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A SREB Pit dealt fhel yaad Ty THI : PS. has se ] SWANARR APRS 98 acne mapa Xe 8 oe. 12,° a’ Gan “4 b 4 | reat ee. | . yh \ q er Ts TAILS ath UU hen hemene; Phra. iGatephese sk We aalipA say : ‘ , mae Ug, eee Soa ae Bnet oor ayy ah Dees tks JR ey sane eo. se NS ee a ake MAT TL aceon: : au A eee Lai oes Ml Lisette {ap J pignabae yates Aaah sen tat pa BBA.» i ‘ { et | \ ATR a Se eld NS re rst ee |} dale ‘aa, Neh ane Vo ALS a 4 YY t Yb ae a a bY yom yp ll "Pare Sp Annee oni a aaaiitil a RL pups uM fay Khe, ~yise* % ap wy er eer be pg miei is af NA Ubi. .sA0fitiage eh ONY ; . Wy ia De sae &r. ose, nee ¥. arcane Daa. ae v & : eat Pits | doe | ath eel tte Lay st AA eT bl ee | an Py Nal} ) hi) he oN yn, -F° phe ss gna isle! &, i Ol ed | | : oe pip average PATH Het poe, oe aa’ avian Ol ainial Co 2 5 ‘ Wa pumas * 4 : 7 1 “y | 4e t) ~ | peu ‘ . a AY ETT? Pur {ier tok Puyipag® 0. \¢ 7 e te eg ance BRET Po ge 389 Are ROC Tae ag garner, ol RP ane OS Oe me | | Doe = eS SN ~~ of on Me ey ped eo Wgus a e fae: Py Wiaunati ve \ , | ~ 4 PA’ ¢q .» E > - ae ~~ - ol T tal TVY Ao pa RQ, ay ie META GLUIE Cali tag eee Eryn Loge rau alent ak ~ es 4 \ F vs By . id Pp r | % Lol Pap aP . Y Ap el = Area. Pre, a Pe ih pha 4 Wa AYP vee rs 6ay-\4% i a D>» _ ane iq ey ,- t: Oe! ;. ee. 7) ve > “a ape ame op mann, rit ant” . Va aaa 4 am % a = 2 FO Ps 8 IVAN ban 2 1 : ° fio : a sf SAQA ap (Nom SPO Are “AR VAAL Ip a ‘ep. tarts wale aan * SAS ha: bRaY V- A 1 os ; ' is j Tt gy “Oo pei - Ae? s ah sabi ia aaa “‘/ ne: n.- Lae wey rer re a eg ‘ary’. | | A's i "Penn we, “Vy asta | far = % * PPP TT Loleh an 4 pre cum ata HT A NIN We a AR, ‘, A aA Wilby hate, aA? ABI Gy amma j FY i) & < ie Bua’ nn Maal Lol) Lid wv ree bares as ny wae ap gp wutotn a alll aid a AN. « 5 IMS ph : ) N e* \ Paa APF aw | puts Aa yal ag a ae eee TT i idelay a) a) ae ay .: Ss Mla eke Evwar yAv ; Fie - aki ji aay ? a PA Papas P Vis . ap Al Teer PPA: Yt tt AM yee a alae S ‘es Va DO as rwa* } Ven. Wass a4 +> nl Ee G3 ou PS pea i pg BE, ae mw ge ae PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FOURTH SERIES Pe oat 2 Vou. IX Rg JAW 6 2 \ He 54 Pigs ) Yon i at me 1919 PRINTED FROM THE JOHN W. HENDRIE PUBLICATION ENDOWMENT SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY 1919 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION 7 GEORGE C. Epwarps, Chairman | C. E. Grunsxky BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, Editor ‘4 4S ” ‘spunod oof Ajivau Surysiam uonipuos asuirad ur sajeur aynpe aya ‘129p URIIIWIY YON] IY JO IseBav] 9yI Si sIY], *s91yUNOD UJaYyIIOU ay2 UT IseOD 9Y2 03 Bururod ‘paemyjsoU YVSA MAN AddWH AYSA V NOA SAHSIM AJUNOD WII Woy svIIIIG 22 UF PUNOJ SF a1 BIUIOJITED UT “UOTINGIaASIp aprM Jo st Jaap prpuayds sty, 7, SSONAIOS 4O AWSQVOV VINYOSITVO SH1L SODUBINS JO AWapedy eIWIOJ!/2D a4} JO WNasNW a4} Ul dnosyH 199q aN Ule}UNOW AyI0y CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX Priates 1-20 PAGE PAR RMS ee A cri Wate. s Sie oie aivi'esd Ga ah w peala mn Aa eievece a Ria 5 eer poe! Ewa eb i EOTUFETLES ee elle the cate i cuaed crake Le STL aha tar atel Gates aie Leena berate gia a ae ili Notes on West American Chitons—II]............ 0. cece eee eee eee 1 By S. Stillman Berry (Published June 16, 1919) ferre-Zonewnoicators in Californians .).\:s'c ccs: acis eal tein ewieigs melons meee 37 By Harvey Monroe Hall and Joseph Grinnell (Published June 16, 1919) Notes on Mammals collected principally in Washington and California between the Years 1853 and 1874 by Dr. James Graham Cooper.... 69 By Walter P. Taylor (Published July 12, 1919) Climatic Relations of the Tertiary and Quaternary Faunas of the California RePlOly sale tea cee tee ech ciops aia ciele wide siecic Sansa weet salto 123 By James Perrin Smith (Published July 12, 1919) Contribution to the Optics of the Microscope...............0..s00eee 175 By C. W. Woodworth (Published July 12, 1919) The Gopher-Snakes of Western North America...................0. 197 By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin (Published August 26, 1919) Blew Ciremen: Pigeon... 0s tat icty Weide staked acne, vinreiv its We aimare glaeut p 221 By F. R. Cole and A. L. Lovett (Published August 26, 1919) Key to the North American Species of the Dipterous Genus Medeterus, with Descriptions of New Species... ........0cccccceeceecccocees By Millard C. Van Duzee (Published August 26, 1919) Description of a New Fossil Fish from Japan....................0.. 271 By David Starr Jordan (Published October 22, 1919) Notes on the Avifauna of the Inner Coast Range of California....... 273 By Joseph Mailliard (Published November 25, 1919) New Species of Flies (Diptera) from California B y J. R. Malloch (Published December 23, 1919) Mechanism in the Production of the Throat-Fan in the Florida Chame- leon), AnolistGarolnensisie:s wccteite san euiatiea a Case Rete cis 313 y Chas. E. von Geldern (Published December 23, 1919) New Hemipterous Insects of the Genera Aradus, Phytocoris and Campinurochys ... iicstussaseasaweechass~. ak eae toe ccememewls 6 331 , By Edward P. Van Duzee (Published February 5, 1920) Report of the President of the eee for the Year 1919........... 357 y C. E. Grunsky (Published August 4, 1920) Report of the Director of the Museum for the Year 1919............. 367 By Barton Warren Evermann (Published August 4, 1920) lipase ey yl oie NE ON ata: PST ented Ea CES Nees Oe es aie Re HY eae 397 November 17, 1920. 4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIE vs ‘ en _» FourTH SERIES — _ IX, No. 1, pp. 1-36, pl. 1-8 June 16, 1919 7 Notes on West American Chitons—I \ 5 ‘ za ; “s SURES era ay BY me __. §, Strrrman Berry, REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA — a é : , a SRT a " a“ fo BREN BED SP ROM THES oy) 32 JOHN W. HENDRIE PUBLICATION ENDOWMENT 5 ae | SAN FRANCISCO. PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY cy ~ COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION Georce C. Epwarps, Chairman C. E. Grunsky Barton WARREN EVERMANN, Editor PROCEEDINGS Fourth Series VOLUME II, Part I Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. Pages 1-132. VIII. The Birds of the Galapagos Islands, with Observations on the Birds of Cocos and Clipperton Islands (Columbiformes to Pelecaniformes). By Edward Winslow Gifford, Plates I-vil. (Jssued August 11, 19138)... cceccee ese Pages 133-202. 1X. The Galapagoan Lizards of the Genus ~Tropidurus; with Notes on the Iguanas of the Genera Conolophus and Amblyrhyncus. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin. Plates vi1i—-x1.. (Issued September 19, 1913). Pages 203-374. X. The Gigantic Land Tortoises of the Galapagos Archipelago. By John Van Denburgh. Plates xiI-cxxiv. (Lssucéd: September BO; LILEY veins vos 40g Cath Cet Coa dia eee ae Pages 375-382. XI. Preliminary Descriptions of New Species of Pulmonata of the Galapagos Islands. By William Healey Dall. (Issued ‘December 3h, 2910) «ia aw ao.s shee hc aenan ee de VOLUME II, Part II Pages 1-187. XII. A Review of the Albatrosses, Petrels, and Diving Petrels. By Leverett Mills Loomis. Plates 1-17. (issued Aprii2e, LOLB) hig ay Cas Vee eae mes ory oe ee Pages 189-258. XIII. Field Notes on the Land Birds of the Galapagos Islands and of Cocos Island, Costa Rica. By Edward Winslow Gifford. (Issued June 16, 1919). 0... cc cece cece useens VOLUME III Pages 1-40. A Further Stratigraphic Study in the Mount Diablo Range of California. By Frank M.Anderson. Plate 1. (/ssued COLIDOEP GS 1g LOCO) 6 es CEs Rene A ERR OF Fo ERT ee ee ge Pages 41-48. Description of a New Species of Sea Snake from the Philippine Islands, with a Note on the Palatine Teeth in the Proteroglypha. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph C. Thomp- son,’ (Issued December al, SIS) os Fe Facey eee hee Capa hase AK eS Pages 49-56. New and Previously Unrecorded Species of Reptiles and Amphibians from the Island of Formosa. By John Van Denburgh. (Jssued December 2, L909 ).cccvccccveccvcsvevceces Pages 57-72. Water Birds of the Vicinity of Point Pinos, California. By Rollo Howard Beck. (/ssued September 17, 1910)...00. 00% Pages 73-146.. The Neocene Deposits of Kern River, California, and the Temblor Basin. By Frank M. Anderson. Plates 11-x111. (issued Wovember GADWUT)\ aoe EEA ee hy he het Se eee ee Pages 147-154, Notes on a Collection of Reptiles from Southern California and Arizona. By John Van Denburgh. (Wssued PANBAPY LG; LO LZ). parities wc sews «s 3:x0 0 ee Mo Aia eis oa dee Viasat Pages 155-160. Notes on Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Oregon, Idaho and Utah. By John Van Denburgh. (/ssued January AT PTII2Z) Se rineee ete cs sts on Cis TAC Ee ait ae Pages 161-182. Geologic Range of Miocene Invertebrate Fossils of California. By James Perrin Smith. (/ssued April 5, 7972)... Pages 183-186. Description of a New Genus and Species of Sala- mander from Japan. By Surgeon J. C. Thompson, U.S. Navy. Plate xiv; [ssued-MeOy 8, 2982). reve un Faw eee ee Pages 187-258. Concerning Certain Species of Reptiles and Am- phibians from China, Japan, the Loo Choo Islands, and Formosa. By John Van Denburgh. (J/ssued December 16, 1912.)....+.++ Pages 259-264. Notes on Ascaphus, the Discoglossoid Toad of North America. By John Van Denburgh. (Jssued December 2h POT ee cise Win Ga She CaS whe Re ee ee CORE SARS REG Pages 265-390. A Distributional List of the Mammals of California. By Joseph Grinnell, Plates xv-xv1. (/ssued August 28, 19/3) Pages 391-454. A List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Arizona, with Notes-on the Species-in the Collection of the Academy. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin. Plates xvm- XXXVI. (Issued November 5; 1919) 6 cin 6c ck daa hoses Vactaees $1.00 .10 .50 135 VOLUME I! Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. Pages 1-6. I. Preliminary Description of Four New Races of Gigantic Land Tortoises from the Galapagos Islands. By John Van Denburgh. (Jssued December 20, 1907). ....sccvvecceccres Pages 7-288. II. A Botanical Survey of the Galapagos Islands. ‘By Alban Stewart. Plates 1-x1x. (Jssued January 2, 1911)... Pages 289-322. III. The Butterflies and Hawk-Moths of the Galapagos Islands. By Francis X. Williams. Plates Xx-xxI. (£596 KOCTODEP ST TOIT. sinc bis a stnsniv'ee eioiais ts eioee ete ee eeene Pages 323-374. IV. The Snakes of. the Galapagos Islands. By John Van Denburgh. Plates xx1I-xxx. (/ssued January /7, /912) Pages 375-404. V. Notes on the Botany of Cocos Island. B Alban Stewart. Plates xxxI-xxxIiv. (/ssued January 19, 1912) Pages 405-430. VI. The Geckos of the Galapagos Archipelago. By John Van Denburgh. (Jssued April 16, 1912) ....ceeceees Pages 431-446. VII. Notes on the Lichens of the Galapagos Islands By Alban Stewart. (Jsswed December 17, 1972)...... ' iva 39 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourTH SERIES Var 1X, No. 1, pp. 1-36, pis.1-3 June 16, 1919 I NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN CHITONS—II. BY S. STILLMAN BERRY, REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA 3. ON THE GENERIC OR SUBGENERIC POSITION OF CERTAIN West AMERICAN CHITONS Specimens now in hand of the two Australian species, Ischnochiton australis (Sowerby) and I. novehollandie Gray, make it evident that most of the species from other regions which have been associated with them in the section or subgenus Ischnoradsia of Shuttleworth, of which the former species must be taken as the type, have no true rela- tions with them whatever. One of our West North Ameri- can species which has clearly been incorrectly included here is the aberrant Ischnochiton trifidus Carpenter, 1864. As this species appears to have no close connection with any other known to us, while it offers several rather remarkable features of its own, I propose to make it the type of a new group, Tripoplax, which for the time being may be tentatively re- ferred to Ischnochiton as a subgenus. In the true Ischnorad- sia, not only is the sculpture, especially that of the lateral and terminal areas, of a different order, but the girdle scales are relatively quite large, thick and heavy, and bear a conspicuous vertical carination on their outer aspect. In the West Ameri- can species the lateral and terminal areas have only a rela- June 16, 1919 2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH Ser. tively small number of low, flat, smooth, even ribs, and the proportionally much smaller girdle scales, which become even more minute toward the margin, are without any undue outer thickening or carination. In passing it may be noted that the so-called “Ischnoradsias” of Northern Japan can evidently be associated neither with the Australian species nor with I. trifidus. This phase of the matter will be treated more in detail upon a subsequent occasion in connection with a dis- cussion of the radular characters. Ischnochiton regularis (Carpenter 1855) was referred by Pilsbry (’92, p. 142) to his section Radsiella, evidently be- cause of its radsioid valves. But Radsiella, as he has it, is an even more heterogeneous assortment than IJschnoradsia, the species referred to it including not only J. tridentatus Pils- bry from Lower California as type, and I. regularis, but also I, viridulus (Couthouy) from Tierra del Fuego, the J. trifidus above mentioned, and J. tigrinus (Krauss) from the Cape of Good Hope. I am not sure that the actual degree of rela- tionship is sufficiently close for the association of any two of these in the same group: certainly the three West American forms have each striking peculiarities to distinguish them. Quite recently Thiele (:10, p. 112, 113) has shown that the radular characters of regularis indicate an affinity with the otherwise very different appearing Lepidozona and Callisto- chiton. This fact, together with the multiplication of inser- tion slits and other shell characters, causes me to propose here a second new group, Rhombochiton, to rank near or under Lepidozona, with I. regularis (Carpenter) as type. On my labels I am retaining both of these groups under Ischnochiton until certain further investigations upon which I am engaged can be carried through to completion. I do not think that our present knowledge of the detailed morphology of either the shell or the radula can be implicitly trusted to provide the key for working out the true relationships of all these groups, so as conservative a treatment as possible seems now the safest to adopt. Through the kindness of Professors J. C. Merriam and B. L. Clark of the University of California, there have been Vor, IX] BERRY—NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN CHITONS 3 placed in my hands for study a few specimens of chitons from the collection of the late Dr. J. G. Cooper, which are of inter- est as having presumably been determined by Dr. P. P. Car- penter. Among these I have been interested to find a single specimen, represented by a few loose valves, of the very insuf- ficiently known “Trachydermon gothicus’ of Carpenter (’64, p. 649; ’66, p. 212). This bears the Catalogue Number 2388 [S. S. B. 478], and was taken by Dr. Cooper at San Pedro, California, on shells of Haliotis. At near the same time a second specimen came to me through the generosity of Mr. W. H. Golisch of the Southwest Museum. This one, which is fortunately complete, was found by Mrs. Golisch at Dead Man’s Island, San Pedro, California, in 1909 [S. S. B. 1060]. For some time I have felt that gothicus constituted a distinct element of its own in the heterogeneous mixture comprised in the Carpenterian genus Trachydermon, yet I was not alto- gether prepared to find revealed a second species of my own group Dendrochiton (Berry :11, p. 487), of which D. tham- noporus (Berry) stands as the type and, up till now, the only known species. This group was founded largely because of its girdle characters, and of course one would not expect the complex and fragile sete to persist in dried specimens such as these, but in the specimen found by Mrs. Golisch a few pore-like dots are evident opposite the sutures in situations corresponding to the position of the major series of setz in D. thamnoporus. From this circumstance, coupled with the fact the shell characters of the two species are evidently but elaborations of the same general plan, I think there is no question that the two are congeneric. On the other hand their specific separation would appear to be easy. The more conspicuous features in which D. gothicus differs from tham- noporus are: . | (1) the greater elevation and more acute angle of the ridge; (2) the much narrower, more numerous (about 13 on the central valves), and straighter ribs of the pleural areas, blend- ing into a rather obscure, fine, irregular, longitudinal thread- ing on the jugal tract; (3) the relatively solid texture of the interspaces between the pleural ribs; in thamnoporus, under moderately high 4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4TH Ser. Fig. 1. Dendrochiton thamnoporus (Berry). Camera sketch of dorsal aspect of right side of valve v of type [8a], from off Monterey. —_— V ie Fig. 2. Dendrochiton thamnoporus (Berry). Camera outline of valve v of type [8a], anterior elevation. Fig. 3. Dendrochiton gothicus (Carpenter). Camera sketch of dorsal aspect of right side of valve iv of specimen [478] from San Pedro. | mm. Fig. 4. Dendrochiton gothicus (Carpenter). Camera outline of valve iv [478], anterior elevation. Vor. IX] BERRY—NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN CHITONS 5 power (x36), these interspaces are conspicuously spongy, while in gothicus they are not; (4) the heavier granulation of the lateral areas. The two species are of about the same size, and both are brilliantly colored. As a further aid in separating them, I append the accompanying rather rough sketches (text figs. 1-4). No doubt the receipt of good alcoholic material of gothicus will reveal additional important features of taxo- nomic value in the girdle. Gothicus is so far recorded only from the immediate vicinity of the San Pedro Channel, tham- noporus from Monterey Bay. In the original description of the latter species, a Japsus calami resulted in the spelling thamnopora. The correction to thamnoporus is made in ac- cordance with Article 19 of the International Code. LITERATURE CITED, Beriy so. 3: :11. A new Californian chiton. < Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences Philadelphia 1911, pp. 487-492, text fig. 1-7, pl. 40, October, 1911. Carpenter, P,P. 55. Descriptions of (supposed) new species and varieties of shells, from the Californian and West Mexican coasts, principally in the collection of H. Cuming, Esq. < Proceed- ings Zoological Society London 1855, pp. 228-235, 1855. 64. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the West Coast of North America. a ee ee i“ I Ue SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY 1919 cS * eae SS) ae oe SS +, 3s mes = 5. Spe eo \ ane Aa eb Be URAL AG Ae Nee Puedes Go tance He RSIS CG SEH IIR SREY TORT A nr Dee eae PIER boyh COMMITTEE OW PUBLICATION: © Kc cae wae _ Grorce C. Epwarns, Chairman Pia ee Male wa eN aN , C. E. Grunsxy Barton WARREN EverMANN, Editor ooo: ‘ PROCEEDINGS Fourth Series c J % ¥ -< VOLUME II, Part 1 Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. Pages 1-132. VIII. The Birds of the Galapagos Islands, with Observations on the Birds of Cocos and Clipperton Islands (Columbiformes to Pelecaniformes). By Edward Winslow Gifford. Platesi-vut. (/ssued August 11, 1913). .cccceecceess $1.00 Pages 133-202. IX. The Galapagoan Lizards of the Genus Tropidurus; with Notes on the Iguanas of the Genera Conolophus and Amblyrhyncus. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin, Plates vimt-x1. (Issued September 19, 1973). -50 Pages 203-374. X. The Gigantic Land Tortoises of the Galapagos Archipelago. By John Van Denburgh. Plates XII-CXXIV. CTssased SApUCIRVEr SC, LILA iv oe sin ig 4 sin Cro wisn ey ables a eidip 2.00 Pages 375-382. XI. Preliminary Descriptions of New Species of Pulmonata of the Galapagos Islands. By William Healey Dall. (Issued December 31, 1917) oil's oa sivin'e ojein is Wine sine pled oie ney boade'e Ho 10 VOLUME II, Part II Pages 1-187. XII. A Review of the Albatrosses, Petrels, and Diving Petrels. By Leverett Mills Loomis. Plates 1-17. (Issued April 22, 1918) 0.5.5.0 cece se cen eee see eee eneeseeenaee 1.50 Pages 189-258. XIII. Field Notes on the Land Birds of the Galapagos Islands and of Cocos Island, Costa Rica. By Edward a Winslow Gifford, (Issued June 16, 1919)... 0. cece ee ccc cewenee .50 dl VOLUME lil Pages 1-40. AF urther Stratigraphic Study in the Mount Diablo Range of California. By Frank M.Anderson. Plate 1. (/ssued PREP Ay GOO) « oiols, vais, 2 dse.ojaimjedi oie yc byelece Die wh pininniay 6 « alP pipielasia « .35 Pages 41-48, Description of a New Species of Sea Snake from the Philippine Islands, with a Note on the Palatine Teeth in the Proteroglypha. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph C. Thomp- son. (Usswed December 31, 1908) sv vesvaccvicvvccnsaccrgvoccens ‘25 Pages 49-56. New and Previously Unrecorded Species of Reptiles and Amphibians from the Island of Formosa. By John Van Denburgh. (Jssued December 20, LOI)... ccccaeccvveceveveeses 125 Pages 57-72. Water Birds of the Vicinity of Point Pinos, California. By Rollo Howard Beck. (/ssued September 17, 1910). 0.600100 .25 Pages 73-146. The Neocene Deposits of Kern River, California, and the Temblor Basin. By Frank M. Anderson. Plates II-xI1l. (Ussued November 9, 1911). ..vceceeeencecss Se ASS Cae a 1.00 Pages 147-154. Notes ona Collection of Reptiles from Southern y California and Arizona. By John Van Denburgh. (/ssued ts JANUATY 17, 1912) oo ova cence de aies Shue nang nvenbecsscboveseeboere .20 Pages 155-160. Notes on Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Oregon, Idaho and Utah. By John Van Denburgh. (/ssued epee ary yh by! LILA) oo seid Sia seh bine 25008 tie g.a'es a Loh eos a eles Reale Sige TS Pages 161-182. Geologic Range of Miocene Invertebrate Fossils of » California. By James Perrin Smith. (/ssued April 5, 79/2)... Ay) Pages 183-186. Description of a New Genus and Species of Sala- mander from Japan. By Surgeon J. C. Thompson, U.S. Navy. Plate sav issued May 3; LUD). ss Siler da hale ocd aan s oleae os .25 Pages 187-258. Concerning Certain Species of Reptiles and Am- phibians from China, Japan, the Loo Choo Islands, and Formosa. By John Van Denburgh. (Jsswed December 16, 1912.)...++++: .50 Pages 259-264. Notes on Ascaphus, the Discoglossoid Toad of North America. By John Van Denburgh. (Jssued December Mae PLATE Mg ae sha le bd wi atcn Selita (a bce ehialy sh 6 arose blag Were ae 6:8. Br | Pages 265-390. A Distributional List of the Mammals of California. By Joseph Grinnell. Plates xv-xvi. (Jssued August 28, 1913) 1.00 Pages 391-454. A List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Arizona, ee with Notes on the Species in the Collection of the Academy. pane By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin, Plates xvu1- A xxvii. (Issued November 5, 1913)... ccs ece ce iecese ates uae by fs RI they VOLUME I! Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. Pages 1-6. I. Preliminary Description of Four New Races of Gigantic Land Tortoises from the Galapagos Islands. By John Van Denburgh. (Jssued December 20, 1907)... .ccceecececcvees Pages 7-288. II. A Botanical Survey of the Galapagos Islands. By Alban Stewart. Plates 1-x1x. (/sswed January 26, 19//)... Pages 289-322. III. The Butterflies and Hawk-Moths of the Galapagos Islands. By Francis X. Williams. Plates xx—-xx1. (issued Octoper FT, LILL) cx ta ie on oi bane Oe ha ee Pages 323-374. IV. The Snakes of the Galapagos Islands. By John Van Denburgh. Plates xx1I-xxx. (/ssued January /7, 19/2) Pages 375-404. V. Notes on the Botany of Cocos Island. By Alban Stewart. Plates xxxI-xxxIv. (/sswed January 19, 1912) Pages 405-430. VI. The Geckos of the Galapagos Archipelago. By John Van Denburgh. (Jssued April 16, 1912) ...ccceeeess Pages 431-446. VII. Notes on the Lichens of the Galapagos Islands By Alban Stewart. (Jssued December 17, 19/2)...... PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourtH SERIES Vor. IX, No. 2, pp. 37-67 June 16, 1919 Pee: | | LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS IN CALIFORNIA BY Harvey Monroe HALL Associate Professor of Botany, University of Cakfornea AND JosErpH GRINNELL Director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California INTRODUCTION An increasing number of naturalists, both botanists and zoologists, are finding in the life-zone.system a useful means of handling the facts of distribution. The satisfactory diagnosis of life-zones in the field has been dependent hitherto upon an extensive familiarity with the occurrence of plants and animals over large areas, and this has been possible only to a few persons with abundant opportunity for field work. It is the experience of the present writers that certain critical species can be selected as “life-zone indicators”, through the recognition of which the zonal position of any one locality June 16 , 1919 38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. may be determined with approximate accuracy without an exhaustive study of the entire flora and fauna. The object of the present paper is to make available a partial list of the plants and vertebrate animals which may be depended upon to establish the zonal identity of any locality within the State of California, and so to make it possible for the inexperienced person to “find himself” zonally. THE LIFE-ZONE CONCEPT Field biologists of the Pacific Coast are in general agree- ment as to the value of the life-zone concept. It not only fits in with well established facts but has direct practical appli- cation in studies dealing with the ecology and geographic distribution of plants and animals. That there are difficulties in its application, and that there are numerous apparent in- consistencies among life-zone workers, is readily admitted. However, these will doubtless be cleared up as we come to a more intensive study of environments and to a more careful application of the fundamental laws of geographic distribu- tion. In this connection it should perhaps be pointed out that the life-zones as here accepted are not to be compared with the mountain regions of Schimper (1898) and others, nor even ‘with the so-called life ‘zones’ or belts of some workers in our own country. We here refer to those classi- fications which are based largely upon altitude and latitude and sometimes upon topography. Such zones or belts may be somewhat useful in popular treatises, but are’ of slight scientific value since their use entirely ignores the local con- ditions which often greatly modify zonal position. The idea that life-zones are altitudinal or latitudinal is correct only in a very general way or incidentally. They are, instead, primarily biologic, that is, they are composed of and determined by a certain assemblage of plant and animal species, and are affected by altitude or latitude only as these modify the climate, more especially the temperature during the critical periods of an organism’s existence. This effect of a change in latitude or altitude is sometimes overshadowed by the influence of local conditions, resulting in the so-called misplacement and spotting of zones. So frequent is this the Vou. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS 39 case that the distribution of a taxonomic group can be ac- curately stated in terms of latitude and altitude only by making the range so inclusive as to render the statement of but general interest. It is just this failure to recognize the importance of local disturbing conditions that has led some investigators to under- value both the scientific basis and the utility of the life-zone concept. The more important local influences which interfere with the normal, orderly succession of life-zones may be specified and briefly discussed as follows: 1. Slope exposure. Next to altitude and latitude this is apparently the most important determinant of temperature and consequently of zone positions in our western states. As may be determined mathematically, the amount of heat received by a slope with the most favorable gradient is 1.4 times as great as that received by an equal area of level land, other conditions being constant (Hal!, 1902, p. 34). It is evident, from such considerations, that any life-zone will occur at higher altitudes on southerly facing slopes (in the Northern Hemisphere) than it will on level areas, and that it will be correspondingly depressed on northerly facing slopes. 2. Air currents. It is well known that cold air flows down the cafions in mountainous districts, especially at night. This results in a depression of life-zones, particularly in narrow valleys and cafions. On the other hand, proximity of a desert area or other source of warm air often greatly elevates the position of life-zones on mountain slopes, be- cause Of the warm ascending currents. (See Merriam, 1899, p. 51; Shreve, 1914, pp. 197-202.) 3. Streams carrying cold water. The effect upon the growth conditions of plants whose roots are in moist soil near these streams is considerable, as indicated by the per- sistent manner in which species of the higher zones fringe the water courses at lower levels. As an alpine stream descends to the plains, its rise in temperature is much less than is generally supposed. This is indicated by thermo- metric observations (not yet published) made in the moun- tains of Colorado by Dr. Gideon S. Dodds. 40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser. 4. Evaporation from moist soil. This likewise depresses the temperature and works in harmony with No. 3. The effect is also noticeable around lakes and moist depressions. The influence is sometimes very local. It is even possible that in tall forests the tree species may belong to one life- zone whereas the communities beneath these trees may con- tain herbaceous plants and terrestrial animals from the zone next above. In such cases we must consider, in addition to evaporation, such influences as shading, the movement of cold air, the effect of cold water, etc. 5. Proximity to large bodies of water. Water is usually an equalizer of temperature, but the presence of unusually cold or warm bodies and ocean currents must be taken into account. 6. Influence of lingering snow banks and of glaciers. Because of peculiar topography snow accumulates much more abundantly in some places than in others. These deep snow fields require a longer time for their complete melting, or may persist throughout the summer, thus acting as refriger- ators for the immediate neighborhood. The effect is often very local and gives rise to a “spotting” of life-zones which cannot be accounted for on other grounds. Glaciers may produce similar effects. 7. Changes in the vegetable covering. Forest fires, ava- lanches, and other denuding agents may result in a change from a previously existing life-zone to the one next below (Merriam, 1899, p. 51). As the laws of plant succession become operative the species will again change to those of the climax formation, and there will be going on in the meantime a nice adjustment between temperature conditions and plant covering, each acting upon the other. In such cases relicts are sometimes present. These may persist for many years side by side with species brought in by the changed conditions. Such phenomena are exceedingly per- plexing to the student of life-zones. 8. Extent of a mountain area. The larger a mountain mass the less will be the effect of surrounding influences. For example, in a desert region the zones. will occur at 4 ee ee ee ee le atl, Sap ar Wn Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS 41 lower altitudes on a broad, massive mountain than they will on a sharp, isolated peak. (See Grinnell and Swarth, 1913, p. 216.) 9. Rock surfaces. Rocky slopes, outcroppings, and talus are usually warmer than surrounding areas, and the life- zones are raised in consequence. 10. Miscellaneous local influences. The explanation of the apparently abnormal occurrence of a species at stations far removed from the zone in which it is usually found should be sought in a minute examination of local condi- tions. The influence of man is especially important, and one must be certain that the species is actually established. THE SELECTION OF LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS When all of the numerous disturbing “factors” are taken into account we may be able to explain many of the apparent incongruities in the position of life-zones as we find them in nature. In the meantime, it is our clear duty to map these zones in as definite a manner as possible, using for this pur- pose the occurrence of stenothermic species of animals and plants rather than any preconceived idea as to the tempera- ture or other environmental factor. In selecting these indica- tive species, or “life-zone indicators”, as they are called, one must have regard for a number of considerations. A few of the criteria which the authors have used in making selec- tions for the indicators enumerated beyond may be set forth as follows: 1. Only breeding records have been taken into account. This applies to plants as well as to animals, for seeds are sometimes carried above the normal position for the species. The resulting seedlings may live through several or many seasons and yet not be able to reproduce because of insufficient summer heat. Conversely, plants and animals may be carried to stations below their proper zone, there persist and even reproduce during a few favorable seasons, but without be- coming thoroughly established. It is thus evident that the sporadic occurrence of a few individuals does not necessarily 42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. indicate the presence of a zone of which the species is characteristic. 2. In the case of plants, perennials are usually preferred to annuals (Coville, 1893, p. 17). 3. The more abundant a species the greater is its value as a life-zone indicator. Rare or local species may be restricted by other factors than those which influence zone position. A dearth of facilities for dispersal may account for the restricted occurrence of a species which would otherwise inhabit two or more zones. Conversely, organisms with effective provision for wide dispersal may be considered as having been already distributed and tried out over a number of zones, so that their absence from any one of them may be taken as evidence that they are there unable to persist. 4. Certain indicators may be absolutely constant as to their zonal position in one portion of their range but quite unreliable when the entire range of the species is taken into account, This may be due to a variety of causes, chief of which is perhaps the possible development of hardy strains in one portion of the range and not in another. Allowance should also be made for the presence of biotypes which may be so similar in external characters as to escape detection by the taxonomist but which react differently to their environ- ment. Whatever the cause, it should be borne in mind that in a few cases a particular indicator may be of no value when widely separated faunas or floras are to be compared. 5. Since the delimitation of life-zones as outlined by Merriam is accepted in the main by the present authors, these zonal limits are determined as far as possible by means of indicators listed by Dr. Merriam himself, especially in his later publications (Merriam, 1899, etc.). Since the nomen- clature first proposed by Merriam has now become well estab- lished we consider it highly undesirable that any other should be promulgated. Uniformity in the use of terms applied to the various zones is essential to ready intelligibility and to scientific accuracy. However, the present authors do not commit themselves as to the exact temperature factors limit- ing the various life-zones and the distribution of species as laid down in some detail by Merriam (Merriam, 1898). i ee ee ee Vot. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS 43 RECOMMENDED PRECAUTIONS It is perhaps needful here to warn those who make use of our lists of indicators that life-zones are not often abruptly defined one against the other, but that belts of some width may mark their boundaries, where overlapping or mixing of ingredients occurs. If the locality to be tested happens to be situated in such an indifferent position, trouble will nat- urally be encountered and the true state of affairs will not be discovered without a floral and faunal reconnoissance radially in different directions; if on a steep slope, a few rods may suffice; if on more level ground, some miles may need to be traversed. Another thing to keep in mind is that only a few of the species here listed for a given zone will be likely to occur in any one locality. Various faunal and associational divisions of life-zones exist (Grinnell, 1914, p. 64), so that the critical species are usually limited in their distribution to but a portion of their life-zone. But every such subdivision is represented in our lists by two or more species. Then it is possible that some of our “indicators” have been selected as such through an incomplete knowledge of their distribution; in other words, in some cases where a species is at first supposed to be an “indicator” (that is, a species not occurring in two or more zones, but in only one), as its distribution becomes better known the less closely may it be found restricted within the limits of one zone, and therefore the poorer “indicator” it becomes. However, a majority of the species of both plants and animals we have selected are conspicuous and well-known species, easily detected. In some of the cases there is more or less “spilling over” locally from the critical zone, in one direction or the other or in both directions, though not involving an entire adjacent zone; and with such species letters are affixed by which the zone or zones in which it also occurs are designated. With each of these species, its metropolis is so emphatically within the zone for which it is listed, that its value as an indicator is para- mount, especially when the observer takes pains to verify the presence of two or more indicators—the more the better. With migratory birds the zonal position indicated is, of course, that of the breeding area. 44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4r# Ser. Axiomatic is the tenet that accurate systematic determina- tion of species must be the foundation for any distributional study. For life-zone maps relating to California, either for the entire state or for particular areas within the state, the fol- lowing papers should be consulted: C. Hart Merriam, 1898; C. Hart Merriam, 1899; H. M. Hall, 1902; J. Grinnell, 1908; A. O. U. Committee, 1910; J. Grinnell, 1913; J. Grinnell and H. S. Swarth, 1913; J. Grinnell, 1915. Useful dis- cussions of the life-zone system of distributional treatment of plants and animals will be found in the following papers: C. Hart Merriam, 1899; H. M. Hall, 1902; J. Grinnell, 1915. (For full titles of all these papers, see list of “Literature Cited” on a subsequent page of the present contribution. ) LISTS OF LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS LOWER SONORAN ZONE Species closely restricted to this zone, and particularly characteristic of it, are marked with a star (*). Species marked ’U occur also in the Upper Sonoran Zone. Plants Ephedra californica Wats. Pleuraphis rigida Thurb.* Tridens pulchellus (H. B. K.) Hitche. Washingtonia filifera Wendl.* Hesperocallis undulatus Wats.* Yucca brevifolia Engelm. U Yucca mohavensis Sarg. Agave deserti Engelm. Anemopsis californica Hook. U Phoradendron californicum Nutt. Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Atriplex hymenelytra (Torr.) Wats. Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) Wats.* Spirostachys occidentalis Wats. Mirabilis froebellii Greene Lepidium fremontii Wats. Isomeris arborea Nutt. U Crossosoma bigelovii Wats. a ee eee ye ee Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS LOWER SONORAN ZONE—Continued Acacia greggii Gray* Astragalus aridus Gray Astragalus limatus Sheldon Astragalus pomonensis M. E. Jones Cassia armata Wats.* Cercidium torreyanum (Wats.) Sarg.* Lupinus odoratus Heller Olneya tesota Gray* Parkinsonia microphylla Torr.* Parosela californica (Wats.) Vail Parosela emoryi (Gray) Heller Parosela schottii (Torr.) Heller Parosela spinosa (Gray) Heller Prosopis glandulosa Torr.* Prosopis pubescens Benth.* Sesbania macrocarpa Mihl. Fagonia californica Benth.* Larrea divaricata Cav.* Thamnosma montana Torr. & Frem. Krameria canescens Gray Krameria parvifolia Benth.* Condalia parryi (Torr.) Weberbauer Malvastrum exile Gray Sphzralcea emoryi Gray Spheralcea orcuttii Vas. & Rose Fouquieria splendens Engelm.* Eucnide urens (Gray) Parry Petalonyx nitidus Wats. Petalonyx thurberi Gray Echinocactus lecontei Engelm. Echinocactus polycephalus Engelm. Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. « Big. Opuntia bernardina Engelm.* Opuntia echinocarpa Engelm. & Big.* Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck Oenothera brevipes Gray Asclepias subulata Dec.* Philibertia linearis heterophylla Gray Coldenia palmeri Gray 45 46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ses LOWER SONORAN ZONE—Continued Lippia nodiflora Michx. Hyptis emoryi Torr. Salazaria mexicana Torr.* Datura meteloides DC. U Datura thomasii Torr. Lycium andersonii Gray Nicotiana glauca R. Grah. Nicotiana trigonophylla Dunal Mohavea breviflora Coville Mohavea viscida Gray Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet* Beloperone californica Benth. Cucurbita palmata Wats. Acamptopappus sphzrocephalus Gray Amphiachyris fremontii (T. & G.) Gray* Aster carnosus Gray Aster spinosus Benth. Aster tortifolius (T. & G.) Gray* Atrichoseris platyphylla Gray Baccharis emoryi Gray Baccharis sergiloides Gray Baileya multiradiata pleniradiata (Harv. « Gray) Coville Baileya pauciradiata Harv. « Gray Bebbia juncea (Benth.) Greene* Brickellia arguta Rob. Brickellia desertorum Coville Brickellia frutescens Gray Brickellia incana Gray Brickellia multiflora Kell. Cheenactis macrantha Fat. Cheenactis stevioides H. & A. Chrysothamnus paniculatus (Gray) Hall Chrysothamnus teretifolius (Dur. & Hilg.) Hall U Conyza coulteri Gray Dicoria canescens T. & G. Dysodia cooperi Gray Dysodia porophylloides Gray Encelia farinosa Gray* Encelia frutescens Gray U e Se a ee ee ee ee Vou. IX} HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS LOWER SONORAN ZONE—Continued Eriophyllum pringlei Gray Eriophyllum wallacei Gray Franseria dumosa Gray* Gerzea canescens T. & G. Gutierrezia lucida Greene* Heterotheca grandiflora Nutt.* Hoffmanseggia densiflora Benth. Hofmeisteria pluriseta Gray Isocoma veneta acradenia (Greene) Hall Lepidospartum squamatum Gray* Lygodesmia exigua Gray Malacothrix californica DC. Malacothrix coulteri Gray Malacothrix glabrata (Eat.) Gray Monoptilon bellioides (Gray) Hall Nicolletia occidentalis Gray Palafoxia linearis Lag. Pectis papposa Harv. & Gray Perityle emoryi Torr. Peucephyllum schottii Gray Pluchea sericea ( Nutt.) Coville Porophyllum gracile Benth. Psathyrotes annua (Nutt.) Gray Psathyrotes ramosissima (Torr.) Gray Psilostrophe cooperi (Gray) Greene Tetradymia comosa Gray Trichoptilium incisum Gray Viguiera deltoidea parishii (Greene) Rose Viguiera laciniata Gray Amphibians Batrachoseps major Camp Bufo cognatus cognatus Say Bufo cognatus californicus Camp Bufo punctatus Baird & Girard Bufo alvarius Girard 47 ——— CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. LOWER SONORAN ZONE—Continued Reptiles Coleonyx variegatus (Baird) Dipso-saurus dorsalis (Baird & Girard) Uma notata Baird Callisaurus ventralis ventralis (Hallowell) Crotaphytus silus Stejneger Sauromalus ater Duméril Uta stansburiana elegans Yarrow U Uta stansburiana hesperis Richardson U Uta graciosa (Hallowell) Uta ornata Baird « Girard Sceloporus magister Hallowell Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard Phrynosoma m’callii (Hallowell) Xantusia vigilis Baird Cnemidophorus tigris tigris Baird « Girard Cnemidophorus tigris mundus Camp U Cnemidophorus hyperythrus beldingi (Stejneger) Leptotyphlops humilis (Baird « Girard) Thamnophis marcianus (Baird « Girard) Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope Sonora occipitalis (Hallowell) Sonora episcopa (Kennicott) Lampropeltis conjuncta Cope Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird « Girard Coluber flagellum frenatus (Stejneger) Arizona elegans Kennicott Tantilla eiseni Stejneger Crotalus atrox Baird « Girard Crotalus mitchellii (Cope) Crotalus cerastes Hallowell Testudo agassizii (Cooper) —- a Birds Lophortyx gambeli gambeli Gambel | Melopelia asiatica trudeaui (Audubon) Falco mexicanus Schlegel U = Micropallas whitneyi whitneyi (Cooper) a i a i Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS LOWER SONORAN ZONE—Continued Otus asio gilmani Swarth Dryobates scalaris cactophilus Oberholser Centurus uropygialis uropygialis Baird Colaptes chrysoides mearnsi Ridgway Phalznoptilus nuttalli nitidus Brewster Chordeiles acutipennis texensis Lawrence Calypte costz (Bourcier) Tyrannus vociferans Swainson Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus Sclater Pica nuttalli (Audubon) U Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmelin) Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgway Pipilo aberti Baird Guiraca czrulea salicarius Grinnell Piranga rubra cooperi Ridgway Vireo belli pusillus Coues Vireo belli arizonz Ridgway Vermivora luciz (Cooper) Dendroica zstiva sonorana Brewster Mimus polyglottos leucopterus (Vigors) Toxostoma lecontei lecontei Lawrence Toxostoma crissale Henry Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi (Sharpe) Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps (Sundevall) Polioptila plumbea (Baird) Polioptila californica Brewster . Mammals Scapanus latimanus grinnelli Jackson Scapanus latimanus campi Grinnell & Storer Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi Baird Macrotus californicus Baird Myotis velifer (J. A. Allen) Myotis occultus Hollister Myotis yumanensis yumanensis (H. Allen) Myotis californicus pallidus Stephens Pipistrellus hesperus hesperus (H. Allen) Pipistrellus hesperus merriami (Dobson) U 49 50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser. LOWER SONORAN ZONE—Continued Euderma maculatum (J. A. Allen) Corynorhinus rafinesquii pallescens Miller Antrozous pallidus (LeConte) Antrozous pacificus Merriam U Eumops californicus (Merriam) Canis ochropus estor Merriam Vulpes macrotis macrotis Merriam Vulpes macrotis muticus Merriam Vulpes macrotis arsipus Elliot Urocyon cinereoargenteus scotti Mearns Procyon lotor pallidus Merriam Mephitis estor Merriam Onychomys torridus pulcher Elliot Onychomys torridus tularensis Merriam Onychomys torridus ramona Rhoads Peromyscus crinitus stephensi Merriam Peromyscus eremicus eremicus (Baird) Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus (Miller) Sigmodon hispidus eremicus Mearns Neotoma albigula venusta True Neotoma intermedia intermedia Rhoads U Neotoma intermedia desertorum Merriam U Thomomys botte angularis Merriam Thomomys botte pascalis Merriam Thomomys bottz pallescens Rhoads Thomomys perpallidus perpallidus Merriam Thomomys perpallidus albatus Grinnell Thomomys perpallidus aureus J. A. Allen Thomomys perpallidus perpes Merriam Thomomys perpallidus mohavensis Grinnell Thomomys operarius Merriam Perognathus longimembris brevinasus Osgood Perognathus bombycinus Osgood Perognathus inornatus inornatus Merriam U Perognathus inornatus neglectus Taylor Perognathus formosus Merriam U Perognathus penicillatus penicillatus Woodhouse Perognathus penicillatus stephensi Merriam Perognathus fallax fallax Merriam i] } 4 ¢ 4 } Vor. 1X] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS Sk LOWER SONORAN ZONE—Continued Perognathus fallax pallidus Mearns Perognathus californicus ochrus Osgood Perognathus spinatus spinatus Merriam Perodipus tularensis Merriam Perodipus swarthi Grinnell Perodipus dixoni Grinnell Perodipus mohavensis Grinnell Perodipus ingens Merriam Perodipus microps Merriam U Perodipus levipes Merriam Dipodomys deserti Stephens Dipodomys merriami simiolus Rhoads Dipodomys merriami parvus Rhoads Dipodomys merriami nitratoides Merriam Dipodomys merriami exilis Merriam Citellus tereticaudus tereticaudus (Baird) Citellus tereticaudus chlorus Elliot Citellus tereticaudus eremonomus Elliot Citellus mohavensis (Merriam) Ammospermophilus leucurus leucurus (Merriam) U Ammospermophilus nelsoni nelsoni (Merriam) Ammospermophilus nelsoni amplus Taylor Lepus californicus richardsoni Bachman Lepus californicus deserticola Mearns U Sylvilagus auduboni vallicola Nelson Sylvilagus auduboni arizone (J. A. Allen) Cervus nannodes Merriam Odocoileus hemionus eremicus (Mearns) Ovis canadensis nelsoni Merriam U UPPER SONORAN ZONE Species closely restricted to this zone, and particularly characteristic of it, are marked with a star (*). Species marked L occur also in the Lower Sonoran Zone; those marked T occur also in the Transition; those marked C occur also in the Canadian. Plants Ephedra viridis Coville Cupressus macnabiana Murray Cupressus sargentii Jepson Juniperus californica Carr. L 52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 47H Ser. UPPER SONORAN ZONE—Continued Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frem.