PROCEEDINGS OF THE »*-< California Academy of Sciences FOURTH SERIES Vol. XVI SAN FRANCISCO Published by the Academy 1927-1928 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION Col. George C. Edwards, Chairman Dr. C E. Grunsky Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Editor PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 1, pp. 1-51, 3 text figures January 31, 1927 NOTES ON BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT, MEXICO, IN THE FALL OF 1925 BY M. E. McLELLAN Assistant Curator, Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy The specimens forming the basis of this report were secured by the writer in Sinaloa and Nayarit (=Tepic), Mexico, dur- ing the months of September and October, 1925, Field work was carried on at three collecting stations, and the time was so apportioned that September 18 to 28, inclusive, was spent at Labrados, Sinaloa; October 2 to 19, inclusive, and October 29, about San Bias, Nayarit; and October 21 to 26, inclusive, on Maria Madre, Tres Marias Islands. Both Labrados and San Bias are situated in the southern extension of the alluvial plain that stretches along the north- western coast of Mexico between the Sierra Madre Occidental and the sea. At many points this plain is cut transversely by the rivers which formed it, and, at its seaward margin, river silt and sea sand have united to form long, narrow islands, behind which the waters of the rivers find their tortuous way to the ocean. A veritable maze of decussate waterways, — fresh, brackish, and salt, — in extent dependent upon season and tide, form about the river mouths, and the inter-relation- ships of the various "esteros" are almost impossible to determine. In the vicinity of Labrados, spurs of the Sierra Madre Occi- dental encroach upon the coastal plain so that but a six-mile January 31, 1927 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Psoc. 4th Se«. Strip of level laiid lies between them and the broad estero cut- ting Palmito de la Virgen from the mainland. At San Bias, volcanic masses, attaining no great elevation, come down to the sea; and off shore, other such masses form small, rocky- islets. The Mexican "tierra caliente", within which the three col- lecting stations lie, has but two seasons each year, — one wet, the other dry. These seasons vary in time and duration, but in the regions under consideration, the dry season extends, roughly, from about the first of October until the end of June, occasionally the drought being broken during the early spring months. The months of July, August, and September are rainy, but the wet season is sometimes unusually prolonged, as in the case of the year 1925, when rains were still falling Fig. 1. The Labrados region. Vol. XVI] McLELLAN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT on November 9. The heavy precipitation at this period fills arroyos, inundates woods, turns fields into impassible swamps, and transforms roads into freely flowing streams. Labrados (or Labradas, both spellings being in vogue), some 25 miles southeast of Mazatlan, is in the Arid Tropical Region, for the rainfall, although heavy during the wet season, is but about 30 inches a year. Low temperatures prevail at night during the winter months, and killing frosts occur as far south as the Santiago River. These climatic conditions are reflected in the vegetation. There is a strongly xerophytic asi>ect about the flora of the region. The growth as a whole V ff^ ^^ ^^*^ / ,^^ "*~*^. Y^ V Ml* 1 '"^"v \ ^V ^ .^ £ * i .^ *^ ^ V / ^ (\/^ h^ ^^^ \ / ^ 1 /^ /I ^\.\ ^L ■ \ ■ ' \ mm B^ ^ ^k 1 \ ^ • V %M §^\^ \ / ¥ f ^S. L^^ - - % I N>* % M \ ¥ « % _^ Y *~^^^' ^^^^ / y ^ * -^^ ^ I ' ^*^^^^ m ^^^^ / '^ ' ^^ ^>J \ Ns^^ /I ) / / ^^^^W il \ * M ^^1 \ 1 / •' nAN /^Mf '"'^ " ^v»^t». ^^-ri^vTai^^^qfe-^^ >^- J^Titn^^^S^r^sr- Pi ^* m 0 // ^^adyr^f^^r 9 , J \ m m M 1 ^ 1 / Fig. 2. San Bias and vicinity. 4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. is low, and thorny shrubs, such as mimosas, acacias, etc., and cacti preponderate. As the name indicates, most of the land in the environs of the railway station of Labrados, is, or has been, under cultivation, and the thickets are interrupted by stretches of fallow land, overgrown by a tangle of weeds and vines, or, less commonly, by fields of com. The marches of the Humid Tropical Region include the area about San Bias. Although temi^eratures low enough to retard the ripening of bananas obtain in the winter months, San Bias is out of the zone of frosts, and an annual rainfall of nearly 60 inches induces a luxuriant growth of vegetation. A dense jungle clothes the hills to the east of the town, and Camaron and Blanca de Tierra points. Several palms are in- digenous to the region. Pipers are in evidence in the low growth. Red-spathed bromeliads grow in the interstices of rocks and in the crotches of trees, waxy bignonias flourish in O nr JuiTVvVO UVe»ven^ HUrv>» lAaArt A^S tA*rU( W»,^^wen^ Miller, W. DeW., Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XI, p. 342. "Auk, Vol. XXIII, p. J8S. g CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sek. Maria Madre has the feather renewal only just commenced, the inner three primaries being newly developed. The other birds have nearly completed the postnuptial moult. 5. Scardafella inca (Lesson). Inca Dove Inca Doves were seen occasionally about Labrados, where a male was taken on September 19. Postnuptial moult of the body plumage is nearly complete, but the outer four primaries and most of the rectrices are still to be renewed. 6. Chaemepelia passerina pallescens Baird. Mexican Ground Dove Mexican Ground Doves were numerous in the weed-grown areas in the environs of Mazatlan and San Bias, and were frequently seen dusting themselves in the roadways about Labrados and on Maria Madre. They were generally seen in pairs, and were said to be nesting still at Labrados on Sep- tember 25. The female secured on Maria Madre, October 21, had a fully developed egg in the oviduct. The three females in the collection were taken at Labrados, September 18; San Bias, October 14; and Maria Madre, October 21. The postnuptial moult of the example from La- brados is almost complete, although the outer two primaries are still in the sheath. The specimen secured at San Bias is an immature with the scapulars and inner secondaries much worn, but showing no indications of feather replacement. The one taken on Maria Madre is in unworn plumage. 7. Chaemepelia rufipennis eluta (Bangs). Vinaceous Ground Dove These ground doves were to be seen along the roadways and in the low growth of the partially cleared fields about San Bias. They occurred most frequently in the campo to the north of the town. Two males were taken on October 3 and 6. One example is in fresh feather, save for the scapulars and a few inner secondaries. Moult has only just begun in the other specimen. Pin feathers are present on the under parts, and a few of the outer secondaries and inner primaries have been replaced. Vol. XVI] McLELLAN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT g 8. Leptotila fulviventris angelica Bangs & Penard. White-fronted Dove Birds of this species did not appear to be common about San Bias, but a few were observed in the heavy growth flank- ing the Tepic road. One female, in fresh winter livery, was secured on October 19. 9. Leptotila fulviventris capitalis Nelson. Tres Marias Dove These doves were fairly numerous on Maria Madre, the woods bordering the trail to the salinas seeming particularly attractive to the species. No examples were collected, how- ever. 10. Rallus nayaritensis McLellan, new species. Nayarit Rail The one clapper rail collected at San Bias seems, in spite of the bird's slight immaturity, to be possessed of characters war- ranting it receiving a new specific name. Diagnosis: Breast uniform vinaceous cinnamon; white flank bars narrow (1 mm. or less in width) ; upper parts gray- ish olive, broadly streaked with fuscous black; greater and lesser wing-coverts superficially Saccardo's umber ; wing about 130 mm. ; tarsus and middle toe subequal, the length of the former contained about 2^ times in that of wing. Description: Forehead, crown, and occiput fuscous, slightly paler anteriorly, and posteriorly, like cervix, somewhat suf- fused with light grayish olive; interscapulars, scapulars, ter- tials, inner secondaries, rump, and upper tail-coverts fuscous black, more or less broadly margined with grayish olive; pri- maries, their coverts, and distal secondaries fuscous black ; greater and lesser coverts superficially Saccardo's umber; rectrices fuscous black, obsoletely margined with grayish olive; supraloral stripe white, tinged with pale vinaceous cin- namon; lores, auriculars, and side of neck deep mouse gray, shaded on the ventral margins with pale vinaceous cinnamon ; breast vinaceous cinnamon, becoming paler posteriorly, and passing into white on chin and throat; abdomen pale creamy white; sides, flanks, crissum, and central under tail-coverts 10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. grayish brown narrowly barred with white, the bars being about 1 mm. in width, the interspaces from 4 to 7 mm. ; lateral under tail-coverts white irregularly marked with fuscous black ; tibia pale ochraceous buff on proximal surface and light grayish brown on the distal one ; under wing-coverts deep neu- tral gray irregularly barred with white and pale vinaceous cinnamon. Measurements: Wing, 129.0 mm.; tail, 54.6; tarsus, 50.0; tarsal diameter, 6.75; middle toe, without claw, 49.0; culmen, 59.6; depth of bill at base, 12.4; depth of bill at nostril, 7.3. Type: No. 28184, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. ; collected by M. E. McLellan at San Bias, Nayarit, Mexico, October 19, 1925. The type specimen is an unsexed immature bird, in recently assumed winter dress. The contour plumage is unworn, and pin feathers are present on all the body feather tracts. All the flight feathers api>ear to have been newly developed, and the outer five primaries and the central rectrices are still in the sheath. It is believed, however, that the development of these feathers is almost at its maximum, as the calamus is horny and the pulp apparently withdrawn. Geographically, Rallus nayaritensis is nearest to Rallus yumanensis, but the latter, in worn plumage, has much paler upper parts, broader white flank bars, and shorter culmen and toes. From Rallus pallidus, the San Bias bird differs in its darker upper parts, paler breast, and longer culmen. Rallus levipes is a more highly colored bird with proportionately shorter culmen, tarsus, and toes. The lack of rusty on the scapulars and interscapulars, the white supraloral stripe, nar- row white flank bars, and proportionately shorter culmen, tarsus and toes distinguish the new species from Rallus obso- letus. Rallus longirostris saturatus displays broader mesial stripes and more olive margins on the interscapulars, broader white flank bars, and a breast somewhat suffused with olive, and has relatively shorter toes. It is not improbable that an examination of a series of speci- mens from the San Bias region would prove Rallus nayari- tensis to be but a subspecies of Rallus longirostris. Dr. Harry C. Oberholser, of the U. S. Biological Survey, who was kind Vol. XVI] McLELL AN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT J^£ enough to examine the type, believed that it should be so re- garded. Evidence at the disposal of the describer, however, does not seem to establish fully the fact of intergradation. 11. Aramides axillaris Lawrence. Venezuelan Mangrove Rail Although the movements of a fair-sized bird were occasion- ally manifest in the swampy area bordering the Tepic road near San Bias, it was not until October 29 that one of the birds was finally sighted among some half-submerged branches. When the first specimen was being retrieved, it was discovered that the branches still sheltered several of these rails, and another specimen was secured. Although repre- sentatives of this species are scarce in collections, it is be- lieved that the habits of the bird, and not its rarity, are re- sponsible for this condition. The plumage of the immature male and female collected is unworn on all areas, and appears to have been recently acquired. 12. Fulica americana americana Gmelin. Coot About a dozen Coots were present on the waters of the Salinas at the southern end of Maria Madre, and others were seen on the temporary pools near the corrals about a mile north of the settlement. This appears to be the first time that this species has been seen on the Tres Marias. The two females obtained at the salinas on October 25 are birds in fresh winter plumage. 13. Sterna hirundo Linnaeus. Common Tern Common Terns do not appear to have been recorded pre- viously from this region, but a female of this species was obtained from a flock present on the ocean shore at San Bias on October 2. The example is seemingly assuming its second winter plumage. The anterior portion of the crown and lores, and the forehead are white intermixed with black, and the remiges are unworn ; the remainder of the plumage is that of the preceding summer. 12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 14. Haematopus palliatus frazari Brewster. Frazar's Oyster-catcher The ocean shore from the town of San Bias southward to the ensenada of Matanchen was a resort for oyster-catchers. They were first noted October 2, and were seen at intervals throughout the month. They were more wary than most of the shore birds, and winged their way out to sea at the ap- proach of an observer. No specimens were taken. 15. Pagolla wilsonia beldingi Ridgway. Belding's Plover From among the swarms of shore birds frequenting the beach at San Bias, one male of this species was taken October 2. Others were noted at Labrados, and on the marisma at San Bias. The specimen in hand has newly acquired its flight feathers and most of the wing-coverts, and new and partially developed feathers are present on all areas of the body. 16. Oxyechus vociferus vociferus (Linnaeus). Killdeer Shore birds were numerous at the temporary pools situated about a mile north of the settlement on Maria Madre. Kill- deer were noted among the assemblage October 26, and one female was collected. 17. Himantopus mexicanus (Miiller). Black-necked Stilt The tidal flats at Labrados, and the marisma at San Bias, swarmed with Black-necked Stilts. They were also seen at the Salinas on Maria Madre October 25. Specimens were col- lected at San Bias October 19, but the skins were not preserved. 18. Numenius americanus subspecies Birds believed to be of this species were occasionally seen at Labrados and San Bias, and one was also noted near the lighthouse on Maria Madre October 21. No specimens were secured. Vol. XVI] McLELL AN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT ^3 19. Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inomatus (Brewster). Western Willet With the Black-necked Stilts, Western Willets were very- abundant on the playa at Mazatlan and at the marisma at San Bias. The skin of the one specimen taken at San Bias, Octo- ber 19, was not preserved. 20. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin). Greater Yellow-legs A number of these birds were present at the estero at La- brados, and a male assuming winter garb was taken September 22. The flight feathers, save for the inner two secondaries, are new. Some worn feathers are still retained among the wing-coverts, and fresh feathers are only just appearing in the contour plumage. 21. Totanus flavipes (Gmelin). Yellow-legs Yellow-legs were noted among the shore birds at Labrados and San Bias, and one female was taken at the marisma at San Bias October 19. The flight feathers of this example have been newly acquired. Moult of the contour plumage has only just begim, pin feathers being present on all areas. 22. Heteroscelus incanus (Gmelin). Wandering Tatler A few Wandering Tatlers were seen on the beach north of Mazatlan, between September 12 and 17, and others were present at San Bias. No specimen of this species was col- lected. 23. Actitis macularia (Linnaeus). Spotted Sandpiper During a few days spent at Mazatlan (September 12 to 17), and at San Bias, a few of these birds were observed. None was collected. J4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 24. Ereunetes mauri Cabanis. Western Sandpiper This sandpiper was present in large numbers at Labrados and San Bias. One specimen was taken at Labrados Sep- tember 22. It is a bird in fresh winter plumage, only a few feathers on the head and throat not being fully developed. 25. Pisobia maculata (Vieillot). Pectoral Sandpiper The temporary pools about a mile north of the settlement on Maria Madre attracted many shore birds, and from among them one Pectoral Sandpiper was taken October 26. Except for some worn interscapulars, it is a bird in fresh winter dress. 26. Plegadis guarauna (Linnaeus). White-faced Glossy Ibis A pool to the north of the wireless station on Maria Madre was found to be a resort for a number of these birds, and an immature female was taken there October 26. A few of these ibises were present on the marisma at San Bias October 29, but the only bird shot was not retained in the collection. 27. Guara alba (Linnaeus). White Ibis "Croak-croaks", as they are known to the natives, were very abundant in the vicinity of San Bias. Small flocks were to be seen in the mangroves bordering the esteros, and they were present in hundreds on the marisma flanking the Tepic road. At feeding time they whitened the tidal flats as far as one could see, and, if disturbed, flew off heavily to the nearest mangroves. Birds in adult and immature plumage were both included in the flocks, but young birds were decidedly in the minority. The collection comprises three females and one male taken at San Bias, October 5, 6, and 7. An adult female is in worn dress, but a few new feathers are appearing on the forehead. Two immature females, probably acquiring the plumage of the second winter, have the moult of the flight feathers well ad- vanced. One is developing an eighth and the other a ninth primary. The body plumage is being renewed, and, on one of tlie specimens, dark shaft lines persist on the newly acquired feathers of the head and neck. The wings of these three females all bear four dark-tipped primaries. The one male is Vol. XVI] McLELLAN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT 15 a homotine in worn contour plumage. The remiges, save for the outermost, appear unworn, and a few new feathers are being developed on the head and neck, 28. Ajaia ajaja (Linnaeus). Roseate Spoonbill The first Roseate Spoonbill was noted at San Bias October 4, when one was seen feeding on a sandbar in the estero to the west of the town. A second bird was discerned flying over the marisma October 12. On October 17, a visit was paid to a laguna several miles north of the town, and, there, in a spot little disturbed by river traffic, scores of these birds were found in the mangroves, where they rested like gigantic pink blooms. They were very unsuspicious, and even after the first shot was fired, they flew only a short distance before alighting. One immature and three adult males were collected October 17. A moult involving all feather tracts is in progress. The incoming feathers on the head and neck of the adult birds are pale rose pink, although the worn ones are pure white. 29. Mycteria americana Linnaeus. Wood Ibis But two Wood Ibises came under observation at San Bljis. They were found in mangroves overhanging a small estero to the north of the town. Although they were said by the natives to be very difficult to approach, no trouble was ex- perienced in obtaining one of the birds as a specimen. The example is an adult female acquiring winter plumage. Several of the rectrices are new, and the central ones are only partially developed. The outer primary is worn, the next two are still pulpy basally, and the proximal secondary is in the same con- dition. Apparently moult has not commenced in the contour plumage. 30. Ardea herodias lessonii Wagler. Mexican Great Blue Heron Several great blue herons had their hunting grounds on the margins of the Labrados estero, and many others were seen among the mangroves at San Bias. One immature female was taken at Labrados on September 28. IQ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Seb. 31. Casmerodius albus egretta (Gmelin). Egret A few of these birds were noted at each visit paid to the estero at Labrados. At San Bias they were quite common, and many of the villagers kept them as pets. Although the plumes were offered for sale openly in Mazatlan, the Mexican government does not permit the birds to be collected for scientific purposes. 32. Florida caerulea (Linnaeus). Little Blue Heron Birds of this species were quite numerous about San Bias, where they were to be seen commonly on the banks of the esteros. They were also frequenters of the marisma and the flooded portion of the Tepic road. One bird had a definite stretch of road which it was seen to patrol daily during the hours when the water covered it. One adult female in fresh winter plumage was taken October 5. 33. Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis (Gosse). Louisiana Heron Louisiana Herons were quite abundant at the estero near Labrados, and many of them were seen about San Bias. They were less wary than the other herons, and would feed undis- turbed within a few feet of a passer-by. Two immature males and an unsexed hornotine were col- lected at Labrados September 25 and 26, and an adult male at San Bias October 4. The unsexed bird is in its first con- tour feathers and there is no indication of moult. The imma- ture males have fresh feathers appearing on the body feather tracts, and the adult male has the outer three primaries and a pair of rectrices still in the sheath. 34. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Boddaert). Black-crowned Night Heron It was only occasionally that night herons were seen among the mangroves at Labrados and San Bias. The one female secured at Labrados September 26 is undergoing a postnuptial moult. Vol. XVI] McLELLAN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT \J 35. Butorides virescens virescens (Linnaeus). Green Heron Just one Green Heron was seen at Labrados, but they were numerous at San Bias, where they were commonly to be seen climbing among- the roots and branches of the mangroves. The female taken at Labrados, September 25, is a bird in its first contour plumage, and filaments of down still adhere to some of the interscapulars and wing-coverts. The example taken at San Bias October 7 is an immature female acquiring its first winter plumage, undeveloped feathers being present on all the body feather tracts. 36. Dendrocygna autumnalis (Linnaeus). Black-bellied Tree-duck Birds of this species were said to be numerous in the vicinity of San Bias, and they are occasionally kept in captivity by residents of the town. A downy young, less than a week from the shell, was presented to me by Seiior Reynaud October 8. This example has the neossoptyles on all areas minutely tipped with black. Z7. Phalacrocorax vigua mexicanus (Brandt). Mexican Cormorant A few Mexican Cormorants were generally to be found in the mangroves bordering the esteros at Labrados and San Bias. The skin of the female collected at San Bias October 3 was not preserved. 38. Sula piscator (Linnaeus). Red-footed Booby The estero at Labrados was apparently a favorite resort of Red-footed Boobies. The low growth at the margin of the water frequently harbored hundreds of these boobies, and at low tide their presence gave the semblance of snow drifts to the uncovered sand bars. They shunned human society and took flight at the slightest provocation. A flock of these birds on the wing — the snowy bodies and dark-tipped pinions sil- houetted against the tropical sky — made a never-to-be-for- gotten picture. Jg CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 39. Sula nebouxii Milne-Edwards. Blue-footed Booby Blue-footed Boobies were seen fishing at sea between San Bias and Maria Madre October 20 and 26. A dead bird was also picked up on the beach at San Bias October 2. 40. Sula brewsteri Goss. Brewster's Booby None of these boobies was noted at sea, but the remains of a dead one was found at the salinas on Maria Madre October 25. 41. Fregata, species Man-o'-war-birds were generally soaring overhead, looking like great hieroglyphics outlined against the sky. As no specimens were secured, it is impossible to say whether these birds belonged to the magnificens or minor group. Seven examples at hand from Clarion and San Bene- dict© islands, Revillagigedo Islands, are referable to Fregata minor ridgiuayi, as defined by Lowe^. One male, however, obtained on San Benedicto on the same day and in the same breeding area as six other specimens, possesses a wing-bar, but has iridescent purple interscapular plumes. This bird is not fully adult, as the feathers of the breast have a grayish cast. 42. Pelecanus occidentalis californicus Ridgway. California Brown Pelican "Professor Birds", as they are known to the Mexicans, were always in evidence along the Mexican coast. They sailed about with a most dignified mien among the rollers near shore, and fished in the esteros. They roosted abundantly on Piedra Blanca, off San Bias, and in the trees on the islets in the en- senada of Matanchen. An immature female was taken near the north point of the ensenada on October 11. •Novitates Zoologicae, XXXI, pp. 279-313. Vol. XVI] McLELL AN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT \g 43. Cathartes aura septentrionalis Wied. Turkey Vulture Among the numbers of Black Vultures present at San Bias, a single Turkey Vulture was noted on two occasions. They were more numerous on Maria Madre, the flocks on the beach in front of the settlement being largely of this species. No specimens were included in the collection. 44. Coragyps urubu urubu (Vieillot) . Black Vulture Black Vultures were common at all the points visited, although they were not numerous on Maria Madre. Nelson does not accord this species a place in his list of the birds of the Tres Marias Islands, but they were found in company with the Turkey Vultures on the playa in front of the settlement. The only specimens taken were two males secured at Matan- chen, near San Bias, on October 11. 45. Polyborus cheriway auduboni Cassin. Audubon's Caracara Only one of these birds was noted on the tide lands at La- brados. Another was seen on the seaward side of Blanca de Tierra Point, and they were found occasionally on the ocean shore at San Bias. A female was collected at Labrados on September 23. Fea- ther replacement is in progress. Black feathers are inter- spersed among the worn brown ones of the crown, lower back, and wing coverts. The ninth and tenth primaries are not fully developed, and a pair of lateral tail feathers are in a similar condition. A couple of inner secondaries and the tertials are still to be replaced. 46. Polyborus cheriway pallidus Nelson. Tres Marias Caracara Caracaras were exceedingly abundant about the settlement and in the clearings near the shore on Maria Madre. They were seen singly and in flocks numbering from 12 to 20. The numerous tufts of feathers of small birds encountered seemed to indicate one source of food supply for the caracara. 20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 4th Seb. The plumage of the immature male secured on October 21 was a good deal worn. New feathers, however, are develop- ing on all areas of the body, and replacement of the second- aries has commenced. 47. Asturina plagiata plagiata ( Lichtenstein). Mexican Goshawk Several of these hawks were in evidence about Labrados. One was observed in the vicinity of the estero, and frequently another was seen in flight over a weed-grown field near the station. An unsexed juvenile was collected near the railroad track September 19, and on the previous day an immature male was obtained in a clearing near the hacienda. The young male is beginning to assume its cinereous plum- age. Many fresh feathers of this color, some of them edged with cinnamon, are to be found among the scapulars and wing- coverts. The other bird is apparently younger. No moult is in progress, and no ashy feathers have made their appearance. The proportionately long tail observed by Miller* in the im- mature examples from Escuinapa, is found in the Labrados birds. The wing and tail measurements of the specimens at hand are: Wing, 282-257; tail, 197-184. 48. Urubitinga anthracina anthracina (Lichtenstein). Mexican Black Hawk Although not abundant at San Bias, several of these hawks were observed in the neighborhood and two females were taken October 9 and 15. The immature bird, although exhibiting slight wear of plumage, shows no indications of feather renewal. The older bird is probably not fully adult, since a few of the scapulars and interscapulars are narrowly margined with rusty. A com- plete moult is in progress, and fresh feathers on the upper parts lack the rusty margins. * Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, p. 345. Vol. XVI] McLELL AN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT 21 49. Falco rufigularis, subspecies A female white-throated bat falcon was collected from the branches of a dead tree at the edge of the marisma at San Bias, October 13. The lookout point had evidently been a satisfactory one, as the crop was filled with dragon-fly bodies. This example appears to be an immature bird assuming winter garb. Newly developed feathers of the crown are slate- black or black ; and those of the interscapular region are black- ish slate with a black shaft line, and are obsoletely barred with slate black. The throat and forebreast are white, only slightly tinged posteriorly with cinnamon buff. Fresh feathers appear- ing on the outer margin of this area are a decided cinnamon buff, but those of the central portion are paler. Unworn feathers of the breast are black, tipped and banded with pale cinnamon rufous. The measurements of this specimen are: Total length, 247.0 mm.; wing, 195.0; tail, 96.0; bill from cere, 12.5 ; tarsus, 34; middle toe without claw, 31.5, The status of the bird from the northwestern coast of Mexi- co is somewhat doubtful. Neither the bird in hand nor the description given by Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway' of the adult male from Mazatlan, agrees in color or measurements with the description of Falco rufigularis petoensis^ from Yuca- tan. Lack of comparative material makes the expression of an opinion regarding the systematic position of these birds in- advisable, but it is to be noted that Todd and Carriker^ recog- nize the Bolivian race only as distinct, while Bangs and Bar- bour® are unable to detect any geographical variation in the species. 50. Cerchneis sparveria, subspecies On two occasions during the week spent on Maria Madre, birds of this species were found in the vicinity of the wireless station. The pair seen October 26 were under observation for nearly an hour, but no specimen was taken. •North American Birds, Land Birds, III, pp. 130-131. •Chubb, Bull. B. O. C, XXXIX, p. 22. ' Ann. Carnegie Mus., XIV, p. 160. Bull. Mus. Compar. Zool., LXV, p. 194. January 31, 1927 22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sek. 51. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis Gmelin. American Osprey Ospreys were common along the estero to the west of San Bias. Every commanding position at the turns of the river was occupied by one of these birds. They were very difficult to approach, however, and the adult male secured October 17 was the only one obtained. 52. Glaucidium brasilianum ridgwayi Sharpe. Streaked-crowned Pygmy Owl A bird thought to belong to this species was observed in a wayside tree in the hilly region to the east of San Bias. The momentary glimpse obtained was hardly sufficient for positive identification. 53. Ara militaris mexicana Ridgway. Mexican Green Macaw Although birds of this species were said to breed in the vicinity of Labrados, none was seen during the time spent there. At San Bias, a noisy flock was occasionally seen flying high overhead. Others were heard in the dense jungle border- ing the Tepic road, where the fruits of the coquito palm and wild fig proved a great attraction to these birds. Their ex- ceeding wariness made close approach impossible, and no specimens were taken. 54. Eupsittula canicularis (Linnseus). Petz's Paroquet Petz's Paroquets were quite abundant at Labrados, and large flocks were attracted to the vicinity of the hacienda by the fruit of a wild fig tree growing there. At San Bias, they were found indifferently in the swamps and in the hilly region eastward of the town. At dawn and at sunset their calls were to be heard high overhead as the birds made their way to and from favorite feeding grounds. Fourteen specimens were collected. Two males and three females were taken at Labrados September 20, 25, and 26, and four males and five females were secured at San Bias October 12, 13, 14, and 16. A moult involving the contour and flight Vol. XVI] McLELL AN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT 23 feathers is in progress on a male taken at Labrados September 20. A female taken the same day is in almost entirely fresh feather, only a few pin feathers being present, and the distal primary and two lateral rectrices being- undeveloped. The moult of the San Bias birds is further advanced. In most in- stances the renewal of plumage is almost complete. Three females, however, have been slower in acquiring new livery, and still have flight feathers not fully developed. 55. Psittacula cyanopygia cyanopygia Souance. Mexican Parrotlet Parrotlets were discovered in but one spot near San Bias — the fields north of the town. Large flocks apparently fre- quented certain tall trees bordering the open ground. The presence of the birds was difficult to detect, and dead birds proved almost impossible to retrieve from the tall grass and weeds into which they fell. A male and female were taken October 14. The male is a young bird which has just assumed its first winter plumage, a few pin feathers being present on the crown and throat. The contour plumage of the female is being renewed, two central rectrices are new, and three distal primaries and some inner secondaries have still to be replaced. 56. Amazona oratrix tresmariae Nelson. Tres Marias Parrot These birds were fairly common on Maria Madre, and they were seen in pairs or in flocks on all parts of the island. The persecution to which they have been subjected at the hands of the residents has made these parrots very adroit in avoiding danger, and, although they proclaimed their presence by noisy cries, they took wing on the slightest hint of peril. A single adult female was taken October 24. 57. Amazona finschi (Sclater). Finsch's Parrot Parrots of this genus were observed flying high above La- brados, and they were noted in greater numbers about San Bias. The only Finsch's Parrot in the collection, however, 24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. was taken at the marisma near San Bias October 12. The bird is a male which is just experiencing a complete moult. The tenth and eighth primaries and several of the lateral rec- trices are still to be replaced. 58. Amazona albifrons albifrons (Sparrman). White-fronted Parrot Among the flocks of Amazonae seen at Labrados, at least one of them was composed of birds of this species. Probably many others were present, but they were not always dis- tinguishable from birds of the preceding species. This was also true at San Bias. An adult male taken October 19, and a female secured Octo- ber 17 are in the collection from San Bias. The female is in completely fresh livery, but a few pin feathers are present on the head and throat. The outer primaries of the male are just appearing from the sheath, and a few partially developed feathers are in evidence on other areas. 59. Megaceryle torquata torquata (Linnaeus). Ringed Kingfisher Ringed Kingfishers were apparently rare at San Bias, and only two were noted on the western estero, where the one specimen — an adult female — was taken October 17. The plumage of this example is much worn on all areas, save for four proximal primaries, several distal secondaries, and one lateral rectrix which have been newly acquired. All the feathers of the upper parts are distinctly spotted with white, and the outer webs of the secondaries are conspicuously barred with white on the outer webs. 60. Megaceryle alcyon caurina (Grinnell). Northwestern Belted Kingfisher Only one bird of this species was noted at Labrados, but there were many on the esteros at San Bias, as well as about the flooded areas abutting on the Tepic road. On October 26, Vol. XVI] McLELL AN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT £5 one was seen on the wires attached to the pier on Maria Madre. An adult and two immature females were collected at San Bias October 12, 13, and 17. The birds are all in worn plum- age, but replacement has commenced among the remiges, and new feathers are appearing on the crown. 61. Chloroceryle americana septentrionalis (Sharpe). Texas Kingfisher This bird was common on all the waterways about San Bias, the Tepic road seeming to be a particularly profitable fishing ground for them. An immature male and female were secured on October 12, and an adult male on October 13. The female exhibits no indications of moult and its plumage is in good condition. Both males are renewing the flight feathers, and the immature bird has many chestnut-rufous tipped feathers appearing on the breast. 62. Momotus mexicanus mexicanus Swainson. Mexican Motmot The only motmot seen about San Bias was discovered, October 16, in the deep jungle bordering the Tepic road. It proved to be an adult male with moult of the contour feathers in progress, but the flight feathers unaflfected. The crop con- tained the remains of many beetles. 63. Nyctidropius albicoUis insularis Nelson. Tres Marias Parauque Tres Marias Parauques seemed numerous on the island, and they were frequently flushed in dry arroyos and on shady paths. The collection comprises a male and three females taken October 23 and 24. In all cases the assumption of win- ter dress is nearly complete. The plumage of these specimens is decidedly darker than that of birds taken in May. The upper parts are strongly suffused with Rood's brown, and the anterior under parts are tinged with vinaceous-fawn. 26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pboc. 4th Se«. 64. Amazilia rutila rutila (Delattre). Cinnamomeus Hummingbird The Antigonon festooning the wayside shrubs about La- brados attracted numbers of these hummingbirds. At San Bias hummingbirds were fewer, and birds of this species were rarely seen save in trees supporting a growth of Loranthus. The collection includes two males and two females taken at Labrados September 19, 22, and 27; and four males secured at San Bias October 3, 8, and 16. All the examples are ex- periencing feather replacement. A female taken at Labrados September 19 has almost completed its feather renewal. An- other female secured on the same day retains a worn distal primary and two tertials, and has all the rectrices still in the sheath. Save for a few undeveloped feathers in the contour plumage, two males taken at San Bias October 3 and 8 have completed their moult. Another male collected October 16 has the outer two primaries still in the sheath and most of the rectrices only partially grown. 65. Amazilia graysoni Lawrence. Grayson's Hummingbird The field notes of the California Academy of Sciences' party visiting Maria Madre in May, 1925, indicated that birds of this species were common on the island®. Few were seen in October, however, and they were on the western slope of the island and in the vicinity of the salinas. No specimens were secured. 66. Amazilia ellioti (Berlepsch). Black-billed Azure-crown This hummingbird was not abundant at Labrados, but sev- eral were noted, and four males were collected on September 22, 24, 25, and 26. In the vicinity of San Bias one example only was seen. It was taken on October 16, but the skin was not retained in the collection. Postnuptial moult is almost complete in the specimens at hand. In two cases the outer primaries are not fully de- • Proc. CalH. Acad. Sci.. 4th Scr., XV, p. 303. Vol. XVI] McLELL AN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT £7 veloped, and a few pin feathers are present in the contour plumage of all the birds. 67. Cyanthus latirostris Swain son. Broad-billed Hummingbird Wherever the Antigonon blossomed about Labrados, Broad- billed Hummingbirds were to be found. They were less numer- ous at San Bias, where they frequented the clumps of Loran- thus in company with the Cinnamomeus Hummingbird. Seven males and one female were taken at Labrados on September 19, 21, 22, 25, and 27. Three of the males have almost completed the fall feather replacement. The remainder have a few undeveloped contour feathers, and outer primaries still in the sheath. The female has the central rectrices only partially developed. 68. Cyanthus lawrencei (Berlepsch). Lawrence's Hummingbird This species appeared to be the abundant hummingbird on Maria Madre. The Antigonon wreathing the scrubby growth on the eastern side of the island attracted them in numbers, and they also appeared in the gardens in the settlement. The adult male secured on October 22 is a bird in fresh winter plumage. 69. Anthoscenus constantii leocadiae (Bourcier & Mulsant). . Pine Star-throat Only three birds of this sj>ecies were seen at Labrados. The specimen secured September 27 is a female in unworn plumage. 70. Zephyritis costae (Bourcier). Costa's Hummingbird One female Costa's Hummingbird was taken at Labrados September 27, but no other representative of the species was observed. The example is apparently an immature bird assum- 2g CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 4th Sek. ing its first winter plumage. New feathers are appearing on the crown and back, and a few inner remiges are unworn. This hummingbird does not appear to have been taken so far south since it was first recorded from the Mazatlan region by Ridgway'" in 1880. 71. Trogonurus ambiguus ambiguus (Gould). Coppery-tailed Trogon An unsexed hornotine of this species was taken in the deep woods near the Labrados estero on September 24. This was the only Coppery-tailed Trogon discovered in the vicinity, and none was noted at San Bias. The specimen secured appears to be a young male acquiring its first winter plumage. 72. Trogonurus ambiguus goldmani (Nelson). Goldman's Trogon In the heavy timber clothing the higher levels of Maria Madre, these trogons did not seem to be uncommon. So ex- ceedingly quiet were they that their presence was usually de- tected by chance. A juvenile male and an immature female were secured on the western slope of the island October 24. The male has newly developed metallic feathers on the crown and the remiges appear fresh, but the tail feathers are much worn. Save for abraded rectrices, the plumage of the female is in good condition. A few pin feathers are present on the body feather tracts. 73. Trogon citreolus Gould. Citreoline Trogon Only one Citreoline Trogon was seen at Labrados, but at San Bias they were fairly abundant in the heavy timber. They were noted near the Tepic road, in the vicinity of Camaron Point, and between the ensenada of Matanchen and La Palma. An adult male taken at Labrados September 18 has renewal of the contour feathers well advanced. The inner four second- 'oProc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, p. 314. Vol. XVI] McLELLAN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT 29 aries and outer four primaries are still to be replaced, and new rectrices are being developed. The immature male and female collected at San Bias October 13 and 29 seem to be undergoing a complete moult. Replacement of the contour feathers is nearly finished, and the male possesses new rectrices. 74. Coccyzus minor palloris Ridgway. Pacific Mangrove Cuckoo In the tangle of scrubby growth north of the wireless sta- tion on Maria Madre, a single Pacific Mangrove Cuckoo was obtained October 26. The bird is an immature female acquir- ing its first winter dress. The under parts are deep cinnamon- buff, new feathers being of the same color. The seventh primary appears to be new, as are some of the scapulars. One outer rectrix is about half-grown, and pin feathers are present on all areas of the body. 75. Coccyzus americanus (Linnaeus). Yellow-billed Cuckoo An occasional cuckoo was seen among the mangroves over- hanging the western estero at San Bias, but only one bird was taken. It proved to be an immature male of this species. One central rectrix is new, but there is no other evidence of moult. 76. Piaya mexicana (Swainson). Mexican Squirrel-Cuckoo Only three Squirrel-Cuckoos were seen about San Bias. They were all in the summits of tall trees, and their movements among the branches left no doubt as to the reason for the ver- nacular name. The adult female collected October 15 has partially de- veloped feathers present on all areas of the body feather tracts. Three new rectrices are in evidence. The tenth, eighth, and fifth primaries are just appearing, and the ninth and seventh seem new. Two distal secondaries are unworn. 30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Seb. 77. Morococcyx erythropygus mexicanus Ridgway. Mexican Rufous-rumped Cuckoo The only Mexican Rufous-rumped Cuckoo noted was col- lected at Labrados September 28. It is a bird-of-the-year as- suming its first winter plumage. 78. Crotophaga sulcirostris sulcirostris Swainson. Groove-billed Ani This was one of the most abundant birds in the region traversed, although their numbers were fewer about San Bias. Their raucous voices were nearly always to be heard through- out the day, and some of the calls seemed to be mimetic of those of other birds. Three males and two females were collected at Labrados September 19, 21, and 23. One male and female are imma- ture birds acquiring their first winter plumage. Replacement of the contour feathers has just commenced, the rectrices are worn, and the proximal primaries and distal secondaries are being renewed. Three younger birds are only just assuming their first contour plumage. The under parts are still clad in brownish black down, through which the definite feathers are here and there making their appearance. Flight feathers are only partially developed. All the birds shot had the pupae of some parasitic insect pres- ent subcutaneously. 79. Centurus uropygialis uropygialis Baird. Gila Woodpecker One Gila Woodpecker was obtained from the summit of a Pachycereus at Labrados, September 25. The bird is an adult male in fresh winter plumage. Two distal primaries are not fully grown, and the central rectrices are still in the sheath. Vol. XVI] McLELLAN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT ^J 80. Centurus chrysogenys chrysogenys (Vigors). Golden-cheeked Woodpecker A number of Golden-cheeked Woodpeckers were seen in the Pachycerei about Labrados. At San Bias they were quite common, and their noisy calls resounded in the village gardens as well as in the jungle. Two adult males and a female were secured at Labrados September 22 and 27; and six males and four females were obtained at San Bias October 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, and 19. Two females taken at San Bias, October 14 and 19, are in winter garb. One taken October 12 is in worn plumage, but renewal has commenced. Another example secured October 10 retains worn secondaries. The remainder of the San Bias specimens, as well as those from Labrados, have feather re- newal well advanced, in most cases the outer two primaries and central rectrices are not fully developed. 81. Dryobates scalaris graysoni (Baird). Grayson's Woodpecker Grayson's Woodpeckers seemed generally distributed on Maria Madre. They were observed among the second growth scrub on the eastern side of the island, in the dense woods, and among the agaves on the western shore. A male and two females were collected October 23 and 24. One female is acquiring fresh central rectrices, but the remiges are greatly abraded. Moult is affecting the wing feathers of the two other specimens, but the contour plumage is that of the preceding season. Two of the birds have the flanks streaked, the third has streaks on one side and spot-like markings on the other. 82. Dryobates scalaris sinaloensis Ridgway. Mazatlan Woodpecker Two Mazatlan Woodpeckers were seen at Labrados, and one of them was collected September 27. The plumage of this bird is in good condition, and there is no evidence of moult. 32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 83. Scapaneus guatemalensis nelsoni Ridgfway. Nelson's Ivory-billed Woodpecker Several of these noisy birds made their presence known in the woods near the Labrados estero, and they were apparently numerous in the swampy areas about San Bias. The collection includes a female taken at Labrados Septem- ber 24, and a male secured at San Bias October 10. Both birds have feather replacement well advanced. The stripe extending from the upper side of the neck to the lower back is maize yellow in the female, and almost pure white in the male. 84. Ceophloeus lineatus scapularis (Vigors). Vigors' Lineated Woodpecker Birds of this species frequented the higher levels about San Bias, and occurred abundantly in the woods flanking the Tepic road. One female was secured October 29. The contour plumage is unworn, and only the three distal primaries and the tertials are still to be renewed. The rectrices are ap- parently not new. 85. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster mentalis (Lawrence). Grayson's Woodhewer A Grayson's Woodhewer was found in the heavy woods near the estero at Labrados, September 24. It was wounded, but escaped to the tangled undergrowth. Two others were seen near San Bias, but no specimen was secured. 86. Camptostoma imberbe Sclater. Beardless Flycatcher On September 25, the persistent chirping issuing from a small bush on the edge of a clearing near the Labrados estero called attention to the presence of a Beardless Flycatcher. When collected, the bird proved to be a juvenile which is just assuming winter dress. New feathers are appearing among the worn ones on the crown, and the outer two primaries are still in the sheath. Vol. XVI] McLELL AN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT 33 I am indebted to Dr. W. DeW. Miller, of the American Museum of Natural History, for determining the identity of the specimen. 87. Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus (Kaup). Derby Flycatcher A few of these flycatchers were noted at Labrados. They frequented the mesquite on the ocean shore at San Bias, and were abundant inland along the Tepic road. The noisy calls made this species one of the most conspicuous features of the bird life of the region. Three immature males were collected at San Bias October 3, 7, and 13. The first contour plumage is being replaced by winter dress. The body feathers are being renewed, but apparently not those of the wings and tail. 88. Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus Sclater. Vermilion Flycatcher Vermilion Flycatchers were seen occasionally at Labrados, and more abundantly about San Bias. The fields to the north of the latter town, and the territory about the marisma were seemingly most attractive to these birds. From Labrados there are five adult males in the collection, taken on September 26, 27, and 28. One adult and one im- mature female and two immature males were taken at San Bias October 6, 7, 12, and 13. The adult birds have just ex- perienced a complete moult. The female has a rectrix not fully grown, and one male has the outer primary still in the sheath. One immature male is in fresh winter livery, the other immatures have outer primaries and inner secondaries to re- new, and one has a central rectrix only partially developed. 89. Empidonax traillii brewsteri Oberholser. Brewster's Flycatcher The shrubby growth at the estero at Labrados proved to harbor a number of these flycatchers. In that vicinity, three 34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Phoc. 4th Sm. immature males were collected September 19, 26, and 27. The newly acquired plumage seems to result from a complete moult. 90. Empidonax difficilis difficilis Baird. Western Flycatcher Western Flycatchers occurred in the more sheltered areas of the San Bias region, where one immature and four adult males and an adult female were collected October 6, 7, 9, and 10. Two of the adult males have fresh flight feathers, and renewal of the contour plumage is nearly complete. The other adults still have distal primaries and proximal secondaries to replace. The immature bird exhibits no indication of moult. 91. Myiochanes pertinax pertinax (Cabanis & Heine). Swainson's Flycatcher An immature female, believed to belong under this head, was obtained near San Bias October 13. 92. Myiochanes richardsonii richardsonii (Swainson). Western Wood Pewee One Western Wood Pewee was secured at Labrados, Sep- tember 25. The bird is an immature male in its first winter plumage, but the tertials and a few crown feathers are those of the preceding season. 93. Myiarchus nuttingi inquietus (Salvin & Godman). Guerrero Flycatcher A male of this species was taken in the fields north of San Bias October 7. Winter plumage has recently been acquired. Vol. XVI] McLELL AN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT 35 94. Myiarchus magister magister Ridgway. Arizona Crested Flycatcher Many of these flycatchers were found among- the low growth on the eastern slope of Maria Madre. The male taken October 22 is experiencing postnuptial moult. The outer three primaries and inner two secondaries are still in the sheath, and a few pin feathers are present on the forehead. 95. Myiarchus lawrenceii tresmarias Nelson. Tres Marias Flycatcher The second growth scrub on the eastern face of Maria Madre harbored many of these small flycatchers. The juvenile male taken October 21 is acquiring fresh livery, new and par- tially developed feathers being in evidence on all the body feather tracts, 96. Myiarchus lawrenceii olivascens Ridgway. Olivaceous Flycatcher Olivaceous Flycatchers were present in the mesquite near the ocean shore at San Bias, and also in the vicinity of the marisma. A female collected October 9 has fresh contour feathers, and a few flight feathers not quite fully developed. 97. Deltarhynchus flammulatus (Lawrence). Flammulated Flycatcher An unsexed juvenile collected at Labrados September 28 proved to be a representative of this rare species. Only five specimens have been recorded previously, and the first contour plumage, worn by this example, has never been described. Above the bird is grayish olive, faintly tinged anteriorly with light greenish olive ; feathers of the crown with distinct dark shaft lines, those of the interscapular region having obsolete mesal lines and margins producing a nebulous effect; rump feathers tipped with pale cinnamon buff; upper tail-coverts medially light grayish brown, broadly margined with tawny 36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. olive; rectrices grayish brown, the outer webs margined with tawny olive, the inner ones with pale cinnamon ; outermost rec- trix pale grayish brown, the outer web and margin of inner one pale grayish bufif; primaries, secondaries, tertials, and the wing-coverts chaetura drab; the distal primary narrowly mar- gined with pale grayish buffy, the next two more distinctly edged with cinnamon buff, the inner primaries and secondaries with outer margins clay color and inner ones pinkish buff, ter- tials margined with warm to light buff; primary coverts nar- rowly edged with clay color, the greater ones with cinnamon buff, and the lesser with grayish olive; chin and throat grayish white, feathers of all but the mental apex with dark median stripe; forebreast and breast light grayish olive, streaked an- teriorly with whitish and posteriorly with primrose yellow, and passing into primrose yellow on the abdomen and under tail-coverts; margin of wing lining pale buffy yellow, inter- rupted by grayish brown. In comparison with the specimens of adults in the collection of the U. S. Biological Survey, this juvenile is more distinctly greenish olive above, the medial lines of the crown feathers darker, the lesser wing-coverts more olive, and the streaking of the under parts more pronounced and decidedly gray. Although lacking the intensity of color of an adult female (No. 156020, U. S. Biol. Surv. coll.) from Las Palmas, Jalisco (March 31, 1897), the Labrados bird more nearly re- sembles it than it does the specimens from Guerrero and Chiapas, and it is possible that the color differences exhibited by the juvenile may be due to geographic as well as age variation. 98. T3n-annus melancholicus occidentalis Hartert & Goodson. San Bias Kingbird This kingbird was one of the commonest birds at Labrados and San Bias, and on Maria Madre. At San Bias they were found most frequently near the ocean shore, where they hawked for the myriads of insects abounding there. The collection comprises an adult, an immature male and two immature females taken at Labrados September 18, 19, Vol. XVI] McLELL AN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT 37 and 20 ; three adult males taken at San Bias October 2, 7, and 8; and one immature female secured on Maria Madre October 21. All the examples are experiencing feather renewal. Three immatures from Labrados, taken September 18 and 19, are in fresh feather, but some of the primary and lesser coverts have not been replaced. The moult of the immature from Maria Madre has only just begain, and the remaining birds have the plumage in various stages of replacement. The fresh feathers of the under parts vary in color from light cadmium to apricot yellow. 99. Tityra semifasciata griseiceps Ridgway. Gray-headed Tityra On October 15 and 29 an adult female and male of this species were obtained from the summit of the same tall tree in the jungle near the Tepic road. No others were seen. The postnuptial moult of the female is nearly complete, though some of the remiges are not fully grown and a few unde- veloped feathers are present on the body feather tracts. The feather replacement of the male is well under way, but is be- hind that of the female. 100. Iridoprocne albilinea (Lawrence). Mangrove Swallow Mangrove Swallows frequented the vicinity of the larger esteros about San Bias, and even the outer beach was regarded as good foraging ground. There was no diminution in their numbers by October 30, and no indication of the migratory movement that might have been expected from the field note quoted by Miller^\ "Arrives [in Escuinapa] in April." Four adult males were secured at San Bias October 3, 5, and 16. One of the birds taken October 16 is in fresh livery. The others have new contour plumage, but one taken October 3 has the outer two primaries and the inner two secondaries to renew. Two of the examples have indications of a pectoral band. " Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, p. 366. January 31, 1927 38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pboc. 4th Ser. 101. Stelgidopteryx ridgwayi Nelson. Yucatan Rough-winged Swallow 102. Stelgidopteryx serripennis salvini Ridgway. Salvin's Rough-winged Swallow The collection comprises three rough-winged swallows from Labrados taken September 17, 18, and 25. One of the speci- mens corresponds to Nelson's description of Stelgidopteryx ridgzvayi, the other two appear to be referable to Ridgway's Stelgidopteryx serripennis salvini. Examination of the series of Stelgidopteryx in the U. S. National Museum, the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History, and the Field Museum made the difficulties of the rough-winged swallow problem evident. The collections included few specimens in fresh feather and none in plumage comparable to that of the birds under con- sideration. The evidence tended to prove the intergration of ridgwayi with salz'i)ii and serripennis^^, but the occurrence of a typical ridgwayi in the Mazatlan region, as well as more or less characteristic examples in Jalisco (May 9), and in central Mexico, suggests that the variations may not be wholly geo- graphical in origin. 103. Polioptila caerulea amoenissima Grinnell. Western Gnatcatcher Gnatcatchers were quite numerous in the shrubbery border- ing the roads and fields about San Bias. One particular mi- mosa tree to the south of the town was generally found to liave several in its branches. Three female Western Gnat- catchers were taken on Octol^er 3 and 14. The bird collected on the 14th is in unworn plumage, only the central pair of rectrices is yet to be renewed. The body plumage of the other examples is fresh, but the flight feathers have not been re- placed. "Bangs, Biol. Soc. Wash.. XIX, p. 110. Vol. XVI] McLELLAN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT 39 104. Polioptila nigriceps nigriceps Baird. Baird's Gnatcatcher The trees bordering forest glades near Labrados were found to harbor quite a number of gnatcatchers. An immature female and an adult male secured September 17 and 26 proved to belong to this species. The postnuptial moult of the male is well advanced, but that of the female has hardly begun. 105. Thryophilus sinaloa sinaloa Baird. Sinaloa Wren At Labrados wrens were occasionally heard, but rarely seen. Although they were more in evidence about San Bias, speci- mens proved difficult to secure. The collection includes an im- mature male obtained at Labrados, September 22, and a ju- venile and an adult male taken at San Bias, October 6 and 3. The juvenile is in its first contour plumage, and the flight feathers are only partially developed. The auriculars and throat of this specimen are tinged with pale yellow. The plum- age of the adult is greatly abraded, but there is no indication of moult. 106. Pheugopedius felix pallidus (Nelson). Durango Wren An immature female of this species was obtained at San Bias, October 14. The breast and sides are strongly tinged with ochraceous-tawny, passing into pale cinnamon brown on the immaculate under tail-coverts. 107. Pheugopedius felix lawrencii (Ridgway). Lawrence's Wren Lawrence's Wrens proved to be abundant and very tame on Maria Madre. So confiding were they that they would ap- proach within a few feet of a spectator, and examine him without the slightest trace of fear. The plumage of a male collected October 22 is greatly abraded. Several of the remiges are worn almost to the rachis, and all but one rectrix has been shed. The contour plumage has been largely replaced, and some of the inner primaries are new. The newly developed feathers of the pilium are antique brown. 40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 108. Mimus polyglottos leucopterus (Vigors). Western Mockingbird Two mockingbirds in full song were discovered in a field near San Bias. No others were seen in the vicinity, but several were found on Maria Madre. The female taken at San Bias October 14 is experiencing postnuptial moult. Renewal of the contour plumage is almost complete, but the distal primaries and inner secondaries have still to be replaced. 109. Toxostoma curvirostre occidentale (Ridgway). Mazatlan Thrasher The Mazatlan Thrasher collected at Labrados, September 22, was the only representative of the species observed. Post- nuptial feather replacement is nearly complete. A few worn scapulars and interscapulars are present, and the distal primary and three proximal secondaries are those of the preceding sea- son. Some of the rectrices are not fully developed. 110. Melanotis caerulescens longirostris (Nelson). Tres Marias Blue Mockingbird Blue mockingbirds did not appear to be so numerous or so fearless as Nelson" found them in 1897. A good many were seen, however, in the less frequented portions of the thicket. They were very quiet in their movements, and no song was heard. The moult of the immature taken October 23 is well advanced. 111. Turdus rufopalliatus Lafresnaye. Mazatlan Robin At Labrados few robins were seen, but at San Bias they were more in evidence. A good many occupied the thicket north of Blanca de Tierra Point, and others were present in the lower growth flanking the Tepic road. A juvenile male taken at Labrados September 18 is assuming winter dress, but there are still many spotted feathers on the throat and breast. "N. A. Fauna, No. 14, p. 59. Vol. XVI] McLELLAN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT ^\ Two adult females secured at San Bias, October 10 and 15, have the feather renewal nearly complete, although pin feath- ers are present in the contour plumage. 112. Turdus graysoni (Ridgway). Tres Marias Robin Robins were abundant and widely distributed on Maria Madre. Although they seemed to prefer the more open areas on the eastern slope, a few were noted in the heavy timber. Two adult males collected October 22 and 23 are in fresh feather. In this plumage the feathers of the back are dresden brown, the scapulars margined with ochraceous-tawny, and the forehead and crown washed with a pale tint of dresden brown. The sides and flanks are pale buckthorn brown, and the under wing-coverts pale ochraceous-orange. 113 Hylocichla ustulata ustulata (Nuttall). Russet-backed Thrush One Russet-backed Thrush was obtained at San Bias, Octo- ber 3. It is a bird in its first winter plumage, and still retains buff-tipi>ed wing-coverts. 114. Lanivireo solitarius plumbeus (Coues). Plumbeous Vireo Vireos were very rare at all the collecting stations, and the capture of an adult male Plumbeous Vireo at Labrados Sep- tember 28 was quite unexpected. 115. Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus). Black-and-White Warbler A few birds of this species were noted in the woods flanking the Tepic road, San Bias, and one immature male was col- lected October 29. 42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 116. Compsothlypis pitiayumi insularis (Lawrence). Tres Marias Warbler Tres Marias Warblers were met with upon but one occasion on the mainland — in the low growth near the Labrados estero. Upon Maria Madre they were numerous, sharing with the wrens the distinction of being the most abundant species on the island. They seemed to be in full song, and gave voice to a faint but melodious lay. The collection includes an immature male from Labrados, taken September 24, and an immature and two adult males taken on Maria Madre October 23, 21 and 22. The first win- ter's plumage of the Labrados bird has been assumed, and the moult of the birds from Maria Madre is complete. 117. Dendroica aestiva sonorana Brewster. Sonoran Yellow W^arbler A male Sonoran Yellow Warbler was captured at Labrados, September 24. A few other examples were noted in that neighborhood, but none was positively identified at San Bias. The specimen in hand is in full winter plumage. 118. Dendroica erithachorides castaneiceps Ridgway. Mangrove Warbler Only one bird of this species was recognized in the man- groves near the Labrados estero, but at San Bias the growth fringing the marisma sheltered a great number of them. One immature and six adult males, two females, and one unsexed example were obtained at San Bias, October 9, 12, and 16. Two adult males have outer primaries and inner secondaries still in the sheath, and another has many unde- veloped feathers in the contour plumage. The unsexed bird appears to have fresh primaries and secondaries, but the ter- tials and rectrices have not been renewed. An immature female is in worn livery, but indications of replacement are in evidence in the body plumage. The remainder of the speci- mens have acquired winter dress. Vol. XVII McLELLAN— BIRDS OF SINALOA A.\'D XAYARIT 43 119. Dendroica nigrescens (Tovvnsend). Black-throated Gray Warbler An occasional warbler, believed to belong to this species, was noted in the tall timber bordering the Tepic road, and a female and an unsexed bird were obtained October 9 and 16. Both birds are in postnuptial garb. 120. Dendroica auduboni, subspecies Two birds of this species were seen at close range at sea between San Bias and Maria Madre, October 20. 121. Oporornis tolmiei (Townsend). Macgillivray's Warbler This warbler was not uncommon in wayside brush and second growth scrub on the mainland. An immature bird was taken at Labrados, September 27 ; and an immature male, a female, and an unsexed bird were secured at San Bias, Octo- ber 2, 10, and 14. The immature male has many pin feathers present on the forehead and throat, but the moult of the other examples is complete. 122. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ridgway. Grinnell's Water Thrush A male, in postnuptial dress, was taken near the Tepic road. San Bias, October 15. This species does not appear to have been previously reported from this portion of Mexico. 123. Geothlypis trichas modesta Nelson. San Bias Yellow-throat No yellow-throats were seen at Labrados, but about San Bias they were quite common. The marisma proved to be the headquarters of the s^^ecies, but some individuals were noted on the peninsula opposite the town. An adult male and four females were taken October 12. One female seems to wear winter dress, but moult is still in progress in the other examples. 44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 124. Icteria virens longicauda Lawrence. Long-tailed Chat In the vicinity of San Bias a number of Long-tailed Chats were seen. They frequented the bushes in the fields to the north of the town, and several were noted in the deep woods bordering the Tepic road. Two females were taken October 7. No moult is in progress, but the rectrices are unworn, and the outer primaries and the tertials appear to have been renewed. 125. Granatellus francescae Baird. Tres Marias Red-breasted Chat During the five days spent on Maria Madre only two birds of this species were seen. One was discovered in the deep woods on the western side of the island, and another, which was collected, in the lighter growth by the trail to the salinas. The sjiecimen is an immature male in fresh winter plumage. 126. Wilsonia pusilla chryseola Ridgway. Golden Pileolated Warbler Pileolated warblers were present in considerable numbers at both Labrados and San Bias. An adult and two immature males collected at San Bias, October 8, 22, and 28, have been referred to this form. 127. Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaius). American Redstart No redstarts were observed at Labrados, but a number of individuals were seen pirouetting and posturing in the quieter woods near San Bias. An adult male and female were col- lected October 9 and 16. 128. Euthlypis lachrymosa tephra Ridgway. Western Fan-tailed Warbler The collection includes two Western Fan-tailed Warblers, which were taken October 15 and 16 in the same spot near the Tepic road, San Bias. They were seeking food about a fallen \'0L. XVI] McLELLAN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT 45 log, and gyrated about much as do the redstarts. A sharp chirp was uttered at intervals as the birds went through their performance. 129. Pheucticus chrysopeplus (Vigors). Vigors' Grosbeak Certain trees in the vicinity of Labrados were resorted to by many Vigor's Grosbeaks. Occasionally one was heard uttering a rather pleasing call note, but no true song was produced. The three immature males secured September 23, 24, and 25 are assuming winter garb. One example has feather re- placement nearly complete; the others still retain much of the juvenile plumage. 130. Cyanocompsa parallina indigotica (Ridgway), Turquoise-fronted Bunting Wayside weeds and shrubs afforded food and cover for numbers of seed-eating birds. From among flocks of these birds two immature males and one immature female of the Turquoise-fronted Bunting were captured September 24, 26, and 27. The autumn moult of one of the males is well ad- vanced. The body plumage appears to be unworn, and new flight feathers are being developed. The other examples seem to belong to a late brood. Replacement of the juvenile plum- age has only well begun. 131. Sporophila torqueola (Bonaparte). Cinnamon-rumped Seedeater Weedy fields to the north and south of San Bias were favorite resorts of these seedeaters. Two adult males and three immature females were secured October 2, 5, 6, and 7. Although the plumage of the males is greatly abraded, a new lateral rectrix being developed by one of them is the only indi- cation of feather replacement. Two of the females are in winter garb, but the third, a much younger bird, has just commenced the moult of the contour feathers. 46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pboc. 4th Ser. 132. Volatinia jacarini atronitens Todd. Blue-black Grassquit Blue-black Grassquits frequented the corn fields and weed patches about Labrados, but they were so wild that specimens were difficult to secure. One male, too greatly damaged to preserve, was taken September 18, and another male and a female in the collection were secured September 26 and 27. The male is in fresh body plumage, but, save for the tertials and greater and lesser coverts, the flights feathers are much worn. The female is a bird in its first contour plumage. 133. Richmondena cardinalis mariae (Nelson). Tres Marias Cardinal On Alaria Madre, cardinals were exceedingly abundant. They were present in the scrub near shore and in the clearings on the central ridge. An adult male and female were secured October 22. The male is in almost fresh feather. Two proxi- mal secondaries have yet to be shed, and other flight feathers are not fully developed. The female has only just commenced the renewal of the remiges, and the worn rectrices are retained. 134. Saltator plumbiceps Lawrence. Grayson's Saltator During the collecting jDeriod at San Bias, only two of these birds were seen. An adult male was discovered in scrub growth in a field north of the town, and an immature female was shot in the heavy growth near the Tepic road. The female taken October 19 is in fresh plumage. The winter dress of the male is being acquired. The contour feathers and rectrices are new, but inner secondaries and the outer primary have not yet been replaced. 135. Spiza americana (Gmelin). Dickcissal Birds, believed to be Dickcissals, were present in the corn fields about Labrados, but no specimens were taken. At San Bias one of a pair was collected on the Tepic road, October 15; and another example was secured in the mangroves bor- Vol. XVI] McLELL AN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT 47 dering the marisma, October 29. The male still possesses worn tertials and rectrices, but the remainder of the plumage is fresh. The livery of the female appears to be unworn. 136. Chondestes grammacus strigatus (Swainson). Western Lark Sparrow An adult male and an immature female of this species were taken near the railroad station at Labrados, September 21 and 27. The male is in fresh postnuptial plumage, but the female is in worn feather. A few new feathers showing on the fore- head are the only indications of renewal. 137. Passerina ciris (Linnaeus). Painted Bunting Many Painted Buntings foraged among the wayside weeds, and darted in and out of the bushes at the marg-ins of clear- ings. Two adult males and two females were secured at La- brados, September 25 and 26, and an adult and an immature male were taken at San Bias. October 16 and 19. An adult male taken on September 26 has the outer primary still in the sheath and many pin feathers present among the contour feathers. The immature male is in fresh body plumage, but inner primaries, outer secondaries, and some of the lateral rectrices have yet to be moulted. A female taken on Septem- ber 26 has the flight feathers still in the sheath. The other examples have acquired postnuptial dress. 138. Arremonops superciliosus sinaloae Nelson. Mazatlan Sparrow The sweetest songster of the Labrados woods was so shy that he was exceedingly difficult to sight, although the notes frequently announced his presence. When specimens were eventually obtained September 26, they proved to be repre- sentatives of this rare form. So far as published records show, only six examples have been taken previously. The female in hand is in greatly abraded plumage, and moult has barely begun. The male is an immature which is beginning to acquire adult dress. 4g CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 139. Euphonia godmani Brewster. Godman's Euphonia A chance shot into the crown of a forest giant growing near Point Camaron, San Bias, brought to the ground the one euphonia collected. No other birds of the species were seen. 140. Piranga bidentata flammea Ridgway. Tres Marias Tanager Members of the Ortolan party, which visited the Tres Marias Islands in the spring of 1925, reported^* that tanagers were abundant on Maria Madre, but only one was seen in October. It was an adult male in greatly abraded plumage. Moult of the flight feathers has commenced, and many new feathers are present in the contour plumage. 141. Cassiculus melanicterus (Bonaparte). Mexican Cacique This species was common about Labrados and San Bias The noisy calls and brilliant plumage made it an especiall) striking feature in the avifauna of the region. At Labrados, Mexican Caciques were frequently found in company with Collie's Jays, with which they form a commensal union. Two males taken at Labrados September 23 and 24 are young birds acquiring winter plumage. A female collected at San Bias, October 10, is in similar garb. Two adult males taken at San Bias. October 3 and 12, have almost completed their feather renewal, although outer primaries and some of the rectrices are still in the sheath. 142. Tangavius aeneus aeneus (Wagler). Bronzed Cowbird In waste areas in the vicinity of Mazatlan and Labrados, cowbirds were quite common. The collection includes three immature males, an adult and an immature female, and an immature unsexed bird taken at Labrados, September 20. The adult female is in greatly worn plumage, but moult is evident in the plumage of all the examples. "Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.. 4th Ser., Vol. XV, No. 11, p. 310. Vol, XVI] McLELLAN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT 49 143. Icterus spurius (Linnaeus). Orchard Oriole The chestnut and black plumage of adult males of this spe- cies was often in evidence in the wayside shrubbery about San Bias. No bird in this livery was noted at Labrados, but an immature male was collected there September 21. Two males taken at San Bias, October 2 and 8, are in fresh feather, but a third secured October 2 still has the outer three primaries, inner secondaries, many wing-coverts, and the rectrices in the sheath. A female taken on the same day is in a similar stage of feather development. The Labrados bird is experiencing a complete moult. 144. Icterus pustulatus (Wagler). Scarlet-headed Oriole The harsh scolding note of the Scarlet-headed Oriole was frequently heard in the bush near the mainland collecting sta- tions. At Labrados they seemed to associate themselves with the caciques. Four examples were taken at Labrados, Septem- ber 22 and 23 ; and two more were obtained at San Bias, Octo- ber 2 and 19. One immature female from Labrados shows only the first indications of moult. An adult male and an im- mature male and female have moult well advanced, but in the immature birds replacement of the rectrices has not yet com- menced. The San Bias birds have assumed winter dress. 145. Icterus graysonii Cassin. Grayson's Oriole This bird was common oh Maria Madre, where its scolding note called attention to its presence in the scrub growth on the eastern slope of the island. The immature male secured Octo- ber 22 is undergoing moult, but the rectrices are not affected. 146. Megaquiscalus major obscurus (Nelson). Colima Boat-tail About the town of San Bias were numbers of ragged, tail- less boat-tails, every stage of disreputable plumage being in evidence. The birds were in the patios and on the roof ridges, and appeared in the weedy wastes on the outskirts of town. 50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. An immature and two adult males and an adult female were collected, October 5 and 10. A complete moult is in progress. A few faded feathers are in evidence and most of the fresh flight feathers are not fully developed. 147. Megaquiscalus major graysoni (Sclater). Grayson's Boat-tail The waste area to the north of Mazatlan and the fields about Labrados generally held representatives of this form. An unsexed bird (adult male) and an immature male were obtained at Labrados, September 20 and 25. The moult of the adult bird is well begun, but none of the rectrices has been replaced. The immature bird has new feathers present on the forehead and breast, scapulars and interscapulars. 148. Corvus mexicanus mexicanus Gmelin^^. Mexican Crow Flocks of crows frequented the coconut grove to the east of the town of San Bias, and others were to be found about the mill site north of Blanca de Tierra Point. Two males and a female were collected October 5, 8, and 9. All examples are in fresh feather, the outer primaries in each case not being fully developed. 149. Calocitta colliei (Vigors). Collie's Magpie-Jay This striking bird was frequently in evidence about La- brados in the company of the caciques. It was not present at San Bias, but on November 1, flocks were observed in the oak groves near Jalcocotan, Nayarit. An adult male and an adult and immature female were collected at Labrados, September 19 and 23. A complete moult is being experienced by the adult birds. The young bird is in its first contour plumage, '" Meinertzhagen, Novitates Zoologicae, XXXIII, p. 87. Vol. XVI] McLELL AN— BIRDS OF SINALOA AND NAYARIT 5 J and, except for a new central rectrix, there is no indication of feather renewal. 150. Cissilopha sanblasiana nelsoni Bangs & Penard. San Bias Jay Only a few of these jays were seen about San Bias, and they occupied the higher ground in the vicinity of the Tepic road. On October 15 and 16, two males and an unsexed bird were secured. The fall renewal of plumage is nearly complete in all specimens, only outer primaries and lateral rectrices not being fully developed. 151. Cissilopha beecheii (Vigors). Beechey's Jay Beechey's Jays formed a very striking part of the landscape in the vicinage of Labrados. Their sociable habits and noisy calls render them very conspicuous as the flocks move from tree to tree, foraging as they go. An adult male and an adult and an immature female were obtained at Labrados, Septem- ber 18, 22, and 23. The feather replacement of the adult birds is nearly complete, although some of the flight feathers are not fully developed. Renewal of the contour feathers of the immature female is in progress, but the flight feathers do not appear to be affected. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 2, pp. 53-85, text figs. 1-4, plate 1 January 31, 1927 II A CONTRIBUTION TO THE CLIMATOLOGY OF THE ICE AGE^ BY C. E. GRUNSKY President, California Academy of Sciences It is impossible to escape the conviction that in the early history of the earth its surface was hot. It was at one time a molten mass. The mean surface temperature of the earth where land is exposed now ranges from about zero degrees at the poles to about 8o° Fahr. at the equator. Under the ocean, that is on three-fourths of the earth's surface, the temperature is about 35° to 40°. The mean temperature of the entire surface of the earth where not covered by water is generally given at about ^^° to 60°. On land areas there is a daily variation of ground temper- ature to a few feet in depth and an annual variation extend- ing to depths of 20 to" 50 feet, depending on the character of the composition of surface formations. There is an increase in temperature with depth below the surface as shown by numerous temperature records in deep mines and in deep borings, as well as by the temperature of the water of deep flowing wells. This temperature in- crease, about 1° Fahr. in 40 to 60 feet, is of course quite variable, depending in large measure on the conductivity 1 Address given as Retiring President of the Pacific Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, June, 1925. January 31, 1927 54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. of the geologic formations. Should it continue at the average rate as ascertained for the limited depths which have been explored, the temperature at 25 to 30 miles below the surface would be high enough to fuse most rocks. There is, however, some evidence that the rate of temperature increase below the surface decreases somewhat with depth. Though this is a generally accepted conclusion there is, nevertheless, no good reason apparent for assuming that increase of temperature with depth does not continue to 100 miles or more below the surface. Be this as it may, there is no dispute as to the fact of great internal heat and that the present low temperature of the surface of this globe is the result of cooling. There was a gradual and we may assume fairly unbroken transition from the condition of great heat to a condition of tempera- tures as we know them today. May we not, then, indulge in a little speculation as to what, while the earth was thus cooling, was the condition of the water which now rests in the ocean beds at an average temperature of some 30° to 40°. For a time, water could exist in the form of vapor only. A little later, when surface temperatures approached the critical temperature of water, some water fell to earth but was again converted into steam as soon as it fell. If we imagine the water of the oceans distributed over the entire surface of the earth at a uniform depth, it would represent a layer with an average thickness of about 10,000 feet. Preceding the time when the temperature of the earth had fallen to the critical temperature of water, that is, the temperature at which water can no longer exist as a liquid (about 689° Fahr.) the atmospheric pressure was about 300 times as great as at present. A vapor blanket denser than water at its critical temperature enveloped the earth. When the cooling of the crust of the earth had progressed to, or a little below, the critical temperature of water, the atmospheric pressure was about 200 times as great as we now know it. At less pressure, water could not have existed Vol. XVI] GRUNSKY— CLIMATOLOGY OF THE ICE AGE 55 as a liquid at this high temperature. One-third of the water was then liquid. Its density at that high temperature, 689° F. (365 C.) was only one-third as great as that of the water of our present ocean, consequently the one-third of the water which was liquid had a volume about equal to that of all the oceans of today, and the rest or two-thirds of the water was in the atmosphere as vapor. There was, moreover, no sudden change in the atmospheric pressure, while this change from dense vapor to water took place. Pressures everywhere remained the same during this transi- tion because, in the depressions, hot water took the place of the hot vapor without change of volume. Thereafter, as cooling continued, more and more water was transferred from the atmosphere to the ocean and pressures on land areas became correspondingly less. If all of the water could have been maintained in con- densed form at its critical temperature of 689° Fahr., it would have covered the surface of the globe to an average depth of about 30,000 feet. On the assumption of the same inequalities in elevation of the earth's surface as today, the ocean surface would have been 20,000 feet higher than now and only the peaks of a few mountain ranges would have been above water. But, as already stated, two-thirds of the water was necessary as vapor to establish the pressure at which water can maintain itself as a liquid at its critical temperature. There was therefore no time at which the ocean could have had this extreme extent. As the cooling progressed to temperatures lower than the critical temperature of water, the proportional amount of water in the air as water vapor decreased as already stated, and the density of ocean water increased at such relative rates that, in all probability, there never was any very great departure in the actual volume of ocean water from that of today, once the critical point in the cooling process had been passed. For a long time during this cooling pro- cess, heat was fed from below into the superimposed water producing convection and keeping the oceans warm, not cold as they are today, and of course accelerating evaporation. 55 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sbk. The climate was hot and humid due to the preponderance of earth heat. It could not be otherwise. The presence of water has always interfered with dis- tribution of heat over the surface of the earth according to any uniform law. This was true of the period during which earth heat predominated even as at the present time. Un- equal distribution of heat in those early periods must have caused violent movements in the atmosphere and here and there condensation of moisture on a scale beyond compare with anything of which we conceive as having occurred in recent geologic times. From the conditions under preponderance of earth heat to the atmospheric conditions as we know them today, I venture to assume a gradual uninterrupted transition, already suggested, of which the great extent of glaciers in the Ice Age was but a temporary local phenomenon. However, as temperature thus dropped, a period must have been passed through in which ocean water approxi- mated present day temperatures at its surface, though still receiving enough heat from the warm ocean bed to cause more or less convection. It is to be assumed that ocean cur- rents resulted in this transition period which were incom- parably swifter and deeper than those with which we are familiar, and that these currents had a pronounced effect upon local climate and on the distribution of rainfall. Under this conception of gradual cooling there is no place for the sudden arrival of a temporary era of cold as so generally assumed by geologists. The many ingenious explanations of such an era of cold appear to be somewhat superfluous. Wherever in the writings on the Ice Age we turn to find an explanation of the conditions which then obtained we find ourselves confronted with attempts to account for a period of cold followed by a warmer climate, conditions which have been assumed essential to explain, first the ex- tension of ice fields and second, their retreat. The wide- spread conception applied to the Northern Hemisphere has been, and still is, that of a period of cold coming down Vol. XVI] GRUNSKY— CLIMATOLOGY OF THE ICE AGE 57 from the north followed by a moderation of climatic con/'^ ditions with more sunshine, more rain and less snow, acconv panied by a retreat of the ice northward. t*^ \ ^' Finding it necessary to offer some explanation for the^'^;^^ ^,^ ^^_yl^,/ assumed drop and subsequent rise in temperature of our northern latitudes, many have gone so far in this particular as to give serious consideration to cosmic causes such as suggested by Croll and ably discussed by numerous other geologists and physicists. The precession of the equinoxes and secular changes in the eccentricity of the earth's orbit must, it is claimed, affect temperatures and may, therefore, account for the colder climate in the northern hemisphere during the Ice Age. It is claimed that in one-half of a cycle of 25,000 years, that is in 12,500 years from now we may expect another Ice Age. Our northern winters will be 22 days longer and 20 degrees colder, and our summers will be shorter, though much hotter than now. No one, however, who advances this cause of assumed, but not proved, recurrent ice ages, seems to have taken into account the obvious fact that a drop in the cold of winter in cold latitudes has little effect on the volume of accumulating snow, while a slight change in summer temperature has a relatively large effect on the rate of its melting and on the rate of evaporation; that, consequently, even less snow and ice is to be expected 12,500 years from now (in consequence of greater summer heat) when our northern summers and perihelion will occur at the same time, than at present with the earth in aphelion during our summer. G. F. Becker (American Journal of Science, August, 1894) finds that in our temperate latitudes when the sum- mer occurs at the time when the earth is at the point of its orbit nearest to the sun, the extreme summer tempera- ture will be about 20° F. hotter than at present, and yet according to views frequently advanced, the longer colder winters are then to cause a great extension of glaciers. In "The Age of the Earth" by Alphonse Berget (page 46) in discussing the exterior agencies which in the Quaternary 58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Skr. Era predominated in forming the earth's crust, and in speak- ing of the enormous precipitation of rain in that era the author says: "Snowfalls, prevented from melting by the fall in temperature, caused an enormous extension of the glaciers, which at that time covered the whole of Cen- tral Europe and all of North America." The following is from a lecture by Professor Asa Gray delivered before Harvard University Natural History Society, April i8, 1878: "North of our forest regions come the zones unwooded from the cold, the zone of arctic vegetation" .... "What would happen if a cold period were to come on from the north and were very slowly to carry the present arctic climate, or something like it, down far into the temperate zone? Why just what happened in the Glacial period, when the refrigeration somehow pushed all these plants before it down to Southern Europe, to Middle Asia, to the middle and southern part of the United States"; .... "Here then, we have reached a fair answer to the question how the same or similar species of our trees came to be dispersed over such widely separated continents. The lands all diverge from a polar center, and their proximate portions, however different from their present configuration and extent, and however changed at different times, were once the home of those trees, when they flourished in a temperate climate. The cold period which followed, and which doubtless came on in very slow degrees during ages of time, must long before its culmination have brought down to our latitudes, with the similar climate, the forest they possess now, or the ancestors of it." And again, in speaking of the Miocene Tertiary or later deposits. Professor Gray says: "Geologists give the same name to these beds in Greenland and Southern Europe, because they contain the remains of identical or very similar species of plants; and they used to regard them as of the same age on account of this identity. But in fact this identity is good evidence that they can not be synchronous. The beds in the lower latitudes must be later, and were VcL. XVI] GRUNSKY— CLIMATOLOGY OF THE ICE AGE 59 forming when Greenland probably had very nearly the same climate which it has now." .... "The Glacial period or refrigeration from the north, which at its inception forced the temperate flora into our latitude, at its culmina- tion must have carried much or most of it quite beyond. To what extent displaced, and how far superseded by the vegetation which in our day borders the ice, or by ice it- self, it is difficult to form more than general conjectures, so different and conflicting are the views of geologists upon the Glacial period. But upon any, or almost any, of these views it is safe to conclude that temperate vegetation, such as preceded the refrigeration, and has now again succeeded it, was either thrust out of northern Europe and the northern Atlantic States or was reduced to precarious existence and diminished forms. It also appears that, on our own con- tinent, at least, a milder climate than the present, and a considerable submergence of land, transiently supervened at the north, to which the vegetation must have sensibly responded by a northward movement, from which it after- ward receded." Geikie in his Text book of Geology says (page 887): "Under the name of the Glacial Period or Ice Age, a remark- able geological episode in the history of the northern hemis- phere is denoted. The Crag deposits affbrd evidence of a gradual refrigeration of climate at the close of Tertiary ages." James D. Dana, discarding the efi^ect of the changing eccentricity of the earth's orbit upon climate as a cause of the Ice Age, nevertheless admits, apparently, that there must have been a general lowering of the temperature to permit the spread of the ice. On page 979 of his Manual of Geology we read: "the amount to which the mean tempera- ture of the globe was lowered to bring on the conditions of the Glacial period was probably small ..." E. Bruck- ner, in a recent discussion of the subject, concludes that a change in mean temperature of 8** F. to 10° F. would be sufficient. Louis Figuier in "The World before the Deluge," thus refers to the Ice Age: "The northern and central parts of ^ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Europe, the vast countries which extend from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and the Danube, were visited by a period of sudden and severe cold; the temperature of the polar regions seized them. The plains of Europe, but now ornamented by the luxurious vegetation developed by the heat of a burning climate .... became covered with a mantle of ice and snow." The Ice Age occurred at the close of the Tertiary and beginning of the Quaternary geologic period. This was at a time when the life on the earth was not greatly at variance with life of our time. But the earth's surface was habitable, notably before the Ice Age, by animals and plants requiring a temperate or warm climate far to the northward of the points to which such climates now extend. In the Tertiary Period there was a remarkable assemblage of animals on our continent, many species of which became extinct during the presence of the great ice sheet. Their remains are found in the post-Pliocene deposits. On this subject G. F. Wright in the "Ice Age in North America" says (page 387): "The program of events seems to have been about as follows: In the warm period preceding the Glacial epoch, when the vegetation of the temperate zone flourished about the North Pole, there was land con- nection between the continents, permitting the larger species of the Old World to migrate to North America. At the same time the conditions in North America were favorable to the tropical species of animals which had developed and flourished in South America. The refrigeration of the clim- ate on the approach of the Glacial Period, and the advance of the ice from the north, cut oflF retreat to the Old World species and gradually hemmed them in over the southern portion of the continent, where all forms of life were com- pelled to readjust themselves to new conditions." .... "With the withdrawal of ice to the north, the struggle of these animals with the conditions of existence began anew, and the mammoth and some others found themselves unable to cope with the changes to which they were compelled to adjust themselves. From the abundance of the remains of Vol. XVI] GRUNSKY— CLIMATOLOGY OF THE ICE AGE gj these animals found in the peat bogs of kettle holes in the glacial terraces of gravel and loess, it is evident that they followed close upon the retreating ice front, and some of them continued the retreat to the Arctic Circle, where they still live and flourish; while others Hke the elephant and mastodon, perished." It should be added that the mammothcouldlive, under the mild climatic conditions of the Ice Age, so close to the margin of the ice, that occasionally one of them — probably in attempting to cross swamps at the sides or fringes of the glaciers — became entrapped and was conserved there in frozen condition even to the present day. Geologists tell us that many have been found with skin and hair and even the flesh well preserved. One such specimen of which there is record, was discovered in Northern Siberia at the mouth of the river Lena in 1806; another also in Northern Siberia in 1846 and another subsequent to the delivery of this paper in 1925 or 1926. But it is not the purpose of this paper to discuss at length the general conditions on the surface of the earth during the Ice Age or the relative importance of changes in eleva- tion of the glaciated regions and of changes in ocean currents which may have aflfected the extent of ice fields. Certain characteristics of the climate of the late Tertiary and Qua- ternary times, no doubt locally affected to some extent by the presence of the ice fields are, however, to be noted. Let me now call attention to a feature of the Quaternary landscape which, like the glaciers has, due to a change in cHmate, disappeared. I refer to the Great Quaternary (or Pleistocene) lakes of the Lake Bonneville type. The largest of these. Lake Agassiz, owing to the fact that it was the ponded water at the southerly foot of the great North American ice field, should perhaps be put in a class by itself. But it, too, may be accepted as evidence of the fact that in its time there was abundant precipitation. The immediate concern will not be with this lake, however, but with the three. Lake Bonneville, Lake Lahontan and the ancient Lake Mono, all so well described by geologists of the U. S. 52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Geological Survey, notably Dr. G. K. Gilbert, I. C. Rus- sell and Warren Upham. The birth of the Sierra Nevada may, according to the geologists, be placed in the Tertiary Period of Geologic time. Preceding the cataclysm which resulted in its up- heaval there had been vast deposits over the entire west- ern portion of our continent from ocean water or under ocean water and when the shrinkage of the earth's crust and its folding came these were lifted to high altitudes. Then erosion set in. River systems were formed on a large scale many of which were destroyed in a later era, when there was further shrinkage and more crumpling of the earth's crust, with much escape of lava, giving a new aspect to the country. The great depression between the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range began to fill up with detrital material washed down from the mountains. It was after the uplift of the Sierra Nevada in the late Tertiary and in the Quaternary epoch that the lakes already referred to had their greatest extent. The interior saucer- shaped basin or valley at the lowest point of which we now find the Great Salt Lake of Utah, was filled in the early part of Quaternary times with water to an elevation icxdo feet higher than the present lake level. This great ancient lake to which geologists have given the name "Bonneville" had an extent of 19,750 square miles. For thousands of years, long enough to clearly mark an easily traceable beach line, evidenced in places by large deposits of gravel, this lake had no outlet; then it broke its barrier to the north and discharged toward Snake River, cutting its outlet, with occasional pauses in its descent, down into soft rim- rock about 370 feet. Thereafter for other thousands of years it maintained a fairly constant level at the height of this outlet about 625 to 630 feet above the present lake level. Another such interior Pleistocene lake covered a large area in Nevada now occupied in small part by Pyramid and Winnemucca lakes and by the sinks of Humboldt and Car- son rivers. This lake is known as Lahontan Lake. Its extent was a little less than one-half of that of Lake Bonne- Vol. XVI] GRUNSKY— CLIMATOLOGY OF THE ICE AGE 63 Fig. 1. The Great Basin, United States. 64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sek. Fig. 2. Lake Bonneville, Utah. Vol. XVI] GRUNSKY— CLIMATOLOGY OF THE ICE AGE 55 ville; its depth was nearly as great. Lake Lahontan had no outlet. Ancient Mono Lake is the third of the Quaternary lakes, already referred to. This lake on the plateau at the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada had in Quaternary times a maxi- mum surface extent of 316 square miles or four times that of the present Mono Lake. The surface of the ancient lake was about 680 feet above the present lake level. The ancient Mono Lake had no outlet. All of the water which fell upon the lake and upon the surrounding mountain slopes, as rain or snow, went back into the air by evapora- tion. The physical facts of immediate interest relating to these Quaternary or Pleistocene lakes as taken from the reports of Dr. Gilbert and Mr. Russell in Monographs I and XI of the U. S. Geological Survey are as follow: The greatest extent of Lake Bonneville was 19,750 square miles. Its highest stage was i,cxx) feet above the present surface of the Great Salt Lake. Its drainage basin, coin- cident with that of the present lake, is 54,000 square miles in area. The outlet of the lake was at the north into the valley of Snake River. There was no outflow after the lake had fallen below the level of the Provo beach at about elevation 630 feet higher than the present lake. The area of the present lake is about 2500 square miles. (See Fig. 2.) The greatest extent of Lake Lahontan was 8422 square miles. The drainage basin in which this lake appeared has an area of about 40,000 square miles. The lake's average depth was about 500 feet. Its greatest depth 886 feet. (See Fig. 3.) The greatest surface extent of ancient Lake Mono was 316 square miles. Its water surface was about 680 feet above that of the present lake. The present lake has a water area of about 85 square miles. Its drainage basin has an area of 973 square miles. (See Fig. 4.) Of Lake Agassiz we are told by Warren Upham of the U. S. Geological Survey, that its surface extent was 110,000 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th See. Vol. XVI] GRUNSKY— CLIMATOLOGY OF THE ICE AGE 57 square miles, its tributary watershed 350,000 to 500,000 square miles and its water surface elevation about 700 feet above the present surface of Lake Winnipeg. The existence of these Pleistocene lakes, particularly of those which had no outlets, affords a convenient means for estimating the rainfall in their watersheds in the Qua- ternary epoch. The great extent of these lakes may be accepted as evidence that the rainfall was then far greater than in our day. It may be assumed that temperature did not differ greatly from the present, though somewhat warmer. The loss of water by evaporation from an open body of water from lakes and from the ocean was, there- fore, probably materially greater in a given period of time than today. Assuming, however, for purposes of a first approximation that evaporation losses from the interior lakes was the same as at present, then by a simple calcula- tion a determination can be made of the increased precipi- tation that would have been required to maintain the two land-locked lakes at their full stages. This analysis indicates that the precipitation throughout the drainage basins of each of the two landlocked lakes must have been about twice as great, when they were at their greatest extent, as it now is, A similar calculation shows the same relation to present day rain, of the rainfall on Lake Bonneville when it had its greatest extent and before it broke its barrier to the north. After the outlet began to discharge Lake Bonneville water into Snake River, the rainfall may have been, relatively, still greater. There is no means of telling. If the conjecture be correct that the weather was some- what warmer in Quaternary times than now, then evapora- tion from the Quaternary lakes must have exceeded that of the present time and this excess, too, must have been made up by more rain. The assumption, therefore, that there was twice as much rain and snow in the plateau region of the continent in Quaternary times, than now falls there, does not seem unreasonable. It is probably an underesti- mate. 68 CAUFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th S«x. Fig. 4. Ancient Mono Lake, California. Vol. XVI] GRUNSKY— CLIMATOLOGY OF THE ICE AGE 59 But if there was twice as much, or more, precipitation to the east of the Sierra Nevada, there must have been a simi- larly greater precipitation than at present on its crest and on its western slope. The normal precipitation throughout that portion of the Sierra Nevada which is known to have been covered with glacial ice — contemporaneously with the existence of the Quaternary lakes — now ranges from about 40 to above 90 inches per annum of rain equivalent. Most of the precipitation is in the form of snow. If this pre- cipitation were doubled the annual snow fall at the high altitudes would exceed the annual depletion by melting and by evaporation and there would be an extension of glaciers down into the greater warmth of lower altitudes. Exactly this occurred in Quaternary times. It will thus be seen that a warm climate of the period, conducive to the rapid transfer of moisture from the ocean to the atmosphere and back again to earth as rain or snow would account not alone for the large rivers and the great lakes of the plateau region but also for great local accumulations of ice in the concurrent Glacial Period, as in our own northern latitudes. That, elsewhere, too, rainfall was heavy at this period of the earth's geologic history is a well-known fact, thus for example L. Larter (in Comptes Rendus de I'Academie des Sciences in 1856) shows that the Dead Sea in late Tertiary or Quaternary times must have had a considerably greater extent than at present, as evidenced by sediments deposited over enormous stretches of country both to the north and south of the present lake. He correlates the existence of this ancient lake with the Glacial Epoch, evidences of which in this region are found in the moraines on Mount Lebanon. The ancient Dead Sea had a water surface about 1300 feet higher than the present lake. It is worthy of note that evaporation rates have, hereto- fore, generally been over-estimated, and a few words, there- fore, on this subject may not be out of place. The geologists of the U. S. Geological Survey have generally assumed an evaporation rate of 6 feet or more per annum in the plateau region. This is from two to three times greater than more 70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [P»oc. 4th Ser. recent information on this subject would indicate. Nu- merous observations have shown that fairly close estimates of the yearly evaporation from open bodies of water can be made in regions whose mean monthly air temperature is known. Temperature is the dominant factor influencing the rate of evaporation. It follows that altitude, because temperature decreases with altitude, is to be taken into account when evaporation is to be approximated in regions where experimental observations are lacking. To illustrate — in temperate regions such as in the great valley of California, at sea level, evaporation from a large open body of water is about 4 feet per annum. At Lake Tahoe at an altitude a little over 6000 feet the rate is about 20 to 24 inches per annum. (Note. Evaporation from a pan floating in shoal, and therefore comparatively warm water on the western shore of the lake has been found by measurement to be about 30 inches. This is certainly in excess of actual evap- oration from the entire lake surface). Using mean monthly temperatures at Truckee, and the evaporation rates indi- cated by the Kingsburg curve (See Trans. Am. Soc. C. E. Vol. LXXX, page 1978) evaporation in the Tahoe region at altitudes of about 6000 feet should be about 17 inches per annum. At the Great Salt Lake, elevation 4200 feet, evaporation takes place at the average rate of about 30 inches per annum. The lake receives only a relatively small accession of water from July i to October i. During this period of three months the average drop of the lake's surface has been 1.2 feet in the 21 years, 1903 to 1923. In these three months the rainfall on the lake has averaged 1.3 inches. The acces- sion of water to the lake from underground sources is known to be small. This is evidenced by the occasional large monthly drop of the water surface, due to unusual warm weather which allows no place for an assumption of material accession of water from underneath. The visible or sur- face inflow, during these months, is also very small. Allow- ing, however, a small amount for accessions of water other than by direct rainfall, the aggregate accession may be Vol. XVI] GRUNSKY—CLIMATOLOGY OF THE ICE AGE J\ called 2 inches or 0.17 feet. (This is equivalent to a continu- ous inflow of 133 sec. ft.) Evaporation during these three months must therefore have been about 1.37 ft. (1.20 +0.17=1.37). But with the aid of mean monthly tem- perature records it is found that in the Salt Lake region the evaporation in the three months under consideration is about 60 per cent, of the annual evaporation. Consequently 2.3 feet, or 28 inches, is indicated as the average annual evaporation rate. It is preferred to call this about 30 inches or 2.5 feet, which as already stated, is less than one-half of the amount of evaporation per annum usually assigned by geologists to this plateau region. There were great rivers in the epochs preceding and fol- lowing the Ice Age and no doubt during the same. These were the result of large runoff caused by heavy precipitation. The shrinking of the glacier, extending, we must assume over thousands of years, contributed so little water to the runoff that this factor is negligible as affecting the stream flow of post glacial times. The annual melt and the shrink- age are not, in other words, to be confounded. Preceding the filling of Lakes Bonneville and Lahontan and Mono Basin with water in Quaternary times, there appears to have been a period, generally referred to as a period of desiccation, during which cones of alluvial material were deposited at the mountain bases of the valleys. It is quite probable that this period was not as dry as might be supposed. The alluvial material required water for its transport but this water was evaporated probably under the influence of high earth and air temperature even as at so many other spots on the globe where the thick deposits of salt are mute evidence of the evaporation of vast bodies of water. The great salt deposits as we know them in parts of the Old World, in central New York, and in the South, represent the evaporation of tremendous quantities of ocean water. Of those in New York State it is said that the quantity of water that must have been there evaporated was equivalent to a layer a mile in depth. Here, as in the case of the salt 72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. deposits of Europe, there was probably a land-locked arm of the ocean full of water at a relatively high temperature, being evaporated, perhaps with earth heat, at a rate faster than freshwater flowed in from the surrounding drainage basin. There is a constant flow into the Mediterranean Sea through the Straits of Gibraltar. Tributary rivers do not fully replenish evaporation losses. Its water therefore con- tains more salt than ocean water — about one-sixth more. In contrast with the Mediterranean Sea the waters of the Baltic Sea contain less salt than the ocean. The present- day accession of freshwater from tributary watersheds exceeds the evaporation. This condition was, as geologists tell us, less pronounced in an earlier geologic time. The water was then much saltier, quite likely due to greater evaporation resulting from warmth from underneath. At many places on the globe a saturated brine was pro- duced in land-locked bays and precipitation of the salt took place. How long it took to produce the known deposits which in New York State are 60 to 75 feet and which in parts of Europe as shown by deep borings, are 3000 feet and more in thickness, must be left to conjecture. The rate may have been rapid or very slow. An extreme condition in the latter sense would be similar to that represented in our day by the Mediterranean Sea where nearly as much freshwater is annually delivered to the sea as evaporated from its surface with the result that its salinity is only slightly in excess of that of the ocean and apparently has changed but little through the centuries. No better illustration than the world's great salt deposits is wanted of effects that have resulted from the hot condition of the earth's crust at the close of the Silurian age when these deposits were formed. At this time, moreover and in the epochs which followed, the climate was from temperate to torrid the world over, except only as modified by alti- tude. When the cooling of the globe had progressed so far that in some places the winter precipitation was snow and not Vol. XVI] GRUNSKY— CLIMATOLOGY OF THE ICE AGE 73 rain, and this snow fell upon a land surface sufficiently cool, it began to accumulate. Despite the general warmth of the climate, which I venture to suggest must have continued throughout the Glacial period, the volume of snow which fell was in many places greater during the colder winter months than the heat of the following summer could melt. The snow began to pile up and the glacier began to form. Such a place on our own continent was the region between Montreal and Hudson Bay. The southward advance of the North American ice sheet was not from the polar region. The ice accumulated at points of large snow precipitation and radiated from these points, notably from the point to the southwestward of Hudson Bay, in all directions. The ice flow and the extent of the glaciers must have been determined by the relation of the annual snow fall to the annual rate of snow melting. The glaciers continued to grow in extent in all directions and in thickness so long as the snow fall predominated; they commenced to shrink when there was more melting of the ice than snow replenishment. The annual snow deposit at the beginning of the Glacial Epoch when the great North American glacier began to form slightly exceeded the rate of melting and evaporation, with the result that the ice fields which it formed were gradually extended toward the north, south, east and west until in due time the entire northern portion of the continent was an ice sheet with a greatest thickness of at least 10,000 feet and perhaps much more. Where this ice sheet covered the ground it was of course cold, particularly in winter, but speaking in a broad sense, the earth's climate all around the ice was temperate or warmer than temperate; this was the condition even in the Arctic region, toward which, as toward the south, there was a flow of the ice. This flow apparently emanated from the region where the ice field attained great- est thickness. For any other satisfactory explanation of the accumulation of the ice than a generally warm climate with much rain and snow, we seek in vain. Many geologists, as already January 31, 1927 74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Skr. noted, assume that the earth passed through a period of low temperature and try to account for the same. And, then, in considering the obvious explanation, they are con- fused by the fact that glaciers existed in Cambrian and Permian times as well as in Quaternary. This should not be disturbing, because during all these periods much of the ocean, if not all of it, was warm and evaporation was large with consequent heavy precipitation and with large stream- flow in some places and large accumulation of snow in others. It would take but slight changes in the direction of ocean currents and in elevation, many of which are known to have occurred, to change the places of heaviest precipitation and even to produce an ice field where, without change of general climate there had been none before. Broadly speaking, the period of heavy but gradually decreasing rainfall must have continued until the ocean had cooled to near its present temperature. The decrease of precipitation considered in the aggregate over the entire surface of the globe, though gradually approaching that of our day, was still sufficient in Quaternary times to supply water to great river systems, and to supply more snow to vast continental areas than rains and solar energy could reduce to water. It was later, perhaps, that the effect of earth heat upon the rate of evaporation became negligible as a factor and the fall of rain and snow was correspondingly reduced. The melting of ice began to exceed replenishment by snowfall, and the shrinking of the ice field commenced. This shrinking did not, as already stated, cause the great post glacial floods of which there is abundant evidence. Melting was a slow process even as the forming of the glaciers had been slow. It is, moreover, a process going on even in our own day to a measurable extent without notable effect on the flood-flow of glacial streams. The retreat of the glaciers of Switzerland is an historic fact, as also that of the glaciers of Alaska. They will never again advance unless, indeed, there be such shifting of ocean currents and of storm tracks or changes in altitude as will materially affect local precipitation to the advantage of the glacier. Vol. XVI] GRUNSKY— CLIMATOLOGY OF THE ICE AGE 75 According to the conception of the Ice Age as occurring during a period when the chmate was warm, during a period when the earth's temperature at the poles was still sufficiently high to maintain conditions as we now know them in temper- ate or semi-tropical zones, the Ice Age most probably fell into that period of geologic time in which the influence of earth temperature upon the temperature of the ocean was dwindling. It is because of this fact, if it be a fact, that no recurrence of the Ice Age is to be looked for. The advance of the ice, its retreat and readvance all fell into one geologic epoch, controlled by terrestrial influences as already sug- gested. From the exhautive studies of the late Dr. G. K. Gilbert, we learn with reference to Lake Bonneville that before the great flooding, the water-level was low and that this pre- Bonneville period was of great duration compared with those that have followed. A first Bonneville high-water appears to have been followed by a period of near or com- plete desiccation. Then came a second period of high water, the waters rising until overflow was reached. Subsidence followed down to the level of the Provo Beach, 370 feet below the highest lake stage and there, there was a long halt. Then came the further recession to the existing con- dition. Geologist Russell finds evidence in the Mono Lake basin to substantiate Dr. Gilbert's conclusion that these Quater- nary lakes had two successive high stages, a fact which, if accepted, would be in substantiation of the claim that there were at least two successive advances of the ice sheet; that there was a fairly long interglacial period. Concerning such an interglacial period, W. B. Wright in his Quaternary Ice Age (p. 171) remarks that "Opinion is by no means undivided as to the interglacial significance of these beds" (the Toronto formation). "It is generally admitted that they must have been formed during a tempo- rary retreat of the ice from the immediate neighborhood of the sections, but there is the usual disagreement as to the extent of the retreat." 75 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Referring to the same Toronto Formation, Mr. G. W. Lampaugh in an address in 1906 before the Geological Section of the British Association, said: "On this and other evidence it is clear that during the course of the Glacial period the whole of the district was for a considerable time released from the ice sheets which previously and afterwards covered it. Moreover, in the opinion of Professor Coleman" (A. P. Coleman who first described the interglacial Toronto Formation), "Some of the plants and shells of the warm climate beds denote conditions which would be incompatible with the persistence of the ice sheets anywhere in Canada; and if this be so, then we here have proof for at least one interglacial epoch. But I still permit myself to feel doubt regarding this last mentioned deduction, as the shells and plants in question, which have their present habitat in the Middle United States, even yet endure winters of consider- able severity; and there are certain factors in the composition of the beds and their altitude above Lake Ontario that justify caution." G. F. Wright in "The Ice Age of North America," sets forth reasons for regarding the period as a unity but he says (page 195) : "On any view of the case we are compelled to regard the Glacial period as one of great vicissitudes. Evidently .... there were great irregularities both in the advance and in the retreat of the ice. From a combina- tion of causes which can not yet be explained there were periods of rapid advance alternating with periods of retreat, intercalated with long periods of equilibrium. The glacialist possesses the great advantage of having a most complicated cause at hand to account for his phenomena. But while this enables him to explain everything, it as well prevents him from being over-confident in any special solution he may present of minute problems." Not only does it appear that the rainfall and snowfall in Quaternary times must have been twice that of the present time, or more, but our Pleistocene lakes have left good evidences to show which way the wind blew. A recent visit to the Point of the Mountain (See Plate i), Vol. XVI] GRUNSKY— CLIMATOLOGY OF THE ICE AGE 'J'J some 30 miles south of Salt Lake City and an inspection of the Bonneville Beach gravel deposit at that point led to some speculation as to how this large deposit was made. It is not a detrital alluvial cone in the ordinary sense. There is no break in the mountain range through which the gravel could have been brought by a creek or river into the main valley. The gravel must have been moved along shore until it found its resting place. Water actuated by wind was the transportation agency. It appears clear that while Lake Bonneville stood for thousands of years at the level marked by this beach formation, the prevailing winds were not unlike those of today. The summer winds were from the north or slightly northwest, the winter brought the strong blows from the south. Each ravine descending from the bordering mountain range contributed some gravel to that formed by wave action at the base of the ancient sea cliffs. On this long extent of north and south beach to the northward of the Point of the Mountain this gravel was shifted about by wave action. The direction of the beach was slightly south of west turning at a pronounced spur, against which the great gravel spit now rests, abruptly to a southeasterly direction. The waves driven by the northerly wind during the summer months picked up the surface layer of gravel particles and rolled them obliquely up the beach in a south- erly or southeasterly direction and under the influence of the return flow of the water which was left on the beach by each succeeding wave they then rolled down again, but in a direction normal to the direction of the beach. Each such displacement took them a little further south on the beach, a little closer to the Point of the Mountain. At this point the waves from the north, running there at right angles to the shore line, lost their power to transport the gravel lengthwise of the beach and the gravel came to rest. Not only was this the case but the winds from the south which in winter sent waves against the shore southward from the Point of the Mountain caused a similar creep of shore gravels toward the north, and their influence in this 7g CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. direction, too, stopped at this point. No other causes were needed to accomplish the building of the gravel spit. Referring to a similar deposit of gravel on the same old Bonneville Lake shore at the pass between the Tooele and Rust valleys, where a spit of gravel projects westerly- having a length of about 7000 feet and a height at its extrem- ity of 150 feet. Dr. Gilbert says: "The greatest waves came from the north, and beating on the southeast shore of Tooele Bay, carved out a long line of sea cliffs." Dr. Gilbert speaks of the waves and undertow and a littoral current as the agencies which contributed to a southward transport of the resulting gravel. The assumption of the littoral current is superfluous, it probably did not exist, certainly not of force sufficient to transport gravel. At lower stages of the lake still more gravel was added to this great gravel bar, usually referred to as the Great Bar near Stockton. Here as at the Point of the Mountain, there is clear evidence of persistent strong winds from the north — no doubt the spring and summer winds and of wind, too, from the south — the winter winds. All the available evidence appears to indicate that during the Glacial Age the climate in general and particularly in the polar regions was similar to that at present in the temper- ate zones. There were, no doubt, at that time certain regions in which earth heat still had a strong effect on sur- face temperature and particularly upon the temperature of ocean water. Such a point of influence may have existed in the North Pacific, where even today our storms appear to originate and possibly, too, in the North Atlantic. Acceler- ated evaporation, due to earth heat and relatively high temperature, loaded the air with the vapors which fall as snow in the north of Europe and which in the north of our own continent produced the glaciers. It is quite conceivable that as cooling progressed and evaporation decreased, both the continental ice sheets and the Quaternary lakes began to shrink, in each case due to lack of snow and rain, and that later activity of the plastic mass under the crust of the earth resulted in a belated local Vol. XVI] GRUNSKV— CLIMATOLOGY OF THE ICE AGE 79 rewarming of ocean waters and of a second period of heavy precipitation with partial restoration of the ice sheet and a complete refilling of the Quaternary lakes. Though he doubts somewhat the importance of precipita- tion as a factor controlling the extent of ice fields, some light is thrown on this subject by W. B. Wright of the Geo- logical Survey of Ireland in his work on "The Quaternary Ice Age." He says (page 450): "There has of recent years, been a tendency among geologists to exaggerate the impor- tance of precipitation in the production of glaciers and ice sheets" .... "The really essential thing" he says "is the lowering of the snow hne so as to bring some portion of the range into the region of perpetual snow." But he con- tinues: "This nevertheless does not make the matter per- fectly clear, for the height of the snow line, although mainly a matter of temperature is to a certain extent, dependent on precipitation. Thus, in the west of the Alps, and in the extreme southeast, near the Adriatic, where the precipitation is greatest, the present snow line is relatively depressed." Again quoting Dr. Gilbert: "To account for the origin of Bonneville Lake, we need to assume a climatal change that would increase precipitation or diminish evaporation; and both of these effects would follow, in accordance with familiar meteorological laws if the humidity of the air were increased, or if the temperature were lowered." Dr. Gilbert seems, however, to have failed to consider the possibility of increased precipitation outweighing the local effect of increased evaporation that would take place under the influence of a warmer climate. Several facts may be cited to show occasional long time persistence of weather types. Thus, for example, some 60 years ago. Goose Lake in the extreme northeastern portion of California, extending over the boundary line into Oregon, contained enough water to overflow. The rainfall since that time, however, has not been sufficient to offset the evaporation from the lake and it has been shrinking. The same is true, though less obviously in the case of Tulare Lake whose bed has repeatedly been dry since 1898 but gQ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. which had been overflowing from 1862 to 1876. In the case of Tulare Lake it is known that at some remote date, his- torically and not geologically speaking, the lake had been very low — far below the overflow level, almost desiccated in fact, for a period long enough to permit willow trees to take root some 17 feet below the lake's high water level and grow to diameters of 4 feet and more. These facts show the occasional persistence of comparatively light rainfall for long time periods, for half centuries and possibly for centuries, followed by other long periods with more precipi- tation. In the case of the Great Salt Lake similar variations in the amount of precipitation for series of years is to be noted. This is clearly evidenced by the known fluctuations of lake levels. This lake was low in the 40's, continuing so until about i860. It then rose from year to year to a stage about 10 feet higher culminating in 1870 and holding the high stage for seven or eight years. There was thereupon a drop to a second low stage in the 90's at which time the consensus of opinion seems to have been that the lake would feel the efi^ect of diversions of water from its tributary rivers for irrigation and would never again rise to a high stage. The lake, however, responding to the effect of somewhat larger precipitation began to rise again and has now for several years been at or near the high stage of 50 years ago. No regularity of any kind is indicated for the alternative periods of lows and highs — of persistent light rainfall and of persistent heavier rainfall. Bearing on this matter and to show that causes for local changes in climate are not difficult to find. Prof. C. H. Hitchcock might be cited as shown by the following taken from Warren Upham's Monograph on "The Glacial Lake Agassiz": "The general absence of Pliocene formations along both the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North Am- erica indicates, as pointed out by Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, that during this long period all of the continent north of the Gulf of Mexico held a greater altitude, which from the evidence of these submarine valleys is known to have cul- minated in an elevation at least 3000 feet higher than that Vol. XVI] GRUNSKY— CLIMATOLOGY OF THE ICE AGE gj of the present time. Such plateau-like uplift of the con- tinent appears to have exerted so great influence on its meteorological conditions, bringing a cooler climate through- out the year, that it finally became enveloped by ice sheets." .... "The thickness of the ice in the region of the White Mountains and Adirondacks was about i mile; and Dana has shown from the directions of striations and trans- portation of drift that its central portion over the Lauren- tide highlands between Montreal and Hudson Bay had, probably, a thickness of fully 2 miles." In discussing climates, as already stated, we are too apt to compare mean annual temperatures with each other, regardless of variation in extremes, forgetting that a dif- ference of a few degrees in the warmer months of summer counts for very much more than the same difference in winter months at a temperature below the freezing point. Thus, for example, in the matter of temperature influence on evaporation: When the mean monthly temperature is below the freezing point the evaporation from open water, or from snow and ice surfaces, is very light. Consequently no drop in temperature even to many degrees below zero of our Fahrenheit scale can affect the amount of evaporation in any given time to any great extent. Changes of 20° or even of 40° in the mean monthly temperature of the winter months of our northern latitudes would affect the aggregate annual evaporation but little. On the other hand a change of a single degree Fahr. in the mean temperature of a single month will add to the monthly evaporation from o.i inch to 0.3 inch according to whether the mean monthly tempera- ture is in the neighborhood of 40° or in the neighborhood of 80°. In its influence on meteorological conditions, and especially on evaporation a few degrees of change in the mean temperature of summer months, then, will outweigh the influence of any possible change in mean monthly tem- perature of winter months particularly if the winter tempera- tures are below the freezing point. Where winters are cold the mean annual temperatures are, therefore, of but little moment in a discussion of the weather conditions which }J2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. affect the persistence of ice or of land-locked bodies of water throughout a series of years. It is the temperature of the warmer months of the year which counts. If a summer month has a temperature io° in excess of a normal of 70° the evaporation during such an unusually hot month will exceed normal evaporation by nearly 3 inches. (Evapora- tion from a large open body of water is here meant — not evaporation from experimental pans, in which there is always an accellerated rate.) And if such a departure of temperature from normal should persist throughout an entire summer season the consequent departure of evaporation from normal in the year might easily reach 10 to 20 inches of excess, even though the departure of temperature in summer be offset many times over by excessive cold in the winter months. In our temperate latitude, departure from the mean monthly temperature in the amount of 10° is not common nor is such a departure likely to extend to all the warm months of any single season. But when we go back in geologic time to an earlier period, to a period even as recent as the Quaternary, it takes no great stretch of the imagination to conceive of a climate a few degrees warmer in summer than that of our time. It must have been so, if there is any merit in our conception of the gradual cooling of our globe. The greater warmth sent greater volumes of water into the air from wet ground, lakes and oceans and, as all of the water rising as vapor must fall to earth again, there was a corresponding increase of aggregate precipitation. It is readily conceivable that there was sufficient concentration of this excess, on our Sierra Nevada and east thereof and, too, in the region of the great ice fields of the north to main- tain our local Sierra Nevada glaciers and the Pleistocine lakes, and the great glaciers of the Ice Age. The climate of the Ice Age was, then, characterized by greater warmth and not by greater cold than in our day. This, of course, does not mean that the presence of the ice and the heat consumed in its melting did not have some Vol. XVI] GRUNSKY— CLIMATOLOGY OF THE ICE AGE 33 local effect upon temperature of the atmosphere and, there- fore, upon climate. Evaporation from ice and snow is relatively very light. The melting of the glacial ice, too, is slow at the low tempera- atures which prevail in a region of glaciers. Furthermore, the greater differential in heat content of the air over the warm ocean and over a great adjacent ice field must have been conducive to cloudiness and consequently a shielding of the ice field from the direct rays of the sun. The ice may be conceived as having caused local low temperatures, rather than that cold was the cause of the Ice Age. High ocean temperature and disposition of land and water favorable to heavy precipitation in the northern hemisphere together with some changes in altitude^, prob- ably quite moderate, and a somewhat warmer climate, would appear sufficient to explain the Ice Age. Lower mean temperature of the globe than at present could not have existed, though temperatures may have been lower in some localities. A generally cold climate with lesser evaporation and consequent lesser precipitation would not necessarily result in the growth of glaciers. Heat with large evaporation, and heavy precipitation will fully account for the vast accumulations of snow and ice in favored locali- ties. The Ice Age fell, we may assume into that period at which the earth's crust had cooled to near present day temperatures but during which the ocean was still receiving heat from below, in spots at least, causing convection and probably ocean currents much more pronounced than those of our day in which ocean water is warmed to a slight depth only by the heat from the sun. The two great centers of atmospheric depression, the regions in which the great cyclones originate, which bring rain, are near Greenland and near the Aleutian Islands. 