3; middle toe minus claw, 15.3.

Range.—Highlands of Salvador, north probably through western Guate-
mala to Chiapas, Mexico.

Remarks.—The authors have not examined specimens from the Pacific
Slope immediately north of Salvador, but in view of Mr. Ridgway’s remarks
(Birds of North and Middle America, pt. 4, 1907, p. 167) it seems probable
that birds from western Guatemala and Chiapas should be referred to the
present smallrace. Birds one year old, or less, average considerably smaller
than adults. These younger birds are easily distinguished by their buff-
tipped greater coverts, as well as by their smaller size. To avoid con-
fusion they have been excluded from the following table.

Comparative measurements.—
Myadestes obscurus obscurus.
Three adult males from Vera Cruz and Hidalgo, Mexico.

Culmen Middle
Wing. Tail. from Tarsus. toe minus
base. claw.
103.0-105.5 97.0(4)-105.5 15.6-16.8 20.5-20.7 15.9-17.0
(104.2) (100.3) (16.0) (20.6) (16.3)

Myadestes obscurus occidentalis.
Three adult males from Guerrero, Jalisco and Michoacan, Mexico. -

Culmen Middle
Wing. Tail. from Tarsus. toe minus
base. claw.
100.0-104.0 101.0-103.0 15.5-16.7 20.5-21.1 15.3-16.2
(101.0) (101.8) (16.1) (20.7) (15.7)

Myadestes obscurus insularis.
Three adult males from the Tres Marias Islands, Mexico.

Culmen Middle
Wing. Tail. from Tarsus. toe minus
base. claw.
101.5-102.5 102.5-103.5 15.1-15.8 21.1—23.0 16.1-17.0
(102.0) (103.0) (15.5) (22.2) (16.7)

Myadestes obscurus oberholseri.
Two adult males from Salvador, Central America.

Culmen Middle
Wing. Tail. from Tarsus. toe minus
base. claw.
97.0-99.0 92.0—93.0 15.3-16.0 19.38-21.6 15.3-16.6
(98.0) (92.5) (15.7) (20.5) (16.0)

1In excessively worn July plumage.

:

Dickey and van Rossem—Four New Birds from Salvador. 135

Catharus melpomene bangsi, subsp. nov.
BANGS NIGHTINGALE THRUSH.

Type.—Male adult, No. 8239, Collection of Donald R. Dickey; Volcan
de San Salvador, Salvador; April 22, 1912; collected by A. J. van Rossem.

Subspectfic characters.—Dorsal coloration scarcely if at all distinguishable
from that of Catharus melpomene melpomene. Ventral coloration not
only darker than in melpomene, but even darker than in costaricensis, the
darkest of the previously described forms. This dark coloration is par-
ticularly noticeable on flanks and throat. White area of belly much re-
duced in extent. The decidedly darker coloration of bangsi obviates the
necessity of comparison with clarus, the palest race of the species.

Measurements of type.—Length in flesh, 191 mm.; wing, 83.5; tail, 68.5;
culmen from base, 19.3; tarsus, 30.0; middle toe minus claw, 18.5.

Range.—The slopes of Volcan de San Salvador and Volcan de San Rafael,
near the city of San Salvador, Salvador.

Remarks.—The three specimens of the present race which we have exam-
ined are darker than any of the previously described races of Catharus
melpomene. This species is paler in worn plumage than in fresh. Despite
this fact, our specimens of bangsi, though in worn plumage, are darker than
examples of costaricensis in much fresher plumage. Our small series aver-
ages slightly larger than melpomene, but size is so variable in the species
that we prefer to discount its value as a character at this time.

Cyclarhis flaviventris mesoleucus, subsp. nov.
SALVADOR PEPPER SHRIKE.

Type.—Male adult, No. 8111, Collection of Donald R. Dickey; San Sal-
vador, Salvador; April 19, 1912; collected by A. J. van Rossem.

Subspecific characters.—Differs from Cyclarhis flaviventris flaviventris in
having the central portions of the abdominal and anal regions white, and
the olive green of the interscapular region duller, in contrast to the brighter
green of rump and upper tail coverts. Compared with Cyclarhis flaviventris
yucatanensis, the upper tail coverts and rump are brighter green, the
abdominal region more extensively white, and the rest of the under parts
more strongly yellow.

Measurements of type.—Length in flesh, 174; wing, 75.5; tail, 61.0; culmen
from base, 20.0; tarsus, 22.3; middle toe minus claw, 14.5.

Range.—Foothill regions of Salvador.

Remarks.—This new race seems to constitute a step in the direction of
the ‘‘flavipectus”’ type, and it is easily possible that further material from
stations on the west coast between Salvador and Costa Rica may ulti-
mately bridge the gap between Cyclarhis flaviventris and Cyclarhis flavi-
pectus.

Vol. 38, pp. 137-144 November 13, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

NEW MITES OF TBE PARASITIC GENUS HAEMO-
GAMASUS BERLESE.

BY H. E. EWING.

The genus Haemogamasus Berlese belongs to an ill-defined
group of genera of the family Gamasidae, all of which are blood-
sucking parasites of vertebrates. The genus is so nearly related
to Laelaps Koch on the one hand and Pachylaelaps Berlese on
the other that only with difficulty can a definition of it be given
which will properly distinguish it from these two relatives. The
following description of Haemogamasus is here offered: . The
genus includes those members of the family Gamasidae in which
the dorsal shield is large and undivided in both sexes. In the
female there are three ventral plates, the sternal, genito-
epigastric and anal. The genito-epigastric plate never extends
to or partially surrounds the anal plate. The anal plate is
usually more or less triangular and nearly always bears but
three setae, the two anterior of which are paired. The skin of
the body is distensible and well clothed with rather short and
almost uniform setae. The epistome is usually large and fringed
with many chitinous projections. The chelicerae are stout and
heavily toothed.

Members of this genus parasitize small mammals, and are
particularly abundant on moles. Up to the present time only
a single species truly representative of the genus has been de-
scribed from North America. In the present paper six new
species are described, all from North America.

By way of introduction and summary a key is here presented
to all the North American species of Haemogamasus and also
three exotic species which the writer has examined.

32—Proc. Biol. Soc. WasH,, VoL. 38, 1925. (137)

138 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Key To SpEciES or HAEMOGAMASUS EXAMINED BY THE WRITER.

1. Sternal plate of female provided with many setae, some of which are

NOt Arran eed sn GEM Ge po VIS eae eee 2s
Sternal plate of female provided with only four or six setae which are
arranged In pairs <2 ec) i ke ee 3.

2. Number of sternal setae about 30; epistome irregular in outline...
H. hirsutus Berlese.
Number of sternal setae less than 20; epistome large, regular in out-

[inert es.) Sesion Ook es See H. alaskensis, new species.
3. Sternal plate of female rectangular and with only four setae; anal plate
égp-shaped anvoutline! = see ee H. americanus Banks.

Sternal plate of female not rectangular and provided with six setae......4.

4, Sternal plate of female inverted U-shape, each process of the “U”

being longer than the width of the sternal plate itself...

H. oudemansi Hirst.
Sternal plate of female not inverted U-shaped... 5.

5. Chelicerae with long, piercing arms, as in the genus Liponyssus........ Z
H. liponyssoides, new species.
Chelicerae with stout, toothed, biting arms..............--.------------ee eee 6.

6. Length considerably over 1 mm.; arms of chelicerae of female very
short, stout, furrowed and heavily toothed_......_.. H. horridus Michael.

Length about 1 mm. or less; arms of chelicerae not furrowed and heay-
ily, toothed::.c2s ey ee Eb UNDO Oe eee ee 1p

7. Fixed arm of chelicera of female longer than the movable arm........._...
H. reidi, new species.

Fixed arm of chelicera of female either shorter or subequal to movable

SUD TN a oe ae ES It gee te MR ASR SCR Sr ate EN ce ee
8. Epistome oval in general outline; marginal teeth for the most part
Simple a cual ok aaa Oe ah eee dees H. barberi, new species.
Epistome not oval in outline; most of the marginal teeth branched,
those on front margin with two or more branches..............--..-..-..-- 9.
9. Genito-epigastric plate broader than the distance between the pos-
GELIOL (CORA CG etree eee ean ae H. microti, new species.
Genito-epigastric plate not equal in width to the distance between the
Posterior coxaes) Hesse ab See ae MN H. twitchelli, new species.

Haemogamasus alaskensis, new species.

Female.—Epistome triangular in outline, with long marginal teeth, most
of which are bifurecate. Chelicerae short and toothed. Dorsal plate cov-
ering the anterior part of the body entirely but leaving a rather narrow
margin around the abdomen uncovered. Body moderately well clothed
with subequal setae. Sternal plate broader than long with both the an-
terior and posterior margins incurved. Two pairs of sternal pores present;
anterior pair slit-like, near the anterior margin of the sternal plate and
parallel to it; posterior pair consisting of two oblique slits situated slightly
behind the middle of the sternal plate and near its lateral margin. Sternal
setae of two sizes. The six lateral ones, which are larger than the others,

.

Ewing—The Parasitic Genus Haemogamasus Berlese. 139

are arranged in two parallel rows. The remaining smaller setae, which
number about fourteen, are not arranged in definite pairs. Genito-epi-
gastric plate small, but at its broadest place broader than the distance
between the posterior coxae. Anal plate broadly and evenly rounded
in front and strongly pointed behind. Anus situated its greatest diameter
from front margin of anal plate. Paired anal setae about equal to the
unpaired anal setae and situated opposite the middle of the anus. First
pair of legs slightly shorter than the last pair. Second pair of legs equal
to the third pair in length, but slightly stouter. None of the coxae pro-
vided with a tooth-like spine.

Length, 1.12 mm.; width, 0.70 mm.

Male.—Not known.

Type host and type locality—From Microtus sp. taken on Crater Mt.,
Ophir, Alaska. _

Type.—Cat. No. 947, U.S. N. M. !

Described from a single female taken from Microtus sp. at Crater Moun-
tain, Ophir, Alaska, July 23, 1924, by A. H. Twitchell. This species is
nearest H. hirsutus Berlese, but is much smaller than Berlese’s species and
has only about one-half as many sternal setae. The epistome also is different
from that of H. hirsutus Berlese.

Haemogamasus liponyssoides, new species.