* Pinus sabiniana Doug]. Pinus tuberculata Gordon Stipa pulchra Hitche. L Lilium rubescens Wats. Nolina parryi Wats. Yucca whipplei Torr.* Juglans californica Wats. Castanopsis chrysophylla minor DC. Quercus agrifolia Nee. Quercus douglasii H. « A. Quercus dumosa Nutt.* Quercus wislizenii DC. Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. L Aristolochia californica Torr. Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. « Frem.) Wats. L Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Mog. L Grayia spinosa (Hook.) Mog. L? Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. L Dendromecon rigidum Benth.* Dicentra chrysantha H. « A. Ribes gracillimum Cov. & Britt. Ribes malvaceum Smith Ribes speciosum Pursh Adenostoma fasciculatum H. « A.* Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr. Cercocarpus betulzfolius Nutt.* Cercocarpus parvifolius Nutt. Photinia arbutifolia (Ait.) Lindl. T Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt.) Walp. Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. T Cercis occidentalis Torr.* Hosackia glabra (Vogel) Torr. Pickeringia montana Nutt.* Ptelea baldwinii T. & G. Rhus diversiloba T. & G. T Rhus ovata Wats. Rhus trilobata Nutt. Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt. wl od. DiS ~_ Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS UPPER SONORAN ZONE—Continued Ceanothus crassifolius Torr.* Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.* Ceanothus divaricatus Nutt.* Ceanothus oliganthus Nutt. Ceanothus perplexans Trel. Ceanothus vestitus Greene Malvastrum fasciculatum (Nutt.) Greene L Hypericum concinnum Benth. T Mentzelia aurea (Lindl.) Baill. Mentzelia lzevicaulis (Dougl.) T. & G. L Datisca glomerata (Presl) B. « W. T Garrya pallida Eastw. Garrya rigida Eastw. Garrya veatchii palmeri (Wats.) Eastw. Arctostaphylos canescens Eastw. Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl. Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry Arctostaphylos pungens H. B. K. Arctostaphylos viscida Parry Styrax californica Torr. Fraxinus dipetala H. & A. Gilia californica (H. & A.) Benth. Salvia apiana Jepson L Salvia clevelandii (Gray) Greene Salvia leucophylla Greene , Salvia mellifera Greene Salvia spathacea Greene Sphacele calycina Benth. Trichostema lanatum Benth. Castilleia foliolosa H. & A. Pentstemon cordifolius Benth. Pentstemon heterophyllus Lindl. Pentstemon ternatus Torr. Artemisia californica Less. L Artemisia tridentata Nutt. T C Brickellia microphylla (Nutt.) Gray Ericameria arborescens (Gray) Greene Senecio eurycephalus T. & G. a 54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. UPPER SONORAN ZONE—Continued Amphibians Aneides lugubris lugubris (Hallowell) T Batrachoseps attenuatus (Eschscholtz) T Ambystoma tigrinum (Green) Hyla arenicolor Cope L Rana aurora draytonii Baird « Girard T Reptiles Sceloporus occidentalis occidentalis Baird & Girard T Sceloporus occidentalis bi-seriatus Hallowell L Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger Gerrhonotus scincicauda scincicauda (Skilton) T Gerrhonotus scincicauda webbii Baird L Xantusia henshawi Stejneger Plestiodon skiltonianum Baird & Girard T Thamnophis ordinoides hammondii (Kennicott) L T Diadophis amabilis Baird « Girard T Lampropeltis californiz (Blainville) Coluber lateralis (Hallowell) Coluber teeniatus (Hallowell) Crotalus exsul Garman Crotalus tigris Kennicott Birds Lophortyx californica vallicola (Ridgway) L T Gymnogyps californianus (Shaw) Strix occidentalis occidentalis (Xantus) T Dryobates nuttalli (Gambel) Melanerpes formicivorous bairdi Ridgway T Phalzenoptilus nuttalli nuttalli (Audubon) Phalznoptilus nuttalli californicus Ridgway Calypte anna (Lesson) Aphelocoma woodhousei (Baird) Aphelocoma californica californica (Vigors) Aphelocoma californica oocleptica Swarth T Aphelocoma californica immanis Grinnell Icterus parisorum Bonaparte Astragalinus lawrencei (Cassin) Vor. IX} HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS 55 UPPER SONORAN ZONE—Continued Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus Swainson Chondestes grammacus strigatus Swainson L Spizella atrogularis (Cabanis) Amphispiza belli (Cassin) Amphispiza nevadensis canescens Grinnell Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps (Cassin) Pipilo crissalis crissalis (Vigors) Pipilo crissalis carolee McGregor Pipilo crissalis senicula Anthony L Vireo huttoni huttoni Cassin Vireo vicinior Coues Dendroica nigrescens (Townsend) T Toxostoma redivivum redivivum (Gambel) L Toxostoma redivivum sonome Grinnell Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus Ridgway T Thryomanes bewicki eremophilus Oberholser Thryomanes bewicki charienturus Oberholser Thryomanes bewicki drymoecus Oberholser Thryomanes bewicki spilurus (Vigors) T Beolophus inornatus inornatus (Gambel) Beolophus inornatus murinus Ridgway Beolophus inornatus griseus (Ridgway) Psaltriparus minimus minimus (Townsend) T Psaltriparus minimus californicus Ridgway Psaltriparus plumbeus (Baird) Chameea fasciata henshawi Ridgway Chameea fasciata fasciata (Gambel) Polioptila cerulea obscura Ridgway Mammals Sorex californicus californicus Merriam Sorex sinuosus Grinnell Myotis orinomus Elliot Corynorhinus rafinesquii intermedius H. W. Grinnell Ursus californicus Merriam T Ursus magister Merriam T Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus Mearns T Bassariscus astutus raptor (Baird) T Onychomys leucogaster brevicaudus Merriam CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. UPPER SONORAN ZONE—Continued Onychomys leucogaster fuscogriseus Anthony Reithrodontomys megalotis longicaudus (Baird) T L Peromyscus truei truei (Shufeldt) Peromyscus truei gilberti (J. A. Allen) T Peromyscus truei martirensis (J. A. Allen) Peromyscus crinitus crinitus (Merriam) Peromyscus californicus californicus (Gambel) T Peromyscus californicus insignis Rhoads Thomomys botte mewa Merriam Thomomys bottz diaboli Grinnell Thomomys botte nigricans Rhoads T Thomomys scapterus Elliot T Perognathus longimembris panamintinus Merriam L Perognathus californicus californicus Merriam Perognathus californicus femoralis J. A. Allen Perodipus perplexus Merriam Perodipus venustus Merriam T Perodipus elephantinus Grinnell Perodipus streatori Merriam Perodipus panamintinus Merriam Perodipus leucogenys Grinnell T Perodipus monoensis Grinnell Dipodomys californicus californicus Merriam Dipodomys californicus trinitatis Kellogg Microdipodops californicus Merriam Microdipodops polionotus Grinnell Citellus mollis stephensi (Merriam) Eutamias pictus (J. A. Allen) T Eutamias panamintinus (Merriam) Eutamias sonome Grinnell T Eutamias merriami merriami (J. A. Allen) T Eutamias merriami kernensis Grinnell « Storer T Eutamias merriami maripose Grinnell « Storer T Lepus californicus californicus Gray Lepus californicus wallawalla Merriam T Sylvilagus auduboni auduboni (Baird) Sylvilagus bachmani bachmani (Waterhouse) Sylvilagus bachmani cinerascens (J. A. Allen) Sylvilagus bachmani mariposz Grinnell « Storer — SS. ee! ee. ~~ Sat coal FB ite, Seger nets 3 op Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS 57 TRANSITION ZONE Species closely restricted to this zone, and particularly characteristic of it, are marked with a star (*). Species marked U occur also in the Upper Sonoran Zone; those marked C occur also in the Canadian. Plan ts Abies concolor L. & G. C? Abies venusta (Dougl.) Koch Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. Libocedrus decurrens Torr.* Pinus lambertiana Dougl.* Pinus muricata Don Pinus ponderosa Doug]. (typical form) * Pinus radiata Don Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britt. Sequoia gigantea (Lindl.) Dec. Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb.) Endl.* Taxus brevifolia Nutt. C Torreya californica Torr. Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene C Clintonia andrewsiana Torr. . Lilium pardalinum Kell. U Lilium parryi Wats. Scoliopus bigelovii Torr. Smilax californica (DC.) Gray Trillium ovatum Pursh Trillium sessile chloropetalum Torr. Trillium sessile giganteum H. «& A. Iris hartwegii Baker Iris hartwegii australis Parish Iris missouriensis Nutt. Castanopsis chrysophylla (Dougl.) DC. Corylus rostrata californica DC. Pasania densiflora (H. & A.) Oersted Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. U Quercus kelloggii Newb.* Asarum caudatum Lindl. Asarum hartwegii Wats. Actea spicata arguta (Nutt.) Torr. C Vancouveria parviflora Greene Boykinia major Gray 58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES TRANSITION ZONE—Continued Heuchera micrantha Doug]. Mitella diversifolia Greene Mitella ovalis Greene Saxifraga peltata Torr. Tellima grandiflora (Pursh) Doug]. Whipplea modesta Torr. Chamebatia foliolosa Benth.* Crategus rivularis Nutt. Fragaria californica C. & S. Fragaria californica crinita (Rydb.) Hall Fragaria chiloensis Duch. Fragaria virginiana platypetala (Rydb.) Hall Geum macrophyllum Willd. Horkelia tenella (Wats.) Rydb. Horkelia tridentata Torr. Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Ktze. U Prunus demissa (Nutt.) Walp. U Rubus leucodermis Doug]. Rubus parviflorus Nutt. U C Rubus spectabilis Pursh Hosackia crassifolia Benth. U Hosackia macrantha Greene Lathyrus sulphureus Brewer Geranium incisum Nutt. Acer circinatum Pursh Acer macrophyllum Pursh* Ceanothus cordulatus Kell. C Ceanothus integerrimus H. « A. U Ceanothus palmeri Trel. Ceanothus prostratus Benth.* Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Esch. Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. C Viola lobata Benth. Viola sarmentosa Doug]. Angelica tomentosa Wats. Cicuta douglasii (DC.) C. & R. Ceelopleurum maritimum C. « R. Aralia californica Wats. Cornus nuttalli Aud.* [Proc. 4TH Ser. Je Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS TRANSITION ZONE—Continued Pyrola aphylla Sm. Pyrola picta Sm. C Sarcodes sanguinea Torr. C Arbutus menziesii Pursh U Arctostaphylos patula Greene C Gaultheria shallon Pursh Rhododendron californicum Hook. Rhododendron occidentale (T. & G.) Gray Vaccinium ovatum Pursh Frasera neglecta Hall Frasera nitida Benth. U Frasera tubulosa Cov. Draperia systyla (Gray) Torr.* Cynoglossum occidentale Gray Agastache urticifolia (Benth.) Ktze. C Scutellaria angustifolia Pursh Scutellaria californica Gray Pentstemon labrosus Hook. Kelloggia galioides Torr. C Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. Anaphalis margaritacea occidentalis Greene Antennaria argentea Benth. Antennaria rosea Greene C Petasites speciosa (Nutt.) Piper Rudbeckia californica Gray Amphibians Plethodon croceater Cope Aneides ferreus (Cope) Aneides iécanus (Cope) Ambystoma ensatum (Eschscholtz) Reptiles Sceloporus graciosus graciosus Baird « Girard U Sceloporus graciosus vandenburgianus Cope Gerrhonotus ceeruleus Wiegmann U Charina bottz (Blainville) CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. TRANSITION ZONE—Continued Thamnophis ordinoides atratus (Kennicott) U Thamnophis ordinoides elegans (Baird & Girard) C Contia mitis Baird & Girard U Lampropeltis pyromelana multicincta (Yarrow) Birds Oreortyx picta plumifera (Gould) C Bonasa umbellus sabini (Douglas) C Columba fasciata fasciata Say Accipiter velox (Wilson) C Strix occidentalis caurina (Merriam) Glaucidium gnoma californicum Sclater Glaucidium gnoma grinnelli Ridgway U Xenopicus albolarvatus albolarvatus (Cassin) C Xenopicus albolarvatus gravirostris Grinnell C Sphyrapicus varius daggetti Grinnell Cheetura vauxi (Townsend) Selasphorus alleni Henshaw U Nuttallornis borealis (Swainson) C Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (Ridgway) C Cyanocitta stelleri carbonacea Grinnell Carpodacus purpureus californicus Baird Zonotrichia nuttalli Ridgway Junco oreganus pinosus Loomis Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson) C Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns Lanivireo solitarius cassini (Xantus) Vermivora ruficapilla gutturalis (Ridgway) Dendroica occidentalis (Townsend ) Oporornis tolmiei (Townsend) Nannus hiemalis pacificus (Baird) Certhia familiaris occidentalis Ridgway Sitta pygmza pygmeza Vigors Sitta pygmza leuconucha Anthony Penthestes rufescens rufescens (Townsend) Penthestes rufescens neglectus (Ridgway) Penthestes rufescens barlowi (Grinnell) Hylocichla guttata slevini Grinnell eS Paligiiaécis Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS 61 TRANSITION ZONE—Continued Mammals Scapanus townsendii (Bachman) C Scapanus latimanus sericatus Jackson Neurotrichus gibbsii gibbsii (Baird) Neurotrichus gibbsii hyacinthinus Bangs _ Sorex montereyensis montereyensis Merriam Sorex montereyensis mariposze Grinnell Sorex pacificus Baird C Myotis longicrus longicrus (True) U Myotis longicrus interior Miller U Lasionycteris noctivagans (LeConte) Urocyon cinereoargenteus sequoiensis Dixon U Peromyscus boylei boylei (Baird) U Peromyscus boylei rowleyi (J. A. Allen) U Phenacomys longicaudus True Thomomys alpinus awahnee Merriam Zapus orarius Preble C Eutamias quadrimaculatus (Gray) Eutamias townsendi ochrogenys Merriam C Eutamias hindsi (Gray) Eutamias merriami pricei (J. A. Allen) U Sciurus griseus griseus Ord Sciurus griseus nigripes Bryant Sciurus griseus anthonyi Mearns Sylvilagus nuttalli nuttalli (Bachman) U Sylvilagus nuttalli grangeri (J. A. Allen) U Sylvilagus bachmani ubericolor (Miller) Cervus roosevelti Merriam CANADIAN ZONE Those species marked T occur also in the Transition Zone; those marked H occur also in the Hudsonian. Plants Abies grandis Lindl. T? Abies magnifica Murr. Abies magnifica shastensis Lemmon Picea sitchensis (Bong.) T.& M. T? Pinus contorta Dougl. T 62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 47H Ser. CANADIAN ZONE—Continued Pinus monticola Don H Pinus murrayana Balf. H Pinus ponderosa jeffreyi (Balf.) Vas. T Allium validum Wats. H Populus tremuloides Michx. T Salix glauca villosa (Don) Anders. H Castanopsis sempervirens (Kell.) Dudley T H Quercus vaccinifolia Kell. Lewisia triphylla (Wats.) Rob. H Aconitum columbianum Nutt. Caltha biflora DC. H Delphinium glaucum Wats. H Mitella brewer1 Gray H? Mitella pentandra Hook. H Saxifraga arguta Don Saxifraga bryophora Gray H Pirus occidentalis Wats. H Potentilla breweri Wats. H Potentilla flabellifolia Hook. H Acer glabrum Torr. T Pyrola minor Linn. Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray H Vaccinium occidentale Gray H Polemonium pulcherrimum Hook. H Mimulus lewisii Pursh H Pentstemon gracilentus Gray Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. H Arnica longifolia Eat. H Erigeron salsuginosus Gray H Hieraceum gracile detonsum Gray H Reptiles Sceloporus occidentalis taylori Camp Gerrhonotus palmeri Stejneger Birds Dendragapus obscurus sierre Chapman T Astur atricapillus striatulus Ridgway ——" i 9 Rap ~t ag Vot. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS CANADIAN ZONE—Continued Otus flammeolus (Kaup) Sphyrapicus thyroideus thyroideus (Cassin) Chordeiles minor hesperis Grinnell T Stellula calliope (Gould) ’ T Empidonax hammondi (Xantus) Empidonax wrighti Baird T Perisoreus obscurus obscurus Ridgway Perisoreus obscurus griseus Ridgway H Hesperiphona vespertina californica Grinnell T Carpodacus cassini Baird H Melospiza lincolni lincolni Audubon Passerella iliaca canescens Swarth Passerella iliaca fulva Swarth Passerella iliaca monoensis Grinnell & Storer Passerella iliaca mariposae Swarth Passerella iliaca stephensi Anthony T Passerella iliaca brevicauda Mailliard T Oreospiza chlorura (Audubon) T Sitta canadensis Linneus T Regulus satrapa olivaceus Baird T Myadestes townsendi (Audubon) T Hylocichla guttata sequoiensis (Belding) H Ixoreus nzevius nevius (Gmelin) Mammals Neosorex bendirei bendirei (Merriam) Myotis lucifugus altipetens H. W. Grinnell H Ursus americanus Pallas T Vulpes cascadensis Merriam H Vulpes necator Merriam H Martes caurina sierrz Grinnell & Storer H Martes pennanti pacifica (Rhoads) H Mustela muricus (Bangs) H Evotomys obscurus Merriam Evotomys californicus Merriam Microtus montanus dutcheri Bailey H Thomomys jacinteus Grinnell & Swarth Thomomys alpinus alpinus Merriam H 63 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser. CANADIAN ZONE—Continued Thomomys monticola monticola (J. A. Allen) H Thomomys monticola premaxillaris Grinnell Thomomys monticola mazama Merriam H Zapus major Preble H Zapus trinotatus alleni Elliot H Erethizon epixanthum epixanthum Brandt T Aplodontia rufa californica (Peters) T H Eutamias amcenus amcenus (Allen) T Eutamias amcenus monoensis Grinnell & Storer Eutamias speciosus speciosus (J. A. Allen) H Eutamias speciosus frater (J. A. Allen) H Eutamias speciosus inyoensis Merriam H Eutamias senex (J. A. Allen) T Glaucomys sabrinus flaviventris Howell Glaucomys sabrinus lascivus (Bangs) T Glaucomys sabrinus californicus (Rhoads) T Lepus washingtoni klamathensis Merriam HUDSONIAN ZONE | Species marked C occur also in the Canadian Zone; those marked A occur also the Arctic-Alpine. Plants - : Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Pinus balfouriana Murr. C? Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Sarg. Polygonum shastense Brewer A x Draba corrugata Wats. A Ribes montigenum McC. Potentilla fruticosa Linn. C Fragaria sibbaldifolia Rydb. C Epilobium obcordatum Gray A Cassiope mertensiana Don Kalmia polifolia microphylla (Hook.) Rehder A Artemisia norvegica Fries Erigeron compositus Pursh A Erigeron ursinus Eat. A Macronema discoidea Nutt. C ie ae a Vor. 1X] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS 65 HUDSONIAN ZONE—Continued Macronema suffruticosa Nutt. A Stenotus acaulis Nutt. C Amphibians Spelerpes platycephalus Camp Birds Picoides arcticus (Swainson) Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson) C Pinicola enucleator californica Price Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forster) Hylocichla guttata polionota Grinnell C Mammals Gulo luscus luteus Elliot Citellus beldingi (Merriam) Eutamias alpinus (Merriam) Ochotona schisticeps schisticeps (Merriam) Ochotona schisticeps muiri Grinnell & Storer CA Ochotona schisticeps albatus Grinnell A Ovis canadensis sierre Grinnell C ARCTIC-ALPINE ZONE Species marked H occur also in the Hudsonian Zone. Plants Trisetum congdonii Scribn. & Merr. Carex breweri Boott Salix arctica petreea Anders. Oxyria digyna Camptd. H Lewisia pygmeza (Gray) Rob. H Ranunculus eschscholtzii Schlect. Draba breweri Wats. Saxifraga tolmiei T. « G. H Horkelia pygmza (Gray) Rydb. Sibbaldia procumbens Linn. H 66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. ARCTIC-ALPINE ZONE—Continued Podistera nevadensis Wats. Primula suffrutescens Gray H Polemonium eximium Greene Pentstemon davidsonii Greene Antennaria media Greene H Hulsea algida Gray Hulsea nana Gray Raillardella argentea Gray H Senecio petrocallis Greene Birds Leucosticte tephrocotis dawsoni Grinnell LITERATURE CITED American Ornithologists’ Union Committee. 1910. Check-list of North American Birds. Ed. 3, re- vised (New York, Amer. Orn. Union), 430 pp., 2 maps. Coville, F. V. 1893. Botany of the Death Valley Expedition. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb., vol. 4, pp. 1-363, pls. 1-21, map. Grinnell, J. 1908. 1903: 1914. 1915. The Biota of the San Bernardino Mountains. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., vol. 5, pp. 1-170, pls. 1-24. A Distributional List of the Mammals of Califor- nia. Proc. Calif. Acado Ser) 4m, sec, n voles, pp- 265-390, pls. 15, 16. An Account of the Mammals and Birds of the Lower Colorado Valley, with Especial Reference to the Distributional Problems Presented. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., vol: 12, pp. 51-294, pls. 3-13, 9 figs. in text. A Distributional List of the Birds of California. Pac. Coast Avifauna (Cooper Ornithological Club), no. 11, 217 pp, 3 pls. (maps). Vor. IX] HALL & GRINNELL—LIFE-ZONE INDICATORS 67 Grinnell, J., and Swarth, H. S. 1913. An Account of the Birds and Mammals of the San Jacinto Area of Southern California, with Remarks upon the Behavior of Geographic Races on the Margins of their Habitats. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., vol. 10, pp. 197-406, pls. 6-10, 3 text figs. Hall, H. M. 1902. A Botanical Survey of San Jacinto Mountain. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot., vol. 1, pp. 1-140, pls. 1-14. Merriam, C. Hart 1898. Life Zones and Crop Zones of the United States. U. S. Dept. Agric., Div. Biol. Surv., Bull. no. 10, 79 pp., 1 map (colored). 1899. Results of a Biological Survey of Mount Shasta, California. ‘U. S. Dept. Agric., Div. Biol. Surv., N. Amer. Fauna, no. 16, 179 pp., 5 pls., 46 figs. in text. Schimper, A. F. W. 1898. Pflanzen-geographie auf physiologischer Grund- lage. Pp. 1-877, figs. 1-502, maps 1-4. Shreve, F. 1914. The Role of Winter Temperatures in Determining the Distribution of Plants. Amer. Journ. Bot., vol. 1, pp. 194-202. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourtTH SERIES Vor. IX, No. 3, pp. 69-121 Jury 12, 1919 II] Notes on Mammals collected principally in Washington and California between the Years 1853 and 1874 by Dr. James Graham Cooper BY WALTER P. TayLor U. S. Biological Survey PRINTED FROM THE JOHN W. HENDRIE PUBLICATION ENDOWMENT SAN FRANCISCO Nig tiebassnie PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY 1919 Wav ih wee Wi saci no MI CRM EM tea Ieee ee ph Pho SNP Ute *eONURS Ms eli h pie ane! My COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION Georce C. Epwarps, Chairman PROCEEDINGS Fourth Series VOLUME Ii, Part I Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the ‘Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. Pages 1-132. VIII. The Birds of the Galapagos Islands, with Observations on the Birds of Cocos and Clipperton Islands (Columbiformes to Pelecaniformes). By Edward Winslow Gifford. Platesi-vir. (lssued August 11, 1913)....cccceeeees Pages 133-202. 1X. The Galapagoan Lizards of the Genus Tropidurus; with Notes on the Iguanas of the Genera Conolophus and Amblyrhyncus, By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin. Plates viri-x1. (Issued September I9, 1913). Pages 203-374... X. The Gigantic Land Tortoises of the Galapagos Archipelago. By John Van Denburgh. Plates xII-cxxIv. (issued Seprenber GO SLUFY 6 ye ES 5 Ad bois whe soe eo Seles avin Pages 375-382. XI. Preliminary Descriptions of New Species of Pulmonata of the Galapagos Islands. By William Healey Dall. (Tssaled LRCEMOCE AL LOLT) cia) s\cbio'a ets odio ss chajais sod Wiace Sad's ome tie VOLUME II, Part II Pages 1-187. XII. A Review of the Albatrosses, Petrels, and Diving Petrels. . By Leverett Mills Loomis. Plates 1-17, (Issued April 22, 1918) 20. ccvccte cece cece ene e ene e tee ene ees Pages 189-258. XIII. Field Notes on the Land Birds of the Galapagos Islands and of Cocos Island, Costa Rica. By Edward Winslow Gifford. (Issued June 16, 1919)... 0... cee cece ec eeeas Pages 259-310. XIV. The Ants oi the Galapagos Islands. By William Morton Wheeler. (Issued June 16, 1919). XV. The Ants of Cocos Island. By William Morton Wheeler. (Issued June 16, 1919.) XVI. A New Species of the Hymenopterous Genus Scleroderma from the Galapagos Islands. By Charles T, Brues. (lssued June 16,1919) Price for the three papers VOLUME lil Pages 1-40. A Further Stratigraphic Study in the Mount Diablo Range of California. By Frank M.Anderson. Plater. (/ssued PO EIBET SLL FUOP Re aun De a Ak Oa ais Oia aleldl Welalig miseaies aR cig rete atelare las Pages 41-48. Description of a New Species of Sea Snake from the Philippine Islands, with a Note on the Palatine Teeth in the Proteroglypha. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph C. Thomp- son. . (Ussued December 31, LIOS) iso cceia sate cad bcce tallleseecden Pages 49-56. New and Previously Unrecorded Species of Reptiles and Amphibians from the Island of Formosa. By John Van Denburgh. (Jssued December 20, L009). vc cvccceerevcreesecees Pages 57-72, Water Birds of the Vicinity of Point Pinos, California. By Rollo Howard Beck. | (Jsswed September 17, 1210)....+.+..- Pages 73-146. The Neocene Deposits of Kern River, California, and the Temblor Basin. By Frank M. Anderson. Plates 11-x111. (Issued November 9, 1911). veccccen eee ccee uence bh aneneneces Pages 147-154. Notes on a Collection of Reptiles from Southern California and Arizona. By John Van Denburgh. » (/ssued Bermsetery Ly LOLA), oieinin ie vn edioth bin le eis ebih a eo eateloyolotalne Mmane is alae 6 Pages 155-160. Notes on Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Oregon, Idaho and Utah. By John Van Denburgh. (/ssued OME VOLT: OLE): 8 sc ccidle ed ditheie of forwia dile Laielince Nigtinaldle a ete gins ort Pages 161-182. Geologic Range of Miocene Invertebrate Fossils of California. By James Perrin Smith. (Jssued April 5, 19/2)... Pages 183-186. Description of a New Genus arid Species of Sala- mander from Japan. By Surgeon J. C. Thompson, U. S, Navy. Plate xiv Clssved: Alay is, LLY cinder ale es seek wel seis ’ Pages 187-258. Concerning Certain Species of Reptiles and Am- phibians from China, Japan, the Loo Choo Islands, and Formosa. By John Van Denburgh. (Jssued December 16, 1912.)..+.++++ Pages 259-264. Notes on Ascaphus, the Discoglossoid Toad of North America. By John Van Denburgh. (/ssued December SEAMED DHS aly uy en ele Wb aeRO Bee adie eal ed ah PPR AR DR Mpa pe RSE Pages 265-390. A Distributional List of the Mammals of California. By Joseph Grinnell. Plates xv-xvi1. (Jssued August 28, 1913) Pages 391-454. A List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Arizona, : with Notes on the Species in the Collection of the Academy. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin. Plates xvii- EXVITL.., Cissued | Voventier (5 RILS) 62d vowels wind Lay ely eae situs Aa da Reg i ya C.E. Grunsky Barton Warren Evexmann, Edi tor. $1.00 10 1,50 50 .29 -35 Bais ¥ L 4s ET ET = : er - reer SE LE VOLUME I Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. Pages 1-6. I. Preliminary Description of Four New Races of Gigantic Land Tortoises from the Galapagos Islands. By John Van Denburgh. (Jssued December 20, 1907). ..+.+0++ ickeoua iene Pages 7-288. II. A Botanical Survey of the Galapagos Islands. By Alban Stewart. Plates 1-x1x. (Jsswed January %, 19/1)... Pages 289-322. III. The Butterflies and Hawk-Moths of th Galapagos Islands. By Francis X. Williams. Plates xx-xxI. ( Lemna O6teb6r 7 TOPL) oo ci cake ee nae ss Sree MeN s Nn © ackiale Pages 323-374. IV. The Snakes of the Galapagos Islands. By John Van Denburgh. Plates xx11-xxx. (/ssued January 17, 1912) Pages 375-404. V. Notes on the Botany of Cocos Island. 7, Alban Stewart. Plates xxxI-xxxIv. (/ssued January 19, 1912) Pages 405-430. VI. The Geckos of the Galapagos Archipelago. By John Van Denburgh. (Jssued April 16, 1912) ......eeeeee Pages 431-446. VII. Notes on the Lichens of the Galapagos Islands By Alban Stewart. (lssued December 17, 1912).....+ PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourTH SERIES Vor. 1X,’ No. 3, pp. 69-121 Jury 12, 1919 III NOTES ON MAMMALS COLLECTED PRINCIPALLY IN WASHINGTON AND CALIFORNIA BETWEEN THE YEARS 1853 AND 1874 BY DR. JAMES GRAHAM COOPER BY WALTER P. TAYLOR U. S. Biological Survey INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dr. James Graham Cooper was one of the most active stu- dents of birds and mammals on the Pacific Coast in the middle nineteenth century. In view of the importance of his pioneer work in mammalogy, it has seemed desirable to list all the west coast specimens of mammals collected by him which are still extant and accessible, to note their condition, and to determine, so far as possible, their systematic status according to current conceptions. The 114 specimens examined are distributed as follows: in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at the University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley, California, 57; in the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C., 45; and in the Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massa- chusetts, 12. July 12, 1919 70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. It is highly probable that a number of Dr. Cooper’s speci- mens were deposited in the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California; but if so, they were destroyed in the great fire of 1906. Doubtless a few of Dr. Cooper’s mammal skins are still to be found in widely scattered places among the museums and col- leges of this country and possibly Europe. Of 83 specimens of Cooper mammals listed in the catalogue of the United States National Museum, only 45 could be located on January 1, 1918. It is not unlikely that most of the missing specimens have been distributed to other institutions, in accordance with the policy of distribution and exchange followed by Professor Spencer F. Baird. It is of interest to note that Dr. Cooper collected types or cotypes’ of the following eight species of North American mammals, seven of which belong to the Pacific Coast (names given first are as used in publications by Cooper) : Scalops Townsendti=Scapanus orarius orarius True. Shoal- water Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Sorex vagrans=Sorex vagrans vagrans Baird. Shoalwater Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Neosorex navigator—Neosorex palustris navigator Baird. Fort Vancouver, Washington, according to label; actually, the headwaters of either the Naches River or the Yakima River, Washington. Lasiurus noveboracensis=Nycteris borealis teliotis (H. Allen). Probably from southern California.” Neotoma occidentalis=Neotoma cinerea occidentalis Baird. Shoalwater Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Arvicola pauperrima=Lagurus pauperrimus (Cooper). “Great Plains, W. T.” [?] Spermophilus obsoletus=Citellus obsoletus (Kennicott). Western Nebraska. Tamias Townsendii=Eutamias cooperi (Baird). Klickitat Pass, altitude 4500 ft., Cascade Mts., Washington. Four of the above species were described in manuscript by Cooper. These are Sorex vagrans, Neosorex navigator, Neo- ~ *Cotype used as designating one of two or more specimens together forming the basis of a species, no type having been selected, and the specimens having been col- lected at the same locality. Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 71 toma occidentalis, and Arvicola pauperrima. Of these the last- named only was actually published by him (1868c, p. 535), the - others having been published by Baird on the basis of Cooper’s’ notes and specimens (see Baird, 1855, p. 335; 1857, pp. 11, BBY: According to the standards of the day the specimens collected by Dr. Cooper were well prepared. The skull was always left within the skin, and stuffed with cotton, as with birds now. The fore feet were either disposed irregularly forward along the sides of the neck, or folded back on the breast and sewed to the skin. There was no uniformity in arrangement of the hind feet, which were usually folded forward beneath the belly, though sometimes crossed back of the body. The tail was never skinned, being disposed posteriorly, or if deemed too long for this, folded forward beneath the abdomen. The body was stuffed with cotton, and the belly slit was sometimes sewed up and sometimes not. These methods naturally did not make for either uniformity or durability. In spite of this, however, most of the material is in fairly good condition after an interval of nearly sixty years. | Dr. Cooper’s usual method of labelling was as follows: On the front of the label he wrote, with pen or pencil, his running number, the scientific name of the animal, the sex (using 8 for males and 2 for females), the locality (usually including the state, but not in the case of specimens from the Colorado Val- ley), the date (the year indicated by an apostrophe and the two last figures, as ’61 for 1861), and his initials. On the reverse side of the label he ordinarily entered eleven measurements, (nose to eye; nose to ear; head; head plus body; tail; tail plus hair; fore-foot ; hind-foot; front, back, and width of ear). A list of all of Dr. Cooper’s published contributions to mammalogy which have been seen by the writer is included in the literature cited (p. 118).* All references published by Cooper to species of which I have examined specimens col- lected by him have so far as possible been referred to their proper places in this list according. to current nomenclatural standards. 2It is of interest to note that Dr. Cooper’s most important work on the mam- mals of California does not appear over his name at all, being ineorporated in Titus. Fey Cronise’s The Natural Wealth of California (Chapter VII, pp. 434-448). 72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. I wish to make cordial acknowledgment for helpful sug- gestions and criticism to Messrs. E. W. Nelson, T. S. Palmer, and Edward A. Preble of the United States Biological Sur- vey. For access to the collections in their charge, the loan of material, or for other courtesies I am indebted to Dr. Joseph Grinnell, Director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California; Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., Curator of Mammals, United States National Museum, and Mr. Samuel Henshaw, Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, as well as to Dr. Glover M. Allen, secre- tary of the Boston Society of Natural History. Mr. Vernon Bailey, Major Edward A. Goldman, and Dr. Hartley H. T. Jackson, of the Biological Survey, very kindly assisted in the identification of certain specimens. For information regard- ing the life and scientific activities of Dr. Cooper I am in- debted to Dr. William H. Dall, of the U. S. National Mu- seum, Washington, D. C.; Mr. James S. Cooper, of Oakland, California, and to Mr. W. Otto Emerson, Hayward, Califor- nia. For valued advice in connection with the paper and for critical reading of the manuscript I am under obligation to Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director of the Museum, Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences. HIsToRIcAL NOTES James Graham Cooper was born June 19, 1830, in New York City. His father, William Cooper (1798-1864) was one of the most prominent of the earlier New York natural- ists, having been an “Original Member” of the New York Lyceum of Natural History, now the New York Academy of Sciences, and an active scientific worker throughout his life. James G. Cooper graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1851, spending the two years following in the hospitals of New York. The most active period of his life as a field naturalist was embraced in the 13 years from 1853 to 1866. It began on April 27, 1853, when he signed a contract with Governor Isaac I. Stevens, of Washington ‘Territory, to act as one of the physicians to the Pacific Rail- toad Survey Expedition, which was detailed to explore the route along the Forty-seventh and Forty-ninth parallels; it Vot. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 73 closed in 1866, when he settled down to the practice of his profession at Santa Cruz, California. In the year 1871 he located in Ventura County, where he remained until 1875. He then moved to Hayward, California, where he resided until his death on July 19, 1902. A biographical account of Dr. Cooper has already been pub- lished (see Emerson, 1899 and 1902); it will nevertheless be profitable, so far as accessible records will permit, to make note of his movements year by year during the period when he was most active as a collector. Dr. Cooper was assigned to the western division of the Pacific Railroad Survey Expedition to which allusion is made above, serving as surgeon and naturalist under Captain, later Major General, George B. McClellan. Cooper left New York May 5, 1853, in company with Lieutenant J. K. Duncan, re- porting to Captain McClellan at Fort Vancouver, Washing- ton Territory, on June 14, having made the trip by way of Panama. The expedition was organized at Fort Vancouver, and the actual exploration began July 18, 1853. The work was carried forward until the middle of the following Novem- ber, the country traversed including the Klickitat Pass region between Mt. St. Helens and Mt. Adams, the eastern side of the Cascade Mountains, the Yakima Valley, the Okanagan River north at least to Lake Oyosa [= Lake Osoyoos] (see Cooper, W., 1860, p. 378), the Colville district, the Spokane Plains, and the vicinity of Fort Walla Walla. On November 15 the party reached Fort Dalles, Oregon (Suckley and Cooper, 1860, p. x), returning to Fort Vancouver soon thereafter. The published writings of Dr. Cooper indicate that he made his headquarters at Fort Vancouver for nearly a year or until February 20, 1854. At this time he traveled to the mouth of the Columbia River* (1860a, p. 33), remaining there and at Shoalwater Bay during the following spring. On March 26, 1854, Cooper made an excursion in a sailboat up the “Willo- pah,” [=-Willapa] a river which empties into the north end of Shoalwater Bay (1860a, p. 20). Specimens are on record (Baird, 1858, pp. 777, 916) which he collected at Steilacoom in March and April of this year. 3 Specimens were collected at least at the Mouth of the bi. March 2 and 9; and Cape Disappointment, no date given (Baird, 1859, pp. 805, 882). 74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH SER. The Survey was disbanded on April 1, 1854, and Captain McClellan ordered Dr. Cooper to report to Governor Stevens at Fort Vancouver (see Emerson, 1899, p. 3). The speci- mens were sent to Professor Baird in Washington, D. C., and thither Cooper is erroneously said to have repaired “for the purpose of preparing his report.” Cooper remained at Shoal- water Bay until July 18, 1854,“ . . . collecting all that his private means would allow. He then crossed the unex- plored Coast Range, on foot, with a party of citizens, and traveled to Puget Sound, where he remained a month, col- lecting specimens about Fort Steilacoom, in company with Dr. Suckley, returning to Shoalwater Bay in September by way of the Cowlitz and Columbia rivers” (Suckley and Cooper, 1860, p. x). Specimens of birds taken by Cooper at Shoalwater Bay during the month of August as well as September are listed by Baird (1858, pp. 242, 405, 446, 570), so that his return to this locality may have been a few days earlier than is stated above. The following winter (1854-1855) was spent on Shoal- water Bay, where, on October 7, 1854, he began to make meteorological observations. “Late in February, 1855, Dr. Cooper went up the coast to Gray’s Harbor and joining the Indian treaty commission un- der Gov. Stevens, on the Chehalis, ascended that river and proceeded again to Puget Sound, intending to accompany the Governor in May to the Blackfoot council at Fort Benton, and thence to return to the Atlantic Coast by way of the Missouri River. Meantime he made a voyage down the sound to the Straits of Fuca [Juan de Fuca], spent a month collect- ing on Whitby’s Island [=Whidby’s Island] and another near Steilacoom. Unexpected disappointments and _ losses prevented the journey eastward which he had proposed, and he found it necessary to return to Shoalwater Bay in July. There he remained until October 4,* when, by the kind invita- tion of Captain Alden, he sailed in the Coast Survey steamer Active to San Francisco” (Suckley and Cooper, 1860, p. x). Shortly afterward he spent six weeks collecting specimens in the Santa Clara Valley, California, later proceeding south- “eDuring August he made a side trip to Astoria, Oregon (Baird, 1857, p. 303). Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 75 ward to Panama en route to New York; and he evidently remained in the east until the spring of 1857 (Suckley and Cooper, 1860, p. x). During these early explorations Cooper had spent six weeks in California and approximately two years and three months in Washington Territory. On April 22, 1857, Dr. Cooper was appointed surgeon to the South Pass Wagon Road Expedition. The party of William M. Magraw, the Superintendent of the expedition to which Dr. Cooper was attached, left Independence, Missour1, about July 1 (See Campbell, 1859, pp. 5, 6), reaching the headwaters of Sweetwater River late in September, “too late to proceed with safety through the South Pass and into the Wasatch Range, in consequence of the severity of the winter in that region and the hostile attitude of the inhabitants of Utah toward the authorities of the United States at this time.”’ In consequence of these considerations the party was disbanded on “Popo Agie, a tributary of Wind River.” Some members of the expedition returned to the frontier, others accompanied the chief engineer, Mr. F. W. Lander, to Wash- ington, a few were left on the Popo Agie River in charge of the public property, and a large number volunteered into the service of the army of Utah, selecting their superintendent as their captain. From records’ of specimens collected by Dr. Cooper we learn that movements of the expedition were ap- proximately as follows: The greater part of May and June was spent at Independence, Missouri, records of specimens collected at this point embracing the period between May 6 and June 30; July found the party moving in a general north- westerly direction toward Fort Kearney, Nebraska; Fort Lara- mie [Wyoming], the most westerly point reached by Cooper (see Suckley and Cooper, 1860, p. xi), was reached the latter part of August, the first specimens having been collected at this locality on August 27; the diminished expedition had not started on the return journey before October 5 (Baird, 1858, p. 322), but must have moved soon thereafter, for October 10 found the party at a point 100 miles east of Laramie; October 19, 40 miles west of Fort Kearney; October 28, 100 miles east of Fort Kearney; and November 5, 50 miles west of Leavenworth. 5 In the mammal catalogs, U. S. National Museum; in Baird’s Mammals of North America, 1857; and Birds of North America, 1858. 76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. There ensues a period covering the years 1858-1859 for which I have not found any published summary of Dr. Cooper’s activities. That he made a trip to Florida in 1859 is indicated by the fact that specimens of mammals numbered 145264-145269, United States National Museum, were col- lected by him in that State during that year, the only precise localities mentioned being New Smyrna [east coast of Florida, Volusia County] and the Miami River [Biscayne Bay, Dade County]. At the latter locality specimens were taken March 25 to 31, inclusive. While in New York and the east at this period his time was doubtless occupied in writing. Three reports, each of which must have entailed considerable labor, shortly appeared, comprising Cooper’s accounts of the botany and mammals of the route of the western division of the Stevens Survey (see Cooper, 1860a and 1860b, and Suckley and Cooper, 1860). In 1860 we find Dr. Cooper making his first real transcon- tinental trip, in the capacity of contract surgeon with a de- tachment of recruits from New York to “Fort Columbus. Department of Oregon.’’® This assignment occupied him until October 19, 1860, but his contract was continued until December 1 of that year. From Dr. Cooper's contributions to the American Naturalist under the title “The Fauna of Montana Territory,’ which deal with the observations and collections made by him on this trip, we learn that his itin- erary in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific region included Fort Benton, Montana, and Forts Colville and Vancouver, Washington. On October 9, 1860, Dr. Cooper collected the type of Lagurus pauperrimus, one of the most interesting specimens he ever secured, on the Great Plains of the Colum- bia River. “Again as a student,” says Emerson, “we find him collecting along the coast from San Francisco to San Diego (1899, p. 4)”. It was not long before Dr. Cooper was serving once more as contract surgeon in the Army, with headquarters at Fort Mojave,® on the Colorado River (See Cooper, 1869, pp. 182, 6 Fort Vancouver. anacee Amer. Nat., vol. 2, 1868, pp. 528-538, 596-600, vol. 3, 1869, pp. 31-35, 73-84, s Fort Mojave: Arizona side of the Colorado River, close to the point at which the boundary lines of Nevada, California and Arizona meet (see Whitney’s Map of California and Nevada, State Geological Survey of California, 2nd ed., 1874). Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 77 470; 1870a, p. 66; 1871b, p. 756). The expedition left Los Angeles on December 4, 1860, arriving at the post two weeks later on December 19. While stationed at Fort Mojave Cooper undoubtedly collected on both sides of the Colorado River, usually labelling the specimens gathered “Fort Mojave, Col’do V.” or “Fort Mojave, Col’do R.” without distinction as to state or territory. In a few cases records of species actually collected or observed on the Arizona side only were without doubt credited to California (see Cooper, 1890, p. 215): On May 28, 1861, Dr. Cooper started on his return journey to the coast (Cooper, 1869, p. 480; 1870a, p. 66) which was completed in approximately 14 days. May 29 found the party in the Providence Mountains (Cooper, 1870c, p. 252) ; on June 6 it had reached Camp Cady on the lower Mojave River (a specimen of Peromyscus m. sonoriensis, No. 5625, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool., collected at this locality on June 6, is extant); on June 8 the expedition had arrived at the headwaters of the Mojave River near Cajon Pass (Cooper, 1861, p. 123); and presumably they reached Los Angeles about two days later. . Altogether Cooper spent more than five months at Fort Mojave; on the basis of the work at this point he described two new species of birds and one land tortoise, and listed five mammals, 16 birds, and three reptiles as new for California (Cooper, 1861; Grinnell, 1902, p. 104). San Diego was evidently his next important collecting lo- cality, though at this period he apparently spent a short time only at this point. Late in 1860 the Geological Survey of California was or- ganized by J. D. Whitney. The Department of Zoology of the Survey was instituted and Dr. Cooper appointed to the place of Zoologist (Whitney, 1865, p. xi) on July 1, 1861. Shortly after his appointment he traveled by land from San Diego to San Francisco. He remained in the city until August 9, on which date he made a trip to Monterey by water, where he was occupied in making collections from August 12 to September 26 (Cooper 1870b, p. 45; 1871b, pp. 756-757). About this time he must have worked in the 78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. vicinity of Santa Cruz also; for several specimens of Peromys- cus californicus (Nos. 8547-8549, U. S. Nat. Mus.) are labelled “Santa Cruz, 1861.” From November 4, 1861, to May 24, 1862, we again find him at San Diego (Cooper, 1870a, p. 68), and Whitney records the fact (1870c, pp. ix and x) that “Dr. Cooper was steadily employed in collecting from December, 1860, to April, 1862, and during a considerable portion of the year 1863, being assisted for six months of 1862 by Dr. Edward Palmer. The regions examined were chiefly the Colorado Valley near Fort Mojave, the route to the coast from that fort, the vicin- ity of San Diego and San Pedro, and Santa Barbara and the islands off the coast.” The accessible data pertaining to the period in question consist of a few scattered specimens and published notes. I*rom these we learn that Dr. Cooper was in Stockton in February, 1863; that he collected in Santa Clara and San Mateo counties in March, 1863; that he was at Oakland and Santa Barbara in April; at the latter locality again in May; at Santa Barbara Island® in May and June, where he spent six weeks during this and the succeeding month ; on Catalina Island’in June and July, as well as during the last days in October; on San Clemente and San Nicolas islands for a few days about the first of July; on the main- land in the neighborhood of San Pedro later in July; in the Sierran foothills in August; and for twenty days in Septem- ber in the high Sierras between the altitudes of 5000 and 8000 feet, not far from Lake Tahoe (Cooper 1870a, p. 73). “In 1864 portions of the Sierra Nevada and the coast from Baulines [—Bolinas] Bay to Santa Cruz were zoologically ex- plored” (Whitney, 1870, p. x). On May 24 of this same year Governor Low commissioned Dr. Cooper Assistant Surgeon in the Second Cavalry, California Volunteers, with which regiment he served until its muster out (Emerson, 1899, p. 4). According to Whitney (1870, p. x), Dr. Cooper was en- gaged in 1865 in the preparation of reports, and subsequent to that time he is said to have visited at the expense of the ® That the entry “Santa Barbara I.’ on Cooper’s specimen labels refers to Santa Barbara Island and not to the Santa Barbara group is indicated by a reference to the locality in one of his shell papers (1863a, p. 56). He says: ‘The island is about seventy-five miles from the town [of Santa Barbara], and thirty-five from the near- est main land.” Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 79 Survey portions of the State not before sufficiently explored. Mention is made also that he did “a large amount of gratu- itous work, in the way of elaborating the materials in various branches of the zoology of the Pacific Slope . . . .” In September, 1865, Dr. Cooper was at Tulare Lake (Cooper, 1870c, p. 107); and specimens collected by him in October and November, 1865, at Drum Barracks*® and Wilmington have been examined and included among the “Specimens Examined,” postea. It is of interest’ to note that while Cooper was stationed in the vicinity of San Pedro he entertained a notable visitor in the person of Elliott Coues, who travelled overland from Fort Whipple, Arizona, to the coast during the early fall of 1865 (Coues, 1866, pp. 259-275). Coues’s opinion of Cooper is indicated in the following reference (1. c., p. 260). “Fort Mojave, on the Colorado River, in about lat. 35°, is interest- ing to us as the locality whence were lately procured two rare and curious new birds by Dr. J. G. Cooper, so well known as an indefatigable and accurate naturalist . . . .’ On page 269 of the same contribution Coues writes of enjoying Cooper’s hospitality during his stay at San Pedro, referring to Cooper’s conversation as “. an encyclopedia of in- teresting biographies of the birds of the Pacific Coast.”’ Dr. Cooper was married January 9, 1866, to Miss Rosa M. Wells, in Oakland, California. Soon thereafter we find him at Santa Cruz (Cooper, 1870, p. 107), where he may have resided until 1871. It will be remembered that on this date or soon thereafter he moved to Ventura County, locating at Saticoy; and that in 1875 he returned to Hayward, in the San Francisco Bay region. The examination of specimens extant shows that in the spring of 1866 Dr. Cooper did some collecting at Santa Cruz; that he made a trip to the foothills of Placer County, as well as to the high Sierras in the vicinity of Lake Tahoe, during 10Drum Barracks, Los Angeles County, California, about three miles northeast of Wilmington (see Whitney’s map of California and Nevada, State Geological Survey of California, 2nd ed., 4). “It seems not improbable that the migration records for Santa Cruz published by Dr. Cooper in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum (1880, pp. 245-250) should be dated 1866 rather than 1865; for he was, for at least a part of that bg fully occupied elsewhere. If the records are bona fide personal observations made by Cooper at Santa Cruz in 1865, he must have been stationed there for a considerable period of time, the months from March to July in the spring, and September and October in the "fall, being represented. 80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SeEx.. the spring and summer of 1870; and that he worked at Novato Point, Marin County, in November of the same year. In a paper published in the American Naturalist (1874, pp. 14-18) reference is made to “my late trip through the mountains [Cuyamacas, near San Diego],’” but no specimens taken at this time have been found. Dr. Cooper was one of the most active of the early mem- mers of the California Academy of Sciences, and was at dif- ferent times connected with the institution in an official capacity. An inspection of the Proceedings shows that during the years 1862 to 1864, inclusive, Dr. Cooper was Curator of Zoology of the Academy; in 1868 he was named Curator of General Zoology; in 1869 he became Vice-President; during the two years following he was Librarian; on June 26, 1871, he was elected Corresponding Secretary; from 1887 to 1891 he was Director of the Museum; and from 1892 to 1896, Second Vice-President. In addition to these offices he was for some time Curator of Paleontology, and at the time of auxiliary clubs he was President of the Zoological Club: (Emerson, 1899, p. 4). From the published results of Cooper’s early work, namely, that in Washington State (1853-1860) it appears that his earlier scientific interests were in general natural history. His later contributions (1861 and following), however, show a pronounced concentration of attention on zoological investi- gations, most of his work at this period having been done in ornithology and conchology. The number and quality of his published contributions demonstrate his merit as a scientific worker, always taking into consideration the standards of the day. His large accomplishments are all the more creditable in view of the handicap of a frame which was apparently never robust. In Dr. Cooper’s personality, activity and energy were asso- ciated with a becoming modesty and absence of a desire for self-aggrandizement. It might well be said of him, as it was. of his father, that “With exceeding modesty and being, per- haps, over-cautious in naming new species, he generously permitted others to use his material, and sometimes to gain the credit that might have been his own (Fairchild, 1887, pivz.)° Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 81 RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED Scapanus latimanus latimanus (Bachman) “Scalops Townsendii”’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 441. (Said to be common and universally known.) Specimens examined.—Two: Nos. 5654, 5655, Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ. No. 5654: obverse of label “Scalops Townsendi Cal Monterey May 12 ’74, J. G.C.” No. 5655: obverse of label “Scalops Townsendii Haywood Cal. Apr. 75’: reverse, ‘“Western mole.” Both these skins have been made over into modern study skins. The skulls are removed. The entire posterior portion of each cranium was evidently cut off in the original process of preparation. Scapanus orarius orarius True “Scalops Townsendii, Bach.” (part), Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., 12, book 2, 1860, p. 73. (Reported not common in any part of Washington Territory visited by Cooper; includes note on habits). Specimens examined.—Two: Nos. 621/1772, 1381/37434, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 621/1772: original label lost ; according to label attached the specimen is a “Scalops townsend” from “Shoalwater Bay, W. T. Sept. 54. Dr. J. G. Cooper 17”; reverse side of label bears four measurements. No. 1381/ 37434: original label lost; obverse side of label attached reads “1381 Scalops townsendii [in ink] minimus [in pencil] 2 Shoalwater Bay, Aug. 30, 55 Dr. J. G. Cooper”; reverse, four measurements. These specimens have both been made over and their skulls removed. Skull No. 1772 is in fair condition, though its posterior portion is broken off and temporal bones somewhat loosened. No. 1381/37434 is the type of Scapanus orarws. For detailed remarks on the condition of the specimen see Lyon and Osgood (1909, p. 234). Sorex vagrans vagrans Baird “Sorex?” Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 441 (General note 82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. on the shrews, on the systematic status and distribution of which Dr. Cooper evidently did not care to commit himself.) “Sorex vagrans Cp.” (probably part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad Sci., 4, 1870, p. 70 (Latitude of San Francisco said to be southern limit of distribution). “Sorex Suckleyi, Baird” (probably part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 70 (Latitude of San Francisco said to be southern limit of distribution). Specimens examined.—Two: No. 5629, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; No. 1675, U. S. Nat. Mus. (in alcohol). No. 5629: obverse of label “Novato Point, Marin Co., Cal., Nov. 1st. 70 Sorex J. G. C.”’; reverse, ten measurements. No. 1675: original label missing; obverse of museum label attached reads “Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U. S. A. 1675 Sorex vagrans Shoalwater Bay W. T. Dr. J. G. Cooper.” No. 5629 prepared as study skin; skull inside; forefeet folded on breast, hind feet extended posteriorly; tail not skinned out, curled up posteriorly. No. 1675 is the type of the species; it is preserved entire in alcohol and is in good condition except that the hair has come off from the entire skin; for further remarks on the condition of the type, see Lyon and Osgood (1909, p. 251). I am indebted to Dr. Hartley H. T. Jackson of the U. S. Biological Survey for confirming the identification of this specimen. Neosorex palustris navigator Baird “Neosorex navigator Cooper,” Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., 12, book 2, 1860, p. 36 (“ . . . one seems to be peculiar to the Territory, the water shrew [Neosorex navigator], caught while swimming a foot below the surface of one of the lakes at the head of the Yakima river, and at least 2,500 feet above the ocean’) ; Same, p. 73 (“But one specimen of this species was obtained during the expedition; this, accord- ing to the label now attached, was found at Fort Vancouver, but I am inclined to consider this a mistake, and that it was really taken while swimming under water in a lake near the summit of the Cascade mountains, August 31, 1853’). Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 83. Specimen examined.—One: No. 629/1780, U. S. Nat. Mus.; original label lost; A “N. Pac. R. R. Survey” label is attached, the obverse of which reads “N. Pacific R. R. Survey, Gov. . . Stevens 629/1780 Neosorex navigator Type Ft. Vancouver, Columbia R., W. T. Dr. J. G. Cooper.’’; meas- urements in pencil on the back of the label. Specimen in bad condition; for details see Lyon and Os- good (1909, p. 246). Merriam has discussed the type locality of this form in the following words: “Tt is evident that the type specimen, like many other alco- holic mammals collected in the early days, was not labeled until long after its capture, and that little dependence can be placed on either of the alleged localities. Furthermore, since the subgenus Neosorex is unknown from the Cascade region, and probably does not inhabit western Oregon or Washing- © ton, which region is occupied by the allied subgenus Atophy- rax, it is highly improbable that the specimen came from either of the alleged localities. It agrees closely with speci- mens from western Montana, and probably came from some point in northern Idaho or the mountains east of Fort Col- ville, in extreme northeastern Washington, which region was visited by Dr. Cooper during the same expedition (1895, p. SN a Several facts germane to this problem can now be cited as tending to fix the type locality more definitely. Though Neosorex palustris navigator has never been taken on the humid coast belt in Washington, in which lies Fort Van- couver, specimens have been secured by the Biological Survey at the following localities in the Cascade Mountains: Signal Peak (on the Yakima Indian Reservation east of Mt. Adams), Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Adams, and Mt. Rainier. According to Cooper (1860b, p. 73), as quoted above, the specimen under consideration (which became the type) was “taken while swimming under water in a lake near the sum- mit of the Cascade mountains on August 31, 1853.” But in another place Cooper refers (1860a, p. 36) to the capture of this animal, of which only one specimen was taken, on one of the lakes at the head of the Yakima River. On August 84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. 31, Captain McClellan and a small party*® were engaged in explorations of Naches River and Naches Pass, while the head of the main Yakima River and Lakes Keechelus, Kachess, and Clealum were explored September 4 to 12 (Stevens, 1860, pp. 139-141). Evidently the type came either from the headwaters of the Naches River or from one of the lakes at the head of the main Yakima River. Since these places are within twenty miles of each other, the type locality of Neosorex p. navigator may be regarded as fixed with a fair degree of precision. Myotis californicus (subspecies indet. ) 2“V [espertilio] nitidus”’ (part) and “V. obscurus’”’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 442. “Vespertilio nitidus Allen” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad: Sci, 4; 1868, p. 5 (“Lat. 49° W. "T.; te Cape St Lucas and Texas.’’) “Vespertilio obscurus Allen” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1868, p. 5 (“Oregon? to Cape St. Lucas’). Specimen examined.—One: No. 7187, U. S. Nat. Mus. (in alcohol) ; an old label in the bottle, from which the writ- ing has almost disappeared, reads “583 Vespertilio S D” According to the Museum catalog, in which the specimen was entered January 19, 1864, the bat was collected by “Mr. J. Cooper,” in California. The specimen is in fair condition, except that the hair has sloughed off the skin of the posterior half of the body. The skull has not been removed. Myotis californicus quercinus H. W. Grinnell. “V[espertilio] nitidus’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 442. Specimen examined.—One: No. 5601, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; obverse of label “Vespertilio nitidus Allen, San 4 Tt is probable that Dr. Cooper accompanied Captain McClellan on this side trip. Baird (1857, p. 465) lists a specimen of “Hesperomys gambelii’”’ collected by Dr. J. Cooper on “Nachess Pass, Cascade mountains, W. T.” on “July 1, 1854.” The date is evidently erroneous, for during July, 1854, Cooper was in western Washington oes p. 74); but the record appears to indicate that Cooper did collect on Naches ass, Vou. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 85 Diego Cal. Apr. 24th, 62. J. G. C.’; reverse, ten measure- ments. Specimen mounted dorsal side down on a strip of brown paper, the wings extended and sewed to the paper with white thread ; skull inside skin; specimen in excellent condition. Not typical of Myotis californicus quercinus H. W. Grin- nell, the terminal portions of the hairs below being buffy brown, as in M. c. californicus, rather than light buff, as in typical quercinus. Geographically, however, it should be referable to quercinus, unless it represents a wandering ex- ample of the more northerly race. Eptesicus fuscus fuscus (Beauvois) “Scotophilus fuscus Palisot (Allen),” Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1868, p. 5 (Said to occur in the “whole United States to Vera Cruz, Mexico”). “Scotophilus fuscus,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 442. Specimen examined.—One: No. 5600, Univ. Calif. Mus. Palisot Allen Brown Bat, Mount Stanford,"® Cal. 7500 ft. alt. July 29, 70 yi G. Cooper’. This specimen is mounted, dorsal side down, on a strip of brown paper, the wings being extended and sewed into the paper with black thread. The skull is inside the skin. Speci- men in fairly good condition. Possibly faded a trifle, but very similar to pale-colored specimens of the form in collec- tions. Vert. Zool., original data “1502 Scotophilus fuscus Nycteris borealis teliotis (H. Allen) “Lasiurus noveboracensis’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 442. “Lasiurus Noveboracensis Erxleben (Tomes)” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1868, p. 5 (Said to occur in “whole United States and south to Chili.”) SEE Vie SAECO VEN ee el ON Ae ee 133 Mount Stanford: Nevada County, California (see Whitney’s Map of California and Nevada, State Geological Survey of California, 2nd ed., 1874), four or five miles a little north of east of Donner Lake, probably the present Castle Peak (see Truckee Sheet, U. S. Geological Survey, Topographic Map of the United States, 1906). 86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Serr. Specimen examined.—One: No. 84555, U. S. Nat. Mus.; original Cooper label missing; oldest label attached reads “Atalapha telotis Cal. Acad. N. S.” With regard to the source of this specimen, Dr. Allen, the describer of this species, says (1891, pp. 5, 6) “The specimen was forwarded to me by Mr. J. G. Cooper, of the California Academy of Natural Science . . . .” “Habitat unknown, but it is probably Southern California.” The skin is in alcohol; in poor state of preservation; for discussion of its condition see Lyon and Osgood (1909, p. 247.) Corynorhinus rafinesquii intermedius H. W. Grinnell “Synotus Townsendii Cooper, (Wagner), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1868, p. 6 (Said to occur in “Nebraska and Washigton Territory to Utah [and Cal.]’’). “Synotus Townsendti,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 442 (Said to be “found in the desert east of the Sierra,’’ which is erroneous) ; Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 187la, p. 124 (Refers to bats of this species found in a cave in El Dorado County). Specimens examined.—Three: Nos. 5603, 5604, 5605, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. No. 5603: obverse of label “Synotus Townsendti Cooper 2 Pioneer Cave ** Placer Co. Cal. May 12th ’70 J. G. Cooper’’; reverse, nine measurements. No. 5604: obverse of label “Synotus Townsendii Cooper sp. 2 Pioneer Cave, Placer Co. Cal, May 12 ’70”; reverse, nine measurements. No. 5605: obverse of label “Synotus Townsendi Cooper Placer Co. Cal. May 12, 1870 9 J. G. Cooper Coll.’’; reverse, nine measurements. Specimens prepared as study skins, dorsal side down, wings extended; skulls inside skins; abdominal incisions not sewed up in Nos. 5603 or 5605. No. 5604 mounted on a doubled piece of white paper, apparently two discarded pages from an old catalog of Cooper’s, the wings being sewed to the paper with black thread. Specimens in fair condition except for No. 5605: The head of the latter has been broken off and is missing, and one wing is somewhat torn. 4# Pioneer Cave could not be located on any map examined. Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 87 The three specimens agree closely with a series of Mrs. Grinnell’s Corynorhinus rafinesquii intermedius in the col- lection of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. It is highly probable that the locality where these bats were actually secured is not far from the type locality of C. r. intermedius (Auburn, California). Antrozous pallidus pallidus (LeConte) “Antrozous pallidus,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 442; Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, pp. 472, 478 (Fort Mojave). “Antrozous pallidus Lec.,” Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 74 (Colorado Valley). “Antrozous pallidus Leconte, (Allen)’ (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1868, p. 6 (“Columbia River to Cape St. Lucas and Texas)”’. Specimen examined.—One: No. 5602, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; obverse of label “223 9 Ft. Mojave Coldo V May 1 ’61 J. G. C.”; reverse, ten measurements. Specimen is stuffed, to lie on back, wings extended; in good condition. Though somewhat faded, the specimen is still typical of this form. Vulpes macrotis arsipus Elliot “Vulpes velox (Aud. and Bach.),’’ Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2, 1863, p. 121 (One specimen recorded from Fort Mojave, apparently from the California side of the Colorado River, as the species is listed under the heading “Known species new to the State of California”). “Vulpes velox,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 439 (“The Swift Fox is a small kind found on the desert plains of the interior”) ; Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 476 (Reference made to specimen taken at Fort Mojave on March 30, 1861). “Vulpes velox Say,’ Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 74 (Colorado Valley). Specimen examined.—One: No. 5646, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool., obverse of label “156 Vulpes velox & Ft Mojave 88 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. Col’do R. Mch. 30 ’61 J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven measure- ments, and a notation “I. brush grey”. A separate label has the printed name pasted on “Vulpes velox, Aud. and Bach. Kit Fox; Swift Fox.’ Skin in poor condition, neither stuffed nor tanned. Bones of tail, feet, and partly of legs, attached; skull removed, neck stuffed with brown paper, left fore leg almost broken off; tail partly broken off, adherent by bones only. The specimen closely resembles examples of Vulpes macrotis arsipus from the Colorado River in the collection of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. Mephitis occidentalis holzneri Mearns “Mephitis occidentalis” (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 436. (Common in California) ; Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 186 (“Southern coast- slope” of California). Specimen examined.—One, skull only: No. 7048, Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ.; original label missing; museum label reads “Museum Comp. Zool., Skull No. 7048 2 Mephitis occidentalis Baird, Cal. Saticoy, Apl. 1873.” On cranium, apparently in Cooper’s handwriting, appears the following: “Mephitis @ Saticoy, Cal. Apr. 1873 J. G. C.” Cranium in good condition, but with injury between left outer incisor and canine, and with small portion of right paroccipital process missing. Mephitis occidentalis (subspecies indet. ) Specimen examined.—One, skin only: No. 5644, Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ.; original label missing; items from labels attached indicate that skin is from “California” and was collected by “Dr. J. G. Cooper.” Skin has been made over into a modern museum specimen. In the absence of a cranium it is not identifiable as between In the case of certain Cooper specimens from the older collection of the Uni- versity of California, now incorporated with the collection of the Museum of Verte- brate Zoology, printed strips bearing the scientific or vernacular names or both have been pasted on Cooper’s original label. It is not improbable that this was the work of J. J. Rivers, who at one time did curatorial duty on the collections in the Depart- ment of Zoology at the University of California. Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 89 Mephitis occidentalis occidentalis and M. o. holzgnert. It seems not unlikely, however, that this skunk came from Saticoy, as did the one listed on page , and that it is referable to holzneri. Lynx fasciatus fasciatus Rafinesque “L[ynx] fasciatus,’ Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., 12, book 2, 1860, p. 32 (Peculiar to forests of western Wash- ington. ) “Lynx fasciatus Raf.,” Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., 12, book 2, 1860, pp. 74-75 (Abundant in the forests of Washington Territory; habits). Specimen examined.—One: No. 464 [probably 461], U. S. Nat. Mus.; original label missing; obverse of label attached “464 Lynx faciatus [so] Shoalwater Bay, W. T. Dr. J. G. Cooper.” A museum label attached to the specimen bears the date “Sept. 1854.” Specimen evidently made over into modern study skin after receipt at Museum. This example and another collected by Dr. Suckley are at the dark extreme of the Lynx fasciatus series as represented in the collections in the National Museum. Lynx ruffus californicus Mearns “Lynx rufus’ (part), Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., 12, book 2, 1860, p. 75 (Abundant in California) ; Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 438 (Abundant throughout California) ; Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 186. “Lynx rufus, var. maculatus’ (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 8, p. 15 (Cuyamaca Mountains). Specimen examined.—One: No. 1167, U. S. Nat. Mus., original label missing; obverse of old label attached “1167 Lynx rufus? Santa Clara, Cal. Dr. J. G. Cooper’; reverse, four measurements. The typewritten museum label attached bears the date “November 1855.” Specimen evidently worked over and made up after receipt at Museum. Skin in rather poor condition; large hole on the left side. 90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser. The specimen is a trifle darker than the type of Lynx ruffus californicus, apparently varying somewhat in the direction of L. r. oculeus. Peromyscus californicus californicus (Gambel) “H [esperomys]| Californicus,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 (General note inserted to cover all Peromyscus listed). “Hesperomys californicus Gamb.,” Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 63, 69. (Peculiar to California; not known to occur north of the latitude of San Francisco Bay). “Hesperomys Californicus,’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 4, 1871, p. 757. (Monterey). Specimens examined.—Eight: Nos. 5835, 5836, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; Nos. 8547-8552, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 5835: original label missing; labelled Hesperomys Cali- fornicus 8 Santa Cruz, Calif., April. No. 5836: original label missing, labelled Hesperomys Californicus, from Los Gatos, Calif., April. The specimens in the National Museum all lack original labels; Nos. 8547-8549 are labelled Hesper- omys californicus, Santa Cruz, Dr. J. G. Cooper, 1861; Nos. 8550-8552 come from the same locality, but are dated 1866. Specimens prepared in accordance with Cooper’s custom; part of skull inside each skin; fore-feet folded back on breast, hind feet either irregularly aligned posteriorly or arranged anteriorly beneath body; tails never skinned out. Some of the skins have very little stuffing within them; one, No. 8552, is represented by a head only. The condition and coloration of the pelage, the size and especially the thickness of the tail, were principally relied on in the identification of these specimens. The cranium of No. 8552 has been removed, and its characters confirm the identification previously made. Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus (Miller) “H[esperomys| Sonoriensis’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444. Specimen examined.—One: No. 145276, U. S. Nat. Mus.; obverse of label “268d Hesperomys sonoriensis @ San Diego Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 91 Cal May 26th ’62, J G C’; reverse “from old nest of Cactus Wren 4 ft above ground 2 young on teats, in alcoh.”’ Prepared as usual, part of skull inside skin; fore feet dis- posed irregularly on breast, hind feet bent forward beneath body; abdominal slit not sewed up; tail straight out behind, not skinned ; body stuffed with cotton; in good condition, The relatively long tail, which lacks the distinct dorsal and ventral coloration characteristic of Peromyscus maniculatus gambelii, demonstrates the identity of this specimen. Peromyscus maniculatus clementis (Mearns) “H[esperomys| Gambelit” (probably part), Cooper, Zool- ogy, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444. “Hesperomys —————————?”’, Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 77 (Collected on Santa Barbara Island, and aiden observed on San Clemente; record of occurrence on Santa Catalina Island is questioned). Specimen examined.—One: No. 7184, U. S. Nat. Mus.; obverse of label “Hesperomys gambellu S. Barbara I. Cal. May 27th 63 J. G. C.” Prepared as usual; a portion of the skull is inside the skin ; fore feet folded on breast, hind feet crossed behind body; tail not skinned. Specimen in good condition, except tail loose. Although no characters distinguishing this specimen from topotypes of Peromyscus maniculatus gambelu are clearly in evidence, it should doubtless be referred to P. m. clementis on geographic grounds alone. Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis (LeConte) “H{[esperomys] Sonoriensis (Leconte),” Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2, 1863, p. 122 (Mojave River). “H[esperomys| Sonoriensis,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 (General note covers all the Peromyscus). “Hesperomys Sonoriensis,’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 183 (Southern part of California). 92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. “Hesperomys Gambellii” (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, pp. 473, 476 (Fort Mojave). “Hesperomys sonoriensis Lec.” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 67, 68 (Range does not so far as known extend north of “Southern Coast Slope’). “Hesperomys Boylii? Baird,’ Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 74 (Colorado Valley). “Hesperomys Gambelii? Baird,” Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 74 (Colorado Valley). Specimens examined.—Five: Nos. 5624, 5625, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; Nos. 7183, 7186, 145275, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 5624: original label missing; skeleton only; Fort Mojave, Feb. 24, 1861, J. G. Cooper. No. 5625: obverse of label “268 Hesperomys sonoriensis? [the “sonoriensis?” pencilled in] ? Mojave R. Camp Cady ” June 6, ’61, J. G. C.”; reverse, ten measurements. No. 7183: original label missing ; from two other labels attached we learn that the specimen came from “Califor- nia’’; it is credited to the “Geol. Surv. Cal.,”’ and is said to have. been collected by Dr. J. G. Cooper; it has been variously iden- tified as “Hesperomys” merely, “Hesperomys leucopus,’ “Hes- peromys leucopus?” “gambeli,’ and “Peromyscus m. sonorien- sis.’ No. 7186: obverse of label “90 Hesperomys gambelli 6 Ft. Mojave Coldo. R. Feb. 14 ’61, J. G. C.’’; reverse, eleven measurements. No. 145275: obverse of label “19 Hesperomys gambelii Ft. Mojave, Col’do R. Dec. 24th ’60, J. G. C.’”; re- verse, ten measurements. As usual with Dr. Cooper’s material these skins were pre- pared with the skulls inside, the forelegs folded on breast, the hind legs crossed and tied just posterior to body or disposed beneath body; tail not skinned (end nearly broken off in No. 7183), extended posteriorly; in several of the specimens the abdominal slit is not sewed up. Nos. 7183 and 7186 are bright examples of Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis both apparently in full winter pelage. It is not improbable that No. 7183 came from Fort Mojave, as did No. 7186. The other specimens are typical sonoriensis, presenting no conspicuous peculiarities. "38Camp Cady: San Bernardino County, Cal., on lower course of Mojave River, | about lat. 35°, long. 116° 30’, a little south of west of the south end of the sink of the Mojave River (see beri men of California and Nevada, State Geological Survey of California, 2nd ed., 1874). Camp Cady is shown on all the maps of this: period which I have examined. ¢ Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 93 Peromyscus maniculatus gambelii (Baird) “H [esperomys] Gambelii,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 (A general note is inserted to cover all the Peromyscus). “Hesperomys Gambellii,’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 473 (“The common woodmouse of California.’’) “Hesperomys sonoriensis LeC.” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 67, 68 (Range does not, so far as known, extend north of “Southern Coast Slope”). Specimens examined.—Four: Nos. 5626, 5627, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. ; Nos. 5652, 5653, Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ. No. 5626: obverse of label “Hesperomys Gambellii Wilmington Cal. Oct ’65, J. G. C.”. No. 5627: obverse of label “Hesperomys californicus.—Great-Eared mouse [printed strips pasted on] @ Sta Cruz Cal. Alpr 8th, 66, I ig En Gite Cooper had written “Hesperomys Californicus’ on the label, the printed strips having been pasted over his written name. No. 5652, obverse of label “Hesperomys sonoriensis—juv. Sati- coy Cal. May 1873 J. G. C.”; No. 5653, obverse of label (er- roneously attached here) “Perognathus parvus Saticoy Cal. Men. ’73- J. GC.” Specimens (Nos. 5626-5627) prepared in the usual manner, skulls inside skins, fore legs folded on breast, etc. ; abdominal slit in No. 5626 not closely sewed up; hind feet in this specimen disposed at right angles to body in the region of the base of the tail, tails not skinned. In No. 5627 the hind feet are broken so that care must be exercised to avoid separating them from the body completely. Nos. 5652-5653 have been made over into modern museum skins; the skulls have been removed ; that of No. 5652 is uncleaned, and its posterior portion has been cut away as was customary with Cooper in preparing his specimens. I have not seen the skull of No. 5653. The October example of Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli from Wilmington, California, is buffy in coloration, with some admixture of black; the April specimen from Santa Cruz is intensely warm buff to ochraceous-buff, likewise with some black intermixed. No. 5652 from Saticoy is a typical juvenal. 94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Peromyscus maniculatus oreas (Bangs) “Hesperomys austerus’ (probably part), Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., 12, book 2, p. 23 (In western Washington confined to prairies or their borders). [?] “Hesperomys austerus Baird” (probably part), Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., 12, book 2, pp. 83-84 (One taken August 11 [1853] on top of the Cascade Mountains). “Hesperomys boyli Baird” (part), Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., 12, book 2, p. 84 (One specimen collected at Shoal- water Bay, Washington Territory. “Hesperomys austerus?” (probably part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 476 (Incidental reference to this species as occurring in Washington Territory). Specimen examined.—One: No. 578/1701, U. S. Nat. Mus., original label missing; according to other labels attached the specimen is a female collected at Shoalwater Bay, Washington Territory, by Dr. Cooper. Skin made over into modern museum specimen, but vertebrze left in tail. In rather poor condition, right ear and fore leg broken off, several patches of hair gone from back, tail loose; skull could not be located in the National Museum collection on February 6, 1918. Peromyscus truei gilberti (Allen) “H [esperomys]| Californicus’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 (A general note covers all the Peromyscus). “H[esperomys]| Boylit (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 Soa general note covers all the Peromyscus). Specimens examined.—Three: Nos. 5833, 5834, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; No. 145278, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 5833: original label missing: label attached reads “Hesperomys cali- fornicus (young), Santa Cruz, April.” No. 5834 also lacks the original label; it is labelled “Hesperomys californica Mon- terey, Calif.” No. 145278: obverse of label “494 H. lg bist boylti Baird & Monterey Cal. Sept. 4 61 J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven measurements. Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 95 Specimens in fair condition; skulls have been removed from Nos. 5833, 5834 for examination; fore legs folded on breast, hind feet extended posteriorly; tail not skinned out, disposed posteriorly. In No. 145278 the tip of tail is broken off. The long ears, pelage quality, general size, and cranial char- acters of these specimens all indicate their identity with Per- omyscus truer gilberti. Neotoma albigula venusta True “N[eotoma] Mexicana’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444. “Neotoma mexicana Baird” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 74 (Colorado Valley). “Neotoma Mexicana’ (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 477 (Said to be common and very large in the Colorado Valley). Specimens examined.—Three: Nos. 5608, 5609, 5610, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. No. 5608; obverse of label “91 Neo- toma mexicana, Baird, Mexican Bush Rat, [printed strips pasted on] 6 Ft. Mojave Feb. 15 ’61 J. G. C.”; reverse of label, eleven measurements. No. 5609: obverse of label “92 Neotoma mexicana & Ft. Mojave, Col’do R. Feb. 16 61. J. G. C.” No. 5610: obverse of label “104 Neotoma mexicana & Ft. Mojave, Col’do R. Feb. 20 ’61 J. G. C.’’; reverse, ten meas- urements. Skulls inside; fore feet either extended anteriorly and tied together, or else folded posteriorly on breast, hind feet ex- tended posteriorly, tied together; abdominal slit not always sewed up; tails left unskinned, extended posteriorly. These specimens were identified by Major E. A. Goldman of the U. S. Biological Survey. Neotoma intermedia intermedia Rhoads “N [eotoma] Mexicana” (probably part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444. “Neotoma mexicana Baird” (probably part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 68 (not extending north of the “Southern Coast Slope” of California). 96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. “Neotoma Mexicana” (probably part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 184 (Cajon Pass). Specimen examined.—One: No. 145270, U. S. Nat. Mus.; obverse of label “Neotoma (Bairdii J. G. C. [plus an unde- cipherable notation] ) San Diego Cal. May Ist 62 J. G. C.”; reverse, ten measurements. Specimen stuffed with cotton; skull inside; fore feet folded back on breast; hind feet crossed behind body; bones left in tail, which points straight out posteriorly. The condition of this specimen is not all that could be de- sired for purposes of identification ; but it is evidently closer to Neotoma intermedia intermedia than to Neotoma fuscipes macrotis, which is the only other wood rat occurring in the region. Neotoma intermedia desertorum Merriam “N[eotoma] Mexicana’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444. “Neotoma mexicana Baird” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 74 (Colorado Valley). “?Neotoma Mexicana’ (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 184 (Cajon Pass). “Neotoma Mexicana” (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 476 (Colorado Valley). Specimens examined.—Two: Nos. 5607, 5611, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. No. 5607: obverse of label “217 Neotoma mexicana 6 Ft. Mojave Coldo V Apr 29 ’61, J GC”; reverse “About half grown”. No. 5611: obverse of label “210 Neo- toma mexicana 6 Ft. Mojave Col’do V Apr 27 ’61 J. G. C.”; reverse “two thirds grown” and eleven measurements. These skins were identified by Major E. A. Goldman of the U. S. Biological Survey. No. 5607 exemplifies a dark phase of coloration not normal in specimens from the Colorado Val- ley, though in a series of specimens collected in the vicinity of the Desert of the Little Colorado River in Arizona by Goldman in 1917 the darker phase predominates. The other specimen (No. 5611) exemplifies the normal coloration. Vot. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 97 Neotoma fuscipes annectens Elliott “Neotoma fuscipes’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, the Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444; Amer. Nat., 2, 1868, p. 534 (California). “Neotoma fuscipes Cp.”, Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 63, 69. (Believed to be peculiar to California; not known to occur north of San Francisco Bay). Specimens examined.—Three: Nos. 1185/2040, 2041, U.S. Nat. Mus.; No. 5264, Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ. No. 1185/2040: obverse of label “Santa Clara Cal. Nov. 55. Head 2% nose to tail 9 tail 8% Heel 1-7? Cubit 2% males J. G. Cooper”. No. 2041: skull only; label reads “Smithsonian 2041/1159 Institution Neotoma Santa Clara Cal Dr. Cooper’. The original label for No. 5264 is lacking; obverse side of the oldest label attached reads “1159/2041 Neotoma ‘fuscipes’ Santa Clara, Cal. Nov. 55, J. G. Cooper.” No. 1185 in poor condition, original stuffing removed, except for wads of cotton in the regions of chest and head. Skull removed; hole torn in head near left ear; fore feet disposed irregularly in throat region; hind feet and tail pointing straight out behind; bones left in tail, as usual. Parietal portion of cranium (No. 2040) broken; nasal bones and upper incisor teeth broken off, left lower incisor missing. No. 5624 is not stuffed; skin of abdomen slit up nearly five inches; tail not skinned, broken off from skin and tied to right hind foot; por- tion of skin about head torn off. The cranium numbered 2041 in the National Museum collection evidently belongs with the skin numbered 1159 now in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (No. 5624, Mus. Comp. Zool.). The skull (No. 2041) is in fragments. Neotoma fuscipes macrotis Thomas “N[eotoma] fuscipes’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444. “Neotoma fuscipes Cp.” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 63, 69. (Believed to be peculiar to Califor- nia; listed also as one of the animals not known north of San Francisco Bay). 98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. “Neotoma fuscipes’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 2, 1868, p. 534, (Casual mention of the species as occurring in California). “Neotoma fuscipes” (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 4, 1871, p. 757, (Monterey). Specimen examined.—One: No. 5606, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; obverse of label “326 Neotoma fuscipes, Cooper, Brown-Footed Rat [printed strips pasted on] Monterey, Cal. Aug 14th 61 J. G. C.” There is a pencilled “?” sign on this face of the label which was evidently put on at a later date than that on which the rest of the label was written; reverse side of the label, eleven measurements. Prepared as usual, skull inside skin, fore feet folded onto breast, hind feet extended posteriorly; tail folded anteriorly along side of animal. Neotoma cinerea occidentalis Baird “Neotoma occidentalis,’ Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., 12, book 2, p. 32 (occurs in forests west of Cascade Moun- tains). “Neotoma occidentalis, Cooper,” Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., 12, book 2. pp. 85-86 (Inhabits the wooded regions west of the Cascade Mountains; discussion of habits). “N[eotoma] occidentalis’ Cooper, Amer. Nat. 2, 1868, p. 535 (West of Cascade Range). Specimens examined.—Two: Nos. 462/1662, 572, U. S. Nat. Mus.; No. 462/1662: original label missing; from other labels attached we learn that the specimen is from Shoalwater Bay, W. T., and that it was collected by J. G. Cooper in June, 1854. No. 572: obverse of a label, apparently in Cooper’s handwriting “No. 16 W. T. ’54 J. G. C.”; reverse, seven meas- urements and sex, “‘male.’’; another label attached reads “‘N. Pacific R. R. Survey Gov. I. I. Stevens 572 Neotoma occident- alis 8 Shoalwater Bay, W. T. Dr. J. G. Cooper.”’ This speci- men is the type of occidentalis. For additional details regard- ing it see Lyon and Osgood (1909, pp. 102-103). Both these examples of Neotoma cinerea occidentalis have been made over into modern study skins. The skull of No. 462/1662 is in good condition, except that the posterior portion of the cranium has been cut off and the angular processes of the mandibles are broken. Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 99 Microtus townsendii (Bachman) “Arvicola Townsendti, Bachman” (part), Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv. 12, book 2, 1860, p. 86 (Abundant on the meadows of Shoalwater Bay). “Arvicola Townsendii, Bachm.” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 70 (Latitude of San Francisco said to be southern limit of distribution. ) Specimen examined.