'Changes in altitude were caused, in large part, no doubt, by the gradual shifting of the vapor load from the land areas to the ocean during the time that the temperature at surface of the Earth dropt from the critical temperature of water (365° C) down to that of the present time. A great load was thus removed from the land areas, as the vapor condensed and flowed into the ocean. On the basis of the relative extent of land and water areas the shifting of the water load must have been equiva- lent to a removal of about 6000 feet in depth of water from land areas and the addition of about 2000 feet in depth to the ocean. 84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Phoc. 4th Ser. On the assumption that these same centers of barometric lows existed in the Ice Age and that the paths of the storms were substantially the same as today but that storms were of greater extent and dropped more rain and snow, the localization of the great ice sheets in the northern part of our own continent and in the northwestern part of the Eastern continent could be fully explained. There were no glaciers in northern Asia because the air had lost its sur- charge of moisture before it got that far. Some geologists are not satisfied with a single interglacial epoch but contend for a number of such epochs — up to six or perhaps even more. Changes in the distribution of rainfall due to local causes such as modifications of ocean currents or the formation of new mountain ranges, would amply account for such breaks in the continuity of the Ice Age. Because changing extent of land areas and moderate changes in elevation will readily account for local variations in the amount of snowfall there must have been many places in past geologic times where conditions were favorable to the formation of glaciers. Some evidence of glacial action is, therefore, to be expected far back in geologic history. The glacier, in other words, resulted from the same general prime cause as the great river systems of the past. It is only, however, in such places as the Dead Sea and as in our own Quaternary Lakes that we note a clear correlation of ample water production and its accumulation in land-locked basins, with the presence of glaciers. Russell reaches the definite conclusion that the greatest expansion of Lakes Mono, Lahontan and Bonneville was contemporaneous with the maximum extension of the North American ice sheet. He says "The last great expansion of the lakes of the Great Basin occurred during the close of the Glacial period, and may be considered as contempo- raneous with the Champlain epoch of the Eastern States." The interglacial epochs whether one only, or a number, as contended for by many geologists, are almost invariably referred to as periods of warmth. This conception is reason- able but implies a conception of the Ice Age as a period of Vol. XVI] GRUNSKY— CLIMATOLOGY OF THE ICE AGE 35 cold. I venture to believe that, except as locally modified by the presence of ice, the entire Ice Age together with its interglacial period was a period of warmth, a period of large evaporation from open bodies of water and in conse- quence a period of heavy precipitation making for large stream flow and for large snow fields. I have ventured in the foregoing to question the generally accepted conception of the earth having passed through any period of cold. I have pointed out that the land-locked Pleistocene lakes. Ancient Mono, Lahontan and Bonneville, afford means of approximating precipitation in relation to that of today; that this precipitation was probably twice as great; that heat with consequent large evaporation was necessary to produce this heavy precipitation, and that because the existence of these lakes was contemporaneous with the Ice Age, the accumulation of snow must also have been due to heavy precipitation. The climate of the Ice Age, generally speaking, must therefore have been warm, warmth being necessary to account for heavy precipitation. Diversity of climate then, as now, is clearly indicated by the records as they have been interpreted by geologists although in this and earlier geologic times the influence of latitude, owing to more widely distributed earth heat, was probably somewhat less than now. Periodic changes in the extent of the ice fields and of the Pleistocene Lakes can be fully accounted for by changes occurring from time to time in continental outlines and ele- vation of landmasses.with resultant changes in ocean currents. There is then no need of assuming an era of cold as the cause of the Ice Age. Where the climate was locally colder than it now is, the presence of the ice was the cause and not the result of the cold. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI, No. 2 GRUNSKYl Plate 1 Fig. 5. View near Point of the Mountain and near Salt Lake and Utah County Hne, from Redwood Road looking S. E. toward Timpanogus, seen in the background, capped with snow. • ■ ^ _;— * ' * '"' — .5 ■ •»^,:«L^_ • ; =y„-'-g >rr?r^-.^ r^AsCLI. Fig. 6. View near Ogden, Utah. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 3, pp. 87-95, plates 2-3 January 31, 1927 III THE MARINE MIOCENE DEPOSITS OF NORTH COLOMBIA BY FRANK M. ANDERSON This paper is offered as a preliminary note on the Miocene section of northern Colombia, concerning which a more com- plete discussion will be furnished later. The section is the somewhat incomplete series occurring near Puerto Colombia at Tubera Mountain, Usiacuri, and neighboring points. Its aggregate thickness at Tubera Mountain is near 2800 feet, which has been divided into a number of horizons, or stages, some of which are fossiliferous. In the following tabu- lar outline they are designated by letter : T, — Top of section, not locally represented 2,650 feet S, — Soft, medium-grained sandstone at the top of Tu- bera Mountain 450 " R, — Soft yellowish sandstone at Tubera village, con- taining numerous fossil Mollusca 350 " Q, — Sandstones and shales 350 " P, — Fossiliferous graj', sandy shale, northwest slope of Tubera Mouncain 400 " O, — Sandy shales and soft incoherent sandstone with f eruginous layers 400 " N, — Gravelly sandstone, hard in part, with species of Turritella, Spondylus, and other forms 550 " M, — Blue or gray shales 50 feet soft shaly sandstone, and pebbly beds, conglomerate, etc 250 " 300 " Total, 2800 feet January 31, 1927 gg CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. The most fossiliferous stage is "M", of which a brief ac- count will be given here on account of its special position and faunal character. Beneath "Stage M" there are clay shales, sandy shales and hard cherty beds occurring near Las Perdices and other points, the thickness of which is not known beyond a few hundred feet. It contains a few species of Mollusca, bone fragments and scales of fishes, sponge spicules and numerous species of Foraminifera. Dr. G. Dallas Hanna has made a preliminary examination of these shales and has offered the following notes : "The shales contain a very considerable number of fossils, the groups being represented about as follows in order of abundance: (1) Radi- olaria; (2) Diatomacese; (3) Foraminifera; (4) Sponges; other organ- isms are scarce. There has been pyritization to a considerable extent and many of the chambers of the fossils are filled with iron sulphide. A great many of the diatoms have been replaced entirely and internal casts of the frustules are abundant. Coscinodiscus was the only genus definitely iden- tified in this group. Many of the genera and some of the species of Radi^ olaria are the same as have been found in the famous deposit on Bar- bados Island^ and which Payne^ has put definitely in the Miocene. Some of the genera are : Stylodictya, Histiastrum, Stylosphaera and Eucyrti- diutn. Foraminifera are scattered rather sparingly through the mass of the material, the common genera being: Globigerina, Orbulina, Lagena, Truncatulina, Cassidulina, Nodosaria, Anomalina, Frondicularia, Plecto- frondicularia and Bolovina. It is believed that these organisms offer a means whereby a definite correlation can be made with strata of known age elsewhere. This preliminary examination indicates that the forma- tion lies very close to the base of the Miocene, if, in fact, it is not the lowermost part of the sediments of that period." "Stage M" is in part a coarse pebbly sandstone, often forming conglomerate near the base, and quite fossiliferous, including many heavy-shelled species and littoral forms not found higher up in the section. Some of the slaty pebbles at the base have been perforated by boring molluscan species, which fact, taken together with the character of the fauna itself, shows this horizon to have been deposited near shore, and the charac- ter of the pebbles indicates that the shore formations were such as have been described for underlying rocks. ' See Ehrenbcrg, Fortsetzung der niikrogeologischen Studien als Gesainmt- Uebersicht der Mikroskopischen Pal;iontologie gleichartig analysirter Gebirgsarten der Erde, mit specieller Riicksicht auf den Polycystinen-Mergel bei Barbados. Ab- hand. k. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1875 (1876). pp. 1-226, pis. 1-30. * Liostephania and its allies. London, 1922, p. 21. Vol. XVI] ANDERSON— MARINE MIOCENE DEPOSITS 39 From the foregoing statements it would appear that "Stage M" rests unconformably upon these formations, but as to whether the latter group may not also be a part of the Miocene series has not hitherto been known. "Stage M" is believed to be older than any other similar group of the Miocene in Colombia, and since it is found at Punta Pua east of Carta- gena, and at other places still more distant, its occurrence is not local, and its fauna is characteristically littoral, as already stated. This stage is undoubtedly older than the Gatun group as found at the spillway of the Canal, though probably not older / ''•fAr>^ than some of the beds placed in the Gatun group by other writers. In Costa Rica Olsson has described Miocene beds thought to belong to the Gatun group, but older than those occurring near Gatun. They may be contemporaneous with' "Stage M" of the Colombian section, and if so, both should also be correlated with the Cercado stage of Santo Domingo (Maury), which is probably older than the Gatun group of the Canal Zone. Some of the more characteristic species from "Stage M" are included in the following list : Antigona caribbeana n. sp. Cypraea henekeni Sowerby Area veatchi Olsson Conus molis Brown & Pilsbry Area rel. chiriguiensis Gabb Architeetonica gatunensis Toula Area (Scapharca) auriciilata Lam. Natica cuspidata Guppy Cardium (Trachycard.) lingualeonis Natiea guppyana Toula Guppy Mitra henekeni Sowerby Cardium (Laevicard.) dalli Toula Strombus pugiloides Guppy Glycymeris jamaieensis Dall Strombus gatunensis Toula Glycymeris lloydsmithi ^rown & Terebra rel. haitensis Dall Pilsbry Terebra bipartita Sowerby Mactrella (Harvella) elegans Sow. Terebra gatunensis Toula Pitaria cereadica Maury ^Turritella abrupt a (Spieker) Raeta gibbosa Gabb Turritella altilirata Conrad Spondylus bostrychites Guppy Turritella planigyrata Guppy Spondylus cf. gumanomocon Petaloconchus domingensis Sowerby Brown & Pilsbry Serpulorbis papulosa Guppy Venericardia brassica (Maury) Careharodon cf. rectus Agassiz ' Spieker has described as a variety of T. robusta Grzy. a form which he calls var. abrupta from the Zorritos formation of Peru. (See Johns Hopkins University Studies in Geology, No. 3, 1922, p. 85, PI. IV, fig. 6.) The Colombian species is probably identical with this, which can be distinguished from T. robusta Grzy., not Gabb ( = 7". supraconcava Hanna & Israelsky, 1925). 9Q CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. The description of only a single species thus far found in "Stage M" can be offered to illustrate its fauna at the present time, though its full stratigraphic range is not yet known. Antigona caribbeana Anderson, new species Antigona multicostata Olsson (not Sowerby), Bull. Am. Pal. Vol. IX, p. 411, PI. 30, fig. 1; Gatun stage. Water Cay; Lower Miocene of Costa Rica. This immense species of Antigona is perhaps the largest representative of the genus yet found in the Caribbean Terti- ary deposits. The holotype here figured measures 6.75 inches in length, 6.25 inches in altitude, 4.75 inches in entire thick- ness; weight of a nearly complete well-cleaned shell, 4.6 pounds. Shell cordate in outline, when full grown, though younger individuals in the collection are somewhat quadrate, as shown in Olsson's figure; umbones prominent, though de- pressed, drooping forward; dorsal margin roundly curved from beak to posterior end in the holotype, though younger shells somewhat angulated at the rear; anterior dorsal margin narrowly rounded; ventral margin nearly circular, or a little straightened behind ; lunule relatively small, impressed, bor- dered by a sharp groove, flattened though rugose throughout by concentric lines of growth ; escutcheon deep and wide, bor- dered by a pronounced ridge, from which, on the left valve, the slope is much broadened, overlapped only at the rear ; liga- mental groove deep and wide; hinge plate short, as shown in the figure, and relatively heavy as compared with its near rela- tive, Antigona multicostata (Sowerby) ; inner margin of the shell finely crenulated, in which respect it differs from the lat- ter species ; muscle scars large, anterior deeply impressed ; sur- face of shell concentrically costate with about 46 strong but almost smooth, flattened concentric ridges, slightly nodose on the anterior end of the shell. Type: No. 2521, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. from Tubera Moun- tain near Puerto Colombia, Colombia; Miocene. This species is doubtless a near relative of the smaller living and Pleistocene form described by Sowerby as Venus multi- Vol. XVI] ANDERSON— MARINE MIOCENE DEPOSITS 9J costata from the Panama region/ which has not yet been shown to occur in the Miocene deposits. Possibly another near relative is found in the smaller Venus ducatelli Conrad from the Miocene of Maryland. Our species differs from the living V. multicostata in being larger, and relatively heavier, with shorter and heavier hinge plate and teeth, and in being orna- mented on the surface by smoother, less nodose concentric costae, and within by crenulations along the ventral margin of the shell, which the living species lacks. It differs from V. ducatelli in being much larger and heavier, with more promi- nent umbones, relatively heavier hinge, and crenulated in- terior margin. * Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1835, p. 22. ^2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIESCBS [P«oc. 4th Sbr. Plate 2 Antigona caribheana Anderson, new species. Type No. 2521 (Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.) from Tubera Mountain, near Puerto Colombia, Colombia; natural size. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI, No. 3 [ANDERSON] Plate 2 C)4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Plate 3 Aufigoiia caribbcaiia Anderson, new species. Type No. 2521 (Mus. Calif Acad. Sci.) from Tubera Mountain, near Puerto Colombia, Colombia; natural size. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI, No. 3 [ANDERSON] Plate 3 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 4, pp. 97-122 January 31, 1927 IV FISHES FROM EASTERN CHINA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES BY BARTON WARREN EVERMANN AND TSEN-HWANG SHAW This paper is a report on two small collections of Chinese fishes, the first made by the junior author at Shanghai, Woo- sung (near Shanghai), Nanking, Hangchow, Sunkiang, and Chuchi. in 1924-1925; the other by Professor Chi Ping of Southeastern University, Nanking, China, at Chefoo, Nan- kiang, Woosung, Ningpo, and Wenchow, in 1921 and 1922. The specimens collected by Professor Ping were kindly sent by him to the senior author for identification and report. The collection made by Mr. Shaw was brought by him to America in 1925 and presented by him to the California Academy of Sciences. The total number of specimens examined is 128, of which 94 were collected by Mr. Shaw and 34 by Professor Ping. The localities and the number of specimens from each is as follows : January 31, 1927 93 CALIFORXIA ACADEMY OF SCIEXCHS H'koc. 4rn Sfr. Locality Shaw Ping Shanghai 11 Wenchovv 1 Woosung 1 1 Sunkiang 4 1 Chuchi 9 Nanking 10 16 Hangchow 59 Ningpo 5 Chefoo 10 Total 94 34 A series of duplicate specimens has been sent to Doctor Ping at Nanking. The writers are under obligations to Mr. H. Walton Clark for valuable assistance in the study of these specimens. Type localities are printed in black-face type. Family Carcharhinid^ 1. Scoliodon laticaudus (MiJller & Henle) Chinese name, Sar-yu (Sand-fish) One specimen (No. 875), a young individual 274 mm. long from tip of snout to end of caudal fin, collected by Dr. Ping at Wenchow, Chekiang. Body compressed ; head depressed ; snout long. Head 3.2 in length of body without caudal; depth 6.5; eye with nicti- tating membrane; first dorsal without spine, opposite space between pectoral and ventrals ; second dorsal behind origin of anal ; length of anal nearly equal to its distance from ventrals ; pectoral not reaching origin of first dorsal ; caudal 8.7 in total length with tail, with a distinct lower lobe ; length of preoral portion of snout exceeding width of mouth ; a short labial groove at angle of mouth, not extending on upper jaw; teeth in both jaws, none serrated; a small pit above root of tail; mouth crescentic, inferior. Color dark brown. Carcliarias (Scoliodon) laticaudus Miiller & Henle, Wiegmann's Archiv f. Naturg., 1837, I, 397, East Indies. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN & SHAIV— CHINESE FISHES 99 2. Hemigaleus pingi Evermann & Shaw, new species One specimen. Body elongate, slender; head depressed, flattened below ; spiracle small ; nictitating membrane present ; mouth with distinct labial folds ; first dorsal opposite space be- tween pectoral and ventrals ; length of preoral portion of snout equals width of mouth ; distance between eye and spiracle about 3 in diameter of eye; mouth inferior, crescentic, the groove at angle extending some distance on each j?t\v; nostrils nearer mouth than to snout; distance between outer point of nostrils slightly greater than width of mouth; three rows of teeth on upper and lower jaws, each tooth with a basal lobe; pectoral near gill-opening ; second dorsal a little in advance of anal ; a pit below and one above caudal. Color dark brown, lighter below; a few black spots on each side of body. Type: No. 500, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a specimen (original No. 851), 266 mm. long, collected by Dr. Ping at Wenchow. We take pleasure in naming this new species for Dr. Chi Ping, professor of zoology. Southeastern University, Nanking. Family Dasyatid^ 3. Dasyatis zugei (Mijller & Henle) Chinese name, Tse-yao-yu (Stingray) One specimen (No. 878), 272 mm. long with tail, collected by Dr. Ping at Chefoo. Disk slightly broader than long ; snout pointed, the margins nearly straight, the length 3.5 in that of disk; interorbital con- cave; two fins at base of tail, tail longer than disk, whip-like, with prominent fold on upper and lower sides; a long and strong spine at about end of first fourth of tail ; eye about equal to diameter of spiracle which is immediately behind it. Color light brown above, white below. Trygon zugei Miiller & Henle, Plagiostomen, 168, pi. LIII, 1838, Nagasaki. YQQ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pboc. 4th Ser. Family Acipenserid^ 4. Acipenser sinensis Gray Chinese name, Ging-yti (Sturgeon) One specimen obtained in the Hongkew fish market in Shanghai. It was a young fish 51 cm. long, and is now pre- served in the Ching Chong High School, Shanghai. It proba- bly came from the lower part of the Yangtse River. The species inhabits the seas of China and is said to reach a length of 300 cm. or more. Head 3 ; depth 5 ; eye 7 ; snout 2. Body armed with 5 rows of bony plates, the dorsal series containing 14 plates, the two lateral ones 41 each; ventrals 10 each; dorsal with one plate behind located in posterior part of body; anal with two small plates in its front and one behind ; four barbels before mouth ; pectoral near gill-opening ; ventrals close to anal ; one large bony plate on each opercle. Color, dark gray on back, lighter below. Acipenser sinensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Part II, 1834, 122, China. Family Engraulid/E 5. Coilia ectenes Jordan & Seale Chinese mme/faou-ym (Knife-fish), from the sharp ventral edge. Seven specimens (145, 166, 203, 207, 245, 255, and 275 mm. long respectively), from Hangchow, Chuchi and Nanking; No. 761 from the Yangtse River (Dr. Ping Coll.), the others Nos. 508 to 513 (Shaw Coll.). Head 6.5 to 6.6; depth 5.8 to 7.7 \ eye about 7; interorbital width 3; V. 6; P. 16; snout 4.5 to 5.8; D. II, 11; A. 90 to 106; scales about 69. Six pectoral filaments, the longest reach- ing beyond origin of anal; maxillary tapering behind, extend- ing to base of pectoral ; distance between base of first dorsal ray and tip of snout about 4 in total length without caudal ; gillrakers about 35 on lower limb of outer arch ; abdominal serratures 49. Color, silvery white. Description based chiefly of the Ping specimen. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN & SHAW— CHINESE FISHES JQl This species differs from Coilia nasiis Schlegel, in the greater number of anal rays, the latter having only 85 accord- ing to Schlegel (Fauna Japonica, Poiss., p. 244). The average length of this species is about 300 mm. They appear in the lower Yangtse and the Chientang River after April. They also appear in the lakes connected with the river. They do not seem to be found in inland waters in the winter. Chinkiang is famous for this fish which is much prized, the flesh being of delicate flavor, albeit with many small bones. Coilia ectenes Jordan & Scale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIX, 1906, 517, Shanghai, China. Family Flutid^ 6. Fluta alba (Zuievv) Chinese name, Hwang-sang (Yellow Mud Eel) ; Japanese name, Taimagi (Rice-field Eel) One specimen (No. 849), 246 mm. long, from Nanking, Head 8.3 in distance from end of snout to anal opening ; eye about 8 in head ; snout 4 ; no scales. Body elongate, tail nar- row and tapering to a point ; origin of dorsal slightly in front, the ventral slightly behind anal opening. Color, yellowish; blackish above, orange below. A common food fish in eastern China. Basilewsky called it Apterigia saccogularis. Murcena alba Zuiew, Nov. Act. Acad. Sci. Petropol., 1793, 299, pi. VII, fig. 2. Family Anguillid^ 7. Anguilla japonica Temminck & Schlegel Chinese name, Mur-yii or Mnr (Eel) Two specimens, 390 and 495 mm. long respectively (Nos. 514 and 515), from Shanghai and Hangchow. Head 3.4 in length to vent; depth 8; head and trunk 1.5 in rest of body; snout 5.3; maxillary 3.3 in head; interorbital 5.6; eye 2 in snout; distance between dorsal and anal origin 1.25 in head. j^Q9 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Color, dark above, white below ; fins more or less pinkish ; caudal black at tip. Common in Eastern China. Auguilla japonica Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 258, pi. CXIII, fig. 2, 1846. Family Mur^nesocid^ 8. Muraenesox cinereus (Forskal) Chinese name, Ho-aang (Stork Eel) One specimen (No. 852), 345 mm. long, from Chefoo. Head 2.2 in length to vent; snout 4 in head; eye 2.1 in snout; jaws with several series of small teeth, anteriorly with canines ; middle of vomer with several large conical teeth ; two pairs of nostrils, the posterior opposite middle of eye; origin of pectoral above gill-opening; of dorsal, a little in advance of pectoral. Color, grayish brown above, whitish below. This species is reix)rted also from Chekiang and southward to Canton. Murcena cinerea Forskal, Descr. Anim., pages X and 22, 1775, Red Sea. Family Cyprinid^ 9. Sacocheilichthys variegatus (Temminck & Schlegel) Chinese name, Loo-hen-yu (Buddha-fish) One specimen (No. 516), 87 mm. long, from Nanking. Head 4; depth 3.3; eye 3.1; interorbital 2.1; D. 9; A. 8; scales 5-40-5. Upper profile of snout convex; mouth inferior, horseshoe-shaped ; lower jaw with j^endent lateral lobes ; no barbels; origin of dorsal fin nearer tip of snout than base of caudal. Leuciscus variegatus Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 213, pi. CI I, fig. 2, 1846. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN & SHAW— CHINESE FISHES \QT^ 10. Parabramis pekinensis (Basilewsky) Chinese name, Pein-yu (Flat-fish; Chinese Bream) Four specimens (Nos. 760, 586, 587 and 588), 152-212 mm. long, from Hangchow, Shanghai and Nanking. Head 4; depth 3; eye 4 in head, greater than snout; D. II, 8; A. 34; V. 9; scales 11-52-9; second dorsal ray very strong, not serrated, about as long as head; upper jaw overlapping lower ; pectoral shorter than head ; scales moderate ; mouth an- terior ; no barbels ; origin of dorsal a little behind ventrals. Abramis pekinensis Basilewsky, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc, X, 1855, 239, tab. 6, fig. 2. 11. Zezera rathbuni Jordan & Scale Chinese name, Tson-chau-ting One specimen (No. 517), 186 mm. long from Nanking. Head 5, its depth 1.45 in its length; depth 4.5; eye 7.4; snout 2.7; interorbital width 2.6; D. 8; A. 7; scales 7-56-6. Body elongate, head naked, rather blunt; barbel present, a little longer than snout. Color in spirits, gray above, yellowish below with some silvery reflections. Zesera rathbuni Jordan & Scale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIX, 1906, 518, fig. 2. Shanghai, China. 12. Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus Chinese name, Li-yu (Carp) One specimen (No. 518), 115 mm. long, from Chuchi. Head 3.3; depth 3; eye 5; snout 2.8; D. Ill, 18; A. Ill, 5; scales 5-36-6; two pairs of barbels. Abundant in lakes and rivers. Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 1758, 320. JQ4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 4th Ser. 13. Carassius auratus (Linnaeus) Chinese name, Chi-yu (Small Carp; Goldfish) One specimen (No. 847), 162 mm. long-, from Nanking. Head 3.3; depth 3; eye 4; snout 4; D. II, 17; A. Ill, 5; P. 17; V. I, 8; scales 7-28-5. Common everywhere in Eastern China. Cyprinus auratus LinnjEus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 1758, 323. 14. Myloleuciscus aethiops (Bleeker) Chinese name, Tsou-yu (Weed-eating Fish) Two specimens (Nos. 764 and 589), 151 and 190 mm. long respectively, from Shanghai and Nanking. Head 3.8; depth 3.75; eye 5.2; snout 3.5; interorbital width 2.1; D. I, 8; A. 10; P. 18; V. 9; scales 6-42-5; origin of dor- sal at middle of body ; origin of pectoral at gill-opening ; ven- trals nearly opposite dorsal. Anal midway between ventrals and caudal. Color, lig"ht yellow, blackish above. A common food-fish in ponds and lakes of Eastern China. Leuciscus athiof>s Basilewsky, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc, X, 1855, 23, tab. 6, fig. 1, Pekin. Myloleuciscus atripinnis Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XL, 1912, No. 4, 116, Shasi, Hupeh Province, China. 15. Acheilognathus imberbis Giinther (Parachilognathus imberbis Bleeker) One specimen (No. 519), 57 mm. long, from Shanghai. Head 3.8; depth 2.5; eye 3 in head, equal to snout; D. II, 12; A. II, 10; scales 6-34-5; interorbital width a little greater than eye; mouth small; no barbels; origin of dorsal a little nearer tip of snout than caudal; lateral line slightly curved downward. Color, silvery; a bluish band along middle of side of tail. We have compared our specimen with one in Stanford Uni- versity collected at Tien Tsin by N. F. Drake and find them to agree perfectly. Achilognathus imberbis Giinther, Cat., VII, 278, 1868, China. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN & SHAW— CHINESE FISHES JQS 16. Acheilognathus asmussi (Dybowski) (Acanfhorhodens asmussi) One specimen (No. 520), 57 mm. long, from Shanghai. D. II, 16; A. II, 13. Closely related to A. iinbcrhis, but with more numerous fin-rays. 17. Culter recurviceps (Richardson) One specimen (No. 759), 202 mm. long, from Yangtse River, at Nanking. Head 4; depth 3.2; eye 4.6; snout somewhat greater than eye, equalling interorbital width ; D. II, 7 ; A. 28 ; scales 12-48-9; lateral line nearly straight; mouth subvertical; no barbels; caudal forked; second dorsal spine strong and smooth ; pectoral extending to ventrals ; interorbital space con- vex ; maxillary not reaching orbit. Color, silvery. Leuciscus recurviceps Richardson, Ichth. Chin., 295, 1845. Culter albuniHs Basilewsky, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc, X, 1855, tab. 8, fig. 3. 18. Hemibarbus barbus (Schlegel) Three specimens (Nos. 871, 590 and 591). 188, 215 and 175 mm. long respectively, from Hangchow and Nanking. Head 4.1 ; depth 4.3; eye 4.2; snout 2.6; interorbital width 3.1; D. Ill, 7, the second spine strong, smooth and about length of head; A. II, 6; V. 10; P. about 19; scales 6-47-6, 4 between lateral line and ventral and 5 between it and anal ; origin of dorsal a little nearer tip of snout than tip of caudal. Many small black spots on back and on dorsal and caudal fins. Our specimens agree with others from Formosa which we have examined in Stanford University. Gobio barbus Schlegel, in Siebold's Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 198, pi. 99, fig. 1, 1850. JQ^ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 19. Pseudogobio chaoi Evermann & Shaw, new species Chinese name, Ma-chi (Horse Carp) One specimen. Head 3.5; depth 4.5; eye 3; snout 2.3; in- terorbital width 4.5; D. H, 7; A. 7; V. 9; scales 6-38-5; mouth inferior, with 2 small barbels at each corner ; origin of dorsal about midway of body; ventral somewhat behind dor- sal. A series of round blackish spots above lateral line; dor- sal with some black spots. This species resembles P. esociniis Schlegel, but dififers in the shorter head, shorter snout, and weaker and shorter bar- bels. From P. drakei Abbott (No. 6303, Stanford Uni- versity) it differs in the longer head, larger eye and deeper body. Type: No. 501, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci,, a specimen 97 mm. long, from Nanking, China. It gives us great pleasure to name this species for Messrs. T. P. Chao and P. K. Chao, graduates of Southeastern Uni- versity, who so kindly assisted the junior writer in collecting some of the specimens. 20. Saurogobio dumerili Bleeker One specimen (No. 850), from Chefoo and two (Nos. 521 and 522), from Hangchow, 222, 226 and 227 mm. long, respectively. Head 6; depth 8; eye 4.5; snout 2.8; interorbital width 3.1 ; D. 9; A. 8; scales large, 6-55-4. Body elongate, not com- pressed ; snout blunt ; mouth inferior ; horseshoe-shaped ; 4 bar- bels, their length equal to diameter of eye ; origin of dorsal at beginning of second third of body length (in the Chefoo speci- men the distance from snout to origin of dorsal is 2.7 in total length) ; pectoral nearly as long as head; origin of anal nearer base of caudal than to dorsal. Color silvery, the Chefoo ex- ample a little darker than those from Hangchow, probably be- cause of manner of preservation. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN & SHAW— CHINESE FISHES JQ? 21. Squaliobarbus jordani Evermann & Shaw, new species Head 4.2 to 4.5; depth 4.3 to 4.6; eye 4.2 to 4.6; snout 3.3 to 3.6; interorbital width 2.2; D. 9; A. I, 7; scales 6-46-3, of moderate size, the lateral line low but terminating in the mid- dle of the tail. Dorsal opposite ventral, its origin at middle of length of body; interorbital space flat; upper jaw slightly over- lapping the lower; two minute barbels, one at each angle of mouth; caudal forked. Color, blackish-green above, pale be- low; a dark area on each scale forming rows of small black triangles with the apex pointing forward, about 6 rows on each side. This species differs from Sqiialiharbus curriculus Richard- son, in the advanced position of the ventrals, the more numer- ous scales in the lateral line, the fewer dorsal rays, and the presence of only 2 barbels. Five specimens (Nos. 873, 523, 524, 525, and 502), from Hangchow, Nanking, and Shanghai, 120, 133, 141, 167, and 213 mm. long, respectively. Type: No. 502, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a specimen 213 mm. long, collected by Mr. Shaw at Hangchow. We take pleasure in naming this species for Dr. David Starr Jordan to whom practically all American ichthyologists of the last half century owe their inspiration. 22. Xenocypris davidi Bleeker One specimen (No. 526), 190 mm. long, from Hangchow. Head 4.7; depth 3.7; eye 3.7; snout equals eye, interorbital width 2.6; D. II, 8; A. 14; scales 10-74-7, the lateral line run- ning along middle of body; second dorsal spine strong and smooth; ventrals below dorsal, their distance from snout nearly 2 in total length ; origin of anal about midway between ventrals and caudal ; mouth small, the upper jaw overlapping the lower; no barbels; caudal forked. Our specimen agrees well with the descriptions of X. davidi except that it has more scales in the lateral line. Xenocypris davidi Bleeker, Sur. Cypr. China in Verh. Akad. Amsterd., XII, 1871, 56, tab. 6, fig. 4, Yangtse River. IQg CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sex. Genus Kendallia Evermann & Shaw, new genus Type: Kendallia goldsboroughi Evermann & Shaw, new species. This genus is related to Parapelecus Giinther, and is charac- terized by the more advanced position of the dorsal fin, the presence of spines in the dorsal, and the moderate length of the anal which has few rays. The genus is dedicated to Dr. William Converse Kendall, for 23 years associate of, and co-worker with, the senior author in the United States Bureau of Fisheries, and one of the most discerning students of American fishes. 23. Kendallia goldsboroughi Evermann & Shaw, new species One specimen. Head 4.5 ; depth 4.4; eye 4; snout 4; inter- orbital width 3.3 ; D. II, 7 ; A. I, 13 ; scales 8-46-3 ; pharyngeal teeth 3, 4, 1-4, 2. Body similar to that of Parapelecus Gijnther (1889, from Kiu-kiang), but the dorsal is more advanced. Body compressed, the entire abdominal edge trenchant; lateral line sharply decurved above the pectoral, running along the ventral side, rising again abruptly posteriorly to middle of caudal peduncle; mouth oblique; no barbels; insertion of pec- toral below median line of body, as long as head; origin of dorsal nearer base of caudal than to snout ; second dorsal spine strong; longest dorsal ray shorter than pectoral; insertion of ventrals at middle of total length ; anal midway between dor- sal and caudal ; caudal well forked. Color, bright silvery, blue-green on back. Type: No. 503, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a specimen (No. 77) 153 mm. long, collected by Mr. Shaw at Hangchow. This species is named for Mr. Edmund Lee Goldsborou2;"h, for many years associated with the senior author and their mutual good friend. Dr. W'illiam Converse Kendall, in the studv of fishes. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN &■ SHAW— CHINESE FISHES \Q') 24. Elopichthys bambusa (Richardson) Chinese name, Kan-yu One specimen (No. 527), 250 mm. long, from Nanking. Head 3.7 ; depth 5.75 ; eye 6.6; snout 3.1 ; interorbital width 4; D. 12; A. 11 ; P. 18; V. 11 ; scales small, 18-114-5 ; pharyn- geal teeth in 3 rows, 4, 3, 2-5, 1, 4, the outer 4 enlarged. Body elongate; head pointed; mouth terminal, the gape ex- tending below front of eye ; no barbels ; nostrils at front of upper corner of eye ; tongue well developed ; gillrakers short ; lateral line curved downward over pectoral, running along ventral side then ascending to middle of tail; dorsal origin behind midway of body, longest ray about 1.6 in head; inser- tion of pectoral low, near opercle, the fin shorter than dorsal ; ventrals as long as pectorals, their origin slightly in front of dorsal, nearer snout than to caudal ; anal midway between caudal and dorsal ; depth of caudal peduncle equal to length of snout ; tail deeply forked. Color, silvery, darker above. This species is said to feed largely upon other fishes. The adults attain a length of 4 feet or more. 'fc>' Lcuciscus bambusa Richardson, Voy. Sulph. Ichth., 141, pi. 6i, fig. 2, 1845, and Ichth. Chin., 299, 1845, Canton, China. 25. Parapelecus machaerius Abbott One specimen (No. 528), 155 mm. long, from Hangchow. Head 5; depth 4.5; eye 4; snout about 3.5; D. 10; A. 29; scales 68 in lateral line. Dorsal outline straight, ventral strongly convex, the whole edge trenchant ; dorsal origin mid- way between base of caudal and edge of opercle; lateral line descending abruptly above pectoral. Color, silvery, darker above. Parapelecus machccrius Abbott, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1901, 488, one fig., Fei-ho River, Tientsin, China. 26. Culticula emmelas Abbott Four specimens (Nos. 529-532), 91, 105, 108 and HI mm. long, from Hangchow. 110 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Head 4.5; depth 4; eye 3.8; snout about 4; D. II, 7; A. II, 11; scales 8-47-5. Body elongate, dorsal and ventral outlines about equally curved; mouth terminal; lateral line curved downward; caudal deeply forked. Culticula emmelas Abbott, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1901, 485, one fig., Pei-ho River, Tientsin, China. 27. Exoglossops geei Fowler & Bean One specimen (No. 533), 146 mm. long, from Hangchow. Head 4.1 ; depth 3.2; eye 4.2; snout 3; D. Ill, 7; A. Ill, 6; scales 6-38-6. Body robust; caudal peduncle deep; mouth in- ferior; no barbels; dorsal fin opposite ventrals; lower lip with horny plate; interorbital space slightly convex. Exoglossops gcci Fowler & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LVIII, 1921, 311, fig. 1, Soochow, China. Family Cobitid^ 28. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor) Chinese name, Nee-chu (Mud Loach) One specimen (No. 534), 175 mm. long from Chuchi, and one (No. 863) with body length of 83 mm. from Nanking. Head 6; depth 7.5; eye 9.5; interorbital width 4.3; D. 7; A. 7; V. 6; scales very small, more than 130 in lateral line; many barbels, the longest 3.5 in head; origin of dorsal nearer caudal than end of snout ; pectoral shorter than head. Body and fins with numerous small black spots, probably myxosporidia. Cobitis anguillicaudala Cantor, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IX, 1842, 485, Malay Peninsula. Family Bagrid^ 29. Liocassis longirostris Gunther Chinese name, IVai-yu Two specimens (Nos. 757 and 535), 119 and 224 mm. long respectively, from Nanking. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN 6- SHAW— CHINESE FISHES m Head 3.5; depth 4.5; eye 10; interorbital width 3.2; snout 2.6; depth of caudal peduncle 4 in head; D. I, 7, the spine ser- rated; A. 17; P. I, 9, the spine strongly serrated; V. 6, its origin behind dorsal. Body elongate ; neck region triangular in cross-section ; caudal peduncle compressed ; snout conical ; mouth inferior ; teeth vilHform; 8 barbels, those on upper jaw longest; eye very small, no free circular eyelid ; occipital process naked ; origin of dorsal midway between snout and long adipose fin; origin of ventrals behind dorsal. Adults seen in the markets of Nanking and Chinkiang were more than 2 feet long. Liocassis longirostris Giinther, Cat. Fish., V, 87, 1864, Japan. 30. Parasilurus asotus (Linnseus) Chinese name, Nyee-yu Three specimens (Nos. 536-538), 125, 153 and 245 mm. long, from Hangchow, Chuchi and Nanking. Head 4.7; depth 7; eye 8.5; snout 3.7; interorbital width 2.1; D. I, 4; A. 80; width of mouth 1.7 in head. Snout de- pressed and rounded; teeth villiform; 4 barbels, those on upper jaw the longer ; distance from end of snout to origin of dorsal about Yz total body length; anal near ventrals and confluent with caudal. Color, dark brown above, buffy below. Silurus asotus Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 1758, 501. 31. Peltiobagrus fluvidraco (Richardson) Six specimens (Nos. 539-544), ranging from 15 to 227 mm. in length, from Hangchow and Chuchi. Head 3.5; depth about 4; snout 3; interorbital width 2.4; D. I, 7; A. V, 15. Lower jaw shorter than upper; pectoral spine serrated on both edges; 8 barbels, those on maxillaries as long as head, outer mental barbels about 1.5 in head, the nasal and inner barbels about 3 in those on maxillaries. Color brownish. Pitnelodus fluvidraco Richardson, Ichth. Chin., 286, 1845. 112 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 32. Clarias fuscus (Lacepede) One specimen (No. 870), 227 mm. long, from Nanking. Head 4.5; depth 6.3; eye about 9; snout about 3; inter- orbital width about 2; D. 59; A. 45 ; 8 barbels, 2 pairs on the lower jaw, one on the nasal, and another on the maxillary which are the longest and extend to the pectorals; mouth in- ferior; teeth villiform ; head granulated above, somewhat flat- tened ; pectoral low, longer than snout, the spines serrated ; ventrals small; anal not confluent with caudal. Color, brown- ish black. Macropteronotus fuscus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 88, pi. 2, fig. 2, 1803, China. Family Hemiramphid^ 33. Hemiramphus sajori Temniinck & Schlegel One specimen (No. 874), from Chefoo. Head 5; depth 2 in head; D. 16; A. 17; P. 13; eye 2.1 in snout, equal to interorbital width ; upper jaw longer than broad, the lower shorter than head ; vertex flat ; origins of dor- sal and anal opposite ; insertion of ventrals a little nearer pec- toral than caudal; pectoral 1.8 in head; caudal deeply forked; about 100 scales in lateral line; head scaled. Color, dark brown. Hcmirhamphiis sajori Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 246, pi. CX, fig. 2, 1846, Nagasaki. Family Soleid^ 34. Zebrias zebrinus (Temminck & Schlegel) One specimen (No. 879), 144 mm. long, from Chefoo. Head 5.8; depth 2.6; D. 77 \ A. 66; scales 128, small, ctenoid; eyes on right side, the upper in advance of lower; mouth narrow, twisted around to the left side ; caudal conflu- ent with dorsal and anal; pectoral very small. Body with 12 black cross-bars. Solea scbriiia Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 186, pi. XCV, fig. 1, 1846. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN & 3HAW— CHINESE FISHES W^ 35. Cynoglossus abbreviatus (Gray) Three specimens, 122, 251 and 254 mm. long respectively, from Hangchow; two 153 and 156 mm. long from Nanking, and one (No. 858), 141 mm. long from Ningpo. Head 4.7 in total length; depth 3.7; snout 3. Three lateral lines on left side, one on right; upper eye slightly in advance of lower ; nostrils 2, one between eyes, the other before lower angle of lower eye; lips not fringed. Color brown. Plagiusa abbreviata Gray, 111. Ind. Zool., 1830-34, plates, without text. Family Ophicephalid^ 36. Ophicephalus argus Cantor (O. pekinensis Basilewskyj Chinese name, Her-yu (Black-fish) Three young individuals (Nos. 550-552), 90 to 175 mm. long, from Hangchow, Chuchi and Shanghai. Head 3.5; depth 6; eye 6.8; snout 5.8; interorbital width 5.7 ; D. 48 ; A. 32 ; scales 6-62-12. Body elongate, anterior portion somewhat cylindrical ; villi- form teeth in jaws, vomer and palatines, with some larger teeth among them ; three distinct mucous pores on under part of lower jaw and three on lower limb of opercle. Back blackish, under parts white; many dark spots and cross-bars on sides of head and body ; small dark dots on fins. This species is predaceous, feeding largely on other fishes. Ophicephalus argus Cantor, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1842, IX, 484, Chusan. Family Polyacanthid^ 37. Polyacanthus opercularis (Linnaeus) One specimen (No. 861), 51 mm. long, collected by Dr. Ping at Chefoo. Head 3.3 ; depth 2.9 ; width of body 2 in length of head ; eye 3.5 in head, rather large and prominent, equalling snout; mouth small, slightly oblique, gape not reaching to anterior of orbit. D. XIV, 4, the spines gradually lengthening from first January 31, 1927 JJ4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. to last, tips of last ones hidden in membrane; A. XV, 13, the spines and rays hidden in thick membrane, the first ray pro- duced into a long filament; no lateral line; scales weakly ctenoid, with rounded posterior margins, about 14 in a trans- verse, 30 in a longitudinal series; opercles, cheeks, and entire head scaly. Head with mucous pores especially along edge of preopercle. Dorsal beginning behind origin of pectoral. Gill- membranes forming a fold over isthmus. Dorsal and anal free from the caudal, but the long rays each extending backward over half the length of the acutish caudal, so that they enter into the outline of the fish giving the body a lanceolate ap- pearance. Color, blackish, a black spot on opercle. Labrus opcrcularis Linnaeus, Amoen. Acad., IV, 428. Family Mugilid^ 38. Mugil cephalus Linnaeus Chinese name, Tse-yu (Dark-fish) Ten specimens (Nos. 553-560), 133 to 269 mm. long, from Hangchow. Head 4.5; depth about 5; eye 5.5; D. IV-I, 8; A. HI, 8; scales 38, no lateral line ; upper lip with a single row of minute fringes; origin of pectoral above median line of body; inser- tion of ventrals between spinous dorsal and pectoral ; anal about opposite second dorsal, Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 1758, 316, Europe; based on Artedi. Family Pampid^ 39. Pampus lighti Evermann & Shaw, new species One specimen from Nanking. Head 3.45; depth 1.5; eye 3.3; snout shorter than eye; ii- terorbital width 2.5; D. X, 48; A. VH, 45. Body compressed and deep; scales very small; origin of pec- toral at median line of depth ; 2.4 in body ; no ventrals : caudal Vol. XVI] EVERMANN & SHAW— CHINESE FISHES II5 peduncle a little longer than eye; caudal fin deeply forked, lower lobe the longer, 2.1 in total length without tail; gill- openings restricted to the sides. Color, bluish gray above and on fins, silvery below median line; caudal slightly reddish. This species resembles Pampus sinerisis but differs in the longer pectoral, more deeply forked caudal, whose lobes are unequal in length, shorter lower jaw, and the more pointed anterior portions of dorsal and anal. From the common Chinese species, Pampus argenteus, this species differs in the greater number of spines and rays in the dorsal and anal fins. Type: No. 504, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a specimen (No. 855), 77 mm. long, collected by Professor Ping at Nanking. This species is named for Dr. S. F. Light, sometime pro- fessor of zoology in Amoy University, now assistant professor of zoology. University of California, in recognition of his valuable studies of the Lancelets of the Amoy region. Family Moronid^ 40. Lateolabrax japonicus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) Chinese name, Lou-yu Six specimens (Nos. 863 and 561 to 565), 102 to 246 mm. long, from Hangchow and Woosung. Head 3.1; depth 3.8; eye 5; snout 3.3; interorbital width about 6, a little less than eye; D. XI or XII-I, 13 or 14; A. Ill, 7 or 8 ; scales 85 to 90 in lateral line. Mouth large, terminal ; villiform teeth in both jaws and on palatines; no canines; 7 branchiostegals ; opercle and preopercle armed with spines. Color, with black spots on sides and on first dorsal fin. A valuable and popular food fish. Labrax japonicus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, p. 85, 1828. 2J^ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Family Epinephalid^ 41. Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky) Chinese name, Chua-yu; foreigners call it Mandarine Fish Six specimens (Nos. 846 and 566 to 570), 133 to 196 mm. long, from Hangchow, Nanking, and Shanghai. Head 2.4-2.8; depth 2.6-2.8; eye 6.3; snout 4.3-4.4; inter- orbital width 6.3; D. XII, 14; A. Ill, 9; V. I, 5; scales small, about 120 in lateral line. Mouth large, lower jaw much longer than the upper; opercle and preopercle armed with spines. One of the best food-fishes in China. PercQ chua-tsi Basilewsky, N. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc, X, 1855, 218, pi. 1, fig. 1. China. Family Lutianid^ 42. Lutianus hudsoni Evermann & Shaw, new species One specimen (orig. No. 860). Head 2.7; depth 2.4; eye 3.5 ; snout a little longer than eye; D. XI, 11 ; A. Ill, 8; scales 5-48-13; branchiostegals 7. Body oblong, compressed ; interorbital width a little greater than eye; maxillary reaching front of eye; preopercle serrate; pectoral low, below point of opercle, its length 3.3 in body; ventrals shorter than pectorals; first dorsal spine about 2 in 4th; dorsal rays longer than spines; distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal equals depth of body; depth of caudal pe- duncle 2.5 in head; tail forked; teeth villiform, 4 canines in front of upper jaw and 5 in lower jaw; lateral line curved, running along dorsal side then to middle of tail ; bases of dor- .sal and anal with scales. Color reddish. This species resembles Lutianus joJinii (Bloch) but differs in the fewer dorsal rays and the absence of a black spot below the soft dorsal. Type: No. 505, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a specimen 58 mm. long, collected at Nanking by Professor Ping. This species is named for Captain Charles Bradford Hud- son, most able American artist in depicting the life colors of fishes. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN 6- SHAW— CHINESE FISHES \\y Family H^mulid^ 43. Hapalogenys nigripinnis (Temminck & Schlegel) Chinese name, King-fung (Golden Wind) One specimen (No. 858), 71 mm. long, from Ningpo. Head 2.6; depth 2; eye 3.1 ; snout 2.9; interorbital width 4; D. XII, 14, fourth spine longest; A. Ill, 9; depth of caudal 3 in head ; scales in lateral line 62. Body oblong, high and compressed; mouth large; 4 large pores on lower side of mandible, some minute papillae in front of them; preopercle serrate, opercle with 2 short spines. Color, reddish gray, darker bands not distinct; fins dark. Pogonias nigripinnis Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., p. 59, pi. XXV, 1843. Family Sci^nid.e 44. Collichthys lucidus (Richardson) ^ Chinese name, Tse-ser-yu (Stone-head Fish) One specimen (No. 856), 115 mm. long, from Wenchow. Head 3.4; depth 3.3; eye 4.5; snout 4; interorbital width 2.4; D. IX, 28; A. II, 13; scales about 50. Body elongate; maxillary reaching posterior edge of orbit; teeth feeble, no canines; lateral line complete, high, curved at end of pectoral then straight to middle of caudal ; dorsal spines short, about as long as snout; dorsal rays much longer; pectoral below me- dian line of body, slightly shorter than head ; ventrals near pectorals ; depth of caudal peduncle 4 in depth of body ; cau- dal fin longer than head. Common in seas of China. ScicBna lucida Richardson. Ichth. Voy. Sulph., 87, pi. XLIV, figs. 3, 4, 1845, Chinese Seas. Family Drepanid^ 45. Drepane punctata (Gmelin) Chinese name, Ke-lung-tsang (Coop-tsang fish) One specimen (No. 877), 91 mm. long, from Ningpo. Head 2.8; depth a little less than length; eye 3.1, 1.3 in snout ; interorbital width greater than diameter of eye ; D. IX, 2Jg CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Seb. 21; A. Ill, 19; P. 17; V. I, 5. Body much compressed, deep; anterior dorsal spine concealed and directed forward ; inter- spinous membranes deeply notched; pectoral long, falciform; scales moderate, about 60 in lateral line. Chcetodon punctatus Gmelin in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. XIII, 1787, 1343, Asia. Family Synancejid^ 46. Inimicus japonicus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) Chinese name, Laou-hoo-yii (Tiger-fish) One specimen (No. 868), 110 mm. long from Ningpo. Head 3; depth 3.5; eye 7; snout 2.8; D. III-XIV, 7; A. II, 9. Body elongate, little compressed ; head irregular in form ; pectoral long, reaching past front of anal ; ventrals adnate for their entire length ; anal spines short ; caudal fin rounded ; lateral line with 15 filaments. Color, dark brown, with cross- band of black or red, Pelor japonicum Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 437, 1829, Japan. Family Scorp^nid^ 47. Sebastodes fuscescens (Houttuyn) One specimen (No. 872), 88 mm. long, from Chefoo. Head 2.7; depth 2.8; eye 3.3, slightly exceeding snout; in- terorbital width 4.3; D. XII-I, 12; A. Ill, 7; P. 18; V. I, 5 ; lateral line with 46 pores ; maxillary 2 in head. Body oblong; lower jaw the longer; interorbital space slightly convex, spines lying close to surface ; preopercle with 5 spines ; dorsals long, the two connected slightly ; and round- ed ; teeth villiform. Color, dark brown with blotches on dorsal and sides. Sparus fuscescens Houttuyn, Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. Harlem., XX, pt. 2, 1872, 340, Nagasaki. Sebastes schlegelii Hilgendorf, S. B. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde, 171, one plate, 1880, Tokyo; Hakodate. Vol. XVn EVERMANN & SHAW— CHINESE FISHES \\g Family Platycephalid^ 48. Thysanophys spinosus (Temminck & Schlegel) One specimen (No. 880), 105 mm. long, from Ningpo. Head 2.5; depth 4.9; eye 3.2; snout 3.2 interorbital width 4 in eye; width of head 1.8 in the length; D. VIII-I, 8; A. Ill, 5 ; V. I, 5. Head broad and depressed, armed with spines ; body depressed anteriorly, siibcylindrical posteriorly ; about 40 scales in lateral line ; first dorsal above pectoral, second a little in advance of anal ; ventral origin below base of pectoral ; caudal rounded. Platycephalus spinosus Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 40, pi. XVI, figs. 1, 2, 1843. Family Cottid^ 49. Trachidermis fasciatus Heckel Chinese name, Sungkiang Lu-yu or Tse-sai Lu-yu Five specimens (Nos. 866, and 571-574), 122 to 142 mm. long, from Sunkiang. Head 2.8; depth 4.5; eye 6.5; snout 3.2; interorbital width 3.8; D. Vni, 19; A. 17; lateral line with 38 small pores. Head more or less depressed ; body subcylindrical, compressed posteriorly; teeth fine, on both jaws, vomer and palatines; interorbital splace concave, lower preopercular edge with 4 broad, short spines, the upper one curved upward. Trachidermus fasciatus Heckel, Ann. Wiener. Mus., II, 1840, 160, pi. IX, fig. 1. 2. Family Gobiid^ 50, Ctenogobius clarki Evermann & Shaw, new species Chinese name, Yeo-boo-sao Head 3.6; depth 6.2; eye 5.5, a little greater than inter- orbital width; D. VI, 16; A. 13 or 14; about 50 scales in lateral line. Body oblong, slender, heaviest anteriorly, tapering to caudal; mouth rather large; teeth strong, flattened laterally; 120 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Seb. origin of second dorsal a little in advance of anal ; caudal long and rounded. Five specimens (Nos. 507 and 580-583), 80 to 170 mm. long, from Hangchow, Shanghai and Chuchi. Not very common ; has some value as a food-fish. Type: No. 507, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a specimen 170 mm. long, collected by Mr. Shaw at Chuchi. This species is named for H. Walton Clark, assistant cura- tor of fishes in the California Academy of Sciences, in recogni- tion of his valuable studies of the fauna and flora of Lake Maxinkuckee. 51. Lophiogobius ocellicauda Giinther One specimen (No. 859) 4>4 inches long, from Wenchow, China. Head 3.3 in body; depth 7.5; eye very small, 9 in head; snout 3 in head; D. IV-14; A. 13; scales 5-40-4, no i>ores in lateral line which simply appears as a depressed line. Head very broad and flat, its width 4.1 in body; interorbital broad, slightly concave, bordered on each side by a high ridge ; mouth wide, gape horizontal, extending to posterior margin of orbit; gill-membranes free from the isthmus ; branchiostegals 5, very prominent, raised ridges beset with papillae or rudiment- ary flaps ; pectoral base very broad, close to and parallel with gill-slit, the rays numerous, the fin long and acute, reaching beyond origin of anal, its length 1.3 in length of head ; ventrals thoracic, united into a long, elliptical, fringed disk, the origin on a vertical with lower end of origin of pectorals. Teeth two-rowed in lower jaw, or rather in a narrow villous band, the outer row somewhat enlarged and curved inward; teeth of premaxillaries similar ; lower jaw projecting beyond upper, its bluntly-rounded tip fitting into a broad notch of upper lip; marked anal papilla ; scales weakly ctenoid, striate. A striking feature of this fish is what might be termed its "hairiness" expressed by the lengthening of all the fin-rays into elongate hair-like projections, and by the presence of minute hair-like flaps on various parts of the body as on the Vol. XVI] EVERMANN & SHAW— CHINESE FISHES 121 cheek and edges of the opercle and along the rays. Color, sordid blackish. An examination of more material may show this to be an undescribed species. Lophiogobius ocellicauda Giinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Sen, XII, 1873, 241, Shanghai, China. Ranulina fimbriidens Jordan & Starks, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, Oct. 8, 1906, 523, fig. 3. Port Arthur, Manchuria. Family Uranoscopid^ 52. Uranoscopus japonicus Houttuyn Chinese name, Koh-yu (Homed-fish) One specimen (No. 848), 194 mm. long, from Ningpo. Head 3.3 ; depth 4.2 ; eye 6.2 ; snout longer than eye ; D. IV, 14; A. 14; P. 16; V. 5. Cleft of mouth vertical, eyes on upper side of head; first dorsal small; teeth villiform, no canines; head covered with spines, one on the opercle and 3 on the sub- opercle, all directed downward; two small and 2 larger spincr, of horny structure on nape. Head and back brown, irregular!;- spotted with lighter. Uranoscopus japonicus Houttuyn, Holl. Matts.. Wet. Haarlem, 1782, 311. Family Pholid^ 53. Pholis gunnellus (Linnaeus) One specimen (No. 857), 104 mm. long, from Chefoo, which we with much hesitation identify with this species. Head 7.5 ; depth 8; eye 5, about same as snout; D. LXXV; A. n, 39; V. I, 1, P. 2 in head; scales very small, no lateral line. Body long and compressed ; head small, naked ; mouth oblique ; maxillary reaching front of pupil ; interorbital with a narrow ridge ; origin of dorsal fin as far behind nape as nape is behind middle of eye. Color, some dark bars on body ; spots on dorsal not evident. Study of more adequate material would probably show this to be distinct from the Atlantic species. Blennius gunnellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 1758, 257, Atlantic Ocean. J22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tu Ser. Family Cebidichthyid^ 54. Zoarchias glaber Tanaka One specimen (No. 869), 110 mm. long, collected by Pro- fessor Ping at Nanking, agrees fairly well with Tanaka's description. Head 6.3 ; depth 12 ; about 2 in head ; eye 8 ; snout 4 ; rather short and pointed ; D. XXXI, spines short, stout, depressed in a groove on back ; one anal spine ; soft dorsal and anal con- nected with rounded caudal. Color, blackish, a lighter colored line along each side of back ; soft dorsal and caudal somewhat mottled. Zoarchias glaber Tanaka, Ann. Zool. Japon. VII, part I, 38, 1908. Family Tetraodontid^e 55. Sphoeroides ocellatus (Linnccus) Chinese name, Hoo-dung Four specimens (Nos. 576-579), 133 to 165 mm. long, from Hangchow, and one 82 mm. long, from Woosung. Head 3 ; depth 3.5 ; D. IV, 12 or 13 ; A. HI, 10. Back cov- ered with minute spines from near interorbital space to dorsal fin; abdomen entirely covered with similar spines; sides of body naked. A black yellowish-edged band across back, ending in a more or less yellowish-edged spot. In some specimens there are two black spots on each side of body instead of the cross-bars. In one specimen the dorsal bar is much broader. Kiangyiu is famous for the cooking of Hoo-dung, the people there having a special technique and skill in removing the poison of the ovaries and preparing this fish so that it is the nicest dish they have. Tetrodon ocellatus Osbeck, Iter Chinensis, 1757. 226; Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. X, 1858. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 5, pp. 123-135, plate 4 April 22, 1927 EXPEDITION OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES TO THE GULF OF CALI- FORNIA IN 192P MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE ORDER OPISTHOBRANCHIATA BY FRED BAKER AND G. DALLAS HANNA This is the second paper^ treating of the marine moUusks col- lected by the expedition sent to the Gulf of California in 1921 by the California Academy of Sciences. The greater part of the identifications and diagnoses have been prepared by the senior author, the efforts of the junior author having been largely confined to sundry comparisons, editorial work and the preparation of the illustrations. We are indebted to Mr. A. M. Strong for assistance in ar- riving at some definite conclusion as to the nomenclature of some of the more difficult species. * This is No. 35 of the series of Gulf Expedition papers. *A map showing all the islands, etc., visited will be found in the General Account of this Expedition by Joseph R. Slevin, in these Proceedings, Vol. 12, No. 6, 1923, pp. 55-72; copies of this publication can be supplied at nominal cost. ^ The first, treating of the Triphoridae by Fred Baker is found in Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. 15, No. 6, 1926, pp. 223-239, pi. 24. April 22, 1927 124 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. The differentiation of genera in this group of moHusks is unsatisfactory and our endeavor has been to place the follow- ing species in those currently recognized groups which have related forms ; when geno-types are investigated, basic changes will possibly be required. 1. Acteocina angustior Baken & Hanna, new species Plate 4, figure 5 Shell small, imperforate, very solid, narrowly cylindrical, with nearly parallel sides, everywhere marked by fine growth lines and minute, irregular, incised spiral lines; shining, whit- ish; nucleus small, but prominent, glassy, consisting of about one and a quarter planorboid whorls tilted to a nearly vertical position, and immersed in the succeeding postnuclear whorls not more than one-sixth of its diameter; postnuclear whorls about three, slightly convex, the upper nearly horizontal, the succeeding ones with an increasing downward slope; sutures channeled, slightly on the first whorl, deeply on the last, there producing a very prominent, sharp carina ; spire rather short ; aperture about four-fifths the length of the shell, beginning in a deep posterior notch formed by the channeled suture, the posterior half narrow, the anterior broadening into an elongate oval; outer lip sharp, beginning in the carina of the last whorl, sweeping downward with a moderate curve and continuing nearly straight to a point opposite the columellar fold and parallel with the inner lip for about two-fifths of the length of the shell, there joining the rounded basal lip; basal lip forming nearly a quadrant of a circle and joining the columella at about a right angle; columella only slightly curved, subvertical, twisted above to form a narrow, prominent spiral fold which disappears within the cavity of the shell ; columella and colu- mellar fold separated from the body of the shell by a rather broad, shallow groove also extending into the cavity of the shell ; inner lip straight above, bounded below by the columel- lar groove, with a narrow callus wdiich extends over the columella. Length, 5.4; diameter, 2.0 mm. Vol. XVI] BAKER AND HANNA— MARINE MOLLUSCA ^25 Holotype: No. 2513, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., with four para- types dredged in from two to four fathoms in Puerto Escon- dido, Lower California. This is the most common form of Acteocina found by the Expedition, having been taken, generally in the dredge, at La Paz, San Francisquito Bay, San Evaristo Bay, Coyote Bay in Concepcion Bay and San Luis Gonzaga Bay, Lower Cali- fornia, and on the following islands in the Gulf of California: Espiritu Santo, Carmen, and at three stations on San Jose. The species is very constant in shape, varying only in size and the height of the spire. Most specimens are more shining than the type and, in a considerable number, there is a suspicion of faint spiral banding in grayish, too indistinct to be definitely located. The spire is suggestive of Acteocina culcitcUa Gould, in the deep sutures and high carina, but the shell is much smaller, so far as known it has no epidermis and it is distinctly cylindrical instead of spindle-shaped as is A. culcitella. 2. Acteocina carinata (Carpenter) Tornatina carinata Carpenter, Maz. Cat., 1856, p. 171 ; type locality, Mazatlan, Mexico. This species was taken in Tepoca Bay, Sonora; La Paz, Agua Verde Bay, San Evaristo Bay, and San Luis Gonzaga Bay, Lower California; and on Espiritu Santo, Carmen, Mon- serrate and San Jose islands in the Gulf of California. 3. Acteocina inculta (Gould) Tornatina inculta Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856, p. 203 ; type lo- cality, San Diego, California. Distribution, "Monterey to Gulf of California." (Dall). This species was taken in Tepoca Bay, Sonora ; in Coyote and San Ignacio Bays in Concepcion Bay, and San Francisquito Bay, Lower California; and on Carmen. Sal si Puedes, Es- piritu Santo and San Jose islands in the Gulf of California. j^25 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 4. Atys chimera Baker & Hanna, new species Plate 4, figure 4 Shell elongate-ovoicl, shining, translucent, white, growth lines rather pronounced, especially towards the outer lip, with about nine incised spiral lines posteriorly and about sixteen anteriorly, separated by a narrow, clear space above the middle of the shell, the lines being unequally spaced and closer towards the extremities; obliquely truncate above, the apex narrowly, falsely umbilicate, the growth lines showing very plainly and dipping deeply into the cavity ; aperture as long as the shell, showing a well rounded notch or posterior canal as the outer lip rises from the edge of the false umbilicus, narrow for the first three-fifths, then widening sharply; outer lip sub- angiilate above, very moderately convex as it proceeds nearly parallel with the upper portion of the inner lip to join the basal lip which is sharply convex and slightly effuse; columella nearly straight below, sharply concave above, with a strong callus, reflexed to partially cover the deep and moderately large umbilicus and extending thinly over the lower portion of the inner lip. Length, 6.8; diameter, 3.3 mm. Holotype: No. 2514, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., dredged in shal- low water in Puerto Escondido, Lower California. Four young shells were dredged in about four fathoms off the main wharf at La Paz, and two others were taken in one to two fathoms in Coyote Bay, Concepcion Bay, all on the Gulf side of Lower California. Carpenter's description of A. casta^ is so vague and indefi- nite that identifications based thereupon would be entirely un- trustworthy. A. nonscripta Adams*, a species ascribed to San Diego by Carpenter'', is much broader in proportion to length. ' lAtys casta Carpenter, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, Vol. 13, p. 314, 1864; Moll. Western N. A., p. 212. e- cies from known Pleistocene localities, are not listed in the check-list but are given under the separate localities. * This is No. 36 of the Gulf Expedition papers. *A map showing all the islands, etc., visited will be found in the General Account of this Expedition by Joseph R. Slevin, these Proceedings, V'ol. 12, No. 6, 1923, pp. 55-72; copies of this publication can be supplied at nominal cost. April 22, 1927 138 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. The check-list, admittedly incomplete, will give some indica- tion of the fauna of the upper Pliocene found on the Gulf coast of Lower California and on some of the islands in the Gulf. We are indebted to Dr. Baker, not only for the responsibility of making the collections and field notes but for the use we have been obliged to make of the very large collection of living mollusks he assembled ; a great deal of this collection has been identified by Dr. Baker, but the results, as yet, have been pub- lished only in part. The late Mr. Eric Knight Jordan kindly determined some of the species for us. Acknowledgment is also due Prof. James Perrin Smith, of Leland Stanford Junior University for permission to study the Gulf region collections in that institution; also Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd has given permis- sion to study certain living shells in the conchological collec- tion of the same institution. Little is known concerning the detailed geology of the Gulf coast of Lower California and the fact that neither of the authors was on the expedition makes this paper chiefly a faunal study. Most of the Pliocene beds have low dips and for the most part they are made up of medium grained sandstones ; at some localities the rocks are somewhat calcareous although they cannot be generally referred to as limestone. No fossils older than Pliocene were found. Review of Earlier Work of Gulf Region Geology A German scientist Grewingk" described the geology of parts of the Gulf of California region in 1847. In 1869, J. Ross Browne^ referred to beds near Loreto and considered them to be of Post-Pliocene age. He stated : "Half a dozen miles north of Loreto is a group of hills of Post- Pliocene age, highly fossiliferous. The largest of these, per- haps 600 feet high, is known as Cerro de los Ostiones. The fossils are in a pretty good state of preservation [and] are all living species, but the variety is not very great." Whether the ^ Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Gcognostischen BeschafFenheit Californiens. Verhand- lungen der Russisch-Kaiscrlichen Mineralog. Gesellschaft zu St. Petersburg 1847 tl848] pp. 143-162. 'Resources of the Pacific States and Territories, 1869, p. 116. Vol. XVI] HANNA AND HERTLEIN— GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY ^39 beds referred to by Browne are of Pliocene or Pleistocene age cannot be definitely ascertained as yet. Pliocene beds, how- ever, do occur near Loreto. Fiichs*, in 1886, considered the gypsum deposits about Santa Rosalia to be of late Miocene or early Pliocene age. Dall% in 1903, listed Phacoides xantusi Dall (formerly P. childreni Gray) from the "Pliocene of San Juan," Gulf of California. Arnold*^, in 1906, described a Pecten and listed a few other species from Santa Rosalia, and stated that the beds were probably of Miocene age. Wittich^ in 1909 and 1911, re- ferred to beds in the Cape region which appeared to him to be of Pliocene age. Pliocene, referred to the Salada, was mapped by geologists of the Marland Oil Company® in 1924, over vari- ous areas along the Gulf coast of Lower California. John- ston'', in 1924, referred to Pliocene beds at various localities along the Gulf coast of Lower California as well as on some of the islands in the Gulf. Hertlein'", in 1925, referred to beds in the vicinity of Santa Rosalia as "Carrizo" in age following Arnold; these beds were considered to be of Pliocene age. At the same time Pliocene pectens were listed from many other localities in Lower California. Hanna", in 1926, referred to the Pliocene of San Juan as referred to by Dall. The same year, E. K. Jordan & Hertlein^^, in a discussion of the corre- lation of the Pliocene beds on Maria Madre Island stated : "The beds are not far removed in age from the upper Pliocene of Loreto, Santa Antonita Point, San Jose Island, and San Marcos Island, in the Gulf of California region." In a later paper in 1926 the same authors^^ stated that the Pliocene fauna of Maria Madre Island is more closely related to the Pliocene of the Gulf of California region than to that of Cedros Island and Turtle Bay and that the Maria Madre Island fauna might be younger than the latter. e. In 1898 I published some anatomical details of E. guadalupiana from a specimen sent me by Dall for that purpose, not noticing that the species was undescribed at that time. As no details of the shell were given, my premature use of the name should not affect nomenclature. j^4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. In Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1898, p. 68, pi. 1, fig. 11, I de- scribed and figured the genitalia of one of the original speci- mens sent by Dall. As the figure was too small to show the structure plainly, a new one, drawn from the same preparation is given, plate 8, figs. 3, 3a (upper part of the female system omitted). The capacious penis passes into a large epiphallus which is continued in a spirally coiled flagellum. The uterus is a very capacious thin-walled sac, the walls longitudinally ridged internally, fig. 3a. There is no dart sac visible either outside or within, merely a curved whitish ridge of the integu- ment at the bases of the mucus glands. Both of these are free, as shown in the figure, the descending one club-shaped with rounded end. The foot, mantle and genitalia are pale chamois-colored. In my original account I stated that the right ocular retractor passed to the left of the genital system ; this appears improb- able, and may have been an error of observation, but it can not now be confirmed or denied, as the reproductive organs were removed from their place. Length of penis and epiphallus 9 mm., of flagellum 10 mm., of spermatheca and duct 15 mm. The jaw of this specimen, PI. 8, fig. 3b, has 8 ribs. In two specimens dissected from near Northeast Anchorage I find the structure different. The foot is dusky on the back, paler on the sides and tail ; mantle more or less closely macu- late with black. The right ocular retractor passes between penis and female organs as usual. Genitalia, PI. 8, figs. 1, la. The penis is costate within and separated from the epiphallus by a perforated partition. Epiphallus about as large as the penis, bearing the retractor muscle, its upper part twisted spirally. The flagellum tapers rapidly and is about equal to the penis and epiphallus in length. The female side bears a well developed dart sac, in the crotch of which the two mucus gland ducts are inserted. The ascending gland (a.m.g. ) is long, bulbous at the end, and lies free. The descending gland (d.m.g. ) terminates in a thi)i, broad collar eticircling the entire penis. The spermatheca is ovate, on a long branchless duct of large caliber. Length of penis 3 mm. ; epiphallus 3.7 mm. ; flagellum 6.5 mm. Spermatheca and duct 9 mm. Specimen not killed ex- tended, preserved in alcohol. Vol. XVI] PILSBRY—LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS ^55 In all essential characters this system agrees with that of M. facta (Newc.) of Santa Barbara Island, but differs re- markably from that of the paratype of M. guadalupiana which I dissected. The specimens of M. guadalupiana from North- east Anchorage had been preserved in alcohol without drown- ing, and the greater contraction may account for the smaller size of the organs. But the differences in the dart apparatus are not so easily explained. It appears unlikely that there are two species practically alike in shell characters but differing in genitalia, and for the present I incline to the theory that the organs of the paratype of guadalupiana which I examined are not mature," or were abnormal. Unfortunately, only three adult examples, from a single station, were preserved in spirit by the 1922 expedition. For comparison with M. guadalupiana, I figure the genitalia of M. facta (Newc), (plate 8, fig. 2, from Santa Barbara Island, No. 99246 A. N. S. P., coll. by H. N. Lowe, July, 1909. The whole animal, when removed from the shell, is chamois-colored, except that there are a few gray spots on the thin lining of the early whorls. The arrangement of mucus glands is exactly as in M. guadalupiana from Northeast An- chorage, the ascending one free, the descending spreading in a thin wide collar around the penis. The epiphallus and flagel- lum are spirally coiled. The right ocular retractor passes be- tween the branches of the genitalia. 2. Helminthoglypta hannai Pilsbry, new species Plate 7, figures 8, 9, 9a, 9b ; text figure 2 Shell umbilicate, the width of umbilicus contained about seven times in diameter of shell ; depressed, with rounded peri- phery and low, conoidal spire (or sometimes it is very little raised above the level of the last whorl) ; dull citrine to olive- lake, with paler streaks and a rather indistinct dusky band above the periphery; the inner whorls having lost the perios- tracum by wear are walnut brown to burnt umber. The sur- face is glossy, the early whorls showing fine granulation where "I may mention that 1 opened a single M. gabbi (Newc.) from near Avalon, Santa Catalina, and found the mucus glands as in the paratype of M. guadalu['iana. The shell was apparently adult; but until more material can be dissected, I do not feel that definite conclusions can be reached. 156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIEMCES [Proc. 4th Ser. unworn; on the last whorl this becomes ahnost effaced (though minute granules may be seen in some places) and it is lightly striate along growth lines. The whorls are moderately con- vex, the last descending a little in front, rounded basally. The oblique aperture is nearly circular but somewhat wider than high. Peristome thin, narrowly expanded throughout, of a very pale brownish-pink tint, the margins converging, con- nected by a thin, transparent callus. Height 13 mm.; diam. 20.6 mm.; 5^3 whorls. (Holotype.) Height 9 mm.; diam. 17.0 mm.; 5 whorls. (Paratype.) Holotype: No. 2560, paratype No. 2561, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from Pine Ridge, Guadalupe Island, Lower California, collected by G. D. Hanna, July, 1922, under stones beneath moisture-laden pine trees at an elevation of about 3000 feet and in the zone of much fog. Two fresh young examples show the sculpture of the em- bryonic and early neanic whorls. The embryonic shell appears to consist of nearly two whorls, but its limit is not definitely marked. In the youngest example it is densely papillose, the papillae closely strewn, not in any pattern ; towards the end of the first whorl there are some short bristles scattered among the papillae, these continuing upon the early neanic whorls. In an older individual of about 3^4 whorls the papillae are con- crescent in some places into smooth radial wrinkles; short bristles appear among them at and beyond the end of the second whorl. The animal is dark gray to slate color, fading to pale buffy- gray on the tail ; coarsely granose. The right ocular retractor runs between penis and oviduct. The penis is short (3 mm. long), about one-fourth as long as the epiphallus, in the middle of which the very long retractor is inserted. The flagellum is about 6 mm. long. The duct of the spermatheca and its diverticulum are very long (not pre- served entire, the animal having been broken in pulling). There is a large dart sac with longitudinally corrugated inter- nal walls. Mucus glands unequal, with reflected ends, both discharging through a single slender duct. The kidney is 8 V2 mm. long, pericardium 5 mm. long. Vol. XVI] PILSBRY—LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS \^J This is doubtless the species mentioned without name by Cooper in 1887, and as Epiphragmophora sp. indet. by Dall, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 102; a single young shell was Fig. 2. Genitalia of Helminthoglypta hannai, n. sp. See pi. 9, for ex- planation of letters. collected by A. W. Anthony in 1896. Presumably it was this species or the following race which Binney called Arionta roivelli, and Cooper referred to as like a peninsular species "once confounded with H. remondi." The light greenish glossy shell with a very faint band and a narrow lip is characteristic and quite unlike any known species of the region. The coloration resembles that of some Californian Helminthoglyptas, and the reproductive system conforms wholly to that genus, the mucus glands branching from a single duct which enters high on the dart sac. In Mi- crarionta the two mucus glands excrete through separate ducts entering in the crotch between dart sac and vagina. 3. Helminthoglypta hannai diodon Pilsbry, new subspecies Plate 10, figures 23, 24, 25, 26 The shell is similar to H. hannai in form and in sculpture so far as this is preserved, the intermediate whorls showing some minute granulation. On the parietal wall a short distance within its limit there are two lozv oblong callous nodules, their longer axes converging forward at approximately some- what more than a right angle, but usually not meeting; the ]58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. inner nodule stands close to or united with the columella, the outer one being near the suture. Height 13.0 mm.; diam. 21.5 mm.; 5^ whorls. (Holotype.) Height 11.4 mm.; diam. 20.0 mm.; Sy^ whorls. The largest and smallest adult shells have diameters of 22 and 17.5 mm. Holotype: No. 2562, paratypes Nos. 2563-2565, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from Northeast Anchorage, Guadalupe Island, Lower California, collected by G. D. Hanna, July, 1922. The nodules of the parietal wall are shaped and situated ex- actly as in Sonar ella dalli Bartsch and 5". parva Pils.^^ Else- where, somewhat similar "teeth" occur in the Chinese group Metodontia. In a few individuals the two nodules are weakly connected, forming a bow, thus ( ; and in a few others they are obsolete in apparently mature or nearly mature shells. Although con- siderable search was made for living snails, only old dead shells were found. Haplotrematid^ 4. Haplotrema guadalupensis Pilsbry, new species Plate 7, figures 7, 7a The shell resembles Haplotrema catalinensis ( Hemphill ),^'- being small, depressed, whitish, with, on the last whorl retrac- tively radial, low and weak striae, locally distinct but mainly more or less efifaced ; differing from that species by the smaller size with rounder, less depressed whorls and a cordate aper- ture less excised by the preceding whorl and nearly as high as wide; (in H. catalinensis the aperture is much wider than high). The umbilicus is very broadly open. The lip is thin but smoothly finished, the upper margin slightly straightened. Height 2.25 mm.; diam. 4.9 mm.; width of umbilicus 1.8 mm.; 3j^ whorls. (Holotype.) Height 2 mm.; diam. 4.7 mm. (Paratype.) " Proc. A. N. S. Phila., Vol. 75, 1923, p. 92. '' Selcnitex duranti var. catalinensis Hemphill in W. G. Binney, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. XIX, No. 4, 1890, p. 221; XXII, No. 4, 1892, p. 165. pi. 2, fig. 3. Vol. XVI] PILSBRY—LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS ^59 Holotype: No. 2652, paratype No. 2653, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from Pine Ridge, Guadalupe Island, Lower California; eleva- tion about 3000 feet ; collected by G. D. Hanna. This species belongs to the typical group of Haplotrema, the large continental species forming the new subgenus Geomene, type, Helix concava Say. ZONITID^ 5. Striatura milium pugetensis (Dall) Patulastra? (Punctum?) pugetensis Dall, Nautilus, VIII, 1895, p. 130. In this form the initial whorl shows strong spiral striation. Described from near Seattle, Washington, it has since been found in several places on Vancouver Island (C. Montague Cooke, A. W. Hanham), in Oregon (John A. Allen), in the San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino Co., California (S. S. Berry), and in San Diego Co. at Ballena (Hemphill) and the Palomar Mountains (Joshua L. Baily, Jr.). It ap- pears to be widely spread on the Pacific slope, and will doubt- less be found in many places when leaf-sifting becomes more general. The Guadalupe Island specimens are entirely similar to those of California. They were found in the hills about 1000 feet above Northeast Anchorage and on the east side of the island about two miles north of the south end ; G. D. Hanna, coll. Arionid^ 6. Binneya guadalupensis Pilsbry, new species Plate 6, figures -2-9; plate 9, figures 2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 3 Binneya notabilis of the Guadalupe lists of Binney, Cooper and others. The shell is more convex than B. notabilis, the convexity one-third of the length ; on the ventral side there appears a larger crescent of the latero-basal wall ; the furrows between spiral cords of the first whorl are transversely costulate, and the adjacent part of the post-embryonic whorl is rather sharp- ly striate along the lines of growth. Length 9.5 mm. ; width 6.6 mm. ; convexity 3.2 mm. Length 12 mm.; convexity 4.1 mm. 170 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Syntypcs: Nos. 2566-2573, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from three miles south of Northeast Anchorage; Pine Ridge, elevation, 3000 feet ; and two miles north of southern end of Guadalupe Island, Lower California; collected by G. D. Hanna, 1922. This is doubtless the snail which has repeatedly been re- ported from Guadalupe as Binneya notabilis. Comparison with a good series of B. notabilis from Santa Barbara Island shows that the Guadalupe form is quite distinct specifically by characters of shell, genitalia and, less significantly, of jaw. It seems to be abundant, generally spread over the island and cruelly preyed upon by the feral house mouse. ^^ A drowned individual dissected has a foot length of 20 mm., mantle length 11 mm. The pedal furrow is well impressed, and there is an irregular, impressed line above it. Spaced grooves radiate from the mantle, connected by sparse reticula- tion. The mantle is quite narrowly reflected over the edges of the shell, and is produced in a broad body-lobe in front; buff, maculate with black. Pneumostome large, behind the middle. The body is pale buf¥, maculate with dark gray, the maculae more or less noticeably arranged in radial order, wanting on the tail, the face and back gray, not maculate. The tail is con- cave below the back of the shell, elsewhere rounded above. The sole is pale buf¥, distinctly tripartite by impressed lines. Alcoholic specimens are figured, PI. 6, figs. 7, 8, 9. Genitalia, PI. 9, figs. 2-2<^/. The genital orifice is below and behind the right ocular tentacle, the retractor muscle of which passes between penis and oviduct. The penis is well developed, with terminal retractor inserted on the diaphragm and arises a short distance from the end of penis. The epiphallus is much longer than the latter. There is an enormous atrium plus vagina, its thin walls corrugated internally in places. When cut open, as in PI. 9, fig. 2b, it is found to contain a large conic body 9 mm. long, one side of which forms a com- pressed wing which coils partly around the main body, as in figs. 2b, 2c. The wing is wanting in the distal third. It is composed of a cylindric cone of hard circular muscles, sur- rovmded by a layer of spongy tissue, which is minutely, closely and superficially fissured externally in a circular direction. It is perforated by the oviduct, the perforation stelliform in sec- " Cf. Hanna, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. XIV, No. 12, p. 228. Vol. XVI] PILSBRY— LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS \yi tion." The spermatheca is irregularly ovate on a rather short duct which enters about at the upper third of the atrial sac. The jaw, PI. 9, fig. 3, has eight strong ribs projecting slightly at the margins, the ends free from ribs. The genitalia of this species differ widely from Binney's description and figure of those organs in Binncya notabilis, but I have not been able to obtain that species in the flesh for direct comparison. There is no reason to believe that Binney's figure is far wrong, but the Santa Barbara Island species ought to be dissected again to confirm its characters, and especially to de- termine the internal structure of the lower ducts of the female side, which Binney did not open. The external characters of the animal are about the same in the two species, also the general character of the jaw (8-ribbed in B. guadaliipcnsis, 6-ribbed in B. notobilis) and the peculiar- ly extended papery epiphragm, shown in PI. 6, figs. 3, 6. W. G. Binney^^ expressed the opinion that the Mexican genus Xanthonyx was identical with Binneya. At one time I accepted this synonymy,^" but subsequently^^ the relationship of Xanthonyx to the Helicidae was recognized. It has nothing to do with Binneya. Binneya is not a "Mexican genus" as stated by Binney. It is known from Santa Barbara and Gua- dalupe islands only. SUCCINEID^ 7. Succinea guadalupensis Dall Sticcinea (rusticana GId. var. ?) guadelupensis Dall," Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, p. 102, pi. 8, fig. 12. Only a fragment obtained ; Guadalupe Island : Pine Ridge, about 3000 feet elevation (G. D. Hanna). This form appears indistinguishable from shells of San Clemente and San Nicolas ** This large muscular terminal part of the oviduct may possibly function as an organ of copulation, analogous to the condition existing in some other Arionidae, but in the absence of a retractor muscle this is doubtful. "Terr. Moll. U. S. Vol. V. 1878, p. 245. "Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1898, p. 229. "Proc. Malac. Soc. London, IV, 1900, p. 27. " As in the case of Micrarionta guadalupiana, I emend the name "guadelupen- sis." To perpetuate an inadvertent wrong spelling of a geographic unit which has never had but one orthography seems to me pedantic, although in general I adhere to the original spelling of a specific name. J72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Phoc. 4th Ser. islands which generally have gone under the name S. avara Say. It is a very difficult group; and while I doubt whether the Guadalupe Island form is a distinct species, not much can be said until fresh shells come to hand. PU PILLION 8. Pupilla goniodon Pilsbry, new species Plate 7, figure 3 The shell resembles P. stcrkiana of the Lower Californian mainland in shape and sculpture. It is thin, cylindric, with blunt, rounded ends, cinnamon colored, with sculpture of strongly retractive, widely spaced riblets, which are more or less irregular or in places dislocated, sometimes with short, twig-like branches; they are about one-fourth as wide as their intervals or less. The initial 1^ whorls have irregularly an- astomosing net-like sculpture and pale grayish color. Sub- sequent whorls are moderately convex, and the last one rises somewhat and becomes flattened laterally towards the aperture. The aperture is about as wide as long, somewhat squarish with rounded angles. The peristome is expanded, the outer and basal margins thickened with a cinnamon callus within, upper external margin thin; columellar margin dilated. There is a transverse white nodule on the parietal wall within the angle of the lip, united with the latter, and continued in a thin callus across to the columellar lip-insertion. Length. 4 mm. ; diam., L9 mm. ; 6^ whorls. Holotype: No. 2574, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from Northeast Anchorage, Guadalupe Island, Lower California; collected by G. D. Hanna at an elevation not greater than 100 feet, in the canon back of the buildings ; abundant. The presence of a strong angular nodule and the uK^re deli- cate riblets differentiate this species from P. sferkiana. In ex- ceptional specimens there is the barely perceptible trace of a parietal tooth, rather deep within; in none do I see any colu- mellar tooth or truncation, such as P. stcrkiana usually shows in an oblique view in the aperture. The species was collected alive in some numbers. Vol. XVI] PILSBRY— LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS IJ^ 9. Pupilla guadalupensis Pilsbry, new species Plate 7, figures 1, 2 Shell cylindroid, slowly tapering in the upper half, cinna- mon colored, only slightly glossy, very evenly sculptured with retractive riblets paler than the ground color, from a half to a third as wide as their intervals and about 14 to 16 in one milli- meter on the face of the last and penult whorls; the usually paler ly^ embryonic whorls have the net-pitted sculpture of Striopupilla. Subsequent whorls are rather strongly convex. Aperture rounded below, straightened with rounded angles above; no trace of a crest or contraction behind outer lip. Peri- stome expanded, heavily thickened within except at the posterior-lateral curve, continuous in a slightly free or adnate callus across the parietal wall. Aperture typically four-toothed: angular lamella in form of a callous pad within the posterior angle, parietal lamella short, stout, deeply placed, columellar lamella low and broad, palatal fold a rounded, deeply placed tubercle. (Other forms of the species may lack all but the angular pad.) Length 2.8 mm.; diam. 1.5 mm.; 5l4 whorls. (Holotype.) Length 3.1 mm.; diam. 1.5 mm.; 5^4 whorls. Holotype: No. 2575, paratypes Nos. 2576-2578, INIus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from Guadalupe Island, Lower California, 1000 feet above Northeast Anchorage; paratypes: Nos. 2579-2580 from two miles north of south end of island on east side ; G. D. Hanna, Coll. The species was also found near sea level at Northeast Anchorage -and on the crest of Pine Ridge at an elevation of 3000 feet. The close, regular, evenly developed ribs distinguish this species from other American Pupillse, the other two sj^ecies of the subgenus Striopupilla having the ribs more uneven and more widely spaced. It resembles the Asiatic Pupilla annan- dalei, which, however, belongs to a different subgenus. As in most species of this genus, the parietal, columellar and especially the palatal teeth are variable, either present or absent. The angular pad appears in all adult individuals, and is sometimes the only tooth present, as in fig. 2. The four- toothed form, selected as typical on account of its status as the 174 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. most primitive form, is exceptional in some lots seen, but common in other lots. Five specimens taken at random from the type lot have teeth as follows : 1. Angular, parietal, columellar, palatal. 2. Angular, parietal, columellar, palatal. 3. Angular, parietal, 4. Angular, columellar, 5. Angular In No. 2 the parietal is very small ; in No. 4 the columellar can be seen only in an oblique view in the aperture. A similarly unselected lot of ten, from two miles north of the south end of the island, has teeth as follows : 1. Angular, parietal, columellar, palatal. 2. Angular, parietal, columellar, palatal. 3. Angular, parietal, columellar, palatal." 4. Angular columellar, palatal. 5. Angular, parietal, columellar, 6. Angular, parietal, columellar, 7. Angular, parietal"* columellar, 8. Angular, parietal palatal. 9. Angular, parietal, 10. Angular 10. Vertigo calif ornica catalinaria (Sterki) Plate 7, figure 5 Man. Conch. XXV, 1919, p. 142, pi. 9, figs. 5, 6. The specimens are darker than the Catalina Island form, but no other difference was detected. There is some variation in diameter among them, also in the spacing of the ribs, the speci- men figured having them more widely spaced than some others. Very few are fresh, most being dead shells, so fragile that they cannot be cleaned. Length 1.95 mm.; diam. 1 mm. The species was found generally distributed by Dr. Hanna : At Northeast Anchorage and 1000 feet above; and two miles north of the south end on the east side. " This tooth is v€ry small. Vol. XVI] PILSBRY—LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS I75 11. Vertigo californica guadalupensis Pilsbry, new subspecies Plate 7, figure 4 The differential characters of this form are that it possesses a distinctly developed angular lamella standing about midway of the length of the long parietal lamella, and the striation is quite fine, there being about 30 striae in 1 mm. on the face of the last whorl. Length 2 mm.; diam. 1.1 mm. Holotype: No. 2582, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from Guadalupe Island, Lower California; collected about 1000 feet above the landing at Northeast Anchorage by G. D. Hanna. In most groups of Vertigo the presence or absence of an angular lamella has little significance, but in the V. californica group I have never seen this lamella in hundreds of shells ex- amined. However, Dr. V. Sterki has mentioned seeing "traces" of an angular lamella in some specimens of V. cali- fornica, which is a larger, more coarsely sculptured form than V. c. guadalupensis. I have thought it best to name this island form in order to stimulate the attention of future collectors. It was found associated with V. c. catalinaria. 12. Vertigo degeneris Pilsbry, new species Plate 7, figure 6 The oblong, brown shell tapers from the last whorl to the obtuse apex. The whorls are strongly convex, almost smooth, but on the penult whorl some spaced wrinkles along growth lines are noticeable; though weak, they evidently correspond to the riblets of V. californica. The rounded aperture has no teeth. Columella concave, the columellar lip being rather broadly expanded. Length 1.9 mm.; diam. 1.1 mm.; 4^/2 whorls. Holotype: No. 2583, paratypes Nos. 2584, 2585, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from Guadalupe Island, Lower California; collect- ed about 1000 feet above the landing at Northeast Anchorage by G. D. Hanna. A strongly characterized form, which, however, may prove to be connected with a similarly toothless form found at Northeast Anchorage, in which the riblets are well developed. April 22, 1927 J7^ . CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Seb. Length 1.8 mm. ; diam. 1.1 mm. As only broken examples of this ribbed form were taken, its status is left in suspense for the present. 13. Sterkia Clementina (Sterki) Man. Conch. XXVI, p. 54, pi. 7, figs. 9, 10, 13. A single specimen taken at Northeast Anchorage, Guada- lupe Island (G. D. Hanna), in which the whorls are a trifle less convex than in a San Clemente cotype, but the difference is so small that no separation of the forms appears feasible. Truncatellid^ 14. Truncatella guadalupensis Pilsbry Plate 7, figure 11 Truncatella stimpsoni guadalupensis Pilsbry, Nautilus XV, Nov., 1901, p. 83. The subcylindric shell tapers slowly to the truncate summit and is pinkish-cinnamon colored on the last whorl, fading on those above. The whorls are rather weakly convex, the suture not deeply impressed. Sculpture of moderately strong vertical ribs, weaker or partially effaced on the convexity of the last whorl. There is a strong, rounded rib or crest close behind the outer and basal lip margins. The aperture is ovate, the lip expanding a little. Length 6.5 mm. ; diam. including outer lip 2.6 mm. ; above aperture 2.5 mm. ; 4^2 whorls. Guadalupe Island: Type and paratype No. 81973 A. N. S. P., collected by R. E. Snodgrass, November, 1899. I formerly ranked this form as a subspecies of T. stimpsoni Stearns, but having compared long series of all the west coast species, T. calif oniica Pfr., T. stimpsoni Stearns and T. baird- iana C. B. Ad., I consider the Guadalupe form quite distinct, not closely related to any of them. It is stouter in figure than T. stimpsoni figured for comparison in PI. 7, figs. 10, 12-14; the sutural region is not excavated as in that species ; the ribs are not so prominent, and in a face view the last whorl is seen to be longer relative to the length of the shell, occupying more Vol. XVI] PILSBRY—LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS \JJ than half of the total length, while in T. stimpsoni it is de- cidedly less. This species was not obtained by the expedition of 1922. Just where on the coast Mr. Snodgrass picked it up was not recorded. Lower Californian West Coast and Adjacent Islands Helicid^ All of the Lower Californian Helicidae appear to belong to the genus Micrarionta. The capacious coastal and insular species form the subgenus Xerarionta."" The depressed, smoothish, umbilicate forms, "^ largely of the interior, are left in the typical section of Micrarionta; none of them is known anatomically, but I share the doubt expressed by Hanna^^ as to the propriety of my former reference of these species to Sonorella. They do not have the special apical sculpture of the California-Arizona subgenus Eremarionta. C. R. Orcutt'^ has published his opinion that Margarita Island was the type locality of Helix pandorcs, H. levis and H. areolata; also that these together with H. veatchii are vari- eties of a single species. Not having seen his material I should perhaps express no opinion on it, but some hundreds of shells from Margarita Island and its vicinity which I have ex- amined lead me to deny the existence on that island of any snails properly referable to Micrarionta pandorce, levis or veat- chii, whether these are considered distinct species or mere varieties. There are on Margarita Island several forms or varieties of M. areolata. Whether all of the Xerariontas of this coast are referable to one species or several is merely a matter of individual judgment in appraising their characters, and in the amplitude allowed to the species concept, admitted to be conventional. 2° These forms were described and figured by Pilsbry in Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1913, pp. 380-393, plates IS, 16, and Hanna, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4), XII, p. SOS. " Described and partly figured under the generic name Sonorella, Nautilus XXIX, 1916, pp. 97-101, plate 2. «Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4), XII, No. 26, 1923, p. 504. » Nautilus XXXII, 1918, pp. SS-58. J78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 15. Micrarionta stearnsiana (Gabb) West shore of San Quintin Bay and on San Martin Island (G. D. Hanna). "Three species of land shells were very common among brush thickets on the west side [of San Quintin Bay], the most noticeable being the large M. stearnsiana" (Hanna; 1925). San Martin Island, lying a few miles northwest of San Quintin Bay, is wholly covered with lava, 16. Micrarionta canescens (Adams & Reeve) Plate 11, figures 6-10 Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1913, p. 386, fig. \a-d (South Bay, Cedros I., H. N. Lowe) ; also pi. 15, fig. 12 (Natividad I.). Cedros Island, west side, near the Red Rocks; also Bern- stein's Spring at about 2000 ft. elevation on desert plants (G. D. Hanna). Natividad Island on the north side below first giant cactus (G. D. Hanna). On the mainland at Turtle Bay, south side, (G. D. H. and E. K. Jordan) and north side of same bay (G. D. H. and A. W. Anthony). There api>ears to be no tangible difference between Cedros Island and Turtle Bay specimens. All of the lots are indi- vidually quite variable in size, degree of elevation, development of spiral sculpture and amount of banding. There is often the barely discernible trace of a columellar tooth, sometimes a dis- tinct but very small one, and more often none whatever. In the lot from Natividad Island, none shows the columellar tooth. One from this place was figured as a form of M. veatchii in Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1913, pi. 15, fig. 12. Specimens from near Red Rocks (PI. 11, figs. 7-10) and from the north side of Turtle Bay (PI. 11. fig. 6) are figured. 17. Micrarionta canescens veatchii ('Newc' Tryon) Plate 11, figures 11-15 Micrarionta veatchii Pilsbry, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1913, p. 384, pi. 15, fig. 1-7, 10, 13-16. Cedros Island : north end near the old mine ; "Grand Canyon," near center of east side of island; Bernstein's Camp; South Bay (G. D. Hanna). Vol. XVI] PILSBRY— LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS \yC) This well-known race differs from M. cancscens by the gen- erally more ample shell, typically with a higher spire and more expanded lip ; it never has any trace of a columellar tooth. As it seems generally distinguishable from the more widely dis- tributed M. canescens it may perhaps be allowed subspecific rank. It occurs only on Cedros Island. Specimens from the old mine and the "Grand Canyon," and two labelled South Bay (PI. 11, figs. 14, 15) are typical Tcatchii. Those from Bernstein's Camp are nearly all more depressed, some typically colored, others with the coloration of the variety lencanthea; three are figured, PI. 11, figs. 11-13. 18. Micrarionta pandorae (Forbes) Plate 10, figures 1-16 Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1913, p. 382. East Benito Island ; West Benito Island, living in abundance in the rock slides ; on the north side, northeast point and south side (G. D. Hanna). Large series were taken. While everywhere variable in color, there is less variation in form than in related species; and such local differentiation as exists is a matter of relative numbers of the various color-patterns in the several colonies. In the lot from East Benito (PI. 10, figs. 1-9) bicolored and banded forms predominate, those of a nearly uniform shade being rare. A lot from the northeast corner of West Benito is similar. A small lot from the south side of West Benito (PI. 10, figs. 10-12) contains 13 of vinaceous fawn color, nearly uniform or with an ill-defined band, or with strewn dusky spots, and four with lighter, banded base. A lot from the north side (PI. 10, figs. 13-16) contains similar patterns, with also white, bicolored and nearly black specimens. A color plate would be needed for an adequate exposition of the color patterns of M. paudorce. 19. Micrarionta levis (Pfr.) Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1913, p. 387. Turtle Bay, Lower California, south side, (G. D. Hanna and E. K. Jordan) ; north side of same (G. D. H. and A. W. Anthony). Asuncion Island (G. D. H.). IgQ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. The specimens are similar to pi. 16, figs. 42, 43 of my paper of 1913. On Asuncion Island Dr. Hanna states that specimens were scarce and semifossilized; no live ones were found. Colu- mellar tooth is usually well developed but sometimes obsolete. 20. Micrarionta levis crassula (Dall) Plate 10, figures 17-22 Epiphragmophora crassula Dall, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900, p. 100, pi. 8, fig. 3. Micrarionta levis var. crassula Dall, Pilsbry, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1913, p. 389, pi. 15, fig. 24. Natividad Island; dead shells were everywhere in abun- dance, but not a live one could be found (G. D. Hanna). All of the specimens yet found have the appearance of fos- sils, and have certainly been dead a long time. Most specimens are filled with sand, and have the appearance of being etched by blowing sand or worn by rolling. It appears to be extinct. The series of over 80 collected by the expedition of 1922 shows it to be rather variable as in PI. 10, figs. 17-22, show- ing normal and extreme forms. There seem to be no constant characters to separate this Natividad Island form from main- land M. levis, and the subspecific rank gives too much impor- tance to the Natividad form. Height 17.0, diam. 20.7 mm.; 5^6 whorls. Height 18.0, diam. 18.8 mm.; S'A whorls. Height 15.7, diam. 18.0 mm.; 5]/^ whorls. Height 12.0, diam. 15.5 mm.; 4^2 whorls. Height 11.3, diam. 15 mm.; 5 whorls. 21. Micrarionta areolata (Pfeififer) Plate 6, figure 10; plate 11, figures 1-5; plate 9, figures 1, la, lb Pilsbry, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1913, p. 390.— Orcutt, Nautilus XXXIII, 1918, p. 55. Magdalena Island near the village of Magdalena Bay ; ocean beach, Magdalena Bay ; Margarita Island, southern division ; all collected by G. D. Hanna, July, 1922. Vol. XVI] PILSBRY—LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS Jg^ A series from the first locality mentioned consists of speci- mens having narrow, interrupted vandyke-brown bands, and agreeing exactly with Pfeiffer's figures.^* Probably this was the type locality. With them are others with the bands re- duced, and also white, bandless shells (figs. 2-5). The series from Margarita Island, south division (fig. 1), consists of 31 white shells, and 5 with small remnants of brown spot-bands, chiefly on the spire. Two measure : Height 22.0 ; diam. 26.5 mm. ; 5^ whorls. Height 19.5; diam. 22.0 mm.; 5^3 whorls. A lot from the sand dunes on the ocean across from Magda- lena Bay Village consists of thin, small shells, 19 to 21 mm. in diameter, white with very pale brown to ivory yellow spot- bands or tessellation, or uniform white. One of the lot meas- ures 25 mm. in diameter. One of the fine specimens of typical areolata from near the village of Magdalena Bay was dissected and the genitalia figured, PI. 9, figs. 1, la, \b. The epiphallus (epi.) is as large in diameter as the penis and much longer; it bears the penial retractor. The flagellum is coiled (fig. \b, H.). The descending mucus gland (figs. 1, \a, d.m.g.) is spread out over the base of the dart sac (d.s.) and vagina, the ascending one (fig. 1, a.m.g.) spreads on the upper part of the dart sac. The di- verticulum of the spermathecal duct (fig. 1, div.) is very long and larger than the branch bearing the spermatheca. Length of penis 7 mm. ; epiphallus 13 mm. ; flagellum 40 mm. Length of spermatheca and dtict 40 mm. ; of diverticulum 28 mm. The pallial organs are photographed in PI. 6, fig. 10. The kidney is less than half as long as the lung, more than twice the length of the pericardium. The principal vein has numer- ous large branches anteriorly. Length of lung 33 mm. ; of pericardium 5.5 mm. ; of kidney 14 mm. In 1898 I published'^ figures of the genitalia of several Lower Californian Xerariontas. The forms dissected from the San Benitos, Cedros and further south are much alike, dif- " Reproduced by me in Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1913, p. 390, figs. 2a, b, c. 2» Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1898, p. 68, pi. 1. |g7 CALIFORXIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 4th Shr. fcring from M. stearnsiana of the San Diegan faunal area by having the descending mucus gland spread upon dart sac and vagina instead of on the penis. The flagelhim and the (H- verticulum of the spermathecal duct are very long. 22. Micrarionta evermanni Pilsbry, new species Plate 12, figures 4, 5, 6 Shell depressed, with low spire, rounded periphery and um- bilicate base, the umbilicus contained nearly seven times in the diameter. Color unknown, as the specimens are bleached (fos- sil?), but a faintly sketched narrow dark band revolves above the periphery. The surface of the first whorl shows some weak irregular radial rugae; subsequent whorls are marked with light growth lines, otherwise smooth. The whorls increase rather slowly to the last, which expands to more than twice the width of the penult; it descends rather deeply to the aperture. The aperture is strongly oblique, very shortly oval, the outer margin rather conspicuously expanded, basal margin subre- flected, columellar margin dilated and covering a small part of the umbilcus. Height 12.7 mm. ; diam. 22.3 mm. ; aperture 11.3x13.5 mm.; umbilicus 3^ mm.; 5 whorls ;, holotype, No. 2618. Height 11.7 mm.; diam. 19.7 mm.; 4^ whorls; para- type, No. 2619. Holotype: No. 2618, paratypcs Nos. 2619, 2620, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from north side of Turtle Bay, Lower California, collected by G. D. Hanna and E. K. Jordan, June, 1925. Found among loose rocks in an outcrop of Pliocene gravelly strata about \y2 miles north of the bay shore and across the valley to the west of the white Miocene exposures. This species is probably most nearly related to M. mcrrilli (Bartsch), described from below San Quintin, Lower Cali- fornia, but it differs by the larger aperture and the well ex- panded peristome, in these characters ai)proaching M. lohrii (Gabb) somewhat. The sculpture of the embryonic whorl is not well preserved, but such as there is resembles that of M. lohrii. These So- Vol. XVI] PILSBRY—LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS \^T, iiorella-like Lower Californian species do not have the em- bryonic sculpture of the Cahforniaii desert Micrariontas of the subgenus Eremarionta, and they apparently belong to the typical section of Micrarionta, which is otherwise insular in distribution. To definitely fix their systematic position the dis- section of some member of the group is desirable. BULIMULID^ 23. Bulimulus hannai Pilsbry, new species Plate 11, figures 16-20; plate 12, figure 3 B[ulimulus] striatulus Dall, Hanna, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4) XII, No. 26, 1923, pp. 486, 487. Not B. pallidior var. striatulus Dall. The shell has a very ample umbilicus and ovate-conic shape ; it is rather thin, light pinkish cinnamon with shreds of more yellowish, clay-colored periostracum. The conic spire is rathei slender above. The initial whorls are strongly convex and deli- cately costulate as in related species; subsequent whorls are moderately convex, with very slight, retractive striation, and on the last one (to three) there are very delicate spiral threads which may be minutely beaded where well preserved (PL 12, fig. 3). The ovate, somewhat oblique aperture is carried well forward to the ventral convexity of the last whorl ; it is colored inside like the exterior. The peristome is thin, moderately expanded, the margins connected by a short parietal callus. The columella is straightened but not plicate above, and very broad in an oblique view in the aperture. The internal axis (fig. 18) is large. Length 38.5 mm. ; diam. 22.7 mm. ; length aperture 22.8 mm. ; 6J/2 whorls. Length 33.2 mm.; diam. 20.5 mm.; length aperture 20.5 mm.; 5j4 whorls. Length 31.0 mm.; diam. 20.0 mm.; length aperture 18.0 mm.; 5^ whorls (Type). Holotype: No. 2621, paratypcs Nos. 2622-2625, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from Margarita Island in Magdalena Bay, Lower California; collected by G. D. Hanna under stones within one 1QA CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. mile, west and south, of the village near the center of the east side of the island. B. pallidior (Sowb.) is more oblong, less acutely conic, the initial whorl larger and lower, the aperture is less oblique, with a more expanded lip, which is somewhat thickened within ; the umbilicus is less ample within than in B. hannai, not penetrat- ing as deep. In a specimen cut open from the back the axis is much smaller in B. pallidior than in B. hamiai. All of the specimens of B. pallidior seen are white. In forms of B. pal- lidior which show granulation, it is of an entirely different character. In B. ha)inai the spiral threads are very narrow, widely spaced and usually in places show very beautiful minute beading, but more often they are almost or even completely effaced. Two examples of B. hannai from Magdalena Island 4 miles south of the village of Magdalena Bay, collected by Hanna, have the spiral threads more strongly developed than in Mar- garita Island shells, though still very small. B. hannai appears to be one of the most distinct species of its group, but since it has been confused with B. pallidior stri- atulus, some account of that race is required. This is the more essential because striatulus was only briefly defined, and the lo- calities assigned seem to be incorrect or dubious. 24. Bulimulus pallidior striatulus Dall Plate 12, figures 1, 7, 8 [BuUmidus pnllidior var.] striatulus Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XVI, 1893, p. 640. This variety was defined as follows : "The spiral striation in many specimens [of B. pallidior] becomes pro- nounced, and in some reaches a point comparable to the surface of the B. montezuma. For this variety I have used the varietal name striatulus. It is particularly noticeable in collections from Carmen and Margarita islands and the Gulf coast of the peninsula." Vol. XVI] PILSBRY—LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS 135 I figured a specimen labelled "Lower California" as var. strmtiilns in Manual of Conchology XI, p. 143, pi. 19, figs. 50, 68,"" accepting J. G. Cooper's identification of striatulus as identical v^ith his race from the Sierra El Taste, called var. vegexpizar'' (so named because it "has characters like B. vegctus, B. excelsus, B. spirifer and B. monte- zuma"\). This shell has sculpture substantially as in the type of B. p. striatulus. Hanna"** mentioned B. striatulus as occurring on Margarita Island, having been misled by Ball's mention of that locality. The Margarita Island specimens never have sculpture "com- parable to the surface of B. montesuma" — the only character mentioned by Dall. Also they differ decidedly in color (stria- tulus and "vegexpiza" being white), as well as in shape and peristome. The type specimen of B. p. striatulus is No. 58652 U. S, N. M., from the R. E, C, Stearns collection, kindly lent me by Dr. Bartsch. It is said to be from Carmen Island, collector not known. Within the aperture "L. C." is pencilled. It is represented in PI. 12, fig. 8, the sculpture of the last whorl in figs. 1, 7; length 42 mm.; diam. 24 mm.; length aperture 24 mm. ; 6^ whorls. The umbilicus is compressed and does not penetrate beyond the last whorl. There is a very dense, fine and low granulation, produced by the decussation of fine axial folds by many impressed spiral lines. At irregular in- tervals there are slightly emphasized spirals, as shown in fig. 1 ; but these are probably an individual rather than racial character. The greatest convexity of the last whorl is above the middle. The lip is white, well spread but not recurved at the margin, rather thick, and it is noticeably calloused at the inner edge. It is a fully adult or rather old individual. The margins of the peristome are somewhat chipped. While not absolutely identical with "vegexpiza," which dif- fers by having a decidedly recurved lip, the resemblance is so ^* Fig. 68 represents the granulation as decidedly too emphatic; it is actually very low. The lithograph printed darker than was intended. "Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (2), IV, p. 134, pi. 5, fig. 1; pi. 6, fig. 27. "Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4), XII, No. 26, p. 487. Jg^ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. great that I do not think two subspecies are likely to be maintained. As to the assigned locality, Hanna doubts the occurrence of striatnliis on Carmen Island, where the California Academy Expedition of 1921 worked well over the island and "collected almost 400 specimens of another species of Bulimulus but not one of the montezuma group." Stearns' specimen probably was wrongly localized, and really came from the mainland mountains. We conclude, therefore, that B. pallidior str'mhilns is a race of the southern peninsular sierras, and strongly distinct specifi- cally from D. haimai of the Magdalena Bay region. PUPILLID^ 25. Pupilla sterkiana (Pilsbry) Pupa sterkiana Pilsbry, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1889, p. 411, pi. 2, figs. 2, 3. Pupilla sterkiana Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (2) XXVI, p. 156, pi. 19, figs. 16, 17 (San Ramon, Lower California). San Martin Island (G. D. Hanna). A few beautiful a: normal brown color A few beautiful albino shells were taken among many of the 26. Vertigo californica diegoensis (Sterki) San Ouintin Bay, west shore; San Martin Island (G. D. Hanna). Typical specimens; at the first locality only one old shell with Sterkia henipJiiUi (St.). 27. Sterkia calamitosa martiniana Pilsbry, new subspecies Plate 12, figure 2 The shell is very similar to 5^. calamitosa but differs by the larger size and longer whorls, and the presence of a supra- palatal tubercle (rarely wanting). Vol. XVI] PILSBRY—LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS \^y Length 1.95 mm., diam. 0.9 mm.; fully 5 whorls. Holotype. Length 1.75 mm., diam. 0.9 mm.; 5 whorls. Paratype. Length 1.60 mm., diam. 0.9 mm. ; smallest specimen. Holotype: No. 2626, paratype No. 2627, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from San Martin Island, Lower California; under stones and among plant debris ; G. D. Hanna, collector. There are a few beautiful albino examples in the lot. While very close to mainland calamitosa, the small differences seem to indicate a slightly differentiated insular race. 28. Sterkia hemphilli (Sterki) San Quintin Bay, west shore (G. D. Hanna). Truncatellid^ 29. Truncatella stimpsoni Stearns Plate 7, figures 10, 12-14 San Martin Island, Lower California, collected by Dr. Fred Baker, August, 1899. One of this lot is illustrated, fig. 10. Other specimens from San Diego, the type locality, appear in figs. 12, 13 and 14, the last a very fine-ribbed form. 30. Truncatella californica Pfr. San Martin Island with the preceding (Dr. Fred Baker). The specimens are almost smooth but show faint traces of ribs. While the two forms californica and stimpsoni are generally separable without difficulty, there appear to be a few intermediate specimens, such as the very finely ribbed shell from San Diego shown in PI. 7, fig. 14, having about twice as many ribs as T. stimpsoni. The known range of T. californica 188 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Seb. and T. stimpsoni is the same — San Diego, California, to San Martin Island, L. C. These Truncatellae were not taken by the expedition of 1922, but are included as giving a new southern limit for both. Amnicolid^ 31. Paludestrina cedrosensis Pilsbry, new species Text figures 3a, b, c The shell is openly perforate, conic with obtuse apex, thin, milky bluish and subtranslucent ; smooth; composed of 3^ strongly convex whorls, the last becoming shortly free in front. The aperture is broadly ovate, the continuous peristome thin and slightly dilated outwardly, the columellar margin ex- panded ; columella evenly concave, slightly thickened. b V ^ c Fig. 3. Paludestrina cedrosensis. Length 1.75 mm., diam. 1.35 mm., length of aperture 0.90 mm. Type, fig. 3c. Length 1.75 mm., diam. 1.35 mm., length of aperture 0.95 mm. Fig. ib. Length 1.85 mm., diam. 1.30 mm., length of aperture 0.95 mm. Fig. Za. Holotype: No. 2628, paratypes Nos. 2629, 2630, from Bern- stein's Spring, Cedros Island, Lower California; collected by G. D. Hanna, July, 1922. The very thin yellowish operculum is retracted deep in the last whorl, out of sight in a front view in the aperture; nucleus Vol. XVI] PILSBRY— LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS \^(j at the lower third of the length and the inner three-eighths of the width. Length, .8 mm. ; width, .6 mm. This little snail is more elongate than Amnicola micrococcus and shorter than Paludestrina stearnsiana; it appears to be related to the latter. It is the only fresh water mollusk known from Cedros Island. "Bernstein's Spring is the water supply for an abalone packing plant located at the mouth of the south- ernmost large canon on the east side of the island. The spring is located inland about three miles, on the north side of the canon and at an elevation of about 2500 feet." (G. D. H.). J90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Phoc. 4th Ser. Plate 6 All figures approximately X 3 Fig. 1. Binneya notabilis Cooper. No. 12204 (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia) ; Santa Barbara Island, Calif. ; length, 13.3 mm. Figs. 2, 4, 5. Binneya guadalupensis Pilsbry, n. sp. Nos. 2566-2570 (C.A.S.) ; Guadalupe Island, Lower California, three miles south of Northeast Anchorage; lengths, 11.2, 10.5 and 4.5 mm. Holotype, No. 2566, Figs. 3, 6. Binneya guadalupensis Pilsbry, n. sp. Dormant specimens showing the white epiphragm which envelops non-retracted parts of the animal; Guadalupe Island, same location as above ; lengths of shells, 8.7 and 6.3 mm. Figs. 7, 8, 9. Binneya guadalupensis Pilsbry, n. sp. Alcoholic specimens, Nos. 2571-2573 (C.A.S. ), with shells removed; fig. 9 is from a drowned individual ; all from Pine Ridge, Guadalupe Island, Lower California; elevation 3000 feet. Fig. 10. Micrarionta areolata (Pfeiffer). Pallial organs. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI, No. 7 [PILSBRY] Plate 6 April 22, 1927 iQ7 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES [Pnoc. 4th Ser. Plate 7 Fig. 1. PupUhi (iiiadalupcnsis Pilsl)ry, n. sp. Holotype, No. 2575 (C.A.S.) from 1000 feet above Northeast Anchorage, Guadalupe Island, Lower California; length, 2.8 mm. Fig. 2. Piipilla gitadahtpcnsis Pilsl^ry, n. sp. Paratype (toothless form). No. 2579 (C.A.S.) from two miles north of south end of Guadalupe Island, Lower California; length, 3.1 mm. Fig. 3. I'upUla (joiiiodoii Pilshry, n. sp. Holotype, No. 2574 (C..\.S.) from Northeast Anchorage, Guadalupe Island, Lower Cali- fornia; length, 4.0 mm. Fig. 4. I'crlifjo calif oniica guadaliipcnsis Pilshry, n. ssp. Holotype, No. 2582 (C.A.S.) from 1000 feet above Northeast Anchorage, Guadalupe Island, Lower California; length, 2.0 mm. Fig. 5. Vertigo califoniica calalinaria Sterki. Plcsiotype, No. 2581 (C.A.S.) from 1000 feet above Northeast Anchorage, Guada- lupe Island, Lower California; length, 1.9 nnu. Fig. 6. J'crtigo dcgciicris Pilsbry, n. sp. Holotype, No. 2583 (C..\.S.) from 1000 feet above Northeast Anchorage, Guadalupe Island, Lower California; length, 1.9 nun. Figs. 7, 7a. Ilaplotroiut guadaluprnsis Pilsbry, n. sp. Holotype, No. 2566 (C.A.S.) from Pine Ridge, Guadalupe Island, Lower California; elevation 3000 feet; diameter, 4.9 nun. Fig. 8. Ilehiiinthoglypta hannai Pilsbry, n. sp. Paratype, No. 2561 (C.A.S.), small depressed form; from Pine Ridge. Guada- lupe Island, Lower California; diameter, 17.0 mm. Figs. 9, 9i/, 9b. Ilcliiiiiitlioglypta hannai Pilsbry, n. sp. Holotype, No. 2560 (C.A.S.) from Pine Ridge, Guadalupe Island, Lower California; diameter, 20.6 mm. Fig. 10. TriDicalcUa stiiiip.4 Sec. 20, T. 19 S., R. 15 E. A conspicuous feature of the landscape there is a high sandstone reef or ridge, as seen from Oil City, looking southeast. This Eocene reef contains many molluscan fossils and was used as a base for measurement. The collections came from 10 feet above the reef, 100, 200 and 1000 feet below the reef on the exposure facing northwest. The latter depth is near the shale contact between the Eocene "Kreyenhagen" and the Cretaceous "Moreno" below. This contact is very difficult to follow satisfactorily at that point except by means of the Foraminifera; faunal differences are very pronounced. Above the Eocene reef at the point indicated, the muddy shales gradually become more and more siliceous. No evi- dent unconformity was seen at that point and there appeared to be continuous sedimentation. These siliceous shales be- come highly organic and are the source-rock of most of the petroleum of the Coalinga district. They contain what has been called "Pccten pcckhaini Gabb" and in the upper part a very considerable number of micro-organisms which have been reported from deposits definitely known to be of Miocene age. They lie below a sandstone reef which is often called "Vaqueros" but may not be extreme basal Miocene. Only four species of Mollusca have been reported from this huge body of shale, throughout its extent and these are hardly suf- •U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 396, 1909, p. 13, pi. 3, fig. 6; Bull. 398, p. 70. pi. 25. fig. 6. Vol. X\"I] CUSHMAN AND HANNA— EOCENE FORAMINIFERA 209 ficient to identify the formation as either Miocene, Oligocene or Eocene; in all of these it has been variously placed in the past. It overlies Eocene without unconformity and upper Eocene is reported missing in the region.'' Therefore, it might be contended that these shales are Tejon. Being be- tween known Miocene and known Eocene, they can also be called Oligocene. And being, in large part, highly siliceous like some basal Miocene elsewhere, they can be called Miocene. Since they contain a large fauna of Foraminifera in some parts and Radiolaria, Silicoflagellata and Diatomaceae in many places and through a considerable vertical range, the safest procedure seems to be to consider the age in doubt until some of these groups of organisms are critically studied. Stratig- raphy seems to be incapable of furnishing a means of age detemiination in this case and molluscan paleontology is equally deficient. It is possible, even probable, that the point of separation between Eocene and higher strata is a shale con- tact and will have to be based on the micro-organisms as does the Eocene-Cretaceous contact below. 1. Rhabdammina eocenica Cushman & Hanna, new species Plate 13, figure 1 Test cylindrical, slightly irregular, open at both ends; wall arenaceous with some sand grains but a large percentage of fine amorphous material, the whole firmly cemented ; apertures at the ends of the chambers which are somewhat constricted. Length 3 mm., breadth 0.5 mm. Holotype: No. 2522, paratype No. 2523, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; fairly common, 10 feet above the Eocene sandstone reef. The specimens vary somewhat in diameter but the ratio of diameter to length is rather constant indicating that the speci- mens may perhaps be considered reasonably complete. They are usually slightly compressed, probably due to fossilization and later stresses. The amount of fine material is relatively larger than in most recent species. "See Oark, Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol., Vol. 16, 1926, No. 5, pp. 99-118. 210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 2. Bathysiphon eocenica Cushman & Hanna, new species Plate 13, figures 2, 3 Test elong^ate, compressed cylindrical ; wall made of fine white amorphous material and rather soft; wall thick but the tubular chamber several times as broad as the thickness of the wall ; outer surface with traces of a reddish coating-. Length of short pieces 1 mm., breadth 0.5 mm. Holotype: No. 2524, paratypes Nos. 2525, 2526, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; specimens from 10 feet above the Eocene sandstone reef; also from 100 feet below. In some respects this species resembles Bathysiphon tauri- ncnsis Sacco, especially as figured by Schubert from the lower Oligocene of Austria. Both sj)ecies are apparently constricted at intervals and a line of weakness develops there causing the specimens in the samples when washed to be broken up into relatively short pieces. It is apparently a larger and thicker walled species than B. taurinensis. 3. Haplophragmoides coalingensis Cushman & Hanna, n. sp. Plate 13, figure 4 Test comparatively large, coarsely arenaceous but the sur- face smoothly finished due to the considerable amount of whitish cement, close coiled, planospiral, involute, very slightly umbilicate, last-formed coil composed of ten to twelve cham- bers; sutures very indistinct but slightly depressed in the later portion; aperture narrow, curved, at the base of the last- formed chamber. Length 1 mm., breadth 0.8 mm., thickness 0.45 mm. Holotype: No. 2527, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; fairly common 10 feet above the Eocene sandst(Mie reef; also 100 feet and 200 feet below it. The relatively large size, very smooth surface due to the Vol. XVI] CUSHMAN AND H ANN A— EOCENE FORAMINIFERA 211 abundance of cement into which the relatively large sand grains are stuck, together with the large number of chambers in the involute test should make this species easily recognized. 4. Textularia mississippiensis Cushman Plate 13, figure 5 Textularia mississippiensis Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 129, 1922, pp. 90, 125 ; Prof. Paper 133, 1923, p. 16.— Cushman & Applin, Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petr. Geol., Vol. 10, No. 2, 1926, p. 166, pi. 6, figs. 10, 11. Test elongate, compressed, broad, thickest in the median line, thence thinning toward the periphery, in end view bicon- vex, central portion curved, lens shaped ; chambers low and broad, especially in the early stages, somewhat higher in the adult; sutural region covered by a coarsely arenaceous layer, meeting along the central portion and periphery, leaving the central portion of each chamber uncovered ; periphery thin and irregular not definitely or regularly spinose, chamber-walls finely arenaceous, smoothly finished except as noted. Plesiotype: No. 2528, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; rare, 10 feet above the Eocene sandstone reef. This species is characteristic of the upper Eocene and lower Oligocene of the United States and Mexico. 5. Textularia cf. distortio Cushman & Applin Plate 13, figure 6 There is a single incomplete specimen which strongly re- sembles this species described from the upper Eocene of Texas. It may be simply an eroded specimen of T. mississip- piensis but seems worthy of note for the information of future workers. Plesiotype: No. 2529, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; rare, 100 feet below the Eocene sandstone reef. 212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 6. Gaudryina jacksonensis coalingensis Cushman & Hanna, new subspecies Plate 13, figure 7 Test slightly curved, triangular in section, early portion triserial, later adult portion biserial, chambers and sutures rather indistinct in most specimens due to the unusually rough texture of the exterior. Length 1.25 mm., breadth 0.80 mm. Holotype: No. 2530, paraiype No. 2531, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; common in the material collected 10 feet above the Eocene sandstone reef, but not found in the lower samples. This variety differs from typical Gaudryuia jacksonensis Cushman in the somewhat shorter form and the very rough exterior. G. jacksonensis is found in the upper Eocene of the United States and Mexico. 7. Bulimina sp.? BuUmina sp. ?, Cushman, Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petr. Geol., Vol. 9, No. 2, 1925, p. 301, pi. 7, fig. 9. In the collection are a very few small smooth Buliminas which are apparently identical with the specimen figured as cited above. It was from upper Eocene material collected on the Moctezuma River in the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Other species of this Mexican locality occur in the California samples and when sufficient material is available it may be found that this is a definite upper Eocene species. Specimens were found 100 feet and 200 feet below the Eocene Reef. 8. Nodosaria latejugata Giimbel Plate 13, figures 15-17 Nodosaria latejugata Gumbel, Abhandl. Kon. bay. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, Vol. 18, 1868 (1870), p. 619, pi. 1, fig. 32.— Hantken, A. magy. Kir. foldt. int. Evkon., Vol. 4, 1875 (1876), p. 21. pi. 2, figs. 6a-d. — Cushman, Contrib. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Vol. 1, pt. 3, 1925, p. 66, pi. 10, fig. 7. Nodosaria btidensis Hantken, A. magy. Kir. foldt. int. Evkon., Vol. 4, 1875 (1876), p. 23, pi. 2. fig. 10; pi. 16, fig. 4. Vol. XVI] CUSHMAN AND HANXA— EOCENE FORAMINIFERA 213 Test elongate, subcylindrical, initial end with a single spine ; chambers distinct, slightly inflated; sutures distinct, of clear shell material, slightly depressed ; surface ornamented with a few very prominent longitudinal costse, continuous from initial to apertural ends, except occasionally the final chamber smooth ; apertural end slightly prolonged ; aperture radiate. Length up to 2 mm. ; breadth up to 0.60 mm. Plesiotypes: Nos. 2532-2534, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; there are numerous specimens from 10 feet above and 100 feet below the Eocene sandstone reef. This species was originally described by Giimbel from the upper Eocene of Bavaria. Hantken figures it from the upper Eocene of Hungary. It is common in the American upper Eocene of the Gulf Coastal Plain region of the United States and Mexico in both microspheric and magalospheric forms. This is one of the species belonging to the general Nodosaria raphanus group, various species of which are known from the Cretaceous to the Recent ocean. 9. Nodosaria aculeata d'Orbigny (?) Nodosaria aculeata d'Orbigny, Foram. Foss. Bass. Tert. Vienne, 1846, p. 35, pi. 1, figs. 26, 27. There is a single broken fragment consisting of two globu- lar chambers from the middle portion of a test with prominent radiating spines that may be placed under this species. It came from 10 feet above the Eocene Reef. 10. Nodosaria (Dentalina) adolphina d'Orbigny Plate 13, figures 8, 9 Dentalina adolphina d'Orbigny, Foram. Foss. Bass. Tert. Vienne, 1846, p. 51, pi. 2, figs. 18-20. Nodosaria adolphina Schwager, A''ot;n;-a-Exped., Geol. Theil., 1866, p. 235, pi. 6, figures 72, 7i. Test elongate, slightly curved, the chambers rounded, in- creasing gradually in size as added, each connected by short 2J4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser, slender necks with the adjacent ones; wall smooth except near the base where there is a ring of sharp, backwardly pointing spines. Plcsiotypes: Nos. 2535, 2536, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; specimens occur at 10 feet above and 200 feet below the Eocene sandstone reef. Originally described by d'Orbigny from the Miocene of the Vienna Basin this species has been widely recorded. It oc- curs in the upper Eocene of Mexico. 11. Nodosaria (Dentalina) consobrina d'Orbigny Plate 13, figures 12, 13 Dentalina consobrina d'Orbigny, Foram. Foss. Bass. Tert. Vienne, 1846, p. 46, pi. 2, figs. 1-3. Test elongate, slightly curved, the chambers elliptical, some- what constricted at the sutures, increasing in size and length as added, initial end usually with a spine, wall smooth, matte. Plcsiotypes: Nos. 2537, 2538, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; numerous frag- ments occur in the collection from 10 feet above the Eocene sandstone reef. This species originally described by d'Orbigny from the Miocene of the Vienna Basin occurs in the Eocene of Mexico. It is a delicate species; on account of the weakness developed at the constricted sutures fossil specimens are usually broken. 12. Nodosaria (Dentalina) communis (d'Orbigny) Plate 13, figure 10 Dentalina communis d'Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., Vol. 7, 1826, p. 254. — Mem. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 1, Vol. 4, 1840, p. 13, pi. 1, fig. 4. Nodosaria cotntnunis Reuss, Verstein Bohm. Kreide, 1845, 6, p. 28, pi. 12, fig. 21. Test stout, tapering, slightly curved, initial end pointed, sometimes ending in a short spinose projection, chambers numerous, very slightly depressed at the sutures, increasing Vol. XVI] CUSHMAN AND HANNA— EOCENE FORAMINIFERA 215 gradually in height as added; wall smooth, aperture radiate, eccentric. Length 1.10 mm., breadth 0.20 mm. Plesiotype: No. 2539, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; specimens occur in the collection from 10 feet above the Eocene sandstone reef. 13. Nodosaria arundinea Sch wager Plate 13, figure 14 Nodosaria arundinea Schwager, Novara-Exped., Geol. Theil., pt. 2, 1866, p. 211, pi. 5, figs. 43-45. — Sherborn & Chapman, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc, 1886, p. 747, pi. 14, figs. 28, 29. Test very long and slender, chambers long cylindrical, many times as long as wide; sutures very slightly depressed; wall thin, smooth. Plesiotype: No. 2540, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California ; rare at 10 feet above the Eocene sandstone reef. The species is recorded from the Eocene of Europe and occurs in considerable numbers in the upper Eocene of Mexico. Schwager's types were from the Pliocene of Kar Nicobar. 14. Nodosaria (Glandulina) laevigata ovata Cushman & Applin Plate 14, figure 1 Nodosaria (Glandulina) Icevigata d'Orbigny, var. ovata Cushman & Applin, Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petr. Geol., Vol. 10, 1926, p. 169, pi. 7, figs. 12, 13. Test ovate, longer than broad, circular in transverse section, widest toward the apertural end, initial end subacute, cham- bers overlapping, few, indistinct ; sutures indistinct ; aperture radiate, slightly projecting; wall smooth, matte. Length 0.75 mm., breadth 0.40 mm. Plesiotype: No. 2541, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; a single specimen from 10 feet above the Eocene sandstone reef. .April 22, 1927 215 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Tills variety, described from the tipper Eocene of Texas, is widely distributed in the deposits of the same age of the Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States and Mexico. 15. Marginulina subbullata Hantken Plate 13, figure 11 Marginulina subbullata Hantken, A Magy. Kir. foldt. int. Evkon., Vol. 4, 1875 (1876), p. 39, pi. 4, figs. 9, 10; pi. 5, fig. 9.— Cushman, Contrib. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Vol. 1, pt. 3, 1925, p. 62, pi. 10, figs. 3a, b. Test subcylindrical, initial end broadly rounded, the first three chambers arranged in a loose coil, the last two or three chambers uniserial in a straight line ; chambers few, inflated ; sutures distinct, slightly depressed ; wall smooth and polished ; apertural end produced with a small tapering neck and radiate aperture. Length of immature specimen 0.50 mm., breadth 0.25 mm. Plesiotype: No. 2542, IMus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; a single specimen, 200 feet below the Eocene sandstone reef. Hantken described this species from the upper Eocene of Central Europe. It also occurs in the upper Eocene of Mexico. 16. Cristellaria mexicana nudicostata Cushman & Hanna, new subspecies Plate 14, figure 2 Test differing from the typical in having the raised limbate sutures smooth instead of beaded, the portion toward the inner margin from the middle slightly more swollen; aperture radi- ate with a supplementary robuline aperture below on the apertural face. Holotype: No. 2543, paratype No. 2544, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; several Vol. XVIJ CUSHMAN AND HANNA— EOCENE FORAMINIFERA 217 specimens at 10 feet above and 100 feet below the Eocene sandstone reef. This same form occurs in the Tantoyuca formation of Mexico. 17. Cristellaria truncana Giimbel Plate 14, figure 6 Cristellaria truncana Gumbel, Abhandl. Bay. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, CI. II, Vol. 10, 1868 (1870), p. 639, pi. 1, figs. 68a, b. Test much compressed, slightly uncoiled, two or three times as long as broad, sides nearly parallel, periphery truncate; chambers very distinct ; sutures distinct, transparent, limbate, curved especially toward the periphery; wall smooth, polished; aperture radiate with a small rounded supplementary robuline aperture just below on the apertural face. Length 0.85 mm., breadth 0.40 mm. Plesiotype: No. 2545, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; rare in collection 100 feet below Eocene sandstone reef. This is apparently identical with Giimbel's species described from the upper Eocene of Bavaria. 18. Cristellaria inornata (d'Orbigny) " Plate 14, figure 5 Robiilitia inornata d'Orbigny, Foram. Foss. Bass. Tert. Vienne, 1846, p. 102, pi. 4, figs. 25, 26. Cristellaria inornata Sherborn & Chapman, Journ. Roy, Micr. Soc, ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1886, p. 754, pi. 15, figs. 27a, b. Test closely coiled, thick, periphery acute, six or seven chambers in the last formed coil, chambers distinct but not in- flated : sutures distinct, slightly limbate, strongly curved, flush with the surface ; wall smooth, matte ; aperture radiate with an elongate supplementary robuline chamber just below on the triangular apertural face. Length 0.95 mm., breadth 0.80 mm. 213 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Plcsiotype: No. 2546, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; a number of specimens occur in the collection made 100 feet below the Eocene sand- stone reef. D'Orbigny described this species from the Miocene of the Vienna Basin and Sherborn & Chapman record it from the Eocene of England. There are a number of specimens from the same material near Coalinga that may be variants of this species. 19. Cristellaria convergens Bornemann Plate 14, figure 3 Cristellaria convergens Bornemann, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges., Vol. 7, 1855, p. 327, pi. 13, figs. 16, 17. Test oval, biconvex, close coiled ; chambers triangular, the last-formed one drawn out to a point at the apertural end; sutures hardly visible, the chambers embracing to the umbo; wall smooth and thick, aperture radiate. Length 0.65 mm. ; breadth 0.55 mm. Plcsiotype: No. 2547, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; specimens occur in the collection made 100 feet below the Eocene sandstone reef. Bornemann's type was from the Oligocene of Germany. Specimens from Jurassic to Recent have been referred to this species but a comparison of the published figures shows a considerable difference in the forms. 20. Cristellaria subaculeata Cushman Cristellaria aculeata H. B. Braoy (not d'Orbigny), Rep. Voy. Clinllcnger, Zoology, Vol. 9, 1884, p. 555, pi. 71, figs. 4, 5. Cristellaria subaculeata Cushman, Bull. 104, U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 4, 1923, p. 123, pi. 34, fig. 2. Test somewhat longer than broad, somewhat compressed, periphery with a narrow, thin keel, test becoming slightly un- coiled in the later portion ; chambers comparatively few, a])out Vol. XVI] CUSHMAN AND HANNA— EOCENE FORAMINIFERA 219 8 in the last-formed coil, distinct but not inflated; sutures lim- bate, raised, with bead-like prominences, wall between the sutures also spinose or beaded, apertural face triangular, trun- cate, the sides with a raised keel ; aperture projecting, radiate, with a supplementary robuline opening below on the apertural face. Length 0.85 mm., breadth 0.60 mm. Specimens occur in the collection from 200 feet below the Eocene sandstone reef, seven miles north of Coalinga, Cali- fornia. The specimens are very close indeed to the species now living in the western Atlantic. 21. Cristellaria subaculeata glabrata Cushman Variety differing from the typical in the larger proportion of the uncoiled part, the greater development of spines on the periphery and the lack of ornamentation of the wall between the sutures. This variety occurs with the typical form in the material collected 200 feet below the Eocene sandstone reef, seven miles north of Coalinga, California. 22. Globigerina bulloides d'Orbigny Glohigerina bulloides d'Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., Vol. 7, 1826, p. 277, No. 1 ; Modeles, No. 76. A few specimens came from 200 feet below the Eocene sandstone reef, seven miles north of Coalinga, California. 23. Globigerina coalingensis Cushman & Hanna, new species Plate 14, figures 4a, b Test subglobular, the last three chambers making up nearly the whole j^eriphery of the test, early chambers largely con- cealed by the ornamentation which is greatest over the early chambers; consisting of large projecting bosses with a spinose surface, the succeeding chambers covered with a progressively 220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. decreasing ornamentation, the last-formed chamber with only a few short slender spines ; aperture small, in the slightly open umbilicus of the ventral side. Diameter 0.60 mm. Holotype: No. 2548, Mus. Calif. Acad Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California ; rare at 200 feet below the Eocene sandstone reef. This species is peculiar in its ornamentation but in this respect strongly resembles Globigerina topilensis Cushman de- scribed from the upper Eocene of Mexico. The California species has rounded instead of angled, truncated chambers and the ornamentation decreases much more rapidly. 24. Truncatulina pseudoungeriana Cushman Trtincatulina ungeriana H. B. Brady (not Rotalina ungeriana d'Orbigny), Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, Vol. 9, 1884, pi. 94, figs, 9a-c. Trtincatulina pseudoungeriana Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 129, 1922, pp. 97, 136, pi. 20, fig. 9; Prof. Pap. 133, 1923, p. 40. Test almost equally biconvex, periphery subacute ; chambers nine to eleven in the last-formed whorl, those of the earlier whorls not showing on either the ventral or the dorsal side, being hidden on the dorsal side by the roughness of the sur- face and on the ventral side by the involute character; |>eri- phery lobulate ; sutures distinct above the last whorl and very distinct below, as they are somewhat tumid on the ventral side ; umbilical region filled nearly flush with the chambers by clear shell material, last few chambers on the dorsal side slightly above the surface on the inner margin ; surface dor- sally with coarse punctae, below smooth and more finely punc- tate ; aperture at the periphery. Diameter 1 mm. or less. Specimens, evidently this species, occurred at 10 feet above and 200 feet below the Eocene sandstone reef. This species is common in the Oligocene and upper Eocene of the Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States and Mexico. Vol. XVIJ CUSHMAN AND HANNA— EOCENE FORAMINIFERA 221 25. Truncatulina coalingensis Cushman & Hanna, new species Plate 14, figures 7-9 Test comparatively large, dome shaped, ventral side slightly concave, dorsal-side strongly convex, the central portion um- bonate, periphery with a strong blunt keel; chambers about eight in the last-formed coil, somewhat indistinct on the dorsal side but much more distinct on the ventral side; sutures on the ventral side rather indistinct, very slightly curved; on the ventral side distinct, only slightly curved, limbate ; wall thick, dorsal side irregularly pitted, except on the peripheral keel which is nearly smooth ; ventral side finely but very distinctly perforate, toward the umbilical area with several large con- fluent boss-like, smooth projections; aperture narrow, on the ventral side of the last- formed chamber. Diameter 1.15 mm. Holotype: No. 2549. paratype No. 2550, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California ; common in the collection made 10 feet above the Eocene sandstone reef. This is a peculiar species in its shape and especially in the character of the ornamentation. 26. Anomalina coalingensis Cushman & Hanna, new species Plate 14, figures 10-12 Test plano-convex, ventral side convex, dorsal side nearly flat, periphery bluntly keeled ; chambers very distinct, eleven to thirteen in the last-formed coil, on the dorsal side with the border of each chamber with a distinct thickened border, the inner end roundly pointed and distinctly free from the pre- ceding coil ; the earlier coils forming a flat coarsely pitted disc, ventral side involute with the chambers ending in a central raised boss, the sutures slightly curved, wall coarsely perfor- 97? CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. ate; aperture short, at the periphery and extending slightly over onto the ventral side. Diameter 0.60 mm. Holotype: No. 2551, paratypcs Nos. 2552, 2553, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; fairly common at 10 feet above and 200 feet below the Eocene sandstone reef. The ventral side is distinctly raised in the middle, the figure showing about the maximum ; other specimens are more com- pressed. This is related to Aiwnialina timbonata Cushman described from the Eocene of Mexico. 27. Pulvinulina mexicana Cushman Plate 14, figures 13-15 Pulvinulina mexicana Cushman, Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petr. Geol., Vol. 9, 1925, p. 300, pi. 7, figs. 7, 8. Test unequally biconvex, dorsal side forming a low cone, ventral side only slightly biconvex, periphery subacute, sub- carinate, last-formed coil with eight to ten chambers, only those of the last-formed coil visible from the ventral side, which is umbonate; sutures distinct, very slightly limbate on the dorsal side, ventrally very slightly depressed near the peri- phery, becoming limbate near the umbilicus, and often fusing on the inner margin and forming a ring; wall distinctly but rather finely perforate ; aperture elongate on the middle part of the inner margin of the ventral side of the last-formed cham- ber. Diameter, 0.60 mm. Plesiotype: No. 2554, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; specimens were common at 100 feet below the Eocene sandstone reef. This species was originally described from the Eocene of Mexico. Vol. XVI] CUSHMAN AND HANN A— EOCENE FORAMINIFERA 223 28. Pulvinulina crassata Cushman Pulvinulina crassata Cushman, Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petr. Geol., Vol. 9, 1925, p. 300, pi. 7, fig. 4. Test small, plano-convex, the dorsal side nearly flat, ven- tral side strongly convex, last-formed coil with five or six chambers ; periphery subacute ; chambers inflated, especially on the ventral side; sutures distinct, slightly depressed on the dorsal side, strongly so on the ventral side ; periphery and sur- face closely set with short spinose processes ; aperture elongate, on the inner edge of the ventral face of the last-formed cham- ber. Diameter, 0.45-0.55 mm. Rare at 200 feet below the Eocene sandstone reef. This species occurs with the above in the Eocene of Mexico. 29. Gyroidina soldanii d'Orbigny, octocamerata Cushman & Hanna, new subspecies Plate 14, figures 16-18 Test small, dorsal side flattened, ventral side very convex, composed of about three coils, the last formed one consisting of eight chambers, periphery broadly rounded, ventral side with the umbilical region strongly depressed ; chambers dis- tinct, sutures distinct, slightly depressed, on the dorsal side somewhat oblique, on the ventral side radial ; wall finely per- forate, smooth and polished ; aperture elongate, arched, from the periphery at least half way to the umbilicus along the ven- tral border of the last formed chamber, with a very slightly developed lip. Length 0.50 mm., breadth 0.45 mm., thickness 0.35 mm. Holotype: No. 2555, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from seven miles north of Coalinga, California; rare at 10 feet above the Eocene sandstone reef. This variety occurs frequently in the upper Eocene of the Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States and Mexico. 294 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 30. Discocyclina clarki (Cushman) Orthophragmina clarki Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Pap. 125, 1920, p. 41, pi. 7, figs. 4, 5. This species is abundant in parts of the muddy shale for several hundred feet below the sandstone reef. Except where there has been local consolidation, the preservation is not good. 31. Nonionina cf. umbilicatula (Montagu) There are a very few specimens from 100 feet below the Eocene reef near Coalinga, which may be referred to this species, at least temj>orarily. Such specimens are widely dis- tributed and need special study to determine the extent of range in the various species. They are very common in the Eocene of the Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States and Mexico. 32. Nonionina cf. scapha (Fichtel and Moll) Plate 14, figures 19, 20 A very few specimens in the collection may be doubtfully referred to this species. Plesiotype: No. 2556, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from 100 and 1000 feet below the Eocene reef, seven miles north ot Coalinga, California. 33. Massilina decorata Cushman Massiliita decorata Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 129, 1922, p. 143, pi. 34, fig. 7; Prof. Paper 133, 1923, p. 55. Test much flattened, elliptical or oval, slightly longer than broad, basal and apertural ends projecting, the apertural end narrowing to a small cylindrical neck, nearly in the longitudi- Vol. XVI] CUSHMAN AND HANN A— EOCENE FORAMINIFERA 225 nal axis of the test; sutures rather indistinct; surface dull white; periphery rounded, the wall ornamented by very fine pits, giving a finely granular, matte appearance to the test Maximum length 1 mm. A single specimen came from 200 feet below the Eocene sandstone reef, seven miles north of Coalinga, California. This species is widely distributed in the lower Oligocene and upper Eocene of the Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States and Mexico. 226 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Plate 13 Fig. 1. Rhabdammina eocenica Cushman & Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 2522, C. A. S. ; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif. ; Eocene, 10 feet above sandstone reef; p. 209. Figs. 2, 3. Bathysiphon eocenica Cushman & Hanna, n. sp. Fig. 2, paratype^ No. 2525; fig. 3, holotype, No. 2524, C. A. S.; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif.; Eocene, 10 feet above sandstone reef; p. 210. Fig. 4. Haplophragmoides coalingensis Cushman & Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, No. 2527, C. A. S. ; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif.; Eocene, 10 feet above sandstone reef; p. 210. Fig. 5. Textularia mississippiensis Cushman. Plesiotype, No. 2528, C. A. S. ; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif.; Eocene, 10 feet above sandstone reef; p. 211. Fig. 6. Textularia cf. distortio Cushman & Applin. Plesiotype, No. 2529, C. A. S.; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif.; Eocene, 100 feet below sandstone reef; p. 211. Fig. 7. Gaudryina jacksonensis coalingensis Cushman & Hanna,n.s.sp. Holo- type, No. 2530, C. A. S. ; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif. ; Eocene, 10 feet above sandstone reef; p. 212. Figs. 8, 9. Nodosaria (Dentalina) adolphina d'Orbigny. Plesiotypes, Nos. 2535, 2536, C. A. S.; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif.; Eocene, 10 feet above sandstone reef; p. 213. Fig. 10. Nodosaria {Dentalina) communis d'Orbigny. Plesiotype, No. 2539, C. A. S. ; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif. ; Eocene, 10 feet above sandstone reef; p. 214. Fig. 11. Marginulina subbullata Hantken. Plesiotype, No. 2542, C. A. S.; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif. ; Eocene, 200 feet below sandstone reef; p. 216. Figs. 12, 13. Nodosaria (Dentalina) consobrina d'Orbigny. Plesiotypes, Nos. 2537, 2538, C. A. S. ; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif.; Eocene, 10 feet above sandstone reef; p. 214. Fig. 14. Nodosaria arundinea Schwager. Plesiotype, No. 2540, C. A. S. ; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif.; Eocene, 10 feet above sand- stone reef; p. 215. Fig. 15. Nodosaria latejugata Giimbel, microspheric form. Plesiotype, No^ 2534, C. A. S.; from seven miles north of Coalinga, CaUf.; Eocene, 10 feet above sandstone reef; p. 212. Figs. 16, 17. Nodosaria latejugata Giimbel, megalospheric forms, Plesiotypes, Nos. 2532, 2533, C. A. S. ; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif. ; Eocene, 10 feet above sandstone reef; p. 212. All figures on this plate are enlarged approximately 50 diameters; see fore- going text for accurate measurements of the specimens. The carinate appear- ance of some of the figures is due to the method of engraving the plate. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI No. 8 [CUSHMAN & HANNA] Plate 13 <|'- ■S2 t* I' 6 ) 8 Vi 15 10 II 12 14 13 2?8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Skr. Plate 14 Fif^. 1. Nodosaria {Glandulina) Icevigata ovata Cushman & Applin. Plesio- type, No. 2541, C. A. S.; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif.; Eocene, 10 feet above sandstone reef; p. 215. Fig. 2. Cristellaria mexicana nudicostata Cushman & Hanna, n. s. sp. Holo- type. No. 2543, C. A. S.; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif.; Eocene, 10 feet above sandstone reef; p. 216. Fig. 3. Cristellaria convergens Borncmann. Plesiotype, No. 2547, C. A. S. ; from seven miles north of CoaHnga, CaHf. ; Eocene, 10 feet above sandstone reef; p. 218. Fig. 4«, 46. Globigerina coalingensis Cushman & Hanna, n. sp.; a, side view; b, dorsal view. Holotype, No. 2548, C. A. S.; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif.; Eocene, 200 feet below sandstone reef; p. 219. Fig. 5. Cristellaria inornata d'Orhigny. Plesiotype, No. 2546, C. A. S.; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif.; Eocene, 10 feet above sand- stone reef; p. 217. Fig. 6. Cristellaria triincana Giimbel. Plesiotype, No. 2545, C. A. S.; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif.; Eocene, 100 feet below sand- stone reef; p. 217. Figs. 7, 8, 9. Truncatulina coalingensis Cushman & Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, (fig. 7) No. 2549; paratype, (figs. 8, 9) No. 2550, C. A. S.; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif.; Eocene, 10 feet above sand- stone reef; p. 221. Figs. 10, 11, 12. Anomalina coalingensis Cushman & Hanna, n. sp. Holotype, (figs. 10, 12) No. 2551; paratype, (fig. 11) No. 2552, C. A. S.; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif.; Eocene, 10 feet above sand- stone reef; p. 221. Figs. 13, 14, 15. Pidvinulina mexicana Cushman. Plesiotype, No. 2554, C. A. S. ; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif.; Eocene, 10 feet above sandstone reef; p. 222. Figs. 16, 17, 18. Gyroidina soldanii octocamerata Cushman & Hanna, n. s. sp . Holotype, No. 2555, C. A. S.; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif.; Eocene, 10 feet above sandstone reef; p. 223. Figs. 19, 20. Nonionina cf. scapha (Fichtel & Moll.) Plesiotype, No. 2556, C. A. S.; from seven miles north of Coalinga, Calif.; Eocene, 100 feet l)elow sandstone reef; p. 224. All figures on this plate are enlarged approximately 50 diameters; see fore- going text for accurate measurements of the specimens. The carinate appear- ance of some of the figures is due to the method of engraving the plate. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI No. 8 [CUSHMAN & HANNA] Plate 14 jf^^ '^■ itJ'N^'k' -sft^-j^- 4a 9 / V, ^. 7 i) I- 16 '1 # '7 -a I 4b •S^l^ ^: ^^••■:^•V:i^.:.. X ■ •^•■••.•:^■■.^:;.:v;:^■:■.■ 8 18 \- PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 9, pp. 231-259, plates 15 and 16 April 22, 1927 IX THE MAKING OF A SCIENTIFIC COLLECTION OF REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS BY JOSEPH R. SLEVIN Assistant Curator, Department of Herpetology I. THE COLLECTING An institution which desires to make a collection of reptiles and amphibians such as the California Academy of Sciences has undertaken, and which has now grown to be one of the largest in the United States, will find that by far the best method of securing them is by sending its own collectors into the field. The collector must be active, observant, careful, en- thusiastic, and tireless, if his efforts are to produce the best results. He must have some training and must be able to learn from experience, both his own and of others. The fol- lowing suggestions are intended as a foundation upon which experience will enable him to build successful methods. Outfitting The character and amount of the outfit which the collector will require depend upon where he is going and how long he is to remain away from his base of supplies. On a long ex- April 22, 1927 232 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Skr. pedition, all of the articles in the following list may be needed, while on a shorter trip the first 15 may suffice. 1. Collecting pistol. 30. Cleaning equipment for fire- 2. Shot cartridges. arms. 3. Forceps. 31. Extra parts for firearms. 4. Strong cloth bags of various sizes from 3x6 inches up. 32. Extra rubber gas tanks. kets for 5. Numbered tags. 33. Formalin. 6. Field record book. 34. Shipping tags and labels. 7. Notebook. 35. Medical supplies. 8. Pencils. 36. Bedding. 9. Small sharp-pointed scissors. 37. Mosquito nets. 10. Tin or aluminum pans. 38. Tent. 11. Alcohol. 39. Camp outfit. 12. Hydrometer. 40. Camera. 13. Containers : Tanks, jars, bot- 41. Maps. tles, vials. 42. Lists of species secured by 14. Pieces of wire fly-netting. earlier collectors in the 15. Small tacks. same region. 16 Cheese cloth. 43. Barometer. 17. String. 44. Thermometer. 18. Electric spotlight. 45. Pocket compass. 19. Dip net. 46. Field glasses. 20. Small ripping bar. 47. Canteen. 21. Small hand ax. 48. Knapsack. 22. Skinning knives. 49. Egg drill. 23. Small saw. 50. Blow pipe. 24. Scissors. 51. Whetstone. 25. Salt. 52. Pocket scales. 26. Powdered arsenic or arsenical 53. Rifle. soap. 54. String. 27. Alum. 55. Fish hooks. 28. Tape measure. 56. Quarter-inch gimlet. 29. Shotgun. 57. Hypodermic syringe. Securing Specimens The various kinds of reptiles and amphibians differ so much in their habits of life and the places which they inhabit that the collector who inquires where he should look for them must be told "Everywhere except in the frozen regions of the far north and south." Most amphibians and turtles are to be found in moist localities, but some inhabit the driest deserts. Many lizards and snakes prefer warm, dry localities, others are aquatic. Some kinds are active during the day and retire Vol. XVI] SLEVIN—HERPETOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS 233 long before dark. Others do their foraging during the twi- Hght hours. Still others are nocturnal. Some species live in icy waters and are killed by moderate warmth. Others bask in the hottest sun. Some species have been found only in the tops of tall trees, others seem never to leave the ground and may spend most of their lives on its surface or in burrows. Some reptiles are found only on sand dunes, others only on rocks or boulders. Aquatic species may live in the sea, in lakes, rivers, small streams, springs, or subterranean waters. They may be purely aquatic, or they may spend more or less time ashore. Some kinds hibernate or sestivate during un- favorable seasons of the year. In general, it may be said that, local conditions being not unfavorable, the numbers of species and of individuals increase as one passes from the higher lati- tudes towards the equator. Ordinarily, they are most in evi- dence during the breeding seasons, usually in spring or after the rainy season, when plant and insect life are most abun- dant. A great many kinds of amphibians and some reptiles may be caught easily with the hands. Others require various means of capture. Shooting is the most effective means of securing most liz- ards, snakes and water frogs. The most convenient weapon is a 22-caliber, rim-fire target pistol with an eight or ten-inch barrel from which the rifling has been removed. Cartridges loaded with fine shot are used. They may be purchased in lots of five hundred or a thousand at a very reasonable price. Those loaded with chilled shot and smokeless powder are best. They are effective at ranges of from 10 to 30 feet. Large reptiles may require larger guns ranging from a 32- caliber pistol to a shotgun or rifle. Aquatic species may often be shot along shore, or they may require the use of dip-nets. Forceps which open and close like a pair of scissors may be purchased from dealers in taxidermists' supplies. They should be from 12 to 18 inches long, straight, and with blades not more than a quarter of an inch wide. The last inch or two of the inner surface should be rough or corrugated. With prac- 234 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. tice, one may become very expert in grabbing specimens with these forceps. Frogs at the bottom of a shallow pond may be seized, lizards may be pulled out of cracks and holes, and poisonous snakes may be picked up. Many lizards and snakes which are not poisonous will bite furiously. The larger spe- cies may tear the skin or even muscles of the hand. In such cases forceps will be found to be very useful. Fish hooks, either curved or straightened, fastened to a wire or stick, may sometimes be used to spear si)ecimens, or to pull them out of very narrow cracks. Turtles and frogs may often be caught with hook and line. A noose of wire, string, horse-hair, or other material, is sometimes of use, especially for obtaining specimens alive. Many lizards and snakes may be caught in this manner. Dr. Gadow states that crocodiles may be captured thus : "A long and strong rope is made into an easily slipping noose, with an opening of about 18 inches. The bait is attached to the upper part of the noose, while the lower portion is kept open by a springy branch, the whole thing being so balanced that it will float upright. When a crocodile seizes the bait, which it does with a side jerk of the head, the branch falls out of the noose and the latter closes around the upper or lower jaw". Traps set for mice and other small mammals sometimes catch reptiles and salamanders. Their systematic use for this purpose probably would not pay for the effort. Wells, and cattle guards on railways sometimes yield prizes. Freshwater turtles may sometimes be caught with submerged wooden traps, built on the general plan of a lobster trap and baited with meat or fish. Burronnng species often are turned up by the plow. A spade will sometimes reveal treasures where the soil is light enough to permit its use. Rare or unique specimens have been driven out of their burrows accidently when hot water or waste formalin have been thrown on the ground. Formalin has been used intentionally for this purpose, sometimes with good re- sults. The method is worthy of development, perhaps with some of the irritating g^ses. Vol. XVI] SLEVIN—HERPETOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS 235 The successful collector, both literally and figuratively, leaves no stone unturned. Not only stones but everything- loose should be turned over. Sticks, boards, rags, old tin cans, manure piles, logs, wood-rat nests, ant-hills, piles of debris, and old buildings, often conceal the most valuable spci- mens. Loose bark should be removed from trees and logs. Rotten stumps and logs should be torn apart. Hollow limbs and bamboo stems also afford hiding places. Vines and moss should be pulled off the trunks of trees and beds of moss on the ground investigated. This type of collecting is unques- tionably the most productive. Night coUecthig with a hand light is very effective. An electric spot-light or carbide search-light will be found to be about the best light to use. Geckos and other nocturnal liz- ards may be discovered on walls and rocks and tree trunks, or on the ground. Nocturnal snakes are often found, but this method of hunting is probably of greatest value in the securing of frogs and toads, particularly rare species which sing at night. These may be stalked with the light, advancing toward the supposed location of the frog as long as it continues to croak, and shutting off the light and pausing during the inter- vals of silence. Many species of tree frogs may be dis- tinguished by their voices. The collector may by this method locate rare or unknown singers. When silence is too long maintained, an attempt to imitate the song of the frog will sometimes call forth an answer. Finally, the frog is seen glistening in the beam of light. It then usually may be caught without much difficulty. - Marine snakes sometimes will gather under an electric light hung over the water at night, and may be captured with a dip net. The collector should endeavor to secure large series of all species which occur where he collects, for individual varia- tion in reptiles and amphibians is very great. When his out- fit will not permit the preservation of all of the material which he is able to secure, he should remember that the larger and more conspicuously colored kinds usually are more likely to have attracted the attention of earlier collectors than the small and inconspicuous species. 236 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. The first specimen secured of any species, even though it be only a fraganent of a dried skin or skeleton, always should be preserved, at least until good specimens are obtained in the same locality. The collector should carry with him, when hunting, a plenti- ful supply of small bags, and one or more large-mouthed bot- tles filled with alcohol (60%). Small amphibians should be placed in these bottles to prevent drying, and geckos and skinks to prevent breaking of their tails. Most other speci- mens, living and dead, may be placed in cloth bags. These may be carried in a fish creel or knapsack. Care should be taken in very hot climates not to crowd the specimens or the collector will find that they have already started to rot before he reaches his camp. Labeling the Specimens For purposes of scientific investigation a specimen without data is worse than no specimen at all. Still worse is a speci- men with inaccurate data, for the study of such specimens often leads to wrong conclusions. The data which the col- lector is expected to supply for each specimen are: 1. A brief statement of where the specimen was collected. a. — Geographically, b. — Environmentally. 2. The date of collection. 3. Notes on habits or other interesting facts observed. 4. The source of the specimen when not originally found by the collector. 5. Some statement as to the kind of specimen; exact if possible; otherwise some general term such as frog, lizard, snake. In order that there may be no confusion, each specimen must be labeled separately. For this purpose the collector is provided with a series of numbered tags. These tags are made of pure tin and are arranged consecutively on wires, each of which holds one hundred numbers. Each tag is pro- vided with a string by which it is tied to the specimen. If the specimen has no limbs this tag may be tied about the body ; otherwise, it is to be tied to the right fore-limb close to the Vol. XVI] SLEVIN—HERPETOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS 237 body. The strings must be drawn tight, tied securely with a square knot, and the surplus ends cut off. If these details are not observed a tag will sometimes become separated from its specimen, which is then valueless. Paper labels should never be used with specimens in fluid. A collector with his field tags arranged in this manner will save much valuable time in the field. If for any reason it is necessary to insert a written label, write with lead pencil on a thin strip of wood, or with a steel point on a piece of sheet lead or pure tin. Skins on which salt has been used should never be labeled with tin or copper ; a wooden or stamped leather label should be used. A small, strongly bound record book should be provided. About four by six inches is a convenient size. This should be ruled into five columns on each two pages, and numbers corresponding to the tags furnished should be entered consec- utively in the first column, thus : No. Locality Date Kind Remarks 2601— Tuscon, Ariz., May 8, 1921, Frog Santa Cruz River 2602— " " Tantilla Santa Cruz River, under a stone 2603 — " " Thamnophis. See notes 2604 — " " Sceloporus.. .In cactus thicket 2605— " " Uta ornata.. In brush pile Every precaution must be taken to prevent the loss of this book or its injury by water, rodents or insects. The records in it should not be made in ordinary ink. Either a water-proof ink (such as Higgins') or a hard lead pencil should be used. An improved form of field record book provides a carbon copy of each page of entries. These carbon duplicates are to be removed from the book and mailed to the museum at fre- quent intervals, to guard against loss or destruction of the records. A second note book should be provided, in which a journal is to be kept. In this should be set down, day by day, a record of events, a statement of the location and character of collect- ing grounds, extended notes on habits observed, — with refer- ence by number to the specimens concerned, — descriptions of colors in life of individual specimens, and other matters of interest. 238 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. A small calendar should be securely fastened inside the cover of one or both of these books and the days should be crossed off as they pass. Preserving the Specimens The collector, having secured his catch and returned to his quarters, probably finds himself with a miscellaneous lot of specimens, living and dead. If any specimens are to be sent to the museum alive they must be set aside. The other liv- ing specimens should now be killed. This may be done by drowning them in alcohol. Sometimes it is best to kill snakes thus before removing them from the collecting bags. During the time needed to insure the death of these specimens, those brought in dead may be examined. Any blood adhering to them should be washed off with cold water. Specimens whose colors are to be described may be selected, and the various species secured should be segregated. Taking each specimen in turn, a numbered tag should now be tied to each specimen and the data entered after the corresponding number in the record book. Specimens requiring more extended notes in the journal may now be set aside until the others have been placed in the preserving fluid, but care must be taken not to allow amphibians to become dried, especially about the feet. Large turtles and crocodiles and huge snakes must be skinned. All other specimens should be preserved in alcohol when it is possible to do so. The best commercial alcohol should be used. This is 93 or 95 per cent grain or ethyl alco- hol. Alcohol preserves the specimens by drawing water out of their tissues, and by its antiseptic action. To preserve specimens well in alcohol certam rules must be observed. These are : 1. — The alcohol must have free access to the interior of each specimen, in order that it may harden and preserve the tissues. For this purpose one or more cuts are made into the body cavity of the specimen, using a sharp knife or, better, a small sharp-pointed pair of scissors. These cuts should be from one-half to an inch or more in length, depending upon the size of the specimen. They should be made just to one side Vol. XVI] SLEVIN—HERPETOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS 239 of the median line on the lower surface of the body, except in turtles. If the specimen is a lizard, toad, frog, or sala- mander one opening usually will be sufficient, but snakes re- quire a series of cuts at intervals of two or three inches. The region about the vent should not be injured. In turtles an opening should be made in front of each hind leg. Large reptiles may require additional slits in the side of the tail or in the backs of the thighs and arms. After the specimens have been placed in alcohol, one should make certain that the edges of the cuts have not stuck together, and any air which might prevent the entrance of alcohol should be pressed out of the body of the specimens. 2. — Large masses of food or fat should be removed from the specimen. The presence of a mass of animal food is a frequent cause of discoloration and decay at one or more points in an otherwise well-preserved snake. 3. — The specimens should be put into alcohol soon after they have been killed, to prevent drying and decay. They never should be left until the next morning. 4. — The strength of the alcohol used must be adapted to the kind of specimen to be preserved. Alcohol of full (95% strength may be used for snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and most lizards. Geckos and amphibians would in most cases be ruined by alcohol of this strength. Alcohol of about 65 to 75 per cent usually preserves amphibians and geckos well. After thorough preservation, amphibians and geckos should be kept in alcohol of 65 per cent ; other reptiles in 70 to 80 per cent. 5. — The quantity of alcohol used must be sufficient to thor- oughly preserve the specimens put into it. The alcohol draws water from the tissues of the specimens. If the mass of speci- mens is too great the alcohol quickly becomes too weak to do its work. The alcohol in which specimens are kept more than a day should never be permitted to fall below 55 or 60 per cent. Specimens should never be crowded until after they have been thoroughly preserved. They may then be packed in very little alcohol ; just enough to cover them. 240 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 6. — Hot iveather delays and makes difficult the thorough preservation of specimens. In the tropics they should be kept as cool as possible and must be carefully inspected every day until thoroughly preserved. If soft spots develop, additional cuts must be made, or alcohol may be injected with a hypo- dermic syringe. In large specimens it may be necessary to remove the viscera, 7. — The shape in which specimens are hardened is of much importance. Snakes should always be preserved in a simple coil. Turtles should have their heads extended and their mouths open. Lizards and salamanders should be hardened straight. The long tails of large lizards may be bent and laid forward alongside the body. When specimens are hardened in whatever shape they happen to assume they are less attrac- tive, are much more difficult to study, and actually require greater expense for glass jars to hold them and alcohol to cover them. The little additional time and care required to harden them in acceptable positions are more than paid for in increased sat- isfaction and lessened expense later. Specimens may be hard- ened most conveniently by placing them in proper positions in shallow pans, covering them with alcohol, and leaving them until their tissues have become firm. This usually re- quires from three days to a week. When one is collecting actively a number of pans will be needed, although more than one layer of specimens may be placed in a pan if care is taken to arrange them so that the alcohol has free access to all the cuts. The pans must, of course, be covered to prevent evap- oration of alcohol. The specimens should be examined daily to see that all is going well. When they are found to be stiffened and thoroughly preserved they may be removed from the pans and placed in jars or tanks to await shipment. Snakes may be hardened in jars if rags, or better, whisps of excelsior are placed between the coils in such a way as to give the alcohol free access to the cuts. Large pythons, boas, turtles and crocodiles should be skinned. Before skinning, the specimen should be stretched out straight and its length from the tip of the snout to the vent and from the vent to the tip of the tail and its girth at several stated points, measured and recorded. Vol. XVI] SLEVIN—HERPETOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS 241 Snakes often may be skinned through their mouths, turn- ing the skin inside out without cutting it. Another way is to make a short longitudinal incision through the skin of the lower side of the neck just behind the head, free the skin, sever the soft tissues and spine from the skull and skin back- ward to the tail. By this method the skull is left in position. The skin is turned inside out. The skin may now be salted, rolled up, and dried (never in the sun), or it may be pre- served in alcohol or brine. If small snakes are skinned, the head and tail should be left undisturbed. Specimens never should be skinned when it is possible to preserve them entire. In skinning large turtles the usual procedure is to saw through each side of the plastron close to the bridge which joins it to the upper part of the shell. A knife cut joining the posterior ends of the two saw cuts is then made through the skin a little above the plastron. The plastron may now be raised, the viscera removed, the limbs, neck and tail skinned out, the whole inside of the skin and shell salted or rubbed with alum or arsenic, and dried. Excelsior or dried grass should be put in to prevent two layers of skin remaining in contact. The limbs and neck may be left, inverted, inside the shell and the plastron returned to its place. It is usually well to leave the limb bones attached to the skin at the toes, but all meat should be removed. It is necessary in large tortoises to make cuts along the under side of each limb, in order to skin to the toes. On the expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, all the giant land tor- toises collected were soaked in a salt and alum pickle. Crocodiles are skinfied through a cut made through the lower surface from the neck well down the tail. Other cuts may or may not be necessary from this one along the lower surface of each limb. The skull and leg bones are cleaned and left in position. The skin is well salted, poisoned with arsenic, and is dried in the shade. Formalin. — Many collectors prefer to use formalin instead of alcohol. Its use has some advantages and many objection- able features. It is easily transported, both reptiles and am- phibians may be preserved in the same solution, and the care- less or inexperienced collector who uses it will have less dif- ficulty in preserving his specimens than if he uses alcohol. 242 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. for specimens placed in formalin never decay. On the other hand, in my judgment, formalin specimens never are as sat- isfactory as well prepared alcoholic specimens. They usually turn black or a dull leaden gray. Frequently they have a puffy swollen appearance and are very easily broken. For- malin is very irritating to the skin and eyes of those who use it. The tin labels attached to specimens hardened in formalin often are corroded, even years after the specimens have been removed to alcohol. Even the most ardent advocates of formalin say that specimens should be transferred from it to alcohol as soon as possible after they have hardened. In my opinion formalin never should be used when alcohol can be had and the collector can be induced to do something more' than throw his specimens into the preservative. Those who are addicted to the use of formalin say that only the best formalin (Schering's) should be used. It may be had in pint bottles. One pint will make 2 3^ gallons of pre- servative. Three gallons of fomialin are much easier to trans- port than a barrel of alcohol, but I repeat my firm belief that it is better to use alcohol whenever possible ; and it usually is possible. Many herpetologists advocate the use of for- malin for the first hardening of specimens, which they trans- fer to alcohol after a few hours, or days, or weeks in for- malin. I have seen many specimens so preserved. In my opinion, they are always inferior to specimens which have been well preserved in alcohol alone. Packing the Specimens The specimens, having been thoroughly hardened and pre- served, must be packed in jars, cans, or tanks, for storage or shipment. Many well prepared specimens have been ruined or seriously damaged through improper packing. This injury usually is brought about in one of four ways; pressure, fric- tion, drying, staining. Pressure. — Large, heavy specimens should never be packed with small, delicate ones. Large tanks never should be filled with small specimens, or packages of specimens, unless some means is provided to protect the lower layers of specimens Vol. XVI] SLEVIN—HERPETOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS 243 from the weight of the upper layers. Racks may be made of thin boards, or metal tubes or cans may be used inside the tanks. Small, delicate specimens may be put in vials or bot- tles. Wrapping specimens improperly in cheese-cloth often results in pressing them out of shape. Friction. — Rubbing of the specimens against each other may wear off the scales or skin. This is most to be feared when transportation is by means of horses, mules, or other animals, but it sometimes occurs at sea, or in travel by auto- mobile. It is best guarded against by placing specimens in small containers, by wrapping specimens loosely in cheese- cloth, or by putting excelsior with them in the containers, and by making sure that all containers are completely filled. In a tank partly filled with alcohol, specimens may be churned to pieces even if wrapped carefully in cheese-cloth. Drying. — Alcoholic specimens which become dry are ruined. When specimens are to be shipped by express, unnecessary weight is to be avoided. Specimens which have been thor- oughly preserved may be sent without any free liquid if packed in cheese-cloth or rags wet with alcohol. They must, however, be packed in such a way that the cloths will still be wet when they reach their destination. For long journeys this will require the soldering of any tins in which specimens are packed. Amphibians and geckos, as has been stated, will be damaged if placed in too strong alcohol. Staining. — Ordinary cans, made of tinned iron, may rust and stain dull red specimens left in contact with them. Col- ored rags used for packing may stain specimens. Copper tanks used for collecting are coated inside with pure tin. If this coating is defective, the copper may stain everything green. Exposure to light also injures specimens in alcohol. Their colors soon fade. They should be kept in the dark as much as possible. A few days exposure may cause considerable injury, and after prolonged exposure specimens become perfectly white. April 22. 1927 244 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Shipping the Specimens Small packages from foreign countries may be sent by parcel post. Large, heavy shipments should be sent by freight, especially when they have to come by sea. Ordinarily, how- ever, it is best and safest to forward specimens by express. Living specimens should always be sent by express, and must be packed in such manner as to comply with the requirements of the express companies. All packages should have full address. All packages from foreign countries should be sent in bond; otherwise, they may be opened at the Customs House, and specimens may be injured. IL The Care of Collections in the Museum In the first section of this paper I have endeavored to give suggestions which will enable collectors to secure specimens of scientific value and to send them to the museum in the best condition possible. The care which collections receive after their arrival at the museum is of great importance. Methods differ in various institutions, being governed largely by past usage and the ideas of the curator in charge. In this second section I shall try to set forth the methods which we have found most satisfactory in the California Academy of Sciences. Care on Arrival Immediately after their arrival at the museum all pack- ages are opened and carefully examined. Living specimens are put in jars and cages. Often they have been sent in alive for photographic purposes. Care is taken to keep their data with them so that no doubt as to their origin may arise. Specimens which have been sent in wet rags are unpacked, placed in jars, and covered with old alcohol of suitable strength. Tanks or jars containing specimens in alcohol are opened, the strength of the alcohol is tested, and more added if nec- essary. Vol. XVI] SLEVIN—HERPETOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS 245 Specimens which have been preserved in formaUn are soaked in water for two or three days, the water being changed several times each day. If the odor of formahn is still evident after this treatment, they require further change of fluid, but water is not used after this period. Instead, they are covered with old alcohol and this is changed once a week until the last of the formalin has been removed. Accessioning As soon as time permits the specimens are counted, checked on any lists which may have been received, and an accession slip is made out which states the number of specimens received and their origin. The specimens are then stored away in the dark until their turn arrives for labeling. Permanent Labeling At the very beginning it was decided that the usual method of labeling specimens in a reptile collection is not satisfac- tory. This, ordinarily, has been to attach to each specimen (or originally to each lot of specimens) a number printed usually on tin. These numbers were entered consecutively in a book or department catalogue where all data were re- corded,— a system which is very inconvenient and which has led to many errors through duplication of numbers and in other ways. It was decided to retain the Department Catalogue and the individual consecutive numbers on the tin label of each specimen, but to add to this label all essential data. A font of steel type and a small press were made to order, and each specimen has printed for it a tin label stating its serial num- ber, the locality and date of collection, and the collector's name. The amount of time required to print these labels is not excessive and is more than made up later by elimina- tion of the necessity for reference to the Catalogue each time the data are required. However, the greatest advantage is that the value of the collection cannot be destro)^ed by the loss of the Catalogue. Often, a lot of specimens have been collected in the same locality and by the same person during 24^ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. the same month and year, so that a hundred or more labels may be printed with only minor changes in the type as first set. Frequently, the last figure of the number is left blank and stamped in later by hand. This often permits the print- ing of ten labels without any change of type, and another ten after the change of one figure. When frequent changes are necessary, progress is, of course, much slower. The data are printed in two lines; number and locality in the upper line, and collector's name and the date in the lower. The finished labels are about one-fourth of an inch in width and from one and one-half to three inches in length. They are printed on thin sheets of pure tin which has been cut into strips from 2^ to 3^ inches wide and a foot or two long. The strings used for tying the labels to the specimens should be pieces of strong, heavy, linen thread, of the best quality, cut about seven inches long. They may be quickly prepared by winding the thread around a board three inches wide and half an inch thick and making one cut through all the thread so wound. The strings are passed through the holes in the labels and tied in such a way that each label hangs from a quarter or half inch loop in the middle of its string. After a considerable number of labels has been prepared, the specimens are gotten out and, taking them one at a time, the field tag is removed. This number is compared with the list ; the permanent number is found ; the new label is selected, checked on the list, and tied securely to the speci- men. As in the case of field tags, the permanent label is always tied to the right fore-limb close to the body, unless limbs are absent. In snakes and other limbless species the strings are tied around the body, usually at about the begin- ning of the second quarter of its length. The strings must always be drawn tight to prevent slipping and must be care- fully tied. The ends are cut off a half inch beyond the knot. The specimens are then returned to alcohol and placed on storage shelves to await identification and study. The field tags removed are saved, to be assorted and pre- pared for use again. This is done by replacing any missing tags, supplying each tag with a new string, threading them consecutively on copper wires, each of which holds 100 tags. Vol. XVI] SLEVIN—HERPETOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS 247 and sealing each loop of one hundred tags in an envelope. The envelopes are filed away in numerical order until needed for use. Each has printed on it the following notice : DEPARTMENT OF HERPETOLOGY Field Tags Nos are contained in this envelope. If taken for use they must be removed from this envelope and the name and address of the person having same written below with date removed. Name Address Date Cataloguing Serial Catalogue. — The list which was used in labeling the specimens is now copied into the serial catalogue or register of the department. For this purpose, Higgins' waterproof India ink is used. This catalogue is a series of very strongly bound books, each of which holds the records of 6000 speci- mens. Each record occupies one line and extends across two pages. There are 30 records on each double page, of which there are 200 in each volume. The pages are ruled in verticle columns with printed headings, and in the first column are printed, one on each line, the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, repeated to the bottom of the page. These numbers become the last figure of the permanent serial numbers of the speci- mens, the other figures being entered in ink. They are an important feature, for they practically eliminate the possi- bility of duplication or omission of numbers. They also lessen the work of entry. It is convenient to have the same number of specimens recorded in each volume, for it makes it easy to find the volume containing any record sought. In the various columns are recorded the permanent serial number, the name of the species, the sex, the locality where collected, the collector's name, the field or original number, the date of collection, the date when received at the museum, the character of the specimen (whether alcoholic, skin, skull, etc.), and additional remarks of interest. The name of the species 248 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. and the sex often are not entered until the collection is worked up and identified, which may be years later, but it is best to enter at least the generic name, if known, at the time the ori- ginal entry is made. After the record has been transcribed, it is carefully checked to see that no error has been made, and the name of the per- son who has done the cataloguing is signed at the top of the page. Card Catalogues. — As specimens are entered in the serial catalogue more or less in the order in which they have been received, without regard to their relationship, some sort of in- dex to the various species soon becomes necessary to enable one to find the records of all the specimens of any species. For this purpose card catalogues are used. This systematic card catalogue is based upon Boulenger's Catalogues, and like them is divided into five sections : 1. Tailed amphibians. 2. Tailless amphibians. 3. Turtles, crocodiles, etc. 4. Lizards. 5. Snakes. Guide cards are provided for all the higher groups and for such genera and species as are represented in the collection. The arrangement followed is that of Boulenger, with such changes as are necessary to bring it to date, except that the species of each genus are arranged alphabetically. The gen- eric guide cards are blue, the specific yellow, and the sub- specific salmon. The last, however, may perhaps be aban- doned, all subspecific names being treated in the same manner as specific ones, since such difference of opinion regarding their status may cause confusion. All record cards are five by eight inches, or rather 125 by 201 millimeters. The cards are designed to keep a permanent record of all counts of scales, or other data, gathered in the study of the specimens. Much of a herpetologist's work con- sists in making and comparing counts of scales, pores, color bands, etc. These cards preserve these records and thus pre- vent repetition of this labor. Three kinds of cards are in use : Vol. XVI] SLEVIN—HERPETOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS 249 one for snakes, one for lizards, and one for all other kinds of specimens. They are all ruled alike, in columns with appro- priate headings or spaces for headings. These headings differ on each of the three kinds of cards. The cards are filled in with a typewriter. Each card has space for the records of 14 . specimens, below the two line heading. This heading con- sists of the name of the species on the first line, and the lo- cality in full on the second line. In order to render com- parison easy, specimens from different localities are never entered on the same card. Each new locality for a species calls for a new card (or more if more than 14 specimens are at hand). These cards are not made out until the specimens have been studied and identified and are about to be installed in the main collection. At the same time that these cards are filled out, the names and sexes are entered in the serial catalogue, and the specimens are permanently bottled ready for the shelves. The card record is then checked with the book record, to catch any errors. A second card catalogue, known as the geographical cata- logue, is provided to show all species which the collection has received, listed by countries, states, counties, and other divi- sions, such as island groups. There is also a card catalogue of type specimens. Glass Jars and their Labels All alcoholic specimens are kept in glass jars. Two types of jars are used. The largest sizes used are of the type known as Museum Jars. These are provided with covers which fit down on rubber gaskets. All smaller sizes, up to 6 x 15 inches, are of the other type known as Specimen Jars, and have glass stoppers, carefully ground in. Jars smaller than 23^ X 33/2 inches should not be used, because of the danger of evaporation when so small a quantity of fluid is held. It is a matter of economy to keep on hand a good stock of jars of various sizes so that the proper size may always be selected for use. Jars should always be washed before use, even though they appear clean. In bottling specimens the rule is separate jars for each species, and locality. Subject to this rule, one jar may hold 250 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. one si^ecimen or fifty. However, it is best not to risk all of one species in one jar, because of the danger of evaporation. When the specimens have been placed in proper jars the latter are filled to the neck with new alcohol of suitable strength, — 75° to 80° for reptiles, except geckos, and 65° to 70° for geckos and amphibians. The jars are now ready to receive their labels. These are made of strong white paper and are y% of an inch wide and 5^ inches long. A heavy black line near each of the four edges forms a simple border, and two dotted lines, running lengthwise, divide the space inside the border into three equal parts. The finished label consists of three ty[)ewritten lines occupying these three spaces. In the upi>er space are written the serial numbers of the specimens and the name of the species ; in the middle space, the locality in full ; and in the lower space, the collector's name, at the left, and the date, at the right. The result is a label which is simple, neat, and attractive. Various methods of fastening these paper labels to the jars have been tried. That described below is the only one which has been found satisfactory. Strips of the same white paper used for the labels are purchased cut y^ of an inch wide and 18 or more inches long. The width of these strips is the same as that of the labels, and is determined by the height of the necks of the jars. One of these strips is placed about the neck of the jar and cut so that the ends overlap shortly, it is then moistened so that it will shrink tight, a little Le Page's Glue is applied to one end of the strip, the band is tightened about the neck of the jar and is securely held there by the glue, which soon hardens. The ends of the label are then glued to this paper band in such a position that the splice in the band is hidden by the label. The label then fits the neck of the jar snusflv, and is neat and secure. •» Installation The jar having been thus labeled, and its contents having been duly catalogued as described, the specimens are now in- stalled in their proper places in the collection and their cards are filed in the card catalogue. Vol. XVI] SLEVIN—HERPETOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS 251 The collection is arranged systematically, and, like the card catalogue, follows the arrangement adopted in Boulenger's Catalogues, except that the species of genera are arranged alphabetically. When large series of a single species are at hand the jars are sorted alphabetically by countries, states and counties of origin. Types and specimens prepared as dried skins are not in- stalled with the main alcoholic collection. They are kept in separate rooms, but their position is indicated in the system- atic collection by the installation in the proper place of one empty labeled jar for each type and for each species not other- wise represented. The labels on the jars for types are written in red ink. Cotypes, paratypes and topotypes receive no dis- tinctive treatment other than a notation in the catalos^ue. '&" Cases and Shelving In some museums alcoholic collections are kept upon steel shelves arranged in stacks, very much as book shelves are ar- ranged in the stack-room of a library. Metal shelving, of course, lessens the fire risk, but is very expensive. Where ex- pense is not a matter of consequence metal should be used. Where expense must be considered, as was the case with us I am of the opinion that well built wooden shelving is just as satisfactory. The alcohol is so much more inflammable than wood that, after a fire once was started, it would be of no consequence whether the shelving were of wood or steel. It is conceivable that metal shelving might possibly prevent the starting of a fire where wooden shelving might permit it, but this must be a rare contingency and little to be feared. The greatest danger is of fire spreading from some other part of the building and creating sufficient heat to cause rapid vapor- ization and ignition of the alcohol. After much consideration and experiment, it was decided to have shelves which are not adjustable. The distance between all shelves is the same, 15^^ inches clear, and is intended to receive jars up to 15 inches in height. All shelves are of uni- form width, 13 inches, being governed by the diameter (six inches) of the largest specimen jars. The lowest shelf in all sections may be removed to give sufficient height for the largest museum jars, if desired. Upright supports, of full 252 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Phoc. 4th Ser. width boards, at intervals of three or four feet, divide the shelves into sections. Such shelving covers all the available wall space, from floor to ceiling. The rest of the floor space is occupied by the necessary aisles and by a series of stacks each of which is composed of two sets of the same sort of shelves built back to back. The outer edge of each shelf is provided with a half inch wooden ledge to prevent jars from rolling off, and a light wooden bar extends across from upright to upright a few inches above each shelf. These bars are held in position by brackets, and are easily removable. Both ledge and bar are intended to guard against earthquakes. Some of the museums in our eastern cities would do well to provide similar protec- tion, for as their collections are now arranged a shock much lighter than that which surprised Charleston would put prac- tically their whole collections on the floor in a sea of alcohol and broken glass. Although all jars are labeled, a small typewritten label in a brass holder on the edge of each shelf is a great aid in finding specimens when wanted. The gigantic tortoises and other large skins are kept upon wooden shelves of suitable dimensions in another room. Type specimens, small skins, bones and other anatomical specimens, and the collection of amphibian and reptile eggs, are kept in wooden cases. These cases measure 21^/4 inches wide, 26 inches deep, and 6 feet 1 inch high. They are provided with adjustable drawers the in side measurements of which are 1% x 15 9/16 x 22^4 inches. The wooden doors are not hinged, but are removable and fit against rubber packing to make them dust and insect proof. All specimens which are being labeled or studied are kept in such cases when not actually in use, until they are returned from the laboratory to the general alcoholic room. This is to protect them from un- necessary exposure to light. The Collection Rooms The room in which the alcoholic collections are stored is designed to protect its contents against fire, light, dust, mois- ture, and changes of temperature. The room is built without any windows. There is no possi- bility of day light being carelessly allowed to enter and cause Vol. XVI] SLEVIN—HERPETOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS 253 fading of the specimens. Electric lights are provided between all stacks. The switch which controls them is located in the hall outside the alcohol room to prevent any possibility of a spark causing an explosion in case of accumulation of alcohol vapor through neglect of ventilation. An electric fan forces air from the room to a vent above the roof. The absence of windows also lessens changes in temperature and reduces the amount of dust and moisture which might enter. The room remains cool on our warmest days. Dust and moisture do little actual harm except to paper labels, but day light ruins specimens, which eventually turn white, and warmth increases the evaporation of the alcohol. Dust and moisture, however, would soon result in the destruction of skins, such as those of the giant tortoises stored in a similar special room. These specimens have to be guarded from the ravages of moulds as well as insects. The room in which they are stored is provided with steam radiators as an aid to dryness, and is (or was planned to be) air tight in order that the specimens in it might be fumigated without removal. An electric fan is provided for drawing off the fumes after fumigation. Rules, Principles and Policies In conclusion, I wish to state a few other points which, in one way or another, bear upon the formation and care of our collection. I say our collection because needs and policies will vary in each institution which gathers reptiles and amphibians. Types. — All type specimens are kept by themselves in a spe- cial room. The great San Francisco fire of 1906 showed that it is unwise to keep types in their systematic positions in the general collection, as was done prior to that conflagration. All the types could then have been saved had they been segre- gated. As it was, time was not sufficient to permit the finding of all of them, and a number of types had to be left to burn. Since then, all types are kept in a light-proof case in a room which day light enters. In case of fire, they could be rescued in a very few moments. Each type receives a second tin label which states that it is the "Type of Ufa stellata" , or whatever name was given it. In 254 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. the last column of the serial catalogue, the word "Type" is written with a reference to the original description. Loans. — It is desired to make the collection of the greatest possible use to serious students of reptiles. Certain rules re- garding the lending of specimens are, however, necessary to safeguard the collection. Some of these rules are: 1. — No type will be lent under any circumstances. 2. — No unique specimen will be lent. 3. — Specimens may be lent to institutions, not to individuals. 4. — Loans may be made cnly when approved by the Director. 5. — All specimens must be returned to this institution within a reason- able period, which shall never exceed six months. 6. — Institutions which do not conform to this rule, or which permit specimens to be damaged by light or otherwise, may be refused further loans. 7. — Institutions which borrow specimens will be expected to pay transportation charges. 8. — When loans are made a complete list of the specimens must be made in triplicate, stating the serial numbers and the names of the species (if known). One copy shall be retained in the De- partment files. Two copies shall be sent to the institution bor- rowing the specimens, one copy for its use and one to be signed by it as a receipt and returned to the Academy. Exchanges. — All exchanges of sj)ecimens shall be approved by the Director of the Museum. Except under most extra- ordinary circumstances, no exchange will be considered which would reduce the Academy's series of a species below 10 speci- mens. In the case of very variable or closely related species or subspecies, 40 specimens shall be the lowest limit, and it often will be desirable not to make exchanges even when these limits are exceeded. This is because the scientific value of a collec- tion of reptiles and amphibians depends very largely upon the size of its series, which alone enables one to learn the limits of individual variation. It is much more important to preserve the series intact than to secure additional species at their expense. All specimens which are removed from the collection and exchanged have added to their records in the serial catalogue and card catalogue a note to that effect. They are also entered in a special volume entitled "Catalogue of Specimens Ex- Vol. XVI] SLEVIN—HERPETOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS 255 changed, Destroyed or Lost". This book is intended to show all specimens permanently removed from the collection. Inspection of collections. — All dried skins and carapaces, etc. are inspected at frequent intervals. If little piles of dust under them indicate the presence of boring beetles, or if any signs of the ravages of other insects are found, fumigation or a gasoline bath is called for. Inspection of the alcoholic collections is also necessary to prevent damage. Alcohol will evaporate even from the besr made jars. No jars smaller than 2^^ x 3^^ inches should be used, as it has been found that smaller sizes do not hold enough alcohol to be safe without too frequent refilling. Once every four years the entire collection should be gone over jar by jar, and all evaporated alcohol replaced with new alcohol of full (95%) strength. Diluted alcohol should never be used for this purpose. The specimens are originally bottled in 65 and 75 per cent alcohol. Very little of the water in these solutions evaporates. As evaporation proceeds the solutions become weaker. If 65 or 75 per cent alcohol were used in refilling jars the specimens eventually would be in water which contained very little alcohol, and would, of course, be injured or destroyed. Therefore, the rule is, use full strength for re- filling. In the case of rare or delicate specimens it may be best to test the strength of the solution with a hydrometer, or to replace entirely the fluid in the jar with pure 65 or 75 per cent alcohol. Scope of the Collection. — The collection of reptiles and am- phibians to be of greatest value, must aim to include all the species of the world. In order that this may be eventually accomplished, it is the policy of the Department to strive to get, as soon as possible, those species which are likely to be- come very rare or extinct. This includes, particularly, large turtles and crocodiles, and many island forms. It is desired to make the collection especially strong in its representation of the fauna of the islands of the Pacific and the lands which border on this ocean. Our field is, first, California ; second, western North America; third, the islands of the Pacific; fourth, all lands adjacent to that ocean ; next the western hemisphere ; and finally, the world. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI, No. 9 [SLEVIN] Plate 15 I t Crotalus pricei ''"ichuca Mts. Cochise CcAnz"' -- July i6zi?!L Specimens as installed in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI, No. 9 [SLEVIN] Plate 15 NAME Tliamnopliis ordinoides ordinoides (Baird ^c Girard) LOCALITY C rescent City, Del llorte Co . , California Numbar 5h 1 ^ S««l« Rowt Gaitro- ■tegei Uro- tt«ga« Anal Sopr»- Ubltls IMra- iBbiBlt Pre- oculira POBt- oculart Loraal Temporals 29236 6 17-17-15 143 73c 1 7-7 3-8 1-1 2-2 1-1 1+2-1+2 29237 V 17-17-15 144 65c 1 7-7 8-8 1-1 3-2 1-1 1+2-1+2 29258 9 17-15-15 151 68c 1 7-7 9-9 1-1 2-2 1-1 1+2-1+2 29239 « 17-15-15 141 61c 1 7-7 8-8 1-1 3-3 1-1 1+2-1+2 29240 « 17-17-15 141 67c 1 7-7 8-9 1-1 3-3 1-1 1+2-1+2 29241 S 17-17-15 144 60c 1 7-7 7-7 1-1 3-3 1-1 1+2-1+2 29242 V 17-17-15 140 62c 1 1 7-7 9-10 1-1 3-3 1-1 1+2-1+2 29243 J 17-17-15 142 72c 1 7-7 8-8 1-1 3-3 1-1 1+2-1+2 29244 s 17-17-15 140 69c 1 7-7 8-8 1-1 3-3 1-1 1+2-1+2 29245 5 17-17-15 139. 60c 1 7-7 8-8 1-1 2-3 1-1 1+2-1+2 i 29246 $ 17-17-15 137 58+ 1 7-7 7-81 1-1 2-2 1-1 1+2-1+2 i 29247 d 17-17-15 144 52+ 1 7-7 8-8 1-11 3-3 1-1 1+2-1+2 29248 6 17-17-15 140 38+ 1 7-7 8-81 1-1 ' 3-3 1-1 1+2-1+2 29249 ' 6 17-17-15 143 70c 1 7-7 7-8: 1-1 3-3 1-1 1+2-1+2 ' 27 149. Pipilo maculatus curtatus Grinnell. Nevada Towhee Common in summer in places on the Warner Moutnains; Steele Meadows in the fall (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Common in Surprise Valley along the eastern base of the Warner Moun- tains, where it seems to be more numerous than in any other part of the county. Found well up on the mountains, for I noted a pair at an altitude of about 8000 feet. 150. Oberholseria chlorura (Audubon) . Green-tailed Towhee Summer visitant in all suitable localities in lower Transi- tion. 151. Hedymeles melanocephalus capitalis Baird. Pacific Black-headed Grosbeak Common summer visitant. First one was noted by the Academy party among the willows and cottonwoods near Cedarville on May 11 (1923). Noted singing so late as August 9, at Dry Creek (W. P. Taylor, 1910, MS). 152. Passerina amoena (Say). Lazuli Bunting Very common summer visitant to Upper Sonoran and Transition zones. Found even out in the extreme desert asso- ciation in places where there is some water within reasonable distance. 153. Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson). Western Tanager Common summer visitant to all the coniferous associa- tion in the county. Earliest date noted was May 15 (1923). 154. Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons (Say). Cliff Swallow Summer visitant in the plateau region. A few were noted in Cedarville on May 12, 1923. They rapidly increased in number, and on the third day thereafter they were already busily engaged in building. 328 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 155. Hirundo erythrogaster Boddaert. Barn Swallow Summer visitant. Clear Lake, April 4 and 17, 1918 (Wil- lett, 1919, p. 200). Noted May 15, 1923, in Cedarville. We also found it nesting at Jess Valley in June of that year. A few were noted in Eagle ville in May and June, 1924. Ap- parently common, but not numerous, over the plateau region. 156. Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot). Tree Swallow Numerous in the mountains near Camp Bidwell in last of July (Henshaw, 1879, p. 2268). Apparently much less num- erous at present time. Alturas, June 11, 1910 (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; nesting in Jess Valley in June, 1923; noted at Eagle- ville. May 25 and September 20, 1924; and at Menlo Baths, four miles south of Eagleville, on October 1, 1926. 157. Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns. Northern Violet-green Swallow Summer visitant to Transition zone, probably extending into Canadian, as it was taken at Warren Peak in July, 1910 (Mus. Vert. Zool). Noted at Cedarville, May 13, 1923, and at Eagleville, May 26, 1924. On September 24, 1926, while I was banding birds near Eagleville, several of these swallows were seen flying about in an open field near by. With a .410 caliber collecting pistol I attempted to secure one or two for the record, but the strong wind then blowing made this almost impossible. A few were flying over the ponds at Menlo Baths on October 1, 1926. 158. Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot. Cedar Waxwing A small flock was seen in junipers near Clear Lake, April 8, 1918 (Willett, 1919, p. 206). The only time we met with this species in Modoc County was on September 20, 1924, when I secured a solitary male among some willows a little north of Eagleville. This makes only the fourth record of this bird in California east of the Sierras, yet residents of Eagle- ville state that this bird appears in winter in great numbers, to feed upon frozen apples that remain upon the trees in the small orchards around the settlement. Vol.. XVI] MAILLIARD— MODOC COUNTY BIRDS AND MAMMALS 2)29 159. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides Swainson. White-rumped Shrike Common resident of the sagebrush areas. More numerous in the fall in Surprise Valley, either coming down from higher elevations or migrating southward. 160. Vireosylva gilva swainsonii (Baird). Western Warbling Vireo Common summer visitant in Upper Sonoran and Transition zones. Found in practically every place visited in the spring. 161. Lanivireo solitarius cassinii (Xantus). Cassin's Vireo Summer visitant, common in suitable places in Transition zone. Noted at Sugar Hill in May; Parker Creek on June 20 and July 2 ; Dry Creek at end of July and up to August 3, 1910 (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Jess Valley in June, 1923 (Calif. Acad. Sci.). This species did not appear to be numerous anywhere. 162. Vermivora ruficapilla gutturalis (Ridgway). Calaveras Warbler Common summer visitant in Transition zone. Sugar Hill and Parker Creek in May and June, 1910 (Mus. Vert. Zool.) ; "common about camp" at latter place (W. P. Taylor, MS). We took it at Cedarville on May 11, 1923, and found it com- mon at Buck Creek Ranger Station on both visits. 163. Vermivora celata lutescens (Ridgway). Lutescent Warbler Summer visitant in suitable association, common in nearly every place visited in the spring. Migrates southward com- monly in the fall. Latest date of specimens taken was Sep- tember 27 (1926). 230 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 164. Dendroica aestiva brewsteri Grinnell. California Yellow Warbler Common summer visitant. Found most frequently along streams or in willows. This warbler leaves for the south very soon after the young are reared. "Seen in abundance at Dry Creek August 2" (H. C. Bryant, 1910, MS). A few fall migrants from farther north noted in Surprise Val- ley and one or two secured by Academy parties. 165. Dendroica auduboni auduboni (J. K. Townsend). Audubon's Warbler Summer visitant, common wherever there are trees or wil- low growth of any size, though probably not breeding far away from actual timber. Numbers in the fall are increased by migrants from farther north. 166. Dendroica nigrescens (J. K. Townsend). Black-throated Gray Warbler Summer visitant to high Upper Sonoran and Transition zones (Mus. Vert. Zool). A few noted at Jess Valley in June, 1923, but we did not come across this warbler elsewhere. 167. Dendroica townsendi (J. K. Townsend). Townsend's Warbler Rare migrant, possibly. I took a male in the Deep Creek caiion. May 13, 1923, and saw one or two at Cave Lake, in the extreme northern part of the county, at an elevation of over 7000 feet. There do not appear to be any other records for northeastern California. 168. Oporornis tolmiei (J. K. Townsend). Macgillivray's Warbler Common summer visitant in all suitable places. Vol. XVI] MAILLIARD— MODOC COUNTY BIRDS AND MAMMALS 33 J 169. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster. Western Yellow-throat Commonly found as a summer visitant wherever there is a sufficient growth of tules, reeds, etc., to make attractive cover for this species. 170. Icteria virens longicauda Lawrence. Long-tailed Chat Summer visitant in Upper Sonoran and lower Transition zones in riparian association, but not numerous. Cedarville, about the end of July (Mus. Vert. Zool.). We took speci- mens at Willow Ranch (Goose Lake) on May 28, 1923, and at Eagleville, May 29, 1924. 171. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (Pallas). Pileolated Warbler Summer visitant. "Summer specimens (in Mus. Vert. Zool.) from Sugar Hill, eastern Modoc County, are quite typical of pileolata and indicate the breeding of this race within the extreme northeastern corner of the state" (Grin- nell, 1915, p. 152). In the spring of 1923 and 1924, war- blers, supposedly of this race, were occasionally seen along the creeks in the bot:toms of the caiions on the east side of the Warner Mountains, but none of us succeeded in securing any in the thick tangle which the birds inhabited, and they were so quick in their movements that it was exceedingly difficult to obtain a good view of them. 172. Anthus rubescens (Tunstall). Pipit Spring and fall migrant. Rather common at Clear Lake in April, 1918 (Willett, 1919, p. 206). Noted on September 26, 1924, when several came to drink at a spring in the south end of Surprise Valley, and specimens secured. In early Octo- ber, 1925, this species was occasionally noticed in the meadows near Eagleville, and on October 111 saw several individuals along the road north of the village. 332 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 173. Cinclus mexicanus unicolor Bonaparte. Dipper Common resident in the Warner Mountains (Grinnell, 1915, p. 153). An immature male was taken near Eagle- ville on September 18, 1924. Heard singing on September 20, 1925, in Eagle Creek canon. 174. Oreoscoptes montanus (J. K. Townsend). Sage Thrasher Summer visitant to the sagebrush association in the plateau region. Not very numerous in the spring but abun- dant during the fall migration. The height of migration seems to be about the middle of September. At least, that was the case in Surprise Valley in 1924 and 1925. After that the numbers rapidly decreased. The last date on which it was noted was September 30 (1925), when we saw sev- eral and secured three specimens in a garden surrounding an old ranch house in the open meadow, a mile or more from any sort of appropriate cover for this species. The owner of the place had complained that there were some "strange birds" eating her strawberries. The marauders proved to be Sage Thrashers that found good cover in a gooseberry patch close by the strawberry bed. At this time there was a good- sized flock of Zonotrichia I. gambelii in the heavy growth of foliage in parts of this garden. An examination of this place a few days later showed that, in spite of the abundance of berries on the bushes and vines, no birds of any kind were then present. 175. Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus (Say). Rock Wren Summer visitant to rocky regions, without regard to alti- tude. Commonly found, yet not numerous at any place. Noted in September, 1924 and 1925, apparently migrating along the rocky mountain sides of Surprise Valley. 176. Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Ridgway. Canon Wren One individual was secured by W. P. Taylor at Dry Creek, July 30, 1910 (Mus. Vert. Zool., no. 5583), that has been provisionally placed under this head. Vol. XVI] MAILLIARD— MODOC COUNTY BIRDS AND MAMMALS 333 177. Thryomanes bewickii drymcecus Oberholser. San Joaquin Wren Resident in Upper Sonoran and Transition zones where good cover exists, but scarce in some parts. It is quite com- mon in Surprise Valley, but not numerous in the spring. More abundant in the fall, either being driven out of the mountains by the snow, or migrating to a limited extent. 178. Troglodytes aedon parkmanii Audubon. Western House Wren Common summer visitant practically everywhere in the county. Noted in Surprise Valley as late as the middle of September. 179. Nannus hiemalis pacificus (Baird). Western Winter Wren On September 30, 1926, in company with Raymond Gil- more, I was looking for song sparrows at a small pond about six miles south of Eagleville, when a wren of this species sud- denly appeared on the muddy edge of the pond. The bird was so close to me that I aimed, with the auxiliary barrel, a little to one side of it to avoid blowing it to pieces, but that little was just a trifle too much. The little wren was hard hit, but had sufficient energy left to enable it to flutter to some cat-tails six or- eight yards from us, on one of which it clung for a moment and then fell among the trash that littered the surface of the water, where diligent search failed to discover it. The bird was close to us and in plain view in good light for sufficient time to admit of no doubt as to identification. 180. Telmatod5rtes palustris plesius (Oberholser). Western Marsh Wren Summer visitant in marshy places, nesting wherever there is good cover of reeds, tules, etc. 334 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th See. 181. Certhia familiaris zelotes Osgood. Sierra Creeper Resident on Warner Mountains (Grinnell, 1915, p. 161). Not met with by Academy parties in the plateau region of the county, but presumably more or less present there during the period of heavy snow on the mountains. 182. Sitta carolinensis aculeata Cassin. Slender-billed Nuthatch Common on the Warner Mountains (H. C. Bryant and W. P. Taylor, MSS, specimens in Mus. Vert. Zool.). The only place in the spring that this nuthatch was noted by the Academy party was at Jess Valley, where a brood was being raised under the bark of a long-prostrate pine tree. Speci- mens from Jess Valley and Eagleville are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. In the fall commonly found at the lower levels. 183. Sitta canadensis Linnzeus. Red-breasted Nuthatch Warner Mountains as summer visitant (Grinnell, 1915, p. 161). The field notes of the Museum of Vertebrate Zool- ogy party of 1910 indicate an abundance of this species at the higher elevations of these mountains from June 27 to July 23. Seldom noted anywhere by Academy parties, which, however, did but little work at the higher levels. One speci- men taken at Eagleville, September 3, 1926. 184, Sitta pygmaea pygmaea Vigors. Pygmy Nuthatch Common resident on Warner Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Not met with at any place by the Academy parties. 185. Baeolophus inornatus griseus (Ridgway). Gray Titmouse Scott's ranch, 10 miles southwest of Alturas, May 25, 1920, one specimen; Steele Meadows, September 27, 1922, two immatures (Mus. Vert. Zool.). "Rather common in junipers around Clear Lake" in April, 1918 (Willett, 1919, Vol. XVI] MAILLIARD— MODOC COUNTY BIRDS AND MAMMALS 335 p. 206). Two specimens were secured near Eagleville on September 18 and 22, respectively, 1926, and another was seen by myself on September 21. 186. Penthestes gambeli abbreviatus Grinnell. Short-tailed Mountain Chickadee Resident almost everywhere in the coniferous forest, and often found in the willow association. 187. Psaltriparus minimus califomicus Ridgway. California Bush-tit Common resident. While this species does not appear to be numerous m most places, it is fairly well distributed over the county. It has been recorded principally from the west side of the Warner Mountains (Grinnell, 1915, p. 165), but there is one record for Raider Creek, on the eastern side (Dawson, 1916, p. 29). We came across it on several occa- sions and secured specimens along the east side of these moun- tains, on the edge of Surprise Valley, both in May and Sep- tember. 188. Psaltriparus plumbeus (Baird). Lead-colored Bush-tit A male hornotine of this species, no. 28645, Calif. Acad, of Sci., was taken by myself near Eagleville, October 1, 1925. In the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology there is a male of this species, no 28639, M. V. Z., that was taken on Shields Creek, a few miles east of Alturas, July 24, 1926, by J. Linsdale, at an altitude of 5000 feet. These two specimens apparently con- stitute the northernmost record of this species for the state of California. Two bush-tits, Nos. 26179, 26180, C. A. S., taken near Cedar- ville May 13, 1923, show distinctive characters closely ap- proaching plumbeus and suggesting a cross between this spe- cies and P. in. calif oriiicus, but with less brown on the head than has any example of that race that I have examined. These two birds are the parents of set no. 4041, C. A. S. oological collection. 335 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 189. Regulus satrapa olivaceus Baird. Western Golden-crowned Kinglet Summer visitant at high altitudes. "Heard" at head of North Fork of Parker Creek, Warner Mountains, early in July, 1910 (W. P. Taylor, MS), and one taken on July 2 (Mus. Vert. Zool.). "A family group encountered July 3, 1912, at an altitude of 7500 feet on the east slope of the War- ner Range, and the species repeatedly seen thereafter near Eagle Peak" (Dawson, 1916, p. 30). 190. Regulus calendula cineraceus Grinnell. Western Ruby-crowned Kinglet Summer visitant, most abundant during migrations. Cana- dian zone of the Warner Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.) dur- ing nesting season. Common at Clear Lake in early April, 1918 (Willett, 1919, p. 207). Present in limited numbers in Surprise Valley in the latter half of September, most abundant about the end of the month, at least, in the territory that was covered by my own observations. 191. Myadestes townsendi (Audubon). Townsend's Solitaire "Common resident of high Transition and Canadian zones on the Warner Mountains" (Grinnell, 1915, p. 169). Noted on many occasions by Academy parties at the higher eleva- tions, and seen in Surprise Valley in the latter half of Sep- tember, 1924, at times apparently in migration. A num- ber were seen at various altitudes from 5000 feet up in Granger Cahon on October 14, 1925, at which time some of these birds were singing so vociferously as to be heard at as- tonishing distances in the still mountain air. 192. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi). Olive-backed Thrush Fairly common summer visitant to Modoc County in vi- cinity of Warner Mountains (Grinnell, 1915, p. 170). Noted at Goose Lake in May, and found quite numerous at Jess Valley in June, 1923, by the Academy party. Vol. XVI] MAILLIARD— MODOC COUNTY BIRDS AND MAMMALS 337 193. Hylocichla guttata guttata (Pallas). Alaska Hermit Thrush On October 4, 1924, near Eagleville, I secured a male bird- of-the-year, and another specimen (sex undetermined) was taken on September 16, 1926. In spite of this species being such a common winter visitant in so large a part of Califor- nia, there seems to be no published record of its occurrence in the northeastern part of the state. 194. Hylocichla guttata sequoiensis (Belding). Sierra Hermit Thrush Common summer visitant to the Warner Mountains (Grin- nell, 1915, p. 171). A female that was caught in one of my mouse traps at Happy Camp Forest Service Station on June 12, 1924, has such a slim bill as to be noticeable at first glance, but which seems to be in this case only a matter of individual variation, 195. Planesticus migratorius propinquus (Ridgway). Western Robin Common in summer in all suitable places. According to the statement of inhabitants of Eagleville, it remains through the winter in limited numbers. 196. Sialia mexicana occidentalis J. K. Townsend. Western Bluebird Common summer visitant, breeding sparingly in Upper Sonoran and Transition. More numerous in the fall, when it is often seen in company with the following species. 197. Sialia currucoides (Bechstein). Mountain Bluebird Summer visitant to the Warner Mountains, breeding in high Transition and Boreal zones. During migrations, espe- cially in the fall, it is very abundant on the floor of Surprise Valley. The maximum of abundance was about the third week in September, after which the numbers rapidly grew less. 338 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th See. Hypothetical List of Birds 1. Rallus virginianus Linnseus. Virginia Rail "Numerous about all the marshy lakes" (Henshaw, 1897, p. 2302). The text of Henshaw's report on the ornithological part of the field work carried on by Party No. 1, California Section, of the Wheeler Geographical Survey in 1877-1878 shows that a stay was made at Fort Bidwell and work done in that vicinity, hence it seems to me proper to make men- tion of this rather indefinite record. This rail is not always easy to find and the fact that no further or more definite record of its presence has been published is no reason for believing that it is not at least a summer visitant to some of the marshes of the county. It is given by some of the authorities as common in summer throughout the state, but without definite records for Modoc County. It was not noted by any of the Academy parties. 2. Totanus flavipes (Gmelin). Yellow-legs This bird is a rarely identified migrant, and there are no recent records of its occurrence in northeastern California. Recorded as abundant at Rhett (now Tule) Lake in former years (Newberry, 1857, p. 98). 3. Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein). Upland Plover A bird of this species was shot at Tule Lake by Vernon Bailey on August 6, 1896 (Grinnell, 1915, p. 53). According to Doctor Grinnell, who made a special inquiry regarding this record (Cooke, U. S. Biological Surv. Bull. no. 35, 1910, p. 65), the wing only was sent to Washington for identifica- tion, but even that was not preserved. As the record gives only Tule Lake as the locality at which the bird was taken, and as this lake extends into Siskiyou County, California, and into southern Oregon, this record is not a very definite one, but it is the only one for California. Vol. XVI] MAILLIARD— MODOC COUNTY BIRDS AND MAMMALS 339 4. Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan). Short-eared Owl "This owl was found to be common in the sedgy marshes about Warner Lake, Oregon, and doubtless inhabits similar localities throughout Eastern California and Nevada" (Hen- shaw, 1879, p. 2291). As Warner Lake (Crump Lake on recent maps) is only a few miles northeast of Surprise Val- ley, with no serious barrier intervening, Henshaw's assump- tion that this owl inhabited parts of Surprise Valley seems of sufficient value to be worth mentioning here. Mr. James A. Street, — storekeeper at Eagleville, erstwhile cattle rancher, and ever an ardent and observing game hunter, — who was brought up in this valley, told me that he had sometimes flushed a rather large owl in the meadows and found it was nesting on the ground. Unfortunately we did not come across any, to prove the identity, but it must have been the Short-eared Owl. 5. Coccyzus americanus occidentalis Ridgway. California Cuckoo Mr. James A. Street, whose statement was corroborated by others, stated that the California Cuckoo is often heard in Surprise Valley in midsummer, even in the village streets, but that it is extremely seldom one was seen. It is not heard before the end of June, but is commonly noticeable just before midsummer thunderstorms and is known by residents as the "rain crow," a country name for the eastern bird of this genus. Mr. Street has watched for this bird and has seen and studied it. His description of the bird was sufficiently ac- curate to be easily recognizable and he knew the note well. Literature Cited Bryant, H. C. 1914. A Survey of the Breeding Grounds of Ducks in California in 1914. 7. Peromyscus crinitus crinitus Merriam. Idaho Canyon Mouse Upper Sonoran zone. Sugar Hill, Goose Lake and Dry- Creek (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Found by Academy parties near Eagleville in the spring of 1924 and the fall of 1925, but only in restricted areas. 38. Peromyscus maniculatus gambelii (Baird). Gambel's White-footed Mouse Found all over the county and quite abundant at times, even out in the desert region in places. 39. Neotoma cinerea occidentalis Baird. Western Bushy-tailed Wood Rat Common in the Transition and Boreal zones in suitable places. There is evidently a vertical migration of this species in the spring and fall. My own observations in spring developed much evidence of recent occupation of old build- ings, hollow trees, rock slides, and lava "rim rock" forma- tion at 5000 feet altitude and below, but, with the exception of two immature rats caught in an old hollow cedar tree at Buck Creek Forest Service Station, none was taken in May and June, even where the evidence showed that a large popula- tion had been present. The rangers stated that these rats were so numerous in the winter as to be a pest around old buildings, etc., coming down from the higher elevations with the advent of cold weather. At the beginning of October, 1925, we set some rat traps in a very likely place in the mouth of Eagle Creek caiion where there was some evidence of occupation, but several nights trapping secured only one specimen of this wood rat, a very large old male. It seems as though this rat does not usually come down from the mountains until still later in the fall than early October, although at the time this one speci- men was taken there was already considerable snow on the mountains, but the temperature was not very low. In the 354 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Academy collection there are several adults taken by John Rowley at a high elevation on the Warner Mountains, Sep- tember 21 to October 4, 1913. However, this migration seems to be affected by food or other conditions, for this rat was found in 1926 along the base of the Warner Range foot- hills in Surprise Valley as early as the end of August, and it was quite numerous through September, 1926. Weather at this time was relatively warm and free from heavy storms or serious snowfall on the mountains. 40. Microtus montanus montanus (Peale) Peale's Meadow Mouse Carr's Ranch, Rhett (Tule) Lake (Kellogg, 1922, p. 259; specimens in coll. Biol. Surv.). 41. Microtus montanus yosemite Grinnell. Yosemite Meadow Mouse This meadow mouse is usually present in most, if not all, of the meadows of any size in eastern Modoc County. The ]\Iuseum of Vertebrate Zoology field party of 1910 secured specimens at many of its camps. On the other hand, the Academy party of 1923, although everywhere told what a pest this rodent was during the season for cutting the meadow hay, met with absolutely no success in finding it. In Surprise Valley in May and June, 1924, some fresh sign was found near one old haystack, and some specimens were secured there, but apparently the drought of the previous win- ter had driven most of the meadow mice from the meadow to the tules of the laguna on the eastern edge of the valley, where they had taken refuge in a spot that was usually well covered with water (Mailliard, 1925, p. 103). The year 1923 was evidently one of extreme low ebb among the Micro- tus population of this part of the county, and the flood was just beginning in 1924. Vol. XVI] MAILLIARD— MODOC COUNTY BIRDS AND MAMMALS 355 42. Microtus mordax mordax (Merriam). Cantankerous Meadow Mouse Warner Mountains (Bailey, 1900, p. 50). Sugar Hill, Parker Creek, Warren Peak (Mus. Vert. Zool.). 43. Zapus major Preble. Warner Mountain Jumping Mouse Transition and Boreal zones of Warner Mountains (Grin- nell, 1913b, p. 342) ; Sugar Hill, Parker Creek, and Dry Creek (Mus. Vert. Zool.). On May 18, 1923, three speci- mens were taken at Buck Creek Forest Service Station, but on no other occasion during that spring was this genus noted. One was secured in this same place on June 16, and one at Happy Camp Forest Service Station on June 18, 1924. 44. Erithizon epixanthum epixanthum Brandt. Yellow-haired Porcupine Very common throughout the coniferous forests of the county, and a very undesirable visitor in vegetable gardens and to wooden buildings. Its appetite for wood, especially where any salt or grease has been spilled, causes a great deal of destruction to old buildings. It also does much damage to forests by devouring the bark from the upper portions of the trunk of pine saplings. In many places a considerable per- centage of the young growth of the pine forest is seriously in- jured in this way. 45. Ochotona schisticeps taylori Grinnell. Warner Mountain Cony Type locality is Warren Peak (9000 feet altitude), Warner Mountains, Modoc County (Grinnell, 1912, pp. 129-130). Sugar Hill (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Taken by the Academy party in the end of September, 1924, in large rock slide at an alti- tude of about 8000 feet and some 12 miles southwest of Eagleville, on the Warner Mountains. This small mammal usually, but not always, inhabits rock slides. In June, 1924, 356 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. while the Academy party was at the Happy Camp Forest Serv- ice Station, on the west side of the Warner Mountains, Ranger Ivan Cuff stated that he had seen conies in an old crater in the lava bed at Quaking Asp Spring, altitude about 4500 feet, about 12 miles west of the station. We visited this locality on June 18, but the weather was too dark and cold to entice the conies from their retreats. It was my intention to camp there and secure proof of this story, but the "spring", which was merely snow water in a cavity of the lava, was so nearly dry, and the road to the spot was so rough that the idea of moving camp to it was abandoned. However, Ranger Cuff evidently knows conies and their habits, and there is no reason to doubt his statement that he has heard, watched for, and seen the conies at Quaking Asp. That this rodent is more numerous and more widely dis- tributed in the county than was at first supposed is proved by the result of our own investigations and by the reports of hunt- ers who were asked to be on the lookout for it. Fresh sign was found in several places along the Warner Range by Gil- more, Covel, and myself, from 5000 feet upward, one small colony being in the rocky bottom of Eagle Canon, just before the canon opens abruptly into the rolling plain, about a mile westerly from Eagleville. Another colony of conies was noted by Gilmore on a hill above the Pit River Forest Service Sta- tion in September, 1926, when examples were brought to me for identification. A large colony exists near the top of the Warner Range, a little southeast of Eagle Peak, at close to 9000 feet elevation, where several specimens were secured. This colony is about a mile north of the rock slide where the specimens above mentioned were secured in September, 1924. 46. Lepus townsendii townsendii Bachman. Western White-tailed Jack Rabbit Upper Sonoran and Transition zones of the Modoc region (Grinnell, 1913b, p. 395). Goose Lake (Nelson, 1909, p. 82). Parker Creek, Warner Mountains (Mus. Vert. Zool.). No- where abundant. I saw several in May, 1923, between Buck Creek Service Station and Goose Lake, but failed to secure Vol. XVI] MAILLIARD— MODOC COUNTY BIRDS AND MAMMALS 357 any. In 1926 the Academy party secured a specimen near Eagleville, September 19, and another near the Pit River Forest Service Station, September 27. Several were reported to have been seen in Surprise Valley at that time. 47. Lepus californicus wallawalla Merriam. Washington Jack Rabbit Cedarville (Nelson, 1909, p. 133). Alturas and Dry Creek (Mus. Vert. Zool.). Many noted by Academy parties in Sur- prise Valley and elsewhere. Especially numerous in the desert east of Eagleville. Specimens in the Academy collection are from Alturas and Eagleville. 48. Sylvilagus nuttallii nuttallii (Bachman). Washington Cottontail Upper Sonoran and Transition zones in parts of the Modoc region (Grinnell, 1913b, p. 362), Noted by Academy parties in practically the same localities as was the Washington Jack Rabbit. The Academy collection includes specimens from South Fork of Pit River, Happy Camp, Jess Valley, Eagle- ville, and Cedarville. 49. Brachylagus idahoensis (Merriam). Idaho Pygmy Rabbit Upper Sonoran zone: Recorded from Goose Lake (Nelson, 1909, p. 278). Not seen by Academy parties, although con- siderable search was made for it along the Nevada side of Surprise Valley, where it was reported to be present and where were found some burrows that appeared to have been occupied by this species. 50. Odocoileus hemonicus hemonicus (Rafinesque). Rocky Mountain Mule Deer Modoc region (Grinnell, 1913, p. 367). Common in the mountain ranges, but not abundant at the present time. Does and fawns come down within a short distance of Eagleville, as 358 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. noted by myself. Near Quaking Asp Spring, in the plateau region, we startled a young fawn by the roadside. In the fall of 1926 the number of deer on the Warner Range had in- creased very perceptibly, seemingly as the result of an invasion from the Nevada mountains on the eastern side of Surprise Valley, where a large game refuge has been established. This invasion of the Warners was probably brought about by the scarcity of water on the Nevada side in this year of drought. 51. Antilocapra americana americana (Ord). Pronghorn Antelope Modoc region (Grinnell, 1913, p. 368). A band of about 125 individuals exists in the western part of the county, and ranges into Siskiyou County. It is fed upon hay to some ex- tent in the winter season. This band is said to be slightly on the increase. According to the reports of farmers and cattle- men in the eastern part of the county, there are a few antelope that range from that region into Nevada. Hypothetical List of Mammals 1, Martes caurina sierrae Grinnell & Storer. Sierra Pine Marten The presumed range of this race of pine martens includes the Warner Mountain range in Modoc County (Grinnell and Dixon, 1926, p. 415), but no specimens have been recorded from there. 2. Canis gigas (Townsend). Northwestern Timber Wolf On October 2, 1922, Warden Court wright stated that four wolves were "recently seen" near Straw (Grinnell, MS). These wolves probably came in from Oregon, as the species i-« practically extinct in California. Vol. XVI] MAILLIARD— MODOC COUNTY BIRDS AND MAMMALS 359 Literature Cited Bailey, V. 1900. Revision of the American Voles of the Genue Microtus. N. A. Fauna, 17, pp. 1-88. Grinnell, H. W. 1918. A Synopsis of the Bats of California. 4 wider than long, sides broadly arcuate and gradually, not very strongly, converging from the base ; sur- face sparsely finely punctate at middle, very much more coarsely and closely so near the lateral margins; intervals extremely minutely very feebly punctulate, strongly shining. Elytra twice as long as the prothorax, barely ^ as wide as long, fairly regularly punctate striate, the strize feebly impressed, intervals with irregular punctures, which are nearly as strong as those of the striae. Body beneath densely ashy pubescent as usual. Length 4.3 mm. ; width 2.25 mm. Type: No. 2428, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, April 15, 1921, at Guaymas, Sonora. The glabrous thorax and sparsely pubescent elytra ally this species to subpubescens Schf. It is considerably less robust than the latter, which is much more coarsely punctate through- out and with duller surface lustre. This species must ap- proach more closely the Mexican hirtipennis, but the latter is said to be of broad flattened shai>e, and to have the sides of the thorax strongly rounded and the anterior angles produced into a blunt point. 386 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Phoc. 4th Ser. 11. Saxinis vestiaria Fall, new species Moderately robust, dull black, faintly greenish, elytra with a red humeral spot involving the epipleural lobe and extending to just within the humeral umbo ; rather conspicuously clothed, except the head, with short recumbent cinereous pubescence. Head moderately punctate, punctures not coalescent except near the upper margins of the eyes. Thorax as wide as the elytra at base, sides either subparallel basally, or just perceptibly converging forward in basal half, more strongly so in front; punctuation rather fine, not dense, the punctures separated at the middle by rather more, and at sidv'^s by a litttle less, than their own diameters. Elytra less than Ys longer than wide, feebly to scarcely narrowed behind, surface very densely, confusedly, subrugosely punctate throughout, the punctured striae scarcely detectable at any part ; scutellum less closely punctate. Body beneath densely cinereo-pubescent. Length 5-6 mm. ; width 2.75-3.2 mm. Type: No. 2429, Miis. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, April 15, 1921, at Guaymas, Sonera. Sonera, April 15. This species is much more conspicu- ously pubescent than either subpiihesceiis or knausi. In form it is rather less stout than the former, but more robust than the latter. It differs from both by the very dense rugose punctuation of the elytra, with barely a trace of the usual punctured strise. The Mexican hirtipciniis is said to be metal- lic greenish blue with shining thorax, and the elytra distinctly punctate striate. 12. Chlamys mimnonius Lacordaire Guaymas, Sonora, April 9, one example. 13. Chlamys prosternalis Schaeflfer Guaymas, Sonora, April 9 ; one example. The carina of the metascutellum is very acute throughout, becoming broader and flattened only at the extreme base. SchaefTer, in his description, says "broad at base and sharply carinate behind." 14. Exema conspersa Mannerheim Guaymas, Sonora, April 1 1 ; two examples. Vol. XVI] FALL— THE CHRYSOMELID^ 387 15. Pachybrachys wickhami Bowditch Angeles Bay, Lower California, June 25 ; a single example. 16. Pachybrachys xanti Crotch San Marcos Island, May 12 and June 19; Escondido Bay, Lower California, May 24; three examples. 17. Pachybrachys sp. A single female specimen from Mulege, Lower California, May 15, resembles diversus Fall rather strongly and may belong to that variable species, which is hitherto known to me from Illinois to New Mexico. In any case it cannot prop- erly be described without the male. 18. Pachybrachys xanthochrous Fall, new species Of rather small size, rufotestaceous throughout, without trace of spots or markings at any part, the head and thorax of slightly darker tint than the elytra, surface minutely alutaceous. Head not densely punctate, ocular lines feebly indicated close to the eyes, the latter separated by about 5^ the length of the basal antennal joint in the male, and by the length of this joint in the female. Antennse {$) reaching nearly the middle of the elytra, the 10th joint a little more than twice as long as wide, outer joints dusky at tips. Prothorax {$) % wider than long, sides broadly arcuate throughout, moderately converging apically, surface closely strongly punc- tate over the greater portion of the disk a little more sparsely and un- evenly so at middle, side margins narrowly smooth. Elytra confusedly punctate in a rather small basosutural area, elsewhere with distinct well impressed strise, of which the fifth and sixth are somewhat confused at middle; eighth with the usual subbasal dislocation; marginal interspace impunctate. Front claws of male moderately enlarged, in the female visibly so. Length (5 type), 2.8 mm.; width 1.4 mm. The female allotype is slightly larger and stouter as usual. Type: Male, No. 2430, and allotype, female, No. 2431, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, April 10, 1921, at Guaymas, Sonora. This species must be referred to section B of my Revision, and there runs to longus. The entire absence of spots will, 388 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. if constant, disting-tiish it from longus, in which the form is a httle more slender, the color a paler yellow, the punc- tures and striae brownish, the standard spots faintly indicated. 19. Pachybrachys alacris Fall Agua Verde, Lower California, May 26, a single example. Originally described from Arizona; only females are known thus far. 20. Pachybrachys indifferens Fall, new species Dull yellow, distinctly alutaceous and scarcely shining, punctures and striae brown, the female with small standard spots on the elytra, these lacking in the male; head and thorax in both sexes with standard mark- ings, faint in the male, more distinct in the female. Head sparsely ir- regularly brown punctate ; ocular lines fine, close to the eyes ; eyes separated by a little less ( ^ ), or a little more ( 2 ), than the length of the basal antennal joint. Antennae fully attaining the middle of the elytra {$), somewhat shorter ($), outer joints more or less dusky apically. Prothorax moderately transverse {$), more strongly so (9), sides strongly arcuate, base but little wider than the apex ; punctures close in the darker areas, sparser elsewhere; margin very narrowly and imperfectly smooth. Elytra parallel, about Ys longer than wide, punctures confused in a rather long baso-sutural area which extends to behind the shield ; striae elsewhere nearly regular, except for the interruption or break in the fifth and sixth at about the middle; marginal interspace impunctate. Py- gidium blackish brown with oblique yellow spots confluent at apex. Body beneath piceous, with apex of last ventral and small spots at sides of the segments, pale. Legs yellow, with femoral and tibial rings of darker shade, more pronounced in the female. Anterior claws of male a little enlarged. Length 2.5-3.1 mm.; width 1-4-1.75 mm. Type: Male, No. 2432, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P, Van Duzee, April 8, 1921, at Guaymas, Sonora. Allo- type, No. 2433, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, April 19, 1921, on San Esteban Island. Paratype, one male collected at Guaymas, April 9, 1921. Closely allied to P. alacris Fall, but distinct by the more strongly rounded sides of the thorax, which is also less nar- rowed in front. Vol. XVI] FALL— THE CHRYSOMELIDJE 339 21. Pachybrachys peninsularis Fall ? Guaymas, Sonora, April 1 1 ; one example. The single ex- ample being a female, and the only previously known speci- mens being males, the identity cannot positively be asserted, although the general characters are fairly in accord. Excep- tion should be made of the tenth antennal joint, which in peninsularis is five times, and here only three times as long as wide; quite possibly a sexual difference. The size — 4.5 mm. — is also considerably larger than that given for the known males (3,-3.75 mm.). 22. Pachybrachys nubilus Bowditch San Francisquito Bay, Lower California, May 10; Agua Verde, Lower California, May 26; San Marcos Island, June 19. Four examples, all females. 23. Pachybrachys sp. Ceralbo Island, June 7 ; a single male specimen. Very close to the preceding species, differing in the somewhat more nar- rowly separated eyes, the lack of any trace of elytral spots, and the almost total obliteration of markings on head and thorax. The differences, however, are so small that I am unwilling to found a new species on the unique. 24. Cryptocephalus sp. A single specimen collected at Guaymas, Sonora, April 10. It is closely related to our leucomelas and castaneus, but I think not referable to either. It is not like any species figured in the Biologia, but I am unable to satisfy myself that it has not been described from Mexico. 25. Diachus auratus Fabricius San Marcos Island, May 12 ; a single example. 390 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 26. Colaspis brunnea Fabricius Eight examples taken at AInlege, Lower California, are undoubtedly identical with Arizona specimens in our collec- tions thus identified by Horn. I somewhat doubt the correct- ness of this determination, but am unwilling at this time to say more because of unfamiliarity with the Mexican species. 27. Metachroma insulare Fall, new species Moderately elongate, form nearly as in ccneicoUe but with the elytra relatively a little longer. Head, antennae and legs rufotestaceous, elytra with a broad black discal area which reaches the base narrowly just within the humeral umbones and along the suture, the margins otherwise dull rufous throughout, and with a short narrow rufous vitta from the base to about the midd'e on either side of the suture; surface throughout polished and strongly shining. Head distinctly but rather sparsely and finely punc^ tate, vertex with a short longitudinal impressed line, supra-orbital groove not extending upon the front ; clypeus more deeply narrowly emarginate than usual. Prothorax not quite Yz wider than long, sides strongly evenly rounded, base and apex subequal, front angles slightly auriculate, hind angles very obtuse but defined; surface numerously but not densely punc- tate, the punctures coarser than on the head, narrowly smoother along the margins. Elytra less than yi wider than the thorax, and twice as long; about J4 longer than wide ; punctate striate, the two short striae external to the seventh confused ; strial punctures rather coarse at base, becoming gradually very fine at apex ; intervals nearly flat, extremely sparsely, minutely, irregularly punctulate, the punctures scarcely visible except under high po>ver. Propleura smooth; metasternum with some coarse punctures at sides, the median parts not visible ; abdomen sparsely punc- tate and pubescent. Legs rather stout, hind femora with a very small acute tooth beneath, one-third from the knee. Length 3.9 mm. ; width L9 mm. Described from a single specimen, sex unknown. Type: No. 2434, Mas. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, July 1, 1921, at Pond Island Bay, Angel de la Guarda Island. This species runs to longulum in Horn's table, and falls naturally between that species and cencicolle. It is a little more elongate than the former and less so than the latter. It differs moreover from ceneicolle by the entire lack of metal- lic lustre, the much less densely punctured head, and the smooth Vol. XVI] FALL— THE CHRYSOMELWM 391 propleura. From longiilum it may be separated by the much less coarsely punctured elytral strife, which are not visibly impressed, and by the punctate metasternum. 28. Monoxia obtusa Le Conte Doubtfully under this name I include a series of 45 speci- mens from the following localities : San Esteban Island, April 19; Isla Raza, April 21; Isla Partida, April 22 and July 2; Mejia Island, April 30; Angeles Bay, Lower Califor- nia, May 4-5 ; San Lorenzo Island, May 9 ; North San Loren- zo Island, June 24; Ildefonso Island, May 17; San Fran- cisco Island, May 30; Ceralbo Island, June 7. Specimens from Isla Raza bear labels "ex Atriplex." In the series of specimens before me there is considerable variation in size as well as in the extent of maculation of the elytra. Certain examples, in which the spots are almost or quite wanting, closely resemble typical obtiistis; others, among those with the small spots well defined would pass readily for debilis. Horn, in the latest paper on Monoxia, unites obtusus and debilis, and whether rightly or wrongly so I am quite unable at present to separate the material at hand into defin- able species. In fact, after removing the readily recogniz- able pimcticollis and sordida the remaining aggregate of our described and undescribed Monoxias constitutes an almost unsolvable puzzle so far as the delimitation of species is con- cerned. 29. , Monoxia sordida Le Conte A considerable series of this common species of our south- western border States was submitted, the following localities being represented. Gonzales Bay, Lower California, April 29; Loreta, Lower California, May 19-20; Agua Verde, Lower California, May 26; San Jose Island, May 29; Ceralbo Island, June 7; Escondido Bay, Lower California, June 14; Concepcion Bay, Lower California, June 18; nineteen speci- mens altogether. 30. Diabrotica balteata Le Conte Guaymas, Sonora, April 8-11; three examples. 392 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 31. Diabrotica duodecimpunctata Fabricius Mulege, Lower California, May 15; one example. 32. Diabrotica trivitata Mannerheim San Pedro Martir Island, April 18; Angel de la Guarda Island (Pond Island Bay), June 30; sixteen examples. 33. Scelolyperus flaviceps Horn. San Pedro Bay, near Guaymas, Sonora, July 7 ; one speci- men. This agrees nearly with specimens from Arizona, but the under surface is more or less pale, mixed with piceous (pos- sibly immature), and the punctures of the elytra are a little stronger and less fine. Blepharonycha Fall, new genus Form broadly oval, somewhat oblong, convex, glabrous. Head moderate; eyes obliquely vertical, separated above by a little more than their own length ; front nearly vertical, tubercles feeble, flat, narrowly separated ; clypeus truncate ; labrum transverse, arcuate in front ; palpi slender, nearly as in Blepharida. Antennae fully fs as long as the body, basal joint arcuate clavate, nearly as long as the next two; second short, as wide as long; third twice as long as the second, cylindrical with the apex a little ex- panded, rather more than twice as long as wide; fourth and fifth equal to the third, following joints gradually shorter, the tenth about J^ longer than wide ; eleventh longer and pointed at apex, the narrowed apical portion simulating a small twelfth joint, but apparently not movable. Thorax strongly transverse; base evenly arcuate, finely margined; no trace of antebasal groove or impression; front angles prominent as in Blepha- rida. Elytra oblong oval, widest at middle, closely punctate, the punc- tures irregularly serial in arrangement. Prosterum rather widely separat- ing the coxse, coxal cavities open behind. Mesosternum oblique in front, intercoxal process as wide as that of the presternum. Ventral sutures fine, the first and last segments more elongate. Legs rather stout, pos- terior femora moderately inflated, tibiae gradually broader to apex, each with a short terminal spur; middle and hind tibiae obliquely truncate posteriorly at apex, the truncate area distinctly grooved, and limited above by a well marked angulation; tarsi stout, first two joints triangular, the last slender with bifid claws. The structure of the tibiae and tarsi is essentially the same as in Blepharida, with which this interesting species agrees Vol. XVI] FALL— THE CHRYSOMELID^ 393 nearly in some other characters. In fact it answers so well in size, form and color the description of Blepharida atripennis Horn from the same geographical region that it seemed al- most certain at first sight that this was the species in hand. On closer examination however the front coxal cavities were found to be open behind rather than closed as in Blepharida, the mesosternum is oblique in front (vertical in Blepharida) and the second antennal joint is relatively much shorter, com- parison in these respects being made with B. rhois. To make sure that the insect in hand was not B. atripennis, it was re- turned to the California Academy for comparison with Horn's type. Mr, J. O. Martin, who kindly made the comparison, assures me that the coxje cavities are close in atripennis, and that several other differences are obvious when the two in- sects are placed side by side. The open coxal cavities of course exclude the present species from Blepharida, and the bifid claws exclude it from every other Halticide genus of our own fauna. Certain Mexican Halticine genera have the claws bifid, but none of them, judging from the figures in the Biologia have a facies at all similar to the insect in hand, except perhaps Plectrotreta, in which the hind tibise alone are said to be armed with a terminal spur, and the pronotum has an antebasal groove. Reference to Chapuis' table of groups (Lacordaire, Genera, XI, p. 20) shows that our species runs to his Diamphidiites, in which he includes the single genus Diamphidia, all the known species of which are from South Africa. These, ac- cording to the group characters used by Chapuis, have the antennae either flabellate or serrate, and are said to be aber- rant forms, intermediate between Galerucides and Halticides. There seems therefore to be no other course than to erect a new genus for our present species, which after the generic diagnosis given above needs only a brief description. Type. Blcpharonycha melanoptera Fall. 34. Blcpharonycha melanoptera Fall, new species Form robust, oblong oval ; head, prothorax, scutellum and femora, yellow; antennae black, the basal joint yellow with a black stripe above; elytra, tibise and tarsi black. Head shining, with a few minute punctures ; prothorax twice as wide as long, base and apex nearly equal, sides evenly 294 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. rather strongly rounded, hind angles very obtuse, front angles dentiform with a small sinuation externally; surface smooth and polished, with a few very small and remote punctures; disk with a punctiform impression each side of the middle at about the lateral fourth, which may or may not be normal. Elytra a little wider than the thorax, 3/10 longer than wide, sides broadly arcuate, apex obtusely rounded ; surface finely alutaceous, scarcely shining, closely punctate in approximate more or less irregular rows. Pro- thorax beneath smooth ; metasternum smooth at sides, coarsely punctate at middle ; ventral segments nearly smooth, shining, finely sparsely pube- scent. Legs stout, hind thighs not quite half as wide as long. Length 5.8 mm. ; width 3.4 mm. Described from a single example, sex unknown, taken at San Carlos Bay, Sonora, July 9, 1921. Type: No. 2435, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, July 9, 1921, at San Carlos Bay, near Guaymas, Sonora. 35. Haltica nitidiventris Fall Esperitu Santo Island, June 9; one specimen. Except for its somewhat larger size, this agrees in all essentials with the unique type specimen in my collection, which was de- scribed from El Taste in the nearby Cape Region of Baja California. 36. Systena taeniata Say. var. Mulege, Lower California, May 15; five examples. This is one of the numerous forms so common in our southwestern border States, all of which were considered by Horn as vari- ants of tceniata Say. The form before me is entirely pallid except for a faint darker sutural stripe, is sparsely lightly punctate, and shining throughout as if varnished. I have a series of similar specimens ranging from El Paso, Texas, to Kern Co., California. None of the names thrown into syn- onymy by Horn apply well to this form. 37. Longitarsus livens Le Conte Las Animas Bay, Lower California, May 8; Mulege, Lower California, May 15; Loreto, Lower California, May 20; six- teen specimens. Vol. XVI] FALL— THE CHRYSOMELIDJE 395 38. Glyptina cerina Le Conte Angel de la Giiarda Island (Palm Canon) May 3; San Carlos Bay, (near Guaymas) Sonora, July 9; two examples. 39. Phyllotreta albionica Le Conte La Paz, Lower California, June 3; two examples. 40. Charistena ariadne Newman Mulege, Lower California, May 15; one example. This species was recorded from the Cape region (San Jose del Cabo) by Horn in his paper on the Coleoptera of Baja Cali- fornia in 1894. The single example before me differs a little from eastern specimens in my collection by the more sparsely punctate thorax and less elevated elytral costae, but is prob- ably specifically the same. 41. Brachycoryna pumila Boheman Guaymas, Sonora, April 11; one example. 42. Stenopodius flavidus Horn. San Francisco Island, May 30; five examples. 43. Gratiana pallidula Boheman San Esteban Island, April 19; one example. Errata for Proceedings, Vol. XVI, No. 13. Page 382, line 12, for Lac. read Lee. Page 385, line 17, for sense read sense. Page 386, line 25, for mimnonius read memnonius. Page 386, change line 28 to read Guaymas, April 10, and San Pedro Bay, July 7, Sonora; two examples. Page 392, line 3, for trivitata read trivittata. Page 393, line 13, for coxae read coxal, and for close read closed. /r /c- \-\ X PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 14, pp. 397-499, text-figures 1-287 April 27, 1927 XIV A STUDY OF THE TERMINAL ABDOMINAL STRUCTURES OF MALE DIPTERA (TWO-WINGED FLIES) BY FRANK R. COLE Redlands, California. This paper was written as a part of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy at Stanford University, and I wish to express my thanks to Professors R. W. Doane and G. F. Ferris of the Department of Entomology in that University for their helpful suggestions and aid in many ways during the progress of the investigations. The original manuscript and the drawings were sent to Dr. G. C. Crampton of Massachusetts Agricultural College, and I am greatly in- debted to him for reading over the manuscript and suggesting many important changes. In the original manuscript I had followed Berleze and Metcalf in numbering the abdominal segments (allowing for a hypothetical first segment fused with the thorax) but I am now converted to the view held by Dr. Crampton. The genitalia are therefore considered to be on the ninth abdominal seginent, any fusion of segments oc- curring at the apex of the abdomen. I am indebted to the following entomologists for material loaned : Dr. C. P. Alexander, Massachusetts Agricultural College; Mr. C. W. Johnson, Boston Society of Natural His- April 27, 1927 398 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. tory; Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, California Academy of Sciences, and Dr. J. M. Aldrich of the U. S. National Museum. Most of the material used was from the Stanford University col- lection and from the writer's collection. Manuscript notes and drawing of the hypopygia of the Muscidse (sens, lat.) were prepared some years ago by R. E. Snodgrass while at Stanford University, and these were of assistance in comparing results of dissections. Any study of this kind has of necessity to borrow more or less from the results of previous workers, and the papers by Lowne, Snodgrass, Wesche, Newstead, Metcalf, Crampton, and others, have paved the way for this contribution to the study of the genitalia of male diptera. In studying a series of insects ranging from primitive to specialized types it is often very difficult to homologize the parts of the genitalia; it may require in some cases a study of the organs in the early stages of the insect, and there is much work yet to be done in this field. There is danger in drawing conclusions from a small amount of material ; a series of generalized and specialized types should be studied where possible, but in a paper such as this space forbids the descrip- tion of more than a few representative species for each family. The fine work recently done by Crampton in this field demon- strates clearly that the basic plan of the male genitalia of the Diptera can be established, and a generalized type arrived at which can be homologized with the orders of insects that are closely related. Some of the secondary structures may be difficult to homologize. The systematist in present-day entomology has to deal with very minute differences of structure in the characterization of species. Some of the most remarkable characters are to be found in the structures that go to make up the male genitalia, and as a rule these characters are the most dependable of all. In studying other parts of the body we often find a great deal of individual variation, as in the body color, shape of mark- ings or color of the pile, but the male genitalia are remark- ably constant for the species and the student of Diptera will find it well worth while to study these organs in any group with which he is working. We cannot, of course, have a system of classification based Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 399 on the male genitalia alone, or on the female reproductive system alone, because a natural classification will not admit of the adoption of one set of characters to the exclusion of others. The greatest value of genitalic characters will be in the characterization of species, but there may be structures common to genera or even larger groups. Time did not permit of biological investigations in con- nection with this study. The paper is intended primarily as an aid to the worker in taxonomy, but there are many inter- esting problems suggested for the insect morphologist. All of the principal families of Diptera were studied and more than 250 species dissected. Charles Darwin in a letter to B. D. Walsh in October, 1864, wrote the following : "What can be the meaning or use of the great diversity of the external generative organs in your cases in Bomhus and the phytophagous coleoptera? What can there be in the act of copulation necessitating such complex and diversified apparatus?" The same could be said of most male Diptera. The meaning or use may not be clear to us, but it probably has an important bearing on the evolution or the stability of the species. Methods The writer has had good results with very simple methods in preparing the genitalia for study and very few fresh specimens were used, most material being pinned and dried. Specimens were prepared by breaking off the abdomen, or the genital portion, and boiling in 10 per cent KOH for from ten to thirty minutes, depending upon the degree of chitiniza- tion ; in a few cases it was necessary to soak the material in KOH for a few hours. After this the material was washed in distilled water and placed in 70 per cent alcohol until studied. Most specimens were of such size that dissecting could be done under a binocular microscope. The writer prefers to draw without the aid of a camera lucida. The Male Genitalia The most recent work in this field is that by Metcalf on the male genitalia of the Syrphidae and Crampton on the male genitalia of Mecoptera and Diptera. Metcalf studied all of 400 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. the important syrphid genera in North America and ahout 200 species, so that his conclusions are of consideral)le im- portance in a study of the Diptera as a whole; he made no attempt to homologize the parts of the genitalia with those described in other orders of insects, giving, in large part, such names as were appropriate to the parts and in addition to these terms certain others that were devased for convenience in description. The work of Crampton is much broader in its scope and deals with many of the genitalic structures from the standpoint of phylogeny. There has been considerable theorizing as to the number of abdominal segments and most authors have given ten as the number in higher insects. The presence and position of the spiracles is of importance in determining the actual segments represented. Most embryologists hold that there are twelve segments in the primitive forms and the Protura in certain cases retain the twelve segments. Crampton finds that the retention of even eleven segments is not common in the lower winged insects. Certain embryologists have apparently estab- lished the fact that the cerci are modified limbs of the eleventh segment, and if this is true there are two segments beyond the genitalia proper. I have finally come to the conclusion that the first visible segment is actually the first and that there is no fusion of a hypothetical first segment with the thorax, a theory held by Berlese and Metcalf. If any fusion has taken place it is in the tenth and eleventh segments. There are never more than eight pairs of spiracles on the abdomen and usually only seven pairs, so that the apical segments are sometimes hard to distinguish. Berlese calls the first visible segment the actual third, but this is certainly a mistaken view, as is his supposition that the apparent sixth segment is a "large basal expansion of the seventh." Metcalf uses two convenient terms in dealing with the Syr- phidae, namely, prcahdomcn and postahdouien. These terms are useful where the posterior segments of the abdomen are modified, but there are only a few families where the divisions of the abdomen are so distinct as in the Syrphid?e. The pre- abdomen may be reduced to three segments, or the apical modification of the segments may be confined to the last three. the postabdomen being adapted to the form and function of Vol. XVI] COLE—TIVO-WINGED FLIES 401 the genital appendages. The anus bearing segments are in- volved in the revolution of the genitalia of Diptera, and in this respect they differ from the male sawflies. The torsion of the terminal abdominal segments is found in certain tipu- lids and culicids and also in a few mycetophilids. This revo- lution of the last three segments is quite different from the remarkable twisting of the postabdomen found in the Syr- phidas and Pipunculid^e. These last two families have the basal segments of the abdomen crowded over to the left side of the preabdomen; the rotation is clockwise along the long axis, and in many species of these two families the ter- minal tergites and sternites have gaped apart. There is often a depression in the preabdomen caused by the folding of the postabdomen against it; this depression is partly or wholly membraneous owing to the pressure on the hypodermal cells; it is called the goiital pouch by Metcalf and is greatly developed in the Syrphid?e. Owing to the torsion and pressing together of segments in the genital re- gion there has been considerable misinterpretation of the post- abdomen; tergites are apt to. be mistaken for sternites and vice versa. The term hypandrimn for the plate or sternite below the genitalia is a useful term proposed by Crampton; the term epandrium is used for the plate above the genitalia. The word hypopygium is used to designate the entire male genitalia and is therefore confined in its strict interpretation to the ninth abdominal segment. The eighth urite in many forms is a single sclerite and as there are no spiracles on this segment there is often some question as to its being a sternite or tergite, but it is prob- ably the latter. The modified appendages and limbs of the ninth abdominal segment make up the male genitalia and none of these parts are a part of the tenth segment. It is prob- able that there are eleven segments in the abdomen, in which case the anal region, or proctiger of Crampton, consists of the fused tenth and eleventh segments. The ninth urite becomes specialized and greatly developed in many families of the Diptera and carries the styles. The shape of the ninth tergite is modified by the shape of the cerci on the distal margin in many species ; the ninth sternite in many forms serves as a lever between the styles and the 402 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. base of the aedeagus. The genital opening is said to be primi- tively between the ninth and tenth sternites. The cerci make up most of the proctiger and there are indications of para- podial plates at the base of the cerci in some of the families; in fact the organs called the cerci may in reality be parapo- dial plates in some forms, as has been suggested by Cramp- ton. The plates on either side of the anus will in this paper be considered the cerci ; this point could possibly be made clear by embryological investigations. The surface of the cerci is usually hairy, the hairs being probably sensory in many cases. The plate above the anus, or supraanal plate, may be termed the epiproct; as used in this paper the term refers to the terminal abdominal tergite. The cerci are the appendages IV of Newell and the forceps superior es of Wesche. They are usually quite simple and do not vary greatly. The intromittant organ of the male is centrally located and is easily homologized in the families of the Diptera; the true penis is membranous and largely internal, or with a sheath, and the organ often referred to as the penis is best termed the cedeagns, a term used by the students of several orders of insects. Several investigators have found that the true penis is often exserted by blood pressure; the sheath, or sedeagus, guides the penis and is nearly always rigid. There are a few cases in the Diptera where the true penis seems to be without any covering. The sedeagus in some species is armed near the tip with cornuti, or more or less complex appendages. In some insects there is a false penis which is used to open the vagina before the true penis is exserted ; an arrangement of this kind is probably present in some of the Diptera. Sharp and Muir termed their work on the Coleoptera as a study of the "male genital tube," and these authors main- tained that a complete understanding of the male structures was possible only when the female organs were studied in connection, the two taken together forming the "genital conduit." The orifice of the genital lube arises from the invagina- tion of the tube itself, so that it is a doubled tube, one end a continuation of the body wall and the other branching to Vol. XVIJ COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 403 the two testes; there may be a chitinization of some parts of the wall. The tube is a ventral structure and has no tergal plates, but sternites may enter into the making of it. The aedeagus may be produced into a long flagellum, it being coiled into the apical segments of the abdomen in some of these forms. In some of the Coleoptera and Mecoptera this kind of structure is to be found. In some of the Diptera there are two or even three openings of the ejaculatory duct. In a few primitive orders of insects the penis is represented by structures that are in some cases difficult to homologize; in the Ephemeridse and in the sawflies this organ is represented by paired valves or "penis valves" as they are termed by Crampton. The sedeagus is generally considered the fused appendages of the ninth segment, arising from the caudo- ventral portion of the segment. The orifice of the ejacula- tory duct is often hard to make out and may be on an ele- vated portion called by Metcalf the ejaculatory process. In describing the appendages of the aedeagus Lowne used several terms which it may be well to retain as they have been used by several writers since his time, these are : the paraphalli, two strongly chitinized, lateral rods from the back of the part, and the hypopJiallus, a paired organ arising from the front part of the sheath. One or both of these structures may be present or absent. The "chitinous box," so-called by Metcalf and Berlese, is an expansion near the base of the pro- jecting portion of the sedeagus (Metcalf states that is near the apex of the penis) and rests usually on the apex of the double apodeme. The processes on this structure are given names by Metcalf in his paper on the family Syrphidae. The "ejaculatory hood", a term used by Metcalf, is a modification of the apex of the aedeagus that is unusually well developed in the Syrphidas. This structure is absent in many of the families of Diptera. The structure called the double apodeme by Wesche and the "sustentaciilar apodeme" by Metcalf, gives support to the aedeagus, especially to the chitinous box and the muscles which rotate the parts are attached to it. The apodeme is easily seen in many species when cleared ; it may be double, partially fused or wholly united, and is often specifically distinct in related forms. 