PROCEEDINGS OF THE Biological Society of Washington VOLUME XXI 1908 WASHINGTON PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY 1909 a-i LIBRA m V COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS W. P. HAY, Chairman WILFRED H. OSGOOD .1. W. GIDLEY II. L. & .1. B. McQueen, Inc. U08 E Si. N.W. Washington. D. C. OFFICERS AND COUNCIL OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON For 1908 (ELECTED DECEMBER 28, 1907) OFFICERS President LEON HARD STE.INEGER Vice-Presidents T. S. PALMER W. P. HAY E. L. GREENE E. W. NELSON Recording Secretary M. C. MARSH Corresponding Secreta ry WILFRED H. OSGOOD Treasurer J. W. GIDLEYr COUNCIL WILLIAM H. DALL* B. W. EYERMANN* THEODORE GILL* GEORGE M. STERNBERG* L. O. HOWARD* CHARLES A. WHITE* FREDERICK V. COVILLE* A. D. HOPKINS F. A. LUCAS* A. B. BAKER C. HART MERRIAM* A. K. FISHER FRANK H. KNOWLTON* J. N. ROSE DAVID WHITE STANDING COMMITTEES— 1908 Committee on Communications Vernon Bailey, Chairman J. W. Titcomb M. W. Lyon, Jr. A. D. Hopkins J. N. Rose Committee on Publications W. P. Hay, Chairman Wilfred H. Osgood J. W. Gidley * Ex-Presidents of the Society (iii) EX-PRESIDENTS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Theodore X. Gill, 1881, 1882 Charles A. White, 1883, 1884 *G. Brown Goode, 1885, 1886 William H. Dall, 1887, L888 Lester F. Ward, 1889, L890 ■ C, Hart Merriam, 1891, L892 *C. V. Riley, 1893, 1894 Geo. M. Sternberg, 1895, 1896 L. O. Howard, LS!>7, lS'.tS Frederick V. Coville, 1899, 1H00 F. A. Lucas, 1901, 1!>02 B. W. Evermanx, 1903, 1904 F. H. Knowlton, L905, 1906 L. Stejneger, 1007, 1908 ' Deceased. (iv) TABLE OF CONTENTS Officers and Committees for 1908 iii Proceedings for 1908 vii List of Members xiii Notes on Genera of Paniceae. II, by Agnes Chase 1-10 Dates of the Signatures of the " Memoires de PAcademie Impe- riale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg. Series VI. Sciences Mathematiques, Physiques et Naturelles," by P. L. Bicker . . 1 1 — is Descriptions of a New Species of Trout (Salmonelsoni) and a New Cyprinodont (Fundulus meeki) with Notes on Other Fishes from Lower California, by B. W. Evermann 19-30 Description of a New Species of Trout (Salmo evermanni) from the upper Santa Ana Biver, Mount San Gorgonio, Southern California, by David Starr Jordan and Joseph Grinnell . . . . 31-32 Description of a Trout from Lake Kootenay in British Columbia, by David Starr Jordan and John Otterbein Snyder 33-34 Notes on Diurnal Migrations of Hats, by Arthur H. Howell . . 35-38 Notes on RMnomurssna, by Thos. Barbour 39-42 On Some Bare and New Birds from British Honduras, by < Mitrani Bangs and Morton E. Peck 43-46 The Reptiles and Batrachians of Victoria and Refugio Counties, Texas, by John K. Strecker, Jr 47-~>L> A Preliminary Annotated List of the Batrachia of Texas, by John K. Strecker, Jr . . 53-62 Nomenclatorial Studies in Three Orehid Genera, by A. A. Eaton 63-68 The Reptiles and Batrachians of McLennan County, Texas, by John K. Strecker, Jr 69-84 Notes on the Habits of Two Arkansas Salamanders and a List of the Batrachians and Reptiles Collected at Hot Springs, by John K. Strecker, Jr 85-90 The Holophytic Plankton of Lakes Atitlan and Amatitlan, Guate- mala, by II. Walton Clark 91-106 Bird Migration in the District of Columbia, by Wells W. Cooke . 107-118 Notes on the Winter Birds of Northern Louisiana, by Arthur 11. Howell 119-124 New Genera of Unstalked Crinoids, by Austin Hobart Clark . . 125-136 Smell the Dominant Sense in Diabrotica 12-punctata and Limax ma.rimus, by Bobert E. C. Stearns 137-140 A New White-footed Mouse from Alaska, by Wilfred II. Osgood L41-142 Three New Rodents from Colorado, by C. Hart Merriam . . . .143-144 Four New Rodents from California, by C. Hart Merriam . . . .145-148 (v) vi The Biological Society of Washington. Two New Crinoid Genera, by Austin Hobart Clark 149-152 Notes on a Collection of Algse from Guatemala, by Josephine E. Tilden L53-156 Notes on Birds from Western Colombia, by Outram Bangs . . . 157-162 A New Tyrant- bird from the Santa Marta Region of Colombia, by Outram Bangs 163-164 Notes on the Breeding Habitsof Phrynosoma <-<>rinitiim and other Texas Lizards, by John K. Streeker, Jr 165-170 A Small Collection of Alaska Fishes, by John Treadwell Nichols . 171-174 Notes on Genera of Panicese. Ill, by Agnes Chase 175-188 Some New Amphibia Salientia, by Thomas Barbour 189-190 Diagnoses of Some New Forms of Neotropical Birds, by Robert Ridgway . . . 191-196 A New Harvest Mouse from the Salt Marshes of San Francisco Bay, California, by Joseph Dixon 197-198 Notes on the Life History of Scaphiopus couchii Baird, by John K. Streeker, Jr 1W-206 Notes on a Pipefish from the Mid-North Atlantic, by Barton W. Evermann and William C. Kendall 207-210 A New Shipworm from the United States, by Paul Bartsch . . 211-212 Lake Cicott, Indiana, and Notes on its Flora and Fauna, by Barton W. Evermann and II. Walton Clark ' 213-218 New Genera and Species of Crinoids, by Austin II. Clark . . . 219-232 PLATES I. Facing p. 2(1. Salmo neUoni. Type. II. 32. Salmo evermanni. Type. III. 34. Salmo kamloops. IV. 186. Mniochloa pulchella. V. 208. Nerophis sequoreus. TEXT FIGURES Page 1. Hymenachne amplexicaulis. (i. Sacciolepis gibba. 7. Sacciolepis myuros. 26. Fundulus meehi. Type. 177. Olyra latifolia. 181. Lithachiir pancijlora. 184. Raddia poh/podioides. 185. Mvioclilun pulchella. L88. Amphicarpon amphicarpon. 211. Map of Lake Cicott, Indiana. Vol. XXI, pp. vm-xviii January 28, 1909 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGT fas ^mi PROCEEDINGS. The Society meets in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club on alternate Saturdays at 8 p. m. Brief notices of the meetings, with abstracts of the papers, are published in Science. January 11, 1908 — 437th Meeting. The President in the chair and 100 persons present. The following communications were presented: E. W. Nelson: Distribution of Plant and Animal Life on the Peninsula of Lower California.* D. T. MacDougal: The Colorado River and Changes in its Basin. January 25, 1908— 438th Meeting. The President in the chair and 75 persons present. The following communications were presented: W. P. Hay: Exhibition of Colored Lantern Slides by the Autochrome Plates. F. V. Coville: The Probable Assimilation of Free Nitrogen by the Swamp Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) . W. W. Stockberger: Some Problems and Possibilities in Hop Culture. February 8, 1908 — 439th Meeting. The President in the chair and 33 persons present. H. W. Clark noted the occurrence and form of rain-traces on Oriental plane-trees. The following communications were presented : L. O. Howard: Some New Parasitic Work. H. W. Clark: List of Plants for Aquatic Gardens. *To be published by Biological Survey. vii viii The Biological Soviet)/ of Washington. February 22, 1908 — 440th Meeting. The President in the chair and 40 persons present. The following communications were presented: B. W. Evermann: Testing the Water of Small Lakes for Oxygen. A. H. Howell: The Destruction of the Cotton Boll Weevil by Insectivorous Birds.* F. V. Coville: A Mistletoe Destructive to the Douglas Fir. March 7, 1908— 441st Meeting. The President in the chair and 60 persons present. M. W. Lyon, Jr., cited a reference to alleged adaptive varia- tion among cats and rats inhabiting warehouses. H. W . Clark noted a ease of faseiation in the hyacinth. The following communications were presented: W . P. Hay: Some additional Colored Lantern Slides by the Autochrome Process. Vernon Bailey: Home Life of the Lobo or Buffalo Wolf of the Great Plains. M. W. Lyon, Jr.: A Simple Method to represent graphically the trend of Variation in a small number of specimens of related Species. f March 21, 1908 — 442d Meeting. The President in the chair and :'><) persons present. The following communications were presented: W. .1. Spillman: Fixation of Breed Characters in Animals and Plants. M. C. Marsh: A New Method of Marking Salmon Fry. M. W. Lyon, Jr.: Remarks on the Horns and the Systematic Position of the American Antelope. J *\'.s. Dept. Agriculture, Biological Survey, Hull. No. 29, 1907; circ. No. 64, 1908. + Contained in " Mammals collected in Eastern Sumatra by Dr. W. I.. Abbott during 1903, 1906 and 1907, with descriptions of new species and subspecies." Proc. U. S. Nat . Mus. XXXIV, pp. 628- 632 and text fig. ::. Sept. 1 I, L908. t Remarks on the horns and on the systematic position of the American Antelope. Proc. I . S. Nai. Mus., XXXIV, Pi'. 393-402, plates XXXVIII-XXXIX, Aug. 11, 1908. Proceedings. ix April 4, 1908 — 443d Meeting. Vice-President Hay in the chair and 40 persons present. L. O. Howard noted the discovery of a new species of scale insect. B. W. Evermann announced the successful inoculation of fishes with the glochidia of fresh water mussels. The following communications were presented: C. L. Marlatt: The White Fly Problem in Florida. W . C. Kendall: Notes on Sebago Lake. April 18, 1908— 444th Meeting. The President in the chair and 32 persons present. The following communication was presented : W '. A. Murrill: Cuba and Cuban Agriculture. May 2, 1908 — 445th Meeting. The President in the chair and 29 persons present. Mr. Bailey Willis outlined the plans of the Washington Acad- emy of Sciences with reference to its proposed journal. Tin1 following communications were presented: Loco Weed Investigations in Field and Laboratory.* R. H. True: Laboratory Investigations of A. C. Crawford. C. D. Marsh : Field Investigations. October 17, 1908 — 446th Meeting. The President in the chair and 26 persons present. L. O. Howard noted his observation of one individual of the common drone fly in the council room a few minutes earlier. Miss F. G. Mitchell noted flies of the same species in a win- dow at 14th and H streets the present evening. T. N. Gill noted an undescribed fish (Anomalous) from the West Indies. B. W. Evermann mentioned new vernacular names of fishes at Sault Ste Marie. T. E. Wilcox referred to the use by Indians of the name tsetse for a certain fly. * Bull. 129, Bureau of Plant Industry, 1908; Science, Oct. 'J;;. 1908, p. 570. x The Biological Society of Washington. H. E. Van Deman remarked on the abundance of mayflies on the shore of Lake Erie near Sandusky. The following communications were presented: Theo. N. Gill: Recent Discoveries in the Natural History of Eels.* A. L. Quaintance: The Pear Thrips Problem in California. October 31, 1908 — 447th Meeting. The President in the chair and 30 persons present. There were no regular communications. The evening was devoted to a discussion of the necessity for an immediate bio- logical survey of the Isthmus of Panama. November 14,1908 — 448th Meeting. The President in the chair and 25 persons present. Tbe following communications were presented : Hugh M. Smith : Photography of Living Fishes. Henry Oldys : Some Deductions from the Nesting of Birds. Wells W. Cooke : The Earliest Migration Records in the United States. November 28, 1908 — 449th Meeting. The President in the chair and 55 persons present. H. W. Clark noted the occurrence of partially buried maple Seeds. L. O. Howard noted the existence of an unknown means of distribution of the gypsy moth. The following communication was presented : F. Creighton Wellman : General Biological Conditions in Angola, Portuguese West Africa. December 12, 1908 — 450th Meeting. The meeting was held in the lecture hall of George Washing- ton University, the President in the chair and 240 persons present. The following communication was presented: Ernest Thompson Seton : Two Thousand Miles by Canoe to the Arctic Region. • Science, December 11, 1908, p. 845. Proceedings. XI December 26, 1908 — 451st Meeting. TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL MEETING, The President in the chair and 27 persons present. The annual reports of the Recording Secretary and Treasurer were read and accepted. The following officers were elected for the year 1909 : President : T. S. Palmer. Vice-Presidents : E. L. Greene, E. W. Nelson, W. P. Hay, J. N. Rose. Recording Secretary : M. C. Marsh. Corresponding Secretary : W. H. Osgood. Treasurer : J. W. Gidley. Councilors : A. D. Hopkins, A. K. Fisher, A. B. Baker, David White, Vernon Bailey. The newly elected president announced the following stand- ing committees : Committee on Puhlications : W. P. Hay, W. H. Osgood, J. W. Gidley. Committee on Communications: M. W. Lyon, Jr., J. W. Titcomb, E. A. Schwarz, C. V. Piper, N. Hollister. MEMBERS* Alexander, Alvin B. Bureau of Fisheries. Alien, Glover M. 16 Oxford St., Cambridge, Massachusetts. Allen, J. A. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York. Allison, Andrew. Ellisville, Mississippi. Ames, Oakes. Ames Botanical Laboratory, North Easton, Massachusetts. Arnold, Ralph. U. S. Geological Survey. Bailey, Mrs. Florence Merriam. 1834 Kalorama Road. Bailey, Vernon. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Baker, A. B. 1845 Lanier Ave. N. W. Baker, C. F. Museum Goeldi, Para, Brazil. Baker, Frank. Zoological Park. Ball, Carleton R. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Ball, E. D. Agricultural College, Logan, Utah. Bangs, Outram. 20 Pemberton Square, Boston, Massachusetts. Barber, Chas. M. Laporte, Indiana. Barber, H. S. U. S. National Museum. Barbour, Thomas. 13 Conant Hill, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Barnhart, John Hendley. Tarrytown, New York. Bartsch, Paul. U. S. National .Museum. Bassler, R. S. U. S. National Museum. Batchelder, C. F. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Beach, H. H. A. 28 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Massachusetts. Beal, F. E. L. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Bean, Barton A. U. S. National Museum. Bean, Tarleton H. 1 Madison Ave., New York. Beard, Daniel Carter. Flushing, Long Island, New York. Beardsley, A. E. State Normal School, Greeley, Colorado. Beattie, W. R. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Bennetts, AVm. J. 1941 1st St. N. W. Bishop, Louis B. 356 Orange St., New Haven, Connecticut. Blodgett, Fred. H. Agricultural College, Maryland. Blunter, J. C. Care Carnegie Institution, Tucson, Arizona. Bond, Frank. General Land Office. Bonhote, J. Lewis. British Museum, Cromwell Road, London, England. Branner, J. C. Stanford University, California. Braunnagel, Julius. San Antonio, Texas. Brewster, William. 145 Brattle St., Cambridge, Massachusetts. Britton, N. L. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York. Bromwell, J. R. 1147 Connecticut Ave. * The town address unless otherwise stated is Washington, D. C. xiii xiv The Biological Society of Washington. Brown, E. IT. S. Department of Agriculture. Brown, E. J. Smithsonian Institution. Burke, H. E. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Burnett, W. L. Fort Collins, Colorado. Burt, Fred'k A. Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pa. Busck, August. U. S. National Museum. Cambraso, Rod. D. Italian Legation, San Domingo, W. I. Carleton, M. A. D. S. Department of Agriculture. Casey, Thos. Lincoln. Office Lighthouse Board. Chamberlain, Edward B. 38 W. 59th St., New York. Chapman, F. M. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York. Chase, Mrs. Agnes. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Chesnut, V. K. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Chester, Wayland M. Colgate University, Hamilton, New York. Chickering, J. W. The Portner. Church, Morton L. 2 Dean St., Taunton. Massachusetts. Clark, Austin H. The Cordova, 20th St. and Florida Ave. N. W. Clark, H. Walton. Bureau of Fisheries. Cockered, T. I). A. Boulder, Colorado. Collins, (i. N. C S. Department of Agriculture. Compton, Miss Edith. Central High School. Cook, O. F. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Cooke, Charles Montague, Jr. Honolulu, Hawaii. Cooke, W. W. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Copeland, Manton. 40 Winthrop St. , Taunton, Massachusetts. Coville, F. V. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Cox, Ulysses (). State Normal School, Terre Haute, Indiana. Crawford, J. C. U. S. National Museum. Crawley, Howard. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Crouse, Hugh W. Valley View Hospital, Victoria, Texas. Dall, W. H. Smithsonian Institution. Davenport, Mrs. Elizabeth B. Brattleboro, Vermont. Dewey. L. II. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Dodge, Charles Wright. University of Rochester, Rochester, New York. Dooiittle, A. A. Central High School. Dudley, W. R. Stanford University, California. Dutcher, William. 141 Broadway, New York. Duvel, .1. W. T. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Dwight, Jonathan, Jr. 134 W. 71st St., New York. Dyche, L. L. Lawrence, Kansas. Edwards, Arthur M. 423 4th Ave., Newark, New Jersey. Egbert, J. Hobart. 237 Valley St., Willimantic, Connecticut. Elliot, Daniel G. Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist., New York. Evans, Alexander W. 2 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, Connecticut. Evans, W. 11. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Evermann, B. W. Bureau of Fisheries. Fassett, Henry C. Bureau of Fisheries. Faxon, Walter. Mns. Comp. Zool., Camhridge, Massachusetts. Members. xv Fisher, A. K. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Fiske, W. F. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Fleming, Jas. H. 267 Rusholme Road, Toronto, Canada. Fletcher, Robert. Army Medical Museum. Flint, J. M. U. S. National Museum. Franz, Shepherd Ivory. Government Hospital for Insane. Franzoni, C. W. 605 I St. N. W. Gidley, James Williams. U. S. National Museum. Gilbert, ('has. II. Stanford University, California. Gilbert, G. K. U. S. Geological Survey. Gill, Then. N. Smithsonian Institution. Gilmore, C. W. U. S. National Museum. Girty, George H. U. S. Geological Survey. Goldman, E. A. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Goldsborough, E. L. Bureau of Fisheries. Goodwin, S. II. Provo, Utah. Graybill, II. W. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Greene, E. L. U. S. National Museum. Gregg, E. B. 606 F St. N. W. Gregory, Miss Emily Ray. Aurora-on-Cayuga, New York. Griffiths, David. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Grinned, George Bird. 127 Franklin St., New York. Gronberger, Sven Magnus. Smithsonian Institution. Gudger, E. W. State Normal School, Greensboro, North Carolina. II ;il i n , Walter L. Springfield, South Dakota. Hall, Maurice C. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Hallock, Charles. 1337 11th St. N. W. Hammar, A. G. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Hanaman, Chas. E. P. 0. Box 527, Troy, New York. Hartzell, J. Culver. University of the Pacific, San Jose, California. Hay, 0. P. 1307 Riggs St. N. W. Hay, W. P. Business High School. Hays, Willett M. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Hedgcock, Geo. Grant. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Heller, Edmund. Smithsonian Institution. Henderson, Junius. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. Henshaw, Henry W. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Henshaw, Samuel. Museum Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Herrick, Glenn W. College Station, Texas. Hill, Robert T. 25 Broad St., New York. Hitchcock, Albert S. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Hoffman, Irvin N. 1513 30th St. N. W. Hollister, N. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Hollister, W. D. Continental Oil Co., Denver, Colorado. Hopkins, A. I). V. S. Department of Agriculture. Hosmer, Ralph S. Supt. of Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii. Howard, L. O. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Howell, Arthur H. U. S. Department of Agriculture. xvi TJie Biological Society of Washington. Howland, C. H. 825 Vermont Ave. Hrdlicka, A. U. S. National Museum. Jackson, II . II. T. Milton, Wisconsin. Jenkins, 0. P. Stanford University, California. Jones, .Airs. Edward Barton. The Woodley. Kearney, T. H. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Keim, E. T. Am. Dist. Tel. Co., Denver, Colorado. Kellerman, K. F. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Kendall, W. C. Bureau of Fisheries. Kennedy, Harris. 286 Warren St., Roxhury, Massachusetts. King, A. F. A. 1315 Massachusetts Ave. Knal), Frederick. U. S. National Museum. Knowlton, F. H. U. S. National Museum. Kotinsky, Jacob. Honolulu, Hawaii. Lange, E. F. 1020 Massachusetts Ave. N. E. Lantz, D. E. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Latorre, Angel Cabrera. Calle de Don Pedro, Madrid, Spain. Loring, J. A. Owego, New York. Lucas, Frederick A. Brooklyn Inst. Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y. Ludlow, Clara S. Surgeon-General's Office. Lyon, M. W., Jr. U. S. National Museum. Mackic, D. B. Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I. Maddren, A. G. 141 A St. N. E. Mann, Albert. IT. S. Department of Agriculture. Mann, B. P. 1918. Sunderland Place. Manning, .J. Woodward. 114<> Tremont BIdg., Boston, Massachusetts. Marlatt, C. L. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Marsh, C. Dwight. V. S. Department of Agriculture. Marsh, M. C. Bureau of Fisheries. Martin, Miss Jennie T. Central High School. Maxon, William R. IT. S. National Museum. McAtee, W. L. P. S. Department of Agriculture. McDonald, John M. S. 694 Jefferson St., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. McFarland, F. M. Stanford University, California. McGee, W.I U. S. Department of Agriculture. McKenney, R. E. B. 3320 N. 15th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mearns, Edgar A. Smithsonian Institution. Meek, Seth E. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois. Mercer, W. F. Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. Merriam, C. Hart. l!. S. Department of Agriculture. Metcalf, Haven. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Metcalf, Maynard M. Woman's College, Baltimore, Maryland. Miller, < ierritt S.. Jr. U. S. National Museum. Mitchell, Miss Evelyn (I. U. S. National Museum. Moore, II. F. Bureau of Fisheries. Morris, E. L. SliO E. 22<1 St., Flatlmsh, New York. Needhani, James G. Ithaca, New York. Nelson, Aven. University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming. Members. xvii Nelson, E. W. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Nichols, John Treadwell. 1723 DeSales St. Oberholser, Harry C. U. S. Department of Agriculture. O'Gara, P. J. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Ogden, H. V. 141 Wisconsin St., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Oldys, Henry. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Osborn, Herbert. State University, Columbus, Ohio. Osbom, H. F. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York. Osgood, Wilfred H. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Owen, Frederick D. War Department. Owen, Miss Juliette A. 306 N. 9th St., St. Joseph, Missouri. Owen, Win. O. Hygienic Laboratory. Palmer, William. U. S. National Museum. Palmer, T. S. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Pammel, L. H. Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. Patten, Miss Juliet C. 2212 R St. N. W. Patterson, Mrs. Flora W. IT. S. Department of Agriculture. Pinchot, Gifford. Forest Service. Piper, Chas. V. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Piper, S. E. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Pittier, H. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Pope, Th. E. B. Bureau of Fisheries. Preble, E. A. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Prentiss, D. W., Jr. 1315 M St. N. W. Quaintance, A. L. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Rathbun, Miss Mary J. Smithsonian Institution. Rathbun, Richard. Smithsonian Institution. Read, Albert M. 1140 15th St. N. W. Ricbardson, C. W. 1317 Connecticut Ave. Richardson, Miss Harriet. 1804 Wyoming Ave. Richmond, C. W. Smithsonian Institution. Ricker, P. L. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Ridgway, Robert. Smithsonian Institution. Riley, J. H. Smithsonian Institution. Rives, William C. 1702 Rhode Island Ave.' Roberts, T. S. 1603 4th Ave. South, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Rose, J.N. U. S. National Museum. Safford, William Edwin. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Sage, John H. Portland, Connecticut. Sargent, C. S. Brookline Station, Boston, Massachusetts. Schuchert, Charles. Yale University Museum, New Haven, Connecticut. Scbuh, R. E. Howard University. Schwarz, E. A. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Sclater, AY. L. El Paso Club, Colorado Springs, Colorado. Scott, W. B. Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey. Scott, W. M. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Seale, Alvin. Stanford University, California. Slocum, Charles E. Defiance, Ohio. xviii The Biological Society of Washington. Smith, Erwin F. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Smith, Hugh M. Bureau of Fisheries. Snyder, Will Edwin. 201 Front St., Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. Sornborger, Jewell D. Ipswich, Massachusetts. Spillman, W. J. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Spottswood, H. N. U. S. National Museum. Stanton, T. W. U. S. National Museum. Stearns, John S. 1425 Rhode Island Ave. Steele, E. S. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Stejneger, L. U. S. National Museum. Stephens, Frank. 3756 Park Boulevard, San Diego, California. Sternberg, Geo. M. 2005 Massachusetts Ave. N. W. Stevenson, Charles H. Bureau of Fisheries. Stiles, C. W. Hygienic Laboratory. Stockberger, W. W. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Strecker, J. K. , Jr. Baylor University, Waco, Texas. Sudworth, George B. Forest Service. Sullivan, M. X. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Symonds, Thomas B. College Park, Maryland. Taylor, W. A. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Thayer, John E. Maplehurst Farm, Lancaster, Massachusetts. Thomas, Oldfield. British Museum, Cromwell Road, London, England. Tidestorm, I. 228a Bates St. N. W. Titcomb, John W. Bureau of Fisheries. Todd, W. E. Clyde. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Townsend, C. Ov U. S. Department of Agriculture. True, F. W. U. S. National Museum. True, Rodney H. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Ulke, Henry. 1427 U St. N. W. VanDeman, H. E. 3030 13th St. Vaughan, T. Wayland. Smithsonian Institution. Waite, M. B. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Walcott, C. D. Smithsonian Institution. AYarren, Edward R. 20 W. Caramillo St., Colorado Springs, Colorado. Warren, L. E. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Waters, C. E. Bureau of Standards. Webber, H. J. Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Webster, F. M. U. S. Department of Agriculture. White, C. A. U. S. National Museum. White, C. H. Center Sandwich, New Hampshire. White, C. David. V. S. National Museum. Wight, W. F. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Wilcox, Timothy E. 1841 California Ave. N. W. Wilkins, j\Iiss Lewanna. 1414 Girard St. N. W . Williams, R. W. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Williamson, Mrs. AI. Burton. 1040 Shatto St., Los Angeles, California. Wilson, II. V. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C. Woods, Albert F. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Vol. XXI, pp. 1-10 January 23, 1908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON NOTES ON GENERA OF PANICEAE. II.* BY AGNES CHASE. * The two genera, Hymenachne and Sacciolepis, discussed in the present paper, while not very closely related, have been con- fused because of the similarity in the form of the inflorescence of most of the species in each, a spike-like panicle. Genus HYMENACHNE Beauv. 