Female.—Palpi rather small, reaching to the middle of anterior femora;
last segment with a large, deeply forked spine on inside. This spine is
almost straight and not swollen. Epistome slender, with long simple
teeth. Chelicerae very slender and adapted for piercing; fixed arm needle-
like but curved; movable arm stouter, straight and blunt-pointed. Dorsal
plate not completely covering the body even in the region of cephalothorax
and leaving a wide margin between it and the edge of the abdomen. Body
densely clothed with short, subequal setae. Sternal plate broader than
long and broadest at the posterior end; anterior margin straight, posterior
margin deeply notched. Sternal pores oblique slits situated midway be-
tween the second and third pairs of sternal setae. Sternal setae long,
straight, subequal; first pair situated almost on the anterior margin of
the sternal plate; second pair situated outside of lines drawn from first
to third pairs; third pair situated farther from the second pair than the
second pair is from the first pair. Genito-epigastric plate small, not equal
in width to the distance between the posterior coxae and not extending to
the middle of the abdomen. Anal plate egg-shaped in outline, broadly
and evenly rounded in front and very narrow toward the tip. Anus mod-
erate, rim thickest in front; it is situated more than its greatest diameter
from the anterior margin. Paired anal setae scarcely as long as unpaired
seta; situated opposite the middle of the anus; unpaired anal seta situated
about half way from the anus to the tip of anal plate and extending beyond
it for over one-half its length. Legs long; first pair longer than the total
length of the body and about equal to the last pair; second pair equal in
length to the third pair but slightly stouter.

Length, 1.08 mm.; width, 0.72 mm.

140 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Male.—Somewhat smaller than female. Fixed arm of chelicera shorter,
stouter and not needle-like. First three pairs of sternal setae very long
and slender.

Length, 0.85 mm.; width, 0.50 mm.

Type host and type locality—From Scalops argentatus taken at Ames,
Iowa.

Type slide.—Cat. No. 948, U.S. N. M.

Described from one male and several females taken from a mole, Scalops
argentatus, at Ames, Iowa, July, 1916, by J. E. Guthrie. This species
has strong affinities with the genus Liponyssus which are shown in the
piercing mouth-parts, the small genito-epigastric shield, the shape of the
anal plate and the reduced dorsal plate.

Haemogamasus reidi, new species.

Female.—Chelicerae strongly toothed; movable finger slightly shorter
than the fixed one. Seta on chelicera simple, not inflated and strongly
incurved. Dorsal plate covering all the body dorsally except for a narrow
lateral margin. Body moderately well clothed with short, subequal setae.
Sternal plate broader than long, front margin almost straight, but hind
margin strongly arched. In front of coxa I and between coxae I and II
there are spike-like chitinous projections from the sternal plate which ex-
tend from it to the walls of the coxal cavities. First pair of sternal pores
slit-like, situated slightly behind and inward from the first pair of sternal
setae; second pair of sternal pores curved slits, situated half way from the
second to third pair of sternal setae and slightly inside a line drawn from
one to the other pairs of these setae. Sternal setae subequal and arranged
in two divergent longitudinal rows. Genito-epigastric plate scarcely as
broad as the sternal region between the last pair of coxae, and extending
about half way to the anal plate. Anal plate almost circular except for
the posterior scobinate region which extends as a broad median projection
about as long as the greatest diameter of the anus. Anus situated cen-
trally. Paired anal setae situated opposite the center of anus, half way
from the anal rim to the lateral margin of anal plate; unpaired anal seta
longer than paired ones and situated entirely in front of scobinate area.
First and last pairs of legs about equal and longer than the other two pairs.
The antero-ventral margin of each coxa bears a comb of minute teeth, one
of which in the case of coxae II and IV is larger than the rest.

Length, 0.83 mm.; width, 0.48 mm.

Male.—Not known.

Type host and type locality—Host (?). Type locality, Forestville, Mary-
land.

Type slide.—Cat. No. 949, U.S. N. M.

Described from seven females taken from a squirrel’s nest, April 21, 1924,
by E. D. Reid. The relationships of this species are indicated in the key
to species given in this paper.

Haemogamasus barberi, new species.

Female.—Epistome large, oval, longer than broad; marginal teeth simple
on the sides of epistome but branched on the front margin of the same.

Ewing—The Parasitic Genus Haemogamasus Berlese. 141

Dorsal shield very large, practically covering the dorsal surface of the body.
Body setae short and numerous, subequal. Peritreme very long, extending
almost to rostrum and about straight except for the shoulder bend. Sternal
plate broader than long and broadest near posterior margin; sternal pores
oblique slits situated very near the first pair of setae, but inside and pos-
terior to them. Six sternal setae, arranged in two posteriorly divergent
rows near the lateral margins of sternal plate; first pair slightly smaller
than the other two pairs. Genito-epigastric plate large, extending back-
ward to about the middle of the abdomen; at its widest place this plate is
wider than the distance between the posterior coxae. Anal plate small; anus
large, situated about four-fifths its greatest diameter from the front
margin of the anal plate; paired anal setae smaller than the unpaired anal
setae and situated slightly posterior to the level of the front margin of anus;
unpaired anal seta extending for fully half its length beyond the tip of
anal plate. Legs moderate; first pair much longer than the second but
hardly as stout.

Length, 1.07 mm.; width, 0.78 mm.

Male.—Unknown.

Type host and type locality From ‘‘nest of small mammal,” Maryland
shore of Potomac River, near Plummer Island.

Type slide.—Cat. No. 950, U. S. N. M.

Described from two females, which together with one nymph and three
Gamasid mites of a different genus were mounted on the same microscope
slide. This species is quite different from any of the described ones of its
genus but is rather closely related to a new species taken from Microtus sp.
In this latter species from Microtus the epistome is not oval in outline, and
most of its marginal teeth are large and branched, whereas in H. barberi
most of them are small and simple.

Haemogamasus microti, new species.

Female.—Epistome large and long, almost as broad at its tip as at its
base; teeth branched, those on the front margin several times branched.
Chelicerae short with curved tips to the arms. Dorsal shield completely
covering the body in front and almost covering it behind. Body well
clothed with short setae which increase somewhat in length toward the
posterior end. Sternal plate broader than long and broadest between the
second and third coxae. Sternal pores a pair of straight, oblique slits ap-
proximate to the anterior sternal setae. Sternal setae six in number,
subequal and arranged almost in two rows. Genito-epigastric plate large,
broader than the distance between the posterior coxae. Anal plate rather
small, anterior margin broadly and evenly rounded. Anus large, situated
about one-half its greatest diameter from the anterior margin of the anal
plate. Paired anal setae situated on a level with the center of the anus;
unpaired seta situated at about one-half the distance from the posterior
margin of anus to the tip of anal plate. Legs rather stout; posterior pair
slightly longer than the anterior pair; second the stoutest and shortest.
The femora of second pair of legs are about three-fourths as broad as long.

142 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Length, 1.05 mm.; width, 0.72 mm.

Male.—Not known.

Type host and type locality—From Microtus pennsylvanicus, Bronxville,
New York.

Type slide.—Cat. No. 951, U.S. N. M.

Described from two females taken by Dr. R. C. Murphy, February 19,
1924, from Microtus pennsylvanicus at Bronxville, New York. This species
is related to H. barberi, new species, but differs from that species in the
shape and character of the epistome, in the shape of the anal plate and in
a few other characters.

Haemogamasus twitchelli, new species.

Female.—Epistome large, much longer than broad, with conspicuous
marginal dentations, most of which are two or three pronged. Chelicerae
stout, almost straight and strongly toothed. Dorsal plate almost covering
the entire body and well clothed with subequal setae. Sternal plate broader
than long; front margin slightly incurved and posterior margin strongly —
so. Front pair of sternal pores straight slits situated inward and behind
the first pair of sternal setae; second pair of sternal pores diagonal slits
about midway between the second and third pairs of sternal setae, but
not directly between these two pairs of setae. Sternal setae long, slightly
curved and arranged in two slightly divergent longitudinal rows. Genito-
epigastric plate reaching about half way to anal plate, not as broad as the
distance between the posterior coxae, bearing a large number of irregularly
placed setae. Anal plate almost circular except for a posterior, median
projection which is triangular. Anus with six paired and two unpaired
setae; almost at the front margin on the median line is situated the first
unpaired seta and slightly in front of the scobinate area on the median line
is situated the second unpaired seta; the first paired setae are situated
slightly behind the first unpaired one, the second paired setae behind and
lateral to the first pair, while the third paired setae are situated laterally
from the center of the anus. Last pair of legs the longest and slenderest;
second pair somewhat enlarged. The anterior distal margin of each coxa
has a minute comb of teeth, but none of them is provided with a toothed
spine.

Length, 0.89 mm.; width, 0.51 mm.

Male.—Smaller than the female. Ventral arm of chelicera greatly modi-
fied. It consists of an inner and outer process. Inner process a stout,
strongly curved, distally bifurcate claw-like structure; outer process much
longer than the inner, strongly incurved and ending in a knob. Dorsal
arm of chelicera of the usual type, strongly curved at the tip with a slight
indication of two or three minute teeth. Galea ending in two subequal
knob-like lobes. Third segment of palpus with a stout, simple, curved
spine on the inside. Inner spine of last segment of palpus slightly curved
and split to its base. Posterior pair of legs not so stout as in the female
and decidedly the longest and slenderest of the four pairs.

Length, 0.68 mm.; width, 0.48 mm.

Ewing—The Parasitic Genus Haemogamasus Berlese. 143

Type host and type locality—From Dawson red-back mouse, EHvotomys
dawsont, taken at Crater Mountain, Ophir, Alaska.

Type slide.-—Cat. No. 952, U.S. N. M.

Described from six females and one male taken by A. H. Twitchell in
Alaska; one female and one male (holotype) taken from Dawson red-back
mouse at Crater Mountain, Ophir, Alaska, and five females taken from a
vole (exact locality?).

This species is very distinct in the peculiar shape of the chelicerae of
the male and in having more than three anal setae on the female anal
plate.

Vol. 38, pp. 145-148 November 13, 1925
NOC SIDIUN GS:

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

ANOTHER ANNECTANT GENUS (HEMIPTERA;
CIMICOIDEA).

BY W. L. McATEE AND J. R. MALLOCH.