404 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. The ejaculatory sac is an expansion of the efferent ejaciil- atory duct near its proximal end and is often flask-shaped. Delicate muscles extend from this sac to the margins of the ejaculatory apodemc, which varies in form but is in many cases umbrella-shaped. The theory is that the contraction of the muscles pulls the rod-like base of the apodeme into the sac like a piston and expels the seminal fluid, but there are many cases where this action must be quite different owing to the shape of the apodeme or its small size. The form of the ejaculatory apodeme may be of considerable taxonomic im- portance. The aedeagus is often heavily chitinized and is usually more or less cylindrical, being as a rule much longer than broad, but in some groups it is very short; in many groups the aedeagus is greatly specialized, possessing keels, ridges, tubercles, etc. Berlese divides the sheath of the penis into "two canals (epiphallus and hypophallus)", considering them contributions from the eighth and ninth segments; in this he is certainly in error, any apparent division being due to difference in chitini- zation. There are various lobes on the aedeagus. The pro- jection partly filling the cephalic emargination in certain of the SyrphidtC is called the luignla by INIetcalf. I have adopted many of the names used by Lowne and Wesche in considering these structures at the base of the aedeagus, many of which are absent in whole families of the Diptera. The base of the aedeagus in the Diptera is appar- ently the same as the "tegmen" of the Coleoptera, a name given by Sharp and Muir, and consists of a basal piece or ring and the appendages. Of these appendages there are, as a rule, two in the Coleoptera (lateral lobes), and usually two pairs in the Lepidoptera. These appendages may be known under the general name of "gonopods." The term "harpes" is preferable for the terminal segments of the gonopods of in- sects in general, but there may be some confusion if it is adopted because of other uses of the name. The terms basisfylus and dististylits, proposed by Crampton for the two segments of the genital styles, will be used in this paper. In the Diptera and other higher insects a pair of styles forms the outer ventral pair of claspers on each side of the aedeagus. The lateral portions of the ninth segment may be prolonged Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 405 and form accessory clasping organs, which may be known as surstyli. The dististyli and surstyli often have spines or ridges on the surface to aid in holding the females more securely. The genital styles are the "appendages 1" of Newell, the "claws'" of Lundbeck, the "forceps inferiores" of Wesche, and correspond to the "valvulse externae" of Lowne. They are commonly known as the "claspers" and vary greatly in size and shape; there is often an accessory lobe of the dis- tistylus (occurring also in some Panorpids) and in some the dististyle is divided into an inner and outer lobe. The lauiiiKe superiores, so named by Dziedzicki, are paired processes, often on a separate plate on the anterior edge of the cavity containing the genitalia; they are strongly chitinized in some species and often armed with bristles. They probably aid in holding the female and are absent in most of the Diptera. The term interior forceps may be used for the "forceps in- teriores" of Wesche. These are small, usually blade-like pro- cesses on either side of the asdeagus, generally articulated and more or less chitinized, the surfaces usually smooth. These organs were called the "posterior gonapophyses" by Lowne and later Snodgrass used this term, pointing out at the same time that the name "gonapophyses" was likely a misnomer from the standpoint of homology. The so-called genital palpi are small palpiform organs, one on either side of the sedeagus but anterior to the interior forceps; they usually possess sen- sory hairs or setae. The term "palpi" was used by Wesche and is not a good one because of the generally accepted use of the term in referring to the palpi of the mouth parts. Wesche, of course, was attempting to show the close cor- respondence of the mouth parts to the genital structures. These organs were called "anterior gonapophyses" by Lowne. When they are absent there may be compensating sense organs in this region. Metcalf terms the two pairs of organs de- scribed above the "internal lobes", referring to them as cepha- lic or caudal internal lobes. The so-called spinus titillatorius is a single unpaired organ and is not found in many of the families of Diptera; it arises from the base of the aedeagus without any suture and has a 405 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. tendency to being membranous at the tip. Lowne termed the organ the "spine." It is well developed in some species of the genus Dolichopus. Asymmetry There are some remarkable cases of asymmetry in the geni- talia of the Diptera, but no examples are known among the more primitive forms ; beginning with the family Cyrtidae we find many instances of distinct asymmetry through the various families. The Syrphidae and Pipunculidae nearly always have the postabdomen quite asymmetrically developed, and there are other families in which this is the general rule. The uneven development is usually cephalad of the ninth segment, but there are instances where the appendages of the ninth segment are not the same on the two sides; in these cases it is nearly always the left side or left appendage which is shortened. In the Syrphid genus Sphegum all of the parts of the genitalia are asymmetrical. The pressure of some part of the genitalia against the sternites adjacent to them apparently stops chiti- nization in many species, so that the ventral part of the post- abdomen is often largely membranous. A study of the pupal stage should be made in this connection, in order to see where this asymmetry first takes place and just what causes it. Functions The object of the male genital tube is to introduce the semi- nal fluid into the uterus of the female, and, as Sharp and Muir point out, the male and female genitalia form functionally a single organ — the genital conduit. It is probable that the sperm is always placed directly in the spermatheca, but there are species so constructed that it is difficult to see just how this is done. In cases where there is a very long female ovi- positor there is a correspondingly long redeagus in the male, as in the Ortalididse and Trypetidae. The evagination of the penis is by means of blood pressure, the invagination by means of muscle contraction in certain areas. The spines and hairs on the sedeagus, when present, point basally, thus serving to keep the organ in the uterus of the female. There must be great pressure in order to send the seminal fluid through the Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 407 penis when this organ is remarkably long and the duct of small diameter, and a great amount of muscular force is necessary to control the organ. The female undoubtedly plays a more or less active part in copulation in many species. Certain of the organs are of use in holding the female dur- ing copulation; the styles are among the most important of these and they often have spines and hairs on their surfaces which aid in the holding; in some cases there are claw-like appendages. There may be processes, bristles, etc. on the fourth and fifth sternites which aid in holding, or there may be modifications of these segments into claspers, as in some of the Scatophagidse and Micropezidse. Various parts of the aedeagus are also modified so as to hold the female. Metcalf states that the only organs that appear to have a sensory function are the cerci. These organs are almost always exposed and often have on their surfaces sensory pits or hairs. It is quite possible that the genital palpi also have certain sensory functions. Taxonomy and Phylogeny Coleopterists have found the male genitalia to be of great importance in taxonomy, especially in the separation of species, and Sharp and Muir have shown their importance in arranging large groups of species. In the Hemiptera the genitalia may be of generic value and in the Odonata they have been used in the defining of tribes and subfamilies. We find in the Diptera that there are types of genitalia characteris- tic of whole families, even though there are at the same time great specific differences. In certain groups Nature seems to have "run amuck" in the matter of specialization of the geni- talia, just as it has done in the specialization of wing venation in some groups. The Tipuldae are primitive in most respects and yet the genitalia are remarkably complex in many of the genera. The female genitalia have been given considerable weight in the erection of genera and even families in the Mus- coid flies, but it is doubtful if the male genitalia will always show structures that will fit into this classification. The chitinization of certain areas gives very good characters for the differentiation of species, and the limits of these areas are usually quite constant. Creases and pressure in certain 4Q5 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. areas may prevent the development of the hypoclermal cells and limit their extension. The genital tube is long in some forms and in such cases there would be a tendency for it to fold and form separate sclerites along its length. There may be some objection to taxonomic work which re- quires more or less preparation of the specimen or even dis- section, but the mere fact that more work is required is not always a primary consideration. It is a pleasure to be able to determine species with the aid of a low power lens or without the aid of a lens, and fortunately there are many species which will not under ordinary circumstances require closer work, but the day is coming when "new species" in the Diptera will be founded on some structural character, and, when other parts of the body are not sufficiently characteristic of the species to preclude confusion with related forms, the genitalia of the males will in most cases decide the point. Many species de- scribed in the past have been separated by differences of color and vesture; in these cases the naming of poorly preserved specimens is an almost hopeless task, yet a study of the male genitalia may reveal remarkable differences, and these organs are seldom injured in preserved specimens. When the male genitalia of certain forms are carefully worked out by one student, then others may profit by this work and in many in- stances no dissection is necessary, enough of the structures being visible to make the determination certain. In describ- ing the genitalia many structures can be best described by figures; it is often difficult to describe some of the complex parts in words. Phylogeny The student is referred to recent papers by Crampton for detailed information on this subject. In the lower Diptera, such as the Tipulidse, the relation of the parts of the genitalia is the same as in the sawflies (Hymenoptera of the family Tenthredinidae), certain of the structures being developed secondarily so that the general appearance is often quite com- plex, but the basic plan is the same. Crampton is undoubtedly correct in his conclusion that the Diptera are very closely re- lated to the Mecoptera ; this relation is clearly seen in a study Vol. X\'I] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 499 of the male genitalia, and the relation is borne out in a study of the mouth parts and other organs. According to recent studies the Mecoptera are probably the nearest living represen- tatives of types ancestral to the Diptera, and possibly both or- ders are derived from Neuroptera-like ancestors, although the genitalia of Neuroptera are dissimilar from the parts of other insects in many ways. Morphology A study of the anatomy of the male genitaha Family Tanyderid^ Dr. C. P. Alexander in studying this family has arrived at the conclusion that its known representatives are the most primitive of the recent crane flies, and judging from my own limited study of this interesting little group this seems to be true. Through the kindness of Dr. Alexander I was able to study two forms, Tanydenis forcipatus O. S. from New Zea- land, and the rare Bruchomyia argentina Alexander from Argentina. The genitalia of T. forcipatus are shown in fig. 1. The aedeagus is divided into three forks at the apex, apparently the middle one being the opening of the ejaculatory duct. Two ridges at the base of the basistyli (so-called side pieces) take the place of the guards of the sedeagus. The cerci are greatly reduced. From a study of the male genitalia (as well as some other characters) the writer agrees with Alexander in placing Bru- chomyia arger.tina with the Tanyderidse rather than consider- ing it a primitive form in the Psychodidae, as some authors have suggested. The genitalia do not suggest the Psychodidae, and for that matter are quite different from the genitalia of Tanyderus, as can be seen from figures 2 and 3. The sedeagus is normally almost entirely internal and there are no indica- tions of the interior forceps or genital palpi. Probably a new family will be required for the reception of this unusual species. 410 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Family Tipulid^ The male hypopygium in this family has been used consider- ably by taxonomists as a source of characters important in the classification of species; the structures can be homologized through the group although there are some unusual specializa- tions. The generalized forms in many genera have a simple hypopygium and there are rarely any modifications of the seg- ments cephalad of the eighth segment; in some species the ninth segment is greatly specilized and the structures quite complex. The genitalia of several genera were worked out by Snodgrass, whose interpretation has been followed by Alexan- der and others in many taxonomic papers. In the Tipulinae the so-called "pleurites" are closely attached to the sternites and have various appendages. Crampton called the writer's attention to the fact that the "pleurites" of Snodgrass are in reality the basistyli. The ninth tergite is variable in shape and may be large or small, with the caudal margin straight or variously modified. In some forms the ap- pendages of the basistyli project through the median notch of the ninth tergite when at rest ; in certain species a median lobe may be developed. The ninth sternite is also of various shapes and sizes and in some forms is separated from the basistyli by a distinct suture. As noted by Alexander, the "pleural" suture is often short and may be only a short impression on the ven- tral side of the basistyle. In some species, as in Tipula derbyi Doane, the eighth sternite is large and the ninth sets into it. The eighth sternite is usually notched and in some species is apparently divided by a median line. In the lower genera the basistyli are in their normal position, but in some fornis they are pushed to the outer side of the sternite or are absent. The terms proposed by Westhoff for these structures seem un- necessarily cumbersome. There are many modifications of the basistyli, usually with two appendages, the outer one often more or less fleshy, the inner, or secondary appandages, usual- ly heavily chitinized. The latter I interpret as the dististyli. Crampton figures these as the apical and subapical appendages. The interior forceps and guards of the sedeagus vary a great deal in different species. In the lower genera the sedeagus usually projects backward as a slender rod. in the Tipulidse being carried up anteriorly and on the dorsal wall of the geni- Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 411 tal chamber, then down the anterior wall and posteriorly along the floor of the genital chamber. The ejaculatory sac is usually quite conspicuous as a basal swelling. The true penis is inside the long rod and in some species is half the length of the abdomen when stretched out. In all groups the sedeagus has a guard, usually two long plates, the lower edges being united by a m.embrane; there are many modifications of this form. In most forms the interior forceps and the genital palpi (gonapophyses) can be made out. The sheath of the penis may have been originally a pair of processes projecting cau- dally above the penis and another pair below. In the Limnobiinae the basistyli are prominent and have ap- pendages of considerable size which act as claspers. In Gera- nomyia and others the apical appendages of the dististyli are soft and fleshy, the subapical appendages in the form of sharp hooks (fig. 12). The genitalia in Gonomyia are very complex and hard to homologize (fig. 13). In Acyphona and some other genera the hypopygium is asymmetrical and there is more or less torsion, the ninth segment being twisted half way around (as in some of the Culicidse). In Chionea, Cladiira and Pterochionea there is a single powerful pleural appendage on each side, the basistylus. The penis guards on the venter of the genital chamber are quite prominent in some forms. The cerci are usually large hairy plates and are quite varied in shape, one on each side of the anal opening. There is usually a double apodeme at the base of the sedeagus; in Nephrotoma two pieces represent the atrophying apodemes. According to Alexander, the genus Macromasfix, with more than 50 species from Australia and New Zealand, shows con- siderable torsion of the genital segments. Family Ptychopterid^ Three species were studied in this family. Bittacoinorpha davipes (Fabr.), Bittaconwrphella sackeni (Roder), and Ptychoptera lenis O. S. The basistyli are well developed in all of these forms and have apical appendages. The surstyli are unusually developed. The abdonien in the first two genera is exceptionally long and slender. The ninth tergite has a tendency to divide and the cerci are not well developed. Below the sedeagus there is 412 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4Tn Ser. a peculiar structure which resembles the anal segment in some other forms; this structure serves as a guard for the aedeagus. The interior forceps in Biftacoiiiorplia are chitinized and peculiar in shape, the gonapophyses rounded and more fleshy (fig. 14). In the genus Ptychoptcra the guard below the aedeagus is larger and forms a half sheath. Family Rhyphid^ According to Wesche the cerci (which he calls forceps su- periores) are complicated and strongly chitinized in Rhyphiis fenestralis Scopoli, hairy and smaller than the same structures in R. pimctatus Fabr. In the latter species the ejaculatory duct at the inner end presents the appearance of a long tangled thread (figs. 16 and 18). A specimen of R. alternatiis Say was loaned from the National Museum collection. The thread of the ejaculatory duct is much longer than in R. piinctatiis, there being eleven coils at the end when stretched out as shown in fig. 16. The aedeagus and apodemes are heavier than in punctatus; the styles are short, heavy and claw-like. The cerci are comparatively large and densely pilose. A male of Mycetobia divergens Walker was loaned by the National Museum. Some of the genital structures were acci- dentally broken in dissecting and a structure which I take to be the long ejaculatory duct has become separated from the basal attachment ; it is not shown in fig. 34. This is an added proof of the correct placing of Mycetobia in the Rhyphidae. as the long, coiled tube is not found in any other group so far dissected. A male of Obliogaster tconiatus Bellardi was loaned by the National Museum. The genitalia are comparatively large, the cerci especially so (shaped much as in Mycetobia diver gens). The genitalia are more complex than in other species of the family studied. The basistyli and dististyli are short, heavily chitinized, with an apical long spine curved at the tip : this hook-like spine is on the inner side ; a blade-like process pro- jects at right angles to it. There are two pairs of inner ap- pendages, apparently tergal and attached to the base of the cerci, one pair long and blade-like, the other short and blunt, with apical pile. The sternite of the ninth segment has a large median structure which might be mistaken for the aedeagus, Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 413 but the true sedeagus is probably at the base of this structure. The ejaculatory duct is not long and coiled at the apex. The genus Trichocera is now placed in this family, partly because of the great similarity of the early stages; the male genitalia are quite different. In the Trichocera species figured the interior forceps are slender and spine-like (fig. 15) ; the sedeagus is short and there is no great development of the ejaculatory duct. In another western species of Trichocera dissected the genital styles are simpler, the asdeagus, interior forceps and cerci about the same as in the figured species. The Trichoceringe are the most generalized of the Rhyphidae. Family Dixid^ This is a small family, with one genus, Dixa. The genitalia of one undetermined species of Dixa were studied and found to be tipulid-like in general form, as can be seen from figures 20 and 21. The basistyli are not developed as in some of the Tipulidae. A male of Dixa fusca Loew was studied and the sedeagus found to be very short, probably extended by blood pressure. The basistyli are heavy, as in the Chironomidae, with two inner appendages on each, which have bristles on the edges, much like those shown in fig. 26, The cerci cannot be made out with certainty with the binocular microscope; there is a small dorsal structure on each side of the usual loca- tion of the cerci. The apodemes are not visible in prepared specimens and are probably delicate and weakly chitinized. Family Psychodid^ The male genitalia of the genus Phlehotomus have been worked out in detail by Mr. R. Newstead (Bull. Ent. Re- search, London, vol. 2, p. 61), and very good specific charac- ters have been found in the study of these structures. In some forms there is no distinct line between the ninth tergite and sternite. The tergal portion is deeply bifid and usually with more or less elaborate appendages, called by Newstead the "superior claspers", which are probably the surstyli ; these structures are generally hairy and in some species possess scales. The sternal part is composed largely of processes termed "inferior claspers'' by Newstead (probably gonostyli) ; April 27, 1927 414 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Phoc. 4th Ser. between these is a pair of slender appendages, more or less developed. Near the base of the styles are structures which correspond to the interior forceps. The sedeagus in Phlebo- tomiis is bifid from the ejaculatory sac to the tip; there are two ducts and the penis is therefore double, its sheath also for some distance. The genus Trichomyia resembles Phlebotomus in the geni- talia characters (fig. 22). The other two forms studied, Psychoda sp. and Pericoma californica Kincaid, are much simpler and do not show the double sedeagus and the interior forceps (figs. 23, 24 and 25). Family Orphnephilid^e In Aldrich's Catalogue this family is placed between the Rhyphidae and Stratiomyiidae ; it may be related to the former through the genus Trichocera, but the Rhyphidae are now placed near the Tipulidae. The one species examined, Or- phnephila testacea (Ruthe), has the general appearance of some of the Chironomidae and the male genitalia show this relation. The eighth segment is greatly reduced but symmetrical, the ninth tergite with a small median keel as in some of the Chironomidae. There is a median structure which resembles a double aedeagus (fig. 33), consisting of two slender rods curved over at the apical third. The true penis is probably membranous and is exserted from between these two structures. The ninth sternite is bifid to the base and with an apical claw- like appendage on each side. The cerci are small, only slightly chitinized and concealed beneath the ninth tergite. Family Chironomid.e The male genitalia of the Chironomidae have been studied to some extent and have been figured by Malloch, Johann- sen and others in this country. The main clasping organs are on the basistyli. The tergite is often in the form of a keel. The dististyli are the "claspers" and possess good specific characters. The cerci are not well developed. In Tanypus venustus Coquillett the hypopygium is quite simple, being reduced to two large "side-pieces", which I Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 415 interpret as the basistyli; the ninth tergite is greatly reduced (fig. 27). In the genus Chironomus two species were studied, one illustrated in fig. 26; the genitalia are more complex than in Tanypus; the cerci are greatly reduced and not visible from above. The other species of Chironomus studied is practically the same as the species illustrated. In Paraclunio daskensis Coquillett the genitalia are very simple. Family Culicid^ The importance of the male genitalia in this family has long been emphasized by students working on the taxonomy, and as they were among the first workers in Diptera to use these structures a number of names had to be proposed for the pur- pose of description. Many of these names are not used in other groups of the Diptera, but the names are given here and future work in this field will make clear the homologies. A recent paper on "terminalia" of male mosquitoes by Free- born (see Bibliography) marks a great advance in this study. There is a great specialization in the genitalia and some of the structures are difficult to homologize. The hypopygium has characters very important in classification and some of the larger groups have structures in common. The so-called "side-pieces" are undoubtedly the basistyli, the clasping appendages on the apices of these the dististyli; these clasping appendages vary greatly and are quite intricate in some of the Sabethinae. The eighth sternite is usually represented by a pair of small plates, often termed "basal appendages". In the' simplest forms of the family there are three pairs of structures on the ninth segment, usually called by students of the family the unci, harpagones and harpes. This use of the term harpes is not the best. In the simplest forms the small "basal appendages", the "harpes" and "harpa- gones" may be absent (as in Anopheles,) but the "unci" are always present. The harpagones may be divided, the first division having a supplementary division in Culex pipiens (fig. 30). The so-called harpes (different structures here than in other orders of insects) often have a crown of spines and in many forms have finger-like projections. Edwards, in discussing the genus Culex, suggests that perhaps after use the parts may assume a different relative position, the unci 415 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. folded outwards and the harpagones pushed out so as to be at right angles to the usual position. The above mentioned paper by Freeborn should be consulted for an understanding of the torsion of the terminal segments (including the eighth) through an angle of 180 degrees. The simplest hypopygium is found in Anopheles and the genus Aidomyia may be regarded as next in simplicity, only the unci being somewhat complex. The genus UranotcBnia has no recognizable "harpes", but complex appendages rep- resent the unci. In the genus Sahethes the dististyli are de- veloped in a remarkable manner. The Corethrinae may be considered as a subfamily of the Culicidae, although several authors give the group family rank. The male genitalia are simple and show a relation to the Anopheles group. Two species were dissected for study; in one, a species of Corethra, the basistyli are long and with long apical clasps; the unci are present and are strongly chitinized, with a subapical ridge, the other paired structures are not visible or are represented by projections of the sur- face. The aedeagus is not visible. In the only specimen of Eucorethra underwoodi Underw. available for study the dis- tistyli are broken off, the rest of the hypopygium is shown in fig. 28. Family Mycetophilid^ There is considerable variation in the hypopygia of these flies. Johannsen has made use of the male genitalia in the classification of the North American species and European workers have made use of genitalic characters for some time. The dististyli are often curiously modified; the aedeagus is usually short and not prominent (figs. 36, 39 and 42) ; the guards of the aedeagus are often spine-like. The cerci are usually well developed. The ninth tergite is unusually developed in the species of Symmerns studied (fig. 36). In a few of the difficult genera, such as Exechia, the characters of the male genitalia are the most important in differentiating the species, some of the females being almost indistinguishable. In Boletophila hy- brida (figs. 38 and 39) the slender interior forceps recall the structures in some of the Rhyphidae. The cerci in this species Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 417 and in Mycetophila punctata (fig. 42) are very large; the sedeagus in this species and in Tetragonenra pimpla (fig. 40) is very short. The Sciarinae are here considered as a subfamily of the Mycetophihdae and not as a separate family. Wesche fig- ures Sciara thomcs (Linn.) in his paper on the male genitalia of the Diptera; the cerci are shown as well developed, hairy and bulb-like. The styles in this species are valvular in ap- pearance and on the ventral side of the abdomen, their true position. The sedeagus is a hyaline lobe, not heavily chiti- nized ; the interior forceps are paired blades. Family Itonidid^ (Cecidomyiid^) The species illustrated, Cecidomyia resinicoloides, is fairly typical of the family (figs. 44 and 45) ; the basistyli form the principal pan of the genitalia. In the genus Lohodiplosis there is a much greater development and modification of the aedeagus. In all the forms studied there is a great reduction of the ninth tergite. The dististyli may be larger than in the species figured, as in Colpodia loiigimana Felt, and the apices may be more or less modified for clasping, as in the genus Porricondyla. The hypopygium of Epimyia Carolina Felt, as figured by Felt (N. Y. State Mus. Bull., 165, p. 218), shows a more complex arrangement, the basistyli having two apical appendages, the ninth tergite quite large and considerably modified. Family Bibionid^ In this family there is more specialization in the male geni- talia and more development of the ninth tergite. The aedea- gus and appendages in two closely related species, Bibio hirtus and B. nervosus, are quite different, as shown in figures 50 and 51. The clasping appendages of the ninth sternite are simple, the basistyli not entirely separated from the ninth sternite. In Plecia ruficollis there is considerable difference in the styles and an appendage in a pit near the base of the styles (fig. 54). In all these forms there is a noticeable de- velopment of the internal genitalia and framework. 413 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. Wesche states that in Bihio hortulans (Linn.) and B. marci (Linn.) the aedeagus appears as a plate, with edges bent over and covered by a dehcate membrane. The interior forceps are not clearly differentiated in B. hirtus and B. nervosus but may be part of the ccdeagus. Family Scatopsid^ The Scatopsidae are a group separated from the old family Bibionidae mainly on the characters of wing venation, but a comparative study of the male genitalia would seem to justify the separation. Wesche describes and figures Scatopse notata (Linn.) in his previously mentioned paper. If Wesche's drawings are correct there is some difference in this species and the one known by that name in this country. The cerci are large in this species and all parts of the genitalia present except the spinus. The sedeagus externally suggests the Mus- cidae, internally the arrangement is more like the Tipulidae, so the family is almost on the border line between the two groups of the Diptera. The ejaculatory sac and apodeme are well developed (fig. 48). In Rhegmoclema atrata (Say) there is a remarkable spe- cialization of the sedeagus into a long coiled ribbon-like flagel- lum arising from a broad base (fig. 53) ; this form of struc- ture is not found again until we come to the Ortalididse. The ninth sternite is prolonged into an asymmetrical lobe, or a joining of two lobes (fig. 52) ; the ninth tergite has no styles; the internal forceps are short and pilose. In Reichertellia collaris Melander the ejaculatory sac is large; the apodemes and basal projections are not developed as in 6". notata. The ninth sternite is smaller than the ter- gite and has style-like projections (fig. 46), the larger pair the styli, with a very small median one and two rather small outer ones. The cerci are rather large. Family Simuliid^ The male genitalia of this family have been described by Lundstrom and by Edwards. In dried material the struc- tures of the hypopygium are hard to make out. Dipterists have not attempted to describe the genitalia of North Ameri- Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 419 can species. According to the writer's experience the males are quite rare in collections. Edwards figures the genitalia of several species (Bull. Ent. Research, vol VI, p. 24) and finds that they possess important specific characters. Apparently the most important characters are on the basis- tyli, although the ninth tergite is more or less modified and the cerci are often specifically distinct. Edwards notes that owing to the absence of the ninth sternite these organs have taken up a more ventral position than usual in the Nema- tocera. Between the ninth tergite and the basistyli is the sedeagus (called the adminiculum by Edwards) and its appen- dages ; it is of use in separating closely related species. In Prosimulium hirtiim (Fries) the seventh sternite is deeply notched on the posterior margin (fig. 57), the eighth sternite absent, and basistyli make up most of the ninth sternite. In Simuliuni pictipes the epiproct is small, the cerci are small rounded plates. The dististyli are quite large (fig. 58). The genital framework is quite large and heavily chitinized. The aedeagus is small, flattened, with a flattened, curved, chitinized guard on either side. Family Blepharocerid^ The genitalia in this group, especially the sedeagus and internal structures, suggest the Tipulidae. The sedeagus is three-pronged and re$ts on a guard or half sheath (fig. 60) in Bibiocephala grandis O. S. The ninth tergite is small, the hypandrium well developed and with a dististylus or clasper on each side. The seventh and eighth segments are more or less reduced and modified, leaving a large membranous area. The cerci are fairly well developed in B. grandis and in Hapcu- lothrix lugubris, the other species figured (fig. 61). Family Stratiomyiid^ There is quite a departure from the preceding types in this family. The sternites of the abdomen are well developed in all of the species studied, being almost as large as the tergites. 420 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th See. The genital styles are simple and ventral in Chloromyia fonnosa Scop, and Microchrysa polita (Linn.), according to Wesche; the cerci are slender and hairy. The superior la- minae are absent. In Beris vallata the sedeagus is divided into three prongs at the tip, a central rod and two blade-like guards. In Beris annulifera (Big.) the aedeagus is somewhat the same (fig. 62). The guards of the aedeagus are the in- terior forceps and are found in Odontomyia hoodiana Bigot, O. arcuata Loew and Stratiomyia maculosa Loew (figs. 65, 66, and 67). In Sargus viridis Say the aedeagus is much the same as in Beris. In Odontomyia hoodiana there are six visible seg- ments, the true fifth being the last large one, the following segments much smaller, the sixth, seventh, and eighth being normally retracted in the fifth, the ninth projecting. In Ptec- ticus trivittatus Say the first five pairs of spiracles are in the membrane under the anterior corners of the tergites ; seg- ments seven and eight are greatly reduced, especially the ter- gites, as shown in figures 70. The aedeagus is different in shape than in the other genera studied and is not forked; the interior forceps are small. Family Tabanid^ This family is clearly related to the preceding. The spira- cles are in the intersegmental area. The cerci are larger than in the Stratiomyiidae and are hairy, usually broadly rounded. The dististyli are normally bent inward at right angles and the ninth sternite is deeply bifid. The aedeagus is largely cov- ered by the guards, the true penis being probably membranous and exserted by blood pressure. There is a distinct double apodeme and an ejaculatory apodeme attached to the ejacula- tory sac (fig. 72>). Chrysops noctifcr O. S., Tabanus striafus Fabr. and T. punctifer O. S. were dissected and studied by the writer, and all were found to have genitalia of much the same type, as can be seen from an examination of figures 69, 71, 72, and 72>. In this family the range of variation in species examined is so slight that it is doubtful if the characters will in all cases prove of value in taxonomic work. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 421 Family Pantophthalmid^ These flies are tropical in their distribution and there are very few specimens in collections in this country; they have been called Acanthomeridae by many authors in the past. The specimen studied I take to be a male of Panto phthalmus versi- color Austen. The genitalia of this species show a relation to the Rhagionidae (Leptidas) and other characters show them to be related to the Xylophaginse and Coenomyiinae. The aedeagus is comparatively large and simple, with no interior forceps or gonapophyses near the base. The double apodeme is well developed and straight sided. The styles are blunt and plain (fig. 77). The cerci are quite conspicu- ous and protect the aedeagus on the dorsal side; between the basistyli there is a sharp projection which also aids in protect- ing the aedeagus. The segments of the abdomen are well developed and there is a resemblance to some of the Rha- gionidae. Family Rhagionid.^ (Leptid^) The genitalia seem to be in general simpler than in the Stratiomyiidae. The spiracles are in the intersegmental area between sternites and tergites. The sternites are somewhat reduced in this family but are still well developed. The hy- pandrium resembles that of the Tabanidae. The dististyli are of peculiar shape in Symphoromyia cruen- ta Coquillett; the asdeagus consists of two fused pieces on either side of a central part, the latter attached to the ejacula- tory apodeme (fig. 74). In Leptis incisa Loew the asdeagus, framework and apodemes are nearly the same as in S. cruenta. The genitalia in Xylomym pallipes (Loew) are quite diflferent in general shape from the other forms examined (fig. 75) and this species is aberrant in structures other than genitalic. The styles are short; next to the aedeagus are two long rods, one on each side, probably the interior forceps; below these is another pair of structures which may be the genital palpi ; the aedeagus is curved and pointed. 422 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Family Nemestrinid^ Two species were examined in this family and the two are quite different in general appearance; one species, Rhyncoce- phalus volaticus Williston, is shown in figures 78 and 79; the other species, Nemestrinus ariasi Lichtwardt, has the eighth and ninth sternites unusually developed, the ninth fit- ting up against the ninth tergite and inclosing the genitalia; the aedeagus is slender in this species and with the interior forceps projects up through the notch in the ninth tergite. The cerci are longer than in R. volaticus and quite slender. R. volaticus has comparatively small genitalia which are, however, quite complex. The abdomen is broad and rounded, the tergites distinctly overlapping and hard to pull apart; the spiracles are in the intersegmental area, with a conspicuous ring of membrane around them; the sternites are broad and not heavily chitinized, the membrane not so easily distin- guished from the sternites and tergites in the cleared speci- men. There is a narrow plate running from the cerci to the base of the aedeagus. The interior forceps are pointed and the genital palpi, which are larger, are serrated at the tips. The ejaculatory apodeme is quite large (fig. 79). Family Cyrtid^ The genus Eulonchus has quite simple genitalia, with con- spicuous cerci. The ninth tergite curves over the aedeagus and is not split into claspers or surstyli (fig. 84). The two structures at the base of the aedeagus are probably the halves of the hypandrium rather than the interior forceps. The basal apodeme is slender and partly covered by the sheath of the penis. In Ogcodes there is a short rounded abdomen with very wide sternites and very little intersegmental membrane ; the spiracles are all in the margins of the tergites, which curve over the sides of the abdomen. The seventh and eighth seg- ments are reduced to narrow rings and the ninth is small (fig. 82). The figures of the genitalia show that Ogcodes costatus Loew and O. albicincta Cole are distinct species (figs. 81, 82 and 90). In this genus the guards of the aedeagus, probably the ninth sternite with fused basistyli, are peculiar in Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 433 shape, dish-like, the aedeagus projecting only a short distance beyond them. There is a central apodeme at the base of the aedeagus and a smaller one on either side. The cerci are small. In Opsebius diligens O. S. the arrangement is more like that in Eulonchus than in Ogcodes. The ninth tergite is large and covers the most of the structures (fig. 83). There is one pair of inner claspers, the interior forceps. Family Bombyliid^ In the species examined in this family the apical segments of the abdomen are not greatly modified. There is a sugges- tion of the Cyrtid genus Eulonchus in some of the forms. The ninth sternite has well developed basistyli and dististyli that are variously modified and characteristic of the species. The ninth tergite is usually large, cupping over and protecting the inner genitalia. The cerci are usually well developed. A number of species were studied and figured. The greatest variation and some of the best specific characters are to be found in the aedeagus and the chitinization at the base. The apodemes are not very well developed. There are many genera in the family and no doubt there is a great variation in genitalia. In some species of the genus Aphcebantus the hypopygium is very large, but in most genera the genitalia are comparatively small and the characters dif- ficult to make out unless the specimen is dissected and a con- siderable magnification used. The species dissected and illus- trated are: Bombylius major Linne (figs. 85, 91, and 92), Heterostylum robustum O. S., Exoprosopa caliptcra (Say), and Spogostylum ocdipus (Fabr.), shown in figures 88, 94, and 95. Villa lateralis (Say) shows much the same form as the other species (fig. 89) ; in this species there is a structure resembling the "spinus". Family Therevid^ The general form of the hypopygium is often of great value in the determination of species. The genitalia of some of the species of this family are illustrated in this paper. The tergite of the ninth segment is usually smaller than the sternite, or hypandrium ; both are variously modified in 424 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. the family and the anterior and posterior gonapophyses are well developed, often with pile or bristles. The ninth sternite is often split to the base. The cerci are usually quite con- spicuous and the proctiger often comparatively large. The styles and the aedeagus with its appendages vary considerably. The ejaculatory apodeme is well developed in some species. The jedeagus and apodemes of Psilocephala lurmorrhoidalis Macquart are shown in figure 98, greatly magnified. In Thereva vialis the interior forceps are well developed (fig. 93) but in Dialineura crassicornis they are absent. Family Scenopinid^ Wesche did not study any species of this family, but men- tions the description given by Dufour of Scenopimis fenes- tralis Linn. ("Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur les Dipteres", 1851, Mem. Pres. Ac. Sci. Paris, tome XI, p. 198). Dufour never attempted to name the separate parts of the genitalia. Scenopiniis fenestralis has quite a complex arrangement of structures (fig. 100). The interior forceps and genital palpi are well developed and there are two small projections below these, probably merely outgrowths of the wall of the ninth sternite. The aedeagus is three pronged and the apodemes of good size; the opening of the ejaculatory duct is evidently at the tip of the middle prong of the aedeagus. The seventh and eighth segments are greatly reduced and more or less asymmetrical; the ninth segment is without styles. The cerci are quite large. In Pseiidatrichia u>iicolor Coquillett the tergal portion of the ninth segment is much larger than the sternal part. The ninth tergite is split to the base on the median line above, the upper corners spread, the cerci set between the halves of the tergite. The sternites of the abdomen are almost as large as the tergites. The aedeagus is large at the tip and quite differ- ent in shape from that in Scenopimis fenestralis (fig. 104). Family Mydaid^ Mydas abdominalis and Leptomydas pantherinus have the same general type of genitalia. In L. pantherinus the proc- tiger is rather large, the cerci small (fig. 101) ; the aedeagus Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 425 is small and protected. There are no appendages on the sternite or tergite of the ninth segment. L. sponsor has geni- talia closely resembling those of L. pantherinus, but the halves of the hypandrium are different in shape. The genitalia show a general resemblance to the Asilidse. Family Apiocerid^ In Rhaphiomydas acton Coquillett the genitalia are quite simple and no appendages of the sedeagus are visible in a pinned specimen. In Apiocera haruspex O. S. the genitalia are quite complex (figs. 106 and 107) ; the hypopygium is normally closed in a box-like structure (fig. 105), the ninth sternite and tergite both notched but without articulated ap- pendages. The spiracles are in the membrane near the pos- terior margins of the segments ; the sternites and tergites are normally touching or overlapping; on segments 5, 6, and 7 the spiracles are enormous, especially on the sixth segment, where the spiracle is about eight times as wide as on the third segment. The a^deagus is rather complex and the interior forceps have apical appendages. The apodemes are well de- veloped and suggest those of some of the Cyrtidse. In R. acton the interior forceps have apical appendages ; the cerci are long and rather slender and are obscured by the enormous halves of the ninth tergite when viewed from the side, as shown in figure 108. Family Asilid^ There is a great range of variation in this family, as might be expected in a large group with many distinct genera. Both the ninth sternite and the ninth tergite are large and heavily chitinized. Mr. R. E. Snodgrass published papers on the genitalia of the genera Dasyllis and Laphria some years ago and noted the inversion of the hypopygium ; but it seems that this is not the normal position of the genitalia and that the organs are twisted during copulation, because the neck of the hypopygium is small and weak. In the genera Dasyllis and Laphria the interior forceps and the genital palpi are both present, each strongly arched dorsally and projecting out of the dorsal notch; the ninth sternite is usually very 426 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. large and the floor contains the aedeagus and appendages. The eighth segment is reduced to one small sclerite and the seventh is greatly reduced; the eighth is symmetrical in shape but asymmetrical in position and normally almost hidden within the seventh segment. The aedeagus is usually chiti- nized and in many species ends in three prongs, the seminal duct evidently dividing. The apodemes of the penis are usually very large. The cerci are w^ell developed. In Cyrtopogon prcepes Loew the aedeagus is different than in Dasyllis and Laphria, not being forked at the tip (fig 109), the apodemes large and the framework strong. In Pro- niachus vertebratus Say the aedeagus is very large (fig. Ill), also in Asilus occidentalis Hine (fig. 118). Erax barbatus Fabr. has the tip of the aedeagus hook-like (fig. 121), the ninth tergite large and covering the inner organs. Two spe- cies of Lasiopogon are illustrated, arenicola (O. S.) and an undescribed species ; these species show a relation to the genus Cyrtopogon in the general character of the genitalia as they do in other ways. As can be seen from figures 120 and 124 the shape of the aedeagus is different in the two forms. In L. arenicola the cerci are studded with short, backward pro- jecting spines on the inner side (fig. 119). Family Dolichopodid.^ Mr. R. E. Snodgrass published a paper on the genitalia of these flies in the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Ser. 3, III, p. 273, 1904). Several dipterists have made use of the male genitalia in taxonomic work and many forms have been figured. One distinct character of the hypo- pygium of the Dolichopodidae, as has been pointed out by Snodgrass, is the fact that the body cavity opens into the eighth segment not by a foreamen at the anterior end but by an aperture on the anterior part of the left side. In the spe- cies studied the spiracles are all in the interseginental mem- brane. Wesche studied several forms in his previously men- tioned work; he stated that the aedeagus has processes de- veloped on it in some species. The laminae superiores are not developed ; the interior forceps and genital palpi are pres- ent. The barbs of the aedeagus in some forms may be homo- logous with the paraphalli and the hypophalli. The spinus Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 427 titillatorius is noted here for the first time in the sequence of the families and Wesche recognizes the genital palpi here for the first time, an interpretation which must be wrong. The two or three seginents of the abdomen preceding the hypopygium may be reduced, distorted or even lacking, seg- ments one to six or seven being the unmodified part. The eighth segment is small and scale-like in some forms, cover- ing the lateral foreamen of the ninth segment; the seventh segment forms the peduncle of the hypopygium, its axis oblique. The genus Scellus is different from the average (figs. 126 and 127) ; in this species, according to my interprepation, the usual fifth segment is modified into a remarkable structure that may serve as a clasping organ, or it may be merely a sex ornament. In most forms the sixth segment is small, the tergite much larger than the sternite, the whole largely retracted into the fifth segment. The fifth segment is seldom modified ; in some forms it is largely composed of the tergal portion, as in Lian- calus similis Aldrich (fig. 128). In Scellus monstrosus O. S. there are no true claspers pres- ent on the genitalia (the styles not modified for holding), but the fore tihice are modified for holding the female. In the genus Dolichopus the cerci are developed into remark- able structures sometimes known as "fans"; they are usually distinctly different in each species and often possess strong bristles (figs. 131, 132). / Family Phorid^ We find considerable asymmetry in the genitalia in this family, but the apical portion of the abdomen is usually not so remarkably modified as in most of the Dolichopodidae, Pipunculidae, and Syrphidae. In Phora velutina Meigen the eighth and ninth segments are asymmetrical ; the ninth ster- nite is quite different on the right and left sides (fig. 135) ; the appendages at the base of the sedeagus are also asymme- trical. In this species the ninth tergite is large and the cerci well developed. In Conicera aldrichi Brues there is a twisting of the hypo- pygium to one side and against the preabdomen; the seventh 428 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Phoc. 4th Ser. and eighth segments cannot be made out and may be fused with the sixth segment or obHterated. The ninth sternite and tergite are more or less fused, the large styles apparently tergal. The aedeagus is large and shaped much as in the pre- ceding species. The ejaculatory apodeme is chitinized, quite conspicuous, anchor-shaped. The sternites are much smaller than the tergites, the small spiracles being in the membrane between. An undetermined species of Apiochceta from Apia, Samoa, has the peculiar proctiger noted in some other species of the genus; it is a single organ (called the "anal tube" by Lund- beck) with two apical appendages which are seen to be pubes- cent bristles under the high power microscope (fig. 133). The separate sclerites representing the cerci cannot be made out. There is some torsion of the hypopygium from right to left, the dorsal side turned almost ventral. The genitalia are very small and difficult to make out. In ApiochcBta rufipes Meigen the proctiger is nearly like that in the preceding species, but the appendages are not at the exact tip and are bare of microscopic pile; the large bris- tles of the abdomen are all microscopically pubescent. The ninth tergite is much larger than the sternite, as in the pre- ceding species; the internal genitalia (aedeagus and gonapo- physes) are very small and twisted from right to left within the ninth sternite, as shown in figure 134. Family Braulid^ A specimen of the rare fly Braula cccca Nitsch was loaned by Dr. Aldrich from the United States National Museum collection. A separate family has been erected for this gro- tesque little species and in the past it has been placed at the end of the series of Diptera. Recent studies have shown the fly to be closely related to some of the wingless, parasitic Phoridae and it has been placed in that family by some dip- terists. Without entering into a discussion of the general characters, I would place the species in a separate family fol- lowing the Phoridae. This small parasite was studied by Wesche, who stated that he could trace the genitalia and that they appeared to be more muscoid than of a type related to Melophagus. The Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 429 genitalia are quite different from those of any of the Phoridse studied. The hypopygium is comparatively large, with a large mem- branous portion. The first sternal plate is very large, the three following plates quite small, narrow ; the tergites are very wide and curve under the abdomen for some distance so that although the spiracles are on the tergites they are ventral in position. The sides of the tergites are separated from the main dorsal portion so that they give the appear- ance of pleural plates. There are five tergites as viewed from above, but from the side one can clearly see six plates. As seen from above the actual first tergite is hidden by the second. I can find only six pairs of spiracles. The segments beyond the sixth are included in the hypopygium, which is largely membranous. The cerci are quite apparent and there is a central structure which I take to be the sedeagus (see fig. 136) ; on either side of the aedeagus there is a slender guard, possibly the interior forceps. The apodemes are quite long and show through the membrane when the specimen is cleared. Family Lonchopterid^ Aldrich notes the rarity of males of Lonchoptera (Psyche, vol. XXV, p. 33), having only two in his collection; in one season he collected 2,652 specimens and got no males. Evi- dently our common species reproduces parthenogenetically. Lundbeck (in Diptera Danica, pt. V, p. 1-18, 1916) recog- nizes three species in Denmark; the females of L. furcata were common but no males were found and only six males of the species were known in collections. Lundbeck describes the general form of the hypopygium in detail and in the spe- cies he studied there was a close relation shown to the Doli- chopodidae, the hypopygium being large and bent in under the venter, with a complicated median organ, the penis and its sheath ; to each side of this organ were attached two pairs of variously shaped inner lamellae or gonapophyses. I was able to study a male of an undetermined species of Lonchoptera from Alaska, loaned by Dr. Aldrich from the National Museum collection. The sternites beyond the fifth are not chitinized and the median portion of the fifth is partly April 27, 1927 430 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sek. membranous, the hypopygium folding under the abdomen against this segment. The sixth tergite is large and folds under on the sides, protecting the membranous part of the hypopygium. The seventh tergite is very small, forming the neck of the hypopygium, the eighth tergite is lost or fused with the ninth. The ninth segment is comparatively large and is symmetrical, the tergal portion larger than the sternal. The guards of the ?edeagus, which may be the dististyli, but which have the position of interior forceps, are quite large and pro- ject beyond the rest of the genitalia (see fig. 144). The structure which is evidently the sedeagus in this species is not complicated and pointing somewhat backward, as in the species described by Lundbeck, but is rather short and mem- branous (unless the specimen I have figured is broken). Family Platypezid^ In Plafypeza vclutina Loew the seventh and eighth seg- ments are greatly reduced, the seventh sternite being lost, the eighth consisting of a narrow ring. The proctiger and cerci are well developed. The eighth tergite is asymmetrical, being larger and differently shaped on one side than on the other. Figure 143 shows the floor of the hypandrium from above, the ninth tergite removed. The styles and cerci in P. velu- tina are smaller than in P. agarici Willard (fig. 145) and the iedeagus is much shorter and curved distad ; two long style-like prolongations on the ninth sternite (dististyles?) serve as guards to the aedeagus. Family Empidid^ The styles are present in most of the species of this family but according to Wesche are absent in Empis stcrcorea L. The cerci are usually not well developed. The spiracles are in the intersegmental membrane and there are thin spots along the sides of the tergites. as in some of the Dolichopodid?e, giving the appearance of large spiracles. The sedeagus is usually quite slender and I have seen no species where it was forked ; in some species there is a long flagellum, called a "tal?edeagus" by Crampton. In Rham- phouiyia the long apical part of the sedeagus is curved for- Vol. XVI] COLE— TIVO-IVIXGED FLIES 43 J ward and rigid. All the species of this immense genus that were studied are readily separated by genitalia characters. In Hilara cilipcs, figured by Wesche, the £edeagus has thorns or barbs pointing forward; Wesche calls these barbs in Enipis stercorea the paraphallus and hypophallus; these structures are not present in any of the forms I have studied. In Empis aldrichi Melander the seventh stcrnite has two clumps of comb-like spines (fig. 140), and the segments be- yond are normally retracted within this large seventh seg- ment; the sedeagus in this species is remarkable, half coiled and spring-like as can be seen from the figure; the basistyli and surstyli are about the same size. In Hybos triplex there is great asymmetry, the right side of the hypopygium being much more developed than the left ; the cerci are very small. Family Pipunculid^ In this family we find distinct asymmetry of the abdominal segments reaching back to the preabdomen, and considerable torsion, as in the Syrphidse, to which family the relation is evident. The genitalia are covered up by the segments which are turned under and against the venter. In the species studied the eighth segment is grown to the sides of the sixth and seventh in twisting over (fig. 151). The division of the sternites is shown in figure 151. In all of the forms studied the redeagus ends in three forks. the central one evidently the continuation of the seminal duct. In Chalanis spurius (Fall.) there is a slightly different struc- ture (fig. 150). The ejaculatory apodemes are remarkable in shape in the species dissected and are quite distinct for the species. The sedeagus rests in a half sheath in Pipunculus sp. no. 2 (fig. 153) ; in Pipunculus sp. no. 1 there are two oval guards at the base of the aedeagus (fig. 147), probably the modified interior forceps. Family Syrphid.e Wesche described the structures in this family in some detail. Dr. C. L. Metcalf has recently written a fine paper on the male genitalia of the Syrphidre and the student is referred to this work for a detailed discussion. The group is remark- 432 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. able for the almost universal asymmetry of the last four seg- ments ; the division between the preabdomen and postabdomen is usually quite distinct. In the study of this family I have figured ten species, distributed in eight genera. The styles are well developed and show considerable varia- tion; the cerci are usually rather small. The laminae supe- riores are absent. The sedeagus may be flexible and mem- branous or it may be more or less chitinized, sometimes in plates; the base of the sedeagus is well developed in some species, protecting or serving to rotate the organ. The para- phalli may be represented by processes, as by two blades seen in Eristalis tenax (Linn.) shown in figure 154. The in- terior forceps in LasiophtJiicus pyrastri (Linn.) take the form of a band around the base of the iedeagus. The genitalia in the Syrphidse fit into a hollow or "genital pouch", which is illustrated in figures 155 and 158, and unless dissected out or pulled away from the cavity in which they fit these remarkable structures are hidden from view. The great range of variation in the structure of the aedeagus is shown in figures of Mcsogramma gemiiiata (fig. 159), Eris- talis tciiax (154), Lasiophthiciis pyrastri (160), Eristalis vinetorum (164), Eristalis ceneus (161), Vohicella csuriens (156), Caliprobola pulcher (162), and Melanostoma ob- scurum (165). Family Conopid^ In this family there is no asymmetry in the organs making up the male genitalia. The genitalia in most forms are pro- tected by the bending forward of the abdomen against the venter of the preabdomen. The eighth and ninth sternites often have combs of spines on the posterior margins which may aid in clasping the females. The abdomen in many forms is more or less rounded, but in some genera (Conops, Physo- cephala, and Stylogastcr) it is very slender. The abdomen of Physoccphala affinis Williston is shown in figure 176; the sternites are poorly developed, there being none on the first three segments, the tergites curving down and protecting the membrane of the venter. The cerci in all the forms studied are small, as in Myopa rubida and M. semimida (figs. 172 and 178). The aedeagus Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 433 in all the species examined is quite large, blunt and mem- branous, with characteristic protuberances and folds, possibly homologous with the paraphalli and hypophalli (fig. 168). In Occemyia modesta Williston and O. abbreviata Loew (figs. 169 and 170) the interior forceps are well developed; the apodemes are very peculiar in shape, especially the large basal part of the double apodeme, which is fused and unusually developed. In general the genitalia in the Conopidse are not nearly so complex as in the Syrphidse and the specific differences are less marked. The Muscoidea The Muscoidea, both calyptrate and acalyptrate, are greatly specialized and cannot be arranged in any graded series to show a theoretical line of development from a generalized form. In a manuscript paper on the genitalia of the Muscoi- dea (previously mentioned by the writer) Mr. R. E. Snod- grass noted the fact that the Phycodromidas seem to approach the generalized condition, but perhaps this is only an apparent generalization of the male hypopygium. The abdomen is apparently quite short in many of the Mus- coids owing to the reduction of segments five to nine. The first and second tergites are sometimes fused but the sternites are distinct ; the fifth sternite is often deeply notched, the shape usually of specific value. In the study of the segments be- yond the fifth it appears^ that very few of the muscoids have the sixth sternite well developed. The segment following, usually the seventh, is present in some as small plates, in others absent ; in many forms the apparent eighth tergite may be regarded as the seventh and eighth fused. In the Helomy- zidse there is a tendency to a fusion of the sixth and seventh tergites. The ninth segment usually has a large convex tergum termi- nating the genital part of the abdomen, a smaller sternum, gen- erally concealed within the eighth sternite. The general struc- ture of the hypopygium varies considerably, but there is no great departure from the form seen in some of the preceding 434 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. families. The aedeagus is usually large, often complex in structure and in most all forms with two pairs of gonapophyses at the base, the interior forceps and the genital palpi. Family CEstrid^ This family is clearly related to the other Muscoidea in the general structure of the male genitalia, but is less spe- cialized, the genitalia, as well as many other parts of the body, having a small range of specific variation. The genitalia are comparatively small. The genitalia of Gastrophiliis infcstinalis (De Geer) are illustrated in figures 171 and 173; the jedeagus is short, thick, membranous, with the interior forceps well developed. In Hypodcrrna lineata De Vill. the abdomen shows only five sternites when the genitalia are not extruded, the last tergite covering the genital part of the abdomen; the sternites are rather small ; tergites six and seven are evidently fused and are about the size of the eighth. The cerci are well devel- oped. Most of the ?edeagus is chitinized, the apex membran- ous; the interior forceps and palpi are present (fig. 179). In Ciitercbra auiericana Fabr. the first five spiracles are in the tergites and have a chitinous rim, the seventh spiracle is in the membrane between the sternite and tergite, the sixth is in the sixth tergite (fig. 177). The genital portion of the abdomen suggests the genus Glossiiia, the genital organs being normally folded in against the abdomen and entirely con- cealed. The last large tergite is apparently the fifth and sixth fused, the seventh forms part of the plate set into the fifth, the eighth is small and crescent-shaped, set into the seventh, the ninth tergite is still smaller, as shown in figure 177. The ^edeagus is heavily chitinized and there is a blunt spinus ; the interior forceps and genital palpi are present (fig. 174). Family Tachinid^ The Tachinid^e (as limited by Williston and early dip- terists) are much like the Muscidae in the general structure of the male genitalia and also like the next two families, the Dexiidse and Sarcophagid?e. The hypopygium is not usually large and is folded in against the abdomen in most forms so Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 435 that the structures are not easily discernible. In the prepara- tion of this paper I have dissected eight species belonging to seven genera. The spiracles are in the tergites, except where these are greatly reduced in the genital region. The ninth tergite is well developed and often quite long and pointed. There are usually two claspers, or gonapophyses, on the ninth sternite. The jedeagus is subject to great variation, as shown in figures 182 to 188; the paraphalli and other appendages are often diffi- cult to trace. There may be some question as to the correct interpreta- tion of the paraprocts and surstyli as illustrated and discussed in this and the following families of muscoid flies. The struc- tures labelled pp (figs. 182, 184, etc.) were at first considered surstyli by the writer, but after some discussion with other workers interested in the morphology of the muscoid geni- talia and some subsequent study of specimens it was decided that these parts correspond to the paraprocts. In some species these paraprocts may be fused into a single median structure. Family Dexiid^ Thclaira lcuco::ona Panzer and Myioccra tibialis Desvoidy were studied and figures 191 and 192 show the more import- ant structures. The paraprocts and surstyli are quite clearly shown. Figure 192 shows the distinct separation of the para- podial plate (pp) from the ninth tergite. The paraphalli and spinus are well developed, also the apodemes of the aedeagus, but the ejaculatory apodeme is separated some distance from the base of the aedeagus and is small. Family Sarcophagid^ Aldrich, in his paper "Sarcophagidae and Allies", based his classification of the family very largely on the male genitalia. The specific differences are often remarkable in this group and males are usually easy to place when the genitalia are studied. The hindmost of the genital structures are the large, heavily chitinized organs on the sides of the anus ; these two promi- nent organs were called "forceps" by Aldrich and are here considered the paraprocts. 436 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Wesche mentions certain characters in this family and notes that the laminae siiperiores are usually quite marked in Sar- cophaga, often with long lateral processes. The spinus is absent in some species. The drawing of Sarcophaga communis Parker (fig. 199) will illustrate the general arrangement of the sedeagus and appendages as well as any. There is a great specific variation as can be seen from a comparison of figures 189, 190, 193, 197, 198 and 199. Wesche includes this group, with several others, in the old family Muscidae. The hypopygium is often strongly contrasting in color with the rest of the abdomen, being red or yellow in many species. The fifth sternite is often deeply notched as in the Muscidae; the reduction of the right side of the sternites in the genital region is not very noticeable; the spiracles are as in the Tachinidae and Muscidae. The genital chamber is usually shal- low. The cerci are usually small and embedded. Family Muscid^ A number of genera are included here which are now gen- erally grouped together in a separate family, the Calliphoridae ; the following genera here considered are in this category: Cynomyia, Liicilia, Phormia, and PoUcnia. In'this family only five segments are normally visible before the genitalia. The first tergite is fused with the second, the first sternite small but free. The hypopygium is retracted into the fifth segment, the fifth sternite deeply notched in many species ; the seventh and eighth segments are greatly re- duced, fused, or one of them lacking. The ninth segment is in some, as in Lucilia, a semicircular band covering the sides and top of the sclerite representing the sternum ; the flat, in- vaginated cavity in the ninth segment accounts for the un- usual position of the sternite. The actual floor of the genital chamber is formed by the invagination of the cavity of the eighth segment. Mr. Robert Newstead has recently published papers on the male armature of the species of the genus Glossino. The armature is hidden when the ninth segment is closed against the eighth, the anal groove and membrane showing, but not the cerci. Newstead uses some new terms in describing the structures of the male genitalia, but few of these are adopted Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 437 in the present paper. Wesche made a more or less extensive study of the male genitalia in this family and noted the good specific characters. In Glossina, where the whole last segment is turned in under the abdomen, the gonostyli rest against an arched, horny band which represents the superior lamin?e; this is absent in G. palpalis Desv. In G. tachinoides the extremity of the sedeagus has membranous wings studded with minute plates, capable of inflation and erection. The paraphallus is usually well developed in the Muscidae and may be more or less serrated or otherwise modified; in Glossina the paraphalli together with part of the sheath form a framework which supports an elaborate sensory apparatus and protects the orifice of the ejaculatory duct. The hypo- phallus is generally present, as in Pollenia rudis (fig. 211), and has the appearance of lateral plates in Calliphora. The spinus is generally present, as are the interior forceps ; the genital palpi are occasionally absent, but are greatly developed in some forms. In Musca doniestica the preabdomen consists of four ap- parent segments; the first segment is reduced to a small ven- tral plate ; the second segment is largest ; the sternal plates are small and median. Immediately following the fifth segment is the postabdomen, largely covered by the fifth tergite. In this species the central margin of the ninth sternite carries the aedeagus, which has a short, lobed, membranous tip. The last segment (proctiger) oi M.douiestica is a membranous area with an anal groove and two small plates representing the cerci. In this species there is no paraphallus or hypophallus. Various forms of genitalia in this family are shown in the drawings of Graphomyia macula fa (Scop.), Cynomyia cada- verina Desv., Phormia regina (Meig. ), Myiospila mcditihwida (Fabr.), Stomoxys calcitrans (Linn.), Musca doniestica Linn., Pollenia rudis (Fabr.) which are illustrated in figures 195, 196, and 200-211. Family Anthomyiid.e Wesche described the genitalia of a few species in this family. Hyetodesia obscurafa Meigen is said to have soft haired, bulbous tubercles representing the superior laminae. 438 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. In Hydrotca, where the legs are modihed to hold the females, the claspers are poorly developed. In most species the sternites are small and in many the fifth sternite is modified and characteristic of the species. In Hyleniyia alcathoe Walker the sixth and seventh segments are asymmetrical and greatly modified; segments 2, 3, 4, and 5 have spiracles in the tergites; the sixth sternite is pushed around on the left side and the seventh sternite is missing; the eighth sternite is a narrow strip on the left side (figs. 212 and 213). The seventh segment is of interest here as it is fused with the anterior margin of the eighth tergite, except the lower end, which is an oval plate with a dark margin all around; the seventh spiracle is present on the left side only. The cerci are rather small. The paraphalli and the hypophallus are present in some of the species, also the genital "palpi". The "palpi" are absent in FuccUia fucoruin Fallen, the places marked by single bristles. In PJiorhia fusciccps (Zett.) the fifth sternite is even more deeply notched than in Hyleinyia alcafJwe; the surstyli are long and slender, also the apodemes (fig. 215). In Phorbia brassicce there is the same plan of construction, the genitalia much as in P. fusciccps. In Ophyra Icucostoma there is a notable difference in the general appearance of the genitalia ; the styles are short and blunt and the sedeagus is short and thick ; the whole hypopygium is rather small, the sixth, seventh, and eighth segments much reduced. Family Scatophagid^ The fifth sternite in this family is of specific importance, being variously modified on the posterior margin ; there is con- siderable asymmetry beyond the fifth segment ; the sixth and seventh segments are very short and the genitalia normally hidden under the edge of the fifth segment. In the genus Scafopliaga the structures which I take to be the paraprocts are rather large and heavily chitinized (fig. 216) and the styles, evidently surstyli, are pointed and curved near the tips. Scatophaga furcata Say is much like 5". stercoraria in the form of the genitalia, but with some remarkable differences in the apodemes, the ejaculatory apodeme being comparatively enormous in j urea fa (fig. 218). In this species there are two Vol. XVI] COLE—TIVO-WINGED FLIES 439 long bristles on the ''palpi". The general structure in S. ster- coraria is shown in figure 217. Scatophaga crinita Coquillett is much like 6^. stercoraria in the form of the genitalia, the apodemes being much the same, but the sedeagus is specifically distinct ; the anal area is largely membranous, the chitinized cerci much smaller than in the pre- ceding species. In ^. islandica Becker the sedeagus and guards are much the same as in S. furcata, the apodemes much smaller. The fifth sternite is shown in figure 214. Wesche found that the hypophallus is often developed in this family and that the palpi often carry long setse. In Norellia spiniinana these palpi take the place of the interior forceps in position as well as in function. In 5. stercoraria there are only three apparent segments back of the fifth and the seventh and eighth segments are fused ; the sixth tergite is short and present on the right side only; the sternite corresponding to the seventh and eighth tergites is developed on the left side and atrophied on the right; the ninth segment, as in the Tachinidse, is a complete circle. In a species of Cordylnra examined the fifth segment is modified on the sternite into two structures which presumably are of use as claspers and which also serve to guard the hypo- pygium when it is folded against the venter (fig. 219). The .styles are large and complicated and the paraprocts well de- veloped. The aedeagus has an apical slender appendage. Coenosia ausoba Walker has the fifth sternite developed much as in the preceding species, but the structures here are proba- bly not of use as claspers, merely serving to protect the geni- talia by holdirig the tip of the ninth segment in place against the venter. Family Helomyzid^ This family clearly shows a relation to the Trypetid?e and OrtaHdi(l?e. There is considerable asymmetry and variation in the genital portion of the abdomen. In Hcloniyza linibafa the ?edeagus is quite large and modi- fied at the tip (fig. 223) ; the posterior margin of the sixth and seventh combined sternite is curiously irregular, probably due to the pressure of the aedeagus. The cerci are quite large. 440 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. The sedeagiis is twisted in Leria cinerea Loew and arises as two chitinized strips (fig. 221); the interior forceps are well developed; the proctiger is unusually developed. In Ano- rostoina grandis Darlington the redeagus is twisted and curi- ously modified (fig. 226) ; the proctiger is very large (fig. 225). In Leria serrafa (Linnaeus) the sedeagus is quite long and slender (fig. 222), but not at all enlarged at the tip as in the Trypetidse. In this species as in L. crassipes Loew there is considerable asymmetry of the genital segments (fig. 227). Family Clusiodid^ In this family segments one to five form the principal part of the abdomen, judging from Cliisia lateralis Walker, the only species studied. The sixth segment is slightly asym- metrical, the sixth and eighth segments hollowed out on the venter for the reception of the genitalia when folded against the abdomen ; the eighth and ninth segments are symmetrical. The cedeagus is rather long and slender, with a bend near the middle (fig. 220). The seventh segment is present only on the left side, the spiracle placed on it; the other spiracles are in the intersegmental membrane. The cerci are comparatively small. Family Borborid.e The hypopygium of Coproniyza equina Fallen is rather small, symmetrical and simple (figs. 232 and 233). The fifth segment is normal, the sixth represented by an asymmetrical sclerite on the venter; the seventh and eighth segments are apparently lost. The aedeagus is short, niore or less mem- branous; the apodemes are well developed (fig. 230). Segments 6, 7 , and 8 are asymmetrical in Leptocera limosa, the sixth sternite largely hidden by the large fifth sternite; the seventh tergite is present on the left side only, the seventh and eighth sternites apparently obliterated. The ninth tergite and sternite are largely fused; the styles are blunt and plain; above the styles on each side are two spine-like projections which may serve as claspers. The proctiger and cerci are small. The interior forceps are well developed, the aedeagus small and membranous. In L. atra (Adams) the large fifth Vol. XVIJ COLE—TWO-WIKGED FLIES 44I sternite has a wide, square excision on the posterior margin; the sixth, seventh, and eighth segments are much the same as in L. limosa (Fallen) ; the spines of the ninth tergite are very- short and the styles thinner. The sedeagus, with its appendages and apodemes, is shown in figure 234. Family Phycodromid^ Ccelopa frigida Fallen was the species dissected and studied as a representative of this family. The hypopygium is nor- mally retracted within the fifth segment, but may be extruded as figured (fig. 229). The segments 6, 7, and 8 are asym- metrical, the hypopygium itself twisted forward on the left side; the four plates between the fifth and eighth segments represent two segments, as evidenced by the spiracles; the seventh tergite is reduced to a small elongate plate on the right side (not visible in the figure given). The cerci are small and united below, forming together a horseshoe-shaped band. In general the genitalia are very complete. The sedeagus arises from above the ninth tergite (see fig. 224 for details). The two pecten-like lobes are probably the hypophallus, the plate at the base possibly the paraphallus, or these may rep- resent the interior forceps. The penis is membranous, twisted, and arises from a sac-like structure. Family SciOMYziDyE Melina viialis Cresson shows a modification of the sixth, seventh, and eighth segments, which are small and asymmetri- cal, being developed on the left side. The spiracles are in the pleural membrane. The genitalia are quite Avell developed and have inner and outer appendages functioning as claspers. The sedeagus is short and the cerci small. The interior for- ceps and the "palpi" are present and the framework for the sedeagus and appendages is characteristic. In Dictya umbra- rum (Linn.) there is not so much asymmetry in the genital segments ; the seventh segment is well developed and the fifth sternite has a dense covering of hair-like spines. The interior appendages are quite heavily chitinized. The sedeagus is short and membranous (fig. 238). The sedeagus and appendages of Tetanocera vicina Macquart are shown in figure 236. 442 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Family Rhopalomerid.e Mr. C. \V. Johnson kindly loaned a specimen of Rhopalo- mera femorata Fabricius for study. The family seems to be nearer to the Sciomyzidae than to any other in the structure of the genitalia, and should certainly not be placed between the Ortalidlda^ and the Trypetidse, as has been done by many dip- terists in the past. The resemblance to the Ephydridae is only superficial, being largely confined to the appearance of the face. The small spiracles are in the intersegmental area along the sides of the abdomen. Segments 6, 7, and 8 are greatly re- duced and modified, the left side being more extensively chitinized, as in many other families. The fifth sternite is deeply notched and with strong spines on the posterior mar- gin ; the sixth segment is greatly reduced, especially the sternite (fig. 239), and a small sclerite near it is probably the seventh sternite. Normally the ?edeagus and appendages are sunk between the styles and in a hollow of the ninth segnient, but they are attached to a membranous base and in figure 240 are shown pushed up to give a view of all the structures. The double apodeme differs from that seen in the Ortalididas and Trypetida;. Family Sapromyzid^ In the Sapromysa species studied the principal part of the abdomen consists of six visible pregenital segments (1-6), which are unmodified. The tergites are large, the sternites small, with a large membranous area between; there are only five pregenital sternites ; segments 7 and 8 are normally con- cealed in the sixth segment and are combined into a narrow ring. The ninth sternal plate is at the base of the aedeagus. Snodgrass, in a manuscript paper, figured a long membranous sedeagus in Sapromysa flaveola, but in the species studied by the writer the sedeagus is quite different, being very short (fig. 241). In this family the spiracles are in the membrane below the tergites. In Caliope graciUpcs Loew the genitalia are very different, suggesting the genus Lonchcua, described further on. and also some of the Agromyzidae; the aedeagus and appendages are heavily chitinized. Vol. XVI] COLE—TIVO-WINGED FLIES 443 Family Lonch^id^ This family has only recently been separated from the Sapromyzidse by some authors. Wesche uses Toxoneura mu- liebris as an example of the family and gives an illustration which shows a close relation of this species to Falloptera ter- minalis Loew, a form which has a remarkable aedeagus (fig. 244). Wesche states that Palloptera ustulata has an unusual aedeagus. In T. inulicbris there is a spinus titillatorius at the base of the long flagellum; in Palloptera ustulata and tcniii- nalis there is a structure on the enlarged apical part of the aedeagus which \\'esche believed to have the same function; it can hardly be the same structure morphologically. The in- terior forceps and "palpi" appear to be in an atrophying state. Family Ortalidid^ The aedeagus in this family is very long and complicated, but it is usually hidden under a fold of membrane in the fifth segment, being normally coiled and very difiicult to straighten for the purpose of examination. In Tetanops aldrichi Hendel the genitalia are very nearly the same as in Anacampta pyr- rhocephala Loew, as can be seen from figures 248 and 250. In Euxesta thomce the general plan of structure is about the same as in the two preceding species, but the aedeagus is shorter and the fringe very fine; the reduction of the sixth and seventh tergites is about the same. In Chrysouiyza dcniandata (Fabricius) the genitalia are of the usual form; the aedeagus is very long and the apical third is much enlarged and modified at the tip (fig. 245). In Seoptera vibrans the genitalia are typical; the basal half of the aedeagus is slender and smooth, the apical half enlarged and with a dense fringe of rather long pile ; the cerci are large. In Rivellia viridulans Desvoidy the aedeagus is more like that usually found in the Trypetidae, there being no fringe of pile (fig. 252). In Rivellia 4-fasciata the structures are essentially the same as in R. viridulans, but the bifid portion of the aedea- gus begins very near the bulbous portion, and there are other slight specific differences. Enicoptera proditrix has the main claspers or styles much as in Anastrepha ludens (Loew), but not so pointed; the aedeagus is slender and smooth until near 444 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tii Ser. the tip, where it is suddenly enlarged and modified as in the family Trypetidae, and it is not in a tight coil as in most of the Ortalididae examined; the apodemes .are quite slender. The genitalia of Richardia podagricia (Fabr.) suggest those of Enicoptera proditrix in general appearance, but the cerci are smaller and the apex of the aedeagus different; here the ap- pendage inside the ditistylus is distinctly separate, more slen- der, toothed at the tip and forming a guard to the aedeagus. In Melieria occidentalis Coquillett the aedeagus has tooth-like structures at the base of the flagellum and long blade-like spines near the tip (fig. 247). Family Trypetid^ The figure of Epochra canadensis Loew will give an idea of the general appearance of the abdomen in this family and the relation of the parts of the genitalia (fig. 255). There are apparently only four visible tergites, but the first large sclerite is composed of the first fused with the second ; the fifth sternite is large and variously notched on the posterior margin in dif- ferent species of the family, the sixth segment normally re- tracted within the fifth. The aedeagus is long and slender in E. canadensis as in all other species of the family examined, the tip enlarged and more or less chitinized. There is an asymmetrical depression on the right side of the abdomen. The aedeagus of Euaresta ceqiialis Loew is shown directed posteriorly in figure 253 ; it is usually curved and bent up over the ninth tergite. The anal area is usually large, membranous and protruding in this family. There are no apparent cerci in E. cEqualis, but cerci are present in E. canadensis and Eutreta sparsa Wiede- mann and there are very thin chitinous strips on the sides of the anal opening in A. ludens. The ejaculatory apodeme is usually very large. The genitalia of A. ludens are much like those of Eutreta sparsa Wiedemann in general shape; the aedeagus is propor- tionately about twice as long and the membranous anal area even larger than in E. sparsa; the aedeagus in this species is actually longer than the abdomen. The ejaculatory apodeme is not fan-shaped but rather slender. Dacus cucurbifce has genitalia like those in the preceding species; the aedeagus has Vol. XVI] COLE—TIVO-WINGED FLIES 445 an enlarged tip and is considerably modified. Ptiloiia hrevi- cornis has appendages on the inner side of the styles ; the basal half of the sedeagus is slender and on the median portion there is a brush of hairs extending only a short distance; the tip of the sedeagus is enlarged and considerably chitinized and the extreme apex slender and hyaline. Eiirosta comma has geni- talia more or less typical of the family; the small appendages inside the genital styles are separate and free moving; the sedeagus is nearly the same as in Eutreta sparsa. In Anas- trepha fratercula the sedeagus is specifically distinct in struc- ture and proportionately shorter than in A. ludens. Family Micropezid^ The normal appearance of the dried abdomen in a specimen of Calobata alesia Walker is shown in figure 258, the appear- ance after boiling the pinned specimen in KOH and stretch- ing to its full length is illustrated in figure 259. The spiracles are plainly in the membrane between the tergites and sternites. There are six main segments in the preabdomen (1-6), and back of this there is more or less modification. In C. alesia and C. miiviita Walker there are remarkable claspers present on the fourth sternite and it is significant that we find no clasp- ing organs on the ninth segment. The sedeagus is variously modified in the species studied and in C. alesia and C. tinivitta it is branched at the tip (figs. 259 and 261); the ap- pendages probably represent the hypophallus and paraphalli. The cerci are small and inconspicuous in the three species studied. C. aiitennipes has a somewhat different structure of the abdomen, the ventral clasping organs being on the fifth sternite and rather slender; the aedeagus is not branched at the tip (fig. 260). The eighth segment is well developed in all of these species, but the seventh tergite is developed on one side only. Cresson's figure of Micropeza ambigna ( 1908, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, XXXIV, 13, pi. 1) shows the claspers to be on the fourth sternite in that species. Cresson also figures claspers of the males of several species of Calobata in the paper men- tioned, the structures being specifically quite distinct. April 27, 1927 445 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sek. Family Sepsid^ In Sepsis similis Meigen there are only six visible segments ; the first apparent segment is long and represents two actual segments, the fused first and second. The apparent fourth segment is actually the fifth ; the seventh and eighth segments have disappeared. The spiracles are in the membrane just under the tergites. Sepsis violacca Meigen is very close to the preceding species in the form of the genitalia. Wesche states that the superior laminae may be well developed in this family; he figures a species of Nemopoda which has a very complicated aedeagus, the paraphalli being quite well de- veloped. The paraphalli are present in S. violacca, the hypo- phalli very small (fig. 263) ; the double apodeme is distinctly double at the base and more or less fused with the ninth ster- nite; the ejaculatory apodeme is large. The ninth sternite is small and the clasping structures are apparently the surstyli. Family Piophilid^ This family has commonly been placed with the Sepsidse, but Dipterists have recently shown that the two groups can be separated into two homogeneous groups. There are three genera in North America, of which Piophila is the best repre- sented. Melander states that in Piophila the aedeagus is some- times long and curled; in Piophila nigricoxa Melander the aedeagus is not fringed, but in P. nigriceps it is thick and is provided with four longitudinal fringes of long yellow hair. This is evidence of a relation to the family Ortalididae. In Piophila casei the first five segments form the principal part of the abdomen. The sternites are quite large and the spiracles in the interseginental membrane. The apical seg- ments are asymmetrical, the sixth, seventh and eighth fused and pulled to the venter where they join to the ninth tergite. The genitalia are twisted sideways, the ninth segment large and the aedeagus long and fringed on the basal portion (fig. 264). Family Psilid^ In Chylica legnminicola Melander the first segment is small, then there are five large segments making up most of the ab- Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 447 domen; there are six spiracles marking segments one to six; the sixth sternite is split to the base. In the membranous area between the sixth and ninth segments there is a narrow chitinous strip on each side which may be considered the seventh segment. One spiracle is in the margin of the sixth tergite, the others are in the membrane. The eighth segment is represented by a small rectangular piece, a tergite, attached to the ninth tergite (fig. 269) and by two narrow strips, prob- ably the sternite. The aedeagus is membranous and very short. Chyliza robust a Coquillett is very near the preceding species. The eighth tergite is reduced to a narrower strip and the ninth segment is different in shape; the apodemes and frame- work are much the same. The aedeagus with its appendages is different, as shown in figure 270. Wesche mentions that the males of Loxocera albiseta (Schrank) have small genitalia of an indefinite character, and he gives no further information on the family. Family Diopsid^ In Diopsis subnotata Westwood the genitalia are difficult to homologize. The aedeagus is comparatively small and the gen- ital framework unusual in shape (fig. 267, one side cut away in the drawing) ; the double apodeme is large and fused; the styles are simple and rather small. The membranous anal area is large. In Sphyracephala brevicornis Say, the only North American species, the first three abdominal segments are long, the first and second segments being fused and almost as long as the rest of the abdomen. The sixth, seventh, and eighth segments are greatly reduced but there is no asymmetry. The surstyli and the cerci are well developed. The double apodeme is very long, the aedeagus and interior forceps are quite small (fig. 268). Family Ephydrid^ In Ephydra millbrce Jones there is a curious modification of the abdomen beyond the fifth segment and the cerci are ap- parently at the base of the ninth tergite, which is developed 448 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. horizontally. The sternites are much reduced. The inter- segmental membrane is very tough and thicker than usual and the minute spiracles are in the edges of the tergites (possibly an adaption to hydrophytic conditions) ; around these spira- cles are many small thin spots which are more or less trans- parent. The general appearance of the abdomen of Ephydra niillbrcs is shown in figure 274. In Ephydra gracilis the plan of construction is the same, but there are specific differences. In Parydra bituberculata Loew the genitalia are relatively smaller and simpler; the sternites are larger; the sedeagus and appendages are shown in figure 271. In Ochthera mantis (De Geer) the sternites are larger than in the preceding species, the hypopygium moderate in size and folded up against the venter, reaching to the base of the fourth segment. In this species there are some spiracles distinctly in the intersegmental membrane, each with a faint chitinous ring. The styles are peculiar in shape (fig. 273). The sedeagus and adjacent appendages are more complicated than in the other species studied. In Gymnopa tibialis Cresson the abdomen is as usual heavily chitinized ; segments one to six make up most of the abdomen ; the ninth segment is rather small, the seventh and eighth greatly reduced. There are no distinct cerci. The sedeagus here, as in the Oscinidae studied, may be the true penis, as it is a membranous tube continuing the ejaculatory duct; the guards, probably the interior forceps, have one long spine on the inner side, as shown in figure 276. Family Oscinid^ The species studied by Wesche were said by him to have apodemes of the Muscoid type. Meromysa flavipalpis Malloch is almost hyaline when cleared in KOH, but the strong in- terior forceps, apodemes and framework of the aedeagus are more distinct. There is a great reduction of the sixth segment and the seventh and eighth have disappeared. It is necessary to use the compound microscope to make out the membranous aedeagus, which is elongate and slender and may be the true penis (fig. 277). In Chloropisca glabra the genital segments before the ninth are merged into a peculiar striated mem- Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 449 branous structure which does not show definite sclerites. The styles are quite short and the genital framework rather nar- row ; the aedeagus is comparatively large, more chitinized than in the preceding species and the double apodeme is quite slender. Family Drosophilid^ In general there are five visible abdominal segments in the male, the first apparent segment being morphologically the first and second combined. The dorsal and lateral surfaces of the abdomen have dorso-lateral plates; the sternites become narrower posteriorly. There are two spiracles under the edge of the fused first and second segment and the next three segments have the spiracles just under the edges of the tergites in the membrane. The sixth and seventh segments are small and fused, the eighth represented by a small plate which is difficult to make out, and behind this is the genital framework or arch. On the ninth segment there are usually claspers; these may be articulated to the ninth segment or more or less free, as in Drosophila busckii; they are probably genital styles. There are cerci on each side of the anal opening and these are always hairy, or with characteristic bristles; in some spe- cies studied by Sturtevant these cerci are connected to the ninth segment by a chitinous bridge, and according to this writer the plates of the ninth seginent have the same general relation in the species of Curtonotum, Zygothrica, Pseudo- phortica, Scaptomyza and Drosophila. In Curtonotum helviun Loew there is an extra clasper, as in Sinophthahnus, probably the interior forceps. The aedeagus is a chitinized tube, differ- ing greatly in the species studied, and it can be extruded through the genital arch ; the structure shows a relation to the Muscidae. In Curtonotum the aedeagus is long and curved as in the Trypetidae. In Scaptomyza terminalis Loew the abdomen is more slen- der than in the genus Drosophila; segments 2-6 are about equal in length, the seventh and eighth greatly reduced and modified. The sternites are small and narrow and the inter- segmental membrane in the pleural region of considerable ex- tent ; the spiracles are in the membrane opposite and near the middle of the tergites. The aedeagus is comparatively long 450 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. and the guards near the base furnished with tufts of spines (fig. 279). In Sinophthalmus pictus the genitalia are like those in the preceding species in general character. There is a considerable reduction in the chitinization of the basal part of the abdomen and a remarkable reduction of the ninth segment. The eighth segment is apparently lost or fused and the seventh fused with the sixth, the line of division being visible in cleared specimens. The apodemes are well developed. The genitalia are shown in figfure 278. ^t>' Family Geomyzid^ In Geomyza lurida Loew the first apparent segment is the fused first and second, there being four other large tergites in the preabdomen, and the ninth segment is large; the seventh and eighth segments are fused with other segments or are lost. The sedeagus is most unusual, parts of it being chitinized in a complex, yet symmetrical manner (fig. 280), the rest hyaline when cleared; judging from the form the sedeagus can evidently be telescoped. The interior forceps and "palpi" are not developed ; the double apodeme is small and slender. The cerci are large and rather pointed. In Cerodontha dorsalis Loew the sternites are very small, the number and arrangement of the segments being about as in the preceding species. In Tethina coronata Loew the aedeagus is very unusual ; it is rather large, with a slender geniculate basal portion which is chitinized, and an apical part which is membranous, greatly enlarged, and bulbous in form ; the basal portion has a dense covering of erect hairs longer than its own diameter. The cerci are rather small and membranous. Family Agromyzid.e In Agromyza cuneiventris Fallen the abdomen is about the same as in the Geomyzidse, being composed largely of seg- ments one to six, with the genital portion rather small. There is only one segment between the sixth and ninth, probably the eighth. The aedeagus and apodemes are well developed (fig. 282), the sedeagus being quite complex on the apical portion. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 451 There are no separate styles on the ninth segment. The cerci are well developed. In Phytomyza obscurella Fallen segments one and two are fused and segments 3-6 make up most of the rest of the ab- domen. The seventh segment is apparently lost. The aedea- gus in this species is one of the most complex seen in the study of the dipterous genitalia (fig. 284), and there is an immense double apodeme for the attachment of the muscles which con- trol this organ. In Agromyza scutellaris puella Meigen the sedeagus is quite simple; the apodeme is rather long and slen- der and relatively smaller than in P. obscurella. Mr. J. R. Malloch has recently figured the hypopygia of several species of Leucopis in a paper on the subfamily Ochthi- philin^ (Bull. 111. Nat. Hist. Survey, vol. 13, art. 14, 1921). The genitalia possess good specific characters. The cerci are small but distinct. The aedeagus is apparently quite variable; it is very long, chitinized and curved in L. piniperda Malloch, much shorter in the other species. The ninth tergite is well developed but the surstyli are small or rudimentary. L. grise- ola Fallen has the interior forceps and "palpi" well developed ; the ejaculatory apodeme in this species is large and broad, not slender as in the species of Agromysa (fig. 283). In L. bella Loew the apodeme is much smaller, the aedeagus relatively larger and shorter, with an apical slender portion differenti- ated from the rest ; the interior forceps and "palpi" are nearly the same as in L. griseola. In a large undescribed species from Arizona the interior forceps, "palpi" and aedeagus all project about the same length from the floor of the ninth seg- ment and all are protected by the slender arms of the ninth tergite ; the apodeme in this species of Leucopis is of the same general shape as in L. griseola. Family Milichiid^ In this family (included by some as a subfamily in the Agromyzidae) there is not the great development and specializ- ation of the aedeagus seen in the Geomyzidae and Agromyzidae, if one can judge from the three species examined. Madica halteralis Coquillett is heavily chitinized and the segments one to six make up most of the abdomen ; the genital portion of the abdomen is extremely small, the seventh and eighth seginents 452 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. greatly reduced or lost and difficult to make out in the forms studied. The whole genital portion of the abdomen is nor- mally drawn into the sixth segment or under the sixth tergite. The outer claspers are tergal and therefore are surstyli ; they are relatively large, simple, and close over the internal parts. In M. halterdis the ends of the styles are broad and toothed on the margin; in this same species the double apodeme is small, slender, and can be made out only under high magnifica- tion ; the aedeagus is minute and there is probably an extensile membranous portion. In Milichia leucogaster Loew the sternites are reduced to very narrow strips, the sixth sternal segment largest and hol- lowed out posteriorly; the pleural membranous area is large. The seventh and eighth segments have disappeared and the hypopygium is relatively very small. There are two long styles on the ninth tergite, the surstyli (fig. 281). On the anal segment there are two long spines, one on each of the rudimentary cerci. The double apodeme is fused with the genital arch. Milichiella nitida Hendel has much the same plan of con- struction as M. leucogaster. The sixth tergite is very large in comparison with the rest of the abdomen and the sternites are relatively larger than in the preceding species. The proctiger is different from M. leucogaster and lacks the two long spines. The surstyli are longer, more slender and not enlarged at the tips; the double apodeme is smaller. There are small spines near the base of the sedeagus, probably representing the in- terior forceps and the palpi. Family Hippoboscid^ In Olfersia amcricana Leach the abdomen is largely membranous and the segments can be located by the presence of spiracles, of which there are seven pairs; one pair of spira- cles is at the extreme base of the abdomen, the second pair in the chitinous base of the abdomen (the second segment), three pairs in the membranous area along the sides of the abdomen, but in a tergal position, the last two pairs in the anal region; the sixth spiracle is actually posterior to the seventh, which is moved up on the dorsum not far from the anal opening. The aedeagus, at least the intrommitant organ, Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 453 which may not contain the true penis is long and sharp. The genital styles, according to my interpretation, are represented by bristly knobs and are located on each posterior corner of the genital opening. In this case the interior forceps are the long, slender, style-like appendages which point back and have a heavy framework at the base. The double apodeme is large and easily seen in cleared specimens. The anal area has a flap, bristly on the margin, and the opening of the genital organs at the tip of the abdomen is also the anal opening (cloaca). Lipoptena suhulata Coquillett has genitalia of the same gen- eral character as in the preceding species. The abdomen is membranous except for a poorly chitinized anal plate. In L. tnazamos (Rondani) the aedeagus is short, scarcely projecting beyond the genital opening, the interior forceps a little longer. The framework at the base of the interior forceps reaches to the basal third of the abdomen. The styles are represented by very small chitinous areas over the interior forceps, with two long spines and two shorter ones; the interior forceps are blunt. In L. traguli Ferris and Cole the last five spiracles are all near the apex of the abdomen, the third pair about op- posite the base of the interior forceps. In Melophagus ovinus the genitalia are much the same as in Olfersia americana. The sedeagus is slightly longer than the interior forceps and is blunt. The spiracles are of great size, the first and second pair near the base of the abdomen, the sixth and seventh near the apex of the abdomen, below the anal opening ; they are pulled around to the ventral side of the abdomen but are really tergal in location. Family Streblid^ There is less evident segmentation of the abdomen here than in the Hippoboscidse. In Paradyschiria fiisca Speiser the outer styles are reduced to small strips on the sides of the geni- tal opening. The inner claspers (probably interior forceps) are long and point backwards. The aedeagus is long, slender, thick at the base and quite distinctive in shape; the apodemes are well developed. Most of the structures are internal and the specimens must be cleared to see the construction. The ejaculatory apodeme is almost as large as the double apodeme. 454 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Seb. Family Nycteribiid^ Wesche, in his study of the male genitalia of the Diptera, had only loan material in this family and could not dissect the specimens. In Penicillidia dufourii Westwood there is a large pair of ventral forceps, heavily chitinized and articulated at the base, probably representing the interior forceps. The sedeagus is small. There is no actual plate in the region of the laminae superiores ; laterally there are two bulbous processes which are thickly spined, probably the genital styles. Wesche states that the apodemes cannot be differentiated, but a strong double apodeme is visible in cleared specimens. P. antrozoi has geni- talia of the same type as the preceding species. In Cyclopodia hopci the male has a pointed abdomen; on the ventral side there is a pair of forceps which meet at the tips, and between these are two small chitinous knobs. The segment opposite the forceps has a short row of blunt spines on the margin which may represent the laminae superiores. Nycterihia zvestzvoodii has a like row of spines which may represent the laminae. The aedeagus is apparent in cleared specimens and the apodemes strong. In N. biarticidata Herm. the styles and interior forceps are plainly visible, as can be seen in figure 286. The aedeagus is pointed and curved at the tip. The double apodemes are fused, the ejaculatory apodeme short and slender. In N. schmiedlii Schiner the double apodeme is long, reaching almost to the base of the abdomen. There are seven pairs of spiracles, representing as many segments; the last (and largest) seg- ment with spiracles is the seventh; that being the case, the seventh, eighth and ninth segments are merged in one or the seventh and eighth lost. In Eucamprisipoda sp. the outer forceps are slender and studded with short, black tubercles. In Cyclopodia ferrarii the first three spiracles are apparently in the tergites, the fourth and fifth in the membrane, the sixth and seventh in the tergites. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 455 Bibliography Aldrich, J. M. Sarcophagidse and Allies. Thomas Say Foundation Pub- lication, vol. I, 1916. Berlese, A. Tipulid, Syrphid, and Muscid Genitalia, Gli Insetti, pp. 326-328, 1909. Bethune-Baker, G. T. Development of Clasping Organs in Insects. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., cxix-clxviii, 12 plates, 1914. Crampton, G. C. The Genitalia and Terminal Abdominal Structures of Male Neuroptera and Mecoptera with Notes on the Psocidae, Diptera and Trichoptera. Psyche, XXV, 47-59, 1918. Crampton, G. C. The Genitalia and Terminal Abdominal Structures of Males, and the Terminal Abdominal Structures of the Larvae of the "Chalastogastrous" Hymenoptera. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXI, 129-151, 4 plates, 1919. Crampton, G. C. A Comparison of the Genitalia of Male Hymenoptera, Mecoptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Homoptera, and Strepsiptera, w^ith those of Lower Insects. Psyche, XXVII, 34-46, 1920. Crampton, G. C. Terminal Abdominal Structures of Male Insects. Can. Ent., LII, 178-184, 1920. Crampton, G. C. The Genitalia of Male Diptera and Mecoptera Com-" pared with those of Related Insects, from the Standpoint of Phylogeny. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, XLVIII, 207-225, 3 plates, 1923. Cresson, E. T., Jr. Revisions of the Pipunculidae, Micropezidae, and the Sciomyzidae, in the Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. for 1908, 1909 and 1920. De Meijere, J. C. H. Studien uber palaearktische, vorwiegand hollandische, Limnobiiden, inbesondere uber ihre Kopulationsorgane. Tijd. V. Ent, 54-118, 1921. Edwards, F. W. Notes on the Simuliidae. Bull. Ent. Research, London, VI, 24-39, 1912. Freeborn, S. B. The Terminal Abdominal Structures of Male Mosquitoes. Amer. Journ. of Hygiene, vol. 4, no. 3, 188-212, 1924. Giffard, W. M. The Systematic Value of the Male Genitalia of Delpha- cidae (Homoptera). Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., XIV, 135-140, 1921. Hewitt, C. G. The House Fly. Cambridge University Press, p. 50-52, figs., 1914. Also earlier paper in 1907. 456 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Howard, Dyar and Knab. Mosquitoes of North America, vol. 1. Johannsen, O. A. The MycetophiHdae of North America, I, II, III, IV, Bull. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta., 172, 180, 196, 200, 1909-1911. Lowne, T. The Anatomy, Physiology, Morphology and Development of the Blow Fly (Calliphora erythrocephala). II, 745-747, 1895. Lundbeck, Wm. Diptera Danica, several volumes published. Malloch, J. R. Numerous papers on the Diptera. Metcalf, C. L. The Genitalia of Male Syrphidae; their Morphology, with especial reference to its taxonomic significance. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., XIV, 169-227, 11 plates, 1921. Newell, A. G. The Comparative Morphology of the Genitalia of Insects. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., XI, 109-142, 14 plates, 1918. Newstead, R. N. Revision of the Tse-Tse flies (Glossina), based on a study of the male genital armature. Bull. Ent. Research, II, 9-36, 1911. Also, a paper in same volume, on the Papataci Flies (Phlebotomus), 66-77. Peytoureau, S. A. Contribution a I'etude de la Morphologic de I'armure genitale male des Insects. Paris, 1895. Seamans, H. L. The External Anatomy of Anthomyia radicum (portion on abdomen pp. 212-214). Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., XIII, 1920. Sharp and Muir. The Comparative Anatomy of the Male Genital Tube in Coleoptera. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 447-642, 1912. Snodgrass, R. E. The Inverted Hypopygium of Dasyllis and Laphria. Psyche, IX, 399-400, 1 plate, 1902. Snodgrass, R. E. The Hypopygium of the Tipulidae. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, XXX, 179-236, 1904. Snodgrass, R. E. The Hypopygium of the Dolichopodidae. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, III, 273-295, 1904. Sturtevant, A. H. The North American Species of Drosophila. Carnegie Inst. Publication, no. 301, 1921. Walker, E. M. The Terminal Abdominal Structures of Orthopteroid In- sects : A Phylogenetic Study. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., XII, 267-316, 9 plates. Part I, 1919. Part II of this paper in the same publication, XV, 1-76, 11 plates, 1922. Wesche, W. The Genitalia of both the Sexes in the Diptera. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Ser. II, Zool. IX, 1906. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES ■ 457 Explanation of Plates Abbreviations. aed ^deagus or intrommitant organ. cer Cerci (parapodial plates in some cases). d. apod (Double apodeme (or sustentacular apodeme) . ds Dististylus (also called harpes, harpagones, etc.). ejac. s Ejaculatory sac. ej. d Ejaculatory duct. ej. apod Ejaculatory apodeme. gs Gonostipes or basal segment of genital style. hyp Hypophallus. i. f Interior forceps (posterior gonapophyses). L. sty Left genital style. pa Palpi or anterior gonapophyses. par Paraphallus. pp Paraprocts, or parapodial plates. R. sty Right genital style. s. or st Sternite. Sa Subapical appendix of claspers. Sg Surstyli, or surgonopods. sh Sheath of sedeagus. s. 1 Superior laminae. sp Sprnus titillatorius. t Tergite. Roman numerals are used to indicate the number of the urite, whether tergite or sternite. 45g CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pboc. 4th Seb. 1. Tanyderus forcipatus O.S., dorsal view of genitalia. 2. Bruchomyia argentina Alex., sedeagus and genital framework. 3. Bruchomyia argentina Alex., lateral view of external genitalia. 4. Tipiila simplex Doane, ventral view of terminal structures. 5. Tipiila tristis Doane, internal genitalia, part of left side cut away. 6. Nephrotoma californica Doane, terminal structures as they appear with body wall cut away on right side. 7. Tipula derhyi Doane, lateral view of terminal structures. 8. Tipula bicornis Loew, lateral view of terminal structures. 9. Tipula acuta Doane, lateral view of terminal portion of abdomen. 10. Nephrotoma californica (Doane), lateral view of entire abdomen. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 459 «'■ R. ;/v. T Die or n 13 450 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 11. Bitiacomorphella sackeni (Roder), dorsal view of terminal struc- tures, segments in front of ninth cut away to show the large ejaculatory sac. 12. Gcranomyia diversa O.S., ventral view of terminal structures. 13. Goniomyia virgata Doane, ventral view of terminal structures. 14. Bittacomorpha clavipes (Fabr.), lateral view of genitalia. 15. Trichoccra sp., ventral view of terminal structures. 16. Rhyphus punctatus (Fabr.), aedeagus and ejaculatory duct. 17. Bittacomorpha clavipes (Fabr.), lateral view of terminal structures of abdomen. 18. Rhyphus punctatus (Fabr.), ventral and dorsal views of the terminal abdominal structures. 19. Ptychoptera lenis O.S., lateral view of terminal structures. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 461 13 G- virgata 14 B. clavipes R. punctatus 17 B. clavipes April 27, 1927 452 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 20. Dixa sp., ventral view of genitalia. 21. Dixa sp., lateral view of terminal structures. 22. Trichomyta lanceolata Kinc, lateral view of terminal structures. 23. Pericoma californica Kinc, sedeagus and double apodeme. 24. Psychoda sp., view showing upper claspers of genitalia. 25. Psychoda sp., lateral view of terminal claspers. 26. Chironomus sp., dorsal view of terminal structures. 27. Tanypus venustus Coq., ventral view of terminal structures. 28. Eucorethra underwoodi Underw., ventral view of terminal structures. 29. Culex pipiens Linn., ventral view of terminal structures. 30. Culex pipiens Linn., genitalia, greatly magnified. 31. Anopheles punctipennis (Say), ventral view of terminal structures. 32. Orphnephila tcstacea (Ruthe), dorsal view of terminal structures. 2)2). Orphnephila testacea (Ruthe), aedeagus and appendages. 34. Mycetobia divergensf Walk., ventral view of terminal structures. 35. Sciophila calceata Coq., lateral view of terminal structures. 36. Symmerus sp., lateral view of terminal structures. 2)7. Symmerus sp., ventral view of ninth sternite. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 463 S. calceata ^^ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Seh. 38. Boletophila hybrida (Meig.), dorso-lateral view of terminal portion of abdomen. 39. Boletophila hybrida (Meig.), ventral view of genitalia. 40. Tetragoneura pimpla Coq., dorsal view of terminal structures. 41. Mycetophila punctata Meig., lateral view of terminal structures. 42. Mycetophila punctata Meig., lateral view of genitalia. 43. Mycetophila punctata Meig., dististylus, greatly enlarged. 44. Cecidomyia resinicoloides Will., Dorsal view. 45. Cecidomyia resinicoloides Will., ventral view. 46. Reichertellia collaris Mel., ventral view of terminal structures. 47. Scatopse notata (Linn.), ventral view of genitalia. 48. Scatopse notata (Linn.), ejaculatory sac and appendages. 49. Bibio hirtus Loew., ventral view of terminal structures. 50. Bibio hirtus Loew., aedeagus and appendages. 51. Bibio nervosus Loew., aedeagus and appendages. 52. Rhegmoclema atrata (Say), ventral view of terminal structures. 53. Rhegmoclema atrata (Say), aedeagus and adjacent structures. 54. Plecia ruficollis Fabr., ventral view of terminal structures. 55. Plecia ruficollis Fabr., dorsal view of terminal structures. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 465 R. atrata P. ruficollis ^^^ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 4th Ser. 56. SimiiHum ornaUtm Meig., ventral view of terminal structures (re- drawn from Edwards' figure). 57. Prosimulium hirtum (Fries), ventral view of terminal structures. 58. Sitnuliutn pictipes. Hagen, ventral view of terminal structures. 59. Simulium pictipes Hagen, ventral view of terminal structures. 60. Bibiocephala grandis O.S., sedeagus and adjacent structures. 61. Hapalothrix lugubris Loew, lateral view of terminal structures. 62. Beris annulifera (Big.), lateral view of terminal structures. 63. Sargus viridis Say, dorsal view of terminal structures. 64. Odontomyia hoodiana Big., dorsal view of terminal structures. 65. Odontomyia hoodiana Big., ventral view. 66. Odontomyia arcuata Loew, ventral view of genitalia. 67. Stratiomyia maculosa Loew, ventral view of genitalia. 68. Stratiomyia maculosa Loew, dorsal view of terminal structures. 69. Tabanus striatus Fabr., dorsal view of terminal structures. 70. Ptecticus trivittatus Say, lateral view of abdomen. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 467 B. annulifera oQ S. ornatum B. grandis 67 S. maculosa S. maculosa 68 69 T. striatus 468 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 71. Tabanus striatus Fabr., ventral view of terminal structures. 72. Chrysops noctifer O.S., ventral view of terminal structures. 73. Tabanus punctifer O.S., ventral view of terminal structures. 74. Symphoromyia cruenta Coq., ventral view of terminal structures. 75. Xylomyia pallipes (Loew), lateral view of terminal structures. 76. Leptis incisa Loew, ventral of terminal structures. 77. Pantophthalmus versicolor Aust., ventral view. 78. Rhynchocephalus volaticus Will., lateral view of hypopygium. 79. Rhynchocephclus volaticus Will., genitalia dissected out. 80. Ogcodes costatus Loew, ventral view of abdomen. 81. Ogcodes albicincta Cole, genitalia dissected out. 82. Ogcodes costatus Loew, genitalia dissected out, showing the aedeagus and apodemes. Vol. XVI] COLE—TWO-WINGED FLIES 469 O. albicincta O- co3tatus ^jQ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 83. Opsebius diligens O.S., genitalia and ninth tergite. 84. Eulonchus sapphirinm O.S., lateral view of terminal structures. 85. Bomhylius major Linn., ventral view of terminal structures. 86. Eulonchus tristis Loew, lateral view of terminal structures with separate drawing of aedeagus and appendages. 87. Opsebius diligens O.S., lateral view of terminal structures. 88. Heterostylum rohusHim O.S., lateral view of genitalia, the tenth tergite removed. 89. Villa lateralis (Say), lateral view of terminal structures. 90. Ogcodcs albicincta Cole, ventral view of terminal structures. 91. Bombylius major Linn., lateral view of terminal structures. 92. Bombylius major Linn., ventral view of terminal structures. 93. Thereva vialis O.S., genitalia, the ninth tergite and right side of sternite removed. 94. Exoprosopa caliptera (Say), lateral view of terminal structures. 95. Spogostylum adipus (Fabr.), lateral view of terminal structures. 96. Dialineura crassicornis (Will.), aedeagus and claspers of left side. Tx ,\ Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 471 QA E, calijAera S. oedipus D. crassjcornis 472 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Psoc. 4th Ser. 97. Dialineura crassicornis (Will.), dorsal view of hypopygium. 98. Psilocephala hcemorrhoidalis (Macq.), sedeagus and apodemes. 99. Scenopinus fenestralis Linn., dorsal view of terminal structures. 100. Scenopinus fenestralis Linn., aedeagus and adjacent structures. 101. Leptomydas pantherinus Gerst., lateral view of terminal structures. 102. Psilocephala hcemorrhoidalis (Macq.), genitalia, the ninth tergite removed. 103. Dialineura crassicornis (Will.), ventral view of terminal portion of abdomen. 104. Pseudatrichia unicolor Coq., ventral view of genitalia. 105. Apiocera haruspex O.S., lateral view of terminal structures. 106. Apiocera haruspex O.S., genitalia dissected out. 107. Apiocera haruspex O.S., lateral view of genitalia. 108. Rhaphiotnydas acton Coq., lateral view of terminal portion of ab- domen. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 473 105 A. haruspcx A. haruspcx 107 A haruspcx R acton 474 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 109. Cyrtopogon prapes Loew, sedeagus and adjacent structures, a part of one side of ninth segment removed. 110. Dasyllis grossa Fabr., lateral view of terminal structures. 111. Promachus vertebratus Say, lateral view of terminal structures. 112. Dasyllis calif amicus Banks, sedeagus and apodemes. 113. Dasyllis californicus Banks, showing structures guarding the aedeagus. 114. Dasyllis californicus Banks, dististylus and appendages. 115. Dasyllis californicus Banks, dorsal view of terminal portion of ab- domen. 116. Dasyllis californicus Banks, lateral view of hypopygium. 117. Lasiopogon arenicola O.S., dorsal view of terminal structures. 118. Asilus occidentalis Hine, aedeagus and claspers. 119. Lasiopogon arenicola O.S., under side of cerci. 120. Lasiopogon arenicola O.S., lateral view of aedeagus. 121. Erax barbatiis Fabr., genitalia, tergite and one side removed. 122. Asilus occidentalis Hine, lateral view of terminal structures. 123. Dasyllis californicus Banks, showing aedeagus and inner side of ninth tergite. 124. Lasiopogon sp., aedeagus and apodemes. 125. Lasiopogon arenicola O.S., ventral view of genitalia. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 475 123 ^~~"7— -^24 ^Lasiopogonsp. 125 \, W--T ''' L. arenicola 1^77 476 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 126. Scellus monstrosus O.S., lateral view of terminal portion of ab- domen, showing remarkable modification of fifth segment. 127. Scellus monstrosus O.S., ventral view of segments IV- VII, 128. Liancahis similis Aldr., lateral view of terminal portion of abdomen. 129. Liancalus similis Aldr., lateral view, showing right side of terminal segments (smaller magnification). 130. Dolichopus plumosus Aldr., lateral view of terminal structures. 131. Dolichopus plumosus Aldr., under side of cerci. 132. Dolichopus plumosus Aldr., Genitalia, right side removed. 133. Apiochceta sp., lateral view of hypopygium. 134. Apiochceta rufipes Meig. 135. Phora velutina Meig., lateral view of hypopygium. 136. Braula coeca Nitsch., lateral view of terminal structures. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 477 A. rufipcs Braula coeca April 27, 1927 Ayo CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 137. Rhamplvomyia sp., no. 2, lateral view of hypopygium. 138. Rhamphomyia sp., no. 1, lateral view of genitalia. 139. Empis aldrichi Mel., lateral view of genitalia. 140. Empis aldrichi Mel., lateral view of terminal structures. 141. Rhamphomyia sudigeronis Coq., lateral view of terminal structures. 142. Platypeza velutina Loew, lateral view of hypoygium. 143. Platypesa velutina Loew, sedeagus and guards. 144. Lonchoptera sp., lateral view, apical segments of abdomen. 145. Platypeza agarici Williard, lateral view of hypopygium, with separate figure showing proctiger from above. 146. Chalarus spurius (Fall), ventral view of genitalia. 147. Pipunculus sp., no 1, aedeagus and guards. 148. Chalarus spurius (Fall), genitalia, ninth tergite removed. 149. Pipunculus sp., no. 1, aedeagus and attachments. 150. Chalarus spurius (Fall), aedeagus and apodemes, greatly enlarged. 151. Pipunculus sp. no. 1, showing right side of abdomen and portion of venter. 152. Pipunculus sp. no. 1, showing dorsum and part of left side of the abdomen. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 479 161 P. sp. no. 1 4g0 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Se«. 153. Pipuncultis sp. no. 2, aedeagus and apodemes, greatly enlarged. 154. Eristalis tenax (Linn.), aedeagus. 155. Arctophila flagrans O.S., ventral view of hypopygium, 156. Volucella esuriens (Fabr.), aedeagus and apodemes. 157. Eristalis tenax (Linn.), dorsal view of hypopygium. 158. Mesogramma geminata (Say), ventral view of abdomen. 159. Mesogramma geminata (Say), genitalia, lateral view. 160. Lasiophthicus pyrastri (Linn.), aedeagus and apodemes; ninth tergite and cerci. 161. Eristalis ceneus (Scop.), aedeagus. 162. Caliprobola pulcher (Will.), aedeagus and appendages. 163. Eristalis tenax (Linn.), ventral view of genitalia. 164. Eristalis vinetorum (Fabr.), aedeagus and appendages. 165. Melanostoma ohscurum (Say), lateral view of genitalia. Vot. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 481 M. ob»curum 432 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 166. Paragus bicolor (Fabr.), dorsal view of abdomen. 167. Paragus bicolor (Fabr.), lateral view of genitalia. 168. Myopa rubida Big., aedeagus and appendages. 169. Occemyia abbreviata Loew, aedeagus, appendages, and apodemes. 170. Occemyia modesta Will., lateral view of genitalia. 171. Gastrophilus intestinalis De Geer, lateral view of genitalia. 172. Myopa seminuda Banks, ventral view of terminal segments of ab- domen. 173. Gastrophilus intestinalis De Geer, ventral view of genitalia. 174. Cuterebra americana (Fabr.), lateral view of aedeagus and adjacent structures. 175. Myopa seminuda Banks, aedeagus and apodemes. 176. Physocephala af finis Will., lateral view of abdomen. 177. Cuterebra americana (Fabr.), ventral view of terminal abdominal segments. 178. Myopa rubida Big., ventral view of abdomen. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 483 M. rubida 434 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Se». 179. Hypoderma lincata (De Vill.), ventral view of genitalia. 180. Senotainia trilineata (v.d.W.), ventral view of abdomen. 181. Senotainia trilineata (v.d.W.), lateral view of abdomen. 182. Blepharipesa adusta Loew, lateral view of genitalia. 183. Peleteria tesselata (Fabr.), lateral view of genitalia. 184. Senotainia trilineata (v.d.W.), lateral view of genitalia. 185. Parade jcania rutiloides (Jeann.), ventral view of hypopygium. 186. Ocyptera argcntea Towns., ventral view of genitalia. 187. Ocyptera argentea Towns., sedeagus and structures at base. 188. Gymnosoma fuliginosa Desv., ventral view of genitalia. 189. Sarcophaga helicis Towns., lateral view of genitalia. 190. Sarcophaga cimhicis Towns., lateral view of genitalia. 191. Thelaira leucosona (Panz.), lateral view of genitalia. 192. Myiocera tibialis (Desv.), lateral view of genitalia. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 485 190 '0 — <■/ "f"'- M. tibialis 485 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Psoc. 4th Seb. 193. Sarcophaga sp., lateral view of genitalia. 194. Lucilia sericata (Meig.), lateral view of genitalia. 195. Graphomyia maculata (Scop.), ventral view of genitalia. 196. Graphomyia maculata (Scop.), lateral view of aedeagus and adjacent structures. 197. Sarcophaga inoa Walk., lateral view of genitalia. 198. Sarcophaga sp., lateral view of hypopygium. 199. Sarcophaga communis Parker, lateral view of genitalia. 