1812, Agros. 48. t. 10. f. 8. "Axis panicnlatus : Panicula simplex, spicseformis: Rami conferti. — Glumpe insequales, herbaeete, acute: infer, multo brevior. Flosc. infer neut. : Palea infer, acuta: super, brevissima, mernbranacea, hyalina. — Flosc. super, hermaphroditus : Palex herbacex membranacese acuta?. * * * Spec. Agrostis myuros Lam. monostachya Poir." The illustration represents the second species mentioned by Beauvois, A grostis monostachya Poir . , which according to the American Code, + should therefore be taken as the type of the genus, although Beauvois gives the name Hymenachne myuros in the explanation of plate 10, showing that he misunderstood Lamarck's species. Agrostis monostachya Poir. 1810, Encyc. Suppl. 1 : 256. " Cette plantea ete recueillie a, Porto-Ricco, par M. Riedle. (V. s. in herb. Desfont.y The type labeled in Poiret's hand, "Agrostis mo- nostachya Poir. enc. sup. Reidel Porto-Ricco," was examined by Professor A. S. Hitchcock X in the Des- fontaine herbarium at Florence. The accompany- ing figure is drawn from this specimen. Panicum myuros Lam. ( incorrectly given as Agros- tis myuros Lam. ) cited by Beauvois under Hy- menachne is not the same species as Agrostis mono- stachya Poir., as most subsequent authors seemed The type of this was seen in Lamarck's herbarium in Paris, Fig. l. Hymenachne amplexl- caulis. to think. * Notes on Paniceae I, with general discussion of the importance of the fruit as a generic character in this tribe appeared in Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19: 183-192. Dec. 1906. + Canon 15, b. t All the type specimens definitely mentioned as found in the different European herbaria were examined by Professor A. S. Hitchcock in the spring of 1907. 1— Pkoc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, 1908. (1) 2 Chase — Notes on Genera of Paniceae. II. and was found to be a congener of Sacciolepis striata (L. ) Nash., Pan- icum indicum, and allied species. Beauvois emphasizes the simple spike-like panicle, and also the real distinguishing character of the genus, the membranaceous lemma and palea, to which latter character the name refers, "De wi<" Membrana; " fix^Palea." But, probably because he did not know Lamarck's species, Beauvois included in Hymenachne P. myuros which does not have a mem- branaceous lemma and palea. Subsequent authors have placed in the genus or section Hymenachne various Pan/rum allies having a spike-like panicle, but often without other similarity. It is not evident whether Beauvois considered the two species he cites synonymous or not. In the index only Hymenachne myuros is given; A. monostachya is not formally transferred and is not mentioned in the index. Roemer & Schultes (1817, Syst. 2: 25) maintain this and others of Beau- vois' new genera without comment. Trinius (1820, Fund. Agros. 176) upholds Hymenachne as a genus with one species, myurus, though Digitaria, Monachne and other genera are included in Panicum. Trinius adds the note: " Obs. Panicis maxime affinis. An hujus generis (forte tunc emendandi) Andropogon insu- larisL.?" which seems to indicate that he gave greater weight to the membranaceous fruit than to the spike-like panicle. This is assuming that Trinius supposed H. myurus and A. monostachya to be synonyms. Later (1826. Gram. Pan. 51) Trinius places Hymenachme together with Trichachne, Setaria, Pennisetum and other genera in Panicum under the following synoptical division "e) Thyrsus (simplex vel compositus), aut Racemi compositi longe plerumque sparsi et jubati. Spiculse oblongse 1. lanceolatse, pi. min. imequaliter dispositse. Gluma inferior manifesta (Jubaria).*)" ["*Species qUarum radii, quantumvis racemos mentientes, radiolos, distinctos emittunt, ad sectionem sequentem Miliariam referun- tur."] This gives a wholly artificial grouping based solely on the narrow panicle and includes Chsetochloas, various true Panicwms and allies. Jubaria (1. c. p. 159-183) is subdivided into four groups, the third of which, "* * * Thyrsi pi. min. compositi spiculse basi nudse (absque in- volucello)" includes Panicum indicum L., P. vilvoides Trim, P. gibbum Ell. (which belong in Sacciolepis), and P. amplexicaule Rudge (true Hy- menachne) under which Hymenachne myuros Beauv. and Panicum myu- ros Kunth "(nee Lam.)" arc given as synonyms. Trinius observes " Lamarckii gramen, cui ' folia angusta, convoluta' certe hue non per- tinet." But Panicum myuros Lam. and P. amplexicaule continued to be considered synonymous by other authors. Under his fourth division of Jubaria Trinius includes Panicum palustre Trim (a true Hymenachne having a racemose panicle ) between Panicum U'ucophuum Kunth (which is Valota) and P. plicatum Lam., which belongs in section Ptycophyllum of Panicum. These detail- are given only to show that the cause of con- fusion was the form of the inflorescence. Xees (1S2H. Agros. Bras. 273) recognizes Hymenachne as a genus, but like Trinius groups with it the allies of Panicum gibbum Ell., though he places the following observation alter them : " Hac in specie ac in prsece- Chase — Notes on Genera of Panicese. II. 3 dente [H. fluviatilis, which is the same as Panicum vilvoides and H.cam- pestris] flosculus hermaphroditus glumis et neutro flosculo brevior est multo, non vero herbaceus ut in H. rhyuro, sed subcartilagineus." Pani- cum paludicola Nees, a Hymenachne, and P. striatum Lam., a Sacciolepis, are given among true Panicums. Desvaux (1831, Opus. 82) transfers Agrostis monostachya Poir. to Pani- cum, changing the name to P. Hymenachne Desv. He observes that this plant had been confounded with Agrostis [Panicum] myuros, which was very different. Kunth (1833, Enum. PI. 1: 86) under division 5 includes a miscella- neous group of Sacciolepis, Hymenachne, Eriochloa and other allies, as well as several species of Panicum itself. Trinius (1883, Pan. Gen. 165) includes about the same group under his section Virgaria of Panicum. Nees (1841, Fl. Afr. Aust. 50.) makes a section Curviflora of Panicum for two species of Sacciolepis. Steudel (1854, Syn. PI. Glum. 2 : 101) includes in the genus Hymen- achne four names referable to Sacciolepis, and two (which are, however, synonyms) to Hymenachne; a seventh species, which is probably a Saccio- lepis, he includes with the mark of doubt. Grisebach (1864, Fl. W. I. 553) includes in the genus Hymenachne one species which belongs there and two which belong to Sacciolepis. Doell (1877, Mart. Fl. Bras. 22:231) in the first part of the section Miliaria of Panicum gives seven species, five of which are referable to Sacciolepis, one to HymenacJuie, and one probably to Steinchisma. Pani- cum auriculatum, a Hymenachne with ascending, not oppressed, panicle branches, is placed in the second part of the section in which most of the species are true Panicums. It is worthy of note that Doell uses the name Panicum myuros Lam. for the species to which the type really belongs, stating that he saw the specimen in the Paris Museum. Under Panicum amplexicaule Pudge, lie straightens out the hitherto confused synonomy of this species. Bentham ( 1878, Flora Australiensis 7 : 465 ) makes a section Myuroidese of Panicum under which he places three species, two of which belong in Sacciolepis and one in Hymenachne. Founder (1881, Mex. PL 2: 36) includes eight species in the genus Hy- menachne, two of which are referable to Sacciolepis, three to Hymenachne , and two to Panicum. The remaining species, H. Gouini Fourn., unknown to us, is probably a Hymenachne. Hackel (1887, Engler & Prantl. Pfl. Fam. 2': 35) recognizes Hymen- achne as a section of Panicum with spike-like panicles and slightly indu- rated glumes. No species are mentioned. Hooker (1896, Fl. Brit. Ind. 39) places seven species under Hymenachne as a section of Panicum, three of which are referable to Hymenachne and four to Sacciolepis. Stapf (1898, Flora Capensis 386) makes a section Vilfoidese for three species referable to Sacciolepis. Description. — Spikelets short-pediceled, crowded in slender racemes 4 Chase — Notes on Genera of Panicese. II. which are erect, forming a dense spike-like panicle, or narrowly ascend- ing; spikelets lanceolate, acuminate; first glume % to 3^ ;IS long as the spikelet, remote, a distinct stipe below the second glume ; sterile lemma 5-nerved, acuminate, exceeding the lanceolate stramineous fruit; lemma and palea membranaceous, margins of the lemma thin ( not broad and hyaline), not enrolled; palea not inclosed above; grain oblong, at ma- turity readily falling from the open lemma and palea. Perennial aquatic or semi-aquatic grasses, decumbent at base and rooting at the lower nodes, with rather stout simple stems and long lanceolate blades cordate-clasping at base, except in Hymenachne monlana. Species seven or eight, con- fined to the tropics and subtropics. * Panicles elongated, spike-like. Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees 1829, Agrost. Bras. 276, based on the next. Panicum amplexicaule Rudge 1805, PI. Guian. 1: 21. t. 27. Type "ex herb. Rudge" in the British Museum. Agrostu monostachya Poir. 1810, Encyc. Suppl. 1 : 256. (See note above on type. ) Panicum Hymenachne Desv. 1831, Opus. 82. Based on Agrostis mono- stachya Poir. Panicum myuros of authors not Lam. In the tropics and subtropics of western hemisphere. Hymenachne patula Fourn. 1881, Mex. PI. Gram. 37. "Bejucal in insula Cuba (Liebm. n. 402. )" A specimen of this number from Founder is in the herbarium of the Botanical Garden at Copenhagen. The panicle is less dense than in the preceding. Known only from Cuba. Hymenachne pseudo-interrvpta C. Muell. 1861, Bot. Zeit. 19 : 333. " India orientalis, Bengalia et Malacca. Griffith." Specimens in the National Herbarium from India, Malacca and Java answer to Mueller's description. They differ from H. amplexicaulis in having blades narrowly cordate at base, long-attenuate or involute above; and in the longer spikelets with longer-pointed glumes. Nees' descrip- tion of P. auritum Presl (ex Nees 1829, Fl. Bras. 2: 176) seems to apply to this species, but we have not seen the type of either. Hymenachne Montana Griseb. 1879, in Goett. Abb. 24 : 307. "C [" C = Prov. Cordoba und Santiago del Estero." 1. c. 4.] S. Achala." The type is in Grisebach's herbarium at Gottingen, labeled "Achala, Hieronymus 640." An anomalous species, bearing about the same relation to the typical species that Panicum Chapmanii Vas. and related forms bear to Eupani- cum. A few of the lower spikelets are subtended by a scabrous bristle (a sterile pedicel) ; first and second glumes sub-equal, much shorter than the sterile and fertile lemmas; fruit as in the type species, except that it is slightly indurated. Argentina. Chase — Notes on Genera of Panicex. II. 5 ** Panicle long and narrow with ascending branches, not spike-like. Hymenachne auriculata (Willd.). Panicum auriculatum Willd. 1825, ex Spreng: Syst. 1 : 322. "Ainer. austr." The type, labeled "Amer. merid. Humboldt," is in the Willde- iii >\v herbarium, Berlin. Panicum polystachyum Presl 1830, Rel. Haenk. 1: 312. " Hab. in Pe- ruvia." (Not P. polystachyum Schult. 1824, Mant. 2: 146. ) The type, in the Presl herbarium in the National Museum, Prag, is labeled "Regno montana, Peru." Brasil and Peru. Hymenachne palustris (Trim). Panicum paluslre Trim 182(5, Gram. Pan. 181. " V. spp. Brasil. (Langsdorff.)" The type bearing the label " Panicum palustre m. Brasil Langsdorff. In fossis serra dos Orgonos," is in the Trinius herbarium, in the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Panicum paluddcola Nees in Trim 1. c. as synonym sub P. palustre ; ls2i), Agros. Bras. 179. The specimen in Trinius' herbarium is cited and Panicum palustre Trim is given as synonym. In the Icones 2, pi. 218, Trinius reduces P. palustre to a synonym of Panicum frondescens Meyer, but from Meyer's description and a specimen from Brasil determined by Xees this seems to be a species related to Pani- cum stoloniferum Poir. Plate 218 is drawn from a Brasil specimen, and agrees with the specimens of P. paluslre in Trinius' herbarium. Panicle less dense than in the preceding, spikelets larger. Brasil. Two species represented in the National Herbarium, one from Uruguay and one from the Philippines, remain to be identified with published names or to be described. The following species should be excluded from Hymenachne, to which genus they have been referred by various authors: Hymenachne boiviniana Steud = Sacciolepis? Hymenachne campestris Nees = Sacciolepis. Hymenachne fluviatilis Nees = Sacciolepis. Hymenachne frondescens (Meyer) Fourn. . . = Panicum. Hymenachne indica (L) Buese . . . . = Sacciolepis. Hymenachne inter rupta (Willd. ) Buese . . = Sacciolepis. Hymenachne leptostachya (Presl) Fourn. . . — Panicum? Hymenachne myosurqides (R. Br.) Balansa = Sacciolepis. Hymenachne myosurus (Rich. ) Nees . . . .= Sacciolepis. Hymenachne myuros ( Lam. ) Beauv. . . = Sacciolepis. Hymenachne phalarioides (R.itS. ) Xees . . = Sacciolepis? Hymenachne phleiformis (Presl) Fourn. . . = Sacciolepis. Hymenachne polymorpha Balansa = Sacciolepis? Hymenachne striata ( Lam. ) Griseb — Sacciolepis. None of the above species is here transferred. Chase — Notes on Genera of Panicese. II. Genus SACCIOLEPIS Nash 1901, Britt. Man. 89. "A perennial grass with flat leaves and a terminal contracted panicle. Spikelets numerous, readily deciduous when mature, 1-flowered, articu- lated to the pedicel below the empty scales. Scales 4, the outer 3 membra- nous, the first scale small, the second one much larger than the rest, many-nerved, strongly saccate at the base; fourth scale much shorter than the third, chartaceous, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. * * * [Greek, in reference to the large saccate second scale of the spikelet.]." The only species given under the genus is Sacciolepis gibba (Ell. ) Nash (1. c. ), based on the following: Panicum gibbum Ell. 1817, Sk. Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1 : 116. No specimen is cited. The type in the Elliott herbarium in the College of Charleston, consists of a single culm with three leaves and an over-mature panicle. The label in Elliott's writing reads: "Panicum gib- bum milii. flor. Aug. Sept. Car. Georg. in locis udis." Nees(1841, V\. Mr. Aust. 50) establishes a division Curviflora ; Bentham (1878, Fl. Austral. 7:480) a series Myuroidese. ; and Stapf (1898, Flora Capensis 386) a sec- tion Vilfoidess for species referable to this genus. For the history of the disposition of this group by various authors, see the notes under Hymenachne. Description. — Spikelets short-pediceled on short usually erect racemes forming dense spike-like panicles (except in P. curvatum L. ), spikelets oblong- conical; first glume small, second glume broad, inflated-saccate, strongly many-nerved; sterile lemma narrower, flat, fewer-nerved, its palea nearly as long, often subtending a staminate flower; fruit stipitate, elliptical, the lemma and palea chartaceous-indurated, the margins of lemma inrolled. the palea not enclosed at the summit. Grasses of wet ground; culms usually branching, and rooting at the lower nodes. Sacciolepis striata ( L. ) Nash 1903, Bui. Torr. Bot. Club, 30:383. Holcu8 striatus L. 1753, Sp. PI. 1048. " Habitat in Virginia paludibus." The type in the Linnean herbarium is " a Gronovius plant numbered 59, upon which Linnaeus has written ' 7 striatus.' "* Panicum striatum Lam. 1791, Tab. Encyc. 1:172. "Carolina. Com. I). Fraser." The type labeled " de la Caroline, fraser, panicum striatum lam." is in the Paris herbarium. Though the same specific name is used it appears that Lamarck did not know Holcus striatus L. Panicum gibbum Ell. 1817, Sk. Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1 : 116. (See above. ) Panicum Elliottianum Schult. 1824, Mant. 2:256. Based on the pre- ceding, the name being changed because of P. ijibbosum Brown. • Kitfo Hitchcock, In note book. Fig. 2. Sacciolepis gibba. Chase — Notes on Genera of Panicese. II 7 Panicum aquaticum Bosc ex Sprang. 1825, Syst. 1 : 319. ' ' Ins. Bermud. ' ' A duplicate type was seen in the Webb herbarium in Florence. Sacciolepis gibba (Ell.) Nash 1901, Britt. Man. 89. (See above. ) Sacciolepis myuros (Lam.) Panicum myuros Lam. 1791, Tab. Enc. 1 : 172. ( Misprinted " myruos," but corrected in Enc. 4: 748.) "Ex America merid. Comm. a D. Rich- ard." The type in the Lamarck herbarium in Paris is labeled in Lamarck's handwriting " de Cayenne Leblond Panicum myuros lam. ill. gen." In the Encyclopedic (4: 748) the specimen is said to come from Cayenne, communicated by Richard and Le- 1 )1< >nd. FiR. 3. Since this species has been so generally misunder- Sacciolepis myuros. stood a spikelet from the type is illustrated here to show the generic relationship. Panicum myosurus Rich. 1792, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par. 1 : 106. No specimen is cited, but the name is published with a brief diagnosis in a "Catalogue plantarum * * * e Cayenna missarum a Domino Le Blond." The type is in the Paris herbarium. It is a somewhat larger specimen than the preceding type. This species is represented in the National Herbarium by Liebmann Mex. Gram. No. 146. Wanicum phleiforme Presl 1830, Rel. Haenk. 1 : 302. "Hab. in Mexico." There are two specimens on the sheet labeled " Panicum phleiforme nov. sp. J. S. Presl" in the National Museum at Prag, one ticketed Mexico, the other Luzon. The Mexico specimen is small and slender, but may be referable to S. myuros; the spikelets agree with those of Lamarck's speci- men, except that they are less acute. Pringle 2363, Jalisco, Mex., dis- tributed as P. indicum L., seems to be the same as Presl's specimen. More material may show this form to be distinct. Sacciolepis vilvoides (Trim). Panicum vilvoides Trin. 1S2<>, Gram. Pan. 171. " Hymenachne fluvia- tilis N. ab Es! in Mart. Fl. Bras. ined. V. spp. Gujan. Brasil. (Fischer X. ab EsExii. )" In the Trinius herbarium there are two specimens in the cover marked "Panicum vilvoides m." One is labeled "Panicum vilvoides m. Hymenachne fluviatilis N. abEs. sub quo nom. mis in Brasil. lectu an. N. ab." The other is labeled "Panicum (Hymenachne) vil- voides Trin. Guyaii francaise." Fischer's name does not appear on either. Since Trinius indicated by "in " or "mihi" the specimen he named, the first specimen mentioned above may be taken as the type. The second specimen is S. myuros. Hymenachne fluviatilis Xees 182)5, in Trin. (1. c.) as synonym sub Pani- cum vilvoides Trin. 1S29, Fl. Bras. 273 " Panicum vilvoides Trin. in litt., ex Herb. el. Fischeri." is cited. This species is represented in the National Herbarium by Ed-wall 1066 S. Paulo, Brasil. Other specimens apparently belonging to the same species have spikelets hirsute at the summit. 8 Chase — Notes on Genera of Panicese. II. Sacciolepis strumosa (Presl). Panicum strumosum Presl 1830, Rel. Haenk. 1 : 303. " Hab ad Monte- Rey California." The type in the Presl Herbarium is labeled "Panicum strumosum nov. sp. J. S. Presl " ; a second slip reads " Regno montanse, Haenke." The published locality is clearly a mistake; no species of this group have been found in California. Tins species is represented in the National Herbarium by Burchell 4420, Brasil. Sacciolepis indica (L.) Aira spicata L. 1753. Sp. PI. 63. " Habitat in India." In the Errata at the end of Vol. 2 " spicatum" is changed to " indicum," presumably because of another Aira spicata on page 64. "The specimen in the Lin- nean herbarium is a delicate creeping or spreading plant with many spikes about 1 cm. long with only a few spikelets" — [Hitchcock in notebook]. It is labeled in Linnaeus' hand " Panicum indicum." Aira has been scratched, and indica changed to indicum. Aira indica L. 1753, Sp. PI. in Errata; 17(12, Sp. PI. ed. 2, <>4. Panicum indicum L. 1771, Mant. 2: 1S4. Pased on "Aira indica Sp. plant 94" (the reference is to the second edition). Hymenachne indica (L.) Buese 1S54, in Miq. PI. Jungh. .">77. Based on Panicum indicum L. Of the several species in the National Herbarium from India received as Panicum indicum L. , that represented by Duthie 10,003 from the herb- arium of Prof. Hackel seems to be the true P. mdicum. Sacciolepis curvata (L. ). Panicum curvatum L. 1767, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 : 732. "Habitat in Su- ratte." t.Panicum coryophorum Kunth 1831, Rev. Gram. 2: 387. 1. 107. " Cres- cit in Madagasearia." Communicated by Aubert du Petit-Thouars. Kunth remarks that while the description of P. curvatum L. might in- clude his species, it is nevertheless too brief to convince him of the iden- tity of the two, especially since one is from India and the other from Madagascar. The Madagascar specimen in the National Herbarium agrees perfectly with Kunth's figure, but the identity of P. curvatum'L. and P. coryophorum Kunth can only he determined by a study of the types. The two are considered synonymous by Hooker, Stan/ and others. This is the only known species with an open panicle. The spikelets closely resemble those of the type species, S. gibba. The following species which belong in this genus are not here trans- ferred for lack of complete data: Panicum rigidifolium Trin. 1829, Sp. Gram Ic. 2. t. 214. " Eigura ad specimen Brasiliense." The type in Trinius herbarium, St. Petersburg, is labeled " Panicum rigidifolium m. 4 Brasil. Langsdorff." This is an outstanding species with a fruit larger in proportion to the size of the spikelet than in any other species. It is not here transferred because of uncertainty as to the oldest tenable name. Kunth (1833, Enum. PI. 1: 88) changes the name of I', rigidifolium Trin. to Panicum Chase — Notes on Genera of Panicese. II. 9 Trinii Kunth because of P. rigidifolium (Poir.) Kunth (May 2,* 1829, Rev. Gram. 1: 37). Both names thus date from 1829, and we have not been able to ascertain which is the earlier. An older name than either may apply to this species. Doell (1877, Mart, Fl. Bras. 22 : 236) uses Panicum dicecum Spreng. (1825, Syst. 1 : 322) for this species, citing " Panicum melicoides Nees ab Esenb. secundum specimena authentica, rix Poiret." Sprengel's description is very brief, and does not seem to apply to this species; the spikelets are said to be dioecious and the leaves lanceolate. The native country is indicated as unknown, and "P. melicoides et pofe- forme Poir." are cited as synonyms. Nees (1829, Agros. Bras. 191) describes this species under Panicum melicoides Poir., giving Panicum diozcum Sprang, as a synonym. Since Nees might be expected to have seen Sprengel's specimen it may lie that Sprengel's name belongs to this plant, notwithstanding the inapplicable description. The original descrip- tion of P. melicoides Poir. (1816, Encyc. Suppl. 4: 283) could hardly apply to this species. Neither the type of this nor of P. dioecum has been seen. Two other Brasilian species, Hymenachne campestris Nees (of which Panicum camporum Kunth is a typonym) and P. caudatum Salzm. ; and Panicum interruptum AVilld., of India, and a number of other old-world species of this group are not well enough known to us to be transferred here. ' Fide Sherbom and Woodward in Journ. Bot. 39 : 2U5. 1901. Vol. XXI, pp. 11-18 January 23, 1908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON DATES OF THE SIGNATURES OF THE " MEMOIRES DE L'ACADEMIE IMPERIALE DES SCIENCES DE SAINT-PETERSBOURG. SERIES VI. SCIENCES MATH- EM A TIQUES, PHYSIQUES ET NATURELLES." BY P. L. RICKEE. A few years ago the author found it necessary to determine the exact dates of publication of several of the botanical parts of the above series. Original signatures of a number of these parts were found in the various Washington libraries, in green covers with the month of publication printed on the inside of the front cover, indicating that some of the parts at least were published from one to five years before the date on the title page of the bound volume. The results of extensive search show that covers to only about half of the signatures of this series are apparently available in this country. The private library of Mr. A. S. Hitchcock assisted in some instances, and on his visit to the St. Petersburg Academy in 1902 he secured the assistance of Mr. D.I. Litwi- now, curator of the Botanical Museum of the Academy, in an effort to complete the missing dates ; but he was unable to get any additional dates from the Academy records or sets. As a last resort, Mr. B. B. Woodward, of the British Museum of Natural History, who has done considerable work of this nature, was appealed to, and to him and the British Museum authori- ties, who have preserved all of their signature covers of this series with dates of receipt of many of them, thanks are here extended for valuable assistance in completing the dates and verifying all of those obtained by the author. 2— Proo. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, 1908. (11) 12 Richer — Dates of St. Petersburg Memoirs. CO GO Y: ■g^cS. - - ■ += -w M c sZ,' ' ' ' s: -;: : : , 7. 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As some of the botanical parts have been cited by the titles of the articles, these titles with their correct pagination and dates are also given. List of Botanical Articles in the Above Series. 1: 54r-93. Graminum genera quaedam speciesque complures definitioni- bus novis illustravit, C. B. Trinius. Jan., 1830. 1:353-41(1 Same title and author as above. (Continued.) Dec, 1830. 2: 601-655. Essaimonograpbique sur les especes D'Eriocaulon du Bresil, par M. Bongard. pis. 1-10. July, 1831. 2: 119-177. Observations sur la Vegetation de L'lle de Sitcha, par M. Bongard. pis. 1-7. Aug., 1832. 2: 219-237. Essai Monographique sur les especes D'Eriocaulon du Bresil, [continued] par M. Bongard. pis. 11-19. Oct., 1832. 2: 239-337. Andropogineorum genera speciesque complures definitioni- bus novis; illustravit C. B. Trinius. Oct., 1832. 32: 09-83. Generis Lacis revisio speciesque nonnullae novae adnexa est Philocrena, Genus e Podostemonearum online novum. Auctore H. G. Bongard. pis. 1-0. June, 1834. 32: 85-87. Observation sur le Sedum verticillatum L. par M. Bongard. pi. 1. June, 1834. 32: 89-340. Panicearum genera retractavit speciebusque compluribus illustravit C. B. Trinius. 1 pi. [not numbered]. June, 1834. Tins was reprinted, and repaged 1-207. 1834. 32: 545-500. Essai Monographique sur les especes D'Eriocaulon du Bresil, [continued]. Par M. Bongard. pis. 20-27. Aug., 1835. 32: 013-030. Bambusaceas quasdam novas describit C. B. Trinius. Aug., 1835. Tins was reprinted and repaged from 1-17. 42: 1-108. Graminum in hisce actis a se editorum generibus ac speciebus supplementa addit C. B. Trinius. Mar. 1830. Tins is a supplement to the first two articles cited in this paper. 42: 109-130. Bauhiniae et Pauletiae, especies Brasiliensis novae. Auctore H. G. Bongard. pis. 1-7. Mar., 1838. 42: 137-142. Genera duo e Melastomacearum online novae. Auctore H. G. Bongard. 1 pi. [not numbered] . Mar., 1838. 52: 1-8. Plantae quatuor Brasiliensis novae. Auctore H. G. Bongard. pis. 1-4. Oct., 183U. 5'-': 9-20. Essai Monographique sur les especes d'Eriocaulon du Bresil, [continued] par M. Bongard. pis. 28-35. Oct., 1839. 52: 31-45. Compositae Brasiliensis novae. Auctore H. G. Bongard. pis. 1-9. Oct., 1839. Reprinted as " Descriptiones plantarum novarum." 1-15. L839. 52: 47-90. Phalarideae. Auctore C. B. Trinius. Oct., 1839. 52: 91-105. Bambuseas Monographic^ exponit J. F. Ruprecht. pis. 1-18. Feb., 1840. 52: 107-189. Genera Graminum exposuit C. B. Trinius. IV. Oryzea. Feb., 1840. This was reprinted and repaged 1-23. 1840. Rickei — Dates of St. Petersburg Memoirs. 17 62: 1-22. Das Alyssum minutum und die zunaechst verwandten arten, monographisch bearbeitet und durch abbildungen erlaeutert; nebst einer uebersicht der arten der gattung Psilonema. Von C. A. Meyer. pis. 1-2. Nov., 1S40. 