—One: No. 5300, Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ.; original label lacking; obverse of oldest label attached “N. Pacific R. R. Survey. Gov. I. I. Stevens 464 Arvicola townsendii skull 1595 Shoalwater Bay, W. T. Dr. J. G. Cooper.” Skull removed; skin stuffed with cotton, in good condition; fore feet spread, pointing out to sides; hind feet pointing irreg- ularly to rear; tail not skinned out, disposed posteriorly. Microtus californicus californicus (Peale) “A[rvicola] Californica’ (probably part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 445. “Al[rvicola] montana’ (probably part), Cooper Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 445. “Al[rvicola] edax’ (probably part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 445. “Arvicola edax Lec.” (probably part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 63, 69 (Believed to be peculiar to Cali-. fornia; not known to occur north of San Francisco Bay). “Arvicola edax”’ (probably part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 4, 1871, p. 757 (Monterey ; called the “Monterey Field-mouse’”’). Specimens examined.—Two: Nos. 145279, 145280, U. S. Nat. Mus. ; No. 145279, obverse of label “424 Arvicola [‘edax’ pencilled in] Monterey Cal. Aug. 23 ’61”’; reverse, eleven meas- urements. No. 145280, obverse of label “Arvicola montana 6 Oakland Cal. Apr. 3 ’63, 950 J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven meas- urements. Specimens prepared as usual; skulls inside skins, fore feet folded back on breast; hind feet disposed irregularly behind body except in No. 145280, in which hind feet are crossed close up to posterior end of body; tail not skinned out. 100 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. In coloration these specimens are close to examples of Micro- tus californicus californicus in the Biological Survey Collec- tion from Alameda, Marin and Monterey Counties; the brown- ish dorsal coloration with the whitish of the under parts very faintly washed with buffy can be easily matched in our series. While it is true that No. 145279 resembles certain pale-colored examples of edax from the Sacramento Valley, on the average edax is considerably darker. No. 145280, an immature speci- men, is paler than are specimens of edax of corresponding age. Lagurus pauperrimus (Cooper) “Arvicola pauperrima’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 2, 1868, pp. 535-536. (Original description, with notes on habits). Specimen examined.—One: No. 10268/35071 U. S. Nat. Mus.; obverse of label “Arvicola 6 126 Great Plains, W. T. Oct. 9 60 J. G. C.”; reverse, eight measurements. This specimen, though in very poor condition (see Lyon and Osgood, 1909, p. 90) is nevertheless of importance from the fact that it is the type of Lagurus pauperrimus; and the species is of interest because it is one of the earliest known members of the group of short-tailed gray meadow mice of the uplands, now referred to the genus Lagurus. Mus musculus musculus Linnzus “Mus musculus,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444. Specimen examined.—One: No. 5651, Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ. ; original label missing. Said to have been col- lected in “California” by “J. G. Cooper.” Specimen has been made over into modern study skin, skull removed but not cleaned; the posterior portion evidently cut away in the original process of preparation. Rattus rattus (subspecies indet. ) “M [us] rattus,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 (General note on the intro- duced rats). Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 101 Specimen examined.—One: No. 5647, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; obverse of label “755 Mus rattus, L-Black Rat [printed slip pasted on] San Diego Cal ? Feb 7th ’62 J. G. C.’’; reverse, eleven measurements. The specimen is prepared as usual, skull inside, hind feet sticking out behind, fore feet folded back on breast; tail not skinned out, turned so as to lie along back. This animal is a pure albino; the size of its ears, length of its tail, and character of its teeth shows it to belong to the rattus series rather than to norvegicus. Thomomys bottz botte (Eydoux & Gervais) “Thomomys bulbivorus’ (part), Cooper, Zoology in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, pp. 445-446 (Middle counties near the coast). “T[homomys] umbrinus’ (part), Cooper, same, p. 446 (‘found in the southeast quarter [of the state]””) ; Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 183 (Southern part of California). “Thomomys bulbivorus Rich.” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 63, 69 (Peculiar to California; not known to occur north of the Middle and North Coast Ranges). “Thomomys umbrinus Rich.” (part), Cooper, same, p. 68 (Does not extend north of the southern coast slope). Specimens examined.—Seven: Nos. 5613-5617, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; Nos. 11933, 145271, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 5613: obverse of label “Thomomys bulbivorus San Mateo Cal. Mch 10 ’63 J. G. C.”; reverse, eight measurements. No. 5614: obverse of label “Thomomys bulbivorus—California Gopher— [printed strips pasted on] San Mateo Cal. Mch. 7, ’63 J. G. C.’”’; reverse, eleven measurements. No. 5615: obverse of label “Thomomys talpoides bulbiv Santa Cruz Mts. Cal. 20th May 1864 J. G. C.”; reverse, nine measurements and the word “young ?”; the “talpoides bulbiv”’ portion of the scientific name was evidently pencilled in subsequent to the writing of the rest of the label. No. 5616: obverse of label “Thomomys umbrinus [printed strip pasted on] Drum Bks. Cal. Oct. ’65 Sonora Gopher [printed slip containing name pasted on] J. G. C.” No. 5617: obverse of label “Thomomys umbrinus Drum Bks. Cal. Nov. ’65, J. G. C.” No. 11933: original label missing ; Saticoy, 102 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Ventura County, no date. No. 145271: obverse of label “679a San Diego Cal Dec 6th ’61 J. G. C.” Skins all prepared as was customary by Cooper, skulls inside, fore feet either extended anteriorly or bent back on breast, hind feet folded forward beneath the body posteriorly or extended irregularly backward; tail not skinned, in two specimens (Nos. 11933, 145271, U. S. Nat. Mus.) broken off completely and missing. Nos. 5615 and 5617 (Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.) are young animals. While the pelage appearance of Nos. 5613, 5614 (Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.) from San Mateo, Cali- fornia, indicates a condition of molt, close examination of the skin does not disclose the darkened appearance usually so char- acteristic of the molting process. No. 5616 (Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.) is an adult specimen with an unusually intense reddish brown coloration, somewhat resembling Thomomys botte leucodon in summer pelage. The coloration of No. 11933 (U.S. Nat. Mus.) from Saticoy, California, comes well within the range of variation of T. b. botte; while a bright- colored example from San Diego (No. 145271, U. S. Nat. Mus.) is very similar to specimens of botte in the Biological Survey collection from Twin Oaks, California (compare Nos. 100161, 100164). The specimens in the collections of the National Museum were identified by Vernon Bailey of the U. S. Biological Survey. Thomomys bottez pallescens Rhoads “Thomomys umbrinus” (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 446 (“found in the southeast quarter [of the state]”) ; Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 183 (Southern part of California). “Thomomys umbrinus Rich.” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 68 (does not extend north of the south- ern coast slope). Specimen examined.—One: No. 145273, U. S. Nat. Mus. ; obverse of label “273 Thomomys [‘umbrinus?’ written on in pencil] é Cajon Pass, W. Slope. Cal. June 8 ’61, J. G. C.” Skull inside skin; fore feet crossed on breast; hind feet and tail disposed posteriorly; tail not skinned. Vou. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 103 This specimen is an immature molting from the soft pelage of the adolescent into a bright summer pelage. Its coloration is well within the range of variation of Thomomys botte pal- lescens. Identified by Vernon Bailey of the U. S. Biological Survey. Thomomys monticola monticola Allen “T [homomys] borealis” (probably part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 446 (Said to be found northward and on the mountains). Specimen examined.—One: No. 145272, U. S. Nat. Mus.; obverse of label “1125 Thomomys Summit Johnson’s Pass?’ Sept. 25 ’63 J. G. C.”; reverse, nine measurements. Specimen prepared as usual, skull inside skin; fore feet bent back, hind feet folded forward beneath body; tail not skinned out, disposed straight out behind. The coloration of this specimen is identical with that of a series of topotypes in the collection of the U. S. Biological Survey. Thomomys perpallidus mohavensis Grinnell “Thomomys umbrinus’ (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2, 1861, p. 121 (Said to occur in the “Mojave river bottoms and Cajon Pass”); Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 183 (Southern California). “T[homomys| umbrinus’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 446 (“found in the southeast quarter [of the state]’’). Specimen examined.—One: No. 5845, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; original label missing; label from old University collection reads “No. 254, Thomomys umbrinus? 6 Bottom land Mojave:R. June.”’ Skull left within the skin; fore legs crossed on breast, hind feet crossed at base of tail; tail not skinned ; abdomen not sewed up; in fairly good condition. This animal is evidently an immature; it is molting conspic- uously from a pale to a much browner pelage. "3 Johnson’s Pass: El Dorado County, California (see Whitney’s Map of California and Nevada, State Geological Survey of California, 2nd ed., 1874), about eight miles south of the south end of Lake Tahoe, at the head of the South Fork of the Ameri- can River between Lake Valley and Phillips (see Pyramid Peak Sheet, U. S. Geo- logical Survey, Topographic Map of the United States, 1905). 104 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Perognathus panamintinus brevinasus Osgood. “Perognathus parvus’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 445 (Note on habits) ; Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 183 (Southern part of Cali- fornia). “Perognathus parvus Peale’ (Part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 63 (Believed to be peculiar to Califor- nia). Specimens examined.—Four: Nos. 5633-5635, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; No. 145280, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 5633: ob- verse of label “Perognathus parvus Wilmington Cal. Oct. ’65 J. GC.” No. 5634: obverse of label “136 — Perognathus farvus [printed slip bearing number and name pasted on] Wilmington, Cal. Oct ’65 J. G. C.””. No. 5635: obverse of label “Perognathus parvus Wilmington Cal., Oct. ’65 J. G. C.” Specimens prepared as usual by Dr. Cooper; skulls within skins (except No. 5633) ; fore feet folded posteriorly on breast, hind feet extended posteriorly or bent forward beneath body, tails not skinned ; in No. 145280 the abdominal slit is not sewed up. Condition of specimens fair, except that the tail in No. 5634 has been broken off about one-half inch from the body. Perognathus penicillatus penicillatus Woodhouse “P[erognathus] penicillatus’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cro- nise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 445 (Notes on habits). “Perognathus penicillatus Woodh.” Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 67, 74 (Not found west of the desert region ; occurs Colorado Valley). “Perognathus penicillatus,’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 476 (Colorado Valley; said to be quite common in the thatched roofs. ) Specimens examined.—Four: Nos. 5636, 5637, 5825, 5826, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. No. 5636: obverse of label “267 Perognathus penicillatus 2 Ft. Mojave, Col’do V Apr 25 ’61 J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven measurements. No. 5637: obverse of label “Perognathus penicillatus Woodhouse [printed slip pasted on] Ft Mojave, Col’do R. Mch 19 ’61 J. G.C. Tuft- Vou. 1X] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 105 tailed Mouse [printed slip bearing this name is pasted on over Cooper’s initials]”’; reverse, eleven measurements. No. 5825: original label missing; from label attached we learn that the specimen is from Fort Mojave; that it was taken in February ; and that it is a male. No. 5826: original label missing; data identical with that of No. 5825, except that the specimen was taken in March instead of February. Skulls inside the skins ; fore feet folded posteriorly on breast ; hind feet variously placed, one pair forward on the belly, the others posteriorly just back of the body; the tails unskinned, extended irregularly posteriorly; abdominal slits rather care- lessly sewed up. In color characters the specimens agree closely with the large series of Perognathus penicillatus taken on both sides of the Colorado River by the members of the Colorado River Expedi- tion of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology in 1910. Perodipus agilis simulans Merriam “Dipodomys agilis’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 445 (Notes on habits) ; Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 183 (Southern part of Cali- fornia). Specimens examined.—Two: No. 5847, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; No. 7181, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 5847: original label missing; label attached reads “Dipodomys agilis 6 San Diego Calif. Dec.” No. 7181: original label missing; old mu- seum label attached reads “Smithsonian Institution Washing- ton, D. C., Geol. Surv. Cal. 7181 Dipodomys [crossed out] Perodipus agilis? [pencilled in later] California Dr. J. G. Cooper.” No. 5847 in rather poor condition ; skull inside skin ; fore feet folded back on breast; abdominal slits not sewed up; bones left in tail, which is turned forward beneath body, broken and some- what loose at base. Specimen No. 7181 is also in poor condi- tion, apparently at one time preserved in alcohol; skull inside skin [until removed for examination], forelegs disposed irregu- larly forward; hind feet pointing backward; body unevenly stuffed with cotton; abdominal slit not sewed up; tail broken off and lost. 106 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. There is little doubt but that No. 5847, collected at San Diego, is referable to Perodipus agilis simulans; the case is different with No. 7181, the condition of which makes the pre- cise determination of its status difficult or impossible. In the writer’s opinion, so far as its appreciable characters are con- cerned, the specimen may be referred with equal propriety to agilis or simulans. Perodipus panamintinus Merriam “D[ipodomys]| Philippii’ (part) ?, Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 445 (The reference is somewhat uncertain, but the probabilities point to this allocation. ) Specimen examined.—One: No. 5630, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; obverse of label “249 Dipodomys é Chico spr.” Providence Mt. Cal. 1. 35° alt. 5000 ft. May 28°61 J. G. C.”; reverse, nine measurements. Specimen prepared as usual; skull inside; fore feet folded backward along sides, hind feet extended posteriorly. Tail not skinned, extended posteriorly. In coloration and cranial characters this specimen is nearest Perodipus panamintinus, though in color it is a trifle closer to examples from Maturango Spring, Argus Mountains, than to the typical form. It is not improbable that the specimen repre- sents a local variant of P. panamintinus, but the answer to this and other questions concerning the status of the kangaroo rats must await a monographic revision of the group. Dipodomys merriami merriami Mearns “D[ipodomys] Philippii’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cron- ise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 445 (General comments only). “Dipodomys Philippii Gray” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 74 (Colorado Valley). 18] have failed to locate “(Chico Spring’? on any of the maps examined. Cooper’s route from Fort Mojave to Los Angeles doubtless traversed the Pah Ute Hills and Providence Mountains almost due west of Fort Mojave (see Whitney’s Map of Cali- tornia and Nevada, State Geological Survey of California, 2nd ed., 1874). It is highly probable that ‘‘Chico Spring” is an obscure locality in the Pah Ute Hills of this map rather than in the true Providence Range; for Cooper did not leave Fort Mojave until May.28, 1861, and could hardly have reached the Providence Moun- tains by the evening of the first day out. Vot. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 107 “Dipodomys Phillippi” (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 477 (Colorado Valley, said to be common and an invader of dwellings). Specimens examined.—Three: Nos. 5631, 5632, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; No. 7182, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 5631: obverse of label “129—Dipodomys phillipii, Gray, [printed slip pasted on] 6 Ft Mojave Col’do R. Mch. 3’61, J. G. C. Jumping Rat. [printed slip pasted on]’’; reverse, eleven meas- urements. No. 5632: obverse of label “115 Dipodomys phil- lippii @ Ft. Mojave, Col’do R. Mch 3761, J. G..C.’’; reverse, eleven measurements. No. 7182: obverse of label “106 Dip- odomys philippiid Ft Mojave Col’do R.—Feb. 23 ’61, J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven measurements. Specimens prepared as was customary by Dr. Cooper; fore legs extended forward and tied beneath throat; hind feet ex- tended posteriorly and tied or crossed beneath tail; tail not skinned, extended posteriorly, somewhat loose; abdominal in- cision not sewed up. Specimens in fair condition. In general characters these examples agree closely with specimens of Dipodomys merriami merriami from the Colo- rado Valley. Zapus trinotatus trinotatus Rhoads “Jaculus hudsonius’ Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., 12, book 2, 1860, p. 83 (Single specimen collected in Washington Territory). Specimen examined.—One: No. 587/1710, U. S. Nat. Mus. ; original label missing; the catalog entry shows that the skin was taken out of alcohol; a label attached reads as follows “N. Pacific R. R. Survey Gov. I. I. Stevens 587/1710 Meriones hudsonius ¢ [sex mark pencilled in] Shoalwater Bay, W. T. [locality crossed out] W. T. [written in later, apparently in same handwriting as name and Museum number] Dr. J. G. Cooper.” Specimen made over, after having been preserved as an alco- holic. Skull in fragments. Its dark coloration shows the specimen to be referable to Zapus trinotatus trinotatus rather than to Zapus princeps ore- gonus, which is the only other jumping mouse known to occur in the State. 108 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Citellus beecheyi beecheyi (Richardson) “Spermophilus Beecheyi’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 443 (A serious pest in all parts of the valleys). “Spermophilus Beecheyi Rich.” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 63, 77 (Believed to be peculiar to Cali- fornia). Specimen examined.—One: No. 2384, U. S. Nat. Mus.; original label missing ; a very old and greasy label reads “2384 Spermophilus beecheyi Santa Clara, Cal. Dr. J. G. Cooper.” Skin with skull inside; fore feet aligned along sides of neck; hind feet folded forward beneath body and tied together; tail skinned, extending irregularly backward. Citellus beecheyi fisheri (Merriam) “Spermophilus Beecheyt’”’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cron- ise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 443 (“So numerous and destructive in all parts of the valleys that are not annually inundated, as to be one of the most serious pests of the farmer and gardener”) ; Amer. Nat. 3, 1869, pp. 182-189, (Said to abound in the southern part of California) ; Amer. Nat., 8, 1874, p. 15 (Said to be scarce in the Cuyamaca Moun- tains, though common near river beds along the coast). “Spermophilus Beecheyi Rich.” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 63, 77 (Believed to be peculiar to Cali- fornia). Specimen examined.—One: No. 5645, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. ; obverse of label “748a California Ground Squirrel [name pasted on] ¢ San Diego Cal Jan 27th ’62 J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven measurements and a slip, bearing the name “Spermophilus beecheyi, Rich.” Specimen prepared as a study skin, stuffed with tow, fixed to lie on back; skull inside skin; fore legs folded onto breast, hind legs crossed at posterior end of body; tail folded along side of body, abdominal incision very roughly sewed together ; speci- men in good condition. Vou. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 109 Citellus beecheyi nesioticus (Elliot) “Spermophilus Beecheyi” (probably part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 443. “Spermophilus Beecheyi Rich.” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 63 (Believed to be peculiar to Cali- fornia) ; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 77 (Collected Cata- lina Island; evidently observed on Santa Barbara Island also). Specimen examined.—One: No. 145285, U. S. Nat. Mus.; obverse of label “Spermophilus Catalina I. Cal 6 June 16—’63 J. G. C.”; reverse, ten measurements. ' Specimen prepared as usual, skull inside; a little dry grass has been stuffed into skin; ventral incision not sewed up; fore feet folded posteriorly beneath body; hind feet and tail anteriorly. The specimen is darker colored than typical Citellus beech- eyt fisheri, the form of the adjoining mainland. Citellus beldingi (Merriam) “Spermophilus elegans Kennicott” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1868, p. 6 (“Hab. near Salt Lake, Utah, to Johnson’s Pass, Sierra Nevada, where I found it in 1863. Pitt River ?”’). “S[permophilus| elegans,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 443 (“inhabits east of the Sierras.”’) Specimen examined.—One: No. 5824, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. ; original label missing; label in old University of California collection reads “1124 Spermophilus elegans Kenn. é Summit Johnson’s Pass Sept.” Skull inside skin; fore feet folded posteriorly beneath body; hind feet forward; tail not skinned. Eutamias canicaudus Merriam “Tamias quadrivattatus’ (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 2, 1868, pp. 530-531 (Found east of mountains in Washington Territory). 110 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser. Specimen examined.—One: No. 145286, U. S. Nat. Mus. ; obverse of label ‘Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Tamias 4 vittatus 145286 125 S of Spokane R. W. T. Oct. 7 OO ae Specimen stuffed with cotton, slit in abdomen not sewed up; part of skull inside of skin; right fore foot folded back on right side of body; left fore foot on left side; hind legs and tail disposed forward beneath body. Eutamias townsendii townsendii (Bachman) “Tamias Townsendii” (part), Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and ‘Surv., 12, Book 2, 1860, pp. 80-81 (Habits and distribu- tion in Washington Territory). “T[amias] Townsendit,’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 2, 1868, p. 531 (Found west of Cascade Mountains in Washington Ter- ritory). Specimens examined.—Two: No. 1381, U. S. Nat. Mus. ; No. 4756, Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ. No. 1381: or- iginal label missing; obverse of label attached reads “1381 ¢ Tamias townsendi [asiaticus written in and later crossed off], Shoalwater Bay, W. T. Dr. Cooper’; reverse, “Aug. 30, 1855.” No. 4756: original label “No. 18 W. T. ’54 near coast J. G. C.’”’; another label reads “N. Pacific R. R. Survey 2469 Gov. I. I. Stevens, Tamias townsendit, Shoalwater Bay, W. T. Dr. J. G. Cooper, 18”. Specimen No. 1381 prepared as usual, skull inside skin; fore and hind feet folded back and forward, respectively, be- neath the body; tail curled anteriorly beneath the body; No. 4756 has been made over into a modern museum skin; the skull has suffered several slight injuries, basal and occipital portion, part of the nasal region, and the angular and coro- noid processes of the left mandible having been broken away. Eutamias townsendii cooperi (Baird) “Tamias townsendii” (part), Cooper, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., 12, book 2, 1860, pp. 80-81 (Account of habits and distribution in Washington Territory, Tamias cooperi synon- ymized under Tamias townsendit). Vor. 1X] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 111 “T[amias] Townsendii,’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 2, 1868, p 531 (nearly intermediate between forms found east and west of Cascade Mountains). Specimens examined.i—Two: Nos. 4754, Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ.; 212/1183 U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 212/1183: original label missing; specimen collected at Klickitat Pass, 4500 ft., Skamania County, Wash. (see Amer. Nat., 2, p. 531), July, 1853, by Dr. J. G. Cooper. No. 4754: original label missing also; one label attached to the specimen reads “N. Pacific R. R. Survey, Gov. J. J. [so] Stevens, 211 Tamias coopert? [the cooperi has been crossed out and townsendii written in] W. T. Cascade Mts. Lat 46 1182 Dr. J. G. Cooper.” These specimens are cotypes of Eutamias townsendii cooperi, which appears to be worthy of recognition. They have been remade into modern study skins.?° Specimens of Eutamias townsendii from the Cascade Moun- tains of Washington and Oregon are paler in comparable pelage than those from Astoria, Tillamook, Aberdeen, Quini- ault Lake and other localities on the coast. They appear to show a mass difference in cranial characters, also, the moun- tain form, F. ¢. cooperi, tending to have larger incisors and heavier zygomata than typical townsendit. Eutamias speciosus frater (Allen) “T[amias] quadrivittatus’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 (“found in the higher Sierras, and eastward to the Rocky Mountains’). Specimen examined.—One: No. 5640, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; obverse of label “1101 Tamias quadrivittatus, Rich.—Missouri Striped Squirrel—[printed strips pasted on] 6 Lake Tahoe Valley Cal. Sept. 1863 J. G. C.”; on the re- verse side of the label is the single word “immature.” Prepared with skull inside skin; legs and tail folded beneath body; specimen in good condition. 12 For note on the condition of No. 212/1183, see Lyon and Osgood (1909, p. 175). The other cotype (No, 211/1183) referred to but not found by these authors | No. 4754 in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard niversity. 112 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Eutamias merriami pricei (Allen) “Tamias Townsendii”’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 (“Inhabits both ranges of mountains, as far south as Santa Cruz.”’) Specimen examined.—One: No. 5639, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; obverse of label “Townsend’s Striped Squir- rel [printed strip pasted on] 6 932 Arroyo Quito,” Sta Clara Co Mch. 17th 63 J G Cooper’’; on the back of the label is a printed slip bearing the words “Tantias townsend Bach.” and ten measurements. Specimen prepared with skull inside; fore feet folded onto breast, hind feet placed forward posteriorly beneath abdomen; tail folded forward on back. Specimen in good condition. Eutamias senex (Allen) “Tamias Townsendii” (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 (“inhabits both ranges of mountains, as far south as Santa Cruz’). Specimen examined.—One: No. 5823, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; original label missing; label in old University of California Collection reads ““Tamias Townsendii 6 Summit Johnson’s Pass Sept.” Prepared with skull inside; fore feet folded back, hind feet forward beneath body; in good condition. Callospermophilus chrysodeirus chrysodeirus (Merriam) “Spermophilus lateralis Say, (Rich.)” (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1868, p. 6 (“Near summits of the Sierra Nevada, lat. 38° common’). “S[permophilus] lateralis’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 443 (“inhabiting the high Sierras”). 2 Arroyo Quito, Santa Clara County. I have been unable to find this locality on any map examined. Possibly it refers to the present San Francisquito Creek, which near Palo Alto constitutes the boundary line between San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties, California. The Santa Cruz sheet (1906), U. S. Geological Survey Topo- graphic Map of the United States, shows a large tract of land labelled Rinconada del ree San Francisquito in the vicinity of Stanford University, Palo Alto and ayfield. Vot. 1X] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 113 Specimens examined.—Two: Nos. 5618, 5619, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. No. 5618: obverse of label “Say’s Striped Squirrel, [printed strip pasted on over Cooper’s handwritten name Spermophilius lateralis] 2 1104 Tahoe valley, Cal. Sept. 14 ’63 J. G. C.”; on reverse side of label appear eleven meas- urements and another printed slip bearing the name “Spermo- philus lateralis, Rich.” No. 5619: obverse of label “Spermo- philus lateralis 6 Taho Valley Cal Sept. 15 ’63 J. G. C.”; reverse, ten measurements. Specimens prepared with skulls inside, fore feet folded back on breast, hind feet forward beneath body, tail not skinned, disposed straight out behind, skins in good condition. Ammospermophilus leucurus leucurus (Merriam) “S[permophilus| Harrisi’’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 443 (“. . . found only in the desert plains of the southeast part of the State’). “Spermophilus Harrisit Aud.,’’ Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, pp. 63, 67 (Peculiar to California, and said not to occur west of the “Desert Region’). “Spermophilus Harrisi,’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 188 (Mentioned as occurring on the desert between Cajon Pass and Fort Mojave). Specimens examined.—Two: Nos. 5638, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; No. 145284, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 5638: ob- verse of label “248 Spermophilus harrisu, Aud. and Bach. [printed slip pasted on] 2 Mts. W. side Col’do V. 1. 35° Cal. May 27 ’61—Harris’s Spermophile [printed strip bear- ing vernacular name pasted on]’’; reverse, eleven measure- ments. No. 145284: obverse of label “247 Spermophilus har- rissii 6 Mts W. side Col’do Val. 35° Cal. May 27—’61 J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven measurements. Specimens prepared with skulls inside, fore feet bent back along side or beneath body, hind feet extended posteriorly ; tail with bones inside, extended backward; abdominal slits not sewed up. No. 5638 is apparently a young animal, as it is undersized. Both specimens are clearly referable to Ammospermophilus leucurus leucurus. 114 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. Sciurus douglasii albolimbatus Allen “Sciurus Douglassit” (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 444 (“It is found north of San Francisco bay and in the Sierras. . . .”). Specimens examined.—Three: Nos. 5641, 5642, 5643, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. No. 5641: obverse of label “Sciurus douglassii @ Strawberry Flat,?* Cal.—Sept. 18-63, J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven measurements. No. 5642: obverse of label “Oregon Red Squirrel [pasted on] 6 Summit John- son’s Pass Sept 24—’63 J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven measure- ments, a number “1128a,” and the name “Sciurus douglassii, Bach.” pasted on. No. 5643: obverse of label “Summit, Placer Co Cal. July 26 ’70”; reverse “Sciurus Douglassit, Bach hie.’ The specimens are prepared with skulls inside, fore feet folded on breast, hind feet either folded beneath abdomen or crossed behind body; tails disposed variously posteriorly; ab- dominal slits sewed up in two specimens, left gaping open in the other; specimens in very good condition. Sciurus griseus nigripes Bryant “Scirus leporinus,’ Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Nat- ural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 443 (“. . . common in the mountains from Santa Cruz north’); Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 186 (“Southern coast slope” of California). Specimens examined.—Two: No. 5644, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; No. 5647, Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ. No. 5644: obverse of label “Sciurus leporinus, Aud. & Bach. [name pasted on] ¢ Sta Cruz Mts Cal May 27 ’64 J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven measurements. No. 5647: original label miss- ing; “Near San Francisco, Dr. J. G. Cooper.” No. 5644 prepared as usual by Dr. Cooper; skull inside skin, fore feet folded on breast, hind feet extended backward. Specimen in excellent condition. The skin of No. 5647 has been made over into a modern museum specimen. *\ Strawberry Flat: Tuolumne County, California, South Fork of the Stanislaus River, on main wagon road across Sonora Pass, about 25 miles distant (straight line) from Sonora in a general northeasterly direction (see eS Map of California and Nevada, State Geological Survey of California, 2nd ed., 1874). Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 115 Ochotona schisticeps schisticeps (Merriam) “Lagomys princeps,” Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., 3, 1863, p. 69 (Record in minutes of meeting of Academy for October 19, 1863, of exhibition by Dr. Cooper of specimens from the summits of the Sierra Nevada); the same, 4, 1868, p. 6 (“I obtained specimens near the snow line, above John- son’s Pass, Sierra Nevada . . . .”). “Lagomys princeps?” Cooper, Zoology, in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 446 (“It inhabits the Alpine summits of the Sierra Nevada, among enormous granite boulders and banks of perpetual snow eae “Lagomys princeps,’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 8, 1874, p. 15 (Footnote reference to Gabb’s record of Ochotona in Lower California. Cope, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1868, p. 2, erroneously records Gabb as having noted a specimen at 10,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada at 32° latitude). Specimens examined.—Three: Nos. 5612, 5628, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; No. 145282, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 5612: obverse of label “Lagomys princeps, Rich.—[ printed strip pasted on] 6 Summit Sierras Lat. 39°, Sept 26-63 7. G. C.”; reverse, eight measurements and a printed strip bear- ing the name “Little Chief Hare”. No. 5628: obverse of label “1120 Lagomys princeps 2 juv. Summit Sierras, Lat:; 39° Sept. 22-63, J. G. C.”; on the reverse side of the label appear the words “immature 4/5 grown”. No. 145282: ob- verse of label “Lagomys princeps 2 Summit Sierras Lat. 39°, Sept. 26 ’63, J. G. C.”; reverse, eight measurements. Specimens prepared with skulls inside’ fore and hind feet folded posteriorly and anteriorly, respectively, beneath body ; the hind feet in No. 145282 are somewhat torn and loosened. The locality where these examples were secured is probably not far from the type locality of the species (Donner, Placer Co., Calif.). The two specimens in the Museum of Verte- brate Zoology (Nos. 5612, 5628) are in very different pelage condition in spite of the fact that they were collected within four days of each other. The female, No. 5628, taken Sep- tember 22, is in worn summer pelage, and in spite of its being marked “juv.”, may have been a breeding animal. In such an event, a delayed molt would not be unexpected. The male 116 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. specimen (No. 5612), taken September 26, has acquired most of the full fresh pelage of winter. Sylvilagus audubonii sanctidiegi (Miller) “Llepus] Audubonii,’ Cooper, Zoology in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 446.(“ . . . the two latter [Lepus Auduboni and Lepus Trowbridgu] occur to- gether throughout most of the western slope of the State’’). “Lepus Audubonii’ (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 183 (Southern part of California.) “Lfepus|] Audubonii”’ (part) Cooper, Amer. Nat., 8, 1874, p. 15 (Seen once about 2000 feet up in the Cuyamaca Moun- tains). Specimen examined.—One: No. 5623, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.; obverse of label “33c Lepus audubonii, Baird, Audubon’s Hare [printed strips pasted on] 6 San Diego Cal. Nov. 6th, ’61 J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven measurements. Prepared with skull inside; fore feet folded back beneath body; hind feet forward; specimen in good condition. Sylvilagus audubonii arizone (Allen) “L[epus] Audubonit” (part), Cooper, Zoology in Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 446 (Refers to occurrence of this form in the western part of the state only). “Audubon’s Hare (fur finer than near the coast, approach- ing Lepus artemisie)”, Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 476 (Colorado Valley). “Lepus Audubonii? Baird”, Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 74 (Colorado Valley). Specimen examined.—One: No. 145283, U. S. Nat. Mus. ; obverse of label “95 Lepus audubonii Ft. Mojave, Col’do R. Feb. 19 ’61 J. G. C.”; reverse, eleven measurements. Skin in fairly good condition; stuffed flat, the skull inside the skin; legs folded, the fore feet backward, the hind feet forward beneath the body. In general coloration agrees closely with Sylvilagus audu- bonii arizone in the collection of the National Museum, be- ing distinctly paler than either S. a. audubonti or S. a. sancti- diegi. ee Vor. IX] TAYLOR—COOPER’S MAMMALS 17 Lepus californicus bennettii Gray “L[epus] Californicus’ (part), Cooper, Zoology, in Cro- nise, The Natural Wealth of California, 1868, p. 446 (“most numerous west of the Sierra Nevada’). “Lepus californicus Gray’’ (part), Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4, 1870, p. 63 (Believed to be peculiar to Cali- fornia). “Lepus Californicus’ (part), Cooper, Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 183 (Southern part of California) ; Amer. Nat., 3, 1869, p. 470 (Only large species westward of Fort Mojave). “Lepus Californicus,’ Cooper, Amer. Nat., 8, 1874, p. 15 (Seen in the foothills of the Cuyamaca Mts.). Specimens examined.—Two: Nos. 5621, 5622, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool. No. 5621: obverse of label ‘719 Lepus californicus 6 San Diego Cal. Dec 20th ’61 J. G. C.”; reverse, ten measurements, and a notation “Iris brown’. No. 5622: obverse of label “810 Lepus californicus, Gray.—Cali- fornia Hare.—[printed slips pasted on] San Diego Cal Apr Beth 62 f.G. | C" Specimens prepared with skulls inside skins, fore feet folded backward, hind feet forward beneath body. No. 5622 is in very dark pelage, being darker, in fact, than any specimens in the series of Lepus californicus bennettii in the collection at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. 118 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. LITERATURE CITED ALLEN, H. 1891. On a new species of Atalapha. SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS -125 INTRODUCTION. The Tertiary and Quaternary formations of the West Coast of North America offer peculiar advantages for the study of climatic relations, for they are strung out along the coast from the equator to the boreal regions, and their faunas and floras may be compared with Recent faunas and floras in the same latitudes. The Recent faunas of the West Coast, from the Galapagos Islands and Panama northward to Alaska, are well known, in publications and collections. The climatic conditions under which they live are known, and the range of species with reference to temperature of the water has been determined. By comparison with Recent faunas of the same region the climatic conditions (temperature) of a fossil fauna may be estimated, and the position of the isotherms plotted, with con- siderable accuracy. This accuracy naturally decreases as we go back in time, and the number of Recent species in the fossil fauna decreases to little or nothing. There are nearly 400 Recent species in the Quaternary faunas of the West Coast; of these nearly 100 range down into Pliocene, and ‘over 50 into Miocene. No Recent species ranges back to Eocene, but most of the genera of that age are still repre- sented somewhere in the world, and make possible accurate conclusions concerning the physical conditions of that time. The writer has arranged at Stanford University an exhibi- tion set of the marine faunas of the West Coast, from Eocene to the present, and from the equator to the Gulf of Alaska. This set corresponds to the accompanying correlation and climatic chart, the successive faunas being placed in parallel columns, so that each fossil fauna is in line with the cor- responding Recent fauna of the same latitude. The major geographic divisions used were as follows, from south to north: (1) Lower California and the Gulf of Cali- fornia; (2) Southern California; (3) Middle California; (4) Puget Sound; (5) Alaskan Gulf. The material in the exhibition set is necessarily not so detailed as that in the lists given below. And in these lists no attempt at completeness is made. Only those forms are listed that are really character- istic, that tell a definite story as to Ee rarat range or geologic age. Me yi wi oh be yA. on, wt ty re Peat .SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX [SMITH] Plate 9 : CLIMATIC RELATIONS OF WEST COAST TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY : = QUATERNARY UPPER PLIOCENE LOWER PLIOCENE MOGERE LOWER MIOCENE OLIGOCENE Bera a i hil Und hi i Na Mh UI Middle California j Min, temp. 54° F. : with: nicebetis 2 apeab i eva: 2: Lat. 35°-40° N. Pt. Conception to Fit “ iil mm ce ee ee ‘ ee af if i il i i i ’ Sub-boreal eA Cool Temperate Warm Temperate Tropical Cape Mendocino. TEMPERATE WARM 126 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47m Ser. We have thus a series of columnar sections from Eocene to the present, strung out from the equator to the Gulf of Alaska, at intervals of from 5° to 15°, giving good repre- sentatives of the Tertiary and Quaternary faunas of the tropi- cal, subtropical, warm temperate, cold temperate, and sub- boreal zones; also for comparison, the Recent faunas of the same latitudes. We have also fossil floras of Eocene, Oligo- cene, Miocene and Pliocene, to check the results obtained from the faunas. Quaternary faunas, as should be expected, are better repre- sented than Tertiary, though this is true only on the West Coast. We have Quaternary faunas from Manta, Ecuador, and the Galapagos Islands under the equator; Magdalena Bay, Lower California, lat. 24° 30’ N.; San Ignacio Lagoon, lat. 27° N.; Cerros Island, lat. 28° N.; San Diego to Santa Bar- bara, southern California, lat. 33° to 34° 30’ N.; San Fran- cisco Peninsula, lat. 37° 30° N.: Cape Blanco, Oregon, lat. 43° N.; Victoria, Vancouver Island, lat. 48° N.; Douglas Island, Alaska, lat. 58° N.; and Cape Nome, lat. 64° N. These Quaternary faunas range from tropical to boreal, as they should, keeping pace with the Recent faunas, but showing in many cases great displacement of the isotherms, as compared with the present. The Pliocene faunas, stretched out in the same way, show still greater displacement of the isotherms in some cases, which becomes more strongly marked in the Miocene. The extreme is reached in the Eocene, when a tropical temperature extended from the equator to Alaska, strongly contrasted with lower Quaternary, when a sub-boreal temperature extended down nearly to San Diego. The constant fall of temperature from Eocene to lower Quaternary, and the temporary rise in the upper San Pedro, were not confined to the West Coast, being apparent also in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean regions. But the evidence of its great regularity is almost peculiar to western America. It is important to know upon what basis a given fauna is assigned to a certain horizon, and also what genera or species are used as climatic criteria. Not all genera or species are equally characteristic, nor are they equally characteristic in different geographic zones. Cucull@ga is an Eocene genus in | OLIGOCENE EOCENE a {IOCENE Tvadod agAs aLVAEd NAL TOOO aALVadd NAL ALVAGINAL WAVM | TVOIdOUL se oe ere ho P , maaseieth Gia SES oO E ae" Ng aes ei ; ae ies ie ee dy | Se OFT ee oe =" oe oitetaeeneiiaae es Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 127 California, but is still living in the Indian Ocean region. Lyropecten is a Miocene group in middle California, survives into lower Pliocene in southern California, and is still living in Lower California. Miopleionia is an Oligocene genus in the Puget Sound region, but in middle California is character- istic of lower Pliocene. The writer has prepared a table of diagnostic forms used as criteria in determining the age of West Coast formations. This table is given below. But since an important genus or species may be common in one geographic region and lacking in another, or may be characteristic of a certain horizon in one and of a different horizon in another region, still another table has been prepared, showing the climatic as well as geo- logic range of the important forms. This brings out espe- cially well the differences in geologic range of the same species in different latitudes. In this table the occurrence of a form is registered with (+), and the absence of a form from a horizon in one province is registered with (0). Dr1aGNostTic ForMs IN West Coast NeEozoic FAUNAS. EOCENE. Many extinct genera: Strepsidura, Ficopsis, Perissolax; many genera now confined to the tropics: Avicula, Crassatel- lites, Cucullea, giant Lima, Meretrix, giant Venericardia, Ancillaria, giant Conus, Cassis, Murex, Rimella, Strombus, Terebellum, Turbinella, Volutilithes, true Nautilus, spatangoid sea-urchins, and cidaroids (absence of all ammonites, Inocer- amus, belemnites, Exogyra and Trigonia). No climatic zones, and faunas not yet provincial. OLIGOCENE, Survival of many Eocene. genera, but appearance of more modern types; modern groups of Pecten, especially Chlamys; Spisula, Panopea, Phacoides; modern groups of Veneride, especially Chione and Macrocallista; Agasoma, Dolium, Mio- pleionia, Priscofusus, Molopophorus, Strepsidura, Turcicula, Aturia. First appearance of modern species of Mollusca: Panopea generosa, Macoma nasuta, Thracia trapezoidea, 128 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Srp. Thyasira bisecta. Fewer tropical genera than in Eocene. Faunas already provincial, but climatic zones not yet definitely established. MIOCENE. Numerous Pecten: Lyropecten, Amusium, Patinopecten, Janira, Spondylus; Veneride abundant: Chione ancestral to modern groups, Amuantis, Dosinia, Tivela; giant Ostrea; giant Cardium; Pinna; Avicula; Agasoma, Astrea, giant Conus, Ficus, Mitra, Molopophorus, Miopleionia, Nassa, Oliva, Pris- cofusus, Purpura, Trophon, Turritella, Rapana, Astrodapsis, Clypeaster, Dendraster, Scutella. Disappearance in later Miocene of most of the tropical genera, and reduction in size of most of the remaining ones. Notable exception to this is the great increase in the size of the pectens and oysters, which are veritable giants. Few extinct genera: Molopophorus, Agasoma, Miopleionia, Astrodapsis. Climatic zones developed, but not sharply defined. Faunas distinctly provincial. Many modern species. PLIOCENE. Dwarf Venericardia, Arca, Cardium, Chione, Spisula, Patinopecten, Chlamys, Janira, Paphia; Fusus, Chrysodomus, Purpura, Nassa, Dendraster. Climatic zones already sharply defined in lower Pliocene, with Miopleionia, giant Chryso- domus, Buccinum, Volutopsius, and Patinopecten in northern California; and Lyropecten, Janira, abundant Chione, Dosinia, Ficus, Murex, and giant Conus in southern California. The Wildcat fauna of Humboldt County, California, was cold temperate, the Purisima of middle California was warm tem- perate, while the Fernando of southern California was sub- tropical, all contemporaneous. Miopleionia and Astrodapsis are the only extinct genera, but there are many now extinct in the Californian province. More than half of the Pliocene species are still living. QUATERNARY. Fauna like the Recent, but with rapidly shifting climatic zones, northern species ranging southward in lower Pleistocene, and southern species ranging northward in upper Pleistocene. Few extinct species, but many extinct locally. Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 129 DERIVATION OF TERTIARY MARINE FAUNAS OF CALIFORNIA. The marine faunas of Tertiary and Recent time on the coast of California must be either endemic or immigrants. There are certain persistent stocks that appear to give us a continuous line from Eocene time, but the great majority are unmistake- ably immigrants. The regions from which they may have come are so limited in number and so characteristic in their faunas that it is comparatively easy to determine the kinship and probable origin of the successive faunas in the California province. The Martinez Eocene has strong Oriental affinities, shown in: Ovula, Xenophora, and the Tudicla group. The Tejon Eocene, while having some Oriental survivors, such as Rimella, Terebellum and the Tudiela group, is clearly Caribbean in kin- ship, in proof of which may be cited the Venericardia planicosta fauna, which came in from the Atlantic region through the Panama portal. The Oligocene is decidedly Oriental, as shown by the in- coming of Voluta (Miopleionia), Dolium, and Japanese types of Nucula. The incoming of these forms is accompanied by the advent of northern species: Thyasira bisecta, Phacoides acutilineatus, Solemya, and Turcicula. The lower Miocene Vaqueros fauna retains some Oriental survivors, such as Rapana, but is, in the main, Caribbean in kinship. The Lyropecten group is the most characteristic Caribbean element, having been present in that region already in Oligocene, and wholly lacking on the Pacific coast in that epoch. R. E. Dickerson* has shown that in lower Miocene time there was probably a connection between the Caribbean and the Pacific. This is borne out not only by the occurrence of Lyropecten, but also by Dosinia and the giant oysters. In the Temblor epoch of the lower Miocene there is no further suggestion of Caribbean immigration, although Lyro- pecten is still exceedingly abundant. There is, however, a suggestion of renewed Oriental immigration in the Pecten groups, Pallinm and Amusium. The upper Miocene faunas appear to be endemic, or descend- ants of those that preceded them, the only outside increments ~* Proc, Calif. Acad. Sci, 4th ser, vol. 7, p.197,ets. 130 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. being gradually increasing numbers of northern types such as Chrysodomus. In the lower Pliocene there is a great influx of northern forms such as Chrysodomus and Patinopecten, accompanied by some Oriental elements such as Haliotis, and Pallium. These mingled in southern California with northward-moving species from the Panama fauna. In upper Pliocene the tropical species are nearly all gone, and the fauna of Puget Sound has extended its sway southward to San Diego. The relationships of the lower San Pedro Pleistocene fauna are the same as those of the upper Pliocene, with the northern facies still more distinct. The upper San Pedro fauna is southern in kinship, with many species now living only in the Panama region. CLIMATIC RANGE OF WEST Coast TERTIARY FORMS ary Upper fl Lower Pliocene per facead Quatern: Recent | me | a | | a | ne Pecten! CAUTINUG 6s 15 6/6 Wianiremieie sem ienita Dwarf Venericardia................. a Cran (ME y SOCOM. eds vila ii + MV URCPICRCRINUGL 6 (eau /0rd niaihictt nieve tlhe /etadene + AO GUNESARTEN |! 5 ele. dk wieteit mnie simi e'a/ yin + Phacoides annulatus................ . | + (Area trilimeataiss crekiee eas leyeterostoea ete .. | + ae O O O O Island. e Mendocino to > +4++4+: + ya imiercene ia si e0 pe Siels oratine eisibe wale Giant Tritella. 3.5 ake keene big TAVTOPIOCECD sis iin. cin 6 hotels ew ain me nie ip t Ae Janira... 0.0... cece eee e eee ee eee PUGET SOUND Cap Vancouver eleleleoy ——— | | —— | — | | Dendraster @ibbst. 0 0. acti as Pecten) CaurinusS) 2 Socorro alae ATROWHCCUNUNE. ) cali dee wisi sib em = wir Giant Chrysodomus................. Dwarf Venericardia................. Phacoides annulatus................ D+ Miopleionia..\.. (2. 63)-/a4)s die xle debian fel Pecten healeyi es)... 6h 6 sept wielahestleie Aree trilimeatey of 00 ).s sh caemaeee certs INSEVOREINSIS ./15.5\1..0:5 s\s;1led eelanoobne eee Chione (gnidia group) (orant Pirrscenas 6 00 ae Sana al MPN Vlas lisse Seardser tse We Sac ak Rais oa ie QO ra weak QOS eos MIDDLE CALIFORNIA Pt. Conception to Cape Mendocino. a g +4+04+4+: > +4++4+:-:: ++0+4+0+4++0004+4+4+4+4++ ; OO: OO0+4++: °: joe) Sw OOn 2: Oo000 Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 131 e ao pelegieelea! gt 2 BS|as/es|as| s| 3 33/53) 38/5a] |] 2 PectenveaminuS spe cusc sete sae uch o;}+]+]0 APOODUCCINUT ss liebe oe ee eee Bes +}+ 0 < DTI leteMe Goh) SV Wee Rises O Dien hae — | Phacoides annulatus............ Pict (Meare +/+ ;+);]0 4 | Dwarf Venericardia................. Lid) +;}+]0 PARBICHS SN Cayo bull Ana shows + +}0]0]0 Fria MIMG TIE VAT CAM cic ty Naa ehh nL we la) iam na ne +/+);],+)]0 ae PRAyTOPECEERO a. \52 10 MPebth Ie aus + +1O0]+)]0 SANTA LENA cyte ys (aN Jolt aml BUNT ity iL a +/]..]/ +) +]4+ 4+ SW Decker! Healers: ant: tity leeks Ok Sd POR Wakes th isc tr AE PARAM leo 0) cc At a Nain he § GGA WARM RESREIN IRE hss Sah nei Su Giantiburcitellay ce yeeidaee ire nveniteee: + OU OR| Ona = Chione (gntdia COMED Pte ss aera sere iets + +;O;+;)0 a Trachycardium SEIS CE ACN AC te HONE MEAT ob +)/O;+)]+ Pe MD) AED Js cs cc EM RASS (GN ee ens Sag A + +/O0;+ {0 CP) | SAStrOG ARIS, lol, lalate aictaivtiy ay caw elete ue Ta REN AERIS ee “1 | Dendraster gibbsi.................-% Fao Ws acid WNCNoMMT (ato CUR iene kL haha Me ald ot) Saba +}O0;90,0 Melita daar att iuricteas Seen aie .. | +1 0 Oy) EGA PC RED 5) Wisi d ale /s: din chaos miarw yah iv +) +) + +-}] + Sa NI ARCA Nie! a8 es Whe lin prety aici hintaan nt ola ale Pt] t+ +) + AEN HC re hal yuleN ger: ATA ON eS haoyie oe” 2 oa REE SEI oh Se +/+ 2 MER camtee ge ON ete GARE LA NR 1) +/+ Sri Wi Gate ray Aird Bt bof @ hela es WA nel IR NM + +} + sae MM AEMBL NJUG Deiat ittiahs hanes Pa edna i .. | + oy. | Dendraster gists). iiss. wile eyes es a Mee ¥ Chione (gnidia group)............... Ava hLiccsat hal (ai ++ BUI MIGASHEE alate sw aicla artis stein ialhva paaher ais SN NY i Se |e Beary Hh IMMUNE Sa) al¥ ihn gs Aclaihidlatdiinn acid sb MLN es a i od ie gg) Le es Ne aE RR SR Ae LA A Sk aoe, Wc ap ist) hai a Ral [PRES IORIED o 0L Uh SU Coo eek Sea ea a A A e uhe ibs we BEAN ot It will be seen from the table, and the lists included in this paper, that Patinopecten (Pecten caurinus), dwarf Veneri- cardia, giant Chrysodomus, Phacoides annulatus, and Miople- ionia are northern types, appearing first in the northern region, making their way southward as the temperature was lowered, all reaching southern California in the lower Pliocene. Miopletonia perished there, but the others continued to live on until the present, holding out in their northern home, where the proper temperature for them still prevails. On the other hand, giant Venericardia, giant Conus, giant Turritella, Chione of the gnidia group, Dosinia, Lyropecten and Ficus are southern, tropical, types. They doubtless ap- peared first in the south, but ranged far to the north in early Tertiary times. Giant Venericardia has found no dwelling place north of the tropics since Eocene; giant Turritella has 132 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. been confined to the torrid zone since lower Miocene; Ficus, Lyropecten, Janira and Astrodapsis retreated southward, and are found in southern California in the lower Pliocene, Fer- nando, where Astrodapsis became extinct. Ficus and Lyro- pecten retreated still further south, but the latter, along with Janira and Dosinia, reappears in the warm water upper San Pedro epoch. All these forms, with the exception of Astro- dapsis, are still abundantly represented in the Gulf or Panama fauna, and Astrodapsis has there a very near relative in Clypeaster. These are only a few out of the many examples © that might be brought up. CLIMATIC DISTRIBUTION OF RECENT MARINE FAUNAS OF THE WEsT COAST. I. Alaskan Gulf (Gulf of Alaska to Vancouver Island, lat. 60°-50° N., min. temp. 44° F.). Astarte borealis Schum., Astarte alaskensis Dall, Cardium californiense Desh., Glyct- meris septentrionalis Midd., Macoma middendorfi Dall, Mya truncata L., Pecten hastatus Sby., Pecten islandicus Sby., Peronidea lutea Gray, Serripes greenlandicus Gmel., Saxicava arctica L., Siliqua patula Dixon, Spisula alaskana Dall, Thya- sira bisecta Con., Venericardia alaskana Dall, V enericardia crassidens B. & S., Bela harpa Dall, Beringius morchianus Dall, Beringius kennicotti Dall, Beringius crebricostatus Dall, Buc- cinum aleuticum Dall, Buccinum morchianum Fisch., Buccinum glaciale L., Chrysodomus amiantus Dall, Chrysodomus liratus Martyn, Chrysodomus magnus Dall, Natica pallida B. & S., Sipho halibrectus Dall, Tritonofusus halli Dall, Tritonofusus rectirostris Carp., Turris circinata Dall, Volutopsius castaneus Morch., Volutopsius kobeltt Dall, Volutoharpa ampullacea Midd., Scutella parma Lam., Strongylocentrotus drabachiensis Say. The Alaskan Gulf fauna contains a large number of circum- boreal species, some of which are also common to the North Atlantic. II. Puget Sound (Vancouver Island to Cape Mendocino, lat. 50°-40° N., min. temp. 50° F.). Astarte compacta Carp., Glycimeris septentrionalis Midd., Kennerleya grandis Rv., Leda fossa Baird, Marcia kennerleyi Rv., Marcia subdiaphana Carp., Vot. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 133 Panomya ampla Dall, Panopea generosa Gld., Pecten caurinus Gld., Pecten hericeus Gould, Phacoides annulatus Rv., Saxi- domus giganteus Desh., Siliqua nuttalli Con., Thracia trapezoi- dea Con., Thyasira bisecta Con., Venericardia ventricosa Gld., Amphissa corrugata Rv., Boreotrophon gracihs Perry, Boreotrophon stuarti Smith, Chrysodomus pheeniceus Dall, Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird, Haliotis gigantea Chem., Natica clausa B. & S., Purpura foliata Martyn, Tritonofusus jordam Dall, Trichotropis cancellata Hds., Turris perversa Gabb. The Puget Sound fauna contains a considerable number of circumboreal species, also several inhabitants of the Japanese coast that are not circumboreal. The influx of circumpolar species is probably going on now, but that from Japan cer- tainly is not. All the species on the northwest coast that. are common to Japan date back to Pliocene time, when the con- figuration of the coast-line, and the climate permitted free intermigration between the two regions. III. Middle California (Cape Mendocino to Point Concep- tion, lat. 40°-34° 30’ N., min temp. 54° F.). Cardium corbis Martyn, Pandora punctata Carp., Paphia staminea Con., Paphia tenerrima Carp., Macoma bodegensis Hds., Modiolus flabella- tus Gld., Schizotherus nuttalli Con., Tivela crassatelloides Con., Yoldia cooperi Gabb, Bathytoma carpenteriana Gabb, Calliostoma canaliculatum Martyn, Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall, Chlorostoma montereyi Kien., Gyrineum californicum Hds., Lucapina crenulata Sby., Nassa fossata Gld., Nassa per- pinguis Gld., Polinices lewisii Gld., Haliotis rufescens Swain, Dendraster excentricus Esch., Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Stimp. There are few characteristic species confined to this province. The fauna is chiefly composed of northern species ranging southward, and southern species ranging northward. IV. Southern California (Point Conception, California, to Cerros Island, Lower California, lat. 34° 30’ to 28° N., min. temp. 62° F.). Amiantis callosa Con., Arca multicostata Sby., Atrina oldroydi Dall, Cardium elatum Sby., Cardium quadri- genarium Sby., Chione succincta Val., Chione fluctifraga Sby., Metis alta Con., Pecten equisulcatus Carp., Pecten diegensis Dall, Pecten hastatus Sby., Phacoides richthofeni Gabb, Spisula 134 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. hemphilli Dall, Semele decisa Con., Astrea undosa Wood, Conus californicus Hds., Crucibulum spinosum Sby., Cyprea spadicea Gray, Murex carpentert Dall, Fusus barbarensis Trask, Gyrineum californicum Hds., Siphonalia kellettii Fbs., Trophon belchert Hds., Trophon triangulatus Carp., Polinices recluzianus Desh., Strongylocentrotus franciscanus Ag. V. Gulf of California (Cerros Island, Lower California, to Panama, lat. 28° to 8° 30’ N., min temp. 68° F.). Arca grandis Sby., Arca multicostata Sby., Arca pacifica Sby., Arca tuberculosa Sby., Avicula peruviana Rv., Chione gnidia Sby., Chione neglecta Carp., Cardium procerum Sby., Codokia dis- tinguenda Tryon, Crassatellites gibbosus Sby., Dosinia dunkeri Phil., Dosinia ponderosa Gray, Macrocallista aurantiaca Sby., Macrocallista squalida Sby., Mactra exoleta Gray, Margariti- phora fimbriata Dkr., Miltha childreni Gray, Mulinia pallida B. & S., Ostrea palmula Carp., Pecten circularis Sby., Pecten dentatus Sby., Pecten subnodosus Sby., Spondylus crassisquama Lam., Cassis tenuis Gray, Cassis abbreviata Lam., Cerithium gemmatum Hds., Conus fergusoni Sby., Conus princeps L., Conus purpurascens Brod., Cuma kiosquiformis Duclos, Cy- prea exanthema L., Dolium (Malea) ringens Swain., Eupleura muriciformis Brod., Fusus dupetithouarsi Kien., Ficus decus- satus Wood, Macron ethiops Rv., Macron kellettii Hds., Mitra tristis Brod., Murex radix Lam., Oliva araneosa Lam., Oliva porphyria L., Oliva splendidula Sby., Purpura hemostoma L., Strombus gracilior Sby., strombus granulatus Gray, Strombina lanceolata Sby., Terebra robusta Hds., Turritella goniostoma Val., Turbo fluctuosus Wood, Arbacia stellata Gray, Cidaris thouarsu. Ag. & Desot., Encope californica Verrill, Encope grandis Ag., Encope micropora A. Ag., Mellita longifissa Mich., Clypeaster rotundus A. Ag., Hipponoe depressa Ag., Lovenia cordiformis Lutken, Pocillopora capitata Verrill, Porites compressa Verrill. Fossi, FAUNAS. QUATERNARY. Manta, Ecuador, lat. 1° S., collected by B. Bryan. Arca pacifica Sby., Arca reversa Rv., Cardium consors B. & S., Cardium magnificum Desh., Cytherea multicostata Sby., Vor. IX] SMITH—CLIMATIC RELATIONS 135 Chama frondosa Brod., Carditamera affinis Brod., Chione amalthusia Phil., Dosinia ponderosa Gray, Dosinia dunkeri Phil., Glycimeris giganteus Rv., Glycimeris inequalis Sby., Macrocallista auriantiaca Sby., Margaritiphora fimbriata Dkr., Mulinia pallida B. & S., Ostrea chilensis Phil., Pecten circularis Sby., Spondylus crassisquama Lam., Venericardia cuvieri Brod., Bullaria adamsi Menke, Cerithium adustum Kien., Conus princeps L., Conus purpurascens Brod., Conus virgatus Rv., Cymia tectum Wood, Latirus castaneus Rv., Latirus cer- atus Wood, Latirus varicosus Rv., Murex multicrispatus Dkr., Murex radix Gmel., Oliva peruviana Lam., Strombus gracilior Sby., Strombus granulatus Gray, Terebra robusta Hds., Thais crassa Bl., Turritella goniostoma Val., Turbo saxosus Wood, Uvanilla olivacea Wood, Vasum muricatum Born, Vitularia salebrosa King. These species are all living now in the same region. The fauna is thoroughly tropical, and is probably very late Quaternary. Galapagos Islands. This fauna evidently belongs to the older Quaternary, since it contains a number of extinct species. The fossils collected several years ago by Mr. W. H. Ochsner for the California Academy of Sciences are now under investi- gation by Dr. Dall. No displacement of the isotherms is indi- cated, and none could be expected under the equator. Magdalena Bay, Lower California, lat. 24° 30’ N. Collected by R. G. McGregor and E. Call Brown. Arca tuberculosa Sby., Cardium elatum Sby., Cardium consors B. & S., Chione neglecta Carp., Macrocallista squalida Sby., Metis alta Con., Mulinia pallida B. & S., Pecten circularis Sby., Pecten sub- nodosus Sby., Tapes grata Say, Tellina punica Born, Astrea undosa Wood, Cerithium adustum Kien, Cerithium gemmatum Hds., Cerithium ocellatum Hds., Cuma kiosquiformis Duclos, Conus princeps L., Conus purpurascens Brod., Eupleura muri- ciformis Brod., Macron ethiops Rv., Macron kellettii Hds., Murex festivus Hds., Oliva angulata Lam., Oliva araneosa Lam., Oliva porphyria L., Olivella biplicata Sby., Pleurotoma carpenteriana Gabb, Purpura hemostoma L., Ranella califor- nica Hds., Strombus gracilior Sby., Strombus granulatus Gray, Terebra robusta Hds., Terebra specillata Hds., Terebra var- 136 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. iegata Gray, Turbo fluctuosus Wood, Turritella goniostoma Val., Dendraster excentricus Esch., Encope micropora A. Ag. This fauna is probably lower Quaternary, for while the species are all living, several are not known so far south, some not south of California. This probably shows a slight southward displacement of the isotherm; but the temperature was probably not lowered below 68° F. The Quaternary fauna of San Ignacio Lagoon, lat. 27° N., collected by Henry Hemphill, is practically the same as that of Magdalena Bay. This is also true of that of Cerros Island, off Lower California, lat. 28° N., which is now the meeting place of the warm temperate fauna of California with that of the tropical Gulf of California. Southern California (San Diego to Santa Barbara, lat. 33°— 34° N.). The Quaternary of southern California is well known through the work of Ralph Arnold’, under the name of the San Pedro formation. This formation has furnished a rich fauna of beautifully preserved forms, and the study of it has thrown much light upon the Quaternary history of the West Coast. Arnold divides the formation into two divisions: upper San Pedro and lower San Pedro. Lower San Pedro. This phase is best developed at San Pedro, near Los Angeles, but is also found at Ventura and Santa Barbara. Important members of the fauna are: Macoma calcarea Gmel., Marcia subdiaphana Carp., Pecten caurinus Gld., Pecten hastatus Sby., Panopea generosa Gld., Phacoides annulatus Rv., Venericardia babarensis Stearns, Amphissa corrugata Hds., Argobuccinum oregonense Redf., Boreo- trophon gracilis Perry, Boreotrophon stuartt Smith, Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird, Natica clausa B. & S., Tritonofusus rectirostris Carp., Turris perversa Gabb, (all Recent species in the cold water of the Puget Sound region) ; and Pecten jordani Arnold, Crepidula princeps Con., Pisania fortis Carp., extinct species. Of the whole fauna about 90 per cent are living, though mostly not in the southern California waters. The fauna indicates a temperature of about 50° F., a displacement southward of the isotherms of 1500 miles, and a lowering of temperature of about 12° F., as com- 1 Paleont. and Stratig. ee Beene and Pleistocene of San Pedro, California. . ’ Vor. IX] COLE & LOVETT—NEW OREGON DIPTERA 255 hypopygium small; fifth sternite short, the processes short, and apically rounded; legs elongate, slender, all tarsi longer than their tibia; fore and mid tibia each with one weak posterior median bristle; hind femur with three or four long widely-placed antero-ventral bristles, "and a long one at middle on postero-ventral surface; hind tibia with a short antero-ventral bristle, and a much longer antero-dorsal one, the preapical dorsal bristle at one-fifth from apex of tibia. Last section of fourth vein twice as long as preceding section, inner cross-vein just beyond apex of first. Length, 2-5 mm. Type. Corvallis, Ore., May 2, 1915 (A. L. Lovett). Ore. Exper. Sta., Accession No. 1796. 46. Chironomus colei Malloch, new species Male: Yellowish testaceous, subopaque; antennal plumes dark at apex and base of flagellum; thorax with three reddish vitte; postnotum brown. Abdomen with dorsum of segments five and six and most of hypopygium black ; apices of femora and bases of tibie narrowly fuscous, the mid pair inconspicuously so; wings whitish, with a small brown dot at bases of veins, a fuscous median fascia which does not extend to margins, and a small fuscous patch at apices. Fore tarsi without long hairs, basal joint about 1.25 as long as fore tibia and 1.75 as long as second joint; mid and hind legs with long hairs; costa extending almost to apex of wing. Length, 5 mm. Type and paratype, Forest Grove, Ore., June 3, 1918, at light (F. R. Cole). This species closely resembles teniapennis Coq., nephopterus Mitch., and pulchripennis Coq., but may be readily separated from any of these species by the very much narrower wing fascize and the much less conspicuously blackened legs. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX [COLE & LOVETT ] Plate 14 Fig. 1—Platyura nigra, new species. Fig. 2.—Dziedzickia immaculata, new species. Wing. Fig. 3.—Dziedzickia oregona, new species. Wing. Fig. 4.—Stratiomyia atra, new species. Terminal segments of abdomen. Fig. 4a.—Stratiomyia atra, new species. Head from front. Fig. 4b.—Stratiomyia atra, new species. Scutellum. Fig. 5—Eclimus magnus O. S. Wing. Fig. 5a.—Eclimus magnus O. S. Head from side. Fig. 6.—Bombylius silvus, new species. Head from above. Fig. 7.—Bombylius aurifer pendens, new variety. Head from above. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX [COLE & LOVETT] Plate 15 Fig. 8.—Anthrax macula, new species. Wing. Fig. 9—Spogostylum argentatum, new species. Fig. 9a.—Spogostylum argentatum, new species. Antenna, much enlarged. Fig. 10—Leptomydas pantherinus Gerst. Fig. 11—Lasiopogon cinereus, new species. Thorax from above. Fig. 1la—Lasiopogon cinereus, new species. Male abdomen from side. Fig. 11b.—Lasiopogon cinereus, new species. Female genitalia. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX [COLE & LOVETT] Plate 16 14a. . 12—Dioctria vertebrata, new species. . 12a.—Dioctria vertebrata, new species. Outline of head from front. . 13.—Cyrtopogon auratus, new species. Abdomen of male. . 13a—Cyrtopogon auratus, new species. Antenna. . 14—Cyrtopogon anomalus, new species. Outline of male abdomen. . 14a—Cyrtopogon anomalus, new species. Outline of female abdomen. . 14b.—Cyrtopogon anomalus, new species. Antenna. . 14c.—Cyrtopogon anomalus, new species. Outline of head from side. . 15.—Cyrtopogon nebulo O. S. Antenna, PROC. CAL. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX [COLE & LOVETT] Plate 17 18a 18b 16.—Cyrtopogon infuscatus, new species. Outline of head. 16a.—Cyrtopogon infuscatus, new species. Wing. 16b.—Cyrtopogon infuscatus, new species. Antenna. 17.—Metapogon setigerum, new species. 17a.—Metapogon setigerum, new species. Head, much enlarged. 18.—Chrysoceria pollenia, new species. Thorax from above. 18a.—Chrysoceria pollenia, new species. Wing. 18b.—Chrysoceria pollenia, new species. Antenna, much enlarged. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX [COLE & LOVETT] Plate 18 Fig. 19.—Cophura cyrtopogona, new species. Outline of head. Fig. 20.—Agathomyia lutea, new species, Wing. Fig. 21.—Brachyopa gigas, new species. Wing. Fig. 22.—Pipiza oregona, new species. Wing. (Spurious vein left out in drawing by mistake.) Fig. 23.—Syrphus bimaculata, new species. Abdomen. Fig. 24.—Criorhina luna, new species. Middle tibia and tarsi. Fig. 24a.—Criorhina luna, new species. Hind femur. Fig. 24b.—Criorhina luna, new species. Antenna, greatly enlarged. Fig. 25.—Criorhina quadriboscis, new species. Hind femur. Fig. 25a.—Criorhina quadriboscis, new species. Antenna, greatly enlarged. es ee PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. IX {COLE & LOVETT] Plate 19 %, Q AN Fig. 25b.—Criorhina quadriboscis, new species. Outline of head. Fig. 26.—Criorhina kincaidi Coq. Hind femur. Fig. 26a—Criorhina kincaidi Coq. Antenna, greatly magnified. Fig. 27.,—Aciura maculata, new species. Fig. 28.—Tritoxa pollinosa, new species. Head. Fig. 28a.—Tritoxa pollinosa, new species. Wing. \ PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF: SCIENCES FourtH SERIES Ne Ee SOOT Penn ae ae > a 1 re PN ae BOT gS Se a ay RET ee ee ee aD . : 4 7 Fe se >} and VoL. IX, No. 8, pp. 257-270 Avcusr 26, 1919 4 VIII Key to the North American Species of the Dipterous Genus Medeterus, with Descriptions of New Species PS OEE a re - 7 3 ‘ f BY MiLitaRD C. Van DUZEE 8 tc MA x PRINTED FROM THE 2 eee JOHN W. HENDRIE PUBLICATION ENDOWMENT , beat VAG 104.9 ae IN aa . 3 On at Masel i Mpa ea AE a SAN FRANCISCO eae j PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY ees 1919 Lae > ink rr he Se ee eG COMMITTEE ON ‘ \ Tihey: Banca and aN As PUBLICATION | Grorce C. Epwarps, Chairman | C. E. Grunsky . Barton WARREN EverRMANN, Editor Ay 48 ‘; 4 posh Mga i ¥ { PROCEEDINGS. | Fourth Series VOLUME, Il, Part I Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. Pages 1-132. VIII. The Birds of the Galapagos Islands, with Observations on the Birds of Cocos and Clipperton Islands (Columbiformes to Pelecaniformes), By Edward Winslow Gifford. Plates i-vit. (Jsswed Ategiust 11, 1913)... cecece eens Pages 133-202. IX. The Galapagoan Lizards of the Genus Tropidurus; with Notes on the Iguanas of the Genera Conolophus and Amblyrhyncus. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin. Plates viti-x1. (Issued Seplember 19, 17/3). Pages 203-374.. X. The Gigantic Land Tortoises of the Galapagos Archipelago. By John Van Denburgh. Plates xII-cxx\v. (saqcelds Sepremtbier SC, LILF) 5s 6S mise bien esa 5h ns etal bn aahnie bl gtny 6 Pages 375-382. XI. Preliminary Descriptions of, New Species of Pulmonata of the Galapagos Islands. By William Healey Dall. (ssted Deverisber 3d. 19TL) Ooo iss sain dl 50's tend famiweh = Paine foes VOLUME II, Part II Pages 1-187. XII. A Review of the Albatrosses, Petrels, and Diving Petreis. By Leverett Mills Loomis... Plates 1-17. (Issued April 22, 1918)... 062 e ee ee recess eee e eet tenet ene Pages 189-258. XIII. Field Notes on the Land. birds of the Galapagos Islands and of Cocos Island, Costa Kica, By Kaward Winslow Gifford. (Issued June 16, 1919). icc cc cee dace y ec cecne's Pages 259-310. XIV. The Ants oi the Galapagos |slands. By William Morton Wheeler. (Issued June 16, 1919). XV. The Ants of Cocos Island. By William Morton Wheeler. (Issued June 16, 1919.) XVI. A New Species of the Hymenopterous Genus Scleroderma from the Galapagos Islands. by Charlies T. Brues. (Lssued June 16,1919) Price forthe three papers VOLUME lll Pages 1-40. A Further Stratigraphic Study in the Mount Diabiv Range of California, By Frank M, Anderson. Plate 1. (/ssued Maer ELDON aT, Ue eres tain eres pw bl oiahely Ajplaie-s inipie' an Alaleigioed ws el Uafe Pages 41-48. Description of a New Species of Sea Snake irom the Philippine Islands, with a Note on the Palatine Teeth in the Proteroglypha. By John Van Denburgh and’ Joseph C. Thomp- gon; °(Essued Decembek 31) 1908). nosing. ss ioip 9 wins 0 sig ww ialala ie Pages 49-56. “New and Previously Unrecorded Species of Reptiles and Amphibians from the Island of Formosa. By John Van Denburgh. (/ssued December 20, LW9)ic cc vaccevecv ee enseeneee Pages 57-72... Water Birds of the Vicinity of Point Pinos, California. By Rollo Howard Beck. (/ssued September 17, 1910). .-. 01.05: Pages 73-146. The Nevocene Deposits of Kern River, California, and the Temblor Basin. By Frank M. Anderson. Plates 11-xu1. (Issued November, 9, 1ILL) ccc detects ts teavedacs eens Mave iis Pages 147-154.. Notes on a Collection of Reptiles from Southern California and Arizona. By John Van Denburgh. (/sswed ASAIN LT VEO LE). ':CiGurcrtermaba yh ial earsla ai cnet vesatoh male loners Ade iele abekatalatane aa, wed . Fore tarsi plain, regularly tapering from base to tip.............. Ered Mier ayaa ay sane ed SHAVER RI REN RTC ETA A planipes, new species = Ore tars, ormamerteds !)\. 20 sae shen AUIS Ute Cee i ta APR UR . Fore tarsi a little widened from base to tip of second joint, third joint only a little narrower but suddenly contracted to a slender projection to which the fourth is attached; fourth and fifth TOMS slender ewan Cee ee ara Pee a abruptus, new species . Fore tarsi with the second and third joints very much compressed and expanded on upper edge; fourth and fifth joints minute.... ALP ONS SIRT ES CES CS Rs UNA flavipes, new species S Bristles abovertore: Come) Dla ch he CUN ae tal yt eh GL Gn yn bai en apa . Bristles above fore coxe white or yellowish IS SL CUM PRA AN . Second joint of hind tarsi more than twice as long as first........ . Second joint of hind tarsi not more than twice as long as first..... peers albometiion) blacke /Uiis.U ki Uie ial i Ute Ue nigripes Loew. a) iba! langelyayellowiSh lie l)Velhaiis/s vectoelsaielers vittatus, new species habe rpraces + prolly BEAGLE (5) ha)iha vi dle aie tah else gett anda oe ae ranere ala emai ee rates LPATIEEMIN Gey NATELY MY CUMOWy vaca cisraialslalss svelexsueenstapere lel arayaistanetate) ein aera | Knob of the halteres black... ........500 06: halteralis, new species +. Knobvor ithe! halteres) yellow? §. 23's)... ee OU baad ete nsleramed weal . Second joint of hind tarsi fully twice as long as first.............. PANNE the ad at IME) ADS a PCAN NNT vittatus, new species . Second joint distinctly less than twice as long as first............. . Second joint of hind tarsi one and a half times as long as first; last section of the fifth vein only a little longer than the cross- VETTE UN NE Us a eM RAH A AUREL ey Nar obscuripennis, new species . Second joint of hind tarsi one and a fourth times as long as first; last section of fifth vein two and a fourth times as long as the CLOSS=VEUD ys .2e sce nah yi ened fatal ein vatsbere Pee tane frontalis, new species 23) Mhorax wath (distinct) ray victim ee Nett iey Renna te Ula aR An Re — Dhorax | without’ distinet oray: wattage Mee ene ah ck rok DUC a lbs 24. With a distinct gray stripe on each side of the acrostichal bristles ; male with prominent yellow hairs at tip of hind tibie.......... heal buak sc SIE VETS Wi IRS Cn ASR ae DERN CA UC viduus Wh. —) Rhoraxs with) four grays vibbesaeee eee ee ee ue aldrichitt Wh. 25. Mesonotum with thick brown pollen; length 5 mm................ BAG Ve spots DU eS SAS ine 4 RNR EE emarginatus V. D. -. Mesonotum with thin grayish pollen; length 3.25 mm. or less..... 26. Last section of the fifth vein three-fourths as long as the cross- vein in the male and a little longer than that vein in the female. = AAAS EUR GRO RU Ba nan Ee ry uC ERS IVY SS) oregonensis, new species 259 12 16 13 14 15 24 25 260 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. _ Last section of the fifth vein one and a half times as long as the CTOSS WER hited dhats lng bikes aie ki blone 6 oie terevele eh a beeen Lie Bt alasl A Gy a eaten net at 27 27; Tégular cilia) pale sc) ides ovo baie anita intoleb me ise Ws maurus Wh. =;) Tegutar cilia Blache: ..,.i-0 3 cierae is wa n'e le swe bisie cerulescens Malloch. BRR A paecataa ety. MAS sd ep cana dos fs nw) sh Mn tas BHAA Ks usta oo wos ane en ANG Oe 29 -. Abdomen bronzed, green or black. .......... eee ee eee eect nese 30 29, Thorax with yellowish vitte; antenne black...... aurivittatus Wh. ~. Thorax with opaque gray pollen; antenne with first two joints BOM HAY).eiaia Pie Midhacs AMA ais bhniets & Ulett BacalWln/p iv iiaina x cyanogaster Wh. 30: Males ‘and’ fertrales so... int et ce sen 8 td iickilondsterds cae na ae Meters 31 oy Medles) Baty io aes eke baa lis pa tae es wem sp keno os va atan sine yee 40 31. ‘Thorax with distinct vittee.. 20... jee cece ccc e ee ea cteleln ein einesm oes 32 ~, Thorax without distinct vitte............cccceceee eee ceeeeeeeee 37 32. Last segment of the fifth vein only half as long as the cross-vein.. ADNAN SINR VIO) PEI Lig eee cha a oP ancl variate el seat eters aa princeps Wh. ~. Last segment of the fifth vein as long or longer than the cross- 27 Ee ITEC SAE UD LeeaY Soite cada Sa LRT e ser BREN VE”) Sea cit et Ae 33 33. Last segment of the fifth vein about the same length as the cross- 4 EER fhe ssseté dds ch nonch cuen sl ct Wate evel ate tauataber a cya eee tla teleia tela imnater sine are tate tenn eEs ia 34 ~. Last segment a little longer than the cross-vein............++.++55 36 34. Legs and feet wholly black; knobs of halteres infuscated.......... a AST Side dl in Sl pak dhe ahaha Cad Araninin Stas aL kr oN kw i tl a modestus V. D. -. Tips of femora, tibiz, base of tarsi and knobs of halteres yellow.. 35 35. Tips of third and fourth veins close together (typical of genus).. BU eda Aaah Td and ad tale Uctanl Uc wien tee SRA dw ob dv naka Meats californiensis Wh. ~. Tips of third and fourth veins a little wider apart than is usual Mh GG PRIME Cina ann cc sinioe ease es As ip eee PRE ERE veles Loew. 36. Abdomen and pleure black; face opaque; thoracic vitte very dis- tinct; tips of third and fourth veins rather widely separated..... OUT ePLUE Whe Veal Debate tee METAR O BEGET mee ret hii ies veles Loew. ~. Abdomen, pleurz and face distinctly green; thoracic vitte less dis- tinct; tips of third and fourth veins close together (as is usual HT ANS EGAN Wii tdieie prs s'> solo mb ein Sot lain bmn MU distinctus V. D. 37. Legs yellow; cross-vein angulated at its center and with a stump- RATER Le SPAS SI Le a ein seres Rare ual Keeler ble Wil gee appendiculatus Wh. ~. Legs black; cross-vein normal. .........ceceeecee ees ee eee eceneees 38 38. Knobs of halteres infuscated, at least on one side..modestus V. D. —, Knobs of halteres yellow «0 Je .seleesc0 coe saistciiowied aan Qutdiat dma mine 39 39. Last section of fifth vein only half as long as the cross-vein....... at clerk ce ae abe Lig 4 olsn anbioes seiul bithe: dbtikts of asehe, chelate Re SE LV ~. Last section of fifth vein a little longer than the cross-vein (speci- mens in which the thoracic vitte are almost obsolete)........... spe eiaies ys WeNeraie vet kal dkana rec anshanamiats © iutclotinsstchans otabonetoislinis mttahotecera veles Loew. 40. Posterior cross-vein with a stump-vein near its middle............ SG) sin4| aldnty subs cnbess pel ayuiate, ehetantnah dia acrdbattarsymietote stad pists (oldie xerophilus Wh. 2 Cpiaevein ATRIAL io 2c. s's'pasins chee eGnneicen Mee aloen ee ch remetiteene 41 41. Hind matatarsus with a small tooth near its base................. 42 ~. Hind metatarsus without such a projection, not narrowed at base.. 43 42. Small species, 2 mm.; third and fourth veins rather widely sep- PUT ACEC, 6 cnsieren thcdas ch ard 6 vic 0-8 ety! ddr /alaravanty nay atalios ar hin teea Lanenenih ae veles Loew. ~. Larger species, over 3 mm.; third and fourth veins normal........ NV MOM eA ey Mon ark 2 UL. Lal's ts SOS Bsc califormensis Wh. 43. Last section of fifth vein one half the length of the cross-vein..... PNR es Ait Ae ypsieshd. «nace dla olQ) plate a wees e whe tanirera anna axerophilus Wh. _ Last section of fifth vein and the cross-vein of nearly equal length. SUR ME Wie PR NGL aki Oe ah anisy ete! ei drole) shat als Neate nett modestus V. D. Vor. IX] VAN DUZEE—NORTH AMERICAN MEDETERUS 261 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEw SPECIES 1. Medeterus falcatus, new species Male and female: Length 1.75 mm. Face and front covered with gray pollen; antenne black, third joint small, slightly emarginate at tip where the arista is inserted; orbital cilia white; thorax bronze black but so thickly covered with gray pollen as to conceal the ground color and appear gray in unrubbed specimens, without distinct vitte; bristles above the fore coxe small, white; scutellum with two bristles and two small hairs on the margin; abdomen dark greenish, obscured with gray pollen; hypopyg- ium of male black, shining, rather thick; its appendages small, yellowish; coxz and femora black; more or less of the femora apically, the tibie and tarsi yellow, the tips of the tarsi darkened; hind tibie somewhat enlarged at tip with a short, stout, hooked spur, in the female the hooked spurs are wanting; second joint of hind tarsi a little longer than the first; tegule, their cilia and the halteres yellow; wings hyaline, slightly gray, with yel- lowish veins; distal segment of fifth vein more than one and a half times as long as the cross-vein. Described from four males and ten females taken by me at Fresno, Cal., May 6, 1915, while sweeping alfalfa in the park ; and one male taken at San Francisco, Cal., May 22, 1915. Holotype, male (No. 512), from Fresno, in collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype, female, in collec- tion of the author. Paratypes in both collections. 2. Medeterus similis, new species Male and female: Length 2.2 mm. Face rather wide, covered with gray pollen, below the suture more shining and black with slight greenish reflections; front covered with gray pollen; antenne small, black; pro- boscis of moderate size, shining black with yellow hairs; thorax covered with gray pollen leaving only a median, shining, bronze-brown vitta which extends to the hind margin of the scutellum when viewed from behind; acrostichal bristles small, in two rows; scutellum with two bristles; bristles above fore coxe very small, white; abdomen black with a very slight green tinge, shining but somewhat dulled with gray pollen, its hairs pale; coxe and femora black; fore coxe with rather long white hairs; about the apical third of femora tibia and most of the basal two or three joints of the tarsi yellow; tarsi blackened towards the apex; hind tibie a little enlarged at tip and with bent claw-like spurs; second joint of hind tarsi more than one and a half times as long as the first; tegule, their cilia and the halteres yellow; wings slightly tinged with gray; veins black; last section of the fifth vein a little more than one and a half times as long as the cross-vein. Described from three males and five females taken by me at Los Angeles, Calif., Apr. 27, and May 1, 1915, and one male taken at Fresno, Calif., May 6, 1915. This is closely related to falcatus, new species, but has the second joint of hind tarsi more than one and a half times as long as the first while in 262 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tm Ser. falcatus it is scarcely one and a fourth times as long as the first ; similis is also larger and the thorax has a distinct median vitta which is not found in falcatus. Holotype, male (No. 513), from Los Angeles, in collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype, female from Los Angeles, in collection of the author. Paratypes in both collections. 3. Medeterus novus, new species Male: Length 1.75 mm. Face and front green with whitish pollen; pro- boscis rather large, yellow, shining; antenne yellow, small; arista dorsal, pubescent; thorax, including the pleurez, light green dulled with gray pollen; scutellum with the posterior margin yellow, covered with white pol- len, and with one pair of long, very slender bristles; acrostichal bristles small; the bristles of thorax and scutellum yellowish brown in certain lights ; bristles above fore coxe pale yellow; abdomen dark greenish, more shining than the thorax; hypopygium brownish yellow; legs including fore coxe pale yellow with yellow hairs and bristles; tarsi scarcely darkened at tip; first joint of hind tarsi scarcely half as long as second ; tegule, their cilia and the halteres pale yellow; wings hyaline, tinged with gray; venation typical of the genus; veins yellowish brown, more yellow at the root of the wing; fourth vein ending in the apex of the wing close to the tip of the third; last section of fifth vein one and a half times as long as the cross-vein. Described from one male taken at Great Falls, Va., June 12, by Mr. Nathan Banks. The yellow antenne, legs and bristles of this species together with its small size would suggest its being a Thrypticus, but the venation is that of a typical Medeterus, as is also its large proboscis and the form of its hypopygium. Holotype, male, in collection of the author. 4. Medeterus longinquus, new species Female: Length 2 mm. Face and front green with a very little gray pollen; antennz black, third joint small; arista apical; proboscis small; thorax and scutellum light green, somewhat shining but dulled with gray pollen; acrostichal bristles in two rows; lateral and posterior bristles of ‘the thorax large, black; scutellum with one pair of bristles; abdomen darker green than the thorax, shining, its hairs pale; coxe and base of femora blackish; apical half or more of fore and middle femora, tips of hind femora, all tibiz and tarsi pale yellow; last tarsal joint blackened; extreme tips of all tarsal joints brownish; hind femora with rather con- spicuous yellow hairs; second joint of hind tarsi one and a fourth times as long as the first; tegule, their cilia and the halteres yellow; wings grayish; veins yellowish, brown, more brown on the outer and costal portion; last section of the fifth vein three times the length of the cross- vein. —————=—_ Vo. IX] VAN DUZEE—NORTH AMERICAN MEDETERUS 263 Described from one female taken by me at Sacramento, Cal., June 4, 1915. The name was selected because the cross-vein was further from the wing margin than in the known related species. Holotype, female, in collection of the author. 5. Medeterus zeneus, new species Male: Length 2 mm. Face dark green, shining but dulled with pollen; front opaque with gray pollen; proboscis rather small, black; antennz small, black, third joint rounded at tip; arista apical; lower orbital cilia pale. Mesonotum bronze brown with purplish or coppery reflections and dulled with gray pollen, without any trace of a vitta; center of posterior depressed area green; pleure dulled with gray pollen, ground color blackish with green reflections; bristles above fore coxe yellowish; acros- tichal bristles small, in two rows; an area of small bristles above the humeri; dorsal bristles small in front, larger posteriorly; scutellum with one pair of large bristles and a pair of minute hairs just in front of them on the margin; abdomen dark bronze green, first segment more bluish ; hypopygium of moderate size, black, its appendages yellowish ; coxe and femora black; broad tips of femora, the tibiz and tarsi yellow; last tarsal joint of all feet black; fore tibize mostly brownish; hind metatarsi half the length of the second joint; tegule and halteres yellowish; tegular cilia white; wings grayish hyaline; last section of fourth vein slightly arched so that the third and fourth veins are nearly parallel at their tips ; last vela of fifth vein one and a fourth times as long as the cross-vein; veins black. Described from one male taken by me at Los Angeles, Calif., mpe. 27, 1915: Holotype, male, in collection of the author. 6. Medeterus cuneiformis, new species Female: Length 2 mm., of wing 2.5mm. Face below the suture greenish with thin gray pollen; face above the suture and the front thickly covered with gray pollen; proboscis rather small, black; antenne black, third joint of moderate size, rounded, about as wide as long; arista subapical; orbital cilia white, long; mesonotum and scutellum greenish gray, nearly opaque with gray pollen and with a sharply defined, brown median vitta which extends from the front almost to the hind margin of the scutellum; scutel- lum with one pair of bristles; pleure and coxe black, covered with gray pollen; fore coxe with pale hairs on the front surface; acrostichal bristles in two rows; four dorso-central bristles on each side inserted in small brown dots; bristles above fore coxze small, white; abdomen dark green with pale hairs; femora black; broad tips of femora, the tibize and tarsi yellow; tarsi darkened towards their tips; second joint of hind tarsi one and a half times as long as the first; tegule and halteres yellow, cilia of the tegule white; wings grayish hyaline, yellow at base, with a cuneiform, brown spot filling the angle between the second and third veins at the base of the third vein and extending a little back of that vein; third and fourth 264 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ({Proc. 4TH Srp. veins rather closely approximated at their tips; last section of fifth vein * twice as long as the cross-vein; veins brown, becoming darker towards the root of the wing. Described from four females taken by me at Los Angeles, Cal., Apr. 27 and May 4, 1915. Holotype, female (No. 514), in collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes in collection of the author. 7. Medeterus nitidiventris, new species Male and female: Length 2 mm., of wing the same. Face and front covered with gray pollen, face below the suture more blackish; antennz black, small, third joint rounded, small, scarcely as wide as long; pro- boscis rather small, black; inferior orbital cilia pale; thorax gray with a median brown vitta which extends from the front nearly to the posterior margin of the scutellum, in some females it is somewhat obliterated pos- teriorly; pleure black with gray pollen; acrostichals in two rows; four dorso-centrals inserted on minute brown dots; scutellum with one pair of bristles ; abdomen black, shining, depressed, with gray pollen on the sides, its hairs pale; hypopygium rather slender, extending nearly to the base of the venter, black with its appendages black or testaceous; legs black, knees yellow; tibiz in the females sometimes yellowish brown; second joint of the hind tarsi of the male about one and a half times, of the female one and a fourth times, as long as the first; tegule yellow with a narrow brown border and pale cilia; halteres yellow; wings grayish hyaline; veins brown, a little yellowish at the root of the wing; last section of fifth vein one and a half times as long as the cross-vein; in the female there. is a brownish cloud at the base of the third vein which is sometimes very faint, in others distinct but not as sharply defined as in cuneiformis. This cloud extends along the third vein, more or less distinctly, nearly to its tip, tinging nearly the whole of ithe cell between the second and third veins with brown. Described from one male and two females taken by me at San Francisco, Calif., May 12, to 27, 1915. This species is very like cuneiformis but differs in hav- ing the abdomen shining black, the legs wholly black except the knees, and in having the brown cloud more diffused not sharply defined as in cuneiformis. Holotype, male, and paratype in collection of the author. Allotype, female (No. 515), in collection of the California Academy of Sciences. 