Recently the authors described! in the genus Idiotropus
Fieber, a species intermediate between the families Anthocoridae
and Microphysidae as currently defined. The present paper —
brings to notice another genus which serves still further.te.show

the intermeshing relationships of these groups. Study ‘of ‘the? . {90

new genus and allied forms shows that the character given con-
siderable weight by Reuter in his ‘‘Heteropterensystem”’ (1912) pp,

52, 53) as to whether the meso- and meta- sterna are ‘‘composite,”~~~~~ ‘i

that is with a longitudinal ‘‘suture,”’ varies with the development
of wings in the individual. The character is therefore useless
for family groupings. The sterna are not ‘‘composite”’ in wing-
less forms of the families to which Reuter assigns this character,
and we are able to trace the mesofurea, or analogues of it, in
most of the families in which he states that it is lacking (e.g. Fig.
7). We are impelled to remark therefore, that insect descrip-
tions would be clarified if the term “‘suture’”’ were used in a more
definite manner. It now covers everything from the funda-
mental divisions between segments of the insect body to the
slightest impressed lines on the segments, especially on those of »
the thorax. When the chitin is translucent the basal edges of
the interior sheet-like attachments for muscles can be seen
through it, showing as paler or darker lines, and even these have
been called sutures. Over a strong muscle attachment the
outer surface may show an impressed line, and in more highly
developed structures even a deep invagination.? Such dividing
lines existing in every stage of development and subject to

1Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 19, No. 3, June, 1924, pp. 70-71, pl. 1, figs. 1-3.
2Carinae also arise from related mechanical causes.

33—Proc. Brou. Soc. WasuH., Vou. 38, 1925. (145)

146 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

modification in the meso- and meta-thoraces correlated with
the degree of wing development in individuals of the same
species, do not have the importance of the far more stable divis-
ions between segments, and should not bear the same designation.
Failure to understand their nature and variability has led to
giving them too much weight in taxonomic papers.

In the lack of a pronounced central impressed line on meso-
sternum and metasternum, and in habitus, the new genus herein
described is similar to apterous Microphysids. It agrees, how-
ever, with Anthocorids in having 3-segmented tarsi.

The best character amongst those so far advanced for sep-
arating Microphysids as a group is the 2-segmented tarsi, but
even this, in the light of intergradation of other characters does
not seem important enough to warrant recognition of the insects
possessing it as a valid family.

Among Anthocorids the new genus may be recognized by the
microphysid habitus, and it may be distinguished from the con-
ventional Microphysid by the 3-segmented tarsi.

Coccivora, new genus.

Ventral surface of thorax as in Myrmedobia, but the hind margins of
mesosternum and metasternum are transverse and flat, without prominent
elevations (Fig. 2). The pseudosuture so evident in winged Miridae and
Anthocoridae, in the form of a longitudinal impressed line, is almost absent
in apterous Microphysids and in the new genus, but is evident at the
anterior extremity in cleared examples (Figs. 2, 5). In the structure of
the beak we can not distinguish differences in the number of segments in
Myrmedobia, Orius (Triphleps), and the new genus. All are 3-segmented
if the basal attachment be omitted in counting the segments, or 4-seg-
mented if this is included (Figs. 1, la, 1b). The evident differences lie
in the lengths of the segments only.

The tarsi are 3-segmented in Orius and the new genus, and 2-segmented
in Myrmedobia; the claws are simple in all three. Antennae in all with
four segments, but with additional basal ring segments. Abdomen with
seven pairs of spiracles. The male hypopygium in Coccivora with a hook
bent to one side (Fig. 1), but no long hairs present. Legs without long
hairs or bristles. Fore wing as in Figure 4, no distinct membrane evident.

Monobasic, the genotype being

Coccivora californica, new species.

Male and female.—Outline viewed from above racquet-like (Fig. 1),
more perfectly so in female; head across eyes as wide as or nearly as wide
as thorax at middle, gradually tapered behind eyes, more abruptly nar-

Proc. Brox. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 38, 1925. PuatEe IV

3 6

MeAtee and Malloch on Coccivora californica.

\\

McAtee and Malloch—Annectant Genus (Hemiptera). 147

rowed in front of them; antennae as long as head and thorax together,
basal segment extending about as far anteriorly as the stout, blunt tylus,
second segment about twice as long as first, third and fourth longer than
first, subequal, the fourth fusiform. Pronotum constricted behind anterior
margin, and again behind middle, the portion bounded by these constric-
tions somewhat tumid, the disc posteriorly flat, the hind angles triangu-
larly elevated and produced posteriorly, the hind margin between them
concave. Scutellum isosceles triangular, a transverse impressed line mark-
ing off apical third, which is depressed. Tegmen (Fig. 4) ending shortly
beyond apex of the broad clavus, somewhat shorter than the pronotum
and scutellum together, no membrane. Abdomen ovate. Viewed from
below the following additional characters may be noted: Beak flattened
dorsoventrally, head convex below, neither it nor the sterna with any groove
for reception of beak; coxal cavities well separated, especially the pos-
terior two pairs, the sterna between them convex, showing in uncleared
specimens only the faintest indications of a median line. Two spiracle-
bearing sternites cleft for reception of female genitalia (Fig. 3); hypopyg-
ium of male terminal.

Head and pronotum of male blackish, basal two-thirds of antennal seg-
ments 2 and 3 testaceous; scutellum and tegmen also blackish, the latter
with a whitish wedge-shaped marking, the apex of which is turned toward
inner posterior angle of tegmen, and the base of which is crossed by a nar-
row longitudinal black line; a lanceolate subapical spot across tegmen
somewhat nearer to the inner than to the outer margin. Abdomen fuscous,
testaceous basally. Legs testaceous. Females may be much paler, the
head and thorax being entirely testaceous except for small areas along
lateral margins; basal testaceous portion of abdomen more extensive;
sterna sometimes tinged with reddish.

Length, 2—2.5 mm.

Described from numerous specimens collected under bark of Sycamore
at Los Angeles, California, by H. M. Armitage. The insects were asso-
ciated with numerous immature scale-insects upon which they were proba-
bly feeding. The scales have been identified by Harold Morrison as
Stomacoccus platani Ferris.

Numerous nymphs are among the material; they are less spatulate in
form than the adults, more reddish in color, and have two-segmented tarsi.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Fig. 1. Coccivora californica, dorsal view of male. a. beak of Myrme-
dobia tenella. 6. beak of Orius insidiosus.

Fig. 2. Coccivora californica, ventral view of thorax.

Fig. 3. Coccivora californica, ventral view of abdomen of female.

Fig. 4. Coccivora californica, fore wing.

Fig. 5. Myrmedobia tenella, ventral view of thorax.

Fig. 6. Myrmedobia tenella, ventral view of abdomen of female.

Fig. 7. Saldula sp., ventral view of thorax.

te

Vol. 38, pp 149-166 November 13, 1925
PROCEEDINGS

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON:

fa} te

NOTES ON FOSSIL TERMITES WITH PARTICULAR
REFERENCE TO FLORISSANT, COLORADO.

BY THOS. E. SNYDER.

INTRODUCTION.

By means of the study of Paleontology—the study of fossils
that have been preserved in rocks, and of the fauna and flora
that these imply—it is possible to reconstruct the world, not only
in our imagination, but also by the arrangement of fossil skele-
tons of mammals, reptiles and birds grouped in museums and by
paintings on canvas, as it existed in prehistoric times. It is also
possible to trace geologic time and the evolution of plant and
animal life by a study of successive strata of rocks and the fossils
embedded in their layers. By means of such fossils and also
fossil plants and insects, it is even possible to form an idea as to
the character of the climate of the different prehistoric periods.

In those far distant days the fauna and flora of Kurope and
North America and the world in general were quite different
from what they are to-day. There has been an age when reptiles
were the dominant form of animal life, preceding the ages of
mammals and of man. Species and genera of plants and animals
now of an exceedingly restricted distribution or even entirely
extinct, were formerly widely distributed.

This is due to the fact that there have been profound changes
during the earth’s history. The climate of the temperate zone
at the present time is much cooler than that which existed
through the longer part of the earth’s history.

‘‘PREHISTORIC”’ TERMITES.

No insects from the Silurian period are known. ‘The ancestors
of our present insect fauna must have had a long ancestry and
34—Proc. Biou. Soc. WasH., Vou. 38, 1925. (149)

150 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

doubtless appeared earlier than the last part of the Carboniferous
or the coal measures or during the Age of Amphibians and
Lycopods. The roaches or Blattidae were among these fossils:
and are, therefore, among the oldest insects; the Paleodictyop-
tera of Scudder are the oldest insects (Paleozoic). Indeed, the
Pennsylvanian period might be termed the Age of Roaches.
These prehistoric insects were not the immediate ancestors of
our living species. Termites, while they have a close systematic
relationship with the roaches, are younger or more recently
evolved. No termites are known from the Mesozoic or the Age
of Reptiles, but may have then existed.

Termites have been collected from all deposits from the Lower
Tertiary on (Handlirsch, 29); that is from the end of the Age of
Reptiles and the beginning of the Age of Mammals. Holmgren
(31) states that he believes that both groups, the termites and
the Blattidae (the roaches) are offshoots of a more primitive
group, the Protoblattidae. The “oldest Blattoideen” occur in the
first part of the middle upper Carboniferous (Pottsville, North
America); the “oldest Protoblattoideen” in the last part of the
coal measures (Allegheny, North America); but the “‘ youngest
Protoblattoideen”’ occur in the Lower Permian formation of
Europe (Germany).

Fossil termites are very well represented in mille fauna of the
Old World, and quite a number have been described from
Europe. Many of the best preserved of these have been ob-
tained in Baltic and other ambers—resins from coniferous trees;
during the swarm, winged termites were entombed in the resin.
Others fell into the shallow water or soft mud of prehistoric
lake beds of accumulating fine volcanic ash from dust showers,
mud flows—from feeder streams and sand, which, upon drying,
hardened into rock. Fossil termites in the highly specialized
family Termitidae are not found in Baltic amber! Fossil ter-
mites are also found in gum copal, an exudation from a tropical
tree (Trachylobium mossambicense Klotsch), (a tree still extant
and occurring in Africa) geologically, of comparatively recent
formation (Pleistocene). The Termitidae or higher termites
are well represented in gum copal. (Chart I.)

One might imagine several million years ago twilight on a
warm evening in June or July, possibly after a heavy rain, in the
Florissant Basin, with fairly large numbers of strong flying large

Snyder—Notes on Fossil Termites. 151

colonizing termites or ‘‘ white ants”’ flitting about near the shores
of the lake, seeking in dead coniferous trees, logs or stumps,
crevices in which the males and females could establish new
colonies. Many of these adventurous winged adults were car-
ried out over the lake by the wind and their romance was ended
by falling into the water.

Although they thus perished, their life was not in vain, for
to-day they have been exhumed from their tombs in the Ter-
tiary shales and, together with the fossil plants and other
animals, they enable scientists to unfold the drama of the period
in which they lived. The story is incomplete, indeed, far from
a Pepys’s diary, but there is sufficient to show the general topo-
graphy and the mountain fauna and flora of the region.

CONDITIONS IN THE Rocky MountTAIn REGION IN THE
TERTIARY PERIOD AND TO-DAY.