62: 23-134. Genera Graminum exposuit C. B. Trinius. V. Agrostidea. Nov., 1840. This was reprinted as "Agrostidea I. Vilfea." 1-112. 1840. 62: 135-151. Einige bemerkungen ueber die Naturliche Familie der Polygonaceae. Erster artikel : Yersuch einer naturgetreuen anordung der gattungen dieser familie. Yon C. A. Meyer, pi. 1. Nov., 1840. 62: 153-156. Uwarowia chrysanthemifolia Bunge, descriptione et icone illustrata. Auctoribus F. E. L. Fischer et C. A. Meyer, pi. 1. Nov., 1S40. 62: 157-240. Yerzeichniss der im jahre 1838 am Saisang-nor und am irtyrch gesammelten Pflanzen. Ein zweites supplement zur Flora Altaica. Angefangen von Dr. G. H. Bongard, beendiget von Dr. C. A. Meyer, pis. 1-16. June, 1841. 62: 247-390. Gramina Agrostidea, II callus rotundus (Agrostea). Ex- posuit C. B. Trinius. This was reprinted as "Agrostidea, II. Callo rotundo (Agrostea)." 1-144. June, 1841. 72: 1-189. Gramina Agrostidea, III. Callus obconicus. (Stipacea.) Exposuit C. B. Trinius et F. J. Ruprecht. Mar., 1843. This was issued in advance as " Species Graminum Stipacearum." 1-189. 1S42. 72: 191-223. Uber einige Cornus-Arten, aus der abtheilung Thelycrania. Von C. A. Meyer. March, 1846. 7'2: 225-298. Yersuch einer Monographic der gattung Ephedra, durch abbildungen erlautert. Yon C. A. Meyer, pis. 1-8. March, 1S40. 8'2: 1-39. Uber die Zimmtrosen, insbesondere uber die, in Russland wildwachsenden arten derselben. Ein Beitrag zu der Flora Russ- lands. Yon 0. A. Meyer. March, 1849. 82: 41-58. De Cirsiis Ruthenicis nonnullis commentatio botanica. Auc- tore C. A. Meyer. March, 1840. 82: 59-70. Bemerkungen uber den Ban und das Wachsthum einiger grossen Algen-Stamme, und iiber die mittel, das Alter derselben zu bestimmen. Yon F. J. Ruprecht. March, 1849. 82: 71-81. Die Vegetation des rothen Meeres und ihre Beziehung zu den allgemeinen Satzen der Prlanzen-Geographie. Erlautert von F. J. Ruprecht. March, 1849. 92: 1-24. Kleine Beitrage zur nahem Kentniss der Flora Russlands. Yon 0. A. Meyer. Nov., 1855. 1 . Plantarum species novae, in imperio Ruthenico sponte Crescentes, descriptionil >us illustratae. 2. Ueber einige Crepis- Arten aus dem caucasischen Florengebiete. 3. Ueber Astragalus galactites Pall, und einige, nut demselben zunachst verwandte Arten. 92: 25-54. Ueber das System der Rhodophyceae. Yon F. J. Ruprecht. pi. 1. Nov., 1855. 18 Richer — Dates of St. Petersburg Memoirs. 92: 55-82. Neue oder unvollstandig bekannte Pflanzen aus dem nord- lichen Theile des stillen Oceans. Yon F. J. Ruprecht. pi. 1-8. Nov., 1855. Unfortunately very few libraries as yet have realized the im- portance of binding signature covers, either in their original position, or at the end of the volume. In the latter case, great care must be taken to mark on the signature cover the numbers of the included pages, as in some cases works issued in parts* contain folios from different parts of a volume, or from differ- ent volumes of the same work. It is also of great value, in deter- mining priority in biological nomenclature, that the date of receipt of books and periodicals containing natural history arti- cles be stamped on one of the title pages. This is of special value in works giving only the year of publication. Most of our periodicals and some of the irregular scientific serials are now giving the actual date of their publication. Search for data on the above series led through the Congres- sional, Department of Agriculture, National Museum, Smith- sonian Institution, Geological Survey, Philadelphia Academy, Astor, Columbia University, New York Botanical Garden, Mis- souri Botanical Garden, Boston Public, Massachusetts Horticul- tural Society, American Academy, Harvard University, and Boston Society of Natural History libraries. Most of these institutions had more or less complete bound sets; but the Boston Society of Natural History and Philadelphia Academy libraries were the only ones containing any number of bound signature covers of this series and these were very incomplete. This is accounted for largely by the fact that most of these institutions received their numbers at a time when the subject of priority had not demonstrated the value of determining the exact dates of publication. 'e.g. Englt'i- und I'nmtl, Die Naturliche Pflanzenfamilien und Ascherson und Graebner, Synopsis der Mitteleuropaischen Flora. Vol. XXI, pp. 19-30 January 23, 1908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW SPECIES OF TROUT (SALMO NELSONI) AND A NEW CYPRINODONT (FUNDULUS MEEKI) WITH NOTES ON OTHER FISHES FROM LOWER CALIFORNIA. BY BARTON WARREN EVERMANN. U. S. Bureau of Fisheeies. While carrying on biological explorations in the peninsula of Lower California in 1905 for the U. S. Bureau of Biological Survey, Mr. E. W. Nelson collected a few specimens of fishes. Through the courtesy of the Biological Survey these have been placed in my hands for identification. Although the collection is a small one, containing but 37 specimens representing only 5 species, it is of unusual interest because the specimens come from localities in which little or no collecting had previously been done, and because 2 of the species, a trout and a cyprino- dont, prove to be new and undescribed. The localities represented in the collection are four, namely: the San Ramon River, a small stream at San Ignacio, La Puris- ima Creek, and some small tide pools at San Felipe Bay. Mr. Nelson has furnished the data for the following account of these various waters: The Rio San Ramon has its rise at an altitude of about 7,000 feet in La Grulla meadows on the west side of the San Pedro Martir Mountains, about 150 miles south of the International boundary, and descends through a deep, narrow and precipi- tous canyon to the vicinity of San Antonio ranch. Below San Antonio the descent is more gentle and the stream winds through a rocky canyon most of the way to the sea. The San Ramon River is merely a small creek during ordinary times, but becomes a torrent during heavy rains. It is said to be the only stream in northern Lower California which always flows to the 3— Peoc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI. 1908. (19) 20 Em-maun — A Nnv Trout from Lower California. sea; the other streams reach the sea only at times of flood and for an irregular period following rainy seasons. They some- times disappear entirely during long dry periods. At the time of Mr. Nelson's visit (last of July, 1905), the San Ramon River at Rancho San Antonio was about 10 feet wide and 10 inches deep in the middle of the channel, where the current was about 6 miles an hour. The San Pedro Martir Mountains are made up of a friable granite and the bed of the stream is granite, sand and gravel with many boulders often of huge size. About 12 miles above the San Antonio ranch there is a high waterfall beyond which fishes can not go in ascending the stream. Previous to the winter of 1903-4 then' were several large pot-holes in the stream close to San Antonio in which trout were plentiful. During that winter there were excessively heavy rains in this region and the floods in the river brought down great quantities of boulders and other debris, filling the pot-holes in the lower por- tion of the canyon. The result of this was to destroy the haunts of the trout in that portion of the stream, so that trout are now found only sparingly in the vicinity of San Antonio. Several miles further up the canyon some pot-holes still exist in which trout are reported to lie numerous. Trout occur in some num- bers from a short distance below San Antonio up to the falls already mentioned, or throughout a distance of about 12 miles. The portion of the stream in which they occur is, according to Mr. Nelson, wholly below the limits of the pine forests. Near San Antonio only small trout are found, hut higher up trout 12 to 15 inches long are said to occur. Tin1 largest examples seen by Mr. Nelson, however, did not exceed S inches in length. From his own observations and from information obtained from residents of the region, Mr. Nelson is convinced that the heavy floods referred to destroyed a considerable percentage of the trout in this stream. The Cyprinodonts in the collection were obtained in a small stream winch Hows from large springs at San Ignacio, or ap- proximately in north latitude 27° 10'. These springs rise just above the town of San Ignacio and produce a permanent stream about 30 feet wide and a foot deep which Hows through a nar- row valley for 10 or 12 miles before the water is lost in the sand. This water course extends to the sea and during rainy Evermann — A New Trout from Lower California. 21 seasons the stream sometimes reaches the coast. A few hundred yards below the springs are some large, deep pools. These fish abound throughout the entire length of the stream. La Purisima Creek is a stream about 50 feet wide and 18 inches deep, flowing for 20 or 25 miles down a broad, fertile canyon in which is located the settlement known as La Purisima, about 35 miles south of Mulege, or in north latitude 26°. This stream flows to the Pacific after heavy rains, but it usually loses itself in the sand and is there restricted to the middle of the peninsula. The large goby was found here. It has never been definitely determined just how far south trout originally extended in the coastal streams of southern California. It has been said that trout are native to a stream near San Luis Rey in the northern part of San Diego County, but the authority for the statement is not known. A new species of trout* has recently been discovered in the headwaters of South Fork of the Santa Ana River at an altitude of 8,200 feet, near San Gorgonio Peak in the San Bernardino Mountains; and rainbow trout have been introduced into the lower portion of the Santa Ana as well as into many other streams in southern California. A comparison of the specimens of the San Gorgonio and the San Pedro Martir trouts shows them to be very distinct species. The most .southern stream in California in which 1 have per- sonally taken native trout is Santa Paula ('reek, Ventura County, about 200 miles north of the International boundary, or 300 miles from the stream in which the Lower California trout are found. Other small streams in Ventura County contain trout; namely, the Sespi, Sisa, Matillija, and perhaps others, all small streams which dry up in their lower courses during the summer and fall. The trout in these streams is a small species, seldom exceeding 6 or 8 inches in length, brightly colored and possibly identical with the typical rainbow trout, Salmo irideus. Trout have been reported from at least three other localities in Mexico besides the San Pedro Martir Mountains of Lower California. In 1886, Copet recorded trout from Mexico in the following note: ; * This species is described by Jordan and Grinnell in these Proceedings, pp. 31. 32. + American Naturalist, XX, August, 1880, 735. 22 Evermann — A New Trout from Lower California. The Most Southern Salmon. — I owe to my friend, Professor Lupton, two specimens of a black-spotted trout from a locality far south of any which lias hitherto yielded Salmonidse. They are from streams of the Sierra Madre, of Mexico, at an elevation of between 7,000 and 8,000 feet, in the southern part of the State of Chihuahua, near the boundaries of Durango and Sinaloa. The specimens are young, and have teeth on the basihyal bones, as in Salmo purpuratus, which they otherwise resemble. Mr. E. W. Nelson visited that locality in August, 1898. He informs me that all the streams of that region flow into the Pacific and that the particular stream in which the trout occurs is a small creek rising on the slopes of Mt. Mohinora, a few- miles south of the mining town of Guadalupe y Calvo, Chihuahua . Mt. Mohinora is the highest mountain in the Sierra Madre be- tween the United States border and the high peaks about the southern end of the tableland in Michoacan. The stream in which the trout occur is only 15 to 20 feet wide and a foot or so deep and is, Mr. Nelson thinks, one of the headwaters of the Rio Culiacan. Dr. Meek states* that he was informed by Mr. A. Y. Temple of the Mexican Central R. R., that trout are "found in the Pacific coast streams west of the City of Durango." This place also was visited by Mr. Nelson in July, 1898. He saw trout in a small creek at El Salto, Durango, a small ranch in a pine-forested plateau of the Sierra Madre over 7,000 feet above sea level and 70 miles south of west from the city of Durango. This stream is about 25 feet wide and a foot deep and is one of the headwaters of one of the rivers flowing into the Pacific not far from Mazatlan in Sinaloa, probably the Rio del Presidio in north latitude about 24°. Mr. Nelson is not entirely certain on this point. He states that the trout of this stream, as well as those near Guadalupe y Calvo are all small, reaching only 5 to 10 inches in length, and that they are not numerous in cither place. Both localities arc wholly within the yellow pine forest. He has never heard of trout in Mexico in any stream draining into the Rio Grande basin. t •The Freshwater Pishes of Mexico north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Field Columbian Museum Publication 93, Zoological Series, Vol. V, 97, September 23, 1904. ■fSince the above was written, Mr. Nelson has received 5 excellent specimens oi trout Erom El Salto, where thej were collected in 1 1 1» - fall of L907 by tin- Hon. w. C. Bishop, D. 8. vie.' ( tonsul, at Durango < ii\ . Durango. An examination of these speci- mens shows them to be vers distinct from the San Pedro Martir trout. They will be described in a later paper. Evermann — A New Trout from Lower California. 23 The fourth locality in Mexico from which trout have heen reported is the headwaters of the Rio Yaqui. The exact locality is not known; it may be in northeastern Sonora or in northwestern Chihuahua. The occurrence of trout in this region is mentioned by Dr. Meek,* on the authority of Mr. John Ramsey, General Manager of the R. G., S. M. & P. R. R., who says " that a trout is quite abundant in the upper tributaries of the Rio Yaqui . ' ' Dr. Meek inadvertently records this trout as a member of the Colorado River fauna under the name Salmo irideus, which, of course, is quite erroneous, as the trout of that river is not a rainbow trout, but one of the cutthroat series, Salmo pleuriticus. There is considerable geologic evidence that the portions of the western rivers in this region which are east of the Sierra Madre Mountains were formerly the upper tributaries of streams flow- ing eastward. Some of the streams flowing to the Gulf of Cali- fornia have cut their way back, thus capturing the headwaters of the eastern streams and with them their portion of the eastern fish-fauna, t This explanation would account for trout in the headwaters of the Rio Yaqui, but would give them a Rio Grande origin which would make them Salmo spilurus or a derivative from that species. This may also be the origin of the trout which occur in the streams west of Durango. But it is wholly im- probable that trout could have reached western drainage in Lower California from the Rio Grande; the origin of the San Pedro Martir trout must be explained in some other way. Trout are known to occur in Arizona in a number of moun- tain streams all of which, however, are tributary to the Colorado. Between these streams and Lower California lies the broad semi- desert region of northern Sonora, the Gulf of California, and the eastern portion of the peninsula, a desert region on the west of which are impassable mountains, beyond which lies the stream in which the trout are found. Trout might have come down the Colorado, but they would have met these same im- passable barriers. And westward from the lower course of the Colorado is the broad expanse of desert across which trout can not now possibly pass. What may have been the conditions long ago can not, of course, be definitely known, but it is con- * See Meek, op. cit. p. XXVII. i Meek, op. fit. p. 96. 24 Evermann — A New Trout from Lower California. ceivable that, when the deserts of Panamint and Amargosa were great lakes or inland seas, trout may have been able to reach Pacific drainage in the northern part of Lower California. From what is known of the geological and hydrographic history of the region this, however, is a remote possibility. These same difficulties arc encountered in considering the possible origin of the Lower California trout from the southern High Sierra. The same deserts were to cross and the distance is greater, unless they came down via Tehachapi Pass and the San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges, which would have brought them over to the coastal streams. These coastal streams, however, were probably stocked from other Coast Range streams farther north. This extension was aceomplished, in all probability through short journeys in the sea from the mouth of one stream to that of the next. In this way trout succeeded in extending their range as far down the coast as the mouth of the San Luis Key, if that be a natural trout stream, as has been reported. From that stream, in excep- tionally favorable seasons they could have extended their range southward to the mouth of the Rio San Ramon, a distance of approximately 100 miles. This may have been accomplished in a single advance or intervening streams may have been utilized and the advance made in two or more stages. The in- tervening streams such as the San Diego and the Sweetwater are not known to contain trout and some of them do not ordi- narily reach the sea. It is not improbable that they formerly were better suited to trout and that trout may have inhabited them at one time. Still more conclusive evidence that the San Ramon River was stocked from the sea, or at least that the trout ascended the river is found in the fact that there are no trout in its head- waters. The San Ramon has its sources among tin' highest parts of the Sierra San Pedro Martir. About 12 miles above Rancho San Antonio is a considerable fall which trout can not possibly ascend, and above these falls it is said that trout are not found. These geographic fads, together with the fact that the Lower California trout is a rainbow trout rather than a cutthroat, lead to the conclusion that the Rio San Ramon in all probability was originally stocked with trout from the coastal streams to Evermann — A New Trout from Lower California. 25 the northward, the trout passing through the sea along the coast from stream to stream until the San Ramon was reached. It lias been suggested that the trout were introduced into the San Ramon by the early Spanish padres many years ago. To have accomplished such a feat successfully would have required a knowledge of fish-cultural methods and a skill in handling and transporting live fish which we have no reason to believe were possessed by the padres. It would be a feat extremely difficult of accomplishment even to-day. That the padres were able to carry live trout hundreds of miles on pack animals across a semi-desert or in a sailing vessel for more than a hundred miles is highly improbable. The difficulties are too great to permit the acceptance of this theory. Moreover, the trout themselves possess characters which preclude the possibility of identifying them with any known species in any of the streams of California, Arizona, Chihuahua, or elsewhere. We are, therefore, led to the conclusion that the Rio San Ramon of the San Pedro Martir was stocked with trout by natural extension from trout waters of the coast region of southern California and at a period sufficiently remote to have allowed ample time for its specific differentiation. Fundulus meeki Evermann, sp. now Figure 1 . Head 3.1 in length to base of caudal; depth 3.4; eye 4.5 in head; snout 4; interorbital 2.7; D. 12; A. 12; scales 34-13. Body short and stout; profile from tip of snout to highest part of back, which is in vertical above base of pectoral, rising rather rapidly and in a straight line, descending slightly thence to dorsal tin along the base of which it drops more rapidly to caudal peduncle whose dorsal and ventral lines are approximately parallel; ventral outline little convex; greatest width of body at pectorals 1.5 in depth; head large, flat, the interorbital broad; eye small; snout rather long and pointed; teeth in a narrow band in each jaw, those of outer series enlarged, subequal, pointed, firm, the tips not dark; caudal peduncle (measured from base of last anal ray to base of caudal tin) 1.4 in head, its least width 3 in its least depth, which is 1.5 in its length; scales rather large, about 25 on median line of back from front of dorsal to snout. Fins small; origin of anal under middle of dorsal, their rays about equal in length and equal to snout and eye; caudal truncate; ventrals small; pectoral 2 in head. Intestine short, peritoneum black. Color in spirits, back grayish olive, middle of side with a broad more or less interrupted blackish band most distinct posteriorly and in the young, in which it tends to break up in 26 Evermann — A New Trout from Lower California. Figure 1 . Fundulus meeki Evermann. Type large spots; below this a less distinct series of blackish spots, all these marks varying much in distinctness; lower part of side and ventral sur- face yellowish white; tins all dusky. In the male (cotype, No. 61,059, U. S. X. M.j the scales are exceed- ingly rough, particularly along the side and on the caudal peduncle, this roughness being due to small, sharp, spinelike tubercles on the posterior edge of the scales. The males differ from the females also in being much darker in color. Type, No. 61,058, U. S. X. M., a female 3.25 inches long, collected < (ctolicr s. 1905, by Mr. E. \Y. Nelson, from a small stream flowing from large springs at San [gnacio, central Lower California. Cotypes, - males and 1<> females ranging in length by from 2 to 3% inches, all collected by Mr. Nelson from the same stream. < )ne or more of these cotypes have been deposited in each of the following museums : U.S. National Museum, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries (No. 1619), Stanford University, Field Museum of Natural History, American Museum of Natural History, Indiana Uni- versity and Museum of Comparative Zoology- It is with peculiar pleasure that I name this new species of Fundulus for my life-long friend, Dr. Seth Eugene Meek, Assistant Curator of Zoology in the Field Museum of Natural History, in recognition of his excellent work on the geographic distribution of the freshwater fishes of Mexico, and with pleasant memories of the days when we were jointly preparing our first paper in systematic ichthyology. Salmo nelsoni Evermann, sp. nov. LOWER CALIFORNIA TROUT. Plate I. Description of the type, a specimen L65 mm. in length to tip of caudal tin: Head 3.75 in length to base of caudal ; depth.4; eye 4 in head; snout 4; maxillary 2.1; mandible 1.8; 1>. 10; A. 10; scales 38-170-26, about 117 pores. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, 1908. Plate I. OS a s so O s CD Evermann — A New Trout from Lower California. 27 Body rather slender, the dorsal and ventral outlines little arched; head short, snout short and blunt, equal to eye in length; lower jaw slightly included; maxillary short, nearly straight, little expanded at tip, scarcely reaching vertical at posterior edge of orbit; eye large, equal to length of snout; teeth on jaws and niaxillaries in a single row, those on vomer and tongue in adouble row and well developed; gillrakers 3 + 9 or 4 + 8, short, stout and flat, 3 in eyes; caudal peduncle stout, its least width 3 in its least depth which is 2.3 in head. Fins all rather small; pectoral short and rounded, its length 1.5 in head; origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal tin, base of fin equal to length of longest ray which is 2 in head, distal edge nearly straight; base of anal shorter than longest rays, which are a trifle shorter than longest dorsal rays; caudal forked, the lobes bluntly pointed, their length 1.4 in head; ventrals short, not reaching vent, 1.8 in head. Scales very small, reduced in size and much crowded anteriorly; lateral line well developed ; small scales on base of caudal fin. Color in life (from field notes furnished by Mr. Nelson), back and top of head olive, shading down into silvery on the opercle and on side below lateral line; ventral surface dull white; throat white; back and upper part of side with small black spot- and showing a slight golden bronze luster strongest along lateral line and fading below into silvery; a rather indistinct light reddish purple band across opercle and alongside to cau- dal fin, this appearing to overlie the ground-color; dorsal and caudal fins grayish olive, with black spots ; adipose fin olive, spotted with black ; pec- toral fins plain, dingy grayish ; ventral fins dull olive with a terminal band of white at tip; anal fin olive, mottled indistinctly with blackish and edged on tips of anterior rays with an oblique band of white; eyes dull olive-brown, with golden luster. ( Some small examples had the pectoral and ventral tins distinctly yellowish). Color inspirits, caudal peduncle and entire side above lateral line closely covered with small stellate or irregular black spots; top of head somewhat less thickly covered with roundish black spots and a few similar spots on upper part of opercle; body below lateral line with smaller, less distinct spots; about 11 oblong vertical parr-marks on side (most distinct in smaller examples) ; dorsal fins with about 5 rows of rather larger black spots, a subterminal black area on anterior rays which are tipped with light orange; caudal sjjotted with black, the spots smaller than those on dorsal ; anal dusky, tips of anterior rays light orange or whitish ; pectorals and ventrals slightly dusky, the latter white-tipped. • Type, Xo. 61,056, U. S. National Museum, a specimen 165 mm. long, collected July 30, 1905, by Mr. E. W. Nelson from San Ramon Kiver at Rancho San Antonio (altitude 2,000 feet), in the San Pedro Martir Moun- tains, 35 miles northeast of Port San Quintin, Lower California. The eight cotypes have been deposited one in each of tin' following mu- seums: U. S. National Museum (No. 61,057), U. S. Bureau of Fisheries ( No. 1620), Stanford University, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Amer- ican Museum of Natural History, Indiana University, and Field Museum of Natural History. 28 Evermann — A New Trout from Lower California. Comparative measurements of the type and 8 cotypes are given in the following table: s _■ . — - -j B c - a >s ■- 7* ^ a a _ B ~ « i — — — No. — 6 — .^. .5 — ^ .~ E 2 — = f. Anal. Tom in SU11 lclitftl Head a) Q >v 0 X x _ r'. ~ 4 198 1 65 138 38 35 10 10 Id ■)■) 11 12 •1 199 155 133 36 34 111 10 19 ■)■) HI 11 ■Cdii 14.-. 