8. Medeterus obesus, new species Female: Length 2 mm., of wing 2.25 mm. Face and front blue-green, shining, with but little pollen; antennae very small, black; arista about apical; proboscis small, black; orbital cilia pale; thorax bluish green with purple reflections, rather thickly covered with brownish pollen, which is more gray on the upper part of the pleure; the space between the rows Vou. IX] VAN DUZEE—NORTH AMERICAN MEDETERUS 265 of acrostichal bristles shining bluish green as is also the center of the scutellum ; scutellum with one pair of bristles and a pair of small hairs on the margin; abdomen more green and shining than the thorax; coxe and femora black; extreme tips of the femora, the tibie and tarsi yellow; tarsi a little darker at tips; second joint of hind tarsi nearly twice as long as first; tegule, their cilia and the halteres yellow; wings hyaline slightly tinged with yellowish gray; veins yellowish brown; costa brown; last sec- tion of fifth vein a little longer than the cross-vein. Described from one female taken by me at East Aurora, Erie Co., N. Y., July 28, 1915. ; A stout little species with the thorax rather thick and the scutellum with one pair of bristles. Holotype, female, in collection of the author. 9. Medeterus zqualis, new species Male and female: Length 2mm. Face narrow, brown; proboscis shin- ing black, rather small; antennz black, small; thorax coppery, with thick gray pollen, leaving a rather sharpy defined median vitta which extends to the scutellum but is not very distinct on the depressed area, and a lateral, broad, not distinctly defined vitta on each side of the dorsum; acrostichal bristles represented by a few small bristles in front; bristles above fore cox black, very small; scutellum with one pair of bristles; in the female some of the bristles of the thorax are yellowish; abdomen shining black but dulled with gray pollen; hypopygium long and slender, shining black; coxe and legs black; knees and fore tibia more yellowish; second joint of hind tarsi one and a half times as long as the first; tegule, their cilia and the knobs of the halteres yellow; wings grayish hyaline; distal seg- ment of fifth vein only a little longer than the cross-vein; fourth vein ending just before the tip of the wing and close to the tip of the third vein; veins black, only a little paler at the root of the wing. Described from two males and one female taken by me at San Diego, Calif., Apr. 5 and 12, 1915. Holotype, male (No. 516), in collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype, female, and paratype in col- lection of the author. 10. Medeterus frontalis, new species Female: Length 3 mm., of wing the same. Face black, below the suture slightly greenish and shining; front thickly covered with brown pollen except a narrow border of gray pollen along the orbits; palpi and proboscis not very large, black with pale hairs; antenne black, small, third joint very small; arista almost dorsal, as long as the height of the head; lower orbital cilia yellow; thorax with greenish ground color, thickly covered with pollen which is brown on the center of the dorsum and more gray on the posterior depressed area, scutellum and pleure; bristles well developed; acrostichal bristles strong, in two rows; scutellum with two pair of bristles, the outer pair about half as large as the central; bristles above fore coxe small, black; abdomen shining black, with black hairs; legs black with only the tips of the femora yellow; fore coxe with minute pale hairs and small 266 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser. black bristles the whole length of the front surface; each femur with a row of stiff hairs below extending its whole length but larger towards the apex; hind tarsi with the second joint one and a fourth times as long as the first ; tegule, their cilia and the halteres yellow; wings tinged with gray; veins brown; costa black; last section of fifth vein about two and a fourth times as long as the cross-vein. Described from one female taken by me at Hamburg, N. Y., August 10. Another female taken at the same locality, May 14, has the cross-vein twice its length from the wing margin and the face and front more greenish but undoubtedly it be- longs to the same species as the type specimen. I also have a male taken by Mr. Ouellet at Joliette, Quebec, July 13. Holotype, female, in collection of the author. 11. Medeterus distinctus, new species Female: Length 2.5 mm. Face rather wide, green, darker and more shining below the suture; proboscis black, shining, rather small and with yellow hairs; front opaque with gray pollen; antenne black, third joint rather small, rounded, a little flattened in outline at tip; arista nearly apical; dorsum of thorax bronze-brown, shining, the gray pollen forming two vitte, one each side of the acrostichal bristles, which unite with the gray of the posterior depressed area, and a less distinct vitta, abbreviated anteriorly, each side above the root of the wings; disc with a fine greenish line between the two rows of strong acrostichal bristles; bristles above fore cox small, yellow, appearing brownish in certain lights; scutellum with four bristles, the outer pair about half as large as the central; pleure and scutellum green with whitish pollen; abdomen green, the last two seg- ments more black; hairs of the abdomen yellow; coxe and legs black with yellow hairs; knees narrowly yellow; the yellowish hairs of the fore coxe long and stiff; hind coxe with an erect black bristle; second joint of hind tarsi one and a fourth times as long as the first; tegule yellow, knob of halteres yellow with a brownish spot on one side; wings slightly tinged with gray; veins brown, yellow at base; third and fourth veins rather closely approximated at their tips; fourth vein ending just before the tip of the wing; last section of fifth vein a little longer than the cross- vein. Described from one female taken by me at East Aurora, Erie County, N. Y., June 25. The greenish color of the face and body, less distinct vittz of the mesonotum and the proximity of the tips of the third and fourth veins separate this species from veles Loew. Holotype, female, in collection of the author. 12. Medeterus obscuripennis, new species Female: Length 2 mm., of wing the same. Face and front covered with brown pollen; face below the suture more shining; antenne black, third joint small, rounded; arista nearly apical; thorax dull green, with gray Vot. IX] VAN DUZEE—NORTH AMERICAN MEDETERUS 267 pollen; marked with a quite distinct median, shining bronze vitta between the rows of acrostichal bristles, continued as a faint brownish line across the posterior depressed area and slight indications of lateral vitte; bristles above fore coxe black, small; scutellum with two pairs of bristles, the outer being nearly as large as the central pair, the latter not as long as in some species. Abdomen dark green, almost black, shining but dulled with pollen; coxe black; legs brown with very short hairs; knees a little yel- lowish; tibiz without bristles except a very small one on middle tibiz at basal third; second joint of hind tarsi one and a half times as long as the first; tegule, their cilia and the knobs of the halteres yellow; wings tinged with brownish, especially on the basal half; veins brown; the tips of third and fourth veins rather close together; last section of fifth vein a little longer than the cross-vein. Described from one female taken on the Berkeley Hills, in Alameda Co., Calif., June 20, by E. T. Cresson, Jr. Holotype, female (No. 6116), in collection of the American Entomological Society. 13. Medeterus halteralis, new species Male: Length 2.25 mm. Altogether black; face shining black below the suture; upper part of the face and the front opaque with brown pollen; cilia of the lower orbit pale brownish; proboscis large, shining black; thorax black, dorsum thickly and uniformly covered with brown pollen; acrostichal bristles in two rows, small; besides the larger bristles there are some scattering small ones on the fore part of the dorsum. Pleure and abdomen a little shining, the latter with black hairs; bristles above fore coxe blackish, slender; scutellum with four bristles; hypopygium rather short, black, somewhat shining; its appendages long, brownish; coxe and legs black; fore coxe with minute brown hairs on the front surface; hind metatarsi half as long as the second joint; tegule yellowish brown with a brown border and yellowish cilia; stem of the halteres yellowish brown, knob blackish. Wings grayish hyaline; veins black; last section of fifth vein about equal in length to the cross-vein; root of the wing yellowish brown. Female: Length 2.75 mm. Legs paler, root of wings, halteres and tegule, except the brown border, more yellowish; the bristles above the fore coxe dingy white; ovipositor blackish. This female seems to be somewhat immature and although taken on the same tree and at the same time as the male de- scribed above it may prove to be a distinct species. Described from one male and one female which I took at Brule Lake, Ont., Aug. 2, 1911. This species is very close to M. modestus V. D. (Ent. News, Vol. xxv, p. 440), but this male has blackish bristles above the fore coxze while modestus has conspicuous white bristles; the lower part of the face also is more blackish and the halteres are more infuscated in this species. Holotype, male, in collection of the author. 268 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ([Proc. 4TH SER. 14. Medeterus vittatus, new species Male: Length 2 to 2.25 mm. Face dark blue-green below the suture, the suture and above including the front thickly covered with brown pollen; proboscis swollen, shining black, as are also the palpi; antennz small, black, third joint as long as broad, moderately flattened at tip; arista apical, pubescent; thorax brown with two, more or less distinct, pollenose vitte ; acrostichal bristles in two rows, the space between them a little darker than the rest of the dorsum; prescutellar depression and the pleure with gray pollen; scutellum black with thin gray pollen and four bristles on the margin, the outer pair the shortest; abdomen shining black with a slight greenish tinge and yellowish hairs, the last segment brownish; hypopygium (Fig. 8) large, shining black, with a well defined dull area covered with pale hairs on the left side, its appendages black; coxe black; hairs on the fore coxz pale brown, abundant and long; bristles above fore coxz black; femora black at base, becoming yellow apically; tibie and tarsi yellow; extreme tips of tibie and of the tarsal joints usually brownish; first joint of hind tarsi a little less than half as long as the second; tegule, their cilia and the halteres whitish; wings with typical venation; veins brown; last section of the fifth vein slightly longer than the cross-vein, Female: Agrees with male in all but sexual characters. Ovipositor brown with several slender hairs at tip. Described from nine males and four females, taken by me at Kearney, Ont., July 26, Toronto, Ont., Sep. 2, Niagara Falls, Ont., July 20, and Erie Co., N. Y., July 9. This is closely related to nigripes Loew but it has quite abundant and conspicuous brown hair on the front surface of the fore coxz, the legs are largely yellow and the first joint of the hind tarsi is somewhat longer in proportion to the second. . Holotype, male (No. 517), from Kearney, Ont., in collec- tion of the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype, female from Kearney, Ont., in collection of the author. Paratypes in both collections. 15. Medeterus oregonensis, new species Length of male 4 mm., of female 3mm. Face rather narrow, dark metal- lic blue with a transverse band of white pollen at the suture; front black (the specimens described seem somewhat greasy); first antennal joint dark reddish yellow, second and third black; third joint scarcely as long as wide, rounded at tip, with an apical arista; proboscis black with a few pale hairs; lower orbital cilia yellowish white, rather long; thorax black with brown pollen on the anterior portion of the dorsum and whitish pollen on the posterior depression and on the scutellum. In the male there is a brassy median vitta on the dorsum which extends to the scutellum, three or four black bristles above the fore cox and two pair on the margin of the scutellum; abdomen shining with basal third of segments pale green- ish, the apical two thirds more bronze-brown; hypopygium shining black, its appendages black; coxe, femora and tibie shining black, tarsi dull black; fore coxe with brownish black hairs and bristles, hairs of the legs dark brownish, in certain lights appearing more reddish. The female has Vot. IX] VAN DUZEE—NORTH AMERICAN MEDETERUS 269 the knees dark yellowish; the second joint of hind tarsus one and three- fourths times as long as first. Tegule and halteres brown, the former with brownish cilia showing white reflections in certain lights. Wings tinged with grayish; veins brown; venation normal. In the male the last section of the fifth vein is three-fourths as long, in the female a little longer than, the cross-vein; tips of third and fourth veins rather closely approximated in the female, slightly more widely separated in the male; fourth vein end- ing almost exactly in the apex of the wing. Described from two males and one female from Ashland, Oregon, reared June 16, 1916, from Pinus ponderosa, by F. P. Keen. This species differs from maurus Wh. in having the antenne darker, the cross-vein nearer the margin of the wing, the middle tibiz wholly black in both male and female (in maurus they are yellow in the male), and the appendages of the hypopygium black, yellowish in maurus. Holotype, male, and allotype, female, in collection of the United States National Museum; paratype in collection of the author. 16. Medeterus planipes, new species Male: Length 28 mm. Face, front, and thorax bright shining green with violet reflections; dorsum of thorax with a little brownish gray pol- len; antenne blackish, small with slender arista; orbital cilia and bristles above fore coxe black; scutellum with four bristles ; abdomen. shining green; hypopygium stout, not elongated, black with slender yellowish ap- pendages; fore cox black with yellow tips; middle and hind coxe yel- lowish ; trochanters yellow; femora black with yellow hairs; tibie and tarsi pale yellow with fifth tarsal joint black and small, nearly as wide as long; fore tarsi plain, tapering from base to tip; fourth and fifth joints of nearly equal length; hind metatarsi a little shorter than the second joint; tibie with pale hairs; middle tibize with one black bristle above, three on the side on basal third, and black spurs at tip; posterior pair with a few yellow bristles near the tip and one black bristle near the base and another at tip; tegule brownish, their cilia and the halteres yellow; wings grayish with typical venation; last section of fifth vein about as long as the cross- vein; costa brown, veins yellowish. Female: A female taken with the male described above has the first antennal joint yellow and all coxe blackish. Described from one male and one female taken at Los Amates, Guatemala, Feb. 18. Holotype, male, and allotype, female, in collection of the author. 17. Medeterus flavipes, new species Male: Length 3 mm. Face and front violet, shining; thorax green with violet reflections on its anterior half, almost wholly violet along the front; abdomen shining green; antenne black small; lower orbital cilia black, but with pale hairs on the lower part of the head behind the cilia; 270 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Serr. coxe and femora black; fore tibize blackish; middle and hind tibie yellow with black hairs, the latter with a row of yellow hairs below and rather long numerous yellow bristles above, the bristle at tip black; fore tarsi yellowish, first joint a little compressed and considerably widened at tip, second and third joints much compressed, second about as long as wide with a thumb-like projection above at tip; third much expanded upwards; fourth and fifth minute, black or partly black; middle and hind tarsi in- fuscated towards their tips; their second joint one and a half times as long as first; tegule, their cilia and the halteres yellow; wings with typical venation; last section of fifth vein about as long as the cross-vein. Apparently there are six bristles on the edge of the scutel- lum, but in the type specimen they are all broken off, leaving only the scars to mark the places of insertion. Described from a single male taken at Los Amates, Guate- mala, Feb. 18. Holotype, male, in collection of the author. 18. Medeterus abruptus, new species Male: Length 2.8 mm. Face, front, and anterior part of the thorax violet, remainder of the thorax and the abdomen shining green; first an- tennal joint black (other joints missing in type) ; lower orbital cilia yel- lowish; scutellum with four bristles; hypopygium black with yellow ap- pendages; coxz and fore and middle femora blackish; fore femora broadly, middle narrowly, yellow at tip; hind femora yellow, blackened a little at base ; tibiz and tarsi pale yellow with yellow hairs and bristles, the bristles at tip of tibia and one small one near base of middle tibie black; tarsi a little infuscated at tip; fore tarsi one and a half times as long as their tibiz; first three joints a little compressed with a fringe of small black hairs above; first joint nearly as long as the three following taken to- gether; third joint abruptly narrowed to a slender projection to which the fourth joint is attached ; fourth small but slightly swollen; fifth slender; the projection at tip of third joint together with the fourth and fifth joints form a very slender tip to the fore | tarsi; second joint of hind tarsi nearly twice as long as the first. Tegule their cilia and the halteres yellow. Wings with typical venation; veins and costa yellowish; last section of fifth vein only slightly longer than the cross-vein. Described from one male taken at Pt. Barries, Guatemala, March 3. M. planipes, flavipes and abruptus are remarkably alike in appearance but differ widely in the formation of the fore tarsi. Holotype, male, in collection of the author. a PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourTH SERIES Vor. IX, No. 9, pp. 271-272, pl. 20 OcToBER 22, 1919 IX rt teceutan Trev DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FOSSIL FISH FROM (in tao JAN 3 _ 1999 | BY DAVID STARR JORDAN tet “SERS Wuse Iquius nipponicus Jordan, new genus and species Type (No. 441, Museum California Academy of Sciences) is a well preserved imprint of the anterior three-fifths of a small fish from the island of Iki, off the north coast of Kiusiu, Japan. The portion preserved is four inches long, the whole fish probably about seven. Head 1.3 times in depth at front of dorsal; eye 2.5 in head; gape of mouth 4 in head; length of mandible 5; height of dorsal 1.6 in head ; length of pectoral 1.43; length of ventral 1.5. Dorsal rays I, 8; pectoral 16; ventral 14. Vertebre to front of dorsal 12; to first interspinal 10; abdominal vertebre about 23 (some lost) ; total probably not far from 36. General form like that of a herring; the occipital region rather depressed, the nape rising moderately behind it; snout apparently short, a little more than half eye, probably rather acute; mouth small, oblique, the lower jaw shorter and rather thin, but with a broad base at insertion; both jaws apparently with small bluntish teeth, one near tip of lower jaw larger. October 22, 1919 OLS CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. (These statements as to the mouth may be fallacious as the bones may be distorted.) Eyes very large, separated by the sphenoid bone which lies at the base of the skull. Opercular bones entire; preopercle narrow, opercle broad. Head appar- ently scaleless, but there are marks on the snout as of small scales. (These are probably fallacious. ) Vertebrz small, the anterior not modified, all about as deep as long, hour-glass shaped anteriorly, less so behind, neural spines straight, rather weak, directed backward; dorsal inter- -spinals rather strong, the anterior ones especially; ribs moder- ate, curved, not directed strongly backward. Dorsal short and rather high with one appressed spine or simple ray, about half the height of the first soft ray, the rays rapidly shortened backward, the last ray not one-third the height of the first; pectoral inserted low, the lower rays shorter and much weaker than the upper; ventrals about under third ray of dorsal, the rays rather strong; 14 rays are present which number may include both fins, but in appearance there is one fin only. ry Scales small, thin, rounded, cycloid, looking like herring scales. These are evident along the line of the back and else- where. No dorsal scutes, the scales being all of the usual type; no trace of ventral scutes, but the ventral outline is not well shown. This specimen is apparently the first fossil fish yet recorded from Japan. It is embedded in firm grayish chalky rock, re- sembling the Miocene deposits about Los Angeles, much firmer and heavier than the Celite of Lompoc. The horizon of the deposits on the island of Iki are probably of Tertiary age if I may judge from this specimen alone. The genus Iquius is characterized by the short dorsal with a simple appressed ray in front as in most Cyprinidz, by the small mouth with included lower jaw, and by the evident teeth, one of them apparently enlarged. The dorsal fin is more like that of Cyprinoid fish, but the general structure suggests that of a herring and the vertebre are isospondylous and I place the genus provisionally among the Clupeide. In its mouth parts it bears some re- semblance to the living genus Clupeichthys. ‘addy, ‘uepsof snovuoddiu sninby 02 812Ild [Nvauor] XI “IOA “S8H8S Yi “IOS “GVOV “WO ‘O0Ud ' é 7 - 4 ‘ « 7 * wy . * ’ 4 ‘ . ‘ ‘ ~ ° t ‘ - = ; s i * ; * J vs ~ ‘ ? wn 4 2 ‘ed « be * “ . 7 ~ ¢ > > Cs e a : ete ce pode 2d) A ‘, . ‘ rm ve * Stig id a ¥ . ? G + i « 2 « , * - . ’ Mi * ‘ % . . t . A ' ‘ i. F fp af ? : ; fF ‘ , é Iu . ‘ 4 at *) A ‘ P : a . say i ¢ . Bee | _ PROCEEDINGS . hea” | OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourTH SERIES VoL. IX, No. 10, pp. 273-296 NOVEMBER 25, 1919 x Notes on the Avifauna of the Inner Coast Range of California BY JOSEPH MAILLIARD _ Curator, Department of Ornithology. JANB. 19207) Qn. Oe” flonar Muse PRINTED FROM THE JOHN W. HENDRIE PUBLICATION ENDOWMENT . SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY 1919 eee COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION Grorcre C. Epwarps, Chairman C. E. GRuNSKY Barton WARREN EverMaNnn, Editor PROCEEDINGS Fourth Series VOLUME III Pages 1-40. A Further Stratigraphic Study in the Mount Diablo Range of California. By Frank M.Anderson, Plate 1. (Jssued © OCNOOER BL gL PUG) FON EG TE CORSE Oa CO en a et Pages 147-154.. Notes on a Collection of Reptiles from Southern California and Arizona. By John Van Denburgh. (/ssued California. By James Perrin Smith. (Ussued April 5, 7972)... Pages 183-186. Description of a New Genus and Species of Sala- J Pages 259-264. Notes on Ascaphus, the Discoglossoid Toad of North America. By John Van Denburgh. (Jssued December re Bie 4.) ad he OU age Tip ge a dig area) Ra Se GAN ene a Cree Pages 265-390. A Distributional List of the Mammals of California. By Joseph Grinnell. Plates xv-xvi. (Jssued A ugust 28, 1973) Pages 391-454. A List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Arizona, with Notes on the Species in the Collection of the Academy. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin: Plates xvui- XXVIII. (Issued November 5, 1913)... ccccccccccuccsucenceucs VOLUME. IV = Pages 1-13. 1. Report of the President of the Academy for the Year 1913, II. George Davidson. (Jssued April 8, 1914) ..... : Pages 15-112. III. Neocene Record in the Temblor Basin, Cali- fornia, and Neocene Deposits of the San Juan District. By Frank M. Anderson and Bruce Martin. \ Plates 1-x. (Lssued PAELEMUER SO, DLP) Fo Eas oe es REPS Ce BOD Pages 113-128. IV. The Fauna of the Siphonalia sutterensis Zone in the Roseburg Quadrangle, Oregon. By Roy E. Dickerson. Plates x1-x11.. (Issued December 30, 1914) 00. cc ccusucccceecis Pages 129-152, V. Reptiles and Amphibians of the Islands of the West Coast of North America. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin. (Issued December 30, LAID CR, Sem ase es Pages 153-160. VI. The Pocket Gopher of the Boreal Zone on San Jacinto Peak. By J. Grinnell and H. S. Swarth. (Issued DRERRO Sd OI IRS eS eek Ri EE VOLUME V Pages 1-31. I, Report oat President of the Academy for the year 1914, II. Report of the Director of the Museum for the year 1914.. (Issued March 26, 1915)......64%4. Pages 33-98. III. Fauna of the Type Tejon: Its Relation to th Cowlitz. Phase of the Tejon Group of Washington. By Roy E. Dickerson, Platesi-x1. (Issued June 15, 1915). ....0ecceeces 35 75 29 1.00 .25 20 o~ PROCEEDINGS Fourth Series VOLUME I! Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. Pages 1-6. I. Preliminary Description of Four New Races of Gigantic Land Tortoises from the Galapagos Islands. By John Van Denburgh. (/ssued December 20, 1907)... .ccccccceccccees Pages 7-288. Il. A Botanical Survey of the Galapagos Islands. By Alban Stewart. Plates 1-x1x. (/ssued January 20, /9//)... Pages 289-322. III. The Butterflies and Hawk-Moths of the Galapagos Islands. By Francis X. Williams. Plates xx—xx1. (Fesme, Ocalan £5 FAL) 5 6 x:a0 00:8 0 pa 0e0e ms See Pages 323-374. IV. The Snakes of the Galapagos Islands. By John Van Denburgh. Plates xxm-xxx. (Jssued January /7, 19/2) Pages 375-404. V. Notes on the Botany of Cocos Island. a Alban Stewart. Plates xxx1I-xxxIv. (/ssued January 19, 19/2) Pages 405-430. VI. The Geckos of the Galapagos Archipelago. By John Van Denburgh. (Jssued April 16, 1912) ........000. Pages 431-446. VII. Notes on the Lichens of the Galapagos Islands By Alban Stewart. (Jssued December /7, /912)...... VOLUME Il, Part I Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. Pages 1-132. VIII. The Birds of the Galapagos Islands, with Observations on the Birds of Cocos and Clipperton Islands (Columbiformes to Pelecaniformes). By Edward Winslow Gifford. PlatestI-vi1. (Jssued August 1], 1913) .......cceceee Pages 133-202. IX. The Galapagoan Lizards of the Genus Tropidurus; with Notes on the Iguanas of the Genera Conolophus and Amblyrhyncus. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin. Plates vim—x1. (Issued September 19, 19/3). Pages 203-374. X. The Gigantic Land Tortoises of the Galapagos Archipelago. By John Van Denburgh. Plates x1I-cxxiIv. (Laieied: SEGReM CEP A, THI oa targa see's eoeige cs detak calawenes Pages 375-382. XI. Preliminary Descriptions of New Species of Pulmonata of the Galapagos Islands. By William Healey Dall. (Essied WICCOMmBEr CS] VOLT) aes oka ok comin cies Lieb baie tien hrhee VOLUME II, Part II Pages 1-187. XII. A Review of the Albatrosses, Petrels, and Diving Petrels. By Leverett Mills Loomis. Plates 1-17. Pe te OI LE (9 RR le ey 8 RR aN ee ne PR Pages 189-258. XIII. Field Notes on the Land Birds of the Galapagos Islands and of Cocos Island, Costa Rica. By Edward Winslow Gifford. (Issued June 16, 1919)... 0... cccccccucccceces Pages 259-310. XIV. The Ants of the Galapagos Islands. By William Morton Wheeler. (Issued June 16, 1919). XV. The Ants of Cocos Island. By William Morton Wheeler. (Issued June 16, 1919.) XVI. A New Species of the Hymenopterous Genus Bterodbinie from the Galapagos Islands. By Charies T. Brues. (Issued June 16,1919) Price forthe three papers 2 AT Tagen Vereen $1.00 2.00 10 1.50 20 —— > a Te — PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourTH SERIES Vou. IX, No. 10, pp. 273-296 NovEMBER 25, 1919 Xx NOTES ON THE AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE OF CALIFORNIA BY JosEPpH MAILLIARD Curator, Department of Ornithology In this paper are presented some of the results of field work done by the writer and Mr. Luther Little, assistant curator, in the inner Coast Range from Mt. St. Helena in Napa County, Calif., and northward to Mt. Sanhedrin in Mendocino County. Leaving San Francisco on the morning of April 10, 1919, we reached Mt. St. Helena Inn about 3:00 p. m. the same day. On the way to Vallejo attention was given to the gulls which followed the boat. I wished to note the color of feet of the immature Western Gull (Larus occidentalis) over which there has been recent controversy. Very few of this species were seen, but there were some stragglers still left, and among them immature birds which sailed so close to the upper deck as to make examination an easy matter. We found their feet to be of a dingy flesh color. November 25, 1919 274 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. The Mt. St. Helena Inn is a little over seven miles from Calistoga on the toll road to Middletown (Lake Co.), just over the top of the pass at the southeasterly end of the southernmost peak of the mountain itself, which rises abruptly from the long ridge extending several miles to the southeast and constituting the easterly wall of Napa Valley. The altitude of the pass is 2300 feet. Mt. St. Helena is the most southerly of the higher mountains of the inner Coast Range north of San Francisco Bay, with an altitude given variously on different maps, the greatest of which is 4337 feet for the highest of its three peaks. Its upper slopes are for the most part covered with rocks and brush, with forest extending up the sheltered ravines in some places nearly to the top. The brush is principally scrub oak, chamisal, and manzanita, with some ceanothus. Near the top are found a few of the trees and plants of the Sierran association, such as yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) and mahala mat, or squaw grass (Ceanothus prostratus). The character of the valleys on each side of most of these inner Coast Range mountains is Upper Sonoran, but the higher peaks of the long ridges still find enough moisture in the breezes from the sea to lift them and their northern slopes from their surroundings and enable them to form an island of Transition, Mt. St. Helena and its _ immediate vicinity being the southernmost part of this island. On the northerly side of the mountain, and on the nearby ranges, the slopes are very steep and heavily covered with forest or brush, even down to a comparatively low altitude, and grassy or arable spots are few and far between for many miles, as are human habitations. Dr. Walter K. Fisher spent something over two weeks in this place in 1900 (Aug. 29 to Sept. 14), the result of his observa- tions appearing in The Condor, Vol. II, 1900, p. 135, wherein he gives a detailed list of the arboreal flora and the avifauna of this region. To quote from this paper: “Some of the forms on Mt. St. Helena are characteristic of the drier inland districts, while nearly related races are found in the humid coast belt just to the west. . . . Thus we have closely related but ordinarily rather widely sep- arated races brought close together.” Vor. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE 275 This description is applicable to a great part of this region, both south and north of Clear Lake. Dr. Fisher’s visit, how- ever, was in the early fall, extended over a much longer period than ours, and evidently covered much more territory. Ours was in the spring, too early for many of the summer visitants, and was confined to the Transition zone. Fisher listed 57 species of birds, while we noted but 35, not counting some others met with at our next stopping place, which was two miles further on and could be said to be still a part of Mt. St. Helena. On the other hand, we noted 14 species not mentioned by him, as follows :—Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter velox), Cabanis Woodpecker (Dryobates villosus), Western Flycatcher (Empidonax difficilis difficilis), Western Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis), California Purple Finch (Carpo- dacus purpureus californicus),Golden-crowned Sparrow (Zono- trichia coronata), Western Chipping Sparrow (Spizella pas- serina arigone), Sierra Junco (Junco oreganus thurbert), Shumagin Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis), Yolla Bolly Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca brevicauda), Barn Swallow (Hirundo erythrogaster), Lutescent Warbler (Ver- mivora celata lutescens), Audubon’s Warbler (Dendroica audubont), and Monterey Hermit Thrush (Hylocichla guttata slevini). Of these the Golden-crowned Sparrow, Shumagin Fox Sparrow, and Yolla Bolly Fox Sparrow were only linger- ing or passing migrants, but the others either bred there or not far away, in all probability. The Monterey Hermit Thrush, however, must have been merely a wanderer, a few miles only to the eastward of its known breeding ground. Of Fisher’s list the Toxostoma is evidently the Sonoma Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivus sonome Grinnell), and the Chamza mentioned is Chamea fasciata henshawi, a change in name only. While he was right in saying that this latter form resembles that of southern California, it is hardly typical, being somewhat intermediate toward rufula. His remarks concerning the Blue-fronted Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis), are of interest in view of our present knowledge that these two forms extend down the Russian River valley to the actual sea- coast (Sierra Forms on the Coast of Sonoma County, Cali- fornia, J. Mailliard, The Condor, X, 1908, p. 133). His Cali- fornia Jay does not seem to me to be separable from the 276 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. coast form, but his two towhees respectively approach the Sacramento Towhee (Pipilo maculatus falcinellus Swarth), and the Northern Brown Towhee (Pipilo crissalis carole McGregor). Other changes in his list would be only cases of up-to-date changes of nomenclature. Curiously enough, Dr. Fisher did not mention the Sierra Junco (Junco oreganus thurbert), which we found breeding there. As we were being shown to our sleeping quarters at the Mt. St. Helena Inn, shortly after our arrival there on the after- noon of April 10, one of these birds with something in its mouth attracted my attention, and later search developed a nest in course of construction near the top of the excavated bank just back of the building. This nest was among the roots of a small oak growing on the very edge of the top, and the nest was nearly hidden by vines that covered the bank as well as protected it from the sun and ordinary rains by a slight over- hang of earth. Returning to this place on May 3 we found that the nest contained five heavily incubated eggs. Nest, eggs and one parent (No. 19858, C. A. S.), were taken for the breeding record, as being the first for the locality. Perhaps the most important result of our visit was the find- ing of the Yolla Bolly Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca brevi- cauda Mailliard) on Mt. St. Helena, apparently well estab- lished there. In the brush, from an altitude of about 2800 feet up to the top, they were quite numerous during our four days’ stay, but wild as are most of this genus outside of the breeding season. It was an easy matter to “squeak them up” near one, but they would appear on the tops of the bushes only to dart down again at the slightest motion the observer might make. In spite of this characteristic, several specimens were ob- tained. At this date it seemed possible that this sparrow might be breeding on Mt. St. Helena, as it was so close to the nesting time, but a later visit (on May 3) failed to develop any sign or sound of fox sparrows. It is reasonable to suppose, from the number and actions of those we found there, that this locality must be within the general winter habitat of the Yolla Bolly Fox Sparrow, probably about the southern limit except for occasional straggling, but it will need some further seasonal observations to determine this. Specimens have been taken Vot. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE hed. often in southern California in winter, but no well populated wintering ground south of Napa County has yet been found. A few fox sparrows of other forms were found among the Yolla Bolly which were evidently passing migrants, on their way to their more northern breeding grounds. The weather during our stay here was chilly most of the time, rainy and consequently gloomy some of the time, and far from favorable for such observations as we wished to make, and as we were working almost altogether in the forest or brush of the Transition zone, this may account in part for our small list of birds noted. In addition to this, most of the winter visitants had left and it was too early for the summer influx. This latter fact, however, was to our advantage in that we could note the date of arrival of the summer visitants as they appeared. The Western Flycatcher was the only species of the latter found in the higher altitudes at this date, the first being noted on April 1. The Sacramento Towhee seems to be the race inhabiting this locality, and is true to form as regards relative size of feet, but in coloration it appears to intergrade with falcifer, whose ter- ritory lies only some twenty or thirty miles westward in the more humid strip near the coast. The Northern Brown Towhee of this region also somewhat approaches the coast form, crissalis, but can be easily dis- tinguished. The Black-throated Gray Warbler was found in Transition here, and there seems to be every probability of its nesting, but this was not proved, few individuals being seen and none taken. Fisher mentions this species as being very numer- ous at the time of his visit in the late summer. This locality was last visited on May 3, to ascertain if the Yolla Bolly Fox Sparrows were breeding here. That after- noon Mr. Little went up to the top of the first peak, while I remained lower down at the levels in which we had taken them previously, but not an individual was seen nor a note heard. It is barely possible that some might be breeding on one of the other peaks, neither of which is very much higher than the south peak we were on, but bad weather with dense fog set in, after a hot spell we had been having, showing signs of con- siderable duration. There being small likelihood of our finding any fox sparrows there the idea of further investigation was 278 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. abandoned, especially as upon the mountains to the north of this it does not appear to breed below 4500 feet at the lowest, this altitude corresponding with my experience in the Sierras at about the same latitude. MountTAIN Mitzi Hote. As this expedition was more in the nature of a prospecting trip for the purpose of ascertaining as nearly as possible what localities in the area selected might be the most interesting for more protracted examination, our stay at Mt. St. Helena was limited to four days only, and on the afternoon of April 14 we moved down the grade, on the northerly side of the ridge, two miles to the Mountain Mill Hotel. This place is a small hos- telry just inside the Lake County line, at an altitude of perhaps 1500 feet. It is situated in a very narrow valley one side of which really forms the east, or northeast base proper of Mt. St. Helena, and is visited chiefly at this time of year by anglers. At the bottom of this valley is a creek named on some maps the St. Helena Creek, which runs past Middletown into the Putah Creek, flowing into the Sacramento River basin. At this point Transition mingles with Upper Sonoran, and close around the buildings are a few small open areas, almost swallowed up by brush and woods, but for some miles down stream it is all heavy forest, with the valley narrowing into a canyon only to widen into a valley again as Middletown is approached. The locality at first appeared to be a very likely one for numerous species of bird life, but we were doomed to disappointment, for birds were scarce. In fact, they appeared to be scarce almost everywhere in the Transition zone. Here we came across more of the summer visitants, such as the Western House Wren (Troglodytes aedon parkmanni) and Cassin’s Vireo (Lanivireo solitarius cassini), seen on April 15, and the Pacific Black-headed Grosbeak (Zamelodia melano- cephala capitalis), on April 16. Along the stream were a few Marin Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia gouldi), acting as if they took a great interest in the locality with a view to raising families there. There was little suitable brush for fox sparrows nearby, but about half way up on a road leading to a walnut orchard and Vor. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE 279 country home, called ““Montesol,” high up on the ridge upon the east side of the valley, there was a break in the woods at about 1600 feet elevation showing a few acres of brush, and in this spot on April 15 and 16, I succeeded in “squeaking up” two or three of these birds and securing one Yolla Bolly on each occasion. The brush was too dense to allow of penetrat- ing far or more might have been obtained. Besides the song sparrows, the Western Winter Wren (Nannus hiemalis pacificus) was found along the stream. From its actions it was apparently breeding there although no nests were discovered. A flock of Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum), was noted by Little at the old Mirabel quicksilver mine, long abandoned and a likely looking place for bats (some of which he found there), on April 16. This place, however, was some miles down stream from our stopping place and in Upper Sonoran. The weather turned so bad here, with a heavy rain all day on April 17, making everything in the forest and brush so wet and bedragegled, that we decided to move further inland, and on the morning of April 18 we went by auto to HARBIN SPRINGS, LAKE COUNTY This place is also in a narrow valley—almost a canyon— with some fairly open ground on which grow scattered oaks and digger pines (Pinus sabiniana) but most of the surround- ing hills are very steep and covered principally with brush, of which a large proportion is chamisal and with trees in the sheltered places and ravines. On the way to Harbin Springs we passed through Middletown, four miles distant, which is in an Upper Sonoran open country at about 1200 feet elevation. We noted in traveling through many of the common birds natural almost anywhere at this latitude to country of like character in central California. Soon after leaving Middletown the road commences to ascend until it reaches the springs at about 1600 to 1800 feet altitude with the whole face of the range, here with a southerly exposure, in Upper Sonoran clear to its summit, which much reach something like 3000 feet elevation. ; 280 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. The afternoon of our arrival a recently commenced nest of Cassin’s Vireo (Lanivireo solitarius cassini), was pointed out to us by a lady who was staying at the hotel and who had noticed the birds building in a live oak tree under which she was sitting. This nest was again visited on April 24, but no eggs as yet had been deposited. The following summer visi- tants were first met with at this point:—California Yellow Warbler (Dendroica estiva brewsteri), April 18; Western Warbling Vireo (Vireosylva gilva swainsoni) and Bullock's Oriole, April 19; Long-tailed Chat (Icteria virens longicauda), April 20; Western Wood Pewee (Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni), April 21; Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens), and Lazuli Bunting (Passerina amena), on April 22. These dates might be considered as fairly approximating the actual dates of arrival for the re- spective species, for the reason that we had not met with them before in spots where one would reasonably expect to find them. Up to this point we had not found any Thryomanes, nor positively identified its song, in spite of the fact that Fisher had reported it as “taken in the open chaparral, where it was apparently common” on Mt. St. Helena, but in the chamisal brush at Harbin Springs we heard several and captured one, which proved to be the San Joaquin Wren (Thryomanes bewicki drymecus Oberholser), but intergrading toward marinensis Grinnell. The scarcity of this genus in the terri- tory we covered is rather remarkable, as no specimens were taken after leaving this place, although we were constantly on the lookout for it. The form marinensis, or Nicasio Wren is the nearest neighbor to the drymecus, or San Joaquin Wren at this point, being found, as with the other humid coast forms only 25 or 30 miles to the westward. A couple of the Yolla Bolly Fox Sparrows were found here also, at an altitude of about 2000 feet, their actions indicating that they were paired, although as only one was taken this could not be proved. These two birds were in some low, flat- tened down wild grape vines alongside a road on a steep hill- side and seemed to be accompanying a small flock of Golden- crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia coronata). One of the fox sparrows was taken and the other hung around for some little time, but kept under cover so well that it was not secured. Mr. : | | Vor. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE 281 Little climbed to the top of the mountain range back of the springs in search of fox sparrows but failed to find any suitable brush for them. He brought back with him a thrush which I have placed with the Monterey Hermit Thrush (Hylocichla guttata slevini), but which seems to be intermediate between that form and nana. Here we found the Slender-billed Nuthatclt (Sitta carolinensis aculeata), and the Plain Titmouse (Be@olophus inornatus inor- natus), for the first time on the trip. The Black-throated Gray Warbler (Dendroica nigrescens), we found present in con- siderable numbers, with indications of its breeding there, or in the vicinity. Unfortunately, on a reconnaissance of this sort, time does not permit one to devote much attention to the find- ing of nests, which is often slow, tedious work, for the spring- time passes rapidly and we had much to do. Besides our ornithological work we set out traps for small mammals every night, which had to be attended to in the mornings before we could think of the birds. So it can be said that our discovery of nests was more or less incidental, although ever on the watch for signs of them. There were very few Blue-fronted Jays in this part of the country, but we were informed that they gather here in numbers during the fall and winter. Having examined this locality as much as we desired at this time, on the evening of April 24 we moved to CASTLE SPRINGS, LAKE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA This place is a resort with various sorts of hot and cold springs, four or five miles west of Middletown, on Castle Mountain at an altitude of about 2800 feet. The buildings are situated upon a short, steep-sided spur projecting from the eastern slope of the range, with the mountain rising back of it several hundred feet higher. While there are extensive tracts of timber on the east side below this elevation, most of the country above it is covered with brush, the timber running up only in the deeper gullies and canyons. A large proportion of the brush is chamisal, with patches of ceanothus, and thick growths of small spindly trees of various sorts, the whole mountain showing evidences of having been frequently swept by fires, which might account for the scarcity of rodents. 