The Miocene shales of Florissant, Colorado, in North America
have yielded many fossil termites. Fossil termites, as well as
other animals and the plants, found in both the Tertiary beds at
Oeningen and Radoboj in Europe and during the (upper?)
Miocene epoch at Florissant, Colorado, indicate that the climate
of these localities must have been very much warmer at that
period than at present.

At Florissant, for instance, during the early Tertiary period,
the vegetation was almost subtropical—including the fig and
magnolia. The majestic redwood tree (Sequoia haydeni
(Lesquereaux)) and incense cedar (Heyderia or Libocedrus color-
adensis Cockerell) also occurred at Florissant during Tertiary
times. The fossil termites and other insects of Florissant sug-
gest a warm climate, such as that which is to-day found in the
southwestern states, adjacent to the Mexican border. A fig
insect has also been found in Florissant shales by Brues (5),
apparently of the South American genus Tetrapus Mayr.

Prof. Cockerell believes that at Cathedral Bluff (west of
Rifle, Colo.) fossil termites might possibly be found in older
strata—Eocene; sofar termites have not been found in the Kocene
in Colorado. To-day the Rocky Mountain region of Colorado
is in the Transition and Canadian Life Zones, although also
containing Hudsonian, Arctic and Upper Sonoran. Florissant,
notwithstanding its elevation of 8,193 feet above sea level, be-

152 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

longs to the upper part of the Transition Zone (Cockerell, 10).
The fossil termite fauna, together with many of the fossil plants
at Florissant, indicate that in the Miocene epoch of the Tertiary
period this region must have been in the Lower Austral. Prob-
ably, however, the climate was more humid than the Sonoran
or arid portion of the Lower Austral.

At Florissant, Colorado, the living Sequoza tree does not now
exist; this tree disappeared with the decrease in humidity, dur-
ing the later Tertiary period. No scrub oak and also, no living
termites occur; the elevation is too great. Spanish Bayonet
occurs on warm sites—sunny hillsides—at Florissant and else-
where in Colorado.

Termites do not occur even on mountains in Arizona at such
a great altitude as Florissant (8,193 feet), although colonies of
Reticulitermes tumiceps Bks. occur sparsely at an elevation of
8,200 feet on the northern rim of the Grand Canyon, at Bright
Angel Pt. In the Rocky Mountain region of Colorado 7,000
feet is approximately the altitude above which colonies of
Reticulitermes tibialis Banks,—which is to-day the only living
termite in Colorado,—are not found.

It is interesting to study the history of the redwood or Sequoia
tree and its past and present distribution. To-day, there are
only two living species, S. sempervirens (Lamb) Endlicher and
S. washingtoniana (Winsl.) Sudworth; the latter of these trees
is almost entirely restricted to the coast mountains and the
former to Sierras of California; the coast species extends a few
miles into Oregon. Thus there has been a gradual retreat
until the present isolated groves are all that remain. Glaciers,
fire, man and insects have greatly decimated their numbers.

In the vicinity of living Sequoza forests of to-day four species
of termites occur; three of these species have been found living
in the sapwood of this tree, namely Termopsis angusticollis
Hagen, 7. nevadensis Hag. and Reticulitermes hesperus Bks.
Another species of Reticulitermes (tibialis Bks.) occurs in the
same region in which the redwood (S. sempervirens) grows, but
has not as yet been found infesting the wood of this tree.

Although grand and majestic to-day, towering above all other
trees in the forest, in their past history they have played a more
dominant réle.

Berry (4) states that: ‘During the three to five million years

Snyder—Notes on Fossil Termites. 153

of Cretaceous time the sequoias had flourished and become
widespread.” * * * ‘Remains of sequoias from the lower beds
of the Cretaceous have been found in western Europe, in Spitz-
bergen, in Texas and in the eastern United States. In slightly
more recent deposits we find them in Greenland, Canada, in the
Black Hills and in Montana. By the middle of the Cretaceous
we find over a dozen different species spread over the United
States, with still others in Greenland and in central and western
Europe.” * * * “The warm humid climate of the period seems
to have been favorable for their development.” * * * “The
Miocene witnessed the zenith of sequoia development.”” * * *
“Their remains are everywhere.” * * * ‘The interval
between the close of the Miocene and the modern sequoias is
imperfectly known. Climates were becoming cooler.” * * *
“The sequoias were on the wane.” * * *

In prehistoric ages the distribution of the Sequoza or ‘‘red-
wood”—our oldest and tallest North American evergreen or
coniferous tree—extended over Asia, Europe and over much of
North America; fossils of this tree have been found within the
Arctic Circle. ‘Remains of at least two sequoias from which
our species descended have been found in the Cretaceous and
Tertiary periods, during which time they lived in the Arctic
Zone,” (Circle) (Sudworth, 51). However, the sequoias did
not live in an Arctic climate!

Evidences of the former wide distribution of the Sequoia over
North America are found to-day. Remnants of this tree occur
in the petrified forests of Arizona and a large fossil stump of
Sequoia is located near “‘ Lake Florissant,” a Miocene Lake-Bed
of a Tertiary Lake in which the Florissant shales were deposited.
Cockerell (8) figures this stump. Nearby, one may collect the
fossil remains of its plant and insect associates of far distant
days.

In the later (upper) Miocene epoch, the Sequoia trees made
their last stand in what is know to-day as the Rocky Mountain
Region. In the vicinity of Florissant, they grew, probably not
in dense forests but as scattering trees, about the borders of the
ancient lake where the climate was moist but warm. The lake
was surrounded by mountains, some of which possibly were
active, explosive volcanoes (Cockerell, 14). In this event, if
there were a continual throwing up of clouds of dust, in settling

154 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

this would probably soon kill the Sequoza trees, since conifers
can not withstand a clogging of the stomata of the leaves,—which
results in suffocation. The climate became colder and more dry—
too dry for Sequoza in the later Tertiary.

The writer has a specimen of a large winged adult fossil ter-
mite, probably Parotermes scudderi Cockerell, embedded in
Florissant Miocene shale; these shales are wholly composed of
volcanic sand and ash from a nearby source. In this identical
specimen of shale—at a corresponding depth and on the same
surface are embedded small twigs of Sequoia. These twigs were
deposited at approximately the same time as the termite. Paro-
termes has no living representative and is an extinct genus.
Twigs of Sequoia occur throughout the layers of this specimen
of shale—on both faces; the specimen of shale is 4 mm. in thick-
ness. At the time the shales were deposited the climate was
warm but moist.

Arid conditions could have existed beyond this lake—which was
in a deep, long, narrow valley (elevation unknown but lower than
at Florissant to-day)—and its surrounding mountains on the
plains. Old World (African) termites—species of ? Hodotermes
Hagen or closely similar primitive termites—were present with
the tsetse-fly (four species of Glossina) now exclusively African,
indicating invasion of fauna from Eurasia. This is interesting
in connection with the introduction of African mammals
(Mastodon) inte the Miocene of North America (Osborn, 37).
Finally the lake was drained by shifting of the land and there
came about an increasing aridity and lengthening droughts.

This would render an adaptation to such arid conditions
necessary for survival. To-day species of Hodotermes (I. s.)
and ‘‘Hutermes”’ Fritz Miller are so adapted; living species of
“ Kutermes,” now placed in Tenwrostritermes Holmgren, a sub-
genus of Nasutitermes Banks, inhabit arid plains in southwestern
Texas; surviving peccaries and the armadillo live in the same
general region. In Arizona, a species of Tenwirostritermes,
namely tenwirostris Desneux, occurs in the foothills and canyons
of the Santa Catalina Mountains, where conditions are more or
less desert-like.

With the draining of the Tertiary lake and general conditions
of drought, the Sequoia tree doubtless made its last stand
around the borders of Lake Florissant.

Snyder—Notes on Fossil Termites. 155

Similar conditions were caused by the slow reduction in size
and gradual drying up of the ancient Lake Bonneville, to the
present Great Salt Lake, which, however, was due to the in-
creasing aridity of the country.

It is more probable that the fossil termite described by
Scudder (47) as Hodotermes? coloradensis was a species more
primitive and more generalized than Hodotermes of to-day.
Von Rosen (52) has erected a new genus Mzotermes for European
fossil species, formerly considered to be Hodotermes, and places
coloradensis in Miotermes. To the present writer it seems more
probable that the species H. ? coloradensis was similar in habit
to the primitive termite species of JTermopsis Heer and
Archotermopsis Desneux, rather than to Hodotermes Hagen, with
its highly specialized worker caste adapted for foraging above
ground in the sunlight, as do the dominant ants. Species of
Termopsis have no true worker caste and apparently Archoter-
mopsis likewise has none. But these termites possess a pig-
mented, worker-like third form reproductive type; these species
are also adapted to mountain life, often being found at high
altitudes, where the logs which they inhabit are covered with
snow and ice for long periods of winter cold.

If a Hodotermes, it is odd that the worker is not found as a
fossil! Also if a Hodotermes, it is very probable that this worker
caste was developed in the late Tertiary period, in case of ‘cer-
tain of these large primitive termites and was the factor that
enabled them to survive.

None of the fossil termites are more generalized or more primi-
tive than living termites. Indeed, a living species of the genus
Mastotermes Froggatt of Australia is the most primitive; this
termite has a wing structure similar to the roaches, and the egg
mass is in an odtheca, indicating at least common ancestry.
However, species of Mastotermes have also been found fossil in
the Tertiaries of Great Britain (Von Rosen, 52). Nevertheless,
in prehistoric times, there were naturally a greater prevalence
of primitive termites than at present.

In the vicinity of the fossil forests of central eastern Arizona,
termites of the same genus ‘ Hutermes”—Nasutitermes Banks
which occur as fossils with cones of Sequoia at Florissant, may
occur living to-day. However, this is doubtful; unfortunately,

156 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

the writer has no termite specimens from the petrified forests
of this section of Arizona.

The present termite fauna of southern Arizona, however, is
numerous and rich in species; 14 species and 1 variety occur,
representing 6 genera. The same number of species occur in
Texas, but one more genus is represented. The southwestern
portion (Sonoran) of the United States to-day has a larger num-
ber of termites in its fauna than any other section of this country.
It is interesting to note that no living termite extends its range
from coast to coast—across the continent.

On the following pages will be given an account of: The fossil
termites of Florissant; the present meagre termite fauna of the
Pikes Peak region of Colorado; the present geographical dis-
tribution of living species in the termite genera represented at
Florissant by fossil species and of species of the two primitive
genera Termopsis Heer and Kalotermes Hagen, which while they
have not as yet been recognized as occurring in Colorado either
as fossil or recent species, for the sake of comparison these
latter genera will be treated here.

Genus Kalotermes Hagen.