132 38 33 10 9 20 •)•) 11 11 4501 177 152 43 36 12 12 24 26 11 11 4502 133 116 32 30 9 9 17 is 11 11 4503 125 110 29 2S 8 8 It 15 12 12 1504 125 110 30 30 8 s 15 If, 11 11 4505 130 114 30 •J!) 9 9 17 IS 12 11 450G 130 114 32 26 9 ;i is 19 11 11 From the above table it may be seen that the characters of the species are quite constant. There is some variation in color, the smaller exam- ples being more fully spotted. I have been able to compare the Lower California specimens with specimens of trout of the same size from the Rio Grande and the Kern River region and with somewhat larger exam- ples from the Colorado and Sacramento rivers. Compared with the Colo- rado River trout (Salmo jjleuriticus), this species is found to differ in the much larger eye, shorter, blunter and more rounded snout, much shorter maxillary, rather more posterior position of the dorsal fin, the smaller size of the spots on the body, the fewer spots below lateral line, and the brightly colored tips of the dorsal, anal and ventral fins. From the Rio Grande trout (Salmo spilurus),* it differs in the larger eye, shorter max- illary, and in the coloration, which is markedly different. In the present species, the spots on the back and upper part of side are irregular in shape and closely placed; below the lateral line there are few, if any, spots, except in the smaller individuals. The Rio Grande trout has the spots on back and side more nearly round and regular in shape, and more widely scattered, and there are similar spots, though less numerous, below lateral line; and the dorsal, anal and ventrals are not tipped with white The present species belongs, however, to the Rainbow trout series and is more closely related to the Kern River trout and the various species of Golden trout of the Kern River region, agreeing with them in the small scales, the position of the dorsal, and the bright tips to the dorsal, anal and ventral tins. The black spots as to their character and distribution resemble somewhat those of the Kern River trout, but even in this respect the differences are marked. All the trout of the Kern River region have the maxillary longer, the snout longer and more pointed and the fins larger. Specimens of trout from coastal streams of southern California an' not at hand and no direct comparison has been made between examples from that region and the Lower California trout. 'Specimens of same si/.' from Del Norte, Colorado. Evermann — A New Trout from Lower California. 29 The San Pedro Martir trout is, as already stated, abundant in the Rio San Ramon, and it is hoped the remoteness of the stream from civilization may enable it to remain so. I have been informed by Mr. E. W. Funcke, of San Quintin, Lower California, that an English angler who went into that region in June, 1906, took in 2 days, fishing between 3 and 4 hours each day, over 100 trout. They ranged from 5 to 11.5 inches in length. They are said to be very game. It gives me great pleasure to name this interesting species of trout for my friend Mr. Edward W. Nelson, in recognition of his valuable studies of the fauna and flora of Mexico. Awaous taiasica (Lichtenstein). GOBY; GUAVTNA. One large example, 8.375 inches long, from a small stream at La Purisima, south central part of Lower California, November 4, 1906. Gillichthys mirabilis Cooper. LONG-JAWED GOBY. Seven small examples from tide pools in rocks on shore of San Felipe Bay, Gulf of California, June 23, 1905. Re mora remora (Linnaeus). REMORA. One small example, 2.75 inches long, obtained from a hammerhead shark at Magdalena Bay, December 2, 1905. The following additional species have been recorded from Lower California freshwater localities: Fundulus vinctus Jordan & Gilbert. Cape San Lucas* (Coll., John Xantus). Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus., V, 1882, 355; Meek, 105. Fundulus extensus Jordan & Gilbert. Cape San Lucas* (Coll., John Xantus). Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 355; Meek, 108. Characodon furcidens Jordan & Gilbert. Cape San Lucas* (Coll., John Xantus). Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 354; Meek, 122. Lucania browni Jordan & Richardson. " From the outbreak of a hot spring on the eastern margin of the salt lake that lies between the Coast and Cocopah ranges in northeastern Lower California." (Coll., Herbert Brown. ) Jordan & Richardson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIII, 1907, 319, with figure. * I am informed by Mr. E. W. Nelson that he found no fresh or even brackish water in the vicinity of Cape St. Lucas in the dry season. There is fresh ami brackish water at San Jose\ about 16 miles along the coast to the northeast and from 40 to "i0 miles to the northwest, near Pescadero and Todos Santos. Xantus made collections at Todos Santos and the fishes labeled Cape St. Lucas may have come from there. 30 Evermann — .4 New Trout from Lower California. Siphostoma starksi Jordan & Culver. San Jose del Cabo (Coll., Gustav Eisen). butter, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., Her. 2, Vol. VI, 1896, 263; .Meek, 163. Agonostomus monticola (Bancroft). San Jose del Cabo (Coll., Gustav. Eisen l. Agonostomus nasutus, Putter, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. VI. L896, 263. Agonostomus monticola, Meek, 186. Neomugil digueti Vaillant. Torrent in the Sierra de las Cacachilas de Santa Cruz (Coll. M. Leon Diguet). Vaillant, Bull. Soe. Philom., IV, 1883-1894 (June, 1804), 73; Meek, 188. Pomadasis bayanus Jordan & Evermann. San Jose del Cabo (Coll., J. F. Abbott). Gilbert & Starks, Fishes of Panama Bay, in Mem. Cal. Ac. Sci., IV, Feb. 6, 1904, 109. " The records do not show whether this specimen was taken in the river at San Jose or in 'the sea." Meek, 201. (Dr. Meek questions the identity of the San Jose specimen with this species.) Philypnus dormitor (Lacepede). Cape San Lucas (Coll., John Xantus). San Jose del Cabo (Coll., Gustav Eisen). Philypnus lateralis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, I860, 123. Rntter, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., VI, 1896, 204. Philypnus dormitor, Meek, 226. Dormitator maculatus (Bloch). Rio San Jose, San Jose, del Cabo (Coll., Gustav Eisen). • Rntter, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., VI, 1896, 265; Meek, 227. Eleotris pictus Kner & Steindachner. San Jose del Cabo (Coll., Gustav Eisen ). Rntter, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., VI, 1896, 265; Meek, 229. Vol. XXI, pp. 31-32 January 23, 1908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TROUT (SALMO EVERMANNI) FROM THE UPPER SANTA ANA RIVER, MOUNT SAN GORGONIO, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. BY DAVID STARR JORDAN AND JOSEPH GRINNELL. Stanford University. Salmo evermanni Jordan & Grinnell, sp. nov. Type. — Male, No. 20,389, Stanford University; collected by Joseph Grinnell, August 17, 1907, in the headwaters of the South Fork of the Santa Ana River, at 8,200 feet altitude, four miles northwest of San Gor- gonio Peak, the highest mountain in southern California. Cotypes in the U. S. National Museum anil the V. S. Bureau of Fisheries from the same locality. Description of type. — Length of type, an adult male (as measured when first caught), 11% inches (290 millimeters ) ; head measured along side 2% inches (70 millimeters). Head S% in length to base of caudal, the jaws being somewhat produced ; depth of body 4% ; eye b%. m head ; maxil- lary \% in head; dorsal with 10 rays, anal with 10; 84 scales between base of dorsal and lateral line, 107 oblique rows crossing lateral line, and 33 scales between lateral line and vent. Snout (from eye) '?>% in head; anal 2 in head; ventral 2± in head; pectoral 1% in head; dorsal li in head. Caudal distinctly emarginate, or lunate. Vomerine teeth in two straight rows; hyoid teeth present, though buried in mucus; maxillary extending well beyond eye, so that the mouth is relatively large. In the female, the head is shorter and the mouth a little smaller; the maxillary ] % in head. Coloration, very dark fawn-brown, the spots unusually large and covering the whole length of the body, none of the brilliant hues of Salmo agua-bonita, roosevelti or whitei, nor even the crimson of irideus. Ground fawn-color along sides, varying toward seal brown dorsally ; a large patch of same color on cheek; lower parts lighter (fresh tints unknown, but no red in throat region shown in the specimens ) ; black spotting conspicuous, the spots evenly distributed, very large, on sides posteriorly the size of pupil or larger, smaller on top of head; 25 spots on dorsal fin, mostly in four rows; caudal fin nearly as distinctly spotted as sides, with spots more closely set. Younger individuals are somewhat lighter, but yet consider- 4— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, 190S. (31) 32 Jordan and Grinnell — New Trout from Upper Santa Ana River. ably darker than irideus of the same size, and the other characteristics seem to be constant. Comparison. — As compared with Salmo irideus Gibbons, Salmo ever- manni is slenderer, especially dorso-ventrally ; the head is longer, the snout sharper, and mouth larger; the scales are very much smaller, and more numerous, not overlapping; the colors are dull and very dark, and the spotting is heavy. Remarks. — On August 17, 1907, the junior author fished down the upper South Fork of the Santa Ana, starting well up in the Big Horse Meadows at about 8,300 feet altitude. A Cincinnati No. 24 double-gut bass hook was used with earthworms as bait. The stream is steep and rapid, there being but few pools with quiet margins. Most of the 30 trout obtained that day were obtained in these pools. Below the meadows a mile or so the canyon becomes extremely steep and narrow; and in this gorge at about 7,500 feet altitude is a series of water-falls, the highest estimated at 18 feet of sheer drop. Twenty-four of the thirty trout were secured above this point, and every one of these belonged to the new species. Five of them were preserved in formalin, changed in a few days to alcohol, and these include the type and cotypes of the present description. The junior author fished on down below the above-mentioned falls, and began to take the typical rainbow trout, Salmo irideus, common in all the lower streams of the region. Six of them were taken that day. During June, July and August, of 1907, 580 trout were caught in the main Santa Ana from Seven Oaks, 5,000 feet altitude, to Big Meadows, 6,700 feet, and in the tributary canyons of Fish Creek, Lost Creek and the lower South Fork. All of these were of the irideus type, which nothing prevents from ascend- ing the main stream from the vicinity of Seven Oaks, which is now freshly stocked nearly every year. But very evidently none has been able to get up over the series of falls towards the head of the South Fork. It seems to us, therefore, probable that Salmo evermanni is the older species in the region, and owes its preservation as a distinct species, and perhaps the accentuation of its characters, to isolation afforded by the barrier which prevents the invasion of Salmo irideus from the lower stream. In the remote history of the stream, the falls have doubtless slutted and become more effective, so that the ancestral stock of Salmo evermanni was originally able to ascend to its present remote and limited habitat. This interesting species is named for Dr. Barton "Warren Evermann in recognition of his varied and valuable investigations of the American Salmonidx. The figure is by Mr. William S. Atkinson. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, 1908. Plate II. Co o -S 3 o 1 Vol. XXI, pp. 33-34 January 23, 1908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON DESCRIPTION OF A TROUT FROM LAKE KOOTENAY IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. BY DAVID STARR JORDAN AND JOHN OTTERBEIN SNYDER. Stanford University. The Museum of Stanford University lias lately received, through the courtesy of Mr. John P. Bahcock, Commissioner of Fisheries for British Columbia, a very large trout weighing 22 pounds, from Lake Kootenay, a tributary of the Columbia in British Columbia. This specimen seems to belong to the species or subspecies described from Lake Kamloops in the same region by Dr. Jordan (Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Middle Araer., I, p. 489, 1898), from two specimens (44,238, U. S. N. M.) collected by Mr. A. C. Bassett. These specimens were but 16i inches long. They were much more slender than the specimen before us, and there was a rosy band along the side. The fish in hand differs in the much greater depth — perhaps due to age, in the longer head — perhaps a character of the male, and in the absence of any rosy shades whatever. Nevertheless, it is probably an old individual of the same species, Salmo kamlooys. It is close to the Steelhead Trout, Salmo rivularis Ayres (wrongly called Salmo gairdncri by most recent writers), differing mainly in the robust body, the much larger head and in the much larger number of rows of spots on the dorsal fin. We present a description and figure of the Kootenay specimen. Head 3.9 in length, measured to end of last caudal vertebra; depth 3.6; depth of caudal peduncle 2.4 in head; diameter orbit 6; width of interorbital space 2.6; snout 3; maxillary, measured from tip of snout, 1.6; D. 11 ; A. 11 ; scales in lateral series 148, between base of ventral and 5— Proc. Bioi.. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI. 190S, (33) 34 Jordan and Snyder — A Trout from Lake Kootenay. lateral line, counting upward and forward 35, between lateral line and insertion of dorsal 30, between occiput and insertion of dorsal 72. Large byoid teetb present. Body robust and heavy, appearing especially so when compared with the very short fins and stumpy tail; mouth large, the maxillary extend- ing far beyond eye; gillrakers pointed, rather short, Ton upper limb of first arch, 12 on the lower; longest dorsal ray 2.4 in head; anal 2.2; pectoral 1.8; ventral 2.1 ; caudal 1.7; posterior outline of caudal slightly concave. Color, dark above, silvery on sides and below; no red underneath lower jaw; upper part of head, tip of snout, and upper part of lower jaw black- ish; sides with small, scattered black spots, none of which is larger than half the exposed portion of a scale; dorsal, anal and caudal with many small, black spots, those of dorsal and anal mostly elongate, the former in about 11 indistinct, longitudinal rows; those of caudal more rounded and more numerous, there being from 9 to 16 in rows along the rays; pectorals and ventrals sparsely spotted ; a lew scattered spots on upper part of head ; adipose dorsal with about 12 small spots. No trace of rose color along the sides. The following measurements are in inches : length to tip of caudal '?>\%. ; depth %%; head 8; depth caudal peduncle 0J4 ; snout 2%; orbit 1V2; maxillary 4%; dorsal 3%; anal Z%; caudal b% '; pectoral 4%; height adipose dorsal 1%. 'Weight 22 pounds. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, 1908. Plate III. a ft- CO O Vol. XXI. pp. 35-38 January 23, 1908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON NOTES ON DIURNAL MIGRATIONS OF BATS. BY ARTHUR H. HOWELL. Very little seems to be known about the migrations of bats, either as to their extent, the manner in which they are per- formed, or the species which have the migratory habit. Indeed, it is only within comparatively recent years that any mention of this habit among bats has appeared in literature. In 1888 Dr. C. Hart Merriam published a paper* under the title " Do any Canadian Bats migrate? Evidence in the affirma- tive," in which he showed conclusively that two species of tree- dwelling bats — Lasiurus cinereus and Lasioni/cteris noctivagans — inhabiting the Canadian fauna of North America, perform regu- lar migrations. The evidence presented consisted in records of the occurrence in winter of these species far to the southward of their breeding range and the occurrence of Lasionycteris in spring and fall at Mount Desert Rock, a small barren islet thirty miles off the coast of Maine. The only other detailed account of bat migration with which I am familiar is that given by Mr. G. S. Miller, Jr., in a paper published in " Science "t wherein he de- scribes the appearance and disappearance of bats at Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The species noted by him were the Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis), the Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus), and the Silver-haired Bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans), and their migrations were recorded as occurring in the evening (after sunset) on nu- merous dates between August 21 and September 13. The speci- mens observed were flying chiefly along the face of bluffs near the light-house. No evidence of a southward movement was discovered, but the fact that no bat could be found on the Cape •Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, V, Section IV, pp. 85-87. + Science (X. S.) V, Xo. 118, pp, 5-11-548, April -J. 1897. <>— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, 1908. (35) 36 Hoivell — Notes on Diurnal Migrations of Bats. during the early part of the summer indicated that those seen in August and September were migrants. The observation which I have to record, though very unsatis- factory in that the migrating species could not be identified, is so unusual in several respects that an account of it is presented in the hope that observations of a similar nature by others may be brought to light. The morning of September 28, 1907, at Washington, D. C, was cloudy and mild, with the wind light northeast. Rain began to fall about 3 p. m. About 9 a. m. several bats were observed flying at a considerable height over my house in the suburb of Wood ridge, a short distance from the Boys' Reform School. A few minutes later several more appeared, and the flight con- tinued from 9 o'clock until about 10 o'clock, during which time over a hundred bats were noted, all flying leisurely in one direc- tion with the wind, i. e. southwest. A single individual was seen at 10.45 a. m. They were not in flocks, but were flying singly, usually only four or five being in sight at one time. The manner of flight was quite unusual, for instead of the erratic- zigzag flight commonly adopted by bats when seeking their fund at dusk, the flight of those noted on this occasion was very steady, consisting chiefly of a sailing or drifting motion with occasional short flappings of the wings. Only a few of those observed indulged in the characteristic bat flight and these for only a few moments. The height of the bats above the ground was estimated as varying between 150 and 400 feet — certainly none were lower than 150 feet and a few were probably higher than 400 feet. At this distance they looked so much like huge butterflies that at first I could hardly believe they were bats, but after observing them a few minutes through a field glass, it became evident that they were indeed bats. At least three sizes and probably three or more species were represented, but even with the aid of the glass, no positive identifications could be made. Most of them were about the size of the Red Bat and very probably were either this species or the Silver-haired Bat. A few appeared larger than these species, and a few were decidedly smaller, belonging apparently either to the genera Myotis or Pi- pidrellus, though neither of these genera is as yet known to migrate, in North America. Inquiry has been made of a number of naturalists of wide Hovrll — Notes on Diurnal Migrations of Bats. 37 field experience, and none of them has ever observed a similar flight of bats, in which the southward migration was so clearly evident. Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, however, in his list of mammals of the Hudson Highlands* has recorded his observation of diurnal flights of the Red Bat, but has given no details of the movement. He says, ' ' I have never seen a Red Bat taken alive at that season [winter] . It is possible that the species migrates to the south in the autumn and returns in the spring. During the latter part of October and the first week of November I have seen great flights of them during the whole day. * * * One year specimens are recorded on four days, on two days only males and on two only females." Dr. Mearns tells me that in addition to these observations of the Red Bat in New York, he has seen a diurnal flight of Hoary Bats at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, but as his field notes are at present inaccessible, details of the flight can not now be given. If diurnal migrations such as are recorded above are of regular occurrence, it seems remarkable that they have not been more frequently observed. Probably, however, such flights are the exception rather than the rule. • Hull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. X, 1898, p. 345. Vol. XXI, pp. 39-42 February 29, 1908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON NOTES ON RHINOMURAENA. BY THOMAS BARBOUR. While shore collecting at Ambon in the Moluccas during February, 1907, I caught an interesting eel, which is closely related to one described by Mr. S. Garman as Rhinomuraena quaes it a. In 1877 the Rev. B. G. Snow sent to the Museum of Com- parative Zoology a collection of littoral fishes from Ebon in the Marshall Islands. This collection contained a peculiar eel on which Garman founded the Genus Rhinomuraena. No addi- tional specimens of this genus have ever reached this museum. The eel which Jordan and Seale obtained in Samoa and described as Rhinamuraena (sic) eritima is, I believe, generically distinct both from R. quaesita Garman (Bull Essex Inst., 1888 [1889] pp. 114-116, fig.) and from the specimen taken at Ambon, which represents a new species. The three forms may be characterized as follows: Rhinomuraena Garman 1. c, p. 114. Generic characters. — Nasal tubes present; rostral appendages situated at apices of both upper and lower jaws; uniserial teeth of about equal size ; tail extremely elongate. R. quaesita Garman. This description is based on the type specimen which is still well pre- served. Head 20.5 in total length, 6.7 in body anterior to vent; depth 3.6 in head; the length of the body is contained 2.2 times in the tail; length of snout from the posterial nostril 6.5 in head; eye 2.3 in snout; the angle (if the jaws takes up one-third of the length of the head, jaws straight and may be completely closed; the dorsal fin begins a short dis- tance behind the angle of the jaws; it is at first low, then increases in depth, until, at a distance midway between vent and tip of tail, its depth equals that of the body ; the anal fin begins immediately posterior to the 7— Proo. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, 1908. (39) 40 Barbow — Notes on Rhinomuraena. vent; its depth is about one-half that of the dorsal tin. The posterior nostrils arc on a line with the upper edge of the eye, and a little anterior to it; there is no elevation of the skin around the opening to form tubes. The anterior nostrils are produced into tubes slit distally and ending in foliaceous appendages. On the tip of the snout are four filamentous appendages, one at the apex of the upper jaw and three at the symphysis of the lower jaw. The gill opening is about twice the diameter of the eye. The teeth are all small pointing slightly backward, uniserial on both jaws and palate, the three anterior palatine teeth are slightly en- larged and lengthened; there are about 20 teeth in each of the three upper series and about 15 in each of the lower. Color (after Garnian). — "Body, head, tail, and inside of mouth cavity black ; upper half of dorsal yellow ; lower margin of anal white ; lower lip white, except at ami near the symphysis." The specimen is about thirty-three inches long. Type locality, Ebon Island ( also called Boston Island and Covel Island ) . Ebon Islet, 5 miles long, forms the south and southeast side of an atoll. There are 21 wooded islets on this reef, of which this is the largest and most important. Situation, Marshall group, 4° 4 inches long, taken in a shallow tide pool under a fiat rock, Feb., 1907. Ambon (Amboina), one of the .Moluccas; Dutch East Indies. In regard to the species which has been described by Jordan and Seale (The Fishes of Samoa. Bull. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XXV, 1905 Barbour — Notes on Rhinomuraena. 41 [Dec, 1906] p. 196, fig. 6), as R. eritima, it maybe added that this form is not congeneric with the two forms described above. Since it does not belong to a known genus, it may be hereafter known as — Rhinechidna gen. nov. Generic characters {fide Jordan and Seale, 1. c, p. 196). — "Posterior nostrils consisting of slightly elevated tubes' ' ; " anterior nostrils * * * long, about equal to eye, terminating in an expanded disc two-thirds as wide as eye' ' ; " jaws curved and can not be completely closed " ; " teeth in lower jaw in a single row of 25 sharp, concave teeth on each side, the anterior fin being enlarged; posterior teeth of upper jaw small and uniserial, the anterior teeth large biserial canines, three of which are on the median line of the vomer." The length of the body is the same as that of the tail. - Only one species is known. Rhinechidna eritima (Jordan and Seale). Type a single specimen 20.15 inches long, taken at Pago Pago, Tutuila Island, Samoa. No. 51,717 U. S. National Museum, Washington. Vol. XXI, pp. 43-46 February 29, 1908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ON SOME RARE AND NEW BIRDS FROM BRITISH HONDURAS. BY OUTRAM BANGS AXD MORTON E. PECK. The following short descriptions of four new birds from British Honduras and records of a few others so rare as to be worthy of special notice are here given in advance of a complete list of the birds of British Honduras soon to be published by Mr. Peck. The specimens upon which these notes are based were col- lected by Peck in the last year or two and from time to time were sent with many others to Bangs for comparison and iden- tification. Mr. E. W. Nelson of Washington has most kindly compared many skins for us with Mexican material under his charge in the collection of the Bureau of Biological Survey of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Rallus pallidus Nelson. ( toe adult female, apparently referable to this distinct form of Clapper rail, was taken at Ycacos Lagoon, May 14, 1VI07. This specimen (No. 19,747 Bangs coll. ) is we believe the second recorded example of Rallus pallidus, the type from Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, col- lected in April, 1893, by W. W. Brown, Jr., being in the Field Colum- bian Museum. The under tail-coverts in our bird differ a little from those of the type, being white blotched and barred with dusky, whereas the type had white under tail-coverts with narrow shaft streaks of dusky brown. We find, however, considerable individual variation in the under tail- coverts of Clapper rails generally, and do not consider this a difference of any great importance. Another specimen was taken, ami several seen, in 1900, in a swamp at the mouth of Manatee River, and the bird is not uncommon, but inhabiting the thick, low mangroves is very difficult to secure. Limnopardalus maculatus insolitus subsp. nov. Type (and only specimen ) from Ycacos Lagoon, British Honduras, adult (sex not determined), No. 16,029, Coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, taken in June, 1907 (by a friend of Peck's who sent it to him). Characters. — Similar to true L. maculatus (Bodd.) of South America, 8— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.. Vol. XXI. 1908. (43) 44 Bangs and Peck — Rare and New Birds from British Honduras. but slightly smaller, with smaller feet and bill; wings much less marked with white; the brown portions of plumage-wings, back, rump, etc., much darker (seal brown in the new form, mummy brown in trueX. maculatus) . Measurements. — Type (sex nut determined). Wing, 121; tail, 43; tar- sus, 40; middle ten-, without claw, '.VJ.o; culmen, 48. Remarks. — Although the type is the only example of the spotted rail from Central America that we know of, there can he no doubt that it represents a form well differentiated from the Smith American bird. The much darker color of the brown parts is very striking. ( hir skin is in worn summer plumage, and all the white markings are reduced in size from wearing away of the tips of the feathers, so that it is difficult to tell what real difference^ there are in this respect, but certainly the wings are much less marked with white. A rail of this sort occurs in Cuba and in Jamaica, but just what these island birds are like remains to be seen. Bubo magallanicus mayensis (Nelson). A young male, with some traces of the downy first plumage still remain- ing, was taken in the Manatee District May 20, 1U06. This appears to he the second known example of this small pale race of the Great horned owl, the range of which is thus extended from Yucatan to British Honduras. The skin (No. 19,913 Bangs coll. ) was carefully compared with the type by Nelson. Antrostomus badius sp. nov. Type (and only specimen) from the Toledo District, British Honduras. C? adult, No. 19,990, coll. of E. A. and 0. Bangs. Collected January 2, 1907, by Morton E. Peck. Characters. — In general resembling^, salvini Hartert of Yucatan, hut entire body much more reddish or rusty-buff; chin and throat more heavily barred— the barring dark rusty-buff; abdomen and crissum paler; a broad band, from lores, through eyes, across ear coverts and forming a collar around hind neck dark, rich golden buff — much brighter and more strongly marked than in salvini] tips of outer rectrices narrowing to a blunt point instead of broad and rounded as in salvini, and with much narrower, or smaller, huffy tips. Measurements. — Type, cT adult. Wing, 105; tail, L20; tarsus, 17.5; ex- posed culmen, 15.5. Remarks. — This bird, of which a single adult male was taken, repre- sents a species apparently quite distinct from J. salvini though more nearly related to it than to any other .Mexican or Central American form, besides differing in the details of color, markings, etc. , pointed out above, the general coloration of A. badius is very decidedly rusty or reddish brown, whereas .1. salvini is of a grayish-brown general coloration. Pachyrhamphus major itzensis Nelson. A young male in a plumage similar to that of the adult female was taken in the Toledo District, January 24, L907. This specimen is even smaller and paler than the type, and the range of the form must be extended to include British Honduras. Bangs and Peck — Bare and New Birds from British Honduras. 