200. Cynomyia cadaverina Desv., ventral view of abdomen. 201. Phormia regina (Meig.), lateral view of genitalia. 202. Phormia regina (Meig.), ventral view of genitalia (smaller magni- fication than fig. 201). 203. Phormia regina (Meig.), aedeagus and structures at base. 204. Myiospila meditabunda (Fabr.), lateral view of terminal segments of abdomen. 205. Cynomyia cadaverina Desv., genitalia viewed from below and on left side. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 487 C. cadaverina P.rfgina ^ FP <7Q|-> P. KRina 201 203 P "ei' 204 M. mrditibunda 205 C. cadaverina 4gg CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sek, 206. Stomoxys calcitrans (Linn.), ventral view of genitalia, greatly en- larged. 207. Musca domestica Linn., sedeagus and structures at base, greatly en- larged. 208. Musca domestica Linn., ventral view of hypopygium, showing mem- branous anal portion. 209. Musca domestica Linn., lateral view of genitalia. 210. Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabr.), lateral view of genitalia. 211. Polleniu rudis (Fabr.), lateral view of genitalia. 212. Hylemyia alcathoe (Walk.), ventral view of abdomen. 213. Hylemyia alcathoe (Walk.), lateral view of hypopygium. 214. Scatophaga islandica Beck., fifth sternite. 215. Phorbia fusciceps (Zett.), lateral view of genitalia. 216. Scatophaga stercoraria (Linn.), ninth tergite and cerci. 217. Scatophaga stercoraria (Linn.), sedeagus and adjacent structures. 218. Scatophaga furcata (Say), sedeagus, apodemes, etc. 219. Cordyltira sp., lateral view of terminal segments of abdomen, show- ing unusual claspers on fifth sternite. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 489 219 Cordylur* sp. 217 S. stercoraria 490 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 220. Clusia lateralis Walk., ventral view of genitalia. 221. Lerio cinerea Loew, ventral view of genitalia. 222. Leria serrata (Linn.), lateral view of hypopygium. 223. Helomysa limbata Thorns., ventral view of apical half of abdomen. 224. Calopa frigida Fall., aedeagus and structures adjoining. 225. Anorostoma grandis Darl., ventral view of right side of 10th tergite. 226. Anorostoma grandis Darl., aedeagus, apodemes, etc. 227. Leria crassipes Loew, lateral view of hypopygium. 228. Anorostoma grandis Darl., lateral view of apical portion of ab- domen. 229. Calopa frigida Fall., lateral view of abdomen. 230. Copromysa equina Fall., ventral view of aedeagus and structures on right side. 231. Leria crassipes Loew, aedeagus and structures at its base. 232. Copromysa equina Fall., dorsal view of tip of abdomen. 233. Copromysa equina Fall., ventral view of tip of abdomen. 234. Leptocera atra Adams, aedeagus and apodemes. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 491 J jpoJ. L. Jlra 229 cfrig.d>232 '^■«''"'"* 2.S(3 '^ '''"'"' 284 AQ2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 235. Melina vitalis Cress., ventral view of hypopygium. 236. Tetanocera vicina Macq., lateral view of genitalia. 237. Melina vitalis Cress., aedeagus and adjacent structures. 238. Dictya umbrarum (Linn.), aedeagus and adjacent structures. 239. Rhopalomera femorata (Fabr.), fifth, sixth, and seventh sternites. 240. Rhopalomera femorata (Fabr.), lateral view of hypopygium. 241. Sapromysa sp., ventral view of genitalia. 242. Sapromysa sp., dorsal view of structures connected with aedeagus. 243. Lonchcea polita Say, aedeagus, apodemes, etc. 244. Palloptcra terminalis Loew, lateral view of genitalia, showing re^ markable aedeagus and apodemes. 245. Chrysomyza demandata (Fabr.), aedeagus. 246. Chrysomyza demandata (Fabr.), genitalia, showing base of the aedeagus. 247. Melieria occidentaiis Coq., showing inner side of style, base and apex of aedeagus. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 493 C. demandata M. occidentalis April 27, 1927 494 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 248. Anacampta pyrrhocephala Loew, ventral view of genitalia. 249. Tetanops aldrichi Hendal, lateral view of genitalia, showing only base of sedeagus. 250. Tetanops aldrichi Hendel, ventral view of tip of abdomen. 251. Richardia podagrica (Fabr.), lateral view of hypopygium. 252. Rivellia viridulans Desv., aedeagus. 253. Euaresta cEquaUs Loew, ventral view of genitalia. 254. Anastrepha ludens (Loew), lateral view of proctiger and ninth tergite. 255. Epochra canadensis Loew, latero-ventral view of abdomen. 256. Eutreta sparsa Wied., left side of genitalia. 257. Eutreta sparsa Wied., right side of genitalia. 258. Calobata alesia Walk., abdomen of normal dried specimen. 259. Calobata alesia Walk., abdomen boiled in KOH, with the genitalia and body segments stretched out. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 495 258 259 C alesii 495 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 260. Calohata antennipes Say, lateral view of abdomen. 261. Calohata univitta Walk., lateral view of abdomen. 262. Sepsis violacea var. similis Macq,, lateral view of genitalia. 263. Sepsis violacea Meig., aedeagus and appendages. 264. Piophila casei Linn., lateral view of hypopygium. 265. Diopsis subnotata Westw., ventral view of genitalia, portion of left side cut away. 266. Diopsis subnotata Westw., ninth tergite. 267. Diopsis subnotata Westw., aedeagus, basal framework, and the apodemes (right side cut away). 268. Sphyracephala brevicornis Say, ventral view of genitalia, a part of left side cut away. 269. Chyliza leguminicola Mel., ventral view of genitalia. 270. Chyliza robusta Coq., ventral view of genitalia (aedeagus and ad- jacent structures. 271. Parydra bituberculata Loew, aedeagus and appendages of one side. 272. Ephydra millbrce Jones, lateral view of genitalia. 273. Ochthera mantis (De Geer), ninth tergite and cerci. 274. Ephydra millbrce Jones, latero-ventral view of abdomen. 275. Ochthera mantis (De Geer), ventral view of genitalia. Vol. XVI] COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 497 O. mantis 273 E. miUbrae 498 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 276. Gymnopa tibialis Cress., ventral view of genitalia. 277. Meromysa flavipalpis Mall., aedeagus and adjacent structures. 278. Sinophthalmus pictus Coq., lateral view of hypopygium. 279. Scaptomysa terminalis Lxtew, lateral view of hypopygium. 280. Geomysa lurida (Loew), lateral view of abdomen. 281. Milichia leucogaster Loew, ventral view of genitalia. 282. Agromysa aneiventris Fall., aedeagus and appendages. 283. Leucopis griseola Fall., lateral view of genitalia. 284. Phytomysa obscurella Fall., sedeagus and appendages. 285. Nycteribia pedicular ia Latr., ventral view of genitalia. 286. Nycteribia biarticulata (Herm.), ventral view of genitalia. 287. Olfersia americana (Leach), ventral view of genitalia. Vou XVI J COLE— TWO-WINGED FLIES 499 J. apoJ. j \ .*'' acJ. 276 G. tibialis M. flavipalpis 278 O. americana PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 15, pp. 501-507 April 27, 1927 XV NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN FISHES BY DAVID STARR JORDAN AND BARTON WARREN EVERMANN In the preparation of a revised Check-List of the Fishes of North and Middle America upon which the present writers have been engaged for a number of years (and which is now about ready to send to the printer), it was found necessary to establish several new genera, subgenera, and species, and to provide new names in a few cases where the current names were discovered to be preoccupied. It seems best to publish all these in advance of their appear- ance in the Check-List, which we now do in this paper. L Anchoa Jordan & Evermann, new subgenus of Engraulidse Type: Engraulis compressus Girard. Distinguished from Anchoviella by a much greater number of gillrakers, there being 35 to 50, while in Anchoviella there are only 25 to 40; anal rays 30 or more; body deeper. These characters indicate a transition toward Anchoina. April 27, 1927 5Q2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 2. Hildebrandia Jordan & Evermann, new genus of Congridse Type: Congermurcena ftava Goode & Bean. This genus is well distinguished from Ariosoma and Anago by the long snout, the projecting lower jaw, the very long tail, and the anterior insertion of the dorsal, — far in advance of the gill-opening. The mouth is small and the teeth are in narrow bands. The genus is named for Dr. Samuel F. Hildebrand, joint author with the late Dr. Seth Eugene Meek of excellent treatises on the "Marine Fishes of Panama^" and on the "Fishes of the Freshwaters of Panama.^" 3. Clarkina Jordan & Evermann, new genus of Cyprinidae Type: Cyprinus caurinus Richardson. This genus differs from Richardsonius in the shorter anal fin in which there are only 9 rays. The body is elongate and covered with very small scales of which there are 86 in the lateral line. It is named for our associate, Howard Walton Clark, Assistant Curator of Fishes, California Academy of Sciences. 4. Hudsonius aletes Jordan & Evermann, new species This species is close to Hudsonius heterodon, but differs in the complete lateral line and in having the teeth 2, 4 - 4, 2, It is based upon specimens collected in Switz City Swamp, Greene County, Indiana, by Dr. Charles H. Gilbert and record- ed by him as Notropis heterodon in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1884, 207. 5. Girardinichthys limnurgus Jordan & Evermann, new species This species is related to G. mnominatus Bleeker, but differs from that species in having more fin-rays, there being 23 in • Field Museum of Natural History, Publications Nos. 225 and 226, Parts I and II, Zoological Series, Vol. XV, December 20, 1923, and April 15, 1925. • Field Museum of Natural History, Publication 191, Zoological Series, Vol. X, No. IS, December 28, 1916. Vol. X\-I] JORDAN & EVERMANN—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES 593 the dorsal and 26 in the anal. We base this species upon specimens from Lake Lerma, Mexico, identified as G. innomi- natus Bleeker, by Evermann & Goldsborough, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XXI, 1901 (1902), 149. Type: No. 50229, U. S. Nat. Mus., a specimen 40 mm. long, collected in 1901, by Dr. J. N. Rose, in Lake Lerma, Mexico. 6. Fcrbesella Jordan & Evermann, new genus of Amblyopsidse Type: Chologaster papilliferus Forbes. This genus stands between the original type of Chologaster (C. coTfinhis), well colored and with developed eyes, and the colorless blind fishes of the genera Amhlyopsis of the caves of the central Mississippi Valley. From Chologaster this genus differs in the presence of tac- tile papillae, as in Amhlyopsis. We take great pleasure in naming this new genus for our life-long friend and co-worker on the fishes of the Mississippi Valley, Dr. Stephen Alfred Forbes of the University of Illi- nois, and discoverer of the type species. 7. Hyporhamphus hildebrandi Jordan & Evermann, new species Hyporhamphus roberti Meek & Hildebrand, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Pub. No. 215, Zool. Ser., XV, Pt. I, 239, pi. XVI, fig. 2, Dec. 20, 1923; not of Cuv. & Val., 1846. This species is based upon specimens obtained by Meek and Hildebrand at Toro Point, Fox Bay, Colon, and identified by them with Hemirhamphiis roberti Cuv. & Val., 1846, the type of which came from Cayenne and which is certainly identical with Hemirhamphus iinifasciatus Ranzani, 1842, the type of which came from Brazil. These two nominal species appear to be identical, but the Fox Bay specimens seem to differ in some respects, chiefly in the greater number of gillrakers of which there are 28 to 31, while in H. iinifasciatus there are 504 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. only 20 to 24.' Type: No. ?, Field Museum Nat. Hist., a specimen collected by Meek and Hildebrand at Toro Point, Fox Bay, Colon. 8. Gladiunculus Jordan & Evermann, new subgenus of Gasterosteidse Type: Gasterosteus gladiunculus Kendall=G. bispiiiosus Walbaum, fide Kendall. This subgenus is characterized by the presence of a lobe at the base of the ventral spine, the absence of serrations on the ventral spine, and the incomplete armature, as recently shown by Dr. William Converse Kendall, who has made clear the characters and the synonymy of Gasterosteus bispinosus. 9. Syrictes Jordan & Evermann, new genus of Syngnathidae Type: Syngnathus fuscus Storer. This subgenus includes those species of Syngnathus (typi- fied by Syngnathus fuscus Storer) which have the vent nota- bly behind the most of the dorsal fin, the rays before it being usually 4 or 5, rarely 3. The species of Syrictes, so far as known, are confined to the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. All the species of Syngnathus examined, in- cluding Syngnathus acus from the Mediterranean and 5. schlegeli from Japan, have the first ray of the dorsal fin nearly over the vent. {avpiKTi]%, a piper.) 10. Ptax Jordan & Evermann, new genus of Gempylidae Type: Dicrotus parvipinnis Bean. This genus is characterized by the number of fin-rays; D. XXI, 11; A. II, 8; the number in Promethichthys being D. XVIII, 19-11; A. II, 16. The name Ptax is from irra^, a hare, conejo; a Spanish name of the related Promethichthys prometheus. • This view has been confirmed by Dr. Jacques Pellegin, who examined the types in Paris. Vol. XVI] JORDAN & EVERMANN—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES 505 11. Xurel Jordan & Evermann, new genus of Carangidse Type: Caranx vinctus Jordan & Gilbert. This genus is close to Caranx from which it is distinguished by the high sheath of scales at the base of the dorsal fin, by the low anterior lobe of the dorsal and anal, and by the short, highly arched lateral line. Breast scaly; gillrakers very long and numerous, the last small and blunt. Xurel (Latin, Saurus), a Cuban name of certain Caran- gidae. 12. Carangulus Jordan & Evermann, new subgenus of Carangidae Type: Caranx latus Agassiz. This subgenus differs from Caranx Lacepede (Scomber hippos L.) in having the breast and thoracic region entirely scaled. In Caranx proper this region is naked except for a small rhombic patch of scales before the ventrals. 13. Vivero Jordan & Evermann, new subgenus of Epinephelus Type: Epinephelus morio (Cuv. & Val.) which differs from all other species of Epinephelus in the greater length of the second dorsal spine. 14. Haemulon mowbrayi Jordan & Evermann, new name Substitute for Hcemulon chrysopterum Mowbray, preoc- cupied by Hcemulon chrysopteron Cuv. & Ya\.=( Hcsmulon chrysopterum Giinther). Hcemulon chrysopterum Mowbray, N. Y. Zool. Soc. Bull., XVIII, No. 6, 1298, with figure, 1915, Key West. 205 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 15. Kyphosus metzelaari Jordan & Evermann, new species Type locality: Curagao, Venezuela. This species is very close to Kyphosus elegans of the Pacific, but, according to Metzelaar, the scales are larger, there being 52 in the lateral line while there are 63 in elegans. The teeth are also fewer, "15 in the upper jaw," while in elegans there are "36 in each jaw." 16. Eugerres Jordan & Evermann, new genus of Gerridse Type: Gerres plumieri Cuvier & Valenciennes. This genus is based upon the section Gerres in Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Middle America, 1374, 1898, containing G. lineatus, plumieri, etc., and is characterized by the serrate preorbital and the very strong dorsal and anal spines. 17. Vacuoqua Jordan & Evermann, new genus of Scisenidse Type: Corvina macrops Steindachner. This genus differs from the aberrant Corvula haiabana (type of Carvula) in having a deeper, symmetrical body and the silvery coloration of Bairdiella and related species. 18. Eriscion Jordan & Evermann, new subgenus of Cynoscion (Scisenidae) Type: Cynoscion nebulosus Cuv. & Val. This differs from typical Cynoscion in having the dorsal and anal fins scaleless. 19. Sebastopyr Jordan & Evermann, new genus of Scorpsenidse Type: Sehastodes ruberrimus (Cramer). This genus is allied to Scbastomus, but of much coarser build, the cranial spines in the adult being rough with blunt spinules. Vol. XVI] JORDAN & EVERMANN—NEW GENERA AND SPECIES 507 20. Sebastocarus Jordan & Evermann, new genus of Scorpsenidae Type: Seba^tichthys serriceps Jordan & Gilbert. This genus is closely allied to Sehastichthys from which it differs in the more compressed body and especially in the strict and high ridges on the head, all of them being free from ser- rations or accessory tubercles. 21. Theraps terrabae Jordan & Evermann, new name Type locality: Buenos Aires de Terraba, Costa Rica. Cichlasoma punctatum Meek, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Pub. VII, 210, 1909, Buenos Aires de Terraba, Costa Rica. The name puncta' turn preoccupied in CichlasomcP=Cichlaurus. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 16, pp. 509-515 April 27, 1927 XVI A GEOLOGIC SECTION IN THE CENTER OF THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA* BY J. A. TAFF & G. D. HANNA Associated and Pacific Oil Companies During 1925 the Associated and Pacific Oil Companies drilled three deep test wells in the flat plain of San Joaquin Valley, where the sequence of strata has long- been more or less a matter of general speculation. The wells and their loca- tions are as follows : Well No. Location Depth 1 Sec. 26, T. 15, R. 18 (13 miles S. W. of Fresno) 6042' 1 Sec. 14, T. 15, R. 18 (12 miles S. W. of Fresno) 6884' 1 Sec. 35, T. 13, R. 16 (23 miles west of Fresno) 5737' Careful records were kept throughout the drilling; rotary- equipment and efficient core-barrels were the means whereby a very large numbber of uncontaminated samples of formations were obtained. A study of these samples has enabled us to reconstruct the section with as great, and probably greater accuracy than if it had to be made from surface exposures. • This paper was read before the Berkeley, California, meeting of the LeConte Geological Qub on October 16, 192S. April 27, 1927 510 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Some difference in sequence was found in the three locahties. For instance, the Santa Margarita Miocene was found in the well on Section 35 at 3267-3275 feet; on Section 14, at 3954-3963 feet; on Section 26 at 4352 feet. This and later data show that there is a progressive rising of the strata to the northward, which has no indication on the surface. The formation known as "Big Blue" on the west side of the valley, was identified in all three wells. On Section 26, it was 600 feet thick; on Section 14, 850 feet thick; and on Section 35, 762 feet thick. The lower part of the Miocene differed very much in the well on Section 35, from the other two by having strata, ag- gregating 200 feet which contained organic shales; this con- dition was not found in the wells on Sections 14 and 26, and it is very improbable that it could have been present and missed, considering the thoroughness with which the coring was done. This again illustrates the elusiveness of bedded sands and shales in valley Miocene. Definite Eocene rocks were struck in all three wells, and the upper contact has been placed at 4973 feet on Section 35 ; at 5619 feet on Section 14; and at 5658 feet on Section 26. None of the wells passed out of this formation. Details of the sections in each well follow : Well No. I, Sec. 26, T. 15 S., R. 18 E., M. D. M. Fine-grained shales, sandy shale and coarse sand, gray to brown in color and without organisms were found, from the surface to 4352 feet. At 4226 feet some fragmentary Mollusca were found which were thought to be Etchegoin in age. At 4352 feet definite Santa Margarita strata were encoun- tered, which contained distinctive pectens, oysters and barna- cles. The formation consisted in the main of medium grained sands with only occasional layers of non-fossiliferous shale. At 4691 feet there was entered a zone of dark blue to green, fine-grained clay shale, occasionally becoming a tough choco- late-brown, massive, clay shale. Sometimes these two colors were curiously mixed in the bedding. The material was proba- Vol. XVI] TAFF & HANN A— GEOLOGY OF SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY C^H bly derived from erosion of land areas of serpentine. No fossils were found in it except near the base in this well where a few imperfect impressions of diatoms were seen. The formation so agrees in lithology and position with what has been called "Big Blue" in the Coalinga region that we felt safe in making that correlation. Toward the base the formation became more and more sandy. At 5292 feet a fine grained gray sandstone was struck. Some succeeding layers were of unconsolidated sand, varying in coarseness and consolidation from place to place, and at 5480 feet there was definite conglomerate. This 200 feet of decidedly arenaceous sediments was suc- ceeded at 5508 feet by clay shales again. The color of these was various shades of blue, green and brown, sometimes vari- egated in the same sample. Fossils were practically absent. At 5658 feet there was a decided change in the sedimenta- tion. Greenish gray, coarse grained sandstone, with numerous imperfect remains of what appeared to be fossil algae was found. This indicated lagoon conditions so prevalent in the Eocene that we were convinced here was the beginning of rocks of this age. This determination was corroborated at 5770 feet by the finding of some corals which appeared to be- long to a common Eocene species. At this depth and below, there was much tan and buff colored clay shale. It continued with few interruptions to the bottom of the well, at 6042 feet. Some of this shale, and possibly a great deal, was in the nature of tuff, but did not appear to have been laid down on land. Dips which appeared to be reliable were found as steep as 20°. Above the Eocene the strata were practically horizontal. A recapitulation of the section of this well is as follows : Alluvium, Tulare and Etchegoin Pliocene formations from the surface to 4352' ; Santa Margarita Miocene from 4352' to 4691'; "Big Blue" Miocene from 4691' to 5292'; Probably Vaqueros sands from 5292' to 5508'; Undifferentiated clay shales from 5508' to 5658'; Eocene sands and shales 5658' to 6042'. 512 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Associated Oil Company Well No. I, Sec. 14, T. 15 S., R. 18 E., M. D. M. This well offsets one which is known as Fresno United No. 2, drilled by the Fresno United Oil Company, and in which there was found at about 4000 feet definite Santa Margarita Mollusca. The Associated well was carefully cored and reached the depth of 6857 feet. Bit and ditch samples were collected from a depth of 350 feet to 3534 feet, and, while they were non- fossiliferous, they resembled so closely material from the Tulare and Etchegoin elsewhere in the San Joaquin Valley that such classification was considered reliable. A line of de- marcation between the two could not be definitely drawn. Fine and coarse grained sandstone, sometimes poorly con- solidated, was found from 3810 to 3963 feet, where the first fossils were encountered. These were barnacles and oysters of unquestionable Santa Margarita age. From 3963 feet the color of the standstones varied from blue and brown to gray; at 4135 and 4248 feet, there were numerous fossil leaves and at 4210 feet a piece of a crab. The last Santa Margarita fossils were found at 4353 feet. From 4353 to 5206 feet the sediments consisted chiefly of blue, green and brown fine-grained clay shales, with occasion- ally some layers of sand, especially in the lower part. Some of the cores had vari-colored clays in one sample. They ap- peared to have been derived from erosion of serpentine land areas and the whole formation was considered to be "Big Blue." At 5206 feet a conglomerate was found, some of the igneous pebbles of which were one-and-one-half inches in diameter. Vari-colored sands and sandy shales continued downward to 5338 feet. From 5349 to 5555 feet there was a continuous bed of greenish gray and brown shale, sometimes variegated in the same sample. At 5555 to 5581 feet there was conglomerate with pebbles up to one inch in diameter. The pebbles were composed of various metamorphic and igneous rocks. Various sands and sandy shales continued to 5670 feet. Vol. XVI] TAFF & HANN A— GEOLOGY OF SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY 5^3 At 5670 feet there appeared a coarse grained, buff colored sandstone; buff and tan sands, interbedded with greenish and brownish clay shales continued downward to 6332 feet. At 6360 feet there appeared a hard dark brown, thinly laminated shale, with numerous foraminifera of definite Eocene age. The dip changed between these two formations from about 10° to about 25°, indicating a decided angular unconfonnity. Glauconite and Eocene fish scales were found at 6500 feet where the dip became about 45°. This layer of shale continued downward to 6604 feet. At 6634 feet there was a dark olive gray shale which at 6673 feet had definite Eocene Mollusca. Dark gray sandstones and sandy shales and clay shales con- tinued from 6634 feet to the bottom of the well at 6884 feet. A recapitulation of the section of this well is as follows : Alluvium, Tulare and Etchegoin Pliocene from the surface down to 3963' ; Santa Margarita Miocene, 3963' to 4353'; "Big Blue" Miocene, 4353' to 5206'; Vaqueros? sands, 5206' to 5338'; Undifferentiated clay shales, 5349' to 5555'; Undifferentiated conglomerates and sands probably the base of the Miocene, 5555' to 5670'; Undifferentiated sands and clays, probably Eocene, 5670' to 6332'; Thinly bedded, tough, foraminiferal Eocene shales, 6360' to 6604'; Eocene sands, 6634' to 6884'. Associated Oil Co. Well No. I, Sec. 35, T. 13 S., R. 16 E., M. D. M. (Herminghaus) Bit and core samples were taken in this well from 1837 to 3162 feet the material passed through being various kinds of shale and sandy shale of probably Tulare age. This was fol- lowed by about 50 feet of gray sands which may have been Etchegoin. At 3267 feet the first fossils were found, and these proved to be Santa Margarita oysters. Coarse grained sandstone 514 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. continued down to 3520 feet. It was followed at 3538 feet by a diatomaceous clay shale, which continued to 3552 feet. This shale was unquestionably Miocene in age. At 3588 feet gray sandstones began, which continued inter- rupted only by sandy shales and clay shales of the same color, to 3967 feet. The "Big Blue" began at 3992 feet and as usual was com- posed of massively bedded green, blue and brown clay shales, sometimes variegated in the same sample. At 4217 to 4225 feet, an interbedded olive gray clay shale contained numerous Miocene diatoms. The "Big Blue" continued with only slight variations to 4744 feet. From 4772 to 4973 feet there was found a deposit of very organic, dark brown, thinly bedded shale. Diatoms, foramini- fera and fish remains were abundant. A petroleum residue was found in these samples. The organisms contained in this deposit were of Miocene age, and it is believed to be the equivalent of the diatomaceous shale north of Coalinga, below the Vaqueros Reef and above the Eocene sands. This usually goes under the name of "Kreyenhagen Shale," but appears to be an integral part of the Miocene and certainly not the same as the Kreyenhagen Shale at the type locality on Canoas Creek; this latter is Eocene. In none of the Miocene strata outlined above was a dip of more than 5" found. At 4981 feet a gray sandstone was struck, evidently the top of the Eocene. At 5014 feet a common Eocene Turrit ella and numerous Foraminifera and Mollusca were found in a green- ish gray sandy shale. Much glauconite existed in this imme- diate vicinity and the texture of the rocks was very similar to the outcrops of Eocene shales in Marysville Buttes. Very fossiliferous strata continued downward, there being numer- ous layers with much carbonized wood and other plant re- mains. The last sample came from 5737 feet and showed no indication of a change in formation. A recapitulation of the section of this well is as follows : Alluvium, Tulare and Etchegoin Pliocene from surface down to 3235'; Vol. XVI] TAFF & HANNA— GEOLOGY OF SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY 515 Santa Margarita Miocene, 3267' to 3520'; Miocene Shale, 3538' to 3552'; Undifferentiated Miocene sands, 3588' to 3967'; "Big Blue" Miocene, 3992' to 4744'; Lower Miocene diatomaceous shales, 4772' to 4973'; Eocene sands, sandy shales and clay shales, 4981' to 5737'. After the foregoing report was in proof a fourth well was completed in this general region. It was Associated Oil Com- pany Well No. 1, Sec. 36, T. 13 S., R. 16 E., M. D. M., (Herminghaus) and about half a mile northeast of the one last considered above. Excellent confirmation of the geologic section was obtained. Lower Miocene diatomaceous shales were found from 4790' to 5024', after which Eocene sands and shales with many characteristic fossils were found to the bottom of the well at 5078'. ) It will be noted from the above that the siliceous shales just above the Eocene have been called "lower Miocene." This is done because they have not been definitely identified with the formation on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley mapped as "Kreyenhagen" by Anderson and Pack^ and questionably referred by them to the "Oligocene." *U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 603, 191S. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 17, pp. 517-571, 1 text figure June U, 1927 XVII A REVISION OF THE GENUS ORTHOCARPUS BY DAVID D. KECK Introduction The studies on which this paper is based were carried on in the herbarium at Pomona College under the direction of Dr. Philip A. Munz to whom I am indebted for generous help and suggestions. In addition to the specimens in the Pomona Col- lege Herbarium (Po), there was available material from the Gray Herbarium (G), Rocky Mountain Herbarium (RM), State College of Washington Herbarium (WS) and the Herbarium of Willamette University. After the work at Pomona College was completed there was opportunity to make those additions and corrections found ad- visable after a study of the material in the Herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences (CA), Herbarium of the University of California (UC), and the Dudley Herbarium of Stanford University (St). Miss Alice Eastwood, of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, kindly loaned me her valuable notes on this genus and Dr. H. M. Hall, of the Carnegie In- stitution of Washington, gave various helpful suggestions and criticisms. Several other botanists have kindly sent specimens or valuable notes which have been of much aid in this study. To all of these I wish to express my appreciation. Particular June 11. 1927 513 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Se». thanks are due to the curators of each of the above mentioned herbariums for the privilege of examining or borrowing ma- terial. The abbreviations indicated in the above parentheses are those used in citing specimens. In most cases only a part of the collections studied have been cited. Relationships between Orthocarpus and ALLIED Genera In revising the genus Orthocarpus it was found that two major divisions have been recognized. The annuals consti- tute one definite group and include most of the described species. The longer-lived ones make up the other division. Several apparently distinct species have been described in this latter group most of which have been referred at one time or another to Castilleja. These I propose to incorporate in Cas- tilleja because of their evident relationship. A gradual series can be arranged, leading from O. pilosits Wats., and 0. palles- cens Gray, two species most persistently grouped with the genus Orthocarpus, through 0. psittacimis Eastw., C. longis- pica Nels., C. ambigita Jones, etc., to undoubted species of Castilleja, whereas there is an abrupt break between any of these and the other species of Orthocarpus. Oriliocarpus pal- lescais Gray, has a moderately large, somewhat saccate lower lip, exceeded by the galea by about 3 mm. in which respects it resembles Orthocarpus, but in its calyx with two bifid lobes and in its perennial habit it is like Castilleja. It has been transferred to Castilleja by Greenman. Orthocarpus parryi Gray, is a synonym. Orthocarpus pilosus Wats., transferred to Castilleja by Rydberg, has the characteristic calyx and corolla of Orthocarpus except that the lower lip is very shal- low. Its habit is like Castilleja. Castilleja amhigua Jones, appears very similar to 0. pallescens but is more clearly a Cas- tilleja because of the wide galea, flat lower lip and the long calyx which nearly equals the corolla. Orthocarpus psittacinus Eastw., belongs here and should be referred to Castilleja for the flat lower lip with three long teeth is a characteristic of this group. It is close to O. pilosus. The calyx is 4-cleft into subequal lobes in which respect it resembles Orthocarpus. Ap- parently on account of this calyx character Jepson has placed Vol. XVI] KECK— THE GENUS ORTHOCARPUS 519 C. cinerea Gray, and C. schizotricha Greenm., in Orthocar- pus. The floral characters and habit label these positively as Castillejas, especially C. cinerea, which has a typical Castilleja corolla with short lower lip. The variation in calyx lobing is very marked. One of these transitional species, C. hreviUora Gray, has a rather trisaccate lower lip recalling Orthocarpus, but of the calyx Gray says : "the calyx in flowers of the same spike is sometimes about equally cleft behind and before, and sometimes split in front while the posterior cleft is no deeper than that between the lateral lobes." — Am. Jour. Sci., sen 2, 34:338, 1862. Closely allied species such as C. lutea Heller, C. longispica Nels., C. Hava Wats., are undoubted Castillejas. The corolla characters and bifid calyx of O. mexicamis Hemsl., make it a Castilleja. Several other Castillejas have been described which are in this group. Among them C. arachnoi- dea Greenm., has been transferred to 0. pilosus var. arachnoi- deus Jepson. Since all of the above-named species are peren- nials another bond of relationship is demonstrated between them and Castilleja in which genus the perennial character predominates, whereas in true Orthocarpus the species are all annual. Orthocarpus heldingi Greene, has been put into a new genus as Clevelandia heldingi Greene, It is generically distinct in having a curved, funnel-formed corolla with lower lobes spreading, not saccate, and in having the stamens included in the tube. The genus Orthocarpus as here restricted includes annual herbs with calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft, or cleft before and behind and the divisions 2-lobed; corolla tubular, the galea narrow, not greatly (or not at all) exceeding the con- spicuous, inflated lower lip. Review of Literature on Orthocarpus The genus Orthocarpus was first described by Nuttall, Gen. Am. 2:56, 1818. The name came from two Greek words meaning "straight-fruit" to distinguish this genus from Melampyrum. Nuttall's type species was liiteus which he very carefully described. In 1835 the second contribution to this genus was published by Bentham, Scroph. Ind. 12-13, 1835, in a synopsis in which he described eleven new species and 520 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Psoc. 4th Sei. made one new combination. Among the early contributions of particular value are those of Bentham, PI. Hartw. 329-330, 1839, Walpers, Repert. 3:392-393, 1845, Bentham in DC. Prod. 10:534-537, 1846, Watson, Bot. King's Exp. 457-459, 1871, Gray, in Bot. Calif. 1:575-580, and 2:475-476, 1876, Gray, Syn. Fl. 2:299-302, 1878; 2:452-453, 1886. Watson's treatment, above mentioned, is the most recent synopsis of the genus although Gray's account in the Synoptical Flora is com- plete for the known North American species. Some fifty-five species have been described to date by various authors. The sections for Orthocarpus first appeared in Bentham and Hooker, Genera Plantarum 2, pt. 2:974, 1876, and their treat- ment has been generally followed up to the present time. Phylogeny within the Genus Within the genus Orthocarpus as above limited I propose to recognize twenty-five species, all annuals, of which one is from the Andes Mountains of South America, the other twenty-four from Western North America. Three sections have been recognized by Gray, in Bot. Calif. 1 :575, 577, 578, 1876, who followed Bentham and Hooker, Gen. PI. 2. pt. 2:974, 1876, except that he placed the section Oncorhynchus (Lehm.) Benth. & Hook., under a new section Castillej aides. This treatment has been accepted by subse- quent writers. However, I have found that his section Tri- physaria contains two clearly marked groups and I would pro- pose a new nomenclature recognizing two subgenera, one con- taining three sections, as follows : I, Anthers 2-celled. Subgenus *Euorthocarpus (Benth. & Hook.) n. comb. 1. Bracts green throughout; lower lip 3-saccate. Section 1. Cordylanthoides n. sect. 2. Bracts colored at tips ; lower lip 3-saccate or 3-plicate. Section 2. iCastillejoides Gray. 3. Bracts colored at tips ; lower lip simply-saccate. Section 3. Monosaccus n. sect. II. Anthers 1-celled. Subgenus XTriphysaria (F. & M.) n. comb. •Section Orthocarpus Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 2. pt. 2:974, 1876. ^ Castillejoides Gray, in Bot. Calif. 1:575, 1876. t Genus Triphysaria Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 2:52, 1836. 522 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 4th Se«. The accompanying phylogenetic chart graphically represents the writer's conception of the genus. The subgeneric line drawn does not separate two divergent primitive lines of de- velopment but rather points out that one group of four species has progressed far beyond its probable ancestral origin. These four species compose the small subgenus, Triphysaria, charac- terized principally by the one-celled anthers, which is a return to the original conception for the genus of that name. In addition, each species within it has developed unique floral characters that should be considered highly specialized. To name a few of these we have the deep sacs of the lower lip and the long filaments of floribundus, the unique diminutive corolla of pusillus, the narrow sharp galea of erianthus and Horihundus. It is highly probable that these species had their origin from such a species as campestris in the section Cordy- lanthoides which is remarkable in having the lower cell of the anther vestigial, indicating a reduction in this organ. The subgenus Euortho carpus includes all those species bear- ing two-celled anthers. The sections Cordylanthoides and Castillejoides compose one large group as opposed to the sec- tion Monosaccus. The more primitive of these is Cordylan- thoides, named after the genus Cordylanthus which it resem- bles in having the bracts green throughout. Its five species are closely related and are all yellow-flowered except for one white-flowered variety under lithospermoides. The members of the section Castillejoides are suggestive of these differing principally in having bracts with colored tips. The six species found here, in addition to the colored spike, have a greater de- velopment of the teeth on the lower lip than those of the first section. One of these species, 0. castillejoides, shows an abun- dant variety of forms and is apparently in a very active state of evolution. It is closer to the genus Castilleja than the other species of Orthocarpus and perhaps there is a connection of the two genera through this species. From castillejoides the other species of the section have probably been derived. The third section of this subgenus with its ten species differs from the others in having a lower lip of one sac. The name, Mono- saccus, refers to this characteristic. Another striking differ- ence that is noticeable in all these species except luteus, tolmiei Vol. XVI] KECK— THE GENUS ORTHOCARPUS 523 and purpureo-alhus, is in the bracts which are abruptly differ- ent from the leaves in being very broad, often highly colored, and in most cases chartaceous. Key to the Species A. Anthers 2-celled Subgenus Euorthocarpus B. Corolla more or less 3-saccate ; seed coat loose- fitting (tight-fitting in O. campestris). C. Bracts green throughout ; corolla deeply 3-sac- cate ; galea equaling or barely exceeding lower lip ; teeth inconspicuous §Cordylanthoides D. Lower cell of anthers % or Ys zs long as upper cell ; bracts entire 1. O. campestris DD. Lower cell of anthers not less than half as long as upper cell; bracts cleft into linear or lanceolate lobes. E. Galea finely pubescent or puberulent, not white-villous. F. Lower lip of corolla 5-8 mm. wide... 2. O. lithospermoides FF. Lower lip of corolla 4 mm. wide or less. G. Ventral margins of galea pubescent; sacs of lower lip 3-5 mm. deep ; pistil usually equaling galea 3. O. laccrus GG. Ventral margins of galea glabrous ; sacs of lower lip ca. 2 mm. deep ; pistil not equaling galea 4. O. hispidus EE. Galea densely white-villous 5. O. lasiorhynchus CC. Bracts tipped with purple or yellow ; galea ex- ceeding lower lip ; teeth erect §Castillejoides D. Corolla wider above, lower lip more than 2 mm. deep ; spike usually conspicuous, wider than the spread of leaves. E. Stems pubescent or nearly glabrous ; spike showy. F. Galea nearly straight, pubescent. G. Leaves oblong, more than 3 mm. wide, entire or with rounded teeth ; stems usually ascending; older plants tend to form mats with many long ascending stems. Saline situations 6. O. castillejoides GG. Leaves lanceolate, less than 3 mm. wide, with lanceolate divisions, atten- uate ; stems erect 7. O. dcnsiflorus FF. Galea hooked at tip, densely bearded on back ; stems purple 8. 0. purpurascens EE. Stems villous-pubescent above; spike pale. Sierra Nevada foothills 9. O. lincarilobus 524 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Se«. DD. Corolla linear, lower lip 2 mm. or less deep; teeth Yz as long as lower lip; spike rather inconspicuous. E. Corolla whitish; bracts tipped with yellow; spike slender 10. O. attcituatus • EE. Corolla purplish ; bracts tipped with purple ; spike wider. Andes Mts., S. Am 11. O. laciniatns BB. Corolla simply saccate or nearly so; seed coat tight-fitting or ridged §Monosaccu3 C. Bracts and calyx strongly glandular-pubescent; bracts gradually differing from upper leaves (except in hracteosus) ; style glabrous under the microscope. D. Corolla yellow. E. Leaves pubescent ; corolla pubescent ; galea terminating in a minute hook 12. 0. tuteus EE. Leaves puberulent; corolla glabrous; galea inflexed, cucullate at tip 13. 0. tolmiei DD. Corolla white or purplish. E. Bracts linear, middle lobe 1.5-2 mm. wide; leaves dark green. Rocky Mts 14. 0. purpureo-albus EE. Bracts lanceolate, middle lobe 2.5-3 mm. wide ; leaves light green. Northwest coast 15. O. bracteosus CC. Bracts and calyx not glandular-pubescent; bracts abruptly differing from upper leaves; style finely pubescent under the microscope (glabrous in harbatus). D. Galea pubescent, even at tip. E. Lower bracts prominently margined with flattened white hairs; galea distinctly hooked ; leaves filiform or filiform-lobed, gray-green 16. 0. tcniiif alius EE. Lower bracts not prominently margined with hairs ; galea straight or curved ; leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-lance- olate-lobed, deep green {barbatiis with leaves and bracts as in tenuifolms). F. Galea straight, triangular, tip bearing a bearded tuft of hairs 17. O. barbatus FF. Galea curved, margins inroUing, tip pubescent. G. Corolla 20-25 mm. long ; galea exceeding lower lip by 3-5 mm 18. O. cuspidatus GG. Corolla 12-15 mm. long; galea equaling or exceeding lower lip by less than 2.5 mm 19. 0. copelandi DD. Galea puberulent, glabrate at very tip. Vol. XVI] KECK— THE GENUS ORTHOCARPUS 525 E. Corolla 20-30 mm. long; tip of galea inflexed 1 mm., galea surpassing lower lip 2.5-3 mm. 20. O. pachystachyus EE. Corolla 10-18 mm. long; tip of galea in- flexed 0.5 mm., galea surpassing lower lip ca. 1 mm 21. O. imbricatus AA. Anthers 1-celled Subgenus Triphysaria B. Stamens shorter than galea; each lobe of lower lip less than 1.5 times deeper than long. C. Branches divergent from the erect central axis ; flowers showy, usually conspicuously ex- serted ; galea straight or gradually curved ; bracts pinnatifid. D. Galea purple, herbage pubescent 22. O. erianthus DD. Galea yellowish, herbage glabrous, or puber- ulent within inflorescence 23. 0. faucibarbatus CC. Branches many, weak, ascending from the base ; central axis indistinct; flowers minute, in- conspicuous ; galea sharply curved ; bracts often bipinnatifid 24. 0. pusillus BB. Stamens exceeding galea; each lobe of lower lip a deep sac, 1.5 times deeper than long 25. 0. floribundus Treatment of Species 1. Orthocarpus campestxis Benth., PI. Hartw., 329, 1839. Gray, Syn. FI. 2:302, 1878; 2:302, 1886. Jepson, Man. Calif., 942, 1925. Orthocarpus columbinus Jones, Contr. Western Bot. 8:37, 1898. Stems simple, few- or many-branched, 1-2.5 dm. high, branches slender, the lower very long; herbage glabrous be- low; leaves entire, linear-lanceolate, 1.5-4 cm. long; spike wide, compressed, 2-8 (-10) cm. long; bracts same as the leaves, glabrous, ciliate-margined, or puberulent, 1-2.5 cm. long; calyx strongly hirsute, 2-cleft, each division in turn 2-cleft with lanceolate teeth ; corolla white or yellow, with oc- casional purple markings on sides of galea, 15-25 mm. long, lower lip very ample, abruptly widening from the tube, puberulent, ca. 5 mm. long, 3.5 mm. deep, teeth white, oblong, erect, 1.5-2 mm. long, lower lip villous within at base of teeth; galea straight, narrow, subulate, puberulent, surpassing lower lip 1 mm., 5-6 mm. long; anthers 2-celled, upper cell 4 or 5 times the length of lower one, glabrous, filaments glabrous. 525 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. free ca. 4 mm. ; pistil equaling or slightly exceeding galea, glabrous, stigma globose or somewhat two-lobed ; capsule ovate, brown, shiny, 5-7 mm. long ; seeds many, irregular, nar- row, 0.75 mm. long, coat thin, close-fitting. Distribution: valleys at middle altitudes, sometimes stand- ing in water in marshy places ; occasional from Lake County, Oregon, to Sacramento Valley, California ; probably intro- duced into Santa Clara County. Type locality: Sacramento Valley. OREGON : Riley, Harney County, Cooper in 1014 (WS) ; Button Springs, Lake County, Leiberg ygi (G, WS, UC) ; Swan Lake, Klamath County, Applegate ^go (Applegate Herbarium). CALIFORNIA: Modoc County, Baker in i8pj (G, UC) ; Upper Sacramento, Harhveg IQ02 (probably type collection, G), Stillman (G) ; Goose Valley, Shasta County, Eastzuood Q62 (G, CA) ; Pratt- ville, Jones in i8py, (type collection for 0. columbinus, Po, CA), Coomhes in igo6 (G, CA) ; North Sacramento, Rama^ ley 1 1 240 (UC) ; Butte County ( ?), Summers in 1886 (UC) ; Frenchman's Dam, Santa Clara County, StinchHeld 482 (St). This well defined species seems to be a connecting link between the subgenus Eiiorthocarpus and the subgenus Tri- physaria as regards the anther character which distinguishes these groups. In this species the lower cell of the anther is very small, often apparently infertile, which seems to point out that the one-celled anther group arose from the two-celled through the loss of the lower cell. Orthocarpus columbinus Jones, is genuine campestris. 2. Orthocarpus lithospermoides Benth., Scroph. Ind., 13, 1835. Stems stout, erect, simple or few-branched above, 1.5-5 (-7) dm. high ; herbaceous parts pilose-pubescent ; leaves 2-8 cm. long, entire below, lanceolate or 3-5-7 parted above into linear divisions ; spike heavy, condensed ; bracts same as upper leaves, 10-25 mm. long, 5-10 parted with divergent, attenuate lobes, 5-8 mm. wide at base, about equaling tube of corolla; calyx 8-14 mm. long, cleft half way with 4 subequal attenuate lobes, strongly hirsute; corolla clear yellow or white turning pinkish with age, usually 2 (or 1) purple spots at base of lower lip, 15-25 mm. long, pubescent or puberulus, tube extending be- Vol. XVI] KECK— THE GENUS ORTHOCARPUS 527 yond calyx, lower lip widely expanding from throat, each sac globose or conical, 4-6 mm. deep, 4-6 mm. long, inner margin floccose, teeth oblong, 2-3 mm. long; galea straight, subulate, exceeding lower lip 0.5-3 mm. ; stamens enclosed in galea, fila- ments glabrous or more rarely pubescent, anthers pubescent, 1.5-2 mm. long; pistil included in galea, glabrous, often flat- tened toward the small somewhat 2-lobed stigma; capsule ovate, brown, 5-6 mm. long; seeds many, in thin loose-fitting reticulate coats. A. Corolla clear yellow. Coastal Valleys and foothills from Santa Clara County, California, to southern Oregon 2a. var. typicus AA. Corolla white turning pinkish with age. Valleys, Napa County, Lake County, to Butte County, California 2b. var. bicolor 2a. Orthocarpus lithospermoides var. typicus, nom. nov. Orthocarpus lithospermoides Benth., 1. c. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2:302, 1878; 2:302, 453, 1886. Jepson, Man. Calif., 942, 1925. Distribution : coastal valleys and foothills from southern Oregon to Santa Clara County, California. Type locality: California, probably near San Francisco. OREGON : Glen- dale, Hozvell I24y (in part, WS), in i88/ (UC), Jones in 1902 (Po) ; Grant's Pass, Howell 239 (G). CALIFORNIA : Douglas (probably type collection, G) ; Carlotta, Humboldt County, Hatwver in 1915 (CA) ; Dyerville, Jones in 1924. (Po); Laytonville, Jones in 1924 (Po) ; Ukiah, Jones in 1924 (Po) ; Lakeport, Miinz 98 jy (Po) ; Napa, Heller ^602 (G, St) ; Fairfield, Heller & Brozcn 5370 (RM, St, Po, G) ; Fairfax Meadows, Marin County, Eastwood in 1907 (G, CA) ; N.E. of Mt. Diablo, Brezver 11 32 (G) ; Crystal Springs, Ahrams 2440 (Po, RM, St, G) ; Stan- ford University, Baker 662 (Po, WS, G, CA, UC) ; Saratoga, Pendleton 704 (Po) ; Santa Cruz, Jones in 188 1 (Po) ; Gil- roy, Ferris in 1922 (St). This plant might be confused with the large form of O. lacerus found in Butte County, but the ranges of the two species do not approach each other. The material of variety 523 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th See. typicus shows little variation throughout the range. However, this plant apparently hybridizes readily and material of this kind is not uncommon in herbaria. Experimental work is necessary here to determine the possibilities of hybridization with other species but it apparently crosses with 0. densiflorus var. typicus as found at Stanford University, Baker 66s (Po» G) ; Clear Lake, Ahrams 241Q (St); Potter Valley, Mendo- cino County, Pur pus in i88q (UC) ; Tiburon, Marin County, Brand egee in iQog (in part, UC). Also it apparently hybri- dizes with 0. castillej aides var. typicus as, near Napa, Heller 5601 (G, St) ; Napa Valley, Greene 1961 (G) approaches the hybrid. Another plant from Napa County, Sonne in 1888 (in part, UC), I judge is a cross with 0. purpiirascens var. typi- cus. Plants from the Rogue River watershed, Oregon, have been found which approach 0. hispidus, Glendale, Hozvell 1241 (in part, WS), Henderson 1408 (G) ; Cow Creek Mountains, Cusick 4854 (WS). 2b. Orthocarpus lithospermoides var. bicolor (Heller) Jep- son, Man. Calif., 942, 1925. Orthocarpus bicolor Heller, Muhlenbergia 1 :59, 1904. Orthocarpus rubicundulus Jepson, Man. Calif., 943, 1925. Distribution : valleys from southern Siskiyou County, through Butte County, to Lake and Napa Counties, California. Type lo- cality: Clear Creek, Butte County. ''California", Fremont 4^7, 479 (G), Hartweg (G) ; Hilt, Siskiyou County, Smith in igi^ (CA) ; Goose Valley, Shasta County, Eastzvood g62 (in part, CA) ; Clear Creek, Butte County, Heller & Broiim ^^ip (type collection, Po, St, RM, G), Heller in 191 4 (St) ; 5 mi. N. W. of Hamilton, Glenn County, Heller 11346 (G, CA, St, UC) ; Leesville, Heller 13116 (G, CA, St) ; Indian Valley, N. Lake County, Jepson pool (type of O. rubicundidus, Jepson Her- barium) ; Hough's Springs, Lake County, Heller 12380 (G, St. CA) ; Knoxville Ridge, Jepson 9042 (Po, UC) ; Knox- ville, Baker 2965 (Po, RM, G, CA, UC) ; Calistoga, East- zvood in ipoo (RM); near Petrified Forest, Eastzvood 4589 (CA). This plant was first described by Bentham, PI. Hartw., 329, 1839, from a specimen collected in the Sacramento Valley. He Vol. XVI] KECK— THE GENUS ORTHOCARPUS 529 called it a form of 0. lithospermoides. In the Sacramento Valley the plants are exceedingly robust and the flowers are usually larger than in var. typicus. It was this material that Heller named O. hicolor. In Lake and Napa counties this variety is smaller flowered and the spikes are narrower. How- ever all gradations are found in the herbaria so I can not agree with Jepson that this is a distinct species, 0. rubicundulus. 3. Orthocarpus lacerus Benth., PI. Hartw., 329, 1839. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2:302, 1878; 2:302, 1886. Jepson, Man. Calif., 942, 1925. Orthocarpus brownii Eastw., Bull. Torr. Club 32:210, 1905. Stems rather weak, erect, simple or with ascending branches, 1-3 dm. high, purplish, hirsute-pubescent; leaves linear, 1-5 cm. long, entire or pinnately parted into 3-7 linear divisions, pubescent with occasional glands; spike wider and less compact than in O. hispidiis, 2-15 cm. long, upper flowers divergent and extending beyond tip of spike; bracts 10-20 mm. long, palmately 3-5-7 cleft into subequal linear lobes; calyx cleft almost halfway with 4 subequal, widely lanceolate lobes, 7-10 mm. long on the flower, as much as 12 mm. long on the fruit, half as long as corolla, bracts and calyx pilose, scarcely glandular; corolla deep yellow, usually with two purple dots at base of lower lip, soft-pubescent, 10-18 mm. long, tube twice as long as lower lip and gradually expanding into it; lower lip inflated, 4-5 mm. long, ca. 4 mm. deep, teeth nar- rowly oblong, 1 mm. long; galea subulate, acute, 4-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, pubescent without and within including inner margins, straight; stamens glabrous, anthers 1.5 mm. long, filaments free 4 mm. ; pistil glabrous, longer than in O. hispidiis, ca. equaling tip of galea ; capsule oblong or elliptical, light brown, 5-7 mm. long; seeds many, in a loose-fitting retic- ulate coat. Distribution : common on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains from 3000-7000 feet elevation, southern Oregon to Fresno County, California. Type locality: Sacra- mento Valley. OREGON : Keno, Klamath River, Applegate S9I (G). CALIFORNIA: Hartweg ipoi (probably type collection, G) ; Yreka, Butler 1407 (Po, RM, UC, St), Greene 530 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 828 (G) ; Mt. Eddy, Heller 13260 (G, CA, St) ; Goose Val- ley, Shasta County, Eastwood 752 (G, CA) ; Pitt River, Smith soy (G, CA), 220 (CA) ; Redding, Heller jgog (G, UC, St) ; South YoIIo Bolley, Jepson 1897 (UC) ; Red Clover Valley, Plumas County, Heller & Kennedy 8752 (G, UC, St) ; Prattville, Heller & Kennedy 87^7 (G, St), Coomhes in ipo2 (G, UC) ; Berry Canyon near Clear Creek, Heller & Brozim 545^ (type collection for O. hroimiii, Po, RM, St, G) ; Chico, Bidwell in 1878 (G) ; Nevada City, Eashvood 587 (G, CA) ; Emigrant Gap, Jones in 1882 (Po) ; Auburn, Ames in 1886 (G) ; Cisco, Heller 132Q5 (G, St), Bolander & Kellogg (G) ; Gregory, Jones 243 (G) ; Yosemite, Hall & Babcock 3324 (Po, RM, UC, St) ; North Fork of Kings River, Hall & Chandler I4pa (UC). The three species lacerus, hispidiis and lithospermoides are closely related. Orthocarpns lacerus is very similar in appear- ance to O. lithospermoides in its larger forms but it is more often confused with O. hispidus in the smaller forms. Plants of lacerus when grown in a dry or barren situation will pro- duce flowers that would be small for hispidus. Intermediates between the latter two species occur where their distributions overlap. The collection from Soda Springs, Nevada County, Jones 2^pp (Po), is one of these. Since the size of the corolla varies in the field the most reliable character to distinguish this species from hispidus is the pubescence found within the galea near the margins. 4. Orthocarpus hispidus Benth., Scroph. Ind., 13, 1835. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2:302, 1878; 2:302 and 453, 1886. Jepson, Man. Calif., 942, 1925. Orthocarpus hispidus van tenuis Macb. and Pays., Contr. Gray Herb., n. ser., 49:70, 1917. Orthocarpus tenuis Heller, Muhl. 1 :45, 1904. Orthocarpus falcatus Eastw., Bull. Torr. Club 32:212, 1905. Orthocarpus rarior Suksdorf, Allg. Bot. Zeit. 12 :27, 1906. Triphysaria hispida Rydb., Bull. Torr. Club 40:484, 1913. Stems slender, erect, simple or with few erect branches, hirsute-pubescent, 1-4 dm. high; leaves 1-4 cm. long, pubes- cent, lower linear, entire, upper lanceolate, 3-5 cleft ; spike slender, compact, 3-15 (-20) cm. long, herbage of inflores- Vol. XVI] KECK— THE GENUS ORTHOCARPUS 53 [ cence hirsute to pilose and sometimes slightly glandular, corol- las usually not extending above tip of spike; bracts 10-25 mm. long, ovate, 3-7 cleft into attenuate lobes; calyx 8-10 mm. long, cleft half way before and behind, each lobe cleft into two attenuate teeth; corolla white or yellow, 12-20 mm. long, pubescent, exceeding bract, (upper flowers exserted from spike) lower lip small, 3-4 mm. long, ca. 2 mm. deep, teeth oblong, small ; galea straight or curved, narrow, 4-5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide at base, lanceolate, margins on ventral side glabrous, exceeding lower lip 1-2 mm. ; stamens enclosed in galea, anthers pubescent, 1-1.5 mm. long, filaments naked, free 3-4 mm. ; pistil included in galea, extending as far as lower lip, glabrous; capsule oblong, brown, 5-8 mm. long; seeds numerous, small, brown, in a loose reticulate coat. Distribution : common in valleys to 6000 feet, northern Idaho to nothwestern Nevada; Alaska to southern Oregon; eastern California south to Lake Tahoe ; very rare in southern California. Type locality: banks of the Columbia. IDAHO: Camas Prairie, Blaine County, Machride & Payson 2pir, 3833 (G, RM, CA, UC, Po, St); House Creek, Owyhee County, Nelson & Machride 1770 (RM, G) ; Big Willow, Macbride 121 (G, RM, WS). NEVADA: Humboldt Re- serve, Elko County, Kennedy 42 4^ (G) ; Carson City, Ander- son in 1865 (G) ; Washoe Lake, Jones in iSgy (Po, RM); King's Canyon, Baker 11 28 (Po, RM, CA, UC, G). ALASKA: Skagway, Eastzvood 7j2a (G, CA). VAN- COUVER ISLAND, B.^C: Victoria, Macoun 722 (G). WASHINGTON: Wenatchie region, Brandegee 1023 (G) ; Sprague, Sandberg & Leiberg 153 (G, WS, UC) ; Spokane, Piper in i8p6 (G, WS) ; Falcon Valley, Suksdorf 277P (type collection for 0. rarior, WS, G, UC, St) ; Silver Lake, Hen- derson 2263 (WS). OREGON: Portland, Sheldon S 10829 (Po, G, WS, St) ; Big Meadows, Des Chutes River, Leiberg 507 (G, UC, Po) ; Klamath Lake. Peck Q498 (G). CALI- FORNIA : Yreka, Greene 852 (G) ; Quartz Valley, Butler 1 46 1 (Po, St, UC) ; Goose Valley, Eastzvood 957 (G, CA) ; Lassen's Peak, Jones in 1897 (Po) ; Brush Creek, Butte County, Conger in 1907 (UC) ; Chico, Heller 11309 (G, UC, CA, St) ; Donner Lake, Heller 6907 (type collection for O. tenuis, G, UC, RM, St, Po) ; Greene Valley, San Bernardino 532 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pboc. 4th Ser. County, Shazv & Illingsivorth 65 (St) ; Palomar Mt., Parish 4471 (G, UC, St), 4475 (type for O. falcatns, CA). This species varies in flower color from white to a deep yellow. In general white seems to be the early season flower color while yellow is the late season shade. Plants that are grazed or otherwise injured in the spring are retarded so that they may produce yellow flowers a month or two after the un- injured plants of the field have produced white blooms. A top injury is often responsible for branching which occasionally occurs in this species. The material for O. hispidiis var. tenuis Macb. & Pays., was of this nature. 0. rarior Suksdorf, and O. tenuis Heller, are genuine hispidiis. The Parish collection from Palomar Mt., southern California, which was described as O. falcatus Eastwood, shows only the minor variations one would expect in plants 500 miles out of their range. The fal- cate galea can be duplicated in the plants of the Tahoe region and elsewhere. 5. Orthocarpus lasiorhynchus Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12:82, 1876. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2:302, 1878; 2:302, 1886. Jepson, Man. Calif., 942, 1925. Stems erect, simple or branching from near the base, slen- der, 1-3 (-4) dm. high, hirsute, often purplish; leaves 1-3 cm. long; entire or seldom with 2 or 4 lateral lobes, linear or linear-lanceolate, pubescent, loose spike 2-15 cm. long; bracts 6-12 mm. long; 3-5 parted with linear divisions, soft-hirsute, uppermost tipped with lemon-yellow and almost bearded, calyx 6-12 mm. long; equaling bract, more hispid, cleft into two lobes each with two attenuate teeth, corolla yellow, 12-22 mm. long, twice as long as calyx and bract, tube slender, glabrate or pilose-pubescent, abruptly expanding into lower lip which is glabrous or glabrate, inflated, 4-5 mm. deep, 6-7 mm. long, teeth bearded, 2 mm. long, erect but not exceeding the protruding lower lip; galea straight, narrow, bearded, ex- ceeding lower lip 2 mm. ; capsule 6-9 mm. long, elliptical, light brown ; seeds many, in loose-fitting alveolar coats. Distribution: montane, 4000-6500 feet; southern California from the eastern half of the San Bernardino Mountains to the Vol. XVI] KECK— THE GENUS ORTHOCARPUS 533 Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego County; southwestern Ari- zona. Type locality: Mohave River, north slope of the San Bernardino Mountains. Southern Cahfornia, Parry & Lemmon 318 (G) ; Mohave River, Palmer 51 j (type, G) ; Little Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains, Parish 482 (G, UC), lop^o (UC, St) ; Fish Camp, San Bernardino Mountains, Johnston 2pi6 (Po, RM) ; Green Valley, San Bernardino Mountains, Chandler in i8py (UC) ; Big Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains, Parish 482 (G), lop^i, 3766 (G, UC, St), 3048 (UC), Wilder 760 (Po), Ahrams 2107 (Po, St), Harzvood 4376 (Po, RM), Edwards in IQ16 (Po), Pierce in ip22 (Po) ; San Bernardino Mountains, Hall looi (RM), 1302 (UC), Wright 246 (G) ; San Jacinto Mountains, Hall 649 (UC, St), Parish 482 (St) ; Cuyamaca Valley, Greene 408 (G). ARIZONA: Valley of the Hassay- ampa, Palmer 313 (UC). The center of distribution is in the eastern half of the San Bernardino Mountains. It has rarely been collected at other stations. The species is distinct from the others of its section and is a constant one in the field. 6. Orthocarpus castillejoides Benth., Scroph. Ind., 13, 1835. Annual or occasionally biennial herbs with simple erect stems or corymbosely branched with many ascending or de- cumbent branches often 0.5-1 m. long, plant usually 1-3.5 dm. high, stems puberulent to hirsute; leaves lanceolate to oblong (or ovate), acute or obtuse, 1-5 cm. long, pinnately toothed with 1 or 2 pairs of rather short lanceolate lobes above, entire below, scabridus-puberulent ; spike often sub- capitate, terete, or extended becoming more lax below, 3-8 (-12) cm. long; bracts green or upper ones tipped with yellow or purple, oblong to ovate in outline, 14-22 mm. long, palm- ately cleft into 2-8 lateral lobes usually obtuse or truncate; calyx 12-20 mm. long, deeply parted in back, cleft in front, each lobe bearing a pair of linear attenuate or rounded teeth, villous, tipped with color as the bracts; corolla yellow with purple markings, 14-25 mm. long, exceeding bract and calyx, tube sparingly hirsute, gradually expanding into lower lip; lower lip shallowly, or rather deeply, 3-saccate, 4-6 mm. long June 11. 1927 534 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. not including erect obtuse purple (sometimes yellow) teeth, 1-3 mm. long; galea straight or slightly curved, exceeding lower lip 2-4 mm., margins membranous, tip obtuse; stamens inserted in the galea, filaments glabrous, anther-cells sparsely ciliate; pistil glabrous, stigma exserted from tip of galea, capi- tate or slightly 2-lobed; capsule brown, elliptical, 8-12 mm. long ; seeds many, large, yellowish, enclosed in loose reticulate coats. A. Bracts tipped with white or yellow or pinkish ; lower lip of corolla yellow with purple dots. B. Leaves usually widely lanceolate; spike terete 6a. var. typicus BB. Leaves oval or elliptical, broader and shorter than var. typicus; spike compressed to a wide subcapitate inflorescence 6b. var. insalutatus AA. Bracts tipped with purple ; lower lip of corolla purple with outer third yellowish. Humboldt County 6c. var. humboldtiensis 6a. Orthocarpus castillejoides var. typicus, nom. nov. Orthocarpus castillejoides Benth., 1. c. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 :300, 1878; 2:300, 1886. Jepson, Man. Calif., 943, 1925. Ortho- carpus maculatus Eastw., Bull. Torr. Club, 32:210, 1905. Orthocarpus longispicatus Elmer, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 41 :317, 1906. Distribution : saline soils along the coast from Vancouver Island, B. C, to Monterey County, California. Type locality: California, probably San Francisco or Monterey. VAN- COUVER ISLAND: Alberni, Hetiry in 1916 (CA). WASHINGTON: Everett, Piper 4987 (WS, G) ; Copalis, Conard 385 (WS, G). OREGON: Astoria, Cooper (G) ; Yaquima Bay, Lawrence 1822 (St) ; Bandon, Peck pooi (G). CALIFORNIA: Douglas (probably type collection, G) ; Peb- ble Beach, Del Norte County, Parks 8261 (UC) ; Humboldt County, Holnian in 192^ (UC) ; Fort Bragg, Eastwood in ipo2 (type for O. maculatus, CA) ; Duncan's Mills, Jones in 1882 (Po) ; Point Reyes P. O., Elmer 4938 (type collection for O. longispicatus, Po, CA, St) ; Vallejo, Greene 165 (G) ; San Francisco, Kellogg in 1866 (G, UC) ; Moss Beach, Bran- degee in 1905 (G, RM, UC) ; Monterey, Hall 10068 (G, UC). Vol. XVI] KECK— THE GENUS ORTHOCARPUS 535 This species more closely resembles the genus Castilleja than any other Orthocarpus here treated. It includes the rankest growing representatives of the genus and among the marsh plants especially, many times it has been mistaken for a Cas- tilleja on account of the spreading habit, truncate bracts and inconspicuous flowers. Also the plants actually growing in water occasionally produce a biennial root which confuses these with members of the genus Castilleja. This species is the most difficult within the genus for the taxonomist to han- dle for it is extremely variable. Each colony seems to produce a unique fonn of its own. Many of these are certainly eco- logical for the species grows in various saline soils along the coast and some of the plants actually grow in the salt water. In herbaria the most common form is the plant with decum- bent branches and with a conspicuous lower lip on the flowers. In this treatment I recognize two varieties in addition to typi- cus because of their geographic isolation and the constancy and the importance of their characters. A large number of minor variations exist in the species. Orthocarpus maculatus East- wood, is a synonym, the type being one of the commoner fornis of this variety. Orthocarpus longispicatus Elmer, seems to me to be an ecological form and since Elmer's one collection is all I have seen of this I do not give it a higher rank though it looks quite different from the rest. Specimens from Noyo, Mendocino Connty, Bolander <55Je. Since Gray's name has priority the variety is accredited as (Gray) Jepson. 5^ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pboc. 4th Ser. Distribution : open fields, Mariposa County to Tulare Coun- ty, west to eastern Monterey County, California. Type lo- cality: plains of Fresno County. Danah Road, Mariposa County, Congdon in i88p (G, St) ; Snow Creek Road, Cong- don in 1886 (G) ; Mariposa County, Congdon in i88p (G) ; Pollasky, Heller 8i6p (type collection for O. micranthns, G, St, UC, CA) ; plains of Fresno County, Green in 1884 (type collection, G, UC) ; Big Sandy Creek, Fresno County, McDonald in 191 5 (CA) ; Priest Valley, Monterey County, Eastzvood in i8pj (UC) ; Jolon, Eastwood 4086 (G, CA) ; Santa Lucia Mountains, Ferris 1802 (St) ; Badger Road, Tu- lare County, Kelley in ipip (UC) ; Three Rivers, Abrams loygp (Po); Lindsay, Munz 904s (Po); Porterville, Kelley in J 92 2 (CA) ; Richgrove, Munz go is (Po). 23. Orthocarpus faucibarbatus Gray, Pacif. Rail. Rep. 4:121, 1856. Syn. Fl. 2:302, 1878; 2:302, 1886. Jepson, Man. Calif., 941, 1925. Orthocarpus erianthus var. laevis Gray, Syn. Fl. 2:453, 1886. Stems 1-4.5 (-6) dm. high, simple or usually corymbosely branched, straw-colored, glabrous or nearly so to the inflores- cence where they become puberulent; leaves 2-8 cm. long; bracts and calyx similar to those of the preceding species; corolla clear yellow or whitish often fading pinkish, galea lighter than in the preceding, yellowish on the ridge becoming purple toward the margins, lower lip yellow or white with 6-12 purple dots on each margin, tube slender, densely pubescent, lower lip varies from 2-4 mm. deep, bearded within, teeth less than 1 mm. long ; other characters similar to those of the pre- ceding species. Distribution : coastal valleys from southern Oregon to Mon- terey County, California. Type locality: Corte Madera, Marin County, California. OREGON : between Bandon and Langlois, Abrams & Benson 10635 (RM, St). CALI- FORNIA: Crescent City, Howell 1469 (RM) ; Trinidad, Tracy 323^ (UC) ; Humboldt Bay, Chandler iioi (G, UC, Vol. XVI] KECK— THE GENUS ORTHOCARPUS 557 St) ; Noyo, Bolander 65^? (G, UC) ; Willits, Jones in 1924 (Po) ; Fort Ross, Heller 6607 (G, Po, RM, UC, St) ; Calis- toga, Baker 26^2 (Po, CA, G, UC) ; Santa Rosa, Heller & Brozm 5292 (Po, RM, G, St); Vallejo, Greene j/p (G) ; Lagunitas, Eastwood 42 (G) ; Corte Madera, Bigelow in 1854 (type, G), Heller 7365 (RM, G, St, UC) ; San Francisco, Jones 3267 (Po, CA, RM) ; Mission Hills, Bolander 6301 (G) ; W. of Watsonville, Baker 1955 (Po, UC, CA, RM, G) ; Castroville, Elmer 4474 (Po, CA, St). Gray, who first described this species, later reduced it to a variety under O. erianthus. Indeed this plant is closely related to erianthus, but here it is retained as a separate species be- cause it differs in several specific characters, whereas the varieties of erianthus here recognized are based upon fewer differences. The two species most closely approach each other through O. erianthus van roseus. In British Columbia, where this species has probably been an introduction, it approaches that variety. The British Columbia plants are smaller than the California material: Victoria, Henry 6^01 (RM) ; Oak Bay, Vancouver Island, Anderson in i8p6 (WS), Macoun 87709 (G), Gardner in ipoi (UC). 24. Orthocarpus pusillus Benth., Scroph. Ind., 12, 1835. A slender plant, 4-20 x:m. high, with many weak ascending branches from the base, main stem obscure, herbage hispidu- lous-pubescent, with a purplish cast; leaves linear, 10-30 mm. long, with 2-8 lateral filiform divisions; spike elongated, often flowering from base of stem, flowers scattered; bracts 5-12 mm. long, once or twice pinnatifid with 3-7 filiform divi- sions, exceeding the flowers; calyx 5-7 mm. long with 4 sub- equal attenuate teeth, becoming papery on the fruit; corolla red-purple, occasionally yellow, 4-6 mm. long, inconspicuous, early shed off expanding ovary, tube yellowish, glabrous, lower lip nearly glabrous, 1.5-2 mm. long, shallow, trisaccate, teeth inconspicuous; galea uncinate, exceeding lower lip 0.5 mm., sparingly pubescent; anthers early exserted from galea, 0.5 mm. long, somewhat pubescent, filaments free 568 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 1-1.5 mm.; style glabrous, stigma capitate; capsule 4-6 mm. long, subspherical, flattened, light brown; seeds many, black, with tight-fitting reticulate coat. A. Herbage deep green becoming purplish 24a. var. typicus AA. Herbage a bright yellow-green, not at all purplish 24b. var. densiusculus 24a. Orthocarpus pusillus var. typicus, nom. no v. Orthocarpus pusillus Benth., 1. c. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2:301, 1878; 2:301, 453, 1886. Jepson, Man. Calif., 940, 1925. Herbage deep green becoming purplish, often giving a pur- plish cast to the grassy places where it grows. Distribution : British Columbia to San Luis Obispo County, California. Type locality: probably near San Francisco or Mon- terey, California. BRITISH COLUMBIA : Cedar Hill, Ander- son 6po (WS) ; Cowichan Lake, Anderson 6qi (WS) ; Vic- tona.,Henry 6300 (RM,CA). WASHINGTON : Prairie, F/^'ff in 1896 (WS) ; Seattle, Piper in 1892 (G, WS) ; Port Town- send, Elmer 2592 (WS, Po, St) ; Westport, Grant in 1919 (G); Montesano, Heller 3877 (WS, G, UC, RM). ORE- GON: Portland, Sheldon in 1902 (Po, G, St, WS) ; Salem, Nelson 2 161, 1074 (G) ; Sauvies Island, Hozvell in 1876 (Po), in 1893 (RM, UC) ; Cow Creek, Douglas County, Abranis & Benson 10468 (St) ; Port Orford, Peck 9064 (G) ; Grant's Pass, Prescott in 1912 (G, St). CALIFORNIA: Douglas (probably type collection, G) ; Eureka, Tracy 2166 (G, UC), 2167 (UC) ; Cherokee Mine, Butte County, Heller 13106 (G, CA) ; Auburn, Ames in 1895, ^'^ 1886, in 1891 (G) ; Sacramento, Baker in 1900 (UC) ; Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras County, Blaisdell (G, CA) ; Ukiah, Jones in 1924 (Po) ; Bennett Valley, S. E. of Santa Rosa, Heller & Broimt 5230 (Po, St, G, RM) ; Fairfax, Michener & Bioletti in 1892 (RM, St, UC); Mt. Diablo, Chandler 945 (Po, UC) ; San Francisco, Heller 8440 (G, St) ; Stanford University, Baker 498 (Po, WS, UC, RM, G); Castroville, Heller 8490 (G, St) ; 10 mi. E. of Morro, Muns & Keck 10203 (Po). Vol. XVI] KECK—THE GENUS ORTHOCARPUS 559 This plant seems undoubtedly to hybridize with O. erian- thus. One of these apparent hybrids is from Navarro, Men- docino County, Byxbee in i8p§ (UC). (See discussion under O. erianthns var, gratiosus.) 24b. Orthocarpus pusillus var. densiusculus (Gdgr.), comb, nov. Orthocarpus densiusculus Gdgr., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66:218, 1919. Herbage distinctly yellow-green, otherwise as var. typicus. Type collection the only material seen, taken on dry low ground, Bingen, W. Klickitat County, Washington, Suksdorf 3013 (WS, St). 25. Orthocarpus floribundus Benth., Scroph. Ind., 12, 1835. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2:301, 1878; 2:301, 453, 1886. Jepson, Man. Calif., 940, 1925. Stems erect, 1-3 dm. high, corymbosely branched from near the base, yellowish brown, sparingly pubescent; leaves 10-40 mm. long, pinnate above with many filiform divisions, nearly glabrous; spike compact, short, 1-5 (-10) cm. long; bracts 4-12 mm. long, pinnately 3-7 parted with linear attenu- ate lobes, scabridulus-puberulent, equaling tube of corolla be- low, only equaling calyx above; calyx 4-6 mm. long, cleft half way into two lobes, each lobe again cleft into a pair of acute teeth, usually glabrous except for scabridulus margins of teeth; corolla white or cream-colored, 10-14 mm. long, gla- brous except for beard within lower lip, tube twice as long as calyx, lower lip with 3 divergent oblong sacs 2 mm. deep; galea equaling lower lip before the sacs reflex, papery, ex- panded, obtuse, slightly reflexed ; stamens exserted from galea extending beyond its tip, anthers undulate, reflexed, ciliate, ca. 1 mm. long, filaments glabrous, equaling galea, stigma small, capitate; capsule brown, ovate, 4-5 mm. long; seeds many, black with tight-fitting reticulate coat. Distribution : common in the fields of San Francisco and vicinity. Type locality: probably near San Francisco. CALI- 570 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. FORNIA: Douglas (probably type collection, G) ; Pt. Reyes, Marin County, Eastzvood in IQ06, 47 76 (CA) ; San Francisco, Jones 3269 (Po, CA), Heller 6595 (RM, Po, G, St, UC), Kellogg & Harford 698 (G, CA), Congdon in 188 1 (St, UC), Rattan in 1878, in 1884, in 1886 (St) ; Colma, M.K.C. 68 (St); San Bruno Mountain, Ferris 2134 (St), Eastwood in 1919 (CA) ; South San Francisco, Elmer 4522 (Po, CA, St), Baker 346 (Po, G, UC, WS, CA, RM) ; Lake San An- dreas, Abrams 2321 (Po, St, G), Baker 1926 (Po, UC, RM) ; Millbrae, Davy 1028 (UC) ; Burlingame, Eastwood in 1915 (CA) ; Belmont, Dudley in 1897 (St) ; Seal Cave, Dudley in 1900 (St). Excluded or Doubtful Species 1. Orthocarpus pallescens Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, 34:339, \S62,=Castilleja pallescens Greenman, Bot. Gaz. 25 :266, 1898. 2. Orthocarpus parryi Gray, Am. Natural. 8:214, 1874,= Castilleja pallescens Greenman, 1. c. 3. Orthocarpus pilosus Wats., Bot. King's Exp., 231, 459, lS7\,=Castilleja pilosa Rydb., Mem. N. Y. Bot. Card. 1 :361, 1900. 4. Orthocarpus psittacinus Eastw., Bull. Torr. Club 29:78, 1 902,=Castilleja. 5. Orthocarpus cinereus Jepson, Man. Calif., 939, 1925,= Castilleja cinerea Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19:93, 1883. 6. Orthocarpus schisotrichus Jepson, Man. Calif., 940, \92S,=Castilleja schizotricha Greenm., Bot. Gaz. 53:511, 1912. 7. Orthocarpus pilosus var. monensis Jepson, Man. Calif., 940, 1925, is probably a variety under Castilleja pilosa Rydb., 1. c. I have not studied any material of this variety. 8. Orthocarpus pilosus var. arachnoideus Jepson, Man. Calif., 940, l925,=CastUleja arachnoidea Greenm., Bot. Gaz. 53:510, 1912. Vol. XVI] KECK— THE GENUS ORTHOCARPUS ^J\ 9. Orthocarptis mexicanus HemsL, Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 2 :463, \SS2,=CastUleja. 10. Orthocarpus beldingi Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad., ser. 1, 3:123, 18S5 ,=Clevelandia beldingi Greene, ex Brandegee, Proc. Calif. Acad., ser. 2, 3:157, 1891. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 18, pp. 573-604 June 11, 1927 XVIII A CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE NORTH AMERICAN CONOPID^ (DIPTERA) BY M. C. VAN DUZEE Buffalo, N. Y. In presenting the following tables and descriptions of species I wish to express my doubts as to the validity of sev- eral of the older species and to suggest the possibility that one or more of the new forms may later prove to be synonymous with previously described species. In many cases there seem to be very few characters in the males by which they can be separated with any certainty. The genital plate on the venter of the abdomen of the female, which faces the large apical genital segment, seems to pre- sent reliable characters by which to separate the females. These characters have been used largely in the tables of On- comyia and Zodion. The proportionate length of the antennal joints is also used in many cases. In the genus Zodion the markings of the thorax, the color of the pollen on the thorax and abdomen and the color of the front have been used, although as yet we cannot be sure of the limits of variation of these in the same species. The tables of Conops and Physoce- phala are based largely upon color characters. The former follows Krober's table of North American species, but is changed so as to include the new forms and, in some cases, to correct what seems to be a misunderstanding of a described June 11, 1927 C74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES [Pboc. 4th Ser. species. The table of Zodion is based on that of Mr. Nathan Banks but there are many changes to include species not in his table, mostly forms described here. Most of the species described as new are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, which it was my privilege to study during the winter of 1925-26. In the list of species the name of the person placing a name as a synonym is included in parentheses. Where the form "(Aldrich Cat.)" is used the reader should refer to that work for the authority for the synonym. 1. Conops foxi Van Duzee, new species Female : Length 7 mm. occiput, thorax, abdomen, coxae, femora, apical half of tibiae and all tarsi black; face yellow, facial grooves tinged with black; cheeks with a black spot, sometimes wanting; facial and posterior orbits with a narrow line of silvery, yellowish white pollen, which widens on upper part of face, extends narrowly on lower half of front, and does not reach the vertex on the posterior orbits ; proboscis black, one and a half times as long as the head; antennae black, its joints as 1-2.5-1.5; a narrow line on side of the humeri, a triangular spot on sternopleurae, sides and upper edge of metanotum, anterior surface of fore coxae and outer surface of fore and middle tibiae covered with silvery yellowish white pollen. Abdomen with tip of second and base of third segment yellow; narrow apical margins of third, fourth and fifth segments and posterior surface of sixth covered with yellowish white pollen. Bases and tips of femora, basal half of tibiae, halteres and pulvilli yellow; claws reddish, tips black. The brown wing stripe extends from the costa to third vein and darkens the two basal cells and the base of first posterior cell; a brown cloud in front of fifth vein fills more than half of discal cell as far as the anterior cross-vein ; the posterior part of wing dark grayish, the brown shading into it. Type: Female, No. 2397, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by C. L. Fox, July 11, 1925, at Pullman, Washington. Two para- types were taken at the same time as the type, and one para- type was taken at Metaline Falls, Washington, August 1, 1925, by Mr. Fox. 2. Conops argentifacies Van Duzee, new species Female : Length 10 mm. Face, front and cheeks yellow, without spots or lines, except a slight blackish spot around ocelli and at base of an- tennae, vertex reddish yellow, somewhat shining; facial grooves, a wide border on facial orbits, extending narrowly up the frontal orbits and Vol. XVI] VAN DUZEE— NORTH AMERICAN CONOPIDJE 575 along the cheeks and forming a rather wide border on posterior orbits, but not reaching the vertex, silvery white pollinose. Antennae black, first joint red, the joints about as 1.5-3-2, style short, black, abruptly nar- rowed into a spine-like tip, which is shorter than the thick part, the pro- jection at base oval, not as long as width of style; proboscis black, one and a fourth times as long as the head. Thorax, abdomen, coxae and femora reddish ; three confluent stripes on mesonotum, a spot on sternopleurse, one above hind coxa, a spot in front of halteres and posterior surface of metanotum, black; mesonotum with white pollen ; a small spot on inner side of humeri a spot on each side of metanotum and extending around the black of posterior surface, a faint stripe from middle coxae to root of wing, front of fore coxae and outer surface of fore and middle tibiae, silvery white pollinose. All hairs of thorax, abdomen and legs black; first abdominal segment blackish at base ; third segment yellow on basal third, black above on apical two thirds, except a narrow hind border; fourth widely, fifth narrowly blackened at base above; ventral plate on fifth segment large and black; narrow apical margin of third segment, apical half of fourth, all but base of fifth and whole of sixth segment, white pollinose. Tibiae yellow on basal half, fore and middle ones darkened at tip, especially below; pos- terior ones with apical third black ; tarsi wholly black ; pulvilli and claws yellow, tips of claws black; halteres pale yellow. Wings tinged with yellowish gray; the brown stripe fills the space be- tween the first and third veins ; there is a slight brown stripe in first posterior cell at base, along the spurious vein and in front of fifth and sixth veins ; the petiole of first posterior and anal cells are of equal length. A female, taken three days earlier at the same place, differs from that described only in having the petiole of first posterior cell shorter than that of anal cell, in having the pulvilli brown, second antenrial joint reddish below, pollen of ab- domen golden yellow and the ventral plate on fifth segnnent reddish. Am calling this Variety A. Type: No. 2398, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by C. L. Fox, July 18, 1925, at Lewiston, Idaho, 3. Conops fraterculus Van Duzee, new species Male and female : Length 8.5-9 mm. Face, front and cheeks yellow, vertex and occiput more reddish yellow, shining; a wide stripe on facial orbits, extending narrowly up the frontal orbits' and rather narrowly up the posterior orbits, but not reaching the vertex, silvery white pollinose; first and second antennal joints reddish, tip of second and third joint cj^ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. black, antennal joints as 1-2.5-1.6; style short, blackish, tapering into a short yellowish bristle, projection at base small, rounded; proboscis black, one and a fourth times as long as the head. Thorax reddish yellow ; three confluent stripes on dorsum, a spot on sternopleurae, a small spot above hind coxae, a mark in front of halteres and posterior surface of metanotum, except upper edge, black; dorsum of thorax with white pollen ; a small spot back of humeri, a spot in front of the base of the halteres, a margin surrounding the black of the metano- tum and the sternopleurae, silvery white pollinose. Abdomen reddish ; a spot on first segment, a large spot on posterior half of third segment which is divided by a reddish line, a spot on dorsum of fourth and a nar- row mark on fifth, black; base of third segment yellow; narrow hind margins on third and fourth segments, apical half of fifth and whole of sixth covered with whitish pollen ; ventral plate of female reddish ; coxae, femora and tibiae yellow ; tips of fore and middle tibiae blackened on one side, hind tibiae with apical fourth black; pulvilli and claws yellow, tips of claws black; all hairs and bristles on body and legs black. Wings grayish; the usual brown stripe extends from first vein to third; a narrow brown streak in front of the spurious, fifth and sixth veins; petiole of first posterior cell a little shorter than that of anal cell ; male with the dorsum of fourth and fifth abdominal segments largely black; third with a large black spot above. The ventral plate of female long, reddish, with a large, black, reticulated surface on posterior side at tip. One female has the pollen of the head and abdomen more golden yellow. Type: Female, No. 2399, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by C. L. Fox, July 17, 1925, at Lewiston, Idaho; Allotype, male, No. 2400, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by J. G. Grundel, in Stanislaus Co., California, in August ; and one paratype was taken at Lewiston, Idaho, July 21, 1925. 4. Conops rubicundulus Van Duzee, new species Female: Length 10-13 mm. Face, front, cheeks and most of tibiae yellow ; pollen on facial grooves silvery white, that on the orbits and tibiae pale golden yellow; antennae black, lower part of first joint yellow and lower edge of second reddish, joints of antennae as 1.3-3.5-2; style short, tapering to a bristle-like point, projection at base small, rounded at tip; proboscis black, a little longer than the head. Thorax, abdomen, coxae, femora and anterior surface of middle tibiae at tip, reddish; three confluent stripes on mesonotum, a spot on sternopleurae, a spot above hind coxae, a curved line in front of halteres, posterior surface of metanotum, except upper edge, a large spot on posterior surface of fore and middle tibiae, apical third of hind tibiae, all tarsi and base of first abdominal seg- ment, black (in one specimen there are two black spots on the dorsum of third segment); dorsum of thorax white pollinose; a spot inside of Vol. XVI] VAN DUZEE— NORTH AMERICAN CONOPIDJE 577 humeri, the sternopleurae, a spot in front of halteres a border around the black of the metanotum, outer surface of all coxae and the first ab- dominal segment, silvery white pollinose ; narrow apical margin of third abdominal segment, apical half of fourth, fifth except a narrow base and whole of sixth segment covered with pale golden yellow pollen ; ventral plate reddish, of moderate size ; pulvilli and claws yellow, tips of claws black; halteres pale yellow. Wings grayish ; the brown stripe extends from the first vein to third vein, it is produced forward more or less beyond the tip of the auxiliary vein and backward into the base of first posterior cell, leaving the cell in front of anterior cross-vein clear; a brown cloud in front of fifth vein and one in front of sixth vein, which shades the basal half of last pos- terior cell a little. Described from three females. Type: Female, No. 2401, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by C. L. Fox, July 16, 1925, at Lewiston, Idaho. Tw^o paratypes were taken at the same location on July 15-17, 1925. Table of the North American species of Conops 1. Front wholly black or brown 2 — . Front wholly or partly yellow or yellowish brown 11 2. Face wholly black; brown of wing reaching as far as third longi- tudinal vein; sixth and seventh veins clouded, (Mexico). male of formosus Krober — . Face wholly or partly yellow, sometimes more yellowish brown. 3 3. Large species, 18-25 mm. ; deep black with blackish brown wing stripe magnus Williston — . Smaller species 4 4. Wings tinged with gray, with a quadrate brown spot; third an- tennal joint as long as first and second taken together, (Mexico) parvus Williston — . Wings without such a spot, having the usual brown stripe 5 5. Wing stripe not very sharply defined 6 — . Wing stripe sharply limited 7 6. Wings almost wholly tinged with black; front metallic black; third antennal joint shorter than second, (North America) (following Krober) hrachyrhynchus Macquart — . Wing stripe reaching third vein and covering the two basal cells and base of first posterior cell ; a brown cloud in front of fifth vein fills more than half of discal cell as far as anterior cross-vein ; posterior part of wing dark grayish, the brown shading into it; antennal joints as 2-5-3, (Washington) foxi Van Duzee 7. Wings with a hyaline cross-band reaching from the costa to the cross-veins, tip of wing clouded 8 — . Wings with the usual brown stripe unbroken 9 C78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4Tn Ser. 8. Abdominal segments with pale posterior margins; wing stripe not reaching beyond fourth vein, except a narrow streak along fifth vein; second and third antennal joints of about equal length, (Eastern) sylvosus Williston — . Abdominal segments without pale bands; wing stripe reaching fifth vein; third antennal joint one and a half times as long as second, (Arizona) ariisonicns Banks 9. Wing stripe reaching third vein, behind which the wing is sub- hyaline, except a streak in front of fifth vein, (Mexico).... discalis Williston — . Wing stripe reaching beyond third vein 10 10. Third antennal joint about equal to second in length, (Eastern) biilbirostris Loew — . Third antennal joint two-thirds as long as second, (Mexico) mexicanus Krober 11. Front with a blackish cross-band and a median, vertical line which forks at the base of the antenna; 12 — . Front without a distinct, forked median line, sometimes more or less uniformly infuscated 15 12. Wing stripe in great part reddish yellow, (West Indies; Caro- lina) pictus Fabricius — . Wing stripe brown or blackish, not reddish 13 13. Wing stripe reaching fourth vein, (Mexico) soror Krober — . Wing stripe not reaching beyond third vein 14 14. Front with the median black stripe narrow and linear; female with front rather narrow, its pollen uniformly distributed, (Georgia ; Texas) strwfifrons Krober — . Front with the median black stripe wide ; front of female wide, its pollen in transverse lines, (Mexico) .. ..pictifrons Krober 15. Facial grooves with a brown spot or line 16 — . Facial grooves wholly yellow 17 16. Wings almost wholly tinged with brown, only the second basal cell hyaline, (Southern States) fcnestratiis Krober — . Posterior part ot wing, including a large part of discal and first posterior cells sulihyaline ; a streak in first basal and anal cells pure hyaline, (Eastern States; Texas) xanthopareus Williston 17. Second and third antennal joints of nearly equal length 18 — . Second antennal joint distinctly longer than third 20 18. Brown wing stripe nearly filling the space between fourth and fifth veins, (Mexico) excisus Wiedemann — . Discal cell, except for a streak in front of fifth vein, nearly hyaline 19 19. The vertical pollinose pleural stripe distinct, (Mexico) pallifrons Coquillett — . Pleural stripe indistinct, (Arizona) gracilis Williston 20. Third antennal joint scarcely longer than first, second twice as long as first, (South Carolina) pulchcllus Krober Vol. XVI] VAN DUZEE— NORTH AMERICAN CONOPID^ 579 — . Third antennal joint considerably longer than first 21 21. Front with a conspicuous polished space; first antennal joint two fifths as long as second, (Kansas) fronto Williston — . Front without a polished space, except sometimes a small spot around the ocelli 22 22. First antennal joint half as long as second, the joints being as 1.5-3-2, (Idaho) argcntifacics Van Duzee — . First antennal joint only about one-third as long as second 2Z 23. Ventral plate 01 female long with a large black reticulated space on posterior surface; first posterior cell clear, except for a streak alona; the spurious vein, (Idaho) fraterculus Van Duzee — . Ventral plate of female not very long, of moderate size; first pos- terior cell blown at base; discal cell brown beyond the an- terior cross-vein, (Idaho) ritbicuitdiilus Van Duzee Conops brachyrhynchus variety seiuifiiscus Banks, would probably run to discalis Williston in the above table of species, but no doubt it is distinct. As Mr. Banks compares it with brachyrhynchus only and as I have never seen that species and have no very good description of it, I could not place it in the table. 5. Physocephala brevirostris Van Duzee, new species Female: Length 8 mm.; of wing 6.5 mm. Face and lower half of front yellow; cheeks, occiput and vertex, upper half of front and a ver- tical line in the center of the front, connecting with a spot at root of antennae, red ; center of the face silvery pollinose ; orbits without a polli- nose line; antennae red, basal joint more yellow, its joints as 6-17-18, style deep black, moderately long, straight above, tapering to a point from lower side, projection at base small; proboscis short, not much longer than the head, almost black, tip black. Thorax and abdomen dark red ; a wide median stripe on the meso-' notum, extending over the front and reaching half way to the scutellum, a small spot in front of humeri, a spot at base of halteres and two spots, narrowly separated and rounded above, on posterior surface of metanotum, dull black; fore coxae and spots between the coxae shining black; posterior end of abdomen yellowish; no pollen is visible on the thorax and abdomen. Posterior coxae, femora, tibiae and tarsi red, fifth joint of all tarsi, pulvilli and claws dark brown; knobs of halteres yellow, stem brown. Wings blackish from the costa to fifth vein, extending slightly into anal cell at base of wing; apical part of discal cell beyond the anterior cross-vein, except a broad brown stripe along fifth vein, a very narrow 580 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Space in front of part of last section of fourth vein, and the posterior margin of the wing grayish; second posterior cell all gray, except a small space back of the petiole at tip of first posterior cell; last section of fourth vein one and a half times as long as the preceding section ; petiole of first posterior cell longer than last section of fifth vein. Type: Female, No. 2402, I\Ius. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, June 20, 1924, at Meadow Valley, Plumas Co., California, at 6,000 feet elevation. 6. Physocephala humeralis Van Duzee, new species Female: Length 15 mm.; of wing 9 mm. Face, front, a large spot on cheeks, halteres and broad base of all tibiae, yellow; proboscis red, black at base and tip ; vertex yellowish ; occiput, a narrow transverse line below vertex, a median frontal line, forked at base of antennae, lower part of cheeks and a broad band at upper part of cheeks connected along the oral margin with lower part, red; a very narrow line of glistening yellowish pollen on lower half of facial orbits and extending up more widely on the posterior orbits, reaching the upper corner of the eye. Antennae and style red, projection at base of style black and large; an- tennal joints about as 14-40-18, (in one male the second joint is only 35, not 40). Thorax and abdomen red ; three narrowly separated stripes on the meso- notum, the middle one extending over the front and only reaching the middle posteriorly, a spot in front of the humeri, most of coxae, spot at base of halteres and posterior surface of metanotum, narrowly divided by a red line into two parts, black; more or less black on dorsum of third abdominal segment and usually on fourth and fifth segments. A rather indistinct triangular spot on sternopleurae and a short line above, silvery white pollinose ; large spots on the humeri and sometimes a small spot inside, ba.sal snd apical margins of second segment of abdomen, narrow posterior border of third, apical half of fourth and fifth and most of sixth segment covered with golden yellow pollen. Femora and apical half of tibiae red, tarsi more yellow with last joints brown; pul- villi brownish; claws red with black tips. On the dorsum of the abdo- men the fifth segment is about half as long as fourth; ventral projection on fifth segment large, reddish, black on margin. Wings with the costal cell yellowish ; brown stripe reaching from first to fifth vein, apical part of discal cell from the length of the posterior cross-vein in front of anterior cross-vein except narrowly along the fifth vein, grayish; a spot on first posterior cell and posterior part of wing also grayish; the outer part of marginal cell brownish gray; last section of fourth vein one-fourth longer than the preceding section. De- scribed from three females. Vol. XVI] VAN DUZEE— NORTH AMERICAN CONOPIDJE 531 Type: Female, No. 2403, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by C. L. Fox, July 16, 1925, at Lewiston, Idaho. Paratypes taken at the same place and about the same time. Two of the specimens have the pollinanum of Aesclepius attached to the fore tarsi, the black base of the pollinanum is clasped around the bristle-like empodium with the two large yellow parts which carry the pollen extending out beyond, looking like large black and yellow empodii. 7. Physocephala humeralis simulans Van Duzee, new subspecies Male and female : Differs from the female described above in being 10-11 mm. long; wing 6.5-7 mm. long; the antennal joints are as 1-3-2; the mesonotiim has three confluent or narrowly separated stripes ; in the female the fifth abdominal segment is from one-third to one-half as long as fourth segment on the dorsum ; in the male the fourth and fifth segments are of nearly equal length on the dorsum. Described from three females and seven males. Type: Female, No. 2404, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by E. P. Van Duzee, April 7, 1923, at Potholes, Imperial Co., California; allotype, male. No. 2405, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by C. L. Fox, at Lewiston, Idaho, July 18 ; paratypes were taken as follows, by J. A. Kusche, July 6, 1921, in Shasta Co., Calif. ; by E. P. Van Duzee, June 27, 1922, at Salt Lake City, Utah ; by C. L. Fox, July 12, 1925, at Wawawai, Washington, and July 16, 1921, at Lewiston, Idaho. 8. Physocephala aurifacies Van Duzee, new species Male : Length 9 mm. ; of wing 6 mm. Face, front and cheeks wholly yeilow with the orbits narrowly yellowish silvery ; occiput yellowish brown, the lower part more brown as far as the lower corner of the eye. Antenna: yellow, becoming red at base of third joint; its joints as 6-17-8; style red, short, tapering to a point, projection at base rather large, black; proboscis red, black at tip, a little longer than the height of the head. Thorax red with three, narrowly separated, black stripes, the middle onfc extending over the front of the thorax, all abbreviated posteriorly; spots in front of the humeri, between the coxae, at base of halteres and the posterior surface of the metanotum black; spots of white pollen on and behind the humeri, back of suture, inside of humeri extended faintly between the black dorsal stripes, on the sterncpleurae and a large one in 532 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. front of halteres. Abdomen red, a little blackened on the sides of third segment and on the dorsum of fourth and fifth segments; posterior margin of third segment, almost the whole of fourth and entire fifth and sixth segments covered with bright yellowish pollen, venter without a projection. Vv'ings with posterior half and the costal cell almost hyaline ; auxiliary vein yellow, the others brown ; the usual brown stripe extends from first to fifth veins, but leaves the apical part of discal cell from a point before the anterior cross-vein equal to the length of the posterior cross- vein, except a narrow line in front of fifth vein, the first posterior cell from just before the posterior cross-vein, except extreme tip, and apical part of marginal cell from a little before the tip of second vein, except the tip of the cell and a narrow line in front of third vein, nearly hyaline ; last section of fourth vein only a little longer than the preceding section. Described from one male. Type: Male, No. 2406, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by E. P. Van Duzee, August 20, 1919, at Stockton, California. 9. Physocephala buccalis Van Duzee, new species Male : Length 7-9 mm. ; of wing 5-7 mm. Face and front yellow, vertex yellowish red ; occiput varying from yellowish red to brown ; a transverse stripe on upper part of front, widest in the middle and reach- ing the eye margin, and a median line, forked at base of antennae, dark red or brownish ; a transverse red band on upper part of cheeks not quite reaching the eye, but narrowly connecting with the red of the oc- ciput along the oral margin ; proboscis more than twice as long as the head, red, its tip and base black, upper edge darkened. Antennae red, third joint more brownish and about half as long as second, first one- third as long as second ; style short, abruptly pointed at tip, the upper edge nearly straight, the projection on the side rather large. Thorax red, dorsum with three, narrowly separated, black stripes, the middle one extending over the front of the thorax and abbreviated pos- teriorly, lateral ones shortened anteriorly and posteriorly. A spot below the humeri, one at base of halteres, the sternopleurae and posterior sur- face of metanotum black; usually there is a notch on the upper edge of the black on metanotum ; humeri yellowish with yellow pollen on upper surface; metanotum with traces of white pollen on the sides. Abdomen black with more or less black on the dorsum of third and foruth seg- ments ; apical border of third segment, more or less of fourth and whole of fifth and sixth segments, covered with yellow pollen; ventral projec- tion small, reddish. Femora and apical half of tibiae red, basal half of tibiae and tarsi yel- low, apical joints of tarsi brown ; pulvilli and claws brown. Wings grayish ; costal cell yellowish ; the usual brown stripe extends from the first vein to fifth; apical part of discal cell from before the Vol. XVI] J'AN DUZEE— NORTH AMERICAN CONOPID^ 533 anterior cross-vein, except narrowly along fifth vein, an elongated spot in front of last section of fourth vein and one in apical part of marginal cell from just before the tip of first vein, grayish, sometimes these spots are not very distinct, the brown shading over them, but leaving them much lighter than the rest of the stripe; last section of fourth vein a little longer than the preceding section. Described from three males. Type: Male, No. 2407, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by E. P. Van Duzee, June 27, 1922, at Great Salt Lake, Utah. One paratype was taken at Pleyto, Monterey Co., California, May 22, 1920, the other paratype at Pullman, Washington, July 11, 1925, by C. L. Fox. This comes near aftims Williston, but in that species the first antennal joint is half and third joint more than half as long as the second, while in this the first joint is about one-third and third not over half as long as second joint, there are some color variations also, but they are not of much importance. Table of North American Species of Phvsocephala 1 . Front black 2 — . Front yellow, or yellow with black stripes ; face yellow, some- times the facial grooves inf uscated 3 2. Thorax and abdomen shining black, not pollinose ; face without golden yellow pollen, except on the orbits, (Mexico) carbonaria Bigot — . Thorax and abdomen more or less yellowish pollinose, opaque ; face distinctly golden yellow pollinose, (Mexico) .- nigrifacics Bigot 3. Brown of wing fills the discal cell, reaching beyond the posterior cross-vein 4 — . Brown of wing fills out the discal cell, but the outer part has a much lighter shade in the middle, (Utah; Calif.; Wash)... huccalis Van Duzee — . Brown of wing does not fill out the discal cell, not reaching much beyond the anterior cross-vein, except narrowly along fifth vein 5 4. Cheeks uniformly black; pollen on the humeri indistinct, (East- ern) tibialis Say — . Cheeks with a yellow spot, brown above and below ; humeri with distinct yellow pollen, (Eastern States; Mexico) sagittaria Say 5. Cheeks uniformly black or reddish 6 — . Cheeks with a yellow spot in the middle, or wholly yellow 10 6. Thorax and abdomen opaque black, (Mexico) sororcula Williston 5g4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser, — . Thorax and abdomen largely red 7 7. Second and third antennal joints of nearly equal length; cheeks slightly yellowish in the center, (United States; Mexico)... affints Williston — . Gieeks not lighter in the middle 8 8. Front with a deep black, transverse, narrower divaricate stripe ; dark colored species ; first antennal joint less than one-third as long as second, third half as long as second, (Eastern).. fiircillata Williston — . Front with narrower reddish stripes, or wholly yellow, lighter colored species 9 9. First antennal joint less than one-third as long as second, third longer than second, (California) brcvirostris Van Duzee — . First antennal joint scarcely one-third as long as second, third joint hardly half as long as second, (California; New Mexi- co) biirgessi Williston 10. Front and face wholly yellow, lower part of posterior orbits darker, (California) aurifacics Van Duzee — . Cheeks with a yellow spot, having a brown or reddish band above, being dark below 11 11. Thorax and abdomen opaque black, segments three to five with narrow, yellow posterior bands, (Mexico) xanthops Williston — . Thorax and abdomen largely red 12 12. Posterior surface of metanotum red with several black spots.... 13 — . Metanotum red on upper and lateral edges, black on posterior surface, the black forming a large, nearly square spot, which is sometimes nearly divided by a fine reddish line 14 13. Metanotum with a cordate mark and lateral spots ; mesonotum with three black vittae, (Mexico) ochreiccps Bigot — . Metanotum with a triangular spot and a line above black; meso- notum with one black vitta, (Texas; Canada?) tcxana Williston 14. First and third antennal joints of somewhat equal length 15 — . Third antennal joint at least one-third longer than first 16 15. First antennal joint half, third more than half as long as second, (Western states ; Mexico) affinis Williston — . First antennal joint about one-third, third half or a little less than half, as long as second, (Utah; Calif.; Wash.) buccalis Van Duzee 16. Facial grooves black, (Eastern) marginata Say — . Facial grooves not infuscated 17 17. First antennal joint about one-third as long as second and half as long as third, (Western) sivtulans Van Duzee — . First antennal joint about one-third as long as second and two- thirds as long as third, (Idaho) htimcralis Van Duzee Physoccphala maxima Giglio-Tos. I could not place ; the female is 17 mm. long; reddish; thorax with a median black Vol. XVI] VAN DUZEE— NORTH AMERICAN CONOPIDJE 535 stripe ; Abdomen with second segment on the sides and third on dorsum with black spots. Front and face yellow testace- ous ; wings blackish, posterior margin paler. Mexico, 10. Zodion cinereiventris Van Duzee, new species Female : Length 3.5 mm. Face and cheeks yellowish white ; width of cheeks more than half the eye height; front red, darker above, with an acute triangular space around the ocelli; a very narrow line of silvery white pollen along the orbits reaching up to the middle of the front and to lower fourth of posterior orbits ; proboscis black, one and a fourth times as long as the head height ; palpi very small, black with black hair ; antennae red, apical half of third joint and the arista black; third joint a little longer than second ; occiput black with a little gray pollen. Thorax and abdomen black, covered with gray pollen ; mesonotum with black lines and the beginning of two more between them on the front edge, also two indistinct spots on each lateral margin; front surface of humeri black, upper surface gray with pollen. Abdomen with indistinct blackish spots where the pollen is thinner; base of fifth and sixth seg- ments very narrowly shining black; sixth and terminal segment red with apical half of latter shining black, sixth with two spots of gray pollen; ventral plate dark red with black border, moderately large, not very con- spicuous; pollen of abdomen in transverse lines; hairs of occiput, thorax and abdomen long and black. Femora and tibiae red, more or less of upper surface of femora and indistinct rings on the tibiae black ; tarsi reddish at base, tips brown ; legs covered with gray pollen and rather long black hair ; claws black ; pul- villi whitish. Wings gray, veins black, yellowish brown at root of wing; petiole of anal cell fully one-third as long as the cell, not quite reaching the wing margin ; first posterior cell open. Male : About as in the female, except that the silvery margin on the orbits is broader and reaches up nearly to the upper corner of the eye on the front and to middle of eye on posterior orbits ; the proboscis one and a half times as long as the head height; second abdominal segment yel- low on the sides of posterior half or more; sixth segment blackish, apical one wholly pollinose and like the abdomen with the pollen in transverse lines, ventral surface of apical segment black; hairs on thorax and ab- domen shorter. Sometimes the apical abdominal segment is wholly black, in both sexes. Described from eight females and nine males. Type: Female, No. 2408, and allotype, male, No. 2409, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, at Huntington Lake, Fresno Co., California, in July, the former on the 8th and the latter on the 22nd ; twelve of the paratypes were taken 535 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sf.r. at the same place and within the same dates; one was taken at Pleyto, Monterey Co., CaHf., May 23, 1920, and one at Preston, Idaho, July 17, 1922, by E. P. Van Duzee; also one taken by Dr. F. E. Blaisdell, at San Diego, June 29, 1891. 11. Zodion basalis Van Duzee, new species Male : Length 7 mm. Face and cheeks pale yellow, their pollen silvery- tinged with yellow, as is also the line on the facial orbits, which extends narrowly to upper third of frontal orbits and to the middle of posterior orbits ; front reddish yellow, more black at vertex ; cheeks two-thirds as wide as the height of the eye, with a few slender black hairs ; proboscis black, as long as the head height; upper half of occiput shining black, lower half opaque with gray pollen. Antennae reddish, upper edge of first two joints and apical half of third blackish, the joints nearly as 2-6-3; arista as long as first antennal joint, occiput and front with long, thorax and abdomen with abundant but shorter, black hair. Thorax and abdomen black; mesonotum dulled with brownish pollen, marked with two indistinct lines of grayish pollen, which are wider posteriorly, nearly coalescing and reaching the scutellum which is more shining and has two slender marginal bristles ; humeri and an irregular spot below on the pleurae whitish pollinose; abdomen uniformly grayish poUinose, the pollen thinner on the center and base of the dorsum, leaving a minute black dot at base of each hair ; genitalia black. Fore coxae yellowish, more brown at base, their hair black ; middle and hind coxae black; femora, tibiae and basitarsi yellow, upper edge of femora, especially at tip, and more or less of the tips of the tibiae black- ish; last four tarsal joints black; pulvilli yellowish; claws black, red at base. Wings yellow at base, apical two-thirds grayish; costal cell, including the subcostal vein, base of radius as far as the fork, base of fourth and fifth veins for about the same distance, and base of all other veins, saturate yellow; last section of fourth vein to preceding section as 7 to 9; petiole of anal cell and posterior cross-vein of about equal length, the former not reaching the wing margin. Type: Male, No. 2410, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by C. L. Fox, July 27, 1925, on the Moscow Mountains, Idaho, at an elevation of 3000 feet. 12. Zodion bilineata Van Duzee, new species Male: Length 6 mm. Face and cheeks pale yellow, without hair; front reddish yellow, more brown on upper part ; ocellar triangle shining, elongated downward ; facial orbits silvery white, extending narrowly to upper third of front and to upper corner of eye on posterior orbit ; occi- Vol. XVI] IAN DUZEE— NORTH AMERICAN CONOPID^ 537 put black wholly gray pollinose ; hairs on occiput, thorax, and abdomen black and moderately long ; proboscis black, as long as head height ; palpi small, black with a long and short hair at tip ; first two antennal joints brown, third wholly reddish, the joints about as 1.3-2-5, third wider than tip of second ; arista black ; cheeks more than half as wide as height of eye. Thorax and scutellum covered with grayish pollen, dorsum with two very distinct black lines, which do not reach the front or scutellum. Ab- domen reddish, first segment black, first and basal half of second segment covered with gray pollen, which contrasts with whitish pollen on the rest of the abdomen ; no distinct abdominal spots ; scutellum with long black hairs on the base and apical margin. Coxae black with gray pollen and black hair, anterior pair reddish at tip ; femora and tibiae reddish, more or less blackened ; anterior femora with rather long black hair on posterior surface; tarsi largely blackish; claws red, black at tip. Wings grayish, yellow at base and. along the front to tip of first vein ; first posterior cell open ; first two sections of fourth vein of equal length, third shorter and last section a little longer; petiole of anal cell about as long as the vein that closes the cell. Described from one male. Type: Male, No. 2411, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, July 4, 1922, on Wallowa Mountains, Oregon. 13. Zodion hirtipes Van Duzee, new species Female : Length 4.5 mm. Face dark yellow with the depressed central portion and a small spot on the cheeks below the eye black. Front red- dish, more brown at vertex, with a shining triangular space around the ocelli; occiput black; sides of face, front and occiput with long black hair; antennae wholly black, third joint nearly as long as broad, a little longer than second joint. Thorax, abdomen, legs, feet and claws black, slightly shining ; pulvilli whitish. Halteres yellow ; calypters white ; humeri covered with gray pollen, which continues in a faint broken stripe to above the root of the wings. Mesonotum with two narrow, indistinct lines of brownish pollen. Apical segments of abdomen with gray pollen on the sides, which is not distinctly limited ; hairs on the thorax, femora and tibiae long and black, those on posterior surface of fore femora nearly as long as the width of femora. Wings grayish; veins black and strong; last section of fourth vein end- ing abruptly at half the distance from the posterior cross-vein to the wing margin ; petiole at apex of anal cell half as long as the cell, reaching the wing margin. Male : Antennae black at base, its style pale at tip ; cheeks nearly as wide as the eye height; proboscis black, reddish at base. Thorax shining 538 CALIFORS'IA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. black with coarse yellowish brown pollen, which leaves indistinct black stripes, the pollen not thick enough to hide the shining black ground color, except when viewed obliquely; humeri covered with gray pollen. Abdomen shining black with thick dark yellowish gray pollen concealing the ground color on the sides and on the whole of the apical segments. Male genitalia shining black, reddish at base, with long black hair. Type: Female, No. 2412, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by E. P. Van Duzee, April 2, 1922, at Melrose, Alameda Co., California. Allotype, male, No. 2413, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by C. L. Fox, May 16, 1924, at Klamath Lake, Oregon. 14, Zodion albifacies Van Duzee, new species Female: Length 3.1 mm. Face and cheeks white; facial grooves blackish at upper ends ; front yellow, frontal orbits brown, the brown tapering of? downward. Antennae yellow, first joint and apical end of third brown ; second and third joints of nearly equal length, third wider than second. Proboscis very slender, facial projection to which it is attached white at base, brown on more than apical half, the brown sharply defined ; proboscis black, narrowly yellow at base ; palpi minute, white, occiput cinereous with two narrow, slender, black lines. Thorax and spotat tipof scutellum greenish cinereous; mesonotum with a pair of narrow median black stripes, these are a little wider posteriorly and extend back of the middle; also two lateral blackish spots on each side. Abdomen velvety black with whitish pollen, a large spot covering the side of third segment and extending on to second, a large spot on upper part of side, a median dorsal line on fourth, very narrow hind margin to the fourth, and the whole of the narrow fifth segment, covered with cinereous pollen ; the sixth and genital segments yellow, tipped with black, shining, the sixth a little dulled; ventral plate short, black; hairs of the thorax short, black; abdomen nearly bare. Gjxse mostly yellow ; femora and tibiae blackish with cinereous pollen ; knees and base of tibiae yellow ; tarsi, brown ; pulvilli and claws pale yel- low, tips of claws black. Wings grayish ; first posterior cell narrowly open; petiole of anal cell half as long as the cell and reaching the wing margin. Described from one female. Type: Female, No. 2414, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by O. C. Poling, August 15, 1924, on the Baboquivari Mts., Arizona, and kindly presented to the Academy by Mr. C. L. Fox. Vot, XVI] VAN DUZEE— NORTH AMERICAN CONOPID^ 539 15. Zodion angusticornis Van Duzee, new species Female : Length i.7 mm. Occiput, thorax, abdomen and coxse shining black; face and cheeks pale yellow with silvery white pollen, depressed part of face brown; proboscis black, once and a half times the height of head; front reddish, vertex black; facial orbits, extending narrowly to upper third of front and to the middle of posterior orbits, silvery white pollinose; antennae nearly as long as the front, yellow, brown at tip, second and third joints of about equal length, third as wide as apex of second ; arista blackish. Dorsum of thorax with thin gray pollen, when viewed obliquely two rather wide, narrowly separated, stripes are visible; humeri, a spot be- hind, a stripe below the pleural suture, a triangular spot on sternopleurae, a small one above base of halteres and spots on all coxse silvery white pollinose ; hairs on thorax, abdomen and legs brownish yellow ; ventral plate long and thin, black, more brown in the center. Femora and tibiae blackish, tinged with red, knees yellow, tarsi brown, first joint more yellow; pulvilli and basal half of claws white, apical half of claws black; halteres and calypters whitish. Wings grayish; veins black, yellow at base of wing; first posterior cell open; last section of fourth vein straight; petiole of anal cell a little more than a third as long as the cell, nearly reaching the wing margin. Described from one female. Type: Female, No. 2415, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by E. P. Van Duzee, May 22, 1918, at Los Banos, California. Table of the North American species of Zodion 1. Scutellum nearly triangular, projecting; thorax and abdomen with small black spots, (Western) linllistoni Banks Scutellum rounded; thorax, if marked, with lines not spots 2 Thorax with whitish lines 3 Thorax with brown lines or unmarked 5 Abdomen mostly pale with oblique dark bands or spots, (West- ern) oblique fasciatum Macquart Abdomen largely black or blackish 4 Abdomen with its pollen wholly deep golden yellow, (Texas).. albonotatitm Townsend Abdomen with whitish pollen on the anterior segments, golden yellow on last three, (Mexico) auricaudatum Williston Small species, not much over four millimeters long 6 Larger species, six millimeters long or over 16 First posterior cell closed 7 First posterior cell open 9 First posterior cell closed at the wing margin, at most its petiole not as long as the anterior cross-vein, (North America) abdontinale Say June 11, 1927 CQQ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4Tn Ser. — . Petiole of first posterior cell longer than the anterior cross- vein 8 8. Second and third abdominal segments reddish, the others black, (Arizona) scapidaris Adams — . Abdomen wholly black; petiole of first posterior cell as long as the posterior cross-vein, (Arizona) parvum Adams 9. Entirely black species, (California) nigrifrons Krober — . Front and face yellow, reddish or reddish brown 10 10. Thorax black, without distinct stripes 11 — . Thorax black with distinct lines of gray pollen, or covered with gray pollen which leaves black lines 12 11. Fore femora with black hair which is nearly as long as the thick- ness of the femora; thorax with indistinct lines, (California). hirtipcs Van Duzee — . Femora with the usual short hair ; thorax shining black ; humeri gray pollinose, (California) angiisticornis Van Duzee 12. Hairs of the fore femora as long as the width of the femora, (California) hirtipes Van Duzee — . Hairs of fore femora short as usual 13 13. Abdomen gray pollinose with very indistinct spots, (California; Idaho) cinereiventris Van Duzee — . Abdomen black, opaque, with gray pollinose markings 14 14. Ventral plate of female very small, wholly black, (Arizona)... albifacics Van Duzee — . Ventral plate of female large, reddish with a black edge 15 15. Pollen of thorax and abdomen tinged with green; first four ab- dominal segments opaque black, with narrow hind and wide lateral margins cinereous pollinose, (Eastern) nanellum Loew — . Pollen of thorax and abdomen brownish gray ; abdomen with the black divided into two parts by a fine, median, pollenose line ; hind margins, sides and bases of segments cinereous pollinose, (Western) pygmceum Williston 16. Palpi long and clavate, (Illinois) palpale Robertson — . Palpi very small, clyindrical 17 17. First posterior cell closed 18 — . First posterior cell open 19 18. Thorax gray with two or three, distinct, dark stripes ; abdomen usually dark in color, (North America) fulvifrons Loew — . Thorax with the stripes not so distinctly marked; abdomen of male reddish yellow or reddish brown, (Eastern) abdominalc Say 19. Thorax not distinctly striped 20 — . Thorax with distinct stripes 22 20. Legs mostly dark; abdomen wholly blackish, (California) tristis Bigot — . Legs mostly pale in color 21 Vol. XVI] VAN DUZEE— NORTH AMERICAN CONOPIDJE 59^ 21. A wholly shining black species with coarse yellowish pollen on the thorax and abdomen, (Idaho) basalts Van Duzee — . Abdomen partly or wholly pale ; third antennal joint fully as long as second, (California) obscurum Banks 22. Proboscis beyond the palpi fully twice as long as the head height, (California ; Oregon) recliistim Banks — . Proboscis shorter 23 23. Thorax gray with two or three blackish lines or stripes besides the lateral spots 24 — . Thorax with four or five dark stripes besides the lateral spots, the intermediate ones distinct only in front 25 24. Second and third antennal joints of very nearly equal length, (North America) fulvifrons Loew — . Third antennal joint more than twice as long as the second, the joints being as 13-20-50, (Oregon) bilineata Van Duzee 25. Female with the ventral plate fully twice as long as wide ; the abdomen very slender and compressed ; male with pale ab- domen, (North America) pcrlongum Coquillett — . Ventral plate of female much shorter in proportion to its width. . 26 26. Ventral plate of female much shorter than wide, its striated area on posterior surface broad, (Virginia; Oregon; California). sayi Banks — . Ventral plate of female as long as wide or longer 27 2^. Ventral plate of female one and a half times as long as wide, (Eastern) intermedium Banks — . Width and length of the ventral plate of female equal, (Ore- gon) occidcntale Banks 16. Dalmannia hirsuta Van Duzee, new species Female : Length 7 mtn. Face and cheeks wholly yellow ; front black- ish with black hair; antennae brown, second joint scarcely as long as third ; occiput black with white hair, a few black ones back of proboscis ; palpi black with black hair. Thorax shining black ; dorsum covered with long black hair, that on the yellow humeri yellowish ; scutellum yellow, black at base, covered with long black hair. Abdomen black; first segment reddish at base, second with the posterior third yellow, this yellow portion with a long projection extending forward near each side and three very small ones between ; third, fourth and fifth segments with the yellow hind margin very narrow at the sides, wide in the middle and with three projections on the wide part, the middle one nearly reaching the base on fourth and fifth; sixth segment with three yellow stripes which meet at apex of seg- ment ; pile on abdomen rather long, black, except on the sides and middle portion of second segment. Fore coxae, femora and tibiae yellow, upper surface of anterior and posterior femora black; tarsi black; pulviili and claws white, tips of 592 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. claws black. Halteres yellow; wings brownish with brown veins. De- scribed from one female. Type: Female, No. 2416, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by E. C. Van Dyke, June 11, 1925, at Corvallis, Oregon. Table of North American species of Dalmannia 1. Scutellum wholly black; humeri black. (California) vitiosa Coquillett — . Humeri yellow ; scutellum partly yellow 2 2. First abdominal segment black, yellow at base and on apical mar- gin ; second to fourth yellow with black spots, which are sometimes slightly connected, (Oregon) pacifica Banks — . Abdomen black; segments two to four with yellow hind margins, which are emarginate or have extensions of the yellow in front 3 3. Pile of thorax whitish 4 — . Pile of the thorax black, at least in the middle 5 4. Yellow of abdominal bands not produced forward on the sides, but that of third and fourth segments extending forward in the middle, ( Eastern) nigriccps Loew — . Yellow of abdominal bands extending forward on both sides and middle of segments two to four. (New Mexico; California). ptcta Williston 5. Pile of the thorax short, black in the center, yellowish on the front of the dorsum and on the scutellum; that of the ab- domen largely black, rather short, (California) blaisdelli Cresson — . Pile of the thorax and scutellum long and black, except on the humeri ; that of the abdomen rather long, black, except on the sides and center of second segment, (Oregon) hirsuta Van Duzce 17. Oncomyia infuscipes Van Duzee, new species Female : Length 7.7 mm. Black with the following parts yellow, front, except the vertex and two lines running downward from the vertex and meeting on the middle of the front, face, cheeks, lower edge of first an- tennal joint, inner surface and lower part of second and third antennal joints, most of the fore coxae, lower half of fore and middle femora, except near the tip, basal two-thirds of hind femora, about basal third of all tibiae, most of basal joint of all tarsi, pulvilli, claws, except at tip and the halteres ; front with rather long black hair down to the antennae ; cheeks with conspicuous, but sparse black hair all over; joints of anten- nae as 15-32-25 ; apical section of proboscis distinctly longer than first ; cheeks and anterior surface of fore coxae covered with silvery pollen; dorsum of thorax quite thickly covered with brownish pollen, that on the humeri paler, anterior surface of thorax shining; lower half of occiput Vol. XVI] VAN DU ZEE— NORTH AMERICAN CONOPIDM 593 opaque with white pollen ; abdomen with quite thick whitish pollen ; geni- tal segment shining black; hairs of thorax and abdomen wholly black, but those on apical part of abdomen more brown in certain lights ; ven- tral plate of female broad, semicircular, shining black. Wings tinged with brown ; costal cell and veins at base of wings yellow. Male: Antennal joints about the same as in the female; second section of proboscis a little longer and a little yellow at tip ; abdomen thickly covered with dark grayish pollen, especially towaids the posterior end and including the genital segment ; vertex black, below that the front is brown with a large yellow spot in the center above the antennae, which does not reach the orbits. Type: Female, taken by the author at Kearney, Ontario, August 1, 1911, in his collection. Allotype, male, No. 2417, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by author at Irving, Erie Co., N. Y. One paratype taken with the allotype. 18. Oncomyia brevirostris Van Duzee, new species Female : Length 5 mm. Black, the following parts yellow : lower half of front, extending a little up the orbits, face, cheeks, antennae, except the upper edge, most of fore coxae, base of fore and middle femora, basal half of hind femora, narrow base of all tibiae, most of basal joint of all tarsi, pulvilli, base of claws, and the halteres ; apical part of proboscis a little yellowish ; facial grooves blackened on upper half. Cheeks with two or three hairs besides those near the edge ; last section of proboscis about three-fourths as long as first; joints of antennae as 13-24-16; anterior surface of fore coxae and fore and middle tibiae covered with silvery pol- len ; upper surface of thorax dulled with a little grayish pollen ; humeri, lower half of occiput and apical half of second abdominal segment on the sides covered with white pollen ; genital segment of abdomen shining black; ventral plate semicircular, shining black; wings rather dark gray- ish; costal cell and base of wings yellow. Type: Female, No. 2418, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by C. L. Fox, July 11, 1925, at Pullman, Washington. One para- type taken by the author at Mt. St. Helena, Calif., May 12, 1926. 19. Oncomyia propinqua Adams There seems to be no reason to separate propinqua Adams from loraria Loew, the description fitting the male of that species very well. The males are very difficult to separate, but for the present we will be quite safe in considering it that species. 594 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 20. Oncomyia aequalis Van Diizee, new species Length 5.5-6 mm. Black, the following parts yellow: less than lower half of front, extending somewhat up the orbits, face, cheeks, inner sur- face and lower edge of antennae, most of fore coxae, narrow base of fore and middle femora, basal half of hind femora, base of all tibiae, most of basal joint of all tarsi, pulvilli, claws, except their tips and the halteres. Cheeks with a very few hairs on their surface, besides those on the edge ; proboscis with the second section only a little shorter than the first r joints of antennae as 13-25-22; thorax dulled with a little gray pol- len; lower half of occiput, humeri and a considerable part of second abdominal segment covered with thick white pollen, there is a little thin white pollen on the remainder of the abdomen, which is visible in certain lights; genital segment shining black; ventral plate semicircular, shining black; wings grayish, a little yellow at root. Type: Female, No. 2419, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by the author, May 11, 1926, at Lower Lake, Lake Co., California. One paratype taken by the author May 15, 1915, in Muir Woods, Marin Co., California, is in the author's collection. 21. Oncomyia terminalis Van Duzee, new species Female: Length 4-4.2 mm. Black with base of femora and tibiae, halteres, base of wings, more or less of the antennae and sometimes lower half of the front, yellow ; sometimes the front is wholly brown ; face and cheeks yellowish white; third antennal joint a little shorter than second; hairs on the lower edge of the cheeks black; proboscis black, more or less reddish at tip, its segments of about equal length; palpi black, moderately long, a little clavate; front wholly covered with long black hair. Thorax and abdomen shining black with black hair. Ventral plate narrow, short, about as long as wide, shining black. Fore coxae largely yellow with black hair and several long, curved, bristly hairs at tip. Pulvilli and base of claws yellowish white, tips of claws black. Calypters and their cilia pale yellow. Wings grayish ; veins black, yel- low at root of wing. Type: Female, No. 2420, ^lus. Calif. Acad Sci., taken by E. C. Van Dyke, June 14, 1920, at Hood River, Oregon. Three paratypes, all females, were taken in Washington, by C. L. Fox, in 1925, in the following places: Pullman, July 11 ; Colfax, July 10, and Metaline Falls, August 1. Vol. XVI] VAN DU ZEE— NORTH AMERICAN CONOPID.E 595 22. Oncomyia angusticornis Van Duzee, new species Male and female: Length 3.5-4 mm. Shining black; front, face, cheeks, narrow base of tibiae and knobs of halteres yellow. Front nearly- bare; cheeks with silvery white pollen, which extends a little way up on the posterior orbits and very narrowly up the frontal orbits to the ver- tex ; lower half of occiput opaque with white pollen, upper half shining. Antennae blackish, or more or less reddish; second joint longer than third, third slightly narrower than usual and almost reaching the oral margin; style very short, placed near the middle of third joint; hairs on the oral margin of the cheeks short and delicate ; proboscis and the small palpi black, the former with its segments of nearly equal length. Most of the hairs on thorax, abdomen and legs pale, yellowish or grayish, but sometimes they appear blackish, or even quite black, those on the lower surface of femora long; pulvilli and base of claws yellow, tips of claws black. Pollen on thorax and abdomen in female very thin, more con- spicuous on the abdomen of the male but never very abundant. Femora a little thickened. Ventral plate of female quite long and moderately narrow, shining red, shading into a black border. Wings grayish, yellow at base; first vein wholly yellow, veins on apical part of wing black. Calypters and their cilia white. Described from seventeen females and seven males. Type: Female, No. 2421, and allotype, male, No. 2422, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by C. L. Fox, July 27, 1925, on Moscow Mountain, Idaho, at 3000 feet elevation. The paratypes were taken at the following places : four females, Atascadero, Monterey Co., Calif., April 26, 1919, E. P. Van Duzee; one female, Paradise Valley, Kings River, Fresno Co., Calif., July 19, 1910, E. C. Van Dyke, at 7000 feet; one male and four females, Huntington Lake, Fresno Co., Calif., July 9-28, 1919, E. P. Van Duzee, at 7000 feet: one male, Lewiston, Idaho, July 21, 1925, C. L. Fox; one male and two females, same data as type; one female, San Pedro, Calif., October 25, 1909, E. C. Van Dyke; one male, Shasta Co., Calif., July 11, 1921, J. A. Kusche; one female, Colton, Calif., May 26, 1917, E. P. Van Duzee; one female. Corona, Calif., September, 1920, G. R. Wilson; one male. Forks, Clallam Co., Wash., July 1, 1920, Helen Van Duzee; one female, Warner Mts., Lake Co., Oregon, June 19, 1922, E. C. Van Dyke; and one female, Cochise Co., Arizona, June 26. 1916, Virgil Owen. 596 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 23. Oncomyia nigra Van Duzee, new species Male and female : Length 6 mm. Shining black, except the following parts which are yellow: lower half of front and narrow orbits, face, cheeks, lower half of antenn?e, halteres, calypters, wide base of hind femora, narrow base of four anterior femora, base of all tibiae and tarsi and tarsal claws, pulvilli and base of wings. The shining space around ocelli extends downward in an acute point. Front, occiput, thorax and abdomen with quite long black hair; cheeks with a few black hairs on their surface and a row of black hairs on their oral margin which are about as long as the first antennal joint ; cheeks with silvery white pollen, which extends narrowly up to the middle of the eye on both frontal and posterior orbits. First antennal joint less than half as long as third, which is three-fourths as long as second joint. Palpi small, black; pro- boscis with apical segment in female about as long as the first, in the male a little shorter. Femora much thickened. Ventral plate of female narrow and rather long, shining black. Apical half or more of wing faintly tinged with brown, contrasting with the yellow base. Type: Female, No. 2423, and allotype, male, No. 2424, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by E. P. Van Duzee, June 11, 1925, at Corvallis, Oregon. One paratype, same data. Table of North American species of Oncomyia 1. Ventral plate of female narrow, its sides nearly parallel for half their length 2 — . Ventral plate wide, rounded from the base 5 2. Ventral plate of female long, dark reddish or brownish with a distinct black border ; more or less of the hair on apical part of abdomen distinctly pale in color, (Western) angusticoniis Van Duzee — . Ventral plate wholly shining black, if tinged with red then uni- form in color, without a distinct black border 3 3. Ventral plate of female long; hairs on the edge of the cheeks short, (Oregon) tiigra Van Duzee — . Ventral plate of female short, as long as wide 4 4. Ventral plate tinged with red; hairs on abdomen, especially on apical segments and sides largely pale, often tinged with yel- low, (Eastern) loraria Loew — . Ventral plate wholly deep shining black ; hairs on abdomen al- most wholly black, (Oregon; Washington) terminalis Van Duzee 5. Femora and tibiae mostly reddish, sometimes brownish above or at tip 6 — . Femora and tibiae nearly half or more than half black 7 6. Third antennal joint about one-fifth shorter than second, the joints being as 10-26-20; hair on apical part of abdomen usually largely pale, (Eastern) abbreznata Loew Vol. XVI] VAN DUZEE— NORTH AMERICAN CONOPIDM ' 597 — . Third antennal joint more than one-fourth shorter than second ; hair of abdomen wholly or almost wholly black, (Western). modesta Williston 7. Ventral plate of female very short, wide, shining black; hairs on abdomen usually largely pale. (Western) baroni Williston — . Ventral plate of female almost a true semicircle 8 8. Abdomen of female mostly covered with pollen ; joints of anten- nae as 15-32-25; second section of proboscis longer than first, (Ontario) infuscipes Van Duzee — . Abdomen almost without pollen, except on second segment ; second section of proboscis not longer than first 9 9. Third antennal joint only slightly shorter than second, the an- tennal joints being as 13-25-22; second section of proboscis a little shorter than first, (California) (Equalis Van Duzee — . Third antennal joint one-fourth shorter than second, the joints being 13-24-16; second section of proboscis about three- fourths as long as first, (California) . .