This primitive genus is closely related to the genera Termopsis Heer
and Hodotermes Hagen. Ocelli are present—a primitive character. Hagen
considered Kalotermes to be the most primitive genus known in 1858. No
fossil termites as yet have been found at Florissant, Colo., which are con-
sidered to belong in this genus. Fossil species of Kalotermes occur in the
Tertiaries of Europe.

The living species of Kalotermes all have a southern habitat. To-day
species of Kalotermes are restricted to the southern portions of North
America; occurring in southeastern United States—north to Cape Henry,
Va.; in southwestern United States (Texas, Arizona and southern Cali-
fornia); also in Mexico and Lower California. The region in the vicinity
of San Francisco is the northern limit of species of this genus on the Pacific
Coast. The Siskiyou range of mountains, which is unusual in that it runs
east and west, together with the colder climate is probably the barrier
that prevents their extension into southern Oregon. This mountain range

shuts off many southern insects from Oregon.

A very primitive and the largest known species of Kalotermes, namely,
K. (Termes’’) occidentis, was described in 1853 by Walker from the West
Coast of Central America. One of the types is in the British Museum,
another in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass.
This termite has recently been found in Lower California on Angel Guardia
Island, in the Gulf of California and in the Santa Catalina Mountains of

Snyder—Notes on Fossil Termites. 157

southern Arizona. Every specimen of soldier which has been found has
vestiges of wings or rudimentary wing pads. This is a primitive or ances-
tral character; or a reversion to the time when all social insects were winged
and there were no sterile worker or soldier castes. Holmgren (31) estab-
lished a new subgenus (Péerotermes) for this termite.

Soldiers of other primitive termites have commonly been found with
these vestigal wings, but only a very small proportion of the soldiers of
any colony were so characterized. No other termite except the large
primitive Kalotermes occidentis has been found in which all the soldiers
in a colony have such wing pads.

Genus Termopsis Heer.

This genus was established by Heer for a fossil termite from the Miocene
of Croatia, and Banks (1) considers 7’. insignis Heer to be the genotype.
Von Rosen (52), however, places insignis in Miotermes. Another fossil
species of Termopsis described by Cockerell (22) as Termopsis? swinhoet
is from “‘burmite’’ or Burmese amber; “‘the stratum in which the amber
is found is Miocene.’’ Cockerell later (24) believed this amber to be older
than Miocene. This species resembles Termopsis? procerus Heer, now
the genotype of Miotermes Von Rosen. Hagen described as Termopsis
three species from amber, 1. e., 7'.? bremii Heer (placed in Xestotermopsis
n. gen. by Von Rosen), gracilicornis Pictet and decidwus Hagen; Von Rosen
believes all three represent but one species.

The only living species of Termopsis are three from North America;
their distribution is rather limited. Termopsis angusticollis Hagen occurs
along the coast in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and California.
A closely related species 7. nevadensis Hagen occurs in British Columbia,
Washington, Montana, Oregon, California and Nevada. As previously
stated, both of these species of Termopsis are able to live at high altitudes
and in regions where snow and ice cover the logs which they inhabit for
long periods of winter cold. In this respect they are unlike most species
of termites. According to Imms (34), Archotermopsis wroughtoni Desneux
has similar habits in the Garwhal Himalayas (India).

T. laticeps Banks, a more distinct species, however, is confined to two
southwestern states, 1. e., Arizona and New Mexico.

It has been shown that no species of Termopsis either recent or as yet
as fossils has been found in Colorado. It is possible, however, that fossil
specimens occur at Florissant. Von Rosen believes Parotermes insignis
Scudder to be a Termopsis.

Species of Termopsis are our largest living North American termites;
they are also the most primitive Nearctic species. The genus Termopsis
is more primitive than the genus Kalotermes Hagen, because the contained
species are not as well defined in Termopsis as in Kalotermes. In the latter
genus, some species are very distinct and the species are more numerous.
In species of Kalotermes there is a reduction in the number of antennal
joints. However, ocelli are present in Kalotermes and absent in Termopsis;
the presence of ocelli is a primitive character.

158 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Genus Hodotermes Hagen.

The genus Hodotermes (1. s.) is both recent and fossil. The species of
this rather primitive genus, at present in the same subfamily as the genus
Termopsis Heer, the Hodotermitinae Holmg., are grass or leaf-cutting ter-
mites but in their structure and pigmentation they show a progressive
development. While they nest in subterranean galleries, they are termed
‘‘wander-termites,’’ since both the workers and soldiers of some of the
species are darkly pigmented, have faceted eyes, long legs and forage
above ground exposed to the light. It is unusual for a generalized primi-
tive termite to have a true worker caste and C. Fuller of South Africa
believes that the worker caste has later been lost in the less primitive
Kalotermitidae (Termopsis, Kalotermes, etc.). The presence of this highly
specialized worker caste indicates that Hodotermes should be in a distinct
family the Hodotermitidae.

Considering Hodotermes as being classified in the family Kalotermitidae
where the worker caste is absent, it was believed that this worker of Hodo-
termes might prove to be an apterous third form reproductive type. The
late Dr. (Miss) C. B. Thompson, Professor of Zoology at Wellesley College,
Wellesley, Mass., was inclined to this view, from a study of the brain and
eyes of two types of workers in Macrohodotermes (Hodotermes) mossambicus
Hagen (?), but was unable to thoroughly study the sex organs due to lack
of fresh material and hence could not confirm or disprove this. However,
a superficial study indicated to Miss Thompson and the writer that these
forms were sterile and not reproductive forms; the optic lobe is small, as
is normal in the worker caste.

Furthermore, Fuller has kindly sent to the writer specimens of a yellow-
ish, apterous caste, larger than the worker, that is found with species of
Macrohodotermes Fuller; this caste has black pigmented eyes and may be
a third form reproductive adult.

It is interesting to note in connection with the studies of blind animals
that these workers of the diurnal, wandering termite Hodotermes, which
forage for themselves above ground in the sunlight, have a deep body
pigment and both compound (faceted) and simple eyes (ocelli). The
apterous, ergatoid reproductive caste in termites which live entirely in
underground galleries or hidden in tunnels in wood,—such as in species
of the genus Reticulitermes Holmgren of subterranean habitat—have but
little body pigment and have only traces of eyes.

An apterous queen of Hodotermes (Anacanthotermes) ahngerianus Jacobs.
of Turkestan is figured by J. V. Vasiljev (Revue Russe d’ Entomologie XI,
1911, pp. 235-245). The color of the head is brown and the eyes are
black-brown.

Approximately two dozen living species in the genus Hodotermes (I. s.)
occur in Africa (reaching furthest north in Egypt), Transcaspia, Turkestan,
Persia and India.

No living species in the genus Hodotermes occurs at Florissant, Colo.,
or anywhere else in America, but as previously stated fossil species, doubt-
fully in this genus, have been found at Florissant.

Snyder—Notes on Fossil Termites. 159

The four fossil species of this genus found in Europe are Hodotermes?
procerus Heer and H.? haidlingert Heer, from Radoboj; also H.? spectabilis
Heer and H. insignis Heer from Oeningen; all are placed in Miotermes by
Von Rosen. In America at Florissant, Colo., Hodotermes? coloradensis
Scudder occurs in Miocene shale. In the case of the species coloradensis,
as other species, it is doubtful if this is a Hodotermes; however, it is a
primitive species of huge size. Cockerell (19) states: ‘“The presence of
the subcostal (sub-marginal) vein, which was supposed to separate Paroter-
mes from Hodotermes, is not diagnostic, this vein being present in true
Hodotermes. It is Porotermes [Hagen], formerly considered a subgenus of
Hodotermes, which has the subcosta absent or rudimentary. * * * The
indications are, then, that Parotermes differs little from Hodotermes, so
that it may be a matter of opinion whether it is really separable. * * *
Its (Hodotermes) occurrence at Florissant affords a case parallel to those of
the Nemopterids and Nemestrinids.”

Cockerell described a new species from Miocene shale at Florissant,
Parotermes scudderi, which is of great size and has the subcostal vein well
developed and the abdominal appendages very small. The termite de-
scribed by Scudder from the Florissant shales as Hodotermes? coloradensis
is of great size and has unusually long abdominal appendages and the
subcostal vein is totally absent. ‘“‘It is therefore apparently not a true
Hodotermes”’ (Cockerell, 19).

It is not definitely known whether the sections of all the countries which
the living species of the genus Hodotermes (1. s.) inhabit are arid or humid;
probably, however, they are usually arid and desert-like. The habit of
these termites of wandering above ground in the sun is indicated by the
true (faceted) eyes of the soldier and the worker.

The records written by fossil termites are at best very imperfect! While
it has not been proved that wingless termite castes occurred in the Tertiary
period, they doubtless occurred and were probably evolved during the late
Cretaceous period. Polymorphism among the social insects may not have
been as highly developed as at present, especially in the case of the repro-
ductive forms, but it can not be stated that the sterile castes and colony
or social habits developed since Tertiary times because of lack of fossil
forms. Due to their habits, such sterile forms would be less liable to be
preserved as fossils. Both mandibulate soldiers and nasuti have been
found embedded in gum copal from the Pleistocene period.

Genus Parotermes Scudder.

Parotermes Scudder is a genus established from fossil termites alone and
is peculiar to the American Tertiaries of Colorado; there are no living
representatives; the genotype is insignis Scudder. The genus is closely
allied to Hodotermes, Termopsis and Kalotermes.

At Florrisant, Cale! four species have been found, namely Rarotennes
insignis Scudder ined in Termopsis by Von Rosen), hagenii Scudder,
fodinae Scudder (both placed in Kalotermes by Von Rosen) and scudderi
Cockerell. The replacement of some of these American species in this
new fossil genus is doubtful; they might easily be assigned to recent genera.

160 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Cockerell (19) states that Parotermes differs little from Hodotermes and
may not be really separable.

Genus ‘‘ Eutermes ” Fritz Miller.

In the genus “ Hutermes’’—which has by recent classification been di-
vided into several subgenera of the genus Nasutitermes Banks—the soldiers
or “nasuti’”? have a nose-like process of the head, a nasus or “beak.”
The mandibles are merely vestigial or absent, but from this nose-like pro-
cess is secreted a viscous fluid, which serves as a means of defense.