45 Terenotriccus erythrurus fulvigularls (Salv. & Godm. ). Several specimens of this little tyrant-bird, which until Mr. Dearborn's recent record* from Los Amates, Guatemala, bad been traced no farther north than San Pedro Sola and Santa Anna, Honduras, were taken in the Toledo District. These were all found along the banks of the Tunach River, near the Guatemala border, where about two dozen individuals were seen. Upon comparing this series with numerous skins from Costa Rica and Chiriqui, slight differences can be seen. British Honduras specimens while in other dimensions averaging equal to more southern ones appear to have smaller bills, and the forehead back to the centre of the crown is constantly strongly suffused with buff-cinnamon, there being usually but a faint trace of this in specimens from Costa Rica and Chiriqui. Heleodytes zonatus restrictus Nelsorl. Some perfectly typical examples of this well-marked race were taken in the Toledo District, thus extending its range to British Honduras. Pheugopedius maculipectus (Lafr.). The Spotted breasted wren from the Toledo and Manatee districts of British Honduras, represented by a fine suit of skins, is interesting as being exactly intermediate in every character between subspecies cano-brunneus and umbrinus. Troglodytes irrequies sp. now Type from Sittee River, British Honduras. cT adult, No. 19,802, coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs. Collected April 22, 1907, by M. E. Reek. Characters. — Similar to T. penninsularis Nelson of the coast of Yuca- tan, with large bill and feet as in that form; but even smaller in other measurements; darker brown above; breast and sides more buffy ; poste- rior flanks and under tail-coverts much darker,more reddish brown, and more strongly barred with dusky (in this latter respect approaching the form found in the interior of Chiapas and Guatemala — Troglodytes mus- cuhis hyaepdon (Sclater) ). MEASUREMENTS. No. 1!),802 19,846 19,803 Sex. Locality. dVl. B. H. Sittee R. c?ad. . B. H. Toledo Dist. $ ad. B. H. Sittee R. . Wing. Tail. 48.5 35 4u>- Culmen. L9.782 19,783 19.7S4 rjad. c?ad. 9 ad. 00. OS. 63. 25. 10.5 24.5 17. 23.5 10.5 Vol. XXI, pp. 47-52 February 29, 1908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON THE REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS OF VICTORIA AND REFUGIO COUNTIES, TEXAS. BY JOHN K. STRECKER, JR. Baylor University, Waco, Texas. This paper contains a partial list of the reptiles and batra- chians of Victoria and Refugio counties, which are situated in the coast region of southern Texas. While neither county reaches the gulf coast proper, the southeastern part of Victoria touches Lavaca Bay, and Refugio has quite a coast line along San Antonio and Copano bays. To Hon. J. D. Mitchell of Victoria, Victoria County, is due the credit for the work in that county and I am much indebted to him for notes aim speci- mens. During the jrears 1896 and 1897 Mr. James J. Carroll collected a number of reptiles in Refugio County. These are now in the Baylor Museum, but are all in a poor state of pres- ervation. During 1901 I spent the period from March 10th to April 1st at a point about five miles from the town of Refugio. During my stay I collected quite a series of reptiles, but on account of the drouth I found very few batrachians. On June 20th of the same year I returned and devoted thirty days to collecting. This last visit was productive of splendid results as I succeeded in obtaining a number of interesting batrachians and several species of snakes, lizards and turtles that I had not found during my previous stay. Refugio, the county-seat of Refugio County, is an old mission town, and is commonly referred to by the natives as ''the mission." 1. Species found in both counties. REPTILES. Alligator, missisnppiensis Daudin. Sceloporus spinosus Wiegmann. Anolis carolinensis Cuvier. Phrynosoma cornutum Harlan. 9— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol, XXI, 1908. (47) 48 Streckei — Reptiles and Batrachians of Texas. Opheo8aurii8 ventralis L. Lampropeltis getulus holbrooki Hol- Cnemidophorus gularis B. and G. brook. Liolepisma laterale Say. Heterodon platyrhinus Latreille. En meat quinquelineatus L. Elapsfulvius Linn. Eutaenia proximo, Say. Ancistrodon piscivorus Lacepede. Eutaenia elegans marciana B. and Ancistrodon eontortrix L. <;. Sistrurus miliarins L. Tropidonotus sipedon transversus Crotalus atrox B. and G. Hallowell. Terrapriic omnia Agass. Storeria dekayi Holbrook. Pseudemys texana Baur. Coluber spiloides L>. and B. Chelydra serpentina Linn. Pityophis calenifer sayi Schlegel. Aromochelys tristycha Agass. Zamenis flagellum flagellum Shaw . Aspidonectes emoryi Agass. Cyclophis aestivus L. BATRACHIANS. Ambystoma microstomum Cope. Hyhi cinerea Daudin. Siren lacertina L. Acris gryllus crepitans Baird. Bufo lentiginosus americanus LeC. Engystoma carolinense Holbrook. Bufo compactilis Wieg. Eanrt pipiens Sbreber. Bufo valliceps Wieg. Buna catesbiana Shaw. 2. Species recorded from Refugio County only. REPTILES. Holbrookia propinqua B. and G. Tropidoimlns rhombifer Hallowell. Sceloporus consobrinus B. and <;. Salvadora grahamiae B. and G. Eumeces tetragrammus Baird. Kinostemon louisianae Baur. Tropidonotus clarkii B. and . and B. Scaphiopus couchii B. and G. ."). Species recorded from Victoria County only. KEPTILES. Glauconia dulcis I'>. and <;. Farancia abacura Holbrook. Eutaenia sirtalis L. . Sistrurus catenatus consors B. and TrOpidoiioi nx xiperfnii fasciatus L. . Kinostemon flavescens Agass. and G. Pseudemys elegans Wied. Lampropeltis doliatus doliatus l>. BATRACHIANS. Diemyctylus viridescens Etaf. Chorophilux triseriatus Wied. Diemyctylus meridionalis Cope. J/j/Za sqnirella Bosc. Strecker — Reptiles and Batrachians of Texas. 49 Notes . Alligator mississippiensis Daudin. The alligator is still tolerably common in some portions of Refugio County, notably on the Mission River several miles below the town of Refugio and in some of the small lakes. T have the skull of a twelve-foot specimen shot on Sous Creek. Holbrookia propinqua B. and G. There is a single specimen in the Baylor Museum, collected on a small rocky cliff on the Arroyo Blanco, about six miles from the mission, by James J. Carroll. Sceloporus consobrinus B. and G. I found this lively little fence lizard quite common on Mr. Barber's place, about five miles from the mission, but did not see it anywhere else. Most of my specimens were captured on rail-fences and around old logs in the woods. Mr. Barber's wood-pile yielded me an adult pair. These specimens were all very dull colored. Opheosaurus ventralis L. Mr. Mitchell informs me that both the lineated (western) and check- ered (eastern) forms of the glass snake occur at Victoria. Cnemidophorus gularis B. and G. All of the lined swifts I collected in Refugio County are very typical gularis, although I had expected to find sexlineatus the prevailing form. Femoral pores, 16 to 19. Eumeces quinquelineatus L. I was surprised to learu from Mr. Mitchell that this lizard was common in Victoria County. I saw but one specimen in Refugio. It was of the "fasciatus" (young) type of coloration. Eumeces tetragrammus Baird. One typical specimen from near Refugio. Eutaenia sirtalis L. On the list furnished me by Mr. Mitchell, this snake is called Eutaenia sirtalis sirtalis L. on the authority of Dr. Stejneger. Some of the speci- mens submitted to me by Mr. Mitchell were fairly typical sirtalis, but two half grown examples were very near the variety parietalis Say. I obtained a large series of Eutaenias in Refugio County, hut did not succeed in col- lecting any specimens of this variety. Tropidonotus clarkii B. and (i. A mutilated specimen of a longitudinally banded Tropidonotus found near Copano Bay is referred to this species. 50 Btrecker — Reptiles and Batrachians of Texas. Tropidonotus sipedon fasciatus L. None of the water snakes collected by me are referable to this subspecies, but Mr. Mitchell has sent me a very typical adult specimen from Victoria. I found the subspecies transversus Hallowell very common along the water courses in Refugio County, and later Mr. Mitchell secured speci- mens near Victoria. As a rule the two varieties do not occur together. Tropidonotus rhombifer Hallowell. Very common in Refugio County. This species is very prolific. I have 36 young specimens about rive inches in length that were taken from the body of a female thirty-four inches long. Haldea striatula L. Mr. Mitchell recently sent me an adult female containing seven em- bryos. This is our only record. Coluber spiloides I), and B. This large Coluber is an abundant species in both counties and is notorious as a destroyer of young fowls. On Mr. Barber's farm 1 cap- tured a large specimen in the act of robbing a turkey's nest. It had already swallowed one egg, hut on being disturbed, disgorged it. Mr. James J. Carroll tells an amusing incident of one of these snakes. lie had collected a number of hawk's egos and after removing their contents, laid them in a plate and placed them near a window to dry. He left the house for a short time and on his return found that one of the eggs had disappeared. He retired to the next room and remained perfectly quiet for a few minutes, and was rewarded by the appearance of a Coluber, which at once attempted to steal a second egg-shell but was summarily disposed of by the indignant ornithologist. Farancia abacura Holbrook. In November, 1905, Mr. Mitchell sent me a description of a snake captured at Aloe, Victoria County. From the description, I referred it to Farancia. Later, Dr. L. 0. Howard, Entomologist of the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture, examined the specimen and continued my Identification. This is. 1 believe, the first authentic record of its occur- rence in Texas. Sistrurus catenatus consors 15. and (i. In the transactions of the Texas Academy of Science for L902 (p. 27) Mr. Mitchell reports the capture of a specimen of this species at Victoria. Rev. A. II. Barber informs me that a rattlesnake, from the description of which I take to be this species, is found in the coast region of Refugio County, near Copano bay. Streckei — Reptiles and Batrachians of Texas. 51 Crotalus adamanteus Beiauvois. This species is recorded by Mr. Mitchell as having formerly been rather common in the timbered belts along the coast region in Harris, Mata- gorda, Lavaca, Jackson, Victoria and Calhoun counties. He states that its habits are different from those of Crotalus atrox which occurs in the prairie district of the same section. Crotalus horridus L. Mr. Mitchell writes me that five specimens of this rattlesnake have been taken in Victoria County since 1902. Kinosternon louisianae Baur. I collected a typical specimen of this turtle on the Arroyo Medio, about five miles from Refugio. Kinosternon flavescens Agassiz. Mr. Mitchell has collected several specimens at Victoria. Two of these are now in the Baylor Museum. Chelydra serpentina L. Dr. A. E. Brown in his list of Texas reptiles (Texas reptiles and their faunal relations. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1903, p. 552) excludes this species on the ground that he has seen no record of exact localities. I have collected specimens at Burnet, Burnet County, Waco, McLennan County, San Antonio, Bexar County and in Bee and Refugio counties. Mr. Mitchell has collected it in his county, also.* Bufo debilis Girard. I collected a single specimen in Refugio County during a heavy rain. It was the only one noted during my stay. Hyla squirella Bosc. Mr. Mitchell recently captured two specimens at Victoria, one of which he kindly presented to me. He informs me that the color, in the living specimen, was pale canary. Hyla cinerea Daudin. Mr. Mitchell sent me a rather peculiar, light colored specimen which he informed me was yellow in life. It is rather heavier built than the average H. cinerea, but otherwise shows little variation from the ordinary type. This species varies in color from yellow and light pea-green to dark oil-green; the labial stripe and spots from white to deep yellow. * I have a specimen of Xerobatis berlandieri Agass. from a point in Live Oak County much farther north than the southern part of Refugio, and natives of the latter county who have examined it claim that it occurs there also. .VJ Stnrki'i — Reptile* and Batrachians of Texa8. Smilisca baudinii D. and B. Three specimens from Mr. Barber's farm near Refugio. One of these was found hanging to the side of a frame building, the others were cap- tured on the ground, in the woods. Chorophilus triseriatus Wied. One specimen of the " clarkii" (spotted) type from Victoria. Scaphiopus holbrooki Harlan. Cope states that the range of the eastern spadefoot includes Texas, hut in all the herpetological literature at my disposal I fail to find mention of a single specimen having been collected at any point in the State. One night in June, 1!)04, 1 collected a typical adult, together with numerous specimens of Bufo compactilis Wieg., Bufo valliceps Wieg. and Scaphi- opus couchii B. & ncho ( C< >pe 3 ) . Southern and southeastern : Victoria ( 'ounty ( Mitchell), Hitchcock, Gal- veston County (Dickerson5), Houston and San Antonio (Cope5), Refugio County. 19. Engystoma texense Girard. TEXAS NARROW-MOUTHED TOAD. Type specimen from Bio Seco, Texas (Capt. Pope5). Miss Dickerson0 mentions specimens from San Diego, Duval County (Taylor) and Browns- ville, Cameron County. All of these localities are in the southern part of the State. I have some doubts as to the validity of this form as a distinct * Bufo aduncus Cope (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, No. 34. i>. 157), based on a single specimen collected at Gainesville, (ooke County, is here omitted. This specimen, for- merly I", s. Nat. Mus. No. 14,100, has been lost. Cope's description indicates a very peculiar variation from the americanus group, if not a distinct species. 58 Strrrkn — Annotated Lizt of the Batrachia of Tr.rn*. species. In McLennan County I find two types of Engi/stoma, but have always considered them as mere variations of the same thing. A smooth, dull colored form is fully as common as the brown, tubereular skinned variety. The examination of a large series of specimens from the southern part of the State may lead me to adopt Miss Dickerson's views, so in def- erence to the excellent discrimination she has otherwise shown in her Avork, I here include Engystoma tc.rense in my list. 20. Hypopachus cuneus Cope. TAYLOR'S TOAD. This species has heen recorded from two localities in southern Texas, i. e., Ran Diego (Taylor4) and Brownsville (Dickerson5). 21. Acris gryllus crepitans Baird. WESTERN CRICKET FROG. I have collected or observed specimens of this species in every county I have visited. Fort Worth is my northernmost record, and I have ob- tained specimens as far south as Refugio and as far west as Boracho, El Paso County. 22. Chorophilus ornatus Holbrook. ORNATE CHORUS FROG. Cope3 has recorded specimens of this species from Dallas (Boll) and Helotes (Marnock) under the name of C. ocularis Daudin. 23. Chorophilus occidentalis B. & 0 Strerln — Annotated List of the Batrachin of Texas. 32. Scaphiopus holbrooki Harlan. SOLITARY SPADEFOOT. On June 24, 1004, I collected a specimen of this species near Refugio, Refugio County. This specimen is now in the collection of Baylor Uni- versity and is probably the first to he recorded from the State. 33. Scaphiopus couchii B. & G. COUCH'S SPADEFOOT. This is the common spadefoot of central, southern and western Texas. I have found it very abundant during favorable seasons in McLennan, Burnet, Bee and Refugio counties. Mr. C. M. Barber sent me specimens collected at El Paso, with the information that it was quite common in that locality. Cope3 records it from Atascosa and Bexar counties and Miss Dickerson5 from Brownsville. 34. Scaphiopus hammondii Baird. HA MMOND'S SPADEFOOT. Reported from Helotes by Cope1. T have specimens from El Paso, collected by Mr. C. M. Barber. :'>•">. Scaphiopus hammondii bombifrons Cope. PLAIN'S SPADEFOOT. C. S. Xat. Mus. No. 3703, from the Llano Estacado, Texas, Capt. John Pope, collector, was referred to this form by Prof. Cope. 36. Rana catesbiana Shaw. BULL PROG. The bull frog is common in eastern, central and southern Texas, but lines not occur in the western part of the State. J. D. Mitchell reports it from Victoria, .1. J. Carroll from Polk County. I have personally col- lected specimens in Falls, McLennan, Bexar, Robertson, Burnet, Smith and Refugio counties. :'>7. Rana areolata areolata B. & (I. TEXAS GOPHER FROG. This species lias been collected at Indianola (Baird') and Hitchcock ( Dickerson''). These localities are in the southeastern part of the State, in the coast region. Rana areolata must be exceedingly rare as the two localities mentioned are the only ones of which I can rind any record. 38. Rana pipiens Schreber. LEOPARD FROG. 39. Rana sphenocephala Cope. SOUTHERN LEOPARD FROG. The literature relating to these two species (or varieties'.') is in such an unsatisfactory state that at the present time I am unwilling to attempt Strecfcei — Annotated List of the llatrachia of Texas. 6i to define the range of either one. Leopard frogs are found all over the State but it is possible in only a few instances to determine to which form the published records refer. I have collected specimens at Refugio and Burnet that I can refer with certainty to sphenocephala, but these col- lected at Waco all seem to be typical pipiens. If the two forms are dis- tinct species, they probably occur together through the greater part of their Texas range. Specimens collected in the mountains of Jeff Davis and Brewster coun- ties are too young for satisfactory determination, but adult leopard frogs from El Paso are near to Rana pipiens austricola Cope, if not that sub- species. Vol. XXI, pp. 63-68 March 21, 1908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON NOMENCLATORIAL STUDIES IN THREE ORCHID GENERA.* BY A. A. EATON. During the course of nomenclatorial studies in the Orchid- acese I have found the following changes necessary in order to conform with the articles of the Vienna Code. These changes will he more fully discussed and a full bibliography given, with synonomy and keys to the genera, in Orchidaceae, fascicle 3, now ready for the press. EPIPACTIS (Haller) Bohmer. The name Epipactis appears to have been first used since 1753 by Bohmer in the third edition of Ludwig's Definitiones Generum Plantarum. Although he makes no binomial combination, his genus is properly made and he gives several references to the plant designated by Linnaeus as Satyrium repens, now known as Goodyera repens R. Br., or Peramium repens Salisb. As the name Epipactis antedates all others for the group it must be adopted. The resulting changes in specific names are as follows: E. angustifolia (Schlechter). Goodyera angustifolia Schlechter in Schumann & Lauterbach Nachtr. Fl. Siidsee92 (1905). E. bifida (Bl.). Neottia bifida Blume Bijdr. 408 (1825). — Goodyera bifida Blume Fl. Java Orch. 33, t. 9 | c, f. 1 (1858). E. biflora (Hook. f.). Goodyera biflora Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 114 (1890). E. brachiorrhynchos (Schlechter). Goodyera brachiorrhynchos Schlechter in Schumann & Lauterbach Nachtr. Fl. Sudsee 93 (1905). E. colorata (Bl. ). Neottia colorata Blume Bijdr. 409 (1825). — Goodyera colorata Blume Fl. Java Orch. 31 t. 9 | b, f. 2 (1858). * Contributions from the Ames Botanical Laboratory, No. 8. 11— Peoc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, 1908. (63) 64 Eaton — Nomenclatorial Studies in Three Orchid Genera. E. cordata (lindl. ). Georchis cordata Lindley Gen. et Sp. Orch. 496 (1840). — Goodyera cor- data Nicholson Diet. Gard. 2: 810 (1888). E. discoidea (Reichb. f. ). Rhamphidia discoidea Reichb. f. in Linnaea 41 : 59 ( 1S76). — Goodyera discoidea Schlechter in Schumann £ Lauterbach Nachtr. Fl. SiicLee 94 (1905) in obs. E. Erimae (Schlechter). Goodyera Erimae Schlechter in Schumann & Lauterbach Nachtr. Fl. Siidsee 93 (1905). E. foliosa (Lindl. ). Georchis foliosa Lindley Gen. et Sp. Orch. 496 (1840). — Goodyera foliosa Benth. ex Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 113 (1890). E. formosana (Rolfe). Goodyera formosana Rolfe ex Hemsley in Ann. Bot. 9: 159 (1895). E. fumata (Thw). Goodyera fumata Thwaites Enum. PI. Ceylon 314 (1>61). E. fusca (Lindl. ). Goodyera tusca Lindley in Wall. Cat. no. 7395 (1832). E. glauca (J. J. Smi.). Goodyera glauca J. J. Smith Nachtr. 1, Orch. Java in Bull. Dept. Agric. Ind. Neerl. no. 13, p. 17 (1907). E. gracilis (Hook. f. ). Goodyera gracilis Hooker f. Fl. Brit, Ind. 6: 112 (1890). E. grandiflora (Schlechter). Goodyera grand/flora Schlechter in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 39: 57 (1906). E. "grandis (King it Pantl.). Goodyera grandis King & Bantling Orch. Sik.-Him. 284 t. 379 (1898). E. hacijoensis (Yatabe). Goodyera hacijoenisi* Yatahe in Tokyo Bot. Mag. 5: 1, t. 19(1891). E. Hemsleyana (King & Pantl.). Goodyera Hemsleyana King & Bantling in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 64: 342 (1895). E. Henryi (Rolfe). Goodyera Henryi Rolfe in Kew Bull. 1896, p. 201. E. hispida (Lindl. ). Goodyera hispida Lindley in Journ. Linn. Soc. 1: Js:; ( L857). E. Ianceolata (Ridl. ). Goodyera Ianceolata Ridley in Journ. As. Soc. Straits Br. no. 39, p. 86 (1903). E. Lehmanniana ( Kriinzl. ). Goodyera Lehmanniana Kranzlin in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 26: 498(1899). E. macrantha (Maxim.). Goodyera macrantha Maxim, in Gartenflora 16: 36, t. 533, f. 2 (1867). Eaton — Nomenclatorial Studies in Three Orchid Genera. 65 E. macrophylla (Lowe). Goodyera macrophylla Lowe Prim. Fl. Madeira 13, t. 1 (1S31). E. Matsumurana ( Schlechter) . Goodyera Matsumurana Schlechter in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2, 6: 298 (1906). E. Maurevertii (Bl. ). Goodyera Maurevertii Blume Fl. Java Orch. 35 (1858). E. nebularum (Hance). CyslorcMs nebularum Hance in Journ. But. 21: 232 (1883). — Goodyera nebulara Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc. 36: 45 (1903). E. ochroleuca (Bailey). Goodyera ochroleuca Bailey in Bull. Dept. Ag. Queensl. 14: 15, t. 4 (1896). E. papuana (Ridl.). Goodyera papuana Ridley in Journ. Bot. 25: 355 (1886). E. parviflora (Bl). Neottia parviflora Blume Bijdr. 408 (lS2-">). — Goodyera parviflora Blume Fl. Java Orch. 29, t. 22, f. 1 (1858). E. pendula (Maxim.). Goodyera pendula Maxim, in Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. 32: 023 (1888). E. Polygonoides ( Mueller). Goodyera Polygonoides Mueller Fragm. 8: 29 (187:!). E. Prainii (Hook. f.). Goodyera Prainii Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 112 (1890). E. procera (Ker. ). Neottia procera Ker-Gawl in But. Reg. t. 639 ( 1822). — Gocxlyera procera Hooker Fxot. Fl. 1: t, 39 ( 1823). E. pubescens (Willd.). Neottia pubescens Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 76 (1805). — Goodyera pubescens R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5: 19S ( 1813). E. pusilla (BL). Goodyera pusilla Blume Fl. Java Orch. 31, t. 9 | b, f. 3 (1858). E. recurva (Lindl.). Goodyera recurva Lindley in Journ. Linn. Soc. 1 : 183 (1857). E. repens var. ophioides (Fern.). Goodyera repens var. ophioides Fernald in Rhodora 1 : 6 (1899). E. reticulata (BL). Neottia reticulata Blume Bijdr. 409(1825). — Goodyera reticulata Blume Fl. Java Orch. 30, t. 9 | b, f. 1 (1858). E. robusta (Hook. f. ). Goodyera robusta Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 113 (1890). E. rubicunda (BL). Neottia rubicunda Blume Bijdr. 408 (1825). — Goodyera rubicunda Lindley in Bot. Reg. 1839, Mi.-c. p. 61. 66 Eaton — Nomenchitorial Studies in Three Orchid Generd. E. Schlechtendahliana (Reichb. f.). Goodyera Schlechtendahliana Reichb; f. in Linnaea 22: 861 (1849). E. scripta ( Reichb. f. ). Rhamphidia scripta Reichb. f. in Linnaea 41: 67 (1877). — Goodyera scripta Schlechter in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 39: 58 (1906). E. striata (Reichb. f.). Goodyera striata Reichb. f. in Linnaea 18: 400 (1844). E. subregularis (Reichb. f.). Georchis subregularis Reichb. f. in Linnaea 41: 07 (1877). — Goodyera subregularis Schlechter in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 39: 58 (1906). E. tesselata (Lodd.). Goodyera tesselata Loddiges Bot. Cab. t. 952 (1827). E. triandra (Schlechter). Goodyera triandra Schlechter in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2, 6: 298 (1906). E. velutina (Maxim.). Goodyera velutina Maxim, in Gartenflora 16: 38, t. 533, f. 1 (1867). E. viscosa ( Reichb. f. ). Goodyera viscosa Reichb. f. in Linnaea 41: 01 (1876). E. vittata (Lin.ll.). Georchis vittata Lindley in Journ. Linn. Soc. 1 : 184 (1857). — Goodyera vittata Benth. ex Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 : 1 L3 I 1890). E. Waitziana (Bl). Goodyera Waitziana Blume Fl. Java Orch. 35, t. 9 | d, f. 2 (1858). SERAPIAS L. The genus Serapias of Linnaeus is composite, consisting of Cepha- lanthera, Epipactis (Adanspn em. R. Br., not Bohmer) and Serapias as restricted by Swartz. The first two genera have been segregated and the residue of the original genus now hears the name. It has been customary to leave to the final residue of segregation the original name, but this is contrary to Article 45 of the Vienna Code, provided the type or origin of the group is not contained therein. The type of the genus Serapias L. is x. Helleborine, an aggregate consisting of species of Cephalanthera and Epipactis Adans., genera shown by Wettstein to be inseparable. This type is fixed by Linnaeus in Gen. PI. ed. 5 (1754) as t. 249 of Tournefort, which represents S. grandiflora. The name Serajiias must therefore be restored to the Cephalanthera-Epipaclis group. The following changes are necessary : S. africana (Rendle). Epipactis africana Rendle in Journ. Bot. 33: 252 (1895). S. Austinae (A. Gr.). Chloraea Austinae A. < bray in Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 83 ( L876). — Cepha- lanthera Austinae Heller Cat. X. A. PI. ed. 2, 4 (1900). S. Chloidophylla (Reichb. f. ). Cepltalanttiera Chloidophylla Reichb. f. in Linnaea 25: 228 (1852). Eaton — Xumenclatorial Studies in Three Orchid Genera. 