&r^roj/m Van Duzee Table of the North American species of Myopa 1. Wings marked with brown or the cross-veins clouded 2 — . Wings unspotted, but sometimes uniformly infuscated 8 2. First posterior cell closed before the wing margin 3 — . First posterior cell open 5 3. Wings strongly infuscated, especially across the middle, base light yellow; hairs of abdomen white, (Eastern) vesiculosa Say — . Cross-veins clouded ; a conspicuous spot in first posterior cell, (Washington ; California) tnelandcri Banks — . Cross-veins unclouded ; no spot in first posterior cell ; stigma brown 4 4. Wings tinged with reddish, (Nevada) castanca Bigot — . Wings tinged with yellow ; first marginal cell brown, second mar- ginal cell scarcely tinged with yellow, (Colorado) flavopilosa Krober Wings with a brown spot in first and second posterior cells, (Arizona ; California) willistoni Banks Wings otherwise marked with brown ; no spots in the posterior cells 6 Cross-veins clouded with brown, (Nova Scotia) vicaria Walker, pilosa Williston Wings broadly yellow at base, brown apically, with a more or less broken, hyaline cross-band or streaks 7 A hyaline streak in first posterior cell and also in discal cell ; nearly the whole of second posterior cell hyaline; a brown cloud back of fifth vein, (Mexico) fetiestrata Coquillett ego CALIFORMA ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES [Proc. 4th Sf.r. — . The hyaline cross-band reduced to a subtriangular spot next to fourth vein; wings hyaline back of fifth vein, (Mexico) pulchra Gjquillett 8. Thorax and abdomen with white or yellow hair 9 — . Hair of thorax and abdomen black 12 9. Hair of thorax and abdomen white 10 — . Hair of thorax and abdomen yellowish 11 10. Wings with a dark shade across the middle (United States), (perhaps coiijioicta Thom.) vesiculosa Say — . Wings without a dark shade; abdomen wholly reddish, (Ne- braska) vesiculosa varians Banks 11. Abdomen red with two black lines on third segment, its hair yel- low, (North America) bistria Walker — . Abdomen red without black marks, except narrow cross-bands; hair bright yellowish brown, {CoXovdiAo) . .flavopilosa Krober 12. Antennae very short, second and third joints of nearly equal length, each about as long as wide, (California; Colorado), (perhaps this should go in Sicus) curticornis Krober — . Antennje as long as the head, (Eastern) longicornis Say — . Antennae of moderate length, second and third joints distinctly longer than wide 13 13. Knobs of halteres brown, (no locality given, probably from Kansas) tcctura Adams — . Knobs of halteres yellow or whitish 14 14. Abdomen mostly blackish, at least on the dorsum 15 — . Abdomen wholly reddish, or nearly so 17 15. Abdomen reddish on the sides and at tip 16 — . Abdomen almost wholly black, its hair rather short, (Eastern).. virgin ica Banks 16. Hair on abdomen long, (Washington) longipilus Banks — . Hair on the abdomen short, (Arizona) plcbeia Williston 17. Abdomen with very short and scattering hair, wholly shining, (Western) semitiuda Banks — . Abdomen with the hair as long as usual ; always more or less pollinose 18 18. Proboscis very short; second and third segments taken together not much longer than fore femora, (Western) . .r!(6/(/a Bigot — . Proboscis very long, its segments each as long as fore femora.. 19 19. Abdomen red with an oval white pollinose spot on each side at the posterior margin of second, third and fourth segments; wings moderately infuscated ; first posterior cell closed and petiolate, (Eastern) clausa Loew — . Abdomen more or less black on the dorsum; humeri black; first posterior cell open ; wings wholly hyaline with the base yel- low, (British Columbia; Maine; Washington; Nevada) clausa aperta Roder Vol. X\1] VAN DUZEE— NORTH AMERICAN CONOPlDAi 599 North American species of Sicus — . Mouth parts black; face and cheeks pale yellow; antennae red- dish yellow ; abdomen black, second and third segments in male largely yellow in ground color ; legs black, knees yel- low ; wings hyaline, tinged with gray at base and in costal cell ; first posterior cell closed and petiolate ; halteres yellow ; length 4 mm., (Mexico) brevirostris Coquillett — . Face and cheeks pale yellow; palpi yellow; antennae black with second joint reddish yellow; abdomen shining black; legs and feet almost wholly reddish yellow ; wings grayish, veins black, narrowly clouded with brown ; first posterior cell open ; length 5.7 mm. ; halteres and calypters yellow, (Alaska) .... ciliatus Van Duzee 24, Sicus ciliatus Van Duzee, new species Male: Length 5.7 mm. Head black; lower third of front yellow; face, cheeks and palpi pale yellow ; cheeks on oral margin with long, converg- ing, whitish hair, these hairs as long as the antennae ; occiput opaque with gray pollen, its hair short and brownish on upper part, very long and white below, sides with a few black hairs. Antennae very short, with first and third joints black, second reddish yellow, third a little longer than wide, as long as two basal joints taken together; style about as long as width of third antennal joint, inserted at its base ; palpi longer than the an- tennae, elongate oval with a short petiole, fringed with long white hair ; proboscis shining black, as long as the height of the head, its second seg- ment apparently only about as long as wide (it may be broken). Thorax, abdomen and all coxae shining black ; three wide stripes on mesonotum, the lateral ones divergent, and most of the pleurae opaque with coarse, gray pollen which is tinged with yellow in places ; bristles of thorax yellow except orje black one in front of each wing; four bris- tles on each side of front, one each side of scutellum near the middle, two on upper posterior edge of pteropleura, yellow; these last two bristles are continued downward by a row of stiff hairs ; hairs of the alidomen, coxae, sternopleurae, femora and tibiae yellowish white and long; most of the hairs on the tarsi and the bristles of the legs black. Abdomen with only a little gray pollen on the dorsum. A pair of small hypopygial appendages and the ventral plate black, a long, two-jointed filament ex- tends downward from behind the ventral plate. Femora considerably thickened, yellowish red. Halteres and calypters yellow, the latter with white cilia. Wings grayish, costa brown ; veins black, a little clouded with brown which tinges the cells more or less ; anterior cross-vein near apical third of discal cell; second basal and anal cells of nearly equal length; the vein closing the second basal cell imperfect; first basal cell extending con- siderably beyond the tip of first vein; last section of fifth vein short; vein closing anal cell perpendicular to sixth vein, which has its last sec- tion considerably longer than the first. ^QQ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Type: Male, No. 2425, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., taken by G. A. Christofferson, in July or August, 1925, on St, Paul Island, Alaska. List of the North American Species of Conopid^ Genus Conops Linnseus anthreas Williston, Biologia, Diptera, iii, 80, 1892. argentifacies Van Duzee, new species. arizonicus Banks, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., ix, 191, 1916. auratus Townsend, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, xxvii, 161, 1901. brachyrhynchus Macquart, Diptera Exotica, ii, 3, 15, 1843, bulbirostris Loew, Neue Beitr., i, 30, 1853. discalis Williston, Biologia, Diptera, iii, 80, 1892. excisus Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl. Ins., ii, 3v34, \^ZO.=sugens Wied. (Krober.) fenestratus Krober, Archiv. Naturg., 81, A, 5, p. 134, 1915. flaviceps Macquart, Diptera Exotica, ii, 3, 15, 1843. formosus Krober, Archiv. Naturg., 81, A, 5, p. 125, 1915, foxi Van Duzee, new species. fraterculus Van Duzee, new species. fronto Williston, Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 341, 1883. fulvipennis Macquart, Diptera Exotica, ii, 3, 13, 1843. gracilis Williston, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, 377, 1885. magnus Williston, Kans. Univ. Quart., i, 43, 1892. mexicanus Krober, Archiv. Naturg., 81, A, 5, p. 128, 1915. nigrimanus Bigot, Ann. Soc, Ent. Fr., 1887, 38. obscuripennis Williston, Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 328, 1883.= brachyrhynchus Macq. (Aldrich Cat.) ocellatus Giglio-Tos, Boll. R. Univ. Torino, vii, 132, 1892.= piu-znis Will. (Aldrich Cat.) pallifrons Coquillett, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vi, 92 , 1904, (Krober, Archiv. Naturg., 81, A, 5, p. 141, 1915.) parvus Williston, Kans. Univ. Quart., i, 46, 1892. pictifrons Krober, Archiv. Naturg., 81, A, 5, p. 135, 1915. pictus Fabricius, Ent. Syst., iv, 391, 1794. pulchellus Krober, Archiv. Naturg., 81, A, 5, p. 134, 1915. quadrimaculatus Ashmead, Orange Insects, p. 69, 1880. rubicundulus Van Duzee, new species. Vol. XVI] VAN DUZEE— NORTH AMERICAN CONOPID^ 501 semifuscus Banks, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., ix, 192, 1916.=var. of brachyrhytichus Macq. sequax WilHston, Biologia, Diptera, iii, 80, 1890. soror Krober, Archiv. Naturg-., 81, A, 5, p. 131, 1915. striatifrons Krober, Archiv. Naturg., 81, A, 5, p. 132, 1915. sugens Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl. Ins., ii, 236, 1830. sylvosus WilHston, Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 329, 1883. xanthopareus WilHston, Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 332, 1883. Genus Physocephala Schiner affinis WilHston, Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 339, 1883. aurifacies Van Duzee, new species. brevirostris Van Duzee, new species. burgessi WilHston, Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 336, 1883. buccalis Van Duzee, new species. carbonaria Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1887, 42. castanoptera Loew, Neue Beitr., i, 33, 1853. furcillata WilHston, Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 336, 1883. humeralis Van Duzee, new species. marginata Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., iii, 82, 1823; Compl. Writ., ii, 73. maxima Giglio-Tos, Boll. R. Univ. Torino, vii, No. 132, 1892. (Krober, Archiv. Naturg., 81, A, 5, p. 108, 1915.) nigrifacies Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1887, 40. ochreiceps Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1887, 39. sagittaria Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 83, 1823; Compl. Writ., ii, 73. simulans Van Duzee, new variety of humeralis Van Duzee. sororcula WilHston, Biologia, Diptera, iii, 83, 1892. texana WilHston, Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 338, 1883. tibiaHs Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 338, 1883; Compl. Writ., ii, 363. xanthopus WilHston, Biologia, Diptera, iii, 83, 1892. Genus Zodion Latreille abdominale Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 84, 1823 ; Compl. Writ., ii, 74. abitus Adams, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui., ii, 33, I903.=fiilvifrons Say (Banks). gQ7 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. albifacies Van Duzee, new species. albonotatum Townsend, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc, v, 175, 1897. angusticornis Van Duzee, new species. auricaudatum Williston, Biologia, Diptera, iii, 85, 1892. basalis Van Duzee, new species. bicolor Adams, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui., ii, 35, 1903. bilineata Van Duzee, new species. cinereiventris Van Duzee, new species. flavipenne Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1887, 204.^fulvifrons Say (Aldrich Cat.) fulvifrons Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 83, 1823 ; Compl. Writ., ii, 74. hirtipes Van Duzee, new species. intermedium Banks, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., ix, 193, 1916. leucostoma Williston, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, 380, 1885.= obliquefasciatum Macq. (Aldrich Cat.) nanellum Loew, Cent, viii, 75, 1869. nigrifrons Krober, Archiv. Naturg., 81, A, 4, p. 97, 1915. obscurum Banks, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., ix, 194, 1916. occidensis Walker, List, iii, 676, 1849.=wa«^///rm Loew (Al- drich Cat.) occidentale Banks, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., ix, 194, 1916. obliquefasciatum Macquart, Diptera Exotica, Suppl., i, 141, 1845. palpale Robertson, Can. Ent., xxxiii, 284, 1901. parvum Adams, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui., ii, 34, 1903. perlongum Coquillett, Can. Ent., xxxiv, 199, 1902. pictulum Williston, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, 379, 1885. pygmaeum Williston, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, 381, 1885. reclusum Banks, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., ix, 195, 1916. rufifrons Macqusirt,= fulvifrons Say (Banks). sayi Banks, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., ix, 195, 1916. scapulare Adams, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui., ii, 34, 1903. splendens Jaennicke, Neue Exot. Diptera, 405, lS67.=oblique- fasciatum Macq. (Aldrich Cat.) tristis Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1887, 203. zebrinum Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1887, 204. Vol. XVI] VAN DUZEE— NORTH AMERICAN CONOPIDJE ^^ Genus Stylogaster Macquart biannulata Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 81, 1823; Compl. Writ., ii, 72.=stylata Fabr. (Wiedemann.) etiops Townsend, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, xix, 26, 1897. minuta Townsend, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, xix, 27, 1897. neglecta Williston, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, 91, 1883. stylata Fabricius, Syst. Antil., 177, 1805. stylosa Townsend, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, xix, 24, 1897. Genus Dalmannia Robineau-Desvoidy blaisdelli Cresson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ixxi, 190, 1919. hirsuta Van Duzee, new species. nigriceps Loew, Cent, vii, 71, 1866. pacifica Banks, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., ix, 199, 1916. picta Williston, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, 94, 1883. vitiosa Coquillett, Ent. News, iii, 150, 1892. Genus On com via Robineau-Desvoidy abbreviata Loew, Cent, vii, 73, 1866. aequalis Van Duzee, new species. angusticornis Van Duzee, new species. baroni Williston, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, 97, 1883. brevirostris Van Duzee, new species. infuscipes Van Duzee, new species. loraria Loew, Cent, vii,^ 74, 1866. modesta Williston, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, 96, 1883. melanopoda Williston, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, 91, 1883. =var. of modesta Will. (Aldrich Cat.) nigra Van Duzee, new species, propinqua Adams, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., ii, 32, I905.=loraria Loew (Van Duzee). terminalis Van Duzee, new species. G^nus Myopa Fabricius aperta Roder, Wien. Ent. Zeit., viii, 5, 1889.=var. of clausa Loew. bistria Walker, List, iii, 679, 1849. ^04 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. castaneus Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1887, 207. clausa Loew, Cent, vii, 72, 1866. conjuncta Thomson, Eugenes Resa, Dipt., 515, \868.^vesi- culosa Say? curticornis Krober, Archiv. Naturg., 83, p. 32, 1919. fenestrata Coquillett, Can. Ent., xxxiv, 197, 1902. flavopilosa Krober, Archiv. Naturg., 83, p. 30, 1919. longicornis Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1823 ; Compl. Writ, ii, 72. longipilus Banks, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., ix, 197, 1916. maculifrons Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1887, 206. melanderi Banks, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., ix, 197, 1916. pictipennis Williston, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, 382, 1885.= willistoni Banks. pilosa WilHston, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, 383, \885.=vicaria Walk.? (Banks). plebeia Williston, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, 384, 1885. pulchra Coquillett, Can. Ent., xxxiv, 198, 1902. rubida Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1887, 206. seminuda Banks, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., ix, 198, 1916. tectura Adams, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui., ii, 35, 1903. varians Banks, Ann, Ent. Soc. Am., ix, 196, 1916.=var. of vesiculosa Say. vesiculosa Say, Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 80, 1823 ; Compl. Writ., ii, 72. vicaria Walker, List, iii, 679, 1849. virginica Banks, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., ix, 198, 1916. willistoni Banks, Ann, Ent. Soc. Am., ix, 197, 1916.=n. n. for pictipennis Williston. Genus Sicus Scopoli brevirostris Coquillett, Can. Ent., xxxiv, 198, 1902. ciliatus Van Duzee, new species. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol XVI, No. 19, pp. 605-647, plates 17-21 September 2, 1927 XIX PALEONTOLOGY OF THE MIOCENE OF LOWER CALIFORNIA BY LEO GEORGE HERTLEIN and ERIC KNIGHT JORDAN Department of Paleontology Contents Page Introduction 606 List of Miocene Species 607 Localities and Faunal lists 609 Correlation 613 Notes and Descriptions of Species 619 September 2, 1927 505 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Introduction This paper is a report on the available collections of fossils from the Miocene beds of Lower California, of which no ex- tensive list has heretofore been published, and the fauna herein described extends our knowledge of the Miocene of western North America southward. The greater part of the material upon which the report is based was collected by geologists of the Marland Oil Company chiefly in the regions of La Purisima and San Ignacio Lower California. Most of the material was deposited at Leland Stanford Junior University by Mr. Carl H. Beal, Chief Geolo- gist of the company, through whose courtesy and that of Dr. J. P. Smith of the University, it has been available for the present study. A few specimens in the University collection were obtained by Mr. E. Call Brown in Lower California, and these have also been available for study. Pertinent col- lections of the California Academy of Sciences have also been considered. A few species have heretofore been described or listed from the Miocene of Lower California. Gabb^ referred to Ostrea titan Conrad in 1868 and 1869". A few species have been listed by Dickerson^, Arnold and Clark*, Darton\ and Heim''. Kew^ described one species thought to be of Miocene age from Lower California. Hertlein^ in 1925 described or listed the pectens in the collections made by the geologists of the Mar- land Oil Company. The geologic occurrence of the Miocene beds at various places in Lower California has been dis- cussed by Wittich", Heim^", geologists of the Marland Oil Company^S and Jordan and Hertlein^^. • Browne, J. Ross, Mineral Resources of the Pacific Coast west of the Rocky Moun- tains 1868, pp. 632-633; see also Petermann's Geograph. Mittheilungen, Bd. 14, 1868, pp. 273-276. ^ Resources of the Pacific Slope, 1869, pp. 114, 633. »Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. 7, No. 8, 1917, p. 202. • Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. 28, 1917, p. 223. •Jour. Geol., Vol. 29, No. 8, 1921, pp. 731-741. « Geol. Mag., Vol. 59, No. 702, 1922, p. 536. 'Univ. Calif. Pub. Geol., Vol. 12, No. 2, 1920, p. 141. •Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. 14, No. 1, 1925, pp. 1-35. • Zeit. der Deutschen Geol. Gesellschaft. Monatsber. Nr. 12, 1911, pp. 575, 581, 583. " Zeit. fiir Yulcanologie herausgegeben von Imm. Friedlander, Bd. 6, 1921, pi. 4; Geol. Mag., Vol. 59, No. 702, 1922, pp. 536-541. " Bol. del Petroleo, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1924, pp. 51, 52, map opp. p. 52. " Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser.. Vol. 15, No. 14, 1926, pp. 413, 414. Vol. XVI] HBRTLEIN &■ JORDAN— MIOCENE 5Q7 In the present paper a general list of the Miocene fossils is given, followed by each separate locality with its respective faunal list. The relations of the present fauna to Miocene faunas elsewhere are considered. Notes on certain species are given and sixteen new species are described. The writers wish to acknowledge the help received from Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, Curator of Paleontology in the California Academy of Sciences, for advise and assistance in various ways during the preparation of the manuscript; Mr. Carl H. Beal of the Marland Oil Company of California, for permis- sion to publish upon collections made by geologists of that company. They also wish to thank Dr. J. P. Smith of Leland Stanford Junior University for permission to study these col- lections and for helpful suggestions and criticism during the study; Mrs. I. S. Oldroyd for permission to study specimens in the Conchological Museum of Leland Stanford Junior Uni- versity, and Dr. B. L. Clark for permission to examine type specimens in the University of California. The greater part of this material is now in the Paleontological collections of the Leland Stanford Junior University; paratypes where available and plastotypes are in the collections of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences. List of Miocene Species Echinoidea 1. Scutella norrisi Pack, Loc. 66 (L.SJ.U.). Fragments Loc. 58 (L.SJ.U.). 2. Clypeaster aff. deserti Kew? Loc. 67 (L.S.J.U.). Pelecypoda 3. Amiantis cf. communis Nomland, Loc. 66 (L.SJ.U.). 4. Area sp., Loc. 58 (L.S.J.U.). 5. Cardium cf. quadrigenarium G)nrad (cast.), Loc. 7i (L.S.J.U.). 6. Cardium sp., Loc. 58 (L.S.J.U.). 7. Chione richthofeni Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species, Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.). 8. Chione aff. temblorensis Anderson, Loc. 60 (L.S.J.U.). 9. Chione sp., Loc. 72 (L.S.J.U.). 10. Codakia sp., Loc. 72 (L.S.J.U.). n. Glycymeris sp., Loc. 58 (L.S.J.U.). 12. Glycymeris sp., Loc. 72 (L.S.J.U.). ^g CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 13. Glycymeris swartsi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species, Loc. 60 (L.SJ.U.). 14. Metis alta Conrad, Loc. 66 (L.SJ.U.) . 15. Mytilus cf. mathewsonii Gabb, Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.). 16. Ostrea anger manni Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species, Loc. 59 (L.S.J.U.). 17. Ostrea eldridgei Arnold, Loc. 147 (L.S.J.U.). 18. Ostrea freudenbergi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species, Loc. 59 (L.S.J.U.). 19. Ostrea sp., Loc. 59 (L.S.J.U.). 20. Ostrea sp., Locs. 57, 71 (L.S.J.U.). 21. Pecten (Leptopecten) andersoni Arnold, Locs. 958, 960 (CA.S.). 22. Pecten (Lyropecten) crassicardo Conrad, Loc. 57 (L.S.J.U.). 23. Pecten (Plagioctenium) diminutivus Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species, Loc. 60 (L.S.J.U.). 24. Pecten (Lyropecten) pretiosus Hertlein, Loc. 57 (L.S.J.U.). 25. Sanguinolaria toulai Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species, Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.). 26. Saxidomus cf. vaquerosensis Arnold, Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.). Gastropoda 27. CalUostoma hannibali Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species, Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.). 28. Calyptrcea inornata Gabb, Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.). 29. Calyptraa costellata Conrad, Loc. 57 (L.S.J.U.). 30. Crassispira starri Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species, Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.). 31. Cymia hehni Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species, Loc. 66 (L.S.J. U.). 32. Cypraa amandusi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species, Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.). 33. Forreria sp., Loc. 60 ( L.S.J. U.). 34. Macron hartmanni Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species, Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.). 35. Polinices reclusianus (Deshayes), Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.). 36. Rapana imperialis Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species, Loc. 57 (L.S.J.U.). Z7. Terebra burckhardti Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species, Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.). 38. Thais unttichi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species, Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.). 39. Turrit ella sp. Loc. 57 (L.S.J.U.). 40. Turritella sp., Loc. 60 (L.S.J.U.). 41. Turritella bosei Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species, Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.). 42. Turritella ocoyana Conrad, Loc. 60; 66 (L.S.J.U.). 43. Turritella cf. ocoyana Conrad, Loc. 59; 74 (LS.J.U.). 44. Turritella wittichi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species, Loc. 59 (L.S.J.U.). Vol. XVI] HBRTLEIN & JORDAN— MIOCENE Q^) Cirripedia 45. Balanus aflf. B. t. calif amicus Pilsbry, Loc. 66 (L.S.J. U.)- 46. Balanus sp., Loc. 68 (L.S.J.U.). 47. Balanus sp., Loc. 58 (L.S.J.U.). Sharks Teeth 48. Aetobatus smiihii Jordan & Beal, Loc. 945 (C.A.S.). 49. Carcharocles rectus Agassiz, Loc. 945 (C.A.S.). 50. Carcharinus antiquus Agassiz, Loc. 945 (C.A.S.). 5L Carcharodon sp., Loc. 945 (C.A.S.). 52. Hemipristis heteropleurus Agassiz, Locs. 958, 960 (C.A.S.). 53. Isurus hastalis Agassiz, Loc. 958 (C.A.S.). Localities and Faunal Lists Loc. 57 (L.S.J.U.). La Purisima cliffs, San Ramon River, Lower California ; E. Call Brown collector. Ostrea sp. Pecten (Lyropecten) crassicardo Conrad. Pecten (Lyropecten) pretiosus Hertlein. Calyptrcea costellata Conrad. Rapana imperialis Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species. Turritella sp. The fossils from this locality show excellent preservation. They occur in the fine grained white sandstone of the Isi- dro( ?) formation which is lower Miocene in age. Loc. 58 (L.S.J.U.). White beds at top of cliff 2 kilometers above San Angel, Lower California. B. F. Hake and W. P. L. Winham collectors. Area sp. Cardium sp. Glycymeris sp. Scutella sp. (fragments). Balanus sp. The casts of the mollusks listed and the lithology indicate lower Miocene age. Loc. 59 (L.S.J.U.). Turritella bed above San Gregorio Lagoon, 120 miles north of Magdalena Bay, Lower Cali- 51Q CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 4th Seb. fornia, on the trail from Arroyo Mesquital to La Purisima, Lower California. E. Call Brown collector. Ostrea angermanni Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species. Ostrea freudenbergi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species. Ostrea sp. Ostrea sp. Pecten (Lyropecten) pretiostis Hertlein. Turrit ella o coy ana Conrad. Turrit ella unttichi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species. This assemblage indicates Temblor, lower Miocene age. The lithology is apparently the same as that of the Isidro formation. Loc. 60 (L.S.J.U.). West side of Elephant Mesa, Scam- mon Lagoon Quadrangle, Lower California; lower Miocene; B. F. Hake collector. Chione aflf. temblorcnsis Anderson. Glycymeris swartsi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species. Pecten (Plagioctenium) diminutiruus Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species. Forreria sp, Turritella sp. Turritella ocoyana Conrad. The matrix is a fine grained gray sandstone. Isidro(?) formation. The mollusks indicate Temblor, lower Miocene age. Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.). Arroyo San Ignacio, 8 kilometers southwest of San Ignacio, Lower California; Isidro forma- tion, lower Miocene; B. F. Hake collector. Amiantis cf. communis Nomland. Chione richthofeni Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species. Metis alta Conrad. Mytilus cf. mathewsonii Gabb. Sanguinolaria toiilai Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species. Saxidomus cf. vaqiieroscnsis Arnold. Calliostoma hannibali Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species. Calyptrcea inornata Gabb. Cyniia heimi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species. Cyprcea amandusi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species. Crassispira starri Hertlin & E. K. Jordan, new species. Macron hartmanni Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species. Polinices reclusianus (Deshayes). Vol. XVI] HERTLEIN &■ JORDAN— MIOCENE gH Terehra hurckhardti Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species. Thais wittichi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species. Turritella bosei Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species. Turritella ocoyana Conrad. Sctitella norrisi Pack. Balanus aff. B. t. calif ornicus Pilsbry. This fauna shows excellent preservation and occurs in a light colored fine grained sandstone. Isidro formation. The fauna is apparently of lower Miocene age, certainly as old as the Temblor of California and possibly equivalent in part to the upper Vaqueros of California. The general assemblage indicates a lower Temblor age. Loc. 67 (L.S.J.U.). Arroyo Lievre, between Ranchito San Bartolo and where Camino Real from San Luis to La Paz crosses. In beds above white shale. Probably Isidro forma- tion. W. S. W. Kew collector. Clypeaster aff. deserti Kew. The species in the present collection seems most closely re- lated to Kew's species. The preservation of the echinoderm as well as the lithological character of the matrix is typical of the Isidro, lower Miocene. Loc. 68 (L.S.J.U.) Aliocene. San Juan, Lower California, near San Ignacio. B. F. Hake collector. Balanus sp. Loc. 71 (L.S.J.U.). Cliff around San Ignacio, Lower California; probably Isidro; B. F. Hake collector. Ostrea sp. Loc. 72 (L.S.J.U.). 24 kilometers southwest of San Ig- nacio; just above San Angel, San Lorenzo Quadrange, Lower California ; lowest Miocene beds( ?) ; B. F. Hake and W. P. L. Winham collectors, 1921. Chione sp. Codakia sp. Glycymeris sp. gj2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Loc. 73 (L.S.J.U.)- 3.1 kilometers southwest of Loc. 72 ( L.S.J. U.) ; lowest Miocene beds, San Lorenzo Quadrangle, Lower California. W. P. L. Winham collector, 1921. Cardium cf. quadrigenarium Qjnrad. (Cast). Loc. 74 (L.S.J.C). 1 kilometer southwest of Loc. 72 (L.S.J.U.); 2 kilometers N. 80° west of San Angel, Lower California; lower Miocene; W. P. L. Winham collector, 1921. Turritella cf. ocoyana Conrad. This species also occurs in the Temblor lower Miocene of California where it is very common. Loc. 101 (L.S.J.U.). Diatomite from the Rancho San Gregorio; (lower Miocene of Marland Oil Company geolo- gists) ; C. R. Swarts collector. Loc. 147 (L.S.J.U.). Arroyo Mesquital, 18 miles north of La Purisima, Lower California. Miocene. E. Call Brown collector. Ostrea eldridgei Arnold. This species has previously been known only in the Temblor and Vaqueros, lower Miocene formations of California. Loc. 945 (C.A.S.). Turtle Bay, Lower California. Mio- cene beds from one to two miles to southeast of bay. G. Dallas Hanna and E. K. Jordan collectors, 1925. Aetobatiis smithii Jordan & Beal. Carcharocles rectus Agassiz. Carcfiarinus antiquus Agassiz. Carcharodon sp. These species also occur in the beds of Temblor age in California. Loc. 958 (C.A.S.). Miocene beds on east side of Turtle Bay, Lower California, about one-half mile northeast of prominent yellow mesa or monadnock. From thin bed just above contact with older Eocene(?) conglomerates. E. K. Jordan and G. D. Hanna collectors, 1925. Vol. XVI] HERTLEIN & JORDAN— MIOCENE 5^3 Pecten (Leptopecten) andersoni Arnold. Hemipristis heteropleurus Agassiz. Isurus Imstalis Agassiz. These are typical Temblor species of the California Miocene. Loc. 960 (C.A.S.). Miocene beds in large carion one mile north of north end of Turtle Bay, Lower California. From base of section close to contact with Eocene (?) conglomer- ates. G. D. Hanna and E. K. Jordan collectors, 1925. Pecten (Leptopecten) andersoni Arnold. Hemipristis heteropleurus Agassiz. These beds are apparently equivalent to those at Loc. 958 (C.A.S.). Correlation Beds in the Cape Region of Lower California which were thought to be of Miocene age were reported from northeast of Santiago by Gabb^^ in 1868 and 1869. These were assigned to the Miocene because of the presence in them of a large oyster, thought to be Ostrea titan Conrad. Fuchs" in 1886 and Saladin"^ in 1892 referred to beds which they thought might be Miocene or Pliocene in age near Boleo, Lower Cali- fornia, but all the collections from there as well as the species reported from that region^'^ indicate an upper Pliocene^^ age. Aguilera^^ in 1896 referred to beds of "Mioceno Superior a Plioceno" age in the southern part of Lower California. Whether this referred to beds of Miocene age or to beds now known to be Pliocene cannot be determined. Aguilera^^ in 1906 referred to beds of upper Miocene age at Santa Rosalia and Boleo, Lower California; these, how- ^ Browne, J. Ross. Mineral Resources of the Pacific Coast west of the Rocky Mountains 1868, pp. 632-633; Resources of the Pacific Slope, 1869, p. 114, 633. "Bull. Geol. Soc. France (3), T. 14, 1885 (1886), p. 82. "a Bull. Soc. rind. Min., 3rd Sen, Vol. 6, 1892, p. 10. " Arnold, R., U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 47, 1906, p. 85. "G. D. Hanna and L. G. Hertlein, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser.. Vol. 16, No. 6, 1927. "Inst. Geol. Mex. Bol., Nos. 4-6, 1896 (1897), p. 227. " Cong. Geol. International, Vol. 10 (pt. 1), 1906, p. 244. 514 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser, ever, are now known to be Pliocene in age. Wittich" in 1909 and 1911 writing on the Geology of the Cape Region described Miocene beds which he thought lay upon granite and were overlain conformably by Pliocene sediments. These lower beds he thought might be Pliocene in age but stated that they had been considered to be of Miocene age by American geologists. Heinr" in 1915 described beds of Miocene age in the southern part of Lower California in La Purisima valley. The diatomaceous beds in the Miocene series were referred to the Monterey shale and were reported to be of the same litho- logic character as the Monterey shale of California. Dicker- son^^ in 1917 listed Miocene species from Lower California which were later referred to by Arnold and Clark, and by Heim. These species were thought to represent a fauna equivalent to the Bowden Miocene of the Caribbean region and thus to indicate a direct connection with the Caribbean Sea during Bowden Miocene time. J. P. Smith^" in 1919 referred to a Miocene fauna probably of Vaqueros age from near San Gregorio Lagoon on the Pa- cific coast of Lower California. Arnold and Clark^^ in 1917 briefly discussed a Miocene collection made by Dr. Heim. The fossils were referred to the Apalachicola horizon of the Carib- bean Sea region. Kew"* in 1920 described Cassidiilus (RJiyn- chopygus) mexicmuis from East San Ysidro, Lower Cali- fornia. He stated that the horizon was probably equivalent to the Gatun formation of the Gulf-coastal Plain and referred it questionably to the lower Pliocene. Heim"^ in 1921 showed on a map three Miocene divisions in the region of La Purisima, Lower California. He mapped the Purisima Nueva formation as questionably Oligocene. In the Miocene he mapped Mon- terey shale, "griine Molasse. Sandstein" and "braune Molasse, Konglomerat." Freudenberg'" in 1921 referred to the Mio- '• Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex., Vol. 6, pt. 1, 1909, p. 8; Zeit. der Deutschen Geol. Gesell- schaft Monatsber., Nr. 12, 1911, pp. 575, 581, 583, pi. 1. ^'o Comptes Rendus. Ac. d. Sc. Paris, t. 161, 1915, p. 420. "Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. 7, No. 8, 1917, p. 197-205; Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. 28, 1917, pp. 230-232. "Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. 9, No. 4, 1919, p. 161. »Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. 28, 1917, p. 223. " Univ. Calif. Pub. Geol., Vol. 12, No. 2, 1920, p. 141. " Zeit. fiir \'ulcanologie herausgegeben von Imm. Friedlander, Bd. 6, 1921, map pi. 4. "Geologic von Mexiko, Berlin, 1921, p. 133. Vol. XVI] HERTLEIN & JORDAN— MIOCENE 5^5 cene beds described by Heim. Darton^^ in 1921 described Miocene beds in the region of La Purisima and San Ignacio, Lower California. He recognized "Monterey beds" with a thickness of 500 feet and "yellow beds" with a thickness of about 500 feet. He listed fossils which are characteristic of the Miocene of California such as Pecten crassicardo Conrad and Turritella ocoyana Conrad. Darton tentatively correlated the Monterey beds with the Monterey formation of southern California, and the yellow beds were considered on the basis of fossils to belong to the late Miocene. Wilhelm^* in 1921 discussed beds around Miraflores and San Bartoleo on the east side of the southern part of Lower California. These beds contained large oysters and were con- sidered to be Miocene in age. The beds were said to be about 1,000 feet in thickness and made up of fine grained sandstone, clay shales and sundry limestone beds containing the species of large oysters. These strata, he stated, con- formably overlie upper Cretaceous strata and are overlain ap- parently conformably by Pleistocene. Bustamente'** the same year referred to beds in the southern part of lower California as the "grupo de La Purisima" which were thought to be Miocene-Pliocene in age; he stated, how- ever, that he was of the opinion that no Miocene was present there, although regarding this point he was not certain. At one locality, strata said to contain tripoli or chalk were re- ferred to as the "grupo de San Ramon-Paso Blanco" and were considered to be of Eocene age. Heim^° in 1922 discussed the Miocene of Lower California and gave additional information concerning the different formations. He stated that the opinion is held by some American geologists that the "Puri- sima Nueva formation" and the Isidro formation are identical. He, however, was inclined to regard them as separate forma- tions. The report of Arnold and Clark was based upon fos- sils from the Purisima Nueva formation. The name Monterey formation was used for diatomaceous shales overlying the Purisima Nueva formation. Heim thought an unconformity was present between the two formations but stated that all "Jour. Geol., Vol. 29, No. 8, 1921, p. 731-741. =»Min. & Sci., Press. Vol. 123, No. 4, 1921, pp. 125-127. «»Bol. del Petroleo, Vol 11, No. 6, 1921, pp. 504-511. »« Geol. Mag., Vol. 59, No. 702, 1922, pp. 536-541. 616 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. geologists do not agree with him on this point. The name Isidro formation was used for shale and shaly sandstone (Griine molasse of Heim 1921) overlying the Monterey shale and into which the Monterey grades upward. The Isidro formation according to Heim is at some places conformably and at others unconformably overlain by the Comondu (Braune molasse of Heim 1921) Pliocene formation and by Quaternary conglomerates. Jordan and HannibaP^ in a paper describing shark teeth in 1923 listed localities of Monterey Miocene age in Lower California. In a paper compiled from the results of the Marland Oil Company^^ published in 1924, the Miocene was mapped under two formations, a diatomaceous, San Gregorio formation and the overlying Isidro formation which has a sandy composition. They also stated that the Isidro shale in the Magdalena Bay region is equivalent to the San Gregorio shale in the Purisima region. Hertlein^^ in 1925, referring to the work of Heim and of Beal, also listed and described pectens, some of which were recognized as belonging to the Miocene. Hanna** in 1926 referred to beds of Miocene age at Turtle Bay and thought that the basal Miocene beds there containing shark teeth, sea lion teeth and pectens could be correlated with similar Miocene beds in Kern County, California. Jordan and Hertlein^^ in 1926 described Miocene beds at Turtle Bay which are several hundred feet thick. The base of the Miocene is a layer containing bones and sharks' teeth. The bone bed is overlain by a bed of white siliceous shale about 30 feet thick. The remainder of the series was said to be made up of soft, fine grained sandstone, ash, and impure diatomite rich in fish scales and in casts of foraminifera. The beds were reported as dipping in a general westerly direction about 20°. The Miocene series is overlain unconformably by Pliocene beds. The beds at Turtle Bay were considered to be equivalent to similar beds on Cedros Island. «» Bull. Southern Calif. Acad. Sci., Vol. 22, pt. 2, 1923, pp. 54, 60. »=Bol. del Petroleo, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1924, pp. 51, 52, map opp. p. 52. " Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. 14, No. 1, 1925, pp. 1-35. "Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. 15, No. 1, 1926, p. 85. " Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. 15, No. 14, 1926, p. 414. Vol. XVI] HBRTLEIN & JORDAN— MIOCENE ^^y Apparently the strata at the various locahties do not differ greatly in age and for the present are considered to be ap- proximately equivalent. The sediment in which the fossils occur is for the most part whitish, medium fine grained sand- stone; the sediment as well as the fauna seems to indicate a neritic facies of marine deposition. Correlation^® of these beds with other deposits is made chiefly on community of diagnostic species and on the presence of certain groups. The present fauna shows but little affinity with the Miocene fauna of western South America, but it does contain certain forms which show close relationship with the Caribbean Mio- cene fauna. This is shown by such species as Cymia heimi, and Cyprcea aniandusi, but in no case in the present collection can the species be definitely identified with those of the Carib- bean region. On the other hand the fauna is decidedly west- ern North American in its affinities with about 50% of the identified species identical with those from Miocene formations of California, and it contains a number of other closely re- lated species. Such species as Ostrca eldredgei Arnold, Pec- ten andersoni Arnold, Pecten crassicardo Conrad, Calyptrcea radians Lamarck, Turrit ella o coy ana Conrad and Isiirus Jias- talis Agassiz are very common and most of them confined to the lower Miocene of California. The evidence of a connec- tion between the Pacific and Carribbean seas has been well shown by Dr. J. P. Smith" who pointed out that Caribbean groups such as Lyropecten, Dosinia, giant oysters and Chione of the gnidia group first appeared in the Miocene on the west coast. The present fauna also contains a few Oriental forms such as Rapana. A preliminary examination of a sample of shale containing fossil diatoms from Loc. 101 (L.S.J.U. ), diatomite from the Rancho San Gregorio, Lower California, has been made by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna. The forms found and their relation- ships are so important from a correlation standpoint that he hopes to prepare a separate report on the deposit in the near future. He states"*^ that : »• For an excellent discussion of the principles of correlation see C. Diener, Grund- zijge der Biostratigraphie, Wien, 1925, pp. 138-156. "Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. 9, No. 4, 1919, pp. 123-173. "^ Written communication. 518 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 4th StR. "The examination which has been made, indicates that the formation is lower Miocene in age and the flora is very differ- ent from that recently described from Maria Madre Island^', upper Miocene, a few hundred miles to the southward. There were noted in the study of that material, certain resemblances to east coast Miocene deposits and this relationship was prob- ably as close as it is to the Monterey shale of California, the diatoms of which have been very thoroughly studied and illustrated. The deposit from Loc. 101 (L.S.J. U.), diatomite from the Rancho San Gregorio, Lower California, appears to be very much more closely related to lower Miocene diatom- bearing shales of New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia. The resemblance amounts to identity of species in some note- worthy cases ; and it is believed that a close study of the material will disclose numerous species found heretofore only in the east coast deposits mentioned. Certain others are found in lower Miocene deposits of other parts of the world but the resemblance appears to be less close than to those mentioned." The writers consider the Miocene fauna discussed in the present paper to be lower Miocene in age and from the present collection the evidence indicates that the fauna is equivalent at least in part to that found in the lower part of the Temblor beds of California which occur in the Temblor basin and the Kern River district**^. Possibly they are in part equivalent to the upper Vaqueros*"^, but the assemblage as a whole indicates a lower Temblor, lower Miocene age. Considered as to climatic relations the fauna is composed in great part of warm water types with Chione, Lyropecten, giant Ostrea and giant Turritclla which are subtropical or tropical forms. " See Hanna & Grant, Miocene Marine Diatoms from Maria Madre Island, Mexico, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. IS, No. 2, April 1926, pp. 115-193, pis. 11-21. " Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. 4, No. 3, 1914; Proc. Calif. Acad. ScL, 4th Ser., Vol. 3, 1911, pp. 73-148. '"a By "Vaqueros" is meant the formation containing the fauna listed by J. P. Smith, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. 9, No. 4, 1919, pp. 160-161. Vol. XVI] HERTLEIN &■ JORDAN— MIOCENE 5^9 Notes and Descriptions of Species 1. Chione richthofeni Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species Plate XVII, figures 4, 7, 8 Shell of medium size; subtrigonal; anteriorly concave in front of beaks; lunule large, cordate, striate and bounded by an impressed line; anterior and ventral margins of shell rounded ; posterior ventral margin subrounded ; posterior margin broadly curved; escutcheon long and narrow; beaks pointed forward; umbos high, well rounded and broadly rounded at their base ; very slight flattening of valves border- ing posterior margin; valves ornamented by fine even longi- tudinal sulcate ribs and concentric fringing lamellae which are striate in line with ribs. Left valve (paratype) possesses two anterior and one posterior cardinal, behind the posterior cardinal two long raised ridges occur on the nymph plate. Length 49.8 mm. ; height 46.5 mm. ; thickness 40.9 mm. Holotype and paratype: L.S.J.U. type collection, from Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.); Arroyo San Ignacio, 8 kilometers south- west of San Ignacio, Lower California; paratypes Nos. 2657 and 2658, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. ; B. F. Hake collector. Isidro formation, lower Miocene. Chione richthofeni differs from Chione gnidia Sowerby*^ in possessing fine, even radial ribbing, the rounding of the umbos extends farther toward the posterior margin where the shell slopes rather abruptly to the slight flattening near the pos- terior margin; furthermore, the present species possesses two posterior cardinal teeth in the left valve. From Chione temblorensis Anderson*^, C. richthofeni dif- fers in possessing a more rounded posterior ventral margin and in lacking almost completely the prominent flattening of the dorsal margin which is so pronounced in Anderson's species. The rounded posterior ventral margin, the very slight flattening of the dorsal margin of the valves as well as the « Thes. Conch., Vol. 2, 1855, p. 709, pi. 154, fig. 25. «Proc. Calif. Acad. Set., 3rd Ser., Vol. 2, No. 2, 1905, p. 196, pi. 14, figs. 36, 37, 38. 520 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. fine, even, radial ribbing distinguish Chione richthofeni from C. zvalli Guppy*^ of the Caribbean Miocene. Apparently the present species differs from V. navidadis Philippi** in that the beaks are not situated so markedly an- terior nor is it elongated dorsally as is the case in the species described by Philippi. This species is named in recognition of the pioneer work in west coast geology by Baron von Richthofen. 2. Glycymeris swartsi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species Plate XVII, figures 1, 2 Shell fairly large, obliquely ovate, rather strongly inflated ; umbos high, subcentral, sculpture consisting of fine concentric lines of growth, and faint radial lines noticed on only a few unweathered parts of the shell and apparently developed mostly near base of shell; valves rounded in front, somewhat produced behind. Length approximately 40 mm. ; height 38.2 mm. ; width 29.8 mm. Holotype: L.S.J.U. type collection, from Loc. 60 (L.S.J.U.) west side of Elephant Mesa, Scammon Lagoon Quad- rangle, Lower California ; paratype No. 2659, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., B. F. Hake collector; Isidro(?) formation, lower Miocene. This species is unlike any other west coast Glycymeris. A row of taxodont teeth is present in one of the paratypes. The shape and sculpture of the valves and the circular row of teeth lead the authors to place this species under the genus Glycymeris although the shape is not similar to most other western North American species of that genus. This species is named for Mr. C. R. Swarts, geologist with the Marland Oil Company during their geological exploration work in Lower California. " See Maury, Bull. Amer. Paleo., Vol. 10, No. 42, 1925, p. 311, pi. 28, figs. 2, 11, 15. " Fos. Terciar, I, Cuartar, Chile, 1887, p. 120, pi. 14, fig. 4. Vol. XVI] HERTLEIN & JORDAN— MIOCENE 52I 3. Ostrea angermanni Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species Plate XVII, figures 3, 6 Right valve rather small, subquadrate in outline, moderately arched; an unornamented area covers beak and umbonal region, remainder of shell ornamented by 15 to 20 medium fine, well developed radial plications. Interior of valve moderately deep, sloping from margins of shell to point of greatest concavity at center ; hinge shows narrow ligament pit running to anterior dorsal edge of shell ; dorsal and parallel to this another longer, narrow pit follows posterior dorsal edge of shell; margins of shell marked with small crenula- tions. Height 46.2 mm. ; length 38.9 mm. ; greatest diameter of shell 13.1 mm. Holotype: Right valve L.S.J.U. type collection from Loc. 59 (L.S.J.U.), Turritella bed above San Gregorio Lagoon, 120 miles north of Magdalena Bay, Lower California, on the trail from Arroyo Mesquital to La Purisima ; E. Call Brown collector; Isidro(?) formation, lower Miocene. Ostrea aiigerinanni differs from 0. vespertina Conrad*"' in possessing a different hinge in which the pits are narrow and run obliquely across hinge to anterior dorsal margin of shell; furthermore, the present species possesses many more and much finer radial plications on the exterior of the valve. From Ostrea (Alectryonia) plicata Chemnitz**' and O. edulis Linnjeus*^ O. angermanni can be distinguished by the more numerous and finer radial plications ornamenting the right valve. O. angermanni differs from O. sellcefonnis var. thomasii Conrad*^, in that the lower valve of the present species is more cpadrate in outline, it is apparently more highly arched and is ornamented by finer ribs. This species is named for Dr. E. Angermann in recognition of his work in Lower California. "Jour. Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d Ser., Vol. 2, 1854, p. 300; see also Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. IS, No. 14, p. 428. "See Reeve, Conch. Icon., Vol. 18, 1871, Ostrea, pi. 27, figs. 68a, b, c, d. " See Reeve, Conch. Icon., Vol. 18, 1870. Ostrea, pi. 5, figs. 8a, b, c, d, e, f. "See Maryland Geol. Surv., Miocene, 1904, p. 380, pi. 100, figs. Sa, Sb. September 2, 1927 ^22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 4. Ostrea eldridgei Arnold Ostrea eldridgei Arnold, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 32, 1907, p. 528, pi. 42, figs. 2, 2a. "Elkin's ranch east of Grimes Canyon, near Fillmore," California. Loc. 147 (L.S.J.U.), Arroyo Mesquital, Lower California. This enormously thickened oyster is considered to be characteristic of the Vaqueros and Temblor lower Miocene formations of California. 5. Ostrea freudenbergi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species Plate XVII, figure 9; plate XVIII, figure 4 Shell elongate, thickness medium, right valve moderately arched, narrow at beak but widening ventrally, made up of flattish layers of shell material which is ornamented by faint, rather small radial plications. Interior of valve under beak possesses a ligament pit which is rather prominent, long, fairly broad and moderately impressed ; concavity of shell moder- ately deep, just ventral to ligament pit but becoming flatter toward the ventral margin ; ventral muscle scar fairly large, impressed and located on the anterior side of the shell about a third of the length of shell from the ventral margin. Height 88.5 mm.; length 61.1 mm.; greatest diameter 21.1 mm. Holotype: Right valve (L.S.J.U. type collection), from Loc. 59 (L.S.J.U.), Turritella bed above San Gregorio La- goon, 120 miles north of Magdalena Bay, Lower California, on the trail from Arroyo Mesquital to La Purisima ; E. Call Brown collector; Isidro (?) formation, lower Miocene. Ostrea freudenbergi can be distinguished from O. chilensis Philippi*** and other west coast Ostreas by its only moderately high right valve, elongate shape, faint radial ornamentation, differently shaped ligament pit and long, narrow beaks. This species is named for Dr. Wllhelm Freudenberg in recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of the geology of Mexico. "Martini-Chemnitz Conch. Cab., 2nd ed., Ostrea, 1845, p. 74, pi. 13, figs. 7-8; also Ball. W. H., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 37. 1910, p. 148, pi. 26, fig. 1. Vol. XVI] HERTLEIN & JORDAN— MIOCENE 533 6. Ostrea sp. Plate XIX, figures 3, 6 Several left valves of an Ostrea were found at Locs. 57 and 71 (L.S.J.U. ) which probably do not belong to Ostrea freu- denbergi and could not be referred with certainty to any known Ostrea. The valves are long, narrow, fairly smooth, slightly curved and bear a distinct raised area under the beaks. Nearly all these left valves possess exteriorly a groove run- ning from middle of the shell to the anterior ventral edge of the valve. Plesiotype: Left valve (L.S.J.U. type collection), from Loc. 57 (L.S.J.U.), La Purisima cliffs, San Ramon River, Lower California; E. Call Brown collector; Isidro(?) forma- tion, lower Miocene. 7. Pecten (Lyropecten) crassicardo (Conrad) Pallium crassicardo Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 313, "Monterey Co., Calif." Pecten (Lyropecten) crassicardo (Conrad), Arnold, Prof. Paper U. S. Geol. Survey 47, 1906, p. 71, pi. 16, figs. 1, la; pi. 17, figs. 1, la, lb; pi. 18, figs. 1, 2, 2a. Loc. 57 (L.S.J.U.), La Purisima Cliffs, Lower California; 1 specimen. This is the specimen recorded by Hertlein^" as ''Pecten (Lyropecten) near crassicardo (Conrad)." The specimen can be definitely identified with that species. It shows no afiini- ties with the large east American Lyropectens, P. jeffersonius Say and P. madisonius Say", other than those shown by typical specimens of P. crassicardo (Conrad). 8. Pecten (Plagioctenium) diminutivus Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species Pecten (Plagioctenium) calli Hertlein, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. 14, No. 1, 1925, p. 16, pi. 4, figs. 5 and 7; "west side of Elephant Mesa, Scammon Lagoon Quadrangle, Lower California;" not Pecten calli Hertlein, pi. 4, fig. 6, "first arroyo east of Santiago, Lower Cali- fornia." "Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Sen, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1925, p. 2. " See Dall, Trans. Wag. Inst. Sci., Vol. 3, pt. 4, 1898, pp. 722-725. 624 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Shell small, right valve fairly flat and ornamented by 16 flattish topped to broadly rounded ribs which are separated by flattish bottomed interspaces which are very slightly narrower than the ribs; right ear well developed with strong byssal notch. Left valve convex with fairly high and rather sharp umbo, and ornamented by 15 to 16 ribs. Altitude 8 mm.; longitude 8 mm.; thickness 2.1 mm.; apical angle, approxi- mately 98°. Holotype: No. 125 (L.S.J.U. type collection), from Loc. 60 (L.S.J.U.), west side of Elephant Mesa, Scammon La- goon Quadrangle, Lower California; B. F. Hake collector; isidro formation, lower Miocene. The writers"^^ have previously pointed out that the Miocene species figured by Hertlein cannot be referred to Pecten calli Hertlein. It is small and may possibly be the young form of some described species, but several specimens have been found, and it seems best to refer to them with a definite name; Pec- ten (Plagioctcniiun) diminutivits is proposed. The species differs from other west coast Plagiocteniums in its small size and flattish right valve. 9. Pecten (Lyropecten) pretiosus Hertlein Pecten (Lyropecten) pretiosus Hertlein, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. 14, No. 1, 1925, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 6; pi. 3, fig. 4. "Turritella bed above San Gregorio Lagoon, 120 miles north of Magdalena Bay, Lower California." This Species appears to be closely related to P. condylotmi- tus Dall" but can not be definitely assigned to that species. It differs from specimens of the latter in the collections of the California Academy of Sciences in smaller size, the right valve is higher at the umbo and the ribs are lower, evenly rounded and ornamented by numerous fine striae. The valves in P. pretiosus usually show but slight areas comparable to the strong constrictions often found in P. condylomatus. " Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. 15, No. 14, 1926, p. 436. •'Trans. Wag. Free Inst. Sci., Vol. 3, pt. 4, 1898, p. 729, pi. 34, figs. 14, 15. Vol. XVI] HERTLEIN &■ JORDAN— MIOCENE ^25 10. Sanguinolaria toulai Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species Plate XX, figure 2 Shell large, thin, fairly compressed, subovate, outline simi- lar to S. nuttalii Conrad; ventral margin evenly rounded; beaks small, acute; nymph prominent; two prominent cardinal teeth in left valve; faint groove on anterior dorsal margin of left valve; valves elongated posteriorly, ornamented by con- centric lines of growth. Length (extreme ends of shell miss- ing) 91.5 mm.; height 74.2 mm. Holotype: (L.S.J. U. type collection) from Loc. 66 ( L.S.J. U.), Arroyo San Ignacio, 8 kilometers southwest of San Ignacio, Lower California; B. F. Hake collector; Isidro form- ation, lower Miocene. Sanguinolaria toulai is larger and rounder than 6^. nuttalii Conrad^* and S. orcutti Dall". The right valve is more convex and less triangular at the beaks and both valves are apparently more nearly equally inflated than is the case in 5. nuttalii. S. toulai appears to lack any marked concavity on the anterior dorsal margins or any subangular line running from the beaks to the posterior end of the shell. This species is named for Dr. Franz Toula in recognition of his contribution to the knowledge of the Tertiary of the Panama region. 11. Saxidomus cf. S. vaquerosensis Arnold Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 396, 1909, p. 56, pi. 7, fig. 7; "Turritella ocoyana bed, ... 10 miles north of Qjalinga," California. Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.), Arroyo San Ignacio, 8 kilometers southwest of San Ignacio, Lower California ; one specimen. 5. vaquerosensis Arnold has previously been found in the lower Miocene of California. "Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. 7, 1837, p. 230, pi. 17, fig. 6; also Oldroyd, Stanford Univ. Pub. Geol., Vol. 1, No. 1, 1925. p. 185, pi. 55, figs. 1 and 4. o'See Dall, W. H., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. Vol. 66, No. 2554, 1925, p. 26, pi. 12, figs. 1 and 2. ^26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 12. Calliostoma hannibali Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species Plate XXI, figures 8, 9 Shell small, rather thin, conical, imperforate; tip of spire missing, four and one-half whorls present in type specimen; whorls sloping and broadly rounded to near periphery where a small angular shoulder is present; from shoulder, whorls slope abruptly to base ; body whorl rounded at periphery ; near base whorls ornamented by a raised spiral line ; on next to last whorl a raised spiral line occurs midway between suture and angular shoulder; whorls ornamented by numerous fine spiral lines which are strongest on base of body whorl. Height ap- proximately 20.5 mm.; width of body whorl 12.5 mm.; apical angle approximately 83°. Holotype: (L.S.J.U. type collection) from Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.), in San Ignacio Arroyo, 8 kilometers southwest of San Ignacio, Lower California; B. F. Hake collector; Isidro formation, lower Miocene. Calliostoma hannibali differs from C. eximium Reeve^*' in possessing a lower spire, whorls which are more sloping and which are rounded at the periphery, and in possessing finer spiral sculpture. This species is named for Mr. Harold Hannibal in recogni- tion of his contributions to the stratigraphy of western North America. 13. Crassispira starri Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species Plate XXI, figure 7 Shell small, elongate conic, fairly solid; spire turrited, prob- ably of six or seven whorls, the tip of the spire lost ; whorls flattened, sharply shouldered near the summit, with a pro- nounced beaded sutural band; axial sculpture of about 21 strong, narrow, sharp, straight, slightly protractive ribs, which become very slightly enlarged on the shoulder, and end "Proc. Zool. Soc, 1842, p. 185; Tryon Man. Conch.. Vol. 10, 1888, pi. 41, fig. 28; Vol. 11, 1889, p. 366, pi. 65, figs. 84-86. Vol. XVI] HERTLEIN & JORDAN— MIOCENE 527 in prominent rounded beads on the sutural band ; spiral sculp- ture nearly obliterated in type specimen, but apparently of many fine, impressed lines ; base long", not inflated, sculptured by continuations of the axial ribs, and apparently by fine spiral lines ; aperture elongate-ovate, produced anteriorly into a fairly long canal ; inner and outer lip with a small sinus posteriorly. Length (of last three whorls and canal) 19 mm. ; width 8.4 mm. Holotype: L.S.J.U. type collection from Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.), Arroyo San Ignacio, 8 kilometers southwest of San Ignacio, Lower California; B. F. Hake collector; Isidro formation, lower Miocene. The strongly beaded sutural band of this species is its most striking characteristic. It difi^ers from Drillia (Crassispira) bosci Engerrand & Urbina" in possessing a very strong, beaded band, much more sharply shouldered whorls and very faint spiral sculpture. The present species appears to differ from Plciu'otouia (Drillia) dalli Toula'^ in that the whorls are more sharply shouldered at their summits and possess much finer spiral sculpture than is the case in the species described by Toula. This species is named for Dr. David Starr Jordan, Chan- -^"^^ 1 nib bpecies is ricuueti lui lji. ljuvkx olhii juiuaii, \^iidii- ^^1% f • P ,1^- cellor Emeritus of Leland Stanford Junior University. > V'^-'cr^-/ ^9N 14. Cymia heimi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species Plate XVIII, figure 5 Shell large, thick and heavy, rather elongate ; spire of about five whorls appressed at the sutures, the sides roughly flat ; sutures wavy ; body whorl and next to last whorl orna- mented at the periphery by a row of strong, rounded nodes which are not prolonged into axial ribs ; about eight or nine of these nodes on the body whorl ; nodes not appearing from be- neath the sutures until the next to the last whorl, the early whorls bearing neither nodes nor axial ribs ; spire and base ornamented by many unequal and unequally spaced rather fine »' Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex., T. 6, pt. 2, 1910, p. 124, pi. 59, figs. 29, 30. "Jahrbuch der K. K. Geol. Reichsanstalt, Bd. 61, Nos. 3 and 4, 1911, p. 506, pi. 30, fig. 12. "^^^ 528 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. impressed spiral grooves, these grooves underlain on the base and to some extent on the spire by vague, broad, distantly- spaced spiral ridges ; about 22 grooves between the periphery and the suture on the late whorls ; aperture elongate, ovate, opening into a canal at each end; outer lip spirally ridged in- ternally, the ridges ending in about elevent blunt nobs ; inner lip with a strong blunt plait at about the middle, and another close to the anterior end of the aperture. Height 80.0 mm. ; width 50.8 mm. ; height of spire above body whorl about 30 mm. Holotype: L.S.J.U. type collection, from Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.), Arroyo San Ignacio, 8 kilometers southwest of San Ignacio, Lower California; paratypcs L.S.J.U. type collec- tion and Nos. 2660, 2661 and 2662, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. ; B. F. Hake collector ; Isidro formation, lower Miocene. Five other specimens of this species were examined from the type locality, and one from Loc. 59 (L.S.J.U.), Turritella bed above San Gregorio Lagoon. Apparently the nearest relative of this species is C. henekeni tectiformis Pilsbry^^ from the lower Miocene of Santo Do mingo. From that species C. heiini appears to be distinguished by having a larger, heavier and somewhat narrower shell, with the nodes on the periphery a little broader and less sharp. From C. tectum Wood°°, a somewhat similar west American species of the genus, both the present species and its Carrib- bean analogue differ in bearing many fine spiral grooves be- tween the periphery and the suture rather than the few (10-12) deeply impressed grooves separating broad, flat- top]^)ed spiral ridges that characterize C. tectum. 15. Cyprasa amandusi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species Plate XVIII, figure 1; plate XIX, figures 1, 4. 5 Shell moderately large; resembles C. nnis var. hicornis Sowerby ; somewhat pear-shaped ; dorsal margin very broadly rounded, in some specimens subsquare, margin cut by notch; dorsal surface of shell bears usually two nodes, one on each "Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. 73, pt. 2, 1921 (1922), p. 3SS, pi. 28, figs. 11, 12. " Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. 2, 1880, p. 201, pi. 63, fig. 330. Vol. XVI] HERTLEIN & JORDAN— MIOCENE g29 side of median dorsal line ; posterior dorsal portion of shell noticeably depressed below the two nodes; highest part of shell anterior to nodes; some specimens slightly corrugated chiefly posteriorly; ventral portion of shell flattish; aperture curved and ornamented by about 20 to 22 teeth. Length 57.3 mm.; width 41 mm.; height 26.5 mm. Syntypes: L.S.J.U. type collection, from Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.), in San Ignacio Arroyo, 8 kilometers southwest of San Ignacio, Lower California; paratypes Nos. 2663 and 2664, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. ; B. F. Hake collector; Isidro formation, lower Miocene. CyprcEa amandiisi differs from C. hcnckeni Sowerby®^ in possessing a much flatter shell and also in the presence of a depressed area in the dorsal posterior portion of the shell. From C. mus var. bicornis Sowerby''^, C. amandnsi differs in its larger size and in possessing a much flatter, less corru- gated shell ; in the latter strong nodes surmount ridges which run to the edge of the dorsal margin of the shell. This species is named for Dr. Rudolph Amandus Philippi whose work added greatly to the knowledge of paleontology and conchology. 16. Macron hartmanni Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species Plate XVIH, figure 2; plate XXI, figure 5 Shell of moderate size, very thick and solid, ovate in out- line ; spire elevated, the apex acute ; whorls about five, moder- ately inflated, separated by deeply and broadly channeled su- tures, the later whorls strongly shouldered at the summit ; spiral sculpture consisting of a deep groove around the body whorl a little below the periphery, below which on the base are three or four narrow spiral grooves, and above which on main part of whorls are six to ten similar grooves that diminish in in- tensity anteriorly, the summit of the whorls without spiral sculpture; base concave below periphery, swelling toward the umbilical area into a large siphonal fasciole ; umbilical area " See Maury, C, Bull. Amer. Paleo., Vol. 10, No. 42, 1925, p. 371, pi. 37, fig. 1. «- See Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. 7. 1885, p. 177, pi. 10, fig. 43. ^30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. subperforate ; aperture ovate, produced into a short canal below, and also notched at the upper end, surrounded by thickened and callused lips ; outer lip bearing a short blunt tooth at intersection with subperipheral spiral groove. Height 47 mm. ; width 29 mm. Holotype: L.S.J.U. type collection; paratypes L.S.J.U. type collection and Nos. 2665, 2666, 2667, 2668, 2669 and 2670. Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from Loc. 66 (L. S. J. U.), San Ignacio Ar- royo, 8 kilometers southwest of San Ignacio, Lower Cali- fornia; Isidro formation, lower Miocene; B. F. Hake collector. Eleven other specimens of this species wxre examined from the same locality. This species is closely related to M. uierriaini Arnold"^, from the lower Miocene of southern California, but it seems to differ from that species in several particulars. The type of M. rncrrimni is small, while the present species attains a much greater size, the largest specimen in the collection being 65 mm. in height. 71/. nicrriwni lacks all spiral grooving an- terior to the periphery, lacks the very strong shoulder at the summit of the whorls, lacks the deep concavity of the base just below the periphery, and is in general a more simple and less strongly marked shell. The pronounced development of many of these characters, however, including of course that of size, seems to a considerable extent to be a matter of age, and young examples of M. hartmanni differ little from M. merriami. Macron hartmanni has more numerous and much finer spiral grooves than either of the recent Lower California species, M. kellettii A. Adams'^* and M. cethiops Reeve" .65 17. Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Natica rcclitziana Deshayes, Mag. de Zool., Mollusca, 1841, pi. ,37, "Mers de Californie." Polinices (Neverita) reclusiana (Petit), Arnold, Mem. Calif. Sci., Vol. 3, 1903, p. 314, pi. 10, fig. 12. Natica (Neverita) rcclnziana Petit, Clark, Univ. Cal. Pub. Geol., Vol. 11, No. 2, 1918, p. 167. Neverita reclusiana (Deshayes), Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 112, 1921, p. 165. "Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 32, 1907, p. 529, pi. 41, figs. 4, 4a. "Tryon Man. Conch., Vol. 3, 1881, p. 214, pi. 82, fig. 477. " Conch. Icon., Vol. 3, 1847, Buccinum, pi. 13, fig. 108. Vol. XVI] HERTLEIN & JORDAN— MIOCENE 53]^ Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.), Arroyo San Ignacio, 8 kilometers southwest of San Ignacio, Lower California; Isidro forma- tion, lower Miocene. This extremely variable species is recorded as extending in the west American Tertiary from the Oligocene to the recent. It is not attempted at this time to place in the synonymy the considerable number of alleged species, subspecies and varie- ties described by various authors as distinct from typical P. recluziamis, many of which fall without question within the range of variation of the single species. Several variants are represented in the present collection. According to Dall the range of Polinices recliizianus is at the present time from Crescent City, California, to the Tres Marias Islands and Chile. 18. Rapana imperialis Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species Plate XX, figure 1 Shell large, strong, thick and heavy; spire low, broad, of about five whorls, the sides flattened ; whorls strongly shoul- dered at a considerable distance below the summit; shoulder ornamented by a series of large, hollow, slightly curved horns, about nine such horns on the body whorl ; periphery marked by a heavy, blunt spiral ridge, feebly nodose, the nodes roughly corresponding to the horns at the shoulder of the whorl ; base concave, bearing about four strong, blunt, roughly squamose spiral ridges ; no axial sculpture on spire or base other than rather pronounced incremental lines ; a prominent siphonal fasciole encircling a wide open umbilicus; aperture large, opening anteriorly into a small recurved canal. Height 110 mm. ; maximum width 105 mm. Holotypc: L.S.J.U. type collection, from Loc. 57 (L.S.J.U.), La Purisima cliffs, San Ramon River, Lower California; paratype No. 2671, Mus. Cali. Acad. Sci. ; Isidro(?) formation, lower Miocene; E. Call Brown collector. This magnificent shell is close to Rapana vaquerosensis Arnold"® of the lowermost Miocene of upper California but «« Smithson. Misc. Coll., Vol. 50, 1908, p. 427, pi. 52, figs, la, lb. ^32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. differs chiefly in being proportionately broader, with a less elevated spire, and in bearing fewer and much stronger horns on the shoulder of the whorls. These horns give the shell a strikingly coronate appearance. 19. Terebra burckhardti Hertlein & E. K. Jordan new species Plate XXI, figure 6 Shell moderately slender, spire missing, four and one-half whorls present in type specimen ; outline of whorls straight on sides ; below suture each whorl possesses a somewhat convex projecting sutural band which is set off from remainder of whorl by a sharp, incised line; each whorl sculptured by about 18 longitudinal plications which run slig'htly oblique and offset slightly on crossing to the sutural band where they are coarser; on body whorl, plications bend slightly anteriorly at top of whorl and slightly posteriorly at base of whorl ; canal unornamented. Length 25.5 mm. ; width of body whorl 9.3 mm. Holotype: L.S.J.U. type collection, from Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.), in San Ignacio Arroyo, 8 kilometers southwest of San Ignacio, Lower California; paratype No. 2678, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. ; Isidro formation, lower Miocene; B. F. Hake col- lector. Terebra burckhardti differs from T. varicgata Gray"^ in possessing a stronger projecting sutural band, stronger longi- tudinal plications, and sharper shouldered whorls. It is dis- tinguished from T. dislocata Say, T. aspera Hinds and T. acuaria Toula"^, by possessing coarser ribs, strong projecting collar and in lacking spiral ornament. From T. gausapata herz'iderana Spieker"", T. burckhardti can be distinguished by the absence of the spiral sculpture which is so pronounced in "See Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. 7, 1885, p. 14, pi. 1, figs. 5, 7, 8; pi. 2, figs. 15, 19, 21; pi. 3, figs. 31, 37, 38. ••Jahrbuch d. K. K. Geol. Reichsanstalt, Bd. 61, Heft 3 & 4, 1911, p. 505, pi. 31, figs. 19a, b, c. «» Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies in Geol., No. 3, 1922, p. 35, pi. 1, fig. 1. Vol. XVI] HERTLEIN & JORDAN— MIOCENE ^33 Spieker's subspecies. Furthermore the present species pos- sesses a more slender shell than does Spieker's subspecies. Terebra burckhardti differs from T. (Myurella) coleri Enger- rand & Urbina^'^ in lacking spiral sculpture on the whorls, in the absence of plaits on the columella and apparently in pos- sessing more sharply shouldered whorls that T. coleri. This species is named for Dr. Carlos Burckhardt in recogni- tion of his excellent contributions to the knowledge of the paleontology and stratigraphy of Mexico. 20. Thais wittichi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species Plate XVIII, figure 3 Shell rather large, thick and solid, moderately elongate; spire moderately elevated, of six slightly inflated whorls separated by fairly well defined sutures ; whorls vaguely shoul- dered at some distance anterior to the summit, crossed by six to eight strong varices which are somewhat produced at the shoulder ; also sculptured between the suture by 10 to 20 low, unequal spiral ridges separated by narrowly impressed grooves, the spiral sculpture continuous across the varices ; base rather long, ornamented by continuations of the varices and by spiral sculpture similar to that of the earlier whorls; umbilicus nar- row but plainly open; a prominent siphonal fasciole; aperture broadly ovate, produced anteriorly into a rather long, narrow, straight canal, which in old specimens tends to be partially covered over; inner lip rather heavily callused; outer lip thickened and bearing seven to nine strong knobs within. Holotype: L.SJ.U. type collection; paratypes L.S.J.U type collection and Nos. 2672, 2673, 2674, 2675, 2676 and 2677, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.), Arroyo San Ignacio, 8 kilometers southwest of San Ignacio, Lower Cali- fornia; B. F. Hake collector; Isidro formation, lower Miocene. Fifteen other specimens of this species were examined from the same locality where it is apparently abundant. '» Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex., T. 6, 1910, p. 120, pi. 59, figs. 35, 36. 634 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. This fine species is apparently totally dififerent from any of the genus known from the Miocene of western North America, from the Peruvian region, or from the Caribbean region. This species is named for Dr. Ernest Wittich whose work has added to the knowledge of the geology of Lower California. 21. Turritella bosei Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species Plate XXI, figures 1, 2 Shell large, long; early whorls similar to T. ocoyana but later with a strong, projecting carina at point of greatest diameter; whorls slightly concave above carina; point of greatest concavity occurs at about one-third the length of whorl from top of whorl ; whorls ornamented above carina by about 6 or 7 strong, subequally spaced lines; below point of greatest diameter two spiral lines ornament whorl ; spiral lines increase in prominence in later whorls where they are crossed by oblique lines of growth; base of body whorl ornamented by 7 to 8 spiral lines. Length (earliest whorls missing) 143 mm. ; greatest width of body whorl 38 mm. Syntypes: L.S.J.U. type collection, from Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.), in San Ignacio Arroyo, 8 kilometers southwest of San Ignacio, Lower California; paratypes Nos. 2679, 2680 and 2681, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. ; B. F. Hake collector; Isidro formation, lower Miocene. Turritella hbscl differs from T. ocoyana Conrad'^ to which it is closely related, in possessing a projecting carina on most of the whorls at the point of greatest diameter; also the whorls above the carina are slightly concave and ornamented by stronger spiral sculpture. From T. supraconcava frcadi Hodson'-, T. bosci differs in possessing somewhat coarser and " Pac. R. R. Rept., Vol. 5, 1857, p. 329, pi. 8, figs. 73, 73a, 73b. " Bull. Amer. Paleo.. Vol. 11, No. 45, 1926, p. 13, pi. 5, figs. 1, 3; pi. 6, figs. 2, 5; pi. 7, figs. 1, 6, 7; pi. 9, fig. 7; pi. 28, fig. 6. ( = T. supraconcava freadi Hodson. V. robusta Grzybowski=T. supraconcava Hanna & Israelsky, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. 14, No. 2, 1925, p. 59. Not T. robusta Gabb, Paleo. Calif. Vol. 1, 1864, p. 135, pi. 21, fig. 94, from Cretaceous of California.) Vol. XVI] HERTLEIN & JORDAN— MIOCENE 535 less numerous spiral lines. Furthermore the whorls are more convex above the carina in T. hosei than in Hodson's sub- species and the whorls in the present species slope much more abruptly from the carina anteriorly to the suture. The carina in T. hosci does not project so far and it is not so sharp as T. s. frcadi. From T. siibgrundifera Dall'^, T. bosci differs in its larger size, in possessing heavier spiral lines in the later whorls, and in that the whorls are slightly concave above the carina. T. hosei has two spiral lines below the carina which are separated by a wider interspace and both are nearer the suture than are the corresponding lines in Ball's species. This species is named for Dr. Emil Bose in recognition of his contributions to the geology and paleontology of Mexico. 22. Turritella wittichi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species Plate XXI, figures 3, 4 Shell long, fairly slender; 7 subconvex whorls present, several early whorls missing in type specimen; from suture whorls slope outward to greatest diameter which occurs about one-third the length of whorl from base, point of greatest diameter marked by a fairly strong spiral rib below which whorls slope rather abruptly to suture ; above rib marking greatest diameter are 4 to 6 well defined equidistantly spaced, spiral ribs, in some whorls a tiny midrib occurs between the strong carinal rib and first rib above ; immediately below point of greatest diameter an interval of space occurs below which three equidistantly spaced fine spiral lines occur; on base of body whorl the lowest of these lines marks a subangular shoulder, below which the base is ornamented by several fine spiral lines. Body whorl also ornamented by lines of growth which cross the spiral sculpture obliquely; in early whorls growth lines are very slight or lacking. Height 86 mm. ; greatest diameter of body whorl 24 mm. "Trans. Wag. Inst. Sci., Vol. 3, pt. 2, 1892, p. 313, pi. 22, fig. 23. ^35 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Holotype: L.S.J.U. type collection, from Loc. 59 (L.SJ.U.), Turritella bed above San Gregorio Lagoon, 120 miles north of Magdalena Bay, Lower California, on the trail from Arroyo Mesqiiital to La Purisima; paratypes L.S.J.U. type collection and Nos. 2682, 2683 and 2684, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., from Loc. 59 (L.S.J.U.); E. Call Brown collector; Isidro(?) formation, lower Miocene. Turritella zi'itficJii in its earlier whorls resembles T. ocoyana Conrad, but it differs in that the point of greatest diameter occurs at about one-third the length of whorl from base while in T. ocoyana, the greatest width of whorl is usually near the base. Turritella wittichi differs from T. nelsoni var. rotundata Grzybowski^* in lacking the numerous fine secondary spiral ribs, and in that the base of the whorls slope more abruptly to the suture, furthermore T. nelsoni var. rotundata possesses four lines below the carina while only three are present in T. zinttichi. Apparently the early whorls are more subangular in T. wittichi than in T. nelsoni var. rotundata. From T. venczuelana Hodson^^. T. zvittichi differs in pos- sessing more numerous and much fainter spiral ribs, further- more the whorls bear three fine spiral lines anterior to point of greatest diameter, while in Hodson's species but one strong spiral rib is present. T. zvittichi differs from T. tristis Brown & Pilsbry^® in possessing more numerous spiral ribs, the point of greatest diameter occurs about one-third the length of whorl from base, and the base of whorls is ornamented by three fine spiral lines. T. zvittichi can be distinguished from T. infracarinata Grzybowski'^ by the finer ribs in the present species, and in that the point of greatest diameter is about one- third the length of whorl from base, and three fine lines orna- " Neues Jahrbuch fur Miner. Geol. u. Paleo. Beil. Bd. No. 12, 1899, p. 643, pi. 20, fig. 6; see also Spieker, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Geol., No. 3, 1922, p. 77, pi. 3, fig. 7. "Bull. Amer. Paleo.. Vol. 11, No. 45, 1926, p. 32. pi. 21. figs. 4. 8; pi. 22, figs. 1. 6. "Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. Vol. 63. 1911, p. 358. " Neues Jahrbuch fiir Miner. Geol. u. Paleo. Beil. Bd. 12. 1899, p. 643, pi. 20, fig. 5; see also Spieker, Johns Hopkins Studies in Geol., No. 3, 1922. p. 79, pi. 3, figs. 9 and 10. Vol. X\I] HERTLEIX & JORDAX—MIOCEXE 637 ment the anterior part of whorl between point of greatest diameter and suture. T. icitticJii differs from T. gafiiiiciisis Conrad' "^ in its hirger size, in possessing differently shaped whorls, fainter ribbing, and in possessing only one strong rib on the wider part of the whorls. This species is named for Dr. Ernest Wittich in recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of the geology of Lower California. '»Pac. R. R. Rept., \-ol. 6, p. 72, pi. 5, fig. 20; also Dall, Trans. Wag. Inst., Vol. 3, pt. 2, 1892, p. 310, pi. 17, fig. 10. RA VVt > F«n; At (T (o 638 CALIFORSIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tii Si;r. Plate 17 Fig. 1. Glycymeris swartsi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size ; paratype, left valve, No. 2659 (C.A.S. type coll.), from Loc. 60 (L.S.J. U.), west side of Elephant Mesa, Scammon Laj^oon Quadrangle, Lower California; Isidro (?) formation, lower Mio- cene; p. 620. Fig. 2. Glycymeris sivartsi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; holotype, (L.S.J. U. type coll.), from same locality as fig. 1 ; p. 620. Fig. 3. Ostrea angermanni Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size ; holotype, (L.S.J. U. type coll.), from Loc. 59 (L.S.J.U.), Turritella bed above San Gregorio Lagoon, 120 miles north of Magdalena Bay, Lower California. Isidro (?) formation, lower Miocene; p. 621. Fig. 4. Chiime richlhofeni Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; paratype, (L.S.J.U. type coll.), from Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.), Arroyo San Ignacio, 8 kilometers southwest of San Ignacio, Lower Cali- fornia. Isidro formation, lower Miocene; p. 619. Fig. 5. Isuriis hastalis Agassiz; natural size; plesiotype, (C.A.S. type coll.), from Loc. 958 (C.A.S.), east side of Turtle Bay, about one half mile northeast of prominent yellow mesa or monadnock, Turtle Ba\-, Lower California; lower Miocene; p. 609. Fig. 6. Ostrea angermanni Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; same specimen as fig. 3; p. 621. Fig. 7. Chione richlhofeni Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; holoty])e, (L.S.J.U. type coll.), from same locality as fig. 4; p. 619. Fig. 8. Chione richlhofeni Hertlein &• E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; same specimen as fig. 7; p. 619. Fig. 9. Ostrea freudenbergi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; holotype, (L.S.J.U. type coll.), from same locality as fig. 3; p. 622. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI, No. 19 [HERTLEIN & JORDAN] Plate 17 (^j40 CALlfOKSlA ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES [Proc. 4th SiiR. Plate 18 Fig. 1. Cyprcea amandusi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; syntype, (L.S.J. U. type coll.), from Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.), San Ignacio Arroyo, 8 kilometers southwest of San Ignacio, Lower California. Isidro formation, lower Miocene; p. 628. Fig. 2. Macron hnrtmanni Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; holotj'pc, (L.S.J.U. type coll.), from same locality as fig. 1 ; p. 629. Fig. .5. Thais wittichi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; holotype, (L.S.J.U. type coll.), from same locality as fig. 1 ; p. 63.3. Fig. 4. Ostrea freudenbergi Hertlein &■ E. K. Jf^rdan, new species; natural size; holotype, (L.S.J.U. type coll.), same specimen as PI. 17, fig. 9; j). 622. Fig. 5. Cymia heimi Hertlein & E. K. jnrdan, new species; natural size; holotype, (L.vS.J.U. tyi)e coll.), from same locality as fig. 1 ; j). 627 PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI, No. 19 [ HERTLEIN & JORDAN ] Plate 18 ^2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Plate 19 Fig. 1. Cyprcca amandiisi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; holotype, (L.S.J. U. type coll.), from Loc. 66 (L.vS.J.U.), San Ignacio Arroyo, 8 kilometers southwest of San Ignacio, Lower California. Isidro formation, lower Miocene. Same specimen as PI. 18, fig. 1; p. 628. Fig. 2. Titrritella ocoyana Conrad; natural size; plesiotype, (L.S.J.U. type coll.), from same locality as fig. 1; p. 608. Fig. 3. Uslrea sp.; natural size; plesiotype, left valve, (L.S.J.U. type coll.), from Loc. 57 (L.S.J.U.), La Purisima cliffs, San Ramon River, Lower California. Isidro formation, lower Miocene; p. 623. Fig. 4. Cyprcea amandusi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; paratype. No. 2663 (C.A.S. type coll.), from same locality as fig. l;"p. 628. Fig. 5. Cyprcea amandusi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; paratype, No. 2664 (C.A.S. type coll.), from same locality as fig. 1 ; p. 628. Fig. 6. Ostrea sp. ; natural size; ])lesiotype, (L.vS.J.U. tyiK* coll.). Same specimen as fig. 3; p. 623. PROC. CAL, ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI, No. 19 [HERTLEIN & JORDAN] Plate 19 544 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Plate 20 Fig. 1. Rapana imperialis Hertlcin & E. K. Jordan, new s])ecies; natural size; holotype, (L.S.J. U. type coll.), from Loc. 57 (L.vS.J.U.), La Purisima cliffs, San Ramon River, Lower California. Isidro (?) formation, lower Miocene; p. 631. Fig. 2. Sanguinolaria toulai Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; holotype, (L.S.J. U. type coll.), from Loc. 66 (L.S.J. U.), Arroyo San Ignacio, 8 kilometers southwest of San Ignacio, Lower California. Isidro formation, lower Miocene; p. 625. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI, No. 19 [HERTLEIN & JORDAN ] Plate 20 546 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sf.r. Plate 21 Fig. 1. Turritella bosei Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; syntype, (L.S.J. U. type coll.), from Loc. 66 (L.S.J.U.), Arroyo San Ignacio, 8 kilometers southwest of San Ignacio, Lower Cali- fornia. Isidro fonnation, lower Miocene; p. 634. Fig. 2. Turritella bosei Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; syntype, (L.S.J. U. type coll.), from same locality as fig. 1; p. 634. Fig. 3. Turritella li'ittichi Hertlein &■ E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; holotype, (L.S.J.U. type coll.), from Loc. 59 (L.S.J. U.), Turri- tella bed above San Grcgorio Lagoon, 120 miles north of Magda- lena Bay, Lower California; Isidro (?) f(jrmation, lower Miocene; p. 635. ' Fig. 4. Turritella ivittichi Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; paratype. No. 2682 (C.A.S. type coll.), from same locality as fig. 3; p. 635. Fig. 5. Macron hartnuinni Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; holotype, (L.S.J.U. type coll.), from same locality as fig. 1; same specimen as PI. 18, fig. 2; p. 629. Fig. 6. Terehra burckhardti Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; holotyjje, (L.S.J.U. type coll.), from same locality as fig. 1; p. 632. Fig. 7. Crassispira starri Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; holotype, (L.S.J.U. type coll.), from same locality as fig. 1 ; p. 626. Fig. 8 Calliostoma hannibali Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; holotype, (L.S.J.U. type coll.), from .same locality as fig. 1; p. 626. Fig. 9. Calliostoma hannibali Hertlein & E. K. Jordan, new species; natural size; view of base; holotype, (L.S.J.U. type coll.), same specimen as fig. 8; p. 626. Fig. 10. Turritella sp.; natural size; plesiotype, (L.S.J.U. type coll.), from Loc. 60 (L.S.J.U.), west side of Elephant Mesa, Scammon Lagoon Quadrangle, Lower California; lower Miocene; p, 608. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI, No. 19 [ HERTLEIN & JORDAN ] Plate 21 -Hi-** '^^ .'/r- g /y PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 20, pp. 649-680, plates 22-24 November 14, 1927 XX NOTES ON NEW OR RARE FISHES FROM HAWAII BY DAVID STARR JORDAN BARTON WARREN EVERMANN AND SHIGEHO TANAKA The authors spent sometime in Hawaii in the fall of 1925 in connection with the establishment of the Pan-Pacific Re- search Institution developed by the Pan-Pacific Union, of which Mr. Alexander Hume Ford is the efficient secretary. In frequent visits to the prolific markets of Honolulu, Doctors Jordan and Evermann made a large collection of fishes for the museum of the California Academy of Sciences. This collection has been studied jointly by the present writers and by Dr. Yojiro Wakiya, director of the Fisheries Experi- ment Station of Korea. Jordan and Evermann, while in Honolulu, made, usually, daily visits to the fish markets where they examined in as much detail as possible, the catch of the various fishermen as brought in and put on sale, purchasing or otherwise securing specimens thought to be new or rare, and taking measurements and life-color notes. Doctors Tanaka and Wakiya each spent several months in the winter of 1925-26 at Stanford University where Dr. Wakiya paid special attention to the Carangidae. He wrote up the species of Uraspis and Leucoglossa and compared them with Japanese examples. Dr. Tanaka went over the entire November 14, 1927. gcQ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sfr. collection, the Carangidae excepted, verifying Jordan and Evermann's field notes and descriptions. All the keys were drawn up by Dr. Jordan and tested by Dr. Evermann. Many courtesies were extended to us in connection with our visits to the Honolulu fish market. First of all, we must men- tion Mr. J. E. Illingworth, entomologist, of the Bishop Mu- seum, who came early every morning with his car to take us to the markets. Dr. Frederick G. Krauss, professor of Agronomy, University of Hawaii, photographed for us several specimens of fishes. Dr. Stanley Ball, curator of collections, Bishop Museum, extended many courtesies in connection with our examination of the collections in that institution. To Dr. C. H. Edmond- son, professor of Zoology, University of Hawaii, and Dr. Oestergaard, in charge of the sea-side Biological Laboratory at Waikiki Beach, we are under many obligations for permis- sion to use their laboratory in preserving and caring for our specimens. Mr. F. A. Potter, director of the Waikiki Aqua- rium, aided us materially in connection with our examination of the fishes in that institution. And we must not fail to men- tion our old Chinese friend, W. K. Alana, fish dealer in the Honolulu market, who, on each of our many visits to Hono- lulu in the past 24 years, has never failed to help us in every way possible in securing new or rare specimens. To all these and others who aided us in any way we wish to express our grateful appreciation. One feature of the local fauna may be especially noted. Nearly all collections in Hawaii have been made in the sum- mer. With October a considerable change takes place, and many of the rare species, especially of Carangidcu, appear in abundance, coming in from the open sea or from farther south. The chief fisheries are now carried on by Japanese, who ven- ture out to sea much farther than ever did the Hawaiians who seldom went beyond the coral reefs, where reefs exist. The fauna of the reefs is much less abundant than in the period of the first extensive explorations, those of Dr. Oliver P. Jenkins in 1889, and of Jordan and Evermann in 1901. Probably no species has been actually exterminated by overfishing, but many once common have now become rare. The type specimens of the species here described are in the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences. Vol. XVI] JORDAN, EVERMANN 6- TANAKA— HAWAIIAN FISHES 55^ Family Aetobatid^ 1. Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen) Hawaiian name, Hihiniunanu A huge example weighing 200 pounds seen in the market. The teeth 21/14, of a clear dark purple-blue. Color light brown ; spots everywhere, light yellowish, paler than in young. The monstrous jaws of this example are now in the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences. Family Belonid^ Thalassosteus Jordan, Evermann & Tanaka, new genus Type: Belone appendiculata Gointher. This genus is an ally of Tylosurus, with which it agrees in general characters, differing especially in the presence of a very peculiar bony keel on the lower side of the tip of the lower jaw. This keel is about half deeper than long, its length about 1.7 in eye. The bones in this genus are all intensely green in life, the color more intense than in any other of the Belonidce. The dorsal and anal are many-rayed, the anterior lobe of each high and falcate. (daXaaaa, sea-green; 'oo-re'oi/, bone). 2. Thalassosteus appendiculatus (Giinther) A single large example, 1.05 meters long. Head 1.46 in trunk; depth 5.74; width of head 1.16 in its depth; eye 2.18 in postorbital part of head, 1.2 in interorbital space, 5.26 in snout; pectoral 3.6 in head; ventral 4.27; D. 25 ; A. 23; P. 13; V. 6; scales about 570 in a longitudinal series to base of caudal ; keel on lower jaw ^ diameter of eye; snout nearly twice rest of head. Body very elongate, strongly compressed, the sides flat- tened ; caudal peduncle depressed, flattened above and below ; head slightly deeper than wide, flattened at tip, the sides strongly compressed, under surface narrowly constricted; eye rather large, longer than deep, combined length of eye and postorbital part of head 1.6 in jaws; interorbital broad, slightly concave across; nasal cavity large, close to eye; jaws ^52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. long, subequal, rather slender; lower jaw with a large and very peculiar keel below at tip, compressed laterally; cleft of mouth extending to below center of eye; teeth in jaws strong canines, present to tip, intermingled with very small acute teeth; no vomerine teeth; gill-openings large, the membranes continued forward below, separate, free from the istlimus which is long and narrow; no gillrakers; pseudobranchiae small but developed. Dorsal fin inserted nearer origin of ven- tral than base of caudal, anterior rays longest, so that anterior portion of fin becomes a falcate lobe, posterior rays short, sub- equal, last ray a little longer; anal inserted below origin of dorsal, similar in form to dorsal fin but the last rays not produced; pectoral rather small, as long as postorbital part of head, its upper rays longest, the posterior mar- gin obliquely rounded; ventrals inserted slightly nearer base of caudal than posterior rim of eye; caudal deeply lunate, the lower lobe much the longer; caudal peduncle keeled on either side at base of caudal. Scales small, slightly imbricate ; cheeks thickly scaled ; front of opercle narrowly scaled ; lateral line running low and pos- teriorly close above the keel on either side of caudal peduncle. Color in spirits, upper third of body dark greenish (in life peculiarly bright green), lower part whitish; between these two colors a broad silvery bluish longitudinal band present; head mostly gray, bluish black above; lower parts whitish; teeth and jaws including the keel of lower jaw a very deep green more intense than in any related species; vertical fins all dusky, deeply tinged with bluish and dark-tipped ; caudal with dark posterior margin; pectoral dusky tinged with bluish; ventral dark, similar, with blue; lateral band white in life. The single specimen seems to be identical with Belone ap- pendiculata, described by Dr. Giinther, from Solomon Islands. 3. Ablennes hians (Cuvier & Valenciennes) Three specimens 740 to 770 mm. long. D. 24 or 25 ; A. 27. Dorsal high, very acutely falcate, its depth 2.75 in head, posterior rays high; anal similar in form to dorsal, posterior rays long, but not so long as the corres- ponding rays in dorsal ; anal inserted a little in advance of Vol. XVI] JORDAN, EVERMANN & TANAKA—HA W All AN FISHES 553 origin of dorsal, the latter fin inserted above seventh to ninth ray of anal. Jaws not closing, the upper at base curved up- ward ; thickness of body a little more than half depth ; no keel at caudal base. Color in life, dark green, sides abruptly silvery; black half- bars 4-7 in number (12 to 14 fide Regan), varying in number and size, but quadrate in form; no green on head, nor on jaws and teeth; falcate part of dorsal and anal dusky, tips much darker, posterior rays of the former fin blackish, with darker distal parts, while the corresponding rays of anal are whitish, with no trace of darker. This species is not uncommon in Hawaii. The Pacific form (melanostigma Cuvier & Valenciennes), seems to differ from the Atlantic Ablennes hians Cuvier & Valenciennes, in the less compressed form and the angular (not rounded) form of the dark cross-bars. These marks are variable, and proba- bly but one cosmopolitan species of Ablennes can be defined at present. Family Holocentrid^ 4. Myripristis chryseres Jordan & Evermann Color deep red, with faint pink streaks; fins mostly bright golden yellow, with slight red shades; ventrals and pectorals deep red ; a black stioulder-blotch, mostly on opercle above, smaller than in M. murdjan. Eye very large. Family Gempylid^ 5. Promethichthys solandri (Cuvier & Valenciennes) D. XVIII-I, 17 -f- 2 or I, 18 + 2; A. I, 15 + 2; eye very large; snout 3.17 in head; maxillary to front of pupil. Teeth sharp, unequal, one-rowed in front, largest in upper jaw. Color, steel-blue marked with black. Stomach and intes- tines crowded with small white worms. Not rare in the markets of Honolulu in September. ^54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 4th Ser, Family Bramid^ 6. Taractes steindachneri (Doderlein) Dark steel-gray with greenish pectoral ; last rays of caudal dark green; edge of dorsal and anal darker. Scales without ridges, 45 ; dorsal 33 ; anal 28 ; pectoral very long, longer than dorsal lobe, reaching middle of anal ; dorsal lobe high, falcate, ^ head ; anal lobe similar ; maxillary reaching middle of large eye, which is twice snout and 3.5 in head; caudal deeply forked. A specimen in the Bishop Museum examined. 7. Eumegistus illustris Jordan & Jordan Part of a large example was seen in the market at Honolulu. 8. Zalanthias kelloggi (Jordan & Evermann) This beautiful species is remarkably brilliant in life. An- terior half of body very pale pink, the head dark orange ; pos- terior parts of body bright scarlet, this color extending on membranes of the spinous dorsal ; fins mostly yellow. In spirits, the whole body is plain whitish, the red and yel- low fading entirely. With this species should be compared Zalanthias azumanus Jordan & Richardson, from Japan (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXVII, 470, 1910), as the two are very much alike. This latter species is the Anthias japonicus of Doderlein (Fische Japan, I, 19, pi. Ill, f. 2), the name preoccupied by Anthias japonicus Bloch, a species of Scolopsis. 9. Epinephelus lanceolatus Bloch One specimen weighing 360 pounds dressed. Teeth even, in very broad bands ; no canines ; no flexible teeth evident ; preopercle almost entire, weakly serrate; supplemental maxil- lary very small, apparently obsolete, mouth very oblique; maxillary very broad, 3 in head, extending little beyond the small eye ; pectoral short, broad ; caudal rounded, fan-shaped. Color dirty olive ; sides of head uniform dark brown ; fins dark. Scales (pores) 80; dorsal XI, 16; anal III, 9. Dorsal deeply notched, the two parts not separated, the spines rather high. Vol. XVI] JORDAN, EVERMANN & TANAKA— HAWAIIAN FISHES 555 Sold at auction at 40 cents a pound. Chinese very fond of it, but haole (foreigners) do not like it. It is sold for $1.50 per pound when sliced. But one specimen of this enormous fish was seen. Its in- ordinate value and the haste of the fishermen who cut it into steaks, made careful description impossible. Of the known species it seems nearest to Epinephelus lanceolatus Bloch, but it is very likely new to science. Family Nomeid^ 10. Cubiceps thompsoni Fowler Very unlike Ariomma, certainly not of the same genus. The type in the Bishop Museum is a specimen 1.5 feet long, bluish with large firm scales. Family Carangid^ 11. Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus) A single specimen in the Bishop Museum. Finlets 5; tail short; eye very large; depth 1.25 in head; caudal equal to snout; eye 2 in snout. Body pale greenish or bluish and white, no red; a black opercular spot. Not previ- ously recorded from Hawaii. 12. Decapterus canonoides Jenkins Head 4.1 in length; depth 5.1 ; dorsal rays 36 + 2. Body elongate; no visible teeth in jaws; teeth very faint on vomer and tongue. Soft dorsal black at tip; opercular spot plain ; very faint dark shade on side. This species is common in the Honolulu market and seems valid. 13. Caranx stellatus Quoy & Gaimard Eye golden ; teeth in one large row in jaws ; small teeth on vomer, palatines and tongue ; golden shades on back ; pectoral, lower side of head, back and sides, irregularly freckled with small sky-blue and black on brassy background; no silvery; g55 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sbr. small sky-blue spots everywhere on back; golden about eye, with sky-blue shades before and below it ; dorsal lobe dark, the whole fin shaded with sky-blue, axil dark within, no opercular spot; lower fins all black; a blotch of dark dots above base of pectoral. Dorsal lobe 1.5 in head; eye 2 in snout, which is 3 in head, 2.5 in depth of body; head 3.5 in length; depth 3; gillrakers moderate, about 30; snout rather long, slightly depressed be- fore eye. D. 24; A. 23. Length 2 feet. This fish is common in the markets of Honolulu and is known as Mukomimi. It is near Caranx melampygiis, the common Ulua, but is known by the blue-golden coloration. The synonymy of this and some related species is uncertain. 14. Caranx tenebrosus Jordan, Evermann & Wakiya, new species Head 3.3 in length of body; depth 2.83 ; eye 4.5 in head, 1.5 in preorbital. Dorsal VH-I, 21 ; anal I, 17; scutes 26; breast scaly, with a small naked patch just before ventral; teeth as in Caranx melampy gus , no differentiated canines. Body a little more elongate than in Caranx melampygus. Preorbital broad, half wider than in Caranx elacate; dorsal lobe bluntish, a shade more than half head, equal to preorbital ; anal lobe similar ; pectoral falcate, very long, 2.75 in length of body, ventrals short; maxillary half head, reaching posterior part of pupil. Color of body and fins all black, as are the lateral scutes; no opercular spot; scutes strong; gillrakers 2 -f 10, long and strong. Two specimens were seen in the Honolulu market, the larger weighing about 12 pounds. The species was first taken in American waters by Lieut. Henry E. Nichols, U. S. N., in 1880, at Sulphur Bay, Clarion Island, Revillagigedo Group, and the specimen obtained (now No. 28,385, U. S. Nat. Mus.) was described by Jordan and Gilbert (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IV, 1881 [1882], p. 227), as Caranx lugubris of Poey, a re- lated Atlantic species. This specimen we now designate as the type of Caranx tenebrosus. Vol. XVI] JORDAN, EVERMANN & TANAKA—HA W All AN FISHES 557 Genus Uraspis Bleeker Uraspis Bleeker, Amboina, VI, 418, 1855 Type: Uraspis carangoides Bleeker = Caranx uraspis Giinther. Body oblong; teeth in each jaw small and even, in one or two series, none on vomer, palatines and tongue; palate and tongue covered with thick membrane, the tongue and some space around it abruptly white in all species examined, the color contrasting sharply with the blue-black of most of the rest of the mouth; soft dorsal and anal fins without distinct anterior lobe, the number of fin-rays greater than usual in Caranx, none of the rays produced; spinous dorsal small; de- tached anal spines very short, hidden under the skin in adult; adipose eyelids rudimentary; breast naked; lateral line with a long rather low arch; scutes rather sinall, each with a blunt keel present along whole length of straight portion of lateral line, its hlunt tip turned forward, not backward as in Caran- gidce generally. General color of body more or less dusky, with or without dark cross-bars. This genus is especially characterized by the forward direc- tion of the blunt spine on the anterior end of each of the lateral scutes, a character unique in Carangidce, and, as in Leucoglossa, by the bright white color of the tongue which contrasts sharply with the deep blue-black coloration around it, and by the absence of the usual lobe at the front of the dorsal and anal. Besides the type species, Uraspis carangoides Bleeker (Ca^ ranx uraspis Giinther) of southern Japan and the East Indies, and Uraspis helvola of the Society Islands and Hawaii, a new species occurs in Hawaii and another in the Ryukyu Islands and southern Japan. '. r Analysis of Species of Uraspis o. Teeth in two rows ; pectoral short, rounded, not at all fal- cate ; ventrals long, nearly as long as head, reaching anal ; keels of scutes prominent, plate-like. Color dark; body with black cross-bars, which sometimes fade in spirits ; ventrals black. ^58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. h. Body oblong, the depth 2.5 in length ; dorsal fin rela- tively high, the highest ray 1.5 in head; maxillary reaching center of eye ; first and last dorsal spines very short, the tips visible ; eye about 4 in head ; scutes 32; 6 vertical black bars distinctly extend- ing across soft dorsal, three of them across anal ; tip of the fins white carangoides bb. Body relatively deep, the depth 2.2 in length ; highest dorsal ray 2.2 in head ; maxillary reaching anterior margin of pupil; eye 4.25 in head; scutes 26; ver- tical bars 7 or 8 in number, faint or sometimes ob- solete, not extending on soft dorsal and anal ; tips of fins not white; ventrals filamentous, 1.2 in head reversa, sp. nov. aa. Teeth in one row ; pectorals short, but moderately falcate ; ventrals pale, short, not reaching midway to anal; soft dorsal moderate ; lobes of caudal rather sharp ; scutes 36 or 3i7. Body without dark cross-bars. c. Body oblong, the depth less than ^ of body. Color not black but yellowish-gray with pearly lus- ter ; caudal dark, dorsal with dark edge helvola cc. Body rather deep, the depth more than half body. Color very dark with no yellowish shades; dark cross-bands; ventral black riukiuensis, sp. nov. 15. Uraspis carangoides Bleeker (Caranx uraspis Giinther) This species occurs in southern Japan and the East Indies. 16. Uraspis reversa Jordan, Evermann & Wakiya, new species Plate 22, fig. 1 Body relatively deep; depth 2.5; head 3.4; eye 4.3; maxil- lary 2.6; pectoral = head, ventral 1.75; depth of caudal pe- duncle = eye; caudal lobes 1.4 in head; base of first dorsal 3, of second dorsal 2, in length to base of caudal ; first and second dorsal rays longest, 2 in head; last rays 2.5 in first; first anal rays = first dorsal rays, the last = last dorsal ; pectoral fin rather long, falcate ; lateral line with low arch covering an- terior half, the posterior half straight, with 26 scutes, the blunt spine of each turned forward, not backward as in the Caran- gidce generally. General color of body more or less dusky, with dark cross-bars. Vol. XVI] JORDAN, E VERM ANN & TANAKA—HA W All AN FISHES 559 This species is not rare in Hawaii. Two specimens were obtained. Type: No. 307, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a specimen 6 inches long obtained in October, 1925, by Jordan and Evermann, in the market at Honolulu. 17. Uraspis helvola (Forster) Probably originally described from the Society Islands. Once recorded from Japan by Dr. M. Oshima. 18. Uraspis riukiuensis Wakiya, new species Caranx (Uraspis) micropterus, Wakiya, Annals Carnegie Museum, Vol. XV, Nos. 2 and 3, Serial No. 118, p. 206, pi. XXX, fig. 2, July, 1924. Kii, Japan (not of Riippell). D. Vni-I, 29: A. I-I, 22; scutes 36; head 3.44 in length; depth 2.36 ; eye 4.7 in head. Teeth on each jaw in a single row; maxillary extending to anterior margin of pupil ; gillrakers on lower limb of gill-arch 13, longest one 2.17 in eye. Keel on scutes prominent, plate-like, ending in a spine directed forward at anterior end. First and last dorsal spines very short, but the tips visible ; pectorals slightly shorter than head, slightly falcate; ventral blackish, 1.45 in head, 1.4 in distance between its insertion and origin of anal ; caudal lobes equal to length of head. Color blackish, not crossed by vertical bands, no yellow tinge, no pearly luster when fresh. This is the species described and figured from the Riukiu Islands as Caranx (Uraspis) micropterus Riippell by Wakiya, but it cannot be RtippeH's species, as shown in the original description and figure given by Riippell, it has the body no deeper than in helvola. The species occurs about the Riukiu Islands, Japan, and in the Province of Kii, Japan. Type: No. 7747, Carnegie Museum, a specimen 210 mm. long, from Kii, Japan. There is little doubt that Caranx micropterus Riippell is a synonym of Caranx helvolus Forster, for the original descrip- tion and figure given by Riippell of the former species quite agree with the description given by Giinther of the type of the g^ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sb». latter. Caranx helvolus of Jordan and Evermann, Fishes of Hawaii, is different. The type locality of helvolus is most likely some part of the Indo-Pacific region, probably Tahiti, as Forster made his principal collection in the Society Islands. Leucoglossa Jordan & Evermann, new genus Type: Leucoglossa candens Jordan, Evermann & Wakiya, new species. (Carangus helvolus Jordan, Evennann & Wakiya ; not Scomber helvolus Forster) This genus has the general characteristics of Uraspis except that the blunt spines on the lateral scutes are normally placed, they being directed backwards as in all other Carangidce. In Leucoglossa the pectoral fins are long and falcate, not shorter than head; the ventral fins are pale, short, not reaching half- way to anal ; caudal lobes long. Color blackish, without dark cross-bars. In each of the two known species the inside of the mouth is blue-black, the tongue and the region about it being abruptly clear white, as in Uraspis. Analysis of Species of Leucoglossa a. Body oblong, its depth not Ys its length ; keel on scutes dis- tinct but scarcely developed into a plate, ending in a blunt spine at posterior end candens, sp. nov. aa. Body rather deep, its depth more than Ys its length; keel on scutes each developed into a plate with a blunt spine posteriorly albilinguis, sp. nov. 19. Leucoglossa candens Jordan, Evermann & Wakiya, new species Carangus helvolus, Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, for 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), p. 524; Jordan & Evermann, ibid., XXIII, pt. 1, for 1903 (1905), 196, pi. 32; not of Forster. D. VIII-I, 28; A. I, 28; scutes 33; head 3.27 in length; depth 2.45 ; eye large, 4.2 in head. Teeth on each jaw in a single row ; maxillary extending little beyond anterior margin of pupil; gillrakers 4 -|- 15, longest 2 in eye; keel on scutes c. Vol. XVI] JORDAN. EVERMANN & TANAKA—HA W All AN FISHES (^\ distinct, but not developed into a plate, ending in a spine at posterior end ; dorsal spines apparently very short, but the tips j/^ visible, highest one 2.33 in soft dorsal, which is 2.54 in head; •IZ^'ct'^'^h pectorals longer than head, falcate, reaching above sixth anal f""-*^' ray; ventrals whitish, 2.34 in head, not reaching midway be- i^ tween their insertion and origin of anal ; caudal lobes rather \^i. -tfe.^-*. shorter than head. Body black, not crossed by vertical bands ; no yellowish tinge, no pearly luster. The above description is based on a specimen from Hono- lulu measuring 268 mm. in length of body, Jordan and Ever- mann give an excellent plate under the erroneous name of Carangus helvolus. The form of body of this species is much like that of Uraspis helvola, but the body is black and not tinged with yellow. We take as type of this species the specimen identified by Professor John O. Snyder as Carangus helvolus (Forster), and which is now in the U. S. National Muesum at Washing- ton where it bears the number 55,170. The species is common in the Honolulu markets, especially in the autumn. 20. Leucoglossa albilinguis Jordan, Evermann & Wakiya, new species Plate 22, fig. 2 D. VI-I, 27; A. I, 21 ; scutes 36; head 3.52 in length; depth 2.33; eye 4.75 in head. Teeth on each jaw in a single series; maxillary extending a little beyond anterior margin of pupil; gillrakers on lower limb 15, longest one 1.45 in eye; keel on scutes prominent, plate-like, its spines turned backward. High- est dorsal spine 2.9 in soft dorsal the highest ray of which is 2.17 in head; pectorals longer than head, falcate; ventral short, whitish, 2.17 in head, scarcely reaching midway of dis- tance between its insertion and origin of anal ; caudal lobes as long as head. Color of body black, no cross-bars, no yellow tinge, no pearly luster when fresh. 5^2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. This Species resembles U. riukiuensis, but may be distin- guished by having the ventrals shorter and paler, the pectorals longer, the gillrakers longer, the soft dorsal lower, and especi- ally in having the plate-like keel of scutes not ending in a spine at anterior end. Type: No. 305, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a specimen 11 inches long, collected by Jordan and Wakiya in October, 1925, in the market at Honolulu. Ferdauia Jordan, Evermann & Wakiya, new genus Type: Carangoides jordani Nichols. This new genus differs from Carangoides Bleeker, in the naked breast. It includes Caranx orthogrammiis Jordan & Gilbert (1881), and the following two species. 21. Ferdauia evermanni (Nichols) Plate 22, fig. 3 Carangoides gymnostcthoides ez'ernianni Nichols, American Museum Novitates, No. 3, p. 2, fig. 1 (type and cotype), March 9, 1921, collected August 25, 1920, by B. W. Evermann in the market at HonoliUu. This species is not uncommon in the markets at Honolulu. 22. Ferdauia jordani (Nichols) Carangoides fcrdau, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXIII, Pt. 1, 1905 (July 29), p. 198, fig. 77; not Scomber ferdau Forskal. Carangoides jordani Nichols, American Museum Novitates, No. 50, p. 2, October 24, 1922, collected by D. S. Jordan in 1921, at Hawaiian Islands. This Species is, with F. e%>ermanni, not uncommon in the Honolulu markets where several specimens of each were ex- amined by the present writers in September and October, 1925. Vol. XVI] JORDAN, EVERMANN & TANAKA—HA W All AN FISHES 553 Family Priacanthid^ 23. Priacanthus ulalaua Jordan & Evermann Not rare in the Honolulu markets where the writers ex- amined specimens in September and October, 1925. 24. Priacanthus meeki Jenkins Plate 23, fig. 1 Head 3.21 in length; depth 2.70; eye 2.37 in head; inter- orbital (between bones) 4.22; snout 3.17; maxillary 1.9; depth of caudal peduncle 3.8. D. X, 14; A. HI, 15; P. 19; C. (branched rays) 14; scales 14-120-52. Body ovate, compressed, the upper and lower outlines evenly curved ; caudal peduncle short, narrow, strongly compressed ; head shortish, with nearly straight profile to origin of dorsal fin; interorbital space convex transversely, a little wider than one-half eye; snout shortish, very blunt, a little longer than postorbital region; mouth wide, oblique, lower jaw much the longer; teeth small, sharp, in bands in jaws, vomer, and pala- tines ; outer teeth in upper jaw much larger than inner ; lower j.aw with only two rows of teeth, as large as outer ones of the upper; no interior row; preopercle serrated behind and below, its angle obtuse, ending in a large blunt spine; opercle, sub- opercle and interopercle with entire margins ; opercle with two short flat spines, the lower much the larger; pseudobranchise well developed ; gillrakers 2 + 24, lanceolate, the longest about half eye; dorsal originating over base of pectoral, its spines subequal, eighth longest, 1.9 in head, soft part shorter than the spinous, with angular free margin ; anal inserted below seventh dorsal spine; third spine stouter and longer than second, 1.81 in head ; soft part similar to soft dorsal, each reaching base of caudal when depressed ; pectoral low, shortish, about half head length, with rather acute posterior tip, not falcate, reaching anal ; ventral slightly before pectoral, long, reaching beyond base of third anal spine; vent directly in front of anal; caudal slightly emarginate; scales small, strongly ctenoid; head closely scaled, including maxillary, throat and dentary; lips and branchiostegal membranes naked; lateral line rising abruptly for 10 pores from gill-opening, thence concurrent ^^ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 4th Ser. with back to caudal peduncle, along the middle of which it follows to base of caudal. Color in life, blood-red, deeper red than in P. alalaua, or P. corlinus (cruentatus) with no dark cross-bars or rosy spots; about 15 very faint round dusky spots along lateral line plain deep red, dorsal and anal dark-edged; caudal mesially dark-edged; ventral rays dark; pectoral rosy; inside of mouth deep orange-red ; no yellow anywhere. Color in spirits, uniform dark brown; dorsal and anal black, the spines and rays whitish; ventral and caudal blackish, much lighter proximally; pectoral yellowish. The specimen here figured seems to belong to Priacanthus meeki Jenkins, though the scales seem slightly larger, the gill- rakers fewer. The coloration of the body seems substantially the same. The species is rare about Honolulu and may be known by its small scales and deep red color, being almost black in spirits. 25. Priacanthus helvolus Jordan, Evermann & Tanaka, new species Plate 23, fig. 2 Head 3.50 in length; depth 2.60; eye 3 in head; snout 3, maxillary 2; least depth of caudal peduncle 3 in head; D. X, 14; A. Ill, 14; P. 17; C. 17; scales 12-103-40. Body moderately elongate, the outline evenly curved. Head moderate, eye very large; snout short and blunt, about equal to postorbital region; mouth wide, oblique, the lower jaw longer; teeth small, two-rowed, those of the outer series longer; preopercle nearly entire, with a short, blunt spine at angle; opercular spines obsolete. Gill-structures usual. Dorsal spines subequal, progressively longer backward, the last longest, 1.9 in head; soft anal similar to soft dorsal, the longest ray about half head; third anal spine 1.85 in head; dorsal and anal not reaching caudal when depressed ; pectoral short, half length of head, slightly acute at tip, about reaching anal ; ventrals long, reaching third anal spine ; caudal slightly lunate. Lateral line as usual ; head scaly everywhere except on lips. Coloration in life, pale bronze or yellowish, with no dis- Vol. XVI] JORDAN, EVERMANN & TANAKA—HA W All AN FISHES 555 tinct red, the body nearly white, with irregular blotches of bronze on sides; head dark bronze, suborbital silvery; dorsal fin black, the spines pinkish; spinous dorsal and anal with small obscure blackish spots towards the back; caudal mostly black, the base pinkish ; basal area of pectoral copper red ; ven- tral dusky, the membrane dark green, the spines pinkish. In spirits, the body color is plain, dirty, yellowish white, the fins dusky, especially at tip. This fish is near Priacanthus meeki, but is totally different in color, with more elongate body and rather larger scales. The species is known from one example. Type: A specimen 215 mm. long, No. 345, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., obtained by Jordan and Evermann in October, 1925, in the market at Honolulu. Family Etelid^ The group here called Etelidce differs from the LiitianidcB in having the dorsal and anal fins entirely free from scales. A few of them (Apsilus sindTropidinins) , have the occipital ridge extending forward over the top of the cranium, as in Lutianus. Most of them, however, have the cranium nearly flat, with a distinct line of demarkation shutting off the occipi- tal crest from top of head. Those genera with the dorsal deeply notched, the allies of Etelis, are well defined, as are also Apsilus and Aprion, which have short pectorals. The other genera or subgenera are all closely related and might be all regarded as subgenera of Pristipomoides, as the differences are mainly matters of de- gree. Of the minor groups, Rooseveltia and Pristipomoides are fairly defined. The others, Bowersia, Ulaida, and Arnillo might well be regarded as subgenera of Platyinius. In this paper, however, we prefer to regard them all as distinct genera. We here present an analysis of the genera (or subgenera) of Etelince and VeriliitcB. The characters of the Etelince proper (Etelinus, Etelis and Etelides, with the related genus Verilus), have been well given by Jordan & Jordan (Mem. Carnegie Mus., X, no. 1, December 192/, p. 50). <2^ November 14, 1927. ^56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th See. The Etelinae are all shore fishes of the tropics ; Apsilus at the Cape Verde Islands, while Tropidinius and Platyinius are confined to the West Indies. Etelis is cosmopolitan. The others inhabit the East Indies and the South Seas. Analysis of Genera of Etelin^ and Verilin^ Etelinas. Cranium solid ; skeleton firm ; dorsals more or less fully connected ; soft dorsal and anal scaleless ; last ray of dorsal and anal each produced ; canines usually present, but never large ; scales above lateral line parallel with it; dorsal spines 10; anal spines 3. I. Dorsal fins with the margin continuous, not deeply notched; coloration mostly olive. c. Pectoral very short, rounded, much shorter than head ; tongue with small asperities at base ; teeth small, the outer slightly enlarged, not canine-like ; pre- ' opercle entire; coloration plain. d. Head rounded above as in Lutianus, the occipital crest not extended forward on the cranium ; pec- toral 1.5 in head; caudal lobes pointed, slightly longer than head; scales 65 (fiiscus) .. .Apsilus Cuv. & Val. dd. Head flattened above, the occipital crest encroaching on top of cranium; pectoral about half head; caudal lobes pointed, not longer than head ; scales about 50 (vircsccns) Aprion Cuv. & Val. cc. Pectoral long, falcate or lanceolate, little if any shorter than head ; coloration nearly plain olivaceous, ex- cept in Rooscvcltia, Arnillo and Pristipomoides. e. Nape keeled, the occipital crest encroaching on in- terorbital area ; canines small, no teeth on tongue ; pectoral as long as head, reaching anal; gillrakers 5 + 17; preopercle serrulate; scales 60 (dcntatus) Tropidinius Gill ee. Nape not keeled, occipital crest not encroaching on interorbital area. /. Caudal lobes moderate, subequal, neither of them produced in a filament. g. Skull thick, with three blunt ridges above separated by narrow grooves ; gillrakers few, 4 + 11; canines rather strong; no teeth on tongue ; preopercle evidently ser- rulate ; color golden and scarlet (brig- hami? = sonata) . .Rooseveltia Jordan & Evermann gg. Skull flat above or gently convex, without notable ridges; gillrakers more than 12 below arch ; depth 3.5 in length. Vol. XVI] JORDAN, EVERMANM & TANAKA—HA W All AN FISHES 557 h. Tongue with a broad patch of teeth; scales 70; gillrakers 4 + 15; color violaceous olive (violescens) . . . .Bowcrsia Jordan & Evermann hh. Tongue without teeth or with a few asperi- ties at base. i. Anterior teeth in both jaws, small but canine-like, y. Body rather deep, depth about 3 in length ; pectoral as long as head, reaching front of anal ; gillrakers 5 + 15; preopercle serrulate; scales 60. Color nearly plain, light blue and olive, (vora.v = macropthal- mus) Platyinius Gill jj. Body slender, the depth 3.75 in length ; pectoral shorter, not reaching vent; gillrakers 5 + 19; scales 70. Color plain blue and gold, a large bright yellow blotch on upper lobe of caudal (auricilla) Arnillo Jordan, Evermann & Tanaka, new genus ii. Anterior teeth very small, not canine-like; pectoral as long as head ; gillrakers 5 + 21 ; scales 68 ; body slender, depth 3.8 in length ; color silvery, nearly plain (iilaula = sieboldi) Ulaula Jordan & W. F. Thompson //. Caudal lobes long, unequal, the upper much the longer with a filiform tip ; canines small ; pectoral pointed, shorter than head ; scales large, 60. Color rose red (typus) r Pristipomoides Bleeker bb. Dorsal fin divided or deeply notched ; cranium broad, flat, the median and lateral crests not procurrent on it. Pectoral long, falcate. Color brilliant red. k. Maxillary scaly; body slender; canines strong. /. Caudal moderately forked, gillrakers few, 3+9 (marshi) Etclinus Jordan & W. F. Thompson //. Caudal deeply forked, the lobes pro- duced ; gillrakers slender, nu- merous, 6 + 15 (carbunculus) . . Etelis Cuvier kk. Maxillary naked ; body compressed ; no canines ; gillrakers slender (aquilionaris) Et elides Jordan & J. C. Thompson ^^ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. aa. Verilince. Cranium cavernous ; skeleton soft ; dorsal divided to base ; body rather deep, compressed ; scales large (43) ; gillrakers 17 to base; color black; deep-sea fishes Verilus Poey Genus Arnillo Jordan, Evermann & Tanaka, new genus Type: Arnillo auricilla Jordan, Evermann & Tanaka, new species. This genus or subgenus is related to Bowersia, differing in minor matters, especially in the absence of teeth on the tongue, these being only minute asperities; the gillrakers are more numerous, 10 +19, instead of 5 + 14. From Pristipomoides, Arnillo with Platyiniiis and Bowersia, differs in the moderate caudal, neither lobe being produced. The coloration in the type of Arnillo is unique in this group. Arnillo is the local name in Cuba for Tropidinius dentatus. 26. Arnillo auricilla Jordan, Evermann & Tanaka, new species Plate 23, fig. 3 Head 3.5 in length without caudal; depth 3.86; eye 3.71 in head; interorbital between bones 3.55; snout 3.25; depth of caudal peduncle 3.55 ; maxillary 2.6, its breadth at distal ex- tremity 9.75; preorbital width 6.0; Br. 7; D. X, 11 ; A. II. 8; P. 16; C. (branched rays) 15; scales 8-70-18. Body long, compressed, upper and lower outlines equally and evenly curved; caudal peduncle longish, its length 1.73 in head, rather slender, compressed. Head large, stoutish, bluntly conic, its profile nearly straight, with a slight depression over eye ; eye large, lateral, high up, with a slightly developed adi- pose lid; interorbital broad, slightly and evenly convex, separ- ated from occipital region by a transverse groove on which median and lateral crests are procurrent; frontal region not narrowed forward; nostrils subequal in size, irregularly cir- cular in shape, close together, much nearer front margin of eye than tip of snout; anterior nostril with well developed pos- terior flap, the posterior without a flap; snout short, stoutish, with evenly curved profile; maxillary extending midway be- tween anterior margin of pupil and center of eye; preorbital Vol. XVI] JORDAN. EVERMANN &■ TANAKA—HA W All AN FISHES 559 rather wide, its width 1.62 in eye diameter; mouth large, sHghtly obHque, lower jaw much the longer; upper jaw with inner band of viliform teeth and a single row of much larger, almost canine-like teeth which are set rather sparsely; lower jaw with similar dentition as in the upper tip, but laterally with only one row of subequal small canines, smaller in size than the corresponding teeth in the upper, and set more closely ; vomer and palatines toothed; tongue broadly rounded, free anteriorly and laterally, with a patch of very weak asperities at base; preopercle serrulate behind and below, broadly rounded at angle, above which it has a very shallow notch almost indiscernible; opercle with three flattish points of which the upper two are short and very close together. Gill-open- ings large, continued forward below, the membranes separate, free from the isthmus; gills 4, a large slit behind the last; pseudobranchise well developed; gillrakers on first gill-arch long, lanceolate, 10 -f- 19 in number, the longest 2.33 in eye diameter. Dorsal inserted over end of first fifth of pectoral, fourth and fifth spines longest, 2.36 in head, last ray slightly produced ; anal inserted below third ray of dorsal, third spine longer and stouter than second, its soft part similar in form to soft dorsal ; pectoral long, falcate, scarcely reaching vent ; ven- tral inserted slightly behind base of pectoral, reaching a little farther back than pectoral ; caudal deeply forked, its lobes sub- equal. Scales ciliated ; cheek with seven rows of scales, opercle with about 12 rows;, a small patch of scales in four rows on side of top of head directly in front of transverse groove near occiput; lateral line high, complete, concurrent with back; no scales at base of dorsal or at base of anal. General color in life, pale gold and gray blue, intermixed over body in fine pattern, the blue forming short dififuse cross- bars on side; golden streaks extending on head; dorsal and pectoral light yellow ; anal white ; upper lobe of caudal vivid clear yellow, bordered all around with bluish gray ; lower lobe gray; a bright, light blue spot at base of each dorsal ray. Color in alcohol, brownish, a little lighter; very faint, irregu- lar blotches visible in places ; dorsal dusky ; pectoral light ; anal and ventral light dusky, first ray of latter fin much darker; caudal dark dusky, the upper lobe mostly yellow, bordered by dark dusky above and beneath. ^70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th See. The species is allied to Rooseveltia brighami (Seale) and to Bowersiu violescens Jordan & Evermann, from each of which it differs in having a more slender body, wider interorbital, and especially in the coloration of body and caudal fin. It is a very beautiful fish, as is also Rooseveltia nonata, but the coloration is wholly different. Three examples seen in the Honolulu market. According to Fowler, Rooseveltia sonata (Cuv. & Val.), is identical with Rooseveltia brighami from Hawaii, but neither species can be referred to the genus Apsilus which is well marked by its short pectoral and keeled nuchal region. (aurum, gold; cilia, tail.) Type: No. 348, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a specimen 320 mm. long, obtained by Jordan and Evermann in October, 1925, in the market at Honolulu. Family Aphareid^ Aphareus Cuvier & Valenciennes The three known species referred to Aphareus were all found in the markets of Honolulu on the same day in October, 1925. Each of the three may be regarded as the type of a dis- tinct subgenus. They may be compared as follows : a. Gillrakers about 21 (5 + 16) ; caudal fin moderately forked, shorter than head ; last ray of dorsal and of anal about twice length of others ; 10 dorsal spines. b. Sacrestinus} Body relatively deep, the depth 3 to 2).Z in body, third dorsal spine highest, about 3 in depth of body; pectoral fin moderate, 1.2 in head, the lower lobe obsolete or nearly so. c. Head Z.i in length ; eye large, 4.5 in head ; snout about 3; preopercle, suborbital and suprasca- pula finely but distinctly striated ; mouth mod- erate, maxillary reaching front of pupil, 1.9 in head ; scales 72. Color, dark gray-blue, darker than the other species ; head with more or less yellow ; caudal fin yellow, tipped with red. Size small flavivultus ^ Sacrestin (Sacre Chien), a local name of Aphareus furcatus, on the lie de France, Vol. XVI] JORDAN, EVERMANN & TAN AKA— HAWAIIAN FISHES 671 aa. bb. Aphareus. Body relatively elongate, the depth 3.75; third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines subequal, about 3 in depth of body; pectoral long, 1.2 in head, lower lobe well developed ; caudal lobes long, 1.2 in head; head long, i.i in length; snout long, 2.4 in head ; eye small, 5.5 ; mouth large, maxillary 1.7 in head, reaching posterior border of pupil; preopercle, suborbital, and suprascapula very finely striated or almost smooth ; scales 72 to 75. General color, blue-gray ; caudal with scarcely any red, blackish, with a broad pink edge. Size small, reaching little more than a pound furcatus Farcs.^ Gillrakers about 50 (16 + 34) ; caudal fin very deeply forked, the lobes in adult longer than head ; pectoral fin in adult longer than head, its lower lobe well developed ; head 3.5 ; scales 75. Color gray, suf- fused with pink; fins rosy; a yellow spot on membrane at base of each dorsal ray ; weight 20 lbs rutilans 1^ 1_ S g 13 A R Y 27. Aphareus (Sacrestinus) flavivultus (Jenkins) Aphareus flavivultus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (June 9, 1901), 300, fig. 4, Honolulu. (Example with the whole top of head yellow.) Aphareus furcatus Jordan & Jordan, Memoirs Carnegie Museum, X, No. 1, 51, 1922. (Not Labrus furcatus Lacepede.) Abundant in the markets of Honokiki in October. Two ex- amples each about 320 mm. long were retained. Snout short- ish, blackish, 3 in head ; maxillary reaching center of eye ; head short, 3.5 in length, the depth 3.2; mouth rather small, the maxillary 2.5 in head; scales 80, gillrakers 5 + 17 = 22; caudal lobes 3.8 in length; third dorsal spine highest. Color in life, gray-blue with no red or pinkish shades on body; head shaded with golden brown on snout, preopercle and axil; top of head sometimes entirely golden-brown (as in Jenkins's original type) ; some faint golden shades on sides ; dorsal pale yellowish green, with red tips and some blackish on edge of membranes, this shading into red posteriorly; caudal dull yellow, the narrow posterior margin bright red; upper and lower rays marked with red; anal golden, tipped with red; pectorals and ventrals golden with red sliading; ^ An Arabic name of Aphareus rutilans. ^72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. maxillary gold-shaded; top of head with a shade of golden brown. This species differs from Aphareiis furcatiis (Lacepede) in the much deeper body and in the dominant color of blue-gray, with considerable red and yellow on the head and fins, and especially in having the third dorsal spine higher than the fourth or fifth. The mouth is smaller, the snout shorter and the short pectoral without a distinct lower lobe. It is well figured by Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (June 8, 1901), 391, fig. 4. The same figure is copied by Jordan and Evermann, op. cit, XXIII, 1903 (1905), p. 235, fig. 96. 28. Aphareus furcatus (Lacepede) X Labrus furcatus Lacepede, His. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 277, 1803, He de France; from a drawing by Commerson. Aphareus furcatus, Giinther, Cat. Fishes, I, 396, 1859 ; Jordan & Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIX, 469, 1911; Odawara on Sagami Bay, Japan; Jordan, Tanaka & Snyder, Fishes of Japan, 168, 1913, same figure; Jordan & Jordan, Mem. Carnegie Mus., X, No. 1, 51, 1922. Caranxomorus sacrestinus Lacepede, op. cit., V, 682, 1803, from a descrip- tion by Commerson of the species already named furcatus from his drawing. Aphareus ccerulescens Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VI, 487, 1830, He de France (name a substitute for furcatus and sacres- tinus). Color, lustrous gray-blue in life, silvery below; a slight golden wash on sides medially; no red, nor clear yellow any- where ; dorsal fin all blackish, the posterior edge slightly red ; caudal blackish with a broad pink edge behind ; anal yellowish, reddish on tips; pectoral pinkish; ventral gray with a little pinkish. This species, like the others of this family, has soft flesh of good flavor. It is readily distinguished from the two others found with it in Hawaii by the form of the dorsal fin, in which the third ray is not elevated above the fourth, and the pectoral is as long as the head and with a distinct lower lobe. The Vol. XVI] JORDAN, EVERMANN a-TANAKA— HAWAIIAN FISHES 573 slender body, larger mouth, longer head and the coloration readily distinguish it. It is dull in color without bright red or yellow. Dorsal X, 11, as in all the species of the group. Fares Jordan, Evermann & Tanaka, new subgenus Type: Apharens thompsoni Fowler = Aphareus rutilans Cuv. & Val. This subgenus is closely allied to Aphareus but has the gill- rakers very long, about 51 in number (17 + 34), and the caudal fin longer than head and very deeply forked ; last ray of dorsal and anal prolonged in a filament and more than twice length of other rays; pectoral fin with a strong lower lobe. Fares is the Arabic name of "Aphareus rutilans," which sug- gested to Cuvier the name Aphareus, an unidentified Greek name of some fish. 29. Aphareus (Fares) rutilans (Cuvier & Valenciennes) Plate 24, fig. 1 Aphareus rutilans Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., VI, 490, 1830, Red Sea. Aphareus thompsoni Fowler, Occ. Papers Bishop Museum, VIII, no. 7, p. 382, 1923, Honolulu. Two specimens examined respectively 630 and 800 mm. long. Nine others were seen in the Honolulu market; the largest weighed 20 pounds. Teeth minute, rasp-like in front of lower jaw and along upper, none on vomer or palatines; pseudobranchiae very large; gillrakers very long, 16 or 17 + 32 to 35 = 48 to 52; third, fourth and fifth dorsal spine highest, subequal. Pec- toral falcate, about as long as head, with a distinct lower lobe; ventral long; caudal lobes very long, 3 to 3.75 in body, nearly as long as head, longer than the head in large examples, 3.5 in length; scales 73. Dorsal X, 11, the first spine very short. Color in life, dull pink above, silvery below ; top of head clear brownish red; lower jaw silvery purplish; fins brick red; 674 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. whole edge of dorsal besides its base, bright yellow, its base with bright yellow spots on the membranes ; anal pink, the long filament deeper red ; ventral pink, tip white ; caudal red, varying to yellowish. In alcohol, the red colors fade and the body and fins be- come dusky brown. This species reaches a much larger size than either of the two others. It is not uncommon in the markets of Honolulu in October, and is valued as food. In all the species the flesh is soft, but of good flavor. The plate of Aphareus rutilans given by Bleeker, later iden- tified as A. furcatus by the same author, certainly represents this species rather than A. furcatus, and Cuvier's account of Aphareus rutilans accords better with this which is gray-red in life rather than gray-blue. Family Mullid^ 30. Upeneoides arge Jordan & Evermann Weke pahala or Crazy Surmullet Hon. John M. Wilson, Mayor of Honolulu, reports that eating the head of this fish produces a sort of delirium ("Loco"). At one time in Molokai 30 or 40 Japanese la- borers working for Mr. Wilson ate the heads (with bodies) of many examples and were mentally paralyzed at the time. Mrs. Wilson once attended a function at which this fish was served. All members of the party had weird visions, some of them wandering about the house all night long. It was agreed that "somebody must have died in that room", — a Hawaiian supersti- tion. It is agreed that the poison lies in the brain. A fresh exam- ple was turned over in November to Dr. Nils Larsen, director of the Queen's Hospital. He fed the brain to a cat, which at once went crazy, but recovered, as in fact, all cases soon re- covered. Dr. Larsen fed other species and the flesh of U. arge to cats but with no result. In the winter he fed the brain of this species to cats and they were not affected. Vol. XVI] JORDAN, EVERMANN & TANAKA—HA WAIIAN FISHES 575 Family Ch^todontid^ 31. Chastodontoplus arcuatus (Gray) All markings black, with clear white around the black ; back brownish, with pale spots. Very rare; it has not been seen for many years. It is well figured by Giinther. Family Labrid^ 32. Lepidaplois macrourus (Lacepede) There is in the Bishop Museum a cast of a specimen of this species from Laysan Island. It is 1.5 feet long. Top of head with 4 blackish violet stripes on each side, red between; sides of head gray, with small round red spots; a dark shade backward from mouth; whole back deep scarlet red, un- striped ; black patches under last dorsal rays large ; preopercu- lar limb broadly naked, except for two scales ; ventrals falcate, reaching nearly to anal, edged with pale within the gray-blue, yellow on membranes, scarlet on spines, outer rays light blue; base of spinous dorsal blackish on membranes all the way ; soft rays scarlet orange. Scales 31. Family Scarid^ 33. Scaridea zonarcha Jenkins Body gray, with some scales white, some black, some dull yellow; 3 orange-brownish bands on chin, alternating with white; head speckled and spotted with whitish; caudal dusky behind, with slight pale edge; outer rays barred with dark, inner profusely speckled with white; fins much mottled; pec- toral light yellow; scales much and irregularly spotted; anal yellowish, much mottled. Not rare in the markets of Hono- lulu ; several specimens obtained. ^76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES IProc. 4th Ser. 34. Scarus leucostigma Jordan, Evermann & Tanaka, new species Plate 24, fig. 2 Head 3 in length without caudal; depth 2.66; eye 7.13 in head; interorbital 2.56; snout 2.34; preorbital 3.57; D. IX, 10; A. Ill, 9; P. 15; C. (branched rays) 11 ; scales 2-23-6. Body deep, compressed ; dorsal profile evenly convex from tip of snout to base of caudal peduncle which is deep and strongly compressed; ventral outline nearly similar to the dorsal ; head large, heavy, deep and compressed ; eyes high up, lateral; interorbital broad, strongly convex; snout long, very blunt; mouth small, in axis of body; jaws subequal, the lower slightly included; teeth whitish, yellowish at base; posterior canine not developed ; upper lip double only posteriorly, cover- ing only about half the dental plate; cheek with two rows of scales, seven scales in the upper and only one in the lower row ; no scales on lower limb of preopercle ; posterior limb of opercle with two rows of large scales; anterior limb with a single series; opercle with a short broad flap; five scales on median line in front of dorsal ; spines subequal, soft rays slightly ele- vated posteriorly, the longest 2.34 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal; pectoral rather long, not quite reaching origin of anal, its upper longest rays 1.46 in head; posterior margin oblique, very broadly rounded ; ventrals inserted below base of pectoral, shorter than the latter fin, reaching short of vent by about one-half its length ; caudal very broad, subtruncate, its outer rays 1.58 in head. Scales large and thin, closely covered with granulations except on the margin; a row of modified scales at base of dorsal and anal ; last scale of lateral line very broad and large, more than half width of caudal peduncle and much the largest of all the scales; lateral line following curvature of back to the tenth row of scales except one under the last ray, then dropping down two rows and con- tinuing on middle of caudal peduncle to base of caudal, 18 pores in the upper row and 7 in lower. Color in life, deep red brown, a little clearer below ; fins all dark red, dorsal and caudal narrowly edged with dark blue; Vol. XVI] JORDAN, EVERMANN & TANAKA— HAWAIIAN FISHES (^yj ventral and anal same as pectoral, dull red, front rays bluish; a pale yellowish area across head ; before eye an oblong figure, somewhat as in Scarus perspicillattis and Scams kraiissi, but made up of separate bluish white spots, very distinct, not con- nected, the central figure not divided on median line; an ir- regular white band across lower jaw ; many rounded, sharply- defined, pale spots along side of head below. The other side not quite the same, the white spots on the two sides of head therefore not quite symmetrical, 18 spots on left, 16 on right; an oblong white spot on median line behind chin; jaws pink, white-edged. Color in alcohol, back dark purplish brown, much lighter below; head similar in color to upper part of body; vertical fins dark purplish brown, with narrow dark margin except caudal which has a dark-blue margin around; pectoral and ventral dusky, the latter fin having darker tip; pale spots and marks as above described. The species is allied to Scarus miniatus, differing from the latter in having much darker color, and especially in having the caudal fin slightly rounded and in having peculiar mark- ings on head. Type: No. 370, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a specimen 245 mm. long, obtained by Jordan and Evermann, in October, 1925, in the market at Honolulu. 35. Scarus gilberti Jenkins Panuhunuhu Color pale blue, green-shaded posteriorly ; edge of each scale dull brownish red ; head brown above ; two short green streaks behind eye ; cheeks greenish shaded ; a bright blue stripe below eye to upper lip where it broadens to cover upper jaw; lower lip blue then broadly brown, then broadly bright blue; a cross-shaped blue figure on each side of throat; breast with 3 bluish shades, then a bright blue median stripe to ventral; ventrals mesially pink, first and last rays bright blue; pectoral with the front rays bright blue; axil black within; sides of belly with faint streaks made of the blue of the scales; dorsal ^78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. pinkish, a blue stripe at base and a blue margin ; anal creamy pink, with stripes as on the dorsal but brighter and broader; caudal moderately lunate, the middle rays 1.67 in head; mid- dle rays orange with 3 rows of blue spots, the outer forming a margin; mesial part of fin pale orange. Posterior canine present. Scams jenkinsi Jordan & Evermann seems the same as Scams gilberti, but with green shades instead of blue. Z6. Scarus ahula Jenkins Panuhunuhu Very pale, livid purplish, edge of scales brownish; head plain, pale, upper lip nearly covering jaw; no posterior canines. Scales in 2 rows on cheek. Anterior profile very convex ; fins all creamy pink, paler at base ; caudal slightly con- cave ; body plump ; eye small ; caudal with slight dusky edge below and behind. Head 3.5; depth 3. This specimen shows no depression above eye, though it agrees otherwise with Scarus ahula. Family Gobiid^ 37. Chonophorus stamineus (Eydoux & Souleyet) Plate 24, fig. 3 Head 2.8 in length without caudal ; depth 4 ; eye 7 in head ; interorbital width between bones 10.5; snout 2.53; depth of caudal peduncle 3.51; maxillary 2.1; D. VI-10; P. 15; C. (branched rays) 13; scales 65-25. Body tad-pole like, oblong, compressed; very large an- teriorly; caudal peduncle moderately deep, strongly com- pressed; dorsal outline evenly and regularly curved from tip of snout to caudal peduncle, ventral outline a little less arched. Head very large, heavy, with gently curved profile ; eye high, directed slightly obliquely upward at the middle of length of head ; interorbital width between bones very narrow ; snout long, 1.11 in postorbital part of head; maxillary extend- Vol. XVI] JORDAN, EVERMANN & TANAKA—HA IV All AN FISHES 579 ing to vertical through front of eye, subinferior and sub- horizontal; lips broad, thick, upper one much more so; lower jaw included; teeth in jaws small, acute, in rather wide bands a little narrower laterally ; tongue slightly notched at tip ; gill- openings large, almost lateral, the membranes joined to the broad isthmus, the width of which is 3.94 in head; shoulder- girdle with two fleshy prominences as usual in Chonophorus; pseudobranchiae present; gillrakers 3 + 6, short, blunt and with smooth edges. First dorsal with its free margin usually broadly rounded, sometimes concave, fourth spine longest, its length 2.11 in head; second dorsal higher than first, the rays except first two subequal, length of most rays of fin 2.74 in head; anal inserted below fourth soft ray of dorsal, its rays a little shorter, 2.86 in head, neither fin reaching caudal when depressed; pectoral broad, with rather acutely rounded pos- terior margin, middle rays longest, 1.85 in head, reaching over vent; width of pectoral base 3.5 in head; no silky rays on upper part of pectoral; ventral inserted beneath pectoral, reaching a little beyond middle of pectoral when depressed ; caudal rather long, rather acutely rounded, middle rays 1.59 in head ; scales moderate in size, cycloid ; head entirely naked. Color in alcohol, as in life, brownish black above, much lighter below ; head also brownish black all over except pos- terior margin of branchiostegal membranes which is distinctly whitish ; upper and middle part of body faintly and irregularly mottled, a little more distinctly so along middle of body; all the fins colored like upper part of body except ventral which is light dusky, with whitish margin all around ; posterior mar- gin of pectoral and free margin of anal whitish ; a diffuse black blotch at base of caudal ; no ocelli nor other definite markings ; the marks all fainter in large examples, which become uniform dusky. This species is very abundant in pools of mountain streams and also in irrigation ditches in the island of Oahu. Upwards of a hundred specimens were obtained for us by boys with hook and line in Gray's pool in Kalihi Stream, some five miles northwest of Honolulu. It is found in great abundance in the broad irrigating ditch supplying the great Ewa plantation near ^gQ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [P«oc. 4th Ser. Pearl Harbor in Oahu. At the time of collecting- in Kalihi pool, some thousands of eggs of the Japanese Ayu, Pleco- glossus altivelis, were planted by Dr. Chiyometsu Ishikawa, the gobies being removed as likely to endanger the young Ayu. Family Molid^ 38. Ranzania makua Jenkins Three vertical pale bars on head, unequal, each edged with black; 3 black bands on tail, edged with white. Dorsal and anal pale mesially, edge broadly dark. This species which varies in color with age is probably identical with Ranzania truncata Nardo, of Brazil. An excellent colored plate of the type of this species is given by Dr. Jenkins in Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. V, 1895 (Oct. 31), p. 779, frontispiece. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI, No. 20 JORDAN, EVERMANN &TANAKA] Plate 22 \ 1. I'raspis revcrsa Jordan, Evermann & Wakiya. Type. 2. Lcucof/lossa alhilingui.^ Jordan. Evermann & \\'aki\a. Type. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI, No. 20 [JORDAN, EVERMANN &TANAKA1 Plate 23 1. Priacaiilluts mccki Jenkins. ■" Priacaiillnis lit-lz',iliis Jordan. EvL-rniann &. Taiiakc^ Tvue. PROC. CAL. AGAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI, No. 20 [JORDAN, EVERMANN & TANAKA] Plate 24 ^fC,' <■< <^.(-;.4 1 "-;,|7^VgM*' '■-• ^., -A > V' -^ ■ -^' 1. A^harcus (Fares) nitila)is (Cuvier & Valenciennes). 2. Scorns Iriirnshfiiiit! jdrdan, K\'frni;iiin X- 'l';niaka. Type. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series XXI DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF LIZARD FROM MALPELO ISLAND BY JOSEPH R. SLEVIN Assisla)it Curator J Department of Herpetology In November and December, 1927, Captain G. Allan Han- cock, of Los Angeles, made a trip with his 56" Oaxaca, to the Galapagos Islands. The writer and Mr. Frank Tose, chief of exhibits of the California Academy of Sciences, were kindly invited by Captain Hancock to accompany the expedition as his guests, representing the Academy. Brief stops were made at several different places on the way down and back. One of these was at Malpelo Island, a barren basaltic rock, first sighted by Colnett in 1793, and situated, according to the latest surveys, in Lat. 3° 59' N. and Long. 81° 34' W. It lies about 250 miles off the mouth of the San Juan River, United States of Colombia. Captain Hancock stopped the Oaxaca a short time off this island on which I was able to make a landing from a small skiff on the northeast end, on the morning of December 20. My good friend, Mr. J. T. Boumphrey. also a guest of Captain Hancock, after landing me, stood by with the skiff in case a hurried departure became necessary. The Hydrographic Office^ states that some dwarf bushes grow in the cracks and gullies, but a close inspection failed to > South America Pilot, Vol. HI, p. 405, 1920. February 28, 1928 'S:.' S -i^^ Vol. XVI, No. 21, pp. 681-684, plates 25 and 26 February 28, 1928 ^. '^a»«= gg2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. locate any plant life whatsoever. At a short distance the island appears light green in color, but this is probably caused by the guano from the numerous sea birds. As the island is in a rainy belt and often drenched by heavy squalls, miniature waterfalls can be seen tumbling down over the face of the rock. \Vith the exception of the birds seen, a short search failed to reveal any life whatever, but some small crabs and two species of lizards, Anolis agasskii Stejneger," of which 27 specimens were collected, and a new species of Cclestus of which 10 specimens were secured. The island is a mere rock about a mile in length and 846 feet in height. From a distance it appears like a gigantic castle projecting out of the ocean. The following birds were noted : Brewster's Booby, Blue- faced? Booby, two Martins (P rogue), and a Spotted Sand- piper (Actitis macular la).^ The accompanying plates are from photographs by Mr. George Stone, published with the permission of Captain Hancock. Celestus hancocki, new species Plate 26 Diagnosis: Size large. Snout depressed, sharply rounded; ear-opening round or somewhat elongated ; rostral twice as broad as high ; nasal situated posteriorly in a single plate ; two postnasal plates; supraorbitals five; two large pairs of supra- nasals ; azygos prefrontal longer than wide, tapering to a point posteriorly and touching the frontal ; a pair of fronto-parietals; five pairs of chin shields, first three in contact with lower labials; 10 upper labials; 57 scale rows around the middle of the body; scales smooth, imbricate; limbs well developed, over- lapping when adpressed; pentadactyle ; claws semiretractile; teeth short, with rounded crowns; tail cylindrical. 2 Of which Dr. Charles H. Townsend obtained four specimens March 5, 1891, when he visited Malpelo Island on the Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. Dr. Townsend observed these lizards running over the rocks near the water. He found the "island too steep to afford a landing, but the lizards were shot off or whisked off the face of the cliffs, thus falling into the water, whence they were secured by the collector." See Stejneger, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XXXVI, No. 6, p. 163. ' Collected by Mr. Frank Tose, and identified by Miss Mary E. McLellan, Assistant Curator Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy, California Academy of Sciences. Vol. XVI] SLEVIN—NEW SPECIES OF LIZARD 533 Dorsal and lateral regions metallic black, profusely marked with minute creamy-white dots, except the upper surface of the tail, which may be sparingly marked; under surfaces brownish or whitish, the abdominal scales white, or having white centers ; white coloring of gular region sometimes form- ing longitudinal lines ; both upper and lower surfaces of limbs profusely spotted with creamy-white. Total length of the type 425 mm. ; width of head 40; body 230; tail 195; fore limb 56; hind limb 75. The nine cotypes, all in the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences, present the following measurements : Total Width of Fore Hin No. length head Tail Body limb liml 62583 395 41 158 237 56 75 62584 394 32 195 199 49 66 62585 397 35 182 215 54 72 62586 376 30 174 202 50 65 62587 332+ 40 96+ 236 59 74 62588 380 34 170 210 52 78 62589 379 30 171 208 52 65 62590 358 30 165 193 44 60 62591 297 20 150 147 32" 52 Type: No. 62,582, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by Joseph R. Slevin, December 20, 1927, on Malpelo Island. It affords me great pleasure to name this new species in honor of Captain G. Allan Hancock, who very kindly made a stop at the island while oi route to Balboa, Canal Zone, when returning from the Galapagos Islands. My thanks for secur- ing this lizard are also due Mr. J. T. Boumphrey, who proved himself an excellent boatman and landed me on the island despite the somewhat unfavorable weather conditions. This species appears to be closely allied to Celestus mille- punctatus O'Shaughnessy, a single specimen of unknown habitat, collected by Lieutenant Wood on the voyage of H. M. S. Herald, 1845-1851, from which the present species differs in coloration, in having two postnasal plates, a greater number of chin shields and supraoculars, and in the develop- ment of the limbs. All of the specimens collected by me were taken on a rocky ledge within a few feet of the water's edge. When wounded 534 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. they did not hesitate to take to the water and, on several occa- sions, ran into the small tide pools, leaving nothing but the head exposed. The food of these lizards seems to consist principally of small crabs, which are abundant on the island. A piece of crab leg 36 mm. in length was taken from the stomach of one of the specimens collected. Besides this, several small feathers, presumably from some sea bird, were found in the same stomach. Other lizards of the series collected were found to contain both feathers and the remains of crabs. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI, No. 21 [SLEVIN] Plate 25 if PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 'Ith Series, Vol. XVI, No. 2] fSLEVIN] Plate 26 t. X — ^ U PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 22, pp. 685-688, plates 27 and 28 February 28, 1928 XXII DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF FISHES FROM OFF CAPE SAN LUCAS, LOWER CALIFORNIA BY BARTON WARREN EVERMANN AND H. WALTON CLARK In June, 1927, Mr, Albert E. Colburn of Los Angeles, Cali- fornia, sent to the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences the skins of two large fishes. Of the first, a species of Seriola, he wrote : "It certainly has all the characteristics of the Yellow-tail [Seriola dorsalis], excepting that of color, in which respect it differs widely." Careful examination, how- ever, shows it to be different in certain other respects, as will be shown by the following description : Seriola colburni, new species Plate 27 Head 3.5 in body length ; depth 3.6 ; D. V-I, 30 ; A. II, I, 21 ; scales small and irregular, about 22-167-30; eye 7.6 in head; snout 2.4; mandible 2.1 ; maxillary 2.4, broad, fanshaped, with a broad fanshaped accessory bone, its edge slipping under the overlapping edge of the preorbital, barely reaching anterior margin of orbit; head naked, except cheeks, which are well covered with ordinary scales ; occipital crest rather prominent. Pectorals rather broad, the rays 21, the length 2.07 in head; ventrals somewhat narrower than pectorals but of the same length; soft dorsal characterized by a high falcate lobe, the February 28, 1928 (385 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser, membrane of the lobe being thick and leathery, the longest ray 1.6 in head and considerably more than half depth of body; anal with a similar thick, falcate lobe, its longest ray 1.26 in head. Color, upper third of body dark leaden, lower two-thirds somewhat silvery ; pectoral, dorsal and anal dusky with a wash of yellow ; ventrals paler, caudal dusky. Type: No. 2164, Mus, Calif. Acad. Sci., 49 inches long, caught by Mr. W. J. Hole, in June, 1927, off Cape San Lucas, Lower California. No other specimens are known. The fish represented by the skin in our collection differs from all the other Pacific species known to us in the high fal- cate anterior lobe of the soft dorsal and anal, the longest ray in each being more than half depth of body. This feature is most nearly approached in Seriola dorsalis and 5". grandis, as shown by published figures, but is hardly marked in S. pur- piirascens and 5. sparna. In this feature, in color, and count of dorsal and anal rays, our specimen approaches most closely to the Atlantic S. falcata, which, in addition to having an en- tirely different distribution, is a smaller, deeper fish. We name this species for Mr. Albert E. Colburn as a slight recognition of his interest in fishes and his kind thoughtfulness in sending us interesting specimens of fishes from time to time. A few days later we received from Mr. Colburn the skin of another large fish also taken by Mr. W. J. Hole. This fish apparently represents a new family, the Jordanich- thyidcB, in some respects intermediate between the spariform and non-spariform percoids. In the absence of a skeleton its relationships cannot be clearly ascertained. The specimen upon which the species is based bears, however, a striking, even if superficial, resemblance to certain members of the Lu- tianidse near which this family probably belongs. The family derives its name from the type genus Jordanichthys, named for Dr. David Starr Jordan, who at once recognized the speci- men as a representative of a new family. The genus may be briefly described as follows : Vol. XVI] EVERMANN AND CLARK— TWO NEW SPECIES OF FISHES 537 Jordanichthys, new genus Type: Jordanichthys holei Evermann & Clark, new genus. Percoids resembling the spariform percoids in having the maxillary slipping in a groove in the edge of the broad pre- orbital, the groove, however, shallow ; accessory ventral scale, if present at all, represented by a small rudiment. No lateral line. It is with real pleasure that we name this new genus for Dr. David Starr Jordan, Nestor of American ichthyologists and our friend and mentor for half a century. Jordanichthys holei, new species Boca fuerte. Plate 28 Body length 42 inches. Head 3.37 in body; depth 3.88; eye 8.6 in head; snout 2.22; maxillary 2.22 = snout; mandible 2.02; D. X, 13 or rather VII, I-I-I, 13, part of the membrane lacking (perhaps abnormal) ; origin of dorsal above base of pectoral; A. III?, 8 (some of the spines removed), the fin very short in base; base appearing as if with a scale-like pe- duncle. P. 16, base narrow, fifth ray longest, the fin acute, length of longest ray 1.7 in head, its tip reaching beyond tip of ventral ; V. I, 5, its rays coarse and strong, second ray longest, 2.3 in head. No lateral line. Scales 17-60, the scales large, thin, parchment-like, cycloid, covered to near the edge with thin, lead-colored tinfoil-like skin, the exposed portion of scale deeper than long. Caudal with about 22 rays, slightly emarginate, its membranes and those of the soft dorsal densely scaled. Cheeks and opercles scaly, rest of head naked. Premaxillary protractile; maxillary moderately broad and thick, with a ridge about the center, its posterior margin a convex arc, its anterior slightly concave. It slips partly into a shallow groove under the edge of the very broad preorbital ; a peculiar trun- cate lobe at the end of the groove. Teeth, a few large canines in upper jaw, and a row of smaller ones in the lower jaw, irregular villiform patches on the large thick tongue: villi- form teeth on palatines, none on vomer. Axil of pectoral and its posterior base scaleless, forming a leathery patch, above which is a leathery lobe perhaps representing an accessory ^gg CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. scale ; anterior base of pectoral scaled ; a somewhat larger scale at base of ventrals ; interorbital a high crest about twice width of eye; preopercle very minutely serrate. The large round scales remind one rather strikingly of those of the parrot- fishes. A photograph of another specimen of the same species, marked "Cape San Lucas, Mar. 15, 1927" and contributed by Mr. Colburn, shows a marked difference in the anal fin, which, unlike that of the type, shows a broad base (broader than depth of caudal peduncle), a much greater length (longest ray about 1.25 in base of fin), and the outline of the fin broadly rounded. This form and size of anal is probably more char- acteristic of the species than that of the type. Of the type specimen Mr. Colburn wrote: "This specimen was taken in March, 1927, at Cape San Lucas, Lower Cali- fornia, by Willitts J. Hole of Los Angeles. The species is apparently common along the rocky shores where the water is sufficiently deep to offer sea-room. A number of these were caught by our fishermen with trolling spoons as lures. The natives refer to it as Boca fuerte, but up to date we have been unable properly to identify it. It is a strong and vigorous fighter and difficult to land on account of the fighting strength as well as its habit of anchoring beneath a rock with the sub- sequent breaking of the line. It is a dull brownish-olive along the back, shading into a deep reddish pink on the sides and gradually blending into a pale salmon-pink throughout the entire belly area, and shows a brilliant iridescence when first taken from the water." Type: No. 2165, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., a specimen 46.75 inches long, taken in March, 1927, by Willitts J. Hole, at Cape San Lucas, Lower California. We take pleasure in naming this very interesting species for Mr. Willitts J. Hole, ardent angler of Los Angeles, Calif., who takes a scientific interest in the fishes he captures and who has preserved many of them for scientific study. PROC CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI, No. 22 | EVERMANN & CLARK ; Plate 27 PROC. CAL. AGAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XVI, No. 22 [ EVERMANN & CLARK] Plate 28 =y >>, PROCEEDINGS '"■ '; f? Y OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, Nos. 23 and 24, pp. 689-758 May 22, 1928 XXIII REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY FOR THE YEAR 1927 BY C E. GRUNSKY President of the Academy During the year 1927 the Academy has done further useful work, as will appear from the following brief summary of activities, and from the reports of the Director of the Mu- seum and of the Curators of the Academy's various depart- ments. The only disappointment lies in the fact that another year has rolled by without means being in sight for additions to the Academy building in Golden Gate Park. More space is urgently needed. In the fields for scientific investigation and extension of the collections of material to be studied in the Academy's research laboratories, there is no limit except as imposed by inadequate financial resources. So, too, in the matter of keeping exhibits on display which are attractive in appearance and which have educational value, the Academy has done all that its financial resources supplemented by the generosity of an occasional public-spirited citizen would permit. May 22, 1928 690 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. The present membership is made up of; Patrons 19 Honorary members 19 Life members 83 Fellows 32 Members 948 Total .- 1101 On January 1, 1927, the number of members stood at New members added during the year 112 Members lost by death 26 Members resigned 33 Members dropped for non-payment of dues. . . 28 1076 87 Net gain during the year 25 Leaving the membership on January 1, 1928, at 1101 The Academy carries on its list of patrons the following names : Living Mr. George C. Beckley Dr. Frank E. Blaisdell, Sr. Mr. William B. Bourn Mr. William H. Crocker Mr. Peter F. Dunne Dr. Barton Warren Evermann Mr. Herbert Fleishhacker Mr. W. M. Giffard Mr. Joseph D. Grant Mr. Edward Hohfeld Mrs. Albert Koebele Mr. A. Kingsley Macomber Mr. John W. Mailliard Mr. Joseph MaiUiard Mr. M. Hall McAllister Mr. Ogden Mills Mr. William C. Van Antwerp Mr. Edward P. Van Duzee Dr. E. C. Van Dyke Deceased Mr. William Alvord Mr. Charles Crocker Mr. John W. Hendrie Mr. Henry M. Holbrook Mrs. Charlotte Hosmer Mr. James Lick Mr. Alexander F. Morrison Mr. Amariah Pierce Mr. Ignatz Steinhart Dr. John Van Denburgh Vol. XVI] GRUNSKY— PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1927 691 Those who were called by death during 1927 are as follows: Mr. Richard Altschul Mr. Edward F. Bent Mr. Howard Brickell Mr. W. I. Brobeck Mr. Edmund C. Burr Mr. Wigginton E. Creed Dr. William H. Ball Prof. Edwin Theodore Dumble Dr. Carl H. Eigenmann Mr. William F. Herrin Mr. Henry E. Huntington .... Mr. Alfred W. Manning Dr. C. C. Nutting Mr. James R. Pringle Mr. Ferdinand Reis, Jr Mr. Albert M. Rosenbaum . . . Prof. Charles Sprague Sargent. Prof. George O. Sars Mr. Henry T. Scott Mr. John R. Scupham Mr. Henry Hamilton Sherwood Mr. H. A. Snow Mr. Jacob Stern Mr. Chas. B. Turrill Dr. Chas. D. Walcott Mr. Mountford S. Wilson Member November Member November 26 Member January 16 Member July 27 Member September 2 Member August 6 Life member March 27 Member January 26 Honorary member. . . .May 25 Life member February 28 Member May 23 Life member. . . .September 30 Honorary member . January 23 Member September 1 Member July 22: Member November 3 Honorary member. .March 22 Honorary member. . . .April 10 Life member June 27 Life member May 30 Member December 9 Member July 28 Member July 28 Member May 1 1 Honorary member February 9 Member April 21 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 In the year 1927 eleven free lectures were delivered at the stated meetings of the Academy as follows : January 5 The Probable Source of Oil in Colombia and Venezuela, by Mr. F. M. Anderson, Honorary Curator, Department of Paleontology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. March 2 Educational Activities in the National Parks, by Mr. Ansel F. Hall, Chief Naturalist in Charge of the Educational Divi- sion, National Park Service. April 6 A Tour of American Museums, illustrated, by Mr. Frank Tose, Chief Taxidermist, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. May 4 The Pearl Button Industry, illustrated, by Mr. H. Walton Clark, Assistant Curator, Department of Fishes, CaHfor- nia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 692 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. June 1 More about Pearls and Pearl Buttons, illustrated, by Mr. H, Walton Clark, Assistant Curator, Department of Fishes, California Academy of Sciences. July 6 Conservation and the Enforcement of Conservation Laws, by Mr. Joseph S. Hunter, Chief of Patrol, California State Fish and Game Commission. Augusts Something about the Sunflower Family, illustrated, by Dr. Sidney F. Blake, Associate Botanist, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. September 7.. .General Impressions abroad with special reference to Aqua- riums and Museums, illustrated, by Dr. C. E. Grunsky, President, California Academy of Sciences. October 5 Early Reminiscences of the California Academy of Sciences, illustrated, by Col. George C. Edwards, First Vice-Presi- dent, California Academy of Sciences. November 2 . . . Observation on the Autumn Birds of the Santa Rita Moun- tains, Arizona, illustrated, by Miss M. E. McLellan, Assis- tant Curator, Department of Ornithology and Mam- malogy, California Academy of Sciences. December 7. . .A Problem in Animal Distribution in Southern Arizona, illus- trated, by Mr. Harry S. Swarth, Curator, Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy, CaHfomia Academy of Sciences. The Sunday lectures at the Museum of the Academy in Golden Gate Park retain their popularity, and the kindness and good-will of those who contribute of their knowledge and experience on these occasions is sincerely appreciated. The following were delivered during the year 1927 : January 9 The Common Cold, by Dr. W. F. Cheney, Clinical Professor of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, San Francisco. January 16. . . .Pain in the Back, its Nature and Causes, illustrated, by Dr. Arthur L. Fisher, Associate Clinical Professor of Ortho- pedic Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, San Francisco. January 23 — What do we know about Cancer, by Dr. Ludwig A. Enge, Associate CHnical Professor Gynecology, Stanford School of Medicine, San Francisco. Vol, XVI] GRUNSKY— PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1927 593 January 30 Chinese Medicine, by Dr. Emmet Rixford, Professor of Sur- gery, Stanford School of Medicine, San Francisco. February 6 . . . The Recent International Congress on Tuberculosis, by Dr. Robert A. Peers, Medical Director, Colfax School for the Tuberculous, Colfax, California. February 13. . The Prevention of Food Poisoning, illustrated, by Dr. Karl F. Meyer, Professor of Bacteriology and Director of The Hooper Foundation for Medical Research, University of California. February 20 . . Psychoanalysis, False and Genuine, by Dr. E. W. Twitchell, Assistant Clinical Professor of Neurology, University of California, and Director of the Psychopathic Ward, San Francisco Hospital. February 27. .Chasing Phantoms, by Dr. J. M. Wolfsohn, Associate Pro- fessor of Mental and Nervous Diseases, Stanford School of Medicine, San Francisco. March 6 Goitre, illustrated, by Dr. Wallace I. Terry, Professor of Sur gery, University of California. March 13 The Ductless Glands, illustrated, by Dr. H. Lisser, Chief Duct- less Glands Clinic, University Hospital, and Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California. March 20 The Causes and Treatment of Anemia, by Dr. Ernest H. Fal- coner, Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Uni- versity of California. March 27 Tropical Diseases in California, by Dr. A. C. Reed, Asso- ciate Professor of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, San Francisco. April 3 The Exploration of the Island of Mindoro, Philippine Islands, illustrated, by Captain A. I. Eagle of the U. S. Air Corps. April 10 Field Notes in Alaska, by Mr. George Haley, Professor of Biology, St. Ignatius College, San Francisco. April 17 Parasitism in Nature, illustrated, by Dr. C. A. Kofoid, Profes- sor of Zoology, University of California. April 24 Practical Benefits of Experimental Biology, by Dr. William Ophiils, Dean of the Medical School and Professor of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, San Francisco. May 1 Modoc Lava-Beds National Monument, illustrated, by Mr. Paul J. Fair, in Charge of Exhibits, United States Forest Service. ^94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. May 8 Is it possible to predict California's Rainfall several months in advance, illustrated, by Mr. E. A. Beals, Consulting Meteorologist, Alameda, California. October 2 Popularizing Science through the Public Press, illustrated, by Dr. William Emerson Ritter, President, Science Service, Washington, D. C. October 9 Golden Gate Park as a Botanical Garden, illustrated, by Miss Alice Eastwood, Curator, Department of Botany, Cali* fomia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. October 16 Home Life of the Alaska Willow Ptarmigan, illustrated, by Mr. Joseph Dixon, Economic Mammalogist, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley. October 23 California's Forest Resources, illustrated, by Mr. J. W. Nel- son, Assistant District Forester, United States Forest Service, San Francisco. October 30. . . . California's Opportunity, illustrated, by Captain Clark G. Sauers, in charge of State Parks, Indiana Conservation Commission, Indianapolis, Ind. November 6. . .The Grand Canyon of the Colorado, illustrated, by Mr. Harold Stein, Educational Director of the Boy Scouts, San Fran- cisco. November 13. .Delphiniums, by Major Newell Vanderbilt, San Rafael. November 20.. Plant Breeding, illustrated, by Mr. G. P. Rixford, Librarian, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. November 27. .Some Traces of Early Man, by Dr. John SterUng Kingsley, Emeritus Professor of Zoology, University of Illinois. December 4. . .The California Academy of Sciences: Its Organization, His- tory, Purposes, and Accomplishments, by Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director of the Museum and of the Aquarium of the California Academy of Sciences. December 11.. Organization and Purposes of the Department of Botany, by Miss Alice Eastwood, Curator, Department of Botany, California Academy of Sciences. DecemberIS. . . Organization and Purposes of the Department of Paleontology, by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, Curator, Department of Paleon- tology, California Academy of Sciences. Vol. XVI] GRUNSKY— PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1927 595 List of Academy Publications in 1927 The scientific activities of the Academy are reflected in large part in its pubhcations. These have been as follows in 1927: OCCASIONAL PAPERS, XIII— Cretaceous Diatoms from California, by G. Dallas Hanna; pp. 1-49, plates 1-5. (Issued September 17, 1927.) Proceedings, Fourth Series Vol. XV, No. 17, pp. 501-510 — Report of the President of the Academy FOR THE Year 1926, by C. E. Grunsky, President of the Academy. (Issued March 31, 1927.) Vol. XV, No. 18, pp. 511-546 — Report of the Director of the Museum FOR the Year 1926, by Barton Warren Evermann, Director of the Mu- seum. (Issued March 31, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 1, pp. 1-51, 3 text figures — Notes on Birds of Sinaloa and Nayarit, Mexico, in the Fall of 1925, by M. E. McLellan. (Issued January 31, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 2, pp. 53-85, plate 1, text figures 1-4 — A Contribution to the Climatology of the Ice Age, by C. E. Grunsky. (Issued January 31, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 3, pp. 87-95, plates 2, 3— The Marine Miocene Deposits of North Colombia, by Frank M. Anderson. (Issued January 31, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 4, pp. 97-122— Fishes from Eastern China, with Descrip- tions OF New Species, by Barton Warren Evermann and Tsen-Hwang Shaw. (Issued January 31, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 5, pp. 123-135, plate 4— Expedition of the California Acad- emy OF Sciences to the Gulf of Californla in 1921. Marine Mol- LUSCA OF the Order Opisthobranchiata, by Fred Baker and G. Dallas Hanna. (Issued April 22, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 6, pp. 137-157, plate 5— Expedition of the California Acad- emy OF Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921. Geology and Paleontology, by G. Dallas Hanna and Leo George Hertlein. (Issued April 22, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 7, pp. 159-203, plates 6-12, 3 text figures— Expedition to Guadalupe Island, Mexico, in 1922. Land and Freshwater Mol- LUSKS, by H. A. Pilsbry. (Issued April 22, 1927.) 696 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Vol. XVI, No. 8, pp. 205-229, plates 13, 14 — Foraminifera from the Eocene NEAR Co.\LiNGA, CALIFORNIA, by Joseph A. Cushman and G. Dallas Hanna. (Issued April 22, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 9, pp. 231-259, plates 15, 16— The Making of a Scientific Collection of Reptiles and Amphibians, by Joseph R. Slevin. (Issued April 22, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 10, pp. 261-359, 1 text figure — The Birds and Mammals of Modoc County, California, by Joseph Mailliard. (Issued April 27, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 11, pp. 361-363 — New Species of Ceanothus, by Alice East- wood. (Issued April 27, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 12, pp. 365-380, 4 text figures — Records and Descriptions of Western Bumblebees (Bremid^), by Theodore H. Prison. (Issued April 27, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 13, pp. 381-395 — Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of Californu in 1921. The Chrysomelid^e (Coleoptera), by H. C. Fall. (Issued April 27, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 14, pp. 397-499, text figures 1-287— A Study of the Terminal Abdominal Structures of Male Diptera (Two- winged Flies), by Frank R. Cole. (Issued April 27, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 15, pp. 501-507 — New Genera and Species of North Ameri- can Fishes, by David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann. (Issued April 27, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 16, pp. 509-515 — A Geologic Section in the Center of the San Joaquin Valley, California, by J. A. TafT and G. D. Hanna. (Issued April 27, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 17, pp. 517-571, 1 text figure — A Revision of the Genus Or- thocarpus, by David D. Keck. (Issued June 11, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 18, pp. 573-604 — A Contribution to our Knowledge of the North American Conopid^ (Diptera), by M. C. Van Duzee. (Issued June 11, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 19, pp. 605-647, plates 17-21— P.vleontology of the Miocene of Lower California, by Leo George Hertlein and Eric Knight Jordan. (Issued September 2, 1927.) Vol. XVI, No. 20, pp. 649-680, plates 22-24— Notes on New or Rare Fishes from Hawaii, by David Starr Jordan, Barton Warren Evermann and Shigeho Tanaka. (Issued November 14, 1927.) Vol. XVI] GRUNSKY— PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR 1927 597 Interesting Items The financial standing of the Academy appears in the Treasurer's Report. It is not necessary to review the same; but attention may be called to the fact that the indebtedness to the Hibernia Savings and Loan Society is being steadily re- duced, about $10,000 per annum. This loan represents the balance of what was borrowed after the destruction of the Academy building on Market Street in 1906, and now amounts to $215,000. The income from the Market Street property in 1927 was $89,000. The interest charges on bor- rowed money amounted to $12,042. Except for an investment of $1,650 in the purchase of American Trust Company stock, the net income of the Academy has been expended in the care and maintenance of its property and in furthering research work and expansion of its collection of natural history material. It is with much gratification that I note valuable legal serv- ices rendered the past year by Mr. Edward Hohfeld, who in the same generous spirit as his predecessor, the late Mr. Alexander F. Morrison, volunteered his services. During the year his name has been added to the list of patrons of the Academy. Important changes in the personnel of the Academy were the resignation of Mr. ^^^ W. Sargeant, Secretary to the Board of Trustees, July 1, and the appointment to the position of Susie M. Peers, who for 12 years had been the efficient Secretary to the Director. Mr. Sargeant had been the faithful and very efficient secretary of the Board of Trustees since June 5, 1*^^^. His resignation is a real loss to the Academy. Every member of the Board of Trustees, the Coun- cil and the Museum and Aquarium staffs will miss him greatly. Besides lesser expeditions made by Curators and their as- sistants, opportunity was afforded to Mr. Joseph R. Slevin, Assistant Curator, Department of Herpetology, and our Chief of Exhibits, Mr. Frank Tose, to visit the Galapagos Islands as the guests of Captain G. Allan Hancock, late in the year. They secured material and made studies essential for future installa- tions of groups of turtles and iguanas, for which, however, no space is yet in sight. ^98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. The large number of visitors to the Academy's museum, and to the Steinhart Aquarium give ample proof of the appreciation by the public of the Academy's effort to satisfy the universal demand for information on natural history subjects. Much more could be done if the available funds were more ample. Portable exhibits for school use, and lecturers in constant at- tendance at the museum may be suggested in this connection as features that could be added, but the need for these is over- shadowed by the much greater need for additions to the Academy buildings. Some day, it is hoped, not too far in the future, some gen- erous friend of the natural sciences will provide the endow- ment that will make adequate additions possible, and some day perhaps a successful appeal may be made to the City of San Francisco to provide the funds for an expansion of the Stein- hart Aquarium. Fine though this aquarium is. it does not yet fully meet the aspiration of the Academy, to maintain at San Francisco an establishment in which the wealth of the aquatic life in stream and ocean from all parts of the Pacific and its shores can be adequately displayed. With sincere appreciation on the part of the officers of the Academy, for the loyal efforts of all who have contributed to its activities and have aided in its work, and counting on like further support, the Academy enters upon another year of service. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1927 599 XXIV REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR FOR THE YEAR 1927 BY BARTON WARREN EVERMANN Director of the Museum and of the Aquarium The Annual Report of the Director for the year 1926 was\. presented to the Academy at the Annual Meeting, February 16, 1927. The present report sets forth briefly the scientific and edu- cational activities for the calendar year 1927. The year has been an active one. Commendable progress has been made in all the departments. The members of the clerical force have performed their duties faithfully and efficiently. The members of the scientific staff have, as in the past, been active and efficient in building up and caring for the research collections in their respective departments, and in re- search work based on those collections. Personnel The personnel of the Museum has had a few important changes in the year. On February 28, Mr. Joseph Mailliard resigned his position as Curator of the Department of Orni- thology and Mammalogy, and on the same date was appointed Curator Emeritus of that department. The position made vacant by Mr. Mailliard's resignation was at once filled by the appointment of Mr. Flarry S. Swarth, effective March 1. Mr. Mailliard became a member of the Academy in 1897. In 1919 he became a Patron, and on February 1, of the same year, he was appointed Honorary Curator of Ornithology and Mammalogy. This title was changed to that of Curator in 1920. Although relieved of administrative burdens, Mr. Mailliard continues to give the Academy the benefit of his counsel and is active in field and laboratory studies of birds and mammals. 700 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Mr. Swarth had been Curator of Birds in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, since 1916, and has contributed greatly to our knowledge of the birds and mammals of western America. The Academy is therefore very fortunate in having in its Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy the active services of Curator Emeritus Mailliard, Curator Swarth and Assistant Curator Mary E. McLellan. The employees of the Museum January 1, 1928, were as follows : Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director and Execu- tive Curator of the Museum, and Editor of the Academy pub- lications; Susie M. Peers, Secretary to the Board of Trustees; Joseph W. Hobson, Recording Secretary of the Academy; Alice Eastwood, Curator, and Mrs. Kate E. Phelps, assistant, Department of Botany; Edward P. Van Duzee, Curator, Hartford H. Keifer, Assistant Curator, Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke, Honorary Curator, Dr. Frank E. Blaisdell, Research Associate, Mr. Walter M. Giffard, Research Associate, and Dr. Frank R. Cole, Associate Curator in Dipterology, Depart- ment of Entomology; Frank Tose, Chief, and Russell Hen- drick, Clara Tose, and Cecil Tose, assistants. Department of Exhibits; Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Curator, and H. Walton Clark, Assistant Curator, Department of Fishes; Joseph R. Slevin, Assistant Curator, Department of Herpe- tology; Dr. Walter Kendrick Fisher, Curator, Department of Invertebrate Zoology; Ignatius McGuire, Assistant Librarian; Harry S. Swarth, Curator, Mary E. McLellan, Assistant Curator, and Joseph Mailliard, Curator Emeritus, Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy ; Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, Cura- tor, Leo George Hertlein, Assistant Curator, Frank M. An- derson, Honorary Curator, and Dr. Roy E. Dickerson, Re- search Associate, Department of Paleontology; Constance W. Campbell, stenographer, part time ; Lucie Hicks, office assistant, part time; Raymond L. Smith, general assistant; Mabel E. Phillips, check-room attendant; William C. Lewis, janitor; Hugh Jones, assistant janitor; Mrs. Johanna E. Wil- kens, charwoman; Patrick O'Brien, day watch; Archie Mc- Carte, night watch. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1927 /Ql The Aquarium staff and other employees January 1, 1928, were as follows: Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director; Susie M. Peers, Secretary, part time; Constance W. Camp- bell, stenographer, part time; Lucie Hicks, office assistant, part time; Alvin Scale, Superintendent; Wallace Adams, Assistant Superintendent; Miss Dora Arnold, doorkeeper; Robert J. Lanier, electrician and assistant attendant; Clynt S. Martin, chief engineer; B. T. Culleton, first assistant engi- neer; R. J. Fletcher, second assistant engineer; Clyde E. Guidry, chief attendant; Jack Solini, first assistant attendant; L. R. Solini, second assistant attendant; Frank J. Maxwell, relief engineer and attendant; S. J. Shenefield, carpenter and general utility man; Chester L. Duncan, assistant collector; Patrick O'Neill, janitor; Patrick McArdle, assistant janitor; James Cavanaugh, day watch. Accessions to the Museum and Library The accessions to the Museum and Library have been many and valuable within the year. Those to the Library through exchange, purchase, and gift have been unusually large and important, and too numerous to list; only those received by gift are listed here. Following is a list of the accessions to the Museum: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. : 1 species of freshwater shell from Lake Tanganyika, Africa. Exchange. Adams, Wallace, Steinhart Aquarium, San Francisco : 18 key-maps to U. S. Topographic sheets. Annual report of the Virgin Islands Ex- periment Station, 1926 f North Carolina Economic and Geological Survey, Economic Paper No. 15. Gift. Aguerrevere, S. E., Laredo, Texas : 6 land snails from Coahuila, Mexico. Gift. American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y. : 6 frogs from Porto Rico, 8 from Nicaragua, 1 from Ecuador, 2 from Jamaica, 1 from Dominica, and 1 from Costa Rica. Exchange. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pa. : 19 volumes of the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society and 8 volumes of the Proceedings. Gift. 702 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Anderson, F. M., Berkeley, Calif.: 2 lizards from Kern County, Calif. Gift. Archambault, Mr. and Mrs., Lemon, S. D. : 1 deer head covered, mounted and beaded by an Indian woman, Standing Rock Reservation, North and South Dakota. Gift. Arnold, Miss Dora, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco: The Psychology of Bolshevism, by John Spargo. Gift. Associated Oil Co., San Francisco: 10 samples of well cores. Gift. Australian Museum, College Street, Sydney, Australia. 2 skulls Otaria cinerea, South Pacific Elephant Seal. Exchange. Baker, Dr. Fred, San Diego, Calif.: 50 specimens of Marine shells. Gift. Baker, Jack D., 435 1st Street, Santa Rosa, Calif.: 2 California Murres; 1 Baird's Cormorant; 1 Farallon Cormorant; 2 Brandt's Cormorant. Gift. Bancroft, Griffing, 2525 First St., San Diego, Calif.: 272 bird skins from Lower California. Exchange. Barker, C. A. : 1 shark skull. Gift. Barnes, Dr. Wm., Decatur, Illinois : 618 moths, determined. Gift. Bemis, Mrs. Florence E., Oakland, Calif.: 9 bound vols. Gift. Bishop, Dr. C S., Albany, N. Y. : 2 turtles from New York. Gift. Blaisdell, Dr. Frank E., Sr., 1520 Lake Street, San Francisco: Skeleton of a domestic cat; 1 skunk skeleton, complete; 4 mammal skulls; 14 bird skulls; 86 Diptera from Mokelumne Hill, Calif.; 13 numbers of Science (current) ; Stanford University Publications, University series No. 1; 118 miscellaneous separates; 118 entomological separates ; 3 unbound copies of "Plaga de La Langosta en Mexico" ; Fisher, Hawks and Owls, 1893 (bound) ; Goss, Birds of Kansas, 1886 (bound). Gift. Blatchley, Dr. W. S., 1530 Park Avenue, Indianapolis, Indiana: 142 Hemiptera from Florida, etc., including some paratypes. Purchase. Braun, Miss Annette F., 3702 May Street, Cincinnati, Ohio: 67 speci- mens of Microlepidoptera. Gift. Brown, V. S. : 162 insects from California. Gift. California Botanical Club, San Francisco, through Miss Alice Eastwood : Humboldt and Bonpland, Monographies des Melastoma, parts 1 and 2; Miller, Philip, Figures of Plants, 2 volumes. Gift. California Fish and Game Commission, San Francisco : 3 birds, Ti- namous (3 species). Gift. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1927 7Q3 Campbell, Mrs. Constance W., California Academy of Sciences : 1 bat, Myotis yumanensis sociabilis (mummy) ; 2 Salamanders from Marin Co., Calif. Gift. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C. : Publications Nos. 330 vol. 2, 375, 371, and 364; Year Book for 1926. Gift. Cavanaugh, James, Steinhart Aquarium, San Francisco : 21 numbers of "Douglas 20." Gift. Choussy, Felix, San Salvador : Two bound volumes, Flora Salvadorena, by Choussy. Gift. Clark, H. Walton, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco : 21 numbers of Science; nest of Horned Lark containing three eggs; 1 mole, Scapanns latimanus latimaniis, in flesh, from Golden Gate Park, S. F. ; Missouri Botanical Garden, Bulletin, 44 numbers ; In- ternational Vereinigung fiir Limnologie, Verhandlungen, 1922, 1923, 2 vols., and two pamphlets describing meetings ; 5 pamphlets by Gun- nar Aim. Gift. Classen, John W., through Dr. G. Dallas Hanna: 1 bird's egg, Cha- chalaca (Ortalis sp. ?). Gift. Classen, W. J., Menlo Park, Calif. : 3 fossil Miocene fish from Lompoc, Calif. Conolley, E. D., Holbrook Building, San Francisco : 2 Rocky Mountain Sheep heads and 1 Black-tailed Deer head. Gift. Cottle, J. E., 2473 Post St., San Francisco : 1 paratype of Sabulodes cot- tlei Barnes; miscellaneous insects from California. Gift. Deckert, Richard F., Miami, Florida: 15 snakes from Florida. Purchase. Dickerson, Dr. Roy E., Lima, Peru : One package of Carboniferous fos- sils from South America. Gift. Dudley, Chester, Modesto, Calif. : 57 plants. Gift. Eagle, Capt. A. T., Crissy Field, San Francisco : 1 mounted Tamarao head. Gift. Eastwood, Miss Alice, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco : American Forests and Forest Life 1927; 34 miscellaneous numbers of Science; U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Yearbook, 1926, 1927; American Journal of Botany, 1927; Sachs, Lectures on the physiology of plants (bound) ; 9 quarterly issues of the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col- lections ; Scientific Monthly, 14 misc. numbers ; Bulletin Pan-Pacific Union, 9 numbers; Mid-Pacific Magazine, Vols. 27-35; California Historical Society Quarterly, 4 volumes unbound. Gift. 85 plants from Pacheco Pass and Los Banos ; 78 plants from Eldo- rado County ; 289 plants from San Luis Obispo County ; 293 plants from Plumas County; 152 plants from the State of Nevada; 80 mis- cellaneous. Exploration. 704 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Skr. Evermann, Dr. Barton Warren, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco: Connecticut Fish and Game report, 1925-1926; California Division of Water Rights Biennial report, 1926; Review of Applied Entomology, 9 numbers ; San Francisco Report on Underground Water Supply, 1913, 173 pp.; 10 numbers, Columbia Port Digest; 4 numbers. Overland Monthly; 10 numbers, The Outlook; 9 numbers, Yosemite Nature Notes ; 22 numbers. Science ; 3 numbers, Natural History; Oklahoma Academy of Sciences Bull. Vol. 4, pts. 1, 2; 1 number, Brooklyn Museum Quarterly; 3 numbers, Roosevelt Wild Life Bull.; 2 numbers, Journal Alarine Biological Association; Plymouth Aquarium Guide Book; 5 descriptive pamphlets. Marine Biological Association ; Provincial Museum of Natural History re- port 1925; Illinois State Museum of Natural History General Guide; Museum Graphic, vol. 1, No. 1 ; U. S. Dept. Agric. Bulletins, 5 num- bers; Pan-Pacific Food Conference, First, Proceedings; Pan-Pacific Educational Conference, First, Proceedings, 2 copies; Socicte des Etudes Oceaniennes, Papeete, Bulletins 11, 12, 18, 19; Southern Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, Bull., 3 numbers ; American Museum of Natural History, Annual Report 1921 ; Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mu- seum Director's Reports, 1902, 1905, 1900; Standard Oil Bulletin, 4 numbers; Richards, Industrial Art and the Museum (bound); Fur Journal, 1927; Canadian Fisheries Expedition, 1914-1915, 495 pp; Holder, C. F., Santa Catalina, 1895, 126 pp; American Museum of Natural History, General rules for the preparation of manuscript, 14 pp., and Styles and sizes of types, 4th ed., 20 pp; Aquatic Life, 16 numbers ; Aquarium, two numbers ; Amateur Aquarist, 5 numbers ; Berlin Aquarium Zoologischer Garten Fiihrer, 1925 47 pp ; American Fish Culturist, 4 numbers; Catalina Islander, 15 numbers, and com- plete file for 1927 ; National Parks Nature Notes, 28 numbers ; Na- tional Parks Portfolio ; Parks and Recreation, 1 number ; Chicago Academy of Sciences descriptive handbook 1911; "William Powell Wilson" 16 pp; Overland Monthly, 8 numbers; Sherwood, George H., Free Education by the American Museum of Natural History, 1918; The Colorado Museum of Natural History (guidebook) no date; New York Zoological Society Bulletin V. 27, No. 2; Zoologica V. 9, No. 1 ; Torrey, State parks and recreational use of state forests, 1926; Publications Am. Museum Assn., new series. No. 2; Museum Journal, Philadelphia, V. 7, No. 2; Amer. Aluseum of Natural His- tory, Rules and Regulations, 1912; Charleston Museum Bulletin, V. 12, No. 6, 1916; Contributions to Canadian Biology, The Sea-lion Question, 1918; Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 1926; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., V. 15, No. 16, V. 12, No. 30; Toronto Univ., Studies, Biological Series, No. 24; Camera Craft, 3 numbers; Na- tional Association of Secondary School Principals, 5th yearbook, 1921 ; Wisconsin Magazine of History, June 1921 ; Report of the Un-* derground Water Supply of San Francisco County, 1913; National Conference on Outdoor Recreation, Organization and Program, 1924-1925 (2); Joransen, Einar, The Danegeld in France, 1924; Cin- Vol. XVI] EVERMANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1927 705 A cinnati Museum Ass'n, Annual Reports, 1924, 1925; U. S. Bureau of Education, 1914 Bulletin, No. 48; Rhode Island Agric. Experiment Sta., 39lh Annual Report; Laws of the State of Indiana, 1910, 1050 pp., bound; Doheny Scientific Expedition in the Hava Supai Canyon, \^ Northern Arizona, 40 pp. ; Meek, Marine Fishes of Panama, Part 2, 707 pp; Rockefeller Foundation Report for 1926; miscellaneous bul- letins of the U. S. Dept. Agric, 12 numbers ; Cincinnati Museum Assn., Report for 1926; Rand McNally Map of Mississippi; National Parks Bulletin 43; Illustrated Bulletin, Glacier National Park; Re- port U. S. Forester, 1924; S. P. Map of California (3 copies) ; Bull. Amer. Game Protective Association, vol. 13. No. 1, Jan. 1924; Mu- seum Bull. Staten Island Assn., May 1916, No. 94; St. Louis Natural History Mus. Assn., Bull. vol. 1, Nos. 2, 4; Rockefeller Foundation Review, 1925 ; Report of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1926; National Conference of Outdoor Recreation, Circ. No. 1, and Proc. 1926; International Comm. for Bird Protection, Bull., 1927; Permanent Wild Life Protection Fund, Results Bag Limit Campaign, 1925; Forest and Outdoors, Feb. 1927; Logging Operations in Yosemite Nat'l Park, Van Name, 16 p.; Iowa Fish and Game Warden Report, 1924; Vermont Fish and Game Report, 1926; Oakland Free Library, Report, 1925-1926; Supplement to Hydro- graphic Office publ. No. 84, 1923; U. S. Forest Service, Manual of Fish and Game Management, Dist. 4; American Bison Society, 16th census Jan. 1, 1924; Forestry Primer, 1926; Amer. Assn. Museums, 12th meeting, Preliminary program, 1917; Report of Committee of training for museum workers; 312 other pamphlets and 7 other bound volumes. Gift. Evermann, Barton Warren, and G. Dallas Hanna, California Academy oi Sciences : 1 can of freshwater mollusks from Pyramid Lake, 2 species. Exploration. Foehl, A. Jr. & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. : 1 turtle from Africa. Purchase, Frierson, L. S., Jr., Shreveport, La. : 2 lizards, 5 frogs, and 12 salaman- ders from Louisiana. Exchange. Giffard, W. M., Honolulu,^ T. H. : 321 determined Hymenoptera from the mountains of California; 187 miscellaneous insects taken by Mr. Kellers in Sumatra; 9 bird skins and 12 mounted birds, from Cali- fornia, from the collection of Albert Koebele; 7 skins of native Hawaiian birds collected by Henshaw and others, 1899-1901. Gift. GiflFord, E. W., Anthropological Museum, Affiliated Colleges, San Fran- cisco : 1 dove, Gallicolumba ruhescens, in flesh. Aviary specimen. Gift. Gloyd, Howard K., Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kansas: 19 snakes (alive). Exchange. 17 snakes and 1 lizard from Kansas; 2 snakes from Michigan. Purchase. May 22, 1928 705 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pnoc. 4th See. Grinnell, Dr. Joseph, University of California: 7 alcoholic specimens, topotypes, of Salmo nelsoni Evermann. Gift. Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. : 75 botanical specimens from the New England States. Exchange. Greene, Morris, Crystal Springs Water Co., San Francisco : 1 humming- bird, Selasphorus alleni, in flesh, from Golden Gate Park, San Fran- cisco. Gift. Griffith, Arthur C, 207 Glen Drive, Sausalito, Calif.: 1 owl, Bubo vir- ginianus saturaUis, mounted, from Marin Co., Calif. Gift. Grout, A. J., Richmond Borough, New York City, N. Y. : 311 specimens of mosses. Purchase. Grubb, W. A., San Francisco : Guides of the Aquariums at Monaco and Milan. Gift. Gunder, J. D., 849 Linda Vista Ave., Pasadena, Calif.: 52 miscellaneous insects from Death Valley, Calif. Gift. Haley, Professor George, Berkeley, Calif. : 1 Nunivak native spear used in spearing water birds; 510 specimens of mollusks ; 2 sounding waxes; 1 bottle of sediment; 1 can of diatom-bearing mud; 1 can of minerals; 1 jar of diatom-bearing sand and grass; 1 shell from St. Lawrence Island, Alaska ; 234 plants from Alaska, 36 from Nevada, and 67 from Sierra Co., Calif. Exploration. Hall, R. Radcliffe, Barbados, B. W. L : 4 samples of diatomaceous earth from Barbados. Exchange. Halvorsen, E. E., Coalinga, Calif.: 12 specimens of fossil mollusks from Coalinga, Calif. ; and 2 small sacks of Tertiary fossils. Gift. Hanna, G. Dallas, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco: 2 nests and sets of eggs of Vermivora cclata lutescens, from Santa Cruz County, Calif . ; 1 tree frog from Kern County, Calif. ; 40 specimens of land snails ; 39 insects from California ; 38 miscellaneous insects from Kern Co., Calif.; Scientific Monthly, 1927; 5 numbers of Science; 4 numbers of the Condor ; Climatological data, Alaska section, 1925 ; Scientific American, April-June, 1927 ; National Geographic Maga- zine, Vol. 44, No. 1, July, 1923; Canada Dept. Mines, Abrasives, 3 pts. 1927; General information regarding the Territory of Alaska, 1926, 59 pp.; Alaska Fishery Industries 1926, 200 pp.; Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Vols. 8-11; National Research Council, Researches in Sedimentation, 1924-1926, 2 volumes; 62 separates; California Fish and Game, Vol. 13, No. 1. Gift. 90 specimens, 4 species of mollusks from Donner Lake, Calif. Ex- ploration. Hanna, G. Dallas, and L. G. Hertlein, San Francisco : 69 land shells and 2 boxes of Cretaceous fossils; 1 box of marine Pliocene fossils. Ex- ploration. I Vol. XVI] EVERM ANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1927 /Q/ Hanna, Marcus A., Houston, Texas : 4 fossil crabs from Washington. Gift. Hapemen, Dr. H., Minden, Nebraska : 13 botanical specimens. Exchange. Harrold, C G., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada : 27 mammal skins and skulls, 38 skulls, and 9 skeletons, from Alaska; 555 bird skins and 10 skeletons, representing 92 species of Alaskan birds; 12 sets, 39 eggs, of eggs and nests from Alaska; and 74 plants from Alaska. Ex- ploration. Hart, Cecil, Montebello, Los Angeles Co., Calif.: 114 plants from San Bernardino Co., Calif. Gift. Harter, Mrs. H. C, Lindsey, Calif. : 8 specimens of California plants. Gift. Heath, John M., 207 Church St., San Francisco : Nest of Yellow Jacket, from near Lorane, 30 miles west of Eugene, Ore., collected by Ken- neth Arthur, Lorane, Ore., January 27, 1927. Gift. Henderson, L. F., University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon: 1187 botani- cal specimens from eastern Oregon. Purchase. Hertlein, Leo George, Palo Alto, Calif. : 2 boxes of Cretaceous fossils from Mexico. Gift. Hertlein, L. G., and E. L. Rixford, California Academy of Sciences : 60 species, 1,076 specimens of marine mollusks from Santa Rosa Island ; 20 species, 121 specimens of marine mollusks from San Miguel Island ; and 6 boxes of Miocene fossils from Santa Rosa, San Miguel and Santa Cruz islands. Exploration. Hill, C. L., Bureau of Forestry, Ferry Building, San Francisco : 1 Mio- cene beetle from mine near Quincy, Calif. Gift. Holm, Adolph, Redwood City, Calif. : 6 botanical specimens from Santa Clara Co. ; and 1 Sorex, in flesh, from San Mateo Co., Calif. Gift. Hudson, Dr. J. W., Ukiah, Calif. : 12 specimens of California plants. Gift. Hunt, Nelson J., 1021 Wayne St., Sandusky, Ohio : 2 seed necklaces from West Indies; and 1 seed of tropical plant (nut). Gift. Jackson, Mrs. Belle R., San Rafael, Calif. : 6 specimens of plants from Placer Co., CaHf. Gift. Japan National Research Council, Tokyo, Japan : Scientific Japan (bound); Souvenir of the Third Pan-Pacific Scientific Congress; Minutes of the Final Meeting, Third Pan-Pacific Scientific Con- gress; and 2 maps. Geology of Nippon and Earthquake of Oct. 1925. Gift. 703 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 4th Sek. Jessel, M. S., Lincoln High School, San Francisco : 156 specimens of plants from General Grant National Park. Gift. Jones, Miss Katherine, University of California: 20 specimens of plants from New Zealand. Gift. Kauffman, E. R., Rialto Building, San Francisco : 3 numbers of the Pacific Sportsman, completing the Academy's set to date. Gift. Keifer, H. H., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco : 2275 in- sects taken at Oroville, Calif., etc. Exploration. Klauber, L. M., San Diego, Calif. : 24 snakes and 2 lizards from San Diego County, Calif. Exchange. 2 snakes from Lower California; 7 snakes from San Diego County, Calif.; 2 salamanders from San Diego County, Calif.; and 115 toads from San Diego County, Calif. Gift. Kruger, Miss, Laurel Hill, San Francisco : 2 Japanese birds, in flesh. Died in captivity. Gift. Knight, Dr. Harry H., Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa: 335 specimens of N. Am. Miridas, representing 201 species with 178 paratypes. Ex- change. Kobo, Kasuo: 2 separates in Japanese on the fauna of Loo-choo. Gift. Koebele, Mrs. Fanny, Waldkirch, Germany : 44 bird skins, and 2 land snails. Gift. Kusche, J. August, 5416 Lemon Grove Ave., Hollywood, Calif.: 1364 pinned moths from Chiricahua Mts., Arizona; and 240 botanical specimens from Arizona. Purchase. Lastreto, C B., San Francisco, Calif. : 12 numbers of the Scientific Monthly ; 6 numbers of the Condor ; Grinnell, Geography and Evolu- tion of the Pocket Gopher (reprint) ; Pan-Pacific Union Bulletin, No. 88, May 1927; 2 separates from the Condor; 3 numbers of the Auk; Bull. Amer. Meteorological Soc, 2 numbers ; Kirsten, The First Second of Eternity; American Meteorological Society, Bull. 1923 complete; 1924, January and February; 1925, February to December; 1926, January to March, and November and December ; The Com- monwealth, "Legislative Preparedness for War," October 26, 1926; Periscope, January, 1927; Science, January 28, 1927; Academy Pro- ceedings, Vol. 15, Nos. 12-16; Vol. 16, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 10; title page for Vol. 2, parts 1 and 2, and Vol. 14; Occasional Paper No. 12. Gift. Leach, E. R., 217 Hillside Ave., Piedmont, Calif.: 32 miscellaneous in- sects mostly from Trinity County, Calif. ; 1 snake from Mendocino County, Calif.; 52 insects from India; and 1 snake from Shasta County, Calif. Gift. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1927 JQf) Leach, Frank A., Diablo Country Club, Diablo, Calif. : 1 bat, Coryno- rhinus rafinesquii townsendii, from Sonoma County, Calif ; 1 nest of Western Gnatcatcher (Polioptila ccerulea antanissima) . Gift. Lewis, W. C, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco : 1 hum- mingbird, Selasphorus alleni, in flesh, from Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. Gift. Mailliard, Joseph, California Academy of Sciences : 1 snake (Micrurus euryxanthus) from Arizona; Oologist's Record, Volumes 1-3. Gift. 136 specimens, 7 species, of fishes from Arizona; 10 mammal skins and skulls from Patagonia, Santa Cruz County, Ariz. ; and 424 bird skins from Santa Cruz County, Ariz. Exploration. Martin, J. O., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco : 1 wren, Thryomanes beuricki spilurus, in flesh, from Golden Gate Park; 89 moths taken at Alma, Calif. ; Revision of the Tenebrionidae of Ameri- ca North of Mexico. Gift. 4865 insects from Texas ; 560 insects, mostly beetles, from California ; 3 Salamanders from Arizona. Exploration. Mason, H. L., Berkeley, Calif. : 245 botanical specimens from Revil- lagigedo Expedition of the Academy. Exploration. MacCallum, Mrs. Alexander, Mendocino City, Calif. : 84 miscel- laneous plants, mounted. Gift. McAllister, M. Hall, San Francisco : Map of Monterey Peninsula, drawn for the Del Monte Company by Jo Mora; Scientific American, 1927. Gift. McDonald, Miss Julia, 1221 Lombard Street, San Francisco : 20 Cali- fornia plants. Gift. McLaren, John, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco : 1 curassow, Crax alector, in flesh, from Golden Gate Park; 1 kangaroo, Macropus, in flesh, from Golden Gate Park, San Francisco ; 1 elk, in flesh, from Golden Gate Park; 1 ostrich, Strutliio canielus, in flesh, from Golden Gate Park. Gift. McLellan, Miss Mary E., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco: U. S. Dept. Agri. Official Record, 1927; 81 miscellaneous insects from Mazatlan, Mexico ; 46 miscellaneous insects from Santa Rita Mts., Arizona; 50 freshwater shells from Niles Canyon, Calif.; 1 lizard, Phrynosoma douglassii hernandesi; 1 frog, Rana pipiens. Gift. 90 skins and skulls, and 2 alcoholics of mammals from Pima and Santa Cruz counties, Arizona ; 274 bird skins from Pima and Santa Cruz counties, Arizona. Exploration. Meadows, Don C, Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, Calif.: 1 snake, Lam- Propeltis getulus boylii; and 1 lizard, Uta stansburiana hesperis, from Santa Catalina Island. Gift. 710 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sejl Meakin, Perc, Modesto, Calif. : 1 owl, Bubo virginianus pacificiis, alive, from Modesto, Calif. Gift. Merrill, G. K., 309 Broadway, Rockland, Maine : 24 specimens of lichens. Purchase. Mexia, Mrs. Ynez, Botanical Department, University of California: 200 specimens of Mexican plants. Purchase. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri : Bulletin Missouri Bo- tanical Garden, Vol. 1, complete, and 85 miscellaneous numbers sup- plementing Academy's file. Gift. Montgomery, A. C, SS. Montagu, San Francisco: 6 birds, in flesh, from the Philippine Islands and the Celebes. Gift. Mori, T., 1511 Geary St., San Francisco: 3 teal ducks, 1 Nettion crecca and 2 Nettion formosum from Japan? (in flesh); 1 bird, Java Non- pareil (Erythrtira prasiua) ; and 2 birds. Bamboo Partridge (Bam- busicola thoracica). Gift. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. : 1 lizard from Jamaica. Exchange. Myers, Mr., Sportmans Club, San Francisco : 4 Gambel's Quail and 4 California Quail. Gift. Nast, Dr. Ernest, 4112 24th Street, San Francisco: 488 insects, largely moths, from the Sierra of California. Gift. National Association of Audubon Societies : Portraits and Habits of our Birds, two bound volumes; 20 pamphlets. Gift. National Herbarium of the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. : 100 specimens of ferns and 39 crytograms. Exchange. National Zoological Park, Washington, D. C. : 2 Tortoises (Testudo tornieri) from Africa. Gift. Oldroyd, Mrs. I. S., Stanford University, Calif.: 2 marine shells. Oregon Historical Society, 253 Market St., Portland, Ore. : Carey, The Oregon Constitution, 543 pp., bound. Gift. Otis, Ira C, Seattle, Wash. : 26 specimens of plants from Washington State. Gift. Pacific Division, A. A. A. S. : Science News-Letter, 57 current numbers ; Science, 67 current numbers; 34 catalogues of various educational in- stitutions; Western Society of Naturalists membership roll, 1916; 26 A. A. A. S. Pacific Division announcements; American Medical Di- rectories for 1921, 1918, 1916. Gift. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1927 yi\ Paige, Mrs. Paul, 8101 Geary Street, San Francisco: 1 wildcat, Lynx eremicus calif ornicus, in flesh, from Alameda G)unty, Calif.; and 1 Formosan Teal duck, male. Gift. Palmer, R. H., Seattle, Washington : 4 trays of Pleistocene fossil shells from Oaxaca, Mexico; and 1 tray of recent shells from Oaxaca, Mexico. Gift. Diatom bearing materials. Exchange. Palmer, T. Qialkley, Delaware County Institute of Science, Media, Penn. : 8 numbers of the Proceedings of Delaware County Institute of Science. Gift, Palmer, Dr. T. S., Washington, D. C. : International Congress of Soil Science, Program, and Proceedings of Committees I-VI. 4 vols. Gift. Pammel, Dr. L. H., Iowa State College: Weed flora of Iowa, 1926 edi- tion, bound ; Prominent Men I Have Met, II ; and 10 separates. Gift, Patterson, W. J., 1843 9th Ave., San Francisco : 51 specimens of various ores and minerals from California and Arizona. Gift. Phelps, Mrs. Kate E., 580 McAllister Street, San Francisco: 7 botanical specimens from Washington State. Gift. Piper, Dr. C V.: 25 specimens from his herbarium. Gift. Peers, Miss Susie M., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco: Current issues of Science for 1927. Gift. Peterson, A., San Bruno, Calif. : 1 cetacean ear bone, obtained in New York, originally from Alexandria. Gift, Poling, O. C, Laguna Beach, Calif. : 32 moths from Arizona and Texas. Gift. Pomona College, Claremont, Calif. : 805 duplicate botanical specimens from the Marcus E. Jones collection. Exchange. Pope, Dr. Emma, Panoramic Way, Berkeley, Calif. : 1 Gnu head (mounted). Gift. Pope, Mrs. Saxton, San Francisco : 3 lantern slides of snake heads. Gift. Reed, Miss Elizabeth Mary, 751 14th Ave., San Francisco : 1 sloth, Bradypus skin from Brazil. Gift. Rhodes, Capt. H. W., Superintendent, 18th Lighthouse District, San Francisco : 41 bird eggs from Roncador Reef, Carribean Sea, col- lected May 26, 1927. Gift. Rixford, Dr. Emmet, San Francisco : The American Museum Endow- ment, Annual Report of the American Museum for 1925; and 15 specimens of land and freshwater shells. Gift. 712 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY" OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Robison, Ansel W., 1072 Market St., San Francisco : 1 parrot, Melop- sittacus undulatus, in flesh, domestic; 1 Myadestes obscurus occiden- talis, in flesh, from Mexico; 1 Blue Mountain Lory (Trichoglossus) ; 1 Rosella Parakeet (Platycercus cximius) ; 1 Red-rump Parakeet (Psephotus hamatonotus) ; 1 Kagu (Rhinochetus jubata) ; 1 Uro- loncha leucogastroides, in flesh ; 1 bird, Gallinula chloropus, in flesh, from the Philippine Islands ; 1 monkey, Saimiri oerstcdi, in flesh, from Central America; 1 parrot, Chalcopsittacus ater, in flesh, from Ceram, Gift. Ronneberg, Trygve, Crocker Building, San Francisco : 3 mounted birds, 1 Pavo cristata, 1 Colaptes cafer collaris, and 1 Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis. Gift. Ruddock, George, San Francisco: Marloth's Flora of South Africa, 4 volumes in 5, quarto ; bound in cloth. Gift. Ruthling, Paul D. R., Santa Fe, New Mexico: 3 snakes from New Mexico ; and 1 snake and 1 lizard from Mexico. Gift. Sanford, Miss Helen, 152 17th Ave., San Francisco: 32 specimens of plants from San Diego. Gift. Sargeant, W. W., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco : Sci- entific Monthly, Vol. 20, Nos. 3-6; 21, complete; 22, Nos. 1-4; 23, complete; 24, Nos. 1-5; National Geographic Magazine, Vols. 48-50 complete ; American Association for the Advancement of Science Pro- ceedings for 1915 and 1921, Program, 73d meeting, 1921 (2 copies) ; 74th meeting, 1922; Commonwealth Club Transactions, 25 numbers; "The Commonwealth," 54 numbers; Directories of Schools and Col- leges in the U. S., 52 numbers ; "Tee-Bee," 31 numbers ; Adam, Fun-" damental Hypotheses (bound) ; and Architect and Engineer, March 1924. Gift. Saunders, C. F., through Miss Alice Eastwood : James Herbert Veitch, A Traveller's notes, London, privately printed, 1896. Schaffer, Richard, Ford Agency, Merced, Calif. : 3 specimens of plum- mets(?) from Merced, Calif. Gift. Seitz, Mrs. L., Atascadero, Calif.: 19 botanical specimens from Cali- fornia. Gift. Sinsheimer, Gertrude, San Luis Obispo, Calif. : 24 botanical specimens from San Luis Obispo County. Gift. Slevin, Joseph R., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco : 35 separates on herpetolog^y ; excerpts by Pilsbry and Ferris, "Mollusca of the Southtwestern States, VH," from Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, 1915. Gift. 6 land shells from San Diego County, Calif; and 401 specimens of reptiles from San Diego County, Calif. Exploration. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1927 7^3 Slevin, Lx)uis S., Carmel, Calif. : The L. S. Slevin Collection of Coleop- tera, about 30,000 specimens ; 1346 moths from Carmel, Calif. ; 20 freshwater shells from Soledad, Calif.; 3 salamanders from Carmel, Calif. Gift. Smith, L. S., U. S. Forest Service, Nevada City, Nevada : 50 specimens of California plants. Gift. Smith, Raymond, California Academy of Sciences : Bull. Museum Com- parative Zoology, V. 67, No. 11. Gift. Solini, Jack, Steinhart Aquarium, San Francisco : 1 mole, Scapartus latimanus latimanus, in flesh, from Golden Gate Park. Gift. Southern Biological Supply Co., New Orleans, La.: 104 lizards from New Orleans, La. Purchase. Stanford University, California: Sample of diatomite from Lower California. Exchange. Steinbeck, J. W., 611 Bristol Ave., Stockton, Calif.: 1 Argusianus argus, in flesh. Aviary specimen. Gift. Steinhart Aquarium, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco : 1 Nine-banded Armadillo (Tatusia novemcincta), shell and skull; and 20 salaman- ders from Napa County, Calif. Gift. Stipp, Thomas F., Laredo, Texas : 1 box of Tertiary and Cretaceous fos- sils from Mexico and Texas; 68 bound volumes, 715 unbound parts of volumes and pamphlets on geology and related subjects; and 3 boxes of fossil shells from eastern Mexico. Gift. Stipp, T. F., and Hertlein, L. G., California Academy of Sciences: 2 boxes of Pliocene and Pleistocene fossils from San Pedro, Calif.; and 9 land shells from near Laredo, Texas. Exploration. Strong, A. M., Los Angeles, Calif. : 7 specimens of marine shells from various places in California. Exchange. Sutkamp, Mrs. A. C, 2220 Funston Ave., San Francisco : 3 sets of plumes mounted for millinery purposes. Gift. Sutliffe, Mrs. E. C, 700 Lake Street, San Francisco : 22 botanical speci- mens from California. Gift. Swanstrom, Mrs. Evelyn, Savoy Hotel, San Francisco : Abalone shells from Montaro Beach, San Mateo County, Calif. Gift. Swarth, H. S., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco : U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Official Record, 22 numbers ; 2 separates ; The Survey, 22 numbers; Field Museum Report 1926; U. S. National Museum Report 1925, 1926; Philadelphia Museums Report 1922-1923; Bird-Lore, 5 numbers ; American Museum Report 1925 ; U. S. Geo- logical Survey Bulletins, 342, 481 ; Audubon Bulletin, Winter of 1917- 1918 (Illinois) ; U. S. Dept. of Agri. Miscellaneous Circular 18; Mil- 714 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 4th Ser. waukee Public Museum, Yearbooks for 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925; and 8 specimens of plants from Arizona. Gift. 321 mammal skins and skulls from Arizona ; 419 bird skins, 1 skeleton, 10 sets (26 eggs) of eggs, and 2 nests from Arizona; 2 lizards from Arizona. Exploration. Swarth, Mrs. Winifern W. : 52 mounted specimens of plants from the San Jacinto Mts. Gift. Takahashi, R., Dept. of Agriculture, Government Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan: 1 brochure, Aphididaj of Japan, Part 5. Gift. Taff, J. A., Associated Oil Co., San Francisco: Third Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Texas (1891). Gift. Taylor, Dr. W. P. : 43 specimens of plants from Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico. Gift. Tose, Frank, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco : 69 plants from southern California. Gift. 56 bird skins; 39 mammal skins; 9 reptile skins; 15 reptile molds and casts ; 8 bird nests and eggs ; 7 sketches and miscellaneous ma- terial for groups; 1 Eland head (mounted); and 128 bats, 3 species, adults and young. Exploration. Trost, Henry S., Golden Gate Park Memorial Museum, San Francisco: 1 reprint : Davis, Nevada Footprints. Gift. University of California, Berkeley, Calif. : 95 specimens of plants col- lected by Mrs. F. M. Stephens. Gift. The University of Central Asia, Tashkent, Turkestan : 163 botanical specimens from Asia. Exchange. Van Duzee, Edward P., California Academy of Sciences: A file of Science from 1918 to 1926; 2 small boxes of land shells. Gift. 106 insects from Carmel, Calif.; and 5139 insects from Truckee and Reno. Exploration. Van Dyke, Dr. E. C, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.: 1964 miscellaneous insects ; 28 specimens, 9 species of land mollusks ; 2 land snails ; 2 freshwater shells from Priest Lake, Ida. ; 2 specimens, 2 species, freshwater mollusks from Sprague Lake near Ritzville, Washington ; 2 land snail shells from Coeur d'Alene Lake, Ida. ; mis- cellaneous insects from Yosemite, Calif. ; 3 land shells and 2 salaman- ders from Alameda County, Calif., 5 from Idaho, and 3 salamanders and 2 frogs from Oregon. Gift. Van Dyke, Mrs. E. C, 2440 Stuart Street, Berkeley, Calif.: 51 botanical specimens from Oregon. Gift. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1927 715 Vortriede, William, Capitol Park, Sacramento, Calif. : 41 plants from Camp Sacramento. Gift. Walther, Eric, San Francisco : 130 exotic plants. Gift. Werdemann, Dr. E., Botanical Museum, Berlin, Germany: 471 botanical specimens from Chile. Purchase. Weston, E. Roy, Bakersfield, Calif. : 14^ botanical specimens from Cali- fornia. Gift. Wilder, H. E., Carlotta, Calif.: 1 Marten (Martes caurina sierrce); and 1 Lynx (Lynx fasiatus oculeus), skin, skull, and leg bones for mount- ing, from Humboldt County, Calif. Purchase. Willett, George, Los Angeles, Calif. : 4 specimens of marine shells. Ex-- change. Willett, Mrs. W. M., 2028 Scott Street, San Francisco : 2 birds, Erythrura Prasina, in flesh, from Java. Gift. Williams, H. U., University of Buffalo, Buffalo, N. Y. : One separate: Williams, Herbert U., Gross and microscopic anatomy of two Peruvian mummies. Reprinted from the Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, July 1927, Volume 4, pp. 26-33. Gift. Woodbury, A. M., Zion National Park, Utah : 3 toads, 2 frogs, 6 lizards, 1 salamander from Zion National Park. Gift. Worth, Chas. J., 247 Fremont St., San Francisco : 3 glass specimen jars 8"x24". Gift. Wright, J. T., c/o American Consul General, Shanghai, China : 3 skins, 1 complete skeleton, and 2 skulls of mammals from Annam; 2)6 bird skins from Annam. Purchase. Wright, Mrs. Dora, Shanghai, China : 1426 insects from Annam. Pur- chase. Wymore, J. C, University- Farm, Davis, Calif. : 2>6 microlepidoptera from Davis, Calif. Gift. Cooperation with Public and Private Schools, with OTHER Institutions and with Individuals Cooperation with schools, institutions and individuals con- tinues, as in the past, through the loan of portable exhibits and study specimens of birds and other natural history objects, and use of library, by means of lectures, and in other ways. De- 716 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. tailed records of these activities are in the Museum files. Thirteen portable habitat groups are in constant use in the Berkeley public schools, and several others will soon be available. Visitors to the Museum in 1927 The total number of visitors to the Museum in 1927 was 543,014, a number greater than in any previous year except 1924, 1925 and 1926. The average daily attendance was 1488. The number of visitors by months and years since the open- ing September 22, 1916, is shown in the following table: Visitors to the Museum in 1927 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 23170 25260 17241 27013 25755 19038 15270 32364 34989 26528 33791 22058 23698 17586 23450 25679 18534 20529 44439 29295 34183 24580 31606 26810 27397 25419 28279 27922 26341 39935 39168 38677 34624 32175 23274 25994 32208 24939 36057 21911 41332 40257 36746 38452 26154 26391 28369 37107 25517 27237 37597 48152 38137 52913 47414 32123 29843 32248 36207 29406 27131 39511 58281 51775 53799 51630 37193 31420 48028 52492 43186 36263 64530 91329 69921 53707 84282 24619 31137 43730 53470 39422 34787 50849 105130 77847 81362 66870 September.... 16448 27866 29847 34007 42013 31458 28408 69870 82814 63737 57615 56443 October 36933 20629 14743 30463 33500 24861 19459 66894 43074 40418 44654 43520 November.. 27718 21810 8531 25246 19347 18593 19080 48766 37611 35634 30420 30581 December 15002 21693 19588 21188 21340 15062 13339 36707 21572 32245 34555 30827 January February . . . . March April May June July August Total 96101 321096 290542 351497 403566 332157 307255 498775 646033 553423 575159 543014 Totftl since opening of the Museum, 4,918,618. Schools Visiting the Museum in 1927 The public and private schools of San Francisco and else- where in the state continue to find it worth while to visit the Museum, to view our public exhibits and our reference col- lections. Following is a list of the schools, the grades, teachers, num- ber of pupils, and dates of visits, in 1927 : Vol. XVI] EVERM ANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1927 717 Schools of City and County of San Francisco Airil Date 1927 Jan. 11 Feb. 5 " 17 Mar. 5 " 7 " 11 " 22 " 23 " 24 * 25 " 25 • 25 " 25 " 25 " 29 4 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 11 20 20 21 21 21 22 27 28 28 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 12 14 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 May School Grade Number Pupils Teachers State Teachers College 13 Sts. Peter and Paul IS Gough 7-5 Camp Fire Group St. Ignatius College College Soph. . Parkside 6A-6B Lowell High High 2nd John Swett Kindergtn-3rd Washington Irving 5B-6B Katharine Branson 1-2 John Swett 1 A-2A E. R. Taylor 2A 11 5 14 72 16 58 57 13 55 24 Gough 2-4 Primary 16 12 38 14 18 St. Ignatius College Freshmen Guadalupe 5 A St. Ignatius College Soph Guadalupe 7A Katharine Branson 5-6-7 12 Commodore Stockton 6B Le Conte IB Polytechnic High Low 2 Prescott 3-4-5 Ungraded Opportunity . . . Miss Wafer's Kindergarten 1 . Baptist Mission 2-3-4 Jefferson 4B Commodore Stockton Ungraded St. Joseph Presentation 7-8 Polytechnic High 10 St. Joseph 8 Polytechnic High 10 Commodore Stockton 5 A-4B Commodore Stockton 4A Commodore Stockton 4A Roosevelt B Predric Ungraded Denman 4A Sanchez ^. . . 3B Emerson 33 Roosevelt 2A-2B Farragut 3B Commodore Stockton 5B Daniel Webster 8A Girls' High IB Monroe 7 A St. Paul's 4-S-6-7. Garfield 5B Columbus Low 6 . Paul Revere 2-3B . . . Monroe 8A 30 30 40 130 29 28 60 32 Lea Reid Bro. F. Parolin A. M. Alcom Alice G. Pan- George Haley M. Gleason L. M. Elskamp Misses Murray and Hunt A. Ringchap and C. Doyle Ronalda Bishop R. Ambrose and T. Deckent D. Wilson Mrs. Taylor and Mrs. Constantine George Haley Mildred Johnson George Haley H. Roskamp Miss Stevens L. Brovelle and M. Behm Miss V. J. Lyon Alice E. Webster Grace E. Dahlberg Josephine Tompkins Miss Wafer Miss Parker Miss H. Lawrence Florence R. Mclnemey Sister M. A. Perpetua G. L. Allen J. B. Fraught G. L. Allen Mrs. Jacobs and Mrs. Barth M. Holland Ruth H. Peabody Mrs. F. J. Hetchens Miss Pain ton Miss Z. Meyer M. C. Doran M. McGinness Miss Johnson M. Doody Bertha Ekoos Phyllis H. Meitrler V. Meline Edna M. Reives D. Greenwood Sisters of Charity A. Leonard Florence Shapero Alma Nieber and C. Costa C. A. Davis 718 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Se«. Schools of City and County of San Francisco — Continued Date 1927 May 19 " 19 • 19 " 23 " 24 " 24 « 24 " 25 « 25 " 26 « 26 « 26 ' 26 • 26 " 27 . 27 " 27 " 31 June 1 " 1 1 " 3 • 3 « 3 • 8 " 9 " 9 « 9 " 10 " 10 • 10 « 10 " 10 " 10 " 14 « 14 • 14 " 14 • 14 • 14 " 15 " IS • 16 • 16 " 20 July 12 " 14 Sept. 14 " 23 • 30 School Commodore Stockton. Emerson Commodore Stockton . Lincoln Garfield Jefferson Portola Junior High . . St. Brigid's Monroe Most Holy Redeemer. Excelsior Daniel Webster St. Jeanne d'Arc Hearst La Grange Monroe Monroe Grammar .... Fremont Jean Parker Jean Parker Grade Number Pupils Teachers Jean Parker Visitacion Valley Visitacion Valley Jean Parker Junipero Serra Patrick Henry Parkside Farragut Pixley Memorial Free Kindergarten. Visitacion Valley Washington Visitacion Valley Polytechnic High Patrick Henry Andrew Jackson Junipero Serra Junipero Serra Junipero Serra Pacific Heights Junipero Serra Sea Cliff Kindergarten E. R. Taylor S. S. F. Elementary Lawrence Telegraph Hill Settlement State Teachers College State Teachers College Sarah B. Cooper John Swett Junior High St. Ignatius 6A-6B 63 1 31 5A 40 2H 19 6A 24 5 31 8B 35 6-7 85 5A-B-6A 120 7 8 4A-4B 75 5A-B 81 4-8 30 8B 37 Kindergarten 1-2 -3 12 5-B 38 5A 37 3 31 4B 34 4-5-6B 100 2-3A 44 Kindergarten lA. 38 2A-1-2B 78 1-2 100 3A 26 4A-4B 56 3A 33 7A 38 Kindergarten .... 6 8A-7B 30 6B 29 6B 33 Low 2 Biology ... 25 5A 26 A-B6 58 25 30 37 43 23 5 8 3B IB IB SB Kindergarten . Kindergarten . Low 4 12 8 22 Sewing 23 24 22 IB 22 8 23 Freshman 37 H. F. Jamieson and G. M. Morton CM. Strouse B. Schultz Mrs. Avery R. Todd Marjorie Tobias J. S. Smith. Sisters Seraphica and Isadore A. Donohue, M. Brey and A. Clancy Sister Mary Therese Misses O'Shaughessy and Bryant Mabel J. Ludwig Sisters of St. Joseph Mrs. Gibson E. Robinson Miss Davini Mrs. E. Heckman M. Stambuck Dorothy Parker Misses Titus, Parker and Mrs. Valsangiacomo T. Casey and M. C. Donnelly Mrs. Talbot and Miss Vetriola Misses Mack, O'Neill and Girod E. McDonnell V. Lemmerman Misses Larson and Shillington M. Byrnes S. E. Harris Mme. M. L. PUs6 S. MUler Madeline Murray Miss M. A. Kelly L. T. McGlynn A. M. Bryant A. Howard and H. Hefron Sophie Peterson Edith King P. D. Worzek Miss Dreyfus M. O'Connor Miss Gurohn M. Eddie Miss E. Brower Minnie B. Edwards Miss H. Anery Lea Reid Lea Reid J. Linsey Miss K. Horgan George Haley Vol. XVI] EVERMANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1927 719 Schools of City and County of San Francisco — Continued Date 1927 Oct. 4 • S " 5 « 5 " 5 " 5 " 6 7 " 13 " 17 « 18 « 19 Nov. 4 " 10 " 16 " 16 " 28 1 14 School Grade Polytechnic High High 2 Polytechnic High High 2 Biology. . Argonne 1 A Argonne lA Anderson IB Argonne Kindergarten . . . Kiddie Kastle Kindergarten . . . Miss Ransom's 5-6 Shennan 5 A Grant 8A Dec. 14 34 33 36 45 20 18 32 28 St. Ignatius College Soph 12 Patrick Henry 1 70 Commodore Stockton Ungraded 39 Monroe 8B 32 Cleveland SB 30 Cleveland 7B 23 State Teachers College 26 Cogswell High Seniors 6 Moulder Ungraded 11 Number Pupils Teachers . 25 A. Webster A. Webster E. L. Woelffel Miss A. O'Connor L. Andersen G. Shea Miss Rosenthal Regala Bemays M. Denny F. Torassa George Haley H. B. Crocker and D. Widke A. Barter C. A. Davis H. Stewart L. Schemp L. Reid Miss Newton Miss L. M. Kennedy Schools Outside of San Francisco Mar. 5 University of California 26 a 19 ff 28 u 29 u 30 April 1 « 20 May 10 U 10 a 12 u 14 June 1 u 1 u 1 u 9 u 10 u 20 Sept. .24 u 29 Oct. 14 a 15 « 22 « 29 If 29 Nov . 4 U 12 u 19 u 28 a 29 Dec. 6 Livermore 7-8 Lincoln, Berkeley High 6 . . Franklin, Berkeley High 5 . . Columbus, Berkeley 5 University of California Zoology . San Anselmo 4-5 Columbus, Berkeley 2-3 48 32 29 45 14 30 98 Columbus, Berkeley 2 29 Jefiferson, Colma 4 25 Roosevelt Junior High, Richmond . . High 8 20 San Jose High 100 San Jose High 90 San Pedro 1-8 17 Marin Garfield , . . . All grades 9 Alvarado 6B 36 Nom Kue 3 35 Garfield Junior High, Berkeley Low 9 17 Dewey, Oakland Atypical 13 Lincoln, Berkeley 5 30 Hayward Gr High 8 14 University of California Zoology 26 Sacramento Junior College Freshmen 44 Modesto Junior College 32 University High, Oakland 10-11 Biology. Auburn-New Castle Grammar University of California Zoology Jap. Pac. School, Sacramento Washington, Alameda High 8 Washington, Alameda 6 100 40 20 9 30 31 Prof. J. Grinnell A. W. Dutcher H. Burroughs . Amy Oakley E. Bell and L. Bancroft Tracy I. Storer Edyth D. Walker M. Sterne, M. Osborne and E. Abemathy H. Rogers H. Madonna M. Vaughn J. H. Barker and Miss Judkins Miss Duthie and Miss Bland Miss Crosby Mrs. H. M. Pillars M. J. MacKinnon Lai Ching Mrs. M. B. Brennan D. B. Thomas M. Moffett Mrs. Whitehead Joseph Dixon A. W. Bell Woodworth J. M. Nelson and Leila Gibson T. Wakabayashi S. F. Light Rev. K. Muraoka I. Kane Jessie L. Cundall 720 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sek. Summary Schools of San Francisco: Total Number of Pupils 4131 4131 Total Number of Teachers 141 Total Number of Classes 154 Schools Outside of San Francisco: Total Number of Pupils 1074 1074 Total Number of Teachers 36 Total Number of Classes 34 5205 Use of the Library and Research Collections BY Investigators and Students Greater use is being made each succeeding year of our Li- brary and research collections by investigators and students. The Academy Library is becoming more and more valuable every year, not only to specialists who find in it technical pub- lications, particularly of learned societies, to which they have not easy access elsewhere, but the general public find in it many works of reference which they wish to consult. On the Library reading tables are kept many of the current publica- tions of learned societies throughout the world, also many of the current scientific journals, nature and outing magazines, and recent popular nature books. Members of the Academy are invited to visit the Library and avail themselves of the facilities which it affords for securing information along these and other lines in which they are interested. Steinhart Aquarium The activities of the Aquarium for 1927 are fully set forth in the report of the Superintendent. It continues to be one of the greatest attractions of San Francisco. Visitors to California from other states and from foreign countries rarely fail to include the Steinhart Aquarium Vol. XVI] EVERMANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1927 721 among the places of special interest which they visit. Scarcely a day passes that some one does not come to the office to ex- press his appreciation of the excellence of the exhibits and the cleanliness and generally attractive appearance of the Aqua- rium. The employees of the Aquarium without exception de- serve high praise for the splendid condition in which the e^^r^j hibits and all parts of the Aquarium are maintained. Following is a record by months and years of the number of visitors to the Aquarium since the opening, September 29, 1923: "7 / Visitors to Steinhart Aquarium 1923 1924 1925 January 82,283 72,153 February 119,001 61,213 March 88,172 97,986 April 83,245 79,021 May 97,083 75,187 June 112,785 94,717 July 145,703 128,261 August 148,899 144,208 September 29,800 116,032 106,492 October 209,671 71,273 72,350 November 145,434 67,500 59,074 December 96,757 48,376 52,929 Totals 481,662 1,180,352 1,043,591 1926 1927 38,259 44,300 66,032 39,515 82,153 58,151 64,830 65,337 94,521 87,961 91,451 70,151 127,999 142,738 124,635 115,230 86,645 87,909 79,108 66,117 49,741 44,643 48,423 43,582 953,797 865,634 Schools Visiting the Steinhart Aquarium in 1927 That the Steinhart Aquarium is proving of interest and real educational value to the schools is evidenced by the great num- ber of pupils, classes, and teachers that visit it annually. Following is a list of the schools with names of teachers and number of pupils : May 22, 1928 722 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Seb. Schools Visiting Steinhart Aquarium in 1927 Date 1927 Jan. 13 « 18 « 19 Feb. 15 « 17 Mar. 13 C 14 « 15 « 22 a 22 « 24 « 24 « 25 a 25 April 4 « 5 c 6 « 6 « 6 u 7 u 7 a 8 « 9 « 10 « 18 « 20 « 20 « 21 a 21 « 22 « 22 « 23 « 26 « 27 a 28 « 28 « 29 « 29 Ma> ' 1 « 2 « 5 ii 5 « 6 « 6 u 9 « 10 Number School Grade Pupils Patrick Henry 3A-2B 31 Lowell High High 2 48 Alvarado Kindergarten .... 30 Sts. Peter and Paul 5 16 Gough 5-7 11 Girls High lA-Biology 30 State Teachers College Biology 40 Hamilton Junior High Low 8 12 Lowell High High 2 16 John Swett 3A-Kindergarten . SO Polytechnic High Low 2 16 Washington Irving 6B-5B 57 Taylor 2A 24 John Swett 1-2 50 Polytechnic High 9 25 Guadalupe 6B 34 Commodore Stockton 6B 40 LeConte IB 28 Commodore Stockton 6B 41 Ungraded Opportunity Class 22 Polytechnic High Low 2 31 Polytechnic High Freshmen 32 Polytechnic High 10 25 Chinese Baptist Mission 24 St. Anthony's 5 17 Polytechnic High 10 25 Extension 18 St. Joseph's 8 25 Patrick Henry Kindergarten .... 28 Sherman 4B ii Polytechnic High Low 2-BioIogy ... 19 San Francisco Boys' Club 26 Paul Revere Kindergarten . . . , Commodore Stockton 5 A-4B Commodore Stockton 4A , Commodore Stockton 4 A Polytechnic High Low 2 Biology . . Polytechnic High Low 2 Biology . . Ellen Stark Ford Kindergarten . . . Garfield 3B Fredric Burk Ungraded Sanchez 3B Denman 4A Emerson 3B St. Ignatius College Sophomore Farragut 3B 29 41 32 36 20 21 10 4 15 35 29 35 17 30 Teachers R. Lyon L. M. Elskamp M. Adams Bro. Cambin A. M. Alcorn Edna M. Reeves L. Reid Miss Puter L. M. Elskamp Miss Hunt, C. R. Murray H. L. Movin A. Ringchop, C. Doyle D. Wilson Mrs. Dechent and Miss Ambrose G. L. Allen R. L. Pechart L. Brovelti Miss Vera J. Lyon Miss M. Behm Josephine Hopkins Alice E. Webster E. Stockton G. L. Allen Myrtle R. Parker Sister M. Bertranda G. L. Allen Miss Reed J. B. Fraught Dorothy A. Rathgen E. A. Shipaugh R. L. McGlynn A. Fest Eloisa George Mrs. H. Jacobs M. Holland Ruth H. Peabody R. L. McGlynn R. L. McGlynn Martha L. Shaw Miss Kamper Miss Painton M. E. Doran Z. M. Meyer M. McGinness George Haley M. Doody Vol. XVI] EVERM ANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1927 721 Schools Visiting Steinhart Aquarium in 1927 — Continued Date 1927 May 10 « 12 a 12 u 12 u 13 u 13 m 16 a 16 m 17 tt 17 u 17 m 18 u 18 M 18 U 18 u 18 a 19 u 19 u 19 u 20 u 20 u 21 u 24 u 25 a 25 u 25 u 26 u 26 u 26 a 26 u 27 u 27 u 27 u 27 M 31 n 31 Tune 1 M 1 U 2 U 2 M 3 U 3 u 3 School Grade Balboa 4A-4B Jefferson 7A Polytechnic High Low 2 Biology . . Polytechnic High Secondary Commodore Stockton 5 A St. Paul's 4-5 Number Pupils Teachers St. Peter's 4 Garfield 3B St. Paul's 7-6-5-4 Lowell High Sophomore Daniel Webster 8A Paul Revere 2B-3B Andrew Jackson Kindergarten 1 . . . Paul Revere 2B Monroe 8A Polytechnic High Low 2 Biology . . . Commodore Stockton 6A Denman 7A Commodore Stockton 6A Monroe B7-A8 John Swett 3A-3B St. Rose Academy 1st Year High Garfield 6A St. Brigid's 7-6 20 36 15 50 40 95 43 52 130 150 32 25 56 35 32 18 30 28 33 100 55 27 24 85 Polytechnic High Low 2 Biology ... 21 Monroe 5A-5B-6A 120 Daniel Webster 5A-5B 81 Excelsior 4B-4A 75 Ste. Jeanne d'Arc 5 12 Most Holy Redeemer 7 8 Monroe 7. . 5B 38 Monroe Grammar 5A 37 Polytechnic High High 1 62 Polytechnic High Low 2 Biology ... 28 Fremont 3 31 Polytechnic High 25 Jean Parker 4B 34 Jean Parker 5B-6B 60 Polytechnic High 21 Jean Parker 3A-2A 44 Jean Parker 1-2 100 Glen Park 7 A 40 Frank McCoppin Kindergarten .... 20 Edna Coffey Ora A. Duncan E. Koehler E. Koehler B. Schultz Sisters Mary Basilissa and Mary Rembert Sister M. Edward A. McLaughlin Sisters of Charity, B. V. M. Louis J. Henvich V. Meline Alma Niebur Miss Nelson and Mrs. Schmidt Claire Costa C. A. Davis H. L. Movin G. Morton P. E. Bernstein H. F. Jameson Mrs. Wanz, Mrs. Sinclair, Miss Stem D. Sullivan, C. R. Murray Sister Rosaria R. Todd Sisters M. Seraphica and S. M. Isadora H. L. Movin A. Donohen, M. Bray, A. Clancy L. E. Lindh and M. J. Ludwig M. O'Shaughanessy, E. M. Bryan Sister of St. Joseph S. M. Ann Therese Miss Da vim Mrs. L. E. Heckman M. S. Jussel H. L. Movin M. Stambuck H. J. Wilcox D. J. Parker H. J. Wilcox M. C. Donnelly, T. A. Cosey E. McDonnell E. Coller Louis Harden 724 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Schools Visiting Steinhart Aquarium in 1927 — Continued Date 1927 June 6 " 6 « 8 « 9 « 9 « 9 " 9 « 10 " 10 « 10 « 13 • 14 • 14 • 14 • 14 « 14 « 14 « 14 " 15 " IS « 16 " 16 " 16 • 20 ■ 20 « 30 Aug. 9 " 29 Sept. 1 " 14 " 23 « 24 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 10 13 15 17 17 19 21 Oct. School Grade Star of Sea 7-8 Paul Revere 2A Junipero Serra 3A Farragut 7 A Parkside 3A Patrick Henry 4A-4B Polytechnic High 26 Number Pupils . 100 . . 27 , . 26 , . 28 , . 33 , . 56 Teachers Alvarado 6B Washington 6B Jean Parker 6 R. S. Thornton 2-3-4 Commodore Sloat B5 Junipero Serra 1 A Junipero Serra IB , Pacific Heights SB Junipero Serra 3B Junipero Serra Kindergarten . . . , Andrew Jackson A-B6 , Jefferson 2 E. R. Taylor Francis Scott Key 4A Lawrence 8 Pixley Memorial Kindergarten . . . , Nom Kae 3 Telegraph Hill Settlement 36 29 29 21 38 34 30 43 25 23 58 33 8 36 22 7 35 Sewing Class 23 Junipero Serra IB 30 Sts. Peter and Paul 60 Frank McCoppin 2A 32 Frank McCoppin Kindergarten .... 30 Sarah B. Cooper IB 22 John Swett Junior High 8 23 Stewart Memorial Sabboth 11 Polytechnic High High 2 25 Argonne lA 35 Argonne Kindergarten .... 45 Polytechnic High High 2 Biology. . . 14 Argonne lA 33 Argonne IB 36 Kiddie Kastle Kindergarten .... 20 Sherman 4A 31 Sherman 5A 32 Hayward Grammar High 8 15 Grant 8A 28 State Teachers College 27 Patrick Henry 1st Grade 70 Polytechnic High 23 E. O. Keeffe V. Lemmerman S. E. Harris Margaret Byrnes K. Shillington and B. Larson H. J. Wilcox May J. MacKinnon Madeline Murray D. Farrell Margaret P. Henderson M. d'Erlach J. Grouse Edith King Miss Dreyfus Sophia Peterson M. O'Connor H. Hefron, A. Howard K. Lickens M. L. Eddie L. Fenn Munnie B. Edwards Mme. Marie Ligh Plise Lai Ching Miss H. Avery P. A. Dworzek Sister of Holy Family Miss Lewis Miss Frances J. Linsey Miss K. Horgan Mrs. J. M. Dodd A. E. Webster E. L. Woelffel Gertrude Shea A. E. Webster Miss A. O'Connor L. Andersen Miss Rosenthal E. A. Shipaugh M. Denny Mrs. Whitehead F. Torassa L. Reid H. B. Cricker and D. Widber H. J. Wilcox Vol. XVI] EVERMANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1927 725 Schools Visiting Steinhart Aquarium in 1927 — Continued Nov, Date 1927 Oct. 24 • 25 « 27 « 31 3 4 8 10 10 16 16 18 21 14 School Grade Number Pupils Teachers Polytechnic High 15 Polytechnic High 27 Emerson 3B IS State Teachers College 26 Monroe 8A 41 Commodore Stockton Ungraded 39 Lowell High 20 Commodore Stockton Ungraded Monroe 8B Cleveland 5B Cleveland 7B Commodore Stockton 4A-4B College Holy James Freshmen-Soph. . Moulder Ungraded 32 32 30 23 80 9 11 H. J. Wilcox H. J. Wilcox M. Collier L. Reid E. O'Flaherty and E. Curtiss A. Barter Louis J. Henvich Florence R. Mclnerney C. A. Davis H. Stewart S. Schemp R. H. Peabody and B. Ekoos Sister Mary Reginalda Miss M. L. Kennedy Schools Outside of San Francisco Date 1927 Jan. 11 a 13 m 13 m 20 Feb. 1 « 4 Mar. 5 m 5 u 24 « 28 • 29 « 30 April 1 School Grade Miss Ransom's 7A Home School High School . Fruitvale, Oakland 7-8 Number Pupils Teachers 13 7 . 150 Visitacion Valley 4B-SA 30 Jefferson, Colma 8 24 Mayfield 8A 9 University of California Zoology 113 27 Stanford University 10 Buena Vista Special 11 Lincoln, Berkeley High 6 32 Franklin, Berkeley High 5 29 Columbus, Berkeley 5 45 Branch College of Agriculture, University of California, Davis. . . 1 A Zoology 14 . 63 4 Columbus, Berkeley 4. • 7 Prescott Junior High, Oakland Special Class 20 " 20 San Anselmo, Marin Co High 4-5 30 ■ 22 St. Joseph's Convent, Berkeley 7-8 Girls 58 ■ 22 Stanford University Premed. Students. 20 " 23 Petaluma Boy Scouts 12 May 5 McKinley, Berkeley Low 5-High 5 30 " 10 Columbus, Berkeley 2-3 127 Mrs. Demeton Miss F. B. Stanton A. G. CofTey H. Bielenberg Miss Traynor E. M. Knight Prof. J. Grinnell Prof. E. C. Starks A. M. Jones H. Burroughs Amy Oakley L. Bancroft, E. Bell Prof. Tracy I. Storer M. S. Suenderman, A. L. Fisher, S. J. Irwin, Principal Grace Dahlberg Miss Edythe Walker Sister M. A. Perpetua H. Stein Elizabeth Harcourt H. Rogers, E. Abernethy, M. Os- borne, M. Sterne, Sue J. Irwin, Principal 726 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Schools Outside of San Francisco — Continued Date 1927 May 11 « 12 u 14 m 14 m 14 m 18 u 18 m 20 « 20 m 21 « 23 « 24 « 27 June 1 « 1 « 3 « 9 « 10 « 10 « 13 « 13 II 16 « 23 II 23 « 29 Sept. , 24 Oct. 4 « 7 « 13 « 29 Nov. . 4 « 11 « 12 « 19 « 25 « 28 « 29 Dec. 6 m 28 School Grade Elmhurst Low 5 Jefferson, Colma 4th Moss Beach 1-8 University High, Berkeley High 7 Number Pupils Teachers . 100 H. Hobson 25 Hazel Madonna 28 Miss L. Dawson 4 Minnie Alduit Sister M. Aloysius 8 Emily Sano Eva Blumb, Florence Shapero St. Vincent's High, Vallejo 10 Milton Institute Mixed Columbus, Berkeley Low 5-High 5- Low 6 56 Martinez Boy Scouts 93 McKinley, Berkeley Low 3-High 3. . . . 23 Margaret V. Huss St. Joseph's Institute 28 Sister of St. Joseph Lincoln, Berkeley High 2 19 Margaret Avery Jefferson, Colma 5 31 Marjorie H. Tobias Knightsen, Contra Costa Co 6-7-8 19 J. M. Bonnickson San Pedro 1-8 17 Miss Crosby San Jose High Sophomore 200 J. H. Barker Visitacion Valley 1B-2A-2B 75 Elmhurst Junior High, Oakland. . . . High 7 14 Am. M. Mack, V. Girod, M. O'Neill Alice M. Andersen Miss N. A. Kelly J. Miller Florence Schroter M. Rowa Miss E. Broner S. F. Light Margaret Withington D. B. Thomas M. B. Brennon Mrs. Haley Visitacion Valley 6B 33 Visitacion Valley 7B-8H 30 Millbrae 1-8 30 Emerson, Oakland Special Class 13 South San Francisco Grammar Low 4 12 University of California Zoology- 1 A 30 DeFremery, Oakland 10 Dewey, Oakland Atypical 13 Garfield Junior High, Berkeley Low 9 17 Washington, Berkeley High 6 25 Miss Ransom's 5-6 18 Regula H. Bernays, Frances Birtch Lincoln, Berkeley 5 30 M. Moffett Modesto Junior College 32 University High 10-11 95 Woodrow Wilson 7 30 New Castle and Auburn Grammar. . 3-6 40 University California Zoology-IA 20 S. F. Light Mt. St. Joseph's 6-7-8 76 Sister Ambrose Pacific School, Sacramento, and Japanese Language School 9 Rev. K. Muraoka Washington, Alameda A8 30 Miss Kone Washington, Alameda 6 31 Jessie L. Cundall Concord Grammar 7-8 11 Guardian Adeline Laughlin Wood worth L. Gibson, J. M. Nelson Mrs. Nellie L. Raper T. Wakabayashi Vol. XVI] EVERM ANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1927 ^27 r Summary Schools of San Francisco: Number of Visiting Pupils 5214 Number of Visiting Teachers 169 Number of Visiting Classes 177 Schools Outside of San Francisco: Number of Visiting Pupils 2146 Number of Visiting Teachers 69 Number of Visiting Classes , 78 Total Number of Pupils 7360 Total Number of Teachers 238 Total Number of Classes 255 Department Activities The activities of each of the various departments of the Museum during the year 1927 have not lagged behind those of previous years. The usual attention has been given to acces- sioning, arranging and care of the research collections, each of which has grown steadily from donations and purchase and through the field activities of the curators and their assistants. Full details will be found in the various departmental reports. Only brief summaries need be given here. Department of Botany. — As in 1926. Miss Eastwood made a number of short collecting trips to certain parts of the state for the purpose of securing specimens to fill gaps in the Herbarium, of clearing up doubtful matters in geographic dis- tribution, and in making life-history studies of certain species. The Herbarium grew greatly in the year, by purchase, gift, and exchange, and from exploration. Perhaps the most valu- able collection resulting from field work of the year was that obtained on Nunivak Island and elsewhere in Alaska by Mr. C. G. Harrold and Prof. George Haley. According to the Curator's report, the Herbarium now con- tains 151,501 sheets of mounted specimens, an increase of 7935 during the year. Department of Entomology. — The Curator, Mr. Edward P. Van Duzee, reports that the principal work of his department 728 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. during the year was curatorial in character, — sorting, la- belling, arranging, and caring for specimens already on hand and needing attention, including several large collections re- cently received, notably the Van Dyke and Koebele collections. Another notable donation made to the department within the year was the collection of beetles by Mr. Louis S. Slevin of Carmel. This collection numbers about 25,000 specimens, and contains many rare and interesting species. Department of Exhibits. — Mr. Frank Tose, Chief of Ex- hibits, has been busy during the year with the various duties and activities that usually have to be attended to by the taxi- dermists, preparators, and artists of a small museum such as ours. As an illustration, the Museum receives each year as donations from Superintendent McLaren a considerable num- ber of birds and mammals tliat have died in Golden Gate Park. As these are received in the flesh, they require imme- diate attention, as we usually find them worth saving. All this takes a good deal of the time of the department. The prepara- tion of habitat groups continued, and now every available space in the Museum has been filled. The last groups to be in- stalled are the Bat group and the California Gray Squirrel group, two unique and very attractive exhibits. In addition to the regular work of the department, Mr. Tose, assisted by Mr. Slevin, installed a very creditable exhibit at the Pacific Foreign Trade and Travel Exposition held in the City Auditorium, in September. This exhibit is fully described in Mr. Tose's report. Department of Fishes. — During the first eight months of the year 1927, the assistant curator devoted most of his time to the completion of the manuscript for a revised Check-List of Fishes and Fish-like Vertebrates of North and Middle America, upon which Dr. David Starr Jordan and the curator have been engaged from time to time for many years as their other more pressing duties would permit. This monumental work, including indexes to both scientific and vernacular names, was completed and sent to the Bureau of Fisheries at Washington in August, 1927. by which it has been accepted for publication. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1927 729 The reference series of fishes which the department is build- ing up for the use of the Aquarium, anglers, and others inter- ested in fishes, is growing rapidly. This is being added to from time to time, the additions coming chiefly from the Aquarium and from field parties sent out by the Academy and the Aquarium. Most important among these is the very large collection made in 1925 by the Academy's expedition to the Revillagigedo and the Tres Marias islands. Department of Herpetology. — Mr. Joseph R. Slevin, Assis- tant Curator of this department, was active throughout the year chiefly in curatorial work such as recording, labelling, card-cataloguing, and caring for the recent accessions, particu- larly the amphibians. The exhibit made by the Departments of Exhibits and Her- petology at the Pacific Foreign Trade and Travel Exposition has already been mentioned. In April and May Mr. Slevin spent some time in San Diego County where a considerable collection of reptiles was ob- tained, some of the s^jecies obtained being rare. Perhaps the most important single event in the department's activities in the year was a trip made by Mr. Slevin and Mr. Tose to the Galapagos Islands in November and December on the 55". Oaxaca as guests of Captain G. Allan Hancock, for the purpose of securing accessory materials for certain habitat groups which the Academy proposes to instal, including one each of the large Land Iguana (Conolophus suhcristatus) , the Aquatic Iguana (Amhlyrhynchiis cristatiis), and a species of gigantic tortoise. In addition to securing materials for these groups, they had opportunity to do sonie general collecting. For the Depart- ment of Ornithology they secured a good series of the Flight- less Cormorant (Nannopterum harrisi), for the Department of Herpetology a good series of the Land Iguana and the Aquatic Iguana. Perhaps the event of most scientific importance to the De- partment of Herpetology, certainly the most si^ectacular, was the securing on Malpelo Island off the coast of Colombia, not only of a fine series of 27 specimens of Agassiz's Lizard, Anolis agassisii Stejneger, previously known only from four specimens taken on this island in 1891 by Charles H. Town- 730 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. send, but 10 specimens of another species of lizard entirely new to science, which Mr. Slevin will soon^ describe in these Proceedings. Malpelo Island is a small rock projecting above the water like a castle, landing upon which is next to impossible. Dr. Townsend secured his four specimens by shooting them from the face of the cliff and picking them up from the water as they fell near the boat from which he was unable to make a landing. Though the sea was quite rough and the shore in most places nearly perpendicular, Mr. Slevin succeeded in making a landing, the first ever made upon the island by any human being so far as known. Invertebrate Zoology. — The Curator has not been able to devote any time to this department in the past year further than to care for the collections already on hand. It is hoped that we may soon have suitable rooms for this department and that funds to place it upon the same basis as the other depart- ments may become available. Library. — The report of the Assistant Librarian, Mr. I. M'Guire, indicates that the growth of the Library during the past year has been the most satisfactory in its history. This has been due first, to the generous allotment of funds made by the Council and Trustees for library purposes, and second, to the careful and intelligent attention to its needs given by Mr. M'Guire, who has been very active in completing our files of the publications of learned societies, calling attention to de- sirable exchanges and to early scientific reports, books, and pamphlets, listed for sale rarely and only by second-hand book dealers, also in improving the library generally. Mr. M'Guire in his report calls attention to several of the most urgent needs of the Library. It is hoped these may re- ceive the early attention of the Council. Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy. — The activi- ties of this department are fully set forth by Curator Swarth. The number of accessions to the department has been large and valuable, the majority being from Alaska (Harrold and ' See Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Fourth Series, Vol. XVI, No. 21, pp. 681-684, pis. 25 and 26, February 28, 1928. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1927 73 J Haley), Arizona (Swarth, Mailliard, and McLellan), and the valuable gifts by Mrs. Fanny Koebele and Mr. W. M. Giffard. It is gratifying to know that Mr. Swarth has begnn a study of the large collection of land birds obtained by the Academy's Galapagos expedition of 1905-1906. Department of Paleontology. — Valuable collections of Cre- taceous and Jurassic fossils were obtained by Messrs. L. G. Hertlein and T. F. Stipp in eastern Mexico, and a large collec- tion of Tertiary and Cretaceous Foraminifera was obtained in the same territory by Mr. C. M. Carson. Messrs. Hertlein and Emmet Rixford, Jr., spent some time on San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cruz studying the geology and paleon- tology of those islands. They secured important collections for the department. These and the many other collections add greatly to the value of the department's research material. Considerable field work was done by Mr. Hertlein in the vicinity of San Diego, Banning and San Pedro. Dr. Hanna continued to add to the Academy's collection of organic shales, which has now grown to considerable proportions. Publications by the Museum Staff in 1927 The following bibliography lists the papers published by members of the Museum and Aquarium staffs in 1927. Clark, H. Walton. 1. Annual Report, Department of Fishes. T)oecilus maculatus . . Alvin Seale, San Francisco, Calif. " 24 239 Aquatic plants Alvin Seale, San Francisco, Calif. " 25 1 Diemictylus pyrrhogaster. Mrs. E. J. Spears, San Francisco, Calif. " 26 1 Rana catesbiana California State Fish and Game Commission. June 2 24 Platypoecilus pulchra ... . Alvin Seale, San Francisco, Calif. " 2 40 Lebistes reticulatus Alvin Seale, San Francisco, Calif. * 2 2 Oryzias latipes Alvin Seale, San Francisco, Calif. "92 Alligator mississippiensis. . Mrs. S. J. Bettman, San Francisco, Calif. * 13 1 Chondrotus tenebrosus . . . W. H. Penniman, Santa Cruz, Calif. " 17 125 Lebistes reticulatus Clynt S. Martin, San Francisco, Calif. " 17 8 Xiphophorus helleri Clynt S. Martin, San Francisco, Calif. * 25 923 Salmo henshawi Washoe County Fish Hatchery, Reno, Nevada. * 3 3 Spatula clypeata Paul Paige, San Francisco, Calif. July 7 6 Platypoecilus ruber Alvin Seale, San Francisco, Calif. * 9 1 Alligator mississippiensis.. W. E. Noble, San Leonardo, Calif. "91 Chelopus marmoratus. ... J. Wallenens, Berkeley, Calif. "92 Mollienisia latipinna Alvin Seale, San Francisco, Calif. " 12 12 Platypoecilus niger Alvin Seale, San Francisco, Calif. " 18 6 Xiphophorus helleri Alvin Seale, San Francisco, Calif. " 18 76 Aquatic plants Alvin Seale, San Francisco, Calif. " 18 6 Chrysemys elegans Elmer Coggins, San Francisco, Calif. " 19 1 Crocodilus americanus. . . F. Gamaych, San Francisco, Calif. " 24 1 Chelopus marmoratus.. . . Miss Murial Fraser, Oakland, Calif. Vol. XVI] EVERMANN— DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1927 75 J Gifts to Steinhart Aquarium in 1927 — Continued Date No Article Donor July 24 2 Alligator mississippiensis. . D. Russek, San Francisco, Calif. * 26 1 Iguana tuberculata D. C. Panella, San Francisco, Calif. " 26 6 Haplochromis multicolor. . Alvin Scale, San Francisco, Calif. "27 6 Platypcecilus maculatus . . Alvin Scale, San Francisco, Calif. " 28 8 Xiphophorus ruber Alvin Scale, San Francisco, Calif. * 28 1 Phoca geronimensis International Fish Co., San Francisco, Calif. Aug. 3 110 Aquatic plants Alvin Scale, San Francisco, Calif. " 3 1 lot Gambusia affinis California State Board of Health, Sacramento, Calif. * S 6 Platypcecilus maculatus . . Alvin Scale, San Francisco, Calif. * 7 1 Crocodilus americanus ... F. M. Page, Richmond, Calif. " 13 13 Dallia pectoralis W. A. Murry, San Francisco, Calif. " 17 175 Aquatic plants Alvin Scale, San Francisco, Calif. ' 18 12 Macropodus opercularis . . Alvin Scale, San Francisco, Calif. " 22 200 Aquatic plants Alvin Scale, San Francisco, Calif. " 23 70 Tropical fishes Alvin Scale, San Francisco, Calif. " 26 200 Tropical fishes Alvin Scale, San Francisco. Calif. " 26 250 Tropical fishes Alvin Seale, San Francisco, Calif. " 29 1 Chelopus marmoratus. . . . Miss Betty Hall, San Francisco, Calif. * 30 1 Chondrotus tenebrosus. . . J. Black, San Francisco, Calif. Sept. 1 1 Alligator mississippiensis. . B. G. Reynolds, San Jose, Calif. "34 Xiphophorus ruber Alvin Scale, San Francisco, Calif. * 23 56 Agosia chrysogaster Joseph Mailliard, San Francisco, Calif. " 25 88 Gillichthys mirabilis Dr. A. E. Cerf, San Francisco, Calif. " 28 70 Tropical fishes Alvin Seale, San Francisco, Calif. * 28 388 Aquatic plants Alvin Seale, San Francisco, Calif. Oct. 7 4 Cyprinodon macularius. . . Joseph Mailliard, San Francisco, Calif. " 7 41 Agosia chrysogaster Joseph Mailliard, San Francisco, Calif. " 10 1 Tatusia novemcincta Henry E. Elrod, San Benito, Texas. * 11 2 Gopherus berlandicri Henry E. Elrod, San Benito, Texas. " 18 25 Lebistes reticulatus H. Walton Clark, San Francisco, Calif, " 18 1 Chelonia agassizii W. O. Fletter, San Francisco, Calif. * 24 1 Alligator mississippiensis. . Mrs. G. Ball, San Francisco, Calif. " 25 1 Alligator mississippiensis. . Mrs. C. Brennan, San Francisco, Calif. " 28 1 Anolis carolienesis Mrs. J. Simpers, San Francisco, Calif. " 31 15 Small Snakes .■■ A. Albers, San Francisco, Calif. Nov. 8 7 Carassius auratus Mrs. Eva Williams, Sacramento, Calif. " 24 36 Samoan fishes C. J. Knudsen, San Francisco, Calif. " 22 1 Clemmys insculptus Dr. S. C. Bishop, Albany, New York. " 25 12 Lebistes reticulatus H. Walton Clark, San Francisco, Calif. Dec. 9 1 lot Gambusia affinis California State Board of Health, Sacramento, Calif . " 13 2 lots Trout and salmon Eggs . . California State Fish and Game Commission. * 212 lots Gambusia affinis California State Board of Health, Sacramento, Calif. " 26 1 lot Whitefish Eggs United States Bureau of Fisheries, Washington. 752 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pboc. 4th Seb, FINANCIAL STATEMENTS REPORT OF THE TREASURER For the fiscal year ending December 31, 1927 January 1, 1927, Balance due Crocker First National Bank $ 4,099.46 Receipts: Dues $ 3,568.35 Charles Crocker Scientific Fund Endow- ment Income 1 ,703.88 James Lick Endowment Income 68,572.77 General Income 18,724.11 John W. Hendrie Endowment Income .... 960.00 Publication 315.30 Interest 1,012.90 Ignatz Steinhart Trust Interest 600.02 Post Card Sales 1,139.37 Bills Receivable 9,000.00 W. G. Wright Fund 3.50 105,600.20 $101,500.74 Vol. XVI] McAllister— TREASURER'S report for 1927 753 REPORT OF THE TREASURER— Continued Expenditures: Interest $ 12,042.37 Contingent Fund 570.33 Salary Expense General 19,712.52 Museum Department Salaries 20,547.50 Museum Department Appropriations 12,434.92 Bills Payable 10,000.00 Bills Receivable 7,000.00 Earthquake Insurance Sinking Fund 1,200.00 Insurance 727.87 American Trust Company Stock 1,650.00 Wild Life Protection Fund 67.64 Sundry Creditors 1,668.65 Expense 2,608.36 Library 7,669.85 Publication ■. 7,734.69 January 1, 1928, Balance due Crocker First National Bank. $105,634.70 $ 4,133.96 M. Hall McAllister, Treasurer. Examined and found correct, McLaren, Goode & Co., Certified Public Accountants. San Francisco, Calif., February 4, 1928. May 22, 1928 754 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. INCOME AND OPERATING EXPENSES For the fiscal year, January 1, 1927, to December 31, 1927. Income: Charles Crocker Scientific Fund Endowment Income $ 1,703.88 James Lick Endowment Income 68,572.77 Generallncome 18,724.11 Dues 3,602.60 Interest from Temporary Investments 1,012.90 Profit on Post Card Sales 740.64 Total Income $ 94,356.90 Expenditures: General Expense $ 3,627.67 Salaries 40.277.23 Interest 12,042.37 Insurance 925.27 Total Expenditures 56,872.54 Net Income Transferred to Surplus Account $ 37,484.36 Vol. XVI] McALLISTER— TREASURER'S REPORT FOR 1927 755 SUMMARY OF SURPLUS ACCOUNT December 31, 1927 Balance January 1, 1927 $498,729.49 A dditions: Net Income for the year ended December 31, 1927 $ 37,484.36 Sale of duplicate books 47.07 Total Additions to Surplus 37,531.43 $536,260.92 Deductions: Depreciation 15,635.00 Surplus, December 31, 1927 $520,625.92 756 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. BALANCE SHEET December 31, 1927 A ssets Property: Real Estate 831-833 Market Street $600,000.00 Commercial Building, 833 Market Street. . . . 516,818.66 Real Estate, Jessie Street 8,083.65 $1,124,902.31 Museum, Golden Gate Park: Building Construction $192,025.92 General Collections 180,557.48 Library and Equipment 126,670.55 Tools and Equipment 41,455.44 Office Furniture 4,952.54 545,661.93 Investment Securities 18,250.00 Ignatz Steinhart Trust: Bills Receivable $ 11,000.00 Steinhart Aquarium Construction 263,390.29 Steinhart Aquarium Equipment 27,129.87 Steinhart Aquarium Revolving Fund 5,000.00 Uninvested cash on hand 613.37 307,133.53 Current Assets: Bills Receivable $ 14,000.00 Post Cards in Stock 1,024.12 Cash on hand 117.61 Sundry Accounts 100.00 15,241.73 Total $2,011,189.50 Vol. XVI] McALLISTER— TREASURER'S REPORT FOR 1927 757 BALANCE SHEET— Continued Liabilities Endowments: James Lick Endowment $804,902.31 Charles Crocker vScientific Fund Endowment 20,000.00 John W. Hendrie Endowment 13,600.00 $ 838,502.31 Funds Held for Special Purposes: John W. Hendrie Endowment Income $ 960.00 Alvord Bequest Botanical 5,000.00 W. G. Wright Fund 21.54 Henry M. Holbrook Bequest 25.28 Park Birds Handbook Fund 20.00 Wild Life Protection Fund 328.16 6,354.98 Reserve for Depreciation 117,686.56 Ignatz Steinhart Trust: Principal '. $250,000.00 Interest 57,133.53 307,133.53 Notes and Accounts Payable: Bills Payable $215,000.00 Accounts Payable, Sundry Trade Creditors. . 1,138.87 Due Crocker First National Bank (Overdraft) 4,133.96 Due Ignatz Steinhart Trust 613.37 220,886.20 Surplus 520,625.92 Total $2,011,189.50 Susie M. Peers, Secretary, Board of Trustees. 758 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. We have examined the foregoing Balance Sheet, together with the books and accounts of the California Academy of Sciences, and in our opinion, it is properly drawn up so as to exhibit a true and correct view of the Academy's affairs, as shown by the books. McLaren, Goode & Co., Certified Public Accountants. San Francisco, Calif., February 4, 1928. INDEX TO VOLUME XVI, FOURTH SERIES New names in heavy-faced type abbreviata, Occemyia, 433, 482, 483 Oncomyia, 596, 603 Plagiusa, 113 abbreviatus, Cynoglossus, 113 Penthestes gambeli, 278, 335 abdominale, Zodion, 589, 590, 601 abdominalis, Mydas, 424 abietis, Pecten (Plagioctenium) cf., 141, 152 abitus, Zodion, 601 Ablennes hians, 652-653 melanostigma, 653 Abramis pekinensis, 103 abrupta, Turritella, 89 Turritella robusta var., 89 Acanthomeridse, 421 Acanthorhodens asmussi, 105 Accipiter cooperi, 276, 297 velox, 276, 297 Acheilognathus asmussi, 105 imberbis, 104, 105 Achilognathus imberbis, 104 Acipenser sinensis, 100 Acipenseridje, 100 Acteocina angustior, 124-125, 134 (pi. 4), 142, 147 carinata, 125 culcitella, 125 inculta, 125 Actitis macularia, 13, 276, 293, 682 acton, Rhaphiomydas, 425, 472, 473 acuaria, Terebra, 632 aculeata, Cristellaria, 218 Nodosaria, 213 Sitta carolinensis, 278, 334 acus, Syngnathiis, 504 acuta, Tipula, 458, 459 acuta tzitzihoa, Dafila, 275, 282 Acyphona, 411 adolphina, Dentalina, 213 Nodosaria (Dentalina), 213-214, 226 (pi. 13) adusta, Blepharipeza, 484, 485 ..^chniophorus occidentalis, 275, 278 v^domyia, 416 aedon parkmanii, Troglodytes, 278, 333 neneicolle, Metachroma, 390 .•eneipennis, Coscinoptera, 383 seneiventris, Agromyza, 450, 498, 499 a;neus seneus, Tangavius, 48 Eristalis, 432, 480, 481 Tangavius seneus, 48 aequalis, Euaresta, 444, 494, 495 Oncomyia, 594, 597, 603 sestiva brewsteri, Dendroica, 277, 330 sonorana, Dendroica, 42 sethiops, Leuciscus, 104 Macron, 630 Myloleuciscus, 104 Aetobatidae, 651 Aetobatus narinari, 651 smithii, 609, 612 affinis, Marila, 276, 283-284 Physocephala, 432, 482, 483, 583, 584, 601 Pooecetes gramineus, 277, 317 agarici, Platypeza, 430, 478, 479 agassizii, Anolis, 682 Agelaius phoeniceus nevadensis, 211, 313 tricolor, 277, 313 Agromyza, 451 seneiventris, 450, 498, 499 scutellaris puelia, 451 Agromyzidae, 442, 450-451 ahula, Scarus, 678 Ajaia ajaja, IS alacris, Pachybrachys, 388 Alaska Hermit Thrush, 337 alaskensis, Paraclunio, 415 alaudinus, Passerculus sandwichensis, 277, 317 alba, Fluta, 101 Guara, 14 Muraena, 101 pratincola, Tyto, 276, 301 albeola, Charitonetta, 276, 284 Alberta Fox Sparrow, 326 albicincta, Ogcodes, 422, 468, 469, 470, 471 albicollis insularis, Nyctidromus, 25 albifacies, Zodion, 588, 590, 602 albifrons albifrons, Amazona, 24 albifrons, Anser, 276, 285 Amazona albifrons, 24 Anser albifrons, 276, 285 albilinea, Iridoprocne, 37 albilinguis, Leucoglossa, 660, 661-662, (pl. 22) albionica, Phyllotreta, 39S albiseta, Loxocera, 447 albolarvatus albolarvatus, Xenopicus, 276, 303 Xenopicus albolarvatus, 276, 303 albolimbatus, Sciurus douglasii, 341, 348 May 22, 1928 760 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. mlbonotatum, Zodion, 589, 602 alburnus, Culter, 105 albus egretta, Casmerodius, 16 Orthocarpus bracteosus, 554-555 alcathoe, Hylemyia, 438, 488, 489 alcyon caurina, Ceryle, 276, 302 caurina, Megaceryle, 24 aldrichi, Conicera, 427 Empis, 431, 478, 479 Tetanops, 443, 494, 495 (Alectryonia) plicata, Ostrea, 621 alesia, Calobata, 445, 494, 495 aletes, Hudsonius, 502 alexandri, Archilochus, 276, 305 alicula, Euryscopa, 383 Allen's Chipmunk, 348 alpestris merrilli, Otocoris, 277, 308 aJta, Metis, 608, 610 alternatus, Rhyphus, 412 altilirata, Turritella, 89 altipetens, Myotis yumanensis, 340, 342 altivagans, Passerella iliaca, 277, 326 altivelis, Plecoglossus, 680 amandusi, Cypraea, 608, 610, 617, 628- 629, 640 (pi. 18), 642 (pi. 19) Amaranthus, 319 Amazilia ellioti, 26 graysoni, 26 rutila rutila, 26 Amazona albifrons albifrons, 24 finschi, 23 oratrix tresmariae, 23 ambigua, Castilleja, 518, 537 Micropeza, 445 ambiguus ambiguus, Trogonurus, 28 Bremus flavifrons, 371, 375, 376 goldmani, Trogonurus, 28 Trogonurus ambiguus, 28 Amblyopsidae, 503 Amblyopsis, 503 American Barn Owl, 301 Osprey, 22 Pintail, 282 Redstart, 44 Sparrow Hawk, 300 americana americana, Antilocapra, 341, 358 americana, Fulica, 11 Antilocapra americana, 341, 358 Cuterebra, 434, 482, 483 Fulica, 276, 290 Fulica americana, 11 Mareca, 275, 281 Marila, 275-282, 283, 284 Mycteria, 15 Olfersia, 452, 453, 498, 499 Recurvirostra, 276, 291 septentrionalis, Chloroceryle, 25 Spiza, 46 americanus, Coccyzus, 29 Mergus, 275, 281 Numenius, 276, 293 occidentalis, Coccyzus, 339 subsp., Numenius, 12 Amiantis cf. communis, 607, 610 Ammospermophilus leucurus leucurus, 341, 347 Amnicola micrococcus, 189 Amnicolidse, 188 amoena, Passerina, 277, 327 amoenissima, Polioptila caerulea, 38 amcenus amoenus, Eutamias, 341, 348 amoenus, Eutamias amoenus, 341, 348 Sorex, 340, 342 Amphispiza biliueata deserticola, 277, 324 nevadensis nevadensis, 277, 324 (Amusium) cf. mortoni, Pecten, 142, 145 Anacampta pyrrliocephala, 443, 494, 495 Anago, 502 Anas platyrhynchos, 275, 281 Anastrepha fratercula, 445 ludens, 443, 444, 445, 494, 495 Anchoa, 501 Anchovia, 501 Anchoviella, 501 Anderson, Frank M., The marine Mio- cene deposits of North Colombia 87-95 andersoni, Pecten (Leptopecten), 608, 613, 617 angelensis, Haminoea, 129-130, 134 (pl. 4) angelica, Leptotila fulviventris, 9 angermanni, Ostrea, 608, 610, 621, 638 (pl. 17) Anguilla japonica, 101, 102 anguillicaudata, Cobitis, 110 anguillicaudatus, Misgurnus, 110 Anguillidae, 101 angusticornis, Oncomyia, 595, 596, 603 Zodion, 589, 590, 602 angustior, Acteocina, 124-125, 134 (pl. 4), 142, 147 Ani, Groove-billed, 30 annandalei, Pupilla, 173 annulifera, Beris, 420, 466, 467 Anolis agassizii, 682 Anomalina, 88 coalingensis, 221-222, 228 (pl. 14) umbonata, 222 Anomalocardia subimbricata, 140, 145 Anopheles, 415, 416 punctipennis, 462, 463 Anorostoma grandis, 440, 490, 491 Anser albifrons albifrons, 276, 285 Antelope Ground Squirrel, Desert, 347 Antelope, Pronghorn, 358 Vol. XVI] INDEX 761 anteunipes, Calobata, 445, 496, 497 Anthias japonicus, 6S4 Anthomyiidae, 437-438 Anthoscenus constantii leocadix, 27 anthracina anthracina, Urubitinga, 20 Urubitinga anthracina, 20 anthreas, Conops, 600 Anthus rubescens, 278, 331 Antigona caribbeana, 89, 90-91, 92 (pi. 2) multicostata, 90, 140, 144, 146, 147 Antilocapra americana americana, 341, 358 anttquatus, Hipponyx, 143, 145 antiquus, Carcharinus, 609, 612 antrozoi, Penicillidia, 454 Antrozous pallidus (pacificus?), 340, 343 aperta, Myopa, 603 Myopa clausa, 598 Aphaebantus, 423 Aphareidae, 670 Aphareus, 670, 671, 673 caerulescens, 672 flavivultus, 670, 671-672 furcatus, 670, 671, 672-673, 674 rutilans, 671, 673-674, (pi. 24) thompsoni, 673 Aphelocoma californica immanis, 277, 310 Apiocera haruspex, 425, 472, 473 Apioceridae, 425 Apiochaeta, 428 rufipes, 428, 476, 477 sp., 476, 477 appendiculata, Belone, 651, 652 appendiculatus, Thalassosteus, 651-652 appositus,Bremus, 372 Aprion, 665, 666 virescens, 666 Apsilus, 665, 666, 670 fuscus, 666 Apterigia saccogularis, 101 Aquila chrysaetos, 276, 299 aquilionaris, Etelides, 667 Ara tnilitaris mexicana, 22 arachnoidea, Castilleja, 519, 570 arachnoideus, Orthocarpus piIosu3, 519, 570 Aramides axillaris, 11 Area auriculata, 89 rel. chiriquiensis, 89 grandis, 140, 147 multicostata, 140, 146, 148, 149, 150 pacifica, 140, 145 reeviana, 140, 148, ISO sp., 607, 609 veatchi, 89 Archibuteo ferrugineus, 276, 298-299 Archilochus alexandrt, 276, 305 Architcctonica gatunensis, 89 granulata, 142, 145 Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker, 303 arcticus, Picoides, 276, 303 Arctophila flagrans, 480, 481 arcuata, Odontomyia, 420, 466, 467 arcuatus, Chaetodontoplus, 675 Arcularia complanata, 142, 147 Ardea herodias hyperonca, 276, 287 herodias lessonii, IS herodias treganzai, 287 arenicola, Lasiopogon, 426, 474, 475 areolata. Helix, 177 Micrarionta, 177, 180-182, 190 (pi. 6), 196 (pi. 9), 200 (pl. 11) arge, Upeneoides, 674 argentea, Ocyptera, 484, 485 argenteus, Pampus, 115 argentifacies, Conops, 574-57S, 579, 600 argentina, Bruchomyia, 409, 458, 459 argus, Ophicephalus, 113 ariadne, Charistena, 395 ariasi, Nemestrinus, 422 Ariomma, 655 Arionidae, 169 Arionta facta, 162, 163 rowelli, 162, 167 Ariosoma, 502 Arizona Crested Flycatcher, 35 arizonae, Spizella passerina, 277, 323 arizonicus, Conops, 578, 600 Arkansas Kingbird, 306 Arnillo, 665, 666, 668 auricilla, 667, 668-670, (pl. 23) arnoldi, Carcharodon cf., 143, 145 Arremonops superciliosus sinaloae, 47 artemisiae, Molothrus ater, 277, 313 arundinea, Nodosaria, 215, 226 (pl. 13) Ash-throated Flycatcher, 306 asiatica mearnsi, Melopelia, 7 Asilidae, 425-426 Asilus occidentalis, 426, 474, 475 Asio flammeus, 339 wilsonianus, 276, 301 asmussi, Acanthorhodens, 105 Acheilognathus, 105 asotus, Parasilurus, 111 Silurus, 111 aspera, Terebra, 632 Astragalinus psaltria hesperophilus, 277, 315-316 Astur atricapillus striatulus, 276, 295, 297 Asturina plagiata plagiata, 20 Asyndesmus lewisi, 276, 304 ater artemisiae, Molothrus, 277, 313 atra, Leptocera, 440, 490, 491 atrata, Rhegmoclema, 418, 464, 465 762 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. atricapillus striatulus, Astur, 276,295, 297 atripenuis, Blepharida, 393 atripinnis, Myloleuciscus, 104 atronitens, Volatinia jacarini, 46 attenuatus, Orthocarpus, 521, 524, 537, 539, 546-548, 549 attonsa, Cylichnella, 129 Atys casta, 126 chimera, 126, 134 (pi. 4) nonscripta, 126 Audubon's Caracara, 19 Warbler, 330 auduboni auduboni, Dendroica, 277, 330 Dendroica auduboni, 277,330 Polyborus cheriway, 19 subsp., Dendroica, 43 aura septentrionalis, Cathartes, 19, 276, 296 aurantiaca, Macrocallista, 141, 145 auratus, Carassius, 104 Conops, 600 Cyprinus, 104 Diachus, 389 auricaudatum, Zodion, 589, 602 auricilla, Arnillo, 667, 668-670, (pi. 23) auriculata. Area (Scapharca), 89 aurifacies, Physocephala, 581-582, 584, 601 auritus, subsp., Phalacrocorax, 275, 280 ausoba, Caenosia, 439 australis, Orthocarpus, 521, 548, 549 autralis, Orthocarpus, 549 autumnalis, Dendrocygna, 17 avara, Succinea, 172 Avocet, 291, 292 axillaris, Aramides, 1 1 Ayu, Japanese, 680 azumanus, Zalanthias, 654 Azure-crown, Black-billed, 26 B Babia humeralis, 384 quadriguttata pulla, 384 Badger, California, 344-345 Baeolophus inornatus griseus, 278, 334- 335 Bagridx, 110 Baird's Gnatcatcher, 39 bairdiana, Truncatella, 176 Bairdiella, 506 Baker, Fred, with G. Dalla.s Hanna, Afarine mollusca of the order Opis- thobranchiata, 123-135 bakeri, Pecten (Patinopecten), 141, 144, 152, 153-154, 156 (pi. 5) Balanus aff. tintinnabuhnn californicus, 609, 611 sp.. 143, 145, 609, 611 Bald Eagle, 299 Baldpate, 281 baltreata, Diabrotica, 391 liambusa, Elopichthys, 109 Leuciscus, 109 barbatus, Erax, 426, 474, 475 Orthocarpus, 521, 524, 556-557 barbus, Gobio, 105 Hemibarbus, 105 Barn Owl, American, 301 Barn Swallow, 328 baroni, Oncomyia, 597, 603 Bartraniia longicauda, 338 Bartsia tenuifolia, 555 basalis, Zodion, 586, 591, 602 Bat, High Sierra, 342 Pacific Pallid, 343 Tejon, 342 batabana, Corvula, 506 Batchelder's Woodpecker, 303 Bathysiphon eocenica, 210, 226 (pi. 13) taurinensis, 210 Beardless Flycatcher, 32 Beaver, Shasta, 352 beecheii, Cissilopha, 51 Beechey's Jay, 51 Belding's Plover, 12 beldingi, Clevelandia, 519, 571 Orthocarpus, 519, 571 Pagolla wilsonia, 12 bella, Leucopis, 451 Belone appendiculata, 651, 652 Belonidae, 651 Belted Kingfisher, Northwestern, 24, 302 Beris annulifera, 420, 466, 467 vallata, 420 bernhardi, Nerita, 143, 150 bewickii drymoecus, Thryonianes, 278, 333 biangulatum, Cardium, 140, 146, 147 biannulata, Stylogaster, 603 biarticulata, Nycteribia, 454, 498, 499 Bibio hirtus, 417, 418, 464, 465 hortulans, 418 marci, 418 nervosus, 417, 418, 464, 465 Bibiocephala grandis, 419, 466, 467 Bibionida-, 417-418 bicolor, Iridoprocne, 277, 328 Orthocarpus, 528, 529 Orthocarpus lithospermoides, 527, 528-529 Paragus, 482, 483 Zodion, 602 bicornis, Cypraea mus, 628, 629 Tipula, 458, 459 bidentata flammea, Piranga, 48 bidwelliae micranthus, Orthocarpu.