This genus is represented by both fossil and recent species. Hutermes?
obscurus Heer and E.? croaticus Heer occur in the Radoboj of Europe;
Von Rosen believes that they are in the family Termitidae. In the Mio-
cene of Europe also oecurs Hutermes fraasi Von Rosen; this is considering
the genus “Hutermes”’ in its broad sense (s. 1.), not in the more recent
restricted meaning (s. str.). ;

In the Miocene of Florissant, Colo., occur two species, namely, “‘ Hu-
termes”’ fossarum Scudder and ‘‘#.”’ meadii Scudder. Of these two species
it may be said that their position in the present genus “‘Hutermes,”’ that
is, that they are either species of Nasutitermes Banks or Tenwirostritermes
Holmgren, is doubtful. :

According to Von Rosen ‘“‘ Hutermes”’ meadii might be a species of Leu-
cotermes Silvestri close to L. Hartungi Heer from Oeningen. In a sub-
genus of Leucotermes, Reticulitermes Holmgren, a species to-day occurs
in Colorado, namely, R. tibialis Banks. The present writer is unable to
place meadii. The genus Leucotermes is not so highly specialized, as is
“‘Hutermes”’ (s.1.). “EH. fossarum Seudd. is without doubt, even if not
a “ Hutermes,” that is Nasutitermes (s. str.), one of the higher more special-
ized termites, not to-day represented by living species in the Rocky Moun-
tain region. An examination of the type by the writer showed that the
third joint of the antennae is apparently longer than the second or fourth,
and that the wing scale is short, so it may really be a Tenwirostritermes,—
species of which to-day occur in Arizona and Texas.

Living species of “‘Hutermes”’ (i. e., Nasutitermes or Tenwirostritermes)
inhabit both humid and arid regions. The Lower Austral (Sonoran region)
of Texas and Arizona is the present habitat of species of Tenwirostritermes
in the United States. Living species of “‘Hutermes”’ (both Nasutitermes
and Tenutrostritermes) occur in the West Indies or Antilles but not in either
Florida or southern California; both these regions have, however, an en-
vironment apparently favorable.

Of course, the islands of the West Indies have a more diverse topography
—including high mountains—than has Florida. Possibly the absence of
these termites may be explained by disconnection by submergence in the
Tertiary period of Florida and California from the extensive Niobrara
Basin, when animals of this basin were moving southward due to the
coming colder climate; or, previous to this change in climate, they had
invaded the Florissant Basin from more southerly regions. Florida was
probably elevated and definitely connected with North America towards
the end of the Miocene (Dall, 25).

Snyder—Notes on Fossil Termites. 161 |

On the other hand, the presence of species of Nasutitermes ‘‘ Hutermes”’
on the islands of the West Indies may be explained by a connection with
the mainland through Yucatan, in the Tertiary period.

However, cycads,! which occur as Tertiary flora, to-day are living in
Florida. °

It is very difficult to generalize because of the doubtful identity of many
of the fossil termites.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.

It is evident from the foregoing that during the Tertiary period there
was a relatively larger proportion (more genera) of primitive termites
than of the higher species at Florissant, Colo., and than there is at present
in North America. The same is also true of the termites of the Tertiariés
of Europe. But none of the Florissant fossil termites exhibit exceptionally
primitive characters except Hodotermes? coloradensis Scudder. The large
size, the great length of the abdominal appendages (cerci), and wing ven-
ation of this termite are distinctive. Species of Parotermes Scudder are
also characteristically primitive termites. The “excessive area of the
externo-median vein, and the course of the latter, which is approximated
much more closely than usual to the scapular vein and emits branches
having an unusual longitudinal course”’ (Scudder, 47) are unusual.

Certain living termites—species of Mastotermes Froggatt of Australia,
Archotermopsis wroughtont Desn. of India—are generalized, primitive ter-
mites. Both of these genera are found as fossils.

In North America Kalotermes occidentis Walker—the largest species of
Kalotermes—and species of Termopsis Heer, exhibit primitive characters.
K. occidentis shows evidence—in the soldier with wing pads—of reversion
to the winged ancestral condition when there were only the winged sexual’
adults.

Although there were a relatively larger proportion of the lower termites
than higher at Florissant than at present found in North America, there
were also representatives of the higher termites, such as species of ‘ EHu-
termes” Fritz Miller. The presence of these termites—and EH. fossarum
Scudder from the Miocene appears to be a species of the subgenus Tenui-
rostritermes, genus Nasutitermes—indicates a warmer, more arid climate
during the Tertiary period.

This, however, need not conflict with the presence of the humidity-
loving Sequoia tree as a Miocene fossil at Florissant.

Species of Tenuirostritermes, while confined at present to the Sonoran
portion of the Austral zonal region of the United States, are present in the
more humid Antilles.

While there are no authentic paleontological records of termites before
the Tertiary, Wheeler has stated (55) that “‘in all probability the termites,
like the ants, reached their complete structural and social development
in the late Cretaceous or early Tertiary and have since undergone very
little modification.”

1Zamia spp.

162 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Fossil soldier and worker termites (sterile castes) have been found in
gum copal, a resin which is of comparatively recent formation (Pleistocene).
However, it is not probable that there was the elaborate polymorphism
during the Tertiary period that exists to-day; this is especially true in
the case of the reproductive forms, where polymorphism has probably
come about since the Tertiary.

(1) 1920.

(2) 1919.

(3) 1920.

(4) 1923.
(5) 1906.

(6) 1910.

(7) 1910.

(8) 1906

(9) 1907.

(10) 1907.

(11) 1907

.

LITERATURE CONSULTED.

Banks, N., and Snyder, T. E. A Revision of Nearctic Termites
with notes on Biology and Geographic Distribution. U. S.
National Museum, Bulletin 108, April 13.

Barrell, J., Schuchert, C., Woodruff, L. L., Lull, R.8., and Hunt-
ington, E. Evolution of the Earth and its Inhabitants.
New York. ;

Berry, E. W. The Ancestors of the Sequoias. Natural His-
tory, July.

Berry, E. W. Tree Ancestors. Baltimore, Md.

Brues, C. T. Fossil parasitic and phytophagous Hymenoptera
from Florissant, Colorado. Bull. Amer. Mus. Natl. Hist.,
vol. 22, art. 29, p. 491, Dec. (Agrees with Cockerell’s con-
clusion from study of bee fauna that the fossil parasitic fauna
is closely similar to the present-day fauna, rather than
Scudder’s conclusions that the fossil insects of Florissant
showed decidedly southern affinities.)

Brues, C. T. The parasitic Hymenoptera of the Tertiary of
Florissant, Colorado. Bull. Mus. Comparative Zoology, vol. —
54, no. 1, January.

Brues, C. T. Some notes on the geological history of the para-
sitic Hymenoptera. Jour. N. Y. Entomolog. Soc., vol. 18,
no 1, March.

(Predominance of recent genera both in amber and at
Florissant.)

Cockerell, T. D. A. The fossil fauna and flora of the Florissant
(Colorado) shales. Univ. Col. Studies, vol. 3, no. 3, Boulder,
Colo., June.

Cockerell, T. D. A. An enumeration of the localities in the
Florissant Basin from which fossils were obtained in 1906.
Bull. Amer. Mus. Natl. Hist., vol. 23, art. 4, New York, Feb.

Cockerell, T. D. A. Some Coleoptera and Arachnida from
Florissant, Colorado. Bull. Amer. Mus. Natl. Hist., vol.
23, art. 25, p. 617, August.

(Florissant notwithstanding altitude of 8000 feet is rich
in Austral elements; belong to upper part of Transition Zone
rather than to Canadian.)

Cockerell, T. D. A. Some Old-World types of insects in the
Miocene of Colorado. Science, n. s., vol. 26, no. 666, p.
446, October 4.

(12) 1908.

(13) 1908.

(14) 1908.

(15) 1909.

(16) 1909.

(17) 1910.

(18) 1911.

(19) 1913.

(20) 1913.

(21) 1915.

(22) 1916.

(23) 1920.

(24) 1922.

_Snyder—Notes on Fossil Termites. 163 |

Cockerell, T. D. A. The fossil flora of Florissant, Colorado.
Bull. Amer. Mus. Natl. Hist., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 71-110.
Cockerell, T. D. A. Fossil insects from Florissant, Colorado.

Bull. Amer. Mus. Natl. Hist., vol. 24, art. 3, p. 59, Feb.

(Occurrence of the African Glossina in the American Mio-
cene. )

Cockerell, T. D. A. Florissant; A Miocene Pompeii. Popular
Science Monthly, vol. 73, p. 112, August.

Cockerell, T. D. A. Fossil insects from Florissant, Colorado.
Bull. Amer. Mus. Natl. Hist., vol. 26, art. 7, March.

(P. 73, quotes Williston that Chilosia occurs in the Floris-
sant shales. Chilosia now injures the wood of conifers in
western U. S.)

Cockerell, T. D. A. Two fossil bees. Entomological News,
April, p. 159.
(Discusses the great Tertiary biological drama.)
Cockerell, T. D. A. The Miocene trees of the Rocky Moun-
tains. Amer. Natural., vol. 44, no. 57, pp. 31-47, January.
Cockerell, T. D. A. Fossil insects from Florissant, Colorado.
Bull. Amer. Mus. Natl. Hist., vol. 30, art. 6, p. 71, New
York, May.

(Occurrence of a myrmecophile Paussopsis Cockerell. In-
dicates that the ants had a colony habit in Tertiary time.)
Cockerell, T. D. A. The genera Parotermes and Hodotermes

(Isoptera). Ent. News, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 6-8, Jan.

(Parotermes scudderi n. sp. described from Miocene shale,
Florissant, Colo.)

Cockerell, T. D. A. Remarks on fossil insects. Proc. Ent.

Soc. Wash., vol. 15, no. 3.
Cockerell, T. D. A. British Fossil Insects. Proc. U. 8. Natl.

Mus., vol. 49, p. 469, December.

(P. 471 Isoptera. Three species of Mastotermes described
by V. Rosen, two from Gurnet Bay (Oligocene) and one from
Bournemouth (Eocene).)

Cockerell, T. D. A. Insects in Burmese Amber. Amer. Jour,
of Science, vol. 42, August.

(Termopsis swinhoei described.)

Cockerell, T. D. A. XXV Fossil Arthropods in the British
Museum IV. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 211, Aug.

(Isoptera, Termitidae 2, R. C. J. Swinhoe collect., from
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tracts.’’)

Cockerell, T. D. A. Fossils in Burmese Amber. Nature, vol.
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(25) 1890-1903. Dall, W. H. Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of

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164 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

(26) 1896. Froggatt, W. W. Australian Termitidae. Pt. II, Proc. Linn.
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(27) 1921. Fuller, C. The termites of South Africa being a preliminary
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(28) 1890. Gilbert, G. K. Lake Bonneville. Monograph I, U. S. Geol.
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(29) 1908. Handlirsch, A. Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der
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(30) 1909. Holmgren, N. Termitenstudien J. Anatomische Unter-
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schaftsbeziehungen der Termiten.