6? S. consimilis (Don). Epipactis consimilis Don Prodr. 28 (1825). S. cucullata (Boiss. & Heldr. ). Cephalanthera cucullata Boiss. & Heldr. ex Reichb. f. Orel). Eur. 137, 185, t. 120 (1851). S. gigantea (Doug.). Epipactis gigantea Douglas ex Hooker Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 202, t. 202 (1839). S. kurdica (Bornm.). Cephalanthera kurdica Bornm. ex Kranzl. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 3 : 143 (1895). S. longibracteata (Bl.). Cephalanthera longibracteata BlumeFl. Java Orch. 159, t. 05, f. 3 (1858). S. sessilifolia (Peterm.). Epipactis sessilifolia Peterm. in Flora 27 : 370 (1844). S. somaliensis (Rolfe). Epipactis somaliensis Rolfe in Dyer Fl. Trop. Afr. 7 : 189 (1898). SERAPIASTRUM Kuntze. The genus heretofore known as Serapias must become Serapiastrum, with the following combinations : S. cordigerum (L. ). Serapias cordigera L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1345 (1763). S. Lingua (L. ). Serapias Lingua L. Sp. PI. ed. 1, 950 (1753). S. longipetalum (Tenore). Helleborine longipetala Tenore Fl. Neap. Prodr. 53 (1811). — Serapias longipetala Poll. Fl. Veron. 3: 30 (1814). S. neglectum (De Not, ). Serapias neglecta De Notaris Rep. Fl. Ligust. 389 (1844). S. parviflorum (Pari.). Serapias parviflora Pari, in Giorn. Sci. Litt. Sicil. 59: 60(1837). Vol. XXI, pp. 69-84 March 21, 1908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON £?> uj L i E THE REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS OF McLENNAN COUNTY, TEXAS. BY JOHN K. STRECKER, JR. Baylor University, Waco, Texas. McLennan is one of the north-central counties of Texas, with an area of 1,080 square miles. Waco, the county-seat, where most of my collecting has been done, is located in the central part, on the Brazos River, and has an elevation of something over 400 feet. The eastern and southern portions are low. From Waco southward into Falls County, the country is rich bottom-land drained by the Brazos River and Tehuacana Creek and with occasional ponds and small grassy lagoons scattered here and there. The principal timber is post-oak and pecan. In this district, here denominated the post-oak country, three species of reptiles and a batrachian (Anolis carolinensis Cuvier, Ophisau- r us centralis L., Tropidonotus fasciatus L., and Diemyctylus viri- descens meridional is Cope) are found, that do not occur in other portions of the county. Crotalus horridus L. and Enmeces qvin- quelineatus L. are rather common, although rare in other sections. From Waco westward to Gatesville, Coryell County, the ele- vation steadily increases. At Hewitt, only nine miles from the city, the altitude is 656 feet, and at McGregor, eighteen miles distant, 713. The handsome ring-necked lizard (Crotaphytus collaris Say) has been collected in Coryell County only a short distance from the line and it is merely a matter of time when it will also be collected in McLennan. The Bosque country is the name here used to designate the northwestern section in which is located the villages of Crawford and China Springs. This district commences at the Bosque 12— Pkoc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, 1908. (69) 70 Strecker — Reptiles and Batrachians of Texas. River, three miles north of Waco, and extends into Bosque County, in a northwesterly direction. The elevation at China Springs must be at least 250 feet higher than at Waco. This section is hilly and broken. Holbrookia maculata lacerata Cope is a species peculiar to it and my only specimens of Sceloporus consobrinus B. & G. and Rhinochilus lecontei B. & G. are from here. In McLennan County the main water-course is the Brazos River, which runs through it in a southeasterly direction. On the east side, about nine miles south of Waco, Tehuacana Creek joins the river. The Bosque flows into the Brazos about three miles north of Waco. This stream is formed by three branches, the North, South, and Middle Bosque rivers. The North Bosque is the principal one of the three, flowing through from Bosque County on the northwest. Childress Creek, in the northeastern section, runs into the Brazos River about six miles above the mouth of the Bosque. Waco Creek and Barron's Branch, two small streams, flow through Waco. The first mentioned is active about ten months of the year, but the second is hardly more than a wet-weather stream. The Bosque system has a number of small tributaries, includ- ing Harris's, Bullhide, Flat-Rock, Hog, and Steele creeks. At one time there was a good-sized grassy lagoon known as ' Dry Pond," about two miles east of Waco. During my first few years of collecting this was my favorite resort. Here I col- lected my first specimens of Elaps fvlvius and Tropidonotus rhombifer and witnessed a migration of turtles. About seven years ago the lagoon was drained and a levee thrown up and all the glories of my serpent " Eden " have departed. A number of small natural and artificial lakes are scattered through the county. Most of these are owned and kept up by fishing clubs. The " Laguna Lake " mentioned several times in this paper is a series of connecting lagoons in the northern part of Falls County, not far from the McLennan County line. Through the courtesy of Messrs. Polk Williamson, the former, and James H. Harrison, the present, president of the " Laguna Lake Club " I have been allowed to collect there on several occasions. I first began collecting reptiles in the fall of 1893, but it was Strecka — Reptiles and Batrachians of Texas. 71 five years later when I first made the attempt to form a perma- nent collection. The species collected prior to 1898 were ex- changed for other material, so that, at the present time, my collection lacks four of the speck's enumerated. These are Lith<>- dytes Intra as Cope, Diadophis regalis B. & G., Ambystoma opacum Gravenh. and Osceola dot lata doliata L. of which only one speci- men each has been collected. All of the other species are represented by from one to a dozen or more specimens. This collection is now the property of Baylor University. A preliminary list of 59 species of McLennan County reptiles and batrachians was read before the Texas Academy of Science at its annual session in December, 1901, and was published in the Transactions of the Society for that year. One mistake occurs in this list. Pseudemys c(, This variety of the common eastern tree-frog is exceedingly rare in cen- tral Texas. During my fourteen years of collecting in this county I have only captured three examples. * Chorophilus triseriatus Wied. STRIPED TREE-FROG. Two color varieties of this species occur in the vicinity of Waco — a large spotted form and the ordinary striped one. In April when these frogs go into the water to breed they fairly swarm in the marshes. On one occa- sion I collected more than forty specimens at Dry Pond in less than an hour's time. I formerly considered the spotted specimens as representing a subspecies I ( '. triseriatus clarhii Baird ami < Jirard ), hut the examination of a Large series of examples from Illinois and Texas convinces me that this variety is not worthy of recognition. I have found Chorophilus tri- seriatus breeding in temporary pools as well as more permanent bodies of water. Streckei — Reptiles and Batrachians of Texas. S3 Acris gryllus crepitans Baird and Girard. WESTERN CRICKET EROG. Abundant along all of our water courses. "Waco specimens of this sub- species are very variable in color, but seldom display greenish tints. Engystoma carolinense Holbrook. NARROW-MOUTHED TOAD. Two types (or varieties, they might possibly be called) of this species occur here, and both appear to be equally common. Type A is greenish- gray in color, with the skin almost smooth; type B is darker, varying from brown to almost black, and with the skin more tubercular. At the present time I refer both of these varieties to carolinense, intending to investigate the matter thoroughly as soon as the spring season opens up. Rana pipiens Schreber. LEOPARD FROG. Very abundant in suitable localities. The examination of a large series of frogs of the Rana j>ijiinis type from different sections of Texas will probably convince us of the necessity of recognizing one or two of the subspecies described by Cope. Rana pipiens Schreber ( = R. virescens Kalm) in its typical form doubtless occurs in all of the eastern and north- central counties, but specimens I have examined from the southern part of the State, east of San Antonio, are the short-headed type (Rana virescens brarhycephala Cope). Examples from west of the Pecos would probably be referred to the Mexican form described by Cope under the name of Rana virescens austricola. Rana sphenocephala Cope, as at present defined, is probably a distinct species. Rana sphenocephala Cope. SOUTHERN LEOPARD FROG. In working over my series of leopard frogs I find two specimen that are clearly referable to this variety (or species?). They were collected in July, 1907, on the east side of the Brazos River, in the wooded strip between that stream and Tehuacana Creek. Rana catesbiana Shaw. BULL FROG. This species is not uncommon in the lagoons and along the larger water courses. Last year Rohrer and I captured a half-grown specimen from among a lot of toads that were congregated around an electric light, fully four blocks from the nearest creek. At the same time we saw another specimen but failed to secure it. Vol. XXI, pp. 85-90 March 21, 1908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON NOTES ON THE HABITS OF TWO ARKANSAS SALA- MANDERS AND A LIST OF BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES COLLECTED AT HOT SPRINGS. BY JOHN K. STRECKER, JR. Baylor University, Waco, Texas. During the years 1894, 1895 and 1896 I received nearly 250 batrachians and reptiles from Hot Springs, Arkansas. These specimens were collected by my friend, Bert Lawrence Combs, who was killed at Red Oak, Iowa, in the spring of 1897, by a fall from a tree. Young Combs, who was only twenty years of age when he met his untimely end, was an enthusiastic orni- thologist, and had he lived might have become eminent in his particular field of science. To his energy, intelligence and generosity I am indebted for many specimens and valuable notes. At his death, in fulfillment of a wish he had expressed several years before, I became the possessor of his books and collection of specimens. A loving, generous soul, may he rest in peace. The Hot Springs specimens collected by Combs were an inter- esting lot. They represented 36 species and subspecies, includ- ing the types of the salamander described by Dr. Stejneger under the name of Desmognathus brimleyorum and four of the five known specimens of the rare Ambi/stoma annulatum Cope. In this paper I have incorporated his most interesting obser- vations; and give a complete list of the species received from him with my personal comment thereon . Ambystoma annulatum Cope. COMBS' SALAMANDER. Cope described this species under the name of Linguelapsus annulatus, from a specimen in the United States National Museum collection. The 13— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, 1908, (85) 86 Strecker — Notes on Habits of Tivo Arkansas Salamanders. type (No. 11,564) was unlabeled and its habitat remained unknown until Combs collected his first specimen in the month of October, 1894. This specimen was presented to me and I disposed of it, through exchange, to Mr. C. S. Brimley. Mr. Brimley sent it to Washington and it is now in the National collection. Regarding this specimen, Dr. Stejneger made the following comments: "A direct comparison with the type specimen shows the peculiar colora- tion to be identical, with the trifling exception that in the type the light crossband from arm to arm is interrupted in the middle of the back, while in the new specimen it is continuous like the other crossbands. A pale crossband between the eyes, not mentioned by Prof. Cope, is present in both specimens. The new specimen is comparatively fresh and the ground color appears to have been black, the crossbands silver-gray."* The other three specimens were sent to me alive. They were the most beautiful salamanders I have ever seen, and I have examined specimens of nearly all of our eastern North American forms. The ground color was shiny black and in two of the specimens all of the crossbands were of a deep sulphur-yellow. In the third example (the female) the anterior bands were yellow, the posterior ones almost white. The following notes on the capture and breeding habits of this interest- ing species I am quoting from the letters and field notes of the collector : " Near the city is a creek which is dry during some seasons but runs in wet weather. At a certain point, about a yard from this creek and lying at the foot of a sweet-gum tree, is a log about ten feet in length. This log is partly imbedded in the mud, very much decayed, and when I first visited it, was almost covered by pine-needles. Under it are large holes made by crayfish. On turning the log over I found the salamander and a king snake." (Oct., 1894. Letter.) "A couple of days ago I found a second black and yellow salamander in the same place as the last. It was dead and in an advanced stage of decomposition." (Nov., 1894. Letter.) "I hunted for further specimens of this fine salamander, without suc- cess, until the following spring. One night in March we had a severe rainstorm. The next morning, as soon as the sun came out, I made a trip to my log, and on turning it over there lay two of the much-desired batrachians. On my looking closer I could see that one of the two had been depositing some eggs. There were thirty-five of these eggs so far and she continued to deposit more, as she crawled leisurely on, with the male closely following ami inspecting each one as it was deposited. The eggs were placed about an eighth of an inch apart. By this time she had almost readied one of the crayfish holes, so I quickly seized her and the male and carefully rolled the log back in place. I secured a water-tight box, filled it halt lull of mud and water and placed the salamanders in it and they seemed perfectly satisfied. About 4 p. M. that day I decided to take another look under the log, and on again turning it over found a third specimen. The specimens measured eight, live and a half and six inches respectively. [Length of head, body and tail. The tail in the • Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1894, p. 599. Strecket — Notes on Habits of Tivo Arkansas Salamanders. 87 largest example was almost twice the length of that of the six-inch speci- men. At the time they were received I took measurements of the length of head and body to vent of each of the three specimens, hut these records have been lost. J. K. S.] After the salamanders had been in captivity about twelve hours the female had deposited a total of 150 eggs. I kept them three days longer in order to study their habits, and found them to be stupid and sluggish. -If disturbed they would lie perfectly still and make no attempt to move away, but their neighbors (Desmognathm) would r.un at the slightest alarm. On the fourth day I packed them in damp moss and forwarded them to Strecker. On the fifth day the eggs began to shrivel up, but I poured more water in the box and in a few hours they had resumed their normal condition. On, the tenth day the young salamanders began to come out of the eggs. When first hatched they were only about half an inch in length and were similar to larval salamanders that I had seen in Strecker's collection. [Larvae of Ambys- toma opacum, from Brimley, if I remember rightly. J. K. S.] I let them remain in the box for a few hours and then released them in a moist place, not far from where I had captured the parents." (Typewritten notes dated June 25, 1895. ) Whether any of Combs' young salamanders survived or not is a ques- tion. In late years Mr. Julius Hurter has twice visited Hot Springs in quest of this species, but failed to find them on both occasions, although he was provided with my data. From the above notes, and my study of the living specimens, I have written the following conclusions: 1. Five of the six recorded specimens of Amby stoma annulatum Cope were found under the same log, in the woods near Hot Springs, Ark. (The five of course including the dead specimen mentioned in Combs' second letter.) 2. The coloration in the living specimen is black and yellow, instead of black and silver-gray as was suggested to Stejneger by the colors in the preserved specimen. 3. These salamanders inhabit the deserted burrows of crayfish and only come to the surface when the ground is moist. 4. They deposit their eggs on the ground, under logs or among masses of decayed wood. 5. The female keeps her eggs supplied with moisture until they are hatched. I have no doubt but what she carries them down into the ground, to the line of moisture, in exceedingly dry weather. (The ques- tion of how the young salamanders are carried into the water or whether they go into the water at all, I am unable to answer. ) 6. The eggs are never in strings but are always separate, and as many as 150 may be deposited by the same female. 7. Combs has recorded the fact that his eggs hatched on the tenth day, but I presume this depends entirely upon the amount of moisture they receive. Combs sent me a few of these eggs. They were slightly over an eighth of an inch in diameter and the embryos were well formed. (Incubation 88 Strecker — Notes on Habits of Two Arkansas Salamanders. was about \}4 days at the time they were received. ) I supplied them with moisture, but for some reason they never hatched. Desmognathus brimleyorum Stejn. BRIMLEY'S TRITON. The type lot of this species contained nearly forty specimens, all in a rather poor state of preservation, but Combs afterwards sent me a number of finely preserved examples. At Little Rock Mr. Hurter found Desmognathus brimleyorum associated with Spelerpes mulliplicatus Cope, but with the exception of the small colony under the Ambystoma log, no other species was found in company with the Hot Springs specimens. Combs' first specimens were found under the edges of flat rocks in the middle of a rather sluggish stream. Afterwards others were found under planks, logs and rocks, in damp woods in close proximity to water. The larger specimens are dusky, almost sooty or of various shades of brown, withno distinct markings, while the young examples are typically of a very light yellowish-brown with the upper part of the tail either dull red or pinkish, and are more or less overlaid with dusky spots. Most of the specimens were collected in March, April, October and November, but occasionally a few were found in the summer. Combs gave the following information in regard to the breeding habits of Desmognathus brimleyorum : ' ' In the latter part of August or early in September the female triton deposits her eggs, which are from 30 to 36 in number, and attached together in strings, in a crevice in the under side of a rotten log or in a mass of decaying wood near some small stream. The eggs are about an eighth of an inch in diameter. The female is much attached to her eggs and seldom goes far away from them. During a dry spell she will carry them down into her hole with her, and if it rains again before they are hatched, will again bring them to the surface." The following is a complete list of the species and subspecies collected by Combs. Of those marked with a star I have received less than four specimens. The majority of the others were collected in large series. BATRACHIA. Ambystoma annulatum Cope. Combs' salamander. Desmognathus brimleyorum Stejn. Brimley's triton. Plethodon glutinosus Green.* Viscid salamander. Bufo lentiginosus americarnts Le- Conte. American toad." Engystoma carolinense Holbrook. Narrow-mouthed toad. Hyla versicolor chrysoscelis Cope. Western tree frog. Chorophilus occidentalis Baird and Girard.* Western chorus frog. Rana pipiens Schreber. Leopard frog. Rana catesbiana Shaw. Bull frog. Rana clamitans Latreille. Spring frog. Streckei — Notes on Habits of Two Arkansas Salamanders. 89 REPTILIA. Anolis carolinensis Cuvier. Green lizard. Sceloporus consobrinus Baird and Girard. Western fence lizard. Cnemidophorus gidaris Baird and Girard. Western lined lizard. Liolepisma laterale Say.* Ground lizard. Eumeces quinquelineatus Linn. Red-head; blue-tailed lizard. Diadophis regain Baird and Gi- rard.* Regal ring-necked snake. Heterodon platyrhinus Latreille.* Blowing adder. Cyclophis aestivus Linn.* Southern green snake. Zamenis constrictor Linn.* Black snake. Lampropeltis doliatus doliatus Linn.* Scarlet snake. Lampropeltis getula sayi Hol- brook.* Western king snake. Tropidonotus leberis L. Leather snake. Tropidonotus sipedon fasclatus L.* Southern water snake. Tropidonotus sipedon transversus Hallowell.* Hallo well's water snake. Eu taenia proximo, Say. Say's garter snake. Eutaenia eques Reuss.* Reuss' garter snake. Eutaenia sirtalis parietalis Say. Western garter snake. Storeria dekayl Holbrook. De Kay's brown snake. Haldea strlatula L.* Brown snake. Tantilla gracilis Baird and Girard.* Graceful tantilla. Ancistrodon contortrix L.* Copperhead. Ancistrodon piscivorus Lacepede.* Cotton-mouth. Crotalus horridus L.* Banded rattlesnake. Terrapene Carolina triungnis Agas- siz. Box tortoise. Pseudemys concinna Wied. Neat turtle. C'helydra serpentina L.* Snapping turtle. Vol. XXI, pp. 91-106 March 21, 1908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ^•"Ti, | * THE HOLOPHYTIC PLANKTON OF LAKES ATITLAN AND AMATITLAN, GUATEMALA. BY H. WALTON CLARK, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. In the present paper is given a list of the chlorophyl-hearing plankton-elements of the lakes Atitlan and Amatitlan, Guate- mala, collected by Dr. Seth E. Meek, of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, during the winter of 1905-1906. Among the material examined were examples of certain plants, Salvinia natans (L.), Oeratophyllum demersum L., Ionardia natans (Ell.) and fragments of Cham, which do not belong to plankton. The holophytic animals are included in this report, partly because they are regarded by some authors as plants, but prima- rily because plankton studies are essentially ecological rather than taxonomic, the most important division being that which separates the material according to whether it is self-supporting or whether it depends upon organic matter for subsistence. So far as they could be found, references have been given to publications containing figures of each species listed, and in cases where the original description or other important references could be found they have also been cited. The attempt has been, not so much to give a complete list of synonyms, as to include, and enable the student to correlate, the names generally known. In looking up the references I have received much assistance from Mr. P. L. Ricker of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, to whom I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks. The phytoplankton of lakes Atitlan and Amatitlan, so far as the collections indicate, consists exclusively of algre. None of the minute Lemnacese were found: they are, however, usually 14— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, 1908. (91) 92 Clark — Holophytic Plankton of Lakes Atitlan and Amatitlan. taken only in horizontal hauls in sheltered bays, and may on this account have escaped. The organisms mentioned under the holophytic zooplankton are by some authorities counted among plants, and by others among animals. In some cases the only reason for their being included in the vegetable kingdom appears to be the presence of chlorophyl. In structure they are closely allied to animals everywhere recognized as such and the presence of chlorophyl appears to be simply a physiological adaptation, much as the absence of chlorophyl among parasitic and saprophytic plants is. The structure of various members of the Volvocacese is par- ticularly significant in this connection, as the organisms as a whole represent embryonic stages well-known in the animal kingdom and indeed necessarj^ to complete the animal series, while they have no particular significance in the plant series and placed anywhere in that group have always the aspect of foreigners. In so far as the question of fish food is concerned, or indeed from any point of view, the presence of a small amount of holozoic plankton is much more satisfactory than a large amount of holophytic plankton. A great excess of phyto-plankton is even a disadvantage; in addition to its frequently accumulating in masses as a scum on the surface or along the shore, and there decaying and becoming an offence both to sight and smell, it may sink to the bottom in masses where its decay induces con- ditions unfavorable to fish life. On the other hand, the presence of holozoic plankton is evidence of at least enough holophytic material to provide food for fishes, and it rarely or never becomes objectionable by its abundance. Most young fishes live on zooplankton, and the phytoplankton is significant mainly as affording pasturage for the zooplankton, and through it for the fish. Even in the case where fishes with herbivorous young are present, the zooplankton offers a more varied food-supply and is of special importance when it comes to the question of introducing other species of fish. For example, Amatitlan appears to have much more plankton than Atitlan, but unless the young of the fishes of that lake are herbivorous it does not contain nearly so much fish food, as the plankton is mainly holophytic, relatively few entomostraca being present, while in Atitlan, though there is not nearly so much Clark — Holoph ytic Plan Hon of Lakes Atitlan and Amatitlan . 93 algae, entomostraca are quite abundant. Among the holozoic forms, in addition to entomostraca, a rotifer, resembling Anureea cochlearis, is quite abundant, and another, probably Notholca longispina, very common. One of the most striking features of Lake Amatitlan, and perhaps of tropical lakes in general is the indication of " wasser- bluethe* " during February, and therefore probably throughout the year. Although the field notes do not make special men- tion of " wasserbluethe," the presence of Clathrocystis and Ana- basna, both characteristic wasserbluethe plants, together with the notes " abundant on surface," make it almost certain that wasserbluethe is present. This would indicate, also, that probably the same elements of plankton are present and in pretty uniform quantities the year round, so that plankton- taking for a few weeks would be a fair gauge of what was really in the lake at any time. In more northern lakes, or in cooler regions, with extreme seasons, a short series of hauls during a single season would mean almost nothing. The following is a list of the alga? represented in the collection : Order COCOGONyE. 