«, 565 Orthocarpus, 563, 564 Vol. XVI] INDEX 763 bifarius, Bremus, 369 kenoyeri, Bremus, 369 nearcticus, Bremus, 369, 376 vancouverensis, Bremus, 369 bifasciata, Natica, 143, 146 bilineata deserticola, Amphispiza, 277, 324 Zodion, 586-587, 591, 602 Binneya guadalupensis, 161, 169-171, 190 (pi. 6), 196 (pi. 9) notabilis, 162, 169, 170, 171, 190 (pi. 6) bipartita, Terebra, 89 Birds (The) and mammals of Modoc County, California, by Joseph Mail- liard, 261-359 bispinosus, Gasterosteus, 504 bistria, Myopa, 598, 603 Bittacomorpha, 412 clavipes, 411, 460, 461 Bittacomorphella sackeni, 411, 460, 461 Bittern, 286-287 bituberculata, Parydra, 448, 496, 497 Black Hawk, Mexican, 20 Tern, 280 Vulture, 19 Black-and-white Warbler, 41 Black-bellied Tree-duck, 17 Black-billed Azure-crown, 26 Black-chinned Hummingbird, 305 Black-crowned Night Heron, 16, 287- 288 (Black-fish), Her-yu, 113 Black-headed Grosbeak, Pacific, 327 Black-necked Stilt, 12, 13, 291-292 Black-throated Gray Warbler, 43, 330 Blackbird, Brewer's, 314 Nevada Red-winged, 313 Yellow-headed, 313 blaisdelli, Dalmannia, 592, 603 Blennius gunnellus, 121 Blepharida, 392 atripennis, 393 rhois, 393 Blepharipeza adusta, 484, 485 Blepharoceridae, 419 Blepharonycha, 392-393 melanoptera, 393-394 Blue Crane, Little, 288 Heron, California Great, 287 Heron, Little, 16 Heron, Mexican Great, 15 Mockingbird, Tres Afarias, 40 Blue-black Grassquit, 46 Blue-faced (?) Booby, 682 Blue-footed Booby, 18 Blue-fronted Jay, 309-310 Bluebird, Mountain, 337 Western, 337 Boat-tail, Colima, 49 Grayson's, SO Bobolink, 312 Boca fuerte, 687, 688 Boletophila hybrida, 416, 464, 465 Bolovina, 88 Bombus, 399 gelidus, 366 Bombycilla cedrorum, 277, 328 Bombyliidae, 423 Bombylius major, 423, 470, 471 Booby, Blue-faced (?), 682 Blue-footed, 18 Brewster's, 18, 682 Red-footeu, 17 Borboridx, 440-441 borealis calurus, Buteo, 276, 297 borealis, Nuttallornis, 277, 306 bosei, Drillia (Crassispira), 627 Pecten (Pecten), 141, 145, 148, 154-155, 156 (pi. 5) Turritella, 608, 611, 634-635, 646 (pi. 21) bostrychites, Spondylus, 89 Botaurus lentiginosus, 276, 286-287 bottle leucodon, Thomomys, 341, 349 bowersi, Clypeaster, 153 Bowersia, 665, 668 Bowersia violescens, 667, 670 Brachycoryna pumila, 395 Brachylagus idahoensis, 341, 357 brachyrhynchos hesperis, Corvus, 277, 311 brachyrhynchus, Conops, 577, 579, 600, 601 semifuscus, Conops, 579 bracteosus albus, Orthocarpus, 554-555 Orthocarpus, 521, 524, 553-554 typicus, Orthocarpus, 554 Bramidae, 654 Branta, 284 canadensis canadensis, 276, 285 canadensis minima, 276, 285-286 brasilianum ridgwayi, Glaucidium, 22 brassica, Venericardia, 89 brassicae, Phorbia, 438 Braula caeca, 428 coeca, 476, 477 Braulids, 428-429 Bremus appositus, 372 bifarius, 369 bifarius kenoyeri, 369 bifarius nearcticus, 369, 376 bifarius vancouverensis, 369 californicus, 373 californicus dubius, 373 caliginosus, 376-380 caliginosus tardus, 380 centralis, 371 centralis monardae, 372 crotchii, 367, 375 764 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Bremus crotchii nigricaudus, 375 edwardsii, 368, 374, 376 edwardsii russulus, 374-375 fernaldi, 374 fervidus, 372 fervidus dorsalis, 373 flavifrons, 371, 375, 376, 380 flavifrons ambiguus, 371, 375, 376 flavifrons dimidiatus, 371, 375 flavifrons vandykei, 375-376 frigidus, 370 huntii, 380 hyperboreus, 372 melanopygus, 370 mixtus, 371 morrisoni, 366 nevadensis, 366 occidentalis, 367 occidentalis nigroscutatus, 367 occidentalis proximus, 367 pleuralis, 371 polaris, 372 rufocinctus, 367 separatus monnonorum, 366 sitkensis, 372, 378, 380 sonorus, 373 sylvicola, 366, 369-370 sylvicola gelidus, 366, 370 sylvicola johanseni, 366 sylvicola lutzi, 366 vosnesenskii, 368-369, 376, 378, 379, 380 brevicornis, Ptilona, 445 Sphyracephala, 447, 496, 497 breviflora, Castilleja, 519 brevirostris, Myopa, 604 Oncomyia, 593, 597, 603 Physocephala, 579-580, 584, 601 Sicus, 599 brevissima, Cylichna, 128 Brewer's Blackbird, 314 Sparrow, 324 breweri, Spizella, 277, 324 Brewster's Booby, 18, 682 Flycatcher, 33 brewsteri, Dendroica aestiva, 277, 330 Empidonax traillii, 33 Sula, 18 brighami, Rooseveltia, 666, 670 Broad-billed Hummingbird, 27 Bronzed Cowbird, 48 Brown Crane, Little, 288-289 Pelican, California, 18 brownii, Orthocarpus, 529, 530 Bruchomyia argentina, 409, 458, 459 brunnea, Colaspis, 390 Bubo virginianus occidentalis, 276, 301-302 virginianus pacificus, 301 virginianus pallescens, 301 buccalis, Physocephala, 582-583, 584, 601 (Buddha-fish), Loo-hen-yu, 102 budensis, Nodosaria, 212 Buffle-head, 284 bulbirostris, Conops, 578, 600 Bulimina sp., 212 Bulimulidx, 183 Bulimulus hannai, 183-184, 186, 200 (pi. 11), 202 (pi. 12) montezuma, 184, 185 pallidior, 184 pallidior striatulus, 183, 184-186, 202 (pi. 12) spirifer, IBS striatulus, 183, 185 vegetus, 185 vegexspiza, 185 Bulla punctulata, 127 Bullaria, 130 gouldiana, 127 punctulata, 127 Bullock's Oriole, 314 bullockii, Icterus, 277, 314 bulloides, Globigerina, 219 Bunting, Lazuli, 327 Painted, 47 Turquoise-fronted, 45 burckhardti, Terebra, 608, 611, 632- 633, 646 (pi. 21) burgessi, Physocephala, 584, 601 Burrowing Owl, 302 busckii, Drosophila, 449 Bush-tit, California, 335 Lead-colored, 335 Bushy-tailed Wood Rat, Western, 353-354 Buteo borealis calurus, 276, 297 swainsoni, 276, 298 Butorides virescens virescens, 17 Cacique, Mexican, 48 Cackling Goose, 285-286 cadaverina, Cynomyia, 437, 486, 487 Caelopa frigida, 441, 490, 491 Csenosia ausoba, 439 caerulea amoenissima, Polioptila, 38 Florida, 16 cserulescens, Aphareus, 672 longirostris, Melanotis, 40 cafer collaris, Colaptes, 276, 304 calamitosa martiniana, Sterkia, 186-187, 202 (pi. 12) Sterkia, 186, 187 Calaveras Warbler, 329 calceata, Sciophila, 462, 463 calcitrans, Stomoxys, 437, 488, 489 calendula cineraceus, Regrulus, 278, 336 Vol. XVI] INDEX 765 California Badger, 344-345 Brown Pelican, 18 Bush-tit, 335 Cuckoo, 339 Great Blue Heron, 287 Gull, 279 Purple Finch, 315 Wildcat, 345 Yellow Warbler, 330 californica catalinaria. Vertigo, 161, 174, 175, 192 (pi. 7) diegoensis, Vertigo, 186 guadalupensis, Vertigo, 161, 175, 192 (pi. 7) immanis, Aphelocoma, 277, 310 Nephrotoma, 458, 459 Pericoma, 414, 462, 463 Truncatella, 176, 187-188 vallicola, Lophortyx, 276, 294- 295 Vertigo, 175 californicus, Balanus aff. tintinnabu- lum, 609, 611 Bremus, 373 Carpodacus purpureus, 277, 315 Colymbus nigricollis, 275, 278- 279 Dasyllis, 474, 475 Dipodomys heermanni, 341, 351 dubius, Bremus, 373 Larus, 275, 279 Pelecanus occidentalis, 18 Psaltriparus minimus, 278, 335 wallawalla, Lepus, 341, 3S7 caliginosus, Bremus, 376,380 tardus, Bremus, 380 Caliope gracilipes, 442 Caliprobola pulcher, 432, 480, 481 caliptera, Exoprosopa, 423, 470, 471 calli, Pecten (Plagioctenium), 623, 624 calliope, Stellula, 276, 306 Calliope Hummingbird, 306 Calliostoma eximium, 626 hannibali, 608, 610, 626, 646 (pi. 21) Calliphora, 437 Calliphoridae, 436 Callospermophilus chrysodeirus chryso- deirus, 341, 346 Calobata, 445 alesia, 445, 494, 495 antennipes, 445, 496, 497 Calobata univitta, 445, 496, 497 Calocitta coUiei, 50 calurus, Buteo borealis, 276, 297 Calyptraea costellata, 608, 609, 617 (for C. radians) inornata, 608, 610 radians, 617 (read C. costellata) campestris, Orthocarpus, 521, 522, 523, 525-526 Camptostoma imberbe, 32 Canada Goose, 285 canadensis, Branta canadensis, 276, 285 canadensis, Branta, 276, 285 minima, Branta, 276, 285-286 Epochra, 444, 494, 495 Grus, 276, 288-289 Sitta, 278, 334 Cancellaria obesa, 142, 146 candens, Leucoglossa, 660-661 canescens leucanthea, Micrarionta, 179 Micrarionta, 178, 179, 200 (pi. 11) veatchii, Micrarionta, 178-179, 200 (pi. 11) canicularis, Eupsittula, 22 Canis gigas, 358 lestes, 340, 345 Canon Wren, 332 canonoides, Decapterus, 655 Cantankerous Meadow Mouse, 355 Canvas-back, 283 Canyon Mouse, Idaho, 353 capitalis, Hedymeles melanocephalus, 277, 327 Leptotila fulviventris, 9 Caracara, Audubon's, 19 Tres Marias, 19 Carangidae 505, 649, 650, 655, 657, 658, 660 Carangoides, 662 ferdau, 662 gymnostethoides evermanni, 662 jordani, 662 carangoides, Uraspis, 657, 658 Carangulus, 505 Carangus helvolus, 660, 661 Caranx, 505 «lacate, 656 helvolus, 659, 660 latus, 505 lugubris, 656 melampygus, 656 micropterus, 659 orthogrammus, 662 stellatus, 655-656 tenebrosus, 656 uraspis, 657, 658 vinctus, 505 Caranxomorus sacrestinus, 672 Carassius auratus, 104 carbonaria, Physocephala, 583, 601 carbunculus, Etelis, 667 Carcharhinidae, 98 Carcharias (Scoliodon) laticaudus, 98 Carcharinus antiquus, 609, 612 Carcharocles rectus, 609, 612 Carcharodon cf. arnoldi, 143. 145 cf. rectus, 89 sp., 609, 612 766 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Cardinal, Tres Marias, 46 cardinalis inaria;, Richmondena, 46 Cardium biangulatum, 140, 146, 147 consors, 140, 146 dalli, 89 lingualeonis, 89 cf. quadrigenarium, 607, 612 sp., 607, 609 caribbeana, Antigona, 89, 90-91, 92 (pl. 2) carinata, Acteocina, 125 Tornatina, 125 Carolina, Epimyia, 417 Porzana, 276, 290 carolinense, Nettion, 275, 281-282 carolinensis aculeata, Sitta, 278, 334 Pandion haliaetus, 22, 276, 300 (Carp), Li-yu, 103 carpio, Cyprinus, 103 Carpodacus cassinii, 277, 315 mexicanus frontalis, 277, 31S purpureus californicus, 277, 315 carrizoensis, Pecten (Pecten), 141, 145 casei, Piophila, 446, 496, 497 Casmerodius albus egretta, 16 egretta, 276, 287 caspia imperator, Sterna, 275, 279-280 Caspian Tern, 279-280 Cassiculus melanicterus, 48 Cassidulina, 88 Cassidulus (Rhynchopygus) mexicanus, 614 Cassin's Purple Finch, 315 Vireo, 329 cassinii, Carpodacus, 277, 315 Lanivireo solitarius, 277, 329 Cassis coarctata, 142, 148 casta, Atys, 126 castanea, Myopa, 597 castaneiceps, Dendroica erithachorides, 42 castaneus, Myopa, 604 Cryptocephalus, 389 castanoptera, Physocephala, 601 Castilleja, 518, 522, 535, 570, 571 anibigua, 518, 537 arachnoidea, 519, 570 breviflora, 519 cinerea, 519, 570 flava, 519 laciniata, 548 longispica, 518, 519 lutea, 519 pallescens, 570 pitosa, 570 pilosus, 570 schizotricha, 519, 570 Castillejoides, 520, 521, 522, 523 castillejoides humboldtiensis, Orthocar- pus, 536 iusalutatus, Orthocarpus, 535- 536 Orthocarpus, 521, 522, 523, 533- 534, 537, 542 typicus, Orthocarpus, 528, 534- 535, 536, 542 Castor subauratus shastensis, 341, 352 catalinaria. Vertigo californica, 161 174, 175, 192 (pl. 7) catalinensis, Ilaplotreina, 168 Selenites duranti var., 168 cataractes, Pecten (Pecten), 141, 146, 147 Cathartes aura septentrionalis, 19, 276, 296 Catherpes mexicanus conspersus, 278, 332 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inorna- tus, 13, 276, 293 caurina, Ceryle alcyon, 276, 302 Megaceryle alcyon, 24 sierrse, Martes, 358 caurinus, Cyprinus, 502 Ceanothus crassifolius, 363 cyaneus, 361-362 insularis, 362-363 iiitegerrimus, 363 thyrsiflorus, 361 utahensis, 363 Cebidichthyida;, 122 Cecidomyia resinicoloides, 417, 464, 465 (Cecidomyiida;), Itonididae, 417 Cedar Waxwing, 328 cedroruni, Bombycilla, 277, 328 cedrosensis, Pahidestrina, 188-189 celata lutescens, Vermivora, 277, 329 Celestus, 682 hancocki, 682-684 (pl. 26) millepunctatus, 683 centralis, Bremus, 371 nlonarda^, Bremus, 372 Centrocercus urophasianus, 276, 296 Centurus chrysogenys chrysogenys, 31 uropygialis in-opygialis, 30 Ceophlceus lineatus scapularis, 32 cephalus, Mugil, 114 cercadica, Pitaria, 89 Cerchneis .sparveria .sparveria, 276, 300 sparveria, subsp., 21 cerina, Glyptina, 395 Cerithium stercus-muscarum, 142, 148 Cerodontha dorsalis, 450 Certhia familiaris zelotes, 278, 334 Ceryle alcyon caurina, 276, 302 Chachalaca, Wagler'a, 6 Chaemepelia passerina pallescens, 8 rufipennis eluta, 8 Chaetodon punctatus, 118 Chretodontidae, 675 Vol. XVI] INDEX 767 Chaetodontoplus arcuatus, 675 Chalarus spurinus, 431 spurius, 478, 479 Chama exogyra, 144, 146, 147 pellucida, 150 sp., 140, 145 chaoi, Pseudogobio, 106 Charadrius nivosus, 276, 294 Charistena ariadne, 395 Charitonetta albeola, 276, 284 Chat, Long-tailed, 44, 331 Tres Marias Red-breasted, 44 Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus, 276, 284-285 cheriway auduboni, Polyborus, 19 pallidus, Polyborus, 19 Chickadee, Short-tailed Mountain, 335 Chickaree, Sierra, 348 childreni, Phacoides, 139 chilensis, Ostrea, 622 chimera, Atys, 126, 134 (pi. 4) (Chinese Bream; Flat-fish), Pein-yu, 103 Chione, 618 gnidia, 617, 619 navidadis, 620 richthofeni, 607, 610, 619-620, 638 (pi. 17) sp., 607, 611 succincta, 140, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150 temblorensis, 619 aff. temblorensis, 607, 610 walli, 620 Chionea, 411 Chipmunk, Allen's, 348 Klamath, 348 Sagebrush, 347-348 Chipping Sparrow, Western, 323 chiriquiensis. Area rel., 89 Chironomidae, 413, 414-415 Chironomus, 415 sp., 462, 463 Chi-yu (Small Carp; Goldfish), 104 (Chlamys) dallasi, Pecten, 141, 145, 152 Chlamys mimnonius, 386 prosternalis, 386 Chlidonias nigra surinamensis, 275, 280 Chloroceryle americana septentrionalis, 25 Chloroenas flavirostris madrensis, 7 Chioromyia formosa, 420 Chloropisca glabra, 448 chlorura, Oberholseria, 277, 327 Chologaster, 503 cornutus, 503 papilliferus, 503 Chondestes grammacus strigatus, 47, 277, 317-318 Chonophorus, 679 stamineus, 678-680, (pi. 24) Chordeiles virginianus hesperis, 276, 305 chrysaetos, Aquila, 276, 299 chryseola, Wilsonia pusilla, 44 chryseres, Myripristis, 653 chrysodeirus, Callospermophilus chrys- odeirus, 341, 346 chrysodeirus, Callospermophilus, 341, 346 chrysogenys, Centurus chrysogenys, 31 chrysogenys, Centurus, 31 Chrysomelids (Coleoptera), by H. C. Fall, 381-395 Chrysomyza demandata, 443, 492, 493 chrysopeplus, Pheucticus, 45 Chrysops noctifer, 420, 468, 469 chrysopteron, Hjemulon, 505 chrysopterum, Hjemulon, 505 chua-tsi, Perca, 116 chuatsi, Siniperca, 116 Chua-yu, 116 Chyliza leguminicola, 446, 496, 497 Chyliza robusta, 447, 496, 497 Cichlasoma punctatum, 507 Cichlaurus, 507 ciliatus, Sicus, 599-600, 604 cilipes, Hilara, 431 cimbicis, Sarcophaga, 484, 485 Cinclus mexicanus unicolor, 278, 332 cineraceus, Regulus calendula, 278, 336 cinerascens cinerascens, Myiarchus, 276, 306 Myiarchus cinerascens, 276, 306 cinerea, Castilleja, 519, 570 Leria, 440, 490, 491 Muraena, 102 occidentalis, Neotoma, 341, 353- 354 cinereiventris, Zodion, 585-586, 590, 602 cinereus, Muraenesox, 102 Orthocarpus, 570 Cinnamomeus Hummingbird, 26, 27 Cinnamon Teal, 282 Cinnamon-rumped Seedeater, 45 circularis, Pecten (Plagioctenium), 141, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152 Circus hudsonius, 276, 297 ciris, Passerina, 47 Cirripedia, 143 Cissilopha beecheii, 51 sanblasiana nelsoni, 51 Citellus oregonus, 341, 346-347 Citreoline Trogon, 28 citreolus, Trogon, 28 Cladura, 411 Clarias fuscus, 112 May 22, 1928 768 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 4th Ser. Clark, H. Walton, with Evermann, Barton Warren, Descriptions of two new Species of fishes from off Cape San Lucas, Lower California, 685- 688 Clarke's Nutcracker, 312 clarki, Ctenogobius, 119-120 Discocyclina, 224 Orthophragmina, 207, 224 Clarkina, 502 clausa aperta, Myopa, 598 Myopa, 598, 603, 604 clavipes, Bittaconiorpha, 411, 460, 461 Clementina, Sterkia, 161, 176 Clevelandia beldingi, 519, 571 Cliff Swallow, 327 Clusia lateralis, 440, 490, 491 Clusiodidae, 440 Clypeaster bowersi, 153 aff. deserti, 607, 611 testudinalis, 140, 145 testudinarius, 153 (Clypeaster?) testudinarius, Echinan- thus, 153 clypeata, Spatula, 275, 282 coalingensis, Anomalina, 221-222, 228 (pl. 14) Gaudryina jacksonensis, 212, 226 (pl. 13) Globigerina, 219-220, 228 (pl. 14) Haplophragmoides, 210-211, 226 (pl. 13) Truncatulina, 221, 228 (pl. 14) coarctata. Cassis, 142, 148 Cobitidae, 110 Cobitis anguillicaudata, 110 Coccyzus americanus, 29 americanus occidentalis, 339 minor palloris, 29 Cochliomyia macellaria, 488, 489 Codakia colpoica, 140, 145, 146, 148, 150 sp., 607, 611 coeca, Braula, 428, 476, 477 Coelenterata, 140 Coenomyiinse, 421 Coilia ectenes, 100 nasus, 101 Colaptes cafer coUaris, 276, 304 Colaspis brunnea, 390 colburni, Seriola, 685-686, (pl. 27) Cole, Frank R., A study of the term- inal structures of male Diptera (two-winged flies), 397-499 coleri, Terebra (Myurella), 633 Colima Boat-tail, 49 collaris, Colaptes cafer, 276, 304 Marila, 276, 284 Reichertellia, 418, 464, 465 Collichthys lucidus, 117 Collie's Jay, 48 Magpie-Jay, 50 coUiei, Calocitta, 50 Colpodia longiniana, 417 colpoica, Codakia, 140, 145, 146, 148, 150 columbarius columbarius, Falco, 276, 300 Colunibella fuscata, 142, 146 Columbian Kangaroo Rat, 351 Sharp-tailed Grouse, 295-296 Columbiana, Nucifraga, 277, 312 columbianus, Cygnus, 276, 286 Dipodomys ordii, 341, 351 Podioecetes phasianellus, 276, 295-296 columbinus, Orthocarpus, 525, 526 Colymbus nigricollis californicus, 275, 278-279 comma, Eurosta, 445 Common Tern, 5, 11 communis, Amiantis cf., 607, 610 Dentalina, 214 Nodosaria (Dentalina), 214, 226 (pl. 13) Sarcophaga, 436, 486, 487 complanata, Arcuiaria, 142, 147 compressus, Engraulis, 501 Conipsothlypis pitiayumi insularis, 42 concava, Helix, 169 condylomatus, Pecten (Lyropecten), 624 confinis, Pooecetes gramineus, 277, 316 Congermurjena flava, 502 Congridae, 502 Conicera aldrichi, 427 conjuncta, Myopa, 598, 604 Conopidse, 432-433 Conops, 573 anthreas, 600 argentifacies, 574-575, 579, 600 arizonicus, 578, 600 auratus, 600 brachyrhynchus, 577, 579, 600, 601 brachyrhynchus semifuscus, 579 bulbirostris, 578, 600 discalis, 578, 579, 600 excisus, 578, 600 fenestratus, 578, 600 flaviceps, 600 formosus, 577, 600 foxi, 574, 577, 600 fraterculus, 575-576, 579, 600 fronto, 579, 600 fulvipennis, 600 gracilis, 578, 600 magnus, 577, 600 mexicanus, 578, 600 nigrimanus, 600 Vol. XVI] INDEX 769 Conops obscuripennis, 600 ocellatus, 600 pallifrons, 578, 600 parvus, 577, 600 pictifrons, 578, 600 pictus, 578, 600 pulchellus, 578, 600 quadrimaculatus, 600 rubicundulus, 576-577, 579, 600 semifuscus, 601 sequax, 601 soror, 578, 601 striatifrons, 578, 601 sugens, 601 sylvosus, 578, 601 xanthopareus, 578, 601 consobrina, Dentalina, 214 Nodosaria (Dentalina), 214, 226 (pl. 13) censors, Cardium, 140, 146 conspersa, Exema, 386 conspersus, Catherpes mexicanus, 278, 332 constantii leocadiae, Anthoscenus, 27 Contribution (A) to our knowledge of the North American Conopidae (Dip- tera), by M. C. Van Duzee, 573-604 Contribution (A) to the climatology of the Ice Age, by C. E. Grunsky, 53-85 Conus molis, 89 regularis, 142, 146, 147 scalaris, 142, 147 convergens, Cristellaria, 218, 228 (pl. 14) Cony, Warner Mountain, 355-356 Coon, 343 (Coop-tsang fish), Ke-Iung-tsang, 117 Cooper's Hawk, 297 cooperi, Accipiter, 276, 297 Coot, 11, 290 copelandi cryptanthus, Orthocarpus, 559-560 Orthocarpus, 521, 524, 558 typicus, Orthocarpus, 558-559 Coppery-tailed Trogon, 28 Coproniyza equina, 440, 490, 491 Coragyps urubu urubu, 19 corax sinuatus, Corvus, 277, 310-311 cordyla, Megalaspis, 655 Cordylanthoides, 520, 521, 522, 523 Cordylanthus, 522 Cordylura, 439 sp., 488, 489 Corethra, 416 Corethrinae, 416 corlinus (cruentatus), Priacanthus, 664 Cormorant, Mexican, 17 coronata, Tethina, 450 Zonotrichia, 277, 321-323 cornutus, Chologaster, 503 Corvina macrops, 506 Corvula batabana, 506 Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis, 277, 311 corax sinuatus, 277, 310-311 mexicanus mexicanus, SO Coscinodiscus, 88 Coscinoptera aeneipennis, 383 inornata, 382-383 mucorea, 382 schaefferi, 382, 383 tibialis, 382 Costa's Hummingbird, 5, 27 costae, Zephyritis, 27 costatus, Ogcodes, 422, 468, 469 costellata, Calyptraea, 608, 609, 617 (for C. radians) Cottidae, 119 Cottontail, Washington, 357 Coues's Pocket Mouse, 350 Cowbird, Bronzed, 48 Nevada, 313 Coyote, Mountain, 345 Crane, Little Blue, 288 Little Brown, 288-289 Sandhill, 289-290 crassata, Pulvinulina, 223 crassicardo. Pallium, 623 Pecten (Lyropecten), 608, 609, 615, 617, 623 crassicornis, Dialineura, 424, 470, 471, 472, 473 crassicostata, Venericardia, 142, 146 crassifolius, Ceanothus, 363 crassipes, Leria, 440, 490, 491 (Crassispira) bosei, Drillia, 627 Crassispira starri, 608, 610, 626-627, 646 (pl. 21) crassisquama, Spondylus, 142, 144, 146, 147, 149 crassula, Epiphragmophora, 180 Micrarionta levis, 180, 198 (pl. 10) crawfordi, Psithyrus, 374 Crazy Surmullet, 674 Crepidula sp., 142, 145 Crested Flycatcher, Arizona, 35 crinita, Scatophaga, 439 crinitus crinitus, Peromyscus, 341, 353 Peromyscus crinitus, 341, 353 Cristellaria aculeata, 218 convergens, 218, 228 (pl. 14) inornata, 217-218, 228 (pl. 14) mexicana nudicostata, 216-217, 228 (pi. 14) subaculeata, 218-219 subaculeata glabrata, 219 truncana, 217, 228 (pi. 14) "Croak-croaks," 14 crotchii, Bremus, 367, 375 nigricaudus, Bremus, 375 770 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Crotophaga sulcirostris sulcirostris, 30 Crow, Mexican, SO Western, 311 Crucibulum imbricatum, 142, 146 spinosum, 142, 148 cruenta, Symphoroniyia, 421, 468, 469 (cruentatus), Priacanthus corlinus, 664 cryptanthus, Orthocarpus, 559 Orthocarpus copelandi, 559-560 Cryptocephalus castaneus, 389 leucomelas, 389 sp., 389 Ctenogobius clarki, 119-120 Cubiceps thompsoni, 655 Cuckoo, California, 339 Mexican Rufous-rumped, 30 Pacific Mangrove, 29 Yellow-billed, 29 cucullatus, Lophodytes, 275, 281 cucurbitae, Dacus, 444 culcitella, Acteocina, 125 Culex, 415 pipiens, 415, 462, 463 Culicidse, 411, 415-416 Culter alburnus, 105 recurviceps, 105 Culticula emmelas, 109, 110 cunicularia hypogaea, Speotyto, 276, 302 Curlew, Long-billed, 293 curriculus, Squalibarbus, 107 currucoides, Sialia, 278, 337 curtatus, Pipilo maculatus, 277, 327 curticornis, Myopa, 598, 604 Curtonotum, 449 helvum, 449 curvirostre occidentale, Toxostoma, 40 Cushman, Joseph A., and G. Dallas Ilanna, Foraminifera from the Eocene near Coalinga, California, 205-229 cuspidata, Natica, 89 cuspidatus, Orthocarpus, 521, 524, 557- 558, 560 Orthocarpus pachystachys, 557, 558, 559 Cuterebra americana, 434, 482, 483 cyaneus, Ceanothus, 361-362 Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus, 277, 312 cyanocephalus cyanocephalus, Eupha- gus, 277, 314 Euphagus cyanocephalus, 277, 314 Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis, 277, 309- 310 Cyanocompsa parallina indigotica, 45 cyanoptera, Querquedula, 275, 282 cyanopygia cyanopygia, Psittacula, 23 Psittacula cyanopygia, 23 Cyanthus latirostris, 27 lawrencei, 27 Cyathodonta undulata, 140, 145 Cyclammina, 205 Cyclopedia ferrarii, 454 hopei, 454 Cygnus columbianus, 276, 286 Cylichna brevissima, 128 Cylichnella attonsa, 129 defuncta, 127-128, 134 (pi. 4) fantasma, 128-129, 134 (pi. 4) cymbiformis, Ilaminoea, 130 Cymia heimi, 608, 610, 617, 627-628, 640 (pi. 18> henekeni tectiformis, 628 tectum, 628 Cynoglossus abbreviatus, 113 Cynomyia, 436 cadaverina, 437, 486, 487 Cynoscion, 506 nebulosus, 506 Cypras amandusi, 608, 610, 617, 628- 629, 640 (pi. 18), 642 (pi. 19) henekeni, 89, 629 mus bicornis, 628, 629 Cyprinidae, 102, 502 Cyprinus auratus, 104 carpio, 103 caurinus, 502 Cyrtidae, 406, 422-423, 425 Cyrtopogon, 426 praipes, 426, 474, 475 Dacus cucurbitae, 444 Dafila acuta tzitzihoa, 275, 282 daggetti, Sphyrapicus varius, 276, 304 dallasi, Pecten (Chlamys), 141, 145, 152 Dalles Pocket Gopher, 349 dalli, Cardium (Laevicard.), 89 Pleurotoma (Drillia), 627 Sonorella, 168 Dalniannia blaisdelli, 592, 603 hirsuta, 591-592, 603 nigriceps, 592, 603 pacifica, 592, 603 picta, 592, 603 vitiosa, 592, 603 (Dark-fish), Tse-yu, 114 Dasyatidas, 99 Dasyatis zugei, 99 Dasyllis, 425, 426 californicus, 474, 475 grossa, 474, 475 davidi, Xenocypris, 107 debilis, Monoxia, 391 Decapterus canonoides, 655 decorata, Massilina, 224-225 Deer, Rocky Mountain Mule, 357-358 defuncta, Cylichnella, 127-128, 134 (pi. 4) Vot. XVI] INDEX 771 degeneris, Vertigo, 161, 175-176, 192 (pl. 7) delawarensis, Larus, 275, 279 delicata, Gallinago, 276, 292 Deltarhynchus flammulatus, 35 demandata, Chrysomyza, 443, 492, 493 Dendragapus obscurus sierrae, 276, 295 Dendrocygna autumnalis, 17 Dendroica sestiva brewsteri, 277, 330 sestiva sonorana, 42 auduboni auduboni, 277, 330 auduboni, subsp., 43 erithachorides castaneiceps, 42 nigrescens, 43, 277, 330 townsendi, 278, 330 densiflorus gracilis, Orthocarpus, 538- 539, 547 latifoliijs, Orthocarpus, 538 obispoensis, Orthocarpus, 536, 537,539 Orthocarpus, 521, 523, 535, 536, 537, 539, 542, 546 typicus, Orthocarpus, 528, 537- 538, 539 densiusculus, Orthocarpus, 569 Orthocarpus pusillus, 568, 569 Dentalina adolphina, 213 (Dentalina) adolphina, Nodosaria, 213- 214, 226 (pl. 13) Dentalina communis, 214 (Dentalina) communis, Nodosaria, 214, 226 (pl. 13) Dentalina consobrina, 214 (Dentalina) consobrina, Nodosaria, 214, 226 (pl. 13) dentatus, Tropidinius, 666, 668 derbianus, Pitangus sulphuratus, 33 Derby Flycatcher, 33 derbyi, Tipula, 410, 458, 459 Desert Antelope Ground Squirrel, 347 Harvest Mouse, 352 Sparrow, 324 deserti, Clypeaster aff., 607, 611 Pecten (Plagioctenium), 141, 145, 148 deserticola, Amphispiza bilineata, 277, 324 Dexiidae, 434, 435 Diabrotica baltreata, 391 duodecimpunctata, 392 trivitata, 38, 392 Diachus auratus, 389 Dialineura crassicornis, 424, 470, 471, 472, 473 Diamphidia, 393 Dickcissal, 46 Dicrotus parvipinnis, 504 Dictya umbrarum, 441, 492, 493 diegensis, Pecten, 155 diegoensis. Vertigo californica, 186 difificilis difficilis, Empidonax, 34, 277, 307 Empidonax difficilis, 34, 277, 307 dilatus, Scapanus latimanus, 340, 341 diligens, Opsebius, 423, 470, 471 dimidiatus, Bremus flavifrons, 371, 375 diminutivus, Pecten (Plagioctenium), 608, 610, 623 diodon, Helminthoglypta hannai, 161, 167-168, 198 (pl. 10) Diopsidae, 447 Diopsis subnotata, 447, 496, 497 Dipodomys heermanni californicus, 341, 351 ordii columbianus, 341, 351 Dipper, 332 discalis, Conops, 578, 579, 600 Discocyclina clarki, 224 dislocata, Terebra, 632 distortio, Textularia cf., 211, 226 (pi. 13) Divaricella eburnea, 140, 147 divergens, Mycetobia, 412, 462, 463 diversa, Geranomyia, 460, 461 diversus, Pachybrachys, 387 Dixa, 413 fusca, 413 sp., 462, 463 Dixidae, 413 Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 277, 312 Dolichopodidae, 426-427, 429, 430 Dolichopus, 406, 427 plumosus, 476, 477 "Domengine" Sands, 207 domestica, Musca, 437, 488, 489 domesticus. Passer, 277, 316 "Domijean" Sands, 207 domingensis, Petaloconchus, 89 dorsalis, Bremus fervidus, 373 Cerodontha, 450 Seriola, 685, 686 Dosinia, 617 ponderosa, 150 Douglas Ground Squirrel, 346 douglasii albolimbatus, Sciurus, 341, 348 douglasii, Lophortyx, 7 Lophortyx douglasii, 7 Otospermophilus grammurus, 341, 346 Dove, Inca, 8 Mexican Ground, 8 Tres Marias, 9 Vinaceous Ground, 8 Western Mourning, 296 Western White-winged, 7 White-fronted, 9 drakei, Pseudogobio, 106 Drepane punctata, 117 Drepanidae, 117 772 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LProc. 4th Ser. Drillia (Crassispira) bosei, 627 (Drillia) dalli, Pleurotoma, 627 Drosophila, 449 busckii, 449 Drosophilidx, 449-450 drymoecus, Thryomanes bewickii, 278, 333 Dryobates pubescens homorus, 276, 303 scalaris graysoni, 31 scalaris sinaloensis, 31 villosus orius, 276, 303 dubius, Bremus californicus, 373 ducatelli, Venus, 91 Duck, Lesser Scaup, 283-284 Ring-necked, 284 Ruddy, 284 Scaup, 283 dufourii, Penicillidia, 454 dumerili, Saurogobio, 106 duodecimpunctata, Diabrotica, 392 dupetithouarsii, Fusinus, 143, 145 Durango Wren, 39 duranti var. catalinensis, Selenites, 168 Dusky Horned Lark, 30*' Eagle, Bald, 299 Golden, 299 Eared Grebe, 278-279 Eastwood, Alice, New Species of Ceanothus, 361-363 eburnea, Divaricella, 140, 147 Echinanthus (Clypeaster?) testudi- narius, 153 Echinoidea, 140, 607 ectenes, Coilia, 100 edulis, Ostrea, 621 edwardsii, Bremus, 368, 374, 376 russulus, Bremus, 374-375 (Eel), Mur-yu or Mur, 101 Egret, 16, 287 egretta, Casmerodius albus, 16 Casmerodius, 276, 287 elacate, Caranx, 656 elata, Terebra, 143, 147 eldridgei, Ostrea, 608, 612, 617, 622 elegans, Kyphosus, 506 Mactrella (Harvella), 89 Elegant Quail, 7 ellioti, Amazilia, 26 Elopichthys bambusa, 109 eluta, Chaemepelia rufipennis, 8 emmelas, Culticula, 109, 110 Empididae, 430-431 Empidonax difficilis difficilis, 34, 277, 307 griseus, 277, 308 hammondii, 277, 307 traillii brewsteri, 33 Empidonax traillii traillii, 277, 307 wrighti, 277, 307-308 Empis aldrichi, 431, 478, 479 stercorea, 430, 431 Encope grandis, 140, 147 Engraulida, 100, 501 Engraulis compressus, 501 Enicoptera proditrix, 443, 444 eocenica, Bathysiphon, 210, 226 (pi. 13) Rhabdammina, 209, 226 (pi. 13) Ephydra gracilis, 448 millbra:, 447, 448, 496, 497 Ephydridae, 442, 447-448 Epimyia Carolina, 417 Epinephalidae, 116 Epinephalus, 505 lanceolatus, 654-655 morio, 505 Epiphragmophora crassula, 180 guadalupiana, 163 guadelupiana, 162, 163 sp. indet., 167 Epitonium sp., 143, 145 epixanthum epixanthum, Erithizon, 341, 355 Erithizon epixanthum, 341, 355 Epochra canadensis, 444, 494, 495 equina, Copromyza, 440, 490, 491 Erax barbatus, 426, 474, 475 Eremarionta, 177, 183 Ereunetes mauri, 14 erianthus gratiosus, Orthocarpus, 563- 564, 569 inopinus, Orthocarpus, 565 laevis, Orthocarpus, 566 micranthus, Orthocarpus, 563 565-566 Orthocarpus, 521, 522, 525, 562- 563, 564, 567, 569 roseus, Orthocarpus, 563, 565, 567 typicus, Orthocarpus, 563-564, 565 versicolor, Orthocarpus, 565 Eriscion, 506 Erismatura jamaicensis, 274, 276 Eristalis aeneus, 432, 480, 481 tenax, 432, 480, 481 vinetorum, 432, 480, 481 erithachorides castaneiceps, Dendroica, 42 Erithizon epixanthum epixanthum, 341, 355 erythrogaster, Hirundo, 277, 328 erythropygus mexicanus, Morococcyx, 30 erythrorhynchos, Pelecanus, 275, 281 esocinus, Pseudogobio, 106 esuriens, Volucella, 432, 480, 481 Etelidae, 665 Vol. XVI] INDEX m Etelides, 665 aquilionaris, 667 Etelinae, 665, 666 Etelinus, 665 marshi, 667 Etelis, 665, 666 carbunculus, 667 etiops, Stylogaster, 603 Euaresta aequalis, 444, 494, 495 Eucamprisipoda sp., 454 Eucorethra underwoodi, 416, 462, 463 Eucyrtidium, 88 Eugerres, 506 Eulonchus, 422, 423 sapphirinus, 470, 471 tristis, 470, 471 Eumegistus illustris, 654 Euorthocarpus, 520, 521, 522, 523, 526 Euphagus cyanocephalus cyanocepha- lus, 277, 314 Euphonia, Godman's, 48 Euphonia godmani, 48 Eupsittula canicularis, 22 European White-fronted Goose, 285 Eurosta comma, 445 Euryscopa alicula, 383 subnigra, 6, 384 subtilis, 383 Eutamias amcenus amoenus, 341, 348 minimus pictus, 341, 347-348 townsendii senex, 341, 348 Euthlypis lachrymosa tephra, 44 Eutreta sparsa, 444, 445, 494, 495 Euxesta thomae, 443 Evening Grosbeak, Western, 314-315 Evermann, Barton Warren, Report ot the Director for the year 1927, 699-758 Evermann, Barton Warren, and Clark, H. Walton, Descriptions of two new species of fishes from oflf Cape San Lucas, Lower California, 685- 688 Evermann, Barton Warren, and Jor- dan, David Starr, New genera and species of North Americarr fishes, 501-507 Evermann, Barton Warren, and others, Notes on new or rare fishes from Hawaii, 649-680 Evermann, Barton Warren, and Shaw, Tsen-Hwang, Fishes from eastern China, with descriptions of new species, 97-122 evermanni, Carangoides gymnoste- thoides, 662 Ferdauia, 662 (pi. 22) Micrarionta, 182-183, 202 (pi. 12) exanimata, Micrarionta, 143 excavata. Metis, 141, 146 excisus, Conops, 578, 600 excubitorides, Lanius ludovicianus, 277, 329 Exechia, 416 Exema conspersa, 386 eximium, Calliostoma, (>2(\ Exoglossops geei, 110 exogyra, Chama, 144, 146, 147 Exoprosopa caliptera, 423, 470, 471 exsertus, Orthocarpus, 544, 545 facta, Arionta, 162, 163 Helix, 162, 163 Micrarionta, 165, 194 (pi. 8) falcata, Seriola, 686 falcatus, Orthocarpus, 530, 532 Falco columbarius columbarius, 276, 300 mexicanus, 276, 299-300 rufigularis petoensis, 21 rufigularis subsp., 21 Falcon, Prairie, 299-300 Fall, H. C, The Chrysomelidae (Cole- optera), 381-395 fallax, Melospiza melodia, 277, 325 familiaris zelotes, Certhia, 278, 334 Fan-tailed Warbler, Western, 44 fantasma, Cylichnella, 128-129, 134 (pi. 4) Fares, 673 (Fares) rutilans, Aphareus, 673-674 (pl. 24) fasciatus pallescens, Lynx, 341, 345 Trachidermis, 119 Trachidermus, 119 Fasciolaria princeps, 143, 145, 150 faucibarbatus, Orthocarpus, 521, 525 566-567 fedoa, Limosa, 276, 292 felix lawrencii, Pheugopedius, 39 pallidus, Pheugopedius, 39 femorata, Rhopalomera, 442, 492, 493 fenestralis, Rhyphus, 412 Scenopinus, 424, 472, 473 fenestrata, Myopa, 597, 604 fenestratus, Conops, 578, 600 ferdau, Carangoides, 662 Scomber, 662 Ferdauia, 662 evermanni, 662 (pl. 22) jordani, 662 fernalda;, Psithyrus, 374 wheeleri, Psithyrus, 374 fernaldi, Bremus, 374 ferrarii, Cyclopodia, 454 ferrugineus, Archibuteo, 276, 298-299 fervidus, Bremus, 372 dorsalis, Bremus, 373 fimbriidens, Ranulina, 121 774 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Sek. Finch, California Purple, 31S Cassin's Purple, 315 House, 31S Finsch's Parrot, 23 finschi, Amazona, 23 fisherella, Melospiza melodia, 277, 325 fisheri, Ostrea, 141, 144, 147, 150 Fishes from eastern China, with de- scriptions of new species, by Barton Warren Evermann and Tsen-Hwang Shaw, 97-122 flagrans, Arctophila, 480, 481 flammea, Piranga bidentata, 48 flammeus, Asio, 339 Flammulated Flycatcher, 5, 35 flammulatus, Deltarhynchus, 35 (Flat-fish; Chinese Bream), Pein-yu, 103 flava, Castilleja, 519 Congermurjena, 602 flaveola, Sapromyza, 442 flavescens, Semele, 142, 148 flaviceps, Conops, 600 Scelolyperus, 392 fiavidus, Stenopodius, 395 flavifrons ambiguus, Bremus, 371, 375, 376 Bremus, 371, 375, 376, 380 dimidiatus, Bremus, 371, 375 vandykei, Bremus, 375-376 flavigaster mentalis, Xiphorhynchus, 32 flavipalpis, Meromyza, 498, 499 flavipenne, Zodion, 602 flavipes, Totanus, 13, 338 flavirostris madrensis, Chlorcenas, 7 flaviventris flaviventris, Marmota, 341, 346 Glaucomys sabrinus, 341, 348 Marmota flaviventris, 341, 346 flavivultus, Aphareus (Sacrestinus), 670, 671-672 flavopilosa, Myopa, 597, 598, 604 Flicker, Red-shafted, 304 Orthocarpus, 521, 522, 525, 569-570 Florida cjerulea, 16 fluctuosus. Turbo, 143, 144, 147 Fluta alba, 101 Flutidse, 101 fluvidraco, Peltiobagrus, 111 Pimelodus, 111 Flycatcher, Arizona Crested, 35 Ash-throated, 306 Beardless, 32 Brewster's, 33 Derby, 33 Flammulated, 5, 35 Gray, 308 Guerrero, 34 Hammond's, 307 Olivaceous, 35 Flycatcher, Olive-sided, 306 Swainson's, 34 Traill's 307 Tres Marias, 35 Vermilion, 33 Western, 34, 307 Wright's, 307-308 Flying Squirrel, Trinity, 348 Foraminifera from the Eocene near Coalinga, California, by Joseph A. Cushman and G. Dallas Hanna, 205-229 Forbesella, 503 forcipatus, Tanyderus, 409, 458, 459 formosa, Chloromyia, 420 formosus, Conops, 577, 600 Forreria sp., 608, 610 Forster's Tern, 280 forsteri. Sterna, 275, 280 4-fasciata, Rivellia, 443 Fox Sparrow, Alberta, 326 Valdez, 326 Warner Mountain, 326 foxi, Conops, 574, 577, 600 francescae, Granatellus, 44 fratercula, Anastrepha, 445 fraterculus, Conops, 575-576, 579, 600 Frazar's Oyster-catcher, 12 frazari, H?ematopus palliatus, 12 freadi, Turritella supraconcava, 634 Fregata magnificens, 18 minor, 18 minor ridgwayi, 18 sp., 18 freudenbergi, Ostrea, 608, 610, 622, 623, 638 (pi. 17), 640 (pi. 18) frigida, Cselopa, 441, 490, 491 frigidus, Bremus, 370 Frison, Theodore H., Records and de- scriptions of western Bumblebees (Bremidse), 365-380 Frondicularia, 88 frontalis, Carpodacus niexicanus, 277, 315 Cyanocitta stelleri, 277, 309-310 fronto, Conops, 579, 600 Fucellia fucorum, 438 fucorum, Fucellia, 438 Fulica americana, 276, 290 americaiia americana, 1 1 fuliginosa, Gymnosoma, 484, 485 fulva, Passerella iliaca, 277, 326 fulvifrons, Zodion, 590, 591, 601, 602 fulvipennis, Conops, 600 fulviventris angelica, Leptotila, 9 capitalis, Leptotila, 9 furcata, T.onchoptera, 429 Scatophaga, 438, 439, 488, 489 furcatus, Aphareus, 670, 671, 672-673, 674 Labrus, 671, 672 Vol. XVI] INDEX 775 furcillata, Physocephala, 584, 601 fusca, Dixa, 413 Paradyschiria, 453 fuscata, Columbella, 142, 146 fuscescens, Sebastodes, 118 Sparus, 118 fusciceps, Phorbia, 438, 488, 489 fuscogriseus, Onychomys leucogaster, 341, 352 fuscus, Apsilus, 666 Clarias, 112 Macropteronotus, 112 Syngnathus, 504 Fusinus dupetithouarsii, 143, 145 sp., 143, 145 gabbi, Micrarionta, 165 galeatus, Strombus, 143, 145, 146, 148, 150 Galerucides, 393 Gallinago delicata, 276, 292 Gambel's Sparrow, 271, 272, 318-321, 323 White-footed Mouse, 353 gambeli abbreviatus, Penthestes, 278, 335 gambelii, Peromyscus maniculatus, 341, 353 Zonotrichia leucophrys, 272, 277, 318-321, 322, 323, 332 Gasterosteidse, 504 Gasterosteus bispinosus, 504 gladiunculus, 504 Gastrophilus intestinalis, 434, 482, 483 Gastropoda, 142, 608 gatunensis, Architectonica, 89 Strombus, 89 Terebra, 89 Turritella, 637 Gaudryina jacksonensis, 212 jacksonensis coalingensis, 212 226 (pi. 13) gausapata herviderana, Terebra, 632 geei, Exoglossops, 110 gelidus, Bombus, 366 Bremus sylvicola, 366, 370 geminata, Mesogramma, 432, 480, 481 Gempylidae, 504, 653 generosa, Panope, 141, 146 Geologic (A) section in the center of the San Joaquin Valley, California, by J. A. Taflf and G. Dallas Hanna, 509-515 Geology and paleontology, Expedition to the Gulf of California, 1921, by G. Dallas Hanna and Leo George Hertlein, 137-157 Geomene, 169 Geomyza lurida, 450, 498, 499 Geomyzidae, 450, 451 Geothlypis trichas modesta, 43 trichas occidentalis, 278, 331 Geranomyia, 411 diversa, 460, 461 Gerres, 506 lineatus, 506 plumieri, 506 Gerridae, 506 gibbosa, Raeta, 89 gigantea, Glycymeris, 140, 144, 146, 148 gigas, Canis, 358 Gila Woodpecker, 30 gilberti, Scarus, 677-678 gilva swainsonii, Vireosylva, 277, 329 Ging-yu (Sturgeon), 100 Girardinichthys innominatus, 502, 503 limnurgus, 502-503 glaber, Zoarchias, 122 glabra, Chloropisca, 448 glabrata, Cristellaria subaculeata, 219 Gladiunculus, 504 gladiunculus, Gasterosteus, 504 (Glandulina) laevigata ovata, Nodosaria, 215, 228 (pi. 14) Glaucidium brasilianum ridgwayi, 22 gnoma, subsp., 276, 302 Glaucomys sabrinus flaviventris, 341, 348 Globigerina, 88 bulloides, 219 coalingensis, 219-220, 228 (pi. 14) topilensis, 220 Glossina, 434, 436, 437 palpalis, 437 tachinoides, 437 Glossy Ibis, White-faced, 14, 286 Glycymeris, 620 gigantea, 140, 144, 146, 148 jamaicensis, 89 lloydsmithi, 89 multicostata, 140, 148 sp., 607, 609, 611 swartsi, 608, 610, 620, 638 (pi. 17) Glyptina cerina, 38, 395 Gnatcatcher, Baird's, 39 Western, 38 gnidia, Chione, 617, 619 gnoma, subsp., Glaucidium, 276, 302 Gobiidae, 119, 678 Gobio barbus, 105 Godman's Euphonia, 48 godmani, Euphonia, 48 Godwit, Marbled, 292 Golden Eagle, 299 Pileolated Warbler, 44 (Golden Wind), King-fung, 117 Golden-cheeked Woodpecker, 31 May 22, 1928 776 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Golden-crowned Kinglet, Western, 336 Sparrow, 321-323 Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel, Sier- ra, 346 Goldfinch, Green-backed, 315-316 (Goldfish; Small Carp), Chi-yu, 104 Goldman's Trogon, 28 goldmani, Trogonurus ambiguus, 28 goldsboroughi, Kendallia, 108 goniodon, Pupilla, 161, 172, 192 (pi. 7) Goniomyia virgata, 460, 461 goniostoma, Turritella, 143, 145, 146, 147 Gonomyia, 411 gonzagensis, Retusa, 131-132, 134 (pi. 4) (k)ose, Cackling, 285-286 Canada, 285 European White-fronted, 285 Snow, 284-285 Gopher, Dalles Pocket, 349 White-toothed Pocket, 349 Goshawk, Mexican, 20 Western, 295, 297 gouldiana, Bullaria, 127 gracilipes, Caliope, 442 gracilis, Conops, 578, 600 Ephydra, 448 Orthocarpus, 538, 539 Orthocarpus densiflorus, S38- 539, 547 saxatilis, Spilogale, 340, 344 gramineus affinis, Pooecetes, 277, 317 confinis, Pooecetes, 277, 316 gramraacus strigatus, Chondestes, 47, 277, 317-318 grammurus douglasii, Otospermophilus, 341, 346 Granatellus francescae, 44 grandis, Anorostoma, 440, 490, 491 Area, 140, 147 Bibiocephala, 419, 466, 467 Encope, 140, 147 Seriola, 686 granulata, Architectonica, 142, 145 granulatus, Strombus, 143, 145, 148 Graphomyia maculata, 437, 486, 487 Grasshopper Mouse, Gray, 352 Grassquit, Blue-black, 46 Gratiana pallidula, 395 gratiosus, Orthocarpus erianthus, 563, 564, 569 Gray Flycatcher, 308 Grasshopper Mouse, 352 Jay, 310 Titmouse, 334-335 Warbler, Black-throated, 43, 330 Gray-headed Tityra, 37 Grayson's Boat-tail, 50 Hummingbird, 26 Oriole, 49 Saltator, 46 Woodhewer, 32 Woodpecker, 31 graysoni, Amazilia, 26 Dryobates scalaris, 31 Megaquisculus major, SO Turdus, 41 graysonii, Icterus, 49 Great Basin Pocket Mouse, 350-351 Spotted Skunk, 344 Striped Skunk, 344 Great Blue Heron, California, 287 Mexican, 15 Greater Yellow-legs, 13, 292 Grebe, Eared, 278-279 Western, 278 Green Heron, 17 Macaw, Mexican, 22 Green-backed Goldfinch, 315-316 Green-tailed Towhee, 327 Green-winged Teal, 281-282 Greeper, Sierra, 334 Grinnell's Water-Thrush, 5, 43 griseiceps, Tityra semifasciata, 37 griseola, Leucopis, 451, 498, 499 griseus, Baeolophus inornatus, 278, 334- 335 Empidonax, 277, 308 Perisoreus obscurus, 277, 310 Groove-billed Ani, 30 Grosbeak, Pacific Black-headed, 327 Vigors', 45 Western Evening, 314-315 grossa, Dasyllis, 474, 475 Ground Dove, Mexican, 8 Vinaceous, 8 Ground Squirrel, Desert Antelope, 347 Douglas, 346 Oregon, 346-347 Sierra Golden-mantled, 346 Grouse, Columbian Sharp-tailed, 295- 296 Sierra, 295 Grunsky, C. E., A contribution to the climatology of the Ice Age, 53-85 Grunsky, C. E., Report of the Presi- dent for the year 1927, 689-698 Grus canadensis, 276, 288-289 mexicana, 276, 288, 289-290 guadalupensis, Binneya, 161, 169-171, 190 (pi. 6), 196 (pi. 9) Haplotrema, 161, 168-169, 192 (pl. 7) Pupilla. 161, 173-174, 192 (pl. 7) Succinea. 161, 171-172 Truncatella, 162, 176-177, 192 (pl. 7) Vol, XVI] INDEX 777 guadalupensis, Truncatella stimpsoni, 176 Vertigo californica, 161, 175, 192 (pi. 7) guadalupiana, Epiphragmophora, 163 Micrarionta, 161, 163-165, 171, 194 (pi. 8) guadelupensis, Succinea (rusticana var.?), 162, 171 guadelupiana, Epiphragmophora, 162, 163 Guara alba, 14 guarauna, Plegadis, 14, 276, 286 guatemalensis nelsoni, Scapaneus, 32 Guerrero Flycatcher, 34 Gull, California, 279 Ring-billed, 279 gumanomocon, Spondylus cf., 89 gunnellus, Blennius, 121 Pholis, 121 guppyana, Natica, 89 guttata guttata, Hylocichla, 278, 337 Hylocichla guttata, 278, 337 sequoiensis, Hylocichla, 278, 337 gutturalis, Vermivora ruiicapilla, 277, 329 Gymnopa tibialis, 448, 498, 499 Gymnosoma fuliginosa, 484, 48S gymnostethoides evermanni, Caran- goides, 662 Gyroidina soldanii octocamerata, 223, 228 (pi. 14) H Haematopus palliatus frazari, 12 haemorrhoidalis, Psilocephala, 424, 472, 473 Haemulidae, 117 Hsemulon chrysopteron, SOS chrysopterum, SOS mowbrajri, 505 haitensis, Terebra rel., 89 Haliaetus leucocephalus leucoceph- alus, 276, 299 haliaetus carolinensis, Pandion, 22, 27C, 300 halteralis, Madiza, 4S1, 452 Haltica nitidiventris, 394 Halticides, 393 Haminoea angelensis, 129-130, 134 (pl. 4) cymbiformis, 130 strong!, 130-131, 134 (pl. 4) vesicula, 130 virescens, 131 Hammond's Flycatcher, 307 hammondii, Empidonax, 277, 307 hancocki, Celcstus, 682-684, (pi. 26) Hanna, G. Dallas, with Fred Baker, Marine moUusca of the order OpJs- thobranchiata, 123-13S Hanna, G. Dallas, and Leo George Hertlein, Geology and paleontology, 137-157 Hanna, G. Dallas, with Joseph A. Cushman, Foraminifera from the Eocene near Coalinga, California, 205-229 Hanna, G. Dallas, with Taflf, J. A. A geologic section in the center of the San Joaquin Valley, Califor- nia, S09-515 hannai, Bulimulus, 183-184, 186, 200 (pl. 11), 202 (pl. 12) diodon, Helminthoglypta, 161, 167-168, 198 (pl. 10) Helminthoglypta, 161, 165-167, 192 (pl. 7) hannibali, Calliostoma, 608, 610, 620, 646 (pl. 21) Placunanomia cf., 142, 14S Hapalogenys nigripinnis, 117 Hapalothrix lugubris, 419, 466, 467 Haplophragmoides coalingensis, 210- 211, 226 (pl. 13) Haplotrema catalinensis, 168 guadalupensis, 161, 168-169, 192 (pl. 7) Haplotrematids, 168 faartraanni. Macron, 608, 610, 629-630, 640 (pl. 18), 646 (pl. 21) haruspex, Apiocera, 425, 472, 473 (Harvella) elegans, Mactrella, 89 Harvest Mouse, Desert, 352 hastalis, Isurus, 609, 613, 617, 638 (pl. 17) Hawk, American Sparrow, 300 Cooper's, 297 Marsh, 297 Mexican Black, 20 Pigeon, 300 Sharp-shinned, 297 Swainson's, 298 Hedymeles melanocephalus capitaltB, 277, 327 heermanni californicus, Dtpodomys, 341, 3S1 heimi, Cymia, 608, 610, 617, 627-628, 640 (pl. 18) Helicidae, 163, 171, 177 helicis, Sarcophaga, 484, 48S Helix areolata, 177 concava, 169 facta, 162, 163 levis, 177 pandorae, 177 remondi, 162, 167 veatchii, 177 Helminthoglypta hannai, 161, 165-167, 192 (pl. 7) hannai diodon, 161, 167-168, 198 (pl. 10) 778 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Helomyza limbata, 439, 490, 491 Helomyzidse, 439-440 helvola, Uraspis, 657, 658, 659, 661 helvolus, Carangus, 660, 661 Caranx, 659, 660 Priacanthus, 664-665, (pi. 23) Scomber, 660 helvum, Curtonotum, 449 Hemibarbus barbus, 105 Hemigaleus pingi, 99 Hemipristis heteropleurus, 609, 613 Hemiramphidae, 112 Hemiramphus sajori, 112 Hemirhamphus roberti, 503 unifasciatus, 503 hemonicus hemonicus, Odocoileus, 341, 357-358 Odocoileus hemonicus, 341, 357- 358 hemphilli, Sterkia, 186, 187 Hen, Sage, 296 henekeni, Cypraea, 89, 629 Mitra, 89 tectiformis, Cymia, 628 Hermit Thrush, Alaska, 337 Sierra, 337 herodias hyperonca, Ardea, 276, 287 lessonii, Ardea, 15 treganzai, Ardea, 287 Heron, Black-crowned Night, 16, 287- 288 California Great Blue, 287 Green, 17 Little Blue, 16 Louisiana, 16 Mexican Great Blue, 15 Hertlein, Leo George, with G. Dallas Hanna, Geology and paleontol- ogy. Expedition to the Gulf of Cal- ifornia, 1921, 137-157 Hertlein, Leo George, and Jordan, Eric Knight, Paleontology of the Miocene of Lower California, 605- 647 herviderana, Terebra gausapata, 632 Her-yu (Black-fish), 113 Hesperiphona vespertina montana, 277, 314-315 hesperis, Chordeiles virginianus, 276, 305 Corvus brachyrhynchos, 277, 311 hesperophilus, Astragalinus psaltria, 277, 315-316 heterodon, Hudsonius, 502 Notropis, 502 heteropleurus, Hemipristis, 609, 613 Heteroscelus incanus, 13 Heterostylum robustum, 423, 470, 471 hians, Ablennes, 652-653 hiemalis pacificus, Nannus, 278, 333 High Sierra Bat, 342 Hihimunanu, 651 Hilara cilipes, 431 hildebrandi, Hyporhamphus, 503-504 Hildebrandia, 502 Himantopus mexicanus, 12, 276, 291- 292 Hippoboscidse, 452-453 Hipponyx antiquatus, 143, 145 hippos. Scomber, 505 hirsuta, Dalmannia, 591-592, 603 hirtipennis, Saxinis, 385, 386 hirtipes, Zodion, 587-588, 590, 602 hirtum, Prosimulium, 419, 466, 467 hirtus, Bibio, 417, 418, 464, 465 Hirundo erythrogaster, 277, 328 hirundo. Sterna, 11 hispida, Triphysaria, 530 hispidus, Orthocarpus, 521, 523, 528, 529, 530-532 tenuis, Orthocarpus, 530, 532 Histiastrum, 88 holei, Jordanichthys, 687-688, (pi. 28) Holocentridse, 653 homorus, Dryobates pubescens, 276, 303 Hoo-dung, 122 Hooded Merganser, 281 hoodiana, Odontomyia, 420, 466, 467 hopei, Cyclopodia, 454 Horned Lark, Dusky, 308 Owl, Pale, 301-302 (Horned-fish), Koh-yu, 121 (Horse Carp), Ma-chi, 106 hortulans, Bibio, 418 House Finch, 315 Sparrow, 316 Wren, Western, 333 Ho-zang (Stork Eel), 102 hudsoni, Lutianus, 116 hudsonia. Pica pica, 277, 309 Hudsonius aletes, 502 heterodon, 502 hudsonius. Circus, 276, 297 humboldtiensis, Orthocarpus castille- joides, 536 humeralis, Babia, 384 Physocephala, 580-581, 584, 601 simulans, Physocephala, 581 Hummingbird, Black-chinned, 305 Broad-billed, 27 Calliope, 306 Cinnamomeus, 26, 27 Costa's, 5, 27 Grayson's, 26 Lawrence's, 27 Rufous, 305 huntii, Bremus, 380 Hwang-zang (Yellow Mud Eel), 101 Hybos triplex, 431 hybrida, Boletophila, 416, 464, 465 Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis, 16 Hydrotea, 438 Vol. XVI] INDEX 779 Hyetodesia obscurata, 437 Hylemyia alcathoe, 438, 488, 489 Hylocichla guttata guttata, 278, 337 guttata sequoiensis, 278, 337 ustulata swainsoni, 278, 336 ustulata ustulata, 41 hyperboreus, Bremus, 372 Chen hyperboreus, 276, 284-28S hyperboreus, Chen, 276, 284-285 hyperonca, Ardea herodias, 276, 287 Hypoderma lineata, 434, 484, 485 hypogaea, Speotyto cunicularia, 276, 302 Hyporhamphus hildebrandi, 503-504 roberti, 503 Ibis, White, 14 White-faced Glossy, 14, 286 Wood, IS Icteria virens longicauda, 44, 278, 331 Icterus bullockii, 277, 314 graysonii, 49 pustulatus, 49 spurius, 49 Idaho Canyon Mouse, 353 Pygmy Rabbit, 357 idahoensis, Brachylagus, 341, 357 iliaca altivagans, Passerella, 277, 326 fulva, Passerella, 277, 326 schistacea, Passerella, 277, 325- 326 sinuosa, Passerella, 277, 326 illustris, Eumegistus, 654 imberbe, Camptostoma, 32 imberbis, Acheilognathus, 104, 105 Achilognathus, 104 Parachilognathus, 104 imbricatum, Crucibulum, 142, 146 imbricatus, Orthocarpus, 521, 525, 561-562 immanis, Aphelocoma californica, 277, 310 imperator. Sterna caspia, 275, 279-280 imperialis, Rapana, 608, 609, 631-632, 644 (pi. 20) inaequalis, Saxinis, 385 inca, Scardafella, 8 Inca Dove, 8 incanus, Heteroscelus, 13 incisa, Leptis, 421, 468, 469 inculta, Acteocina, 125 Tornatina, 125 indifferens, Pachybrachys, 388 indigotica, Cyanocompsa parallina, 45 infracarinata, Turritella, 636 infuscipes, Oncomyia, 592-593, 597, 603 Inimicus japonicus, 118 innominatus, Girardinichthys, S02, 503 inca, Sarcophaga, 486, 487 inopinus, Orthocarpus erianthus, 565 inornata, Calyptraea, 608, 610 Coscinoptera, 382-383 Cristellaria, 217-218, 228 (pi. 14) Robulina, 217 inornatus, Catoptrophorus semipalm- atus, 13, 276, 293 griseus, Baeolophus, 278, 334- 335 inquietus, Myiarchus nuttingi, 34 insalutatus, Orthocarpus castillejoides, 535-536 insulare, Metachroma, 390-391 insularis, Ceanothus, 362-363 Compsothlypis pitiayutni, 42 Nyctidromus albicollis, 25 ■ Psithyrus, 374 integerrimus, Ceanothus, 363 intermedium, Zodion, 591, 602 intestinalis, Gastrophilus, 434, 482, 483 invalidus, Pecten (Plagioctenium), 141, 149, 152 Iridoprocne albilinea, 37 bicolor, 277, 328 islandica, Scatophaga, 439, 488, 489 Isurus hastalis, 609, 613, 617, 638 (pi. 17) Itonididae (Cecidomyiidae), 417 Ivory-billed Woodpecker, Nelson's, 32 jacarini atronitens, Volatinia, 46 Jack Rabbit, Washington, 357 Western White-tailed, 356-357 "Jackdaw," 312 jacksonensis coalingensis, Gaudryina, 212, 226 (pi. 13) Gaudryina, 212 jamaicensis, Erismatura, 276, 284 Glycymeris, 89 Japanese Ayu, 680 japonica, Anguilla, 101, 102 japonicum, Pelor, 118 japonicus, Anthias, 654 Inimicus, 118 Labrax, 115 Lateolabrax, 115 Uranoscopus, 121 Jay, Beechey's, 51 Blue-fronted, 309-310 Collie's, 48 Gray, 310 Long-tailed, 310 Piiion, 312 San Bias, 51 jeflfersonius, Pecten (Lyropecten), 623 jenkinsi, Scarus, 678 johanseni, Bremus sylvicola, 366 johnii, Lutianus, 116 780 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Phoc. 4th Ser. Jordan, David Starr, and Evermann, Barton Warren, New genera and species of North American fishes, 501-507 Jordan, David Starr, Evermann, Bar- ton Warren, and Tanaka, Shigeho, Notes on new or rare fishes from Hawaii, 649-680 Jordan, Eric Knight, with Hertlein, Leo George, Paleontology of the Miocene of Lower California, 605- 647 jordant, Carangoides, 662 Ferdauia, 662 Squaliobarbus, 107 Jordanichthyidx, 686 Jordanichthys, 686, 687 Jordanichthys holei, 687-688, (pi. 28) Jumping Mouse, Warner Mountain, 355 Junco, Sierra, 324 Junco oreganus thurberi, 277, 324 K Kangaroo Mouse, Oregon, 352 Rat, Columbian, 351 Rat, Northern California, 351 Kan-yu, 109 Keck, David D. A revision of the genus Orthocarpus, 517-571 kellettii, Macron, 630 Kellia sp., 141, 147 kelloggi, Zalanthias, 654 Ke-lung-tsang (Coop-tsang fish), 117 Kendallia, 108 goldsboroughi, 108 kenoyeri, Bremus bifarius, 369 Killdeer, 12, 293 Kingbird, 306 Arkansas, 306 San Bias, 36 Kingfisher, Northwestern Belted, 24, 302 Ringed, 24 Texas, 25 King-fung (Golden Wind), 117 Kinglet, Western Golden-crowned, 336 Western Ruby-crowned, 336 Klamath Chipmunk, 348 Mole, 341 knausi, Saxinis, 386 (Knife-fish), Taou-yu, 100 Koh-yu (Horned-fish), 121 kraussi, Scarus, 677 Kreyenhagen Formation, 205, 206, 207, 208 Kyphosus elegans, 506 metzelaari, 506 Labrax japonicus, 115 Labridae, 675 Labrus furcatus, 671, 672 opercularis, 114 lacerus, Orthocarpus, 521, 523, 528, 529-530 lachrymosa tephra, Euthlypis, 44 laciniata, Castilleja, 548 laciniatus, Orthocarpus, 524, 537, 548- 549 (Laevicardium) dalli, Cardium, 89 laevigata ovata, Nodosaria (Glandulina), 215, 228 (pi. 14) laevis, Orthocarpus erianthus, 566 Lagena, 88, 205 lampros, Phacoides, 142, 147 lanceolata, Trichomyia, 462, 463 lanceolatus, Epinephelus, 654-655 Land and freshwater mollusks, Expe- dition to Guadalupe Island, Mexico, in 1922, by H. A. Pilsbry, 159-203 Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides, 277, 329 Lanivireo solitarius cassinii, 277, 329 solitarius plunibeus, 41 Laou-hoo-yu (Tiger-fish), 118 Laphria, 425, 426 Lark, Dusky Horned, 308 Lark Sparrow, Western, 47, 317-318 Larus californicus, 275, 279 delawarensis, 275, 279 Philadelphia, 275, 279 Lasiophthicus pyrastri, 432, 480, 481 Lasiopogon, 426 arenicola, 426, 474, 475 sp., 474, 475 lasiorhynchus, Orthocarpus, 521, 523, 532-533 latejugata, Nodosaria, 212-213, 226 (Pl. 13) Lateolabrax japonicus, 115 lateralis, Clusia, 440, 490, 491 Villa, 423, 470, 471 laticaudus, Carcharias (Scoliodon), 98 Scoliodon, 98 latifolius, Orthocarpus densiflorus, 538 Orthocarpus purpurascens, 535, 540, 542 latimanus dilatus, Scapanus, 340, 341 latirostris, Cyanthus, 27 latus, Caranx, SOS Lawrence's Hummingbird, 27 Wren, 39 lawrencei, Cyanthus, 27 lawrenceii olivascens, Myiarchus, 35 tresmariae, Myiarchus, 35 lawrencii, Pheugopedius felix, 39 Lazuli Bunting, 327 Lead-colored Bush-tit, 335 Least Sandpiper, 292 leguminicola, Chyliza, 446, 496, 497 lenis, Ptychoptera, 411, 460, 461 lentiginosus, Botaurus, 276, 286-287 Vol. XVI] INDEX 781 leocadiae, Anthoscenus constantii, 27 lepida, Tachycineta thalassina, 277, 328 Lepidaplois macrourus, 675 (Leptidae), Rhagionidse, 421 Leptis incisa, 421, 468, 469 Leptocera atra, 440, 490, 491 limosa, 440, 441 Leptomydas pantherinus, 424, 425, 472, 473 sponsor, 425 (Leptopecten) andersoni, Pecten, 608, 613, 617 Leptotila fulviventris angelica, 9 fulviventris capitalis, 9 Lepus californicus wallawalla, 341, 357 townsendii townsendii, 341, 356- 357 Leria cinerea, 440, 490, 491 crassipes, 440, 490, 491 serrata, 440, 490, 491 Lesser Scaup Duck, 283-284 lessonii, Ardea herodias, 15 lestes, Canis, 340, 345 leucanthea, Micrarionta canescens, 179 Leuciscus asthiops, 104 bambusa, 109 recurviceps, 105 variegatus, 102 leucocephalus, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, 276, 299 leucocephalus, Haliaeetus, 276, 299 leucodon, Thomomys bottae, 341, 349 leucogaster fuscogriseus, Onychomys, 341, 352 Milichia, 452, 498, 499 Leucoglossa, 649, 657, 660 albilinguis, 660, 661-662, (pi. 22) candens, 660-661 leucomelas, Cryptocephalus, 389 leucophrys gambelii, Zonotrichia, 272, 277, 318-321, 322, 323, 332 leucophrys, Zonotrichia, 277, 318 Zonotrichia leucophrys, 277, 318 Leucopis, 451 bella, 451 griseola, 451, 498, 499 piniperda, 451 leucopterus, Mimus polyglottos, 40 leucostigma, Scarus, 676-677, (pi. 24) leucostoma, Ophyra, 438 Zodion, 602 leucozona, Thelaira, 435, 484, 485 leucurus, Ammospermophilus leucurus, 341, 347 leucurus, Ammospermophilus, 341, 347 levipes, Rallus, 10 levis crassula, Micrarionta, 180, 198 (pl. 10) Helix, 177 Micrarionta, 177, 179-180 Lewis's Woodpecker, 304 lewisi, Asyndesmus, 276, 304 Liancalus similis, 427, 476, 477 lighti, Pampus, 114-115 limbata, Helomyza, 439, 490, 491 Limnobiinae, 411 limnurgus, Girardinichthys, 502-503 Limosa fedoa, 276, 292 limosa, Leptocera, 440, 441 Lincoln's Sparrow, 325 lincolni lincolni, Melospiza, 277, 32S Melospiza lincolni, 277, 325 linearifolius, Orthocarpus, 555 linearilobus, Orthocarpus, 521, 523, 545-546 lineata, Hypoderma, 434, 484, 485 Lineated Woodpecker, Vigors', 32 lineatus, Gerres, 506 scapularis, Ceophloeus, 32 lingualeonis, Cardium (Trachycard.), 89 Liocassis longirostris, 110, 111 Lipoptena mazamse, 453 subulata, 453 traguli, 453 lithospermoides bicolor, Orthocarpus, 527, 528-529 lithospermoides, Orthocarpus, 521, 522, 523, 526-527, 529, 530, 538, 542 typicus, Orthocarpus, 527-528, 535, 538 Little Blue Crane, 288 Blue Heron, 16 Brown Crane, 288-289 livens, Longitarsus, 394 Li-yu (Carp), 103 lloydsmithi, Glycymeris, 89 lobatus, Lobipes, 276, 290 Lobipes lobatus, 276, 290 Lobodiplosis, 417 lohrii, Micrarionta, 182 Lonchsea, 442 polita, 492, 493 Lonchseidse, 443 Lonchoptera, 429 furcata, 429 sp., 478, 479 Lonchopteridae, 429-430 Long-billed Curlew, 293 Long-eared Owl, 301 Long-tailed Chat, 44, 331 Long-tailed Jay, 310 longicauda, Bartramia, 338 Icteria virens, 44, 278, 331 longicornis, Myopa, 598, 604 longimana, Colpodia, 417 longipilus, Myopa, 598, 604 782 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. longirostris, Liocassis, 110, HI Melanotis cserulescens, 40 Rallus, 10 saturatus, Rallus, 10 longispica, Castilleja, 518, 519 longispicatus, Orthocarpus, 534, 535 Longitarsus livens, 394 longulum, Metachroma, 390, 391 longus, Pachybrachys, 387, 388 Loo-hen-yu (Buddha-fish), 102 Lophiogobius ocellicauda, 120, 121 Lophodytes cucuUatus, 275, 281 Lophortyx californica vallicola, 276, 294-295 douglasii douglasii, 7 loraria, Oncomyia, 593, 596, 603 Louisiana Heron, 16 Lou-yu, 115 Loxocera albiseta, 447 lucida, Scijena, 117 lucidus, Collichthys, 117 Lucilia, 436 sericata, 486, 487 ludens, Anastrepha, 443, 444, 445, 494, 495 ludoviciana, Piranga, 277, 327 ludovicianus excubitorides, Lanius, 277, 329 lugubris, Caranx, 656 Hapalothrix, 419, 466, 467 lunifrons lunifrons, Petrochelidon, 277, 327 Petrochelidon lunifrons, 277, 327 lurida, Geomyza, 450, 498, 499 lutea, Castilleja, 519 lutescens, Vermivora celata, 277, 329 Lutescent Warbler, 329 luteus, Orthocarpus, 519, 521, 522, 524, 549-551 Lutianidae, 116, 665 Lutianus, 665, 666 hudsoni, 116 johnii, 116 lutzi, Bremus sylvicola, 366 Lynx fasciatus pallescens, 341, 345 Lyropecten, 617, 618 (Lyropecten) condylomatus, Pecten, 624 (Lyropecten) crassicardo, Pecten, 608, 609, 615, 617, 623 (Lyropecten) jeffersonius, Pecten, 623 (Lyropecten) madisonius, Pecten, 623 (Lyropecten) pretiosus, Pecten, 608, 609, 610, 624 (Lyropecten) subnodosus, Pecten, 142, 144, 145, 146, ISO, 152 M Macaw, Mexican Green, 22 macellaria, Cochliomyia, 488, 489 Macgillivray's Warbler, 43, 330 machaerius, Parapelecus, 109 Ma-chi (Horse Carp), 106 Macrocallista aurantiaca, 141, 145 squalida, 141, 146, 147, 148 Macromastix, 411 Macron a;thiops, 630 hartmanni, 608, 610, 629-630. 640 (pi. 18), 646 (pi. 21) kellettii, 630 merriami, 630 niacrops, Corvina, 506 Macropteronotus fuscus, 112 macropthalmus, Platyinius, 667 macroura marginella, Zenaidura, 276, 296 macrourus, Lepidaplois, 675 Mactrella (Harvella) elegans, 89 macularia, Actitis, 13, 276, 293, 682 maculata, Graphoniyia, 437, 486, 487 Pisobia, 14 maculatus curtatus, Pipilo, 277, Z27 Orthocarpus, 534, 535 maculifrons, Myopa, 604 maculosa, Stratiomyia, 420, 466, 467 Strombina, 143, 147 madisonius, Pecten (Lyropecten), 623 Madiza halteralis, 451, 452 madrensis, Chlorcenas flavirostris, 7 magister niagister, Myiarchus, 35 Myiarchus magister, 35 magnificens, Fregata, 18 magnus, Conops, 577, 600 Magpie, 309 Magpie-Jay, Collie's, 50 Mailliard, Joseph, The birds and mam- mals of Modoc County, California, by Joseph Mailliard, 261-359 major, Bombylius, 423, 470, 471 graysoni, Megaquisculus, 50 Mephitis occidentalis, 340, 344 obscurus, Megaquisculus, 49 Zapus, 341, 355 Making (The) of a scientific collection of reptiles and amphibians, by Jos- eph R. Slevin, 231-259 makua, Ranzania, 680 Mallard, 281 Mandarine Fish, 116 Mangrove Cuckoo, Pacific, 29 Rail, Venezuelan, 11 Swallovv?, 37 Warbler, 42 maniculatus gambelii, Peromyscus, 341, 353 Man-o'-war-bird, 18 mantis, Ochthera, 448, 496, 497 Marbled Godwit, 292 marci, Bibio, 418 Mareca americana, 275, 281 Vol. XVI] INDEX 783 Margaritifera niazatlanica, 141, 146, 150 marginata, Physocephala, 584, 601 marginella, Zenaidura macroura, 276, 296 Marginulina subbullata, 216, 226 (pi. 13) mariae, Richmondena cardinalis, 46 Marila affinis, 276, 283-284 americana, 275, 282-283, 284 collaris, 276, 284 marila, 275, 283 valisineria, 275, 283 Marine (The) Miocene deposits of North Colombia, by Frank M. An- derson, 87-95 Marine mollusca of the order Opistho- branchiata, by Fred Baker and G. Dallas Hanna, 123-135 mariposae, Sorex montereyensis, 340, 342 mariposanus, Orthocarpus, 545 Marmot, Yellow-bellied, 346 Marmota flaviventris flaviventris, 341, 346 Marsh Hawk, 297 Wren, Western, 333 marshi, Etelinus, 667 Marten, Sierra Pine, 358 Martes caurina sierrse, 358 Martin, 682 martiniana, Sterkia calamitosa, 186-187, 202 (pi. 12) Massilina decorata, 224-225 mathewsonii, Mytilus cf., 608, 610 mauri, Ereunetes, 14 maxima, Physocephala, 584, 601 mazamae, Lipoptena, 453 Mazatlan Robin, 40 Sparrow, 47 Thrasher, 40 Woodpecker, 31 mazatlanica, Margaritifera, 141, 146, 150 McAllister, M. Hall, Report of the Treasurer for the year 1927, 752-758 McLellan, M. E., Notes on the birds of Sinaloa and Nayarit, Mexico, in the Fall of 1925, 1-51 Meadow Mouse, Cantankerous, 355 Peale's, 354 Yosemite, 354 Meadowlark, Western, 314 mearnsi, Melopelia asiatica, 7 meditibunda, Myiospila, 437, 486, 487 meeki, Priacanthus, 663-664, 665 (pi. 23) megacephalus oregonus, Microdipodops, 341, 352 Megaceryle alcyon caurina, 24 torquata torquata, 24 Megalaspis cordyla, 655 Megalostomis pyropyga, 382 raegalotis megalotis, Reithrodontomys, 341, 352 Reithrodontomys megalotis, 341, 352 "Meganos" Shales, 207, 208 Megaquisculus major graysoni, 50 major obscurus, 49 megodon, Ostrea, 141, 144, 145, 152 melampygus, Caranx, 656 Melampyrum, 519 melancholicus occidentalis, Tyranntis, 36 melanderi, Myopa, 597, 604 melanicterus, Cassiculus, 48 melanocephalus capitalis, Hedymeles, 277, 327 melanoleucus, Totanus, 13, 276, 292 melanopoda, Oncomyia, 603 melanoptera, Blepharonycha, 393-394 melanopygus, Bremus, 370 melanostigma, Ablennes, 653 Melanostoma obscurum, 432, 480, 481 Melanotis ca:rulescens longirostris, 40 Melieria occidentalis, 444, 492, 493 Melina vitalis 441, 492, 493 melodia fallax, Melospiza, 277, 32S melodia fisherella, Melospiza, 277, 325 Melopelia asiatica mearnsi, 7 Melophagus, 428 ovinus, 453 Melospiza lincolni lincolni, 277, 325 melodia fallax, 277, 325 melodia fisherella, 277, 325 mendenhalli, Pecten (Plagioctenium), 141, 145 mentalis, Xiphorhynchus flavigaster, 32 Mephitis occidentalis major, 340, 344 Merganser, 281 Hooded, 281 Mergus americanus, 275, 281 Meromyza flavipalpis, 448, 498, 499 merriami, Macron, 630 merrilli, Micrarionta, 182 Otocoris alpestris, 277, 308 Mesogramma geminata, 432, 480, 481 Metachroma aeneicolle, 390 insulare, 390-391 longulum, 390, 391 Metis alta, 608, 610 excavata, 141, 146 metzelaari, Kyphosus, 506 Mexican Black Hawk, 20 Cacique, 48 Cormorant, 17 Crow, 50 Goshawk, 20 Great Blue Heron, IS Green Macaw, 22 Ground Dove, 8 784 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Mexican Motmot, 25 Parrotlet, 23 Rufous-rumped Cuckoo, 30 Squirrel-Cuckoo, 29 mexicana, Ara militaris, 22 Grus, 276, 288, 289-290 nudicostata, Cristellaria, 216- 217, 228 (pi. 14) occidentalis, Sialia, 278, 337 Piaya, 29 Pulvinulina, 222, 228 (pi. 14) mexicanus, Cassidulus (Rhynchopy- gus), 614 Conops, 578, 600 conspersus, Catherpes, 278, 332 Corvus mexicanus, 50 Falco, 276. 299-300 frontalis, Carpodacus, 277, 315 Himantopus, 12, 276, 291-292 mexicanus, Corvus, 50 mexicanus, Momotus, 25 Momotus mexicanus, 25 Morococcyx erythropygus, 30 Orthocarpus, 519, 571 Phalacrocorax vigua, 17 Pyrocephalus rubinus, 33 unicolor, Cinclus, 278, 332 micranthus, Orthocarpus, 565 Orthocarpus bidwellia;, 565 Orthocarpus erianthus, 563, 565-566 Micrarionta, 177 areolata, 177, 180-182, 190 (pi. 6), 196 (pi. 9), 200 (pi. 11) canescens, 178, 179, 200 (pi. 11) canescens leucanthea, 179 canescens veatchii, 178-179, 200 (pl. 11) evermanni, 182-183, 202 (pl. 12) exanimata, 143 facta, 165, 194 (pl. 8) gabbi, 165 guadalupiana, 161, 163-165, 171, 194 (pl. 8) (Micrarionta) guadelupiana, Epiphrag- mophora, 163 Micrarionta levis, 177, 179-180 levis crassula, 180, 198 (pl. 10) lohrii, 182 merrilli, 182 pandorse, 177, 179, 198 (pl. 10) stearnsiana, 178, 182 veatchii, 177, 178 Microchrysa polita, 420 micrococcus, Amnicola, 189 Microdipodops megacephalus oregonus, 341, 352 Micropeza ambigua, 445 Micropezids, 407, 445 micropterus, Caranx, 659 microstriga, Saxinis, 384-385 Microtus montanus montanus, 341, 354 montanus yosemite, 341, 354 mordax mordax, 341, 355 migratorius propinquus, Planesticus, 278, 337 Milichia leucogaster, 452, 498, 499 Milichiella nitida, 452 Milichiida;, 451-452 militaris mexicana, Ara, 22 milium pugetensis, Striatura, 161, 169 millbrae, Ephydra, 447, 448, 496, 497 millepunctatus, Celestus, 683 mimnonius, Chlamys, 386 Mimus polyglottos leucopterus, 40 miniatus, Scarus, 677 minima, Branta canadensis, 276, 285- 286 minimus californicus, Psaltriparus, 278, 335 pictus, Eutamias, 341, 347-348 Mink, 343-344 minor, Fregata, 18 palloris, Coccyzus, 29 ridgwayi, Fregata, 18 minuta, Stylogaster, 603 minutilla, Pisobia, 276, 292 Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, 110 mississippiensis, Textularia, 211, 226 (pl. 13) Mitra henekeni, 89 mixtus, Bremus, 371 Mniotilta varia, 41 Mockingbird, Tres Marias Blue, 40 Western, 40 modesta, Geothlypis trichas, 43 Occemyia, 433, 482, 483 Oncomyia, 597, 603 Modoc Song Sparrow, 325 Woodpecker, 303 Mole, Klamath, 341 Molidae, 680 molis, Conus, 89 moUipilosus, Perognathus parvus, 341, 350, 351 Molothrus ater artemisiae, 277, 313 Momotus mexicanus mexicanus, 25 monardae, Bremus centralis, 372 monensis, Orthocarpus pilosus, 570 Monosaccus, 520, 521, 522, 524 Monoxia debilis, 391 obtusa, 391 puncticollis, 391 sordida, 391 monstrosus, Scellus, 427, 476, 477 montana, Hesperiphona vespertina, 277, 314-315 montanus, Microtus montanus, 341, 354 montanus, Microtus, 341, 354 Oreoscoptes, 278, 332 yosemite, Microtus, 341, 354 Vol. XVI] INDEX 785 montereyensis mariposae, Sorex, 340, 342 montezuma, Bulimulus, 184, 185 mordax, Microtus mordax, 341, 355 mordax, Microtus, 341, 355 "Moreno" Formation, 208 morio, Epinephalus, 505 mormonorum, Bremus separatus, 366 Morococcyx erythropygus raexicanus, 30 Moronidae, 115 morrisoni, Bremus, 366 mortoni, Pecten (Amusium) cf., 142, 145 Motmot, Mexican, 25 Mountain Bluebird, 337 Chickadee, Short-tailed, 335 Coyote, 345 Fox Sparrow, Warner, 326 Song Sparrow, 325 Mourning Dove, Western, 296 Mouse, Cantankerous Meadow, 355 Coues's Pocket, 350 Desert Harvest, 352 Gambel's White-footed, 353 Gray Grasshopper, 352 Great Basin Pocket, 350-351 Idaho Canyon, 353 Nevada Pocket, 350 Oregon Kangaroo, 352 Peale's Meadow, 354 Warner Mountain Jumping, 355 Yosemite Meadow, 354 mowbrayi, Haemulon, 505 mucorea, Coscinoptera, 382 (Mud Loach), Nee-chu, 110 Mugil cephalus, 114 Mugilidae, 114 Mule Deer, Rocky Mountain, 357-358 muliebris, Toxoneura, 443 Mullidae, 674 multicaulis, Orthocarpus purpurascens, 542 multicostata, Antigona, 90, 140, 144, 146, 147 Area, 140, 146, 148, 149, 150 Glycymeris, 140, 148 Venus, 90, 91 Mur (Eel), 101 Muraena alba, 101 cinerea, 102 Muraenesocidae, 102 Muraenesox cinereus, 102 murdjan, Myripristis, 653 Mur-yu (Eel), 101 mus bicornis, Cypraea, 628, 629 Musca domestica, 437, 488, 489 Muscidae, 418, 434, 436-437 Mustela sp., 340, 343 vison, subsp., 340, 343-344 Myadestes townsendi, 278, 336 Mycetobia, 412 divergens, 412, 462, 463 Mycetophila punctata, 417, 464, 465 Mycetophilidae, 416-417 Mycteria americana, 15 Mydaidae, 424-425 Mydas abdominalis, 424 Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens, 276, 306 lawrenceii olivascens, 35 lawrenceii tresmariae, 35 magister magister, 35 nuttingi inquietus, 34 Myiocera tibialis, 435, 484, 485 Myiochanes pertinax pertinax, 34 richardsonii richardsonii, 34, 277, 307 Myiospila meditabunda, 486, 487 nieditibunda, 437 Myloleuciscus aethiops, 104 atripinnis, 104 Myopa aperta, 603 bistria, 598, 603 castanea, 597, castaneus, 604 clausa, 598, 603, 604 clausa aperta, 598 conjuncta, 598, 604 curticornis, 598, 604 fenestrata, 597, 604 flavopilosa, 597, 598, 604 longicornis, 598, 604 longipilus, 598, 604 maculifrons, 604 melanderi, 597, 604 pictipennis, 604 pilosa, 597, 604 plebeia, 598, 604 pulchra, 598, 604 rubida, 432, 482, 483, 598, 604 seminuda, 432, 482, 483, 598, 604 tectura, 598, 604 varians, 604 vesiculosa, 597, S98, 604 vesiculosa varians, 598 vicaria, 597, 604 virginica, 598, 604 willistoni, 597, 604 Myotis yumanensis altipetens, 340, 342 yumanensis sociabilis, 340, 342 Myripristis chryseres, 653 murdjan. 653 Mytilus cf. mathewsonii, 608, 610 (Myurella) coleri, Terebra, 633 N naevius, Nycticorax nycticorax, 16, 276, 287-288 nanellum, Zodion, 590, 602 Nannus hiemalis pacificus, 278, 333 786 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th See. narinari, Aetobatus, 651 nasus, Coilia, 101 Natica bifasciata, 143, 146 cuspidata, 89 guppyana, 89 recluziana, 630 sp., 150 navidadis, Chione, 620 navigator navigator, Neosorex, 340, 342 Neosorex navigator, 340, 342 Navigator Shrew, 342 Nayarit Rail, 9 nayaritensis, Rallus, 9 nearcticus, Bremus bifarius, 369, 376 nebouxii, Sula, 18 nebulosus, Cynoscion, 506 Nee-chu (Mud Loach), 110 neglecta, Sturnella, 277, 314 Stylogaster, 603 Taxidea taxus, 340, 344-345 Nelson's Ivory-billed Woodpecker, 32 nclsoni, Cissilopha sanblasiana, 51 rotundata, Turritella, 636 Scapaneus guatemalensis, 32 Nemestrinidae, 422 Nemestrinus ariasi, 422 Nemopoda, 446 Neosorex navigator navigator, 340, 342 Neotoma cinerea occidentalis, 341, 353- 354 Nephrotonia, 411 californica, 458, 459 Nerita bernhardi, 143, 150 nervosus, Bibio, 417, 418, 464, 465 Nettion carolinense, 275, 281-282 Nevada Cowbird, 313 Pocket Mouse, 350 Red-wing, 345 Red-winged Blackbird, 313 Savannah Sparrow, 317 Towhee, 327 nevadensis, Agelaius phceniceus, 277, 313 Amphispiza nevadensis, 277, 324 Bremus, 366 nevadensis, Amphispiza, 277, 324 Passerculus sandwichensis, 277, 317 Perognathus, 341, 350 Neverita recluziana, 630 (Neverita) recluziana, Natica, 630 recluziana, Polinices, 630 recluzianus, Polinices, 608, 610, 630-631 New species of Ceanothus, by Alice Eastwood, 361-363 Night Heron, Black-crowned, 16, 287- 288 Nighthawk, Pacific, 305 nigra, Oncomyia, 596, 603 nigra surinamensis, Chlidonias, 275, 280 nigrescens, Dendroica, 43, 277, 330 nigricaudus, Bremus crotchii, 375 nigriceps, Dalmannia, 592, 603 nigriceps, Polioptila, 39 Piophila, 446 Polioptila nigriceps, 39 nigricollis californicus, Colymbus, 275, 278-279 nigricoxa, Piophila, 446 nigrifacies, Physocephala, 583, 601 nigrifrons, Zodion, 590, 602 nigrimanus, Conops, 600 nigripinnis, Hapalogenys, 117 Pogonias, 117 nigroscutatus, Bremus occidentalis, 367 nitida, Milichiella, 452 nitidiventris, Haltica, 394 nivosus, Charadrius, 276, 294 noctifer, Chrysops, 420, 468, 469 noctuinus, Orthocarpus, 537, 538 Nodosaria, 88, 205 aculeata, 213 adolphina, 213-214, 226 (pi. 13) arundinea, 215, 226 (pi. 13) budensis, 212 communis, 214, 226 (pi. 13) consobrina, 214, 226 (pi. 13) laevigata ovata, 215, 228 (pi. 14) latejugata, 212-213, 226 (pi. 13) raphanus, 213 Nomeidae, 655 Nonionina cf. scapha, 224, 228 (pi. 14) cf. umbilicatula, 224 nonscripta, Atys, 126 Norellia spinimana, 439 norrisi, Scutella, 607, 611 Northern California Kangaroo Rat, 351 Phalarope, 290 Violet-green Swallow, 328 Northwestern Belted Kingfisher, 24, 302 Timber Wolf, 358 notabilis, Binneya, 162, 169, 170, 171, 190 (pi. 6) Seiurus noveboracensis, 43 notata, Scatopse, 418, 464, 465 Notes on the birds of Sinaloa and Nayarit, Mexico, in the Fall of 1925, by M. E. McLellan, 1-51 Notropis heterodon, 502 noveboracensis notabilis, Seiurus, 43 nubilis, Pachybrachys, 389 nuchalis, Sphyrapicus varius, 276, 303- 304 Nucifraga columbiana, 277, 312 nudicostata, Cristellaria mexicana, 216- 217, 228 (pi. 14) Vol. XVI] INDEX 787 Numenius americanus, 276, 293 americanus subsp., 12 Nutcracker, Clarke's, 312 Nuthatch, Pygmy, 334 Red-breasted, 334 Slender-billed, 334 nuttalli nuttalli, Phalaenoptilus, 276, 304-305 Phalaenoptilus nuttalli, 276, 304-305 Phacoides, 142, 147 nuttallii, Sanguinolaria, 625 nuttallii, Sylvilagus, 341, 357 Sylvilagus nuttallii, 341, 357 Nuttallornis borealis, 277, 306 nuttingi inquietus, Myiarchus, 34 Nycteribia biarticulata, 454, 498, 499 pedicularia, 498, 499 schmiedlii, 454 westwoodii, 454 Nycteribiidae, 454 Nycticorax nycticorax naevius, 16, 276, 287-288 nycticorax naevius, Nycticorax, 16, 276, 287-288 Nyctidromus albicollis insularis, 25 Nyee-yu, 111 Oberholseria chlorura, 277, 327 obesa, Cancellaria, 142, 146 obispoensis, Orthocarpus densiflorus, 536, 537, 539 Obliogaster taeniatus, 412 obliquefasciatum, Zodion, 589, 602 obscurata, Hyetodesia, 437 obscurella, Phytomyza, 451, 498, 499 obscuripennis, Conops, 600 obscurum, Melanostoma, 432, 480, 481 Zodion, 591, 602 obscurus griseus, Perisoreus, 277, 310 Megaquisculus major, 49 sierra, Dendragapus, 276, 295 obsoletus obsoletus, Salpinctes, 278, 332 Rallus, 10 Salpinctes obsoletus, 278, 332 obtusa, Monoxia, 391 Occemyia abbreviata, 433, "482, 483 modesta, 433, 482, 483 occidensis, Zodion, 602 occidentale, Toxostoma curvirostre, 40 Zodion, 591, 602 occidentalis, ^chmophorus, 275, 278 Asilus, 426, 474, 475 Bremus, 367 Bubo virginianus, 276, 301-302 californicus, Pelecanus, 18 Coccyzus americanus, 339 Geothlypis trichas, 278, 331 major. Mephitis, 340, 344 occidentalis, Melieria, 444, 492, 493 Neotoma cinerea, 341, 353-354 nigroscutatus, Bremus, 367 proximus, Bremus, 367 Sialia mexicana, 278, 337 Tyrannus melancholicus, 36 ocellatus, Conops, 600 Sphoeroides, 122 Tetrodon, 122 ocellicauda, Lophiogobius, 120, 121 Ochotona schisticeps taylori, 341, 355- 356 ochreiceps, Physocephala, 584, 601 Ochthera mantis, 448, 496, 497 Ochthiphilinae, 451 ocoyana, Turritella, 608, 610, 611, 612, 615, 617, 634, 636, 642 (pi. 19) octocamerata, Gyroidina soldanii, 223, 228 (pi. 14) Ocyptera argentea, 484, 485 Odocoileus hemonicus hemonicus, 341, 357-358 Odontomyia arcuata, 420, 466, 467 hoodiana, 420, 466, 467 oedipus, Spogostylum, 423, 470, 471 OEstridae, 434 Ogcodes, 422, 423 albicincta, 422, 468, 469, 470, 471 costatus, 422, 468, 469 Olfersia americana, 452, 453, 498, 499 Oliva spicata, 143, 145, 146, 147, 149 olivascens, Myiarchus lawrenceii, 35 Olivaceous Flycatcher, 35 olivaceus, Perognathus parvus, 341, 350-351 Regulus satrapa, 278, 336 Olive-backed Thrush, 336 Olive-sided Flycatcher, 306 olympicus, Orthocarpus, 561, 562 omogera, Saxinis, 384, 385 Oncomyia, 573 abbreviata, 596, 603 aequalis, 594, 597, 603 angusticornis, 595, 596, 603 baroni, 597, 603 brevirostris, 593, 597, 603 infuscipes, 592-593, 597, 603 loraria, 593, 596, 603 melanopoda, 603 modesta, 597, 603 nigra, 596, 603 propinqua, 593, 603 terminalis, 594, 596, 603 Oncorhynchus, 520 pinnatifidus, 548 tenellus, 548 Onychomys leucogaster fuscogriseus, 341, 352 opercularis, Labrus, 114 Polycanthus, 113 788 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pboc. 4th Ser. Ophicephalidse, 113 Ophicephalus argus, 113 pekinensis, 113 Ophyra leucostoma, 438 Oporornis tolmiei, 43, 278, 330 Opsebius diligens, 423, 470, 471 oratrix tresmariae, Amazona, 23 Orbitolites sp. a, 208 Orbulina, 88 Orchard Oriole, 49 orcutti, Sanguinolaria, 625 ordii columbianus, Dipodoinys, 341, 3S1 oreganus thurberi, Junco, 277, 324 Oregon Ground Squirrel, 346-347 Kangaroo Mouse, 352 Vesper Sparrow, 317 oregonus, Citellus, 341, 346-347 Microdipodops megacephalus, 341, 352 Oreortyx picta plumifera, 276, 294 Oreoscoptes montanus, 278, 332 Oriole, Bullock's, 314 Grayson's, 49 Orchard, 49 Scarlet-headed, 49 orius, Dryobates villosus, 276, 303 ornatum, Simulium, 466, 467 ornatus, Orthocarpus purpurascens, 542 Orphnephila testacca, 414, 462, 463 Orphnephilidae, 414 Ortalididae, 406, 418, 439, 442, 443-444, 446 Ortalis wagleri, 6 Orthocarpus, 518 attenuatus, 521, 524, 537, 539, 546-548, 549 australis, 521, 548, 549 autralis, 549 barbatus, 521, 524, 556-557 beldingi, 519, 571 bicolor, 528, 529 bidwellix, 563, 564 bidwellix micranthus, 565 bracteosus, 521, 524, 553-554 bracteosus albus, 554-555 bracteosus typicus, 554 brownii, 529, 530 campestris, 521, 522, 523, 525- 526 castillejoides, 521, 522, 523, 533- 534, 537, 542 castillejoides humboldtiensis, 536 castillejoides insalutatus, 535- 536 castillejoides tjrpicus, 528, 534- 535, 536. 542 cinereus, 570 columbinus, 525, 526 copelandi, 521, 524, 558 copelandi cryptanthus, 559-560 Orthocarpus copelandi typicus, 558-559 cryptanthus, 559 cuspidatus, 521, 524, 557-558, 560 densiflorus, 521, 523, 535, 536, 537, 539, 542, 546 densiflorus gracilis, 538-539, 547 densiflorus latifolius, 538 densiflorus obispoensis, 536, 537,539 densiflorus typicus, 528, 537-538, 539 densiusculus, 569 erianthus, 521, 522, 525, 562- 563, 564, 567, 569 erianthus gratiosus, 563, 564, 569 erianthus inopinus, 565 erianthus laevis, 566 erianthus micranthus, 563, 565- 566 erianthus roseus, 563, 565, 567 erianthus typicus, 563-564, 565 erianthus versicolor, 565 exsertus, 544, 545 falcatus, 530, 532 faucibarbatus, 521, 525, 566-567 floribundus, 521, 522, 525, 569- 570 gracilis, 538, 539 hispidus, 521, 523, 528, 529, 530-532 hispidus tenuis, 530, 532 imbricatus, 521, 525, 561-562 lacerus, 521, 523, 528, 529-530 laciniatus, 524, 537, 548-549 lasiorhynchus, 521, 523, 532- 533 linearifolius, 555 linearilobus, 521, 523, 545-546 lithospermoides, 521, 522, 523, 526-527, 529, 530, 538, 542 lithospermoides bicolor, 527, 528-529 lithospermoides typicus, 527- 528, 535, 538 longispicatus, 534, 535 luteus, 519, 521, 522, 524, 549- 551 maculatus, 534, 535 mariposanus, 545 mexicanus, 519, 571 micranthus, 565 noctuinus, 537, 538 olympicus, 561, 562 pachystachyus, 521, 525, 557, 560-561 pachystachyus cuspidatus, 557, 558, 559 pallescens, 518, 570 Vol. XVI] INDEX 789 Orthocarpus parishii, S38, 539 parryi, S18, 570 pilosus, 518, 570 pilosus arachnotdeus, 519, 570 pilosus monensis, 570 psittacinus, 518, 570 purpurascens, 521, 523, 539, 540-541, 544, 564 purpurascens latifolius, 535, 540, 542 purpurascens multicaulis, 542 purpurascens ornatus, 542 purpurascens pallidus, 541, 544- 545 purpurascens palraeri, 541, 543- 544, 545 typicus, 528, 535, 540, 541-S42, 544, 545 purpurascens venustus, 541, 542-543 purpureo-albus, 521, 523, 524, 552-553 pusillus, 521, 522, 525, 564, 567-568 pusillus densiusculus, 568, 569 pusillus typicus, 568-569 rarior, 530, 531, 532 rubicundulus, 528, 529 schizotrichus, 570 strictus, 549 tenuifolius, 521, 524, 555-556, 561 tenuis, 530, 531, 532 tolmeic, 521 tolmiei, 522, 524, S51-SS2 venustus, 542 versicolor, 565 versicolor roseus, S6S orthogrammus, Caranx, 662 Orthophragmina clarki, 207, 224 oryzivorus, Dolichonyx, 277, 312 Oscinidae, 448-449 Osprey, 300 American, 22 Ostrca, 148, 618 angermanni, 608, 610, 621, 638 (pl. 17) chilensis, 622 edulis, 621 eldridgei, 608, 612, 617, 622 fisheri. 141, 144, 147, ISO freudenbergi, 608, 610, 622, 623, 638 (pl. 17), 640 (pl. 18) megodon, 141, 144, 145, 152 plicata, 621 sellseformis var. thomasii, 621 sp., 141, 144, 149, 608, 609, 610, 611, 623, 642 (pl. 19) titan, 606, 613 Ostrea vespertina, 141, 145, 146, 148, 152, 621 Otocoris alpestris merrilli, 277, 308 Otospermophilus grammurus douglasii, 341, 346 ovata, Nodosaria (Glandulina) laevi- gata, 215, 228 (pl. 14) ovinus, Melophagus, 453 Owl, American Barn, 301 Burrowing, 302 Long-eared, 301 Pale Horned, 301-302 Short-eared, 339 Streaked-crowned Pygmy, 22 Oxyechus vociferus vociferus, 12, 276, 293 Oyster-catcher, Frazar's, 12 Pachybrachys alacris, 388 diversus, 387 indifferens, 388 longus, 387, 388 nubilis, 389 peninsularis, 389 sp., 387, 389 wickhami, 387 xanthochrous, 387-388 xanti, 387 pachystachyus cuspidatus, Orthocar- pus, 557, 558, 559 Orthocarpus, 521, 525, 557, 560- 561 Pacific Black-headed Grosbeak, 327 Mangrove Cuckoo, 29 Nighthawk, 305 Pallid Bat, 343 pacifica, Area, 140, 145 Dalmannia, 592, 603 (pacificus?), Antrozous pallidus, 340, 343 pacificus. Bubo virginianus, 301 Nannus hiemalis, 278, 333 Pagolla wilsonia beldingi, 12 Painted Bunting, 47 Pale Horned Owl, 301-302 Paleontology of the Miocene of Lower California, by Leo George Hertlein and Eric Knight Jordan, 605-647 pallescens. Bubo virginianus, 301 Castillcja, 570 Chsemepelia passerina, 8 Lynx fasciatus, 341, 345 Orthocarpus, 518, 570 palliatus frazari, Haematopus, 12 Pallid Bat, Pacific, 343 pallidior, Bulimulus, 184 striatulus, Bulimulus, 183, 184* 186, 202 (pl. 12) pallidula, Gratiana, 395 790 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. pallidus, Orthocarpus purpurascens, 541, 544-545 pallidus (pacificus?), Antrozous, 340, 343 Pheugopedius felix, 39 Polyborus cheriway, 19 Rallus, 10 pallifrons, Conops, 578, 600 pallipes, Xylomyia, 421, 468, 469 Pallium crassicardo, 623 Palloptera terminalis, 443, 492, 493 ustuUata, 443 palloris, Coccyzus minor, 29 palmeri, Orthocarpus purpurascens, 541, 543-544, 545 palpale, Zodion, 590, 602 palpalis, Glossina, 437 Paludestrina cedrosensis, 188-189 stearnsiana, 189 palustris plesius, Telmatodytes, 278, 333 Pampidse, 114 Pampus argenteus, 115 lighti, 114-115 sinensis, 115 Pandion haliaetus carolinensis, 22, 276, 300 pandorse. Helix, 177 Micrarionta, 177, 179, 198 (pi. 10) Panope, 152 generosa, 141, 146 pantherinus, Leptomydas, 424, 425, 472, 473 Pantophthalmidae, 421 Pantophthalmus versicolor, 421, 468, 469 Panuhunuhu, 677-678 papilliferus, Chologaster, 503 papulosa, Serpulorbis, 89 Parabramis pekinensis, 103 Parachilognathus imberbis, 104 Paraclunio alaskensis, 415 Paradejeania rutiloides, 484, 485 Paradyschiria fusca, 453 Paragus bicolor, 482, 483 parallina indigotica, Cyanocompsa, 45 Parapelecus, 108 machaerius, 109 Parasilurus asotus, 111 Parauque, Tres Marias, 25 parishii, Orthocarpus, 538, 539 parkmanii. Troglodytes aedon, 278, 333 Paroquet, Petz's, 22 Parrot, Finsch's, 23 Tres Marias, 23 White-fronted, 24 Parrotlet, Mexican, 23 parryi, Orthocarpus, 518, 570 parva, Sonorella, 168 parvipinnis, Dicrotus, 504 parvum, Zodion, 590, 602 parvus, Conops, 577, 600 mollipilosus, Perognathus, 341, 350, 351 olivaceus, Perognathus, 341, 350-351 Parydra bituberculata, 448, 496, 497 Passer domesticus, 277, 316 Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus, 277, 317 sandwichensis nevadensis, 277, 317 Passerella iliaca altivagans, 277, 326 iliaca fulva, 277, 326 iliaca schistacea, 277, 325-326 iliaca sinuosa, 277, 326 Passerina amcena, 277, 327 ciris, 47 passerina arizonae, Spizella, 277, 323 pallescens, Chaemepelia, 8 (Patinopecten) bakeri, Pecten, 141, 144, 152, 153-154, 156 (pi. 5) Patulastra? (Punctum?) pugetensis, 169 paziana, Retusa, 132, 134 (pi. 4) Peale's Meadow Mouse, 354 peckhami, Pecten, 208 Pecten, 148 cf. abietis, 141, 152 andersoni, 608, 613, 617 bakeri, 141, 144, 152, 1S3-1S4, 156 (pi. 5) bosei, 141, 145, 148, 154-155, 156 (pi. 5) calli, 623, 624 callidus, 141, 149 carrizoensis, 141, 145 cataractes, 141, 146, 147 circularis, 141, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152 condylomatus, 624 crassicardo, 608, 609, 615, 617, 623 dallasi, 141, 145, 152 deserti, 141, 145, 148 diegensis, 155 diminutivus, 608, 610, 623 invalidus, 141, 149, 152 jeflfersonius, 623 madisonius, 623 mendenhalli, 141, 145 cf. mortoni, 142, 145 peckhami, 208 pretiosus, 608, 609, 610, 624 refugioensis, 142 species, 142 stearnsii, 142, 144, 145, 149, 152, 155 subnodosus, 142, 144, 145. 146, 150, 152 Pectoral Sandpiper, 14 pedicularia, Nycteribia, 498, 499 Vol. XVI] INDEX 791 Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus, 276, 295-296 Pein-yu (Flat-fish; Chinese Bream), 103 pekinensis, Abramis, 103 Ophicephalus, 113 Parabraniis, 103 Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, 275, 281 occidentalis californicus, 18 Pelecypoda, 140, 607 Peleteria tesselata, 484, 485 Pelican, California Brown, 18 White, 281 pellucida, Chama, 150 Pelor japonicum, 118 Peltiobagrus fluvidraco. 111 Penicillidia antrozoi, 454 dufourii, 454 peninsularis, Pachybrachys, 389 Penthestes gambeli abbreviatus, 278, 335 Perca chua-tsi, 116 Pericoma californica, 414, 462, 463 Perisoreus obscurus griseus, 277, 310 perlongum, Zodion, 591, 602 Perognathus nevadensis, 341, 350 parvus mollipilosus, 341, 350, 351 parvus olivaceus, 341, 350-351 Peromyscus crinitus crinitus, 341, 353 maniculatus gambelii, 341, 353 perspicillatus, Scarus, 677 pertinax, Myiochanes pertinax, 34 pertinax, Myiochanes, 34 Petaloconchus domingensis, 89 petoensis, Falco rufigularis, 21 Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons, 277, 327 Petz's Paroquet, 22 Pewee, Western Wood, 34, 307 Phacoides childreni, 139 lampros, 142, 147 nuttalli, 142, 147 xantusi, 139, 142 Phalacrocorax auritus, subsp., 275, 280 vigua mexicanus, 17 Phalsenoptilus nuttalli nuttalli," 276, 304-305 Phalarope, Northern, 290 Wilson's, 291 phasianellus columbianus, Pedioecetes, 276, 295-296 Pheucticus chrysopeplus, 45 Pheugopedius felix lavv^rencii, 39 felix pallidus, 39 Philadelphia, Larus, 275, 279 Phlebotomus, 413, 414 Phoebe, Say's, 306 phceniceus nevadensis, Agelaius, 277, 313 Pholidae, 121 Pholis gunnellus, 121 Phora velutina, 427, 476, 477 Phorbia brassicae, 438 fusciceps, 438, 488, 489 Phoridae, 427-428, 429 Phormia, 436 regina, 437, 486, 487, 488 Phycodromidse, 433, 441 Phyllotreta albionica, 395 Physocephala, 432, 573 affinis, 432, 482, 483, 583, 584, 601 aurifacies, 581-582, 584, 601 brevirostris, 579-580, 584, 601 buccalis, 582-583, 584, 601 burgessi, 584, 601 carbonaria, 583, 601 castanoptera, 601 furcillata, 584, 601 humeralis, 580-581, 584, 601 humeralis simulans, 581 marginata, 584, 601 maxima, 584, 601 nigrifacies, 583, 601 ochreiceps, 584, 601 sagittaria, 583, 601 simulans, 584, 601 sororcula, 583, 601 texana, 584, 601 tibialis, 583, 601 xanthops, 584 xanthopus, 601 Phytomyza obscurella, 451, 498, 499 Piaya mexicana, 29 Pica pica hudsonia, 277, 309 pica hudsonia. Pica, 277, 309 Picoides arcticus, 276, 303 picta, Dalmannia, 592, 603 plumifera, Oreortyx, 276, 294 pictifrons, Conops, 578, 600 pictipennis, Myopa, 604 pictipes, Simulium, 419, 466, 467 pictulum, Zodion, 602 pictus, Conops, 578, 600 Eutamias minimus, 341, 347-348 Sinophthalmus, 450, 498, 499 Pigeon, Tres Marias, 7 Hawk, 300 pileolata, Wilsonia pusilla, 278, 331 Pileolated Warbler, 331 Golden, 44 pilosa, Castilleja, 570 Myopa, 597, 604 pilosus arachnoideus, Orthocarpus, 519, 570 pilosus, Castilleja, 570 monensis, Orthocarpus, 570 Orthocarpus, 518, 570 May 22, 1928 .Av 792 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Pilsbry, H. A., Land and freshwater mollusks, Expedition to Guadalupe Island, Mexico, in 1922, 159-203 Pimelodus fluvidraco, 111 pinipla, Tetragoneura, 417, 464, 465 Pine Marten, Sierra, 358 Siskin, 316 Star-throat, 27 pingi, Ilemigaleus, 99 piniperda, Leucopis, 451 pinnatifidus, Oncorhynchus, 548 Piiion Jay, 312 Pintail, American, 282 pinus, Spinus, 277, 316 Piophila, 446 casei, 446, 496, 497 nigriceps, 446 nigricoxa, 446 Piophilidae, 446 pipiens, Culex, 415, 462, 463 Pipilo maculatus curtatus, 277, 327 Pipit, 331 Pipunculidje, 406, 427, 431 Pipunculus, 431 sp. no. 1, 431, 478, 479 sp. no. 2, 431, 480, 481 Piranga bidentata flammea, 48 ludoviciana, 277, 327 piscator, Sula, 17 Pisobia maculata, 14 minutilla, 276, 292 Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus, 33 Pitaria cercadica, 89 pitiayumi insularis, Compsothlypis, 42 Placunanomia cf. hannibali, 142, 145 plagiata, Asturina plagiata, 20 plagiata, Asturina, 20 (Plagioctenium) cf. abietis, Pecten, 141, 152 calli, Pecten, 623, 624 circularis, Pecten, 141, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, ISO, 152 deserti, Pecten, 141, 145, 148 diminutivus, Pecten, 608, 610, 623 invalidus, Pecten, 141, 149, 152 niendenhalli, Pecten, 141, 145 Plagiusa abbreviata, 113 Planesticus migratorius propinquus, 278, 337 planigyrata, Turritella, 89 Platycephalid?e, 119 Platycephalus spinosus, 119 Platyinius, 665, 666, 668 macropthalmus, 667 vorax, 667 Platypeza agarici, 430, 478, 479 velutina, 430, 478, 479 Platypezidae, 430 platyrhynchos, Anas, 275, 281 plavipalpis, Meromyza, 448 plebeia, Myopa, 598, 604 Plecia ruficollis, 417, 464, 465 Plecoglossus altivelis, 680 Plectofrondicularia, 88 Plectrotreta, 393 Plegadis guarauna, 14, 276, 286 plesius, Telmatodytes palustris, 278, 333 pleuralis, Brenius, 371 Pleurotoma (Drillia) dalli, 627 plicata, Ostrea (Alectryonia), 621 Plover, Belding's, 12 Snowy, 294 Upland, 338 Plumbeous Vireo, 41 plumbeus, Lanivireo solitarius, 41 Psaltriparus, 278, 335 Plumbiceps, Saltator, 46 Plumed Quail, 294 plumieri, Gerres, 506 plumifera, Oreortyxpicta, 276, 294 plumosus, Dolichopus, 476, 477 Pocket Gopher, Dalles, 349 White-toothed, 349 Pocket Mouse, Coues's, 350 Great Basin, 350-351 Nevada, 350 podagrica, Richardia, 494, 495 podagricia, Richardia, 444 Pogonias nigripinnis, 117 polaris, Bremus, 372 Polinices (Neverita) recluziana, 630 (Neverita) recluzianus, 608, 610, 630-631 Polioptila CKrulea amoenissima, 38 nigriceps nigriceps, 39 polita, Lonchsea, 492, 493 Microchrysa, 420 Pollenia, 436 rudis, 437, 488, 489 Polyacanthidae, 113 Polyacanthus opercularis, 113 Polyborus cheriway auduboni, 19 cheriway pallidus, 19 I)olyglottos leucopterus, Mimus, 40 Polymorphina (?), 205 ponderosa, Dosinia, 150 Pooecetes gramineus aflRnis, 277, 317 gramineus confinis, 277, 316 Poor-will, 304-305 Porcupine, Yellow-haired, 355 Porricondyla, 417 Porzana Carolina, 276, 290 prjepes, Cyrtopogon, 426, 474, 475 Prairie Falcon, 299-300 pratincola, Tyto alba, 276, 301 Pratobombus, 380 pretiosus, Pecten (Lyropecten), 608, 609, 610, 624 Priacanthidae, 663 Vol. XVI] INDEX 793 Priacanthus corlinus (cruentatus), 664 helvolus, 664-665 (pi. 23) meeki, 663-664, 665 (pi. 23) ulalaua, 663, 664 princeps, Fasciolaria, 143, 145, 150 Pristipomoides, 665, 666, 668 typus, 667 Procyon, sp., 340, 343 proditrix, Enicoptera, 443, 444 "Professor Birds," 18 Progne, 682 Promachus vertebratus, 426, 474, 475 prometheus, Promethichthys, 504 Promethichthys, 504 prometheus, 504 solandri, 653 Pronghorn Antelope, 358 propinqua, Oncomyia, 593, 603 propinquus, Planesticus migratorius, 278, 337 Prosimulium hirtum, 419, 466, 467 prosteraalis, Chlamys, 386 proximus, Bremus occidentalis, 367 psaltria hesperophilus, Astragalinus, 277, 315-316 Psaltriparus minimus californicus, 278, 335 plumbeus, 278, 335 Pseudatrichia unicolor, 424, 472, 473 Pseudogobio chaoi, 106 drakei, 106 esocinus, 106 Pseudophortica, 449 pseudoungariana, TruncatuHna, 220 Psilidae, 446-447 Psilocephala hasmorrhoidalis, 424, 472, 473 Psithyrus crawfordi, 374 fernaldae, 374 fernaldae wheeleri, 374 insularis, 374 suckleyi, 373 psittacinus, Orthocarpus, 518, 570 Psittacula cyanopygia cyanopygia, 23 Psychoda sp., 414, 462, 463 Psychodidae, 409, 413-414 Ptax, 504 Ptecticus trivittatus, 420, 466, 467 Pterochionea, 411 Ptilona brevicornis, 445 Ptychoptera, 412 lenis, 411, 460, 461 Ptychopterids, 411 pubescens homorus, Dryobates, 276, 303 puella, Agromyza scutellaris, 451 pugetensis, Patulastra? (Punctum?), 169 Striatura milium, 161, 169 pugiloides, Strombus, 89 pulchellus, Conops, 578, 600 pulcher, Caliprobola, 432, 480, 481 pulchra, Myopa, 598, 604 pulla, Babia quadnguttata, 384 Pulvinlina, 205 Pulvinulina crassata, 223 mexicana, 222, 228 (pi. 14) Pulvulina (Pulvinlina), 205 pumila, Brachycoryna, 395 punctata, Drepane, 117 Mycetophila, 417, 464, 465 punctatum, Cichlasoma, 507 punctatus, Chaetodon, 118 Rhyphus, 412, 460, 461 puncticollis, Monoxia, 391 punctifer, Tabanus, 420, 468, 469 punctipennis. Anopheles, 462, 463 punctulata. Bulla, 127 Bullaria, 127 (Punctum?) pugetensis, Patulastra?, 169 Pupa sterkiana, 186 Pupilla annandalei, 173 goniodon, 161, 172, 192 (pi. 7) guadalupensis, 161, 173-174, 192 (pi. 7) sterkiana, 172, 186 Pupillidae, 172, 186 Purple Finch, California, 315 Cassin's, 315 purpurascens latifolius, Orthocarpus, 535, 540, 542 multicaulis, Orthocarpus, 542 ornatus, Orthocarpus, 542 Orthocarpus, 521, 523, 539, 540-541, 544, 564 pallidus, Orthocarpus, 541, 544- 545 palmeri, Orthocarpus, 541, 543- 544, 545 Seriola, 686 typicus, Orthocarpus, 528, 535, 540, 541-542, 544, 545 venustus, Orthocarpus, 541, 542-543 purpureo-albus, Orthocarpus, 521, 523, 524, 552-553 purpureus californicus, Carpodacus, 277, 315 pusilla chryseola, Wilsonia, 44 pileolata, Wilsonia, 278, 331 pusillus densiusculus, Orthocarpus, 568, 569 Orthocarpus, 521, 522, 525, 564, 567-568 typicus, Orthocarpus, 568-569 pustulatus. Icterus, 49 pygmaea pygmaea, Sitta, 278, 334 Sitta pygmaea, 278, 334 pygmaeum, Zodion, 590, 602 794 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Pygmy Nuthatch, 334 Owl, Streaked-crowned, 22 Rabbit, Idaho, 357 pyrastri, Lasiophthicus, 432, 480, 481 Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus, 33 pyropyga, Megalostomis, 382 pyrrhocephala, Anacampta, 443, 494, 49 S quadratus quadratus, Thomomys, 341, 349 Thomomys quadratus, 341, 349 quadrigenarium, Cardium cf., 607, 612 quadriguttata pulla, Babia, 384 quadrimaculatus, Conops, 600 Quail, Elegant, 7 Plumed, 294 Valley, 294-295 Querquedula cyanoptera, 275, 282 Rabbit, Idaho Pygmy, 357 Washington Jack, 357 Western White-tailed Jack, 356-357 radians, Calyptraea, 617 (read C. cost- ellata) Raeta gibbosa, 89 Rail, Nayarit, 9 Venezuelan Mangrove, 11 Virginia, 338 "Rain Crow," 339 Rallus levipes, 10 longirostris, 10 longirostris saturatus, 10 nayaritensis, 9 obsoletus, 10 pallidus, 10 virginianus, 290, 338 yumanensis, 10 Ranulina fimbriidens, 121 Ranzania niakua, 680 truncata, 680 Rapana, 617 imperialis, 608, 609, 631-632, 644 (pi. 20) vaquerosensis, 631 raphanus, Nodosaria, 213 rarior, Orthocarpus, 530, 531, 532 Rat, Columbian Kangaroo, 351 Northern California Kangaroo, 351 Western Bushy-tailed Wood, 353-354 rathbuni, Zezera, 103 Raven, 310-311 reclusum, Zodion, 591, 602 recluziana, Natica, 630 Neverita, 630 Polinices (Neverita), 630 recluzianus, Polinices (Neverita), 608, 610, 630-631 Records and descriptions of western Bumblebees (Bremidae), by Theo- dore H. Prison, 365-380 rectus, Carcharocles, 609, 612 Carcharodon cf., 89 recurviceps, Culter, 105 Leuciscus, 105 Recurvirostra americana, 276, 291 Red-breasted Chat, Tres Marias, 44 Nuthatch, 334 Sapsucker, Sierra, 304 Red-footed Booby, 17 Red-naped Sapsucker, 303-304 Red-shafted Flicker, 304 Red-tail, Western, 297 Red-wing, Nevada, 345 Tricolored, 313 Red-winged Blackbird, Nevada, 313 Redhead, 282-283 Redstart, American, 44 reeviana, Area, 140, 148, 150 refugioensis, Pecten (Pecten), 142 regina, Phormia, 486, 487 reginia, Phormia, 437 regularis, Conus, 142, 146, 147 Regulus calendula cineraceus, 278, 336 satrapa olivaceus, 278, 336 Reichertellia collaris, 418, 464, 465 Reithrodontomys megalotis megalotis, 341, 352 remondi. Helix, 162, 167 Report of the Director for the Year 1927, by Barton Warren Evermann, 699-758 Report of the President for the Year 1927, by C. E. Grunsky, 689-698 Report of the Treasurer for the Year 1927, by M. Hall McAllister, 752- 758 Reports of Departments, 1927, 736-751 resinicoloides, Cecidomyia, 417, 464, 465 Retusa gonzagensis, 131-132, 134 (pi. 4) paziana, 132, 134 (pi. 4) reversa, Uraspis, 658-659 (pi. 22) Revision of the genus Orthocarpus, by David D. Keck, 517-571 Rhabdammina eocenica, 209, 226 (pi. 13) Rhagionida; (Leptidse), 421 Rhamphomyia, 430 sp., 478, 479 sudigeronis, 478, 479 Rhaphiomydas acton, 425, 472, 473 Rhegmoclema atrata, 418, 464, 465 rhois, Blepharida, 393 Rhopalomera femorata, 442, 492, 493 Vol. XVI] INDEX 795 Rhopalomeridae, 442 (Rhynchopygus) mexicanus, Cassidu- lus, 614 Rhynchocephalus volaticus, 422, 468, 469 Rhyphidae, 412-413, 414 Rhyphus alternatus, 412 fenestralis, 412 punctatus, 412, 460, 461 (Rice-field Eel), Taunagi, 101 Richardia podagrica, 494, 495 podagricia, 444 Richardsonius, 502 richardsonii, Myiochanes richardsonii, 34, 277, 307 richardsonii, Myiochanes, 34, 277, 307 Richmondena cardinalis raariae, 46 richthofeni, Chione, 607, 610, 619-620, 638 (pi. 17) ridgwayi, Fregata minor, 18 Glaucidium brasilianum, 22 Stelgidopteryx, 38 Ring-billed Gull, 279 Ring-necked Duck, 284 Ringed Kingfisher, 24 riukiuensis, Uraspis, 658, 659-660, 662 Rivellia 4-fasciata, 443 viridulans, 443, 494, 495 roberti, Hemirhamphus, 503 Hyporhamphus, 503 Robin, Mazatlan, 40 Tres Marias, 41 Western, 337 Robulina inornata, 217 robusta var. abrupta, Turritella, 89 Chyliza, 447, 496, 497 Turritella, 89 robustum, Heterostylum, 423, 470, 471 Rock Wren, 332 Rocky Mountain Mule Deer, 357-358 Rooseveltia, 665,666 brighami, 666, 670 zonata, 666, 670 Roseate Spoonbill, IS roseus, Orthocarpus erianthus, S63, 565, 567 Orthocarpus versicolor, 565 Rotalina ungeriana, 220 rotundata, Turritella nelsoni, 636 Rough-leg, Ferruginous, 298-299 Rough-winged Swallow, Salvin's, 38 Yucatan, 5, 38 rowelli, Arionta, 162, 167 ruberrimus, Sebastodes, 506 rubescens, Anthus, 278, 331 rubicundulus, Conops, 576-577, 579, 600 Orthocarpus, 528, 529 rubida, Myopa, 432, 482, 483. 598, 604 rubinus mexicanus, Pyrocephalus, 33 Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Western, 336 Ruddy Duck, 284 rudis, Pollenia, 437, 488, 489 ruficapilla gutturalis, Vermivora, 277, 329 ruficollis, Hydranassa tricolor, 16 Plecia, 417, 464, 465 rufifrons, Zodion, 602 rufigularis petoensis, Falco, 21 subsp., Falco, 21 rufipennis eluta, Chaemepelia, 8 rufipes, Apiochseta, 428, 476, 477 rufocinctus, Bremus, 367 rufopalliatus, Turdus, 40 Rufous Hummingbird, 305 Rufous-rumped Cuckoo, Mexican, 30 rufus, Selasphorus, 276, 305 Russet-backed Thrush, 41 russulus, Bremus edwardsii, 374-375 (rusticana var.?) guadelupensis, Succi- nea, 162, 171 ruticilla, Setophaga, 44 rutila, Amazilia rutila, 26 rutila, Amazilia, 26 rutilans, Aphareus, 671, 673-674 (pi. 24) rutiloides, Paradejeania, 484, 485 Sabethes, 416 Sabethinae, 415 sabrinus flaviventris, Glaucomys, 341 348 saccogularis, Apterigia, 101 sackeni, Bittacomorphella, 411, 460, 461 Sacocheilichthys variegatus, 102 Sacrestinus, 670 (Sacrestinus) flavivultus, Aphareus, 670, 671-672 sacrestinus, Caranxomorus, 672 Sage Hen, 296 Sparrow, 324 Thrasher, 332 Sagebrush Chipmunk, 347-348 sagittaria, Physocephala, 583, 601 Sagrina, 205 sajori, Hemiramphus, 112 Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus, 278, 332 Saltator, Grayson's 46 Saltator plumbiceps, 46 Salvin's Rough-winged Swallow, 38 salvini, Stelgidopteryx serripennis, 38 San Bias Jay, 51 Kingbird, 36 Yellow-throat, 43 San Joaquin Wren, 333 sanblasiana nelsoni, Cissilopha, 51 (Sand-fish) Sar-yu, 98 Sandhill Crane, 289-290 796 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pkoc. 4th Ser. Sandpiper, Least, 292 Pectoral, 14 Spotted, 13, 293, 682 Western, 14 sandwichensis alaudinus, Passerculus, 277, 317 nevadensis, Passerculus, 277, 317 sanguinea, Trivia, 143, 147 Sanguinolaria nuttallii, 625 orcutti, 625 toulai, 608, 610, 625, 644 (pi. 20) sapphirinus, Eulonchus, 470, 471 Sapromyza, 442 flaveola, 442 sp., 492, 493 Sapromyzidae, 442, 443 Sapsucker, Red-naped, 303-304 Sierra Red-breasted, 304 Williamson's, 304 Sarcophaga, 436 cimbicis, 484, 485 communis, 436, 486, 487 helicis, 484, 485 inoa, 486, 487 sp., 486, 487 Sarcophagidre, 434, 435-436 Sargus viridis, 420, 466, 467 Sar-yu (Sand-fish), 98 satrapa olivaceus, Regulus, 278, 336 saturatus, Rallus longirostris, 10 Saurogobio dumerili, 106 Savannah Sparrow, Nevada, 317 Western, 317 saxatilis, Spilogale gracilis, 340, 344 Saxidomus vaquerosensis, 625 cf. vaquerosensis, 608, 610, 625 Saxinis hirtipennis, 385, 386 inaequalis, 385 knausi, 386 microstriga, 384-385 omogera, 384, 385 sonorensis, 384 subpubescens, 385, 386 vestiaria, 386 saxosus, Turbo, 143, 146, 148, 150 Say's Phoebe, 306 sayi, Zodion, 591, 602 Sayornis sayus, 276, 306 sayus, Sayornis, 276, 306 scalaris, Conus, 142, 147 graysoni, Dryobates, 31 sinaloensis, Dryobates, 31 Scapaneus guatemalensis nelsoni, 32 Scapanus latimanus dilatus, 340, 341 truei, 341 scapha, Nonionina cf., 224, 228 (pi. 14) (Scapharca) auriculata. Area, 89 Scaptomyza, 449 terminalis, 449, 498, 499 scapulare, Zodion, 602 scapularis, Ceophloeus lineatus, 32 Zodion, 590 Scardafella inca, 8 Scaridae, 675 Scaridea zonarcha, 675 Scarlet-headed Oriole, 49 Scarus ahula, 678 gilberti, 677-678 jenkinsi, 678 kraussi, 677 leucostigma, 676-677 (pi. 24) miniatus, 677 perspicillatus, 677 Scatophaga, 438 crinita, 439 furcata, 438, 439, 488, 489 islandica, 439, 488, 489 stercoraria, 438, 439, 488, 489 Scatophagidae, 407, 438 Scatopse notata, 418, 464, 465 Scatopsidae, 418 Scaup Duck, 283 Lesser, 283-284 Scellus, 427 monstrosus, 427, 476, 477 Scelolyperus flaviceps, 392 Scenopinidae, 424 Scenopinus fenestralis, 424, 472, 473 schaeflEeri, Coscinoptera, 382, 383 schistacea, Passerella iliaca, 277, 325- 326 schisticeps taylori, Ochotona, 341, 355- 356 schizotricha, Castilleja, 519, 570 schizotrichus, Orthocarpus, 570 schlegeli, Syngnathus, 504 schlegelii, Sebastes, 118 schmiedlii, Nycteribia, 454 Sciaena lucida, 117 Sciaenidae, 117, 506 Sciara thomae, 417 Sciarinae, 417 Sciomyzidae, 441, 442 Sciophila calceata, 462, 463 Sciurus douglasii albolimbatus, 341, 348 Scoliodon laticaudus, 98 (Scoliodon) laticaudus, Carcharias, 98 Scolopsis, 654 Scomber ferdau, 662 helvolus, 660 hippos, 505 Scorpaenidae, 118, 506, 507 Scutella norrisi, 607, 611 sp., 609 scutellaris puella, Agromyza, 451 Sebastes schlegelii, 118 Sebastichthys, 507 serriceps, 507 Sebastocarus, 507 Vol. XVI] INDEX 797 Sebastodes fuscescens, 118 ruberrimus, 506 Sebastonius, 506 Sebastopyr, 506 Seedeater, Cinnainon-rumped, 45 Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis, 43 Selasphorus rufus, 276, 305 Selenites duranti var. catalinensis, 168 sellseformis var. thomasii, Ostrea, 621 Semele flavescens, 142, 148 semifasciata griseiceps, Tityra, 37 semifuscus, Conops, 601 Conops brachyrhynchus, 579 seminuda, Myopa, 432, 482, 483, 598, 604 semipalmatus inornatus, Catoptro- phorus, 13, 276, 293 senex, Eutamias townsendii, 341, 348 Senotainia trilineata, 484, 485 Seoptera vibrans, 443 separatus mormonorum, Bremus, 366 Sepsidse, 446 Sepsis similis, 446 violacea, 446, 496, 497 violacea similis, 496, 497 septentrionalis, Cathartes aura, 19, 276, 296 Chloroceryle americana, 25 sequax, Conops, 601 sequoiensis, Hylocichla guttata, 278, 337 sericata, Lucilia, 486, 487 Seriola, 685 colburni, 685-686 (pi. 27) dorsalis, 685, 686 falcata, 686 grandis, 686 purpurascens, 686 sparna, 686 Serpulorbis paulosa, 89 serrata, Leria, 440, 490, 491 serriceps, Sebastichthys, 507 serripennis salvini, Stelgidopteryx, 38 Setophaga ruticilla, 44 Shark teeth, 143, 609 Sharp-shinned Hawk, 297 Sharp-tailed Grouse, Columbian, 295- 296 Shasta Beaver, 352 shastensis. Castor subauratus, 341, 352 Shaw, Tsen-Hwang, with Evermann, Barton Warren, Fishes from eastern China, with descriptions of new species, 97-122 Short-eared Owl, 339 Short-tailed Mountain Chickadee, 335 Shoveller, 282 Shrew, Navigator, 342 Sierra, 342 Yosemite, 342 Shrike, White-rumped, 329 Sialia currucoides, 278, 337 mexicana occidentals, 278, 337 Sicus brevirostris, 599, 604 ciliatus, 599-600, 604 sieboldi, Ulaula, 667 Sierra Bat, High, 342 Chickaree, 348 Golden-mantled Ground Squir- rel, 346 Creeper, 334 Grouse, 295 Hermit Thrush, 337 Junco, 324 Pine Marten, 358 Red-breasted Sapsucker, 304 Shrew, 342 sierrae, Dendragapus obscurus, 276, 295 Martes caurina, 358 Silurus asotus. 111 similis, Liancalus, 427, 476, 477 Sepsis, 446 Sepsis violacea, 496, 497 simplex, Tipula, 458, 459 simulans, Physocephala, 584, 601 Physocephala humeralis, 581 Simuliidse, 418-419 Simulium ornatum, 466, 467 pictipes, 419, 466, 467 sinaloa sinaloa, Thryophilus, 39 Thryophilus sinaloa, 39 Sinaloa Wren, 39 sinalose, Arremonops superciliosus, 47 sinaloensis, Dryobates scalaris, 31 sinensis, Acipenser, 100 Pampus, 115 Siniperca chuatsi, 116 ■ Sinophthalmus, 449 pictus, 450, 498, 499 sinuatus, Corvus corax, 277, 310-311 sinuosa, Passerella iliaca, 277, 326 Siskin, Pine, 316 sitkensis, Bremus, 372, 378, 380 Sitta canadensis, 278, 334 carolinensis aculeata, 278, 334 pygmsea pygmsea, 278, 334 Skunk, Great Basin Spotted, 344 Great Basin Striped, 344 Slate-colored Sparrow, 325-326 Slender-billed Nuthatch, 334 Slevin, Joseph R., Description of a new species of lizard from Malpelo Is- land, 681-684 Slevin, Joseph R., The making of a scientific collection of reptiles and amphibians, 231-259 smithii, Aetobatus, 609, 612 Snipe, Wilson's, 292 Snow Goose, 284-285 Snowy Plover, 294 sociabilis, Myotis yumanensis, 340, 342 798 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. solandri, Promethichthys, 653 soldanii octocamerata, Gyroidina, 223, 228 (pi. 14) Solea zebrina, 112 Soleidas, 112 Solitaire, Townsend's 336 solitarius cassinii, Lanivireo, 277, 329 plumbeus, Lanivireo, 41 Song Sparrow, Modoc, 325 Mountain, 325 Sonoran Yellow Warbler, 42 sonorana, Dendroica sestiva, 42 Sonorella, 177 dalli, 168 parva, 168 sonorensis, Saxinis, 384 sonorus, Breinus, 373 Sera, 290 sordida, Monoxia, 391 Sorex amoenus, 340, 342 montereyensis mariposae, 340, 342 soror, Conops, 578, 601 sororcula, Physocephala, 583, 601 sparna, Seriola, 686 Sparrow, Alberta Fox, 326 Brewer's 324 Desert, 324 Gambel's, 271, 272, 318-321, 323 Golden-crowned, 321-323 Hawk, American, 300 House, 316 Lincoln's, 325 Mazatlan, 47 Modoc Song, 325 Mountain Song, 325 Nevada Savannah, 317 Oregon Vesper, 317 Sage, 324 Slate-colored, 325-326 Valdez Fox, 326 Warner Mountain Fox, 326 Western Chipping, 323 Western Lark, 47, 317-318 Western Savannah, 317 Western Vesper, 316 White-crowned, 318 sparsa, Eutreta, 444, 445, 494, 495 Sparus fuscescens, 118 sparveria, Cerchneis sparveria, 276, 300 sparveria, Cerchneis, 276, 300 subsp., Cerchneis, 21 Spatula clypeata, 275, 282 Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea, 276, 302 Sphegina, 406 Sphoeroides ocellatus, 122 Sphyracephala brevicornis, 447, 496, 497 Sphyrapicus thyroideus, 276, 304 varius daggetti, 276, 304 varius nuchalis, 276, 303-304 spicata, Oliva, 143, 145, 146, 147, 149 Spilogale gracilis saxatilis, 340, 344 spininiana, Norellia, 439 spinosum, Crucibulum, 142, 148 spinosus, Platycephalus, 119 Thysanophys, 119 Spinus pinus, 277, 316 spirifer, Bulimulus, 185 Spiza americana, 46 Spizella breweri, 277, 324 passerina arizonae, 277, 323 splendens, Zodion, 602 Spogostylum cedipus, 423, 470, 471 Spondylus bostrychites, 89 crassisquama, 142, 144, 146, 147, 149 cf. gumanomocon, 89 sp., 142, 145 sponsor, Leptomydas, 425 Spoonbill, Roseate, 15 Sporophila torqueola, 45 Spotted Sandpiper, 13, 293, 682 Skunk, Great Basin, 344 spurinus, Chalarus, 431 spurius, Chalarus, 478, 479 Icterus, 49 squalida, Macrocallista, 141, 146, 147, 148 Squalibarbus curriculus, 107 Squaliobarbus jordani, 107 Squirrel, Desert Antelope Ground, 347 Douglas Ground, 346 Oregon Ground, 346-347 Sierra Golden-mantled Ground, 346 Trinity Flying, 348 Squirrel-Cuckoo, Mexican, 29 staniineus, Chonophorus, 678-680 (pi. 24) Star-throat, Pine, 27 starri, Crassispira, 608, 610, 626-627, 646 (pi. 21) stearnsiana, Micrarionta, 178, 182 Paludestrina, 189 stearnsii, Pecten (Pecten), 142, 144, 145, 149, 152, 155 Steganopus tricolor, 276, 291 steindachneri, Taractes, 654 Stelgidopteryx ridgwayi, 38 serripennis salvini, 38 stellatus, Caranx, 655-656 stelleri frontalis, Cyanocitta, 277, 309- 310 Stellula calliope, 276, 306 Stenopodius flavidus, 395 stercoraria, Scatophaga, 438, 439, 488, 489 stercorea, Empis, 430, 431 Vol. XVI] INDEX 799 stercus-muscarum, Cerithium, 142, 148 Sterkia calamitosa, 186, 187 calamitosa martiniana, 186-187, 202 (pi. 12) Clementina, 161, 176 hemphilli, 186, 187 sterkiana. Pupa, 186 Pupilla, 172, 186 Sterna caspia imperator, 275, 279-280 forsteri, 275, 280 hirundo, 11 Sthenorytis toroense, 143, 148 Stilt, Black-necked, 12, 13, 291-292 stimpsoni guadalupensis, Truncatella, 176 Truncatella, 176, 177, 187, 188, 192 (pi. 7) (Stingray), Tse-yao-yu, 99 Stomoxys calcitrans, 437, 488, 489 (Stone-head Fish), Tse-ser-yu, 117 (Stork Eel), Ho-zang, 102 Stratiomyia maculosa, 420, 466, 467 Stratiomyiida, 414, 419-420, 421 Streaked-crowned Pygmy Owl, 22 Streblidas, 453 striatifrous, Conops, 578, 601 striatulus, Astur atricapillus, 276, 295, 297 Bulimulus, 183, 185 Bulimulus pallidior, 183, 184- 186, 202 (pi. 12) Striatura milium pugetensis, 161, 169 striatus, Tabanus, 420, 466, 467, 468, 469 strictus, Orthocarpus, 549 strigatus, Chondestes grammacus, 47, 277, 317-318 Striped Skunk, Great Basin, 344 Strombina maculosa, 143, 147 Strombus, 148 galeatus, 143, 145, 146, 148, 150 gatunensis, 89 granulatus, 143, 145, 148 pugiloides, 89 strongi, Haminoea, 130-131, 134 (pi. 4) Study (A) of the terminal abdominal structures of male Diptera (two- winged flies), by Frank R. Cole, 397-499 (Sturgeon), Ging-yu, 100 Sturnella neglecta, 277, 314 stylata, Stylogaster, 603 Stylodictya, 88 Stylogaster, 432 biannulata, 603 etiops, 603 minuta, 603 neglecta, 603 3tylata, 603 stylosa, 603 stylosa, Stylogaster, 603 Stylosphcera, 88 subaculeata, Cristellaria, 218-219 glabrata, Cristellaria, 219 subauratus shastensis. Castor, 341, 352 subbullata, Marginulina, 216, 226 (pi. 13) subgrundifera, Turritella, 635 subimbricata, Anomalocardia, 140, 145 subnigra, Euryscopa, 384 subnodosus, Pecten (Lyropecten), 142, 144, 145, 146, 150, 152 subnotata, Diopsis, 447, 496, 497 subpubescens, Saxinis, 385, 386 subtilis, Euryscopa, 383 subulata, Lipoptena, 453 succincta, Chione, 140, 145, 146, 148, 149, ISO Succinea avara, 172 guadalupensis, 161, 171-172 (rusticana var.f) guadelupensis, 162, 171 Succineids, 171 suckleyi, Psithyrus, 373 sudigeronis, Rhamphomyia, 478, 479 sugens, Conops, 601 Sula hrewsteri, 18 nebouxii, 18 piscator, 17 sulcirostris, Crotophaga sulcirostris, 30 sulcirostris, Crotophaga, 30 sulphuratus derbianus, Pitangus, 33 Sungkiang Lu-yu, 119 superciliosus sinaloae, Arremonops, 47 supraconcava freadi, Turritella, 634 Turritella, 89 surinamensis, Chlidonias nigra, 275, 280 Surmullet, Crazy, 674 Swainson's Flycatcher, 34 Hawk, 298 swainsoni, Buteo, 276, 298 Hylocichla ustulata, 278, 336 swainsonii, Vireosylva gilva, 277, 329 Swallow, Barn, 328 Cliff, 327 Mangrove, 37 Northern Violet-green, 328 Salvin's Rough-winged, 38 Tree, 328 Yucatan Rough-winged, 5, 38 Swan, Whistling, 286 swartsi, Glycymeris, 608, 610, 620, 638 (pl. 17) sylvicola, Bremus, 366, 369-370 gelidus, Bremus, 366, 370 johanseni, Bremus, 366 lutzi, Bremus, 366 Sylvilagus nuttallii nuttallii, 341, 357 sylvosus, Conops, 578, 601 Symmerus, 416 sp., 462, 463 May 22, 1928 800 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Se». Symphoromyia cruenta, 421, 468, 469 Synancejidae, 118 Syngnathidse, 504 Syngnathus, 504 acus, 504 fuscus, 504 schlegeli, 504 Syrictes, 504 Syrphidae, 406, 427, 431-432, 433 Systena taeniata var., 394 Tabanidae, 420, 421 Tabanus punctifer, 420, 468, 469 striatus, 420, 466, 467, 468, 469 Tachinidae, 434-435, 436, 439 tachinoides, Glossina, 437 Tachycineta thalassina lepida, 277, 328 taeniata, var., Systena, 394 taeniatus, Obliogaster, 412 Taff, J. A., and Hanna, G. Dallas, A geologic section in the center of the San Joaquin Valley, California, 509-515 Tanager, Tres Marias, 48 Western, 327 Tanaka, Shigeho, with others, Notes on new or rare fishes from Hawaii, 649-680 Tangavius aeneus aeneus, 48 Tanyderidae, 409 Tanyderus, 409 forcipatus, 409, 458, 459 Tanypus, 415 venustus, 414, 462, 463 Taou-yu (Knife-fish), 100 Taractes steindachneri, 654 tardus, Bremus caliginosus, 380 Tatler, Wandering, 13 Taunagi (Rice-field Eel), 101 taurinensis, Bathysiphon, 210 Taxidea taxus neglecta, 340, 344-345 taxus neglecta, Taxidea, 340, 344-345 taylori, Ochotona 6chisticeps, 341, 355- 356 Teal, Cinnamon, 282 Green-winged, 281-282 tectiformis, Cymia henekeni, tM tectum, Cymia, 628 tectura, Myopa, 598, 604 Teeth, Sharks, 609 Tejon Bat, 342 Telmatodytes palustris plesius, 278, 333 temblorensis, Chione, 619 Chione aff., 607, 610 tenax, Eristalis, 432, 480, 481 tenebrosus, Caranx, 656 tenellus, Oncorhynchus, 548 Tenthredinidse, 408 tenuifolia, Bartsia, 555 tenuifolius, Orthocarpus, 521, 524, 555- 556, 561 tenuis, Orthocarpus, 530, 531, 532 Orthocarpus hispidus, 530, 532 tephra, Euthlypis lachrymosa, 44 Terebra acuaria, 632 aspera, 632 bipartita, 89 burckhardti, 608, 611, 632-633, 646 (pi. 21) coleri, 633 dislocata, 632 elata, 143, 147 gatunensis, 89 gausapata herviderana, 632 rel. haitcnsis, 89 variegata, 143, 147, 632 Terebratalia sp., 152 terminalis, Oncomyia, 594, 596, 603 Palloptera, 443, 492, 493 Scaptomyza, 449, 498, 499 Tern, Black, 280 Caspian, 279-280 Common, 5, 11 Forster's, 280 terraba, Theraps, 507 tesselata, Peleteria, 484, 485 testacea, Orphnephila, 414, 462, 463 testudinalis, Clypeaster, 140, 145 testudinarius, Clypeaster, 153 Echinanthus, 153 Tetanocera vicina, 441, 492, 493 Tetanops aldrichi, 443, 494, 495 Tethina coronata, 450 Tetragoneura pimpla, 417, 464, 465 Tetraodontidas, 122 Tetrodon ocellatus, 122 texana, Physocephala, 584, 601 Texas Kingfisher, 25 Textularia cf. distortio, 211, 226 (pi. 13) mississippiensis, 211, 226 (pi. 13) Thais wittichi, 608, 611, 633-634, 640 (pl. 18) thalassina lepida, Tachycineta, 277, 328 Thalassosteus, 651 appendiculatus, 651-652 Thelaira leucozona, 435, 484, 485 Theraps terrabae, 507 Thereva vialis, 424, 470, 471 Therevidae, 423-424 thomae, Euxesta, 443 Sciara, 417 thomasii, Ostrea sellaeformis var., 621 Thomomys, 346 bottae leucodon, 341, 349 quadratus quadratus, 341, 349 thompsoni, Aphareus, 673 Cubiceps, 655 Vol. XVI] INDEX 801 Thrasher, Mazatlan, 40 Sage, 332 Three-toed Woodpecker, Arctic, 303 Thrush, Alaska Hermit, 337 Grinnell's Water, 43 Olive-backed, 336 Russet-backed, 41 Sierra Hermit, 337 Thryomanes bewickii drymcecus, 278, 333 Thryophilus sinaloa sinaloa, 39 thurberi, Junco oreganus, 277, 324 thyroideus, Sphyrapicus, 276, 304 thyrsiflorus, Ceanothus, 361 Thysanophys spinosus, 119 tibialis, Coscinoptera, 382 Gymnopa, 448, 498, 499 Myiocera, 435, 484, 485 Physocephala, 583, 601 (Tiger-fish), Laou-hoo-yu, 118 Timber Wolf, Northwestern, 358 tintinnabulum californicus, Balanus, 609, 611 Tipula acuta, 458, 459 bicornis, 458, 459 derbyi, 410, 458, 459 simplex, 458, 459 tristis, 458, 459 Tipulidae, 407, 408, 410, 414, 418, 419 Tipulinae, 410 titan, Ostrea, 606, 613 Titmouse, Gray, 334-335 Tityra, Gray-headed, 37 Tityra semifasciata griseiceps, 37 Tivela trigona, 150 tolmeie, Orthocarpus, 521 tolmiei, Oporornis, 43, 278, 330 Orthocarpus, 522, 524, 551-552 topilensis, Globigerina, 220 Tornatina carinata, 125 inculta, 125 toroense, Sthenorytis, 143, 148 torquata, Megoceryle torquata, 24 torquata, Megaceryle, 24 torqueola, Sporophila, 45 Totanus flavipes, 13, 338 melanoleucus, 13, 276, 292 toulai, Sanguinolaria, 608, 61,0, 625, 644 (pi. 20) Towhee, Green-tailed, 327 Nevada, 327 Townsend's Solitaire, 336 Warbler, 330 townsendi, Dendroica, 278, 330 Myadestes, 278, 336 townsendii, Lepus townsendii, 341, 356-357 senex, Eutamias, 341, 348 townsendii, Lepus, 341, 356-357 Toxoneura muliebris, 443 Toxostoma curvirostre occidentale, 40 Trachidermis fasciatus, 119 Trachidermus fasciatus, 1 19 (Trachycardium) lingualeonis, Cardi- um, 89 traguli, Lipoptena, 453 Traill's Flycatcher, 307 traillii brewsteri, Empidonax, 33 Empidonax traillii, 277, 307 traillii, Empidonax, 277, 307 Tree Swallow, 328 Tree-duck, Black-bellied, 17 treganzai, Ardea herodias, 287 Tres Marias Blue Mockingbird, 40 Caracara, 19 Cardinal, 46 Dove, 9 Flycatcher, 35 Parauque, 25 Parrot, 23 Pigeon, 7 Red-breasted Chat, 44 Robin, 41 Tanager, 48 Warbler, 42 tresmariae, Amazona oratrix, 23 Myiarchus lawrenceii, 35 trichas modesta, Geothlypis, 43 occidentalis, Geothlypis, 278, 331 Trichocera, 413, 414 sp., 460, 461 Trichocerinae, 413 Trichomyia, 414 lanceolata, 462, 463 tricolor, Agelaius, 277, 313 ruficoUis, Hydranassa, 16 Steganopus, 276, 291 Tricolored Red-wing, 313 trigona, Tivela, 150 trilineata, Senotainia, 484, 485 Trinity Flying Squirrel, 348 Triphysaria. 520, 521, 522, 525, 526 hispida, 530 versicolor, 565 triplex, Hybos, 431 tristis, Eulonchus, 470, 471 Tipula, 458, 459 Turritella, 636 Zodion, 590, 602 Trivia sanguinea, 143, 147 trivitata, Diabrotica, 392 trivittatus, Ptecticus, 420, 466, 467 Troglodytes aedon parkmanii, 278, 333 Trogon, Citreoline, 28 Coppery-tailed, 28 Goldman's 28 Trogon citreolus, 28 Trogonurus ambiguus ambiguus, 28 ambiguus goldmani, 28 Tropidinius, 665, 666 dentatus, 666, 668 802 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIEIVCES [Pkoc. 4tii Sea. truei, Scapanus, 341 truncana, Cristellaria, 217, 228 (pi. 14) truncata, Ranzania, 680 Truncatella bairdiana, 176 californica, 176, 187-188 guadalupensis, 162, 176-177, 192 (pi. 7) stimpsoni, 176, 177, 187, 188, 192 (pi. 7) stimpsoni guadalupensis, 176 Truncatellidae, 176, 187 Truncatulina, 88 coalingensis, 221, 228 (pi. 14) pseudoungeriana, 220 ungariana, 220 Trygon zugei, 99 Trypetidx, 406, 439, 440, 442, 444-445, 449 Tse-sai Lu-yu, 119 Tse-ser-yu (Stone-head Fish), 117 Tse-yao-yu (Stingray), 99 Tse-yu (Dark-fish), 114 Tson-chau-ting, 103 Tsou-yu (Weed-eating Fish), 104 Turbo fluctuosus, 143, 144, 147 saxosus, 143, 146, 148, 150 Turdus graysoni, 41 rufopalliatus, 40 Turkey Vulture, 19, 296 Turkey-foot, 288 Turquoise-fronted Bunting, 45 Turritella, 514, 618 abrupta, 89 altilirata, 89 bosei, 608, 611, 634-635, 646 (pl. 21) gatunensis, 637 goniostoma, 143, 145, 146, 147 infracarinata, 636 nelsoni rotundata, 636 ocoyana, 608, 610, 611, 615, 617, 634, 636, 642 (pl. 19) cf. ocoyana, 608, 612 planigyrata, 89 robusta, 89 robusta var. abrupta, 89 sp., 608, 609, 610, 646 (pl. 21) subgrundifera, 635 supraconcava, 89 supraconcava freadi, 634 tristis, 636 venezuelana, 636 wittichi, 608, 610, 635-637, 646 (pl. 21) Tylosurus, 651 typicus, Orthocarpus bracteosus, 554 Orthocarpus castillejoides, 528, 534-535, 536, 542 Orthocarpus copelandi, 558-559 Orthocarpus densiflorus, 528, 537-538, 539 typicus Orthocarpus erianthus, 563-564, 565 Orthocarpus lithosperinoides, 527-528, 535, 538 Orthocarpus purpurascens, 528, 535, 540, 541-542, 544, 545 Orthocarpus pusillus, 568-569 typus, Pristipomoides, 667 Tyrannus melancholicus occidentalis, 36 tyrannus, 276, 306 verticalis, 276, 306 Tyto alba pratincola, 276, 301 tzitzihoa, Dafila acuta, 275, 282 U ulalaua, Priacanthus, 663, 664 Ulaula, 665 sieboldi, 667 ulaula, 667 unibilicatula, Nonionina, cf., 224 unibonata, Anomalina, 222 umbrarinn, Dictya, 441, 492, 493 underwoodi, Eucorethra, 416, 462, 463 undulata, Cyathodonta, 140, 145 ungariana, Truncatulina, 220 ungeriana, Rotalina, 220 unicolor, Cinclus mexicanus, 278, 332 Pseudatrichia, 424, 472, 473 unifasciatus, Hemirhamphus, 503 univitta, Calobata, 445, 496, 497 Upeneoides arge, 674 Upland Plover, 338 Uranoscopidae, 121 Uranoscopus japonicus, 121 Uranotaenia, 416 Uraspis, 649, 657, 660 carangoides, 657, 658 helvola, 657, 658, 659, 661 reversa, 658-659 (pl. 22) riukiuensis, 658, 659-660, 662 (Uraspis) micropterus, Caranx, 659 uraspis, Caranx, 657, 658 urophasianus, Centrocercus, 276, 29S uropygialis, Centurus uropygialis, 30 uropygialis, Centurus, 30 Urubitinga anthracina anthracina, 20 uruba, Coragyps urubu, 19 urubu, Coragyps, 19 tistulata, Hylocichla ustulata, 41 swainsoni, Hylocichla, 278, 336 ustulata, Hylocichla, 41 ustullata, Palloptera, 443 utahensis, Ceanothus, 363 Vacuoqua, 506 Vaginulina, 205 Valdez Fox Sparrow, 326 Vol. XVI] INDEX 803 valisineria, Marila, 275, 283 vallata, Beris, 420 Valley Quail, 294-295 vallicola, Lophortyx californica, 276, 294-295 Van Diizee, M. C, A contribution to our knowledge of the North Amer- ican Conopidae (Diptera), 573-604 vancouverensis, Bremus bifarius, 369 vandykei, Bremus flavifrons, 375-376 "Vaqueros" Formation, 208 vaquerosensis, Rapana, 631 Saxidomus, cf., 608, 610, 625 Saxidomus, 625 varia, Mniotilta, 41 varians, Myopa, 604 Myopa vesiculosa, 598 variegata, Terebra, 143, 147, 632 variegatus, Leuciscus, 102 Sacocheilichthys, 102 Varilus, 668 varius daggetti, Sphyrapicus, 276, 304 nuchalis, Sphyrapicus, 276, 303- 304 veatchi, Area, 89 veatchii, Helix, 177 Micrarionta, 177, 178 Micrarionta canescens, 178-179, 200 (pi. 11) vegetus, Bulimulus, 185 vegexspiza, Bulimulus, 185 velox, Accipiter, 276, 297 velutina, Phora, 427, 476, 477 Platypeza, 430, 478, 479 Venericardia brassica, 89 crassicostata, 142, 146 Venezuelan Mangrove Rail, 11 venezuelana, Turritella, 636 Venus ducatelli, 91 multicostata, 90, 91 venustus, Orthocarpus, 542 Orthocarpus purpurascens, 541, 542-543 Tanypus, 414, 462, 463 Verilinae, 665, 666, 668 Verilus, 665 Vermilion Flycatcher, 33 Vermivora celata lutescens, 277", 329 ruficapilla gutturalis, 277, 329 Verruginous Rough-leg, 298-299 versicolor, Orthocarpus, 565 Orthocarpus erianthus, S6S Pantophthalmus, 421, 468, 469 versicolor roseus, Orthocarpus, 565 Triphysaria, 565 vertebratus, Promachus, 426, 474, 475 verticalis, Tyrannus, 276, 306 Vertigo californica, 175 californica catalinaria, 161, 174, 175, 192 (pi. 7) californica diegoensis, 186 Vertigo californica guadalupensis, 161, 175, 192 (pi. 7) degeneris, 161, 175-176, 192 (pi. 7) vesicula, Haminoea, 130 vesiculosa, Myopa, 597, 598, 604 varians, Myopa, 598 Vesper Sparrow, Oregon, 317 Western, 316 vespertina montana, Hesperiphona, 277, 314-315 Ostrea, 141, 145, 146, 148, 152, 621 vestiaria, Saxinis, 386 vialis, Thereva, 424, 470, 471 vibrans, Seoptera, 443 vicaria, Myopa, 597, 604 vicina, Tetanocera, 441, 492, 493 Vigors' Grosbeak, 45 Lineated Woodpecker, 32 vigua mexicanus, Phalacrocorax, 17 Villa lateralis, 423, 470, 471 villosus orius, Dryobates, 276, 303 Vinaceous Ground Dove, 8 vinctus, Caranx, 505 vinetoruni, Eristalis, 432, 480, 481 violacea. Sepsis, 446, 496, 497 similis. Sepsis, 496, 497 violescens, Bowersia, 667, 670 Violet-green Swallow, Northern, 328 virens longicauda, Icteria, 44, 278, 331 Vireo, Cassin's, 329 Plumbeous, 41 Western Warbling, 329 Vireosylva gilva swainsonii, 277, 329 virescens, Aprion, 666 Butorides virescens, 17 Haminoea, 131 virescens, Butorides, 17 virginica, Myopa, 598 viridulans, Rivellia, 443 virgata, Goniomyia, 460, 461 Virginia Rail, 338 virginianus hesperis, Chordeiles, 276, 305 occidentalis. Bubo, 276, 301-302 pacificus. Bubo, 301 pallescens, Bubo, 301 Rallus, 290, 338 virginica, Myopa, 604 viridis, Sargus, 420, 466, 467 viridulans, Rivellia, 494, 495 vison, subsp., Mustcla, 340, 343-344 vitalis, Melina, 441, 492, 493 vitiosa, Dalmannia, 592, 603 Vivero, 505 vociferus, Oxyechus vociferus, 12, 276, 293 vociferus, Oxyechus, 12, 276, 293 804 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ses. volaticus, Rhynchocephalus, 422, 468, 469 Volatinia jacarini atronitens, 46 Volucella esuriens, 432, 480, 481 vorax, Platyinius, 667 Tosnesenskti, Bremus, 368-369, 376, 378, 379, 380 Vulture, Black, 19 Turkey, 19, 296 W Wagler's Chachalaca, 6 wagleri, Ortalis, 6 Wai-yu, 110 wallawalla, Lepus californicus, 341, 3S7 walli, Chione, 620 Wandering Tatler, 13 Warbler, Audubon's, 330 Black-and-white, 41 Black-throated Gray, 43, 330 Calaveras, 329 California Yellow, 330 Golden Pileolated, 44 Lutescent, 329 Macgillivray's, 43, 330 Mangrove, 42 Pileolated, 331 Sonoran Yellow, 42 Townsend's, 330 Tres Marias, 42 Western Fan-tailed, 44 Warbling Vireo, Western, 329 Warner Mountain Cony, 355-356 Fox Sparrow, 326 Jumping Mouse, 355 Washington Cottontail, 357 Jack Rabbit, 357 Water-Thrush, Grinnell's, 5, 43 Waxwing, Cedar, 328 Weasel, 343 (Weed-eating Fish), Tsou-yu, 104 Weke pahala, 674 Western Bluebird, 337 Bushy-tailed Wood Rat, 353- 354 Chipping Sparrow, 323 Crow, 311 Evening Grosbeak, 314-315 Fan-tailed Warbler, 44 Flycatcher, 34, 307 Gnatcatcher, 38 Golden-crowned Kinglet, 336 Goshawk, 295, 297 Grebe, 278 House Wren, 333 Lark Sparrow, 47, 317-318 Marsh Wren, 333 Meadowlark, 314 Mockingbird, 40 Western Mourning Dove, 296 Red-tail, 297 Robin, 337 Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 336 Sandpiper, 14 Savannah Sparrow, 317 Tanager, 327 Vesper Sparrow, 316 Warbling Vireo, 329 White-tailed Jack Rabbit, 356- 357 White-winged Dove, 7 Willet, 13, 293 Winter Wren, 333 Wood Pewee, 34, 307 Yellow-throat, 331 westwoodii, Nycteribia, 454 wheeleri, Psithyrus fernaldx, 374 Whistling Swan, 286 White Ibis, 14 Pelican, 281 White-crowned Sparrow, 318 White-faced Glossy Ibis, 14, 286 White-footed Mouse, Gambel's, 353 White-fronted Dove, 9 Goose, European, 285 Parrot, 24 White-headed Woodpecker, 303 White-rumped Shrike, 329 White-tailed Jack Rabbit, Western, 356-357 White-toothed Pocket Gopher, 349 White-winged Dove, Western, 7 Winter Wren, Western, 333 wickhami, Pachybrachys, 387 Wildcat, California, 345 Willet, Western, 13, 293 Williamson's Sapsucker, 304 willistoni, Myopa, 597, 604 Zodion, 589 Wilson's Phalarope, 291 Snipe, 292 Wilsonia pusilla chryseola, 44 pusilla pileolata, 278, 331 wilsonia beldingi, PagoUa, 12 wilsonianus, Asio, 276, 301 wittichi, Thais, 608, 611, 633-634, 640 (pl. 18) Turritella, 608, 610, 635-637, 646 (pl. 21) Wolf, Northwestern Timber, 358 Wood Ibis, 15 Pewee, Western, 34, 307 Rat, Western Bushy-tailed, 353-354 Woodhewer, Grayson's, 32 Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed, 303 Batchelder's, 303 Gila, 30 Golden-cheeked, 31 Grayson's, 31 Vol. XVI] INDEX 805 Woodpecker, Lewis's, 304 Mazatlan, 31 Modoc, 303 Nelson's Ivory-billed, 32 Vigors' Lineated, 32 White-headed, 303 Wren, Canon, 332 Durango, 39 Lawrence's, 39 Rock, 332 San Joaquin, 333 Sinaloa, 39 Western House, 333 Western Marsh, 333 Western Winter, 333 Wright's Flycatcher, 307-308 wrighti, Empidonax, 277, 307-308 Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, 277, 313 xanthochrous, Pachybrachys, 387 Xanthonyx, 171 xanthopareus, Conops, 578, 601 xanthops, Physocephala, 584 xanthopus, Physocephala, 601 xanti, Pachybrachys, 387 xantusi, Phacoides, 139, 142 Xenocypris davidi, 107 Xenopicus albolarvatus albolarvatus, 276, 303 Xerarionta, 177, 181 Xiphorhynchus flavigaster mentalis, 32 Xurel, 505 Xylomyia pallipes, 421, 468, 469 Xylophaginae, 421 (Yellow Mud Eel), Hwang-zang, 101 Yellow Warbler, California, 330 Sonoran, 42 Yellow-bellied Marmot, 346 Yellow-billed Cuckoo, 29 Yellow-haired Porcupine, 355 Yellow-headed Blackbird, 313 Yellow-legs, 13, 338 Greater, 13, 292 Yellow-tail, 685 Yellow-throat, San Bias, 43 Western, 331 Yeo-boo-sao, 119 yosemite, Microtus montanus, 341, 354 Yosemite Meadow Mouse, 354 Shrew, 342 Yucatan Rough-winged Swallow, 5, 38 yumanensis altipetens, Myotis, 340, 342 Rallus, 10 sociabilis, Myotis, 340, 342 Zalanthias azumanus, 654 kelloggi, 654 Zapus major, 341, 355 Zebrias zebrinus, 112 zebrina, Solea, 112 zebrinum, Zodion, 602 zebrinus, Zebrias, 112 zelotes, Certhia familiaris, 278, 334 Zenaidura macroura marginella, 276, 296 Zephyritis costae, 27 Zezera rathbuni, 103 Zoarchias glaber, 122 Zodion, 573, 574 abdominale, 589, 590, 601 abitus, 601 albifacies, 588, 590, 602 albonotatum, 589, 602 angusticornis, 589, 590, 602 auricaudatum, 589, 602 basalis, 586, 591, 602, bicolor, 602 bilineata, 586-587, 591, 602 cinereiventris, 585-586, 590, 602 flavipenne, 602 fulvifrons, 590, 591, 601, 602 hirtipes, 587-588, 590, 602 intermedium, 591, 602 leucostoma, 602 nanellum, 590, 602 nigrifrons, 590, 602 obliquefasciatum, 589, 602 obscurum, 591, 602 occidensis, 602 occidentale, 591, 602 palpale, 590, 602 parvum, 590, 602 perlongum, 591, 602 pictulum, 602 pygmseum, 590, 602 reclusum, 591, 602 rufifrons, 602 sayi, 591, 602 scapulare, 602 scapularis, 590 splendens, 602 tristis, 590, 602 willistoni, 589 zebrinum, 602 zonarcha, Scaridea, 675 zonata, Rooseveltia, 666, 670 Zonitids, 169 Zonotrichia, 319 coronata, 277, 321-323 leucophrys gambelii, 272, 277, 318-321, 322, 323, 332 leucophrys leucophrys, 277, 318 zugei, Dasyatis, 99 Trygon, 99 Zygothrica, 449 CONTENTS OF VOLUME XVI 1. Notes on Birds of Sinaloa and Nayarit, Mexico, in the Fall of 1925. By M. E. McLellan. Published January 31, 1927 1 2. A Contribution to the Qimatology of the Ice Age. By C E. Grunsky. Published January 31, 1927 53 Plate 1 3. The Marine Miocene Deposits of North Colombia. By Frank M. Anderson. Published January 31, 1927 87 Plates 2, 3. 4. Fishes from Eastern China, with Descriptions of New Species. By Barton Warren Evermann and Tsen-Hwang Shaw. Pub- lished January 31, 1927 97 5. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921. Marine Mollusca of the Order Opistho- branchiata. By Fred Baker and G. Dallas Hanna. Published April 22, 1927 123 Plate 4. 6. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921. Geology and Paleontology. By G. Dallas Hanna and Leo George Hertlein. Published April 22, 1927.. 137 Plate 5. 7. Expedition to Guadalupe Island, Mexico, in 1922. Land and Freshwater Mollusks. By H. A. Pilsbry. Published April 22, 1927 159 Plates 6-12. 8. Foraminifera from the Eocene near Coalinga, California. By Joseph A. Cushman and G. Dallas Hanna. Published April 22, 1927 205 Plates 13, 14. 9. The Making of a Scientific Collection of Reptiles and Amphib- ians. By Joseph R. Slevin. Published April 22, 1927 231 Plates 15, 16. 10. The Birds and Mammals of Modoc County, California. By Joseph Mailliard. Published April 27, 1927 261 11. New Species of CeanothOs. By Alice Eastwood. Published April 27, 1927 361 12. Records and Descriptions of Western Bumblebees (Bremidae). By Theodore H. Prison. Published April 27, 1927 365 13. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921. The Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera). By H. C. Fall. Published April 27, 1927 381 14. A Study of the Terminal Abdominal Structures of Male Diptera (Two-Winged Flies). By Frank R. Cole. Published April 27, 1927 397 r-% ^ r\ i^ iD 15. New Genera and Species of North American Fishes. By David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann. Published April Zl, 1927 501 16. A Geologic Section in the Center of the San Joaquin Valley, Cali- fornia. By J. A. Taflf and G. Dallas Hanna. Published April 27, 1927 509 17. A Revision of the Genus Orthocarpus. By David D. Keck. Pub- lished June 11, 1927 517 18. A Contribution to our Knowledge of the North American Cono- pidse (Diptera). By M. C. Van Duzee. Published June 11, 1927 573 19. Paleontology of the Miocene of Lower California. By Leo George Hertlein and Eric Knight Jordan. Published September 2, 1927 605 Plates 17-21 20. Notes on New or Rare Fishes from Hawaii. By David Starr Jordan, Barton Warren Evermann, and Shigeho Tanaka. Pub- lished November 14, 1927 649 Plates 22-24 21. Description of a New Species of Lizard from Malpelo Island. By Joseph R. Slevin. Published February 28, 1928 681 Plates 25, 26 22. Descriptions of Two New Species of Fishes from oflf Cape San Lucas, Lower California. By Barton Warren Evermann and H. Walton Clark. Published February 28, 1928 685 Plates 27, 28 23. Report of the President of the Academy for the Year 1927. By C. E. Grunsky. Published May 22, 1928 689 24. Report of the Director of the Museum for the Year 1927. By Barton Warren Evermann. Published May 22, 1928 699 Index 759 PROCEEDINGS OP THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 1, pp. 1-51, 3 text figures January 31, 1927 Notes on Birds of Sinaloa and Nayarit, Mexico, in the Fall of 1925 BY M. E. McLellan Assistant Curator, Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy SAN FRANCISCO Published by the Academy 1927 COMMITTEE ON PUBLlCA'TlbN George C. Edwards, Chairman C. E.-Grunsky Barton Warren Evermann, Editor PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol, XVI, No. 2, pp. 53-85, text figs. 1-4, plate 1 January 31, 1927 II A Contribution to the Climatology of the Ice Age BY C. E. GRUNSKY President, California Academy of Sciences SAN FRANCISCO Published by the Acade^Viy 1927 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION George C. Edwards, Chairman C. E. Grunsky Barton Warren Evermann, Editor PROCEEDINGS or THB CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 4, pp. 97-122 January 31, 1927 IV Fishes from Eastern China, with Descriptions of New Species BY BARTON WARREN EVERMANN AND TSEN-HWANG SHAW SAN FRANQSCO Published by the Academy 1927 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION George C. Edwards, Chairman C. E. Grunsky Barton Warren Evermann, Editor PROCEEDINGS OF THB CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 7, pp. 159-203, plates 6-12, 3 text figs. April 22, 1927 VII Expedition to Guadalupe Island, Mexico, in 1922 LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS BY H. A. PILSBRY Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphin SAN FRANCISCO Published by the Academy 1927 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION George C. Edwards, Chairman C. E. Grunsky Barton Warren Evermann, Editor PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 8, pp. 205-229, plates. 13-14 April 22. 1927 VIII Foraminifera From the EoccDe Near Coalinga, California BY JOSEPH A. CUSHMAN AND r-,. DALLAS ffANNA SAN/ FRANCISCO Published by the Academy 1927 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION George C. Edwards, Chairman C. E. Grunsky Barton Warren Evermann, Editor 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 9, pp. 231-259,' plates 15 and 16 April 22, 1927 IX The Making of a Scientific Collection of Reptiles and Amphibians BY JOSEPH R. SLEVIN Assistanit Curator, Department of Herpetology SAN FRANCISCO Published by the Academy 1927 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION George C. Edwards, Chairman C. E. Grunsky Barton Warren Evermann, Editor PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 10, pp. 261-359, 1 text figure April 27, 1927 X The Birds and Mammals of Modoc County, California BY JOSEPH MAILLIARD Curator, Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy SAN FRANCISCO Published by the Academy 1927 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION George C. Edwards, Chairman C. E. Grunsky Barton Warren Evermann, Editor PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 14, pp. 397-499, text-figures 1-287 April 27, 1927 XIV A Study" of the Terminal Abdomirial Structures of Male Diptera (Two-Winged Flies) BY FRANK R. COLE Redhmds, California SAN FRANQSCO Published by the Academy 1927 COMMITTEE C^N PUBLICATIQN George C, Edwards, Chairman C. E. Grunsky Barton Warren Evermann, Editor PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMV OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 17, pp. 517-571,, 1 text figure June 11, 1927 XVII A Revision of the Genus Orthocarpus BY DAVID D. KECK SAN FRANCISCO Published by the Academy 1927 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION George C. Edwards, Chairman C. E. Grunsky Barton Warren Evermann, Editor PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 19, pp. JQ5-647, plates 17-21 September 2, 1927 XIX Paleontology of the Miocene of Lower California BY LEO GEORGE HERTLEIN and ERIC KNIGHT JORDAN Department of Paleontology SAN FRANCISCO Published by the Academy 1927 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION George C. Edwards, Chairman C. E; Grunsky Barton Warren Evermann, Editor PROCEEDINGS or THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY, QF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, No. 20, pp. 649-680, plates 22-24 November 14. 1927 XX Notes on New or Rare Fishes From Hawaii BY DAVID STARR JORDAN BARTON WARREN EVERMANN AND SHIGEHO TANAKA SAN FRANCISCO Published by the Academy 1927 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION George C. Edwards, Chairman C. E. Grunsky Barton Warren Evermann, Editor PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XVI, Nos. 23 and 24, pp. 689-758 May 22, 1928 XXIII Report of the President of the Academy for the Year 1927 BY C. E. Grunsky President of the Academy XXIV Report of the Director of the Museum for the Year 1927 BY Barton Warren Evermann Director of the Museum SAN FRANCISCO Published by the Academy 1928 TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, COUNCIL, AND MUSEUM STAFF OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES BOARD OF TRUSTEES WILLIAM H. CROCKER, President Terra expires 1930 JOSEPH D. GRANT, Vice-President Term expires 1932 LOUIS F. MONTEAGLE Term expires 1933 MRS. ALEXANDER F. MORRISON Term expires 1929 WILLIAM M. FITZHUGH Term expires 1931 DR. C. E. GRUNSKY, President of the Academy and ex-officio member . . . Term expires 1929 M. HALL MCALLISTER, Treasurer of the Academy and ex-officio member . . . Term expires 1929 SUSIE M. PEERS, Secretary to the Board OFFICERS AND COUNCXJ> DR. C. E. GRUNSKY, President '*' " COL. GEORGE G. EDWARDS, First Vice-President OTTO VON GELDERN, Second Vice-President DR. F. M. MacFARLAND, Corresponding Secretary JOSEPH W. HOBSON, Recording Secretary M. HALL McAllister, Treasurer G. P. RIXFORD, Librarian DR. BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, Director of the Museum and of the Steinhart Aquarium, and Executive Curator STAFF Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director and Executive Curator Department of Botany . . . Alice Eastwood, Curator Department of Entomology . Edward P. Van Duzee, Curator Hartford H. Keifer, Assistant Curator Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke, Honorary Curator Dr. F. R. Cole, Associate Curator in Dipterology Dr. F. E. Blaisdell, Sr., Research Associate Walter M. Giffard, Research Associate Department of Exhibits. . . Frank Tose, Chief Taxidermist Department of Fishes . . . Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Curator H. W.\lton Clark, Assistant Curator Department of Herpetology . Joseph R. Slevin, Assistant Curator Department of Invertebrate Zoology Dr. W-iVlter K. Fisher, Curator Library G. P. Ri.xford, Librarian I. McGuiRE, Assistant Librarian Department of Manvnalogy and Ornithology ' " •;, Harry S. SwArth, Curator M. E. McLellan Davidson, Assistant Curator Joseph Mailliard, Honorary Curator Department of Paleontology . Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, Curator Leo George Hertlein, Assistant Curator Frank M. Anderson, Honorary Curator Dr. Roy E. Dickerson, Research Associate Steinhart Aquarium .... Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director Alvin Seale, Superintendent Wallace Adams, Assistant Superintendent COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION Col. George C. Edwards, Chairman Dr. C. E. bRUNSKY Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Editor ■a iiPf '.553Hini!5J 1 i!iii!iHiiiiiii(!!iiii ; > J WJ\ iiii Itll !