(31) 1911. Holmgren, N. Termitenstudien II. Systematik der Termiten.
Kgl. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl., Bd. 46, no. 6, Uppsala
& Stockholm. 1911.

(32) 1915. Hozawa, 8. Revision of the Japanese Termites. Journ. Col.
of Sci., Tokyo Imper. Univ., vol. 35, art. 7, April.

(33) 1913. Humphreys, W. J. Volcanic dust and other factors in the
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(Lowering temperature due to volcanic dust in isothermal
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(Archotermopsis wroughtont Desn. in British Garwhal in
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(48) 1904.

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(53) 1913.

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(55) 1923.

Snyder—N. otes on Fossil Termites. 165

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rr: Wain i add ara en Oh j
oe an ‘ mh ‘ iy i Tat Ae ;
: a : : : h i las
- ; Paes any i 4 ?
’ beg
, wea
t 7 ah y

‘A

FOSSIL ISOPTERA.
Snyder—Notes on Fossil Termites—Cuarv I.
¢( ‘HLOGICAL AGE AND GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF DEPOSITS.

Urrer Eocene Upper Eocene Mippie Mippie Urrer tbepr Lower Miocene Miocene Miocene : Urri
Bartonian or OxicoceNp OxicocEeNE OLIGOCcEND OCENB Radoboj, Randeck, Shale Maaeete one PLEISTOCENE
Bagshot Beds, Lower OLIGOCENE Brunstatt Gurnet. Bey Rott, Missnitz, Croatia. Wiirtemberg. Florissant, Colo., Oeningen, Gabbro, Gum copal, Africa.
Bournemouth, Baltic Sea in Blsass, Isle of Wight Rheinlande, Wesien. North America. Baden. Italy.
Hampshire, England. amber. Bembridge lime-
stone, England.
FAMILY, SU S{MILY, GENUS AND SPECIES, ISOPTERA.
WASTOTERMITIDAE.
Mastotermes = comes oo Mastotermes croaticus Von Rosen
2 Tae gilensia Von Rosen anglicus Yon Rosen (Hédolrmes)
7 heesrianis Assmann
f Mastotermes Mastapternes:
batheri Von Rosen (Tearmopsis)
; heehti Goepp.
KKALOTERMITIDAE.
HODOTERMITINAE,
“Hodotermes”’ sp. Von Rosen .| Miotermes (‘‘Termes’’) Miotermes Miotermes (Hodotermes) Miotermes (“Termes”)
procerus Heer randeckensis Von Rosen coloradoensis Scudder insignis Heer
Miotermes (‘Termes’) Miotermes (‘Termes’)
haidlingeri Heer spectabilis Heer
Ulmeriella
bauckhorni
Meunier *
Xestotermopsis ~
(Termopsis) bremii Heer
Archolermopsis
tornquisti Yon Rosen ;
Parotermes scudderi Cockerell
Termopsis (Parotermes)
insignis Scudder
Termopsis
‘awinhoei
Cockerell
Proelectrotermes
(Kalotermes)
berendlit Pictet
Electrotermes
(Kalotermes)
\ afinis Hagen
3 Electrotermes
(Kalotermes)
girardi Giebel
KALOTERMITINAE.
Kalotermes Kalotermes (Parotermes) Kalotermes Kalotermes Kalo ©) resi Wel
5 " Sol * te 3 tus Vi sen (MS) G ist,
thenanus Hagen 0) pe veainas Sandee ) oeningensts Von Rosen tosniaakn Handiiraehy | iikalateniag (e) qi Von ee (MS) Dart Attia, Tae
(2 species represented? Tage nisaiilen tae Kalotermes (K.) sp. (without pulvillus). German East Africa, Inmagos.

Kalotermes (Neolermes) sp. = pallidicollis Sjést.? Bast Africa, Tmagos,
= : = : Kalatermes (Cryplotermes) batheri Von Rosen (MS) (= brevis Walker?) East Africa, Imngos

Kalotermes (Glyplotermes) pusillus Heer. Gold Const, Bast Africa, Sansibar, Imagos.

| RHINOTERMITIDAE. = SS
| Leucotermes (“Eutermes"’) Leucotermes (“Termes”)
meadii Scudder hartungi Heer
Leucolermes |
(Reticulitermes) ] :
antiquus Germar :)
Leucotermes i
(Reticulitermes) |
borusicus Von Rosen
Leucotermes |
(Reticulitermes) . |
robustus Von Rosen ||
J
7 Coptotermes 3-4sp. Various localities.
; Rhinotermes sp. = Rh. lamanianus Sjést.? Sansibar.
1 TERMITIDAE.
| “Termes” croalicus Heer NOT pch Gi ETen
] Termes giganteus Heer leek LC Ce ee | Dermes (71,) amicus Von Rosen, Wast Africa, Minor soldier and worker.
ees Termes (71) sp. = goliath Sjést. German East Aria, Major soldier.
Odontotermes (\Eutermes”’) | ;
pristinus Charpentier Hse STEER ER | [SEL ho rss nin ET ome merase |Site) 5 --| Odonotermes2sp. Gold Coast, German Bast Africa, Imugos.
“Rutermes” obscurus Heer i j 5 a ” Mi sp? East Africa. Imagos.
nave ee see ects] | MGM? spesammoltancios, || MAb T < ounusene| Buternne tnpenitermes) hanuLiracht Von Rosen (MS). Gold Const.
\ fraas Von) Rosen Eutermes (Trinervitermes) sp. Sansibar.
4 Mirotermes resinatus Von Rosen. East Africa, Imagos.
Mirotermes sp. East Africa. Imagos.
Mi (Rutermes) debilis Heer. Imagos,
: Mierocerotermes Bites) regen (MS) Kut Africa. Images.
Microcerotermes sp. East Africa, Worker.
'_IsOPTERA INCERTAD SEDIS.
\ .
\ “Termes” rutoti Meunier C7, ") Pérster |... oom a oa a rae > mann (“Termes”)
\ (Worker?) : mages") Forster, | hoberlin
(Termes )—Burmeister Ca an oo ae eae oe z : af =. 2 z a Soyot avapastsedeeeeae = sp. Scudder
(Termes”)—Guérin _ |
(Permes'’)—Schlotheim }
(ermes")—Smith

‘ Butermes"' sp. Scudder
(worker?)
“Tutermes"’ sp, Scudder

1, 96 Cockerell und Snyder, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 38, p. 86.

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INDEX

New names are printed in heavy type.

A
Actenodia chrysomelina.__._............
Actophilus...........-..-..----------- af
Actophilornis.....

Aethopyga bangsi.. iy
ee nyaritensis______.._...___.___-_-

Allen, A. A. Our disappearing

IB Ing See VENT ee IL

Allosmerus..._......... ae
attenuatus...

Alosimus collaris__._..-
Amygdalus kansuens
Anolis doris...

Aphelidesmus_ panamicus.. Ad
Arremonops chiapensis.............----.--

B

Bailey, V. Observation of a Duck
Hawk on Pennsylvania Ave-

aye BY Rsk eewen LL Ce UE
——— Destruction of Muskrats

by F é
mae Years’ progress in
Beaver Farming..............-___.
Recent Observation’ of a
Woodchuck near Washington
Barbour, Thomas. New Neotrop-
TealWmeiZaTd sees en ens
Barnadesia caryophyila...
Barrobelus______..__----------.. une
grammicus.........
Bean, Barton, A. Description of
a new Species of Luminous
Lizard Fish, Scopelosaurus
smithi, from off the coast of
Brazil
Becker, Wilhelm. A new Violet
sireovant (Chaubaee) ow
Blainvillea brasiliensis______..___________.
Blake, 8. F. Observation of a Bat
in Poli’s Theater in February
Two new Species of Sci-
ap lil qe aU
——— New Names for Five South
American Asteraceae...........-..
Brady, M. K. A Nest of Cryp-
totis parva with 20 Young...
Brown, Edgar. The Longevity of
Buried Seeds...........-----.-.---------

Calospasta perpulchra...............------.
Catharus bangsi...........- deel
Cerocoma kunzei..............---.
Chamberlin, Ralph V. A_ new

Clubionid Spider of the Genus

Phruronellus from California...
Notes on Chilopods and
Diplopods from Barro Colo-
rado Id., and other parts of
the Canal Zone, with Diag-
noses of new Species..............-

385—Proc. Biou. Soc. WasH., Vou. 38, 1925.

vili

101-102

13-14

117-118
85

viii
45-48
85-86

ix

viii

35-44

Notes on North American
Spiders heretofore referred to
Coclotes ee SST

Chase, Agnes.
INE razilegss nora Luana Ne

Chevreulia sarmentosa.

Chondrodesmus atrophus.

panamenus............

Cicurima._... 2...

arcuata..

Cimexopsis._.__.

nyctalis..

Coccivora............... hey

californica...

Cockerell, T. D. A., and T. E.
Snyder. A Fossil Termite
from Germany .................-...-----

——— Termite Synonymy—UlI-
meriella bauckhorni Meunier
and Macrohodotermes Fuller

Cockerell, T. D. A., and R. C.
Harris. The Wings of the
Meloid Beetles._...............-.....

Colymbus auritus...... ae

montanus..
taugynus.__
Coryna kersteni...._.
Cryptops floridanus...
zeteki...........__.
Cupipes ungulatus.....
Cyclarhis mesoleucus.......__. i

D

Dall, W. H. Note on the Atlantic
Coast Species of Plicatula....
Note on the Species of
Petricolaria of the Eastern
Coast of the United States...
Dendrocincla remota... Ks
Dendrocolaptes transfasciatus........
Diaporus barroensis........__-___
Dickey, Donald R., and A. J. van
Rossem. A new Red-winged
Blackbird from Western Mex-

Dipodomys gabrielsoni.
gravipes......._____ ae
latimaxillaris...--

Doolittle, A. A. Exhibition of a

cross-sectioned Ostrich Egg,
and Note on a Method of
Waterproofing Labels

Fluid Specimens........-............

Infestation of a Cat by a

Tapeworm usually found in

Drake, Carl J., and F. C. Hottes.
Five new Species and a new
Variety of Water-striders
from North America (Hemip-
tera—Gerridae) ................-..--

for

ix

168 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Epicauta corvina..............-..------------
pennsylvanica.

Eupompha fissiceps..........
Euscarthmus griseiceps.. Se
Hutermeés22 ee ee a
Ewing, H. E. The Adult of our

common North American

Chigger2).2:22> tepid. See ee
New Mites of the Parasitic
ene Haemogamasus Ber-
ese. eee See ee

Gavia) immer: >. See
Gerris incognitus....
incurvatus....
insperatus...-
mickeli__....__.
nebularis...
notabilis ......