1. Gloeocystis rupestris (Lyngb.). Palmetto, rupestris Lyngb., Hydro. Dan., 207, pi. 69, 1819. Glcecapsa polydermatica Kuetzing, Tab. Phyc, I, 15, Tab. 20, fig. Ill, 1845; Wolle, F. W. Alg. U. S., 331, pi. CCX, figs. 29-31, 1887. Gloeocystis is very rare in the collection ; only one example was noted, this was in a sample of plankton collected from the surface of Atitlan in front of the hotel, February 18, 9 p. M. It may be remarked that some authors, Wolle in particular, regard this genus as simply the early condition of some higher alga, and place no value on specific distinctions between the various forms. The example seen agrees very well with Wolle' s figures and brief description. Com- pared with Kuetzing' s plates it more closely resembles his quaternata than any other but in view of the very little significance attached by * The term " wasserbluethe " is here used to indicate the minute algpe, mostly blue- greens, which come to the surface and form a scum. In this strict sense there was no " wasserbluethe " present. The expression " abundant on the surface," put on many of the labels by me, should have been, " abundant at or near the surface," for nearly all of the alga? so evident to the naked eye were distributed in the stratum of water from the surface to the depth of a meter or more. . Where it was driven in masses, apparently by the wind, it nowhere formed a scum on the surface even when the water had been but little if any agitated by the wind for one or more days. " Wasserbluethe " could not be said to exist in the lower half of tin- lake. The presence of so much Anabxna flos-aquie near the surface in the upper half of the lake certainly indicated that " wasserbluethe " did exist there at least to a limited extent (Meek). 04 Clark — Holoph yi ic Pl< i rikto n of Lakes Atitlan and Amatitlan . some writers to the species of this germs, I prefer to let it stand among the forma already listed from the American continent. 2. Microcystis marginata (Menegh.). Anacystis marginata Menegh., Nost., 03, Tab. XIII, fig. 4, 1841; Wolle, F. W. Alg. U. S., 320, 1887. Microcystis marginata, Kuetzing, Tab. Phyc. I, (>, 1S4.V, Kirchner in Eng. and l'r., Nat. Pfl-fam. I, la, 56, 1900. In many of the samples (formalin material) collected in Lake Amatitlan, the solid matter has separated, the heavier material settling to the bottom and the lighter material coming to the top. The surface material is of a bright hlue-green color, and is either coarsely floccvdent or exceedingly fine in appearance. In case it is coarsely flocculent it is usually composed mainly of Clathrocystis (q. v.) along with a few other elements such as Microcystis, Anaba-na, Gomphosphieria and the like. "When it is exceed- ingly fine in appearance it is found to be mainly Microcystis. In many cases it occurs in the vertical hauls, in which case it was pre- sumably taken mainly in the upper part of the haul. A few colonies often occur, however, in the bottom material. If any wasserbluethe occurs on the Central American lakes it is probably mainly due to this Anabsena and Clathrocystis. It occurs in large colonies (a colony of medium size measures 1080m long and 400/* wide) composed of innumerable minute bright blue-green cells 3-5/* in diameter. The families appeared to be indistinctly arranged in minute looping strings, reminding one somewhat of Clathrocystis, although no perforations in the colonies were evident. The identification of this form with M. marginata is not perfectly satis- factory, inasmuch as the thin colorless tegument is not in evidence, and the 'colonies are considerably too large. The latter matter, however, is merely a matter of coherence, closely related to such local influences as winds and calms. The tlialli quite closely resemble the figure of Micro- hela firma (" Palmella firma Breb. & Lenorm") in Kuetzing's Tabulae Phycologia. 3. Clathrocystis robusta Clark sp. nov. Diagnosis: Thallus in younger stages a dense spherical colony of dark blue-green spherical or oval cells, 0-9m in diameter, surrounded by a spherical envelope of refractive jelly. Plant-body in later stages of growth perforate, clathrate or broken up into elongate rounded lobes. Jelly tardily deliquescent, finally wholly dissolving, leaving the plant-body a densely cohering mass of cells. Colonies quite large and conspicuous. Agrees in form and life history with Clathrocystis ivrngliiasa Kuetzing, from which it differs in the much greater size of the individual cells. Color in formalin bright blue. Type material Sample No. 1, collected at bake Amatitlan, Guatemala, February 1, 1906, by Dr. Seth E. Meek. The type material will be deposited in the lT. S. Museum. This alga is abundant in the surface material of the collections from Lake Amatitlan, forming a flocculent bright blue-green scum. It is at Clark — Holophytlc Plankton of Lakes Atitlan and Amatitlan. 95 hand in all stages of growth from that of a relatively small glohular colony to the last stage of old age, and they agree with the stages given in the life history of Clathrocysiis aeruginosa (Kuetzing). Associated with this plant and apparently intimately connected with its life history is a minute filamentous alga which I identify with some douht as Anabxna stagnalis Knetz. to he more fully discussed later on. The colonies in their earlier stages are usually free from the Anabsena or nearly so, but by the time they have reached middle size, and while the contour of the surrounding jelly is still unbroken, the greater number of colonies are more or less infected, many of them containing the Anabsena filaments in greafnumbers. After the jelly has disappeared, the Clathro- cystis cells still continue to cohere. In this stage the filaments of the invading alga are very much in evidence, forming indeed a very con- spicuous part of the colony, projecting from the periphery of the cell- mass thickly in all directions, giving it a bristly appearance. The mingled mass of filaments and globular cells remind one strongly of sec- tions of lichens with their gonidia and accompanying hyphal filaments. It does not appear that the Anabsena filaments exercise any injurious influence on the Clathrocysiis cells; they appear to be merely aulophytes. Some colonies that contain them in great numbers appear pale, but the greater number appear healthy and robust as before infection. The filaments, moreover, are not closely applied to the Clathrocysiis cells but lie loose in the jelly. It is probable that they have a good deal to do with the breaking down and deliquescence of the jelly, but this has always been described as a normal event in the life history of Clathro- cysiis colonies, and no accompanying organisms have been mentioned. The specimens of Clathrocysiis at hand agree almost perfectly both in form and color with the figures of Clathrocystis aeruginosa given in Griffith and Henfrey's Micrographic Dictionary, pi. 5, fig. 9d, and with the other figures in the same plate except in color. They agree fairly well with Wolle's figures (plate CCX, figs. 17, 18, 19, F. W. Algae), except that the colonies are usually broken up into lobate masses instead of being clathrate. The cells of C. aeruginosa are variously given as 2.5 to 3.5 and 3 to 4m. those of C. robusta attain a diameter of from 6 to 9/u. In both species the colonies vary greatly in size; they probably attain much larger size when there is little wave-motion. Probably whatever is true of Clathrocystis aeruginosa in general in relation to the other life of the lake is true of this. The behavior of that species is such that one can hardly speak of its abundance in general terms, or make general comparisons between different bodies of water except in cases where it has been under long periods of observation, as it is likely to be very much in evidence some days and rare at other times. Apstein (Das Siisswasser plankton, 135) gives an interesting discussion concerning C. aeruginosa, noting its great abundance on a certain occasion, and discusses its probable relation to fish life. He remarks in substance that it is a common opinion that C. aeruginosa, with other algee that form wasserbluethe, is injurious to fishes, but asserts that while this may be true in small ponds, that it is certainly not true 9(5 Clart — ffolophytic Plankton of Lairs AtitJan and Amatittan. in larger bodies of water. He is of the opinion that it forms an important food supply of Entomostraca, Clathrocystis rpbusta is usually associated with Microcystis, Anabxna, and a few entomostraca. 4. Gomphosphaeria aponia Kuetzing. Gomphosphseria apon ia Kuetzing, Alg. ag. dulc. Dec. XVI, No. 151 ; Tab. Phyc. I, 22, Tab. 31, fig. Ill, 1845; Wolle, F. W. Alg. U. S., 328, pi. CCX, figs. 20, 21, 22, 1887; Kirchner, in Eng. & Pr. Nat. Pfl-fam. I, la, 50, fig. 49p, 1900. Frequently found mixed in with the Clatlirociisti^Microcijstis scum mentioned above; sometimes present on the surface of the material, usually alone in the form of small brown grains. All forms represented the mature condition, and nearly all were bright yellowish brown in color. Each cell usually exhibited a small dark speck resembling an eyespot. 5. Merismopoedia glauca (Ebrenberg). Goniumt glaucum Ebrenberg, Infus., 58, pi. 3, f. V, 1838. Merisiiiopwdia glauca Kuetzing, Tab. Phyc, Y. 13, Tab. 38. fig. 2, 1855; Wolle, F. W. Alg. U. S., 320, pi. CCX, figs. 12-15, 1887; Kirclmer in Eng. & Pr. Nat, Pfi-fam. I, la, 57, 1900. Rare. Only one specimen noted; this was in sample No. 1, "Amatitlan in 85 ft, water, towed in about 75 to 05, February 1, 1900, at middle of upper part of lake." It was associated with numerous other algse. Order OSCILLATORIACE.E. 6. Spirulina tenuissima Kuetzing. Spirulina tenuissima Kuetzing, Phyc. Germ., 150, 1845; Tab. Phyc, I, 20, pl. 37, fig. IV, 1845; AVolle, F. W. Alg. U.S., 323, pi. CCX, fig. 3, 1887. One vial, marked "Jan. 24, dark colored alga' growing in very warm water; left 30 hours, it turned red in bottle, put formal on it then; from upper end of lake," contained a dark blue-green gelatinous stratum con- sisting almost entirely of filaments of this species. A single filament was also found in a flat gelatinous stratum composed mainly of Oscillaria obtained from tbe surface, between pools of hot water, Laguna, January 13. Diameter of filament (diagonally, along axis of cells) 5/x, short axis of cells 2/u, Tbe liquid in which the Spirulina was kept was of a beautiful amethyst color. 7. Oscillaria* cruenta Grunow. Oscillaria cruenta, Wolle, F. W. Alg. U. S., 312, pl. CCV1I, figs. 1-3 and 4-7, and pl. CCVI, fig. 5, 1887. Abundant, forming a flat gelatinous striated stratum, brownish in •The name Oscillatoria is older than Oscillaria and covers a number of the species included in the same genus. As I am unable to And what disposition has been made of these two spt-eies in the various revisions through which the group has passed, I leave them under the familiar name Oscillaria. Clark — Holophi/tic Pla n lion of Lakes AtUla n and Amatitlan . 97 color, about 4 mm. thick, obtained from the surface between pools of hot water, Laguna, January 31. These filaments do not agree in every respect with any description that could be found, but fit that of crucnta more closely than any other. On account of the deviation from the description of that species the following notes are appended : Filaments slender, 5-Sm in diameter, very light blue-green, with numer- ous dark brown dots or granulations. No septa? visible ; most of the fila- ments straight, but a great number gracefully undulate; apex bluntly rounded ; no coiled forms were seen. In the jelly mass from which these filaments projected were numerous filaments (Anabcrna stagnalisf) similar to those found in the Clathrocystis colonies, but much longer, the filaments frequently attaining a length of 130/x. There were also present innumerable small cells, probably bacteria. 8. Oscillaria chlorina Kuetzing. Oscillaria chlorina Kuetzing, Phyc. Germ. No. 10; Tab. Phyc, I, 28, 1845; Wolle, F. W. Alg. U. S., 311, 1887. I identify as this species examples collected by hand and not forming part of the plankton proper. It formed a dirty green, somewhat firm mass, looking much like a fresh-water sponge. Filaments 3m in diameter, articulations indistinct, the cells about as long as wide. Order NOSTOCACEiE. 9. Anabaena stagnalis Kuetzing. Anabxna stagnalis Kuetzing, Sp. Alg., 1849; Tab. Phyc. I, 50, Tab. 93, fig. IV, 1845; Wolle, F. W. Alg. II. S., 288, 1887. Associated with Clatlirocystis colonies, as noted above, is a filamentous form, which, after considerable study, I identify with Anabcena stagnalis Kuetzing. It resembles in many respects some of Kuetzing' s figures of species of Phormidium, but all which resemble it are much too large. I have not observed any large heterocysts, which are said to be present in A. stagnalis, but otherwise it fits the brief description of that species in Wolle very well. The following notes were taken. Filaments short, straight, simple (one filament forked somewhat at the end by ending in two diverging cells), usually about 2-8 cells long. Cells usually somewhat elongate, sometimes spherical, turgid. Diameter of filaments 3m; length of cells about 5m; length of long filaments about 20m, color very pale blue-green. Habitat, jelly of Clathrocystis colonies. In a jelly mass surrounding some Oscillaria found in one of the samples, much longer filaments (attaining a length of 110m) of what appears to be the same thing, are abundant. (See under Oscillaria cruenta.) It is probable that the firmness of the Oscillaria jelly, as well as its freedom from disturbance, permits a much longer growth of this form than in the Clathrocystis. 98 Clark — Itolophytic Plankton of Lakes AtMan and Amatitlan. 10. Anabaena flos=aqua.- Brebisson. Anabsena flos-aguse Brebisson, "Algues des environs de Falaise. 1835" ; EuetzingSp. Alg. 289, 1849; Tab. Phyc. I, 51, Tab. 94, fig. IV, 1845; Apstein Sussw-p. 136, fig. 3, 1896; Wolle, F. W. Alg. U. S. 236 (the specimens at hand resemble most closely his figure of var. circinalis pi. CXCVIII, tigs. 24-26), 1887. Very common in all the phyto-plankton from Lake Amatitlan, usually found in the Clatlirocystis-Microcystis scum. Order RIVULARIACE.F. 11. Qloeotrichia natans Thuret. Gla'otrichia natans Thuret (Kef. not found) ; Wolle, F. W. Alg. U. S., 24fi, pi. CLXXVin, tigs. 4-20, 1887. This appears in one sample of hand-gathered material, among sponges. The forms at hand are hollow jelly spheres about the size of a hazel-nut and much resembling some of the familiar forms of Nostoc. Many of the old, large filaments are brown; but there are many new filaments, some of which are greatly twisted in a rather elongate irregular spiral. The jelly of this species harbors many diatoms and a number of sponge spicules are also present. The plants agree very well with Wolle's description and figures. Chlorophyce,e. The Green Alg.e. Order HYDRODICTYACFLF. The Water Nets. 12. Raphidium brauni Nsegeli. Raphidium brauni Na-geli in Kuetzing, Sp. Alg. Sill, 1849; Wolle, F. W. Alg. U. S., 198, pi. CLX, figs. 26, 27, 1887. Not common ; several specimens, however, found in material collected from the surface about tine hour before dark, Amatitlan, February 10, (Sample 7). 13. Tetraedron minimum A. Braun. Tetrsedron minimum Braun. Alg. Unicell. 1)4, 1855. Poly edrium minimum, Wolle, F. W. Alg. V. S., is."), pi. CLIX flgs. 28- :;4, iss7. Not common in the plankton; a few examples were observed in sample No. 6, collected at Lake Amatitlan, February 16, 3 p. m. Diameter of cells from side to side 10m; diagonal diameter 12m. 14. Pediastrum boryanum (Turpin). Hierella boryana Turpin, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, L6; 319, pi. 13, fig. 22, L828. Pediastrum boryanum Wolle, Desm. U. S., 153, pi. L11I, tigs. 29, 32, L884. Rare; only one example found, Lodged in a mass of Oscillaria. In the shape of its cells it resembled Wolle's figure 32. Horns »|iiite short. Diameter of colony seen 70fi, cells 20m. Clark — JJolophytic Plankton of Lakes Atitlan and Amatitlan. 99 Order ZYGNEMACE.E. 15. Spirogyra maxima (Hassall). Zygnema maxima Hassall, Annals of Nat. Hist. X, :!(>, 1842. Zygnema orbieulare Hassall, Brit. F. W. Alg. I, 138, pi. XIX, figs. 1, 2, 1845. Spirogyra maxima Wolle, F. W. Alg. U. S., 218, pi. CXXXIX, figs. 3, 4, 188?! A large and exceedingly long Spirogyra, represented by one vial of rather poorly preserved material, agrees very well with Wolle' s descrip- tion. Pyrenoids prominent, making the spiral bands appear moniliform. Diameter of the specimens at hand 120/*, length of cells 130/*. Not a plankton species properly speaking. Only the smaller species of Spirogyra are oecasionaly found freely floating and are taken in the plankton net. All the Spirogyras are, however, intimately associated with plankton, as they form much of the food of rotifers and various insect larva'. 16. Spirogyra fluviatilis Hilse. Spirogyra fluviatilis Hilse, in Rabenhorst, Fl. Fur. Alg. 3; 243; 1868; Wolle, F. W. Alg. U. S., 216, pi. CXXVI, fig. 1, 1887. Occurs in two bottles of rather fine filamentous alga? not belonging to the plankton-haul series. The examples agree fairly well with Wolle' s description, the chlorophyl bands are broader, and the pyrenoids promi- nent, giving the bands a somewhat moniliform appearance. Bands about 4, making about 2 turns. Diameter 36m, length of cells 7o/*. Order DESMIDIACE.E. 17. Cosmariun retusum Perty. Cosmarium retusum Perty, Klein. Lebensf. , 208, pi. 16, f. 12 a-d, 1852; Wolle, Desm. U. S., 80, pi. XVIII, figs. 25, 26, 1884. Not common; a few specimens occurring sporadically in different samples of plankton from Lake Amatitlan. Our specimens agree well with Wolle's figures. One measured 28/* long and 25/* wide at the suture. Wolle gives " diam. of cells about 22/*." 18. Cosmarium subcrenatum Hantzsch. Cosmarium subcrenatum Hantzsch, in Rabenht., Fl. Eur. Alg. 3; 164, 1868; Wolle, Desm. U. S., 84, pi. XVIII, figs, <>, 7; pi. XIX, fig. 20, 1884. Not abundant, but generally scattered through the plankton samples, one or two individuals occurring on quite a number of the slides from different gatherings. The number of crenulations on the margin do not agree exactly with those mentioned in descriptions, but the examples bear a very close resemblance to published figures. An average specimen measured 24/* long and 22/* wide at the suture. 100 Clark — Holophytic Plankton of Lakes Atitlan and Amatitlan. 19. Staurastrum gracile Ralfs. Staurastrum gracile Ralfs, Ann. Xat. Hist. 15; 155, pi. 11, f. 3, 1845; Wolle, Desm. U. S., 133, pi. XLIII, figs. 1(3, 17, 1884. Not common, but single individuals were frequently found scattered through the other plankton-algae of Lake Amatitlan. A few examples were observed dividing. Our average specimens have a length of 40m, and length of arm 50m. 20. Staurastrum evermanni Clark sp. nov. Diagnosis: End view a slender, long-armed triangle with concave sides; main axis of the body slender, enlarged into bulbous swellings at the junction of the semi-cells; chloroplasts 1 night green, regular, following the general form of the group; periderm prickly; length of individual arms from center of body about 55m; length of the long arms of the H- shaped figure formed by the desmid in side view 110m; length of axis 40m, its average width 10m ; arms each ending in stout diverging spines ; asexual reproduction of the species, frequent in the material at hand, and, as usual in the group, by the formation of new semi-cells joining the old. Type material, plankton sample No. 14, collected at a surface towing in front of Hotel Laguna, Lake Amatitlan, Guatemala, February 5, at 9 p. m. by Dr. Seth E. Meek. The type material will be deposited in the U. S. National Museum. This species is very common in some of the plankton, nearly all the samples containing a few plants, and the type sample contained it in marked abundance. In end view this desmid almost exactly resembles S. pseudobaldi Wille, as figured by Wolle (Desm. U. S., pi. XLVI, fig. 9), and the side view is more like that of S. macroccrum Wolle (figured in Desm. U. S., pi. XLIII, fig. 4) than any other species of which 1 can find figures. It differs from that species, however, in the arms being more nearly straight and more slender, and particularly in the elongate, slender body, the ends of which terminate at the junction of the semi- cells in a well-marked bulb-like expansion. I take great pleasure, in naming this attractive species for Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. Order DIATOMACE.E. 21. Epithemia turgida (Ehrenberg). Navicula turgida Ehrenberg. Phys. Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1830, 64, L830. Epithemia turgida Griff . and Henf. Mic. Diet. 299, pi. 1<>, fig. 32, 1883, Wolle, Diatom, X. A., pi. XXXV, figs. 10-13, 1890, Van Heurck, Treat. Diatom. (Baxter trans.), 294, fig. 66, and pi. 9, fig. 346, L896; Stokes, A.piat. Mic. 94, fig. 70, 1896. West, Brit. F. W. Alg., 300, fig. L42, L904. Rather rare, only occasional specimens having been seen in the gatherings. Clark — Holophytic Plankton of Lairs Atittan and Amatittan 101 22. Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton. Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton, Science Gossip, 110, fig. 81, 1869; Van Heurck, Treat. Diatom., 324, p. 11, fig. 44, 1896. Several examples which I identify with some doubt as this species were found in sample No. 5, collected February 16, at the depth of 120 feet of St. Lucas. They agree fairly well with Van Huerck's figures. 23. Melosira crenulata (Ehrenberg). Gallionella crenulata ~Ehrenberg, Phys. Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1841; 441, pi. 3, fig. 28, and p. 444, pi. 4, fig. 31, 1843. Melosira crenulata Wolle, Diatom. U. S. pi. LVII, fig. 16-20, 1890; Van Huerck, Treat. Diatom., 443, pi. 19, fig. 618, 1896. One of the most striking features of the Amatitlan plankton is the abundance of Melosira., which is found abundantly in the bottom of nearly all the hauls and usually makes up the main mass of the filamentous mate- rial. Samples of the mud from the bottom of the lake are also full of the f rustules of this species. Although not agreeing in every respect with the descriptions found of M. crenulata it approaches it more nearly than anything else I can find described, and I provisionally identify it as that species. The f rustules are, in some cases at least, broader than long (some measured specimens being 20m in diameter with cells 15^ long) which is not the proportion for crenulata, in which the cells are longer than broad. The specimens occur as long, rigid filaments, exceedingly and surprisingly various in diameter. The chloropasts are in the form of green oval bodies about the middle of the cell, so that the general appearance is strikingly like a confervoid alga, the differences only appearing manifest upon sharp focussing which reveals the characteristic diatom sculpture on the cell walls. The old cell walls project from the end of the filament in the form of long sharp needles, one usually being longer than the other, and there are traces of minute teeth along theends of the filament. As Hassall ( Brit. F. W. Alg., I, 397) aptly remarked, "The genus Melosira amongst the Diatomaceje seems to have been constituted with a view of making appa- rent the affinity between the Diatomace;e and the algse proper" (this was written when the relationship of the diatoms was still a matter of doubt, some contending that they belonged to the animal kingdom). Concerning another species (varians) of Melosira, Apstein (Siissw-p., 140) makes the following significant remarks, which are also probably applicable in the case of this species : "Melosira habe ich direkt als Nahrung von Bosminien, Daphnien und Diaptomus schon 1892 (Biol. Centralblatt Bd. 12, No. 16, 17, 1 Sept., 1S92) nachweisen konnen bei denen ich die zellen dieszer Algen deutlich und zahlreich im Darm sehen konnte." Order ULOTHRICHACELE. 24. Hormospora sp.? Hormospora forms, consisting usually of 4-8 very short dark green cells, arranged in a short filament and surrounded by quite thick cell walls, were 102 Clark — jffolophytie Plankton of Lakes Atitlan and AmatMan. quite common in some of the samples of plankton. Wolle (F. W. Alg. U. S. 189) regards Hormospora as a "pseudo-genus " composed of stages of degeneration'of filaments of Ulothrix, Conferva, etc. All the specimens seen were much alike, showing no young stages nor mature forms. More- over, there was no other alga present that could readily give rise to such forms. This alga was found in samples 4, 5 and (>. 25. Microspore fontinalis (Berkeley). Conferva fontinalis Berkeley, in Sowerby, Eng. Bot. 2i>, pi. 2054, 1809; Wolle, F. W. Alg. IT. S. 141, pi. CCX, figs. 17-20, 1887. I identify with the species called Conferva fontinalis Berk., by Wolle, an alga which occurs somewhat sparsely through the plankton, most abundantly in sample 5, from near St. Lucas, February 16. No form of reproduction was observed, and the chlorophyl is aggregated in the center of the cell, appearing in the form of small elliptical globoids, somewhat suggesting gonidia ready to escape; cell-walls thin; diameter of filament l diameter, cells 15m. Full grown colonies are said to attain a diameter of 40-100^, and indi- vidual cells as much as 25/*- 2. Eudorina stagnale AVolle. Eudorina stagnale Wolle, F. W. Alg, U. S., 160, pi. CLII, figs. 11-21, 1887. This is one of the common elements of the plankton. It occurred in the greater number of samples, never in great abundance, but usually several and often numerous examples could be seen in the field of the microscope at the same time. It was quite frequently found in stages of active division. There is probably little if any difference between this and the European form elegans. Schmidle, in a recent article on Alga? from Brazil (Hedwigia, Vol. 40, 46), identifies the Eudorina found there as elegans. Order DINOFLAGELLATA. 3. Peridinium tabulatum (Ehrenberg). Glenodinium tabulatum Ehrenberg, Inf. 257, Taf. XXII, fig. XXIII, 1838. Peridinium tabulatum, Kent, Man. Inf., I, 448, III, pi. XXV, figs. 1-5 and 55-57, 1880-1882; Griffith and Ilenf., Mic. Diet., 1883; Apstein, Sussw-p., 152, fig. 52, 1896. Common or abundant in most of (he plankton. The form at hand is that with the cleft anterior portion; diameter of a specimen measured, 63/*. Griffith and Ilenfrey give the length as 1-480" which reduces to 52m. All our examples appear to be of nearly uniform size. They are exceed- ingly abundant in sample 8, collected at the west end of Lake Amatitlan on the surface. This catch consisted mostly of insect exuviae and it is worthy of remark that the greater number of the Peridiniums were crowded densely in the cast-off skins as if they had worked their way in for food or shelter. 4. Ceratium hirundinella (O. F. Midler). Bursaria hirundinella O. F. Muller, Yermiuni terrest. , I, 63, 1773. < 'indium lonrjicorne (Perty) Kent. Man. Inf., I, 457, III, pi. XXV, fig. 26, 1880-1881. "Ceratium macroceras Shrank " Kef. not found. Ceratium hirundinella, Apstein. Sussw-p., 149, tigs. 48-50, 1896. Rather common, scattered through most of the phytoplankton from Lake Amatitlan, and also in the Atitlan material. Our specimens agree Clark — Holophytic Plankton of Lakes Atitlan and Amatitlan . 