282 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. The principal object in visiting this place was to ascertain if any fox sparrows might be breeding on the mountain, but, although there seems to be sufficient brush of suitable sort to attract them, it was evidently not at a high enough altitude to meet their needs. A few individuals of small-billed races of fox sparrows were still loitering on their northward journey to their distant breeding grounds, of which one or two were taken, but no Yolla Bollys. Except for the species commonly found about gardens and dwellings in this central part of California, birds were notably scarce, although there was water in abundance in the springs and small streams—the latter in ravines too steep and rough for us to follow far. A number of Sonoma Thrashers inhabit the brushy hillsides, and their diversified vocal outpourings were most pleasing. At times none could be heard, at other times one or two would break into song for short periods, while again other individuals, from the top of some bush, would go through their entire repertoire only to repeat it again and again until a real or fancied danger caused a sudden dive into the thicket. The Pallid Wren-tit (Chamea fasciata henshawi), also was here in abundance, in some parts their peculiar trilling notes seeming to come from all sides. Other birds and small mammals being so scarce and hard to find, a move was made on the morning of April 27 to GLENBROOK, LAKE CouUNTy, CALIFORNIA At one time a well known resort for hunters and fisher- men, this place at present is conducted as a sort of farm that will accommodate guests if they appear. It is situated at the northern base of Mt. Cobb, 12 miles west of Middletown on the road to Kelseyville and Lakeport, and is also on Kelsey Creek, which flows into Clear Lake. It is three miles west of Cobb P. O. in Cobb Valley, at an elevation of about 2300 feet, the divide, between this valley draining into Clear Lake and the Middletown Valley draining into the Sacramento River basin, being a short distance above Cobb. Here we found the vegetation much behind what we had so far been encountering, it being at about the same stage as that on Mt. } ee ee OE Vot. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE 283 St. Helena upon our first arrival there, April 10. And here also the country gave even more evidence of Sierran charac- teristics in the way of magnificent yellow pines (Pinus pon- derosa) growing in the fairly level fields of the valley, with sugar pines (Pinus lambertiana) on the hillsides nearby. The wild flowers were especially noticeable in their abundance and beauty, great beds of bleeding heart (Dicentra formosa) being perhaps among the most attractive. We had been informed that the top of Mt. Cobb was easily reached from this spot, but found that this was not the case, as it is some six miles away and reachable only by a some- what dubious trail. However, as we had been on two sides of the mountain and had been unable with our glasses to locate anything that looked like favorable brush for fox spar- rows, together with the fact that its height was under 4000 feet, we decided that an attempt to reach the top would not be worth the while. Around and in the farm orchard at Glenbrook there were more of the commoner species of birds, especially of song birds, than at any place we had so far seen on the trip. At the time of our arrival the avian chorus was certainly a fine one, with Linnets, California Purple Finches, Western War- bling and Cassin’s Vireos, Marin Song Sparrows, Western House Wrens and Western Robins doing their utmost to swell it nearby, while from the distance came the notes of California Woodpeckers, Mountain Quail, Long-tailed Chats, etc., occa- sionally enlivened by the call of a Red-shafted Flicker. We had reached this spot in time for lunch, soon after which we separated for a reconnaissance of the surrounding country, which appeared to be very favorable for bird life. But, as was the case at the other places visited, we found the birds much more numerous near the habitations than further away, although we soon heard the chorus greatly augmented by the rollicking tones of the Western Purple Martin (Progne subis hesperia), a small flock of which was trying to make up its mind as to which of a number of likely looking trees it would choose for its summer headquarters. The surprise of the afternoon was when Little came upon a hummer that proved to be the Calliope Hummingbird (Stel- lula calliope), and hastened back with the report that he had 284 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. seen several in a little pocket in the hills where the wild white lilac was blooming in profusion. Going at once to the spot we endeavored to study their actions and to secure some speci- mens, both of which were somewhat difficult matters because of the shyness and rapidity of motion of the birds. As soon as the traps had been visited on the morning of April 29, we repaired to the wild lilac patch to watch the hummingbirds, in order, if possible, to discover the reason for their presence in such a supposedly out-of-the-way place for the Calliope. Away from the Sierra Nevada Mountains there are but few records for the state except in the extreme north and south, and there solely upon high mountain ranges, the only authentic ones being of migratory birds. Singularly enough, however, there are two or three from the vicinity of Oakland, Berkeley, and Hayward, Alameda County (Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 12, A Distributional List of the Birds of California, p. 88). There were, apparently, no trustworthy breeding records for any part of the state below 4000 feet, hence it was a matter of great interest to know what these birds were doing in this place at an altitude of only 2300. Their activities seemed to be confined to this sort of small, southerly exposed pocket lying against a low hill on one side, whose slope was covered with the white lilac in full bloom. On the east and south sides was the forest running up into the high hills, with its nearest edge partially cut over, while to the westward the little pocket opened out into the larger valley, forming a warm and sheltered nook. In its center ran a very low little ridge covered with scattered pine and oak trees, with here and there bunches of lilac and manzanita bushes among which small fir, pine and oak saplings were growing, at whose feet were many wildflowers—altogether a most favored spot. There were several hummers darting about at the moment of our arrival that morning, among them being one or two Anna Hummingbirds (Calypte anna). Of the Calliopes there were mostly males in evidence, the females either being much scarcer or else keeping more out of sight—a point not defin- itely determined. The courting actions of the Calliope were as follows :—The males would poise in the air, each individual seeming to remain in his particular plane—that is, neither rising nor falling—for quite a prolonged period, often turning Vor. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE 285 around from side to side on an even keel, as it were, and back again, evidently on the lookout for females. The latter would be sedately sitting on a bare twig or dead limb, usually of a low bush, and very difficult for us to locate. From time to time they would emit a peculiar sort of grunt, if that will convey the idea, this word being defined in the dictionary as “a deep, guttural sound” and it was, relatively speaking, both deep and guttural—for a hummingbird! The male appar- ently caught this sound, or else caught sight of the female— it was impossible to say which came first, for it seems most probable that the sound was meant to attract his attention— and would immediately dart to the spot, at once commencing the ascending and diving antics common to all, or most, species of hummingbirds. There is a peculiar tone to the whizzing sound that the Calliope makes in the downward rush which could hardly be mistaken for that made by any other species, once it is fastened in the observer’s mind, and this distinctiveness is accentuated by a very characteristic squeak given at or near the lowest point of the dive. The birds are so small and their evolutions so rapid that it is extremely difficult for the eye to follow them. Between times the males would perch on, or near, the top of an oak or fir sapling, from which they would have a good view, and remain quiet, per- haps just resting, for short periods, but were very difficult to approach. It was hard to determine whether their leaving their post of observation was due to fear of approaching dan- ger or only the result of a sudden impulse that would have caused them to take flight anyway. When shot they are exceedingly hard to find, small as they are and with so little brilliant coloring. In fact, even on open, practically bare ground they are by no means easy to retrieve. The safest way to procure specimens of the males was to watch in some promising spot which was fairly open, with but little grass or trash on the ground, and to shoot them from a distance with a good-sized load of dust shot as they poised in the air. There was little chance of more than one or two pellets out of the charge striking such a small object as one of these hummingbirds at twenty to thirty yards, there actually being quite a chdnce of none striking at all. Seven were secured at this time, five males and two females, and several lost. One of the females contained the 286 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. yolk of an egg of about full size. There was no sign of shell but it was probably the first of the clutch and would have been laid inside of forty-eight hours. - The country roundabout was searched for more of this species of hummingbird, especially where the wild lilac was abundant, but on this occasion only one other individual was positively identified, and this was a female, taken on the Mt. Hannah side of Cobb Valley at an altitude of about 3000 feet. This bird was noted among the inner and at the same time lowest dead branches of a large, umbrella-like black oak, which had no limbs for quite a height. After being watched for some time and no nest discovered this female was taken for the record. Later developments with another bird under somewhat simi- lar conditions lead me to believe that this female actually did have a nest high up in this oak tree, probably in the building stage. A few other hummingbirds were seen in the brush but none near enough for identification, and none was found performing courting evolutions except in the spot above described. A second visit was made to Glenbrook, June 3 to June 5, in company with my brother, John W. Mailliard, and the results of this visit, as far as concerns the Calliope Humming- bird, may better be given here as a sequel to what has just been written. On the morning of June 4 the spot where these hummingbirds had been found on our April visit was examined, but not a trace of one was seen. The flowers had all disappeared, and so had the hummingbirds. Later in the morning a trip was made by auto up the old road to Adams’ Springs, alongside of which the female Calliope mentioned above was taken in the oak tree, but hardly. a hummingbird was seen and none identified. Returning to Glenbrook for lunch we found the early afternoon too hot for any satisfac- tory work abroad, and leaving Little to finish up some inside work my brother and I adjourned to a shady spot under some alder trees by the brookside, only a few rods from the house, as being a pleasant and favorable place in which to watch for birds. While we were sitting there, some few yards apart, a female Calliope Hummer came and fed upon a wild columbine almost within arm’s reach of my brother. Shortly before this I had noticed a faint buzzing sound overhead when passing Vor. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE 287 under a certain tree—so faint as not to be recognized as being made by a hummingbird—but after seeing this female so close to the place our suspicions were aroused and we finally succeeded in locating a nest, finding it to contain two young almost ready to fly, and proving beyond doubt that the Cal- liope Hummingbird was breeding in this locality, The parent of this nest and the two young are respectively Nos. 19957, 19958 and 19954, C. A. S. The nest was saddled on a small dead limb, close to where it came out of a bunch of larger limbs that were alive, and situated in such a way that it was well sheltered from sun or rain by the largest limb of all. Barring the mountains in extreme northern and southern California, this is the first absolutely reliable, published record of the nesting of this species west of the Sierras and below 4000 feet altitude. Returning to the earlier visit to Glenbrook, on the morning of April 30 I went up the old road to Adams’ Springs before spoken of to a little way past the nearest summit. The first mile of this road at this end is entirely in the brush country, manzanita, white lilac, chaparral, etc., which here is inter- spersed with the Macnab cypress (Cupressus magnabiana). Very few birds were seen until some timber near the summit of the road was reached, in which were some vireos and warblers, and among the latter was a male Calaveras Warbler (Vermivora ruficapilla gutturalis), which was the only one noted on the whole trip. Just beyond this stretch of woods lay an open hillside field of perhaps ten acres in extent covered with short green grass, near the middle of which was a swampy spot, of maybe one acre or less, that was occupied by a small colony of red-winged blackbirds. Being high up in the hills, and surrounded by forest and brush, it was about. the last place in which one would expect to run across these birds. There were several small colonies of them scattered through Cobb Valley wherever swampy. Several specimens were taken, in the valley and on the mountainside, which seem to be in no way different from the Bicolored Red-wing (A gelaius pheeniceus californicus) of Marin and Sonoma counties bor- dering on San Francisco Bay. Both Audubon’s Warbler (Dendroica auduboni auduboni), and the Black-throated Gray Warbler (Dendroica nigrescens) 288 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. were present in limited numbers at Glenbrook and the sur- rounding hills, a juvenile not long from the nest of the for- mer and a female of the latter with an egg in the oviduct proving that these two species breed here. The juvenile Audubon escaped in some thick brush, but the female Black-throated Gray, taken on May 2, is No. 19940, Crees) Several pairs of the Sierra Junco (Junco oreganus thruberi) were seen in Cobb Valley and a male was taken near Glen- brook on May 2 for the record. Golden-crowned Sparrows were still in evidence that morning, several being seen near the buildings in a hedge that seemed to be a favorite shelter for this species throughout our stay there. This date may be of some interest in the way of comparison of dates of migra- tion of this species at various points. Around Glenbrook, as was the case in regard to most of the localities visited on this trip, there was very little trash lying on the ground in the woods or under the brush, nor many dead leaves even where there were no signs of recent fires. In fact, the surface of the ground was remarkably bare in most places, as if all the leaves and branches that fell had either been burned up or washed away by extremely heavy rains, but there were neither ashes nor gullying to certify to either of these causes for the absence of organic matter. One of the results of this condition was that but little cover existed for insects or small rodents, and the scarcity of the former may have more or less effect upon the bird life of the country, especially as concerns those species of birds which seek their food principally on the ground. The vicinity of Glenbrook having been pretty well pros- pected by May 3, we started back for San Francisco, stopping overnight at Mt. St. Helena to have another look for fox sparrows, as related in a former paragraph. Finding nothing of interest there and the weather being greatly against us, we returned to San Francisco on May 4 to overhaul specimens and refit for further work in other localities. In a paper published by Dr. Witmer Stone in 1904 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 583), the Thick-billed Fox Sparrow (Passerella 1. megarhyncha) was mentioned as hay- ing been taken in late spring and summer on Mt. Sanhedrin, California, a mountain mostly in Mendocino County, and pre- a Vor. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE 289 sumably breeding there. As, however, the Yolla Bolly Fox Sparrow (P. 1. brevicauda) had since that date been found to be the form breeding in the mountains not far north of San- hedrin, and as the breeding range of the Thick-billed Fox Sparrow has never been definitely determined, (Swarth, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 31, p. 162) it seemed to be worth while to follow this matter up, especially as we had been examining the country not far to the south of this point, and had found the Yolla Bolly to be quite common there in the early spring, as shown in the first part of this paper. Hence our further prospecting was planned with this end in view and on May 16, Mr. Little and I proceeded, via Willits on the Northwestern Pacific R. R., to a point from which, we were informed, it would be an easy matter to reach the top of Mt. Sanhedrin, this being a place called Hearst, on a fork of the Eel River about 16 miles to the eastward of Willits. We found that Hearst is only a post office which used to be close to the county bridge, called the Hearst Bridge, but which has been moved up the valley two miles and is now at a summering place called Emandal. We staid at the Eel River Inn, close to the Hearst Bridge. There is no actual settlement in this part of the Eel River Valley other than an occasional farmhouse or resort for hunters or fishermen. As had often before been the case we found the top of the mountain much farther away than we had been led to sup- pose, it being in this case about ten miles off, and not the easy walk our informant had spoken of. There is a road, however, leading through a large private holding at this spot and at an opportune meeting with the owner permission was obtained to use it, ordinarily kept closed by a locked gate. On May 21 a rig was secured and with a chance acquaintance Little succeeded in reaching a point from which he could find his way to the top on foot. Sanhedrin is a long, ridge-like mountain, and at this end no suitable brush for fox sparrows was found, all this part of the summit being covered with a dense growth—where the rock permitted any at all—of young oaks about two feet high, which had apparently leaved out early and had then been frostbitten, giving the whole growth a reddish appearance that had been noted by us as far away as the Hearst Bridge. 290 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER. Although the mountain is something over 6000 feet high at the point here visited but few birds were noted that were not found down at the river level, which was about 1300 feet, where we were staying. The Sierra Red-breasted Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius daggetti) and the Pygmy Nuthatch (Sitta pygmea pygme@a) were about the only ones worth special mention. The most prominent bird in this locality was the Northern Pileated Woodpecker (Phiwotomus pileatus albieticola), several of which were seen and oftener heard, but no nests were found nor did any actions of those observed seem to indicate that they were then feeding young. Cassin’s Vireo at first appeared to be very numerous here, and four nests were located within the first twenty-four hours of our stay, but it afterward turned out that we had come across a good proportion of those present in this short space of time, for but few other pairs were seen, and no more nests discovered. Black oaks seemed to be their favorite nesting place, but one nest was found in a scraggly manzanita bush, eight feet from the ground. Seven to ten feet appeared to be the usual height from the ground, although, of course, there may have been others at a greater height that we did not discover. The Western Tanager (Piranga Iudoviciana) breeds ‘here in limited numbers, one nest containing four nearly fresh eggs being taken near the river on May 22. As is common with this species this nest was out toward the end of a horizontal branch of a Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa) twenty- five feet from the ground, and was secured by Little, who “shinned” up a sapling pole held in place with guy ropes. One or two other nests of this species were found but were not finished at the time of our leaving. Several mergansers were seen on the river, one of which flew up or down stream nearly every day, uttering most unmusical notes in passing. We did not succeed in capturing any, but were near enough to be fairly sure that they were americanus. The country at this point is all Transition, with a good deal of open pasture land on the southerly exposed hillsides, and looks as if it ought to be a very attractive place for birds. During our stay the vicinity was well gone over, within a radius of two or three miles at least, but the birds were Vot. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE 291 found as scarce as in the other localities visited, with rodents in the same category. Wishing to get nearer to Sanhedrin’s summit at the oppo- site end we decided to go to Lierly’s Ranch—a combination ranch and old time hunters’ resort which was the headquar- ters of Bunnell upon the occasion of his visit to this mountain before referred to. While it was only six or eight miles from where we were, being without pack animals we had to go back to Willits, to Potter Valley via Ukiah (almost), and thence in to Lierly’s—a round-about journey of over sixty miles to reach our destination. On the way into the hills from Pot- ter Valley birds seemed scarcer than ever, and the end of our journey did not give much promise of more encouraging pros- pects in that line. The only day upon which we could get horses and a guide was May 25, on which date Little reached the summit nearest to this point and found fox sparrows numerous on the mountain. Several specimens were secured, which proved to be the Yolla Bolly (Passerella iliaca brevi- cauda), as had been anticipated. Except for the Northern Piliated Woodpecker there seemed to be nothing of special interest in the immediate vicinity of Lierly’s, the only birds we saw being the commonest species that one would expect to find in such a locality, and as this place was too far away from the mountain top for satisfactory work with our equipment we left for home on May 26, seeing but little on the road through the forest save an occasional Sierra Junco, or perhaps a Western Robin nesting by the roadside. What might be called the last trip of the season was made in company with my brother, John W. Mailliard, in his car to Fout’s Springs, which is near the base of Snow Mountain, in the northwest corner of Colusa County, California. This place is in a very small, relatively level, well-watered valley, drain- ing into the Sacramento basin, with chamisal-covered hills on the east and south and backed by mountains on the other two sides, the most important of which is Snow Mountain, about 7000 feet high and lying a little over 20 miles southeast of Mt. Sanhedrin. The country all around the valley is covered with a very thin, gravelly soil; and most of it has rather recently been burned over. There are some black oaks, “blue” oaks, and digger pines in the little valley, whose elevation is 292 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. about 1750 feet, with the flora changing on the mountain sides as the altitude increases. Here again was a most attractive looking spot for bird life but, except around the houses, there were few birds in evi- dence. In the trees near the buildings some Northern Violet- green Swallows (Tachycineta thalassina lepida), California Woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivora bairdi), Slender-billed Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis aculeata), the ubiquitous (all through this country, at least), Western Robin (Planesticus migratorius propinquus), and a few other common species, were nesting or feeding their young just out of the nest. And again, away up here in the brush country, were a few red- winged blackbirds. Only one was secured, which is very close to the Bicolored Redwing (Agelaius phaeniceus californicus) of San Joaquin County. We were disappointed in the matter of obtaining horses for a trip to the summit of Snow Mountain, and had to abandon the idea of reaching that point, so while my brother and I prospected the lower levels, on June 2, Little went up on Goat Mountain to an altitude of something like 4500 feet. He did not come across any fox sparrows nor any brush suitable for them, but the Yolla Bolly has been taken on Snow Mountain, for Dr. Joseph Grinnell tells me he has seen specimens from that point. Poor-wills were heard in the dusk of evening and some were called down into open spots, but guests of the place wandering about prevented our securing any for identi- fication. However, there is no reason to suppose that they were anything else than the Dusky Poor-will (Phalenoptilus nuttalli californicus). Our stay here was shortened by this absence of saddle horses and we left on June 3, intending to stop at some place on the way back if conditions seemed to warrant. The prin- cipal incident of the morning was the taking of a nest of Bell’s Sparrow (Amphispiza belli) at the summit of the toll road between Bartlett Springs and Upper Lake. From time to time along the road we had been stopping to look about for birds and listen for their notes, and on this occasion had come out of the forest on to a sort of saddle, or V-shaped gap, where the road suddenly shifted from the north side of the range to the south side, and out of the timber into chamisal brush. Not a bird was to be seen, but on taking a few steps ————— _ = a Vou. IX] MAILLIARD—AVIFAUNA OF THE INNER COAST RANGE 293 into the low chamisal, burnt over within the last two or three years, a bird flushed from a small bush and revealed a nest with four eggs. The parent was finally secured and proved to be Amphispiza belli. Except for its mate not another of this species was heard or noted within many miles of this spot. One or two, however, were seen and heard on the Langtry Ranch, between Middletown and Aetna Springs, in Lake County, on June 5. We decided to visit Glenbrook again, and arrived there on the evening of June 3. At once we were struck by the differ- ence in the avian life here. Instead of being greeted with a boisterous bird chorus all was silent save for a few chirpings —the songs had died away. Many of the birds had gone, and most of those that were left were busy looking after their young. A few were late in their nesting and we found a nest of Cassin’s Vireo (Lamivireo solitarius cassini), containing three fresh eggs, in an old apple tree in the orchard, near the end of a branch only about five feet from the ground. We were amply repaid for this second visit to Glenbrook by the finding of the nest of the Calliope Hummingbird, as already related. Not wishing to interfere with the parental duties of the avian population any more than necessary, or to run the risk of taking the lives of parents of young, we concluded to call a halt in the field work for the time being and returned to San’ Francisco on June 5. 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Lovin fe Ae OS ey mite eRe owe er'a, Wiraeres Cavics omec ates eaemiie re ae ancien (404092q auz0aq opts) MOT[EMS 991 SS a OST Beck | Sater) ewes ell Coe cal Iokce eters kee es ayers lemace 2 pre eet ape Seca A Serio hopcimtect are oatmey Cl hear cee Uy Str er tiecerc ep onl foarte ones Nuneaton] waivikatae ae unsen wNGh oy eu euensyeeneaerene recede (1dadsay "S QUDOAT) UII, UIOJSOM e Fimtactme deutrctensheeens UW. oven. oii, cecw ne wif'e6 felisae e| wire Wielw' |] (enero ene ¢re-wirelyalis~e ee eljb, 6) ejisi'e: "*(Dunmopn] DdUDIq) JoseUe], UldySa\W we SI Me a i se ee iM sens fees Pee een pees re wivaecely@nexeh ene (DUMUD DULdassDg) BuIyUNg yNnzeT uy, [ooo : uw, - Ve Ve See ea “"** +" (sapydpo “um DIpOjJaMDZ) YeIqsoly popeoy-yov[g oyloeg ClO et Cir it) 95 eee reefer eee ole e eee elo eee ec etoeeee a, Sele reef © ele kee. Torte s esse esses sss = (nyndoqy9 D21¢S0ddQ)) VOEYMOT, Pote}-UseI4) 2 st eee sens Ne ie Wijejle Nunn s 5 te see eee erase) weenie ale) vareen e o. (10409 4) 0114¢17) oY MOT, UMOIG UI9YA1ION Le Se Fear le Ve VY. Ve 1s qs Ss iiuxeneiere| eislitice shells see *(snqjaurapf “UL optdtd ) sdYMOT, OJUSUTBIOVS Fee By SSCS! SOT atl ar a mae oleae ie de Les erie a "* (stsuaoyospjoun 1 Dyadasspq) MOITeds xO UIseWNYS eee Uy [orocectescr eft eefes tet ge Ve "a ees * (pnvoenadg "1 Dyjadasspg) MoIIeds xo ATO VOR See eelee eee 2 Uy Uy a ee tig pee PSs ater Ente eh ei eRe er * (pines ‘mM Dzidsojapy) MOIIedg BuO UlIe]y Ag U1, . Selene ia Uy oe) ever wee aie OO at Tar TH, CUCL ak ei pe bert tie eR Oe . Tress ss(q4aganyy *0 ODUNY oounf e101 Sieisucet ry Ketctadis 0 . {8 leh ae : te ie a ebeate ees Sonim ‘d vyjazids) moiredg Burddiyg ureyso FO eT las ie pee ty 5. is * Sepa eee Sanaa piyn4jouozZ) MorIIeds peuMoso-Uapjor ah eer il PR RECOEN OC *. By Joseph Grinnell. Plates xv-xvi. (Issued August 28, 1913) Pages 391-454. “A List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Arizona, with Notes.on the Species in the Collection of the Academy. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin. . Plates -xv1I- RAVI, “(Ls5ued (Wowember: 5, TAZ). Ao. rkaediien ee en VOLUME IV Pages 1-13. I. Report of the President of the Academy for th Year 1913, I]... George Davidson. (Jssued April 8, 1914) 2.44. Pages 15-112. HI. Neocene Record in the Temblor Basin, Cali- fornia, and Neocene Deposits of the.San Juan District. By Frank M. Anderson and Bruce Martin. Plates 1-x. -(Jssued PIECEMOEF Sg LILES i eo oes ARR, OE a Pages 113-128. IV. The Fauna of the Siphonalia sutterensis Zone in the Roseburg. Quadrangle, Oregon. - By Roy E.. Dickerson. Plates x1-xu1.. (Jssued December 30, IQA) .iccccicvacceucecceds Pages 129-152. V. Reptiles and Amphibians of the Islands of the West Coast of North America. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin. (Issued December 30, 1974). £00. dscns cusses Pages 153-160. VI. The Pocket Gopher of the Boreal Zone on San Jacinto Peak. By J. Grinnell and H. S.Swarth.- (Issued December 30 1914)....... iene eros Sh ah Paka ls eRe Ee Seg a reer fee VOLUME V Pages 1-31, J. Report of the President of the Academy for the * year 1914, : II. Report of the Director of the Museum for the year 1914, (Issued March 26, 7915)........ Fae Pages 33-98. III. Fauna of the Type Tejon: Its Relation to the Cowlitz Phase of the Tejon Group of Washington. -By Roy E. Dickerson, Plates 1-x1.- (Issued June 15, 1915)... .0...j 0.0005 35 jan .75 25 25 25 25F 50 = : f iy Gio tan teh oc PIES oo] or Sie ae eae aye Coe her Sone ye ae ie ee oy 9 QO on eee ce diniecies maeetanieoe ake ne eee aan a ae PROCEEDINGS Fourth Series VOLUME I Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. Pages 1-6. I. Preliminary Description of Four New Races of Gigantic Land Tortoises from the Galapagos Islands. By John Van Denburgh. (lssued December 20, L9IOT), 00 icc aisas sions «le Pages 7-288. II. A Botanical Survey of the Galapagos Islands. By Alban Stewart. Plates 1-x1x. (/ssued January 20, 19//)... Pages 289-322. III. The Butterflies and Hawk-Moths of the Galapagos Islands. By Francis X. Williams. Plates Xx-xx1. (issued Octaber 7, LOPL }in'ic scgeadtausbecendwenet nse ieaes Pages 323-374. IV. The Snakes of the Galapagos Islands. By John Van Denburgh. Plates xx1I-xxx. (/ssued January 17, 19/7) Pages 375-404. V. Notes on the Botany of Cocos Island. By Alban Stewart. Plates xxxI-xxxIv. (/ssued January 19, 1972) Pages 405-430. VI. The Geckos of the Galapagos Archipelago. By John Van Denburgh. (Jssued April 16, 1912) ....ceceeees Pages 431-446. VII. Notes on the Lichens of the Galapagos Islands By Alban Stewart. (/ssued December /7, 1972)...... VOLUME II, Part I Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. Pages 1-132. VIII. The Birds of the Galapagos Islands, with Observations on the Birds of Cocos and Clipperton Islands (Columbiformes to Pelecaniformes), By Edward Winslow Gifford. Platest-vir. (J/ssued August 11, 1913) .......0cc000- Pages 133-202. IX. The Galapagoan Lizards of the Genus Tropidurus; with Notes on the Iguanas of the Genera Conolophus and Amblyrhyncus. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin. Plates vitt-x1. (Issued September 19, 1973). Pages 203-374. X. The Gigantic Land Tortoises of the Galapagos Archipelago. By John Van Denburgh. Plates x1I-cxxiv. CU Seae iM epIemt EN APOE °C wih s:dioinld'n b.c dee Awhantwone ee eale ee Pages 375-382. XI. Preliminary Descriptions of New Species of Pulmonata of the Galapagos Islands. By William Healey Dall. (Dis seled TARGET Fol OLE orcs are esse octane ct eyhanie orks Dr Se VOLUME II, Parr II Pages 1-187. XII. A Review of the Albatrosses, Petrels, and Diving Petrels. By Leverett Mills Loomis. Plates 1-17. (issged A prel.22. TOTS) xi eraccseilecipus neue e ne sincere Pages 189-258. XIII. Field Notes on the Land Birds of the Galapagos Islands and of Cocos Island, Costa Rica. By Edward Winslow Gifford. . ({ssued June 16, 1919). icc. cavcie wn clesieaeen Pages 259-310. XIV. The Ants of the Galapagos Islands. By William Morton Wheeler. (Issued June 16, 1919). XV. The Ants of Cocos Island. By William Morton Wheeler. (Issued June 16, 1919.) XVI. A New Species of the Hymenopterous Genus Scleroderma from the Galapagos Islands. By Charles T. Brues. (Issued June 16,1919) Price forthe three papers 35 25 $1.00 50 25 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FouRTH SERIES Vo. IX, No. 11, pp. 297-312 DECEMBER 23, 1919 XI NEW SPECIES OF FLIES (DIPTERA) FROM CALIFORNIA BY J. R. MALLOCH Family ANTHOMYIDZ£ In this paper are presented descriptions of some species of Anthomyiide from the collections of the California Academy of Sciences, in the museum of which institution the types are deposited. In all cases the species described are briefly com- pared with their nearest allies, but in addition they have been incorporated in synopses of their respective genera which I have drawn up and purpose publishing as soon as I have exhausted the material now in my hands. 1. Hydrotea lasiophthalma, new species Male.—Deep black, glossy; thorax not vittate; abdomen with pale gray pruinescence, the dorsum with a black central vitta; legs entirely black; wings slightly grayish; calyptra white; halteres black. December 23, 1919 298 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.. Eyes densely hairy, separated at narrowest part of frons by a distance a little less than width across posterior ocelli; para- facial as wide as third antennal joint, and over half as wide as height of cheek, the latter with a glossy, strongly haired area which covers all except a narrow strip of cheek along eye-margin and a small patch behind vibrissz; arista almost bare. Prealar absent; intra-alar bristles both long; presutural acrostichals absent; hypopleura bare. Abdomen as in H. hough Malloch. Fore femur with a stout outer and a slender inner preapical ventral thorn, the inner, or anterior, one whitish; postero-ventral surface on basal half with numerous bristles, many of them short; fore tibia stout, except on basal third where it is very slender; mid-femur without strong ven- tral bristles; mid-tibia with two antero-dorsal and four or five postero-dorsal bristles; mid-tarsus normal; hind femur with a stout straight short double ventral spine about one-fifth from base, and four or five bristles on apical half of antero-ventral surface; hind tibia with one or two postero-dorsal bristles, and long hairs on apical half on all surfaces except postero-dorsal, those on antero-dorsal extending almost to base. WVenation as in H. houghi. Type, male, 6 mm. long, No. 523, C. A. S., Fallen Leaf Lake, near Lake Tahoe, Calif., July 15,1915; E. C. Van Dyke, collector. This species is most closely allied to occulta Meigen, but may be separated from it by the larger size, different arma-. ture of the hind tibia and several other characters. 2. Helina fuscomarginata, new species Female.—Bluish black, with distinct, but not dense grayish: pruinescence. Ocellar triangle shining; antenne and palpi black; thorax quadrivittate; abdomen without markings; legs black; wings slightly grayish, cross-veins faintly infuscated, veins black; calyptre gray, with conspicuous black margins; halteres black. Eyes pubescent; frons over one-third of the head-width;- each orbit with seven or eight bristles and many lateral setu-. lose hairs, most numerous anteriorly; face concave in profile ;- EE Vor. IX] MALLOCH—FLIES (DIPTERA) FROM CALIFORNIA 299 parafacial at base of antenna about twice as wide as third antennal joint, about half as wide at middle of face; cheek about one-third as high as eye and slightly higher than widest part of parafacial, its lower margin with two or three series of bristles, the upper series anteriorly upwardly curved; vibris- sal angle in line with lower margin of eye, a few bristles above vibrissa; third antennal joint broad, about twice as long as second; arista pubescent. Thorax without strong pre- sutural acrostichals; postsutural dorso-centrals four; prealar about one-third as long as the bristle behind it; scutellum bare below and on sides; hypopleura bare; sternopleurals 2:2, the lower anterior bristle weak. Basal abdominal sternite bare. Fore tibia unarmed at middle, with four apical bristles; mid- femur with an almost complete series of bristles on postero- ventral surface; mid-tibia with two or three posterior bristles, and about eleven apical bristles, some of the latter very long; hind femur with an almost complete series of bristles on antero-ventral surface and a few bristles on basal half of postero-ventral; hind tibia with two or three antero-ventral and antero-dorsal bristles; all tarsi longer than tibie. Third vein with one or two weak setulze at base on under surface; costal thorn long. Type, female, 7 mm. long, No. 524, C. A. S., San Fran- cisco, Calif., April 15, 1919; E. P. Van Duzee, collector. Distinguished from its allies by the presence of the setule at base of third vein and the black-margined calyptre. 3. Limnophora incrassata, new species Male.—Black, subopaque, owing to the dense covering of pale gray pruinescence. Orbits, face, and cheeks with silvery tomentum; antenne and palpi black; thorax with a faintly indicated brown dorso-central vitta; abdomen with a pair of subtriangular black spots on the basal three tergites, those on second and third extending from near base to apex, fourth tergite with the spots almost obsolete; legs black; wings clear, veins black; calyptree white; halteres yellow. Eyes separated by a little more than width across posterior ocelli; orbits much wider than the linear interfrontalia, with 300 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. slender bristles to level of anterior ocellus; parafacial at base of antenna almost as wide as third antennal joint, slightly narrowed below; cheek about three times as high as width of parafacial, vibrissal angle produced; third antennal joint rounded at apex; arista pubescent; presutural acrostichals slender, long, two-rowed ; postsutural dorso-centrals four; disc of scutellum with numerous long hairs; lower posterior sternopleural weak. Abdomen cylindrical, slightly tapered posteriorly, fourth tergite and sternite the longest; hypopy- gium not exserted; fifth sternite almost transverse apically. Fore tibia without median bristle; mid-tibia with one or two posterior bristles; hind femur rather abruptly thickened at base ventrally, and distinctly thicker near base than at middle, the antero-ventral surface with three bristles near apex; hind tibia with one median antero-dorsal bristle. Fourth vein with but little indication of the forward curvature so distinct in allied species. Female.—Similar in color to the male, but the thorax has three brown vitte, the central one not extending over scu- tellum. Profile as in male; frons over one-third of the head-width; each orbit with six or seven bristles and a few lateral hairs. Apical genital segment with numerous stiff, short bristles below. Tibial bristles as in male but there is very often an antero-ventral bristle on hind tibia. Length, 5-6 mm. Type, male, No. 525, C. A. S., Huntington Lake, Calif., altitude 7000 feet, July 28, 1919; Mrs. E. P. Van Duzee, coll., and allotype, female, No. 526, C. A. S., also one male and one female paratype, topotypical, all from same locality. There are also three males, paratypes, taken July 16, 17 and 22, 1919, at same place by E. P. Van Duzee, and one female taken July 29, 1919, by E. P. Van Duzee at Cascada, Calif., alt. 5000 feet. A female taken at same place as type differs in being much darker and in having two antero-dorsal bristles on hind tibia. From other species of Limnophora this species may readily be distinguished by the peculiar shape of the hind femur. It belongs to the group which has the ventral plate of prothorax with setulose hairs along its margins and the third vein setu- lose at base. OO — OO ee “ Vor. IX] MALLOCH—FLIES (DIPTERA) FROM CALIFORNIA 301 4. Limnophora magnipunctata, new species Male.—Deep black, shining. Orbits and parafacials with white tomentum; thorax black, with slight grayish pruines- cence, most distinct on lateral margins anteriorly and on pleure ; abdomen with the usual paired black dorsal spots very large, similar to those of L. nobilis Stein, but separated by a pale line in centre; legs black; wings infuscated, most notice- ably so basally, veins black; calyptree and halteres yellow. Eyes separated by a little less than’ width across posterior ocelli; orbits linear above, with numerous long bristles and hairs extending to anterior ocellus; parafacial almost as broad at base of antennz as the rather narrow third antennal joint, not narrowed below; cheek about three times as high as width of parafacial, with several series of bristles along lower margin, the upper two or three series upwardly curved, those near anterior margin strong, vibrissal angle slightly produced ; arista rather densely pubescent, the longest hairs a little longer than its basal diameter. Thorax with the presutural acros- tichals rather long, fine, four-rowed; postsutural dorso-cen- trals three; anterior sternopleural short, lower posterior one very weak. Abdomen narrowly ovate, fourth tergite a little longer than third; hypopygium small; fifth sternite with a rather deep, basally truncate posterior excision, the angularly produced lateral extremities with a few bristly hairs. Fore tibia without a median bristle, the apex with a long dorsal and a short posterior bristle; mid-femur with bristles on both antero- and postero-ventral surfaces, the former very short, the latter long basally ; mid-tibia with three or four posterior bristles ; hind femur with long bristles on apical half of antero- ventral surface and a few on basal half of posterior; hind tibia with two antero-dorsal and one or two antero-ventral bristles, and one or two postero-dorsal setulz; hind tarsus longer than tibia. Costal thorn very short. Female.—Differs from the male in having the thorax with a distinct dorso-central vitta, and a less distinct lateral vitta on each side, the abdominal spots less distinct and more widely separated, and the wings almost clear. Eyes at vertex separated by about one-fourth of the head- width, wider anteriorly; each orbit with six or seven bristles 302 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Sm. and some long hairs, laterad of these are some short setulose hairs. Genitalia with two long processes as in Helina, and without thorns or strong bristles. Length, 5-6 mm. Type, male, No. 527, C. A. S., Huntington Lake, Calif., altitude 7000 feet, July 9, 1919; E. P. Van Duzee, coll.; allotype, female, No. 528, C. A. S., and female paratypes, same locality, July 9, 1919 (F. C. Clark, coll.), and July 26, 1919 (E. P. Van Duzee, coll.). This species closely resembles one before me from Labra- dor, which is undescribed, and is not very closely related to any described North American species, though it superficially resembles L. nobilis Stein. 5. Dialyta nigropolita, new species Male and female——Black, shining, almost glossy; orbits, face, and cheeks with white, almost silvery tomentum. Thorax and abdomen with slight grayish pruinescence, the former with very faintly indicated dorsal vitte; legs black; wings grayish; calyptrz and halteres yellowish white. Male.—Eyes separated by one-fourth of the head-width, each orbit nearly as wide as narrowest part of interfrontalia, with six or seven bristles; parafacial nearly as wide as third antennal joint, the latter about twice as long as second, ex- tending three-fourths of the way to mouth-margin; arista with its longest hairs distinctly longer than its basal diameter ; cheek a little higher than width of third antennal joint. Thorax with three or four pairs of short presutural acrosti- chals, three pairs of postsutural dorso-centrals, and no prealar ; sternopleurals in a nearly equilateral triangle. Abdomen short and thick, cylindrical, the hypopygium very large, giving the abdomen a slightly clubbed appearance; second, third, and fourth tergites each with discal, and the third and fourth with posterior marginal bristles; fifth tergite declivitous, armed with numerous strong bristles; fifth sternite conspicu- ous, with a pair of long processes which are strongly bristled. All coxe and the ventral part of sternopleura with long hair- like bristles; femora with very long fine bristles basally on postero-ventral surfaces; fore tibia with a weak antero-dorsal » | (eae poe ag Vor. 1X] MALLOCH—FLIES (DIPTERA) FROM CALIFORNIA 303 and a long posterior bristle, the four apical bristles long ; mid- tibia with two antero- and two postero-dorsal bristles; hind femur with fine hairs at base ventrally, the antero-ventral surface with about five long strong widely placed bristles, the postero-ventral surface with fewer bristles which do not ex- tend to apex; hind tibia with one antero-ventral, two antero- dorsal, and two postero-dorsal bristles, tip with four long and two short bristles. Costal thorn long. Female.—Similar to the male. The frons is one-third of the head-width, the abdomen is conical, the femoral basal bristles are shorter and stronger, and the tibial bristles stronger and usually there is an additional one basad of those present in the male. Length, 5-5.5 mm. Type, male, No. 529, C. A. S., Huntington Lake, Calif., alt. 7000 feet, July 9, 1919; E. P. Van Duzee, coll.; allotype, female, No. 530, C. A. S., and one paratype, topotypical, same locality; two female paratypes, same locality, July 10, Wed he This species is much smaller than D. flavitibia Johannsen, the only other species of the genus described from this coun- try, and differs from it in having the legs entirely black and with different bristling. 