Gillia nevadensis.
Glycine fortunei......
Gnathium minimum........ ws
Gnathospasta mimetica..............--
Goldman, E. A. Observation of

a Chinese Pheasant.................

Deer. tc
A new Bat of the Genus
Trachops from Guatemala......
A new Kangaroo Rat of
the Genus Dipodomys from
Oregons: Ee
Greeley, W. B. The National
Forests of the United States
The proposed changes in
the Boundaries of Yellow-
stone National Park in Re-
lation to Wild Life..............
Griggs, R. F. Scientific Results of
the Katmai Expeditions......_..
Griphoneura affinis...........-..---.....
alboapicata_____.
atricornis cee

barberise 22 eae
liponyssoides_______.
mmicroti..-22.2 0-2

Harlan, H. V. Plant Exploration
invA YSBINIg so een ee

Harris, R. C. (See Cockerell and
Harris.)

Henderson, W. C. When the Elk
come down

Hitchcock, A. S. Correction of
the Locality of a Grass as-
cribedto Alaskpe =e

Occurrence of Brachyely-
trum erectum in China............

HModotermes seo he eee

Hoffman, I. N. Capture of a
Young Clemmys mubhlen-
bergii near Stubblefield Falls,
Warginis. tn i ee

33-34

ix

ix

Loma anricula tay sc: see eres

Hottes, F. C. (See Drake and
Hotter)
Howard, O. Note on News-

paper see of the loss of
Biting Power by Mosquitoes

Something about Esti-
mates of loss through Insect
Damage: 2 A eee

Something about the Salt
Marsh ose Problem__....
Hove A. Mice that live in
Hubs "Canl TAG Raiision totes
Osmerid Fishes of the North

Pacific ee eee ;

Huey, Laurence M. Two new
Kangaroo Rats of the Genus
Dipodomys from Lower Cali-
LOrni geet See ee ae

Hylexetastes undulatus...

Hypomesue............------------

japonicus...

pretiosus._.... Ba
Verecund Us eee en meee

Imms, A. E._ History of the Roth-
amsted Experiment Station...
Tthalginis\rockisc. 00 een

Jackson, Hartley H.T. Two new
Pigmy Shrews of the Genus
Microsorex2 2). 2S ees ie

Preliminary Descriptions

of Seven Shrews of the Genus

Johansen, Frits. A trip to the
Eastern Shore of Hudson Bay
Johnson, P. B. Observations of
Certain Animals in Zoological
Gardens(e2asiiot te aay
Observations on Viscachas

in the National Zoological
Parkus eh Ae S03 y 6 Geis al

K
Kalotermes:232-..-ce ee ee
Kearney, T. H. Pollination in
Cotton nie hu eee ee ae

L
Lincoln, F. C. Recovery in New-

foundland of a_ Kittiwake
Banded in England_................

Unusual Actions of a
Woodchuck =e eee

Loons and Horned Grebes
inveoundUuNets ee eee
List, Geo. M. Three new Genera
and Three new Species of
Cimicidae from North Amer-

Lophotriccus congener..
eulophotes........._.
Lytta biguttata......

MUG GAL ee ee eee

Macrobasis longicollis
Macrohodotermes.........

28, 30

125-126

127-130

vill

ix

156

Index.

Malacoptila semicincta -................- 111
Malloch, The American
Species of the Genus Gri-
phoneura Schiner (Diptera,
Sapromyzidae)..............--..---.---- -73
(See McAtee and Malloch.)
Malla tus ites Sie eee ba 55
VA LLOS See UA ala J ae) 55
Mann, W.M. A Collecting Trip in :
Sinai, Palestine..................-.---- 1X
McAtee, W. L., and J. R. Malloch.
Another Annectant Genus
(Hemiptera; Cimicoidea) 145-148
Microsorex intervectus___......... es 125
washingtoni........................... 125
Miner, L. D. Late Observation
of the Black-billed Cuckoo :
near Washington.....................- xi
Murie, O. J. The White Sheep of i
the Alaska Range Vill
Myadestes oberholseri... 133
Myiobius amazonicus..._. atl 96
Myiozetetes obscurior................... 95
N
Nasutitermes biforma...................... 89
panamae _.__...... 89
Nemognatha bicolor_........... 28
Neomorphus lepidophanes... adh 112
squamiger.._............-......-...---. 112
oO
Oberholser, H. C. Occurrence of
a Baltimore Oriole in the Dis-
trict of Columbia in January vii
The Future of the Poto-
mac Valley below Great Falls ix
Establishment of the Upper
Mississippi River Wild Life
and Fish Refuge...................... x
The Bird Reservations of
louisianates eee x
Description of a new Ori-
LUIS GOI Bee OOS AA WANS NAY 5-6
A new Name for the Genus
Actophilus Oberholser.............. 90
Onoseris purpurea.............----..- 85
Oriolus ochroxanthus._._............... 5
Orphnaeus brevilabiatus................. 37
Orthoporus canalis..................-.-.... 38
nicaraguanus..____.............. 38
@smeris ee eee aa TOES) 51
Gentex) we 52
Oxypyge benedictus.___......___.._._..... 40
isolatuss: eo eh 40
P
Palmer, T. S. Winter Feeding of
Quail in the District of Co-
Ugbib eat ay Fete ah OES NE vii
Report on the Recent
Meeting of the American
Ornithologists’ Union in New
SYA ILO aig ote Tae x
IParotermes iets ee isc ui ge ee 159
Petricolaria lata. 90
Phodaga alticeps... is 30
Jelovegira ary ee 7
dancani ee ee 8
Phylloscartes virescens.................... 95
Pionites xanthurus.......................--.. 113
Pipra anomala..._..................------------ 97
arimensis..........................------ 98
carbonata..._........----.------------- 98
chloromelaena...__................. 97
Sth gee CE Orel eee 87
opalizans ae ee 87

Pipromorpha obscura.....................
Platydesmus nicaraguanus
Pleuropompha costata......-
Plicatula gibbosa.__.....
mesembrina....
spondyloides... id
Pomphopoea sayi........---.----.-----.------
Popenoe, Wilson. Peruvian Agri-
culture of Pre-Columbian
Day ses eee) eae
Pselliodes...
Pyrota invita..

Reticulitermes._............-.-2--..--...-.
flavipes... a
tibialis...
virginicus.........

Rhinocricus insulatus...

Rhysida nuda.................

Rhysodesmus mayanus...

Riley, J. H. Three new Birds from

Western China...

A new Thrush from the

Province of Kweichow, China 115-116

Riley, Smith. Forest Fires and

Willd lifes ee ee ee ee ix

Rohwer, S. A. Further Note on

Damage to Lawns by Solitary
Bees (Andrena sp.)............----.- ix
Note on the Death of
Dr. W. D. Hunter__........... x
Rose, J. N. Note on the Pro-
posed Arboretum near Los
AN gelegth ee ROLE SL NCEE x
Ss

Sciaphila brevipes... 45

panamensis..... 46
LO ba Leen: 47

Scolopendra sumichrasti. oe 37

Scopelosaurus smithi..................-... 14

Shannon, R. C. Parasitic Flies

in Man and Animals.............. Vili

Shantz, H. L. Collecting experi-

ences in Hast Africa................ viii
Silver, James. The European
Hare in North America: is it

a Menace) se eewwm Lae viii
Skeels, H. C. A New Chinese

Pea chin i ee a IN 87

A Chinese Potatobean.___.. 88
A new Introduction of a

Chinese Torreya...............-..------ 88

Snethlagea minima... ve 94
pallens ee NE 94

Snyder, Thomas E. The Origin of

the Castes in Termites_.......... —68
Biformis a Preoccupied

IN a CSU ee tee ee 89
The ‘Pseudo-flight’”’ of

Mermi test. we le Wa eyes 89
Notes on Fossil Termites

with particular reference to

Florissant, Colorado...............- 149-166
(See Cockerell and Snyder.)

Sorex chiapensis................--....--..--. 129
cristobalensis. 129
durangae.._....._. 127
emarginatus... 129
laricorum......._. 127
oaxacae______.. 3 128
veraecrucis.___......___..._.. 128

Sphaeriodesmus conformans.......... 44

170 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.

Spirinchus 2 see ee 53
lanceolatus. B 53
ptarks ee 53
thaleichthys___..... 54

Stemmiulus bioculatus.__.._........... 38

Stiles, C. W. Experiments on the

Pollution of Ground Water.... viii
Strxnivipetens. 0 ee ee 10
Stuart, Katherine. Injury done to

Lawns by Solitary Bees at

Oxford, North Carolina.......... ix

Suturodes tardus cue 37

Synxenoderus......... dpe 108
consis eee 108

rT

Taeniotriccus klagesi_..._................. 94

Tegrodera erosa.... 30

Termopsis 157

Tetraonyx fulv: 31
quadrimaculata... 31

halerhthyse2 oe 33
PACH OUS ee nee ten see 53

Thompson, W. F. The Treaty 53

between the United States
and Canada for the Protection ;
of the Halibut... 1x

Thripophaga obidensis... 80
Thryophilus griseus 91
Tidestrom, Ivar. New Plants

frOMVNEVACR ee eee 15-16
Todd, W. E. Clyde. Descriptions

of new Furnariidae and Den-

arocolaptidaees 79-82

Note on Arremonops su-

perciliosus chiapensis Nelson 89

Sixteen new Birds from
Brazil and Guiana................. 91-100
Four new Birds from Bra-

Cat Le SRL CRETE ST IIR ae tere 111-114
Trachops coffini______.. om 23
Trichocline radiata________. ae 86
Trichomorpha extrema.. bs 43

nidicola__.._. iat 42
panamica. 43
recta......... 43

Tricranoides stansburyi Se Pee ; 28

Tumion fargesii....
Turdus altiloquus.. a4
Wolsink: 2... see ce

Ulmeriellas2 ae eee
bauckhorni

Van Rossem, A. J. (See Dickey
and van Rossem.)

Verbena gooddingii nepetifolia___._.

Viola clitigianase=) tue See

Wadotes):..- 2-5.) <2. ei ee eel ae
bimucratus.... ‘4
calearatus.___..
carolinus____.
dixiensis____. ron
hy bridusi: 2-38 aes

Walker, E. P. Commercial de-

velopment of Blue Fox Farm-
Ingen’ Alaska as sss eee
Weiss, Harry B. Notes on the
Ratios of Insect Food Habits

Wetmore, A. Early occurrence of

the Purple Grackle............

Local History of the Chi-

neseseheasant....5 ee

Xenops, hellmayri.__. ay
purusianus._..___..---------..----.---

Zimmer, John T. An older Name
for Pipra opalizans Pelzeln...

Nii

119, 120
121
121

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