1 05 very well with the figures in Kent, and those in the Riverside Natural History. All are robust and quite rough. This species is almost cosmopolitan, having been reported from Eng- land, India (Kent), the Great Lakes (Riverside Nat. Hist.), and from lakes in Iceland. (I have so far found none in material examined from Lake McDonald, Alaska, though there are several other species represented.) Apstein (1. c. ), notes slender 3-horned specimens as occur- ring in the Dorbersdorf Lakes. All the examples seen from Lake Atitlan are 4-horned but many, perhaps the majority, from Lake Amatitlan, are 3-horned. They do not appear to be more slender than the others how- ever. Kent gives the sizes as ' ' length 1-120" to 1-90" 208/^-277/*. ' ' The examples at hand measure 220m long and 70/* wide at the broadest portion of the body. Vol. XXI, pp. 107-118 April 11, 1908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON BIRD MIGRATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. BY WELLS W. COOKE, Bureau of Biological Survey. The data on bird migration in the District contained in the records of the Bureau of Biological Survey extend over a long series of years. Before the Biological Survey was organized Coues, Prentiss and Drexler collected assiduously during the years 1858-1861 and have left notes on many hundred speci- mens. Not many records accumulated during the next fifteen years, but from the late seventies to the present time observa- tions have been almost continuous. On the organization of the Biological Survey, very full notes were obtained for the six years 1886-1891 and, with the aid of the local Audubon Society, for the past six years. The region covered by the District of Colum- bia is nominally the country within a radius of ten miles of the Capitol, but this limit has been exceeded to include a few notes from contiguous territory. It will be noticed that the records on fall migration are much less full than for spring. Some common birds have surprisingly few fall dates, e. g. Marsh Wren, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, Yellow Warbler, Kentucky Warbler, Hooded Warbler, Warbling Vireo, Rough- winged Swallow, Cliff Swallow and Baltimore Oriole. Any one having notes on the date of fall departure of any of the above species, will confer a favor by sending them to the Biological Survey. The three tables that follow contain the names of 293 species — all at present known to have occurred in the District. This is one more species than is contained in the 1902 list of District birds; the additional species is the Lawrence Warbler obtained by Mr. Osgood, May 12, 1907. 15— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, 1908. 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" x .5 M M > S = J- -7 ^ * '^ - ~ *" C > T ^ / ~ - ~ - ^-— W t- S r- •*-- *— — " CT c = 5 g : « a * j "i£ — - r- _— _ —• -rJ ^ „X C3 ™ '/. *L /. C C^ 7 : S t 1 - Z^ r-^ ^ vT*-— 5,~'cot-c' vt;"".wo? 4 tn 0) C - 5 5 "c ; ^ ^ -^ p : -j . pq j t c • V - P ■1 r> r*1 V J a : > c ■> t ■> o « c 5 Cooke — Bird Migration in the District of Columbia. 113 i ^2 5 2 H O 31 W N -v lO Jl ^ OOCsoocScooaoCftCSCfOda CD lO t-H CO 1 H I I- 6c S So So 0»OOOai<|B so O 3 :7jC>INt-o«CO>-'C5aO©CC N i-H r-l IN CO CM C-l CI .-I CM Ci CI --< i. c, -a o o O O O O O O hr -^ -*^ -^ 2? p, a » ■" « -w t> •"SccaoajOOOQ so - o^oostfioootot^t-MN^oa CN IO tJ CO CO CM h t>» g fi a a S =S a a o a CM CM CI r~- -r 35 m © i-H c-1 rH r~ '£ ^ Sh F* ^ '£ >> >i >i '£ >5 03 (1) o a - 03 o CO 03 C/J t- a) Ol - S3 1-1 O O 03 En -r So >4 SO' = So S 3 _ ti >b! CB f3 ,0 V t-t O MP,rob?. K, L878; January 2-February 2, 1870; common February 21-April L9, L885; October 19, 1896. Short-billed Marsh Wren.— May 5, 1890; May 3, IS!):!. Bewick Wren. — Has been noted in the spring of ten different years; average date of arrival April 4, earliest March 20, 181)7; has remained to July but not known to nest and no females seen ; noted twice in fall, November 24, L889; December 22, L890. Prothonotary Warbler.— May 2, 1861; May 17, 1888; May 11, 1894. Brewster Warbler. .May L5, 1885; May I, L895. Lawrence Warbler. — May L2, L907. Orange-crowned Warbler. — October 13, 1880; October 14, 1804. Cooke — Bird Migration in the District of Columbia. 115 Tennessee AVarbler.— May 6, 1899; May 15, 1904; May 7, 1905; not rare in fall; average date of arrival September 5, earliest August 31, 1890; average date of departure October 4, latest November 30, 1889. Usnea Warbler. — This is tbe northern form of the Parula Warbler. It is a common migrant, but its records can not be separated from those of the Parula. Cerulean Warbler.— May 5, 1888; May 11, 1890; May 12, 1899; May 29, 1902; May 9 and 15, 1904; May 3 and 11, 1907; once reported in the fall. Yellow-throated Warbler. — The earliest dates are April 19, 1901 ; April 30, 1905; April 25, 1907; and the latest are September 7, 1881; Septem- ber 4, 1890; August 20, 1893; breeds rarely near Dyke, Va. Kirtland Warbler. — September 25, 1887. Palm Warbler.— Noted in the spring from April 22, 1885, to May 11, 1890, and in the fall from September 18, 1887, to October 11, 1861; probably occurs each year, but is not distinguished from the Yellow Palm AVarbler. Grinnell Water Thrush.— May 11, 1879; May 5. 1885; August 5, 1886. Northern Yellow-throat. — Abundant migrant, but the records are not separable from those of the Maryland Yellow-throat. Philadelphia Vireo.— September 20, 1884; May 12, 1902; May 12, 1907. Northern Shrike. — November 7, 1884; November 6-December 26, 1887; November 17, 1888; October 1, 1891; February 10, 1846; February 2, 1896. Dickcissel. — Formerly a common breeder; now an accidental visitant. The latest records are: one, May 31, 1887; three, August 4-5, 1890; two, May-July, 1894. Bachman Sparrow. — April 29, 1896. Montana Junco. — April 28, 1890. Lark Sparrow. — August 25-27, 1877; August 8, 1886. Nelson Sparrow. — September, 1862; September 18, 1893; September 26, 1898; May, 1906. Lapland Longspur. — Several, December 11, 1886. Snowflake. — One, November, 1886; a large flock, February 18, 1905. Pine Finch.— February 25, 1879; March 6, 1885; March 6, 1887; October 24-November 8, 1887; January 22-29, 1888; May 19, 1888; October 24, 1889; common, winter 1896-97; common, May 15-20, 1904; May 10, 1907. Redpoll Linnet. — One, February 19, 1875; seven, February 12, 1899. White-winged Crossbill. — One, about 1864; one, about 1874; one, Novem- ber, 1906; one, August 12, 1907. Pine Grosbeak. — Several, January 23, 1888. Bronzed Grackle.— April 17, 1886; April 6, 1887; February 22, 1888; March 8, 1895; March 17-28, 1896; March 4, 1897; February 22, 1898. Yellow-headed Blackbird.— August 29, 1892. Horned Lark.— December 5, 1860; December 10-11, 1886; April 2, 1887; November 25, 1888; April 7, 1889; October 29, 1889; March 29, 1891; November 25, 1903. 116 Cooke — Bird Migration in the District of Columbia. Prairie Horned Lark. — February 8, 1881; January 13-February 16, 1888; August 11, 1889. Olive-sided Flycatcher. — One, September, 1SSI ; one, May, 1SS7; one other specimen, without date. Arkansas Kingbird. — September 30, 1X74. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. — Once. Chuck- will's- widow. — July 22, 1895; once, summer 1896. Snowy Owl. — One, about 1859; one, November, 1885; one, December 30, 1890; about fifteen taken the winter of 187(i— 77. Saw-whet Owl.— February 12, 1859; November 1, 1878; December, 1880; October, 1886; December, 1889; December 12, 1890; January 4 and 29, 1891; February 19, 1893. Short-eared Owl.— April 12, 1859; April 20, 18(11; March, 1862; Novem- ber 13, 18X7. Pigeon Hawk.— September 7, 1878; September 25, 1879; October 13, 1SS4; October 13, 1889; September 4, 1890; November 10, 1891; April 1."., 1898 ; April 22, 1900. Duck Hawk. — December, 1878; October 23, 1900; one has been seen several times in winter about the Post Office building. Golden Eagle. — December 26, 1857; March 7, 1859; December 8 and lb, 1887; November 24, 1890. Rough-legged Hawk. —One, 1X59; December 21), 1879; one, winter 1880; December.0., 1882; two, March, 1888. Goshawk. — One, before 1XX3; December 27, 1887; January 1, 1896. Swallow-tailed Kite. —August 7, 1879; August 3, 1895; April 11, 1X97. Black Vulture. — Four, March 30, 1895; one July, 1X90; one December 17, 1X99. Ground Dove. — September, 1X44; October 14, 1888. Passenger Pigeon. — Formerly al mndant, now extinct ; the latest dates are : September 18, 1877; April :'. and 4, 1887; September 11 and October 19, 1889. Turnstone.— Three, about 1860; two, May, 1881. Piping Plover.— March 25, 1881 ; May 3, 1884. Semipalmated Plover.— August 26, 1877; May 9, 1879; May 3, 1884; Au- gust 22, 1X92; August ISO-September 22, 1X94 ; August 21, 1X97; May 16- 25, 1906; May 10, L907. Golden Plover. — Once taken nearly fifty years ago. Long-billed Curlew. — Once taken on the Potomac River. Ruff.— September 3, 1X9-1. Willet. — A flock, August 10-11, 1893; other records without dates. Sanderling. — September, 1X74; October 24, 1885; three, September 22, 1X94; two, September 26-30, L898. Western Sandpiper. — September X, 11, 14, 22, 1894; August 21-Septem- ber :;, 1X97. Red-backed Sandpiper.— October 22, 1844; April 22, L887; September 25, 1X94; also on April 24 and November 11 — year unrecorded. Baird Sandpiper. — September I! and 25, 1X94. Stilt Sandpiper. — September 8, 1885. Cooke — Bird Migration in the District of Columbia. 117 Long-billed Dowitcher. — Seven, April, 1884. Dowitcher. — One, September, 1879. Northern Phalarope. — August 31, 1891. Red Phalarope.— October 17, 1885. Florida Gallinule. — One, 1863; October 15, 1880; August 12-Septembcr 7, 1892; September 1, 1893; April 19, 1892. Black Rail. — One, September, 1861 ; one, about 1880. Yellow Rail.— November 17, 1893; October 4, 1879; April 14, 18!):;. Clapper Rail— September 8, 1882. King Rail.— December 16, 1889; November 7, 1801; December 21, 1892; young, June 26, 1893. Sandhill Crane. — Once, many years ago. Yellow-crowned Night Heron. — Once, August, 1901. Little Blue Heron. — A large flock, August, 1875; July 27, 1878; August 6- 13,187!); August 29, 1880; July 29, 1894; August 2, 1896 ; July 16, 1904. Snowy Heron. — Has been reported several times in early fall; some of these records are probably the Little Blue Heron in the white phase. American Egret,— July 22, about 1858; May 30, 18!)1 ; July 8, 2!), August 2, 1894; in the early days of the District this species was quite common in August, Least Bittern.— May 19, 1859; September 1!), 1881; August 12, 1892; May 22, 1893; August 14, 1893; August 3, 1899; May 18, 1907; young, August 1, 1894. American Bittern.— April 30, 1859; November 3-7, 1860; April 8, 187!); April 13, 1883; April 1, 1891; March 22, 1894; August 8, 1894; July 15, 18!)!). Glossy Ibis. — One record about 1817; one. other record. Wood Ibis.— July 2, 1892; July 18, 20, 27, 1896. Whistling Swan. — Average date of arrival in the fall, November (>, earliest October 15, 1901 ; very rare in spring, March 25, 1881 ; March 22, 1907. Brant,— December 16, 1858. Surf Scoter. — December 11, 1858; February 19 and April 10, 1859. White-winged Scoter.— November, 1880; October 14, 1882; October 28, 1894; April 18, 1892. American Scoter. — Once, many years ago. American Eider. — Once, many years ago. Old-squaw.— April, 1856; April 15, 1881; April 3, 188!); October 20, 1889; April 20, 1896; one winter record. Bufllehead. — January 29 and April 10, 1859; April 3, 1876; one other record in November. Barrow Golden-eye. — Recorded, but doubtful. Shoveler.— October 28, 1887; September 21, 1894; Octobers, 1901. European Teal. — One, April, 1885. Baldpate. — Occurs, but no specific dates. European Widgeon. — October Hi, 1892; once in spring. Gadwall.— One about 1860; a flock, August 24, 1884. 118 Cooke — Bird Migration in the District of Columbia. Red-breasted Merganser. — Regular winter resident, but seldom reported; seen, October 23, 1892. White Pelican.— One, 1863; one, April, 1864; two, fall, 1864; one, October, 1878. Double-crested Cormorant. — One, 1859; July 19, 1884; November, 1884; two, April 19, 1896; one, October 1, 1896. Audubon Shearwater. — One record, probably correct. Leach Petrel. — One, August, 1842; two about 1859; one, June 7, 1891; one, probably this species, January, 1878. Hawaiian Petrel. — Two, August 29, 1893. Wilson Petrel.— One about 1859. Black Skimmer. — September 8, 1858. Black Tern.— August 17, 1878; September 18, 1882; September 1-18, 1893; August 29-September 22, 1894; August 15-September 3, 1897; August 17, 1898; August 22, 1900. Least Tern. — One about 1858-9; one August 17, 1878. Common Tern. — One about 18(50; a flock of twelve, May 7, 1894. Forster Tern.— One, 1876. Caspian Tern.— September 29, 1896; two, October 4, 1896. Gull-billed Tern.— Once in the fall. Laughing Gull. — Two, September 24, 1894; other records without dates. Ring-billed Gull.— January 23, March 13, April 28, 1887; March 30, April 1, 1890; February 5, 1900. Brunnich Murre. — Several late December, 1896. Red-throated Loon. — One, spring, 1882; October 20, 1889; November 15, 1802; October 30, 1904. Loon. — September, 1877; November 4, 1881; December, 1885; October 25-27, 1887; May 1-2, 1888; October 25, 1894; May 24, 1896; June 2, 1907. Pied-billed Grebe. — September 6, 1845; April 10, 1879; November 3, 1884; April 24, 1887; August 27, 1890; April 21, 1894; September 21-25, 1894. Holboell Grebe— September 30, 1877. Vol. XXI, pp. 119-124 April 11, 1908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON * NOTES ON THE WINTER BIRDS OF NORTHERN LOUISIANA. BY ARTHUR H. HOWELL. During a recent trip in northern Louisiana in the interests of the Biological Survey, about 200 specimens of birds were col- lected, and many notes on their distribution and abundance secured . Upon working over this material several species and subspe- cies not recorded in the most recent State list* were found, and many apparently new facts with regard to the distribution of species were brought to light. It seems desirable, therefore, to publish a list of all the species observed. The localities visited are as follows : Clarks, Caldwell Parish, in the heavily timbered portion of the State, January 6-8, 1908; Alexandria, January 9; Lecompte, 15 miles south of Alexan- dria, January 11-15 and February 10-12; Natchitoches, Jan- uary 16-22; Mansfield, DeSoto Parish, January 23-25; Shreve- port,t January 27-31 ; Belcher, Bossier Parish, February 3-7. The following species and subspecies are here recorded for the first time from Louisiana: Sturnella neglecta. Agelaius phceniceus arctolegus. Cuttirniculus savannarum bimaculatus. Melospiza lincolni. Toxostoma rufum longicaudum. Penthestes carolinensis agilis. Planesticus migratorvus achrustenis. *See " The Avifauna of Louisiana," by Geo. E. Beyer, Proc. Louisiana Soe. of Nat- uralists, 1897-1899 (1900), pp. 75-120. +A11 the records from Shreveportwere made on Mr. Henry Carlton's farm in Bossier Parish about 5 miles east of Shreveport. 16— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, 1908. (119) 120 Howell — Notes on Winter Birds of Northern Louisiana. The only previous record of the Northern Flicker (Colaptes a. luteus) from Louisiana appears to he that given by P. A. Taver- ner (under the name Colaptes auratus) of a tagged Iowa bird shot at Many, Louisiana, December 25, 1905.* The specimens collected have been identified by H. C. Ober- holser of the Biological Survey. Ardea herodias Linn. One seen in a swamp at Lecompte, January 1 1 . Gallinago delicata (Ord). Two seen at Shreveport, January 28 and 29. Oxyechus vociferus (Linn.). A Hock of 50 or 60 fed in the fields at Lecompte and a flock of 100 or more in the fields near Shreveport. Colinus virginianus (Linn.). Common at Natchitoches, Shreveport, and Belcher; one flock seen at Clarks. Two specimens, Chirks and Shreveport. The quail of this region appear smaller in life than birds from the northeastern States but comparison of specimens reveals no differences of importance. Zenaidura carolinensis (Linn.). Scarce. Only two small flocks seen — one at Lecompte and one at Natchitoches. Cathartes aura septentrionalis Wied. Common at all localities visited. Catharista urubu (Vieillot). Common at Alexandria, Lecompte, and Natchitoches ; oneseenat Clarks. Circus hudsonius (Linn.). One seen at Lecompte, January 13 and 15. Falco sparverius Linn. Scarce; seen at Clarks, Lecompte, Natchitoches, and Mansfield. Syrnium varium alleni Ridgway. ( >ne seen at Lecompte. There is a specimen of this form in the Biological Survey Collection from Eldorado, Louisiana. Otus asio floridanus (Ridgway). Scarce; heard at Shreveport and Belcher. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.). One seen at Clarks, two at Lecompte. Dryobates villosus auduboni (Swainson). Three specimens, Natchitoches, January 17, 20, 21. Dryobates borealis (Vieillot). ( )ne taken at Clarks. Sphyrapicus varius (Linn.). A few observed a) each locality visited. •Auk. XXIU, L906, p. 232. Howell — Notes on Winter Birds of Northern Louisiana. 121 Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linn.). Rather common at Lecompte; a few at ('larks and Belcher. Melanerpes carolinus (Linn.). Numerous at Lecompte; a few at Natchitoches, Mansfield, Shreveport, and Belcher. Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs. Occurs in small numbers in all timbered regions ; particularly common at Lecompte. Five specimens, four from Lecompte, one from Belcher. Taken also at Mansfield, April 27, 1907. Sayornis phoebe (Latham). A few seen at each locality visited. Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.). Common at Lecompte and Belcher; rather uncommon at other localities. Three specimens, Belcher. Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm. Common in open farming country ; one specimen, Shreveport. Molothrus ater (Bodd.). A few noted at nearly all localities visited. Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus (Linn.). Common at Natchitoches, Shreveport, and Belcher; 10 specimens from these localities. Observed in small numbers at Lecompte and Mansfield. At this season the males greatly outnumber the females. This was espe- cially true of the large flocks seen at Belcher in February which were composed almost entirely of males. Agelaius phoeniceus arctolegus Oberholser. Two specimens, Natchitoches, January 20, and Belcher, February 4. Sturnella magna magna (Linn.). Common in open country. Seven specimens from the following locali- ties: Clarks, 1; Lecompte, 1; Shreveport, 5. Sturnella magna argutula Bangs. Four specimens: Lecompte, 1 ; Natchitoches, 1 ; Belcher, 2. Sturnella neglecta And. One specimen from Lecompte, January 13, and one from Shreveport, January 29. Probahly not uncommon in the northwestern part of the State, though no songs were heard and identification in the field was therefore impossible. Euphagus carolinus (Mull.). A flock of about 30 seen at Lecompte, January 15. None seen at other localities except a single specimen shot from a flock of E. cyanocephalus at Natchitoches. Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler). Abundant near Shreveport, January 27-31; small flocks seen at Natchitoches and Belcher. 122 Howell — Notes on Winter Birds qf Northern Louisiana. Quiscalus quiscula aeneus Ridgway. Small (lucks seen at ('larks, January 5 and 6; a few were observed at Belcher, February 5, tl^ inn to roust with other blackbirds. Carpodacus purpureus (Gmelin). Scarce; a few seen at ('larks, Lecompte, and Shreveport. Astragalinus tristls (Linn.). A few at each locality visited. Pooecetes gramineus gramineus (Gmelin). Common at Natchitoches, January 17-21; not seen elsewhere except a few at Mansfield, January 24. Six specimens from above localities. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wilson). ( lommon at Lecompte in January ; seen in small numbers at Alexandria, Natchitoches, and Shreveport. Fourteen specimens from above localities. Coturniculus savannarum bimaculatus (Swainson). One taken at Natchitoches, January 21 ; the only one seen. Ammodramus Iecontei (And.). One taken at Natchitoches, January 17. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forster). A small Hock seen at Natchitoches, January 17, and a few at Shreve- port, January 27. One specimen, Natchitoches. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin). Common at nearly all localities visited. Spizella soci&lis (Wilson). A few seen at ('larks, January 7, and a few at Mansfield, January 23. Spizella pusilla pusiila (Wilson). Abundant at Natchitoches, January 17-21; fairly common at Mansfield; rare at other localities visited. Seven specimens from various localities. Spizella pusilla arenacea Chadboiirne. Two specimens: Natchitoches, January 17, and Belcher, February (». Although not included in Mr. Beyer's list, this form had been recorded from Mandeville, Louisiana, by Mr. F. M. Chapman.* Junco hyemalis (Linn.). A few observed at (larks, Lecompte, and Mansfield. Peucaea aestivalis bachmani ( And. ). Not observed on the present trip; it was common at Mansfield, how- ever, in late April and early May, 1907. Melospiza melodia (Wilson). A few were observed at nearly every locality visited, but they were now here common. Melospiza lincolni (And.). One taken at Mansfield, January 24. Tins appears to lie the first record of its occurrence in the State. *Aul<, VIII, L891, p. 318. Howell — Notes on Winter Birds of Northern Louisiana. 123 Melospiza georgiana (Latham). Fairly common about the cultivated fields at nearly every locality visited. Passerella iliaca (Merrem). A few seen at (darks, Natchitoches, Shreveport, and Belcher. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linn.). Present in small numbers at nearly all localities. Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis (Linn.). Common at all localities. Thirteen specimens, which show no approach to C. c. magnirostris Bangs. Ampelis cedrorum (Yieillot). Abundant at Alexandria and Natchitoches. Their principal food at this season is hackberries ( Celt is), and the birds visit the hackberry groves in immense numbers. They present an easy mark for the amateur gunner, and in some localities thousands are shot daily for food. As I stood under a tree in which a large flock of waxwings was feeding, skinned hack- berries were falling to the ground like hail. The birds' mouths, gul- lets and entire intestinal tracts were filled with entire hackberries. Appar- ently some of the berries are swallowed whole while others are partially skinned. Lanius ludovicianus migrans Palmer. Fairly common at all localities visited. Seventeen specimens, from every locality excepting Clarks ; all prove to be typical migrans. Lanivireo solitarius (Wilson). One taken January If, at Lecompte. Dendroica coronata (Linn.). Common at all localities, both in timber and fields. They have a special liking for swamps, feeding in brush close to the water. Dendroica vigorsi (And.). Observed in small numbers at Clarks, Natchitoches, Mansfield, and Belcher. Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla (Swainson). One taken at Lecompte, January f 1 ; another seen there January 14. Anthus pensilvanicus (Latham). Observed at all localities visited. Most abundant at Alexandria, Lecompte, and Shreveport, at each of which localities flocks of 200 or more were seen. Mimus polyglottos (Linn.). Common at all localities visited ; four specimens. Toxostoma rufum rufum (Linn.). Two specimens, Clarks and Belcher. Rather common at Lecompte. A few observed also at Natchitoches, Mansfield, and Shreveport. 124 Howell — Notes on Winter Birds of Northern Louisiana. Toxostoma rufum Iongicaudum (Baird).* Five specimens (Lecompte, 4; Belcher, 1) have been identified by Mr. Oberholser as this form. Thryothorus ludovicianus (Latham). Fairly common at all localities; 12 specimens. Thryomanes bewicki (And.). Observed in small numbers at all localities visited excepting Clarks and Lecompte. Seven specimens: Alexandria, 1; Natchitoches, 2; Mans- field, 1 ; Shreveport, 1 ; Belcher, 2. Nannus hyemalis (Vieillot). Two specimens, Clarks, January 6, and Lecompte, January 14. One seen at Mansfield. Sitta carolinensis Latham. A pair taken at Belcher, February 4. Bseolophus bicolor (Linn.). Fairly common in all timbered regions; 8 specimens. Penthestes carolinensis agilis (Hennett). Fairly common at all localities visited ; six specimens from five localities all prove to be of this form. Regulus calendula (Linn.). Bather common at all localities visited. Hylocichla guttata pallasi (Cabanis). Common in all timbered regions; fifteen specimens, from all localities visited except Alexandria. Planesticus migratorius (Linn.). Present at all localities visited; very abundant at Natchitoches, January 17 and 18. They are attracted by groves of hackberry trees, the fruit of which furnishes their principal food at this season. They become very fat and are much prized for food, many thousands being shot by the local hunters. The habit of roosting at night in the canebrakes also leads to their destruction, for they are often sought out by men and boys with lanterns, who knock down and kill hundreds of the birds with clubs. Three speci- mens: Alexandria, Lecompte, and Natchitoches. Planesticus migratorius achrusterus (Batchelder). Six of the seven Robins taken at Natchitoches prove to be of this form. Sialia sialis (Linn. ). Observed in small numbers at nearly all localities. * 11 [arporhynchus] longicauda Baird, Rep. Pacific It. U. Surveys, IX, 1858, p. 353. Vol. XXI, pp. 125-136 April 11, 1908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON NEW GENERA OF UNSTALKED CRINOIDS. BY AUSTIN HOBART CLARK, United States Bureau of Fisheries.* Some time ago I published a revision of the genus " Antedon " as understood bj" Dr. P. H. Carpenter and most modern workers upon the Crinoidea, in which I divided the group into eighteen genera in an attempt to better bring out the relation- ship of the various specific types. The material at hand at the time was not very extensive, and I was forced to leave certain genera, most especially Antedon (as restricted), in a somewhat unsatisfactory condition ; although I realized that I was " lump- ing" certain well-defined generic types under a single generic name, I did not feel justified in making any further subdivis- ions. Further study and more abundant material have shed much light upon many obscure points, and I am now able to point out certain additional, apparently well-marked and homo- geneous, specific groups. My previous paper contains one or two errors, which I take this opportunity of correcting; the pinnules of Calometra are said to be cylindrical, whereas in reality they are sharply trian- gular; this error arose from having studied only wet material, whereas a true idea of the characters of the Comatulida can only be ascertained from dried specimens; I followed Carpenter in placing Antedon diihcni of Bohlsche near Antedon bifida, in my restricted genus Antedon ; it is, however, merely the young of Tropiometra carinata ; Antedon tenuicirra of Carpenter should have been placed in Thysanometra ; it is possibly the young of T. U nelloides, but further material is necessary before they can be united with certainty; the species compressa and orion, placed * Published by permission of the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries. 17— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, 1908. U'.tf) 126 Clark — New Genera of Unstalked Crinoids. in Charitometra, should have been referred to Thalassometra ; the Antedon flava of Koehler and the Antedon porrecta of Carpenter (which were omitted) also belong to Thalassometra. I had not been able to consult Professor Bell's paper on South African crinoids, although I had examined specimens of his capensis ; of the two other species described, sclateri belongs to the genus Charitometra (near C. insequalis) and magnlcirra to Thalassometra. Family HIMEROMETRULE. Oligometra gen. nov. Genotype. — Antedon serripinna P. H. Carpenter, 1881. Centro-dorsal flat, discoidal, the cirri marginal, in one or two more or less irregular and crowded rows. Cirri short and stout, composed of few, twenty or less (rarely one or two more), squarish or short joints; the opposing spine central in position and short; the distal joints may bear centrally situated spines, paired spines, or tubercles. Radials more or less concealed; costals rounded, broad, and may or may not he in apposition laterally. Ten arms of rather short, wed