6. Ccenosia alticola, new species Male.—Black, distinctly shining, with gray pruinescence on body, that on head whitish and dense, on thorax and abdomen darker and not so dense. Antenne and palpi black; thorax with three brown pollinose vitte; scutellum dorsally colored as vitte; abdomen with a pair of brown pollinose spots on each of the basal four tergites. Legs black, the femora shin- ing, pale at extreme apices; tibize yellowish testaceous; wings clear, whitish basally, veins pale brown; calyptre and halteres whitish yellow. Frons one-third of the head-width, slightly widened an- teriorly; each orbit with four strong bristles and a few short hairs; ocellar bristles long; third antennal joint narrow, about twice as long as second, extending four-fifths of the distance to mouth-margin; arista pubescent; parafacial narrower than 304 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. third antennal joint; cheek about twice as high as width of parafacial; Thoracic presutural acrostichals two-rowed, rather strong; all thoracic bristles long and strong; lower stigmatal bristle long, directed downward. Abdomen broad, not much longer than thorax; fifth tergite with four long bristles and a number of short setule; hypopygium of moder- ate size, basal segment subglobose; processes of fifth sternite large, broad, rounded at apices, their length greater than their greatest width, surfaces with sparse setulae and some moder- ately long bristles apically. Legs rather stout; fore tibia with the posterior median bristle short; mid-femur with a few short bristles on basal half of antero-ventral surface and three or four long widely placed bristles on postero-ventral; mid- tibia with the median bristles at nearly the same height; hind femur with three or four widely spaced bristles on antero- ventral surface and one or two on postero-ventral; hind tibia with the antero-dorsal bristle much longer than the antero- ventral, the apical dorsal bristle about one eighth from apex. Female.—Similar in color to the male, the abdominal spots not so clearly defined and the wings not so pale. Differs from the male in having the tibial bristles all much stronger. Length, 3.5-4.5 mm. Type, male, No. 531, C. A. S., Huntington Lake, Calif., alt. 7000 feet, July 9, 1919, and allotype, female, No. 532, C. A. S., same locality, July 16, 1919, E. P. Van Duzee, coll. ; also one female paratype, same locality, July 28, 1919; E. P. Van Duzee, collector. An immature specimen from the same locality, July 9, may represent a distinct species. This species resembles C. fraterna Malloch, but is larger and has the tibiz entirely pale. 7. Coenosia parvisquama, new species Female.—Color as in the preceding species but the thorax not so distinctly shining, and more densely pruinescent. Legs black, densely gray pruinescent, bases of tibiz reddish. Frons as in preceding species; antenne short, third joint not twice as long as second, its apex about two-fifths of the : ‘ - Vor. IX] MALLOCH—FLIES (DIPTERA) FROM CALIFORNIA 305 distance from mouth-margin; parafacial linear; cheek higher than width of third antennal joint; arista nearly bare. Thorax and bristles of legs as in preceding species; the hind tibia with a small bristle at middle on postero-dorsal surface. Type, a female, 4.5 mm. long, No. 533, C. A. S., and one paratype, Huntington Lake, Calif., alt. 7000 feet, July 9, 1919; E. P. Van Duzee, collector. This species has the calyptree smaller than in most species of Ccenosia, the lower one scarcely projecting, and the hind tibia has a small bristle on the postero-dorsal surface. It may require a new genus for its reception, but until the male is found it may remain in Ccenosia. 8. Macateeia atra, new species Male.—Black, slightly shining. Head with the interfron- talia, parafacials, and a portion of the cheeks reddish; palpi fuscous, paler basally. Thorax greasy in type but with indi- cations of three vitte; abdomen gray pruinescent, when viewed at certain angles with a broad indefinite black dorso- central vitta; legs black; wings clear, veins brown; calyptrze and halteres yellowish. Eyes separated by one-third of the head-width; each orbit about one-half as wide as interfrontalia, with about six in- wardly directed slender bristles on anterior half and three or four outwardly directed on posterior half; interfrontalia with- out cruciate bristles; arista thickened on basal third, pubescent ; parafacial not as wide as third antennal joint, and as wide as height of cheek. Thorax with two pairs of presutural acros- tichals; prealar over half as long as the bristle behind it; sternopleurals 2:2, the lower anterior one weak. Abdomen short and broad, fourth tergite longest; hypopygium large; fifth sternite with two long narrow processes which are not remarkably bristled. Legs stout, the femora noticeably thicker than is usual in the family; fore tibia with a weak preapical dorsal bristle; mid-femur with a few short bristles on antero- and postero-ventral surfaces; mid-tibia with a short stout bristle beyond middle on antero-ventral surface, and three or four weak posterior bristles; hind femur with a complete series of weak antero-ventral bristles, and one or two slender 306 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Szr. bristles at base on postero-ventral surface; hind tibia with two short antero-ventral, five or six short stout antero-dorsal, and three or four slender postero-dorsal bristles; both mid- and hind tibiz with several strong curved apical bristles; tarsi shorter than tibiz. Costal thorn short; outer cross-vein straight. Type, male, 4 mm. long, No. 534, C. A. S., Salada Beach, San Mateo County, Calif., April 21, 1918; E. P. Van Duzee, collector. This species has the head less elongated than has the female of the genotype (protuberans Malloch), but the other characters agree very closely with those of that species and it may really prove to belong to the same species. 9. Hydrophoria seticauda, new species Male.—Deep black. Face, orbits, and cheeks with white pruinescence. Thorax indistinctly trivittate; abdomen with a uniformly broad dorso-central vitta which covers about one fourth of the dorsum; wings slightly brownish; calyptre white; halteres yellowish. Eyes separated by a little less than width across posterior ocelli; arista with its longest hairs not longer than width of third antennal joint; parafacial at base of antenna as wide as third antennal joint, not narrowed below. Presutural acros- tichals weak, irregularly two-rowed; scutellum broader than long. Processes of fifth sternite very broad, very incon- spicuously haired on surfaces, their inner margins with a fringe of long hairs. Mid-femur with two or three antero- ventral bristles; mid-tibia with an antero-ventral bristle; hind femur with a series of widely spaced postero-ventral bristles ; hind tibia with four or five bristles on each of the following surfaces: antero-ventral, antero-dorsal, and postero-dorsal, the posterior surface with a few setulose hairs on basal half. Costal thorns of moderate size. Female.—Frontal bristles strong. Genital thorns distinct. Length, 6-7.5 mm. Type, male, No. 535, C. A. S., Huntington Lake, Calif., alt. 7000 feet, July 5, 1919 (F. C. Clark, coll.), and allotype, Vot. IX] MALLOCH—FLIES (DIPTERA) FROM CALIFORNIA 307 female, No. 536, C. A. S., same locality, July 9, 1919 (F. C. Clark, coll.), paratypes, male and female, Mt. Moscow, Ida., June 4, 1910, female, same locality, July 1, 1909; J. M. Aldrich, collector. 10. Pegomyia vanduzeei, new species Male.—Black, slightly shining, with slight grayish pruines- cence on thorax and dense drab-gray pruinescence on dorsum of abdomen. Head black, orbits, face, and cheeks with dense but not conspicuous whitish pruinescence; antennz black; palpi reddish testaceous; thorax faintly trivittate; abdomen with a moderately broad black dorso-central vitta; hypopy- gium black, the small rounded knoblike bases of the forceps yellowish testaceous; legs black, all tibiz rufous-testaceous ; wings clear, veins dark brown; calyptra and halteres yellow. Eyes separated by about twice the width of anterior ocellus ; orbital bristles extending more than midway to anterior ocellus, parafacial a little broader than third antennal joint, not narrowed below; third antennal joint nearly twice as long as second, the latter with numerous short stout hairs and some longer bristles on dorsal surface; arista nearly bare, very con- spicuously swollen on basal sixth. Thorax with three pairs of long presutral acrostichals; prealar half as long as the bristle behind it; sternopleurals 1:2. Abdomen flattened, parallel-sided; second (first visible) segment longer than third; hypopygium moderate in size, bases of forceps almost elobose, very noticeable owing to their pale color; fifth stern- ite with a number of stiff short bristles at apex of each process. Fore tibia with a posterior bristle; fore tarsus normal, much longer than tibia; mid-femur with a series of bristles extending from base to beyond middle on postero- ventral surface; hind femur with a series of very long bristles on antero-ventral surface and another on basal half of postero- ventral; hind tibia with two antero-ventral, two antero-dorsal, and two postero-dorsal bristles. Costal thorn small; veins three and four subparallel; outer cross-vein straight. Lower calypter but slightly protruded beyond upper. Type, male, 5.5 mm. long, No: 537, C. A. S., San Fran- cisco, Calif., March 30, 1919; E. P. Van Duzee, collector. 308 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. This species differs from any species of the genus known to me in its color, the pale bases of the hypopygial forceps be- ing very conspicuous and characteristic. 11. Hylemyia recurva, new species Male—Black, slightly shining, densely yellowish gray pruinescent. Head black, interfrontalia slightly reddish. Thorax not vittate; abdomen with a black dorso-central vitta ; legs black, tibiz reddish, usually entirely so, but in some specimens only so at bases; wings clear, calyptre and halteres pale yellow. Eyes separated by a little more than width of anterior ocellus; parafacial nearly as broad as third antennal joint; arista with its longest hairs a little shorter than width of third antennal joint. Presutural acrostichals irregularly two- rowed; prealar bristle minute or absent; sternopleurals 1 :2. Abdomen slender, depressed, segments subequal; hypopygium small; fifth sternite with sparse, slender bristles on outer half. Fore tibia with a median posterior bristle, the apical posterior bristle of moderate length, slender, not blunt at apex; mid- tibia with a posterior bristle about two-fifths from apex, and beyond it on the postero-dorsal surface two long strong bristles; hind femur with fine bristles on entire length of antero-ventral surface which are short at base; hind tibia with three postero-dorsal and two antero-dorsal bristles, the longest of the latter just beyond middle and a little less than half as long as the tibia; in addition to these bristles there is a series of four or five long bristly hairs running diagonally from anterior surface at tip basad and on to antero-dorsal surface, the anterior surface with the hairs longer than usual. Costal thorn small. ; Length, 5-5.5 mm. Type, male, No. 538, C. A. S., Huntington Lake, Calif, alt. 7000 feet, July 27, 1919; E. P. Van Duzee, coll.; two paratypes, both males, topotypical, and one male, same locality, July 10, 1919; F. C. Clark, collector. This species is one of a group of three all of which are un- described and have either one or two very strong bristles on postero-dorsal surface of mid-tibia near apex. ree ot eee ye ee ee ee oe ke ee PP le Vor. IX] MALLOCH—FLIES (DIPTERA) FROM CALIFORNIA 309 In order to make clear the relationships of the new species and its most closely related forms I append a synopsis of the characters for the separation of the three species now before me. As they are all similar in color and habitus it is unneces- sary that they be described in full. 1. Hind tibia with two antero-dorsal and three postero-dorsal bristles, no long slender recurved bristles near apex on antero-dorsal sur- face; sternopleurals three in number (1:2)..normalis,new species -. Hind tibia, in addition to the normal antero-dorsal and postero- dorsal bristles, with about four long slender recurved bristles in — a diagonal series which begins at tip on anterior surface and runs diagonally basad on to antero-dorsal surface..................0.. 2. Sternopleurals two in number (1:1); hind tibia with three very long slender bristles on antero-dorsal surface, the longest one dis- tinctly proximad of middle and over half as long as tibia....... Rend Pte eRe Pern ts Manes Abe rac AY, Roar tala extremitata, new species -. Sternopleurals three in number (1:2); hind tibia with two long slender bristles on antero-dorsal surface, the longest one distad of middle and less than half as long as tibia...recurva, new species 12. Hylemyia normalis, new species Male.—Similar to H. recurva in color. The hind tibia differing as stated in synopsis and having the setulose surface hairs shorter. Length, 5 mm. Type, Armstead, Mont., July 3, 1913, in collection of Mon- tana Agricultural Experiment Station. Paratypes, three males, Dillon, Mont., July 5, 1913; ten males, Lima, Mont., July 1, 1913; two males, Powderville, Mont., July 6, 1916; one male, Bozeman, Mont., July 7, 1902; one male, Blitzen River, Ore., July 6, 1906; one male, East Flathead, Mont., July 25, 1902, and one male, Musselshell, Mont., July 30, 1917. Two paratypes from Lima, Mont., deposited in Calif. Acad. Sei) Nox 539: 13. Hylemyia extremitata, new species Male.—Similar in color to H. recurva. Differs from recurva as stated in synopsis and also in having the hairs on anterior and antero-ventral surfaces of hind tibia much longer. Length, 5 mm. 310 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Type, Gallatin County, Mont., July 19, 1911, in collection of Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. Paratype, Boze- man, Mont., July 25, 1915. 14. Eremomyia major, new species Male.—Black, distinctly shining, slightly gray pruinescent. Head black; interfrontalia, second antennal joint, parafacial adjacent to vibrissa, and bases of palpi rufous; orbits face and cheeks with white pruinescence; thorax with five black vitte; abdomen without well defined markings, the dorso-central vitta hardly traceable; legs black, extreme apices of femora and all of tibiz rufous; wings grayish, veins brown, a faint brown tinge along outer cross-vein and near base of wings; calyptra yellow; halteres brownish yellow. Eyes separated at narrowest part of frons by a distance equal to about twice the width across posterior ocelli; orbital bristles strong, extending almost to anterior ocellus, a few weak hairs laterad of the bristles anteriorly; parafacial about 1.5 as wide as third antennal joint and nearly two-thirds as wide as height of cheek; antennz not extending to mouth- margin, third joint about 1.5 as long as second, rounded at apex, second transverse at apex on inner side, its surface granulose, a few punctures along inner side near apex; arista almost bare, moderately swollen on basal fifth; vibrissal angle with about 20 closely placed bristles of moderate length. Thorax with three pairs of long presutural acrostichals; both posthumeral bristles long and strong, close together; prealar very long, sternopleura with three or more posterior bristles. Abdomen cylindrical, sixth tergite with long bristles; basal hypopygial segment with long hairs but no long bristles; fifth sternite with some short hairs on apical half of inner margin of each process and a number of strong bristles on outer portion of each. Fore tibia with an antero-dorsal bristle about one-fifth from apex, one postero-ventral bristle a little basad of it, and sometimes a stronger one just distad of middle; mid-tibia with one antero-dorsal, one postero-dorsal, and three or four posterior bristles; hind femur with a complete antero- ventral and a partial postero-ventral series of bristles; hind tibia with two antero-ventral, two antero-dorsal, and two eee Vor. IX] MALLOCH—FLIES (DIPTERA) FROM CALIFORNIA 311 postero-dorsal bristles. Costal setule very short; costal thorns both long; last section of fourth vein subequal in length to preceding section. Type, male, 10 mm. long, No. 540, C. A. S., Sonoma Co., Calif., April 16, 1911; J. Aug. Kusche, coll. This species differs from H. imcompleta Stein and H. humeralis Stein in having the second antennal joint rufous, in being larger, and in the bristling of the cheeks and tibie. Family SCATOPHAGIDAE The species described below is the first of the genus to be recorded from America. The genus is well represented in Europe, where some of the species are very common. The adults are predaceous, feeding upon other insects. The type of the new species is deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. 15. Norellia occidentalis, new species Female.— Yellowish testaceous, shining, with gray pruines-- cence; abdomen with a dark fascia at base and another at apex of each tergite; wings clear, cross-veins slightly infus- cated. Each orbit with three or four bristles in front of lower supraorbital; arista with its longest hairs a little longer than its basal diameter; cheek with some pale hairs along its lower margin; no bristles at base of vibrissa. Thorax with two or three rows of weak presutural acrostichals; the dorsal bristles strong; apical scutellar bristles very small, the lateral pair long; propleural bristle long, stigmatal absent ; abdomen nor- mal; fore femur with the antero-ventral bristles less than half as long as the postero-ventrals; fore tibia with four very strong postero-ventral, and four much weaker antero-ventral bristles, the postero-dorsal surface with one, and the dorsal with two fine bristles on basal half; mid- and hind femora with three bristles on apical third of antero-ventral surface; mid-tibia with one antero-ventral, two antero-dorsal, two postero-dorsal, and two or three postero-ventral bristles; hind S12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4H Ser. * tibia with three antero-dorsal, and two or three postero-dorsal bristles. First vein bare. Male.—Similar to the female. Fifth sternite with two long processes which taper slightly apically and have some long hairs along their inner margins. Type, female, 7 mm. long, No. 541, C. A. S., Corvallis, Ore., May 2, 1915; A. L. Lovett, coll. Paratype, Beaver Creek, Newport, Ore., August 13, 1902; J. M. Aldrich, coll. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourTH. SERIES Vor. 1X, No; 12, pp. 313-329 DECEMBER 23, 1919 XII Mechanism in the Production of the Throat- Fan in the Florida Chameleon, Anolis carolinensis BY Cuas. E. von GELDERN PRINTED FROM THE JOHN W. HENDRIE PUBLICATION ENDOWMENT SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY 1919 GEORGE Cc Epwarps, Chairman C. E. ‘GRUNSKY Barton WaRrREN EveRMANN, Editor PROCEEDINGS Fourth Series VOLUME lili Pages 1-40. A Further Stratigraphic Study in the Mount Diablo Range of California. By Frank M.Anderson. Plate 1, (/ssued CDELODEF ST AL ICO) Bice oe Oe oe IE Poles Walaa Ee Oe GAS We tre Pages 41-48. Description of a New Species of Sea Snake from the Philippine Islands, with a Note on the Palatine Teeth in the Proteroglypha. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph C. Thomp- SOM (L0SUER: LICCEHEOET bj L ROSY nicl oS A iar ed dere Lah Wk lace oie ehe Pages 49-56. New and Previously Unrecorded Species of Reptiles and Amphibians from the Island of Formosa. By John Van Denburehs Wssued December: 26, TION i sie vn ered vbeniaet se Pages 57-72. Water Birds of the Vicinity of Point Pinos, California. By Rollo Howard Beck. (/ssued September 77, 1910) VEL Pages 73-146. The Neocene Deposits of Kern River, California, and the Temblor Basin. By Frank M. Anderson. Plates 1-xIII. CLSSHEANOCEINUEL 9, LILLY soca. ok ath uk HA bie Sek hae RUC Ne Pages 147-154. Notes on a Collection of Reptiles from Southern California and Arizona. By John Van Denburgh. | (/ssued LACM I APN LO LAR tc Rao So oN. de PEE Eh we a Ow eb ee Maree cies Pages 155-160. Notes on Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Oregon, Idaho and Utah. By John Van Denburgh. (/ssued PANGAN Rl PITS Ts oro adie a wpe de LR NN a PN he ee ee ma Te OA Pages 161-182. Geologic Range of Miocene Invertebrate Fossils of California. By James Perrin Smith. (/ssued April. 5, 19/2).. Pages 183-186. Description of a New Genus and Species of Sala- mander from Japan. By Surgeon J. C. Thompson, U. S. Navy. PIAS AEE i (A SSUER DIAY, Sic Pleo) ik ss i hets da tin ne Ko alee ars Pages 187-258. Concerning Certain Species of Reptiles and Am- phibians from China, Japan, the Loo Choo Islands, and Formosa. By John Van Denburgh. (/ssued December 16, 1912.)....++4 Pages 259-264. Notes on Ascaphus, the Discoglossoid Toad of North America. By John Van Denburgh. (/ssued December Oe Wes i IE 8 A CORY Re Oe PS ae SDE SES AOL MRE PET RN Ay Ba” Pages 265-390. A Distributional List of the Mammals of California. By Joseph Grinnell. Plates xv-xvi. (/ssued August 28, 1913) Pages: 391-454. A List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Arizona, with. Notes on the Species in the Collection of the Academy. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin. Plates xvuI- RAMI. Cd ssued* November 5, LILS) @ ce ip ni ag 15 owns wha ie wees VOLUME IV _ , Pages 1-13, 1. Report of the President of the Academy for the Year 1913 Il... George Davidson. ( [ssued April &, 1914) csv. Pages 15-112. III. Neocene Record in the Temblor Basin, Cali- fornia, and Neocene Deposits of the San Juan District. By Frank M. Anderson and Bruce Martin. - Plates1-x. (lssued WARM EM IO DOLE) 052s AT Cee AS Oe he ee ae hk ee gE Pages 113-128. IV. The Fauna of the Siphonalia sutterensis Zone in the Roseburg Quadrangle, Oregon. Be Roy E. Dickerson, Plates x1-x11. (Jssued December 30, IDL4) ivrcccccactccbesctes Pages 129-152. V. Reptiles and Amphibians of the Islands of the West Coast of North America. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin. (Issued December 30, 1914)... ec ccecceeencee Pages 153-160. VI. The Pocket Gopher of the Boreal Zone on San Jacinto Peak. By J. Grinnell and H. S. Swarth. (Issued December PPE DIS Sa Statuses ahaa Sob EE 465 a ce Srepoaa giao cmecmal stain VOLUME V Pages 1-31. I. Report of the President of the Academy for the year 1914, II. Report of the Director of the Museum for the year 1914. (Issued March 26, 1915)... 0s 0...005 Pages 33-98. III. Fauna of the Type Tejon: Its Relation to the, Cowlitz Phase of the Tejon Group of Washington. By Roy E. Dickerson. Plates 1-x1. a as June ID; LGES): airs SON cantons 135 220 a) 25 29 25 =e? PROCEEDINGS Fourth Series VOLUME I Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. Pages 1-6. I. Preliminary Description of Four New Races of Gigantic Land Tortoises from the Galapagos Islands. By John Van Denburgh. (Lsswed December 20, 1907). cccccuceccesuceses Pages 7-288. II. A Botanical Survey of the Galapagos Islands. By Alban Stewart. Plates 1-x1x. (/ssued January 20, 19/1)... Pages 289-322. III. The Butterflies and Hawk-Moths of the Galapagos Islands. By Francis X. Williams. Plates xx-xx1. Dstt WOPLADER ALOT NG ose a a kcoibieva Cb.8 8 ks CE Pages 323-374. IV. The Snakes of the Galapagos Islands. By John Van Denburgh. Plates xxtI-xxx. (/ssued January 17, 1912) Pages 375-404. V. Notes on the Botany of Cocos Island. By Alban Stewart. Plates xxxI-xxxIv. (/ssued January 19, 1912) Pages 405-430. VI. The Geckos of the Galapagos Archipelago. By John Van Denburgh. (Jssued April 16, 79172) ...c.cceeees Pages 431-446. VII. Notes on the Lichens of the Galapagos Islands By Alban Stewart. (/ssued December 17, 19]2)...... VOLUME II, Part I Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. Pages 1-132. VIII. The Birds of the Galapagos Islands, with Observations on the Birds of Cocos and Clipperton Islands (Columbiformes to Pelecaniformes). By Edward Winslow Gifford. .Platest-vu. (Zssuéd August 1], 1913) ....... 000005. Pages 133-202. IX. The Galapagoan Lizards of the Genus Tropidurus; with Notes on the Iguanas of the Genera Conolophus and Amblyrhyncus. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin. Plates vim—-x1. (Issued September 19, 1973). Pages 203-374. X. The Gigantic Land Tortoises of the Galapagos Archipelago. By John Van Denburgh. Plates x1I-cxxiv. (Tosttad Sepiciaber al, TITB ii opie G0 aid ado vince ee oka ca Pages 375-382. XI. Preliminary Descriptions of New Species of Pulmonata of the Galapagos Islands. By William Healey Dall. (Faved: Deewana. Teeny eke Sos caus aay bette, diwe aca ch eee ek VOLUME II, Parr II Pages 1-187. XII. A Review of the Albatrosses, Petrels, and Diving Petrels. By Leverett Mills Loomis. Plates 1-17. Cissued April 22, T9T8) . vccicse sc asso ciatnes wi a Ree aired ete Pages 189-258. XIII. Field Notes on the Land Birds of the Galapagos Islands and of Cocos Island, Costa Rica. By Edward Winslow Gifford. (Issued June 16, 1919)....... ccc cece ceccccce Pages 259-310. XIV. The Ants of the Galapagos Islands. By William Morton Wheeler. (Issued June 16, 1919). XV. The Ants of Cocos Island. By William Morton Wheeler. (Issued June 16, 1919.) XVI. A New Species of the Hymenopterous Genus Eaaredernid from the Galapagos Islands. By Charles T. Brues. (Zssued June 16,1919) Price forthe three papers $1 35 Fr) -00 .50 10 .50 29 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourTH SERIES Vot. IX, No. 12, pp. 313-329 DECEMBER 23, 1919 XII MECHANISM IN THE PRODUCTION OF THE THROAT-FAN IN THE FLORIDA CHAMELEON, ANOLIS CAROLINENSIS' BY CHAS. E. VON GELDERN I The production of the throat-fan in the Florida Chameleon (Anolis carolinensis), is, aside from the remarkable cutaneous color changes, one of the most striking features of this lacertilian. The distended throat-fan, dewlap or gular pouch, which is best developed in the males, is a thin fold of skin attached along the mid-ventral line of the throat. It is somewhat semicircular in outline and extends from the intersection of the mid-ventral line and a line drawn at right angles passing through the eyes, to a variable distance on the chest. The color of the distended fan varies from a delicate pink to a bright vermilion and, on closer observation, is spotted with scattered white scales. When the fan is retracted, the skin on the throat is loose and arranged in longitudinal folds. It is white in appearance with minute longitudinal red, linear markings. The scales are eaeinet and appear as small, laterally depressed cones. versity. Re comparative jethe: was ine in the department of Zoology at Stsnford University. I am indebted to Professor J. O. Snyder for the material used in dissection. December 23, 1919 314 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. It is evident that in distending the fan, the folds flatten out and the closely approximating scales become more or less separated, showing the pink or vermilion epidermis between them. The fan is distended frequently and during various emo- tional states. It is a common observation to see one of the lizards sitting on a branch or fence rail, suddenly rise up on its front legs, distend the fan and accompany this by a quick succession of up-and-down motions produced by flexing and extending the front legs. No purpose for the act is apparent since the animal is undisturbed by outside influences. A male Anolis will, upon spying a female, bob up and down and distend his fan with great frequency as if he were dis- playing himself to his greatest advantage. Two males in combat will keep their fans distended, rise up on their toes, flatten out their bodies from side to side, and erect a fold of skin along the midline of the back of the neck. The usual appearance of the animal is thus markedly changed, even the prominent eyes, with their visible yellow irises, recede and appear as black beads. With grotesque, lateral swaying motions the combatants slowly encircle one another, each awaiting an opportunity to make a final rush and end the struggle victoriously. When one of these lizards is cap- tured and held in the hand it will attempt to bite in a most vicious manner and distend the fan at the same time. II The underlying mechanism in the production of the fan is the hyoid apparatus, as has been stated by Ditmars, Gadow, Chemin, Bronn and others. None of these authors except Chemin has, as far as I have been able to ascertain, described the mechanism and the forces employed. For the purposes of description the hyoid apparatus of Anolis may be divided into a basi-hyal; anterior extension or processus entoglossus; third horn of Chemin, posterior horn of Huxley or the processus retrobasalis; anterior horns, lesser horns or cerato-hyals and the posterior horns, middle horns of Huxley, greater horns, cerato-branchials or thyro-hyals. (Fig. 1 A.) Vor. IX] VON GELDERN—FLORIDA CHAMELEON 315 Baie processus en 76 glossus yocessus pone we Ce ; Fentog lassus eS fon ce Ra, —fast part of ant-horn Rectgtet. Ra - basthyal ORS Sey YA — _ _ ~second part of Sells spe Rt A «| Sit hoes : ‘a _ — ~processus retrobasa lis post horn aN orn a — —— -post. horn rocessuUs : retro besalis ‘ Desay Jurface fy ord Apparatus Fig. 1. A,B, € By the body or basi-hyal is meant that part to which the other structures attach. This is a small bar of cartilage with a slight concavity dorsally. It measures about 1 mm. in length and about .5 m.m. in thickness. (Fig. 1 A, B, C.) 316 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. Arising from the middle of the cephalic border is the pro- cessus entoglossus or anterior extension. ' This is a fine, taper- ing, cartilaginous rod. It measures about 8 to 10 m.m. in length and ends in a fine point. (Fig. 1 A.) From each extremity of the body and extending caudally, arises the paired processus retrobasalis or the posterior horns (Huxley). These are fairly firm, cartilaginous rods which gradually taper to a fine point at their caudal extremity. They are 18 to 22 m.m. in length. Near the cephalic extremity they lie in close approximation showing a groove dorsally between them but only a fine slit ventrally. They are bound together by firm connective tissue. More caudally the distinction be- tween the dorsal and ventral aspect is lost. They closely ap- proximate each other, yet are easily separated with a teasing needle. These cartilages are rather stiff in their cephalic third but become more and more flexible distally. (Fig. 1 A The anterior horns or cerato-hyals arise from the extremi- ties of the body or basi-hyal with which they are continuous. They are divided into two parts which are separated by a movable joint. (Fig. 1 A, B, C.) The first part, which is continuous with the body, is a short, tapering, cartilaginous rod measuring 1.5 to 2 m.m. and terminating bluntly. It runs cephalad, laterad and slightly dorsad. The angle formed by it and the corresponding horn is about 60 degrees. The second part, also cartilaginous, is attached to the first by a joint capsule allowing fairly free movement. This part ex- tends laterad and caudad, tapering as it approaches its ex- tremity, thence curving dorsad. With the first part it forms an angle of about 75 degrees. (Fig. 1 A, B. C.) The posterior horn, middle horn (Huxley) or cerato- branchial articulates with the basi-hyal at the junction of the anterior horn and the processus retrobasalis. This structure is a fine, tapering, osseous rod, measuring 12 m.m., with a rounded, cartilaginous epiphysis at the proximal extremity and a pointed epiphysis at the distal extremity. There is a medullary cavity in the compact bone. The joint formed with the basi-hyal is surrounded by a fibrous capsule allowing a great range of motion. This horn runs nearly parallel with the posterior part of the anterior horn. (Fig. 1 A, B, C.) Vou. IX] VON GELDERN—FLORIDA CHAMELEON 317 Ill The basi-hyal lies in the midline just caudad to the larynx and base of the tongue, being intersected by a line running through the eyes. It is covered by skin, superficial fascia and the thin, superficial mylohyoid. (Fig. 2.) The processus entoglossus lies deeply embedded between the extrinsic muscles of the tongue and terminates near the symphysis of the jaw. (Figs. 2, 3, 4.) The anterior horn lies beneath the suprahyoid and hyoglos- sus muscles, crosses the pterygoid muscle, thence curving around the mandible and ending in a mass of connective tissue just caudal to the ear. (Fig. 2.) The posterior horn is more superficial, being covered in part by the thin mylo-hyoid only. Distally it curves over the side of the neck just caudad to the mandible, ending in the superficial connective tissue. (Figs. 2 and 3.) The processus retrobasalis is superficial, being embedded in loose connective tissue just beneath the skin. It lies in the midline and extends to the chest wall. (Figs. 2 and 3.) The hyoid apparatus forms a typical lever of the first class. The fulcrum is at the junction of the basi-hyal and the pos- terior horn. The short arm of the lever, which is the power arm, is the first part of the anterior horn. The processus retrobasalis forms the long arm. (Fig. 1 A.) A force exerted from the extremity of the anterior horn or short arm in a caudal direction, will, due to a slight dorsal inclination of the latter, cause it to swing dorsad and caudad, thus rotating the body at the fulcrum and swinging the hori- zontal processus retrobasalis through an arc of 90° in a cephalad and ventrad direction, to assume a vertical position. Necessarily the force must be equally applied to the first part of both horns. The second part of the anterior horns and the posterior horns act as supports and tend to prevent any lateral displacement of the long arm of the lever during its assumption of the vertical position. Necessarily the processus entoglossus would, on meeting the resistance of the tongue during the rotation of the body, be bent dorsally, but its extreme flexibility renders this possible. (Proc. 4TH Ser. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 318 SO/ rsnp/ prohpy #9 SA shez Puoray Pue ~s4r] FP ohy-osys ‘WW Eg piohyouab hl g pue 7's3iq snpeseddyy pi Bioh Youwo *W phy seg = SSS] b 0) ua, SASSDIOA af ip UBL]: o/ O HH i Uu0l) Pfal] G17 BSP ofa ‘ scl A probhigd WwW 4 ~ ULoY yood YUL0Y UP fo | ,ued puoras --ULOY, -yUE LO Saeed jean? Vo. IX] VON GELDERN—FLORIDA CHAMELEON 319 In order that the muscular forces necessary to erect the pro- cessus retrobasalis be understood, it is necessary to take up the individual muscles of the hyoid apparatus. IV These muscles are arranged in three layers. First, there is a thin, superficial layer not directly connected with the hyoid. Secondly, there are the supra- and infra-hyoid muscles, and thirdly, the muscles of the tongue. (Figs. 3, 4.) ~~ -—-§:: be. poe 2, Wi6.\__ processus en toglossus TPOrT IV \ Wea ae ‘ _—— — Wi, e ates Bas thyal . ., ell a ant horn cerato-Ayord eS 26 | 57, y M, prerygold. g S -_post: horn : = aH Alt W.. PTOceSSUS M. Omo Ar ord y eT BAAN i, retro basadss Third Layer of H youd Muscles Fig. 4 320 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser. The mylo-hyoid or platysma myoides is poorly developed in Anolis and is visible only under the dissecting microscope or in microscopical cross sections. It is a thin sheet having its origin along the mandible and inserting in a median raphe. (Fig. 3.) The second layer consists of four muscles, namely, the genio-hyoid, mandibulo-hyoid, sterno-hyoid and omo-hyoid. (Figs. 3, 4.) The genio-hyoid is a thin strip of muscle tissue extending from its origin, just lateral to the symphysis, to its insertion on the posterior horn of the hyoid, near its junction with the body. It tends to pull the hyoid cephalad, or, if the latter be fixed, assists in opening the jaw. The mandibulo-hyoid 1 is a thin sheet of muscle tissue having its origin along the inner aspect of the anterior two-thirds of the mandible interdigitating with the mylo-hyoid and insert- ing along the posterior horn of the hyoid. It tends to pull the hyoid cephalad and dorsad, or, if the latter be fixed, it also assists in opening the jaw. The sterno-hyoid takes its origin from the upper extremity of the sternum and inserts on the medial third of the posterior horn of the hyoid and proximal portion of the processus retrobasalis. It pulls the hyoid caudad and at the same time slightly ventrad. If the processus retrobasalis be vertical it pulls it back to a horizontal position. (Figs. 3, 4.) The omo-hyoid takes its origin from the upper border of the scapula and inserts along the middle third of the posterior horn. It pulls the scapula cephalad and ventrad if the pos- terior horn be fixed. If the scapula be fixed, it pulls the pos- terior horn caudad. (Figs. 3, 4.) If both the supra- and infra-hyoid group act simultaneously, the posterior horn is raised ventrad and firmly fixed. The basi-hyal is thus also raised ventrad, allowing a greater free- dom of rotation. This action was noted in lizards under anesthesia, in which the muscles were exposed. The third layer consists of the mylo-ceratoid, cerato-hyoid, hyoglossus and mylo-glossus. The mylo-ceratoid takes its origin near the middle of the inner aspect of the mandible, thence running over the pterygoid and inserting along the middle third of the second part of the anterior horn of the Vou. IX] VON GELDERN—FLORIDA CHAMELEON 321 hyoid. It tends to pull the anterior horn cephalad after the latter has been pulled caudad by the cerato-hyoid. (Fig. 5.) The cerato-hyoid takes its origin from the medial two-thirds of the second part of the anterior horn. Its fibres run almost directly caudad and insert along the posterior horn, except for about one-sixth of the proximal and distal ends. This muscle pulls the first part of the anterior horn caudad ‘and dorsad, thus rotating the body at the fulcrum and swinging the processus retrobasalis cephalad and ventrad. (Fig. 4.) The hyoglossus takes its origin along the posterior horn ex- cept for one-sixth of the distal end. The fibres converge and form a rounded belly which inserts along the inferior surface of the tongue by attachments to the intrinsic muscles. This muscle pulls the tongue backwards. The mylo-glossus has a common origin with the mandibulo- hyoid along the inner aspect of the anterior two thirds of the mandible. It inserts along the side of the tongue. Its fibres run medio-caudad so that besides pulling the tongue from side to side when acting independently, it may be protruded when it acts with the one on the opposite side. (Fig. 4.) V In the distension of the throat fan the elastic skin of the throat is raised by the raising of the processus retrobasalis from the horizontal to the vertical position. The thinness of the distended fan is due to the cohesive quality of the two moist, 6pposing surfaces of skin, as well as atmospheric pressure. Its semi-circular outline is due to the tapering cartilages which, near their proximal end, are able to resist the elasticity of the skin but are unable to do so at their distal part, owing to increased flexibility. The assumption of the vertical position by the processus retrobasalis from the horizontal, is due to the contraction of the cerato-hyoids which pulls the first parts of the anterior horns ‘dorsad and caudad and causes the seconds parts of the anterior horns to slide caudad and laterad. At the same time, the basi-hyal is raised by the pull of the sterno-hyoids on the posterior horns. The entire apparatus is steadied by the an- tagonistic action of the mandibulo-hyoids and genio-hyoids 322 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Szn. _ mandible - Process US ento glossus M. jemporalls __basth yal .dn 7.-horn TocesSUS Te Tro basealis ~ Post, horn 4 ATs th sn var hie ¢) Hyord Ay sun Zo [7 Mar fi Ftela Fig. 5 Vor. IX] VON GELDERN—FLORIDA CHAMELEON 323 on the posterior horn, against the pull of the sterno-hyoid and omo-hyoid. In this way the fulcrum is fixed. The muscles of the tongue probably play a small part in the action. The retraction of the fan is accomplished by the elasticity of the skin, the contraction of the fibres of the sterno-hyoid, inserting on the processus retrobasalis and the pulling of the anterior horns cephalad by the mylo-ceratoids. The elasticity and spring of the entoglossus probably also aids to some extent. For purposes of comparison, a dissection was made of the hyoid apparatus of a large Iguana. (Figs. 5, 6, 7.) With the exception of a well developed mylo-hyoid and for the reason that none of the muscle fibres of the sterno-hyoid insert on the processus retro-basalis, the structures were essentially the same. VI Some difficulty was encountered in naming the muscles of the hyoid apparatus. There was a question as to whether the nomenclature of the earlier investigators should be re- tained or whether these muscles should be given the names of homologous structures in the mammalia. If the old names be retained, which should be chosen among the various synonym- ous terms? If the muscles be named after mammalian homo- logues another difficulty arises, for the names of muscles in the mammalia usually represent the definite origin and inser- tion and consequently the name may lose its significance and become absurd when applied to a reptile in which there is a different origin and insertion. It was finally decided to retain for the most part the older nomenclature and leave the ques- tion for further investigation. (See list of synonyms. ) The same difficulty arose over naming the various struc- tures of the hyoid apparatus. Again the older names were retained with the exception of the processus retrobasalis. This structure is called the posterior horn by Huxley, but since this would necessitate the changing of the name of the true posterior horn to middle horn, it was thought best to desig- nate it by a new name. That it is part of the basi-hyal and not a true horn is evident by following its embryological de- velopment. 324 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. orig ; n of My bo-hyord. WA proces sos . en Tog loss os NY NY. ent horn WWW processes \\Y retrobasalis \\ \ My WWE post horn SS IN \ N : qh NVA) A . \ SS YX i 4 SS . Me S 1 \ MS / 4 S§ RNS SS < y/ WN : WAS a Ups dy SA SQN ~~ « 7 _ SS Second Layer of yore “ eam we Ca rs thy as 3 ffi ee Var I oo EEG Vag e o CE fs esi uscles Fig. 6 Vou. IX] VON GELDERN—FLORIDA CHAMELEON 325 Vil I was unable to find any literature on the hyoid apparatus . of Anolis, but Dr. A. Chemin gives a good description of the hyoid apparatus and its relation to the throat-fan in Colotes versicolor. From the drawings in his paper there is a simi- larity between the hyoid apparatus of Colotes and Anolis, but the action varies markedly. Chemin considers the hyoid ap- paratus as a lever of which the basi-hyal forms the fulcrum, the processus entoglossus the power arm, and the processus retrobasalis the weight arm. He believes that the processus retrobasalis is made to swing cephalad and ventrad by press- ure exerted in the dorsal direction on the processus ento- glossus. This pressure is brought about by the pulling of the basi-hyal ventrad by means of the sterno-hyoids and since the processus entoglossus is prevented from moving ventrad with the basi-hyal because of a band of tissue extending from one hyoglossus to the other, the basi-hyal would rotate as the ful- crum and swing the processus retrobasalis forward. The cerato-hyoids simply pull on the anterior horns and increase the angle between the first and second parts. Chemin states that preceding the distension of the fan the animal swallows air and distends its dilatable pharynx. Evidently then, according to Chemin, the greater the dis- tension of the fan the greater must be the ventral excursion of the basi-hyal, since that is the only way in which pressure can be brought to bear on the processus entoglossus or the power arm of the lever. The anterior and posterior horns merely act as braces. It is also evident that in Colotes the most important muscles are the sterno-hyoids, since these pull the basi-hyal ventrad. The ceratd-hyoid plays a minor and insignificant part. I have no desire to contradict the conclusions of Chemin on the mechanism of the production of the throat-fan in Colotes, but I cannot agree with the general statement that the mechanism in Colotes is essentially the same for all the Iguanide. Certainly it differs markedly in Anolis where the processus entoglossus is not the arm of the lever and only acts as a hindrance to the production of the throat-fan. In Anolis the cerato-hyoids play the most important role and the sterno-hyoids a minor role. Furthermore, the production of 326 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. M1. Temporelis ppp NG foglossus H-mnylo- ceratord AY ANS B/W Ne ROY ORY ) /}. Pp ery go ad = ny Processus retro bosalrs Vot. IX] VON GELDERN—FLORIDA CHAMELEON 327 the throat-fan in Anolis is independent of the swallowing of air, or any great ventral excursion of the basi-hyal. The hyoid apparatus in Anolis forms a lever of the first class while in Colotes, although not so stated by Chemin, it forms a lever of the second class. What Chemin calls the fulcrum, namely the basi-hyal, is not a fulcrum since this is the point where force is employed. The true fulcrum lies somewhere along the processus entoglossus. CONCLUSIONS 1. The throat-fan of the Anolis carolinensis is distended when the animal is apparently undisturbed. It is also dis- tended during various emotional states interpreted as anger, fear or sex impulses. 2. The throat-fan is produced by the hyoid apparatus. It is accomplished by the tapering processus retrobasalis, which ‘Swings vertrad and cephalad carrying a fold of skin before it. Since the distal portion of the retrobasalis is more flexible than the proximal portion, the semi-circular outline of the fan is produced. The thinness of the fan is due to the cohesion of the moist opposing surfaces of the fold of skin and to atmospheric pressure. 3. The hyoid apparatus may be compared to a lever in which the first part of the anterior horn acts as the power arm, the basi-hyal as the fulcrum and the processus retro- basalis as the long arm. The anterior and posterior horns act as lateral supports and when acted upon by the muscles, fix the fulcrum. 4. The power is produced by the cerato-hyoids, which exert force in a caudal direction and draws the short arm of the lever dorsad and caudad, which in turn causes the weight arm to move cephalad and ventrad. The fulcrum is fixed by the antagonistic action of the supra- and infra-hyoid group of muscles. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bronn, H. G. Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs. II. Eidechsen und Wasserechsen. Vw 328 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Chemin, A. L’appariel Hyoidien et Son Functionment chez Colotes versilocor. Note pour servir a l’anatomie comparé d 1’Os hyoide.